Court Opinion

ID: 9914742
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-02 19:34:22.762379+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:14:23.589214
License: Public Domain

01/02/2024
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                                  August 29, 2023 Session

                    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. SETH POWELL

                   Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
                          No. 117707 G. Scott Green, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                            No. E2022-00347-CCA-R3-CD
                        ___________________________________

A Knox County Criminal Court jury convicted the defendant, Seth Powell, of possession
with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture 15 grams or more of heroin within 1,000 feet of
a park; possession with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture fentanyl within 1,000 feet of
a park; possession with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture .5 grams or more of cocaine
within 1,000 feet of a park; three counts of possession of a firearm with the intent to go
armed during the commission of a dangerous felony; three counts of possession of a firearm
with the intent to go armed during the commission of a dangerous felony after having been
previously convicted of a dangerous felony; and evading arrest. The trial court merged
various convictions and imposed an effective 16-year sentence. On appeal, the defendant
contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions, that the trial court erred
in failing to exclude inadmissible hearsay evidence, that his separate convictions for
possession of heroin and fentanyl should be merged because they were contained in the
same mixture, and that his firearm convictions should be merged into one conviction.
Upon review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court but remand to the trial court for
entry of judgments in Counts 8, 10, 14, and 16 through 21, showing that the charges for
those counts were dismissed by the State.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed; Remanded

JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CAMILLE R.
MCMULLEN, P.J., and JILL BARTEE AYERS, J., joined.

Sherif Guindi, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Seth Powell.

Jonathan Skrmetti, Attorney General and Reporter; Caroline Weldon, Assistant Attorney
General; Charme P. Allen, District Attorney General; and Ta’Kisha Fitzgerald and Oscar
Butler, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                       OPINION

              On April 15, 2020, officers with the Knox County Sheriff’s Office (“KCSO”)
executed a search warrant at a house in Knox County, Tennessee. Based on evidence
seized during the search, the Knox County Grand jury returned a 21-count indictment on
July 15, 2020, charging the defendant with the following offenses:

             Count 1: Possession with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture “more
             than 15 grams” of heroin, a Schedule I controlled substance, within
             1,000 feet of real property that comprises a preschool, child care
             agency, library, recreational center, or park.
             Count 2: Possession with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture less
             than 200 grams of fentanyl, a Schedule II controlled substance, within
             1,000 feet of real property that comprises a preschool, child care
             agency, library, recreational center, or park.
             Count 3: Possession with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture “more
             than” .5 grams of a substance containing cocaine, a Schedule II
             controlled substance, within 1,000 feet of real property that comprises
             a preschool, child care agency, library, recreational center, or park.
             Count 4: Possession with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture less
             than .5 grams of a substance containing methamphetamine, a
             Schedule II controlled substance, within 1,000 feet of real property
             that comprises a preschool, child care agency, library, recreational
             center, or park.
             Count 5: Possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during
             the commission of a dangerous felony, i.e., possession with intent to
             sell, manufacture, or deliver heroin.
             Count 6: Possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during
             the commission of a dangerous felony, i.e., possession with intent to
             sell, manufacture, or deliver fentanyl.
             Count 7: Possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during
             the commission of a dangerous felony, i.e., possession with intent to
             sell, manufacture, or deliver cocaine.
             Count 8: Possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during
             the commission of a dangerous felony, i.e., possession with intent to
             sell, manufacture, or deliver methamphetamine.
             Count 9: Possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a
             felony crime of violence, an attempt to commit a felony crime of
             violence, or a felony involving the use of a deadly weapon.

                                          -2-
              Count 10: Possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a
              felony drug offense.
              Count 11: Possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during
              the commission of a dangerous felony, i.e., possession with intent to
              sell, manufacture, or deliver heroin, after having been previously
              convicted of a dangerous felony.
              Count 12: Possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during
              the commission of a dangerous felony, i.e., possession with intent to
              sell, manufacture, or deliver fentanyl, after having been previously
              convicted of a dangerous felony.
              Count 13: Possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during
              the commission of a dangerous felony, i.e., possession with intent to
              sell, manufacture, or deliver cocaine, after having been previously
              convicted of a dangerous felony.
              Count 14: Possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during
              the commission of a dangerous felony, i.e., possession with intent to
              sell, manufacture, or deliver methamphetamine, after having been
              previously convicted of a dangerous felony.
              Count 15: Evading arrest.
              Count 16: Knowingly maintaining a building that is used for the
              unlawful keeping of controlled substances.
              Counts 17-21: Gang enhancements.

              Prior to trial, the State dismissed Counts 4, 8, 14, 16, and 17 through 21. The
trial court severed Counts 9 and 10, and the State later dismissed those counts. The
defendant’s trial for the remaining counts began on October 11, 2021.

               Detective Logan Sammons with KCSO’s property crimes division testified
that he obtained a search warrant for the house as part of his investigation into a stolen AR-
15 rifle. Because the officers were searching for firearms, the SWAT team accompanied
the officers to the home. Detective Sammons stated that when he arrived at the home, he
observed the defendant “leave on foot, trying to evade us.” Although the officers identified
themselves as police officers, the defendant continued to run. The officers were able to
apprehend the defendant, and when they picked the defendant off the ground, cash in the
amount of $1,600 fell off his person.

               Detective Sammons testified that he entered the home through the front door
leading into the living room where he observed an AR-15 rifle to the left of a couch and
beside the rifle’s bag. He also observed a .45-caliber handgun on the armrest of the couch
within an arm’s reach of the AR-15 rifle. He stated that a set of scales and a “blunt weed
rolled up ready to smoke” were on a coffee table. He looked underneath the couch and
                                            -3-
found several small baggies containing what he believed to be narcotics. He said that the
narcotics were on the same side of the couch where the handgun and AR-15 rifle had been
found and were within “inches of the rifle.” Officers located more narcotics, baggies, and
“things of that nature” in a black bag that was on the back of a second couch located
“directly across from where the handgun” was located.

               Detective Sammons testified that he never saw Kayla Hatmaker inside the
house and that he believed members of the SWAT team took her into custody as he and
other officers were detaining the defendant. Photographs depicting both the defendant and
Ms. Hatmaker were hanging on the walls inside the house. Officers found drugs inside
Ms. Hatmaker’s purse which was also in the living room.

               During cross-examination, Detective Sammons testified that there was no
evidence that the defendant had stolen the AR-15 rifle; rather, Detective Sammons
understood that the rifle had been sold to the defendant. When asked whether he agreed
that the house belonged to Ms. Hatmaker and that the defendant was “staying there,”
Detective Sammons replied, “At this point in time, we knew through past history that they
both stayed at this house. As far as who owned it or anything like that, that’s unclear, but
we knew this was where they were at.” Detective Sammons acknowledged that he did not
have a deed or lease for the house with the defendant’s name on it. When asked whether
he had any personal knowledge that the defendant lived at the house, Detective Sammons
replied, “I did have a confidential informant come to me and tell me where he was at, along
with a City of Knoxville Police Department report, that he was involved in at that same
address.”

               Officer Traci Tassey with KCSO’s forensic unit testified that she and another
forensic officer, Officer Kendra Henderson, participated in the execution of the search
warrant and documented the evidence found through video recordings and photographs.
Officer Tassey stated that upon entering the living room, she observed a set of scales next
to a coffee table and a “long gun,” later identified as an AR-15 rifle, “at the coffee table”
and next to a couch. Officers subsequently learned that the rifle had been reported as stolen
and returned the rifle to its owner. Officer Tassey noted that 31 rounds of .233 ammunition
were in the rifle’s magazine, and officers located near the rifle a gun bag, a box containing
another stock for the rifle, and “[a]ccessories,” including a scope for the rifle. Officers
located a “full box” of .223 rounds and an “almost full box” of .223 rounds of ammunition
underneath the couch.

              Officer Tassey noted that “possible narcotics” also were located in the living
room. Officers found a .45 caliber handgun with a magazine loaded with 15 .45 caliber
rounds on the armrest of a couch. The “hard-sided” case for the .45 caliber handgun, along
with baggies and a bag containing narcotics were located in a bedroom. Two magazines
                                            -4-
and 29 rounds of .45 caliber ammunition were in the “hard-sided” case, and five rounds of
.45 caliber ammunition were in a green bag that was on the bed. Officer Tassey testified
that pieces of mail addressed to the defendant at a different address were located in a
bedroom.

              During cross-examination, Officer Tassey testified that the AR-15 rifle had
originally been against the coffee table and that by the time she entered the house, it had
been moved to an area beside the couch. She noted that Ms. Hatmaker’s purse was found
on the same couch under which drugs had been located. She stated that a small baggie of
possible narcotics and cash were found inside the purse.

                Detective Khristian Pickett with KCSO’s narcotics unit was accepted by the
trial court as an expert in the field of narcotics investigation and identification. He testified
that prior to the execution of the search warrant, he and other detectives maintained
surveillance of the house and observed the defendant standing outside. Once SWAT
officers arrived, the defendant ran, and Detective Pickett went behind the home in the event
that the defendant ran to that area. Once Detective Pickett returned to the front of the home,
he saw that other officers had taken the defendant into custody. Officer Pickett stated that
during a search incident to an arrest, officers located cash on the defendant’s person.

               Detective Pickett testified that while executing the search warrant, officers
located heroin, crack cocaine, and marijuana inside the home and methamphetamine inside
Ms. Hatmaker’s purse, and they submitted the drugs to the Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation (“TBI”) for testing. Detective Pickett determined that the heroin was
possessed for resale because the heroin was divided into multiple baggies containing one-
half to one gram each of heroin. He also determined that the crack cocaine, which totaled
17 grams, was for resale because it was “cut up” and packed in multiple baggies that were
“tied off.” Detective Pickett stated that the $1,600 in cash found on the defendant’s person
was divided into $100 bills folded individually in such a way as to appear “almost like it
was a hundred dollars for every purchase for every time sold.” Detective Pickett noted that
a set of scales generally used during the course of narcotics distribution was on a coffee
table, and he did not recall observing any “use paraphernalia,” such as syringes, “burnt
spoons,” or “snort straws.”

               TBI Special Agent Mollie Stanfill, a forensic scientist with the TBI’s forensic
chemistry unit, was accepted by the trial court as an expert in the field of forensic
chemistry, and she tested the substances submitted by the officers. She testified that a
crystalline substance, which weighed .07 grams, was positive for methamphetamine, a
Schedule II drug. She stated that a pink powder was a mixture of heroin, a Schedule I drug,
and fentanyl, a Schedule II drug, and that the weight of the mixture was 34.38 grams. She
also tested 2.8 grams of a “rock-like substance” that she identified as “cocaine base.” She
                                              -5-
stated that she did not test the additional 14.29 grams of the “rock-like substance,”
explaining that the 2.8 grams of crack cocaine exceeded the minimum amount necessary
for the offense with which the defendant was charged and that the total amount of the
“rock-like substance” submitted did not exceed the 26 grams of cocaine base necessary to
elevate the offense.

               Donna Roach with the Knoxville/Knox County KUB Geographic
Information System provided a map showing that in April 2020, a park was located 1,000
feet from the “actual property line” of the home that was searched. Nathan Nease, the
athletics coordinator for the City of Knoxville’s parks and recreation department, testified
regarding the various recreation and leisure activities offered at the park.

              The State presented recordings of two telephone calls made from the
defendant’s account while incarcerated following his arrest. During one call, the caller
stated that he was outside when the police arrived at the house and that he “took off
running.” He said that the officers entered the house and that “they catch me with two
firearms, some H, some hard, and some weed.” KCSO Detective John Sharp with the
narcotics unit testified that, generally, “H” is a reference to heroin and that “hard” is a
reference to crack cocaine.

              During the second telephone call, the caller discussed a woman who had “set
[him] up.” He stated that the woman “sold me an AR-15 and then sent the police to come
and get it.” He said that the woman sent a text message at 8:00 a.m. on the day of the
search stating that she had left her belongings in his car. The caller stated that when he
went outside to look in his car, the police arrived and that “[t]hey got me away from the
gun.”

               The State rested. After a Momon colloquy, the defendant elected not to
testify, and he did not present any proof.

                The jury convicted the defendant of possession with intent to sell, deliver, or
manufacture more than 15 grams of heroin within 1,000 feet of a park; possession with
intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture fentanyl within 1,000 feet of a park; possession with
intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture “over” .5 grams of a substance containing cocaine
within 1,000 feet of a park; three counts of possession of a firearm with the intent to go
armed during the commission of a dangerous felony in Counts 5 through 7; three counts of
possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission of a dangerous
felony in Counts 11 through 13; and evading arrest.

             During a bifurcated hearing regarding the enhanced provisions in Counts 11
through 13, the State presented evidence that in December 2004, the defendant was
                                             -6-
convicted of possession of .5 grams or more of cocaine with the intent to sell for which he
received an eight-year sentence and possession of marijuana with the intent to sell for
which he received a one-year sentence. In 2013, the defendant was convicted of possession
of more than one-half ounce of marijuana with the intent to sell for which he received a
three-year sentence. Based on these prior convictions, the jury convicted the defendant of
three counts of possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission
of a dangerous felony after having been previously convicted of a dangerous felony in
Counts 11 through 13.

               A sentencing hearing was held on January 19, 2022. Although the jury’s
finding that the defendant possessed more than 15 grams of heroin increased the maximum
fine to which the defendant was subject from $100,000 to $200,000, see T.C.A. § 39-17-
417(b), (i)(1), the trial court imposed a $2,000 fine, as agreed upon by the parties. The trial
court also imposed sentences for each conviction and merged multiple convictions as
follows:

 Count 1     Possession with intent to sell, deliver, or   11 years as a standard offender
             manufacture heroin within 1,000 feet of a     to serve a minimum sentence of
             park                                          8 years
 Count 2     Possession with intent to sell, deliver, or   10 years as a multiple offender
             manufacture fentanyl within 1,000 feet of     with a minimum service of 6
             a park                                        years; concurrent with Count 1
 Count 3     Possession with intent to sell, deliver, or   11 years as a standard offender
             manufacture more than .5 grams of             with a minimum service of 8
             cocaine within 1,000 feet of a park           years; concurrent with Count 1
 Count 5     Possession of a firearm with the intent to    3 years as a multiple offender at
             go armed during the commission of a           100%; consecutive to Count 1;
             dangerous felony, i.e., possession with       and merged with Count 11
             intent to sell, distribute, or manufacture
             heroin
 Count 6     Possession of a firearm with the intent to    3 years as a multiple offender at
             go armed during the commission of a           100%; concurrent with Count 5;
             dangerous felony, i.e., possession with       consecutive to Count 2; and
             intent to sell, distribute, or manufacture    merged with Count 12
             fentanyl
 Count 7     Possession of a firearm with the intent to    3 years as a multiple offender at
             go armed during the commission of a           100%; concurrent with Count 5;
             dangerous felony, i.e., possession with       consecutive to Count 3; and
             intent to sell, distribute, or manufacture    merged with Count 13
             cocaine

                                             -7-
 Count 11    Possession of a firearm with the intent to   5 years as a multiple offender at
             go armed during the commission of a          100%; consecutive to Count 1
             dangerous felony, i.e., possession with
             intent to sell, distribute, or manufacture
             heroin, after having been previously
             convicted of a dangerous felony
 Count 12    Possession of a firearm with the intent to   5 years as a multiple offender at
             go armed during the commission of a          100%; concurrent with Count
             dangerous felony, i.e., possession with      11; and consecutive to Count 2
             intent to sell, distribute, or manufacture
             fentanyl, after having been previously
             convicted of a dangerous felony
 Count 13    Possession of a firearm with the intent to   5 years as a multiple offender at
             go armed during the commission of a          100%; concurrent with Count
             dangerous felony, i.e., possession with      11; and consecutive to Count 3
             intent to sell, distribute, or manufacture
             cocaine, after having been previously
             convicted of a dangerous felony
 Count 15    Evading arrest                               11 months, 29 days; concurrent
                                                          with Count 1

               Following a timely but unsuccessful motion for new trial, the defendant filed
a timely notice of appeal. On August 24, 2022, the defendant filed a motion in this court
to remand the case to the trial court for a hearing in accordance with Tennessee Code
Annotated section 39-17-432(h) (2022) due to the recent amendments to the Drug-Free
Zone provisions. This court granted the defendant’s motion and remanded the case to the
trial court. On December 13, 2022, the trial court granted the defendant’s motion for
resentencing. On January 5, 2023, the trial court entered amended judgments for the
defendant’s drug convictions, removing the requirement that the defendant serve a
specified minimum term in confinement. The amended judgments reflected that the
defendant is to serve his sentences for the heroin and cocaine convictions as a standard
offender at 30 percent and his sentence for the fentanyl conviction as a multiple offender
at 35 percent.

                On appeal, the defendant asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support
his convictions, that the trial court erroneously admitted inadmissible hearsay, and that the
trial court erred in failing to merge multiple convictions.

                                       I. Sufficiency

                                            -8-
              The defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
convictions, arguing that the evidence failed to establish that he was in possession of the
drugs or the firearms and that even if possession was established, there was no proof that
he possessed the firearms with the intent to go armed during the commission of a dangerous
felony. The State responds that the evidence is sufficient to support the defendant’s
convictions. We agree with the State.

                Sufficient evidence exists to support a conviction if, after considering the
evidence—both direct and circumstantial—in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(c); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979);
State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011). This court will neither re-weigh the
evidence nor substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d at 379. The verdict of the jury resolves any questions concerning the credibility of
the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and the factual issues raised by the
evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Significantly, this court
must afford the State the strongest legitimate view of the evidence contained in the record
as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn from the evidence.
Id.

               “It is an offense for a defendant to knowingly . . . [p]ossess a controlled
substance with intent to manufacture, deliver or sell the controlled substance.” T.C.A. §
39-17-417(a)(4). Heroin is a Schedule I controlled substance, id. § 39-17-406(c)(11), and
cocaine and fentanyl are Schedule II controlled substances, id. § 39-17-408(b)(4), (c)(9).
Possession with intent to manufacture, deliver, or sell a Schedule I controlled substance is
a Class B felony. Id. § 39-17-417(b). Possession with intent to manufacture, deliver, or
sell a Schedule II controlled substance is a Class C felony. Id. § 39-17-417(c)(2)(A) (Supp.
2019). With regard to cocaine, the offense is a Class B felony “if the amount involved is
point five (0.5) grams or more of any substance containing cocaine.” Id. § 39-17-417(c)(1)
(Supp. 2019).1 The term “possession” embraces both actual and constructive possession.
State v. Cooper, 736 S.W.2d 125, 129 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). For a person to
“constructively possess” a drug, that person must have “the power and intention at a given
time to exercise dominion and control over . . . [the drugs] either directly or through others.”
Id. (quoting State v. Williams, 623 S.W.2d 121, 125 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981)).
Additionally, “it may be inferred from the amount of a controlled substance or substances
possessed by an offender, along with other relevant facts surrounding the arrest, that the

        1
            Although not applicable to the present case, Code section 39-17-417(c) was amended
effective July 1, 2023, to provide that a conviction for the manufacture, delivery, or sale of fentanyl or the
possession of fentanyl with the intent to manufacture, deliver, or sell is a Class B felony “if the amount
involved is point five (0.5) grams or more of any substance containing . . . fentanyl.” See T.C.A. § 39-17-
417(c)(1) (Supp. 2023).
                                                    -9-
controlled substance or substances were possessed with the purpose of selling or otherwise
dispensing.” T.C.A. § 39-17-419.

               “[I]t is an offense to possess a firearm . . . with the intent to go armed during
the commission of or attempt to commit a dangerous felony.” Id. § 39-17-1324(a). “A
felony involving . . . possession with intent to sell, manufacture or distribute a controlled
substance” constitutes a “[d]angerous felony.” Id. § 39-17-1324(i)(1)(L). “A violation of
subsection (a) is a Class D felony, punishable by a mandatory minimum five-year sentence
to the department of correction, if the defendant, at the time of the offense, had a prior
felony conviction.” Id. § 39-17-1324(g)(2). As with drugs, possession of a firearm “may
be actual or constructive.” Key v. State, 563 S.W.2d 184, 188 (Tenn. 1978). “Constructive
. . . possession may occur only where the personally unarmed participant has the power
and ability to exercise control over the firearm.” Id.

                In our view, the evidence adduced at trial sufficiently supports the
defendant’s possession of the controlled substances and firearms. Officers obtained a
search warrant for the house during the course of an investigation of a stolen AR-15 rifle,
and the officers observed the defendant in the driveway prior to his arrest. We recognize
that the mere presence of a person in an area where drugs are discovered is not, alone,
sufficient to support a finding that the person possessed the drugs. State v. Bigsby, 40
S.W.3d 87, 90 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). However, the evidence taken in the light most
favorable to the State established more than the mere presence of the defendant at the
house. Detective Sammons testified that he knew “through past history” that both the
defendant and Ms. Hatmaker “stayed” at the house. Photographs of the defendant were on
the walls inside the house, and officers located mail addressed to the defendant, albeit at a
different address, in a bedroom. Officers found various drugs individually packaged for
sale in the living room, and a set of scales on the coffee table. Near the drugs were a loaded
AR-15 rifle and a loaded .45 caliber handgun, and the defendant acknowledged during a
telephone call from jail that the rifle belonged to him and that he had purchased the rifle
sometime prior to the search. During the telephone call, the defendant stated that prior to
the search, he exited the house after he received a text message from the seller stating that
she left her belongings in his car. The defendant suggested that the text message was a
ruse to “g[e]t me away from the gun” and stated that the police arrived after he exited the
house. Although the defendant asserts that no evidence was presented at trial positively
identifying his voice in the recordings of the calls, we conclude that based on the evidence,
including the fact that the calls were made from his personal account at the jail and the
details of the offenses discussed during the calls, a jury could reasonably determine that
the calls were placed by the defendant.

            Furthermore, the defendant ran from the police, and after officers
apprehended him, they discovered $1,600 in cash on his person. Detective Pickett testified
                                             - 10 -
that the cash was divided into $100 bills and that each of the bills was individually folded
in such a way as to appear “almost like it was a hundred dollars for every purchase for
every time sold.” We conclude that this evidence is sufficient to establish the defendant’s
constructive possession of the drugs and the firearms in that he had the power and intention
to exercise dominion and control over them.

               The defendant asserts that the proof established that Ms. Hatmaker was in
possession of the drugs and the firearms. He notes that Ms. Hatmaker was inside the house
when the officers arrived and that her purse, which was on one of the couches in the living
room, contained a small amount of methamphetamine. The jury rejected the defendant’s
argument at trial that Ms. Hatmaker was solely responsible for the drugs and the firearms,
and the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the State, is sufficient to
establish that the defendant was also in possession of the drugs and the firearms.

               The defendant argues that even if the evidence was sufficient to establish that
he “possessed the controlled substances with the intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture them
and that he possessed one or both of the firearms, there was no evidence that he possessed
the firearms with the intent to go armed during the commission of the underlying controlled
substance crimes.” The loaded firearms were located in close proximity to the
individually-packaged drugs and the set of scales. The defendant acknowledged during a
telephone call from the jail that he had purchased the AR-15 rifle, and he claimed that prior
to the search, a text message was sent to him as a ruse to get him out of the house and away
from the rifle until the police arrived. This evidence is sufficient to establish that the
defendant possessed the firearms with the intent to go armed during the commission of the
underlying controlled substance offenses. The defendant is not entitled to relief on this
issue.

                                 II. Admission of Hearsay

             The defendant contends that the trial court erred in overruling his objection
to inadmissible hearsay evidence presented during his cross-examination of Detective
Sammons at trial. The following exchange occurred during the defendant’s cross-
examination of Detective Sammons at trial:

                      Q Well, let me ask you if you can remember. From this, would
              you agree that that was Kayla Hatmaker’s house, but you understand
              that [the defendant] was staying there?

                      A At this point in time, we knew through past history that they
              both stayed at this house. As far as who owned it or anything like
              that, that’s unclear, but we knew this was where they were at.
                                            - 11 -
Detective Sammons acknowledged that the defendant’s name was not on a deed or lease
for the house. The questioning during cross-examination continued as follows:

                     Q . . . So, Detective Sammons, if you could tell me—you’d
              mentioned something about, you know, having information that that
              was, you know, where he was staying, both of them were staying
              there?

                     A Yes, sir.

                    Q Your information, wasn’t just based on seeing—I don’t
              know if it was you necessarily, seeing his car there over a couple of
              weeks before then, seeing his car coming and going there?

                     A That was not me, sir. So I can’t testify to that. I have no
              idea. That was—(inaudible).

                    Q Okay. Well, then, I guess, let me ask you this. Do you have
              any personal knowledge yourself saying that he lives in that house?

                      A I did have a confidential informant come to me and tell me
              where he was at, along with a City of Knoxville Police Department
              report, that he was involved in at that same address.

              Defense counsel asked to approach the bench, and during a bench
conference, defense counsel objected and maintained that he did not “open[ ] the door” to
the testimony. The trial court overruled the defendant’s objection, stating, “You asked the
question.”

              On appeal, the defendant asserts that Detective Sammons’ testimony that he
was aware that the defendant lived at the house searched based on information that he
received from a confidential informant and a KPD report of a prior incident at the home
was inadmissible hearsay. See Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c) (defining hearsay as “a statement,
other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in
evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted”). The defendant maintains that the trial
court erred in overruling his objection to the testimony. The State does not challenge the
defendant’s claim that the testimony was hearsay. Rather, the State asserts that the
defendant invited the claimed error through the questions that he posed to Detective
Sammons during cross-examination and that any error in the admission of the evidence is
harmless.
                                           - 12 -
               Upon reviewing the series of questions posed by the defendant and Detective
Sammons’ responses, we conclude that the defendant elicited the challenged testimony
through the question posed to Detective Sammons and that Detective Sammons’ testimony
was in direct response to the question posed. “[I]t is well-settled that a litigant ‘will not be
permitted to take advantage of errors which he himself committed, or invited, or induced
the trial court to commit, or which were the natural consequences of his own neglect or
misconduct.’” State v. Robinson, 146 S.W.3d 469, 493 (Tenn. 2004) (quoting Norris v.
Richards, 246 S.W.2d 81, 85 (Tenn. 1952)); see Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a).

              Regardless, we conclude that any error in the admission of the evidence was
harmless. “A final judgment from which relief is available and otherwise appropriate shall
not be set aside unless, considering the whole record, error involving a substantial right
more probably than not affected the judgment or would result in prejudice to the judicial
process.” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b); see State v. Reynolds, 635 S.W.3d 893, 928 (Tenn. 2021)
(providing that when a trial court “admits evidence in violation of the Tennessee Rules of
Evidence, we ordinarily address this non-constitutional error using the harmless error
analysis of Rule 36(b)”). The defendant does not challenge the admission of Detective
Sammons’ testimony that he knew “through past history” that both the defendant and Ms.
Hatmaker “stayed” at the house. During closing arguments, the State did not rely upon the
challenged testimony in arguing the defendant’s connection to the house and the drugs and
firearms found inside the house; rather, it was the defendant who addressed the challenged
testimony. In light of the other evidence presented at trial establishing the defendant’s
constructive possession of the drugs and firearms, including his own statements, we cannot
conclude that any error in the admission of the evidence “more probably than not affected
the judgment” or “result[ed] in prejudice to the judicial process.” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b).

                                   III. Merger of Offenses

                The defendant asserts that his three separate convictions for possession of a
firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission of a dangerous felony after
having been previously convicted of a dangerous felony violated double jeopardy
principles. He maintains that the convictions involved “a single act of possession, not
multiple acts” and that his possession of more than one type of controlled substance “did
not somehow convert his single act of possessing the firearms into multiple acts of
possessing them.” The defendant also asserts that his dual convictions of possession of
heroin with the intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture and possession of fentanyl with the
intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture rose to the level of plain error when the two controlled
substances were contained within the same mixture. The State responds that the defendant
is not entitled to relief.

                                             - 13 -
             “It is well settled in Tennessee that, under certain circumstances, two
convictions or dual guilty verdicts must merge into a single conviction to avoid double
jeopardy implications.” State v. Berry, 503 S.W.3d 360, 362 (Tenn. 2015). “Whether
multiple convictions violate double jeopardy is a mixed question of law and fact that we
review de novo with no presumption of correctness.” State v. Smith, 436 S.W.3d 751, 766
(Tenn. 2014) (citing State v. Thompson, 285 S.W.3d 840, 846 (Tenn. 2009)).

                Both the federal and state constitutions protect an accused from being “twice
put in jeopardy of life or limb” for “the same offence.” U.S. Const. amend. V; Tenn. Const.
art. 1, sec. 10. The state and federal provisions, which are quite similar in verbiage, have
been given identical interpretations. See State v. Waterhouse, 8 Tenn. (1 Mart. & Yer.)
278, 284 (1827) (“[W]e did not feel ourselves warranted in giving [the double jeopardy
provision of the state constitution] a construction different from that given to the
constitution of the United States, by the tribunal possessing the power, (and of pre-eminent
qualifications) to fix the construction of that instrument.”). The United States Supreme
Court has observed of the double jeopardy clause:

              Our cases have recognized that the Clause embodies two vitally
              important interests. The first is the “deeply ingrained” principle that
              “the State with all its resources and power should not be allowed to
              make repeated attempts to convict an individual for an alleged
              offense, thereby subjecting him to embarrassment, expense and ordeal
              and compelling him to live in a continuing state of anxiety and
              insecurity, as well as enhancing the possibility that even though
              innocent he may be found guilty.” The second interest is the
              preservation of “the finality of judgments.”

Yeager v. United States, 557 U.S. 110, 117-18 (2009) (citations omitted). To these ends,
our state supreme court has observed that the Double Jeopardy Clause provides “three
separate protections: (1) protection against a second prosecution for the same offense after
acquittal; (2) protection against a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction;
and (3) protection against multiple punishments for the same offense.” State v. Watkins,
362 S.W.3d 530, 541 (Tenn. 2012).

              At issue here is the third category, “protection against multiple punishments
for the same offense.” Id. “[I]n single prosecution cases, the double jeopardy prohibition
against multiple punishments functions to prevent prosecutors and courts from exceeding
the punishment legislatively authorized.” Id. at 542. Claims of this type “ordinarily fall
into one of two categories, frequently referred to as ‘unit-of-prosecution’ and ‘multiple
description’ claims.” Id. at 543.

                                           - 14 -
               “When addressing unit-of-prosecution claims, courts must determine ‘what
the legislature intended to be a single unit of conduct for purposes of a single conviction
and punishment.’” Id. at 543 (citations omitted). To determine the appropriate unit of
prosecution, “we first examine the statute in question to determine if the statutory unit of
prosecution has been expressly identified.” State v. Smith, 436 S.W.3d at 768 (citations
omitted). “If the unit of prosecution is clear from the statute, there is no need to review the
history of the statute and other legislative history.” State v. Hogg, 448 S.W.3d 877, 886
(Tenn. 2014). If the unit of prosecution is not clear from the plain language of the statute,
“we review the history of the statute. Finally, we perform a factual analysis as to the unit
of prosecution.” Smith, 436 S.W.3d at 768 (citation omitted). A reviewing court must
“apply the ‘rule of lenity’ when resolving unit-of-prosecution claims, meaning that any
ambiguity in defining the unit of conduct for prosecution is resolved against the conclusion
that the legislature intended to authorize multiple units of prosecution.” Watkins, 362
S.W.3d at 543 (citations omitted).

          The defendant was convicted in Counts 5 through 7 of possession of a firearm
with the intent to go armed during the commission of a dangerous felony with the
underlying dangerous felonies listed as the heroin, fentanyl, and cocaine felony offenses of
which he also was convicted. The defendant was convicted in Counts 11 through 13 of
possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission of a dangerous
felony after having been previously convicted of a dangerous felony. The trial court
merged Count 5 into Count 11, Count 6 into Count 12, and Count 7 into Count 13. The
defendant argued that the firearms offenses should be merged into a single conviction
because each conviction related to the same firearms. The State responded that three
separate firearm convictions were warranted because the defendant committed three
separate dangerous felonies and possessed a firearm during the commission of those
dangerous felonies. The trial court declined to merge the firearm convictions into a single
firearm conviction.

               Our supreme court has determined the unit of prosecution applicable to Code
section 39-17-1324(b) “to be each act of employing a firearm during the commission of or
attempt to commit a dangerous felony.” State v. Harbison, 539 S.W.3d 149, 168-69 (Tenn.
2018) (“Nothing in the language of the statute indicates that the legislature intended to limit
the unit of prosecution to the number of firearms employed by a defendant.”). Stated
differently, “the General Assembly has authorized a separate employing a firearm charge
for each dangerous felony committed.” Id.

             The defendant in Harbison was convicted of three counts of employing a
firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony based on three convictions of
attempted voluntary manslaughter involving three victims. Id. at 170. Our supreme court
determined that Code section 39-17-1324 “did not limit the State to charging a single count
                                            - 15 -
of employing a firearm if multiple dangerous felonies were committed against multiple
victims in a single criminal episode.” Id. at 168. The court found it “significant that section
39-17-1324 provides that a violation of subsection (a) or (b) is a specific and separate
offense and must be pled in a separate counts of the indictment or presentment and tried
before the same jury and at the same time as the dangerous felony.” Id. at 169 (citing
T.C.A. § 39-17-1324(d)). The court stated that “[t]his language reinforces the conclusion
that the General Assembly has authorized a separate employing a firearm charge for each
dangerous felony committed.” Id.

               Recently, this court, relying on the holding in Harbison, held that a
defendant’s dual convictions of possessing a firearm during the commission of a dangerous
felony did not violate the principles of double jeopardy when “the defendant committed
two dangerous felonies—possession of cocaine with intent to sell or deliver and possession
of marijuana with intent to sell or deliver—while possessing the firearm.” State v. Kentavis
Antwon Jones, No W2022-00046-CCA-R3-CD, 2023 WL 1980871, at *9 (Tenn. Crim.
App., Jackson, Feb. 14, 2023), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 15, 2023). Thus, this court
held that the trial court erred in merging the two separate firearms convictions. Id.

               We note that similar to the offense of employing a firearm during the
commission of a dangerous felony, Code section 39-17-1324 also does not limit the State
to charging a single count of possessing a firearm with the intent to go armed during the
commission of a dangerous felony if multiple dangerous felonies were committed. Based
on the reasoning set forth in Harbison, we conclude that the legislature intended the unit
of prosecution for Code section 39-17-1324(a) to be each act of possessing a firearm with
the intent to go armed during the commission of or attempt to commit a dangerous felony.
Harbison, 539 S.W.3d at 168-69. In other words, the legislature has authorized a separate
charge of possessing a firearm for each dangerous felony committed.

               The State asserts that the principles of double jeopardy do not bar the
defendant’s three firearm convictions because he committed three separate dangerous
felonies—possession of cocaine with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture; possession of
heroin with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture; and possession of fentanyl with intent to
sell, deliver, or manufacture—while possessing a firearm. The defendant challenges his
stand-alone convictions for possession of heroin with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture
and possession of fentanyl with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture as violating double
jeopardy principles because both controlled substances were contained in the same
mixture. The defendant admittedly failed to raise a double jeopardy challenge to his stand-
alone heroin and fentanyl convictions in his motion for new trial. See Tenn. R. App. P.
3(e); Harbison, 539 S.W.3d at 164 (“To preserve the double jeopardy issue, [the defendant]
had to raise it in his motion for new trial and appellate brief.”). Generally, our review
would be limited to plain error. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b); State v. Martin, 505 S.W.3d
                                            - 16 -
492, 504 (Tenn. 2016); State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 282 (Tenn. 2000). However, to
resolve the issue of whether the defendant’s three separate firearm convictions violate
double jeopardy principles, an issue that the defendant properly preserved on appeal, we
must determine whether the defendant committed three separate dangerous felonies, which
necessarily requires an examination of whether separate convictions for the predicate
dangerous felonies, i.e., the controlled substance convictions, may be sustained.

               Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-417(a)(4), “[i]t is an
offense for a defendant to knowingly . . . [p]ossess a controlled substance with intent to
manufacture, deliver or sell the controlled substance.” “‘Controlled substance’ means a
drug, substance, or immediate precursor in Schedules I through VII of §§ 39-17-403—39-
17-416[.]” T.C.A. § 39-17-402(4). The factors to be considered by the commissioner of
mental health and substances abuse services to determine the schedule of a drug, substance,
or immediate precursor include “[t]he actual or relative potential for abuse;” any “scientific
evidence of its pharmacological effect;” current scientific knowledge regarding the
substance; “[t]he history and current pattern of abuse;” “[t]he risk to the public health;” the
substance’s potential to “produce psychic and physiological dependence liability;” and
“[w]hether the substance is an immediate precursor of a substance already controlled under
this section.” Id. § 39-17-403(a)(1)-(8). Heroin is a Schedule I controlled substance, id. §
39-17-406(c)(11), and fentanyl is a Schedule II controlled substance, id. § 39-17-408(c)(9).
As applicable to the instant case, possession with intent to manufacture, deliver, or sell a
Schedule I controlled substance is a Class B felony, id. § 39-17-417(b), and possession
with intent to manufacture, deliver, or sell a Schedule II controlled substance is a Class C
felony, id. § 39-17-417(c)(2)(A) (Supp. 2019).

              In State v. Campbell, our supreme court analyzed the former Tennessee Drug
Control Act, which included language similar to the current provisions, and concluded that
the defendant’s separate convictions for the sale of a Schedule II controlled substance and
the sale of a Schedule IV controlled substance that arose out of the same transaction did
not violate the principles of double jeopardy. State v. Campbell, 549 S.W.2d 952, 955
(Tenn. 1977). The court noted that “two different schedule substances were sold, each of
which had been, by statute, separately classified and penalized by separate subsections of
the general prohibitory statute.” Id. (citations omitted). The court held that “[c]onsidering
the statutory scheme and legislative history of the Tennessee Drug Control Act, we are
convinced that our legislature intended that a sale of two or more controlled substances,
classified separately in the schedules of the Act, should constitute separate and distinct
offenses.” Id. at 956.

              In State v. Collier, our supreme court applied the reasoning set forth in
Campbell and held that “the possession with intent to sell . . . two or more controlled
substances classified within the same schedule of the Act constitutes separate and distinct
                                            - 17 -
offenses.” State v. Collier, 567 S.W.2d 165, 166 (Tenn. 1978). Like current Code section
39-17-417(a)(4), the statute in effect at the time provided that “it is unlawful for any person
to . . . possess with intent to . . . sell, a controlled substance.” Collier, 567 S.W.2d at 166
(quoting T.C.A. § 52-1432 (repealed)). The court also cited to the statutory definition of
“controlled substance,” which is the same definition provided in current Code section 39-
17-402(4). Collier, 567 S.W.2d at 166-67 (quoting T.C.A. § 52-1409 (repealed)). The
court held that “the foregoing definitions, considered in the light of the overall purpose and
scheme of the Act to stamp out the traffic in dangerous drugs, indicates the legislative intent
to create a separate offense for the possession of each of the controlled substances set out
in Schedules I through VI of the Act.” Id. at 167. The court explained that

              the Drug Control Act established a classification of controlled
              substances into different “schedules” based upon the relative potential
              of each substance for abuse, the degree of physical or psychological
              dependence its use might engender and its acceptability for medical
              use in treatment. Drugs within a single schedule are considered to be
              approximately equal in dangerousness but, as a group, they are
              considered to be more dangerous than the drugs listed in some of the
              other schedules and less dangerous than the drugs listed in still
              different schedules. Thus, penalties reflecting these distinctive
              degrees of danger vary from schedule to schedule within the Act.
              Nevertheless, each drug within a given schedule was placed there
              because it, individually, is dangerous and warranted control. . . . In
              order to be placed within a schedule, the Act requires that each
              individual drug or substance be considered in light of at least eight
              criteria. In our opinion, each drug in a given schedule, in effect,
              comprises a separate subsection in the statutory scheme[.]

Id. (internal citations omitted).

                We conclude that the analysis set forth by our supreme court in Campbell
and Collier based upon statutory language similar to the current statutory scheme is also
applicable to the current case. Furthermore, we note that by prohibiting possession of “a
controlled substance” rather than possession of “controlled substances” or “one or more
controlled substances,” the legislature indicated its intent to permit a defendant to be
charged with each controlled substance he or she possessed. See e.g., Edwards v. State,
268 So.3d 849, 851-53 (Fla. DCA 2019) (holding that the defendant’s separate convictions
for the sale of heroin and the sale of fentanyl where the controlled substances were included
in the same mixture did not violate double jeopardy principles under the “allowable unit of
prosecution” standard when the applicable statute prohibiting the sale of “a controlled
substance” indicated the legislature’s intent to punish the defendant for the sale of each
                                            - 18 -
controlled substance) (emphasis added); Howard v. Commonwealth, No. 0780-17-1, 2018
WL 2604993, at *3 (Va. Ct. App. 2018) (holding that by prohibiting the possession of “a”
controlled substance and classifying a violation with respect to “any” Schedule I or
Schedule II controlled substance as a Class 5 felony, “the legislature selected a term that
would permit a defendant to be charged for each controlled substance he possesses” even
if multiple controlled substances were packaged in a single container or a single capsule)
(emphasis in original). Had the legislature intended that a single conviction encompass
multiple controlled substances within a single mixture, the legislature would have utilized
different language specifically prohibiting the possession of a mixture, compound, or
substance containing “one or more” controlled substances. See Howard, 2018 WL
2064993, at *3.

                We conclude that based on the plain language of Code sections 39-17-
417(a)(4) and 39-17-402(4), as well as our supreme court’s analysis in Campbell and
Collier regarding the legislative intent of similar statutory provisions, the unit of
prosecution of Code section 39-17-417(a)(4) is each act of possessing a controlled
substance with the intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture. Stated differently, we conclude
that the legislature has authorized a separate charge for each controlled substance possessed
even if those controlled substances are included within the same mixture, compound, or
substance.

                Therefore, the defendant possessed three different controlled substances,
cocaine, heroin, and fentanyl, with the intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture. The defendant
does not challenge his conviction for possession of cocaine with the intent to sell, deliver,
or manufacture as violating the principles of double jeopardy, and we conclude that his
separate convictions for possession of heroin with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture
and possession of fentanyl with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture do not violate double
jeopardy principles. Furthermore, the defendant committed three dangerous felonies—
possession of cocaine with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture; possession of heroin with
intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture; and possession of fentanyl with intent to sell, deliver,
or manufacture—while possessing a firearm after having been previously convicted of a
dangerous felony. The defendant’s three convictions of possessing a firearm during the
commission of a dangerous felony after having been previously convicted of a dangerous
felony in Counts 11 through 13 likewise do not violate the principles of double jeopardy.

                We note that the jury found that the defendant possessed more than 15 grams
of heroin. Because heroin is a Schedule I controlled substance, T.C.A. § 39-17-406(c)(11),
possession of heroin with intent to sell, deliver, or manufacture is a Class B felony, and the
possible punishment includes a maximum fine of $100,000, id. § 39-17-417(b). If the
offense involves “[f]ifteen (15) grams or more of any substance containing heroin,” the
offense is still a Class B felony, but the maximum fine is increased to $200,000. Id. § 39-
                                             - 19 -
17-417(i)(1). Because the TBI agent who tested the substances testified only to the total
weight of the mixture that included both heroin and fentanyl, the weight of the substance
found by the jury ostensibly contained both heroin and fentanyl. However, by agreement
of the parties, the trial court imposed a $2,000 fine, and, therefore, the defendant’s
punishment was not increased as a result of the jury’s finding of the weight of the
“substance containing heroin.” Accordingly, we need not determine whether double
jeopardy principles prohibit additional punishment for controlled substance offenses where
the controlled substance for one offense is included in the calculation of the weight of the
substance for the other offense. Rather, based on the specific circumstances of the specific
case, we conclude that the trial court properly declined to merge the firearm convictions
into a single conviction and to merge the heroin and fentanyl convictions.

              We note that the appellate record does not include the judgments for Counts
8, 10, 14, and 16 through 21, showing that the charges for those counts were dismissed by
the State. Accordingly, we remand to the trial court for entry of judgments on these counts
reflecting dismissal of the charges. We otherwise affirm the judgments of the trial court.

                                             ____________________________________
                                             JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE

                                           - 20 -