Court Opinion

ID: 2820494
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-27 17:02:16.682508+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:53:53.055385
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 14-4070
                                       ___________

                              SAMUEL THOMAS PHIFER,
                                           Appellant

                                             v.

                  SEVENSON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.;
                     DELAWARE SOLID WASTE AUTHORITY
                     ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the District of Delaware
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 1-11-cv-00169)
                      District Judge: Honorable Gregory M. Sleet
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                    July 16, 2015

         Before: GREENAWAY, JR., SCIRICA and RENDELL, Circuit Judges

                                  (Filed: July 27, 2015)
                                      ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
       This case involves allegations brought by Samuel Phifer against his former

employer, Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (“Sevenson”), a hazardous waste

clean-up contractor.1 Sevenson entered into a contract with the Delaware Solid Waste

Authority (“DSWA”) to construct a large expansion to DWSA’s Cherry Island Landfill

located in New Castle County, Delaware (“the Cherry Island Landfill project”). On

October 23, 2006, Sevenson hired Phifer as a bull-dozer operator assigned to the Cherry

Island Landfill project at an hourly rate of $24.69. On April 27, 2007, all Sevenson

operators at the Cherry Island Landfill project were given a pay increase to $28.11

hourly. Phifer received that rate of pay until his first seasonal lay-off in October 21,

2007. On March 24, 2008, Sevenson recalled Phifer from the seasonal layoff as a laborer

at the Cherry Island Landfill project and paid him an hourly rate of $19.88. Although

Phifer was again laid-off on November 20, 2008, he was recalled to the project as a

laborer on December 1, 2008, and was again paid at the laborer rate. Shortly thereafter,

on December 19, 2008, Sevenson was again laid-off. On March 11, 2009, Sevenson

offered Phifer an opportunity to again return to the Cherry Island Landfill project as a

laborer, but Phifer declined the offer.

       Phifer, who is African-American, believed that Sevenson’s decision to re-hire him

in March 2008 as a laborer, rather than in his previous position as a bull-dozer operator,

was racially motivated. As a result, Phifer filed a charge of discrimination with the

1
 Sevenson’s work is project-based and seasonal. As a result, employees of the company
are often hired, laid-off, and rehired over the course of a particular project.
                                               2
Delaware Department of Labor (“DDOL”) and the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (“EEOC”). He later filed another charge with the EEOC claiming that he

was laid off in December 2008 in retaliation for his having complained to the EEOC of

his demotion to the laborer position. Following his receipt of right-to-sue letters from the

DDOL and EEOC, Phifer filed a complaint against Sevenson and DSWA in the District

Court. He raised claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et

seq., 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1985, and Delaware law.2

       Both Defendants filed motions to dismiss the complaint. In an order entered on

March 14, 2012, the District Court dismissed all claims against DSWA.3 In that order,

the District Court also granted in part Sevenson’s motion to dismiss, dismissing Phifer’s

breach of contract claim as well as his claims under § 1985 and the DDEA. At the close

of discovery, Sevenson and Phifer filed cross-motions for summary judgment. In a

2
  Phifer appeared to raise claims under the Delaware Wage Payment and Collection Act
(“WPCA”), 19 Del. Code Ann. § 1101 et seq., and the Delaware Discrimination in
Employment Act (“DDEA”). See 19 Del. Code Ann. § 710 et seq. He also presented a
state law breach of contract claim.
3
 With regard to Phifer’s claims under Title VII and the WPCA in particular, the District
Court determined that DWSA could not be liable to Phifer under those statutes because
he failed to set forth facts from which one could conclude that DWSA was either his
employer or an agent of his employer. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b); see generally Vance v. Ball
State Univ., 133 S. Ct. 2434, 2443 (2013) (discussing when an employer may be
vicariously liable for an employee’s actions) (emphasis added); see also 19 Del. Code
Ann. § 1107 (prohibiting withholding of wages by employers) (emphasis added).

                                             3
September 5, 2014 opinion, the District Court granted judgment in favor of Sevenson on

all the remaining claims. Phifer appeals.4

       We have reviewed the record and will affirm the District Court’s judgment. First,

the District Court properly dismissed Phifer’s § 1985 claim as to both Defendants. To

state a claim under § 1985(3), a plaintiff must allege: (1) a conspiracy of two or more

persons; (2) motivated by racial or class-based discriminatory animus designed to

deprive, directly or indirectly, any person or class of persons to the equal protection of

the laws; (3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy; and (4) an injury to person or

property or the deprivation of any right or privilege of a citizen of the United States. See

Brown v. Philip Morris Inc., 250 F.3d 789, 805 (3d Cir. 2001). We agree that Phifer

failed to allege any facts whatsoever indicating that the defendants conspired to deprive

him of any protected rights. Moreover, his complaint does not suggest that DWSA was

even aware of the employment decisions rendered by Sevenson until well after they

occurred.

       The District Court also correctly dismissed Phifer’s breach of contract claim.

Phifer asserted that, as a result of Sevenson’s adverse employment decisions, both

Sevenson and the DWSA were in violation of the construction contract that they entered

into regarding the Cherry Island Landfill project. Phifer appeared to claim that he was a

4
  We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and conduct plenary review of orders
dismissing claims under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and granting summary
judgment. Atkinson v. Lafayette Coll., 460 F.3d 447, 451 (3d Cir. 2006). We may
affirm on any basis supported by the record. Brightwell v. Lehman, 637 F.3d 187, 191
                                            4
third-party beneficiary under that contract. “Ordinarily, a stranger to a contract acquires

no rights thereunder.” Guardian Constr. Co. v. Tetra Tech Richardson, Inc., 583 A.2d
1378, 1386 (Del. Super. Ct. 1990). According to Delaware law, “to qualify as a third

party beneficiary of a contract, (a) the contracting parties must have intended that the

third party beneficiary benefit from the contract, (b) the benefit must have been intended

as a gift or in satisfaction of a pre-existing obligation to that person, and (c) the intent to

benefit the third party must be a material part of the parties’ purpose in entering into the

contract.” E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. v. Rhone Poulenc Fiber & Resin

Intermediaries, S.A.S., 269 F.3d 187, 196 (3d Cir. 2001). We agree that Phifer failed to

allege facts sufficient to suggest that he was a third-party beneficiary under the contract

between the Defendants, or that he otherwise had standing to enforce the terms of the

contract. Dismissal was therefore appropriate.

       Additionally, for the reasons stated in its dismissal order, the District Court

properly dismissed Phifer’s Title VII and WPCA claims against DSWA. Phifer also

failed to allege any facts suggesting that DSWA violated any of the rights protected by

§ 1981, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race in the making of public and

private contracts. See St. Francis Coll. v. Al-Khazraji, 481 U.S. 604, 609 (1987).5

(3d Cir. 2011).
5
  The District Court determined that Phifer’s DDEA claims against both Defendants
should be dismissed as time-barred. Having reviewed the record, it appears that
determination may be incorrect. Nevertheless, Phifer’s DDEA claim against DSWA was
subject to dismissal because DWSA was not Phifer’s employer and the DDEA prohibits
unlawful employment practices by employers. See 19 Del. Code Ann. § 711 (emphasis
                                             5
       With regard to summary judgment, we conclude that, while the factual record

below does contain disputes over facts, none of the details in contention is “material” for

the purposes of summary judgment because none would affect the outcome of the suit

under governing law. See Haybarger v. Lawrence Cnty. Adult Prob. & Parole, 667 F.3d
408, 412 (3d Cir. 2012). At the very least, and assuming without deciding that Phifer

established a prima facie case of discrimination, we agree with the District Court that

Sevenson pointed to a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for declining to re-hire Phifer

as an bull-dozer operator—Phifer’s poor performance evaluation following his first stint

as an operator between October 2006 and October 2007. Phifer thereafter failed to

adduce evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude “that the employer’s

proffered reasons were merely a pretext for discrimination, and not the real motivation

for the unfavorable job action.” Sarullo v. U.S. Postal Serv., 352 F.3d 789, 797 (3d Cir.

added). Phifer’s claim against Sevenson fails under the DDEA for the same reasons that
his Title VII claims do not survive summary judgment. See 19 Del. C. § 711(a)(1) (“It
shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to . . . discriminate against any
individual with respect to compensation, terms, conditions or privileges of employment
because of such individual’s . . . race.”). Given that we affirm on those grounds, we need
not resolve the question whether a plaintiff may proceed under both Title VII and the
DDEA, a question over which district courts in this Circuit have disagreed. See 19 Del.
Code Ann. § 714(c) (“[The plaintiff] shall elect a Delaware or federal forum to prosecute
the employment discrimination cause of action so as to avoid unnecessary costs, delays
and duplicative litigation. A [plaintiff] is barred by this election from filing cases in both
[the Delaware] Superior Court and the federal forum.”). Compare Brangman v.
AstraZeneca, LP, 952 F. Supp. 2d 710, 724 (E.D. Pa. 2013) (concluding that section
714(c) does not bar a plaintiff from bringing both Title VII and DDEA claims in federal
court), with Daughtry v. Family Dollar Stores, Inc., 634 F. Supp. 2d 475, 483 n.13 (D.
Del. 2009) (concluding that section 714(c) precludes a plaintiff from pursing relief under
both Title VII and the DDEA).
                                               6
2003) (per curiam). The same test applies to Phifer’s retaliation and § 1981 claims,

which also fail for the reason that Phifer was unable to adequately rebut Sevenson’s

articulated reasons for its employment decisions. See Moore v. City of Phila., 461 F.3d
331, 342 (3d Cir. 2006); McKenna v. Pac. Rail Serv., 32 F.3d 820, 825 n.3 (3d Cir.

1994).6

       Finally, we note that on appeal Phifer appears to take issue with the District

Court’s disposition of various procedural rulings made by the District Court over the

course of the litigation. We have reviewed those rulings and perceive no error on the part

of the District Court.

       Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.7

6
 Although the District Court did not explicitly review Phifer’s remaining WPCA claim
against Sevenson, having reviewed the record, we agree that Phifer could not prevail on
that claim. The statute of limitations for bringing such a claim is one year. See 10 Del.
Code Ann. § 8111. Phifer’s WPCA claim against Sevenson accrued at the latest on
March 11, 2009, when he refused an offer to return to work following his December 2008
layoff. Because Phifer did not file his action in the District Court until February 2011,
well after the statute of limitations expired, the claim is time-barred.
7
  Appellant’s motion to vacate our January 7, 2015 order granting Sevenson’s motion to
file a supplemental appendix is denied. Appellant has failed to set forth any valid reasons
why Sevenson should not have been permitted to supplement the record on appeal.
                                            7