Court Opinion

ID: 4246313
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-02-20 13:12:23.724246+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:52.033734
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  No. COA17-918

                             Filed: 20 February 2018

Guilford County, No. 14 CVS 790

USA TROUSER, S.A. de C.V., Plaintiff,

            v.

JAMES A. WILLIAMS; NAVIGATORS INSURANCE COMPANY;                                 and
NAVIGATORS MANAGEMENT COMPANY, INC., Defendants.

      Appeal by plaintiff from order and opinion entered 25 July 2016 by Chief Judge

James L. Gale in the North Carolina Business Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals

22 January 2018.

      Law Offices of Matthew K. Rogers, PLLC, by Matthew K. Rogers, for plaintiff-
      appellant.

      Cozen O’Connor, by Tracy L. Eggleston and Patrick M. Aul, and Angelo G.
      Savino, pro hac vice, for defendant-appellees.

      TYSON, Judge.

      USA Trouser, S.A. de C.V. (“Plaintiff” or “USAT”) appeals an order of the North

Carolina Business Court, granting Navigators Insurance Company’s and Navigators

Management Company, Inc.’s motions to dismiss. We affirm the trial court’s order.

                                   I. Background

      The record on appeal tends to show the following:
                    USA TROUSER, S.A. DE C.V. V. NAVIGATORS INS. CO.

                                  Opinion of the Court

          USAT is a Mexican company, which manufactures socks and hosiery products.

USAT sold socks on credit to International Legwear Group, Inc. (“ILG”), a company

conducting business within North Carolina.

          Navigators Insurance Company (“Navigators Insurance”) had issued a

directors and officers liability insurance policy (the “Policy”) to ILG for the period

from 31 December 2010 through 31 December 2017.

          In September 2011, USAT filed suit (the “Underlying Action”) against ILG and

a number of its directors and officers. USAT alleged ILG had failed to disclose its

worsening financial condition, while continuing to obtain products from USAT upon

credit.     USAT asserted claims for breach of contract; breach of fiduciary duty;

fraudulent concealment; negligent misrepresentation; unfair and deceptive trade

practices; breach of implied covenants of good faith and fair dealing; fraudulent

and/or negligent failure to perform statutory duties; conversion; and fraudulent

conveyance.      A default judgment (the “Judgment”) was entered against ILG for

$1,993,856.48 in the United States District Court. The plain language of the Policy

indicates Navigators Insurance had no duty to defend ILG for the claims brought in

the Underlying Action.

          On 2 June 2014, USAT filed suit in Guilford County Superior Court against

James A. Williams (“Williams”), the CEO and President of ILG, to enforce the

Judgment. Williams asserted counterclaims against USAT.

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                                 Opinion of the Court

      On 20 June 2014, USAT sent Navigators Insurance a copy of the Judgment

and a letter demanding payment of the Judgment. After Navigators Insurance failed

to respond to the demand letter, USAT filed an amended complaint purporting to add

Navigators Insurance Company and Navigators Management Company, Inc.

(“Navigators Management”) (collectively “Defendants”) as defendants to the suit

against Williams. The case was designated a mandatory complex business case by

order of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of North Carolina pursuant to N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 7A-45.4(a). The case was assigned to Chief Judge James L. Gale of the

North Carolina Business Court.

      USAT asserted claims against Navigators Insurance and Navigators

Management for: (1) conspiracy to defraud; (2) bad faith claims settlement practices;

and (3) “unfair trade practices” pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 75-1.1. On 17 October

2014, Navigators Insurance and Navigators Management filed motions to dismiss

pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. Navigators

Management premised its motion to dismiss on arguments that: (1) it was not a party

to the Policy between ILG and Navigators Insurance; (2) USAT did not plead its

conspiracy to defraud claims with specificity; and (3) it did not issue the Policy.

      In its motion to dismiss, Navigators Insurance argued (1) the Policy did not

provide coverage for the Judgment; (2) USAT’s lack of coverage under the Policy

precluded it from acting in “bad faith” by not paying the judgment; (3) the lack of

coverage precluded USAT’s unfair trade practices claims; (4) USAT did not plead its

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                                 Opinion of the Court

conspiracy to defraud claim with specificity; and (5) USAT’s lack of coverage under

the Policy precluded the fraudulent concealment claim.

      On 21 July 2016, the trial court issued an order and opinion dismissing all of

USAT’s claims against Navigators Insurance and Navigators Management. On 2

March 2017, the remaining claims by and between USAT and Williams were

voluntarily dismissed. USAT filed timely notice of appeal of the trial court’s order.

                                   II. Jurisdiction

      Appeal lies of right in this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A-27(b) (2013)

and 1-277 (2017). In 2014, our General Assembly enacted Chapter 102 of the 2014

North Carolina Session Laws, which, among other things, amended N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 7A-27 so as to provide a direct right of appeal to the Supreme Court from a final

judgment of the Business Court. See 2014 N.C. Sess. Laws 621, 621, ch. 102, § 1.

      The effective date of the 2014 amendments to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(a)(2) was

1 October 2014. See 2014 N.C. Sess. Laws 621, 629, ch. 102, § 9 (“Section 1 of this act

becomes effective October 1, 2014, and applies to actions designated as mandatory

complex business cases on or after that date.”).

      The present case was designated as a mandatory complex business case on 7

July 2014, prior to the effective date of the 2014 amendments to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-

27(a)(2). This case is properly before this Court.

                               III. Standard of Review

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             The standard of review of an order granting a [motion to
             dismiss pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 12(b)(6)]
             is whether the complaint states a claim for which relief can
             be granted under some legal theory when the complaint is
             liberally construed and all the allegations included therein
             are taken as true. On a motion to dismiss, the complaint’s
             material factual allegations are taken as true.

Bissette v. Harrod, 226 N.C. App. 1, 7, 738 S.E.2d 792, 797 (2013) (citations

omitted).

       A motion to dismiss should be granted when: “(1) the complaint on its face

reveals that no law supports the plaintiff’s claim; (2) the complaint on its face reveals

the absence of facts sufficient to make a good claim; or (3) the complaint discloses

some fact that necessarily defeats the plaintiff’s claim.” Wood v. Guilford Cty., 355
N.C. 161, 166, 558 S.E.2d 490, 494 (2002).

      “[W]hen ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court may properly consider

documents which are the subject of a plaintiff’s complaint and to which the complaint

specifically refers even though they are presented by the defendant.” Oberlin Capital,

L.P. v. Slavin, 147 N.C. App. 52, 60, 554 S.E.2d 840, 847 (2001). We review the trial

court’s dismissal of an action de novo. Grich v. Mantelco, LLC, 228 N.C. App. 587,

589, 746 S.E.2d 316, 318 (2013).

                                      IV. Analysis

                                    A. Introduction

      USAT argues the trial court erred by granting Defendants’ motions to dismiss.

USAT asserts it became a third-party beneficiary to the Policy upon entry of the

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                                Opinion of the Court

default judgment against ILG, obtained the right to payment on the Judgment from

Defendants, and to sue Defendants directly for their failure to pay.

                             B. Third-Party Beneficiary

      USAT argues the trial court erred when it dismissed its claims against

Defendants for unfair trade practices and bad faith claims settlement practices

because USAT is a third-party beneficiary of the Policy. We disagree.

      USAT brings its unfair or deceptive trade practices claim pursuant to N.C.

Gen. Stat § 75-1.1 and its bad faith claims settlement claim pursuant to N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 58-63-15(11).

      It is well-established in North Carolina that:

             [while] a plaintiff generally cannot sue the insurance
             company of an adverse party under G.S. § 75-1.1, if the
             plaintiff achieves the status of an intended third-party
             beneficiary arising from the contractual relationship
             between the adverse party and the adverse party’s
             insurance company, the plaintiff may then bring a claim
             against the insurance company for violating the unfair and
             deceptive practices statute.

Prince v. Wright, 141 N.C. App. 262, 270, 541 S.E.2d 191, 197 (2000) (emphasis

supplied). “[A] private right of action under N.C.G.S. § 58-63-15 and N.C.G.S. § 75-

1.1 may not be asserted by a third-party claimant against the insurer of an adverse

party.” Lee v. Mut. Community Sav. Bank, 136 N.C. App. 808, 810, 525 S.E.2d 854,

856 (2000) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

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                                 Opinion of the Court

      The controlling case regarding direct actions by a third-party plaintiff against

an insured’s insurer is Wilson v. Wilson, 121 N.C. App. 662, 468 S.E.2d 495 (1996).

In Wilson, this Court held “North Carolina does not recognize a cause of action for

third-party claimants against the insurance company of an adverse party based on

unfair and deceptive trade practices under N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1.” Id. at 665, 468 S.E.2d

at 497. Shortly after Wilson was decided, this Court created an exception to the

Wilson rule, and held, “[t]he injured party in an automobile accident is an intended

third-party beneficiary to the insurance contract between insurer and the

tortfeasor/insured party.” Murray v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. 123 N.C. App. 1, 15,

472 S.E.2d 358, 366 (1996) (emphasis supplied) (citations omitted), rev. denied, 345
N.C. 344, 483 S.E.2d 173 (1997).

      Following Murray, this Court has required the third-party plaintiff, in an

automobile accident context, to have obtained a judgment against the liability

insurance company’s insured before it may have standing to sue the insurance

company directly. See Craven v. Demidovich, 172 N.C. App. 340, 342, 615 S.E.2d 722,

724 (2005) (affirming dismissal of plaintiff’s claims against insurer when insured’s

liability had not been judicially determined).

      USAT argues Murray holds that a third-party claimant’s obtainment of a

judgment against the insurance company’s insured ipso facto raises the claimant to

a retroactive intended third-party beneficiary of the insurance contract, and thereby

places the third-party claimant in privity of contract with the insurer. We disagree.

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                                  Opinion of the Court

      USAT’s argument ignores the fact that the third-party claimant’s privity with

the insurer is based upon the third-party claimant being an injured party in an

automobile accident. See Murray, 123 N.C. App. at 15, 472 S.E.2d at 366. The Court’s

ruling in Murray was premised upon its recognition that an “injured party in an

automobile accident is an intended third-party beneficiary to the insurance contract

between insurer and the tortfeasor/insured party . . . and for this reason alone, [the

plaintiff is] not bound by the third-party restrictions set forth in Wilson.” Id. (emphasis

supplied).

      In the automobile accident context, an injured party is recognized as a third-

party beneficiary to the liability insurance policy, because, under the statute, “[t]he

primary purpose of th[e] compulsory motor vehicle liability insurance is to

compensate innocent victims who have been injured by financially irresponsible

motorists.” Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Chantos, 293 N.C. 431, 440, 238 S.E.2d 597,

604 (1977).

      Contrary to USAT’s assertions, Murray did not recognize nor implement a

general rule that judgments against insureds provide claimants with rights to recover

from insurers directly. Murray recognizes (1) that if a third-party claimant is a party

to an insurance contract and (2) obtains a judgment against an insurance company’s

insured, then the third-party claimant would have standing to sue the insurer

directly. See Murray, 123 N.C. App. at 15, 472 S.E.2d at 366.

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                                 Opinion of the Court

      Murray does not establish that a third-party claimant’s obtainment of a

judgment against an insured establishes privity with the insurer as a matter of law,

as USAT asserts we should hold. USAT’s argument also misconstrues language in

Taylor v. N.C. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 181 N.C. App. 343, 638 S.E.2d 636 (2006),

rev. denied, 345 N.C. 344, 483 S.E.2d 173 (2007), summarizing the holding of Murray,

to argue the obtainment of a judgment by a third-party against an insured establishes

privity with the insured’s insurer.

      As quoted by USAT, this Court stated in Taylor, “In [Murray] we found privity

between the plaintiff and the tortfeasor’s insurer and allowed an excess policy

coverage claim for unfair and deceptive trade practices based on the insured’s post

judgment behavior towards the plaintiff.” Taylor, 181 N.C. App. 345-46, 638 S.E.2d

at 637-38. Taylor does not recognize or summarize Murray as holding that a third-

party obtains privity with an insurer by obtaining a judgment against its insured.

See id.

      USAT asserts it can bring direct claims against Defendants for unfair or

deceptive trade practices and bad faith settlement practices, based upon this Court’s

reversal of a trial court’s dismissal of a negligence claim against an insurer in Prince

v. Wright. In Prince, the personal representative of the estate of a minor child killed

by a fire in a rental house caused by an electrical problem brought claims against the

landlord for negligence, breach of statutory duties, and wrongful death. Prince, 141
N.C. App. at 264-65, 541 S.E.2d at 194-95. The personal representative also brought

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claims against the landlord’s insurance company for negligence and unfair and

deceptive trade practices. Id.

      The insurance company had undertaken to conduct an inspection of the rental

house “for the purpose of detecting and detailing the suitability of the house for

residential purposes, including but not limited to, damage or potential damage to the

electrical system[.]” Id. at 267, 541 S.E.2d at 196.     The personal representative

alleged in her negligence claim against the insurer that the insurer had failed to warn

the residents of the potential fire hazard created by water damage to the electrical

system. Id. In reversing the trial court’s dismissal of the negligence claim against

the insurance company, this Court determined, that even though the plaintiff was

not in privity with the landlord’s insurer, the plaintiff could maintain the negligence

action against the insurer because “[the insurer] may have created for itself a duty to

plaintiff which it breached by first expressly undertaking to conduct an inspection of

the suitability of the house for residential purposes and then by failing to warn

tenants of the dangerous conditions it discovered during that inspection.” Id.

      On the personal representative’s claims for unfair or deceptive trade practices,

this Court cited Wilson and Murray and held the personal representative did not have

standing to bring the unfair or deceptive trade practices claim. Id. at 269-70, 541

S.E.2d at 197.

      The Court determined the personal representative was not an intended third-

party beneficiary of the landlord’s insurance contract with the insurer, because the

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insurer insured the house against loss or damage for the benefit of the landlord, and

the landlord did not enter into the insurance policy for the benefit of potential

residents living in the house, “but rather paid for the coverage to reduce or eliminate

loss caused by circumstances such as a house fire.” Id. at 270, 541 S.E.2d at 198. The

Court affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of the unfair or deceptive trade practices

claim because the personal representative was not in privity with the insurer to bring

a direct action under the policy. Id.

      Unlike the plaintiff in Prince, USAT has not asserted a claim against

Defendant-insurers for negligence. See id. The Court’s holding in Prince with regards

to the negligence claim does not support USAT’s argument that it has standing to

bring an unfair or deceptive trade practices claim and bad faith settlement practices

claim directly against Defendants.      This Court’s review and disposition of the

negligence claim in Prince is irrelevant to USAT’s claims, especially in light of the

Court’s ruling in Prince that the plaintiff did not have standing to bring an unfair or

deceptive trade practices claim against the insurer, because she was not an intended

third-party beneficiary of the insurance contract between the insurer and insured

defendants. Id.

      USAT also argues the recent case of Nash Hosps., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto.

Ins. Co., __ N.C. App. __, 803 S.E.2d 256 (2017), supports its contention “that the rule

in Wilson is not applicable when privity is established by judgment or settlement.”

In Nash., a not-at-fault motorist injured in an automobile accident incurred

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treatment costs with several medical providers, including the plaintiff, Nash

Hospitals. Nash, __ N.C. App. at __, 803 S.E.2d at 259. State Farm, the insurer for

the at-fault driver, received notice of Nash Hospitals’ medical liens under N.C. Gen.

Stat. §§ 44-49 and -50 from Nash Hospitals’ counsel. Id. State Farm entered into a

settlement agreement with the not-at-fault driver and provided her with a check

payable to herself, Nash Hospitals and another medical provider. Id. Nash Hospitals

was not notified of the settlement nor presented with the check for endorsement or

payment. Id. Nash Hospitals eventually sued State Farm, asserting that N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 44-50 “specifically requires the liability insurer to retain out of any recovery,

before any disbursements, a sufficient sum to pay lien holders,” and State Farm’s

failure to comply with §§ 44-49 and -50 constituted an unfair trade practice. Id.

      State Farm argued Nash Hospitals did not have standing to bring an unfair or

deceptive trade practices claim, because its suit did not involve a dispute over an

insurance contract. Id. at __, 803 S.E.2d at 262. This Court determined that State

Farm and the not-at-fault driver, who was not State Farm’s insured, were in privity

upon them entering into the settlement agreement, and that Nash Hospitals was in

privity with State Farm, reasoning:

             Once a claimant and an insurance company enter into a
             settlement agreement, they are therefore in privity. And by
             enacting N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 44-49 et seq., the General
             Assembly expanded the scope of privity to hospitals and
             medical service providers. As discussed supra, the purpose
             of N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 44-49 et seq. is to protect hospitals and
             other health care providers that provide medical services

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                                 Opinion of the Court

             to injured persons who may be unable to pay at the time
             the services are rendered, but who may later receive
             compensation for their injuries. Smith, 157 N.C. App. at
             602, 580 S.E.2d at 50. As a result, Nash Hospitals’ privity
             became effective the moment Defendant received notice
             from Nash Hospitals of its assertion of a valid lien
             pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 44-49 and reached a
             settlement agreement with [the injured driver].

Id. at __, 803 S.E.2d at 263 (emphasis in original).

      This Court held, in part, that Nash Hospitals had standing to sue State Farm

for unfair or deceptive trade practices because of the statutory privity provided to

hospitals and medical service providers by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 44-49. Id.

      Contrary to USAT’s contention, this Court in Nash did not make a general

determination “that the rule in Wilson is not applicable when privity is established

by judgment or settlement[,]” but that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 44-49 operates to grant a

medical service provider privity with regard to a settlement agreement between an

injured person “who may be unable to pay at the time the services are rendered[]”

and an insurance company. Id.

      USAT attempts to assert an alternative argument for the first time on appeal

that certain provisions of the Policy should be interpreted as making it an intended

third-party beneficiary. USAT failed to raise or make this alternative argument

within its responsive briefing to Defendants’ motions to dismiss before the trial court,

at the hearing on Defendants’ motions before the trial court, or allege it in its

complaint. USAT cannot assert a new theory for the first time on appeal. Weil v.

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                                Opinion of the Court

Herring, 207 N.C. 6, 10, 175 S.E. 836, 838 (1934) (“An examination of the record

discloses that the cause was not tried upon that theory, and the law does not permit

parties to swap horses between courts in order to get a better mount [on appeal].”);

see State v. Sharpe, 344 N.C. 190,195, 473 S.E.2d 3, 6 (1996), cert. denied, 350 N.C.
848, 539 S.E.2d 647 (1999) (“[I]t is well settled in this jurisdiction that [a party]

cannot argue for the first time on appeal [a] new ground . . . that he did not present

to the trial court.”). This alternative argument is dismissed.

      USAT has not cited any authority, binding upon this Court, which tends to

establish a trade creditor is in privity with its debtor and the debtor’s insurer with

respect to a directors and officers liability insurance policy, merely by virtue of the

trade creditor’s obtainment of a judgment against the insured debtor.             It is

undisputed and admitted that USAT is not specifically and expressly named in the

Policy.

      Treating the allegations in USAT’s complaint as true, USAT has failed to

establish the privity required by Murray for it to have standing to assert claims for

unfair or deceptive trade practices and bad faith claims settlement. Without privity,

the general rule that “a private right of action under N.C.G.S. § 58-63-15 and N.C.G.S.

§ 75-1.1 may not be asserted by a third-party claimant against the insurer of an

adverse party[,]” prevails. Lee, 136 N.C. App. at 810, 525 S.E.2d at 856 (citation and

quotation marks omitted). USAT does not have standing to assert its unfair or

deceptive trade practices claim and bad faith settlement claim. See id.

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                                 Opinion of the Court

      USAT has failed to state an unfair trade practices claim or a bad faith

settlement claim upon which relief can be granted. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule

12(b)(6) (2017). USAT’s unfair trade practices claim and bad faith settlement claim

were properly dismissed. USAT’s arguments are overruled.

                              C. Conspiracy to Defraud

      USAT also fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted with respect

to its conspiracy to defraud claim. North Carolina does not recognize an independent

cause of action for civil conspiracy. Dove v. Harvey, 168 N.C. App. 687, 690, 608 S.E.2d
798, 800 (2005) (citation omitted). A civil conspiracy claim must be based on an

adequately pled underlying claim. Id. The claim underlying USAT’s civil conspiracy

allegations is fraud.

      Rule 9(b) of our Rules of Civil Procedure requires that “[i]n all averments of

fraud . . . the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with

particularity.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 9(b) (2017). “[I]n pleading actual fraud,

the particularity requirement is met by alleging time, place and content of the

fraudulent representation, identity of the person making the representation and

what was obtained as a result of the fraudulent acts or representations.” Terry v.

Terry, 302 N.C. 77, 85, 273 S.E.2d 674, 678 (1981).

      “Dismissal of a claim for failure to plead with particularity is proper where

there are no facts whatsoever setting forth the time, place, or specific individuals who

purportedly made the misrepresentations.” Bob Timberlake Collection, Inc. v.

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                                 Opinion of the Court

Edwards, 176 N.C. App. 33, 39, 626 S.E.2d 315, 321 (2006) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Here, the Business Court properly concluded that USAT had failed to plead

fraud with particularity. In its conspiracy to defraud claim, USAT alleges with

respect to Defendants, the following:

             228. Navigators conspired with ILG’s officers and directors
             to commit fraud on the court by intending to cause default
             be entered against ILG purportedly for non-payment of
             legal fees, when Navigators intended to pay for the defense
             of co-defendants and when the ILG Policy covered ILG with
             regard to the acts and omissions of ILG’s officers including
             Williams, and Navigators conspired to dissolve ILG
             without disposing of contingent or known liabilities of
             which Navigators was aware or reasonably should’ve been
             aware.

             ...

             230. Navigators are conspiring with Williams to avoid
             paying the Judgment despite facts that already establish
             liability of both be established and Trouser is entitled to
             attorney fees as damages relating thereto.

             231. Navigators Insurance is conspiring with Navigators
             Management to avoid paying the Judgment in violation of
             North Carolina law.

       The complaint does not: (1) allege the identity of any specific person associated

with    Navigators      Insurance    or    Navigators    Management         who   made

misrepresentations or omissions; or (2) provide either the specific, or even the

approximate, “time or place” at which either of the Defendants, together or

separately, conspired with ILG’s directors. Id. The Complaint contains none of this

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                                 Opinion of the Court

specific information, but instead asserts only conclusory allegations that Defendants

are liable for paying the Judgment against ILG, and are engaging in fraudulent acts

to avoid paying the Judgment.

       Because USAT failed to plead the underlying claim of fraud with particularity,

the conspiracy to defraud claim was properly dismissed by the Business Court. N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 9(b); see Edwards, 176 N.C. App. at 39, 626 S.E.2d at 321 (“A

trial court properly dismisses a claim for failure to plead fraud with particularity

where there are no facts whatsoever setting forth the time, place, or specific

individuals who purportedly made the misrepresentations.”). USAT’s arguments are

overruled.

                                    V. Conclusion

      USAT did not become a third-party beneficiary to the Policy upon entry of the

default judgment against ILG, nor did USAT obtain the right to payment on the

Judgment directly from Defendants, or to sue Defendants directly for unfair trade

practices or bad faith claims settlement practices. USAT also failed to plead the

underlying claim of fraud with particularity and the conspiracy to defraud claim was

properly dismissed by the Business Court.

      Plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

The order and opinion of the North Carolina Business Court granting Defendants’

motions to dismiss is affirmed. It is so ordered.

      AFFIRMED.

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                       Opinion of the Court

Chief Judge McGEE and Judge DAVIS concur.

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