Court Opinion

ID: 4790369
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-19 18:03:39.119258+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:09:46.802559
License: Public Domain

IN THE

    SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA
   MARCIE A. REDGRAVE, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF ALL OTHERS
                        SIMILARLY SITUATED,
                          Plaintiff/Appellant,

                                     v.

DOUG DUCEY, GOVERNOR; THOMAS J. BETLACH, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY
AS DIRECTOR OF THE ARIZONA HEALTH CARE COST CONTAINMENT SYSTEM;
 ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC SECURITY; ARIZONA DIVISION OF
                    DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES,
                        Defendants/Appellees.

                          No. CV-20-0082-CQ
                          Filed August 19, 2021

          United States District Court for the District of Arizona
                      No. D.C. 2:18-cv-01247-DLR

                       Certified Question from the
           United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
                           953 F.3d 1123 (2020)
                       QUESTION ANSWERED

COUNSEL:

Nicholas J. Enoch, Stanley Lubin, Kaitlyn A. Redfield-Ortiz (argued), Lubin
& Enoch, P.C., Phoenix, Attorneys for Marcie A. Redgrave

J. Mark Ogden, Littler Mendelson, P.C., Phoenix, Attorneys for Doug
Ducey; and Mark Brnovich, Arizona Attorney General, Drew C. Ensign,
Deputy Solicitor General, (argued), Robert J. Makar, Assistant Attorney
General, Phoenix, Attorneys for Thomas J. Betlach, Arizona Department of
Economic Security, and Arizona Division of Developmental Disabilities

David L. Abney, Ahwatukee Legal Office, P.C., Phoenix; Stanley G.
Feldman, Miller, Pitt, Feldman & McAnally, P.C., Tucson; and Daniel J.
Adelman, Arizona Center for Law in the Public Interest, Phoenix, Attorneys
            MARCIE A. REDGRAVE V. DOUG DUCEY ET AL.
                        Opinion of the Court

for Amici Curiae Arizona Center for Law in the Public Interest and Arizona
Association for Justice/Arizona Trial Lawyers Association

Edmundo P. Robaina, Robaina & Kresin PLLC, Phoenix; and Ty D. Frankel,
Bonnett, Fairborn, Friedman & Balint, P.C., Phoenix, Attorneys for Amicus
Curiae Kimberly Spitler

CHIEF JUSTICE BRUTINEL authored the opinion of the Court, in which
VICE CHIEF JUSTICE TIMMER, and JUSTICES BOLICK, LOPEZ, BEENE,
and MONTGOMERY joined. ∗

CHIEF JUSTICE BRUTINEL, opinion of the Court:

¶1             The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
certified the following question to this Court: Has Arizona consented to
damages liability for a state agency’s violation of the minimum wage or
overtime provisions of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29
U.S.C. §§ 206–207?

¶2           The Arizona Constitution gives the legislature the authority
to waive Arizona’s sovereign immunity, and the legislature has not
unequivocally consented to federal damages liability. Therefore, we hold
that Arizona has not consented to such liability under the FLSA.

                          I.   BACKGROUND

¶3            Marcie Redgrave claims the State 1 violated the FLSA by
failing to pay minimum wage and overtime compensation to state-
employed in-home caretakers like herself, who provide around-the-clock
care to beneficiaries of the Arizona Long-Term Care System. In February
2018, Redgrave filed a putative class action complaint to that effect in
Maricopa County Superior Court. The State removed the case to federal
court, asserted its sovereign immunity, and moved to dismiss. After
rejecting Redgrave’s contentions that (1) the State waived its sovereign

∗  Although Justice Andrew W. Gould (Ret.) participated in the oral
argument in this case, he retired before issuance of this opinion and did not
take part in its drafting.
1 For simplicity, we refer to the four Defendants/Appellees collectively as

“the State.”
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             MARCIE A. REDGRAVE V. DOUG DUCEY ET AL.
                         Opinion of the Court

immunity by removing the case to federal court and (2) Arizona has waived
its sovereign immunity as a matter of law, the district court dismissed
Redgrave’s claims. Redgrave appealed.

¶4            Finding no controlling Arizona precedent addressing the
State’s assertion of sovereign immunity to damages liability under the
FLSA, the Ninth Circuit certified the above-stated question to this Court.
Redgrave v. Ducey, 953 F.3d 1123, 1127–28 (9th Cir. 2020) (mem. decision). 2

¶5            We agreed to answer the question, and we have jurisdiction
under article 6, section 5(6) of the Arizona Constitution, A.R.S. § 12-1861,
and Arizona Supreme Court Rule 27.

                            II.    DISCUSSION

¶6             The Arizona Constitution provides that “[t]he legislature
shall direct by law in what manner and in what courts suits may be brought
against the state.” Ariz. Const. art. 4, pt. 2, § 18. In so doing, it grants to the
legislature “express authority . . . to define those instances in which public
entities and employees are entitled to immunity.” Clouse ex rel. Clouse v.
State, 199 Ariz. 196, 203 ¶ 25 (2001). The issue here is whether the
legislature, in exercising this power, has consented to damages liability
under the FLSA. It has not.

           A. Standard for Sovereign Immunity Waivers

¶7           Before assessing whether the State has consented to be sued,
we first must address the more difficult question of what is required to
waive sovereign immunity in Arizona.

¶8            “Dual sovereignty is a defining feature of our Nation’s
constitutional blueprint.” Sossamon v. Texas, 563 U.S. 277, 283 (2011).
Sovereign immunity bolsters this arrangement by restricting federal
jurisdiction over suits against nonconsenting states. Id. at 284. “A State . . .
may choose to waive its immunity in federal court at its pleasure.” Id. Yet
such immunity is not confined to cases filed in federal court. The Supreme
Court has recognized sovereign immunity in state courts as well: “the

2 The Ninth Circuit declined to address Redgrave’s waiver-by-removal
argument before certifying the instant question to this Court. Redgrave, 953
F.3d at 1125.
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            MARCIE A. REDGRAVE V. DOUG DUCEY ET AL.
                        Opinion of the Court

powers delegated to Congress under Article I of the United States
Constitution do not include the power to subject nonconsenting States to
private suits for damages in state courts.” Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706, 712
(1999). Absent its consent, then, a state generally remains constitutionally
immune from liability for federally created causes of action in its own
courts as well. 3 Alden, 527 U.S. at 754; accord Coleman v. Court of Appeals of
Md., 566 U.S. 30, 35 (2012) (“A foundational premise of the federal system
is that States, as sovereigns, are immune from suits for damages, save as
they elect to waive that defense.”).

¶9            Each of the parties here advances its own theory of what is
required to evidence consent to be sued. In the State’s view, we should
employ the same standard applied by federal courts, upon whom the
Supreme Court has imposed a “stringent” requirement that consent be
“‘unequivocally expressed’ in the text of the relevant statute”—in this case,
the Actions Against Public Entities and Public Employees Act (the “Act”),
A.R.S. §§ 12-820 to 12-826. See Sossamon, 563 U.S. at 283 (quoting Pennhurst
State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 99 (1984)). This approach
demands more than a state’s consent to suit in its own courts, or even “in
any court of competent jurisdiction.” Coll. Sav. Bank v. Fla. Prepaid
Postsecondary Educ. Expense Bd., 527 U.S. 666, 676 (1999). Any waiver must
be explicit, resolving all ambiguity in favor of preserving immunity.
Sossamon, 563 U.S. at 285.

¶10           Redgrave favors a less exacting approach. 4 Echoing the Ninth
Circuit’s Certification Order, she contends that we “flipped the traditional
rule,” see Redgrave, 953 F.3d at 1127, by holding that, when construing the

3 In limited instances, Congress alternatively may abrogate state immunity
using its enforcement power under the Fourteenth Amendment. See U.S.
Const. amend. XIV, § 5; Alden, 527 U.S. at 756. Abrogation is not at issue
here.
4 Redgrave passingly suggests that the Supreme Court’s unequivocal

expression standard only applies to waivers of the federal government’s
sovereign immunity. Not so; although it does apply to federal immunity
waivers, Lane v. Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 192 (1996) (“A waiver of the Federal
Government’s sovereign immunity must be unequivocally expressed in
statutory text and will not be implied.” (citations omitted)), states generally
enjoy the same presumption, Sossamon, 563 U.S. at 284–85 (applying
identical rule to state immunity waiver).
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             MARCIE A. REDGRAVE V. DOUG DUCEY ET AL.
                         Opinion of the Court

Act’s immunity provisions, “governmental liability is the rule in Arizona
and immunity is the exception,” see Doe ex rel. Doe v. State, 200 Ariz. 174, 176
¶ 4 (2001). We disagree.

¶11            Context gainsays Redgrave’s view that the Act’s rule favoring
government liability extends to claims for federal damages. The Arizona
Constitution expressly assigns to the legislature the role of setting the
parameters of state sovereign immunity. See Ariz. Const. art. 4, pt. 2, § 18;
Clouse, 199 Ariz. at 203 ¶ 25. Our presumption of liability respects this
authority. In fact, it mirrors the Act’s statement of purpose and intent,
which declares it “the public policy of this state that public entities are liable
for acts and omissions of employees in accordance with the statutes and
common law of this state” and instructs courts to construe the Act
accordingly. 1984 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 285, § 1(A) (2d Reg. Sess.). But that
same statement prevents us from applying this presumption beyond claims
arising from “the statutes and common law of this state.” Cf. Fleming v.
State Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 237 Ariz. 414, 418 ¶¶ 18–19 (2015) (crediting
legislative statement of purpose and intent for pro-liability presumption);
Doe, 200 Ariz. at 175–76 ¶ 4 (same); Fidelity Sec. Life Ins. Co. v. State, 191 Ariz.
222, 224–25 ¶ 7 (1998) (same). To hold otherwise would diminish the
legislature’s constitutional role in administering Arizona’s sovereign
immunity while inadvertently aggrandizing federal power over state
affairs. See Welch v. Tex. Dep’t of Highways & Pub. Trans., 483 U.S. 468, 473–
74 (1987) (“[A] State does not waive Eleventh Amendment immunity in
federal courts merely by waiving sovereign immunity in its own courts.”).
We decline to reach such a result absent clear consent.

¶12             Our pre-Act abolition of governmental immunity in Stone v.
Arizona Highway Commission does not require us to accept Redgrave’s
reading of the Act. See 93 Ariz. 384, 392 (1963). In fact, our holding in Stone
suggests any presumption favoring governmental liability originally
extended only to common law tort claims. See id. at 387 (“After a thorough
re-examination of the rule of governmental immunity from tort liability, we
now hold that it must be discarded as a rule of law in Arizona and all prior
decisions to the contrary are hereby overruled.” (emphasis added)); see also
id. at 388 n.1 (“The whole doctrine of governmental immunity from liability
for tort rests upon a rotten foundation.” (quoting Annotation, Rule of
municipal immunity from liability for acts in performance of governmental
functions as applicable in case of personal injury or death as result of a nuisance,
75 A.L.R. 1196 (1931)) (emphasis added)). And we have eschewed

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            MARCIE A. REDGRAVE V. DOUG DUCEY ET AL.
                        Opinion of the Court

subsequent invitations to read Stone more expansively. See Clouse, 199 Ariz.
at 202 ¶ 20 (“Although our decisions since Stone follow a somewhat
circuitous route, we have never suggested that Stone prohibits all forms of
governmental immunity. To the contrary, we consistently have recognized
the power of the legislature to retain or confer immunity where
appropriate.”); cf. Backus v. State, 220 Ariz. 101, 104 ¶ 9 (describing Act as
codification of Stone). We do so again today.

¶13           No Arizona court has suggested that either the Act or Stone
made the State presumptively liable for federal damages. Instead, we have
regularly applied the Act only to state-law claims. See, e.g., Fleming, 237
Ariz. at 418–19 ¶¶ 18–20 (presumption applies to wrongful death claim);
County of La Paz v. Yakima Compost Co., Inc., 224 Ariz. 590, 602–03 ¶¶ 33–34
(App. 2010) (breach of contract, covenant of good faith and fair dealing);
Greenwood v. State, 217 Ariz. 438, 442–45 ¶¶ 14–22 (App. 2008) (negligence);
Schabel v. Deer Valley Unified Sch. Dist. No. 97, 186 Ariz. 161, 163–64 (App.
1996) (same); Goss v. City of Globe, 180 Ariz. 229, 232–33 (App. 1994) (same).

¶14            Federal courts have also recognized this distinction. See
Ramirez v. Ariz. State Treasurer, No. CV-17-02024-PHX-SPL, 2018 WL
6348411, at *1 (D. Ariz. June 20, 2018) (“Because the Arizona Legislature has
not passed any law explicitly consenting to private claims under the FLSA,
the Court finds no statutory waiver of immunity.”); Wennihan v. AHCCCS,
515 F. Supp. 2d 1040, 1049 (D. Ariz. 2005) (no evidence of Arizona waiver
of constitutional immunity to federal liability); see also Ronwin v. Shapiro, 657
F.2d 1071, 1074 (9th Cir. 1981) (“[T]here is no indication in the [Stone]
opinion that Arizona intended to consent to anything more than suit in its
own courts.”); Strojnik v. State Bar of Ariz., 446 F. Supp. 3d 566, 573 (D. Ariz.
2020) (“Stone . . . does not address suits against Arizona in federal court, but
rather addresses suits against Arizona in state court.”); King v. Arizona, No.
CV09–8062–PHX–DGC, 2010 WL 3219139, at *2 (D. Ariz. Aug. 13, 2010)
(“[Stone] does not address suits against a state in federal court, but rather
addresses suits against the State of Arizona in state court.”).

¶15            This is also the case in other states, whose legislatures, like
ours, responded to the judicial abolition of common law immunity with
some statutory reassertion of that protection. See Clouse, 199 Ariz. at 199
¶ 14 (“Although most states have waived their sovereign immunity, either
through judicial abrogation or legislative waiver, all fifty states have
enacted some form of a ‘Tort Claims Act’ to define, and sometimes to re-
establish, the parameters of governmental liability.”). Moreover, of those
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            MARCIE A. REDGRAVE V. DOUG DUCEY ET AL.
                        Opinion of the Court

states whose constitutions include immunity clauses, most have held that
such a provision “‘constitutionalizes’ the doctrine of sovereign immunity
and confers upon the legislature the exclusive authority to waive sovereign
immunity and that, absent legislative action, suits against the state cannot
proceed.” Id. at 200 ¶ 16; see also id. at 200 ¶ 16 n.8 (collecting cases).

¶16            We think New Mexico’s approach is persuasive. After its
supreme court abolished common law sovereign immunity, see Hicks v.
State, 544 P.2d 1153, 1155–57 ¶¶ 7–13 (N.M. 1975), New Mexico’s legislature
responded by passing statutes reasserting state immunity from certain
contract actions, see N.M. Stat. § 37-1-23, and from tort liability, see N.M.
Stat. §§ 41-4-1 to 41-4-27. When later asked to extend Hicks to FLSA claims
because the legislature had not included such federal claims in its statutory
response, that court declined. It instead held that Hicks’s abolition of
common law sovereign immunity had left the state’s presumptive
immunity to federal liability intact. Cockrell v. Bd. of Regents of N.M. State
Univ., 45 P.3d 876, 882–84 ¶¶ 10–15 (N.M. 2002). Thus, New Mexico
retained its immunity to federal damages liability in its own courts. Id. at
884 ¶ 15. And given its constitutional stature, that protection’s waiver
required “a clear and unambiguous expression of legislative intent to
consent to suit for FLSA claims.” Id. at 886 ¶ 20.

¶17           Redgrave’s reliance on Byrd v. Oregon State Police, 238 P.3d 404
(Or. Ct. App. 2010), fails to rebut this view. There the Oregon Court of
Appeals held that the state had waived its immunity to FLSA claims
because they are “torts” as the legislature defined the term in the Oregon
Tort Claims Act (“OTCA”). Id. at 405. The court then rejected the argument
that Alden’s “stringent” waiver standard applied when asking whether a
state has consented to federal liability in its own courts. In its view,

       Alden did not make the Eleventh Amendment standard for
       waiver of state sovereign immunity applicable to the question
       whether a state has waived its sovereign immunity against
       being sued in its own courts. Whether a state has waived its
       sovereign immunity against being sued in federal court, that
       is, whether it has waived its protection under the Eleventh
       Amendment against such actions, presents a federal-law
       question. Whether a state has waived its sovereign immunity
       against being sued in its own courts presents a state-law
       question.

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            MARCIE A. REDGRAVE V. DOUG DUCEY ET AL.
                        Opinion of the Court

Id. at 406. Two considerations temper Byrd’s instructive value.

¶18           First, whether waiver has in fact occurred is undeniably a
state law question. State courts remain the ultimate interpreters of the laws
by which such waivers are generally made. See Herb v. Pitcairn, 324 U.S.
117, 125–26 (1945) (“This Court from the time of its foundation has adhered
to the principle that it will not review judgments of state courts that rest on
adequate and independent state grounds. The reason is so obvious that it
has rarely upon thought to warrant statement.” (citations omitted)). What
standard governs the waiver of a federal constitutional right, however, is
not. See Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 243 (1969) (“The question of an
effective waiver of a federal constitutional right in a proceeding is of course
governed by federal standards.”). Byrd’s venue-based conception of the
appropriate waiver standard would reduce sovereign immunity to
something short of a constitutional right and, at least in certain instances,
permit the federal government to “wield greater power in the state courts
than in its own judicial instrumentalities.” Alden, 527 U.S. at 752. It would
also deny states the “reciprocal privilege” of retaining immunity in both
federal and state tribunals. Id. at 749–50; accord Hess v. Port Auth. Trans-
Hudson Corp., 513 U.S. 30, 48 (1994) (“[T]he vulnerability of the State’s purse
[is] the most salient factor in Eleventh Amendment determinations.”).
Meanwhile, the proliferation of statutes waiving or limiting states’
sovereign immunity “only confirms the prevalence of the traditional
understanding that a State could not be sued in the absence of an express
waiver.” See Alden, 527 U.S. at 724.

¶19            Second, Byrd’s refusal to apply the federal constitutional
waiver standard is dicta. The OTCA specifies that “every public body is
subject to action or suit for its torts,” Or. Rev. Stat. § 30.265(1), constituting
an express and unequivocal waiver of immunity for torts. And the court
had held previously that the Oregon legislature intended that FLSA claims
be classified as “torts.” See Butterfield v. State, 987 P.2d 569, 572–73 (Or. Ct.
App. 1999). There was little need, then, to address the “Eleventh
Amendment standard for waiver of state sovereign immunity,” see Byrd,
238 P.3d at 406, which, by all appearances, had been satisfied already. 5

5 Redgrave’s reliance on Hartman v. Regents of University of Colorado faces a
similar limitation, see 22 P.3d 524, 529 (Colo. App. 2000) (FLSA claim not a
tort action and therefore outside statute granting immunity to state entities

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            MARCIE A. REDGRAVE V. DOUG DUCEY ET AL.
                        Opinion of the Court

¶20            Our constitution expressly assigns state liability matters,
including the waiver of sovereign immunity, to the legislature, see Ariz.
Const. art. 4, pt. 2, § 18, which has expressly allowed state liability under
“the statutes and common law of this state,” 1984 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 285,
§ 1(A). Arizona courts have observed this limitation; federal courts have
not attempted to expand it; and similarly situated state courts have resisted
waiver absent some express statutory provision. We choose to exercise the
same restraint here. See Cockrell, 45 P.3d at 883 ¶ 13. We accordingly hold
that, for Arizona to be liable for damages under the FLSA, legislative
consent must be “expressly and unequivocally stated in the text of the
relevant statute.” See Sossamon, 563 U.S. at 290.

          B. Existence of Waiver

¶21           This standard is fatal to Redgrave’s waiver argument. 6 A
statutory waiver of Arizona’s immunity to federal damages liability may
only be found “by the most express language or by such overwhelming
implications from the text as [will] leave no room for any other reasonable
construction.” See Coll. Sav. Bank, 527 U.S. at 678 (quoting Edelman v. Jordan,
415 U.S. 651, 673 (1974)). The Act contains no such language.

¶22           “Our goal in interpreting statutes is to give effect to the intent
of the legislature.” Sell v. Gama, 231 Ariz. 323, 327 ¶ 16 (2013) (quoting
Estate of Braden ex rel. Gabaldon v. State, 228 Ariz. 323, 325 ¶ 8 (2011)).
Typically, that process begins and ends with the statutory text. Id.
“Statutory terms, however, must be considered in context.” Estate of Braden,
228 Ariz. at 325 ¶ 8. Such context may include a contemporaneous
preamble or statement of purpose and intent, which we will consider even
where the text is not ambiguous. See Fleming, 237 Ariz. at 418 ¶¶ 18–19
(construing Act in accordance with statement of purpose and intent); Doe,

for tort and potential tort claims), as does her reference to Board of Education
of Baltimore County v. Zimmer-Rubert, see 973 A.2d 233, 242–43 (Md. 2009)
(statutory waiver of immunity “to any claim of $100,000 or less”
unambiguously encompassed all state and federal claims within that
monetary limit).
6 At oral argument, Redgrave’s counsel conceded that the Arizona

legislature has not explicitly consented to damages liability under the
FLSA. Nevertheless, in the interest of providing a complete answer to the
question certified by the Ninth Circuit, this opinion addresses the issue in
full.
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             MARCIE A. REDGRAVE V. DOUG DUCEY ET AL.
                         Opinion of the Court

200 Ariz. at 175–76 ¶ 4 (same); Fidelity, 191 Ariz. at 224–25 ¶ 7 (same). If the
two conflict, however, the text must prevail. And where ambiguity does
arise, we consult “secondary interpretation methods, such as the statute’s
subject matter, historical background, effect and consequences, and spirit
and purpose.” Rosas v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 249 Ariz. 26, 28 ¶ 13 (2020).

¶23            The Act’s statement of purpose and intent bears repeating. In
adopting the Act, the legislature declared it “the public policy of this state
that public entities are liable for the acts or omissions of public employees
in accordance with the statutes and common law of this state.” 1984 Ariz. Sess.
Laws, ch. 285, § 1(A) (emphasis added). It further instructed that “[a]ll of
the provisions of this act should be construed with a view to carry out the
above legislative purpose.” Id. This duly enacted legislative statement gave
us the Act’s presumption of liability. See Doe, 200 Ariz. at 176 ¶ 4
(construing Act’s immunity provisions narrowly). It follows that the same
statement’s explicit reference to sources of state law limits the scope of that
presumption. The legislature just as easily could have declared a public
policy of state liability in accordance with state and federal law, imploring
the Act’s interpreters to construe it accordingly. But it did not.

¶24            The legislature’s emphasis of state liability under state law in
turn moots the parties’ and amici’s concern with whether the FLSA sounds
in tort or in contract. Even assuming the Act encompasses both, the
legislature’s instruction that it be construed in favor of liability “in
accordance with the statutes and common law of this state” stops short of
permitting federal liability. See 1984 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 285, § 1(A). The
New Mexico example is instructive. Before Cockrell deemed constitutional
immunity beyond the scope of judicial and legislative efforts to limit
common law immunity, the court had held that its abolition of common law
immunity in Hicks had done so “in all its ramifications, whether in tort or
contract or otherwise.” Torrance Cnty. Mental Health Program v. N.M. Health
& Env’t Dep’t, 830 P.2d 145, 149 ¶ 14 (N.M. 1992). Yet it had no trouble
distinguishing New Mexico’s presumptive waiver of immunity under state
law from the state’s continued immunity to federal damages liability. See
Cockrell, 45 P.3d at 884–87 ¶¶ 16–24. Nor do we.

¶25              Redgrave’s reading of the Act’s absolute immunity provision
meets a similar fate. Although it limits such immunity to “acts or omissions
. . . constituting . . . [t]he exercise of a judicial or legislative function [or t]he
exercise of an administrative function involving the determination of
fundamental governmental policy,” A.R.S. § 12-820.01(A)(1)–(2), the Act
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            MARCIE A. REDGRAVE V. DOUG DUCEY ET AL.
                        Opinion of the Court

commands that this provision be read in accordance with the legislature’s
express purpose of making state entities liable for violations of state law.
An absence of waiver here does not depend upon a finding that the state’s
alleged FLSA violations fall into one of these two categories. See Sossamon,
563 U.S. at 284 (“Waiver may not be implied.”).

¶26            We likewise reject amici’s suggestion that the legislature
implicitly waived immunity by including a couple of references to federal
law in Arizona’s own wage and hour law. The statute’s use of federal
overtime requirements in defining the state’s own overtime rates for public
employees, see A.R.S. § 23-391(A)(1) (time and a half “if overtime
compensation is mandated by federal law”), (2) (regular compensation “[i]f
federal law does not mandate overtime compensation”), hardly makes
damages liability under the FLSA inevitable, see Coll. Sav. Bank, 527 U.S. at
678. Nor did the Department of Administration, by incorporating FLSA
regulations into its own, see Ariz. Admin. Code § R2-5A-404, waive the
state’s immunity on the legislature’s behalf. At most, such regulations
reflect the state’s efforts to meet its FLSA obligations despite its continued
immunity to damages liability. See Alden, 527 U.S. at 754–55 (suggesting
states’ “good faith” gives “important assurance” states will still obey “valid
federal law”). Even if implicit waivers were enough, then, none exist here.

¶27           All told, the legislature has not consented to damages liability
under the FLSA. Where a claim is based upon “the statutes and common
law of this state,” the Act’s command is clear: absent some other form of
immunity—for instance, qualified immunity under § 12-820.02—the state is
presumptively amenable to suit. See 1984 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 285, § 1(A);
Coll Sav. Bank, 527 U.S. at 678. The same is not true of federal damages
claims. No matter how “restrained and narrow” our construction of the
Act’s immunity provisions, such claims lie beyond the legislature’s stated
scope of consent. See Fidelity, 191 Ariz. at 225 ¶ 7.

                         III.   CONCLUSION

¶28            We answer the Ninth Circuit’s certified question as follows:
Because the legislature has neither expressly nor unequivocally implied its
consent to federal damages liability, Arizona has not consented to damages
liability for a state agency’s violation of the FLSA’s minimum wage or
overtime provisions.

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