Court Opinion

ID: 6326733
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-25 05:05:27.579524+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:33.945035
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                    revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                               COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                     UNPUBLISHED
In re WISEMAN/GIBSON, Minors.                                        March 24, 2022

                                                                     No. 357464
                                                                     Livingston Circuit Court
                                                                     Family Division
                                                                     LC No. 2020-016185-NA

Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and MARKEY and SERVITTO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In this child protective proceeding, respondent-mother appeals by right the trial court’s
order of adjudication placing her five children, ARW, BW, ALW, AG, and EG, under the court’s
jurisdiction.1 We affirm.

                                           I. BACKGROUND

        This case was initiated by Child Protective Services (CPS) after it was notified that
respondent-mother, her parents, her boyfriend, ARW, BW, and ALW had been sleeping in an SUV
parked in a hotel parking lot. Respondent-mother had recently relocated to Michigan from
Wisconsin, and the family had been staying at the hotel as paying customers until they could no
longer pay for a room. CPS deemed inadequate the children’s living conditions and removed them
from respondent-mother’s care. At that time, AG and EG were living with their father in
Muskegon. CPS uncovered allegations from 2013 that the father of AG and EG had sexually
abused one of respondent-mother’s children in Wisconsin. The allegations were never
substantiated, and criminal charges were not filed. AG and EG were eventually removed from
their parents’ custody and placed in foster care.

       In the months following removal of the children, the Department of Health and Human
Services (DHHS) filed numerous petitions regarding the parents of the children. The new petitions
included additional allegations, and the fifth amended petition sought an order terminating

1
    The fathers of the children are not parties to this appeal.

                                                    -1-
respondent-mother’s parental rights to the children at the initial disposition. Respondent-mother
declined to enter a plea, and an adjudication bench trial was conducted. 2 Respondent-mother’s
attorney argued at the trial that the DHHS had hastily removed the children from respondent-
mother’s care and custody without offering any services or making any efforts to prevent removal.
Before the trial court rendered an adjudicative verdict, respondent-mother and the DHHS indicated
that they had reached an agreement pursuant to which the DHHS changed the permanency
planning goal from termination to reunification in exchange for respondent-mother’s waiver of
any assertion that reasonable efforts had not been made to prevent removal. The trial court then
concluded the bench trial, determining that it had jurisdiction under MCL 712A.2(b)(1) and (2).
Respondent-mother appeals.

                                      II. ADJUDICATION

        Respondent-mother argues that the trial court, while making findings of law in determining
that there was sufficient evidence to exercise jurisdiction under MCL 712A.2(b), failed to make
any specific factual findings. Minimally, according to respondent-mother, if there were any
findings of fact expressed by the court, they were woefully inadequate. Respondent-mother
contends that remand is necessary for the trial court to make adequate factual findings.
Respondent-mother does not maintain that the evidence was insufficient to support the trial court’s
exercise of jurisdiction.

2
  In In re Mota, 334 Mich App 300, 312-313; 964 NW2d 881 (2020), this Court set forth the
general procedural framework of child protective proceedings:
               The DHHS, following an investigation, may petition a court to take
       jurisdiction over a child. The petition must contain essential facts that, if proven,
       would permit the court to assume and exercise jurisdiction over the child. If a
       petition is authorized, the adjudication phase of the proceedings takes place, and
       the question at adjudication is whether the trial court can exercise jurisdiction over
       the child (and the respondents-parents) under MCL 712A.2(b) so that it can enter
       dispositional orders, including an order terminating parental rights.

                                               ***

               If a trial is held regarding adjudication, the respondent is entitled to a
       determination of the facts by the jury or judge, the rules of evidence apply, and
       jurisdiction must be established by a preponderance of the evidence. The
       dispositional phase involves a determination of what action, if any, will be taken
       on behalf of the child. Unlike the adjudicative trial, at the initial dispositional
       hearing the respondent is not entitled to a jury determination of the facts and,
       generally, the Michigan Rules of Evidence do not apply, so all relevant and material
       evidence is admissible. Termination of parental rights may be ordered at the initial
       dispositional hearing. If permanent termination of parental rights is sought, the
       petitioner bears the burden of proving the statutory basis for termination by clear
       and convincing evidence. [Quotation marks, citations, and brackets omitted.]

                                                -2-
        MCR 3.972 addresses adjudication trials, but it simply indicates that “the verdict must be
whether one or more of the statutory grounds alleged in the petition have been proven.” MCR
3.972(E). MCR 3.972 does not contain language requiring the trial court to make or to set forth
factual findings. We note that MCR 3.977(I)(1) provides that a trial court must “state on the record
or in writing its findings of fact and conclusions of law[,] [and] [b]rief, definite, and pertinent
findings and conclusions on contested matters are sufficient.” But MCR 3.977 pertains solely to
termination hearings. MCR 2.517(A) requires a trial court to make findings of fact in a bench trial
and to place them on the record, but that provision does not apply to adjudication trials. See MCR
3.901(A)(2).

        MCL 712A.2(b), which lists the grounds under which a trial court can take jurisdiction in
a child protective proceeding, is silent with respect to whether a court must make a record of its
factual findings. MCL 712A.2(b)(1) and (2) necessarily require certain factual findings or
determinations to be made so as to allow a trial court to exercise jurisdiction. MCL 712A.2
provides, in pertinent part:

              (b) [A court has] [j]urisdiction in proceedings concerning a juvenile under
       18 years of age found within the county:

               (1) Whose parent or other person legally responsible for the care and
       maintenance of the juvenile, when able to do so, neglects or refuses to provide
       proper or necessary support, education, medical, surgical, or other care necessary
       for his or her health or morals, who is subject to a substantial risk of harm to his or
       her mental well-being, who is abandoned by his or her parents, guardian, or other
       custodian, or who is without proper custody or guardianship. . . .[, or]

                                                ***

               (2) Whose home or environment, by reason of neglect, cruelty,
       drunkenness, criminality, or depravity on the part of a parent, guardian, nonparent
       adult, or other custodian, is an unfit place for the juvenile to live in.

        In this case, the trial court stated on the record that it found by a preponderance of the
evidence that the DHHS had established subdivisions (1) and (2) of MCL 712A.2(b), expressly
reciting most of the language in each of those provisions. Respondent-mother fails to proffer any
relevant authority that required more of the trial court. Moreover, the court stated the day before
it rendered its decision, but after proofs had closed, that the evidence demonstrated that the children
had “poor hygiene,” that they were not receiving “medical or dental care,” and that their
“educational needs [were] not being met.” We conclude that respondent-mother’s argument does
not merit remand for factual elaboration on the record with regard to adjudication.

                                          III. REMOVAL

       Respondent-mother argues that the trial court erred by removing the children from her care
because the DHHS has not made reasonable efforts to prevent removal. Respondent-mother
complains that poverty was the root cause of her difficulty in properly caring for the children, yet
no financial, housing, or other type of referral resources were offered to her to prevent removal of

                                                 -3-
the children. In a less-than-clear argument, respondent-mother further contends that she could not
legally waive her right to have the DHHS make reasonable efforts to prevent removal because
parents have a fundamental constitutional right to make decisions regarding the care, custody, and
control of their children.

         We first note that the adjudication trial occurred approximately eight months after the
initial removal of the children. Respondent-mother did not appeal the removal decision and order
at or around the time of removal. Under MCR 3.993(A)(1), one of the types of orders appealable
to this Court by right is an “order removing a child from a parent’s care and custody.” There was
no timely claim of appeal of the removal order. And respondent-mother never filed an application
for leave to appeal. Instead, respondent-mother waited until an adjudication order was entered
before filing an appeal and challenging the removal order.3 We thus question whether we even
have jurisdiction to entertain respondent-mother’s arguments challenging removal of the children.4

        Moreover, even assuming that the children should not have been removed because
reasonable efforts were not made to prevent or eliminate the need for removal, MCR
3.963(B)(1)(c); MCR 3.965(C)(2)(d), we note there is no undermining of the adjudication order:
Releasing the children to respondent-mother and not ordering removal would not have stopped the
protective proceedings from moving forward. See MCR 3.965(B)(13)(a) (if a court authorizes the
filing of a petition, it “may release the child to a parent . . . and may order such reasonable terms
and conditions believed necessary to protect the physical health or mental well-being of the child”).
Additionally, at this stage of the proceedings, “removal” has essentially become a moot issue. See
B P 7 v Bureau of State Lottery, 231 Mich App 356, 359; 586 NW2d 117 (1998) (applying the
doctrine of mootness when “there is no meaningful relief this Court can provide . . .”). With the
adjudication complete, the dispositional phase of the proceedings began, and the DHHS is under
a duty to make reasonable efforts at reunification. In re Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich 79, 85-86; 893
NW2d 637 (2017). Moreover, the dispositional review hearings that now take place must entail
“court evaluation of the continued need and appropriateness for the child to be in foster care.”
MCR 3.975(A). Thus, the children could potentially be returned to respondent-mother’s care.5

       Furthermore, respondent-mother has not presented us with a clear and cogent argument to
disregard the waiver agreement that she reached with the DHHS.6 There is one final point that we

3
  A dispositional order recognizing jurisdiction upon conclusion of the adjudicative phase is in
itself an order that is appealable by right to this Court. MCR 3.993(A)(2).
4
 By analogy, our Supreme Court’s ruling in In re Ferranti, 504 Mich 1, 29; 934 NW2d 610 (2019),
perhaps suggests that plain-error review is the proper procedural approach under the
circumstances.
5
 With the passage of time and evolution of circumstances and events, we believe that it would be
wholly inappropriate, assuming an earlier removal error, to order the immediate return of the
children to respondent-mother on remand.
6
 The agreement between respondent-mother and the DHHS is indeed an oddity that this panel has
never previously confronted. Interestingly, if the agreement is not honored as advanced by

                                                -4-
make. The obligation of the DHHS to make reasonable efforts to prevent the need for removal of
a child must be “[c]onsistent with the circumstances.” MCR 3.963(B)(1)(c); MCR 3.965(C)(2)(d).
And “[i]n making the reasonable efforts determination . . ., the child’s health and safety must be
of paramount concern to the court.” MCR 3.965(C)(4).7 This was not a case in which the children
were living in a “home” where poverty-driven neglect was alleged. Rather, the children were
living in a vehicle and had been doing so for three days. A DHHS caseworker testified that, “[o]n
scene,” she “had reached out to family members on the other side of the state in Muskegon” in
regard to possible relative placement, asked respondent-mother “about other relatives,” and was
informed by respondent-mother that she did not have any plan. The caseworker also testified that
before the decision to remove the children was made, the caseworker informed respondent-mother
about available shelters. Thus, some efforts were made by the DHHS to avoid removal when
confronted with the homeless family. The caseworker acknowledged that she did not provide
respondent-mother with other housing resources, but we are doubtful that doing so would have
resulted in housing being immediately available such that removal could have been entirely
avoided under the circumstances. In sum, we hold that reversal is unwarranted.

       We affirm.

                                                               /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                               /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                               /s/ Deborah A. Servitto

respondent-mother, it would seem to also allow the DHHS to return to its original position that
termination be the permanency planning goal. Although it is unnecessary to reach the issue, we
find the agreement troubling. Whether the DHHS seeks termination of parental rights at the initial
dispositional hearing or instead sets a goal of reunification should be determined solely on the
basis of a child’s best interests, not on the basis of the DHHS’s apparent attempt to avoid its general
obligation to make reasonable efforts to prevent removal.
7
 We do agree with respondent-mother that this case did not involve aggravated circumstances that
would have excused the DHHS from making reasonable efforts to prevent removal. See MCR
3.965(C)(4)(a)-(d).

                                                 -5-