Court Opinion

ID: 9408904
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-14 05:06:42.752006+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:47.408588
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                      July 13, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                     No. 352825
                                                                      Genesee Circuit Court
GEORGE EARNEST HUFFMAN III,                                           LC No. 19-045160-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: PATEL, P.J., and BOONSTRA and RICK, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

     Defendant appeals by right his jury-trial conviction of child sexually abusive activity,
MCL 750.145c(2). The trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth-offense habitual offender,
MCL 769.12, to a prison term of 30 to 240 months in prison. We Affirm.

                   I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        Defendant’s conviction stems from a “sting” operation that was conducted by the Genesee
Human Suppression Strike Team (G.H.O.S.T.). Detective Lieutenant Kariann Nelson of the
Office of the Genesee County Sheriff testified regarding G.H.O.S.T.’s formation and operation.
G.H.O.S.T. was created by the Genesee County Sheriff’s Office to combat human trafficking,
specifically of minors. To achieve this goal, a member of G.H.O.S.T., known as “the chatter,”
creates a fictitious online profile of a minor, using photographs of persons who are actually police
officers within the sheriff’s office. The chatter posts the profile to various sites that are commonly
used to solicit sexual activity, and then waits for individuals to reach out. Once an individual
reaches out, the chatter tells the individual that the person in the profile is underage. If the
individual continues to engage with the profiled minor after learning this, the chatter will
communicate back and forth to determine whether the individual is trying to engage in sexual
activity with the profiled minor. If the individual attempts to arrange to meet the minor for sexual
activity, a member of G.H.O.S.T. will set up a “sting” operation at a local motel to arrest the
individual.

        In this case, defendant responded to a fictitious profile known as “Eva” that was posted on
a social media website known as “Skout.” When defendant began the conversation with Eva, the

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chatter told defendant that Eva was a 14-year-old gymnast. Defendant did not stop communicating
with Eva after learning she was underage; instead, he continued his conversation with Eva for three
days. During these exchanges, the conversation became sexually explicit. Defendant made
repeated lewd comments to Eva regarding sexual acts he would like to perform on her, and he sent
her sexually explicit photographs and videos. The chatter testified that he tried to reinforce that
Eva was only 14 years old by using the word “bestie” and by mentioning school, going to the mall
to buy thongs, going to the movie theater to see Dumbo, the fact that someone else bought Eva
alcohol, and the fact that Eva told defendant that she and her friend had obtained a room at a motel
by cleaning for her friend’s mother. Defendant continued to communicate with Eva and eventually
agreed to meet her at a motel to engage in sexual intercourse.

        When defendant arrived at the designated motel on April 12, 2019, the chatter, through
Eva’s profile, told defendant that Eva was in Room 152, that she was naked, and that he should
knock twice and come in. Defendant was arrested after he knocked on the door to Room 152, and
the arresting team found cash, a condom, a pocket knife, and a case of alcoholic beverages in his
possession.

       Defendant was convicted and sentenced as described. This appeal followed.

                                 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Because defendant did not argue before the trial court that MCL 750.145c(2) is limited to
the production of child sexually abusive material or that People v Willis, 322 Mich App 579; 914
NW2d 384 (2018), was wrongly decided, his claims are unpreserved for appeal. We review
unpreserved claims of error in a criminal case for plain error affecting a defendant’s substantial
rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). “[W]hether alleged conduct
falls within the statutory scope of a criminal law involves a question of law, which this Court
reviews de novo.” People v Noble, 238 Mich App 647, 658; 608 NW2d 123 (1999), lv den 463
Mich 886 (2000).

                                         III. ANALYSIS

        Defendant argues that MCL 750.145c(2) does not apply to him because he did not act for
the purpose of producing child sexually abusive material. We disagree. Defendant acknowledges
that this Court rejected this specific argument in People v Willis, 322 Mich App 579; 914 NW2d
384 (2018), but argues that Willis was wrongly decided and that we should declare a conflict with
Willis for resolution by a special panel under MCR 7.215(J). However, in its order denying leave
to appeal in People v Willis, 504 Mich 905 (2019), our Supreme Court explicitly—and at length—
also rejected defendant’s argument. We are bound by Michigan Supreme Court precedent. People
v Beasley, 239 Mich App 548, 556; 609 NW2d 581 (2000). Therefore, we decline defendant’s
invitation to declare a conflict.

       MCL 750.145c(2) provides, in part:

              A person who persuades, induces, entices, coerces, causes, or knowingly
       allows a child to engage in a child sexually abusive activity for the purpose of
       producing any child sexually abusive material, or a person who arranges for,
       produces, makes, copies, reproduces, or finances, or a person who attempts or

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       prepares or conspires to arrange for, produce, make, copy, reproduce, or finance
       any child sexually abusive activity or child sexually abusive material for personal,
       distributional, or other purposes if that person knows, has reason to know, or should
       reasonably be expected to know that the child is a child or that the child sexually
       abusive material includes a child or that the depiction constituting the child sexually
       abusive material appears to include a child, or that person has not taken reasonable
       precautions to determine the age of the child is guilty of a crime . . . . [Emphasis
       added.]

“ ‘Child’ means a person who is less than 18 years of age, subject to the affirmative defense created
in [MCL 750.145c(7)] regarding persons emancipated by operation of law.” MCL 750.145c(1)(c).
“ ‘Child sexually abusive activity’ means a child engaging in a listed sexual act.”
MCL 750.145c(1)(n).        “ ‘Listed sexual act’ means sexual intercourse, erotic fondling,
sadomasochistic abuse, masturbation, passive sexual involvement, sexual excitement, or erotic
nudity.” MCL 750.145c(1)(i). “ ‘Child sexually abusive material’ means any depiction, whether
made or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other means, including a developed or
undeveloped photograph, picture, film, slide, video, electronic visual image, computer diskette,
computer or computer-generated image, or picture, or sound recording which is of a child or
appears to include a child engaging in a listed sexual act; a book, magazine, computer, computer
storage device, or other visual or print or printable medium containing such a photograph, picture,
film, slide, video, electronic visual image, computer, or computer-generated image, or picture, or
sound recording; or any reproduction, copy, or print of such a photograph, picture, film, slide,
video, electronic visual image, book, magazine, computer, or computer-generated image, or
picture, other visual or print or printable medium, or sound recording.” MCL 750.145c(1)(o).

        In Willis, 322 Mich App at 583, the 52-year-old defendant was convicted of child sexually
abusive activity after he invited the 16-year-old victim into his apartment and offered him money
to engage in sexual activity with him. On appeal, this Court rejected the defendant’s argument
that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction of child sexually abusive activity
because MCL 750.145c(2) was “limited to criminalizing conduct involving the production of child
sexually abusive material.”1 Id. at 583-584. This Court, citing People v Adkins, 272 Mich App
37, 40-41; 724 NW2d 710 (2006), noted that MCL 750.145c(2) applies to three distinct groups of
persons:

       The first category includes a person “who persuades, induces, entices, coerces,
       causes, or knowingly allows a child to engage in a child sexually abusive activity
       for the purpose of producing any child sexually abusive material . . . .”
       MCL 750.145c(2); Adkins, 272 Mich App at 40. This category refers to those who
       are engaged in the production of pornography. . . . The second category includes a
       person who “arranges for, produces, makes, copies, reproduces, or finances . . . any
       child sexually abusive activity or child sexually abusive material . . . .”

1
  MCL 750.145c(2) was amended after Willis was decided, but the relevant statutory language
remains the same. See 2018 PA 373, effective March 17, 2019 (adding subsections (2)(a) and
(2)(b) to specify increased penalties for certain categories of offenders).

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       MCL 750.145c(2); Adkins, 272 Mich App at 41. The last category is defined to
       include person “who attempts or prepares or conspires to arrange for, produce,
       make, copy, reproduce, or finance any child sexually abusive activity or child
       sexually abusive material . . . .” MCL 750.145c(2); Adkins, 272 Mich App at 41.
       [Willis, 322 Mich App at 585 (first, third, fourth, and fifth ellipses in Willis).]

This Court noted that “[t]he use of the disjunctive ‘or’ in the second and third categories clearly
and unambiguously indicates that persons who arrange for or attempt or prepare to arrange for
child sexually abusive activity face criminal liability.” Id. at 586. “ ‘The Legislature thus omitted
from the second and third groups subject to criminal liability any requirement that the individuals
therein must have acted for the ultimate purpose of creating any child sexually abusive material, a
specific requirement applicable to the first group of criminals.’ ” Id., quoting Adkins, 272 Mich
App at 42. Accordingly, the Willis Court “reject[ed] defendant’s argument that MCL 750.145c is
limited to conduct involving the production of sexually abusive material.” Willis, 322 Mich App
at 586.

        The defendant filed an application for leave to appeal, and our Supreme Court scheduled
oral argument on the application. People v Willis, 503 Mich 920 (2018). The Court directed the
parties to address “(1) whether, to sustain a conviction under MCL 750.145c(2), the prosecution
must prove that the defendant acted for the purpose of producing or making child sexually abusive
material; and (2) whether the evidence in this case was sufficient to support the defendant’s
conviction for child sexually abusive activity, MCL 750.145c(2).” Id. Following oral argument
on the application, the Court denied leave to appeal. Willis, 504 Mich at 905. In its order denying
leave to appeal, the Supreme Court stated that the Court of Appeals had “properly sustained
defendant’s conviction under MCL 750.145c(2).” The Court then explained why this Court’s
decision in Willis, 322 Mich App 579, was correct:

               As the Court of Appeals has previously recognized, MCL 750.145c(2)
       “imposes criminal liability [upon] three distinct groups of ‘person[s] . . . .’ ” People
       v Adkins, 272 Mich App 37, 40 (2006). The first clause imposes liability upon a
       person “who persuades, induces, entices, coerces, causes, or knowingly allows a
       child to engage in a child sexually abusive activity for the purpose of producing
       any child sexually abusive material . . . .” MCL 750.145c(2). The second clause
       imposes liability upon any person who “arranges for, produces, makes, copies,
       reproduces, or finances . . . any child sexually abusive activity or child sexually
       abusive material . . . .” Id. The third clause imposes liability on a person “who
       attempts or prepares or conspires to arrange for, produce, make, copy, reproduce,
       or finance any child sexually abusive activity or child sexually abusive
       material . . . .” Id.

               Only as it pertains to the first “group” must a person act “for the purpose of
       producing any child sexually abusive material” in order to violate
       MCL 750.145c(2). In contrast, as it pertains to the second and third groups, the
       person must act in an effort to facilitate “child sexually abusive activity or child
       sexually abusive material . . . . ” Id. (emphasis added). The Legislature’s use of
       the disjunctive “or” in the statute is determinative. Mich Pub Serv Co v Cheboygan,
       324 Mich 309, 341 (1949) (“ ‘Or’ is . . . used to indicate a disunion, a separation,

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       an alternative.”). “[O]r” thus indicates the Legislature’s intention to criminalize
       not only efforts to produce child sexually abusive material, but also efforts to
       engage in child sexually abusive activity. See id. Had the Legislature intended to
       only proscribe activity that is undertaken with the purpose of creating child sexually
       abusive material, it would have said as much, as it did in setting forth the first group
       of violators under MCL 750.145c(2).

               Accordingly, the Court of Appeals correctly upheld defendant’s conviction
       under MCL 750.145c(2). Willis, 322 Mich App at 582. Defendant, a 52-year-old
       man at the time of the conduct relevant to this case, offered a 16-year-old boy, i.e.,
       a “child” under MCL 750.145c, money in exchange for sexual activities. Thus,
       defendant “attempt[ed] . . . to arrange for . . . or finance . . . child sexually abusive
       activity . . . for personal . . . purposes . . . .” MCL 750.145c(2). [Willis, 504 Mich
       at 905-906 (alterations and ellipses in Willis).]

       The Court concluded:

                Accordingly, it is somewhat difficult to harmonize the expansiveness of
       MCL 750.145c(2) with the rest of Michigan’s criminal sexual conduct scheme. As
       illustrated above, MCL 750.145c(2) appears to criminalize behavior that is
       otherwise permissible under the criminal sexual conduct statutes. This Court,
       however, is bound by statutory language—“[t]he Legislature is presumed to have
       intended the meaning it has plainly expressed, and if the expressed language is
       clear, judicial construction is not permitted and the statute must be enforced as
       written.” Robertson v DaimlerChrysler Corp, 465 Mich 732, 748 (2002). And
       MCL 750.145c(2) does not require that a person act with the purpose of producing
       child sexually abusive material in order to fall within the second or third groups
       subject to criminal liability. Accordingly, defendant’s conviction must be upheld,
       and a denial of defendant’s application for leave to appeal is warranted.
       Nonetheless, defendant has highlighted concerns regarding the breadth of
       MCL 750.145c(2). The Legislature may, or may not, wish to assess these concerns
       and possibly clarify and harmonize our child sexual abuse statutory scheme.
       [Willis, 504 Mich at 907 (brackets in Willis; emphasis added).]

       Our Supreme Court’s order in Willis explicitly holds that MCL 750.145c(2) does not
require that a defendant act for the purpose of producing child sexually abusive material.
“Supreme Court orders that include a decision with an understandable rationale establish binding
precedent.” People v Giovannini, 271 Mich App 409, 414; 722 NW2d 237 (2006). See also
People v Crall, 444 Mich 463, 464-465 n 8; 510 NW2d 182 (1993) (a Supreme Court order is
binding if it constitutes a final disposition of an application and contains “a concise statement of

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the applicable facts and the reason for the decision”). Accordingly, we reject defendant’s invitation
to declare a conflict with Willis and to hold that MCL 750.145c(2) does not apply to defendant
because he did not act for the purpose of producing child sexually abusive material.

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Sima G. Patel
                                                              /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                              /s/ Michelle M. Rick

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