Court Opinion

ID: 4429640
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 19:27:38.486764+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:58.595103
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                                APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-0540-17T3

ERZSEBET MISKOLCZI-TOROK,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

CHRISTOPHER J. BUMP, D.C.,

          Defendant-Respondent,

and

MICHAEL T. GRANO, D.C.,

          Defendant.

                   Argued November 13, 2018 – Decided January 10, 2019

                   Before Judges Fasciale and Rose.

                   On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Sussex
                   County, Law Division, Docket No. L-0190-15.

                   G. Martin Meyers argued the cause for appellant (Law
                   Offices of G. Martin Meyers, PC, attorneys; G. Martin
                   Meyers, on the briefs).
            Law Office of Jeffrey Randolph, LLC, attorneys for
            respondent (Jeffrey Randolph, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

       In this professional chiropractic malpractice action, plaintiff Erzsebet

Miskolczi-Torok appeals from a May 11, 2017 judgment of no cause of action

following a jury verdict in favor of defendant Christopher J. Bump, D.C, 1 and

a September 15, 2017 order denying her motion for a new trial. The trial

occurred over two weeks at which multiple witnesses testified, including four

doctors. The jury found that Dr. Bump did not deviate from accepted standards

of care in the chiropractic industry. Consequently, the jury did not reach issues

of causation or damages. 2

      Before he treated her, Dr. Bump gave plaintiff a health history form,

which required that she detail her history of any illnesses. It is undisputed that

1
    Before the trial started, plaintiff voluntarily dismissed her claim against
defendant Michael Grano, D.C. without any settlement payment. Plaintiff had
filed an amended complaint against Dr. Grano, a chiropractor who treated
plaintiff's back before she met Dr. Bump. In her amended complaint, plaintiff
alleged that she returned to Dr. Grano after she stopped treating with Dr. Bump,
Dr. Grano exacerbated her back problems, and that Dr. Grano had treated her
after Dr. Bump without her consent. As a result, she abandoned those
allegations. Dr. Grano testified at the trial.
2
  The jury also rejected plaintiff's claim that Dr. Bump lacked informed consent
to treat her.
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in response to that request, plaintiff did not tell Dr. Bump about her prior back

injuries. Plaintiff primarily argues that in summation, defense counsel implied

plaintiff was at fault for failing to disclose that information.     The parties

ultimately agreed that a comparative negligence charge was legally and factually

unwarranted. As such, plaintiff's purported "fault" for failing to provide a

complete health history was not for the jury's consideration. Plaintiff contends,

however, that the judge erred by failing to instruct the jury how they should

consider the summation comments, which were brief. 3

      Dr. Bump's counsel did not imply that plaintiff was negligent for failing

to tell Dr. Bump about her prior back problems. Rather, he used plaintiff's

omissions as further evidence that plaintiff was on a "mission" to setup Dr.

Bump for this lawsuit, to impeach her credibility, and to demonstrate that Dr.

Bump did not cause plaintiff's alleged injuries. Before summations, plaintiff's

counsel informed the judge that he, too, intended to use plaintiff's undisputed

failure to disclose her back problems by arguing to the jury that Dr. Bump

deviated from accepted standards by himself failing to obtain a complete

medical history from plaintiff.

3
   In the early part of the trial, Dr. Bump's counsel requested a comparative
negligence charge, but later withdrew that request after reviewing the governing
law and testimony.
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      We conclude Dr. Bump's counsel's fleeting comments responded correctly

to plaintiff's summation argument to the jury, i.e., that Dr. Bump failed to obtain

a full medical history, and were in direct response to evidence plaintiff

introduced during the trial. The jury charge as a whole correctly applied that

governing law. We therefore affirm.

                                      I.

      We begin by recognizing that our scope of review of the trial court's

decision whether to grant a new trial is narrow. It is well settled that "[a] motion

for a new trial is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court." Baumann

v. Marinaro, 95 N.J. 380, 389 (1984); see also Hill v. N.J. Dep't of Corrs., 342

N.J. Super. 273, 302 (App. Div. 2001). The grant or denial of a motion for a

new trial should not be disturbed on appeal unless that discretion has been

abused. Hill, 342 N.J. Super. at 302; see also R. 2:10-1 (A court's ruling on a

new trial motion shall not be reversed "unless it clearly appears that there was a

miscarriage of justice under the law.").

      We review the denial of a motion for new trial using the same standard as

the trial judge. Risko v. Thompson Muller Auto. Grp., Inc., 206 N.J. 506, 522

(2011).   Thus, we can reverse such a decision only where "it clearly and

convincingly appears that there was a miscarriage of justice under the law." R.

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                                           4
4:49-1(a). Although we must make our own determination of whether the jury's

verdict resulted in a miscarriage of justice, we do not write on a clean slate. See

Dolson v. Anastasia, 55 N.J. 2, 7 (1969). Instead, we rely heavily on the trial

judge's "feel of the case," that is, the trial judge's "personal observations of all

of the players . . . ." Jastram ex rel. Jastram v. Kruse, 197 N.J. 216, 230 (2008)

(recognizing the trial judge "sees and hears the witnesses and the attorneys, and

. . . has a first-hand opportunity to assess their believability and their effect on

the jury"). Jury verdicts "should not be overthrown except upon the basis of a

carefully reasoned and factually supported (and articulated) determination, after

canvassing the record and weighing the evidence, that the continued viability of

the judgment would constitute a manifest denial of justice." Risko, 206 N.J. at

521 (citation omitted).

                                      II.

      We view the evidence in a light most favorable to Dr. Bump as the party

opposing the new trial motion. See Caldwell v. Haynes, 136 N.J. 422, 432

(1994).

      Between November 2013 and March 2014, plaintiff sought nutritional

counseling from Dr. Bump, a licensed chiropractor and dietitian. During her

initial appointment, which took approximately two hours, Dr. Bump asked

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plaintiff to complete medical questionnaires, including a health history form,

which provided in pertinent part:

            In order for Dr. Bump to evaluate your current health,
            we ask that you provide a past history of any illness you
            may have had. Please be as detailed as possible. This
            list should be in chronological order stating the nature
            of the illness and [your] approximate age. If you were
            treated for this illness, please state how.

            [Emphasis added.]

      Plaintiff took the form home, completed it, and returned it during her next

appointment. On the form, plaintiff disclosed she had an appendix removal at

age eight; tonsil removal at age three or four; lymph node removal at age fifteen;

ovarian cyst removal at age twenty and twenty-six; gastritis between the ages of

thirty-five and thirty-nine; nasal surgery at age thirty-eight; and sinus infections

from 2010 up to "the present."         It is undisputed that plaintiff received

chiropractic treatment for back trouble, including a bulging disc, from 2007 to

2009. Even though she admitted on cross-examination that Dr. Grano treated

her back on twenty visits, and that she had been experiencing "extreme" pain

"all the time," she omitted her prior back medical illnesses. Dr. Bump testified

on direct-examination that the first visit was a "get-to-know the plaintiff session

and an examination."

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      At the next visit, Dr. Bump reviewed "in great detail" a medical metabolic

work-up that he had done.          After that, he made various treatment

recommendations and discussed them with plaintiff, for which he obtained her

consent. Up to this point, Dr. Bump had not manipulated plaintiff's spine or

performed any chiropractic adjustments.

      The next visit was unscheduled and occurred immediately after she

received emergency room treatment for stomach pain in January 2014. Plaintiff

returned to defendant in "a lot of distress" complaining of "very acute severe

gastritis," which he described as "stomach intestinal pain." Dr. Bump palpated

her abdomen and spine. His examination revealed a "very inflamed tender spot

in the mid-dorsal spine." Dr. Bump diagnosed this as subluxation and suggested,

in addition to "other [treatment] for her gastrointestinal distress, "that she

undergo "an adjustment" to her spine.

      The doctor detailed on direct examination the chiropractic adjustment

procedure he employed on the third visit. He explained that he had plaintiff

wrap her arms in front and hold her shoulders. Dr. Bump then "put [his] arm

behind [plaintiff's] back and guide[d] [her arms]." He explained he did not use

a "forceful kind-of thrusting motion." The doctor said that this procedure was

intended to "open up" her spine, and that he had had done this "thousands and

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                                        7
thousands of time[s]" in the past, and that there were no associated risks. Dr.

Bump said that he uses Sacro-Occipital and Cox flexion distraction techniques.

He explained that these techniques are "gentle," which he considered a holistic

health model. Dr. Bump described it as a "very gentle procedure whereby you

just use the weight of the patient . . . [i]t's a very effortless procedure." After

this treatment, plaintiff left without any problems.

      The following month, Dr. Bump gave plaintiff nutritional counseling, and

made a similar low-force adjustment to the same area of her back. Plaintiff

surreptitiously recorded this visit "just in case . . . to make sure he wo[uld not]

deny he adjust[ed her] a month before and if it turn[ed] out anything serious or

permanent [she] wanted to make sure he never denie[d] it." According to

plaintiff:

             [She] knew hundred, a million percent he did something
             wrong because [she regretted] that moment because
             until then [she] just ha[d] groin pain and shooting butt
             pain into [her] body but that time after the second
             adjustment the pain just [shot] down all of the way
             down to [her] toes and ever since never goes away.

In March 2014, plaintiff returned to Dr. Bump's office. On direct examination,

she testified that she did so "with kind of like a mission to . . . tape him" and

have him "admit[] he did those adjustments to [her.]" Plaintiff conceded at trial

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that she was on a mission to gather evidence, essentially against Dr. Bump in

this case.

      After treating with Dr. Bump, plaintiff returned to Dr. Grano. In April

2014, Dr. Grano used a DRX 9000 machine and performed decompression

treatment.     Plaintiff characterized this experience as "disastrous traction

treatment." She claimed that she was unable to stand, called 9-1-1, arrived at

the hospital, and used a walker for ten days. The hospital discharged her with

lumbar strains and sprains.

      The trial evidence demonstrated that plaintiff had a long-standing history

of back pain, since at least 2007. For example, Dr. Grano explained that at that

time, he had used a decompression machine for her thoracic pain, even though

the machine he used was designed for lumbar treatment. He said plaintiff

decided to receive that treatment because she feared "surgery [would be] her

only . . . option." At trial, plaintiff characterized her pain during that time as

"huge." And Dr. Grano's records reflected plaintiff's pain as ten out of ten, 100

percent of the time. She also treated with two other chiropractors over the years,

who adjusted her thoracic and lumbar spine. She never told Dr. Bump abo ut

any of this.

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      Dr. Bump's counsel withdrew his request for a comparative negligence

charge because it was inapplicable. The question, related to her failure to

disclose her prior back issues, always had been primarily whether Dr. Bump

deviated from accepted standards by not following up on the medical history

that plaintiff gave him. The question was never whether plaintiff somehow

caused her own injuries by allowing Dr. Bump to treat her while withholding

from him a complete history of her back trouble. Nevertheless, plaintiff's

counsel sought a limiting jury instruction pursuant to Hofstrom v. Share, 295

N.J. Super. 186 (App. Div. 1996), which unlike here, is a case involving a patient

who failed to follow a doctor's post-treatment instructions. Hofstrom had argued

that her failure to follow the instructions was irrelevant. Id. at 192-93. Citing

Johansen v. Makita U.S.A., Inc., 128 N.J. 86 (1992), we held the trial judge had

erred when he refused to instruct the jury that the plaintiff's comparative

negligence was irrelevant because, importantly, the defendant's counsel

repeatedly stressed plaintiff's comparative negligence throughout the trial. Id.

at 193. Hofstrom is a completely different case than ours. Dr. Bump's counsel

did not stress, let alone argue, that plaintiff was negligent, and defendant's

counsel never argued plaintiff failed to follow post-treatment instructions.

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                                       10
      The judge correctly distinguished Hofstrom and did not give a limiting

charge. The judge recounted Dr. Bump's testimony and found plaintiff's counsel

initially "brought up the issue of the [medical] questionnaire" on cross -

examination of Dr. Bump, twice inquiring whether the form contained a "sin gle

question of history for treatment or pain of the spine." Unlike Hofstrom, where

the defendant's counsel introduced plaintiff's negligence as "a major theme," the

judge found that Dr. Bump's counsel made no such claim here.

      After the jury returned its verdict, plaintiff filed a motion for a new trial.

Plaintiff renewed her claim that the judge erred by failing to provide a limiting

instruction. Plaintiff argued, in the alternative, the verdict sheet should have

contained an allocation of fault in case the jury found "to some degree she was

responsible for that failure." The judge denied the motion. In pertinent part, he

stated that:

                      In this matter, defendant did not request a
               comparative fault charge, did not request that the
               verdict sheet contain a comparative fault question, and
               did not make the theme of the case about the patient
               questionnaire. To the contrary, the defense maintained
               all along that plaintiff . . . had credibility issues and
               highlighted those issues and plaintiff's testimony about
               being, "on a mission," to the jury. There were also
               critical contradictions by . . . plaintiff that were
               highlighted by . . . defendant during plaintiff's
               testimony and closing arguments.

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      Plaintiff's counsel raised the issue of the
questionnaire with respect to defendant's conduct.
Specifically, plaintiff's counsel focused on the fact that
the questionnaire lacked a section dealing with prior
back or spine issues.

       The [c]ourt highlighted this questioning on May
9[], 2017 during its first decision dealing with the
requests for a corrective charge. The [c]ourt went
through CourtSmart to listen to the questioning related
to the questionnaire.

      ....

       Unlike in Hofstrom, where the plaintiff's alleged
failure to follow discharge instructions was relevant to
the case, the issue of the medical history and whether
defendant took a proper medical history goes directly
to whether defendant violated a standard of care as a
chiropractor. The issue was highlighted by plaintiff
with [her] expert to again demonstrate that . . .
defendant violated a standard of care.

       Further, it was not a focus of the defense with
respect to the questionnaire issue. Plaintiff highlighted
the issue during closing arguments.

      ....

       . . . [The judge concluded] the questionnaire
issues all go to whether defendant violated his standard
of care. There was no evidence submitted in this trial
to support plaintiff's argument that the lack of a proper
history in the questionnaire was the fault of . . .
plaintiff.

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                                      III.

      We conclude there is no basis to disturb the jury's verdict. In denying

plaintiff's motion for a new trial, we see no error, let alone that the verdict was

"a miscarriage of justice under the law." R. 4:49-1(a). There was no reason to

give the jury a limiting instruction or include a separate question on the verdict

sheet addressing comparative negligence.

      Unlike the defense attorney in Hofstrom, Dr. Bump's counsel did not

stress (or even argue) plaintiff's comparative fault throughout the trial. Rather,

the omission of plaintiff's prior back issues from Dr. Bump's health history

questionnaire was relevant to whether Dr. Bump should have followed up with

plaintiff, in addition to plaintiff's credibility and proximate cause. In their

summations, counsel properly commented about that evidence in that regard.

See Colucci v. Oppenheim, 326 N.J. Super. 166, 177 (App. Div. 1999)

(indicating that "[c]ounsel may argue from the evidence any conclusion which

a jury is free to reach"); Diakamopoulos v. Monmouth Med. Ctr., 312 N.J. Super.

20, 32 (App. Div. 1998) (stating that "[c]ounsel is to be given 'broad latitude' in

summation but 'comment must be restrained within the facts shown or

reasonably suggested by the evidence adduced'").

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      As to causation, plaintiff had a physically challenging job as a dancer and

massage therapist. She told Dr. Grano seven years before treating with Dr.

Bump that she feared surgery was her only answer. Her pain at that time was

constant. Five years before she sought treatment with Dr. Bump, Dr. Grano's

records reflect plaintiff was "desperate" and that she was seeking her "last hope."

Indeed, she tried the DRX machine for her thoracic spine even though she knew

it was for treatment of the lumbar spine. Notably, plaintiff admitted that after

she stopped seeing Dr. Bump, Dr. Grano's treatment of her was "disastrous." 4

      As to credibility, Dr. Bump's counsel,         referencing plaintiff's own

testimony, stressed plaintiff was on a "mission" to sue Dr. Bump, recording her

sessions with Dr. Bump, and "gathering evidence for a case against [him as] part

of the setup." Failing to raise her prior back problems, secretly taping Dr.

Bump's treatment of her, and her failed subsequent treatment by Dr. Grano,

evidence that plaintiff introduced on her case in chief, was fair game for

impeachment purposes.

      Moreover, plaintiff's counsel cross-examined Dr. Bump about plaintiff's

omission of her prior back issues from the questionnaire. He raised the subject

4
  Dr. Bump's counsel made other arguments on causation too, such as plaintiff's
alleged injuries were unrelated to the adjustment to her mid-back area.
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                                       14
to demonstrate that Dr. Bump failed to obtain a full medical history before he

treated plaintiff. Dr. Bump's counsel dealt head-on with that subject by briefly

cross-examining plaintiff's expert asking pointed, but brief, questions in

response to the expert's direct testimony that Dr. Bump did not take any history

of plaintiff.

                QUESTION: Okay. But will you agree with me there
                was a very, very detailed history about nutrition and
                other aspects of the patient's life?

                ANSWER: That's fine but that has nothing to do with
                structural examination or history. That's right.

                QUESTION: Would you also agree with me there were
                sections in that intake [questionnaire] where the patient
                was asked to provide a history of illness why [she] came
                to see the doctor?

                ANSWER: Yes.

                QUESTION: And that was blank, right?

                ANSWER: Some parts were but she put in there her
                main complaint was yeast, hair loss, you know, a couple
                of other things, but they were all non-related to spinal
                or musculoskeletal issues.

                QUESTION: Okay. Would you agree with me that the
                plaintiff did not disclose to Dr. Bump in those intake
                forms she saw Dr. Grano back in 2007-2008?

                ANSWER: She didn't say anything about that, no.

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                                          15
            QUESTION: Okay. She didn't disclose that she had
            ten out of ten back pain back in . . . 2007-2008, right?

            ANSWER: No, she didn't because at the time she went
            to see this doctor she had no complaints in the thoracic
            spine. . . .

      As part of plaintiff's motion for a new trial, plaintiff's counsel argued in

the alternative that the verdict sheet should have contained an allocation of

plaintiff's fault in case the jury found "to some degree she was responsible for

that failure." Doing so would have diluted the jury's consideration of Dr. Bump's

duty. Importantly, however, at the charge conference (before his motion for a

new trial where he asked alternatively for a special verdict question to evaluate

comparative negligence), plaintiff's counsel maintained that "there's no legal

basis for imposing . . . that responsibility on [plaintiff]." At that conference,

plaintiff's counsel asked the judge to charge the jury that "there is no legal basis

or factual basis in this case . . . [to] base an assessment that [plaintiff] was

required to disclose [her prior back problems] unless she was specifically asked

[for that information]." Therefore, there was no basis to include a question on

the verdict sheet about plaintiff's comparative negligence.

      Instead, the final jury instructions tracked the model jury charge for

medical malpractice cases.      Pertinent to this appeal, the charge addressed

whether Dr. Bump deviated from the accepted standards of care in the

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                                        16
chiropractic industry. The judge explained that the experts furnished opinions

about those standards.

      According to plaintiff's expert, and applicable to the issues on appeal,

minimum accepted standards required Dr. Bump to perform a "proper and

thorough physical examination" and obtain a full medical history, using the

questionnaire as a starting point. Dr. Bump's expert testified that there is no

requirement, under the facts of this case, that a doctor perform a full evaluation

before adjusting a patient's spine. His expert then elaborated on how Dr. Bump

complied with the accepted standards when he adjusted plaintiff's spine, i.e., by

discussing the adjustment with plaintiff and by adhering to the proper procedure

for performing the anterior adjustment.

      Finally, plaintiff urges us to declare on broad public policy grounds that a

doctor's reliance on a medical questionnaire for prior illnesses does not obviate

a healthcare provider's obligation to obtain a patient's full medical history.

Developing public policy of the State of New Jersey is best left to the other two

branches of government. See e.g., In re Declaratory Judgment Actions, 446 N.J.

Super. 259, 286 (App. Div. 2016); State v. Saavedra, 433 N.J. Super. 501, 525

(App. Div. 2013).

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      To the extent we have not addressed plaintiff's remaining claims, we

conclude they lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion.

R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.

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