Court Opinion

ID: 7803107
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-24 14:00:29.410006+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:35.013181
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 18-13995     Date Filed: 08/24/2022   Page: 1 of 69

                                                     [PUBLISH]
                            In the
         United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Eleventh Circuit

                   ____________________

                         No. 18-13995
                   ____________________

DAVID FREEMAN,
                                           Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
COMMISSIONER, ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS,

                                          Respondent-Appellee.

                   ____________________

          Appeal from the United States District Court
              for the Middle District of Alabama
           D.C. Docket No. 2:06-cv-00122-WKW-WC
                   ____________________
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2                        Opinion of the Court               18-13995

Before JILL PRYOR, GRANT, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
LAGOA, Circuit Judge:
        David Freeman appeals the district court’s order denying his
petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.
This Court issued a certificate of appealability (“COA”) with re-
spect to the following claim: “Whether trial counsel provided in-
effective assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment
to the United States Constitution when at the penalty phase of trial,
it failed to conduct a reasonable mitigation investigation and failed
to uncover and present mitigation evidence.” After careful review,
and for the reasons stated below, we affirm.
    I.       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       In 1996, Freeman was convicted of six counts of capital mur-
der related to the murders of Sylvia Gordon (“Sylvia”) and Mary
Gordon (“Mary”) and sentenced to death. Freeman v. State, 776
So. 2d 160 (Ala. Crim. App. 1999). The Alabama Court of Criminal
Appeals set forth the relevant facts, adopted from the state trial
court, as follows:
         On March 11, 1988, Deborah Gordon Hosford picked
         up her sister, [17-year-old] Sylvia Gordon, from La-
         nier High School [in Montgomery] and drove to their
         home at 29 Rosebud Court, arriving at approximately
         3:30 p.m. Waiting on the porch was the defendant,
         David Freeman, who had ridden his bicycle to their
         home. Freeman . . . lived in a trailer near the Gordon
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18-13995               Opinion of the Court                        3

      home, and he wanted a romantic relationship with
      Sylvia Gordon. Sylvia was not romantically inter-
      ested in Freeman, and was planning to tell him that
      she no longer wished to see him. Deborah, Sylvia, and
      Freeman entered the home. Deborah had to return
      to work and left at approximately 3:45 p.m. When
      she left, Freeman and Sylvia were sitting on the
      couch.
      Freeman had given Sylvia a note essentially stating
      that he did not like seeing her only once a week, that
      he loved her, and that he did not want to lose her like
      all of his other girlfriends. Sylvia in return gave Free-
      man a note stating that she viewed the relationship
      only as friendship and that she did not want to have a
      serious relationship. Approximately a week prior to
      the murders, Freeman had a conversation with Fran-
      cis Boozer, a co-worker, and told her that he would
      rather see Sylvia dead than [for] someone else have
      her.
      At about 1:00 a.m. Deborah Gordon Hosford re-
      turned home. She found the lights of the home
      turned off and the door unlocked and slightly ajar.
      She went inside and noticed that the house had been
      ransacked. She went to her sister’s bedroom and
      found Sylvia, dead, in her bed with multiple stab
      wounds and clad only in a T-shirt and socks. As she
      was fleeing the house, she saw her mother, [43–year–
      old] Mary Gordon, lying in a pool of blood on the
      floor of her bedroom. Mrs. Gordon was clad only in
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4                    Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

     a shirt, with her body being nude from the waist
     down with her legs spread apart.
     Police arrived at the Gordon home and found blood
     throughout most of the house. Mary Gordon was
     stabbed 14 times by Freeman; two wounds were fatal.
     She lived for about five minutes [after being stabbed
     the first time]. She had also been raped, and the se-
     men deposited in her was consistent as having been
     left by Freeman. Sylvia Gordon was stabbed 22 times
     by him, and she remained conscious for eight to ten
     minutes after the first wound was inflicted. None of
     the wounds were fatal; Sylvia Gordon bled to death.
     Examination also revealed that Sylvia Gordon had
     tears in her vagina. Additionally, police found a shoe
     print on the shirt of Mary Gordon and a shoe print on
     a card found on the floor near the body of Mary Gor-
     don. Police also noted that all [telephone] lines in the
     house had been cut.
     Freeman had brought a knife with him and used it to
     brutally kill Sylvia Gordon because she did not want
     a relationship, as well as [to] kill Mary Gordon when
     she walked in on the murder. After committing the
     murders, Freeman stole the Gordons’ 1980 Pontiac
     Sunbird and put his bike that he had ridden to the
     Gordon home in it and fled the scene. He attempted
     to establish an alibi by later going to work. The Gor-
     dons’ car was found in a parking lot near Freeman’s
     apartment. Freeman’s fingerprint was found on the
     car and blood that was consistent with that of Sylvia
     Gordon and Mary Gordon was also in the car.
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18-13995              Opinion of the Court                       5

      Additionally found in the car was a butcher knife that
      had been cleaned of blood. The butcher knife was ex-
      amined by an expert in trace evidence with the De-
      partment of Forensic Sciences and was determined to
      be consistent with having caused the wounds to Mary
      Gordon, to cut the bra and panties of Mary Gordon,
      and to cut the jeans of Sylvia Gordon.
      When the police arrived at Freeman’s apartment,
      Freeman answered the door, and the officers noted a
      bandage on Freeman’s right hand. When asked how
      he cut his hand, Freeman lied, claiming that he had
      cut his hand while repairing a chair. Freeman was ar-
      rested at his apartment. The police, upon a consent
      to search, found the clothing worn by Freeman,
      which had blood consistent with that of Sylvia Gor-
      don on them. A mixture of blood and semen was
      found in the underwear that he had worn. His shoes
      were seized and compared to the prints found on the
      shirt of Mary Gordon and the card found in the Gor-
      don home. Examination revealed that Freeman’s
      shoes were consistent with the prints found at the
      scene. Bite marks were noted on Freeman’s arm,
      which were [determined to have been] made by Syl-
      via Gordon.
      Freeman initially lied to the police as to his involve-
      ment in the crimes. He tried to establish an alibi for
      his whereabouts. However, when confronted with
      the evidence, Freeman admitted to stabbing Sylvia
      Gordon and stated that upon Mary Gordon’s entering
      the home he had no choice but to stab her. Freeman
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6                     Opinion of the Court                18-13995

      also claimed to have blacked out on two occasions
      during the crimes.
Id. at 169–70 (alterations in original); see also Ex parte Freeman,
776 So. 2d 203, 204–05 (Ala. 2000) (reiterating a condensed state-
ment of the facts surrounding the murder and stating that “[t]he
opinion of the Court of Criminal Appeals provides a thorough
treatment of the facts of this case”).
             A. State Court Trial and Direct Appeal
       In June 1988, Freeman was indicted on six counts of capital
murder. Ex parte Freeman, 776 So. 2d at 203. Specifically, Count I
of the indictment charged Freeman with murder where two or
more persons are murdered by one act or pursuant to one scheme
or course of conduct. See Ala. Code § 13A–5–40(a)(10). Counts II
and III charged Freeman with murder during a burglary in the first
degree. See id. § 13A–5–40(a)(4). Counts IV and V charged Free-
man with murder during a robbery in the first degree. See id.
§ 13A–5–40(a)(2). Count VI of the indictment charged Freeman
with murder during a rape in the first degree. See id. § 13A–5–
40(a)(3).
      The case proceeded to trial in the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit
for Montgomery County, Alabama, on June 17, 1996. Freeman
was represented by lead counsel Allen Howell (“Howell”), and
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18-13995                   Opinion of the Court                                7

attorneys William Abell (“Abell”) and John David Norris (“Nor-
ris”).1 At trial, Freeman “pleaded not guilty by reason of mental
disease or defect, and he argued to the jury that as a result of his
alleged mental disease or defect, he was unable to conform his con-
duct to the requirements of the law.” Freeman, 776 So. 2d at 169.
      During his opening statement, Freeman’s counsel claimed
the evidence would show that Freeman suffered from borderline
personality disorder, and that the condition caused him to be

1 This was not the first time Freeman was tried on the charges and represented

by Howell. Freeman was initially indicted on June 3, 1988, on the same six
charges and pleaded not guilty and not guilty by reason of mental disease or
defect. Freeman v. State, 651 So. 2d 573, 574 (Ala. Crim. App. 1992). After a
trial at which he was represented by Howell, a jury found Freeman guilty as
charged and by an advisory verdict recommended that he be sentenced to
death. Id. In accordance with the jury’s recommendation, the trial court sen-
tenced Freeman to death. Id. However, on a subsequent direct appeal after
remand, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the convictions and
remanded for a new trial, finding a violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S.
79 (1986), by the State. Freeman v. State, 651 So. 2d 576, 597 (Ala. Crim. App.
1994).
A second trial began in January 1996, but the trial court declared a mistrial due
to Howell being ill. Freeman then moved to dismiss the indictment, arguing
that jeopardy had attached. The trial court denied the motion on February 21,
1996. Freeman then filed a petition for writ of mandamus, which the Alabama
Court of Criminal Appeals and the Supreme Court of Alabama both denied.
On February 23, 1996, Freeman filed an emergency petition for writ of habeas
corpus and motion to stay trial and petition for removal of the case in the Mid-
dle District of Alabama, seeking to remove his case to federal court, and for
the district court to determine that his double jeopardy protections had been
violated. The district court denied those petitions on February 26, 1996.
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8                      Opinion of the Court                18-13995

unable to conform his conduct to the requirements of law. Free-
man’s counsel argued that the State of Alabama was responsible for
the crimes, given Freeman’s lifetime of placements in foster and
state care, during which he was abused. He also argued that the
evidence would show Freeman was diagnosed at age thirteen by
Dr. Barry Burkhart, a clinical psychologist, as needing long-term
psychiatric treatment but none was given, and that some of the
psychologists employed by the State of Alabama did not do proper
evaluations.
      The State presented fifteen witnesses in its case in chief, in-
cluding homicide detectives, the medical examiner, and Deborah
Gordon Hosford, who was Mary’s daughter and Sylvia’s sister.
       The defense began its case in chief by presenting the testi-
mony of Marvin Hartley (“Hartley”). From 1986 to 1987, Hartley
was a child-care worker at the Bell Road Group Home where Free-
man lived. Hartley described Freeman as being a loner who was
isolated from other children in the home and as “starving for love.”
He stated that Freeman would have occasional outbursts when he
did not get his way and once punched a hole in a wall.
      Dr. Burkhart then testified extensively for the defense. Dr.
Burkhart evaluated Freeman as a teenager at the Lee County
Youth Development Center and saw him on four occasions in
1989—twice in June and twice in August. He spent twelve hours
with Freeman and administered numerous tests. His evaluation of
Freeman was based on the test results, along with his history, the
previous psychological evaluations performed on Freeman, and
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                         9

observation. He reviewed the records concerning Freeman’s his-
tory, which were admitted into evidence during his testimony.
Specifically, he reviewed records from the following entities: the
Children’s Hospital of Alabama at Birmingham; the Eufaula Ado-
lescent Center; the Taylor Hardin Hospital in Tuscaloosa; Mobile
Clinical & Neuropsychological Associates; the Talladega County
Department of Human Resources (the “Department”); the Rolla
Regional Center for the Developmentally Disabled; the Eufaula
Adolescent Center; the Lee County Youth Development Center;
and Family and Child Services in Birmingham.
        Dr. Burkhart testified as to an evaluation he performed on
Freeman when Freeman was thirteen years old. He stated that
Freeman was “a very difficult child to place, because of numerous
previous failed placements.” He characterized Freeman as a “very,
very troubled child,” who was depressed, angry, and had impulse
control problems. Freeman was recommended to be placed in a
long-term treatment facility and psychotherapy. Dr. Burkhart tes-
tified that Freeman was at the Rolla Development Disability Facil-
ity when he was seven because he had been removed from several
placements, including a relative’s home in Missouri. Freeman was
removed from the home in Missouri because “there was evidence
from [Freeman’s] behavior that there was abuse in the home.” He
saw Freeman again in 1989 and diagnosed him with major depres-
sive disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder, a condition
characterized by a pervasive pattern of social discomfort and disa-
bility, an inability to get along with others, an inability to make any
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10                      Opinion of the Court                  18-13995

attachment to people, and brief paranoid psychotic episodes.
Dr. Burkhart was aware of a recent diagnosis by Dr. Guy Renfro
that Freeman had borderline personality disorder, and he did not
disagree with the diagnosis.
        During his testimony about the diagnostic criteria for bor-
derline personality disorder, Dr. Burkhart described the circum-
stances of Freeman’s childhood. Freeman had never known his
mother during his “verbal lifetime,” and she was “mentally re-
tarded and mentally ill and incapable of taking care of any of her
children.” Dr. Burkhart mentioned several times that Freeman had
spent his childhood in multiple placements—of which he counted
eighteen by the time Freeman was nine years old—and that his
childhood was “replete with failure of attachment.” Dr. Burkhart
testified to an incident when Freeman was a child, where he be-
lieved that a woman he saw in church was his mother. Dr.
Burkhart described Freeman’s behavior as it related to a diagnosis
of borderline personality disorder, explaining that “[b]eginning at
about age seven, every placement at which [Freeman] has been re-
ports that he could not control his anger, that he had temper out-
bursts, that he had tantrums, that he made threats to people, that
he got in fights.” Based on his evaluation of Freeman, Dr. Burkhart
believed it was “very likely” that, at the time of his capital offenses,
Freeman suffered a “brief reactive psychosis” from the stress of be-
ing abandoned or rejected by Sylvia, which rendering him unable
to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.
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18-13995              Opinion of the Court                      11

       The State cross-examined Dr. Burkhart with the psycholog-
ical evaluations conducted on Freeman throughout his life and af-
ter he committed the murders. None of the mental health profes-
sionals had diagnosed Freeman as psychotic or found that he lacked
the ability to conform his conduct to the law. During Burkhart’s
cross-examination, the State admitted numerous exhibits, com-
prised of treatment summaries, placement reports, and psycholog-
ical evaluations, all of which—with the apparent exception of a re-
port by Dr. Renfro—came from exhibits already in evidence. Dr.
Burkhart was also asked to confirm descriptions of Freeman’s ag-
gressive and poor behavior contained in the exhibits.
       The final witness for the defense’s case in chief was Yvonne
Price Copeland, a social worker for the Talladega County Depart-
ment of Human Resources in charge of Freeman’s case while he
was in foster care. Copeland testified that Freeman was placed in
foster care shortly after he was born and never had a relationship
with his mother, who, according to her records, was “mentally re-
tarded.” Freeman’s father was also unable to care for him, as he
was elderly, disabled, and had health problems himself. Copeland
chronicled Freeman’s placements in foster homes and group
homes beginning at the age of eight months. Copeland testified
that among the placements was one with his stepmother’s daugh-
ter in Missouri, but that placement failed due to allegations of
abuse, and because Freeman was reported as being defiant and ag-
gressive. Other foster placements failed because of Freeman’s be-
havior. Copeland testified that, after the unsuccessful foster
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12                      Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

placements, Freeman spent five years at St. Mary’s group home in
Mobile, Alabama. He seemed to do well at St. Mary’s until 1983,
when the staff reported he was aggressive and assaulted a house
parent. Freeman would not discuss with Copeland what occurred
at St. Mary’s. After being sent to two crisis shelters in Mobile, Ala-
bama, Freeman was sent to the Lee County Youth Development
Center for evaluation. Freeman was then sent to the Coosa Valley
Attention Facility, a shelter facility, for two months before being
sent to Gateway, a treatment facility for adolescent children.
While Freeman was at Gateway, Copeland stopped working on his
case in 1983. She reviewed the remainder of the Department’s rec-
ords in preparation for her testimony the trial. She testified that, in
addition to the two times that he tried to run away while she was
his case supervisor, Freeman also attempted to run away from
Gateway, and had climbed to the top of a building and would not
get down. He also self-mutilated with a butcher’s knife.
        Copeland confirmed that a defense exhibit was a social sum-
mary written by Doris Reeder, the social worker who was assigned
Freeman’s case after Copeland, and included a chronological sum-
mary of Freeman’s placements. Her recollection was that there
were between fourteen to sixteen attempts to place Freeman in fa-
cilities that refused to accept him, mostly because they could not
give Freeman the services he needed, e.g., because he was delayed
socially. Copeland also testified that Freeman’s siblings had all
been taken into custody by the Department at one point or
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18-13995               Opinion of the Court                      13

another. Finally, she testified that Freeman “was probably the
most difficult child that I had in my caseload.”
        The State cross-examined Copeland with Reeder’s social
summary. Copeland testified as to the mental limitations of Free-
man’s mother, which Copeland witnessed herself when she was
sent to the home to investigate a report about the mother’s care of
Freeman’s brother. Copeland testified regarding Freeman’s multi-
ple placements as an infant. She also testified that Freeman, along
with his brother Jimmy Terry and sister Linda, were sent to live
with his stepmother’s daughter in Missouri (the “Smiths”). There
were allegations of abuse made by neighbors against the Smiths,
but an investigation concluded that “no real abuse had in likelihood
occurred.” After that, Freeman was sent to the Rolla Center for
evaluation at age seven, and then returned to Alabama. Freeman
was then with another foster family for six months, who could not
cope with his behavior. Freeman was then sent to the Symmetry
House, which was a treatment center for young children. Freeman
had behavior problems at Symmetry House as well. Copeland tes-
tified that an intake form from October 19, 1977, stated that Free-
man “will do whatever necessary to get his way.” A foster family
with whom Freeman lived after Symmetry house kept Freeman for
only a month because he was aggressive and hostile toward their
young child.
      Freeman then lived at St. Mary’s Home from 1978 to 1982.
There, he was defiant and ultimately struck a child-care worker.
Copeland continued to chronicle Freeman’s placements after St.
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14                       Opinion of the Court                    18-13995

Mary’s, including stays at emergency shelters, Lee County Devel-
opment Center, and then at Gateway. Copeland read from a writ-
ten summary addressing Freeman’s behavior at Gateway that in-
cluded statements that Freeman was more aggressive with female
staff than with male staff. The State continued to cross-examine
Copeland concerning Freeman’s behavior while at Gateway,
which included stealing, lying, and fighting. Freeman was moved
from Gateway in August 1984 after an incident and placed at
Eufaula Adolescent Adjustment Center. Copeland acknowledged
that Eufaula attempted to give Freeman a multi-disciplinary treat-
ment that included group and individual therapy and recreation,
but when confronted with his inappropriate behavior, he would
not accept responsibility. After Freeman “[e]loped” from Eufaula
with a girl, he was charged with burglary for breaking into a trailer
and was sent to the Department of Youth Services. Copeland’s
cross-examination concluded with her acknowledgment that Free-
man’s “behavior problems were what mainly limited us in the se-
lection of a facility” for placement.
      In rebuttal, the State presented the testimony of Dr. Renfro
by videotaped deposition2 and introduced a report by him into ev-
idence. Dr. Renfro was appointed by the trial court to assess Free-
man’s competency to stand trial and his mental state at the time of
the murders. Based upon his four meetings with Freeman in 1995,

2 Freeman objected to the playing of Dr. Renfro’s videotaped deposition be-
cause he “had withdrawn the questions, direct and re-direct, on the deposi-
tion.” The trial court overruled the objection.
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18-13995               Opinion of the Court                       15

a review of previous tests performed on Freeman, and his history,
Dr. Renfro concluded that Freeman displayed Borderline Person-
ality Disorder. Dr. Renfro described the various features of a Bor-
derline Personality Disorder to include instability of self-image and
interpersonal relationships, and testified that the frequent change
in Freeman’s caregivers could have contributed to the instability of
Freeman’s behavior in his numerous placements. Dr. Renfro
agreed that being removed from the home of a proposed adoptive
family in Missouri—the Smiths—could have contributed to Free-
man’s “[v]ery fragile sense of self-image” and that “perhaps that
could set a tone for feeling abandoned or feeling rejected because
he had been moved from place to place and shifted from institution
to institution and home to home.” Freeman was very reluctant to
talk about his “family of origin” with him. Dr. Renfro testified that
Freeman has fears of being abandoned and at times displayed inap-
propriate anger. He opined that Freeman experienced rage and an-
ger upon being rejected, but it was not necessarily uncontrollable.
Finally, Dr. Renfro testified on cross-examination that he consid-
ered Freeman’s statement to the police concerning stabbing Mary
and cutting the phone wire as indicating that Freeman had the abil-
ity to make choices.
       The final witness was Dr. Joe Dixon, a forensic psychologist
in charge of coordinating the Lunacy Commission Evaluation
when Freeman was in the Taylor Hardin Secure Medical Facility in
Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Dr. Dixon’s notes from his initial psycho-
logical contact form completed in December 1988 indicated that
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16                     Opinion of the Court                18-13995

Freeman did not want to talk about where he was raised or his per-
sonal history. The Lunacy Commission that performed the evalu-
ation on Freeman was comprised of three forensic psychiatrists.
Dr. Dixon testified regarding the findings made by each psychiatrist
as set forth in the Lunacy Commission Summary Report in January
1989. In describing the day of the murders to each psychiatrist,
Freeman recounted his day without mentioning the murders.
None of the psychiatrists found that, at the time of the murders,
Freeman lacked capacity to conform his conduct to the law as a
result of mental disease or defect.
       Ultimately, the jury found Freeman guilty on all six counts
of capital murder. The case then proceeded to the penalty phase.
       At the penalty phase, the State presented no witnesses but
presented all of the previously introduced testimony and exhibits.
Freeman submitted the following mitigating circumstances: that
he had no significant history of prior criminal activity; that he was
under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance
at the time of the offense; that he was under extreme duress at the
time of the offense; that he was unable to conform his conduct to
the requirements of the law at the time of the offense; that he was
substantially impaired; and his age of eighteen. Freeman also of-
fered all the testimony and exhibits he put forth during the guilt
phase.
       Freeman offered one witness during the penalty phase, Al-
exander Moore, who worked at St. Mary’s House when Freeman
lived there. Moore described Freeman as “more or less a loner
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                         17

during his stay at St. Mary’s, rather on the quiet side until con-
fronted with anything that needed to be done or any corrections
that needed to be made.” He confirmed that he had given an in-
vestigator for the defense two photographs of Freeman from the
time he was at St. Mary’s, and the photos were admitted into evi-
dence. Finally, Moore testified that “[Freeman], to my way of
thinking, was a good child like any other normal child that lived
the lifestyle that he had to live. I think he would be deserving of
some leniency, . . . if at all possible.”
       Freeman’s counsel’s closing argument at the penalty phase
consists of three-and-a-half transcript pages. His counsel first ar-
gued that the State mischaracterized a prior incident in which Free-
man had used a knife, and that Freeman’s prior juvenile record was
not admissible for anything other than as “part of the total picture
necessary to see this boy and his total mental state.” Counsel then
argued that the mitigators of “extreme mental or emotional dis-
turbance and the inability to conform his conduct to the require-
ments of law . . . aren’t the same here. They don’t mean the same
thing as they did back [t]here,” apparently referencing the insanity
defense from the guilt phase, i.e., that Freeman was unable to con-
form his conduct to the requirements of the law as a result of his
alleged mental disease or defect. Counsel argued that the jury
could “still find that these factors exist, because, obviously, they do.
You [the jury] can decide they don’t exist to the level necessary to
not hold him responsible, but they exist, and they exist to the level,
we submit, that he shouldn’t be put to death.” Counsel argued that
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18                       Opinion of the Court                    18-13995

Freeman’s age at the time of murders should be considered as well
as the mitigator of “duress” because “he had a lot going on inside
of him that made all of this occur.” Counsel argued for leniency,
as Moore as suggested.
       The jury ultimately returned an advisory verdict recom-
mending a sentence of death for the murders of Sylvia and Mary by
a vote of eleven to one.3 On August 15, 1996, the trial court entered
a sentencing order specifically identifying aggravating and mitigat-
ing circumstances and imposed a sentence of death. The trial court
found as aggravating circumstances that the capital offense was
committed while Freeman was engaged in the commission of, or
an attempt to commit, burglary, robbery, and rape, and that the
murders were especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel. As statutory
mitigating circumstances, the trial court found that Freeman had
no significant history of criminal activity, that the offense was com-
mitted while Freeman was under the influence of extreme mental
or emotional disturbance, and that Freeman was eighteen at the
time of the crime. In considering all other relevant mitigating cir-
cumstances offered, the trial court found that Freeman’s emotional
disturbance due to his family history and multiple placements was
a mitigating circumstance as well as Freeman’s antisocial personal-
ity.

3In 1996, Alabama juries rendered advisory verdicts and trial courts deter-
mined sentences. See Ala. Code §§ 13A-5-46, 13A-5-47 (1996).
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18-13995                   Opinion of the Court                               19

       Freeman’s convictions and sentence of death were affirmed
by the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals. Freeman, 776 So. 2d
at 203. The Alabama Supreme Court granted Freeman’s petition
for certiorari review, and, after oral argument and review of the
record, affirmed the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals.
Ex parte Freeman, 776 So. 2d at 204–05. On October 30, 2000, the
United States Supreme Court denied Freeman’s petition for writ of
certiorari. Freeman v. Alabama, 531 U.S. 966 (2000).
             B. State Court Postconviction Proceedings
      On September 28, 2001, Freeman filed a petition for relief
from his convictions and sentence pursuant to Alabama Rule of
Criminal Procedure 32. Freeman filed several amendments, culmi-
nating in his Fourth Amended Petition for Relief from Conviction
and Sentence Pursuant to Rule 32 of the Alabama Rules of Criminal
Procedure (the “Rule 32 petition”). As Ground II for relief, Free-
man alleged that he was denied the effective assistance of trial
counsel in violation of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments.4

4 Freeman raised twelve grounds for relief, which the district court summa-
rized below, as:
       (1) his June 1996 retrial following the January 1996 mistrial vi-
       olated Double Jeopardy principles, (2) his trial counsel ren-
       dered ineffective assistance[,] . . . (3) the admission of graphic
       and cumulative photographic and videotaped evidence vio-
       lated Petitioner’s right to a fair trial, (4) the admission of unre-
       liable and unscientific testimony by a forensic odontologist re-
       garding bite marks violated Petitioner’s right to a fair trial, (5)
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20                         Opinion of the Court                        18-13995

Under Ground II, Freeman alleged seventeen instances of ineffec-
tive assistance of counsel, labeled “A” through “Q.”5 Relevant to

       the admission of the hearsay testimony of Dr. Joel Dixon vio-
       lated Petitioner’s rights under the Confrontation Clause, (6)
       Petitioner’s rights under the Eighth Amendment were vio-
       lated[,] . . . (7) Petitioner’s right to counsel was violated when
       his lead trial counsel suffered from a debilitating psychological
       condition throughout trial, (8) his appellate counsel rendered
       ineffective assistance[,] . . . (9) Petitioner’s lead trial counsel
       suffered from an actual conflict of interest arising from a debil-
       itating psychological condition which said counsel suffered
       throughout trial which said counsel failed to reveal to Peti-
       tioner, (10) Petitioner’s rights under the holdings in Ring and
       Apprendi were violated, (11) Petitioner is mentally retarded
       and, under Atkins v. Virginia, constitutionally ineligible for the
       death penalty, and (12) Petitioner’s indictment was constitu-
       tionally deficient under Ring and Apprendi and under Alabama
       law.
5 The seventeen alleged instances of ineffective assistance of counsel as set
forth in Ground II were summarized by the district court as follows:
       (a) failing to conduct meaningful voir dire, (b) failing to object
       to the admission of graphic and cumulative photographic and
       videotape evidence showing the crime scene and the victims,
       (c) failing to object to the testimony and narration of the crime
       scene video by the evidence technician, (d) failing to object to
       the admission of the forensic odontologist’s testimony as un-
       reliable and unfounded scientifically, (e) failing to present evi-
       dence showing an alternative source for the bite marks on Pe-
       titioner’s arms, (f) failing to submit autopsy data to an inde-
       pendent pathologist for evaluation, (g) failing to present evi-
       dence showing Petitioner suffered from unspecified neurolog-
       ical impairments, (h) deposing Dr. Guy Renfro, (i) failing to
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18-13995                 Opinion of the Court                             21

this appeal are Freeman’s allegations “J” and “K,” which stated as
follows:
      J. Trial counsel failed to investigate, develop and pre-
      sent available evidence in mitigation of petitioner’s
      punishment. But for counsel’s deficient performance,
      there exists a reasonable probability that the result of
      petitioner’s trial would have been different.
      K. Trial counsel failed to present available evidence
      regarding petitioner’s background and his mental
      health history to the jury in a manner which would
      have allowed the jury to give this evidence mitigating
      effect during the sentencing phase. But for counsel’s
      deficient performance, there exists a reasonable

      object on hearsay grounds to the testimony of Dr. Joel Dixon
      summarizing the findings of other mental health professionals
      who actually examined Petitioner, (j) failing to present uniden-
      tified mitigating evidence, (k) failing to present unidentified
      evidence of Petitioner’s background and mental health history
      in a manner that would have allowed the jury to give mitigat-
      ing effect to such evidence, (l) failing to present evidence of
      Petitioner’s good behavior in prison, (m) failing to impeach the
      testimony of prosecution witness Frances Boozer, (n) failing to
      raise challenges to the Alabama capital sentencing statute
      based upon the Supreme Court’s holdings in Ring v. Arizona
      and Apprendi v. New Jersey, (o) conceding during closing ar-
      gument at the guilt-innocence phase of trial that a guilty ver-
      dict determined the appropriate sentence, (p) failing to object
      to the admission of raw psychological testing data, and (q) fail-
      ing to investigate and present evidence showing Petitioner is
      mentally retarded . . . .
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22                      Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

       probability that the result of petitioner’s trial would
       have been different.
        The postconviction court held an evidentiary hearing on
Freeman’s Rule 32 petition on June 4, 2003. Three of Freeman’s
attorneys testified: (1) Abell, the backup lead attorney in Freeman’s
trial; (2) Norris, the second chair counsel at Freeman’s trial; and
(3) Thomas Goggans, the appellate counsel in Freeman’s direct ap-
peal.
        Abell testified that he was appointed to represent Freeman
about three weeks before his trial as a backup lead attorney because
there had been several continuances due to Freeman’s lead coun-
sel, Howell, being ill. By the time of Abell’s appointment, Howell
had hired the experts and the investigations had been done. Abell’s
role was to look over the records, and he met with Freeman once.
Howell was in charge of hiring experts and conducting the investi-
gation. Abell gave the opening statement in the guilt phase of the
case—a decision that was made about ten minutes beforehand, alt-
hough he was “fairly well prepared to go on with it.” Howell had
told him a day or two before trial that he was not going to be at the
trial. In his opening statement, Abell focused on Freeman’s unsta-
ble childhood as a ward of the State of Alabama, thinking that as-
pect of the case would be developed in the sentencing phase. Abell
was not at trial for the sentencing phase. Abell testified on cross-
examination that the evidence of guilt against Freeman was “over-
whelming.” Howell discussed with Abell the decision to withdraw
a not-guilty plea and enter a plea of “strictly not guilty by reason of
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18-13995                   Opinion of the Court                          23

mental disease or defect.” That decision was made because “it had
been tried one time in a previous trial and proved to be unsuccess-
ful,” and because they “were hoping that [they] could either gloss
over or eliminate some of the more inflammatory aspects of the
case, if [they] just concentrated on insanity.”
        Norris testified that he was appointed to represent Freeman.
He was second-chair counsel at trial, as he had only been practicing
two or three years at the time and Freeman’s case was his first cap-
ital case. He stated that Howell had sole responsibility for the de-
cisions in the case and selected the experts. In response to the ques-
tion of whether he had “any role in deciding how best to use the
information that was available about Mr. Freeman’s background in
terms of mitigation in front of the jury at the sentencing phase,”
Norris responded that he “had no control over that,” as Howell
“was lead counsel” and “made all the tactical decisions.”
       At the conclusion of the testimony, Freeman’s postconvic-
tion counsel attempted to introduce an affidavit signed by Howell.
Postconviction counsel explained that Howell was not testifying
live because she6 now lived in upstate New York, and funds were
not available to bring Howell to Alabama.7               Freeman’s

6   By this time, Howell was known as Ally Howell.
7Freeman had filed a motion requesting funds for Howell to travel from New
York to Alabama on July 25, 2002. The trial court denied the motion on Au-
gust 5, 2002. During the postconviction proceedings, Freeman had filed other
motions seeking funds to hire experts and investigators. After a hearing on
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24                        Opinion of the Court                     18-13995

postconviction counsel had provided the State with Howell’s affi-
davit on May 29, 2003, a week prior to the hearing. In response,
the State filed a motion to exclude the affidavit, arguing that it
would be prejudiced if the Court admitted Howell’s affidavit into
evidence because it would not be able to cross-examine Howell. At
the hearing, Freeman’s counsel explained that they delivered the
affidavit to the State within an hour of receiving it. In response to
the postconviction court’s question of why the affidavit was dated
May 28, Freeman’s counsel explained that “[i]t took time, some
communication with Ms. Howell, some back and forth arranging
the affidavit,” and that “[i]t took some time getting to know Ms.
Howell before we could talk in enough detail about the case that
the information started flowing.” The postconviction court
granted the State’s motion to exclude the affidavit, and Howell’s
affidavit was ordered sealed.
       On June 25, 2003, the postconviction court entered a final
order denying Freeman’s Rule 32 petition. After reviewing the tes-
timony presented, the postconviction court reiterated that it had
granted the State’s motion to exclude Howell’s affidavit8 and
would not consider the affidavit in ruling on the petition. The

the motions, the postconviction court entered an order denying Freeman’s
Request for Extraordinary Expenses.
8The postconviction court stated that it granted the State’s motion to exclude
Howell’s affidavit “[b]ased on the holdings of the Alabama Court of Criminal
Appeals in Callahan v. State, 767 So. 2d 380 (Ala. Crim. App. 1999), and Hamm
v. State, 2002 WL 126990 (Ala. Crim App. 2002).”
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18-13995                     Opinion of the Court                              25

postconviction court also stated that it would not consider a writ-
ten proffer submitted by Freeman at the conclusion of the hearing
in which Freeman alleged what he could have proven if the post-
conviction court had granted his motion for funds.
        As to ground “J”—Freeman’s claim that his trial counsel
failed to investigate and present available evidence of mitigation—
the postconviction court found that Freeman “presented abso-
lutely no evidence at his evidentiary hearing concerning this
claim. . . . Freeman has failed to meet his burden of proving trial
counsel’s alleged failure to investigate and present mitigating evi-
dence was the result of deficient performance or caused him to be
prejudiced as required by Strickland. Rule 32.3, ARCrP.”9 (Em-
phasis added). The postconviction court thus denied the claim.
       Regarding ground “K”—Freeman’s claim that trial counsel
were ineffective in their presentation of mitigating evidence—the
postconviction court found that Freeman “failed to offer any evi-
dence at his evidentiary hearing proving that if trial counsel had
presented the evidence of his background and mental health his-
tory in a different manner, the outcome of his trial would have

9   Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.3 provides as follows:
          The petitioner shall have the burden of pleading and proving
          by a preponderance of the evidence the facts necessary to en-
          title the petitioner to relief. The state shall have the burden of
          pleading any ground of preclusion, but once a ground of pre-
          clusion has been pleaded, the petitioner shall have the burden
          of disproving its existence by a preponderance of the evidence.
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26                         Opinion of the Court                        18-13995

been different.” (Emphasis added). As a result, Freeman “failed to
meet his burden of proving that trial counsel was either deficient
in presenting mitigation evidence or that this presentation caused
him to be prejudiced as required by Strickland. Rule 32.3, ARCrP.”
(Emphasis added). As such, the postconviction court denied the
claim.
        Freeman then appealed the denial of his Rule 32 petition to
the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals. In his brief to the Ala-
bama Court of Criminal Appeals, Freeman raised nine grounds for
reversal, including nine individual sub-claims of ineffective assis-
tance of trial counsel.10 Relevant here, Freeman merged grounds
“J” and “K” from his Rule 32 petition and argued that the postcon-
viction court erred in denying relief on his claim that trial counsel
were ineffective “for failing to investigate, develop and present
available evidence of petitioner’s background and mental health
problems in a manner that would have permitted the jury to give
such evidence mitigating effect.” Specifically, Freeman argued that
his “absence of an evidentiary presentation” in the postconviction
court was due solely to its denial of his request for funds to obtain
“expert and investigative assistance.” Freeman also argued that his
trial counsel’s decision to rely strictly on an “insanity” defense was
unreasonable and “squandered the mitigating value of the

10Among other things, Freeman argued that the postconviction court erred in
“denying [his] requests for funds necessary to develop and present the factual
bases of [his] claims” and in “excluding the affidavit of lead trial counsel, Ally
W. Howell, and the proffer of evidence submitted by petitioner.”
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18-13995                     Opinion of the Court                            27

information about [Freeman’s] background” because it “diverted
the jury’s attention and the defense’s resources” from a mitigation
case. He argued that trial counsel could have presented a substan-
tial mitigation case with the documentation available at trial along
with the assistance of experts, like a mitigation investigator, a social
worker, and a neuropsychologist, and that there existed a reasona-
ble probability that the result of the sentencing proceeding would
have been different had trial counsel done so.
       On June 17, 2005, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
issued an unpublished memorandum decision affirming the judg-
ment of the postconviction court denying Freeman’s Rule 32 peti-
tion. Freeman v. Alabama, No. CR-02-1971 (Ala. Crim. App. June
17, 2005). As an initial matter, the Alabama Court of Criminal Ap-
peals held that Freeman was not entitled to an evidentiary hearing
in the postconviction court on his claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel because “none of his allegations were pleaded with suffi-
cient specificity to satisfy the requirements in Rule 32.3 and Rule
32.6(b).”11 Id. at 15. The court also noted that Freeman had

11   Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.6(b) provides as follows:
          (b) Specificity. Each claim in the petition must contain a clear
          and specific statement of the grounds upon which relief is
          sought, including full disclosure of the factual basis of those
          grounds. A bare allegation that a constitutional right has been
          violated and mere conclusions of law shall not be sufficient to
          warrant any further proceedings.
(Emphasis added).
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28                     Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

“attempt[ed] to include more specific facts in his brief on appeal
with respect to many of his allegations of ineffective assistance of
counsel.” Id. at 15 n.8. Those facts, which the court did not specify,
were not considered by the court. Id.
       As to ground “J” and “K” of Freeman’s Rule 32 petition, the
appellate court held:
       Freeman did not allege in his petition what “available
       evidence” there was about his background or mental
       health history that his counsel did not present or what
       “manner” he believes his counsel should have pre-
       sented the unidentified evidence. Likewise, other
       than the conclusory allegation that but for counsel’s
       conduct in this regard, there was a reasonable proba-
       bility that the outcome of his trial would have been
       different, Freeman alleged no facts tending to indicate
       that he was prejudiced by counsel’s preparation for
       and conducting of the penalty phase of his trial. His
       contentions in this regard are vague and conclusory
       and wholly insufficient to satisfy his burden of plead-
       ing. Therefore, denial of these allegations of ineffec-
       tive assistance of trial counsel was proper.
Id. at 24–25 (emphasis added). The Alabama Court of Criminal Ap-
peals affirmed the judgment of the postconviction court and subse-
quently denied rehearing on July 29, 2005. The Supreme Court of
Alabama denied Freeman’s petition for writ of certiorari on Janu-
ary 20, 2006, in an unelaborated order. Ex parte Freeman, 971 So.
2d 749 (Ala. 2006) (Table). And the United States Supreme Court
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                         29

denied certiorari on June 26, 2006. Freeman v. Alabama, 548 U.S.
910 (2006).
                       C. Federal Proceedings
        On February 16, 2006, Freeman filed his § 2254 federal ha-
beas petition in the Middle District of Alabama. As ground IV for
relief, Freeman alleged that he was denied effective assistance of
trial counsel. Freeman acknowledged that he did not “fully prove
his allegations at the state court evidentiary hearing” and claimed
that the failure was due to the Alabama courts’ denial of his request
for funds to hire experts and investigators and for travel expenses
for Ally Howell to testify at the postconviction hearing. Freeman
claimed that his allegations of ineffective assistance of trial counsel
“will have evidentiary support upon a reasonable opportunity for
further fact development.”
       Relevant here, in ground IV.E, Freeman claimed that he was
denied the effective assistance of trial counsel due to “trial counsel’s
failure to investigate, develop, and present evidence of [Freeman’s]
background and mental health problems in a manner that would
have allowed the jury to give it mitigating effect.” Freeman reiter-
ated the argument he made to the Alabama Court of Criminal Ap-
peals in his postconviction appeal—that trial counsel had “squan-
dered the mitigating value of the information about [Freeman’s]
background” by using the information “exclusively on an ill-con-
ceived effort to establish that petitioner was not guilty by reason of
mental disease or defect.” Freeman repeated his argument that
with the documentation about Freeman’s life that was available at
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30                     Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

trial, and with the assistance of a mitigation investigator, a social
worker, and a neuropsychologist, trial counsel could have pre-
sented the jury with substantial evidence for mitigation. Freeman
further argued that trial counsel’s decision to rely on an “insanity
defense” was unreasonable, and diverted the jury’s attention and
the defense’s resources from “the truly compelling mitigating case
that could have been made.” But for counsel’s failure, Freeman
asserted, a reasonable probability existed that the result of sentenc-
ing would have been different.
       On May 8, 2006, the Commissioner of the Alabama Depart-
ment of Corrections (the “State”), filed an answer to Freeman’s pe-
tition. The State argued that Freeman did not raise in his Rule 32
petition his present claim that focusing on the defense of mental
disease or defect “squandered the mitigating value of the infor-
mation about [Freeman’s] background,” that, therefore, the claim
was not fairly presented to the state courts and was not exhausted,
and that dismissal to allow Freeman to raise the claim in state court
would be futile. In the alternative, the State argued that Freeman’s
one-sentence claim in his Rule 32 petition that “trial counsel failed
to present available evidence regarding [Freeman’s] background
and his mental health history to the jury in a manner which would
have allowed the jury to give this evidence mitigating effect during
the sentencing phase” was dismissed by the Alabama Court of
Criminal Appeals for failure to comply with Rules 32.3, 32.6(b), and
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18-13995                   Opinion of the Court                                31

32.7(d), and was therefore procedurally defaulted.12 With regard to
Freeman’s claims that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to
present a mitigation investigator, social worker, and neuropsy-
chologist at trial, the State argued that those claims were not fairly
presented to the state courts and therefore had not been exhausted.
And the State argued that those claims were also not raised in Free-
man’s Rule 32 petition and constituted a procedural default under
state law. Furthermore, the State asserted that, although Freeman
attempted to raise the issues in his brief before the Alabama Court
of Criminal Appeals, these arguments were not considered by the
appellate court because they were raised for the first time on ap-
peal, and are procedurally defaulted on this basis.
        The State filed its initial brief on procedural default and evi-
dentiary hearing issues on March 19, 2007. The State argued that
Freeman’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel based on fail-
ure to present evidence of his background and mental health prob-
lems was procedurally defaulted because this claim was dismissed
under an independent and adequate state procedural rule—specifi-
cally, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals rejected the claim

12 This Court has since clarified that an Alabama state court’s dismissal of a
federal constitutional claim for failure to plead a sufficient factual basis under
Rule 32.6(b) is a ruling on the merits that does not preclude federal habeas
review under the procedural-default doctrine. Borden v. Allen, 646 F.3d 785,
812 (11th Cir. 2011) (reviewing a claim dismissed pursuant to Alabama Rules
of Criminal Procedure 32.3 (burden of proof), 32.6(b) (specificity), and 32.7(d)
(summary dismissal)); Frazier v. Bouchard, 661 F.3d 519, 524–25 & n.6 (11th
Cir. 2011) (same).
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32                     Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

under Rules 32.3 and 32.6(b). The State also argued that the claim
was procedurally defaulted because it was never fairly presented in
state court. Specifically, Freeman had “add[ed] considerably to his
claim” and now alleged that his trial counsel should have hired ex-
perts. Because new legal theories and factual claims that were not
presented to the state court do not satisfy the exhaustion require-
ment, and because any state remedy at this point would be barred
on several grounds in state court, Freeman’s claim was procedur-
ally defaulted, according to the State. Finally, the State noted that,
where a federal habeas petition alleges a different legal theory or a
new factual claim with respect to an issue raised in state court, the
exhaustion requirement is not met. The State contended that Free-
man was not entitled to an evidentiary hearing on any of the pro-
cedurally defaulted claims because he had not shown cause and
prejudice to overcome the procedural defaults.
       On April 16, 2007, Freeman filed his brief on the merits and
in opposition to the State’s brief on procedural default. Freeman
argued that his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel was not
procedurally defaulted as a result of the Alabama Court of Criminal
Appeals’ invocation of Rules 32.3 and 32.6 in affirming the postcon-
viction trial court’s denial of his fourth amended rule 32 petition.
Specifically, Freeman argued that there was no procedural default
because, as applied by the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals,
Rules 32.3 and 32.6 were not independent of federal law, and did
not constitute an adequate ground for withholding merits review.
Even if the Alabama appellate court’s application of Rules 32.3 and
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18-13995               Opinion of the Court                       33

32.6 was adequate and independent, Freeman claimed the circum-
stances here constituted “cause” to overcome the resulting proce-
dural bar.
        With regard to the “additional facts” and “additional evi-
dence” that he set forth in his federal habeas petition, Freeman ar-
gued that they did not fundamentally alter his claim as set forth
before the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals and therefore did
not offend the exhaustion requirement. Freeman then proceeded
to set forth almost twenty pages of mitigation information that he
claims should have been presented at trial. Freeman claimed that
this “more extensive information” was developed in an investiga-
tion conducted for the federal habeas proceedings. This new infor-
mation was based on “witness interviews conducted by a trained
investigator and planned with the assistance of experts who had re-
viewed the record and interviewed [Freeman].” None of the new
factual allegations obtained in the investigation for the federal ha-
beas proceedings were supported by affidavit or report, or sworn
to in any way.
       Among the information gathered in the habeas investigation
was a claim that Freeman was sexually abused. It was alleged that
Freeman’s younger brother, Jimmy Terry, saw Freeman being sex-
ually abused by Thomas Smith, the husband of Freeman’s older
stepsister, Edna Smith, while they were living with her. It was fur-
ther alleged that the investigation revealed that Jimmy Terry and
Freeman were physically abused while with the Smiths. Ms.
Packer, a worker at St. Mary’s, where Freeman had been sent to
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34                     Opinion of the Court                18-13995

live at the age of nine, believed that Freeman was sexually abused
by Alexander Moore, who was the “house dad” at the group home.
Alexander Moore was the sole witness presented by trial counsel
during the penalty phase. Freeman claimed that he had “repressed
the memories of his abuse, and was therefore incapable of directing
post-conviction counsel toward that information.”
       Freeman further obtained the services of an unidentified so-
cial worker who “performed a thorough review of the records, con-
ducted interviews, and examined additional information gathered
during the investigation.” She determined that Freeman’s “entire
life had been marked by rejection, trauma, abuse, and mistreat-
ment.” The social worker determined that Freeman had a long
history of being misdiagnosed and that his “‘conduct’ problem”
was caused by sexual abuse and trauma. Freeman also retained an
unidentified neuropsychologist who “was provided with the docu-
ments contained in the record as well as the additional information
gathered through a competent investigation,” who found that
Freeman suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”)
and had shown signs of disassociation.
       Additionally, Freeman argued that his trial counsel’s mitiga-
tion preparation was deficient and “not materially distinguishable
from” that in Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510 (2003), and that he
was prejudiced as a result. Finally, Freeman sought an evidentiary
hearing in the federal habeas proceeding, arguing that he had been
denied the funds necessary to develop his claims in state court and
that the facts he alleged, if true, would entitle him to relief.
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                         35

        The State filed a brief on the merits on July 19, 2007. The
State argued that Freeman’s claims should be denied review alto-
gether, or at least “severely restricted,” because his pleadings be-
fore the federal habeas court added significant new factual allega-
tions not pleaded below, thus denying the state courts a full and
fair opportunity to decide Freeman’s constitutional claims. As
such, the new legal theories and new factual claims set forth in the
federal habeas petition should be deemed unexhausted. Addition-
ally, the State argued that the new allegations were procedurally
defaulted, as they would now be barred on several grounds in state
court. And the State asserted that federal habeas relief was fore-
closed because Freeman had not established that he was entitled to
relief pursuant to § 2254(d)(1)–(2).
        More than twelve years after Freeman filed his federal ha-
beas petition, the district court entered a 270-page Memorandum
Opinion and Order denying Freeman’s “original federal habeas
corpus petition (Doc. # 5), as supplemented by the new facts al-
leged in his brief in support (Doc. # 64)” on July 2, 2018. Before
addressing the merits of Freeman’s claim for federal habeas relief
based on ineffective assistance of trial counsel, the district court be-
gan its analysis by noting that the Alabama Court of Criminal Ap-
peals had concluded that Freeman’s ineffective assistance claims
were “bereft of any evidentiary support and lacked merit.” The
district court’s “independent examination of [Freeman’s] fourth
amended Rule 32 petition [was] consistent with [the] conclusion”
of the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals that “none of [his]
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36                         Opinion of the Court                      18-13995

ineffective assistance ‘claims were pleaded with sufficient specific-
ity to satisfy the requirements in Rule 32.3 and 32.6(b).’”
       The district court found that Freeman’s federal habeas peti-
tion presented “completely different, somewhat more factually de-
tailed” ineffective assistance claims than had been presented in Al-
abama state court. The district court further found:
       Freeman’s “new” ineffective assistance complaints
       are more factually specific than the conclusory claims
       he fairly presented to the state circuit court in his Rule
       32 proceeding. Insofar as [Freeman] presents this
       court with new ineffective assistance claims, this
       court will undertake de novo review of those claims
       consistent with 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2).[13]
The district court reasoned that “concerns of judicial economy jus-
tify the federal habeas court’s consideration and rejection on the
merits of the new claims, rather than stay and abatement to permit
the petitioner’s dilatory and useless return to state court to exhaust
state habeas remedies” where a federal habeas petitioner “as here
. . . presents meritless or even frivolous new versions of conclusory
ineffective assistance claims his state habeas court previously re-
jected on the merits.” (Emphasis added).

13Section 2254(b)(2) provides that “[a]n application for a writ of habeas corpus
may be denied on the merits, notwithstanding the failure of the applicant to
exhaust the remedies available in the courts of the State.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(b)(2) (emphasis added).
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                         37

      Consistent with this conclusion, the district court reviewed
Freeman’s claim that his trial counsel failed to investigate, develop,
and present mitigating evidence under § 2254(d) in part, and de
novo, in part.
        First, as to the claim asserted in Alabama state court, the dis-
trict court conducted review under § 2254(d), and found as follows:
       [Freeman] alleged no specific facts and presented no
       evidence to the circuit court during his Rule 32 pro-
       ceeding evidentiary hearing supporting these particu-
       lar ineffective assistance complaints. Moreover,
       [Freeman] failed to allege with any reasonable degree
       of specificity exactly what new or additional mitigat-
       ing evidence his trial counsel should have presented
       during [his] June 1996 capital murder trial. Under
       such circumstances, the circuit court’s and Alabama
       Court of Criminal Appeals’ conclusions that these
       complaints failed to satisfy either prong of the Strick-
       land standard was neither (1) contrary to, or involved
       an unreasonable application of, clearly established
       Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of
       the United States, nor (2) resulted in a decision that
       was based on an unreasonable determination of the
       facts in light of the evidence presented in [Freeman’s]
       state trial and mandamus proceedings.
      The district court then reviewed de novo what it construed
as Freeman’s “new factual allegations supporting his vague and
conclusory Wiggins complaints about unpresented mitigating evi-
dence . . . , identifying allegedly ‘new’” mitigation evidence. After
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38                     Opinion of the Court                18-13995

“thoroughly examin[ing] the entire record” from the 1996 trial, in-
cluding various state exhibits, and the testimony of Dr. Burkhart,
Dr. Renfro, and Freeman’s former childcare worker, Copeland, the
district court found that “trial counsel presented an extensive case
in mitigation,” and that “this is not a case in which defense counsel
failed to present extensive available mitigating evidence.” The dis-
trict court also found that, with two exceptions, “all of the ‘new’
mitigating evidence” Freeman identified in support of his Wiggins
claims was “either available to [his] trial counsel or actually pre-
sented” to the sentencing jury.
        With regard to Freeman’s allegations of sexual abuse, the
district court concluded that, “[o]n this record, and after independ-
ent, de novo review, the failure of [Freeman’s] June 1996 trial coun-
sel to investigate potential child sexual abuse inflicted upon [Free-
man] did not cause the performance of [his] trial counsel to fall be-
low an objective level of reasonableness.” Specifically, the district
court cited to extensive documentation of psychological evalua-
tions in the state court record as establishing “that, throughout his
developmental period, [Freeman] consistently either (1) failed to
make any allegation of sexual abuse or (2) denied any sexual con-
tact whatsoever.” Freeman did not allege that he told his trial
counsel that he had been a victim of sexual abuse. Thus, Freeman
alleged no facts and presented no evidence “establishing it was ob-
jectively unreasonable for his June 1996 trial counsel to refrain
from investing their limited time and energy in an investigation of
potential child sexual abuse inflicted upon [him].”
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18-13995               Opinion of the Court                       39

       Similarly, as to Freeman’s allegation that he suffered from
PTSD, the district court concluded that the failure of trial counsel
to investigate potentially mitigating evidence of neurological dis-
orders, including PTSD, “did not cause the performance of [Free-
man’s] trial counsel to fall below an objective level of reasonable-
ness.” None of the mental health evaluations conducted prior to
Freeman’s first trial diagnosed him with PTSD. Moreover, the
court explained:
      [T]he testimony of Dr. Burkhart, Dr. Renfro, and Dr.
      Dixon revealed a variety of mental health diagnoses,
      including Conduct Disorder, Adjustment Reaction,
      Adjustment Disorder, Borderline Personality Disor-
      der, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, and Antisocial
      Personality Disorder. [Freeman] offers no specific
      facts and no evidence showing his trial counsel were
      aware, or reasonably should have been aware, of any
      information suggesting that a neurological examina-
      tion of [Freeman] by a neuropsychologist in June 1996
      would have produced any new or different mitigating
      evidence beyond that already available to [his] de-
      fense team.
        Finally, the district court found that there was “nothing ob-
jectively unreasonable” with either “the scope of the investigation
into potentially mitigating evidence undertaken by [Freeman’s]
trial counsel” or “the manner with which [Freeman’s] trial counsel
presented their mitigating evidence through the lengthy, detailed,
testimony of Dr. Burkhart, Dr. Renfro, and Ms. Copeland (which
must be viewed in conjunction with the many detailed exhibits
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40                      Opinion of the Court                  18-13995

introduced into evidence near the conclusion of Dr. Burkhart’s tes-
timony).” The court noted that presenting the same evidence “in
anecdotal form from members of [Freeman’s] family” during the
penalty phase “might very well have undermined the theme of [his]
case in mitigating, i.e., that [Freeman] had been separated from,
and deprived of stable relationships with, his family as a child -
which led him to develop Schizotypal or Borderline Personality
Disorder.” Thus, the district court found that Freeman’s complaint
of ineffective assistance of trial counsel for failure to investigate,
develop, and present mitigating evidence, based on factual allega-
tions raised for the first time in his federal habeas corpus petition,
did not satisfy the deficient performance prong of Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
        Next, the district court found that Freeman also failed to es-
tablish the prejudice prong of the Strickland standard. The court
explained that, to the extent Freeman argued that an unidentified
social worker and an unidentified neuropsychologist could have
provided helpful testimony during the penalty phase, Freeman
failed “to identify any such expert or to proffer an affidavit, sworn
declaration, or other properly authenticated documentation show-
ing what testimony each such expert could have furnished had they
been called at [his] June 1996 capital murder trial.” And the court
noted that Freeman failed to allege any facts or evidence showing
that these witnesses were available and willing to testify at the trial.
Such conclusory allegations, the district court found, failed to sat-
isfy the prejudice prong of Strickland.
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                        41

        Likewise, the district court found that—having reviewed the
“extensive mitigating evidence” presented at trial through “[v]olu-
minous records,” and trial testimony from Dr. Renfro, Dr.
Burkhart, and Copeland—there was no reasonable probability that
the outcome of the sentencing phase would have been different
had trial counsel presented the anecdotal testimony from Free-
man’s family members or others concerning Freeman being sex-
ually abused. Freeman did not provide any affidavits or other evi-
dence showing that Freeman or anyone else was available and will-
ing to testify at the 1996 trial that Freeman was sexually abused.
Moreover, any such testimony “would have been subject to poten-
tially devastating cross-examination based upon the failure of those
same witnesses to report their suspicions of child abuse to respon-
sible law enforcement authorities or child protective services offic-
ers in a timely manner.”
       Finally, the district court found that the evidence of guilt was
overwhelming, as were the aggravating facts that Freeman com-
mitted “multiple intentional murders during the course of a bur-
glary, robbery, and rape.” The evidence was also overwhelming
that the murders were “heinous, atrocious, and cruel.”
        For all the above reasons, the district court found there was
“no reasonable probability that, but for the failure of [Freeman’s]
trial counsel to present any of the ‘new’ mitigating evidence iden-
tified in [his] pleadings in this court, the outcome of the punish-
ment phase of [Freeman’s] June 1996 capital murder trial would
have been different.” Thus, the district court concluded that (1)
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42                          Opinion of the Court                        18-13995

under de novo review, Freeman’s ineffective assistance of trial
counsel claim failed to satisfy either prong of Strickland, and (2)
under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996’s
(“AEDPA”) deferential review, the Alabama Court of Criminal Ap-
peals’ rejection on the merits of the claims made in the Rule 32
proceeding did not warrant relief pursuant to § 2254(d).
        The district court also denied Freeman’s request for an evi-
dentiary hearing for two reasons. First, even assuming the truth of
all of Freeman’s “new potentially mitigating information,” the dis-
trict court found that Freeman had not established Strickland prej-
udice. Second, Freeman failed to proffer any affidavit or sworn
declaration in support of his new evidence. The district court
found that there was “no need for an evidentiary hearing in federal
court where a federal habeas petitioner fails to proffer any evidence
he would seek to introduce at a hearing.”14

14 Indenying Freeman’s request for an evidentiary hearing, the district court
relied on several decisions from this Court. See, e.g., Jones v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t
of Corr., 834 F.3d 1299, 1320 (11th Cir. 2016) (finding that the district court did
not abuse its discretion in failing to grant petitioner an evidentiary hearing in
a habeas corpus proceeding where the only evidence petitioner presented in
federal court was bare allegations from state Rule 3.850 motion and petitioner
never submitted an affidavit in state or federal court supporting specifics of
claim; “Jones had not presented enough by way of specific factual averment
or proffer to entitle him to an evidentiary hearing on this claim.”), Hamilton
v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 793 F.3d 1261, 1266 (11th Cir. 2015) (“A § 2254
petitioner is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing if he fails to ‘proffer evi-
dence that, if true, would entitle him to relief.’” (quoting Pope v. Sec’y for
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18-13995                   Opinion of the Court                              43

       The district court ultimately denied “[a]ll relief requested in
[Freeman’s] original federal habeas corpus petition (Doc. #5), as
supplemented by the new facts alleged in his brief in support (Doc.
#64).” The district court also denied Freeman a certificate of ap-
pealability. Final judgment was entered on July 2, 2018. On July
27, 2018, Freeman filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e), which the district
court denied on August 15, 2018.
        On October 5, 2018, Freeman filed a motion for a certificate
of appealability in this Court. Relevant here, Freeman argued that
“[r]easonable jurists could disagree with the district court’s proce-
dural handling of Mr. Freeman’s substantial claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel.” Specifically, Freeman argued that: (1) even
accepting the district court’s characterization of Freeman’s ineffec-
tive assistance of trial counsel claims that differ from the ineffective
assistance of trial counsel claims presented in the Rule 32 proceed-
ing as “new” claims, the claims are procedurally defaulted, not un-
exhausted, and therefore reasonable jurists could disagree with the
district court when it disposed of Freeman’s claims under
§ 2254(b)(2) rather than under the rules of procedural default; (2)
even if Freeman’s claims are unexhausted and eligible for review

Dep’t of Corr., 680 F.3d 1271, 1291 (11th Cir. 2012))), and Chandler v.
McDonough, 471 F.3d 1360, 1363 (11th Cir. 2006) (finding that the district
court did not err in not granting an evidentiary hearing to the petitioner where
the petitioner made no proffer to the district court of any evidence that he
would seek to introduce at a hearing).
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44                     Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

under § 2254(b)(2), the district court exceeded the limits of review
by conducting de novo review instead of determining whether
Freeman raises a colorable federal claim; (3) the district court’s de
novo review was not a true de novo review because it generated
its own bases for seeing trial counsel’s errors in a light more favor-
able to the State; and (4) Freeman’s ineffective assistance of trial
counsel claims should be analyzed under the rules of procedural
default pursuant to Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012), and Tre-
vino v. Thaler, 569 U.S. 413 (2013).
        On December 2, 2019, this Court granted Freeman’s motion
for a certificate of appealability, in part, specifically with respect
only to the following claim: “Whether trial counsel provided inef-
fective assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment
to the United States Constitution when at the penalty phase of trial,
it failed to conduct a reasonable mitigation investigation and failed
to uncover and present mitigation evidence.” This appeal ensued.
                 II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW
         “When reviewing a district court’s grant or denial of habeas
relief, ‘we review questions of law and mixed questions of law and
fact de novo, and findings of fact for clear error.’” Reaves v. Sec’y,
Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 717 F.3d 886, 899 (11th Cir. 2013) (quoting
Nyland v. Moore, 216 F.3d 1264, 1266 (11th Cir. 2000)). “An inef-
fective assistance of counsel claim is a mixed question of law and
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                         45

fact subject to de novo review.” McNair v. Campbell, 416 F.3d
1291, 1297 (11th Cir. 2005).
       The issue of claim exhaustion presents a mixed question of
law and fact, and a “district court’s ultimate conclusion that a claim
is exhausted is subject to de novo review.” Fox v. Kelso, 911 F.2d
563, 568 (11th Cir. 1990). Likewise, “[w]e review a district court’s
determination as to whether a habeas petitioner is procedurally
barred from raising a claim in federal court de novo.” Kelley v.
Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 377 F.3d 1317, 1345 (11th Cir. 2004).
                          III.      ANALYSIS
        On appeal, Freeman argues that that the district court erred
in denying his federal habeas petition on his claim that his trial
counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel in their investi-
gation and presentation of mitigating evidence at the penalty phase
of his trial. Significantly, Freeman’s argument on appeal concerns
only the claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel that the dis-
trict court reviewed de novo under § 2254(b)(2) of AEDPA. Free-
man, however, does not make a separate argument addressing the
district court’s denial of relief under § 2254(d) of AEDPA.
       In response, the State argues that the district court correctly
held that the Alabama state courts’ denial of Freeman’s claim of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel was not unreasonable. The
State further argues that the district court “should have concluded
its analysis with a review of the state court’s decisions” under
§ 2254(d). Specifically, the State asserts that it was unnecessary for
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46                      Opinion of the Court                  18-13995

the district court to conduct de novo review of the “new” claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel because they were not presented
to the Alabama state courts and therefore are not exhausted—in
essence, arguing that the claims are procedurally defaulted. The
State alternatively argues that the district court’s de novo review is
sound such that its denial of Freeman’s petition should be affirmed.
But Freeman, in reply to the State’s arguments, contends that
“[t]he question of whether the District Court should have reviewed
de novo is not properly before the Court.” Freeman asserts that
our review is limited to the issue defined in the certificate of ap-
pealability, i.e., whether his trial counsel provided ineffective assis-
tance of counsel in its investigation and presentation of mitigation
evidence.
      We first address the scope of the issues specified for review
by our COA and then turn to the merits of the case.
        A. Issues specified for review in this Court’s COA
         Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(3), a COA “shall indicate
which specific issue or issues” are subject to review from a final
habeas corpus proceeding. To that end, this Court has held that
“[i]t is abundantly clear that ‘our review is restricted to the issues
specified in the certificate of appealability.’” Spencer v. Sec’y, Dep’t
of Corr., 609 F.3d 1170, 1180 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting Williams v.
Allen, 598 F.3d 778, 795 (11th Cir. 2010)). However, we will con-
strue the issue specified in the COA “in light of the pleadings and
other parts of the record.” Murray v. United States, 145 F.3d 1249,
1251 (11th Cir. 1998); see also, e.g., McClain v. Hall, 552 F.3d 1245,
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18-13995               Opinion of the Court                        47

1254 (11th Cir. 2008) (refusing to consider appellant’s claim that his
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to discover and present cer-
tain mitigating evidence where this Court granted a COA as to
whether appellant’s trial counsel “rendered ineffective assistance in
his investigation of mitigating evidence for the penalty phase of the
trial” and the specific claim was not made in appellant’s request for
a COA or in his state and federal habeas petitions). We will also
construe the COA to encompass any issue that “must be resolved
before reaching the merits” of a claim identified in the COA. San-
tos v. United States, 982 F.3d 1303, 1309 n.3 (11th Cir. 2020).
        Here, Freeman contends the State’s argument about the dis-
trict court’s de novo review of his claims that the State asserts are
unexhausted and procedurally defaulted is beyond the scope of the
COA in this case and should not be considered by this Court. But
whether Freeman’s claims are barred from federal review, and if
not, what legal standard applies, are threshold procedural issues
that must be resolved before we can reach the merits of his Sixth
Amendment claims. See McCoy v. United States, 266 F.3d 1245,
1248 n.2 (11th Cir. 2001) (resolving procedural-default and retroac-
tivity issues not specified in the COA).
       Thus, we will consider the issue of whether Freeman’s
claims that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance during
the penalty phase were exhausted or procedurally defaulted. See
id., 266 F.3d at 1248 n.2; cf. Rozzelle v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr.,
672 F.3d 1000, 1009–10 (11th Cir. 2012) (determining that a
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48                     Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

threshold issue was “[n]ecessarily subsumed” within the COA,
even though the COA did not expressly include the issue).
 B. The district court’s review of Freeman’s “new” claims under
                              § 2254(b)(2)
       Under § 2254(d), “[a]n application for a writ of habeas corpus
on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State
court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adju-
dicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudi-
cation of the claim” either “(1) resulted in a decision that was con-
trary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly estab-
lished Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the
United States,” or “(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence
presented in the State court proceeding.” But § 2254(b)(2) provides
that “[a]n application for a writ of habeas corpus may be denied on
the merits, notwithstanding the failure of the applicant to exhaust
the remedies available in the courts of the State.”
        Here, the district court reviewed some of Freeman’s claims
“de novo” under § 2254(b)(2). The court explained that Freeman
presented “completely different, somewhat more factually de-
tailed, versions of his ineffective assistance complaints aimed at the
performance of his trial counsel.” The court found that these
claims were “new” and “more factually specific than the conclu-
sory claims he fairly presented to the state circuit court.” The dis-
trict court determined that, to the extent Freeman presented new
ineffective assistance claims, it would undertake de novo review of
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                        49

the claims under § 2254(b)(2). The district court explained its rea-
sons for conducting this review:
       When, as here, a federal habeas corpus petitioner pre-
       sents meritless or even frivolous new versions of con-
       clusory ineffective assistance claims his state habeas
       court previously rejected on the merits, concerns of
       judicial economy justify the federal habeas court’s
       consideration and rejection on the merits of the new
       claims, rather than stay and abatement to permit the
       petitioner’s dilatory and useless return to state court
       to exhaust state habeas remedies on such meritless
       claims.
Because the district court characterized Freeman’s claims of inef-
fective assistance of trial counsel—to the extent they relied on
newly-presented factual allegations—as new and therefore unex-
hausted, the State argues that the district court should not have re-
viewed them de novo, but instead should have considered the new
claims procedurally barred.
       “Before a federal court may grant habeas relief to a state pris-
oner, the prisoner must exhaust his remedies in state court.” O’Sul-
livan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 842 (1999); accord Ogle v. Johnson,
488 F.3d 1364, 1368 (11th Cir. 2007) (“The habeas statute requires
applicants to exhaust all available state law remedies before filing a
federal habeas petition.”); 28 U.S.C § 2254(b)(1)(A). “Under the ex-
haustion requirement, a habeas petitioner challenging a state con-
viction must first attempt to present his claim in state court.” Har-
rington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011); see also Picard v.
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50                      Opinion of the Court                  18-13995

Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 276 (1971) (“Only if the state courts have had
the first opportunity to hear the claim sought to be vindicated in a
federal habeas proceeding does it make sense to speak of the ex-
haustion of state remedies.”). “The exhaustion requirement
springs from principles of comity, which protect the state court’s
role in the enforcement of federal law and prevent disruption of
state court proceedings.” Ward v. Hall, 592 F.3d 1144, 1156 (11th
Cir. 2010). “Consistent with the purpose of the exhaustion rule,
‘state prisoners must give the state courts one full opportunity to
resolve any constitutional issues by invoking one complete round
of the State’s established appellate review process.’” Pruitt v. Jones,
348 F.3d 1355, 1359 (11th Cir. 2003) (quoting O’Sullivan, 526 U.S.
at 845); accord Ward, 592 F.3d at 1156 (“[T]o exhaust state reme-
dies, a petitioner must fairly present every issue raised in his federal
petition to the state’s highest court, either on direct appeal or on
collateral review.”). In the context of a habeas proceeding in the
Alabama state courts, one complete round of Alabama’s estab-
lished appellate review process means that the claim must be pre-
sented on appeal to the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals and on
petition for discretionary review to the Alabama Supreme Court.
See Pruitt, 348 F.3d at 1359.
       “[O]nce the federal claim has been fairly presented to the
state courts, the exhaustion requirement is satisfied.” Picard, 404
U.S. at 275; accord McNair, 416 F.3d at 1302. “The Supreme Court
has instructed us that if ‘the substance of a federal habeas corpus
claim [was] first . . . presented to the state courts,’ ‘despite
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                        51

variations in the . . . factual allegations urged in its support,’ the
claim is exhausted.” Pope v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 680 F.3d 1271,
1286 (11th Cir. 2012) (alterations in original) (emphasis added)
(quoting Picard, 404 U.S. at 277–78). In accordance with this prin-
ciple, this Court has stated that the claims petitioners present in
their federal habeas petition are not required to be “carbon copies
of the claims they presented to the state courts.” Kelley, 377 F.3d
at 1344. Rather,
       [w]e recognize that habeas petitioners are permitted
       to clarify the arguments presented to the state courts
       on federal collateral review provided that those argu-
       ments remain unchanged in substance. . . We simply
       require that petitioners present their claims to the
       state courts such that the reasonable reader would
       understand each claim’s particular legal basis and spe-
       cific factual foundation.
Id. at 1344–45 (emphasis added); accord McNair, 416 F.3d at 1302.
And “courts should exercise flexibility in determining whether de-
fendants have met [the exhaustion] requirement.” Pope, 680 F.3d
at 1286 (quoting Cummings v. Dugger, 862 F.2d 1504, 1507 (11th
Cir. 1989)).
       With these principles in mind, we conclude that Freeman’s
claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel was exhausted in state
court. In Freeman’s fourth amended Rule 32 petition filed in Ala-
bama state court, he alleged as follows:
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52                      Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

       J. Trial counsel failed to investigate, develop and pre-
       sent available evidence in mitigation of petitioner’s
       punishment. But for counsel’s deficient performance,
       there exists a reasonable probability that the result of
       petitioner’s trial would have been different.
       K. Trial counsel failed to present available evidence
       regarding petitioner’s background and his mental
       health history to the jury in a manner which would
       have allowed the jury to give this evidence mitigating
       effect during the sentencing phase. But for counsel’s
       deficient performance, there exists a reasonable prob-
       ability that the result of petitioner’s trial would have
       been different.
       Freeman’s claim in state court did not contain any factual
allegations in support of his claim that his trial counsel were inef-
fective in failing to investigate and present “substantial evidence”
of mitigation. His allegations remained largely unchanged in his
briefing to the Alabama Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court
of Alabama.
       And Freeman’s federal habeas petition raised the same legal
(and conclusory) basis for his claim of ineffective assistance of coun-
sel as it was presented in the Alabama state courts. Freeman
claimed that his trial counsel failed “to investigate, develop, and
present evidence of [Freeman’s] background and mental health
problems in a manner that would have allowed the jury to give it
mitigating effect.” Freeman reiterated the argument he made to
the Alabama courts—that trial counsel had “squandered the
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18-13995               Opinion of the Court                       53

mitigating value of the information about [Freeman’s] back-
ground” by couching this information “almost entirely” in terms of
the “ill-conceived effort to establish that petitioner was not guilty
by reason of mental disease or defect.” He repeated his argument
that, with the documentation about Freeman’s life that was availa-
ble at trial, and with the assistance of a mitigation investigator, a
social worker, and a neuropsychologist, trial counsel could have
presented the jury with substantial evidence of mitigation. He fur-
ther argued that trial counsel’s decision to rely “strictly on an in-
sanity defense that lacked evidentiary support” was “objectively
unreasonable,” and diverted resources from the case for mitiga-
tion.
       However, when Freeman filed his district court brief on the
merits, he set forth almost twenty pages of extensive factual allega-
tions in support of his claim that his counsel were ineffective for
failure to investigate, develop, and present evidence of his back-
ground and mental health problems in a manner that would have
allowed the jury to give it mitigating effect. In that brief on the
merits, Freemen alleged mitigation information concerning abuse
and neglect he suffered while in state care from the time he was a
baby until he was eighteen years old. Freeman claimed this “more
extensive information” was developed in an investigation con-
ducted for the federal habeas proceedings. The information was
obtained only after a social worker and psychologist reviewed the
documents admitted into evidence at trial and “saw strong indica-
tions of possible sexual abuse,” and after a mitigation specialist
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54                     Opinion of the Court                18-13995

conducted interviews. None of the factual allegations were sup-
ported by affidavit or sworn to in any way, although some of the
allegations were supported by citations to the exhibits entered at
trial. Among the information gathered in the investigation was a
claim that Freeman was sexually abused. Specifically, the new fac-
tual allegations included a claim that Freeman’s brother, Jimmy
Terry, saw Freeman being sexually abused by Thomas Smith, the
husband of Freeman’s older stepsister, Edna Smith, while they
were living with her. Additionally, Ms. Packer, a worker at St.
Mary’s, believed that Freeman was sexually abused during his time
there.
       Additionally, Freeman obtained the services of an unidenti-
fied social worker who “performed a thorough review of the rec-
ords, conducted interviews, and examined additional information
gathered during the investigation.” She determined that Free-
man’s “entire life” had been marked by rejection, trauma, physical
and sexual abuse, and mistreatment. Freeman alleged that the so-
cial worker determined that “[m]any of the individuals who inter-
acted with [Freeman] were not qualified to provide proper care and
treatment, and consequently failed to identify (or perhaps to even
look for) the cause of what was labeled early on as a ‘conduct’ prob-
lem: the sexual abuse and trauma that young [Freeman] suffered.”
Freeman also retained an unidentified neuropsychologist who
“was provided with the documents contained in the record as well
as the additional information gathered through a competent
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                          55

investigation” and found that Freeman suffered from PTSD and
had shown signs of disassociation.
        Although the question of exhaustion is a closer call than it
was in Pope, as Freeman’s claim in state court did not contain any
factual allegations in support of his claim that his trial counsel were
ineffective in failing to investigate and present “substantial evi-
dence” of mitigation, we conclude that “the substance of” Free-
man’s claim was first presented to the state court, despite the “var-
iations in the . . . factual allegations urged in its support.” See Pope,
680 F.3d at 1295 (quoting Picard, 404 U.S. at 277–78). In his Rule
32 petition, Freeman claimed that his counsel “failed to present
available evidence regarding petitioner’s background and his men-
tal health history to the jury in a manner which would have al-
lowed the jury to give this evidence mitigating effect during the
sentencing phase.” At its core, this is the same legal issue that Free-
man presented to the district court in his federal habeas petition.
Cf. id. at 1287 (“Here, the failure-to-mitigate-at-sentencing claim as
pled in Pope's federal habeas petition raised the exact same legal
issue that was presented to the state court—that but for the com-
plete absence of any investigation and presentation of mitigation
evidence, there is a reasonable probability that the result of Pope's
sentencing proceeding would have been different.”). While Free-
man “certainly expanded on the topics raised earlier in state
court”—i.e., almost thirty pages of factual allegations of mitigation
information, including explicit and lengthy allegations of physical
abuse, sexual abuse, and PTSD—“we cannot ignore that they
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56                       Opinion of the Court                18-13995

involve the same issues.” See id. Ultimately, the new factual alle-
gations do not change the substance of Freeman’s claim.
        Having concluded that Freeman’s claim as to the new fac-
tual allegations was exhausted in state court, we now turn to Free-
man’s claims.
     C. Freeman’s claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel
        As an initial matter, we again recognize that the district
court conducted de novo review of and denied Freeman’s claims
relating to the new factual allegations raised in his brief on the mer-
its, instead of denying those claims as unexhausted and procedur-
ally barred, pursuant to § 2254(b)(2). See LeCroy v. Sec’y, Fla.
Dep’t of Corr., 421 F.3d 1237, 1261 & n.26 (11th Cir. 2005) (explain-
ing that a federal court may alternatively deny federal habeas relief
on an unexhausted federal claim on the merits under § 2254(b)(2),
or on the basis of a procedural bar). However, as previously noted,
we conclude that those claims were in fact exhausted. See Pope,
680 F.3d at 1287. However, for ease of reference, we divide our
discussion of Freeman’s claims into those that the district court an-
alyzed under AEDPA and those that the district court reviewed de
novo.
       1. Claims the District Court Addressed Under AEDPA
      The district court reviewed the claims that it deemed ex-
hausted pursuant to § 2254(d). Specifically, the court reviewed the
Alabama courts’ rejection on the merits of Freeman’s “highly con-
clusory versions of these same ineffective assistance complaints
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                         57

during the course of [his] Rule 32 proceedings,” and found that
Freeman “alleged no specific facts and presented no evidence to the
circuit court” in support of the claims. Additionally, the court ex-
plained Freeman “failed to allege with any reasonable degree of
specificity exactly what new or additional mitigating evidence his
trial counsel should have presented” at his trial. As such, the court
found that, under the circumstances, the Alabama courts’ conclu-
sions regarding Freeman’s claims under Strickland were neither
“contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly es-
tablished Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court” nor
“resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determi-
nation of the facts in light of the evidence presented” in Freeman’s
state court proceedings. See § 2254(d).
       On appeal, Freeman fails to make any argument that the Al-
abama Court of Criminal Appeals’ denial of Freeman’s claim of in-
effective assistance of counsel was contrary to or involved an un-
reasonable application of Strickland, or that it was based on an un-
reasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence pre-
sented in state court. Freeman’s argument on appeal is instead di-
rected toward the district court’s de novo review of claims pre-
sented for the first time in the district court—not the district court’s
§ 2254(d) review of the Alabama state courts’ decisions. Thus,
Freeman has abandoned the issue on appeal. See Atkins v. Sin-
gletary, 965 F.2d 952, 955 n.1 (11th Cir. 1992) (holding that a habeas
petitioner abandons an issue by failing to address it on appeal).
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58                     Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

        But, even if we considered the issue, Freeman is not entitled
to relief. Under § 2254(d), “the availability of federal habeas relief
is limited with respect to claims previously ‘adjudicated on the
merits’ in state-court proceedings.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 92
(quoting § 2254(d)). Here, the “last related state-court decision that
. . . provide[s] a relevant rationale,” Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct.
1188, 1192 (2018), is the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals’ un-
published memorandum decision affirming the judgment of the
postconviction court denying Freeman’s Rule 32 petition. The ap-
pellate court held that Freeman was not entitled to an evidentiary
hearing in the postconviction court on his claim of ineffective assis-
tance of counsel because “none of his allegations were pleaded
with sufficient specificity to satisfy the requirements in Rule 32.3
and Rule 32.6(b).” Freeman v. Alabama, No. CR-02-1971, at 15
(Ala. Crim. App. June 17, 2005). The appellate court further held
that:
      Freeman did not allege in his petition what “available
      evidence” there was about his background or mental
      health history that his counsel did not present or what
      “manner” he believes his counsel should have pre-
      sented the unidentified evidence. Likewise, other
      than the conclusory allegation that but for counsel’s
      conduct in this regard, there was a reasonable proba-
      bility that the outcome of his trial would have been
      different, Freeman alleged no facts tending to indicate
      that he was prejudiced by counsel’s preparation for
      and conducting of the penalty phase of his trial. His
      contentions in this regard are vague and conclusory
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18-13995               Opinion of the Court                        59

       and wholly insufficient to satisfy his burden of plead-
       ing. Therefore, denial of these allegations of ineffec-
       tive assistance of trial counsel was proper.
Id. at 24–25.
       This Court has “held repeatedly that a state court’s rejection
of a claim under Rule 32.6(b) is a ruling on the merits.” Boyd v.
Comm’r, Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 697 F.3d 1320, 1331 (11th Cir. 2012).
Because the Alabama appellate court’s decision was on the merits,
§ 2254(d) applies.
        In an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, § 2254(d)’s
terms are judged by the standard set forth in Strickland v. Wash-
ington. Harrington, 562 U.S. at 92. “To succeed on an ineffective
assistance claim under Strickland, Petitioner must show (1) that his
trial ‘counsel’s performance was deficient’ and (2) that it ‘preju-
diced [his] defense.’” Whatley v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic & Clas-
sification Ctr., 927 F.3d 1150, 1175 (11th Cir. 2019) (alteration in
original) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). And to determine
whether Freeman is entitled to habeas relief under § 2254(d), we
must ask “(1) whether the [state court] decisions were ‘contrary to,
or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Fed-
eral law, as determined’ in Strickland, or (2) whether the . . . deci-
sions were ‘based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in
light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding.’” Id.
(citations omitted). “For purposes of § 2254(d)(1), ‘an unreasona-
ble application of federal law is different from an incorrect applica-
tion of federal law.’” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 101 (quoting Williams
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60                      Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 410 (2000)). Indeed, under AEDPA, “[a]
state court must be granted a deference and latitude that are not in
operation when the case involves review under the Strickland
standard itself.” Id. The standard for habeas relief under AEDPA
is “difficult to meet,” as the Supreme Court has explained:
       [Section 2254(d)] preserves authority to issue the writ
       in cases where there is no possibility fairminded ju-
       rists could disagree that the state court’s decision con-
       flicts with this Court’s precedents. It goes no fur-
       ther. . . . As a condition for obtaining habeas corpus
       from a federal court, a state prisoner must show that
       the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented
       in federal court was so lacking in justification that
       there was an error well understood and compre-
       hended in existing law beyond any possibility for fair-
       minded disagreement.
Id. at 102–03.
       Here, Freeman’s Rule 32 petition, filed in the Alabama state
court, alleged the following:
       J. Trial counsel failed to investigate, develop and pre-
       sent available evidence in mitigation of petitioner’s
       punishment. But for counsel’s deficient performance,
       there exists a reasonable probability that the result of
       petitioner’s trial would have been different.
       K. Trial counsel failed to present available evidence
       regarding petitioner’s background and his mental
       health history to the jury in a manner which would
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18-13995               Opinion of the Court                      61

      have allowed the jury to give this evidence mitigating
      effect during the sentencing phase. But for counsel’s
      deficient performance, there exists a reasonable prob-
      ability that the result of petitioner’s trial would have
      been different.
In affirming the trial court’s denial of Freeman’s claim, the appel-
late court found that “none of his allegations were pleaded with
sufficient specificity to satisfy the requirements in Rule 32.3 and
Rule 32.6(b)” and that Freeman’s claim of prejudice was “vague
and conclusory and wholly insufficient to satisfy his burden of
pleading.” Freeman, No. CR-02-1971, at 24–25. As such, the Ala-
bama appellate court concluded that the denial of these allegations
of ineffective assistance of trial counsel was proper.
       We agree with the district court’s determination under
AEDPA that Freeman has not demonstrated the Alabama courts’
denial of his Strickland claims were “contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as de-
termined by the Supreme Court” or “resulted in a decision that was
based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the
evidence presented” in Freeman’s state court proceedings.
       Our decision in Boyd is instructive. In Boyd, Boyd’s Rule 32
petition “baldly assert[ed]” his claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel. 697 F.3d at 1332. “Taking these vague and conclusory
allegations together, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals deter-
mined that Boyd’s claim fell far short, on its face, of establishing
either Strickland’s performance or prejudice prong.” Id. This
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62                     Opinion of the Court                18-13995

Court “agree[d] with the district court that the Alabama court’s dis-
missal of this claim as facially insufficient was neither contrary to
nor an unreasonable application of Strickland.” Id. at 1333. This
Court explained that “because Boyd’s petition completely failed to
detail what mitigating evidence should have been developed, and,
failed to provide the kind of evidence that may warrant relief under
Strickland,” it could not say that the Alabama appellate court’s re-
jection of this claim was contrary to or an unreasonable application
of Strickland. Id. at 1334.
        Similarly, here, given the bald assertions in Freeman’s Rule
32 petition, it cannot be said that the Alabama Court of Criminal
Appeals’ denial of Freeman’s claim on the basis that his allegations
failed to satisfy his burden of pleading was contrary to or an unrea-
sonable application of Strickland.
      Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of these
claims.
        2. Claims the District Court Reviewed De Novo
        As explained above, we conclude that Freeman’s claim of in-
effective assistance of counsel—though based in part on factual al-
legations presented for the first time in his district court brief on
the merits—was exhausted in state court. However, because the
district court believed otherwise, it conducted de novo review as
to the claim and denied it on the merits. See § 2254(b)(2); LeCroy,
421 F.3d at 1261 n.26. Because we conclude that Freeman’s claim
as to the new factual allegations was exhausted here, we review the
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18-13995                Opinion of the Court                         63

claim under AEDPA. And, under AEDPA’s highly deferential
standard of review, we deny Freeman’s claim. See Frazier v. Bou-
chard, 661 F.3d 519, 531 (11th Cir. 2011) (“[W]here the relevant
claim implicates Strickland, our review is even more deferential.”).
        Again, to determine whether Freeman is entitled to habeas
relief, we must determine “(1) whether the [state court] decisions
were ‘contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,
clearly established Federal law, as determined’ in Strickland, or (2)
whether the . . . decisions were ‘based on an unreasonable deter-
mination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state
court proceeding.’” Whatley, 927 F.3d at 1175 (citations omitted).
Under Strickland, a convicted defendant who claims that he was
denied effective assistance of counsel is required to show that
“counsel’s performance was deficient,” i.e., “that counsel made er-
rors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’
guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” 466 U.S. at
687. Additionally, “the defendant must show that the deficient per-
formance prejudiced the defense,” which “requires showing that
counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair
trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Id. As to the Strickland defi-
ciency prong, “a person challenging a conviction must show that
‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of rea-
sonableness.’” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 104 (quoting Strickland, 466
U.S. at 688). “A court considering a claim of ineffective assistance
must apply a ‘strong presumption’ that counsel’s representation
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64                     Opinion of the Court                 18-13995

was within the ‘wide range’ of reasonable professional assistance.”
Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).
       Here, the relevant state court decision on the merits of Free-
man’s claim concluded that Freeman was not entitled to an eviden-
tiary hearing in the postconviction court on his claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel because “none of his allegations were pleaded
with sufficient specificity to satisfy the requirements in Rule 32.3
and Rule 32.6(b).” Freeman, No. CR-02-1971, at *15. In reviewing
the state court’s decision, our review is limited under AEDPA to
“whether the state court's determination that [Freeman] failed to
plead sufficient facts in his Rule 32 petition to support a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel was contrary to or an unreasonable
application of Supreme Court precedent.” Powell v. Allen, 602
F.3d 1263, 1273 (11th Cir. 2010). We therefore “look only to the
allegations in [Freeman’s] Rule 32 petition and whether those alle-
gations sufficiently state a claim for ineffective assistance of coun-
sel.” Id.; accord Borden v. Allen, 646 F.3d 785, 817 (11th Cir. 2011)
(explaining that the record under review for purposes of
§ 2254(d)(1) “is limited to the record that was before the state court
that adjudicated the claim on the merits” (quoting Cullen v. Pin-
holster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011))).
       Therefore, we must answer two questions to resolve this ha-
beas appeal: (1) whether Freeman’s Rule 32 petition “pleaded
enough specific facts that, if proven, amount to a valid penalty
phase ineffective assistance of counsel claim”; and (2) “if we answer
the first question in the affirmative, we must determine whether
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18-13995               Opinion of the Court                        65

the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals’s decision to the contrary
was unreasonable under § 2254(d).” Daniel v. Comm’r, Ala. Dep’t
of Corr., 822 F.3d 1248, 1261 (11th Cir. 2016). As noted above, be-
yond the bald assertions in Freeman’s Rule 32 petition, Freeman
failed to plead any factual allegation with sufficient specificity in
support of his claim. See Boyd, 697 F.3d at 1333–34. And while
Freeman now raises additional allegations in support of his claim,
“we do not consider such supplemental allegations . . . when re-
viewing the reasonableness of the state court’s resolution of this
claim, which was based on the allegations before it,” in accordance
with AEDPA. Powell, 602 F.3d at 1273 n.8; accord Borden, 646
F.3d at 816 (“[W]e believe that a review of a state court adjudica-
tion on the merits in light of allegations not presented to the state
court—for example, by examining additional facts or claims pre-
sented for the first time in a petitioner’s federal habeas petition—
would insufficiently respect the ‘historic and still vital relation of
mutual respect and common purpose existing between the States
and the federal courts.’” (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420,
436 (2000))).
       Accordingly, Freeman has not demonstrated, under
AEDPA, that the Alabama courts’ denial of his Strickland claims
was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,
clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme
Court” or “resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented” in his
state court proceedings.
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66                     Opinion of the Court                18-13995

                      IV.    CONCLUSION
        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s de-
nial of Freeman’s habeas petition.
      AFFIRMED.
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18-13995     JILL PRYOR, J., Concurring in the judgment                1

JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment:
        David Freeman, born into challenging circumstances and
thrust into a nightmarish childhood, committed a nightmarish
crime when he was still a teenager. There is no doubt that his lead
trial counsel abdicated many of her duties, failing, for example,
even to attend the start of the guilt phase of the trial and speaking
for fewer than four pages of transcript at the penalty phase in de-
fense of her client’s life. After Mr. Freeman’s conviction, new law-
yers filed a shell of a state postconviction petition, omitting critical
details that may have supported Mr. Freeman’s claim that his trial
counsel were ineffective in failing to investigate and present a case
in mitigation of the death penalty. In federal habeas proceedings,
Mr. Freeman has for the first time alleged the kind of mitigating
circumstances that, if true, could entitle him to habeas relief despite
the aggravated crime he committed: extreme physical abuse, sex-
ual abuse, housing instability, neglect, abandonment, severe pov-
erty, and family history of mental health problems, Mr. Freeman
included. But at this point, these allegations are, sadly, too little too
late.
        I write separately because, in my view, the majority opinion
“is too long and says too much about too many things unneces-
sarily.” Green v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 28 F.4th 1089, 1160 (11th Cir.
2022) (Jordan, J., dissenting in part and concurring in part). I aim to
be brief.
       After he was convicted and sentenced to death, Mr. Freeman
filed a petition for postconviction relief under Alabama Rule of
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2           JILL PRYOR, J., Concurring in the judgment      18-13995

Criminal Procedure 32. In his petition he alleged that his trial coun-
sel had failed to investigate and present a constitutionally adequate
case in mitigation of the death penalty. Aside from alleging that
counsel failed to unearth and present evidence of his “background”
and “mental health history,” the petition was completely devoid of
factual allegations. The Rule 32 court held an evidentiary hearing
anyway, denying relief afterward. On appeal, the Alabama Court
of Criminal Appeals concluded that the hearing had been unwar-
ranted. Mr. Freeman had failed to plead his claim with sufficient
specificity as required by Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure
32.3 and 32.6(b), so his petition should have been dismissed at the
pleading stage. I agree with the majority opinion that this decision
was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of clearly
established law under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Pen-
alty Act of 1996.
       Fast forward to federal habeas proceedings. In his merits
brief, Mr. Freeman specifically alleged, for the first time, the uni-
verse of mitigating evidence trial counsel should have uncovered
had they conducted a reasonable investigation of Mr. Freeman’s
background and mental health. The allegations—because, without
any evidence to support them, that is all they are—paint a truly
tragic portrait of Mr. Freeman’s life leading up to the crime. None-
theless, I must concur in the majority opinion’s decision to deny
him relief. These allegations were not presented to the state court,
and “the record under review [of a state court’s decision] is limited
to the record in existence at that same time, i.e., the record before
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18-13995     JILL PRYOR, J., Concurring in the judgment                 3

the state court.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181–82 (2011).
So, Mr. Freeman could not rely on new evidence (let alone mere
allegations) not in the state court record to argue that federal courts
should grant habeas relief.
        I would be remiss, however, if I failed to reiterate this: the
system failed Mr. Freeman all along the way. No one disputes that
Mr. Freeman suffered tremendously as a child and adolescent. At
age 18, he committed a horrific crime. Mr. Freeman, on trial for his
life, did not seem to get the fair shake the Constitution guarantees:
counsel who fulfilled their duty to investigate and present a case in
mitigation and the opportunity to have his ineffective assistance of
counsel allegations heard postconviction. Now, federal habeas
counsel has told us what might have been presented in mitigation
of the death penalty. If the allegations are true, it is at least conceiv-
able that a reasonable factfinder would have voted against death.
But allegations are not evidence, and now it is far too late.
       Respectfully, I concur in the judgment.