Court Opinion

ID: 9855141
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-24 06:20:07.232775+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:42.004205
License: Public Domain

Andrews, Judge.
Spivey and Stephens were involved in a one-car accident when the automobile in which both of them were riding swerved off the road into a power line pole on January 1, 1990. Spivey sued Stephens for damages resulting from the accident claiming Stephens negligently drove the car in which she was a passenger. Stephens answered claiming that Spivey was the negligent driver, and he was the passenger. The automobile at issue was insured by Safeway Insurance Company under a policy showing Spivey as the sole named insured. Safeway brought the subject declaratory judgment action against Spivey and Stephens seeking a declaration that it had no liability under the policy. Spivey moved for dismissal of the declaratory judgment action on grounds that there was no actual controversy sufficient to sustain the action. The trial court entered an order which denied the motion to dismiss, and, in effect, granted partial summary judgment, sua sponte, in favor of Safeway. The trial court ruled that regardless of whether Spivey or Stephens was the driver, Spivey was not entitled to recover under the policy for any bodily injuries or property damage she claims to have suffered as a result of the accident, and therefore Safeway had no obligation to defend Stephens, who was covered under the policy as the alleged permissive driver, against any such claims. The trial court further ruled that Safeway *776was obligated to defend Spivey against claims in the pending action apparently brought by Stephens against Spivey on the allegation that Spivey was the driver. Only Spivey appealed from the order of the trial court.
1. Although normally the interlocutory appeal procedures of OCGA § 5-6-34 (b) must be followed to take an appeal from the denial of a motion to dismiss, Spivey was entitled to a direct appeal in this case from what appears to be a final order addressing the issues raised in the petition for declaratory judgment, and granting summary judgment in favor of Safeway. Olympic Dev. Group v. American Druggists’ Ins. Co., 175 Ga. App. 425 (333 SE2d 622) (1985). Even though there was no summary judgment motion before the trial court, summary judgment may be granted, sua sponte, by the trial court to a non-moving party “provided the grant is proper in all other respects.” Howell Mill/Collier Assoc. v. Pennypacker’s, 194 Ga. App. 169, 170 (390 SE2d 257) (1990); Famble v. State Farm Ins. Co., 204 Ga. App. 332, 336 (419 SE2d 143) (1992). This means that in addition to ensuring the record supports such a judgment, the trial court must ensure that the party against whom summary judgment is rendered is given full and fair notice and opportunity to respond prior to entry of summary judgment. Id. at 336; OCGA § 9-11-56. The record does not reflect what steps, if any, were taken to provide Spivey with notice and an opportunity to respond, but since Spivey does not enumerate this as error on appeal, nor claim she was denied such notice and opportunity in the trial court, this issue has been waived. See Peppers v. Elder, 248 Ga. 136, 137 (281 SE2d 582) (1981); compare Smith v. Ticor Title Ins. Co. &c., 200 Ga. App. 534, 535 (408 SE2d 833) (1991); Smith v. Smith, 165 Ga. App. 532, 533 (301 SE2d 696) (1983).
2. There is no merit to Spivey’s claim that the trial court erroneously ruled that Safeway had no obligation to defend Spivey against any claim by Stephens. To the contrary, the trial court expressly ruled otherwise.
3. Spivey claims the trial court erred by ruling that she is precluded from recovering under her Safeway policy for any bodily injuries or property damages she suffered in the accident. Spivey was the sole named insured in the automobile liability policy at issue. She claims she was injured as a passenger, and is entitled under the policy to payment of damages caused by Stephens’ negligent operation of the car while he was driving with her permission. The policy provides that Safeway “will pay damages for bodily injury or property damages for which any covered person becomes legally responsible because of an auto accident.” Stephens was a “covered person” under the policy because he was driving with Spivey’s permission. The policy also excluded coverage “[f]or bodily injury, property damage or death sustained by any insured or any member of the family of an insured re*777siding in the same household as the insured.”
The trial court concluded that this exclusion precluded Spivey, the named insured, from any recovery under the policy. Of course, enforcing the exclusion under these circumstances may leave Spivey without insurance coverage for her damages, and would leave Stephens, the permissive driver, exposed to potential tort liability for damages suffered by Spivey, unless Stephens was otherwise covered by his own liability insurance from which Spivey could be compensated for her damages. There is no claim that tort immunity exists between Spivey and Stephens. Spivey argues that at the time of the accident, minimum liability coverage was mandated by statute in Georgia, and therefore the exclusion at issue suspending such coverage was void as against public policy. “The Georgia Supreme Court has held that compulsory insurance statutes do not prohibit exclusions per se, and that each exclusion must be individually evaluated to determine if it is against public policy. Southern Guar. Ins. Co. v. Preferred Risk Mut. Ins. Co., 257 Ga. 355, 356 (359 SE2d 665) (1987) (upholding a family exclusion clause in an automobile liability policy).” Empire Fire &c. Ins. Co. v. Dobbins, 205 Ga. App. 700, 701 (423 SE2d 396) (1992). Where enforcement of the exclusion from coverage would leave an innocent injured victim unprotected, or would result in unfair exposure of an insured to unanticipated liability, then the exclusionary clause violates public policy. Stepho v. Allstate Ins. Co., 259 Ga. 475, 476 (383 SE2d 887) (1989); Southern Guar. Ins. Co., supra at 356.
The Supreme Court in Southern Guar. Ins. Co. enforced a policy provision, excluding coverage for damages suffered by the insured, who was injured while a passenger in the car insured under the policy. The exclusion enforced in that case left the injured insured without coverage under the policy at issue, and left the permissive driver of the car with no coverage under the insured’s policy, and exposed to potential tort liability unless the permissive driver was covered by her own separate liability insurance policy. In determining whether the exclusion violated public policy by leaving an innocent injured victim unprotected, or unfairly exposed an insured to unanticipated liability, the Supreme Court concluded under the first prong that the injured insured was not an innocent unprotected victim because as a named insured she was deemed to know the contents of the policy, which included knowledge of the exclusion. Id. at 356. Although it appears the permissive driver in Southern Guar. Ins. Co. was covered under her own separate automobile liability policy, in analyzing the second prong the Supreme Court did not conclude that the permissive driver was an insured under the policy who could claim unfair exposure to unanticipated liability if no such separate secondary coverage existed. Rather, the Court focused on insureds named in the policy. *778“[N] either the named insured nor any member of the household was exposed to additional liability because of the exclusion under the facts of the case. From the standpoint of the named insured, coverage of [the permissive driver] is important only insofar as [the named insured] might be exposed to liability as owner of the car for [the permissive driver’s] accident while driving [the named insured’s] car. It is clear that under the present facts [the named insured] will suffer no such exposure.” Id. at 356. Nothing in the Supreme Court’s opinion indicates that a person covered under the policy only as a permissive driver occupies the position of an insured under the policy who may be unfairly exposed to unanticipated liability. See Clabo v. Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 202 Ga. App. 110, 114-115 (413 SE2d 476) (1991) (Andrews, J., dissenting). Neither Southeastern Fidelity Ins. Co. v. Chaney, 259 Ga. 474 (381 SE2d 747) (1989) nor Stepho u. Allstate Ins. Co., supra, which found similar exclusions violated public policy, are contrary authority, since in both of those cases the drivers who would have been left exposed to liability were named insureds under the policies.
In the present case, although the exclusion would leave Spivey, the alleged injured victim, unprotected under the policy, she is the named insured presumed to know the contents of the policy, and does not occupy the status of an innocent victim. Southern Guar. Ins. Co., supra at 356. Although the exclusion leaves Stephens without coverage under the policy, and exposed to potential liability assuming he has no insurance coverage of his own, his claim to coverage solely on the basis of being a permissive driver does not qualify him as an insured under the policy unfairly exposed to unanticipated liability. To the extent Clabo, supra, holds otherwise, it is overruled. Moreover, there is no compelling reason in this case for any public policy concern that Stephens may be unfairly exposed to liability, since he did not raise this issue in his own behalf by appealing from the trial court’s order. Since enforcing the exclusion from coverage in this case would not leave an innocent victim unprotected, nor unfairly expose an insured to unanticipated liability, there was no error in the trial court’s ruling.
4. Spivey’s third enumeration of error is unclear. It appears to state an objection to the trial court’s ruling that since Spivey is not covered under the Safeway policy, Safeway is not obligated to defend a claim by Spivey against Stephens. We find no error.
5. Lastly, Spivey contends the trial court erred by failing to grant her motion to dismiss, which was made on the basis that there was no actual controversy sufficient to sustain a petition for declaratory judgment. This enumeration was not supported in appellant’s brief by citation of authority or argument and is deemed to have been abandoned. Court of Appeals Rule 15 (c) (2).

*779
Judgment affirmed.

Birdsong, P. J., Beasley, P. J., Johnson and Smith, JJ., concur. Pope, C. J., McMurray, P. J., Cooper and Blackburn, JJ., dissent.