Court Opinion

ID: 4155355
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-24 17:12:03.934157+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:30:55.087797
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Rausenberg, 2017-Ohio-1078.]

                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                   DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO                                       JUDGES:
                                                    Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                          Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
                                                    Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
-vs-
                                                    Case No. 16CAA020007
MATTHEW D. RAUSENBERG

        Defendant-Appellant                         OPINION

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                         Appeal from the Delaware County Common
                                                 Pleas Court, Case No. 15CRI080391

JUDGMENT:                                        Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                          March 23, 2017

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                           For Defendant-Appellant

CAROL HAMILTON O'BRIEN                           TODD A. WORKMAN
Prosecuting Attorney,                            Workman Law Firm
Delaware County, Ohio                            P.O. Box 687
                                                 Delaware, Ohio 43015
By: CAROL HAMILTON O’BRIEN
KYLE E. ROHRER
140 North Sandusky St., 3rd Floor
Delaware, Ohio 43015
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                      2

Hoffman, J.

         {¶1}   Defendant-appellant Matthew D. Rausenberg appeals his convictions

entered by the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas on forty-two counts, including

gross sexual imposition, kidnapping and pandering sexually oriented material involving a

minor.1 Plaintiff-appellee is the state of Ohio.

                            STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE

         {¶2}   On March 11, 2015, Detective Jason Campbell of the Delaware County

Sheriff’s Office received a referral from the Columbus Police Department relative to the

sexual assault of a juvenile. Detective Campbell met with the juvenile on March 12, 2015.

         {¶3}   The sixteen year-old female juvenile (Jane Doe 1) stated she had been

sexually assaulted by her teacher while a student at Olentangy Arrowhead Elementary

School in Delaware County, Ohio. Jane Doe 1 told the officers the conduct continued

until 2010, as she moved through the third, fourth and fifth grades in the same school

building. On at least one occasion, the teacher used a video camera to record the

encounter. In March of 2015, Jane Doe 1 disclosed the abuse to a Young Life counselor,

a mandatory reporter, who then contacted law enforcement.

         {¶4}   At all times relevant, Appellant was a teacher at Olentangy Arrowhead

Elementary School, where he taught for thirteen years, all but the last year as a second

grade teacher. Jane Doe 1 alleged, while she was a student at Olentangy Arrowhead,

Appellant would pull her into his classroom when no one else was present. He would ask

her to sit on his lap, and read children’s books. While reading, Appellant would rub her

1
    Appellant was also convicted of school zone specifications attendant to the charges.
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                   3

body. He would unzip his pants and his penis would be exposed. Jane Doe 1 could feel

Appellant’s penis when she sat on his lap on her back. Appellant caused Jane Doe 1 to

feel his penis with her hands, and lifted up her shirt, exposing and fondling her breasts.

Appellant would place his hands down her pants and rub/feel her vagina, skin to skin.

Jane Doe 1 maintains she attempted to push his hands away or close her legs tight, but

Appellant continued. Jane Doe 1 stated the incidents would cease when the classes in

the building would change. The incidents began in 2006, while she was in second grade,

and continued through fifth grade in 2010. Appellant utilized a video camera to record the

encounter on at least one occasion.

      {¶5}   Jane Doe 1 related an incident to investigating officers wherein, while she

was in fifth grade, she took the camera utilized by Appellant from his classroom. She

wrote him a note stating she “knew what he was doing is wrong,” and she would report

him to the police, if his behavior continued. Jane Doe 1 stated, after viewing the

recordings on the camera, she recognized other juveniles who were current students at

Olentangy Arrowhead Elementary.2 Jane Doe 1 told the officers Appellant continued to

teach at Arrowhead Elementary.

      {¶6}   On March 16, 2015, Detective Campbell presented a search warrant

affidavit to a judge of the Delaware Municipal Court. Olentangy Arrowhead Elementary

School, Appellant’s place of employment, was the premises indicated in the warrant,

specifically Appellant’s classroom in the building. The search warrant affidavit averred

Jane Doe 1 recognized other girls whom she recognized as attending the school, whom

2
 Appellant retrieved the camera by visiting Jane Doe 1’s sister at her school, and
proceeding to Jane Doe 1’s residence.
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                 4

she recognized from seeing their faces on the recordings of Appellant sexually abusing

the juveniles.

       {¶7}      Detective Jason Campbell averred in the search warrant affidavit,

                 Based on my knowledge, experience, and training in child sexual

       exploitation and child pornography investigations, and the training and

       experience of other law enforcement officers with whom I have had

       discussions, there are certain characteristics common to individuals

       involved in the receipt and collection of child pornography,…

                 Based upon all of the foregoing, affiant believes and has probable

       cause to believe that the offenses described above, to wit: Rape, section

       2907.02 of the Ohio Revised Code; Pandering Sexually Oriented Material

       Involving a Minor, section 2907.322 of the Ohio Revised Code; and Illegal

       Use of Minor in Nudity-Oriented Material or Performance, section 2907.323

       of the Ohio Revised Code; Specifically, camera, camcorders, video

       recording devices, thumb drives, computers, laptops, and any other media

       or storage device which can hold, contain, capture and/or share media files;

       and any other evidence of said crimes may be located at 2385 Hollenback

       Road, Lewis Center, Delaware County, Ohio 43035, identified as Olentangy

       Arrowhead Elementary School.

       (Emphasis added.)

       {¶8}      The judge of the Delaware Municipal Court granted the search warrant,

which was executed on March 16, 2015. Upon arrival at the school, the officers found
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                     5

Appellant in his classroom, after school hours, working. The officers explained they were

executing a search warrant for his classroom. The officers then inquired of Appellant

whether he would “like to sit down and talk” to which Appellant consented. During the

search of the classroom, one IPhone 5s was located in Appellant’s classroom, a polaroid

camera, and one older IPhone 4. Appellant provided the passwords for both devices, and

consented to the search of the devices.3

       {¶9}   The Delaware County Grand Jury indicted Appellant, in Case No.

15CRI030112, on thirty-two counts, including gross sexual imposition, kidnapping and

pandering sexually oriented material involving a minor. On August 21, 2015, the State

dismissed the original indictment, reindicting Appellant on the original charges and ten

additional charges encompassing four new victims, in Case No. 15CRI080391.4

       {¶10} On November 9, 2015, the trial court conducted a hearing on Appellant’s

motions to suppress filed July 28, 2015, and July 30, 2015.

       {¶11} Via Judgment Entry of November 12, 2015, the trial court denied Appellant’s

motions to suppress.

       {¶12} The jury returned a verdict of guilty on all counts, except Count 42, on which

the jury returned a verdict of not guilty. Appellant was also found guilty as to the school

3A more complete rendition of the facts and procedural history is set forth in our analysis
and disposition of Appellant’s assignments of error
4
 For purposes of the within appeal, we find a rendition of the underlying facts relative to
the other four victims unnecessary for resolution of the appeal. Therefore, we have
summarily included only the procedural posture relative to the indictment and
reindictment herein.
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                     6

zone specifications.5 Via Judgment Entry on Verdicts entered January 26, 2016, the trial

court entered judgment of convictions as found by the jury.

       {¶13} Via Judgment Entry on Sentence entered January 28, 2016, the trial court

sentenced Appellant to a total definite sentence of seventy-six years, consecutive to an

indefinite sentence of thirty years to life.6 The trial court further designated Appellant a

Tier III child victim offender, subject to lifetime registration.

       {¶14} Appellant appeals, assigning as error:

               “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE

       DEFENDANT/APPELLANT                       WHEN               IT      DENIED

       DEFENDANT/APPELLANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS THE INDICTMENT

       AS THE STATE VIOLATED DEFENDANT/APPELLANT’S STATUTORY

       AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS TO A TIMELY TRIAL.

               “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE

       DEFENDANT/APPELLANT                       WHEN               IT      DENIED

       DEFENDANT/APPELLANT’S               MOTION TO         SUPPRESS    EVIDENCE

       OBTAINED IN VIOLATION OF HIS FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS.

               “III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE

       DEFENDANT/APPELLANT WHEN IT GRANTED A SEARCH WARRANT

       UPON IMPROPER AND STALE INFORMATION.

5
  The sexual motivation specifications on Counts 38, 40 and 42 were dismissed prior to
trial.
6 Appellant has not assigned as error the sentence imposed by the trial court herein;
therefore, for purposes of this appeal, we have summarily referred to the total sentence
imposed.
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                      7

              “IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE

       DEFENDANT/APPELLANT                    WHEN              IT          DENIED

       DEFENDANT/APPELLANT’S MOTION FOR A CHANGE OF VENUE.”

                                             I.

       {¶15} In the first assignment of error, Appellant maintains the trial court violated

his right to a speedy trial. The trial court denied Appellant’s motion to dismiss for lack of

a speedy trial via Judgment Entry of November 19, 2015.

       {¶16} Ohio Revised Code Section 2945.71 provides in pertinent part,

              (C) A person against whom a charge of felony is pending:

              ***

              (2) Shall be brought to trial within two hundred seventy days after the

       person's arrest.

              ***

              (E) For purposes of computing time under divisions (A), (B), (C)(2),

       and (D) of this section, each day during which the accused is held in jail in

       lieu of bail on the pending charge shall be counted as three days. This

       division does not apply for purposes of computing time under division (C)(1)

       of this section.

       {¶17} R.C. 2945.72 sets forth the provisions tolling the speedy trial parameters.

The statute reads:
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                8

            The time within which an accused must be brought to trial, or, in the

     case of felony, to preliminary hearing and trial, may be extended only by the

     following:

            (A) Any period during which the accused is unavailable for hearing

     or trial, by reason of other criminal proceedings against him, within or

     outside the state, by reason of his confinement in another state, or by

     reason of the pendency of extradition proceedings, provided that the

     prosecution exercises reasonable diligence to secure his availability;

            (B) Any period during which the accused is mentally incompetent to

     stand trial or during which his mental competence to stand trial is being

     determined, or any period during which the accused is physically incapable

     of standing trial;

            (C) Any period of delay necessitated by the accused's lack of

     counsel, provided that such delay is not occasioned by any lack of diligence

     in providing counsel to an indigent accused upon his request as required by

     law;

            (D) Any period of delay occasioned by the neglect or improper act of

     the accused;

            (E) Any period of delay necessitated by reason of a plea in bar or

     abatement, motion, proceeding, or action made or instituted by the accused;

            (F) Any period of delay necessitated by a removal or change of

     venue pursuant to law;
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                  9

              (G) Any period during which trial is stayed pursuant to an express

       statutory requirement, or pursuant to an order of another court competent

       to issue such order;

              (H) The period of any continuance granted on the accused's own

       motion, and the period of any reasonable continuance granted other than

       upon the accused's own motion;

              (I) Any period during which an appeal filed pursuant to section

       2945.67 of the Revised Code is pending.

       {¶18} Appellant was initially arrested and held in custody on March 16, 2015.

Therefore, the speedy trial time commenced on March 17, 2015, as the first day of arrest

is not included in the speedy trial calculation. State v. Adams, 144 Ohio St. 3d 429, 45
N.E.3d 127, 2015-Ohio-3954.

       {¶19} On March 26, 2015, and March 30, 2015, Appellant filed a motion for a bill

of particulars tolling the speedy trial time from March 26, 2015 until April 14, 2015, on

which date the bill of particulars was provided to Appellant.

       {¶20} On April 1, 2015, Appellant executed a Waiver of Time in Case No.

15CRI030112.

       {¶21} On May 6, 2015, Appellant filed a motion for a continuance of the June 2,

2015 trial date. The request tolled the speedy-trial clock from June 2, 2015, until

September 8, 2015, the date of the new trial.
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                   10

        {¶22} On July 23, 2015, the State filed a motion for continuance in order to

conduct a competency evaluation. The trial court granted the motion pending the

competency evaluation.

        {¶23} On July 28, 2015, and July 30, 2015, Appellant filed motions to suppress. A

hearing was set for August 11, 2015 on the motions, which Appellant requested be

continued due to change of trial counsel. Appellant requested the trial court continue the

hearing on the motions until his new counsel could supplement the motions to suppress.

Motions to suppress were again filed on October 27, 2015, and October 30, 2015. The

trial court rescheduled the hearing on the motions for November 9, 2015, and rescheduled

the trial date for January 19, 2016.

        {¶24} On August 21, 2015, the State filed an indictment, reindicting Appellant on

additional charges in Case No. 15CRI080391. On August 28, 2015, the State dismissed

the indictment in Case No. 15CRI030112.

        {¶25} On September 30, 2015, Appellant filed a motion for continuance due to the

retention of new trial counsel. The trial court rescheduled the trial date for January 19,

2016.

        {¶26} On October 27, 2015, Appellant filed a motion to dismiss for violation of his

right to speedy trial. The trial court denied the motion via Judgment Entry of November 9,

2015.

        {¶27} On October 30, 2015, Appellant moved the trial court to extend the time for

filing motions and memorandum
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                      11

       {¶28} On January 13, 2016, Appellant filed a motion to extend the deadline for the

filing of motions in limine, which motion was sustained by the trial court. The deadline to

file motions in limine was extended until January 14, 2016.

       {¶29} On January 15, 2016, Appellant moved the trial court for a change of venue,

citing pretrial publicity. On January 19, 2016, the State filed a memorandum in opposition,

stating the trial court had a duty of good faith to attempt to seat a jury before granting the

motion. The trial court denied the motion following the empaneling of the jury.

       {¶30} The matter proceeded to a jury trial on January 19, 2016.

       {¶31} The trial court’s November 9, 2015 entry denying the motion to dismiss finds

the waiver of speedy trial filed in Case No. 15CRI030112 did not apply to the additional

charges indicted in Case No. 15CRI 080391. We agree. When an accused waives the

right to a speedy trial as to an initial charge, the waiver is not applicable to additional

charges arising from the same set of circumstances brought subsequent to the execution

of the waiver. State v. Adams, 43 Ohio St. 3d 67 (1989).7

       {¶32} The trial court calculated Appellant’s time as follows,

7 Specifically, the trial court held, “Because I am satisfied, though, that the 270-day-
speedy-trial period has not run in this case even when I accord the defendant the
benefit of the Adams rule noted in the paragraph above, I need not consider today
whether the Baker rule- which would of course give the prosecution even more time
within which to bring this case to trial- applies.” The trial court references State v. Baker,
78 Ohio St. 3d 108 (1997), syllabus, holding “In issuing a subsequent indictment, the
state is not subject to the speedy-trial timetable of the initial indictment, when additional
criminal charges arise from facts different from the original charges, or the state did not
know of these facts at the time of the initial indictment.” The trial court noted the state
may well be able to show it did not know about at least some of the factual allegations in
the case at the time of the original indictment. For purposes of the appeal herein, we
assume, arguendo, the Baker rule is inapplicable, as did the trial court.
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                      12

            Several filings by the defendant in this case and in his earlier one

     have extended the 270-day window for his trial. ***

            In light of those various events, this much time has run on the 270-

     day period within which the defendant must be brought to trial:

            10 days (3/17/15 to 3/26/15), which covers the time from the

     defendant’s arrest in the earlier case until he filed his first request for bill of

     particulars. See State v. Adams, 2015-Ohio-3954, ¶82 n. 7 (Ohio 2015)

     (“The day of arrest does not count when computing speedy-trial time.”)

            Plus

            50 days ( 4/14/15 to 6/2/15), which covers the time between the date

     when the State responded to the defendant’s requests for a bill of particulars

     and the trial date that the defendant asked me on May 6, 2015 to continue.

            The total time elapsed on the 270-day speedy-trial clock is therefore

     60 days, which- under R.C. 2945.71(E)’s each-day-in-jail-counts-as-three-

     days provision equates to 180 days. The 270-day period within which this

     case must be brought to trial has not expired.

            No days have run on the speedy-trial clock since the original June 2,

     2015 trial date in the earlier case because the defendant’s own actions and

     his numerous requests for delays have pushed back that trial date. ***At

     every turn, the defendant has asked for delay after delay, and I have

     granted all of those requests.

     11/9/2015 Judgment Entry Denying Defendant’s 10/27/2015 Motion to Dismiss.
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                      13

       {¶33} We find, as did the trial court, Appellant’s speedy-trial time has not expired.

The trial court correctly calculated Appellant’s speedy-trial time. The trial court originally

scheduled a June 2, 2015 trial date. Upon motion of Appellant, the court rescheduled the

trial date for September 8, 2015. Therefore, no time ran from June 2, 2015 until

September 8, 2015.

       {¶34} Appellant filed motions to suppress, which were scheduled for hearing on

August 11, 2015. Appellant requested a continuance of the hearing due to new trial

counsel becoming familiar with the case and having an opportunity to supplement the

motions to suppress. Trial counsel filed supplemental motions to suppress on October

27, 2015, and October 30, 2015. As a result of the motions to suppress, the trial court

rescheduled the trial date for January 19, 2016. Therefore, no time expired from the

September 8, 2015 trial date until the rescheduled trial date of January 19, 2016.

       {¶35} We find the trial court did not err in denying Appellant’s motion to dismiss

for violation of his right to speedy trial.

       {¶36} The first assignment of error is overruled.

                                                 II.

       {¶37} Appellant’s second assignment of error challenges the trial court’s denial of

his motion to suppress statements made to law enforcement on March 16, 2015.

       {¶38} There are three methods of challenging on appeal a trial court's ruling on a

motion to suppress. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's findings of fact. In

reviewing a challenge of this nature, an appellate court must determine whether said

findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio

St.3d 19 (1982); State v. Klein, 73 Ohio App. 3d 486 (4th Dist.1991); State v. Guysinger,
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                        14

86 Ohio App. 3d 592 (4th Dist.1993). Second, an appellant may argue the trial court failed

to apply the appropriate test or correct law to the findings of fact. In that case, an appellate

court can reverse the trial court for committing an error of law. State v. Williams, 86 Ohio

App.3d 37 (4th Dist.1993). Finally, assuming the trial court's findings of fact are not

against the manifest weight of the evidence and it has properly identified the law to be

applied, an appellant may argue the trial court has incorrectly decided the ultimate or final

issue raised in the motion to suppress. When reviewing this type of claim, an appellate

court must independently determine, without deference to the trial court's conclusion,

whether the facts meet the appropriate legal standard in any given case. State v. Curry,

95 Ohio App. 3d 93 (8th Dist.1994); State v. Claytor, 85 Ohio App. 3d 623 (4th Dist.1993);

Guysinger.

       {¶39} When reviewing a trial court's decision to deny a motion to suppress

evidence, we are guided by the Ohio Supreme Court's rulings in State v. Smith (1991),

61 Ohio St. 3d 284 and State v. Fanning (1982), 1 Ohio St. 3d 19.

       {¶40} Pursuant to these cases, it is well settled law that “[a]t a suppression

hearing, the evaluation of evidence and the credibility of witnesses are issues for the trier

of fact.” Smith at 288, citing Fanning at 20. We are therefore required to accept the trial

court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence, State v.

Klein (1991), 73 Ohio App. 3d 486, 488.

       {¶41} In State v. Tucker, 81 Ohio St. 3d 431, 692 N.E.2d 171, 1998-Ohio-438, the

Ohio Supreme Court opined,

              In the course of its opinion in Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 U.S.
436, 444, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 1612, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 706, the United States
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                     15

       Supreme Court, in establishing the well-known “Miranda rules” for advising

       suspects of their rights, stated that “[b]y custodial interrogation, we mean

       questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been

       taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any

       significant way.” * * *

       {¶42} For Miranda purposes, the trial court must determine whether there is a

formal restraint or a restraint on movement associated with formal arrest. This decision

depends upon the facts of each case. State v. Warrell (1987), 41 Ohio App. 3d 286, 287,

citing California v. Beheler (1983), 463 U.S. 1121, 1125. In making this determination, the

trial court must determine how a reasonable person in the suspect's position would have

understood his position. Id., citing Berkemer v. McCarty (1984), 468 U.S. 420, 442.

       {¶43} Appellant asserts the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress

statements made to law enforcement on March 16, 2015, asserting he was in custody,

therefore the statements were not voluntary.

       {¶44} Upon execution of the search warrant herein, Detective Campbell entered

Appellant’s classroom after school hours, where Appellant was working. Campbell

informed Appellant the officers were executing a search warrant, and asked Appellant if

he had any cellular phones or other electronic devices with him. Appellant disclosed an

IPhone 5 and a “polaroid” camera. Appellant later gave officers consent to search the

phone, providing the password thereto.

       {¶45} The officers then asked Appellant if they could talk to him in the school

conference room. Specifically, the officers stated, “If it’s not a problem, we could sit down
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                     16

and talk a minute.” Detective Campbell repeatedly told Appellant he was not under arrest,

and did not anticipate his arrest that day. The officer told Appellant his cooperation was

voluntary, and Appellant was not threatened or coerced.

       {¶46} During the interview, Appellant was asked if he had any other electronic

devices or cell phones in the class, and if he had a problem with the officers searching

the items. Appellant indicated he did not have a problem with the search. During the

search of Appellant’s classroom, a second, older iPhone 4 device was located. The

officers inquired of Appellant regarding the phone, and Appellant again provided the

password for the IPhone 4. Suppression Hearing Tr. at 14-17.

       {¶47} Following the interview Appellant was taken into custody, and read his

Miranda rights.

       {¶48} We note, upon review of the audio recording introduced at the suppression

hearing [State’s Exhibit Suppression Hearing 1], Appellant did not try to stop the interview

or ask for an attorney. Appellant was repeatedly told he was not under arrest.         The

interview was voluntary, and not coerced by law enforcement. Accordingly, Appellant

was not in custody during the interview. Appellant willingly walked with the officers to the

conference room. His ability to leave the room was not impeded, despite the officer’s

statement they would need to follow him if he left the conference room due to the

execution of the search warrant, for fear of tampering with evidence or destruction of

evidence. Appellant did not ask for an attorney, nor did he ask to cease the interview.

       {¶49} We find a reasonable person, under the circumstances presented, would

have felt free to terminate the interview and leave the conference room.
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                    17

       {¶50} The trial court did not err in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress

statements made to law enforcement during the interview on March 16, 2015

                                                III.

       {¶51} In the third assignment of error, Appellant argues the trial court erred in

denying his motion to suppress the affidavit and search warrant executed on March 16,

2015. Appellant maintains the search warrant affidavit presented by Detective Campbell

contained stale information and failed to explain Detective Campbell’s qualifications.

       {¶52} Detective Campbell averred in the affidavit he was a Detective with the

Delaware County Sheriff’s Office. He described in detail the information obtained from

Jane Doe 1, her sister and her mother. He noted he possessed “experience and training”

in “child sexual exploitation and child pornography investigations.”

       {¶53} In State v. Haynes, 25 Ohio St. 2d 264 (1971), the Ohio Supreme Court held,

              Those cases, taken together, require that the issuing magistrate be

       given sufficient information to allow him, as a neutral and detached officer,

       to make an independent judgment that probable cause exists to warrant the

       belief that the contraband is on the premises sought to be searched. Where

       the affidavit upon which the warrant is to be issued is based upon hearsay

       information obtained from an informant, such affidavit, if that is all that is

       before the magistrate, must show two things: First, the underlying

       circumstances which will enable the magistrate to independently judge the

       validity of the informant's conclusion that the [evidence would be] on the

       premises; second, sufficient information to show that the informant was
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                 18

     credible or his information was reliable. Ventresca, supra, [citation omitted]

     points out, however, that in determining such matters the courts should not

     be hypertechnical, but should use common sense.

            ***

            In determining the reliability of the information, the magistrate must

     consider the facts presented to him, and if such facts would cause a

     reasonable man to believe there are grounds for believing that the

     [evidence] is on the premises sought to be searched, he is justified in

     believing in the reliability of the informant. It must be remembered that the

     probable cause necessary to justify the issuance or a search warrant

     requires less facts than are necessary for conviction, and the amount and

     method of proof is less strict. Jones v. United States (1960), 362 U.S. 257,

     80 S. Ct. 725, 4 L. Ed. 2d 697.

            In this type of case, the court is concerned with probable cause, not

     certainty, and this extends to the determination of the reliability of the

     informer. It is not necessary to show incontrovertible proof that the informer

     is reliable, but only that such information would cause a neutral and

     detached officer to believe there is sufficient substance to the statement to

     justify a search of the premises.

     The Ohio Supreme Court held in State v. George, 45 Ohio St. 3d 325, 544 N.E.2d
640 (1989).
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                      19

      {¶54} The totality-of-the-circumstances test of Illinois v. Gates, supra, is concisely

set forth in that decision at 238–239, 103 S. Ct. at 2332:

             “ * * * The task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical,

      common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in

      the affidavit before him, including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’ of

      persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that

      contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place. And

      the duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a

      ‘substantial basis for * * * conclud[ing]’ that probable cause existed. Jones

      v. United States, 362 U.S. at 271[, 80 S. Ct. 725, 736, 4 L. Ed. 2d 697]. * * * ”

             The Gates decision provides considerable elaboration as to the “fair

      probability” standard applicable to the magistrate's probable cause

      determination. We find the following passage particularly instructive:

             “ * * * ‘[T]he term “probable cause,” according to its usual acceptation,

      means less than evidence which would justify condemnation * * *. It imports

      a seizure made under circumstances which warrant suspicion’ [quoting from

      Locke v. United States (1813), 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 339, 348, 3 L. Ed. 364].

      More recently, we said that ‘the quanta * * * of proof’ appropriate in ordinary

      judicial proceedings are inapplicable to the decision to issue a warrant.

      Brinegar, 338 U.S., at 173, 69 S.Ct. at 1309. Finely tuned standards such

      as proof beyond a reasonable doubt or by a preponderance of the evidence,

      useful in formal trials, have no place in the magistrate's decision. * * * [I]t is

      clear that ‘only the probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                    20

      activity is the standard of probable cause.’ Spinelli, 393 U.S., at 419[, 89

      S.Ct. at 590–591]. See Model Code of Pre–Arraignment Procedure §

      210.1(7) (Prop. Off. Draft 1972); 1 W. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 3.2(e)

      (1978).” (Emphasis added.) Illinois v. Gates, supra, at 235, 103 S. Ct. at

      2330.

              It is also important to note that the totality-of-the-circumstances

      analysis of Gates not only addresses the original probable cause

      determination of the magistrate but carefully limits the role of a reviewing

      court as well to that of simply “ * * * ensur[ing] that the magistrate had a

      ‘substantial basis for * * * concluding’ that probable cause existed. * * *” Id.

      at 238–239, 103 S. Ct. at 2332. In this regard, we find the following language

      especially pertinent to the case before us:

              “* * * [W]e have repeatedly said that after-the-fact scrutiny by courts

      of the sufficiency of an affidavit should not take the form of de novo review.

      A magistrate's ‘determination of probable cause should be paid great

      deference by reviewing courts.’ Spinelli, supra, at 419[, 89 S.Ct. at 591]. * *

      *” Gates, supra, at 236, 103 S. Ct. at 2331.

      George, 45 Ohio St. 3d 325.

      {¶55} A reasonable judge would not have doubted Detective Campbell’s

credibility. A search warrant affidavit should be judged “on the adequacy of what it does

contain, not on what it lacks, or on what a critic might say should have been added.”

United States v. Brown, 801 F.3d 679, 687 (6th Cir. 2015).
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                    21

     {¶56}    We find the search warrant affidavit presented herein established the

requisite “fair probability” evidence of a crime would be found in the defendant’s

classroom. Probable cause is defined as reasonable grounds for belief, supported by less

than prima facie proof, but more than suspicion, and is said to exist when there is fair

probability, given the totality of the circumstances, contraband or evidence of a crime will

be found in a particular place. United States v. Howard, 621 F.3d 433, 453 (6th Cir. 2010.)

     {¶57}    The affidavit explained the allegations made by Jane Doe 1. Additionally,

Detective Campbell averred his experience and training taught him persons who collect

child pornography “typically retain” recordings and other forms of pornography for many

years and in places “close by.” He also stated the recordings can be recovered from some

electronic devices months or years after the information is deleted. In total, we find the

facts establish a fair probability evidence of a crime would be found in Appellant’s

classroom.

     {¶58}    The search warrant gave the officers authority to search for computers and

“any other evidence” related to the commission of the offenses. The warrant included

“storage devices” as well as “communication devices.”

     {¶59}    In addition, during his interview at the school with Detective Campbell,

Appellant consented to the search of his current and old cell phone. The search warrant

provided for search of cameras, camcorders, video recording devices, thumb drives,

computers, laptops, and any other media or storage device which can hold, contain,

capture and/or share media files; and any other evidence of said crimes may be located

at 2385 Hollenback Road, Lewis Center, Delaware County, Ohio 43035.
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                       22

     {¶60}     We find the trial court did not error in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress

the search warrant herein. The third assignment of error is overruled.

                                                    IV.

     {¶61}     Appellant’s fourth assignment of error maintains the trial court erred in

denying his motion for change of venue, which motion was filed prior to trial. We note,

Appellant did not renew his motion for change of venue following the empaneling of the

jury herein.

     {¶62}     Prior to trial and the commencement of voir dire, the trial court stated on the

record,

               We also have in the file a Motion for Change of Venue that was filed

       by the Defendant a few days ago. The prosecutor has responded to that

       this morning and I trust we’re probably all in agreement that until we begin

       the voir dire process this morning, none of us knows the extent to which

       pretrial publicity may make it difficult to seat a jury, so I’ll certainly keep an

       open mind about that issue and see what we learn here over the next couple

       of hours from potential jurors, but certainly the Motion for Change of Venue

       is here in the file and I can address that during and after jury selection today.

     Vol I. Trial transcript, at 16-17.

     {¶63}     Following the empaneling of the jury, the trial court stated on the record its

denial of Appellant’s motion for change of venue. The trial court indicated it was satisfied
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                                     23

a fair and impartial jury was empaneled. Appellant did not then renew his motion for

change of venue or object to the trial court’s ruling.

     {¶64}    During voir dire, the trial court inquired of the potential juror panel whether

anyone had read or heard anything about the case. Seven of the potential jurors who

were eventually empaneled indicated they had heard or read something about the case

previously. However, each, in turn, indicated they did not harbor bias, and would be able

to serve as a fair and impartial juror. The remaining eight potential jurors who were seated

did not indicate they had heard or read anything about the case prior to service. However,

of the eight, four testified on voir dire they would be able to serve as fair and impartial

jurors. The remaining three did not indicate a bias when questioned during voir dire, and

remained silent when asked whether they had knowledge of any pretrial publicity.

     {¶65}    The trial court dismissed two potential jurors for cause due to bias. The

State exercised two peremptory challenges of potential jurors, and Appellant exercised

one. The trial court then found a fair and impartial jury had been empaneled.

     {¶66}    We do not find the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion for change

of venue as Appellant has not demonstrated error in the trial court’s determination a fair

and impartial jury was empaneled, nor has Appellant demonstrated prejudice with regard

to the trial court’s determination.

     {¶67}    The fourth assignment of error is overruled.
Delaware County, Case No. 16CAA020007                                         24

     {¶68}   The judgment entered by the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas is

affirmed.

By: Hoffman, J.

Gwin, P.J. and

Baldwin, J. concur