Court Opinion

ID: 2748727
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-06 19:06:06.230814+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:16:42.998404
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

THE NORTH RIVER INSURANCE §
COMPANY,                  §
                          §
         Plaintiff Below, §
         Appellant,       §                            No. 8, 2014
                          §
     v.                   §                            Court Below:
                          §
MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES    §                            Court of Chancery
COMPANY,                  §                            of the State of Delaware
                          §
         Defendant Below, §                            C.A. No. 8456-VCG
         Appellee.        §

                                Submitted: September 17, 2014
                                 Decided: November 6, 2014

Before STRINE, Chief Justice, HOLLAND, RIDGELY, and VALIHURA,
Justices and DAVIS, Judge∗ constituting the Court en Banc.

Upon appeal from the Court of Chancery. AFFIRMED.

Peter B. Ladig, Esquire, Jason C. Jowers, Esquire, David J. Soldo, Esquire, Morris
James LLP, Wilmington, Delaware for Appellant.

Of Counsel: Alan S. Miller, Esquire (argued), Bridget M. Gillespie, Esquire,
Picadio Sneath Miller & Norton, P.C., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Brian C. Ralston, Esquire, Jennifer C. Wasson, Esquire, Michael B. Rush, Esquire,
Potter Anderson & Corroon LLP, Wilmington, Delaware for Appellee.

Of Counsel: Mark A. Packman, Esquire (argued), Gabriel Le Chevallier, Esquire,
Jenna A. Hudson, Esquire, Katrina F. Johnson, Esquire, Gilbert LLP, Washington,
D.C.

VALIHURA, Justice:

∗
    Sitting by designation pursuant to Del. Const. Art. IV §12.
       In this appeal, appellant North River Insurance Company (“North River”)

challenges the Court of Chancery’s denial of its request for permanent injunctive

relief. This multi-forum litigation concerns policies issued by North River to a

safety products company, Mine Safety Appliances Company (“MSA”). North

River issued thirteen policies to MSA covering periods from August 28, 1972

through April 1, 1986. 1 MSA is defending against thousands of personal injury

claims allegedly caused by defects in its mine safety equipment. MSA seeks

coverage under North River’s policies as well as from several other insurers. The

critical question of whether North River’s coverage under these policies is

“triggered” -- a matter of Pennsylvania law -- is being litigated, along with its

claims against other insurers, in federal and state courts in Pennsylvania, the

Delaware Superior Court and in certain later-filed cases in West Virginia.

       North River requested that the Court of Chancery permanently enjoin MSA

from prosecuting the later-filed claims in West Virginia and from assigning to any

tort claimants the right to recover under any insurance policy issued by North

River to MSA. During the course of this appeal, North River narrowed its focus to

the assignment issue. For the reasons stated herein, we AFFIRM.

1
 North River policies provide coverage only for personal injuries occurring during the policy
period. Thus, the coverage disputes are over the question of when the injury, sickness and/or
disease is deemed to have occurred.

                                               2
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       North River is a liability insurer incorporated in New Jersey. MSA, a

Pennsylvania corporation, manufactures a variety of safety products including air-

purifying respirators worn in various industrial environments. MSA and North

River have been battling over the applicability of certain North River excess

insurance policies in a number of jurisdictions including first in Pennsylvania, then

in Delaware, and most recently in West Virginia. A summary of the litigations is

helpful to our resolution of this appeal.

       A. The Pennsylvania Actions

               i.    The Pennsylvania Federal Action

       On March 20, 2009, MSA sued North River for breach of contract in the

United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (the

“Pennsylvania Federal Action”).2 MSA sought a judgment that in accordance with

Policy No. JU 1225, North River has a duty to both defend and indemnify MSA for

thousands of asbestosis, silicosis and coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (“CWP”)

claims filed against MSA. 3 Subsequently, North River filed a counterclaim

seeking declaratory relief regarding the parties’ rights and responsibilities under

that policy.
2
 Compl., Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. N. River Ins. Co., C.A. No. 2:05-MC-02025 (W.D. Pa.
Mar. 20, 2009) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A80).
3
 State ex rel. N. River Ins. Co. v. Chafin, 758 S.E.2d 109, 112 (W. Va. 2014) (App. to
Appellee’s Answering Br. at B95).

                                               3
            ii.   The Pennsylvania State Actions

       On April 9, 2010, North River filed an action for declaratory relief against

MSA and other insurers in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County (the

“Pennsylvania State Action,”4 and collectively with the Pennsylvania Federal

Action, the “Pennsylvania Actions”). In the Pennsylvania State Action, North

River seeks a declaration of the parties’ rights under three excess insurance

policies -- namely, JU0830, JU0988, and JU1123 -- including whether the claims

of MSA customers relate to injuries that were caused during the applicable

effective dates of the policies. MSA filed an answer, counterclaim and cross-

claims asserting that North River failed to honor the contract and acted in bad faith.

       In November 2010, a federal judge authorized the use of a special discovery

master to coordinate discovery in the Pennsylvania Actions. MSA conducted

extensive discovery in the Pennsylvania Actions and filed cross-claims for

summary judgment. At issue was the appropriate “trigger” for coverage. Oral

argument was held on the motions on March 12, 2013.

       B. The Delaware Superior Court Action

       On June 26, 2010, while the Pennsylvania Actions remained pending, MSA

sued multiple insurers, including North River, in the Delaware Superior Court (the

“Delaware Action”) seeking a declaration that those insurers must defend and
4
 See Compl. Declaratory Relief, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. G.D.
10-7432 (Pa. Ct. Com. Pl. Apr. 9, 2010) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A98).

                                              4
indemnify MSA in accordance with various insurance policies -- some of which

are at issue in the Pennsylvania Actions. 5 The policies at issue include Policy No.

JU 1319, which is also at issue in the West Virginia litigation. 6

       On January 24, 2011, the Delaware Superior Court granted North River’s

motion to stay the proceedings as to all parties in favor of the pending

Pennsylvania Actions. 7 Thereafter, several motions to lift the stay were filed. 8

Following a hearing held on March 22, 2013, the Delaware Superior Court lifted

the stay as to those North River policies that were not implicated by the

5
  MSA seeks a declaration of the rights and obligations of 31 defendants concerning 125
insurance policies.
6
 Id. Specifically, the North River policies at issue in the Delaware action are: JU0010; JU
0139; JU 0157; JU 0158; JU 0171; JU 0653; JU 0830 (subject of the Pennsylvania State Action);
JU 0988 (subject of the Pennsylvania State Action); JU 1123 (subject of the Pennsylvania State
Action); JU 1225 (subject of the Pennsylvania Federal Action); JU 1319; 522-051840-9; and
XS2526. App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A289-90.
7
 Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. AIU Ins. Co., 2011 WL 300252, at * 8 (Del. Super. Jan. 24,
2011), interlocutory appeal refused, 2011 WL 743050 (Del. Mar. 3, 2011).
8
  On September 16, 2011, MSA filed a motion to lift the stay in the Delaware Action for
discovery purposes for all defendants other than North River and one other defendant. This
motion was denied on October 11, 2011. On January 24, 2012, MSA filed a second motion
seeking to lift the stay for discovery purposes as to all parties. On April 18, 2012, the Delaware
Superior Court granted in part MSA’s second lift-stay motion, permitting discovery to proceed as
to all defendants except for the insurer parties in the Pennsylvania Actions, North River and one
other party. Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. AIU Ins. Co., C.A. No. N10C-07-241 (Del. Super.
Apr. 18, 2012) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A408-10). MSA then commenced discovery
into the umbrella policy immediately underlying Policy JU 1319 and as to which several other
insurer defendants are excess. See Mot. for Granting Comm’n, Notice Dep., Mine Safety
Appliances Co. v. AIU Ins. Co., C.A. No. N10C-07-241 (Del. Super. Oct. 24, 2012) (App. to
Appellant’s Opening Br. at A433-37, A440-52). On February 20, 2013, North River filed a
motion to lift the stay as to all North River policies -- including JU 1319 -- except those at issue
in the Pennsylvania Actions (JU 1225, JU 0830, JU 0988 and JU 1123). Mot. Lift Stay, Mine
Safety Appliances Co. v. AIU Ins. Co., C.A. No. N10C-07-241 (Del. Super. Feb. 20, 2013) (App.
to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A564-72).

                                                 5
Pennsylvania Actions, including Policy JU 1319, in order to allow North River to

participate in depositions. 9 On November 26, 2013, MSA again moved to lift the

stay as to North River. On February 25, 2014, the Delaware Superior Court

approved a stipulated order lifting the stay as to North River with certain

conditions, including prohibiting the parties from filing summary judgment

motions on issues joined in the summary judgment motions in the Pennsylvania

Actions. Argument was held on the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment

in the Pennsylvania Actions on March 12, 2013.

         C. The West Virginia Actions

         Various actions have been filed by plaintiffs who reside in West Virginia

(the “West Virginia Actions”). North River contends that these lawsuits were

“engineered” by MSA as a result of MSA’s disenchantment with certain of the

Delaware Superior Court’s rulings. 10 The West Virginia plaintiffs have availed

themselves of West Virginia’s Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act, which allows

a personal injury plaintiff to bring a declaratory action against the tort defendant’s

insurer.11 This statute permits such an action without the plaintiff first obtaining a

9
 Hr’g Tr. at 69-72, Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. AUI Ins. Co., C.A. No. 10C-07-241 (Del.
Super. Mar. 22, 2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A663).
10
  Appellant’s Opening Brief at 10 (stating that “MSA decided to make an end run around Judge
Johnston’s decisions” and “engineered a ‘dispute’ in a brand new jurisdiction -- West Virginia”).
11
     See W. Va. Code § 55-13-1 (2008).

                                                6
judgment or assignment from the tort defendant where that defendant has denied

coverage.12 Several actions were filed pursuant to this statute.

               i.   The Moore Action

         The first such action was filed on March 8, 2010, by Norman and Lisa

Moore. The Moores sued MSA in the Circuit Court of Wyoming County, West

Virginia (the “Circuit Court”), alleging that Norman Moore had developed CWP

because of allegedly hidden defects and inadequate warnings provided with certain

MSA respirators.13 The Moores and MSA agreed to a confidential settlement in

May 2012, which included an assignment of North River Policy JU 1319 and a

release of MSA from liability. That settlement involved a combination of cash and

an insurance assignment. On May 24, 2012, the Moores filed an amended and

supplemental complaint seeking a declaration that North River must provide

coverage under Policy JU 1319 and an order enforcing the settlement and requiring

North River to pay plaintiffs the amount of proceeds assigned to them by MSA.

Thereafter, on May 31, 2012, MSA asserted cross-claims against North River

seeking a declaration that JU 1319 covers the Moores’ claims. MSA also sought

compensatory damages for the amounts it incurred in the settlement and in

12
   Robinson v. Cabell Huntington Hosp., Inc., 498 S.E.2d 27 (W. Va. 1997) (finding injured
plaintiff may bring declaratory judgment action against defendant’s insurance carrier to
determine if there is policy coverage before obtaining judgment against defendant in personal
injury action where defendant’s insurer has denied coverage); Christian v. Sizemore, 383 S.E.2d
810 (W. Va. 1989).
13
     Moore v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-35 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Mar. 8, 2010).

                                                 7
defending the Moores’ claims. After North River’s motion to stay the action in

favor of the Pennsylvania Actions was denied, North River settled with the

Moores. The Circuit Court also denied North River’s motion to dismiss or stay

MSA’s cross-claims. The parties subsequently agreed to stay the case. 14

               ii.   The Lambert Action

          On April 19, 2010, Plaintiff Jill A. Lambert, individually and as

administrator of the estate of her deceased husband, Carlos G. Lambert, filed a tort

action against MSA and others in the Circuit Court.15 She alleged that her husband

developed CWP and died because the respirator manufactured and sold by MSA

leaked substantial amounts of harmful coal dust and failed to protect him. Mr.

Lambert worked as a coal miner in West Virginia from 1969 to 2002. He

developed advanced lung disease and died at the age of fifty-nine following a

double lung transplant. 16

14
   The Vice Chancellor correctly observed that this action “would present the strongest case for
injunctive relief” since both North River and MSA settled with the tort plaintiffs and were the
only remaining parties in the case. N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 2013 WL
6713229, at *9 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2013).
15
  Compl. Injunctive Relief at ¶ 34, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No.
8456-VCG, 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch. Apr. 4, 2013); Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 111 (App. to
Appellee’s Answering Br. at B11, B92).
16
     Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 111.

                                                8
              iii.   The Persinger Action

           On April 14, 2011, Plaintiffs Eddie D. Persinger and Teresa Diane Persinger

sued MSA and others in the Circuit Court and raised similar tort claims. 17

Mr. Persinger worked as a coal miner in West Virginia from 1972 to 2007. He

developed CWP. Mrs. Persinger filed an amended and supplemental complaint

after Mr. Persinger died due to complications from lung disease. 18

               iv.   The Confidential Settlements and Assignment of Rights

           After years of litigation, and without admitting liability, MSA settled with

Plaintiffs Lambert and Persinger. 19 Under confidential settlements, MSA paid the

plaintiffs a sum certain and assigned them the right to recover the remainder of the

settlement amount under an insurance policy that North River issued to MSA,

Policy No. JU 1319. 20

17
     Id.
18
     Id.
19
     App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A520-27, A536-46.
20
   Id. MSA also expressly assigned to Persinger and Lambert “the causes of action, choses in
action, and other rights to pursue and receive proceeds totaling the Assignment Amount that
Mine Safety . . . would otherwise have under the Insurance Policy.” Am. Compl. Declaratory J.
& Enforce Settlement, Ex. B at 8, Persinger v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 11-C-45
(W. Va. Cir. Ct. Feb. 20, 2013); Am. Compl. Declaratory J. & Enforce Settlement, Ex. B at 8,
Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-69 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Feb 20, 2013) (App.
to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A526, A542). Policy No. JU 1319 is an excess insurance policy
for the single year 1984-85 issued by North River to MSA. A fourth action was filed by Linda
McVey (the “McVey Action”) in August 2013. See First Amended and Supplemental Compl.,
McVey v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-70 (W. Va. Cir Ct. Aug. 20, 2013) (App.
to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A665-72). In this action, MSA assigned rights under Policy JU
1319 in a settlement of this action.

                                               9
           After settling with MSA, the West Virginia plaintiffs amended their

complaints in February 2013 to add cross-claims against North River. These

amended claims seek a declaratory judgment concerning North River’s obligation

to provide insurance coverage for MSA’s liability to the tort plaintiffs and an order

requiring North River to pay the remainder of the settlement amounts. 21 MSA then

filed cross-claims against North River. In its cross-claims, MSA seeks a

declaratory judgment regarding North River’s obligation to pay for the plaintiffs’

claims and damages for North River’s alleged breach of the contract of insurance

issued to MSA. 22 Oral argument was held on the parties’ motions for summary

judgment in March 2013.23 North River filed a motion to dismiss, or, in the

alternative, to stay the Lambert and Persinger actions until the coverage actions in

Pennsylvania and Delaware are resolved. 24 The Circuit Court denied the motions

to dismiss or stay in an order entered September 4, 2013.25 In denying the

motions, the Circuit Court stated that “the State of West Virginia has a strong

21
     The declaratory judgment sought was pursuant to West Virginia Code § 55-13-1 (2008).
22
  Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 111 (App. to Appellee’s Answering Brief at B94). At a status
conference held in June 2013, the Lambert and Persinger actions were consolidated for pre-trial
purposes and were set for back-to-back trials to commence in April 2014. Id.
23
     Id. at 112.
24
     Id.
25
  Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. Nos. 11-C-69, 11-C-45 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Sept. 4,
2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A681-88).

                                               10
interest in the cases and in seeing that its citizens (the plaintiffs) have access to the

judicial system.” 26

          D. The Delaware Court of Chancery Action

          Seeking some relief from the multiplicity of lawsuits, on April 4, 2013,

North River filed a Verified Complaint in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the

“Chancery Action”). 27 In the Chancery Action, North River sought a permanent

injunction preventing MSA from prosecuting its later-filed claims in West Virginia

as well as from assigning to any tort claimants rights to recover any portion of a

settlement under any insurance policy issued by North River to MSA. North River

also sought to prevent MSA from assisting any tort claimants, absent a court order,

in prosecuting claims against North River, and from prosecuting any claims for

coverage under any North River policy, other than those actions pending in

Pennsylvania and Delaware. North River argued that, absent injunctive relief, it

faces the irreparable harm of inconsistent judgments.

26
     Id. (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A683).
27
   In its Answer in the Chancery Action, MSA admitted that, “the trigger of coverage applicable
to coal dust claims is already the subject of the Pa. Actions, is now the subject of cross motions
for summary judgment in the Del. Actions, and is an issue of Pennsylvania substantive law.”
Answer at 15, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 8456-VCG (Del. Ch.
May 3, 2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A26).

                                                 11
       The following chart illustrates the policies at issue in the various actions:

North River      Start Date       End Date         Pennsylvania Delaware             West
Policy                                             Actions      Superior             Virginia
                                                                Court Action         Actions
JU 0010          3/30/1973        4/1/1976                           X
JU 0139          1/1/1976         4/1/1978                           X
JU 0157          4/1/1976         4/1/1979                           X
JU 0158          4/1/1976         4/1/1979                           X
JU 0171          4/1/1976         4/1/1979                           X
JU 0653          4/1/1979         4/1/1980                           X
JU 0830          4/1/1980         4/1/1981              X            X
JU 0988          4/1/1981         4/1/1982              X            X
JU 1123          4/1/1982         4/1/1983              X            X
JU 1225          41/1983          4/1/1984              X            X
JU 1319          4/1/1984         4/1/1985                           X                     X
522 051840 9     4/1/1985         4/1/1986                           X
XS2526           8/28/1972        4/1/1976                           X

       The Court of Chancery heard argument on the parties’ cross-motions on

June 25, 2013. At argument, the Court stayed the case pending the Circuit Court’s

consideration of North River’s motion to dismiss or stay the Persinger and

Lambert actions. Following briefing and oral argument in the Chancery Action, as

noted above, the Circuit Court denied North River’s motion to dismiss or stay the

Persinger and Lambert actions on September 4, 2013. At a status conference held

on September 11, 2013, the Vice Chancellor requested supplemental memoranda

on: (i) the effect of the West Virginia decision in Christian v. Sizemore28 and (ii)

28
   383 S.E.2d 810, 815 (W. Va. 1989) (finding there is “no particular procedural impediment in
permitting the declaratory judgment claim with regard to the defendant’s insurance coverage to
be brought in the original personal injury suit rather than by way of a separate action”). The
Vice Chancellor’s focus was whether, under West Virginia law, tort plaintiffs have the right to
sue an insurance carrier directly, without the participation of the insured, to determine coverage
after agreeing to a settlement offer with the insured. North River argued that Christian only
                                                12
the impact of the Circuit Court’s denial of North River’s motion to dismiss or stay

the Persinger and Lambert actions. North River appealed the Circuit Court’s

decision to the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals on September 23, 2013,

by filing a Verified Petition for a Writ of Prohibition.

         E. The Court of Chancery’s Decision

         In a Memorandum Opinion dated December 20, 2013, the Court of

Chancery denied North River’s request for permanent injunctive relief. 29 The

Court of Chancery found that, assuming arguendo, North River had satisfied the

first two prongs of the test for a permanent injunction -- i.e., that it had shown both

actual success on the merits and that it would suffer irreparable harm without the

permanent injunction -- it had failed to satisfy the third prong by showing that the

equities weighed in North River’s favor.30 The Court of Chancery reasoned that

because it lacked jurisdiction over the tort plaintiffs in the pending West Virginia

Actions, and because these plaintiffs may, under West Virginia law, continue to

litigate the “trigger” issue in their declaratory judgment actions against North

River, North River was seeking a remedy that inevitably would be ineffective at

protecting it from the risk of inconsistent judgments. Specifically, the Court of

permitted a tort plaintiff to amend his or her complaint to add a declaratory judgment claim
against the insurance carrier before obtaining judgment against the insured.
29
     N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2013).
30
  Id. at *7 (“Even assuming that North River has been successful with respect to factors (1) and
(2), for the reasons below, the equities do not support the relief requested.”).

                                                13
Chancery held that “[b]ecause North River has asked this Court for a remedy that

will not achieve its desired results, and because ‘[e]quity will not do a useless

thing,’ North River has failed to demonstrate its entitlement to injunctive relief.” 31

The Court further concluded that “it would be inequitable for this Court to grant

such an injunction, which would result in North River continuing to litigate these

issues that will define MSA’s rights as an insured, without MSA being able to

vigorously defend itself.”32 The Court, accordingly, found that North River had

not demonstrated its entitlement to injunctive relief.

          Although the primary focus on the proceedings below had been North

River’s attempt to enjoin MSA from litigating the West Virginia Actions, the Court

of Chancery articulated several reasons for refusing to enjoin MSA’s ability to

assign its rights under the policies issued by North River:

                 As I have already noted, under West Virginia’s Declaratory
                 Judgment Act, a personal injury plaintiff may bring a
                 declaratory action against the defendant’s insurer where that
                 insurer has denied coverage, even if the plaintiff has not yet
                 obtained a judgment against the tort defendant. I therefore
                 cannot shield North River from the risk of inconsistent
                 judgments by granting the requested forms of injunctive relief.
                 Even if MSA were prevented, by this Court, from assisting
                 litigants, prosecuting its claims against North River, or
                 assigning its rights under North River’s insurance policies in
                 other jurisdictions, North River would still face the risk of
                 inconsistent judgments, as personal injury tort plaintiffs in at

31
     Id. at *1 (citing Walker v. Lamb, 259 A.2d 663, 663 (Del. 1969)).
32
     N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 2013 WL 6713 229, at *9.

                                                 14
                 least West Virginia may seek declaratory relief against North
                 River directly, without an assignment from or judgment against
                 MSA. Further, as I have found above, it would be inequitable
                 for this Court to grant such an injunction, which would result in
                 North River continuing to litigate against certain tort plaintiffs
                 about MSA’s rights as an insured party, without MSA being
                 able to defend itself. Moreover, an injunction preventing MSA
                 from assigning any rights under the policies to its tort victims
                 would hamper MSA’s ability to settle claims, without providing
                 relief from the possibility of inconsistent judgments. 33

           On January 7, 2014, North River filed a timely Notice of Appeal and an

Amended Notice of Appeal to this Court.

           F. The West Virginia Supreme Court’s Decision

           On March 27, 2014, after North River filed its Opening Brief in this appeal,

the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (the “Supreme Court of Appeals”)

denied North River’s petition for a writ of prohibition to stay the pending West

Virginia Actions.34 In so doing, the highest court in West Virginia addressed

several of the key points of West Virginia law that had formed the framework upon

which the Vice Chancellor based his findings.

           In affirming the Circuit Court’s ruling, the Supreme Court of Appeals found

no error in denying North River’s motion to dismiss, which was premised upon the

doctrine of forum non-conveniens. In rejecting the argument that the Lambert and

Persinger trials would be oppressive or unfair to North River, the Supreme Court

33
     Id.
34
     Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 110.

                                             15
of Appeals observed that the West Virginia plaintiffs’ choice of forum is entitled to

great deference.35 It rejected North River’s argument that this deference should be

diminished because the plaintiffs accepted an assignment of MSA’s rights under

the insurance contract. 36 In this regard, the Supreme Court of Appeals stated:

                   North River asserts the plaintiffs ‘step in the shoes’ of MSA
                   and therefore this action is really nothing more than a coverage
                   claim between MSA and North River. We find this argument is
                   wholly without merit. See generally Sy 1. Pt. 3 Christian v.
                   Sizemore, 181 W. Va. 628, 383 S.E.2d 810 (1989) (“An injured
                   plaintiff may bring a declaratory judgment action against the
                   defendant’s insurance carrier to determine if there is policy
                   coverage before obtaining a judgment against the defendant in
                   the personal injury action where the defendant’s insurer has
                   denied coverage.”) and Price v. Messer, 872 F. Supp. 317, 321
                   (S.D. W. Va 1995) (“West Virginia law unequivocally holds
                   insurance/collection claims are properly joined in the same
                   action with negligence claims, whether the joinder is effected
                   prior to the tort judgment . . . or after [.]”) (Citations omitted).
                   Therefore, we find no reason to diminish the preference given
                   to the plaintiffs’ choice of forum. 37

           North River had argued that a stay of the West Virginia proceedings was

essential “because MSA committed a ‘sham upon the court’ by assigning a portion

of its rights under the policy to plaintiffs.” 38 But the West Virginia plaintiffs

maintained that “they entered into the settlement agreements that included

insurance assignments because they wanted to realize some recovery on their

35
     Id. at 115 (App. to Appellee’s Answering Br. at B102).
36
     Id.
37
     Id. (citations omitted in original).
38
     Id. at 116.

                                                 16
claims that have been pending for years,” and that they “fully recognize North

River has denied coverage to MSA.” 39 Although the Supreme Court of Appeals

acknowledged North River’s protests that MSA should not be allowed to create

“mini-coverage claims” in each tort case it settles,40 it pointed to other factors that

weighed against dismissal. A principal factor was its conclusion that “West

Virginia law specifically provides that the plaintiff can bring a declaratory

judgment suit against the insurer of a tortfeasor in an ongoing tort action.” 41

           The Supreme Court of Appeals then expressly rejected North River’s

argument that an alternative forum exists, namely, the Delaware Superior Court.

Specifically, it rejected North River’s argument that the Delaware Superior Court

could exercise jurisdiction over the West Virginia plaintiffs because these plaintiffs

had accepted an assignment of insurance rights from MSA. 42 In so holding, the

Supreme Court of Appeals stated the “Delaware court lacks personal jurisdiction

over the plaintiffs, cannot determine whether the settlement agreements are

enforceable, and has not been presented with the affirmative defenses asserted by

North River.”43 The Supreme Court of Appeals affirmed the Circuit Court’s denial

39
     Id. at 117.
40
 Id. at 115 (stating that, “[a]lthough we agree that this is a valid point made with regard to
MSA, we cannot agree that this factor strongly favors dismissal of these actions.”).
41
     Id.
42
     Id.
43
     Id. at 116.

                                                17
of the stay, finding that “the out-of-state courts will not address the relief sought by

plaintiffs.”44 Further, it held that it would be “unfair and prejudicial to the

plaintiffs to delay the trials unnecessarily,” and that, “[a]s West Virginia citizens,

the plaintiffs enjoy the constitutional right to a just and speedy determination in

these civil proceedings.”45

                                       DISCUSSION

           North River initially raised two issues on appeal. First, North River asserted

that the Court of Chancery committed reversible error by refusing a permanent

injunction barring MSA from prosecuting the West Virginia Actions. Second,

North River asserted that the Court of Chancery erred in refusing to issue a

permanent injunction barring MSA from prospectively assigning to additional tort

plaintiffs MSA’s rights under insurance policies issued by North River.

           Following the March 27, 2014, Supreme Court of Appeals decision, North

River withdrew the first argument raised on appeal, i.e., that the Court of Chancery

had erred in refusing to enjoin MSA from continuing to litigate the West Virginia

Actions.46 But North River continues to press its argument as to MSA’s ability to

assign its rights under policies issued by North River.

44
     Id. at 117.
45
     Id.
46
     See Appellant’s Reply Br. at 1.

                                             18
       A. Appellant North River’s Contentions on Appeal

       North River contends that the Court of Chancery committed three reversible

errors relating to the balancing of the equities portion of the three-pronged test for

permanent relief.47 First, North River argues that the Court of Chancery

impermissibly assumed that just because the underlying tort claimants could bring

direct suits against North River to determine coverage under the policies issued to

MSA, that such claimants would do so. North River contends that such

“unsupported speculation” amounts to reversible error.

       Second, North River claims that the Court of Chancery erred as matter of

law when it determined that an injunction that does not completely eliminate

irreparable harm is useless. In support of this contention, North River argues that

the Court of Chancery erred by focusing on preventing or eliminating entirely the

risk of inconsistent judgments, and not focusing on the Court of Chancery’s ability

to fashion relief that would at least reduce the potential harm. North River argues

that if MSA were enjoined from assigning its rights to underlying tort plaintiffs,

such an injunction would slow or reduce the only danger it faces at the moment,

namely, MSA’s alleged encouragement of litigation in contravention of the

Delaware and Pennsylvania courts’ jurisdiction.
47
  To succeed in a request for a permanent injunction, a party must show (i) actual success on the
merits; (ii) that it would suffer irreparable harm if the injunction is not granted; and (iii) that the
balance of the equities favors it. See Christiana Town Ctr., LLC v. New Castle County, 2003 WL
21314499, at *2 (Del. Ch. June 6, 2003), aff’d, 2004 WL 77868 (Del. Jan. 16, 2004).

                                                  19
      Finally, North River argues that there are no facts in the record that support

the Court of Chancery’s conclusion that MSA would be hampered in its ability to

settle claims if it were enjoined from assigning its rights. North River argues that

the record evidence shows that MSA has settled over 450 cases without assigning

its rights, which North River contends demonstrates that MSA is using the

assignment strategy as an “end-run” around the Delaware Superior Court’s

jurisdiction.

      B. Appellee MSA’s Contentions on Appeal

      MSA counters that the mere possibility that claimants could bring actions in

West Virginia was enough to shift the equities in its favor, especially given the

Court of Chancery’s conclusion that the injunction would not eliminate all risk of

inconsistent judgments. MSA emphasizes that where an injunction does not

completely remedy the harm, the injunction is useless, and should not be granted,

and that Delaware precedent allowing partially-effective injunctions is

distinguishable. MSA argues further that MSA’s rights, both contractual and

otherwise, would be infringed, and its ability to settle cases seriously hampered, if

the Court were to keep it from assigning to tort plaintiffs its rights under the

policies issued by North River.

                                          20
       C. Our Standard of Review

       The parties disagree as to the standard of review this Court should apply in

reviewing the decision below.

       MSA argues that we should review the Court of Chancery’s decision under

an abuse of discretion standard. On the other hand, while North River concedes

that the Court generally reviews the granting or denial of injunctive relief for abuse

of discretion, it urges that our review here should be de novo. North River’s

principal argument that our review should be de novo rests on the premise that the

Vice Chancellor’s rulings contain “embedded questions of law.”

        Although we generally review a denial of a permanent injunction for an

abuse of discretion, 48 we do not defer to the trial court on embedded legal

conclusions and review them de novo.49 Here, the embedded legal questions are

questions of West Virginia law. This Court has previously held that

48
   Pomilio v. Caserta, 215 A.2d 924, 925 (Del. 1965) (“The granting or refusal of final injunctive
relief rests within the sound judicial discretion of the trial court. On appeal from a denial of
injunctive relief, our inquiry is whether the trial court clearly abused its discretion.”).
49
   Lawson v. Meconi, 897 A.2d 740, 743 (Del. 2006). (“Mrs. Lawson challenges the Court of
Chancery’s legal conclusions concerning the interpretation of several Delaware statutes and the
scope of the common law right to privacy in Delaware. Accordingly, the applicable standard of
appellate review is de novo.”). See also SI Mgmt. L.P. v. Wininger, 707 A.2d 37, 40 (Del. 1998)
(reviewing the Court of Chancery’s findings of fact for abuse of discretion, but its determinations
on legal principles de novo); Kaiser Aluminum Corp. v. Matheson, 681 A.2d 392, 394 (Del.
1996) (“[T]his Court reviews the grant of a preliminary injunction without deference to the
embedded legal conclusions of the trial court.”).

                                                21
determinations of foreign law “are treated as rulings on a question of law and are

subject to de novo review.”50

         The Court of Chancery based the part of its ruling regarding the utility of an

injunction on its interpretation of West Virginia’s Uniform Declaratory Judgments

Act 51 and relevant West Virginia case law (particularly Christian v. Sizemore52 and

Price v. Messer 53). On appeal, North River contends that the Court of Chancery

erred in its reading of West Virginia law. Specifically, North River contends that

the West Virginia law permitting tort plaintiffs to bring a declaratory judgment

action directly against the carrier was inapplicable here because the tort plaintiffs

settled with and released MSA and then received an assignment of rights under the

policy issued by North River to MSA. North River argued that after the release

and assignment, the tort plaintiff is no longer a stranger to the policy, but has

stepped into the policyholder’s shoes.

         But during the pendency of this appeal, West Virginia’s highest court

rejected North River’s contentions and allowed the West Virginia Actions to
50
  Saudi Basic Indus. Corp. v. Mobil Yanbu Petrochemical Co., 866 A.2d 1, 30 (Del. 2005). See
also Deuley v. DynCorp Int’l., Inc., 8 A.3d 1156, 1160 (Del. 2010); J.S. Alberici Constr. Co. v.
Mid-West Conveyor Co., 750 A.2d 518, 520 n.2 (Del. 2000); Shook & Fletcher Asbestos
Settlement Trust v. Safety Nat’l Cas. Corp., 909 A.2d 125, 128 (Del. 2006). In Shook & Fletcher,
the issue on appeal was whether the Superior Court erred in its determination of which liability
rule was appropriate under Alabama law. Id. The Court determined that because its review was
“purely one of law,” albeit Alabama law, de novo review was appropriate. Id.
51
     W. VA. CODE § 55-13-1 (2014).
52
     383 S.E.2d 810 (W.Va. 1989).
53
     872 F. Supp. 317 (S.D.W.Va. 1995).

                                              22
proceed against North River. As a result, North River is no longer pressing its

arguments regarding the points of West Virginia law it raised below. Thus, while

our review of embedded conclusions of law normally would be subject to de novo

review, here, we defer to our sister court’s interpretation of West Virginia law. It

follows that our primary focus in this appeal now rests on the Court of Chancery’s

balancing of the equities and on its findings and conclusions, which are primarily

factual in nature.

       In this regard, North River did appropriately concede at oral argument that

the issue of whether an injunction would impede MSA’s ability to settle claims

presented factual issues subject to an abuse of discretion standard of review.

Where the support in the record is sufficient for a factual finding, even if there can

be a reasonable difference of view, our standard of review compels us to defer to

the trial court. Our function here is not to substitute our judgment for the trial

court’s as though we had before us an original application. 54 Instead, where the

54
  See Ivanhoe P’rs v. Newmont Mining Corp., 535 A.2d 1334, 1341 (Del. 1987) (citing Levitt v.
Bouvier, 287 A.2d 671, 673 (Del. 1972)) (“[W]e do not ignore the findings of the trial judge. If
they are sufficiently supported by the record and are the product of an orderly and logical
deductive process, in the exercise of judicial restraint we accept them, even though
independently we might have reached opposite conclusions.”); Chavin v. Cope, 243 A.2d 694,
695 (Del. 1968) (“When an act of judicial discretion is under review, the reviewing court may
not substitute its own notion of what is right for those of the trial judge, if his judgment was
based on conscience and reason, as opposed to capriciousness or arbitrariness.”).

                                               23
record below demonstrates the judgment reached was directed by conscience and

reason, as opposed to capricious or arbitrary action, we will affirm. 55

       Finally, while the question of whether an injunction must completely remedy

the alleged harm, e.g., whether it would be useless if it does not completely remedy

the harm, is an embedded legal issue over which we exercise de novo review, the

overall balancing of the equities presented here is subject to an abuse of discretion

standard. 56

       D. The “Speculative Nature of Direct Claims” Argument

       We deal first with North River’s claim that the Court of Chancery erred in

concluding that tort claimants would assert claims against North River absent an

assignment to them of MSA’s rights under the insurance policies. While North

River asserts that “not a single tort plaintiff has sought to bring an independent

55
  See Pitts v. White, 109 A.2d 786, 788 (Del. 1954) (“The essence of judicial discretion is the
exercise of judgment directed by conscience and reason, as opposed to capricious or arbitrary
action; and where a court has not exceeded the bounds of reason in view of the circumstances,
and has not so ignored recognized rules of law or practice, so as to produce injustice, its legal
discretion has not been abused; for the question is not whether the reviewing court agrees with
the court below, but rather whether it believes that the judicial mind in view of the relevant rules
of law and upon due consideration of the facts of the case could reasonably have reached the
conclusion of which complaint is made.”).
56
   See, e.g., Cherry Hill Const., Inc., v. James Julian, Inc., 1991 WL 316969, at *3 (Del. Dec. 11,
1991) (finding no abuse of discretion where the issue concerning a permanent injunction was a
matter within judicial discretion); see also Donald J. Wolfe, Jr. & Michael A. Pittenger,
Corporate & Commercial Practice in the Delaware Court of Chancery § 12-2[f], at 12-35
(Matthew Bender & Co., 2013) (citations omitted); Cirrus Hldg. Co. v. Cirrus Indus., Inc., 794
A.2d 1191, 1211 (Del. Ch. 2001) (“[t]he decision to grant or deny a preliminary injunction rests
in the court’s sound discretion.”). North River agrees that the issue of the utility of injunctive
relief was intertwined with the embedded questions of West Virginia law. See Appellant’s Reply
Br. at 5. As noted above, we are not re-examining these points given our sister court’s rulings.

                                                 24
declaratory judgment action against North River,” it cites to nothing in the record

that would suggest that this behavior is necessarily predictive of the future. 57 The

burden below rested with North River. Part of North River’s challenge in this

appeal has been that its focus has understandably shifted to the assignment issue in

mid-stream due to developments in the West Virginia courts. The standard for

permanent injunction relief is onerous and North River’s attempt to show that the

Court of Chancery abused its discretion in denying that relief is a tall order under

any circumstances, let alone without a full evidentiary record.

          As a preliminary matter, MSA has questioned whether the “speculative

nature of the harm” issue was fairly presented to the Court of Chancery, as

required by Delaware Supreme Court Rule 8. 58 “We adhere to the well-settled rule

that a party may not attack a judgment on a theory he failed to advance before the

trial judge.”59 Although North River primarily focused in the proceedings below

on seeking to enjoin the West Virginia Actions, it did point out that MSA had

settled “hundreds” of cases without assigning its rights, and that the first

assignment occurred after the Delaware Superior Court kept the stay in effect as to

57
     Appellant’s Opening Br. at 26-27.
58
   Supr. Ct. R. 8. Appellee’s Opening Br. at 14, 22 (“North River never contended in the
proceedings below that tort plaintiffs would not sue independent of MSA, even though MSA
argued in court that the tort plaintiffs’ actions would go forward regardless of whether an
injunction was issued.”).
59
  Scion Breckenridge Managing Member, LLC v. ASB Allegiance Real Estate Fund, 68 A.3d
665, 678 (Del. 2013) (internal citations omitted).

                                              25
North River in March 2012.60 We are satisfied that the broader issue of the utility

of future assignments was sufficiently raised in the Court of Chancery during the

June 25, 2013, oral argument on the parties’ Cross Motions for Judgment on the

Pleadings.61 Accordingly, Rule 8 does not bar our consideration of North River’s

argument on this point.

       But the dearth of evidence supporting North River’s contention that

claimants would not sue North River absent an MSA assignment of rights --

admittedly a difficult proposition to support -- compels us to conclude that under

our deferential standard of review, the Court of Chancery did not err in finding that

there is a legitimate risk that tort claimants might proceed directly against North

River independent of any assignment of rights by MSA. We balance the weak

evidentiary record on these points against the strong public policy statements by

the West Virginia courts that the tort claimants in West Virginia should be able to

litigate these issues in West Virginia. These policy concerns must now be viewed

in the prism of the highest West Virginia state court’s ruling upholding the right of

60
   Appellant’s Reply Br. at 3, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., No. 8-2014 (Del.
May 2, 2014); Tr. of Oral Argument at 27-28, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co.,
C.A. No. 8456-VCG, 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2013); App. to Appellant’s Reply
Br. at AR 3-4. MSA’s complaints in the Pennsylvania Actions, included in the record before us,
show that MSA seeks reimbursement for over $20 million paid in settlement of claims brought
by approximately 400 claimants. See App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A80-93. North River
states that there were no assignments of rights in these cases.
61
  See Tr. of Oral Argument at 25, 28-29, 50-52, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co.,
C.A. No. 8456-VCG, 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2013).

                                               26
West Virginia tort claimants to proceed directly against North River over North

River’s repeated objections.

       Lacking a firm evidentiary basis for its first claim of error, North River

employs reasoning and logic to suggest that enjoining MSA’s ability to assign its

rights would likely stop, or at least seriously reduce, lawsuits from being filed

against it by tort claimants. At oral argument, both North River and MSA

maintained that absent an assignment, the most the West Virginia tort claimants

could obtain from North River in the West Virginia Actions is declaratory relief --

as opposed to money damages. Thus, absent an assignment, the tort claimants

would have to litigate on their own (and at their own expense) against North River.

Accordingly, North River reasons that if the tort claimants had to undertake the

burden and expense of litigating the declaratory judgment claims without MSA’s

involvement, and then, if successful, pursue North River for money damages, the

flow of such claims would be reduced to a trickle. Although North River’s

arguments are logical and perhaps even compelling, they lack a sufficient

evidentiary foundation in the record before us.62 Accordingly, North River has not

62
  For example, when asked what the utility of an injunction would be given that the West
Virginia courts could issue rulings in the pending West Virginia Actions (which North River no
longer seeks to enjoin), North River responded that an injunction against future MSA
assignments could potentially have an effect with respect to the other twelve policies at issue in
Delaware. North River also suggested that an injunction preventing further assignments might
be useful in Kentucky where there is no independent right allowing tort claimants to sue insurers
directly. Yet, the record on these points is not sufficiently developed to affect our analysis.

                                                27
demonstrated that the Court of Chancery abused its discretion in concluding that

North River faces the risk of inconsistent judgments and that an injunction would

shield North River from that risk.

          E. The “Complete Relief” Argument

          Turning to the merits of North River’s second argument -- that the Court of

Chancery erred in denying permanent injunctive relief because it would be futile or

“useless” -- North River relies heavily upon the Court of Chancery’s decision in In

re Del Monte Foods Co. Shareholders Litigation.63 In that case, the Court of

Chancery granted plaintiffs’ request for a preliminary injunction even though it

found that the requested injunction “[did] not perfectly remedy the

harm . . . caused, but it does go part of the way.” 64 North River argues,

accordingly, that a remedy need not be completely efficacious in counteracting

harm in order to avoid being deemed “useless.” According to North River, the

Court of Chancery’s determination that an injunction against MSA’s prospective

assignment to tort claimants its rights under the insurance policies was useless

constituted reversible error because it overlooked the benefits to be derived from

such an injunction -- i.e., that MSA’s alleged “gamesmanship” in attempting to

subvert the jurisdiction of the Delaware Superior Court would be reduced.

63
     In re Del Monte Foods Co. S’holders Litig., 25 A.3d 813 (Del. Ch. 2011).
64
     Id. at 839.

                                                 28
           First, the Court of Chancery observed that a permanent injunction is an

extraordinary form of relief. The standards for permanent injunctive relief are

well-known and are more rigorous than the standard for preliminary injunctive

relief as applied in Del Monte. 65 When a plaintiff seeks a permanent rather than

preliminary injunction, he must demonstrate “actual, rather than probable success

on the merits.”66

           Second, the Vice Chancellor was correct that, generally, equity will not do a

“useless thing.” For example, in Walker v. Lamb, this Court found that the Court

of Chancery properly dismissed an action for a mandatory injunction where

petitioner sought the return of photographs taken of and fingerprints taken from the

petitioner during a criminal investigation. 67 This Court found that the issue was

“academic because the appellant has been indicted and the State unquestionably

may take the fingerprint record and photographs anew.” 68 Because the remedy

65
   To establish entitlement to permanent injunctive relief, a plaintiff must demonstrate: “(i)
actual success on the merits; (ii) irreparable harm will be suffered if injunctive relief is not
granted; and (iii) the harm that will result from a failure to enjoin the actions that threaten
plaintiff outweighs the harm that will befall the defendant if an injunction is granted. Sierra
Club v. Del. Dept. of Nat’l Res.& Envtl. Control, 2006 WL 1716913, at *3 (Del. Ch. Jun. 19,
2006) (citing Korn v. New Castle County, 2005 WL 2266590, at * 14 (Del. Ch. Sept. 27, 2005)),
aff’d, 919 A.2d 547 (Del. 2007).
66
  Draper Comm’ns, Inc. v. Del. Valley Broadcasters Ltd. P’ship, 505 A.2d 1283, 1288 (Del. Ch.
1985); Quest Commc’ns Int’l Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 821 A.2d 323, 237-
28 (Del. Ch. 2002); Copi of Del., Inc. v. Kelly, 1996 WL 633302, at *4-5 (Del. Ch. Oct. 25,
1996) (requiring actual success on the merits), aff’d sub nom. Smart Bus. Sys., Inc. v. Copi of
Del. Inc., 1998 WL 112523 (Del. Jan. 23, 1998).
67
Walker v. Lamb, 259 A.2d 663, 663 (Del. 1969) aff’g 254 A.2d 265 (Del. Ch. 1969).
68
     Id.
                                                29
sought would be useless, and because “[e]quity will not do a useless thing,” this

Court affirmed the judgment of the Court of Chancery. 69

           Also illustrative of this principle is New Castle County v. Peterson. 70 In that

case, New Castle County and its County Executive filed an action in the Court of

Chancery seeking an injunction compelling the County Council to meet and adopt

an operating budget on or before July 1, 1987.71 Because the Council could not

“be judicially coerced to agree upon a particular budget,” and because there was no

guarantee that the County Executive would approve a budget to which the Council

had agreed, the Court of Chancery denied the request for injunctive relief, stating

that “[a]n injunction should not be granted where it would be ineffective to achieve

its desire result.” 72

           Here, the Court of Chancery correctly determined that, under West Virginia

law, tort plaintiffs have the right, independent of any assignment, to bring a

declaratory judgment suit against North River.73 Much like in Walker and

Peterson, the Court of Chancery could not, via an injunction, completely remedy

the harm sought to be avoided -- namely, the risk of inconsistent judgments in the

69
     Id.
70
     New Castle County v. Peterson, 1987 WL 13099 (Del. Ch. Jun. 30, 1987).
71
     Id. at *1.
72
     Id. at *3.
73
     N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2013).

                                                30
Delaware and West Virginia Actions. As in Peterson, where the court could not

force the New Castle County Council to vote on and adopt a budget, the Court of

Chancery could not prevent the underlying West Virginia tort claimants from

bringing claims against North River in West Virginia.

       North River is correct that there is no per se requirement that an injunction

must provide complete relief. But although we might have ruled differently under

a less deferential standard of review, and with the benefit of a more robust record

on certain issues raised later in the proceedings, 74 we decline to find that the Court

of Chancery abused its discretion in balancing the overall equities and in denying

North River’s request for the extraordinary remedy of permanent injunctive relief.

       This is a close case, as we believe that there is some merit to North River’s

contention that MSA has acted inequitably. MSA initiated litigation in three

different forums: Pennsylvania, Delaware and West Virginia. It filed the

Delaware Action after initiating litigation in Pennsylvania. Apparently not

satisfied with the Delaware Superior Court’s deference to the Pennsylvania courts

on the key substantive issues, MSA involved a third forum -- West Virginia. The

issues raised in MSA’s cross-claims in West Virginia are the same issues that are

74
    At oral argument, North River explained aspects of MSA’s conduct, including details
regarding its settlements reached in the West Virginia tort litigations, in a way that it did not do
so below. The Court of Chancery thus did not have a fair opportunity to consider these claims.
Because certain arguments were not fairly presented below, they do not form a proper basis to
find fault with the Court of Chancery, which carefully addressed the record that was presented to
it.

                                                 31
governed by Pennsylvania law and that are the subject of the Pennsylvania

Actions. The pendency of the Pennsylvania Actions was the basis for the

Delaware court’s initial decision to stay the Delaware Action. Indeed, at oral

argument, MSA’s counsel even stated that if the West Virginia court ruled in its

favor before any decision by the Pennsylvania courts, it would likely seek to use

the West Virginia judgment offensively in the Pennsylvania Actions.

       Thus, MSA’s invocation of multiple state and federal courts in its attempt to

resolve its coverage issues is not conduct this Court wishes to sanction. Initiating

multiple actions in different fora inevitably results in duplication of effort and the

compounding of litigation expenses -- not to mention the inefficient use of judicial

resources. The inefficiencies inherent in multi-forum litigation have been the

subject of much discussion by courts and commentators, most notably in the

context of litigation challenging corporate transactions. 75 As in the corporate

75
  In the corporate context, for example, much of the discussion has centered on ways in which
corporations have responded to multi-forum litigation, such as the adoption of forum-relation
charter or bylaw provisions. See, e.g., City of Providence v. First Citizens BancShares, Inc., 99
A.3d 229, 239 (Del. Ch. 2014) (“The whole point of adopting the Forum Selection Bylaw was to
solve the issue of multi-forum litigation such that this Court (and courts in other jurisdictions)
would not need to divine the appropriate forum.”); Boilermakers Local 154 Ret. Fund v. Chevrin
Corp., 73 A.3d 934, 944 (Del. Ch. 2013) (noting that over 250 publicly traded corporations have
adopted forum selection bylaws); E. Micheletti & J. Parker, Multi-Jurisdictional Litigation:
Who Caused This Problem, and Can It Be Fixed? 37 Del. J. Corp. L., 1 (2012); Frederick H.
Alexander & Daniel D. Matthews, The Multi-Jurisdictional Stockholder Litigation problem and
the Forum Selection Solution, 26 Corp. Couns. Wkly. 19 (May 11, 2011); Joseph Grundfest &
Kristen Amy Savelle, The Brouhaha Over Intra-Corporate Forum Selection Provisions: A
Legal, Economic, and Political Analysis, 68 Bus. Law. 235 (2013); Mark Lebovitch, Jerry Silk,
& Jeremy Friedman, Making Order Out of Chaos: A Proposal to Improve Organizations and
                                               32
transactional context, the inefficiencies and potential waste of judicial resources is

similarly present here. Further, MSA could hardly complain if, as a result of an

injunction, it were forced to litigate the coverage issues in one of its two earlier-

chosen fora.76

       But the inefficiencies caused by MSA’s multiple filings in various courts do

not mean that under the peculiar facts of this case the balance of equities

automatically tips against MSA -- especially where important principles of comity

are at stake and where the parties in the various proceedings are not “mirror

images” of each other. 77

       Sensitive to the principles of comity at stake here, the Court of Chancery

was correct in being cautious about exercising its injunctive powers. The West

Coordination in Multi-Jurisdictional Merger-Related Litigation (Dec. 1, 2011), available at
http://www.blbglaw.com/misc_files/MakingOrderoutofChaos.
76
  This observation is supported, for example, by the cases holding that a party would not suffer
harm by being forced to litigate according to a forum selection provision to which it voluntarily
agreed. See, e.g., Carlyle Inv. Mgmt. L.L.C. v. Nat’l Indus. Gp., 2012 WL 4847089, at *11 (Del.
Ch. Oct. 11, 2012) (noting that “[t]here is nothing unreasonable about enforcing the forum
selection clause against [the resisting party], because any harm it has suffered is entirely self-
inflicted”), aff’d, 67 A.3d 373 (Del. 2013).
77
   North River’s own conduct may have contributed to a perception that it would not be
irreparably harmed by continued prosecution of cases in Delaware and West Virginia. For
example, North River asked the Superior Court to lift the stay partially for Policy JU 1319 to
participate in certain proceedings, and it appears to have agreed to various schedules for
litigating the West Virginia Actions. See, e.g., Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No.
10-C-69, 11-C-45 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Sept. 4, 2013) (the Circuit Court, in denying North River’s
motions to dismiss and/or stay stated that, “North River agreed to the case management order
and trial dates and will not suffer a substantial injustice in having to litigate the cases.”).
However, the horse may have been out of the barn as to the West Virginia Actions, particularly
after denial of three motions to dismiss and/or stay these actions. North River understandably no
longer seeks injunctive relief as to them.

                                                33
Virginia courts repeatedly articulated in their related proceedings the important

public policies that impact its citizens. For example, in its decision denying North

River’s motion to dismiss or stay, the Circuit Court stated that “the State of West

Virginia has a strong interest in seeing the cases handled here because the plaintiffs

are West Virginia citizens, the underlying injuries and deaths occurred in West

Virginia, and the controversies arose in West Virginia.” 78 The Supreme Court of

Appeals echoed these concerns.79

          In addition to notions of fairness and comity, Delaware courts consider other

factors in deciding whether to exercise discretion to enjoin the prosecution of

litigation in another forum. 80 Generally, Delaware courts will not enjoin parties

from prosecuting litigation in another jurisdiction unless the court can exercise

personal jurisdiction over all of the parties having an interest in the controversy. 81

The West Virginia courts determined -- and North River conceded during the

proceedings below -- that the Delaware Superior Court has no jurisdiction over the

78
  Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-69, 11-C-45 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Sept. 4,
2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A686).
79
  We take comfort in the fact that the West Virginia courts share our sensitivity to the risk of
potentially inconsistent rulings. For example, the Supreme Court of Appeals stated that “the
[West Virginia] circuit court acknowledged these [out-of-state] rulings may impact the rights of
the [West Virginia] plaintiffs and stated that it would give whatever deference is due while
handling this litigation.” Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 117.
80
     See Wolfe & Pittenger, supra note 56, § 5.03, at 5-54.
81
     Pauley Petroleum Inc. v. Cont’l Oil Co., 239 A.2d 629, 634 (Del. Ch. 1968).

                                                  34
West Virginia tort claimants. 82 The West Virginia Circuit Court found that “[t]he

fact that plaintiffs accepted assignment of insurance proceeds from MSA does not

subject the plaintiffs to the rulings made by these out-of-state courts; rather,

plaintiffs are free to seek to enforce their contractual assignment rights in West

Virginia, the state in which they reside.” 83 The Supreme Court of Appeals

agreed.84 Thus, West Virginia courts, at least, have not been persuaded that the

Pennsylvania and Delaware courts are the appropriate courts to address the rights

of the West Virginia tort claimants.85

82
   See Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 116; N. River Ins. Co.’s Br. Support Mot. J. Pleadings at 30, N.
River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 8456-VCG, 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch.
Dec. 20, 2013); Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-69, 11-C-45 (W. Va. Cir.
Ct. Sept. 4, 2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A684); App. to Appellee’s Answering Br.
at B81. The Court of Chancery also concluded that it had no jurisdiction over the West Virginia
tort plaintiffs.
83
  Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-69, 11-C-45 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Sept. 4,
2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A684). We recognize that North River disputes this
conclusion as to the existing actions involving assignments. North River argues that tort
claimants/assignees step into the shoes of MSA and would be subject to rulings by the Delaware
and Pennsylvania courts. The West Virginia courts have expressed a contrary view. We need
not resolve that issue in view of the fact that tort claimants in West Virginia may proceed against
North River without assignments.
84
     Chafin, 758 S.E.2d 109 (W. Va. 2014) (App. to Appellee’s Answering Br. at B103, B105).
85
  Hr’g Tr. at 29, Moore v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-35 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Mar.
20, 2013) (denying North River’s Motion to Stay and its Motion for Dismissal in the Moore
action) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A659); Lambert, C.A. Nos. 11-C-69, 11-C-45 (W.
Va. Cir. Ct. Sept. 4, 2013) (denying the same in the consolidated Lambert and Persinger action)
(App. to Appellant’s Opening Br at A681). Moreover, the West Virginia courts have stated that
the other state courts are not in a position to determine whether the settlement agreements are
enforceable. Thus, there likely is not complete “mirror image” symmetry of the issues in the
various proceedings.

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          The reluctance to interfere with the prosecution of a lawsuit in another

jurisdiction when the Delaware courts do not have jurisdiction over all of the

parties was articulated in Peyton v. William C. Peyton Corporation 86 as follows:

                  It is true that where a court of equity has jurisdiction of the
                  parties and the subject matter of a suit, it will prevent the
                  defendant from removing the controversy to another
                  jurisdiction through the device of a suit later instituted in such
                  other jurisdiction . . . . But where the courts of the forum in
                  which the first suit was inaugurated are, by reason of the
                  absence of jurisdiction over all the parties in interest, powerless
                  to render a decree that finally and completely concludes the
                  matter in controversy, an injunction ought not to issue against
                  the bringing of suits elsewhere if the effect of such injunction
                  would be to interfere with an attempt by the defendant to bring
                  the matter to a head before some other court where all the
                  parties could be served and their respective claims conclusively
                  determined.87

          Thus, even though an injunction against further assignments might have

some utility in slowing the flow of new litigation, given the lack of compete

symmetry in the various proceedings, North River has not persuaded us that the

Court of Chancery erred. Accordingly, the Court of Chancery did not abuse its

discretion in declining to enjoin the pursuit of the claims against North River in

separate jurisdictions, particularly where here, principles of federalism require

considerations of comity between dual sovereign states. 88

86
     187 A. 849 (Del. Ch. 1936).
87
     Id. at 851-52.
88
  Compare Box v. Box, 697 A.2d 395, 398-99 (Del. 1997) (“Generally, it is a proper exercise of
the Court of Chancery’s discretion to permit parties simultaneously to pursue ‘non-mirror image’
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       F. MSA’s Ability to Settle

       We turn next to North River’s third contention -- that the Court of Chancery

abused its discretion in determining that an injunction against MSA’s assignment

of rights would impede MSA’s ability to settle cases with tort claimants. The

parties agree that we review this aspect of the Court of Chancery’s ruling for an

abuse of discretion.

       This argument turns, to a certain extent, on the mechanics of MSA’s

settlements with the tort claimants -- a subject that was only briefly addressed in

the parties’ submissions. In response to questions at oral argument, MSA

explained that MSA’s assignments are not “blanket assignments.” Rather, MSA

settles with the tort plaintiffs for a settlement amount, part of which consists of

cash paid up-front by MSA (the “Cash Amount”). MSA then assigns rights to that

plaintiff to seek recovery of the capped remainder portion of the total settlement

amount (the “Assignment Amount”). Thus, the total settlement amount equals the

Cash Amount plus any potential Assignment Amount the tort claimant may

claims for relief in separate jurisdictions”); Air Prods. & Chems., Inc. v. Lummus Co., 235 A.2d
274, 277 (Del. Ch. 1967) (“[I]njunctive power should not be exercised in a situation (not claimed
to be present here) in which, because of a lack of jurisdiction over all of the parties in interest,
the Delaware Court is powerless to render a decree finally and completely disposing of the
matters in controversy.”), with Williams Nat’l Gas Co. v. BHP Petroleum Co., Inc., 1990 WL
38329 (Del. Mar. 12, 1990) (reversing the Court of Chancery’s refusal to enjoin a later-filed,
“mirror-image” Texas action where “the Texas action and this action involve identical parties
and issues.”); Household Int’l, Inc. v. Eljer Indus., Inc., 1995 WL 405741, at *1 (Del. Ch. June
19, 1995) (enjoining a later-filed Texas action where “[t]here are no additional parties or
significant legal issues in either of these suits. They are in effect the same suit in two
jurisdictions.”).

                                                37
recover in future litigation against North River. For example, a tort claimant might

settle with MSA for a total settlement amount, including a Cash Amount, on a

policy where the total coverage greatly exceeds the settlement amount. MSA

argued that if it were not allowed to participate in the litigation against North River

following the settlement and assignment of its rights, its interests could be

adversely affected because West Virginia courts could make rulings as to the

Assignment Amount, which could adversely affect MSA’s rights as to the

remaining portions of the policy not affected by the settlement.

      The impact of an injunction on MSA under these circumstances is far from

clear. For example, at argument, MSA took no definitive position as to whether a

judgment by a West Virginia court in such a scenario could be used in a preclusive

fashion against MSA elsewhere if MSA were not a party participating in a West

Virginia proceeding by a tort claimant against North River. If such a judgment

were not entitled to preclusive effect, then MSA’s argument that it would be

harmed by an injunction against further assignments would be undermined.

Because the record is both scant and inconclusive on these points, we decline to

find error in the Vice Chancellor’s conclusion that an injunction would impair

MSA’s ability to defend its rights relating to the North River policies. Nor do we

find error in the Vice Chancellor’s conclusion that an injunction would hamper

MSA’s ability to settle cases with the tort claimants. Although the record shows

                                          38
that MSA has settled cases without assigning its rights, MSA’s assignments have

facilitated settlement in the West Virginia Actions described above. On this

record, we decline to find an abuse of discretion.

      In sum, the record below compels us to conclude that the judgment below

was directed by conscience and reason, and was neither arbitrary nor capricious.

Our conclusion rests firmly on the proposition that the power to enjoin prosecution

of litigation in a foreign jurisdiction is discretionary, and should be exercised

cautiously giving due regard to the equities of the case at hand, and considerations

of comity as well as fairness and efficiency. Considering all of the factors set forth

above, we find that the Court of Chancery did not abuse its discretion.

                                   CONCLUSION

      Based upon the foregoing, the order of the Court of Chancery is

AFFIRMED.

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