Court Opinion

ID: 8377515
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-24 18:01:37.750662+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:36.439670
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/24/22 P. v. Coffman CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F082161
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                              (Super. Ct. No. MF013783B)
                    v.

 MARLENE COFFMAN,                                                                         OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. David R. Zulfa,
Judge.
         Paul Kleven, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Louis M. Vasquez and Lewis A.
Martinez, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
          Marlene Coffman was convicted by jury of accessory to a felony for driving
Roque Larios1 away from a shooting he just committed. On appeal, she challenges her
conviction by alleging the prosecutor committed error. She also asks us to review the
“Pitchess proceedings” below.2 Finding no error, we affirm the judgment.
                                        BACKGROUND
Charge
          The Kern County District Attorney charged Coffman with violating Penal Code
section 32, accessory to a felony.
Evidence
          The victim testified he was in a “sexual relationship” with Coffman. Larios was
also in a relationship with Coffman. On one occasion, Larios approached the victim in an
alley and challenged him to a fight. No fight ensued but Larios did fire a gunshot at the
victim.
          Three days later, Larios confronted the victim in Coffman’s home and said, “I
thought I told you to stay away from … here.”3 He then stated, “You better get out of
here before I blast you, fool.” The victim hesitated and Larios shot him twice.
          An eyewitness testified she heard the gunshots and then saw a man run to a car,
enter it, and “dr[i]ve off real fast.” Coffman was the driver. Larios and Coffman were
arrested together about one week later.

          1
         Larios was charged with several crimes including attempted murder and firearm
assault. He was convicted by the same jury and appeals separately in related case
No. F082078.
          2
        See Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 (Pitchess). Pitchess
motions, as they are commonly known, are simply motions to discover confidential law
enforcement records.
          3   The alley where the prior confrontation took place is near Coffman’s home.

                                                2.
Inadmissible Evidence
       The jury inadvertently heard the victim state Larios “had just got out of prison, I
guess ….” This statement was contained in an unredacted video recording but not in the
accompanying transcript. The video was later redacted to conform to the transcript.
Verdict and Sentence
       Coffman was convicted as charged. She was granted probation with various terms
and conditions including serving one year in county jail.
                                       DISCUSSION
       Coffman argues “prosecutorial error in violating court’s order [sic] by failing to
redact [the victim’s] statement that Larios ‘just got out of prison’ should have resulted in
a mistrial.” She also asks us to “review the sealed record of the Pitchess proceedings
below to ensure that the trial court followed the proper procedures.”
       The People dispute prosecutorial error. They also claim reviewing the “Pitchess
proceedings would be an idle act because” the officer in issue did not testify at the trial.
       We find no prosecutorial error and, as explained below, do not believe reviewing
the Pitchess proceedings is an idle act. Nonetheless, having reviewed the record we find
no prejudice.
I. No Prosecutorial Error
       Coffman argues “prosecutorial misconduct in exposing jury to evidence of
Larios’s prior criminality requires reversal as a denial of due process under the federal
Constitution.” Alternatively, she suggests “prosecutorial misconduct or error in exposing
jury to evidence of Larios’s prior criminality also requires reversal as a d eceptive or
reprehensible tactic under California authorities.”
       The People simply state there was no prejudice. We find there was no
prosecutorial misconduct.

                                              3.
       A. Additional Background
       Prior to jury trial, the trial court granted Larios’s motion in limine to exclude from
evidence “all references” to the fact he was “on supervision.” The court noted, “[T]o the
extent that, for example,” Larios’s “parole status has been excluded, that is information
you would need to share with” the witnesses.
       During the trial, the prosecutor presented a video recording of a law enforcement
interview with the victim. An initial attempt to play the video was halted by the court.
The court explained to the jury there was “an issue with the disk” and it would be
addressed “tomorrow morning.”
       The following morning, an edited recording was played for the jury. When the
video concluded, the prosecutor asked for a sidebar outside the jury’s presence. The jury
was excused from the courtroom and the parties discussed the fact the video was
insufficiently redacted. In the court’s words, “there was a portion [of the video] that did
not appear on the transcript … that was not to be in there relating to a potential statement
regarding … Larios and being in prison or having just gotten out of prison, something of
that nature.”
       Later, Larios’s counsel filed a motion for a mistrial. 4 At the hearing on the
motion, counsel argued “the defense … very assiduously … guarded the fact” Larios had
a “prior conviction” and “that he went to prison ….” Counsel explained protecting that
fact impacted jury selection because “the jury” was “not asked” how “they feel about a
client having convictions and whether they can sit on a jury knowing that fact, whether
they can overcome that fact.” Counsel added the prior conviction fact impacted opening
statement because she “would never do an opening statement where [she] do[es] not
mention the fact that, ‘Hey, you know, the client has prior convictions.’ ”

       4 The later filing complied with the court’s wish. The court, speaking about the
mistrial motion, stated, “I don’t want to have the motion made sort of on the fly if we
don’t have to do that, and so we are going to hear that motion on Monday morning.”

                                             4.
       The court concluded “there is no doubt that an erroneous admission of evidence
occurred.” The court believed it could “address [the issue] adequately with a curative
instruction” and subsequently denied the motion. Ultimately, Larios’s counsel “decided
to forego a curative instruction.” Accordingly, the jury was not instructed to disregard
the victim’s statement Larios “had just got out of prison, I guess ….”
       B. Analysis
       “ ‘Under California law, a prosecutor commits reversible misconduct if he or she
makes use of “deceptive or reprehensible methods” when attempting to persuade either
the trial court or the jury, and it is reasonably probable that without such misconduct, an
outcome more favorable to the defendant would have resulted. [Citation.] Under the
federal Constitution, conduct by a prosecutor that does not result in the denial of the
defendant’s specific constitutional rights—such as a comment upon the defendant’s
invocation of the right to remain silent—but is otherwise worthy of condemnation, is not
a constitutional violation unless the challenged action “ ‘so infected the trial with
unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.’ ” ’ ” (People v.
Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, 679 (Fuiava).) “ ‘[I]t is misconduct for a
prosecutor intentionally to elicit inadmissible testimony” or present inadmissible
evidence, but “merely eliciting evidence is not misconduct.’ ” (Ibid.)
       At the outset, we note in a similar situation, the California Supreme Court has
recognized the decision to forgo a curative admonition forfeits a prosecutorial
misconduct claim. (People v. Valdez (2004) 32 Cal.4th 73, 124-125 (Valdez)
[prosecutorial misconduct claim forfeited where counsel rejected curative admonition
after witness improperly referred to defendant’s “custodial status”].) Nonetheless, we
address the arguments on their merits. (See People v. Lua (2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 1004,
1014 [discretion to address forfeited claims].)
       Here, it does not appear the prosecutor intentionally elicited inadmissible
evidence. The transcript itself was redacted and, based on the record, no other redactions

                                              5.
were missed. It appears the error was negligent, not malicious. 5 The prosecutor’s
conduct here, though regrettable, was neither deceptive nor reprehensible. There is no
suggestion the prosecutor was deceptive or reprehensible in any other manner. (See
generally, e.g., People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 823-839 [examples of deceptive or
reprehensible conduct include misstating evidence, misstating law, irrelevant religious
references, witness intimidation, “juvenile courtroom behavior,” “[r]udeness and
intemperance,” and “derisive” or “derogatory comments” directed towards opposing
counsel].) In sum, there is no prosecutorial misconduct based on deceptive or
reprehensible conduct. Likewise, there is no reason to believe the trial was infected and
fundamentally unfair.
       In truth, the claim presented is an inadmissible evidence claim. “ ‘When evidence
is erroneously admitted, we do not reverse a conviction unless it is reasonably probable
that a result more favorable to the defendant would have occurred absent the error.’ ”
(People v. Young (2019) 7 Cal.5th 905, 931.) This standard is not met.
       The inadvertently admitted evidence was speculative. The jury heard the victim
state he guessed Larios had recently been released from prison. Speculation is not
evidence. (People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 735.) There is no reason to believe
the jury would base its verdict on a guess.6
       To the extent Coffman is challenging the ruling to deny the mistrial motion, we
find no error. A ruling denying a mistrial motion is reviewed for abuse of discretion.

       5 Coffman argues the prosecutor’s “actions went well beyond anything that could
be considered negligent, and must be characterized as at least reckless.” Even if we
agreed the prosecutor was reckless, our conclusion would not change. Adducing
inadmissible evidence is misconduct only when intentional. (Fuiava, supra, 32 Cal.4th at
p. 679.) The record does not support intentionality.
       6  We also note Larios was acquitted of a charge alleging he shot at the victim in
the alley. Because Coffman and Larios were tried by the same jury, this dispels any
inference of bias. (People v. Ramos (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 1116, 1131-1132.) In other
words, the jury demonstrated its ability to fairly evaluate the evidence free from bias.

                                               6.
(People v. Schultz (2020) 10 Cal.5th 623, 673.) The challenging party bears the burden
to show the trial court abused its discretion. (People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal.4th 342,
437.)
        Put simply, the court here did not abuse its discretion in finding a curative
admonition was sufficient to dispel any prejudice. A mistrial motion is properly denied
where there is no prosecutorial misconduct and the reference to criminal history is “brief
and isolated ….” (Valdez, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 128.) That is the case here. Indeed,
“[t]he California Supreme Court has consistently found vague and fleeting references to a
defendant’s past criminality to be curable by appropriate admonition to the jury.” 7
(People v. Franklin (2016) 248 Cal.App.4th 938, 955.) This case is no exception.
        For all these reasons, the inadmissible evidence was not prejudicial. Accordingly,
we reject the prosecutorial misconduct claim.8
II. Pitchess Review
        In the remaining claim, Coffman asked us to “review the sealed record of the
Pitchess proceedings below to ensure that the trial court followed the proper procedures.”
The People responded review “would be an idle act because [the officer whose records
are at issue] did not testify before the jury.”
        After the parties completed briefing earlier this year, we reviewed the Pitchess
records and learned some records were purged while the case was pending on appeal.
We notified the parties and solicited additional briefing on the matter. (See Gov. Code,
§ 68081.)

        7   To reiterate, Coffman decided to forgo a curative admonition.
        8Notably, in a similar situation, the California Supreme Court has recognized the
decision to forgo a curative admonition forfeits a prosecutorial misconduct claim.
(People v. Valdez (2004) 32 Cal.4th 73, 124-125 (Valdez) [prosecutorial misconduct
claim forfeited where counsel rejected curative admonition after witness improperly
referred to defendant’s “custodial status”].)

                                                  7.
       In the supplemental briefs, Coffman claims we are “unable to conduct any sort of
review,” citing People v. Mooc (2001) 26 Cal.4th 1216 (Mooc). She concludes “the
failure to preserve the evidence [here] is due to bad faith,” and “People v. Gaines (2009)
46 Cal.4th 172, prescribes a remand to determine prejudice.” The People, for their part,
maintain there is no prejudice “because the subject of the Pitchess motion did not
testify.”
       We do not agree the fact the officer at issue did not testify is dispositive. Nor do
we agree we are unable to meaningfully review the records or the records were purged in
bad faith. Having reviewed the available records, we find no prejudicial error.
       A. Additional Background
       Prior to trial, Coffman filed a motion seeking “discovery of law enforcement
personnel records” relating to a specific law enforcement officer. The motion sought
evidence of “(1) false statements in reports, (2) false and/or inaccurate testimony, (3) any
other evidence of or complaints of dishonesty, (4) bias, and/or (5) documented incidents
in which the officer’s [sic] omitted material facts in their reports.”
       After soliciting argument on the motion, the court granted the request to review
the officer’s records in camera. During the in camera review, the custodian of records
was sworn in to tell the truth.9 The custodian produced the officer’s personnel file and
the court ensured the file contained all the records necessary for review.
       The court determined two records were necessary to review. Both are described
with specificity in the record. The first simply contained no information; it was an
apparent notice about a potential, nondescript investigation. But there was no actual
follow up. As for the second document, the court determined it did not relate to the
nature of the motion, i.e., the officer’s credibility. It also determined the document was

       9 In People v. White (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 1333, 1335, the appellate court held
“the custodian must be placed under oath.” We note this fact, and law, because Coffman
specifically asks us to “ensure that the custodian testified under oath ….”

                                              8.
more than five years old. The court did not copy the record and instead returned the
entire file to the custodian. The court then announced to the parties it reviewed “the
relevant documents and files, and have ordered no discovery pursuant to that review.”
       After the trial was completed, Coffman filed this appeal. As noted, she sought
review of the court’s ruling finding no discovery was warranted. As part of the appellate
process, we granted a motion to augment the record and ordered the superior court to
provide:

              “1. The oral proceedings of the in camera hearing conducted
              on September 2, 2020, pursuant to appellant’s Pitchess
              motion, as described in the above mentioned motion.

              2. The files which were reviewed at the in camera hearing
              held on September 2, 2020, pursuant to appellant’s Pitchess
              motion.

              3. The clerk’s transcript consisting of the material described
              in item No. []2 of the above mentioned motion.”
The order also noted, “[i]f the superior court did not keep copies of the files described in
item No. 2 above,” it was “directed to conduct further proceedings to prepare a settled
statement in accordance with the applicable rules of the California Rules of Court and
described as follows:

              “The superior court is directed to order the files described in
              item No. 2 above from the custodian of those files. Upon
              receipt of said files, the superior court is directed to conduct
              confidential in camera proceedings during which the files are
              reviewed and to prepare a confidential settled statement
              stating: (1) whether the files received from the custodian are
              the same files the court examined at the in camera hearing
              held on September 2, 2020; (2) whether any other files were
              examined at the in camera hearing held on September 2,
              2020, that were not received from the custodian and describe
              the contents of those missing files as completely as possible
              within the court’s recollection; and (3) any other pertinent
              information.”

                                             9.
The court complied with this order by conducting further proceedings to prepare a settled
statement.10
       The court’s settled statement explained it retrieved the file from the custodian,
reviewed it, and determined it was the same file it previously reviewed, but with two
notable exceptions: both records described above were no longer part of the record. The
court confirmed it recalled the second document described above but did not mention
whether it recalled the first document.
       In connection with our order, the custodian of records filed a declaration which
was filed under seal along with the court’s settled statement. The declaration explained
the missing records were purged due to age.
       B. Analysis
       “[O]n a showing of good cause, a criminal defendant is entitled to discovery of
relevant documents or information in the confidential personnel records of a [law
enforcement] officer accused of misconduct against the defendant. (Evid.Code, § 1043,
subd. (b).) Good cause for discovery exists when the defendant shows both
‘ “materiality” to the subject matter of the pending litigation and a “reasonable belief”
that the agency has the type of information sought.’ [Citation.] A showing of good cause
is measured by ‘relatively relaxed standards’ that serve to ‘insure the production’ for trial
court review of ‘all potentially relevant documents.’ [Citation.] If the defendant
establishes good cause, the court must review the requested records in camera to
determine what information, if any, should be disclosed. [Citation.] Subject to certain
statutory exceptions and limitations (see Evid.Code, § 1045, subds. (b)-(e)), ‘the trial
court should then disclose to the defendant “such information [that] is relevant to the

       10To the extent necessary, we judicially notice our order filed on March 24, 2021.
(Evid. Code, § 452, subd. (d).)

                                             10.
subject matter involved in the litigation.” ’ ” (People v. Gaines (2009) 46 Cal.4th 172,
179.)
        “When a trial court concludes a defendant’s Pitchess motion shows good cause for
discovery of relevant evidence contained in a law enforcement officer’s personnel files,
the custodian of the records is obligated to bring to the trial court all ‘potentially relevant’
documents to permit the trial court to examine them for itself. [Citation.] A law
enforcement officer’s personnel record will commonly contain many documents that
would, in the normal case, be irrelevant to a Pitchess motion, including those describing
marital status and identifying family members, employment applications, letters of
recommendation, promotion records, and health records. (See Pen. Code, § 832.8.)
Documents clearly irrelevant to a defendant’s Pitchess request need not be presented to
the trial court for in camera review. But if the custodian has any doubt whether a
particular document is relevant, he or she should present it to the trial court. Such
practice is consistent with the premise of Evidence Code sections 1043 and 1045 that the
locus of decisionmaking is to be the trial court, not the prosecution or the custodian of
records. The custodian should be prepared to state in chambers and for the record what
other documents (or category of documents) not presented to the court were included in
the complete personnel record, and why those were deemed irrelevant or otherwise
nonresponsive to the defendant’s Pitchess motion. A court reporter should be present to
document the custodian’s statements, as well as any questions the trial court may wish to
ask the custodian regarding the completeness of the record.” (Mooc, supra, 26 Cal.4th at
pp. 1228—1229.)
        “The trial court should then make a record of what documents it examined before
ruling on the Pitchess motion. Such a record will permit future appellate review. If the
documents produced by the custodian are not voluminous, the court can photocopy them
and place them in a confidential file. Alternatively, the court can prepare a list of the
documents it considered, or simply state for the record what documents it examined.

                                              11.
Without some record of the documents examined by the trial court, a party’s ability
to obtain appellate review of the trial court’s decision, whether to disclose or not to
disclose, would be nonexistent. Of course, to protect the officer’s privacy, the
examination of documents and questioning of the custodian should be done in camera in
accordance with the requirements of Evidence Code section 915, and the transcript of the
in camera hearing and all copies of the documents should be sealed.” (Mooc, supra,
26 Cal.4th at p. 1229, fn. omitted.)
       At the outset, we first address the People’s argument the fact the officer did not
testify obviates prejudice. We disagree with the People because an officer,
hypothetically, might influence a case by coaching or directing witnesses, or by falsifying
evidence.11 These hypothetical facts are relevant notwithstanding the fact a specific
officer did not ultimately testify.
       Turning to the merits, our review reveals no reason to grant relief. “The sealed
record … here includes a full transcript of the … in camera hearing[], but not the actual
personnel file[] that formed the basis of the trial court’s ruling barring disclosure …. The
sealed transcript that is before us, in which the court ‘state[d] for the record what
documents it examined,’ is adequate for purposes of conducting a meaningful appellate
review.” (People v. Myles (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1181, 1209.)
       Based on our understanding of the entire record, the court conscientiously
reviewed the officer’s personnel file and determined nothing was discoverable relative to
Coffman’s motion.12 It is unfortunate the records were purged while this case was
pending appeal. But that is no basis for relief. (See People v. Jackson (1996) 13 Cal.4th
1164, 1221, fn. 10 [no constitutional error absent bad faith]; People v. Nguyen (2017)

       11 There is no suggestion these, or similar, actions occurred in this case. But we
note the possibility because such conduct would fall within Coffman’s motion for
discovery.
       12   For clarity, we see nothing else in the file which would cause us concern.

                                              12.
12 Cal.App.5th 44, 47—48 [“Our review of the trial court’s Pitchess motion
determination is for an abuse of discretion.”].) Finally, we note disclosure of conduct
more than five years old, as noted by the court, was barred at the time by Evidence Code
section 1045.13 (Cf. People v. McDaniel (2021) 12 Cal.5th 97, 134 [“such information
may still be” disclosed if “required” by the constitution].) Accordingly, the trial court’s
ruling denying discovery will stand.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.

                                                                             SNAUFFER, J.
WE CONCUR:

LEVY, ACTING P. J.

SMITH, J.

       13Evidence Code section 1045 has since been amended deleting the time bar.
(Senate Bill No. 16 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2021, ch. 402, § 1.)

                                             13.