Court Opinion

ID: 2826358
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-11 18:40:05.311315+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:31:21.575292
License: Public Domain

AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed August 6, 2015.

                                         S    In The
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      No. 05-14-00730-CV

                         TFHSP SERIES LLC, SERIES 03, Appellant
                                         V.
                               MIDFIRST BANK, Appellee

                       On Appeal from the 68th Judicial District Court
                                   Dallas County, Texas
                           Trial Court Cause No. DC-12-11478-L

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION
                       Before Justices Francis, Lang-Miers, and Whitehill
                                  Opinion by Justice Whitehill

       This is a title dispute between MidFirst Bank, a first lien deed of trust assignee (which

purchased the property at a foreclosure sale), and TFHSP Series LLC, Series 3, a later purchaser

at a homeowners association lien foreclosure sale. TFHSP claims that it acquired superior title

over MidFirst by suing only Alethes, LLC, which was the original first lien owner,—after the

assignment occurred—and obtaining a default judgment against Alethes (i) declaring that

TFHSP owns the disputed property in fee simple free and clear of any liens and (ii) cancelling

the deed of trust. However, MidFirst later sued TFHSP and obtained a summary judgment

declaring that MidFirst’s title prevails over TFHSP’s claimed title.

       TFHSP appeals, raising a single issue arguing that the trial court erred by ruling as a

matter of law that the default judgment in the preceding case setting aside the deed of trust was
void.        TFHSP’s appellate arguments focus on the premise that the first lien deed of trust

assignee’s suit was solely a bill of review proceeding attacking the underlying default judgment

and that MidFirst failed to prove as a matter of law all of the elements needed to prevail in a bill

of review proceeding.

            But we conclude that MidFirst’s suit was a collateral attack on the underlying judgment.

Moreover, TFHSP has not on appeal contested all of the grounds that MidFirst raised in its

summary judgment motion. Accordingly, based on the Malooly 1 doctrine, we affirm.

                                                           I.    BACKGROUND

A.          Facts.

            We draw these facts from TFHSP’s allegations in its live pleading and the summary

judgment evidence:

            The property at issue is a residential property in Mesquite, Texas. In 2006, the property

owners executed a note in favor of Alethes, LLC. This note was secured by a first lien deed of

trust. Alethes assigned the note and related deed of trust to MidFirst in January 2011.

            The property was also part of a homeowners association. The HOA’s declaration of

covenants, conditions, and restrictions required the owner to pay certain assessments. The

declaration also provided that unpaid assessments would become a continuing lien on the

property, but that the lien “shall be expressly subordinate to the lien of any first lien mortgage on

any Lot.”

            The property owners defaulted on the note, and MidFirst bought the property at a

foreclosure sale on May 1, 2012.

     1
         See Malooly Bros., Inc. v. Napier, 461 S.W.2d 119 (Tex. 1970).

                                                                      –2–
        During the MidFirst foreclosure process, the HOA foreclosed on its lien on the property

for unpaid assessments. TFHSP bought the property at the HOA’s foreclosure sale on October 4,

2011.

        In early 2012, TFHSP sued Alethes, but not MidFirst, seeking a declaration that TFHSP’s

purchase of the property extinguished the deed of trust. In April 2012, TFHSP obtained a no-

answer default judgment against Alethes. The default judgment decreed that TFHSP owned the

property in fee simple and held title to it “not subject to any lien or encumbrance, save for taxes

and assessments.” The Alethes default judgment also decreed that the subject deed of trust “is

hereby terminated, discharged, and unenforceable.” That is, TFHSP’s default judgment against

Alethes purported to terminate MidFirst’s first lien deed of trust and give TFHSP clear title to the

property otherwise subject to that deed of trust notwithstanding the declaration’s unambiguous

clause stating that the HOA assessment lien is subordinate to any first lien mortgage on the lot.

B.      Procedural History.

        MidFirst sued TFHSP in late 2012, and the case was transferred to the trial court that had

rendered TFHSP’s default judgment against Alethes. MidFirst’s suit asserted claims:

        (1) for a declaratory judgment that TFHSP’s default judgment was void and that MidFirst

holds clear title to the property,

        (2) to quiet title,

        (3) for trespass to try title,

        (4) for theft of property, and

        (5) for attorneys’ fees.

        TFHSP answered, and MidFirst moved for summary judgment on all claims in its

petition. In support of that motion, MidFirst argued that (i) TFHSP’s default judgment against

                                                –3–
Alethes was void; (ii) MidFirst had a superior lien and was entitled to a judgment that it holds

clear and superior title to the property; and (iii) TFHSP’s acts constituted theft of property.

           Regarding its argument that the underlying default judgment was void, MidFirst asserted

three grounds: (i) the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over Alethes due to defective service

of process; (ii) TFHSP’s pleadings were insufficient to support the default judgment; and (iii) the

trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the TFHSP v. Alethes case because Alethes

assigned its note and deed of trust to MidFirst before TFHSP sued Alethes and, as a

consequence, there was then no existing dispute between TFHSP and Alethes and that case was

moot.

           TFHSP’s summary judgment response argued that MidFirst’s suit was in reality a bill of

review and that MidFirst’s motion failed in that context because (i) MidFirst failed to show

defective service of process on Alethes in the underlying case; (ii) TFHSP’s pleadings against

Alethes were sufficient; and (iii) there was no evidence that TFHSP procured its default

judgment against Alethes by fraud or mistake. TFHSP’s response, however, did not address

MidFirst’s mootness argument.

           The trial court granted MidFirst’s motion. The resulting summary judgment decreed that

(i) the April 2012 default judgment against Alethes was void, (ii) MidFirst was the property’s

sole rightful owner, and (iii) MidFirst’s foreclosure was proper and extinguished TFHSP’s

“junior lien.” TFHSP appealed. 2

           On appeal, TFHSP asserts a single issue arguing that the trial court erred in finding as a

matter of law that TFHSP’s default judgment against Alethes in the preceding case was void.

For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.

   2
       MidFirst did not cross-appeal from the trial court’s denial of MidFirst’s attorneys’ fees claim.

                                                                       –4–
                                           II. ANALYSIS

A.     Standard of Review.

       We review a summary judgment de novo. Smith v. Deneve, 285 S.W.3d 904, 909 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.). When we review a summary judgment in favor of a plaintiff, we

determine whether the plaintiff established every element of its claim as a matter of law.

Anderton v. Cawley, 378 S.W.3d 38, 46 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.).

B.     TFHSP’s Issue: Was MidFirst’s claim for a declaration that the default judgment
       was void asserted as a bill of review, and did MidFirst carry its burden of proof?

       TFHSP asserts that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment that TFHSP’s

default judgment against Alethes was void. TFHSP argues that MidFirst’s suit was in substance

a bill of review, and MidFirst did not conclusively prove either (i) improper service on Alethes

or (ii) two of the three ordinary elements of a bill of review.

       MidFirst responds that its suit was not a bill of review because it was not a party to the

default judgment in question. According to MidFirst, only parties to a judgment can attack it by

bill of review.

       1.         Applicable Law: Bills of Review and Collateral Attacks.

       A bill of review is an equitable proceeding to set aside a prior judgment that is no longer

subject to challenge by a motion for new trial or a direct appeal. Mabon Ltd. v. Afri–Carib

Enters., Inc., 369 S.W.3d 809, 812 (Tex. 2012) (per curiam). A bill of review is a “direct attack”

on a judgment. See PNS Stores, Inc. v. Rivera, 379 S.W.3d 267, 271 (Tex. 2012). Ordinarily, a

bill of review involves an independent action by party to the former case. Id. at 270 n.1. A

nonparty, however, has standing to bring a bill of review if it had a then-existing legal right or

interest that was prejudiced by the prior judgment. See Frost Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315
S.W.3d 494, 504 (Tex. 2010).

                                                 –5–
        On the other hand, a collateral attack is an attempt to avoid a judgment’s binding effect in

a proceeding not instituted for the purpose of correcting, modifying, or vacating the judgment,

but to obtain some specific relief that the prior judgment stands as a bar against. Browning v.

Prostok, 165 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. 2005). Only void judgments can be collaterally attacked.

Id. A judgment is void only if the rendering court had no jurisdiction over the parties or

property, no jurisdiction over the subject matter, no jurisdiction to enter the particular judgment,

or no capacity to act. Id. Although a judgment is presumed valid in a collateral attack, that

presumption disappears if the record establishes a jurisdictional defect. PNS Stores, 379 S.W.3d

at 273.     The record affirmatively demonstrates a jurisdictional defect sufficient to void a

judgment if it (1) establishes that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the suit, or

(2) exposes such personal jurisdictional deficiencies as to violate due process. Id.

        A nonparty to a judgment can collaterally attack the judgment if the judgment directly

and necessarily affects the nonparty’s rights. Grynberg v. Christiansen, 727 S.W.2d 665, 667

(Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, no writ). For example, if a judgment deprives a creditor of its lien but

the creditor was not joined in the suit, the creditor can collaterally attack the judgment to protect

its interest in the property. Id.; see also Sec. State Bank & Trust v. Bexar Cnty., 397 S.W.3d 715,

721–24 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. denied) (nonparty lienholder could collaterally

attack tax delinquency judgment and foreclosure sale because lienholder was given no notice of

tax delinquency lawsuit).

        A party can argue that a judgment is void in either a bill of review or a collateral attack.

See PNS Stores, 379 S.W.3d at 271 (“It is well settled that a litigant may attack a void judgment

directly or collaterally . . . .”).

                                                 –6–
       2.      Application of the Law to the Facts.

               a.      MidFirst’s suit was a collateral attack.

       Contrary to MidFirst’s contention that its suit could not be a bill of review proceeding

because MidFirst was not a party to the preceding suit that produced TFHSP’s default judgment

against Alethes, a nonparty has standing to bring a bill of review if it had a then-existing right or

interest that was prejudiced by the prior judgment. See Frost Nat’l Bank, 315 S.W.3d at 502.

MidFirst claimed it had an interest in the property at the time of the default judgment, so

MidFirst would have had standing to bring a bill of review, if that had been what it did.

       On the facts of this case, though, we conclude that MidFirst’s suit is a collateral attack,

rather than a bill of review, for two reasons:

       First, Alethes is a necessary party to a bill of review to set aside the default judgment, and

MidFirst did not join Alethes. See Hunt v. Ramsey, 345 S.W.2d 260, 264 (Tex. 1961) (“It is the

general rule that where a proceeding is instituted to vacate and set aside a judgment, the parties

to the judgment must be made parties to such proceeding; and unless this is done, the attack is a

collateral one.”); accord HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v. Watson, 377 S.W.3d 766, 778 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2012, pet. dism’d).

       Second, MidFirst sought to avoid the default judgment’s otherwise binding effect to

obtain other relief that the judgment impeded—such as a declaration that MidFirst holds clear

title to the property and damages for TFHSP’s alleged theft of property.

       Thus, MidFirst’s attack on the judgment is a collateral attack, not a bill of review. See

PNS Stores, 379 S.W.3d at 272 (“A collateral attack seeks to avoid the binding effect of a

judgment in order to obtain specific relief that the judgment currently impedes.”).

                                                 –7–
               b.      TFHSP did not challenge every ground supporting the trial court’s
                       summary judgment favoring MidFirst.

       TFHSP next argues that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment sustaining

MidFirst’s attack on the default judgment. We conclude that TFHSP has failed to challenge

every independent ground on which the summary judgment could have been based.

       As we have already noted, MidFirst’s summary judgment motion asserted three grounds

to support the premise that the default judgment was void: (i) lack of personal jurisdiction over

Alethes, (ii) inadequate pleadings to support the default judgment, and (iii) lack of subject matter

jurisdiction because the TFHSP–Alethes controversy was moot. Although TFHSP’s appellate

issue broadly asserts that the trial court erred by ruling that the default judgment was void,

TFHSP’s appellate argument attacks only the first two grounds.

       An appellant must challenge every ground on which summary judgment could have been

granted. See Malooly Bros., 461 S.W.2d at 121. If an appellant does not challenge every

independent ground on which a summary judgment could have been granted, we must uphold the

summary judgment based on the unchallenged ground. Jarvis v. Rocanville Corp., 298 S.W.3d
305, 313 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet. denied). Although an appellant may assert a general

issue that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment, as TFHSP did here, the appellant

must also provide argument within that issue sufficient to challenge all grounds on which the

summary judgment could have been based. See id. at 313 n.8; see also Adams v. First Nat’l

Bank of Bells/Savoy, 154 S.W.3d 859, 875 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.) (“[A] reviewing

court will affirm the summary judgment as to a particular claim if an appellant does not present

argument challenging all grounds on which the summary judgment could have been granted.”

(emphasis added)).

       TFHSP has presented no argument challenging MidFirst’s mootness ground for summary

judgment. Accordingly, we must affirm the summary judgment sustaining MidFirst’s attack on
                                                –8–
the default judgment. Because TFHSP has not challenged any other aspect of the summary

judgment, such as the declarations that MidFirst is the sole rightful owner of the property and

that its foreclosure of its lien extinguished TFHSP’s lien, our conclusion disposes of this appeal.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment favoring MidFirst.

                                                      /Bill Whitehill/
                                                      BILL WHITEHILL
                                                      JUSTICE

140730F.P05

                                                –9–
                                         S
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                       JUDGMENT

TFHSP SERIES LLC, SERIES 03,                         On Appeal from the 68th Judicial District
Appellant                                            Court, Dallas County, Texas
                                                     Trial Court Cause No. DC-12-11478-L.
No. 05-14-00730-CV         V.                        Opinion delivered by Justice Whitehill.
                                                     Justices Francis and Lang-Miers
MIDFIRST BANK, Appellee                              participating.

     In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

       It is ORDERED that appellee MIDFIRST BANK recover its costs of this appeal from
appellant TFHSP SERIES LLC, SERIES 03.

Judgment entered this 6th day of August, 2015.

                                              –10–