Court Opinion

ID: 3194427
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-04-14 20:01:49.757736+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:19.935224
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                     No. 12-57 C

                                 (Filed April 14, 2016)

 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **                *
 M.K. FERGUSON COMPANY, for the                  *
 use and benefit of the secured creditors of     *
 GROUND IMPROVEMENT                              *
 TECHNIQUES, INC.; PNC BANK, N.A.;               *
 FIREMAN’S FUND INSURANCE                        *   Contracts; RCFC
 COMPANY; and R.N. ROBINSON &                    *   12(b)(1); RCFC 12(b)(6);
 SONS, INC.,                                     *   Defective Certification of
                                                 *   Claim; Severin Doctrine;
                   Plaintiffs,                   *   Allowable Contract Costs.
                                                 *
            v.                                   *
                                                 *
 THE UNITED STATES,                              *
                                                 *
                   Defendant.                    *
 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *               *

     Robert G. Barbour, McLean, VA, for plaintiffs. Keith C. Phillips, McLean,
VA, of counsel.

      Jeffrey A. Regner, United States Department of Justice, with whom were
Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Steven J. Gillingham, Assistant Director, Washington,
DC, for defendant.

                      ________________________________

                           OPINION AND ORDER
                      ________________________________

Bush, Senior Judge.
      The court has before it the government’s motion to dismiss brought under
Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal
Claims (RCFC). Defendant’s motion has been fully briefed. Oral argument was
neither requested by the parties nor required by the court. For the reasons set forth
below, defendant’s motion is denied.

                                      BACKGROUND1

       Most of the relevant background for this dispute may be found in
Ground Improvement Techniques, Inc. v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 162 (2012)
(GIT I), Ground Improvement Techniques, Inc. v. United States, No. 12-57C (Fed.
Cl. May 3, 2013) (GIT II), Ground Improvement Techniques, Inc. v. United States,
No. 12-57C (Fed. Cl. April 30, 2014) (GIT III), and Ground Improvement
Techniques, Inc. v. United States, 618 F. App’x 1020 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (GIT IV).
Only the facts essential to the dispute currently before the court are presented here.
In 1995, Ground Improvement Techniques, Inc. (GIT) became the subcontractor
for MK-Ferguson Company (MK) on a United States Department of Energy
project in Slick Rock, Colorado (the DOE project) for the remediation of uranium
mill tailings.2 As a result of a contract dispute, GIT eventually won a judgment
against MK in a federal court, a portion of which remains unsatisfied. It is that
unsatisfied portion of the judgment against MK that underlies the claim in
plaintiffs’ amended complaint.

       In 2001, MK filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy
Code, in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nevada (the MK
bankruptcy litigation). The unsatisfied portion of GIT’s judgment against MK,
and post-judgment interest, were claims administered in MK’s bankruptcy. The
bankruptcy court required MK to file a certified claim with DOE to attempt to
satisfy GIT’s claims against MK related to the DOE project. MK did so in 2010,
but the certification was contested as inadequate.

       1
         / This background information is drawn largely from the parties’ filings in this case and
does not constitute fact finding by the court. The court does not reach the merits of the claim set
forth in the amended complaint in this opinion; nor should the parties rely on any descriptive
language in this opinion as a characterization of the nature of that claim.
       2
        / MK has undergone multiple corporate name changes, and will be referred to as MK
even in reference to events which occurred after those name changes.

                                                 2
      MK very recently corrected its certification of GIT’s claim to comply with
claim certification requirements under the Contract Disputes Act of 1978, 41
U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109 (2012) (CDA). Pls.’ App. Ex. 3. The type of claim
presented in this suit is sometimes referred to as a pass-through claim, where the
prime contractor certifies the claim of the subcontractor and sponsors that claim
under its own name. Because GIT also went through bankruptcy, any proceeds
from GIT’s claim will be paid to the assignees of that claim in GIT’s bankruptcy,
usually referred to as the “Secured Parties.”3 Those assignees are indicated in the
caption of this case by the term “secured creditors” of GIT. See Order of October
7, 2015.

       There are three basic arguments which provide the foundation for
defendant’s motion to dismiss presently before the court. Def.’s Mot. at 3-4. The
government’s first jurisdictional argument essentially contends that the
pass-through claim asserted in the amended complaint was never properly certified
to the contracting officer and that the defects in certification are so grave that they
cannot be cured. The government’s second argument, relying on RCFC 12(b)(1)
and RCFC 12(b)(6) and citing Severin v. United States, 99 Ct. Cl. 435 (1943),
contends that because MK is not liable for GIT’s claim, MK cannot sponsor GIT’s
claim before this court. In the alternative, defendant argues that the costs
presented in MK’s pass-through claim are not allowable costs pursuant to MK’s
contract with DOE; thus, in the government’s view, the claim set forth in the
amended complaint fails as a matter of law.

                                       DISCUSSION

I.     Standards of Review

       A.     RCFC 12(b)(1)

       In rendering a decision on a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1), this court must presume all undisputed
factual allegations to be true and construe all reasonable inferences in favor of the
plaintiff. Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974), abrogated on other

       3
       / The term “GIT’s claim” is a shorthand reference to the pass-through claim sponsored
by MK and presented to the DOE contracting officer. This opinion does not revisit the topic of
the ownership of that claim, a topic which was fully explored in GIT I-IV.

                                               3
grounds by Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800 (1982); Reynolds v. Army & Air
Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 747 (Fed. Cir. 1988). However, the plaintiff
bears the burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction. Alder Terrace, Inc. v.
United States, 161 F.3d 1372, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (citing McNutt v. Gen.
Motors Acceptance Corp. of Ind., 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936)). To meet this burden,
the plaintiff must establish jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.
Reynolds, 846 F.2d at 748 (citations omitted).

      B.      RCFC 12(b)(6)

       It is well-settled that a complaint should be dismissed under RCFC 12(b)(6)
“when the facts asserted by the claimant do not entitle him to a legal remedy.”
Lindsay v. United States, 295 F.3d 1252, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2002). When
considering a motion to dismiss brought under RCFC 12(b)(6), “the allegations of
the complaint should be construed favorably to the pleader.” Scheuer, 416 U.S. at
236. The court must not mistake legal conclusions presented in a complaint,
however, for factual allegations which are entitled to favorable inferences. See,
e.g., Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986) (“[W]e are not bound to accept
as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.”) (citations omitted).

       The court must also determine whether a complaint meets the plausibility
standard described by the United States Supreme Court, i.e., whether it adequately
states a claim and provides a “showing [of] any set of facts consistent with the
allegations in the complaint.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 563
(2007) (Twombly) (citations omitted). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a
complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim
to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
(Iqbal) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). Plausibility is a context-specific
inquiry. See, e.g., Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 (“Determining whether a complaint
states a plausible claim for relief will . . . be a context-specific task that requires
the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.”)
(citation omitted).

II.   Analysis

      A.     A Defective Certification Has Been Cured

             1.     MK’s Certification of the Pass-Through Claim

                                           4
       As ordered by the judge in the MK bankruptcy litigation, MK certified
GIT’s subcontractor claim on October 22, 2010 and provided that certification,
with supporting documents, to the contracting officer on the DOE project. That
certification statement contains the following language:

             Attached please find the referenced subcontractor claim
             and supporting documents.
             As compelled by the Order being submitted herewith and
             the terms of the previous Order of the Court granting
             relief from the [bankruptcy] stay, I certify that the claim
             is made consistent with the Court’s Orders; and that I am
             duly authorized to certify the claim on behalf of the
             contractor.

Am. Compl. Ex. 4 at 26. The claim amount was for $9,842,711.83. Id. at 27.

       There is no real dispute that an effective certification for a nine million
dollar claim must include four elements prescribed by the CDA. The contractor
must certify that:

             (A) the claim is made in good faith;
             (B) the supporting data are accurate and complete to the
             best of the contractor’s knowledge and belief;
             (C) the amount requested accurately reflects the contract
             adjustment for with the contractor believes the Federal
             Government is liable; and
             (D) the certifier is authorized to certify the claim on
             behalf of the contractor.

41 U.S.C. § 7103(b). Only the last of those four elements is clearly present in the
certification letter provided by MK on October 22, 2010. Unless the court orders
issued by the bankruptcy court could relieve MK of its certification burden, it is
clear that the October 22, 2010 certification is not sufficient under the CDA.

      The court need not decide whether such a certification under court order, or
a subsequent certification under court order submitted in MK’s name but not
authorized by MK, could ever be sufficient to certify a CDA claim. MK, on
December 22, 2015, provided a second certification to the contracting officer

                                          5
which stated, in relevant part, that:

             On behalf of URS Energy & Construction, Inc.,
             successor to Morrison Knudson Company d/b/a MK
             Ferguson Company, I hereby certify that the
             pass-through claim of Ground Improvement
             Technologies, Inc. for the judgment amount of
             $9,842,711.83, plus interest from August 16, 2006, is
             made in good faith; that the supporting data are accurate
             and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief;
             that the amount requested accurately reflects the contract
             adjustment for which the contractor believes the
             Government is liable; and that I am duly authorized to
             certify the claim on behalf of URS Energy &
             Construction, Inc.

Pls.’ App. at 22. The December 22, 2015 certification submitted by MK contains
all four elements required by the CDA.

       Defendant does not argue that the December 22, 2015 certification is itself
defective. In the court’s view, the December 22, 2015 certification cures the
defects in MK’s October 22, 2010 certification. The submission of a corrected
and proper certification normally ends the court’s inquiry into the certification
issue because it is well-established that a defective certification can be corrected at
any time before this court enters a judgment in a contractor’s suit under the CDA.
See, e.g., 41 U.S.C. § 7103(b)(3) (“A defect in the certification of a claim does not
deprive a court or an agency board of jurisdiction over the claim. Prior to the
entry of a final judgment by a court or a decision by an agency board, the court or
agency board shall require a defective certification to be corrected.”);
M. Maropakis Carpentry, Inc. v. United States, 609 F.3d 1323, 1329 (Fed. Cir.
2010) (“[W]hile technical compliance with certification is not a jurisdictional
prerequisite to litigation of a contractor’s claim under the CDA, it is a requirement
to the maintenance of such an action.”) (citations omitted); James M. Ellett
Constr. Co. v. United States, 93 F.3d 1537, 1546 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (noting that after
late 1992 “certification of [a CDA claim is] not a jurisdictional prerequisite”).

      The government does not accept this interpretation of the effectiveness of
the December 22, 2015 certification, however. Defendant asserts that the October

                                           6
22, 2010 certification was not a certification at all, and thus does not benefit from
the rule that a defective certification can later be corrected. See Def.’s Mot. at 15
(“Plaintiff[s’] claims are not merely defectively certified, they are not certified at
all.”). This is a plausible but ultimately unsuccessful argument.

       The government’s “failure to certify” argument is constructed upon a
number of contentions. First, relying on a provision of the Federal Acquisition
Regulation (FAR), 48 C.F.R. § 33.201 (2010), defendant characterizes the October
22, 2010 certification as a “failure to certify,” rather than as a defective
certification. Def.’s Mot. at 15; see also FAR 33.201 (“Failure to certify shall not
be deemed to be a defective certification.”). Second, the government suggests that
jurisdiction in this court cannot lie where MK failed to certify the pass-through
claim, relying principally on Scan Tech Security, L.P. v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl.
326 (2000). Third, defendant argues that MK lacked the necessary intent to certify
the pass-through claim’s accuracy and merit, thus rendering its October 22, 2010
certification not merely defective, but incurable. See Def.’s Reply at 3 (“MK’s
failure to certify is not susceptible to being cured, because its refusal to provide
three of the four required certifications is not a mere defect.”) (citing Scan Tech,
46 Fed. Cl. at 335). These arguments are not persuasive, for the following
reasons.4

               2.      “Failure to Certify” Not Precisely Defined

       4
          / Although defendant frames this inquiry as a question of jurisdiction, the court believes
such an approach to be questionable in light of precedent binding on this court. See, e.g., Engage
Learning, Inc. v. Salazar, 660 F.3d 1346, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (“[B]ecause these allegations [in
the complaint] are non-frivolous assertions of the existence of a contract under the [CDA], the
[board of contract appeals] may not decline to consider them on jurisdictional grounds.”); Fisher
v. United States, 402 F.3d 1167, 1175-76 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“Assuming that the Court of Federal
Claims has taken jurisdiction over the cause as a result of the initial determination that plaintiff’s
cause rests on a money-mandating source, the consequence of a ruling by the court on the merits,
that plaintiff’s case does not fit within the scope of the source, is simply this: plaintiff loses on
the merits for failing to state a claim on which relief can be granted.”); Do-Well Mach. Shop, Inc.
v. United States, 870 F.2d 637, 639 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (“The presence of a valid defense, however,
does not oust a tribunal of jurisdiction unless, of course, the defense is jurisdictional.”). Here, in
light of these authorities, the court is not persuaded that an inquiry into whether a particular
certification of a CDA claim was defective (and thus curable) or incurably deficient is indeed
jurisdictional. In any event, the government does not prevail on this issue under either RCFC
12(b)(1) or 12(b)(6).

                                                  7
       Neither the regulation cited by defendant nor the CDA itself contains
illuminating language which explains the difference between submitting a
defective certification and “failing” to submit a certification. Both parties cite to
legislative history of the CDA which indicates that the 1992 amendment of the
CDA sought to prevent “[w]asteful and esoteric litigation” over the certification of
CDA claims. H.R. Rep. 102-1006, at 28 (1992). The bill before Congress also
apparently attempted to favor technically deficient certifications (“the result of
innocent mistake or inadvertence”) over certifications which were “made
fraudulently, in bad faith, or with reckless or grossly negligent disregard of the
Contract Disputes Act or applicable regulations,” id. at 28-29, although this
particular concern is not explicitly stated in the final amendment of the statute, 41
U.S.C. § 7103(b)(3). The court notes that the governing statute, 41 U.S.C.
§ 7103(b)(3), and the text of the regulation, FAR 33.201, even if these authorities
were interpreted to incorporate every statement in the legislative history cited by
the parties, do not, by any means, address every type of imperfect certification.
Courts and contract appeals boards have attempted to apply the statute and
regulation to diverse fact patterns, but the court has searched in vain for a case on
all fours with the facts of this case.

       It is obvious that a complete failure to submit any certification whatsoever
for a CDA claim seeking more than $100,000 is a “failure to certify” and this
failure cannot qualify as a defective certification which may be cured. See, e.g.,
Estes Express Lines v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl. 538, 550 (2015) (dismissing a
CDA claim for lack of jurisdiction in part because the contractor conceded that it
had not submitted any certification of its large claim), appeal docketed, No. 16-
1298 (Fed. Cir. Dec. 9, 2015). Under less obvious, but understandable,
circumstances the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals has repeatedly held
that a failure to sign a certification also constitutes a failure to certify a CDA claim
under FAR 33.201. See, e.g., Tokyo Co., ASBCA No. 59059, 14-1 BCA ¶ 35,590
(Apr. 23, 2014) (“Thus, the altogether lack of a signature on a certification is not a
defect that can be cured under FAR 33.201 such that we can retain jurisdiction.”)
(citations omitted). There is also a line of decisions from the contract appeals
boards that assesses the contractor’s knowledge of proper certification language,
or weighs evidence of the contractor’s intent to be bound by its certification. E.g.,
Walashek Indus. & Marine, Inc., ASBCA No. 52166, 00-1 BCA ¶ 30,728 (Jan. 6,
2000); Keydata Sys., Inc., GSBCA No. 14281-TD, 97-2 BCA ¶ 29,330 (Oct. 10,
1997); Prod. Corp., ASBCA No. 49122-812, 96-1 BCA ¶ 28,053 (Nov. 6, 1995).

                                           8
None of these board decisions were discussed by the parties.5 Because the facts
underlying each of these board decisions appear to vary greatly, and because the
decisions of the appeals boards are not binding on this court, the court finds little
assistance in these board decisions for the analysis required in this case.

                3.      “Failure to Certify” Cases Decided by This Court

       Defendant relies principally on Scan Tech for the proposition that MK did
not certify its claim in 2010 as required by the CDA, thus depriving this court of
jurisdiction over the claim presented in plaintiffs’ amended complaint. Def.’s
Mot. at 14 (citing Scan Tech, 46 Fed. Cl. at 334). Scan Tech, however, is
inapposite. Two documents in Scan Tech, a “cost or pricing data” form submitted
to the contracting officer and a letter sent to the contracting officer over two years
later, were deemed by the court to have fallen short of the “defective certification”
benchmark. 46 Fed. Cl. at 335-38. The form was a “Contract Pricing Proposal
Cover Sheet” which bears no resemblance to the letter submitted by MK on
October 22, 2010. Id. at 329. The second document was a letter from a company
official which enclosed some invoices which he stated were “as complete an
assembly as possible.” Id. Unlike MK’s October 22, 2010 certification, this letter
did not explicitly attempt to certify a CDA claim. Id. The court in Scan Tech
found that neither of these documents was a “defective certification” because each
reflected “a complete disregard of the CDA’s certification requirement.” Id. at
338.

      This court’s interpretation of CDA certification requirements in Scan Tech,
although persuasive, is not binding on this court. See, e.g., W. Coast Gen. Corp. v.
Dalton, 39 F.3d 312, 315 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (“Court of Federal Claims decisions,
while persuasive, do not set binding precedent for separate and distinct cases in

        5
         / In its reply brief, defendant, for the first time, indirectly alludes to the line of decisions
from the boards of contract appeals which distinguishes between defective certifications and
“failure to certify” scenarios. See Def.’s Reply at 4-5 (citing URS Energy & Constr., Inc., CBCA
No. 2589, 12-1 BCA ¶ 35,055 (May 30, 2012)). To the extent that the analysis in this board
decision cited by the government is properly before the court, the court does not find it
persuasive under the facts of this case. As explained in the following section of this opinion,
MK’s pass-through claim certification was made under orders from a bankruptcy court, and this
special circumstance must be considered when such a CDA certification is challenged. The
board decision cited in the government’s reply brief does not consider this crucial issue,
apparently because judicial orders were not at issue in that appeal.

                                                    9
that court.”) (citations omitted). The court in Scan Tech appropriately relied on
the FAR, which provides the following guidance:

             Defective certification means a certificate which alters or
             otherwise deviates from the language in [FAR] 33.207(c)
             or which is not executed by a person authorized to bind
             the contractor with respect to the claim. Failure to
             certify shall not be deemed to be a defective certification.

FAR 33.201. The remainder of that court’s analysis, however, applies caselaw to
the facts before it in Scan Tech, which involved neither a bankrupt prime
contractor under orders from a bankruptcy court, nor an explicit statement of
certification, which is the case here. Because the court in Scan Tech did not
confront facts similar to the instant case, this court cannot agree with the
government that Scan Tech compels a finding that “MK’s failure to certify is not
susceptible to being cured, because its refusal to provide three of the four required
certifications is not a mere defect.” Def.’s Reply at 3.

       The other cases cited by the government for its “failure to certify” argument
are just as unavailing as Scan Tech. In CSX Transportation, Inc. v. United States,
123 Fed. Cl. 244 (2015), the court held that the submission of a standard claim
form for damage to property, often used to lodge tort claims against the federal
government, could indeed constitute a claim under the CDA. Id. at 251. Because
the claim exceeded the $100,000 threshold, however, certification was required
under 41 U.S.C. § 7103. Id. at 251-52. The standard form’s certification language
did not resemble the language required for CDA certification set forth in 41 U.S.C.
§ 7103(b). Id. at 252. The court therefore ruled that the plaintiff’s certification on
the standard claim form was a failure to certify, not a defective certification. Id.
As in Scan Tech, the certification inquiry in CSX did not involve a bankruptcy
court order or a letter whose sole purpose was to certify a subcontractor claim.
For this reason, the analysis in CSX is distinguishable from the analysis required in
this case.

       Finally, defendant, in its reply brief, relies upon another decision of this
court, Sam Gray Enterprises, Inc. v. United States, 32 Fed. Cl. 526, 530 (1995),
without explaining how the holding in that case supports its “failure to certify”
argument. Def.’s Reply at 4. The communications between the businessman and
the United States Air Force in that case did not include a CDA claim or a CDA

                                         10
claim certification. Sam Gray, 32 Fed. Cl. at 529-30. Instead, the businessman’s
letters and facsimiles presented requests for widely-varying amounts of money,
and a statement that the contractor “in good faith” had to borrow “approximately
Two Million Dollars” to provide housing to federal contractors in the Bahamas.
Id. The “coincidental” usage of the term “good faith” was held to “bear[] so little
resemblance to the broadest possible reading of the [CDA] certification
requirement that the court [found] that [the] plaintiff never made any attempt to
certify his claim and that his allegation [was] merely an after-the-fact attempt to
ameliorate his error.” Id. at 530. The facts in Sam Gray in no way resemble the
facts of this case. The court cannot rely on the cases cited by the government to
hold that MK failed to certify the pass-through claim submitted on October 22,
2010.

             4.     Precedential Cases Discussing CDA Certification
                    Requirements

       In the instant case the inquiry into certification requires consideration of the
particular facts under which the October 22, 2010 certification was made by MK,
and a review of analogous cases. Most relevant to this case, both in the court’s
view and as demonstrated by the parties’ recitation of facts in their briefs, are the
following circumstances: (1) MK’s claim is a pass-through claim; (2) MK’s
October 22, 2010 certification of the claim was made under orders of the
bankruptcy court; and, (3) MK’s certification employed language specified by the
bankruptcy court. See Def.’s Mot. at 9 (noting that MK’s October 22, 2010
certification “utilized the language from the bankruptcy court’s August 4, 2010
order”). For guidance, the court turns first to two precedential decisions of the
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit which discuss the
certification of pass-through claims. The court then turns to a dispute which
proceeded from a contract appeals board to the Federal Circuit, and in which a
bankruptcy court’s order influenced a prime contractor’s certification of a pass-
through claim.

      A seminal case, with a long procedural history not of interest here, is
United States v. Turner Constr. Co., 827 F.2d 1554 (Fed. Cir. 1987). Turner, the
prime contractor, offered two certifications of a pass-through claim originating
from its subcontractor Johnson, but also advised the contracting officer, as
required under its master contract, as to the merits of the claim. Turner, 827 F.2d
at 1556-57. One of these advisory reports was negative, suggesting that the

                                          11
agency deny the claim, while a later advisory suggested that Turner could only
provide factual background and no longer offered any legal advice as to whether
the claim should be denied or granted. Id. at 1557. Although Turner’s second
certification conformed perfectly with CDA requirements, the government
attempted to invalidate the certification because Turner had once recommended
denial of the very claim it later certified. The Federal Circuit disagreed with the
government’s overly rigorous interpretation of the CDA’s claim certification
requirement.

       The court’s analysis of the validity of Turner’s second certification is
instructive:

             The government . . . argues . . . that the certification must
             not only be submitted in good faith but must reflect the
             prime contractor’s own belief that the submitted claim
             reflects the amount owed by the government and that to
             allow the prime to substitute the subcontractor’s belief
             for its own in making a certification would make a sham
             of the certification requirement, regardless of the merits
             of the submitted claim, and would render meaningless
             the prohibition against direct appeals by subcontractors.
             Under the facts of the present case, we do not find this
             argument persuasive.

             As explained by Turner in its October 10, 1980 letter
             . . . , its recommendation to deny the claim was beyond
             its expertise and was the result of an erroneous view of
             what was required of it under the terms of the contract.
             We agree that the recommendation as to the ultimate
             resolution of the claim was beyond its proper role. We
             further agree with the board in [Turner Constr. Co. ex
             rel. Industrotech Constructors, Inc., ASBCA No. 25447,
             84-1 BCA ¶ 16,996 (Nov. 25, 1983)] that the
             certification requirement requires not that the prime
             contractor believe the subcontractor’s claim to be certain,
             but that the prime contractor believe that there is good
             ground for the claim. Thus, how the prime contractor
             itself would resolve the dispute should not be relevant to

                                          12
             the certification issue; the prime contractor should not,
             through the requirement that it certify subcontractor
             claims, be used as a substitute for the contracting officer
             or the board [of contract appeals] in the determination of
             the merits of the submitted claims under the CDA.

             The government does not dispute that Turner’s
             certification of August 13, 1980, simultaneously
             encompassed all of the statutory elements needed for
             certification. It was unequivocal and replaced the
             ineffective qualified certification submitted by Turner on
             May 19, 1980. To require more by allowing the
             contracting officer the discretion to look beyond
             certification language which complies with the statute
             would necessarily require an examination of the
             underlying basis and merits of the claim in order to
             determine the validity of the certification. Since a proper
             certification is a precursor to jurisdiction under the CDA,
             invalidating certifications as a result of such
             examinations would prevent the contracting officer, the
             board, or this court from employing the provisions of the
             CDA on any aspect of the claim. This is contrary to the
             overall goal of Congress that the CDA be used to resolve
             all disputes and claims arising from contracts with
             government agencies . . . .

Turner, 827 F.2d at 1561 (citation to legislative history omitted). The Federal
Circuit also opined at length on the topic of pass-through claims, and the role of
the sponsor of those claims:

             As a result of the terms of the contract and the provisions
             of the CDA, Turner found itself in an unexpected,
             confusing, and potentially conflicting position with
             respect to its subcontractors and the administration of its
             duties toward the government under the contract. In
             practical effect, Turner found itself in the position of
             having to review and certify the data and legal theories
             underlying the subcontractor’s claims while also

                                         13
             providing the data and basis for the government’s
             defense of the same claims. We believe that Turner’s
             actions under the facts of this case more than represent a
             good faith effort to balance and comply with the
             competing concerns confronting it.

             Given the nature of this court’s day-to-day business, we
             do not find it at all surprising for there to be at least
             facially proper grounds factually and legally supporting
             each side in a nonfrivolous dispute. Nor do we find
             hopelessly irreconcilable the awkward requirement that
             the prime contractor both certify the claims of its
             subcontractors and provide the government with facts
             and theories with which to defend those claims. In fact,
             this accords with the government’s argument that the
             contractor is now required under the CDA “to disclose
             any facts which would undermine [its] claims.”
             However, we believe that the resolution of the alternative
             arguments presented in a claim arising out of a
             government contract is properly made in accordance with
             the provisions of the CDA, and should not be the
             responsibility of the prime contractor as a prerequisite to
             certification of its subcontractor’s claim.

Id. at 1559 (citation to legislative history omitted). Although Turner’s
certification, unlike MK’s October 22, 2010 certification in this case, contained all
of the required elements for a CDA certification, the Turner decision provides
several key insights into the certification of pass-through claims.

      First, the CDA “certification requirement requires not that the prime
contractor believe the subcontractor’s claim to be certain, but that the prime
contractor believe that there is good ground for the claim.” Turner, 827 F.2d at
1561. Second, the Federal Circuit requires that the sponsor of a pass-through
claim make “a good faith effort to balance and comply with the competing
concerns confronting it.” Id. at 1559. Third, it is not the role of the prime
contractor to adjudicate the pass-through claim, but to certify and present the pass-
through claim to the contracting officer if good ground for the claim exists. Id. A
few years later, the Federal Circuit had another opportunity to examine a

                                         14
certification of a pass-through claim in Transamerica Insurance Corp. ex rel.
Stroup Sheet Metal Works v. United States, 973 F.2d 1572 (Fed. Cir. 1992),
overruled in part on other grounds by Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 F.3d 1572
(Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc).

       The prime contractor in Transamerica was Bodenhamer Building
Corporation (BBC). BBC sponsored a claim for its subcontractor Stroup,
providing a certification which complied with the language required by the CDA,
but also attaching a cover letter containing qualifying statements:

             [T]his claim is being filed by our subcontractor and
             inasmuch as they do not have contract privity with you,
             we are acting as a conduit on their behalf in this matter.
             We do not have access to their books and records and,
             therefore, cannot make any statement with respect to the
             amount of their claim. However, we have no reason to
             believe that their cost figures and delay estimates are
             incorrect.

Transamerica, 973 F.2d at 1580 (quotations removed). The United States Claims
Court deemed BBC’s certification to be defective because of the qualifying
language in the cover letter. Id. at 1579.

       The Federal Circuit disagreed. Following Turner, the court stated that “the
language of BBC’s September 1, 1988 cover letter, which the Government alleges
[impermissibly] qualified BBC’s certification, is perfectly consistent with th[e]
standard set out in Turner.” Transamerica, 973 F.2d at 1580. The court
specifically relied on the “good ground” language in Turner which describes the
level of belief required for the sponsor of a pass-through claim, and also found that
BBC’s cover letter and enclosed certification were in substantial compliance with
the CDA. Id. at 1580-81. Transamerica thus reinforces the “good ground”
standard set forth in Turner, and also allows the prime contractor some leeway in
qualifying its support for a pass-through claim, at least in some circumstances.
See, e.g., George Hyman Constr. Co. v. United States, 30 Fed. Cl. 170, 176 n.11
(1993) (citing Transamerica, 973 F.2d at 1580, for the proposition that a prime
contractor “is permitted to qualify its certification of the claim under the CDA by
relying on the subcontractor’s representations”), aff’d, 39 F.3d 1197 (Fed. Cir.
1994).

                                         15
      Finally, the court turns to a contract appeals board decision, and the
subsequent reversal of that decision by the Federal Circuit, which concerned a
pass-through claim sponsored, at the insistence of a bankruptcy court, by a prime
contractor. Arnold M. Diamond, Inc., ASBCA No. 40885, 93-2 BCA ¶ 25,680,
1992 WL 398328 (Dec. 31, 1992) (Diamond I), rev’d, 25 F.3d 1006 (Fed. Cir.
1994) (Diamond II). The contracting agency was the United States Navy, the
prime contractor was Arnold M. Diamond, Inc. (Diamond), and the subcontractor
was Perth Amboy Iron Works, Inc. (PAI). The subcontractor’s claim against the
Navy was valued at approximately two million dollars, by PAI, although Diamond
communicated to PAI that the prime contractor believed the claim was only worth
$44,000 and warned PAI about procurement fraud:

            On 13 January 1987, [Diamond] sent to PAI its analysis
            of PAI’s claim. Of the total claim of $1,902,570,
            [Diamond] concluded that PAI was entitled to recover
            approximately $44,000. In whole sections of PAI’s
            claim document [Diamond] added the notation ‘do not
            concur.’ [Diamond] also advised PAI of the CDA
            certification requirements and forwarded to PAI
            educational treatises pertaining to the subject of
            procurement fraud investigations.

Diamond I, 1992 WL 398328.

       Diamond submitted PAI’s claim to the Navy two months later with no CDA
certification from Diamond and this language in Diamond’s cover letter:

            We are submitting this claim to you because we are
            obligated to honor the request of our Subcontractor,
            Perth Amboy Iron Works, Inc. This claim is submitted
            without comment, verification or mark up for [Diamond]
            ....

Id. The Navy rejected the pass-through claim because it was not certified by
Diamond. PAI went into bankruptcy, whereupon Diamond attempted to convince
the bankruptcy court that PAI’s two million dollar claim was abandoned because it
had not been properly certified (by PAI). Under orders from the bankruptcy court
to issue a proper CDA certification, PAI issued “a properly worded” CDA

                                       16
certification of its claim, and continued to assert the same amount for that claim.
Diamond demanded a response from PAI to Diamond’s highly critical analysis of
PAI’s claim for approximately two million dollars, and requested “documentation
which would justify and support the claim.” Id. No documentation from PAI was
received by Diamond.

       Diamond then renewed its request to the bankruptcy court that it find PAI’s
two million dollar claim to have been abandoned. The bankruptcy court held a
hearing. The colloquy between the bankruptcy judge, Mr. Christopher M.
Houlihan (Diamond’s counsel), and Mr. Samuel Z. Gdanski (Special Counsel
relied upon for his expertise in government contract law) is reproduced in relevant
part here:

            Mr. Houlihan: There’s no problem with [PAI’s]
            certification [language], your Honor. The problem is
            with the amount. When the claim was originally
            certified back in December of 1986 it contained a
            qualification. At that time Diamond asked PAI to certify
            the claim without qualification. A response came back
            in January of ’87 saying we can’t certify it exactly that
            way, to do so would be perjury. At that time in June, on
            June 13th of 1987 . . . Diamond did a very lengthy
            analysis of the PAI claim. It stated that the value of the
            claim was about $44,000, substantially less than the
            million nine. We’ve asked for a response to that and we
            have never received a response to that. In response to
            the Court’s order of October 24th of 1988, PAI gave us a
            certification for the exact same amount of $1.9 million.
            Now, your Honor, as you’re aware Diamond as the
            contractor is the one who has to certify the claim to the
            Navy.
            ....
            The Court: Are you suggesting to me that you have the
            authority and the right to decide what claim is going to
            be submitted by [PAI] to the Government?
            Mr. Houlihan: No, your Honor. I’m not suggesting that.
            What I am saying is that we face criminal and personal
            rather, civil penalties if we certify a claim which is false

                                         17
and if we believe and we have put in writing that we
believe a claim is worth $44,000 and we certify a million
nine claim, I think it’s going to raise some serious
questions and put us in jeopardy. [We’d] be happy to
certify the million nine claim, your Honor, if we could
get some back up on it. . . .
....
The Court: Well, what would you suggest I do, Mr.
Gdanski?
Mr. Gdanski: That you order –
The Court: That I order [Diamond] to certify something
that they don’t feel in good faith they can certify?
Mr. Gdanski: Yes. They’ve got the caveat. They’ve got
the defense, the explanation. It’s on the record that they
dispute the merits of the claim. If they want to do that
with a cover letter, they can do that. Or in the absence,
your Honor, of your office ruling substantively on the
issue we could elevate this to the Armed Services Board
of Contract Appeals and let them rule on this.
....
Mr. Houlihan: . . . If the Court ordered Diamond to
certify the claim, Diamond would do it and we could go
to the Navy and say that we have been ordered by the
United States Bankruptcy Court to certify this claim for a
million nine and we would do that.
The Court: You think I have a right to order you to
certify something that you don’t feel that you can do in
good faith?
Mr. Houlihan: Well, your Honor, it is an asset of the
bankrupt’s estate and it would be in the interest of the
creditors to pursue this claim, if it is a valid claim and we
would have the security of a court order. We have
brought to the Court’s attention our difficulties with the
claim and if your Honor decided that we should proceed,
we would follow your order immediately.
The Court: It is so ordered. The motion for an order
declaring the claim abandoned is denied and Arnold M.
Diamond, Inc. is hereby ordered to submit the -- to

                             18
             certify the claim of PAI, together with Diamond’s other
             claim or claims and submit same to the Government for
             review. I’m satisfied that on a basis of the review of the
             statute and the pleadings it appears to me that there is a
             basis, a good faith basis for certifying the claim and I’m
             going to order and direct Diamond to do so.

Diamond I, 1992 WL 398328. Diamond then complied with the court’s order and
certified PAI’s claim for approximately two million dollars, and included the
prime contractor’s mark-up on that claim. Id. Diamond did not mention within its
certification that its CDA certification of the pass-through claim was submitted in
compliance with the order of the bankruptcy court.

       The Navy denied the pass-through claim in its entirety, and Diamond sought
review of that decision before the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals
(ASBCA or board). The board acknowledged that Diamond’s certification of the
pass-through claim “contain[ed] the language required by the CDA.” Diamond I,
1992 WL 398328. The board cited Turner, but noted that, unlike the
circumstances of Turner, “[i]n this appeal[] we confront the unique, undisputed
factual situation in which the prime contractor has itself attacked the claim it later
certified, and certified the claim only after receiving a court order to do so.”
Diamond I, 1992 WL 398328.

      In the face of strong evidence that Diamond did not believe in the validity
of PAI’s two million dollar claim, the ASBCA held that Diamond’s certification
was not valid. The board stated that:

             Honesty with a subcontractor or the baring of one’s soul
             to the Bankruptcy Court is not the good faith envisioned
             by the CDA certification requirement. The claim must
             be submitted to the Government in good faith. There is
             more than ample evidence that was not done in this case.

Diamond I, 1992 WL 398328. The ASBCA also commented that the board was
“unprepared to attach unwarranted importance to a [bankruptcy] court order which
is violative of a statute [(the CDA)] over which we have province.” Id. After
Diamond’s motion for reconsideration was denied, Diamond appealed the board’s
decision to the Federal Circuit.

                                          19
       The Federal Circuit largely adopted the board’s factual findings, but noted
that Diamond’s CDA certification of PAI’s claim had been accompanied by a
letter notifying the Navy of the bankruptcy court’s order, and that a copy of the
court order was attached to that letter. Diamond II, 25 F.3d at 1009. The court
then proceeded to rule upon Diamond’s CDA certification. The court’s thorough
discussion of pass-through claims, bankruptcy court orders and the effect of such
orders on CDA certification is instructive. The Federal Circuit first noted that
Diamond met its obligations as a prime contractor under the CDA:

             The Board’s findings of fact demonstrate that Diamond
             complied fully with the congressional mandate to review
             and manage the claim of its subcontractor. Ironically,
             however, the data that Diamond developed in its analysis
             of PAI’s claim, as well as Diamond’s representations to
             the Bankruptcy Court, were used by the Government in
             persuading the Board to dismiss Diamond’s appeal. The
             Board concluded that Diamond did not consider that
             there was good ground for the claim it had submitted
             [o]n behalf of its subcontractor and consequently, that
             the claim was not submitted in good faith.

Id. (footnoted omitted).

       The Federal Circuit then discussed bankruptcy proceedings and the
authority of bankruptcy courts, and concluded that a bankruptcy court’s orders are
entitled to significant deference in government contract disputes when the prime
contractor and subcontractor are within the bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction.
Diamond II, 25 F.3d at 1010. The court then applied that deference to the issue of
the “good faith” of the sponsor of a pass-through claim, noting, first, that the “term
‘good faith’ is not defined in the CDA.” Id. The Federal Circuit borrowed a
definition of good faith from an en banc decision of the Supreme Court of
California:

             The phrase “good faith” in common usage has a
             well-defined and generally understood meaning, being
             ordinarily used to describe that state of mind denoting
             honesty of purpose, freedom from intention to defraud,
             and, generally speaking, means being faithful to one’s

                                         20
            duty or obligation.

Id. (quoting People v. Nunn, 46 Cal. 2d 460, 468, 296 P.2d 813, 818 (1956) (en
banc)).

      Applying deference and this definition of good faith, the Federal Circuit
approved of Diamond’s CDA certification:

            It is clear from the record in this case that Diamond had
            no intention either to defraud or deceive the Navy. To
            the contrary, the Board’s findings of fact show that in its
            direct dealing with PAI and in the Bankruptcy Court,
            Diamond took every measure that could reasonably have
            been expected of a prime contractor, under the
            circumstances, to obtain PAI’s support and justification
            for its claim in an amount which Diamond felt it could
            conscientiously certify. Alternatively, Diamond
            petitioned the Bankruptcy Court to relieve Diamond of
            its obligation to certify PAI’s claim. Instead of obtaining
            the relief it sought, Diamond was ordered to certify the
            claim by the Bankruptcy Court. Diamond complied with
            the order and notified the contracting officer that it had
            certified the claim because it was required to do so by
            order of the Bankruptcy Court. When one contrasts the
            Board’s conclusion of law with its findings of fact, the
            question that arises is: “What other course could a
            reasonable contractor have taken in the circumstances to
            show that it acted in good faith?” Significantly, the
            Board in its opinion stated: “We agree that appellant’s
            actions, for the most part, demonstrate a conscientious
            effort to meet its ethical, contractual, and statutory
            obligations.” Nevertheless, the Board held that Diamond
            had not acted in good faith.

            This court agrees with Diamond’s contention that it acted
            in the reasonable belief that there was no viable
            alternative to the course of action it followed in this case.
            First, Diamond’s efforts to file its own properly certified

                                         21
            claim came to naught. Second, Diamond was obligated
            both by . . . the CDA and the Order of the Bankruptcy
            Court to certify the subcontractor’s claim. If it had
            refused to do so, Diamond would have exposed itself to a
            suit for damages by PAI without any right of
            reimbursement. Third, there was a possibility that if it
            had disobeyed the order of the Bankruptcy Court,
            Diamond would have been cited by that court for civil
            contempt.

Diamond II, 25 F.3d at 1010-11 (footnote omitted). Finding good faith in
Diamond’s CDA certification, the court reversed the ASBCA and remanded for
further proceedings.

      It is important to note that the Diamond II decision distinguished Turner,
not because the “good ground” standard of belief in the validity of a
subcontractor’s claim is too low for the factual scenario of Diamond II, but
because “good ground” may actually be too high a standard of belief for a court-
ordered CDA certification:

            We recognize that in [Turner], this court held that while
            the certification provision does not require the prime
            contractor to believe that the subcontractor is entitled to
            recover on the claim, it is necessary that the prime
            believe that there is good ground for the subcontractor’s
            claim. However, that case is factually distinguishable,
            because in Turner, unlike the situation in this case, the
            prime contractor was not required by a court of
            competent jurisdiction to certify the subcontractor’s
            claim in spite of the prime’s belief that there was not
            good ground for most of the amount claimed by the
            subcontractor.

Diamond II, 25 F.3d at 1009 n.2. Thus, Diamond II considers the CDA
certification of a pass-through claim which results from a bankruptcy court order
to be a special type of CDA certification, and one which may, in certain
circumstances, be held to less-stringent standards than those set forth in Turner

                                         22
and Transamerica, for example. Compliance with a bankruptcy court order
appears to be enough to satisfy the good faith requirement, in the circumstances of
Diamond II, which are very similar to the circumstances of MK’s October 22,
2010 certification of GIT’s claim.

            5.     MK’s October 22, 2010 Certification Constitutes a
                   Defective Certification, Not a Failure to Certify

       Having considered Diamond II, the precedential case most on point, and the
holdings of Turner and Transamerica, the court notes first that in each of these
three cases, the prime contractor provided a certification with language containing
the elements required by the CDA, along with the pass-through claim. Here,
MK’s conforming certification was not delivered to the contracting officer until
December 22, 2015, after plaintiffs’ amended complaint was filed in this court. In
addition, none of these precedential decisions applied the 1992 amendment to the
CDA to the cases before them. Acknowledging these distinctions, the court does
not believe the holdings of these precedential cases can be extended to find that
MK’s October 22, 2010 certification, by itself, was a valid certification under the
CDA.

        Nevertheless, the court does consider these three precedential cases to
controvert the “failure to certify” challenge raised by defendant. Defendant argues
that MK’s October 22, 2010 certification is fatally undermined by MK’s
representations to the bankruptcy court that MK had legitimate concerns as to the
amount claimed by GIT. Def.’s Reply at 7. The holding in Diamond II, however,
shows that compliance with a bankruptcy court’s order can be sufficient to show
that, despite expressed reservations, the prime contractor’s sponsorship is made in
good faith. The holding in Turner shows that certainty as to a subcontractor’s
claim is not required, just a belief that the claim has “good ground.” The
Transamerica holding permits the prime contractor to express qualified support
for a pass-through claim. In light of these authorities, the court cannot conclude
that MK’s October 22, 2010 certification was a complete failure to certify GIT’s
claim. Instead, under Diamond II, Turner and Transamerica, it was a defective
certification, and that defective certification was cured on December 22, 2015.
This court is not deprived of jurisdiction, nor does plaintiffs’ amended complaint
fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted because of the manner of
MK’s certification of GIT’s claim.

                                        23
      B.     MK Remains Liable to GIT as a Result of the MK Bankruptcy
             Litigation

       The court turns now to the government’s argument which relies on the
Severin doctrine, a doctrine named for a 1943 opinion issued by the Court of
Claims. According to this doctrine, a prime contractor may not sponsor a pass-
through claim unless it remains liable to its subcontractor on the underlying claim.
See Severin, 99 Ct. Cl. at 443 (“If [the prime contractor] plaintiffs had proved that
they, in the performance of their contract with the Government became liable to
their subcontractor for the damages which the latter suffered, that liability, though
not yet satisfied by payment, might well constitute actual damages to plaintiffs,
and sustain their suit.”). In this case, defendant argues that because “MK obtained
a discharge of its liability to GIT in bankruptcy, . . . MK is not liable to GIT or the
secured parties for the claims asserted in this litigation [and MK] cannot sponsor
the secured parties’ claims under the Severin doctrine.” Def.’s Mot. at 25-26.

       The Severin doctrine has evolved since 1943. See, e.g., United States v.
Johnson Controls, Inc., 713 F.2d 1541, 1552 n.8 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (“In subsequent
cases, the application of the Severin doctrine has been narrowly construed.”)
(citation omitted); Seger v. United States, 469 F.2d 292, 300 (Ct. Cl. 1972) (“It is
time to put the Severin rule to rest insofar as subcontractor claims are asserted as
an equitable adjustment under the provisions of a prime contract with the
Government.”) (footnote omitted). Among the limitations on the modern Severin
doctrine are two that are applicable in this case: (1) the burden is on the
government to prove that the prime contractor is no longer liable to its
subcontractor on the pass-through claim; and (2) the Severin doctrine generally
requires an “‘an iron-bound release or contract provision immunizing the prime
contractor completely from any liability to the sub.’” E.R. Mitchell Constr. Co. v.
Danzig, 175 F.3d 1369, 1370-71 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (citations omitted).

       The parties have not cited to any cases providing precedent binding on this
court which analyze the liability of a bankrupt prime to its subcontractors for
purposes of applying the modern Severin doctrine to pass-through claims. Both
parties rely on J. L. Simmons Co. v. United States, 304 F.2d 886 (Ct. Cl. 1962), as
providing some guidance. The court agrees that J. L. Simmons is helpful because
it shows that anything less effective than an “iron-bound release or contract
provision” is insufficient for the Severin doctrine to block a pass-through suit.
The analysis in J. L. Simmons also provides an analytical framework which, in the

                                          24
court’s view, compels a rejection of the government’s Severin doctrine challenge
to the amended complaint in this case.

        The subcontracts between J. L. Simmons and its subcontractors contained
“releases” which permitted two means for resolving the subcontractors’ claims
against the prime contractor. J. L. Simmons, 304 F.2d at 888. If the prime’s pass-
through suit was successful, the prime would pay out the proceeds to its
subcontractors. Id. If, however, the pass-through suit failed, the prime’s liability
was extinguished. Id. The court described this arrangement as falling into a
middle ground between liability and no liability: “Lying between these extremes
are those cases involving situations wherein the prime contractor has agreed to
reimburse its subcontractor for damages it has suffered at the hands of the
Government, but only as and when the former receives payment for them from the
Government.” Id. at 889. The court noted that this middle ground of liability was
enough to escape dismissal of a pass-through claim under the Severin doctrine. Id.
(citing cases). Ruling for J. L. Simmons, the court provided an analytical
framework for deciding when a prime contractor retains at least an “implicit”
liability to its subcontractors:

            In our view, defendant . . . misconceives the over-all
            tenor of the releases. Although the language used may
            be somewhat inartistic, we think that, taken as a whole,
            the releases do recognize an existing liability on the part
            of plaintiff for these claims. We have indicated that
            plaintiff’s liability is not expressly negated in any event.
            Rather, the releases simply purport to set forth the
            manner in which plaintiff’s liability is to be
            extinguished. Certainly implicit, at least, in these
            provisions would seem to be a recognition on the part of
            the parties that plaintiff is liable for these claims.
            Otherwise, there would be no reason for the parties to go
            to the trouble of providing a method for extinguishing a
            nonexisting liability. Consequently, we have here a
            situation where plaintiff’s liability for these claims was
            recognized and expressly preserved at the time the
            releases were entered into.

            Moreover, it is apparent that, insofar as they relate to

                                         25
               these particular claims, the releases are clearly
               conditional or contingent in nature. They become
               operable only if and when plaintiff prosecutes these very
               claims against the Government to a final judgment.
               Even then, if the claims are found meritorious, plaintiff’s
               liability is not extinguished until actual payment is made
               to the subcontractors. Thus, the releases neither
               exonerate plaintiff from liability ab initio nor
               subsequently, but do impose certain obligations on
               plaintiff which it must fulfill before its duty to reimburse
               these subcontractors for the damage allegedly caused by
               the Government is extinguished. It is apparent, then, that
               plaintiff is presently subject to liability on these claims
               and will continue to be so until liability is extinguished
               in accord with the method agreed to by the parties.

Id. at 890.

        The court must follow J. L. Simmons, and finds a strong parallelism between
the implicit liability described in that case and the implicit liability of MK in the
MK bankruptcy litigation. Instead of releases written into its subcontracts, MK’s
liability is established by the bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction over MK and that
court’s order requiring MK to submit a CDA certification. Even though post-
bankruptcy MK, just like J.L. Simmons, may not be required to pay anything to
satisfy its subcontractor’s claim, MK still has “certain obligations . . . which it
must fulfill before its duty to reimburse [its] subcontractor[] . . . is extinguished.”
J.L. Simmons, 304 F.2d at 890. As was the case for J.L. Simmons, if MK prevails
in this suit, the proceeds must be paid by post-bankruptcy MK to the owners of
GIT’s claim.6 Under this authority, the court finds that defendant failed to meet its
burden to prove that MK is not liable to GIT and that the Severin doctrine bars
MK’s pass-through claim.

       The parties also dispute whether this case should be distinguished from or

       6
         / MK is only a nominal plaintiff for the benefit of the assignees of GIT’s claim. See
Def.’s App. at 71 (noting that defendant’s counsel wishes to ensure that MK is correctly
identified by its current corporate name so that it can receive any monetary judgment issued in
this case).

                                               26
governed by the analysis set forth in Brazier Forest Products, Inc. v. United
States, 11 Cl. Ct. 468 (1987). The court relies on Brazier for the limited purpose
of establishing that a bankrupt prime may, in certain circumstances, sponsor a
pass-through claim despite the Severin doctrine. For the same limited purpose, the
court notes that a bankrupt prime contractor was nonetheless able to sponsor a
pass-through claim in International Technology Corp., ASBCA No. 54136, 04-1
BCA ¶ 32,607 (Apr. 27, 2004). That pass-through claim eventually failed on the
merits, but it did not fall prey to the Severin doctrine. See id. n.1; see also Int’l
Tech. Corp. v. Winter, 523 F.3d 1341, 1344 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2008). The court must
reject defendant’s Severin doctrine challenge to the amended complaint because
the government has not met its burden to prove that the modern Severin doctrine
bars MK’s pass-through claim.

       C.      GIT’s Claim is Plausibly an Allowable Cost under the DOE
               Contract

       Having confirmed its jurisdiction over this suit, and having rejected
defendant’s arguments regarding the certification of MK’s pass-through claim and
MK’s liability for that claim, the court turns to the government’s RCFC 12(b)(6)
argument disputing the “allowability” of the cost of the pass-through claim under
MK’s contract with DOE. The government contends that “the claimed costs [in
GIT’s claim] are not allocable or allowable under the contract between MK and
DOE because MK never incurred the costs, and has no liability for the costs.”
Def.’s Mot. at 2; see also Def.’s Reply at 12 (arguing that any lingering liability
from MK’s bankruptcy “does not establish that MK has incurred or will incur the
cost of [GIT’s] claim”). This argument relies on two authorities, a FAR provision
alleged in the amended complaint to be part of MK’s contract with DOE, and an
inapposite citation from a decision of the Civilian Board of Contract Appeals
adjudicating DOE’s reimbursement liability for another aspect of the litigation
between MK and GIT. Neither of these authorities convinces the court that MK’s
pass-through claim is not plausible.

      The FAR provision cited by defendant is FAR 31.201-1, 48 C.F.R.
§ 31.201-1 (1984).7 In relevant part, it states:

       7
        / Defendant cites to the “1983” version of the FAR for the language quoted here. Def.’s
Mot. at 27. To the extent that there was a 1983 version of the FAR, it did not take effect until
                                                                                     (continued...)

                                                27
              The total cost of a contract is the sum of the allowable
              direct and indirect costs allocable to the contract,
              incurred or to be incurred . . . .

Id. The government focuses on the “incurred or to be incurred” language of the
regulation, and again argues, just as it did in its Severin doctrine argument, that
MK has not incurred and will never incur the costs of the pass-through claim
because of its discharge of GIT’s claim in the MK bankruptcy litigation. For this
reason, the government argues that “MK’s liability for the GIT judgment . . .
[cannot] be charged to the [DOE] contract as an allowable cost.” Def.’s Mot. at
29.

       The government fails to cite a single case which interprets the scope and
meaning of FAR 31.201-1, in general, or which interprets this regulation
specifically in terms of a bankruptcy discharge. The court thus has nothing more
than the government’s ipse dixit assertion that an unsatisfied judgment that is part
of a prime contractor’s bankruptcy estate cannot be allowable to a cost
reimbursement contract under FAR 31.201-1.8 Under the standard of review
required by RCFC 12(b)(6), and in the face of such a lack of persuasive authority,
the court cannot conclude that MK’s pass-through claim is not at least plausibly
allowable under MK’s contract with DOE.

      The government fares no better with its reliance on URS Energy &
Construction, Inc., CBCA No. 2260,12-2 BCA ¶ 35,094 (June 29, 2012). The
decision in URS Energy focused on a liability of MK that was not discharged in
the MK bankruptcy litigation, i.e., MK’s liability to its surety “Federal”:

       7
         (...continued)
April 1, 1984. See Establishing the Federal Acquisition Regulation, 48 Fed. Reg. 42,102, 42,102
(Sept. 19, 1983). The contract between MK and DOE was entered into in 1983. Am. Compl.
¶ 7. The text of FAR 31.201-1 is available in the 1984 edition of the Code of Federal
Regulations.
       8
        / The contract provisions governing allowable costs actually set forth in MK’s contract
with DOE are not before the court. Although the government may be correct that MK’s contract
included essentially the same language as FAR 31.201-1, as alleged in plaintiffs’ amended
complaint, the foundation for defendant’s “allowable costs” argument is far from solid. See
supra note 7.

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            In this appeal, [MK] seeks reimbursement only for the
            amount it was obligated to pay Federal, as surety, as part
            of its indemnity obligation. Because [MK]’s
            indemnification obligation was not discharged during the
            bankruptcy, the bankruptcy does not, in any way, affect
            the outcome of the case.

Id. The board of contract appeals in URS Energy nowhere discusses the
allowability of a claim that was discharged in bankruptcy, under FAR 31.201-1 or
any other regulation. Simply put, the board did not discuss or make any findings
as to the effect of a bankruptcy discharge on the allowability of contract costs.
The government’s contention that MK’s pass-through claim is not plausible under
FAR 31.201-1 and URS Energy is not persuasive.

      D.    Remand for a Contracting Officer’s Decision on the Merits of
            MK’s Pass-Through Claim

       The court raises an issue sua sponte regarding further proceedings in this
case. Normally, having dismissed all of the government’s challenges to a
complaint, the court would require an answer to the complaint. Here, however, the
DOE contracting officer never reached the merits of MK’s pass-through claim due
to a defective certification that was only corrected very recently. In somewhat
analogous circumstances, this court remanded a CDA claim to a federal agency for
a decision on the merits of that claim:

            Once the court determines that a case is within its
            jurisdiction, it has juridical power to enter an order
            remanding the case to another body, either at the request
            of a party or on its own motion. The Tucker Act grants
            this court “the power to remand appropriate matters to
            any administrative or executive body or official with
            such direction as it may deem proper and just.” 28
            U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2). When the factual record before the
            court is incomplete or additional agency proceedings or
            action are necessary, a remand may be appropriate. Both
            deficiencies exist here. [The agency] did not act on a
            number of Rollock’s claims, and, when it did act, it left
            salient matters unresolved. [The agency] should further

                                        29
             develop the factual record and definitively act on
             Rollock’s claims.

Rollock Co. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 317, 334 (2014) (citations omitted).

       In another recent case, a contracting officer delayed the issuance of his final
decision on a CDA claim too long and the contractor brought suit in this court
under a “deemed denial” theory. Rudolph & Sletten, Inc. v. United States, 120
Fed. Cl. 137 (2015). This court found that it had jurisdiction over the cause, but
remanded the claim to the contracting officer for a final decision on the merits. Id.
at 143. The court cited 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(5) for its authority to do so. Under
the same statutory authority the boards of contract appeals also will stay
proceedings, in some circumstances, to allow a contracting officer’s decision to
issue on the merits of a CDA claim. See, e.g., Brad West & Assocs., Inc., CBCA
No. 3879, 14-1 BCA ¶ 35,744 (Sept. 18, 2014) (noting in the procedural history of
that case that the board had “directed [the agency] to issue a [contracting officer’s]
decision within thirty days, or advise the Board as to why such a decision could
not be issued”); Lobar, Inc., ASBCA No. 59178, 14-1 BCA ¶ 35,584 (Apr. 18,
2014) (“We conclude that the issuance of a CO’s decision will better enable the
parties to potentially settle this appeal and therefore grant the motion to stay
proceedings until 12 May 2014 to issue a CO’s decision.”).

       The court believes that there is ample reason for a remand to DOE in this
case. First, the defective certification has been cured, thus removing the reason
the contracting officer gave for refusing to consider MK’s pass-through claim.
Am. Compl. ¶ 24. Second, the factual underpinnings of the pass-through claim are
interwoven with proceedings before a number of federal courts and the Civilian
Board for Contract Appeals. These complex facts need to be analyzed in the
context of the DOE project and contract documents. The DOE contracting officer
is best situated to undertake this review in the first instance. Third, the type of
underlying claim presented here is rather unusual, in that it is founded on a
partially-satisfied judgment issued by a district court. DOE must render a decision
on this unusual claim in light of its own interpretation of relevant law and relevant
contract provisions.

       For all of the above reasons, the court will remand MK’s pass-through claim
to DOE. In order for this process to function smoothly, the court solicits the
parties’ input into an appropriate remand order. The instructions to DOE cannot

                                          30
dictate any particular outcome, as such an order would exceed this court’s remand
authority. See, e.g., Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States, 88 Fed. Cl. 235, 245
(2009) (“The common theme running through these [remand] cases is that the
remand does not mandate a particular factual determination, but directs the
agency’s attention to matters the court believes require further action to create an
adequate record for the agency’s decision.”). However, the parties may be able to
suggest the appropriate period of time for such a remand and other requirements
that would help this litigation proceed more efficiently from this point forward.
Once the court has received a jointly-drafted proposed remand order from the
parties, the court will remand MK’s pass-through claim to DOE’s contracting
officer for the issuance of a final decision on that claim.

                                 CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s motion to dismiss is denied. The
court agrees with defendant, however, that the caption of this case should be
modified to reflect the correct corporate name of the current prime contractor with
DOE, URS Energy & Construction, Inc., the successor to MK and the sponsor of
the claim set forth in the amended complaint. See Def.’s Mot. at 3. The parties
should substitute “URS Energy & Construction, Inc.” for “M.K. Ferguson
Company” in the caption of this case from this point going forward. The next
procedural step in this case will be to remand plaintiffs’ claim to DOE. The court
stays all other proceedings in this case until further order of the court.

      Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that

             (1)   Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the First Amended Complaint,
                   filed November 16, 2015, is DENIED;

             (2)   The Clerk’s Office is directed to CORRECT the docket to
                   show the following four named plaintiffs and ALL FUTURE
                   FILINGS by the parties shall reflect this change: URS
                   ENERGY & CONSTRUCTION, INC., for the use and benefit
                   of the secured creditors of GROUND IMPROVEMENT
                   TECHNIQUES, INC.; PNC BANK, N.A.; FIREMAN’S FUND
                   INSURANCE COMPANY; and, R.N. ROBINSON & SONS,
                   INC.;

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(3)   The Clerk’s Office is directed to SUSPEND all proceedings in
      this case until further order of the court; and,

(4)   Defendant shall FILE a Notice containing the parties’
      proposed remand order to DOE on or before May 6, 2016.

                               /s/Lynn J. Bush
                               LYNN J. BUSH
                               Senior Judge

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