Court Opinion

ID: 4642980
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-15 15:18:24.587899+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:36.907317
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges AtLee and Athey
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued by videoconference

              MARY B. GIAQUINTO, N/K/A
               MARY B. LINCOLN
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0615-20-1                                   JUDGE CLIFFORD L. ATHEY, JR.
                                                                                DECEMBER 15, 2020
              NICHOLAS A. GIAQUINTO

                            FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH
                                             Stephen C. Mahan, Judge

                               Julie A. Currin (W. Ware Morrison, PLC, on briefs), for appellant.

                               M. Michelle P. McCracken (Fine, Fine, Legum & McCracken, LLP,
                               on brief), for appellee.

                     Assigning three errors, appellant Mary B. Giaquinto, n/k/a Mary B. Lincoln (“wife”)

              appeals from a final decree of divorce (“final decree”) entered in the Circuit Court of the City of

              Virginia Beach (“trial court”). First, wife contends that “the [trial court] abused its discretion

              [by] denying [wife’s] repeated requests for a continuance on December 5, 2019.” Second, she

              contends that “the [trial court] erred in not permitting any of [wife’s] evidence of discovery

              abuses and/or her documents impacting equitable distribution, asset, and debt determinations.”

              Third, she contends that “the [trial court’s] application of the pretrial order resulted in manifest

              injustice for the pro se [wife] adequate to mandate reversal and remand.”

                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                          BACKGROUND1

       Wife and appellee Nicholas A. Giaquinto (“husband”) married on July 21, 2000. On

April 24, 2018, wife filed a complaint for divorce based on cruelty and requested the equitable

distribution of all marital property, assets, debts, retirement, and other matters under Code

§ 20-107.3. Husband filed an answer and counterclaim, seeking a divorce based on wife’s

cruelty or, in the alternative, a divorce based on living separate and apart for over one year.

       On May 31, 2019, the parties agreed to set the matter for trial on December 5, 2019.

Wife’s counsel endorsed the court’s pretrial order before being permitted to withdraw from

representation in the case. Wife chose to proceed pro se. The pretrial order advised both

husband and wife (collectively, “the parties”) of deadlines for filing and exchanging proposed

exhibits, pretrial briefs, and exhibit and witness lists. Wife failed to comply with the deadlines in

the pretrial order, which cautioned that “[a]ny exhibit or witness not so identified will not be

received in evidence” unless used for rebuttal, impeachment, “or unless the admission of such

exhibit or testimony of the witness would cause no surprise or prejudice to the opposing party

and the failure to list the exhibits or witness was through inadvertence.” The pretrial order

established that “[c]ontinuances of the trial date will only be granted by the court for good cause

shown.”

       On the morning of the trial, wife made an ore tenus request for a continuance based on

good cause, citing her need for more time to investigate her husband’s alleged engagement in

identity fraud and hiding funds, an appointment for genetic testing on December 16, 2019, which

she later abandoned, and her desire to obtain an attorney despite the passage of six months since

       1
         Pursuant to familiar appellate principles, the evidence is summarized in the light most
favorable to the prevailing party at trial, husband in this matter. See Niblett v. Niblett, 65
Va. App. 616, 622 (2015).
                                                 -2-
her former counsel withdrew. Husband objected to continuing the trial and to wife introducing

exhibits or witnesses because she failed to comply with the pretrial order.

       After reviewing the parties’ file, the trial court noted that husband had submitted the

pretrial conference brief and an exhibit and witness list, but that wife had not—wife admitted

that she failed to file these documents. Wife added, however, that she did not have an attorney

and should therefore be allowed to present evidence. In the alternative, wife suggested that a

continuance would allow her time to obtain an attorney and “get the right thing done.”

       The trial court found that wife “had lots of time to obtain an attorney if [she] wanted to

do so” and denied her continuance request because good cause for a continuance did not exist.

In doing so, the trial court found that wife had engaged in “a series of last-minute attempts to

delay or interfere with this proceeding going forward, all of which could have been addressed at

a prior occasion and should have been addressed at a prior occasion . . . .” The trial court then

ruled that any proposed exhibits not identified on the witness or exhibit list, as previously

ordered, would not be permitted.

       When the trial court then asked wife if she wished to raise any other pretrial issues, wife

responded, “I’d like to just see if we could settle. I, I don’t think there’s anything to present.”

Husband subsequently agreed to discuss a settlement with her, and the trial court took a recess to

give them that opportunity.

       After the recess, counsel for husband told the trial court that she was uncertain whether

wife agreed to waive any interest in husband’s retirement but that if wife agreed to that, she was

prepared to read the agreement into the record. While wife indicated that she did not wish to

waive this interest, she emphasized, “I don’t care, just settle it, please.” The trial court then

explained to wife as follows:

                                                 -3-
               I can’t . . . require you to agree to anything. And, I don’t want you
               to agree to . . . anything that you don’t want to agree to. I want to
               be clear to you. You are not being forced to agree to anything.
               And, nobody’s pressuring you, at least, nobody from the Court’s
               perspective is pressuring you to do anything that you have any
               reservations about doing. And, as [a] matter of fact, the Court
               would not accept an alleged agreement if the Court were under the
               impression it really was not a free and voluntary act on the part of
               both parties.

In response to a request to distinguish separate from marital property, the trial court defined the

terms and asked whether wife understood the distinction. Instead of responding to that question,

wife attempted to negotiate with husband in open court. Whereupon, the trial court explained

that the parties would not be permitted to negotiate in open court and took another recess for the

parties to further discuss the terms of a potential agreement.

        When the parties returned, counsel for husband announced that the parties had reached an

agreement and offered to read it into the record. The trial court explained the procedure to the

parties, and counsel for husband read the agreement into the record. Husband agreed to its terms

and to affirm, ratify, and incorporate such agreement into the final decree.

        Wife also assented to the terms of the agreement as recited on the record. When the trial

court asked wife whether she agreed to the terms as counsel recited, wife replied without

hesitation, “Yes, sir.” When the trial court asked wife whether she agreed to affirm, ratify, and

incorporate the agreement into the final decree, wife replied, “Yes.”

        After husband and a witness testified to the grounds of divorce, the trial court granted a

no-fault divorce as husband requested, subject to the terms of the agreement read into the record

and affirmed by the parties under oath. The trial court entered the final decree on February 26,

2020.

                                                -4-
       Counsel2 for wife signed the final decree as seen and objected to for “not conforming

with rules and equitable distribution law.” The trial court responded in writing that “[n]o

objection was previously raised by [wife,] and the Court has not had any opportunity to consider

or rule on any purported objections to what was, at the time of [the] hearing, an uncontested

divorce based upon an agreement affirmed under oath, on the record, by both parties.” Counsel

for wife then filed a notice and motion to rehear, which the trial court denied by order dated

April 16, 2020. This appeal followed.

                                       STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Our standard of review requires us to “‘discard the evidence’ of the appellant which

conflicts, either directly or inferentially, with the evidence presented by the appellee at trial.”

Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App. 255, 258 (2003) (quoting Wactor v. Commonwealth, 38

Va. App. 375, 380 (2002)).

                                              ANALYSIS

                      Request for Continuance and Admissibility of Evidence

       Wife first assigns error to the trial court’s denial of her continuance requests. She also

assigns error to the trial court’s ruling that any documents not identified on the witness or exhibit

list, as previously ordered, would not be allowed as exhibits.

       “Following the traditional doctrine of judicial restraint, [appellate courts] ‘decide cases

on the best and narrowest grounds available.’” Chaney v. Karabaic-Chaney, 71 Va. App. 431,

438 (2020) (quoting Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 302 (2017)). Because waiver is the

best and narrowest ground available here, we do not address the merits of wife’s first and second

assignments of error. By permitting counsel for husband to read a settlement agreement into the

       2
           Wife retained her current counsel, Julie A. Currin, on December 12, 2019.
                                                 -5-
record and then agreeing with the terms of that settlement on the record, wife waived any right to

appeal the trial court’s rulings that good cause for a continuance did not exist and that any

documents not identified on the witness or exhibit list would not be allowed as exhibits.

       Notwithstanding the enactment of the equitable distribution statute, parties to a divorce

may enter into an agreement regarding their property. See Code § 20-107.3(I) (“Nothing in this

section shall be construed to prevent the affirmation, ratification and incorporation in a decree of

an agreement between the parties pursuant to . . . [Code §] 20-109.1.”). The detailed provisions

of Code § 20-109.1 authorize the incorporation of a valid property settlement agreement into a

final decree, and Virginia courts recognize and enforce such agreements. See Code § 20-109.1

(authorizing courts to affirm, ratify, and incorporate by reference “any valid agreement between

the parties” into the final decree); Cooley v. Cooley, 220 Va. 749, 752 (1980) (finding that such

agreements “are favored in the law and such will be enforced unless their illegality is clear and

certain” (emphasis added)).

       While Code § 20-149 instructs that a marital agreement shall generally be “in writing and

signed by both parties,” Code § 20-155 provides an exception to this requirement:

               If the terms of such agreement are (i) contained in a court order
               endorsed by counsel or the parties or (ii) recorded and transcribed
               by a court reporter and affirmed by the parties on the record
               personally, the agreement is not required to be in writing and is
               considered to be executed.

When an agreement is “read or recited into the record in the presence of a court reporter and the

parties [] specifically and affirmatively manifest their assent to [its] terms on the record,” Code

§ 20-155 is satisfied. Gaffney v. Gaffney, 45 Va. App. 655, 670 (2005). We determine whether

wife specifically and affirmatively manifested her assent to those terms by considering her

intention, as shown by the reasonable meaning of her words and acts. See Lucy v. Zehmer, 196

Va. 493, 503 (1954).
                                                -6-
        Here, the reasonable meaning of wife’s actions and words manifested her intention to

enter into the agreement on the record as permitted by Code §§ 20-107.3(I) and 20-155.

Notably, wife expressed her desire to settle and forgo presenting evidence when she stated, “I’d

like to just see if we could settle. I, I don’t think there’s anything to present.” Wife openly

disagreed with husband’s expressed reservations and insisted on trying to settle the matter. It

was in this context that husband finally agreed to a settlement discussion with wife. The trial

court then provided wife with a recess in which she further discussed the terms of a potential

agreement with counsel for husband.

        Before wife accepted the agreement on the record, the trial court took great care to ensure

that she understood the law and procedure. As demonstrated by her statement, “I don’t care, just

settle it, please,” wife insisted on settling the matter instead of presenting evidence. The trial

court then explained to wife that she had the power to decide whether she wanted to accept any

agreement. The trial court further explained that it “would not accept an alleged agreement

if . . . it really was not a free and voluntary act on the part of both parties.” The trial court even

offered to take another recess to give wife additional time to discuss a potential settlement. Wife

accepted that offer and further negotiated the terms of the agreement with counsel for husband.

        After the parties reached an agreement, counsel for husband recited its terms on the

record, and the trial court obtained husband’s assent. Then, the trial court asked wife whether

she agreed to the terms counsel recited, and she replied without hesitation, “Yes, sir.” The trial

court accepted this agreement as valid. The record shows that wife addressed the trial court

whenever she felt the need to do so, yet she never objected to the agreement and allowed the

hearing to conclude with this agreement intact.

        Accordingly, we find that wife’s actions and words objectively manifested her intention

to end the litigation by entering into this agreement as permitted by Code §§ 20-107.3(I) and
                                                  -7-
20-155, and the trial court accepted this agreement under Code § 20-109.1. By agreeing to the

settlement on the record, wife waived her ability to appeal the pretrial rulings and appeal this

otherwise valid agreement despite her decision to hire counsel after acceptance and despite her

refusal to sign the final order before moving to rehear the matter. When counsel for husband

recited the agreement into the record in the presence of a court reporter and the parties

specifically and affirmatively manifested assent to its terms on the record, these actions satisfied

Code § 20-155. We find no evidence in the record of clear and certain illegality, so the

agreement is valid and enforceable despite wife’s subsequent objection.

       For all of these reasons, wife waived any right to appeal the pretrial rulings when she

objectively manifested her intention to enter into an agreement that the trial court accepted.

                        The Trial Court’s Application of the Pretrial Order

       Wife also assigns error to “the [trial court’s] application of the pretrial order,” which she

claims “resulted in manifest injustice for the pro se [wife] adequate to mandate reversal and

remand.” In support, she claims that the trial court’s enforcement of the pretrial order deadline

for her exhibit and witness list “created oppressive circumstances and thus, an unconscionable

and inequitable agreement.” We disagree.

       Because we “decide cases ‘on the best and narrowest grounds available,’” Chaney, 71

Va. App. at 438 (quoting Levick, 294 Va. at 302), and wife failed to preserve the third

assignment of error, we do not address it on the merits.

       Under Rule 5A:18, “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for

reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except

for good cause shown or to enable th[is] Court . . . to attain the ends of justice.” “The bare

assertion that an award is ‘contrary to the law and the evidence’ is not sufficient to constitute a

question to be ruled upon on appeal.” Konefal v. Konefal, 18 Va. App. 612, 615 (1994) (quoting
                                                -8-
Rule 5A:18). Furthermore, “endorsing a decree ‘seen and objected to’ does not preserve an issue

for appeal unless the record further reveals that the issue was properly raised for consideration by

the trial court.” Id. (quoting Twardy v. Twardy, 14 Va. App. 651, 657 (1992) (en banc)). Rules

requiring specific and contemporaneous objections “promote orderly and efficient justice and are

to be strictly enforced except where the error has resulted in manifest injustice.” Redman v.

Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 220 (1997) (quoting Brown v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App.

126, 131 (1989)).

       Here, wife argues that the agreement was unconscionable for the first time on appeal.

When wife entered into the agreement with husband, she made no specific, contemporaneous

objection as required by Rule 5A:18. Endorsing the final decree as seen and objected to for “not

conforming with rules and equitable distribution law” was insufficient to preserve the issue

because this is a bare assertion that the award is contrary to the law. Such an endorsement

neither allowed husband nor the trial court an opportunity to intelligently consider her argument

that the agreement was unconscionable. Thus, wife cannot now complain that the agreement is

unconscionable because she failed to preserve this argument under Rule 5A:18.

                                         Attorney’s Fees

       Finally, husband requests an award of his costs and attorney’s fees incurred on appeal.

Whether we make such an award on appeal depends on the equities of the case and is

discretionary. See Rule 5A:30(b). After reviewing the record, the assignments of error, and the

parties’ arguments, we deny husband’s request for attorney’s fees.

                                           CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                                         Affirmed.

                                               -9-