Court Opinion

ID: 4553579
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-06 15:09:35.857144+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:25:00.941078
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-3279-19T3

BELLA MARTUCCI, a minor,
and MICHAEL and JESSICA
MARTUCCI,

          Plaintiffs-Respondents,

v.

ZAPERLA INC. and ZAMPERLA
ENTERPRISES INC.,

          Defendants-Appellants,

and

SIX FLAGS GREAT ADVENTURE,
LLC, and SIX FLAGS THEME
PARKS INC,

     Defendants.1
________________________________

                   Submitted July 28, 2020 – Decided August 6, 2020

                   Before Judges Sumners and Mayer.

1
   The record provided does not disclose why these defendants are either no
longer in the case or are not parties to the order being appealed.
              On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
              Division, Ocean County, Docket No. L-2518-17.

              Sweeney & Sheehan, PC and Ryon Yemm (The
              Sheehan Firm, PC) of the Illinois bar, admitted pro hac
              vice, attorneys for appellant (Andrew R. Siegeltuch and
              Ryon Yemm, on the briefs).

              Jeffrey N. Stern, attorney for respondents.

PER CURIAM

       In this products liability action pursuant to the New Jersey Products

Liability Act (PLA), N.J.S.A. 2A:58C-1 to -11, we granted leave for defendant

Zamperla, Inc.2 to appeal the motion court's order denying it summary judgment

to dismiss the claims of plaintiffs Bella Martucci, a minor, and Michael and

Jessica Martucci, Bella's parents, on the grounds their liability expert's report

was inadmissible as net opinion. The court decided to determine whether to

preclude the expert's opinion at a Rule 104 hearing prior to trial. We conclude

the expert rendered a net opinion; thus, the court mistakenly applied its

discretion to require a Rule 104 hearing. Nonetheless, summary judgment

dismissal of plaintiff's complaint was not appropriate pending the court's

consideration of plaintiffs' request to present another liability expert who had

been previously identified and plaintiff's contention Zamperla is liable under the

2
    Improperly pled as Zaperla, Inc. and Zamperla Enterprises, Inc.
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                                         2
theory of res ipsa loquitor, neither of which were addressed in defendant's

summary judgment motion. Accordingly, we reverse and remand.

                                       I.

      On May 26, 2015, six-year-old Bella was a patron at Six Flags Great

Adventure Park (Great Adventure) enjoying one of its many amusement rides,

the Enchanted Teacups. After the ride had ended, she was exiting one of the

ride's twelve "teacups" when the ride's door closed on her right index finger,

severing her the flexor tendon.

      Zamperla manufactured the ride in October 1995, and installed it at Great

Adventure in May 1996, where it has remained in operation. Since the ride's

installation, Zamperla has not performed any additional work or service on the

ride, including on the teacups' doors.       The New Jersey Department of

Community Affairs has regularly inspected the ride and permitted the ride's

operation.

      Plaintiffs sued Zamperla and Great Adventure, among other parties, for

the injury to Bella's hand. As to Zamperla, plaintiffs' expert, Dennis R. Andrews

PhD., PSP, CECD, WSO-CSS, opined that "within a reasonable degree of safety

certainty, sole cause of the injury to [Bella] was the insufficient timing of the

exit door of the teacup[s] ride." According to Dr. Andrews, his inspection of

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one of the twelve teacups on the ride revealed the "exit door close[d] in

approximately 1.2 seconds" instead of the allegedly required closure of "no less

than 1.5 seconds from 70% open." Citing the Americans with Disabilities Act

Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) 4.13.10, ICC, and American National

Standard Product Safety Signs and Labels (ANSI) 117.1, Dr. Andrews furthered

stated: "the door shall be adjusted so that from an open position, 90°, t he time

required to reach 12° from the latch is a minimum of 5 seconds. The door should

be adjusted to close from a position of 70° to 3 inches from the latch in no sooner

than 3 seconds." He furthered asserted Zamperla was negligent in failing "to

inspect and maintain the [ride's] exit door so [Bella] would have sufficient time

to exit . . . the teacup[s] ride safely."

      At his deposition, Dr. Andrews maintained at the time of the accident, the

gate on the teacup Bella was exiting closed "too quickly." He further opined

Zamperla was negligent because it failed to inspect the teacups ride's door, to

ensure the door did not close "too quickly." Dr. Andrews, however, admitted

the ADAAG and ANSI standards cited in his report apply only to interior

building doors with mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic closing devices which

automatically open and close doors for individuals who need assistance; none of

which are present on the teacups ride. Dr. Andrews admitted he was unaware

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of any legal standard requiring Zamperla, or any designer, manufacturer, or

distributor of the teacups amusement ride to comply with the ADAAG or ANSI

standards. The following colloquy occurred:

            [Question:] Was there any requirement for the designer
            or manufacturer of this amusement ride or the
            distributor of this amusement ride to comply with
            ADAAG 4:13-10?

            [Dr. Andrew:] No, other than common sense and maybe
            a moral value.

            [Question:] But there's no legal requirement, correct?

            [Dr. Andrew:] Not that I'm aware of.

                  ....

            [Question:] Is there any legal requirement for any
            designer, manufacturer or distributor to comply with
            ANSI 117.1?

                  ....

            [Dr. Andrew:] I am not aware of it.

      Following discovery, Zamperla moved for summary judgment arguing

plaintiffs' claims are barred under the Statute of Repose (SOR), N.J.S.A. 2A:14-

1.1(a), because Bella's injury on the teacups ride, an improvement of real

property, occurred more than ten years after the ride was installed. Zamperla

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also argued plaintiffs' complaint should be dismissed because Dr. Andrews'

opinion that it was liable for Bella's injury was inadmissible net opinion.

      The court rendered an oral decision and entered an order denying the

motion. The court rejected Zamperla's contention plaintiffs' claims were barred

under the SOR. However, the court did not rule on Zamperla's contention that

Dr. Andrews' opinion – Bella's injury was caused by the teacups' door closing

too fast – was inadmissible because it was his "personal" or "moral" opinion and

not based on a recognized standard. Zamperla contended Dr. Andrews inspected

the ride four years after the accident and did not know which teacup Bella was

exiting when she was injured. The court suggested there was some merit to

Zamperla's contention it had no obligation to continually inspect the teacups ride

since it was sold and installed at Great Adventure nineteen years ago. The court

ruled the admissibility of Dr. Andrews opinion should be decided at a Rule 104

hearing prior to trial.

After we granted leave to appeal the court's order denying summary judgment,

the court submitted a written decision pursuant to Rule 2:5-1(b) amplifying the

reasons regarding its determination the SOR did not apply to Bella's injury

because the teacups ride is a removable structure not adding "permanent value

to the real property" and not "specialized in any meaningful way that would alter

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the mechanics of the ride." The court did not amplify its reasons for deciding

to hold a Rule 104 hearing regarding the admissibility of Dr. Andrews' expert

opinion.

                                           II.

                                           A.

      Before us, Zamperla contests the court's order deferring the determination

of whether to find Dr. Andrews' expert opinion inadmissible as net opinion to a

Rule 104 hearing. The decision on whether to hold a Rule 104 hearing is within

the sound discretion of the trial court. Kemp v. State, 174 N.J. 412 (2002).

"Absent a clear abuse of discretion, an appellate court will not interfere with the

exercise of that discretion." Carey v. Lovett, 132 N.J. 44, 64 (1993) (citing

Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 32 N.J. 358, 411 (1960)).

      In Kemp, the trial court granted summary judgment – without conducting

a hearing – finding the opinion of the plaintiffs' expert was not sufficiently

reliable under N.J.R.E. 702. 174 N.J. at 415, 423. The Supreme Court reversed,

finding plain error in the trial court's refusal to conduct a hearing to determine

the testimony's reliability. Id. at 432.

      Kemp followed Rubanick v. Witco Chem. Corp., 125 N.J. 421 (1991). In

Rubanick, the Court stated that when a trial court is "faced with a not yet

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generally accepted theory of causation," it should conduct a "hearing to assess

the soundness of the proffered methodology and the qualifications of the

expert."   Id. at 454.     A "[p]laintiff's burden is to demonstrate that the

methodology used by [the expert] . . . is consistent with sound scientific

principles and methodologies accepted in the medical and scientific

communities." Kemp, 174 N.J. at 431.

      This case, however, does not involve a unique causation theory for which

we conclude it would have been sounder practice to afford plaintiffs a hearing

to have Dr. Andrews' testify regarding his opinion that Zamperla's negligent

design or negligent inspection of the teacups' doors. The grounds for his opinion

were sufficiently explained in his report and deposition testimony and were not

based upon a complicated scientific theory. See id. at 429 (citing Padillas v.

Stork-Gamco, Inc., 186 F. 3d 412, 417-18 (3d Cir. 1999) (noting the Third

Circuit held the district court abused its discretion in not conducting an in limine

hearing where the plaintiff's expert's opinions were based on scientific validity,

which "were not sufficiently explained and the 'reasons and foundations for them

inadequately and perhaps confusingly explicated'")).

      Notably, plaintiff did not file a sworn statement from Dr. Andrews

explaining the deficiencies in his report or deposition testimony in response to

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defendant's motion. And before us, plaintiffs have not identified any facts he

could explain at a hearing. See Shelcusky v. Garjulio, 172 N.J. 185, 201-02

(2002) (noting the utility of an affidavit "where the contradiction is reasonab ly

explained, where an affidavit does not contradict patently and sharply the earlier

deposition testimony, or where confusion or lack of clarity existed at the time

of the deposition questioning and the affidavit reasonably clarifies the affiant's

earlier statement"). Thus, the concerns that prompted the Court in Kemp and

Rubanik to require a Rule 104 hearing are simply not present here.

                                        B.

      Before turning to the merits of defendant's summary judgment motion to

preclude the admissibility of Dr. Andrews' report as net opinion, we point to the

standards guiding our appellate review. We review a summary judgment order

de novo, applying the same standard as the trial court. Townsend v. Pierre, 221

N.J. 36, 59 (2015). We "consider whether the competent evidential materials

presented, when viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, are

sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to resolve the alleged disputed issue in

favor of the non-moving party." Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J.

520, 540 (1995); see also R. 4:46-2(c). To grant the motion, the evidence in the

record must be "so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law."

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Brill, 142 N.J. at 540 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,

252 (1986)).

       Plaintiffs' claims against Zamperla are based on the PLA. To prevail

under the PLA, a plaintiff must demonstrate three prima facie elements: "[(1)]

the product was defective, [(2)] that the defect existed when the product left the

manufacturer's control, and [(3)] that the defect proximately caused injuries to

the plaintiff, a reasonably foreseeable or intended user." Myrlak v. Port Auth.

of N.Y. and N.J., 157 N.J. 84, 97 (1999) (citations omitted).

      "To prove both the existence of a defect and that the defect existed while

the product was in the control of the manufacturer, a plaintiff may resort to direct

evidence, such as the testimony of an expert who has examined the product, or,

in the absence of such evidence, to circumstantial proof." Id. at 98 (citations

omitted). Additionally, "[a] plaintiff may [also] establish a defect by 'negat[ing]

other causes of the failure of the product for which the defendant would not be

responsible, in order to make it reasonable to infer that a dangerous condition

existed at the time the defendant had control [of the product].'" Id. at 99 (third

and fourth alterations in original) (quoting Scanlon v. Gen. Motors Corp., 65

N.J. 582, 593-94 (1974)). "[A] plaintiff does not have to negate all possible

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causes of failure, only those likely causes of failure." Ibid. (citing Scanlon, 65

N.J. at 594).

      Where, as in this case, plaintiffs' expert opines Bella was injured by a

defective teacup door, N.J.R.E. 703 requires the opinion to be "grounded in

'facts or data derived from (1) the expert's personal observations, or (2) evidence

admitted at the trial, or (3) data relied upon by the expert which is not necessarily

admissible in evidence but which is the type of data normally relied upon by

experts.'" Townsend, 221 N.J. at 53 (citation omitted) (quoting Polzo v. Cty. of

Essex, 196 N.J. 569, 583 (2008)). "The net opinion rule is a 'corollary of

[N.J.R.E. 703] . . . which forbids the admission into evidence of an expert's

conclusions that are not supported by factual evidence or other data.'" Id. at 53-

54 (alterations in original) (quoting Polzo, 196 N.J. at 583). The rule "mandates

that experts 'be able to identify the factual bases for their conclusions, explain

their methodology, and demonstrate that both the factual bases and the

methodology are reliable.'" Id. at 55 (quoting Landrigan v. Celotex Corp., 127

N.J. 404, 417 (1992)). "An expert's conclusion 'is excluded if it is based merely

on unfounded speculation and unquantified possibilities.'"           Ibid. (quoting

Grzanka v. Pfeifer, 301 N.J. Super. 563, 580 (App. Div. 1997)).

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      Under the net opinion rule, "a trial court must ensure that an expert is not

permitted to express speculative opinions or personal views . . . ." Id. at 55.

"[A]n expert offers an inadmissible net opinion if he or she 'cannot offer

objective support for his or her opinions, but testifies only to a view about a

standard that is personal.'" Davis v. Brickman Landscaping, Ltd., 219 N.J. 395,

410 (2014) (quoting Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New Cmty. Corp., 207 N.J. 344,

373 (2011)); see also Riley v. Keenan, 406 N.J. Super. 281, 296 (App. Div.

2009) (explaining experts "must be able to point to generally accepted, objective

standards of practice and not merely standards personal to them").

      "Evidential support for an expert opinion may include what the expert has

learned from personal experience and training; however such experience, in

turn, must be informed and given content and context by generally accepted

standards, practices, or customs of the . . . industry." Satec, Inc. v. Hanover Ins.

Grp., Inc., 450 N.J. Super. 319, 333 (App. Div. 2017). There must be some

"authority supporting [the] opinion," which can take the form of "any document,

any written or unwritten custom, or established practice that the [industry]

recognized as a duty it owes . . . ." Ibid. "[T]he source of the standard of care

enunciated, . . . by which to measure plaintiff's claimed deficiencies or to

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determine whether there was a breach of duty owed [by] defendant[,]" must be

identified. Id. at 334.

      Applying the above principles to our review of the record, we are

convinced Dr. Andrews rendered an inadmissible net opinion. We find support

for this conclusion in arguments raised before us by Zamperla. As Zamperla

points out, Dr. Andrews' opinion that Bella was injured because the teacups ride

door closed too quickly was based upon his: (1) "personal opinion, not on

accepted objective standard; and (2) th[ose] opinions are based on bare

conclusions unsupported by the factual evidence." Zamperla further maintains

because neither plaintiffs nor Dr. Andrews were aware which teacup Bella was

riding in when she was injured, there was no factual basis for his opinion that

the door on her teacups ride closed too quickly because he only inspected one

teacup.

      In addition, Zamperla points out Dr. Andrews admitted he had no idea if

the condition of the teacup he inspected was the same as when Bella was injured

four years later, therefore he had no idea how quickly the door closed when

Bella exited the ride. Last, Zamperla asserts Dr. Andrews admitted in his

deposition he was aware of no ongoing duty owed by Zamperla to continually

inspect and maintain the teacups since its installation at Great Adventure

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                                      13
nineteen years prior to Bella's injury. Simply put, Dr Andrews' opinion is

speculative, based on personal views, and devoid of any engineering standards

or published studies for the safe design of the teacups ride or similar amusement

rides.

         As for Dr. Andrews' opinion Zamperla was negligent in not inspecting the

teacups ride, this claim is without merit. As Zamperla correctly argues, Dr.

Andrews failed to cite any legal standard or contractual obligation requiring it

to inspect the ride. Further, because Dr. Andrews failed to identify a recognized

timing standard for when the teacups ride's doors should close, there is no basis

for his opinion an inspection would have revealed a defect.

         In sum, the trial court mistakenly applied its discretion is not considering

the merits of Zamperla's summary judgment motion and should have precluded

Dr. Andrews' inadmissible net opinion.

                                          III.

         Finally, plaintiffs claim their action is still viable against Zamperla

without Dr. Andrews' expert opinion because C.J. Abrams, an expert they

retained prior to Dr. Andrews, can serve as their liability expert witness.

Furthermore, they contend their action remains viable under res ipsa loquitor.

Zamperla contends it is too late for plaintiffs to add another expert should Dr.

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                                         14
Andrews' testimony be barred, and there is no merit that res ipsa loquitor applies

to Bella's injury. Since these arguments were not raised before the trial court,

they will not be considered on appeal because they do not "'go to the jurisdiction

of the trial court or concern matters of great public interest.'" Zaman v. Felton,

219 N.J. 199, 226-27 (2014) (quoting Nieder v. Royal Indem. Ins. Co., 62 N.J.

229, 234 (1973)).

      The court shall conduct a case management conference within thirty days

of our decision to determine the manner in which the parties will address

plaintiffs' intentions to rely upon Abrams as their liability expert and their

alternative liability theory of res ipsa loquitor.

      Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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