Court Opinion

ID: 2662801
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-03 12:53:05.880448+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:00:54.127136
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
________________________________________
                                         )
DARYL STEVENS,                           )
                                         )
            Plaintiff,                   )
                                         )
      v.                                 )   Civil Action No. 11-1161 (RCL)
                                         )
SODEXO, INC., et al.,                    )
                                         )
            Defendants.                  )
________________________________________ )

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

        This case, removed from the Superior Court of the District of Columbia in June 2011,

involves an employee suing a former employer and former supervisor for wrongful termination

and identity theft, among other claims. Before the Court are defendant Sodexo, Inc.’s Motion [5]

to Dismiss 1, plaintiff’s Motion [12] for Permission to File a Sur-Reply, and plaintiff’s Motion

[17] to Convert Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. Upon consideration of the motions, oppositions,

replies, the entire record in this case, and the applicable law, the Court will grant Sodexo’s

Motion [5] to Dismiss, grant plaintiff’s Motion [12] for Permission to File a Sur-Reply, and deny

plaintiff’s Motion [17] to Convert Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.

I.      BACKGROUND

        According to the factual allegations in the Complaint, the events giving rise to this

lawsuit began in May 2009, when plaintiff Daryl Stevens was a “contract full[-]time employee”

for Sodexo, Inc. Compl. [1-1] 4 ¶4, June 23, 2011. An attachment to Stevens’ Complaint

indicates that he worked as a bus driver, with occasional janitorial duties. Id. at Ex. 1. His

immediate supervisors in May 2009 were Johnae Hairston and defendant Lavell Rollins. Id. at 4

1
 Defendant Lavell Rollins has not filed a motion to dismiss, although he answered the Complaint in December
2011. See Rollins’ Answer [14] 1, Dec. 14, 2011.
¶4. In an internal grievance authored by Stevens and dated May 4, 2009, he expressed concerns

to Sodexo’s Office of Human Resources about his treatment at the hands of Hairston, whom he

said was a “thorn in his side.” Id. at Ex. 1. He complained that she verbally abused him,

disrespected him, and made his life more difficult. Id. He also complained of a specific

incident, in April 2009, when she falsely accused him of not cleaning the “Science Lab.” Id.

While Stevens alleges in his Complaint that this grievance was directed at both Hairston and

defendant Rollins, it only alleges misconduct on the part of Hairston. See id. The Complaint

also describes the grievance as reporting “unfair labor practices” and “threats of violence”

against Stevens, but (again) it does nothing of the sort. See id.

       After this grievance was submitted to Sodexo, Stevens met with Rollins and Hairston,

after which (Stevens alleges) they “became increasingly hostile” to him. Id. at 2 ¶8–9. This

culminated in September 2009, when Rollins terminated Stevens’ employment with Sodexo. Id.

at 2 ¶11.    However, Stevens was again hired by Sodexo that summer as a “full[-]time

[p]ermanent employee with full employee benefits.” Id. at 2 ¶¶11(b), 14–15. But he was fired

again, in August 2010, allegedly for insubordination. Id.

       The next relevant incident occurred sometime in the spring of 2011, when Stevens

prepared to file his taxes. While looking over his paperwork, he allegedly learned that Sodexo

payroll checks had continued to be issued in his name after he was terminated. Id. at 3 ¶18. He

also allegedly learned that these checks had been cashed by defendant Rollins. Id. Stevens’

theory is that Rollins obtained the checks and impersonated Stevens at a local bank in order to

cash them. Id. at 4 ¶20. Stevens further alleges that Rollins used the proceeds from his

fraudulent scheme “for his benefit, and the benefit of others,” without Stevens’ knowledge or

consent. Id. Shortly after he discovered the fraud, Stevens contacted various Sodexo employees,

                                                  2
including an investigator, and he cooperated with the subsequent investigation. Id. at 4 ¶21. The

Complaint doesn’t say what happened during this investigation or what its results were.

       On June 6, 2011, Stevens sued Sodexo, Inc., “Affiliated Companies,” and Lavell Rollins

in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. Compl. [1-1] 1. That lawsuit was removed to

this Court 2 later that month based on diversity of citizenship. Notice of Removal [1] 1, June 23,

2011. Stevens’ Complaint (which is not brought pro se) is—to put it charitably—an almost

complete mess, with misnumbered paragraphs and numerous misspelled words (and headings).

The Complaint fails to separately number individual claims, is full of ambiguity, and contains

several jarring inconsistencies regarding facts of great importance to Stevens’ claims.

       A careful and liberal interpretation of the Complaint reveals the following: “Count 1”

alleges that Sodexo breached its employment contract with him when it terminated him in

September 2009 and August 2010. Id. at 5. Within “Count 1,” Stevens also brings claims for

wrongful termination against Sodexo based on the same conduct. “Count 2” of his Complaint is

for negligent hiring, supervision, and retention against Sodexo. Id. at 6. “Count 3” brings

various claims (fraud, forgery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, identity theft, and

misrepresentation) against Rollins only. Id. at 9. Finally, “Count 4,” which is difficult to

understand, alleges, inter alia, that Sodexo and Rollins are “jointly and severally” liable for

fraud, forgery, and identity theft. Id. at 10 ¶46.

       In June 2011, Sodexo moved to dismiss Stevens’ Complaint as against Sodexo, Inc. and

“Affiliated Companies,” pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Def.

Sodexo’s Mot. Dismiss [5] 1, June 28, 2011. Following Sodexo’s filing of a Reply to Stevens’

Opposition to Sodexo’s Motion to Dismiss in July 2011, Stevens filed a Motion for Permission

2
 This case was reassigned by consent from the Honorable Beryl A. Howell to this Court in February 2012.
Reassignment [21] 1, Feb. 3, 2012.
                                                     3
to File a Sur-Reply. Pl.’s Mot. Permission [12] 1, July 26, 2011. Then, in November 2011, with

Sodexo’s Motion to Dismiss still pending, Stevens filed another motion, this time seeking to

“convert” Sodexo’s Motion to Dismiss into a motion for summary judgment—“with limited

discovery”—brought under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Pl.’s Mot. Convert

[17] 1, Nov. 27, 2011.

II.    LEGAL STANDARD

       A motion to dismiss is appropriate when a complaint fails “to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To overcome this hurdle, a complaint must

contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, in

order to give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it

rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).

The Court must “accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint,”

Atherton v. District of Columbia, 567 F.3d 672, 681 (D.C. Cir. 2009), and grant a plaintiff “the

benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.” Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns

Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994).

       However, the Court may not “accept inferences drawn by plaintiffs if such inferences are

unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint.” Id. While a complaint does not need to

contain detailed factual allegations, “it demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant-

unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.”       Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009).          A

complaint that offers “labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a

cause of action will not do.” Id. (citations omitted). “Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders

‘naked assertion[s]” devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id. (citations omitted). In other

words, “only a complaint that states a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss.”

Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950; see also Atherton, 567 F.3d at 681.
                                                 4
III.   SODEXO’S MOTION [5] TO DISMISS

       A. Count 1

           1. Breach of Contract

       The Court finds that Stevens’ Complaint fails to state a claim for breach of contract, and

therefore both of his breach of contract claims in Count 1 against Sodexo will be dismissed.

       As is well known, to prevail on a breach of contract claim, a plaintiff must prove (1) a

valid contract between the parties, (2) an obligation or duty arising from that contract, (3) a

breach of that obligation or duty, and (4) damages caused by that breach. Tsintolas Realty Co. v.

Mendez, 984 A.2d 181, 187 (D.C. 2009). In the District of Columbia, employment is presumed

to be terminable at will by either party at any time, Casco Marina Dev., L.L.C. v. District of

Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency, 834 A.2d 77, 83 (D.C. 2003), and absent allegations that

the parties intended that termination be subject to specific preconditions, a plaintiff has no

remedy in contract law. Daisley v. Riggs Bank, N.A., 372 F. Supp. 2d 61, 69–70 (D.D.C. 2005).

       Stevens’ Complaint does not contain factual allegations that, taken as true, would permit

the Court to infer that Sodexo is liable for breach of an employment contract. See Iqbal, 129 S.

Ct. at 1949.   Apart from the “naked assertion,” devoid of “further factual enhancement,”

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, that he was a “contract full[-]time employee,” Compl. [1-1] 2 ¶4

(emphasis added), Stevens fails to identify any written employment agreement, or even any basis

for inferring a tacit agreement, to meet the requirements of Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure as applied to his claims for breach of contract. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557.

Nor does Stevens indicate what any of the specific terms of that alleged contract might have been

such that Sodexo’s actions could constitute a breach of its contractual obligations. In sum,

stripped away of its conclusory allegations, Stevens’ Complaint fails to present sufficient factual

                                                5
allegations with respect to two essential elements of his breach of contract claims. Accordingly,

those claims in Count 1 against Sodexo will be dismissed.

            2. Wrongful Termination

         Stevens also brings, within the ambit of Count 1, what he terms “two separate malicious

wrongful termination” claims, presumably based upon his firings in September 2009 and August

2010. Compl. [1-1] 5. Both wrongful termination claims will be dismissed for failure to state a

claim.

         A brief summary of the District of Columbia’s common law regarding wrongful

termination is necessary. While, as is stated above, the general rule in the District of Columbia is

that an employer may terminate an at-will employee at any time and for any reason, the District

of Columbia Court of Appeals (“DCCA”) has recognized a “public policy” exception to that

rule. Adams v. George W. Cochran & Co., Inc., 597 A.2d 28, 30 (D.C. 1991). The DCCA held

in Adams that an employer engages in tortious conduct “when it fires an at-will employee for that

employee’s refusal to break the law at the employer’s direction.” Id.            This public policy

exception was originally conceived as “very narrow,” id. at 34, but courts have subsequently

expanded it. See Carl v. Children’s Hosp., 702 A.2d 159 (D.C. 1997). In Carl, the DCCA

allowed for additional public policy “exceptions” beyond that identified in Adams, so long as

such exceptions are “firmly anchored either in the Constitution or in a statute or regulation which

clearly reflects the particular ‘public policy’ being relied upon.”          Id. at 162 (Terry, J.,

concurring). The DCCA further stated that courts should “consider seriously,” in deciding

whether the facts of a given case warrant the creation of another exception, only those arguments

“that reflect a clear mandate of public policy—i.e., those that make a clear showing, based on

some identifiable policy that has been ‘officially declared’ in a statute or municipal regulation, or

in the Constitution . . . .” Id. at 164 (Terry, J., concurring). This policy must arise from a statute
                                                  6
or regulation that does not provide its own remedy. Carson v. Sim, 778 F. Supp. 2d 85, 97

(D.D.C. 2011) (citing Carter v. District of Columbia, 980 A.2d 1217, 1225 (D.C. 2009)).

Furthermore, “there must be a close fit between the policy thus declared and the conduct at issue

in the allegedly wrongful termination.” Carl, 702 A.2d at 164 (Terry, J., concurring). Courts in

this Circuit, interpreting the DCCA’s decision in Carl, have required not only that a plaintiff

clearly articulate the applicable public policy, but also show a causal connection between

protected activity in which that plaintiff engaged and his or her termination. See Robinson v.

Securitas Servs., Inc., No. 11-451, 2011 WL 4936999, at *2 (D.D.C. Oct. 18, 2011); see also

Myers v. Alutiiq Int’l Solutions, LLC, 811 F. Supp. 2d 261, 267–68 (D.D.C. 2011). That is, the

plaintiff “must have been terminated for acting in a protected manner.” Robinson, 2011 WL
4936999, at *3.

        Stevens fails in his Complaint to clearly articulate public policies that might apply to his

wrongful termination claims. In fact, his allegations with respect to his wrongful termination

claims are identical to those supporting his breach of contract claims, despite the fact that the

legal requirements of those claims are substantially different from each other. See Compl. [1-1]

5 ¶24–26. While Stevens identifies, in his Opposition, public policies that might save his

wrongful termination claims, Pl.’s Opp’n [7] 11–14, July 7, 2011, the Court, in reviewing a

motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), is not permitted to incorporate such statements into the

Complaint. See Stewart v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 471 F.3d 169, 173 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (stating that a

court, in reviewing a motion to dismiss, may only consider “the facts alleged in the complaint,

documents attached thereto or incorporated therein, and matters of which it may take judicial

notice.”).

        However, even if Stevens had properly articulated public policies in his Complaint that

are applicable to his wrongful termination claims, these claims would still have to be dismissed
                                                 7
because the policies he suggests in his Opposition to support them are inadequate bases for a

wrongful termination claim under District of Columbia law. First, as to his claim that his 2009

termination constituted wrongful termination, Stevens argues that the applicable public policy is

the District of Columbia Human Rights Act (“DCHRA”), D.C. Code § 2-1401.01 et seq., which

prohibits retaliation for engaging in protected activity. Pl.’s Opp’n [7] 12; see also D.C. Code §

2-1402.61(b). However, the DCHRA, as Stevens notes, Pl.’s Opp’n [7] 13, provides its own

remedial scheme, and therefore cannot serve as the basis for a “policy” supporting a wrongful

termination claim. See Carter, 980 A.2d at 1225. The same defect is fatal to Stevens’ wrongful

termination claim as it relates to his 2010 termination. While it is reasonable to infer from his

Complaint that the applicable public policy supporting this wrongful termination claim is the

District of Columbia’s stated opposition to identity theft, as is reflected in its criminal laws, see,

e.g., D.C. St. § 22-3227.02(1), the statute embodying that policy has its own criminal

enforcement scheme. See id. §§ 22-3227.03(a)–(c). As such, this “public policy” cannot serve

as the basis for a wrongful termination claim. See Carter, 980 A.2d at 1225.

       Finally, even assuming that Stevens had clearly articulated public policies that could

serve as the bases for his wrongful termination claims, there must also be a “close fit” between

these policies and the conduct that led to Stevens’ termination. See Carl, 702 A.2d at 164

(Terry, J., concurring). As indicated above, according to the law that has developed in this area

since the DCCA’s decision in Adams, wrongful termination claims have been limited to

situations where an employer puts an employee between a rock and hard place—namely,

between the rock of termination and the hard place of either breaking a law or refraining from

some activity promoted by public policy. This case does not fit, either neatly or messily, into

this rubric. Here, Stevens was allegedly fired “to provide the means for [Rollins] to steal

[Stevens’] identity.” Compl. [1-1] 5 ¶29. Nothing that Stevens allegedly refused to do or did is
                                                  8
connected with his termination—any Sodexo employee supervised by Rollins would have made

a suitable pawn in the alleged identity theft scheme. As such, there is no “fit” between an

applicable public policy of the District of Columbia and Stevens’ conduct, and so his wrongful

termination claims must be dismissed.

       In sum, Stevens has failed to state a claim for both breach of contract and wrongful

termination, and therefore all of the claims in Count 1 of his Complaint will be dismissed.

       B. Count 2: Negligence

       Stevens brings, in Count 2, what appears to be two separate negligence claims. First, he

appears to claim that Sodexo was negligent by failing to “[s]afeguard [his] identity,” to provide

guidelines “for the safe issuance of payroll checks,” and to create various procedures related to

identity theft. Compl. [1-1] 6 ¶30. Second, he alleges that Sodexo is liable for negligent hiring,

supervision, and retention. Id. Both claims for negligence will be dismissed.

       Regarding his claim that Sodexo is liable for common law negligence by failing to put in

place certain identity theft safeguards, Stevens fails to identity any basis in the District of

Columbia’s common law, or elsewhere, for such duties. Negligence requires Stevens to prove

(1) a duty recognized by law, requiring Sodexo to conform to a standard of conduct; (2) a breach

of that duty; (3) proximate cause; and (4) actual loss or damages. Ross v. U.S., 591 F. Supp. 2d
48, 52 (D.D.C. 2008). Stevens argues, without reference to any on-point authority, that since

identity theft often occurs, and because it is “reasonably foreseeable that payroll checks would be

stolen,” Sodexo has a duty to its employees to safeguard their identities and establish protocols to

that effect. Pl.’s Opp’n [7] ¶44. However, Stevens fails to point to any cases in which courts

applying District of Columbia law have held that an employer owes a duty to its employees to

“safeguard” their identities or create procedures designed to prevent the theft of employees’, or

former employees’, identities. Accordingly, he has not pled facts establishing that Sodexo has
                                                 9
breached a recognized duty owed to its employees with respect to the theft of their identities by

third persons.

       As to Stevens’ claim that Sodexo is liable for negligent hiring, supervision, and retention,

that claim will be dismissed for failure to plead facts that would establish that Sodexo knew, or

should have known, that any of its employees were incompetent or engaged in criminal activity.

Under D.C. law, an employer owes a duty to third persons, based on the conduct of its

employees, to use reasonable care to select competent employees and to fire incompetent

employees. Griffin v. Acacia Life Ins. Co., 925, A.2d 564, 575 (D.C. 2007). If an employer

neglects this duty, and a third person is harmed as a result, the employer may be liable even

though the injury was brought about by the willful act of the employee beyond the scope of

employment. Jia Di Feng v. See-Lee Lim, 786 F. Supp. 2d 96, 106 (D.D.C. 2011). The plaintiff

must allege facts showing that the employer knew or should have known that the employee was

incompetent, and that the employer, despite this actual or constructive knowledge, failed to

adequately supervise the employee. Id. at 106.

       Apart from buzzwords culled from the relevant law, Stevens’ Complaint fails to allege

facts suggesting that Sodexo had any knowledge, actual or constructive, of defendant Rollins’

improprieties. Stevens alleges that Sodexo “had actual knowledge of its employees’ theft and

prior history of theft and dishonesty, but failed to take corrective action . . . .” Compl. [1-1] 7

¶33. He also makes a general allegation that Sodexo knew about its employees’ criminal

backgrounds, “immoral[ity],” “incompeten[ce],” and “dishonest[y],” but continued to “select,

retain[,] and otherwise support” such employees. Id. at 7–8 ¶33. However, Stevens does not

allege what acts of theft Sodexo knew or should have known about. He does not name the

employees with “criminal backgrounds” that Sodexo allegedly, and knowingly, hired,

supervised, and retained. Stevens, simply put, fails to allege “why, how or when” Sodexo knew
                                                 10
or should have known that any of its employees, including defendant Rollins, behaved in an

incompetent, dishonest, or criminal manner. See Adams v. Vertex, Inc., No. 04-01026, 2007 WL
1020788, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 29, 2007); see also Bond v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, No. 10-01617,

2011 WL 6046406, at *11 (D.D.C. Dec. 6, 2011). Stevens’ bare, conclusory assertions, in the

form of unenlightening legal-speak, that Sodexo “knew or should have known” are insufficient

to survive Sodexo’s Motion to Dismiss. See Busby v. Capital One, N.A., 772 F. Supp. 2d 268,

284 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949).

       In sum, Stevens’ negligence claims in Count 2 of his Complaint will be dismissed.

       C. Count 4: “Joint and Several” Liability for Identity Theft, Fraud, and Forgery

       Stevens’ “Count Four” alleges that Sodexo is liable for “[i]dentity theft, fraud[,] and

forgery” “jointly and severally” with Rollins. Compl. [1-1] 10. However, this claim or claims is

or are so poorly pled that it is impossible for Sodexo, or the Court, to determine what Sodexo is

alleged to be liable for. Sodexo believes that Stevens is “attempt[ing] to proceed under a

respondeat superior theory of liability” for the alleged identity theft, fraud, and forgery

committed by Rollins. Def. Sodexo’s Mot. Dismiss [5] 6. However, Stevens also appears to

allege in Count 4 that Sodexo and Rollins “acted in concert” to cause the theft of Stevens’

identity, such that Sodexo would be directly liable. See Compl. [1-1] 10. To round things out,

the remainder of the allegations in Count 4 appear to support another negligence claim against

both Sodexo and Rollins, for the same acts pled in the earlier negligence claim in Count 2. See

id. at 10 ¶ 46–49.

       The Court finds that, to the extent that Stevens is alleging in Count 4 that Sodexo is

directly liable for criminal identity theft, criminal fraud, civil fraud, or forgery, his Complaint

fails to state a claim for which relief can be granted. Stevens’ bare assertion that Sodexo and

Rollins “acted in concert” to steal his identity is insufficient to implicate Sodexo directly in the
                                                11
scheme. Furthermore, this assertion that Sodexo was conspiring with one of its own employees

to defraud itself is implausible on its face, absent further factual enhancement from Stevens.

Finally, with respect to the fraud claim or claims in particular, to the extent that he is bringing

this claim directly against Sodexo, Stevens hasn’t even remotely satisfied the heightened

pleading standard for such claims, and so that claim is independently faulty on that ground. See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).

       Sodexo suggests that Stevens’ intention in Count 4 is to allege that Sodexo is indirectly

liable for Rollins’ torts under a respondeat superior theory. Def. Sodexo’s Mot. Dismiss [5] 6.

However, the Court finds that even as interpreted in this manner, Stevens’ Complaint fails to

allege facts that, assumed to be true, show that Rollins was acting within the scope of his

employment when he perpetrated the alleged identity theft. As is well known, vicarious liability

is a legal concept that transfers an agent’s liability to his or her principal, and includes the theory

of respondeat superior. Convit v. Wilson, 980 A.2d 1104, 1114 (D.C. 2009). Under the latter

theory, an employer may be held liable for the acts of its employees committed within the scope

of their employment.      Penn Cent. Transp. Co. v. Reddick, 398 A.2d 27, 29 (D.C. 1979).

However, “[t]he mere existence of the master and servant relationship is not enough to impose

liability on the master. The boundaries of liability only extend as far as the servant is acting

within the scope of his employment.” Id. If an employee acts “in virtue of his employment and

in furtherance of its ends,” such employee acts within the scope of his employment.                 Id.

(citations omitted). But if the employee’s act is a “marked and decided” “departure from his

master’s business,” then “the employer is no longer responsible” for that employee’s

“independent trespass” done in the “furtherance of his own ends.” Id. (citations omitted).

       Stevens brings only conclusory, and conflicting, factual allegations to bear on these legal

requirements. In one place in his Complaint, he alleges that Rollins fired him so he “could
                                                  12
receive [his] payroll checks and negotiate [them] and use the proceeds . . . for [his] personal use

and benefit.”    Compl. [1-1] 9 ¶¶41, 42.        He alleges elsewhere that Rollins, using false

identification bearing Stevens’ name, obtained checks in Stevens’ name from Sodexo and cashed

them “for his benefit, and the benefit of others,” without indicating who these “others” were or

whether they included Sodexo. Id. at 4 ¶20. Stevens also states that Rollins was acting “within

the scope” of his employment when he took checks in Stevens’ name from the company and

impersonated Stevens in order to cash them, without explaining how these criminal activities

would possibly be within the scope of any supervisor’s employment. Id. at 5 ¶24. While

Stevens does elsewhere state, without further explanation, that the theft was for both Rollins’

personal benefit and for the benefit of Sodexo, id. at 5 ¶29, he again fails to present any factual

allegations that would explain how it would be in Sodexo’s benefit for Rollins to steal its money.

In short, Stevens’ implausible and conflicting allegations are insufficient to provide a basis for

respondeat superior liability as against Sodexo for Rollins’ alleged torts.

       Finally, to the extent that Stevens alleges, in Count 4, that Sodexo was negligent, these

allegations merely repeat the same allegations of negligence contained in the earlier negligence

claim, which the Court will dismiss for the reasons already stated.           See id. at 6 ¶28–38.

Accordingly, the apparent negligence claim in Count 4 of Stevens’ Complaint will be dismissed

as well.

       To summarize, the Court will dismiss all claims against Sodexo, Inc. The Court will also

dismiss all claims against “Affiliated Companies,” as referenced in Stevens’ Complaint, id. at 1,

since Stevens has not named or alleged any facts specific to such companies.

IV.    STEVENS’ MOTION [12] FOR PERMISSION TO FILE A SUR-REPLY

       Stevens has also filed a Motion for Permission to File a Sur-Reply, to respond to

arguments presented in Sodexo’s Reply to Stevens’ Opposition to Sodexo’s Motion to Dismiss.
                                                 13
Pl.’s Mot. Permission [12] 1, July 26, 2011. Sur-replies are rarely permitted, and only “when a

party is ‘unable to contest matters presented to the court for the first time’ in the last scheduled

pleading.” Ben-Kotel v. Howard Univ., 319 F.3d 532, 536 (D.C. Cir. 2003). Although aspects of

Stevens’ proposed Sur-Reply appear to constitute an attempt to get the last word regarding

arguments raised by Sodexo in its initial Motion to Dismiss, see, e.g., Pl.’s Sur-Reply [12-3]

¶¶4–7, which would ordinarily lead the Court to deny a motion for leave, Stevens’ proposed Sur-

Reply does address certain arguments that Sodexo did not raise until its Reply—specifically,

Sodexo’s arguments against application of the public policy exception to the employment-at-will

rule. Id. ¶15–17. As such, Stevens’ proposed Sur-Reply does not merely serve to get the last

word, but addresses arguments presented for the first time in the last scheduled brief relating to

Sodexo’s Motion to Dismiss. Accordingly, Stevens’ Motion for Permission to File a Sur-Reply

will be granted.

V.     STEVENS’ MOTION [17] TO CONVERT SODEXO’S MOTION TO DISMISS

       After the conclusion of briefing on Sodexo’s Motion to Dismiss, Stevens filed an unusual

motion seeking to “convert” Sodexo’s then-pending Motion to Dismiss into a motion for

summary judgment. Pl.’s Mot. Convert [17] 1, Nov. 27, 2011. Stevens also seeks, in that

Motion, “limited discovery” regarding his current status as an employee at Sodexo. Pl.’s Mem.

[17-1] ¶20.     However, Stevens offers no legal basis for “converting” Sodexo’s Motion to

Dismiss into a motion for summary judgment, nor does he explain how Sodexo would not be

prejudiced thereby. Nor does Stevens respond to any of Sodexo’s arguments against his Motion

to Convert, since he filed no reply. Upon review of Stevens’ Motion, the Court finds that it is for

all purposes a rehashing of arguments raised in the completed briefing on Sodexo’s Motion to

Dismiss.      It therefore constitutes a sur-reply for which Stevens has not sought leave.

Accordingly, the Court will deny Steven’s Motion to Convert Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.
                                                14
Furthermore, Stevens’ motion for discovery will be denied as moot, since all claims against

Sodexo will be dismissed for the reasons already stated.

VI.    CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, the Court will grant Sodexo’s Motion [5] to Dismiss, grant

plaintiff’s Motion [12] for Permission to File a Sur-Reply, and deny plaintiff’s Motion [17] to

Convert Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.

       A separate Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion shall issue this date.

       Signed by Royce C. Lamberth, Chief Judge, on March 6, 2012.

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