Court Opinion

ID: 9454065
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-04 18:34:57.959855+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:33:57.371750
License: Public Domain

KERNER, Circuit Judge
(dissenting).
I regret that for the first time I must respectfully dissent from a decision by my brethren.
The national labor policy for railroads is one which seeks to encourage industrial peace by substituting arbitration for strikes in minor disputes. The genesis of the policy is in the wise decision of the Congress that the continued operation of the nation’s railroads is vital to a healthy economy and, therefore, that strikes over interpretations of existing agreements should be avoided. Bhd. of R. R. Trainmen v. Chicago River & I. R. Co., 353 U.S. 30, 35-41, 77 S.Ct. 635, 1 L.Ed.2d 622 (1957).
Conversely, Congress also recognized in Section 8 of the Norris-LaGuardia Act (29 U.S.C. § 108) that unions should have a right to strike when necessary to secure the rights of their members or to improve their lot. Thus, while the Supreme Court has upheld the issuance of injunctions against strikes in minor disputes, it has refused to uphold them in major disputes. Bhd. of R. R. Trainmen v. Toledo, P. & W. R. Co., 321 U.S. 50, 66, 64 S.Ct. 413, 88 L.Ed. 534 (1944); Elgin, J. & E. Ry. Co. v. Burley, 325 U.S. 711, 725-727, 65 S.Ct. 1282, 89 L.Ed. 1886, (1945); Chicago River, supra at 42, 77 S.Ct. 635.; Order of R. R. Telegraphers v. Chicago & N. W. Ry. Co., 362 U.S. 330, 341, 80 S.Ct. 761, 4 L.Ed.2d 774 (1960); Bhd. of Locomotive Engrs. v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 372 U.S. 284, 288-289, 83 S.Ct. 691, 9 L.Ed.2d 759 (1963); and Bhd. of Ry. & SS. Clerks v. Florida East Coast Ry. Co., 384 U.S. 238, 243-244, 86 S.Ct. 1420, 16 L.Ed.2d 501 (1966). The latest case cited also recognizes that carriers may resort to self-help in major disputes.
Because of the differences in rights and procedures, the distinction between major and minor disputes is of crucial importance. In Elgin, J. & E. Ry. Co. v. Burley, the court noted that the Railway Labor Act distinguishes the two types of disputes in Section 2 (45 U.S.C. § 152). The court held, 325 U.S. at 722-723, 65 S.Ct. at 1289:
The statute first marks the distinction in § 2, which states as among the Act’s five general purposes: “(4) to provide for the prompt and orderly settlement of all disputes concerning rates of pay, rules, or working conditions; (5) to provide for the prompt *84and orderly settlement of all disputes growing out of grievances or out of the interpretation or application of agreements covering rates of pay, rules, or working conditions.” The two sorts of dispute are sharply distinguished, though there are points of common treatment. Nevertheless, it is clear from the Act itself, from the history of railway labor disputes and from the legislative history of the various statutes which have dealt with them, that Congress has drawn major lines of difference between the two classes of controversy.
The first relates to disputes over the formation of collective agreements or efforts to secure them. They arise where there is no such agreement or where it is sought to change the terms of one, and therefore the issue is not whether an existing agreement controls the controversy. They look to the acquisition of rights for the future, not to assertion of rights claimed to have vested in the past.
The second class, however, contemplates the existence of a collective agreement already concluded or, at any rate, a situation in which no effort is made to bring about a formal change in terms or to create a new one. The dispute relates either to the meaning or proper application of a particular provision with reference to a specific situation or to an omitted case. In the latter event the claim is founded upon some incident of the employment relation, or asserted one, independent of those covered by the collective agreement, e. g., claims on account of personal injuries. In either case the claim is to rights accrued, not merely to have new ones created for the future.
In general the difference is between what are regarded traditionally as the major and the minor disputes of the railway labor world. * * * [Notes omitted.]
Thus, a minor dispute is one which necessarily requires an actual application or interpretation of an existing agreement and set of facts for its resolution. An “application” of the agreement means that the facts create an issue as to whether or not the agreement controls the resolution of a highly particularized dispute. An “interpretation” of the agreement means that an issue exists as to the meaning of the agreement.
Neither an application nor an interpretation is required under the facts of this ease. There is no dispute as to the facts so there is no reason for an application of any agreement. Since the only alleged dispute between the parties is over a decision of a Court of Appeals (as will be shown below), there is no necessity for interpreting any agreement.
In the Chicago River case, the Court also noted the distinction between Sections 2, Sixth, and 2, Seventh, characterizing the latter as applicable to a major dispute. Supra at 33. Section 2, Seventh (45 U.S.C. § 152, Seventh) prohibits a carrier from unilaterally changing “the rates of pay, rules or working conditions of its employees, as a class” except in accordance with the bargaining procedures in the Act or those in agreements between the parties. In the Florida East Coast case, the Court cited with approval the holding in Florida East Coast Ry. Co. v. Bhd. of R. R. Trainmen, 336 F.2d 172, 179-180 (5th Cir. 1964), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 990, 85 S.Ct. 703, 13 L.Ed.2d 611, that unilateral changes in working conditions may constitute a major dispute where they amount to an abrogation of the existing agreement. 384 U.S. at 242, 86 S.Ct. 1420.
In the instant case, the carrier unilaterally instituted an important change in the agreement in force by refusing to use a fireman on the newly created “84 inch Hot Strip Mill run.” It is not necessary for a party to seek a new agreement for there to be a major dispute. It is sufficient for there to be a unilateral change in the prior agreement *85which, as here, has the effect of creating a new agreement.
The carrier here has argued that it is only acting in accord with the existing agreements. In this regard, it is important to note that the carrier agrees that the decisions in Bhd. of R. R. Trainmen v. Akron & B. B. R. Co., 385 F.2d 581 (D.C.Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 923, 88 S.Ct. 851, 19 L.Ed.2d 983 (1968), are res judicata between these parties. The Supplemental Opinion of the Court of Appeals in that case, 385 F.2d at 607, shows that the carrier’s unilateral action was in violation of the Railway Labor Act and is not based on any existing agreement. In that opinion, it was held, 385 F.2d at 611-612:
The National Diesel Agreement was not set aside by the Board. As already noted, the opening section of the Award provided that agreements in force continued in effect except as they were modified by the Award. The Award provided a procedure for modifications during the two-year life of the Award. We recognize that it may be turning back the clock to an era that two presidential boards and the Neutral Members of Board 282 have agreed is technologically outdated, but taking into account the structure of Award 282 as issued, we see no alternative to holding that any new runs created after Award 282 are subject to the National Diesel Agreement, and its requirement of a fireman on each engine crew.
Moreover, the National Diesel Agreement is in effect even though the only reason why a change in its work rule was not made under the Award during its life time was the fact that the change was blocked by a state’s full crew law. The Supreme Court has expressly held that while such state law was in effect the Board had no capacity to make a change contrary to its provisions. See Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers v. Chicago, Rock I. & Pac. R. R., 382 U.S. 423, 86 S.Ct. 594, 15 L.Ed.2d 501 (1966). The opening sections of the Award dealing with the use of firemen and with crew consists provided for the continuation of work rules, however established, unless changed pursuant to the Award. The repeal of a full crew law subsequent to the expiration of Award 282 came after expiration of the Board’s authority under the temporary statute and after expiration of the power of a carrier to invoke the procedures of the Award.
The carriers argue in effect that the Award at least authorized the carriers to blank firemen positions during the lifetime of the Award, with this personnel action remaining in a state of suspended animation until its vitalization upon repeal of the full crew law. The Court noted in Rock Island, supra, 382 U.S. at 433, 86 S.Ct. at 599:
Congress wanted to do as little as possible in solving the dispute which was before it, and we note that this dispute was not over the size of crews in States which had full-crew laws.
The Board authorized the carriers to list jobs for blanking, and thus provide a classification “when and if such full crew laws are amended or repealed.” Answer of May 17, 1964, to Carriers’ Question No. 5 under Section II — Part B(l) and B(2). But this conditional blanking was only available as an advance procedure made fruitful if the necessary condition materialized during the 2-year lifetime of the Award. See Opinion of Neutral Members, quoted supra, 41 Lab.Arb. at 681. The Board’s energy was not limited to “the dispute which was before it [Congress]” at the passage of the law, but also extended to firemen manning disputes arising during the critical 2-year period. But the Board’s order and interpretations cannot be stretched beyond the Congressional frame of reference to resolve academic differences or disputes that were neither in being *86at the time nor projected as arising during the 2-year period. [Emphasis added.]
As it is conceded that the carrier’s attack on Indiana’s Full Crew Law (Burns’ Ind. Stat.Ann. §§ 55-1330 and 55-1331) failed and the law was not repealed during the life of Award 282, then the 1950 National Diesel Agreement was and is in effect between these parties. This is due to the fact that the condition precedent for a change in that Agreement by Award 282, i. e., the repeal of the Full Crew Law, never came to pass.
The carrier tries to quibble with the phrase “new runs” as used in the above-quoted portion of the Akron decision. The carrier would confuse this Court and have it believe that the word “run” is a word of art in the railroad industry. Firstly, it must be remembered that the word appears in an opinion of a Court of Appeals and not in a railroad agreement. Thus, the NRAB has no special competence to define its meaning.
Secondly, the word was used in a well-known meaning. Its sense is that given in Webster’s New International Dictionary (2d Ed.) at 2185:
run, n. * * * 7. The distance or extent of territory covered or to be covered, * * *, during a special course, time or operation; the ship’s run was only 300 miles; * * * ; an engineer’s run.
The court in Akron was simply saying that when a new assignment1 comes into being, the National Diesel Agreement would regulate the use of firemen.
Whether this applies to new assignments which are modifications of existing ones is not material here. As shown by carrier’s agreement of August 9,1967, with the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, this was a completely new assignment for this carrier. That agreement states (Plaintiff’s Appendix 8-9):
To enable the Carrier to be competitive and handle certain intraplant work associated with the steel manufacturing process at the 84" Hot Strip Mill of the Gary Sheet & Tin Works, it is agreed:
1. An assignment known as the “84" Hot Strip Mill” Assignment may be established to perform intra-plant work not now performed by EJ&E crews:
2. The work of this assignment will include the switching of Yard P, servicing the 84" Hot Strip Mill, and related intraplant switching not now performed by EJ&E crews at the 84" Hot Strip Mill and at other new plants and facilities that may be added in the future at the Gary Sheet & Tin Works.2
Moreover, in his testimony before the court below, James Shimeall, carrier’s Labor Relations Counsel, admitted that the 84 inch Hot Strip Mill was first serviced by carrier
* * * when the new plant went into operation. It was a brand new facility, the first time it went into full operation. [Defendant’s Appendix 50. Emphasis added.]
Carrier’s argument on the definition of “new” runs does not appear to me to have been made in good faith.
*87The last argument raised by carrier is that a stipulation it entered into with the Brotherhood here constituted an agreement as to new work rules under Award 282. The unrebutted testimony of Charles Mellen, the Brotherhood’s General Chairman, showed that the stipulation was a temporary job-protection device for the benefit of firemen put out of work by the state court’s decision in the carrier’s challenge to Indiana’s Full Crew Law. It provided alternate employment to firemen pending disposition of an appeal to the Indiana Supreme Court, which held against the carrier. Defendant’s Appendix 19, 40. That the stipulation was not a permanent change is shown by further testimony of Shime-all in which he admitted that carrier’s sole reliance was placed on its contention that Award 282 modified the National Diesel Agreement. At Defendant’s Appendix 51, Shimeall stated:
I then recall that the conversation came up that he thought we had to have firemen on here, and the conversation then went along the line — I advised him that we had gone through this before in regard to the hot cinder and hot metal runs whereby it was the carrier’s contention that our Diesel Agreement had been modified by Award 282, and that they were fighting that battle or had a complaint against the Public Service Commission of Indiana, and I advised him that if he or they won their case before the Commission, that, of course, we would have to have firemen — put firemen on these assignments. [Emphasis added.]
Thus, this defense also does not appear to have been made in good faith.
For the foregoing reasons, I am unable to find any good faith defense on the part of the carrier which is based on any existing agreement. I believe that carrier unilaterally changed the existing working conditions contained in the National Diesel Agreement in violation of the Railway Labor Act. Accordingly, I would reverse the judgment below and remand for further proceedings.

. The word “assignment” is virtually synonymous with the Webster definition of “run.” “Assignment,” in the railroad industry has attained the status of a word of art. Operating employees (engineers, firemen, brakemen, etc.) bid for their particular positions on the basis of seniority. The bids are solicited by way of a “bulletin” which describes the area or territory to be covered, the work to be performed (switching, road freight, passenger, etc.), the starting time and estimated completion time of the trip, the location for starting (“on duty”) and completion (“tie-up”) for each crew member, and the days on which the position will work. The “assignment” is defined by the bulletin description.

. Emphasis added. It is also important to note that the word “establish” is used in the railroad industry only in connection with new assignments.