Court Opinion

ID: 9556755
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-18 16:10:04.504558+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:14.116335
License: Public Domain

J-A11019-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  IN RE: DILLE FAMILY TRUST                    :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
  APPEAL OF: LORRAINE DILLE                    :
  WILLIAMS AND ROBERT NICHOLS                  :
  FLINT DILLE                                  :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 853 WDA 2021

                 Appeal from the Order Entered July 8, 2021
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Lawrence County Orphans' Court at
                         No(s): No. 43 of 2019 O.C.

BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., STABILE, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                        FILED: August 18, 2023

       Lorraine Dille Williams (“Lorraine”) and Robert Nichols Flint Dille

(“Robert”) (collectively “Appellants” or “Beneficiaries”) appeal from the order

entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Lawrence County Orphans’ Court on

July 8, 2021, directing them to pay attorneys’ fees and costs totaling

$85,883.00, incurred by Appellees, Louise A. Geer (“Ms. Geer”), the Nowlan

Family Trust (“NFT”), and the Buck Rogers Company (“BRC”), as a result of

the orphans’ court’s finding Appellants in contempt for violating three of its

prior court orders. After careful review, we affirm.

       This matter has a complex history and stems from a dispute over the

situs of the Dille Family Trust (“DFT” or “Trust”) and whether Ms. Geer is the

legitimate Trustee of the DFT. We glean the following facts and procedural

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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background relevant to this appeal from the record. The DFT was created by

Robert C. Dille (“Mr. Dille”) and Virginia N. Dille (“Mrs. Dille”) (collectively

“Settlors”) on August 16, 1979, in the state of California, and amended on

January 5, 1982.    Settlors were the original Trustees of the DFT.       Their

children, Lorraine and Robert, are the Trust’s sole beneficiaries. Upon the

death of Mr. Dille on March 30, 1983, Arthur Martin became a Co-Trustee with

Mrs. Dille.   On February 1, 1989, the Beneficiaries and the Co-Trustees

executed a document transferring the situs of the DFT to Illinois. Upon Mrs.

Dille’s death in February of 2009, Mr. Martin became the sole Trustee.

      On March 8, 2011, Mr. Martin resigned from his position as Trustee and,

pursuant to the terms of the DFT, Dennis Fox was to be appointed as the

successor Trustee. Mr. Fox, however, never acted in his capacity as Trustee

of the DFT and submitted his resignation from the position on May 4, 2011.

American Guarantee & Trust Company (n/k/a RBC Trust Company) was the

last-named successor Trustee listed in the terms of the DFT; however, it

declined to accept the position, leaving the Trust without any named

successor.

      Appellants then asked Ms. Geer, an attorney, to become the Trustee,

and she accepted the appointment on June 6, 2011. Immediately following

her appointment, Ms. Geer began acting as the Trustee of the DFT with the

permission and consent of Appellants.      She began administering the Trust

from the office of Geer and Herman, P.C., located in Lawrence County,

Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania income tax returns were filed on behalf of the

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DFT by Ms. Geer for the years 2011 through 2016, a Trust bank account was

opened in Pennsylvania, and Ms. Geer conducted all DFT business from her

office in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania.

       A dispute arose between the DFT and the NFT over the ownership of the

United States trademark and related rights to Buck Rogers.1 Litigation ensued

before the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the Patent and

Trademark Appeals Board, and the federal district court in the Eastern District

of Pennsylvania. Meanwhile, on November 28, 2017, Ms. Geer – purporting

to act as Trustee – filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on behalf of the DFT. Ms.

Geer did not seek the permission of Appellants prior to the bankruptcy filing,

nor did she notify them after the filing. On August 26, 2018, after learning of

the Chapter 11 filing from the Bankruptcy Court, Appellants sent written notice

to Ms. Geer, informing her that she was no longer representing the DFT as

Trustee. Despite receiving the August 26, 2018 notice, Ms. Geer continued to

act and hold herself out as Trustee of the DFT.

       During the bankruptcy action, Ms. Geer and her husband, Daniel

Herman, acting as individuals, together with the NFT submitted a joint offer
____________________________________________

1 By way of background, the fictional character known as the 25th Century
space explorer, Buck Rogers, was created by John F. Dille in 1928. In
approximately 1928-1929, John F. Dille contracted with Phillip Francis Nowlan
to create the Buck Rogers comic strip. On May 14, 1942, Mr. Nowlan, through
his estate, assigned all intellectual property rights to Buck Rogers to John F.
Dille. These rights ultimately became the property of the DFT. In 1981, the
DFT registered Buck Rogers as a trademark with the United States Trademark
Office. However, as a result of its failure to properly renew its trademark, the
DFT’s United States trademark for Buck Rogers expired on June 6, 2011, and
the NFT subsequently attempted to acquire the trademark rights.

                                           -3-
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to the Bankruptcy Court to purchase all of the DFT assets, including any

trademark and intellectual rights that the DFT might own with regard to Buck

Rogers.    Their offer was rejected.   On February 20, 2019, the bankruptcy

action was dismissed on the grounds that the DFT was not a business trust

and therefore was not eligible for Chapter 11 relief.

      Shortly after the bankruptcy dismissal, the DFT and the NFT resolved

their dispute. On February 28, 2019, Ms. Geer, acting as Trustee of the DFT,

signed a settlement agreement with the NFT. Pursuant to the terms of the

settlement agreement, Ms. Geer entered into an asset purchase agreement,

conveying any and all trademark and intellectual property rights owned by the

DFT to the BRC for $300,000.00. As a result of this transaction, the federal

action between the NFT and the DFT was voluntarily dismissed.

      On April 17, 2019, Ms. Geer, acting as Trustee of the DFT, instituted the

underlying action with the filing of a petition in the Court of Common Pleas of

Lawrence     County,   Pennsylvania,    Orphans’   Court   Division,   seeking

confirmation of her status as the Trustee of the DFT and seeking approval of

her proposed distribution of the Trust assets. Appellants opposed the petition,

claiming that Ms. Geer had never been lawfully appointed as Trustee. The

NFT and the BRC (collectively “Intervenors”) filed a petition seeking to

intervene in the orphans’ court action, which the court granted on February

24, 2020, for the limited purpose of participating in the hearings to determine

whether Ms. Geer is the legally authorized Trustee of the DFT. A bifurcated

trial on the issue of Ms. Geer’s status as Trustee, originally scheduled to be

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held in April 2020, was continued multiple times due to COVID-19 concerns

and discovery issues, and was eventually held on April 22 and 23, 2021.2

Following the trial, the orphans’ court ultimately entered an amended order

on January 10, 2022, finding that Ms. Geer was lawfully appointed under

Illinois law as the Trustee of the DFT on June 6, 2011, and that the

Beneficiaries’ August 26, 2018 writing purporting to remove Ms. Geer from

her position as Trustee was ineffective.3

       While the trial regarding Ms. Geer’s status as Trustee was still pending,

she filed a motion seeking to have Appellants held in contempt of court for

their purported violation of certain court orders.     Following an evidentiary

hearing on the motion for contempt, the orphans’ court found Appellants in

contempt and issued an order containing the following additional findings of

fact and conclusions of law:

                                   Findings of Fact

       1.   On January 7, 2021[,] Louise Geer filed a motion to hold the
            Beneficiaries in contempt of this court’s orders of December
            6, 2019, October 1, 2020, and October 8, 2020.

       2.   On December 6, 2019, the Beneficiaries filed a motion for an
            injunction against all parties prohibiting the transfer,
            disbursement, distribution[,] or encumbrance of any asset of
            the [DFT]. This court signed an order on December 6, 2019,
            as proposed by the Beneficiaries, that, “until further order of
____________________________________________

2 The issue regarding approval of Ms. Geer’s proposed distribution of the Trust

assets was scheduled for a separate trial date and is not relevant to this
appeal.

3Appellants filed a separate appeal from this order at docket no. 96 WDA
2022, which is currently pending before this Court.

                                           -5-
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          court, there is to be no disbursement, distribution[,] or
          encumbrance of any asset of the [DFT].”

     3.   On October 1, 2020, this court issued an order setting the
          hearing on the status of [Ms.] Geer as Trustee for the [DFT]
          for December 7 and December 8, 2020. The order also
          ordered that[] the December 6, 2019 order remained in full
          force and effect[,] and that any violation of that order would
          subject the violator to contempt of court sanctions.

     4.   On October 8, 2020, this court issued an order stating as
          follows:

           “This court has determined that it has subject matter
            jurisdiction to decide the status of [Ms.] Geer as Trustee
            of the [DFT].” And further that, “…this court has
            exclusive jurisdiction to decide whether or not [Ms.]
            Geer was appointed Trustee of the [DFT] and whether
            or not [Ms.] Geer continues to be the lawful Trustee of
            the [DFT]. All parties will be bound by this court’s
            decision.”

     5.   The Beneficiaries attempted to obtain summary judgment or
          partial summary judgment based on the pleadings, and an
          order that [Ms.] Geer was not properly appointed Trustee of
          the [DFT] in June of 2011 and in the alternative, if she was
          lawfully appointed, that she ceased being Trustee of the [DFT]
          as of February 20, 2019. On October 2, 2020, this court
          denied motions for summary judgment presented by the
          Beneficiaries and by [Ms.] Geer on the question of whether or
          not [Ms.] Geer was lawfully appointed as Trustee of the [DFT]
          and whether she remained Trustee of the [DFT]. This court
          found that it had subject matter jurisdiction and that genuine
          issues of material fact exist surrounding the appointment and
          alleged removal of [Ms.] Geer as Trustee of the [DFT].

     6.   While the case was still pending before the Court of Common
          Pleas of Lawrence County, the Beneficiaries filed an ex parte
          petition in the Superior Court of the State of California for the
          County of Los Angeles on April 5, 2019[,] seeking (1)
          confirmation that [Ms.] Geer was not properly appointed as
          Trustee of the [DFT]; (2) confirming that the Beneficiaries
          removed the Trust assets [on] February 20, 2019; (3)
          appointing [Beneficiaries] as Co-Trustees of the [DFT]; (4)
          and to compel [Ms.] Geer to immediately surrender all Trust
          property and records to [Beneficiaries].

                                     -6-
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     7.   On July 11, 2019, Judge Clifford Klein, in the Superior Court
          of California for the County of Los Angeles, issued an order as
          follows:

          a. “The … Superior Court of California County of Los
             Angeles[] finds it lacks jurisdiction to consider the petition
             (of the Beneficiaries). Trustee Louise Geer is not properly
             subject to the jurisdiction of a California Court.”

          b. “The … Beneficiaries[] … sought out respondent Geer and
             both of them asked her to serve as Trustee.”

          c. “[S]ince June 2011, Ms. Geer has been acting as Trustee.”

          d. That the Superior Court had no jurisdiction over the [DFT],
             which had been administered in the Commonwealth of
             Pennsylvania since June 2011, or over [Ms.] Geer as
             Trustee.

          e. The Beneficiaries’ petition was dismissed with prejudice.

     8.   Pursuant to the petition of the Beneficiaries, on October 23,
          2020, this court issued an order directing the law firm of
          Kloss, Stenger and LoTempio to deposit $300,000.00 that it
          was holding in its escrow account for the [DFT] into the
          Lawrence County Court’s Trustee account. The $300,000.00
          was deposited with the courts of Lawrence County and
          remains in the court’s escrow account.

     9.   On October 29, 2020, the Beneficiaries petitioned the
          Superior Court of California for the County of San Mateo
          seeking a court order (1) approving the Trustee’s distribution
          of “all Trust assets” to the Beneficiaries, retroactive to
          February 20, 2019; (2) approving the termination of the
          [DFT]; (3) waiving any accounting for the administration of
          the [DFT] and its assets; [and] (4) approving of all of the
          activities of the Trustee in administering the Trust.

     10. The motion in the County of San Mateo claimed that [Mr.] Fox
         was the Trustee for the [DFT] and that there were no other
         interested parties other than Beneficiaries and the Trustee,
         [Mr.] Fox.

     11. The Beneficiaries’ petition in the County of San Mateo made
         the following assertions, under penalty of perjury and signed
         by both Beneficiaries:

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         a. That following [Mrs.] Dille’s death[] and the resignation of
            [Mr.] Martin, [Mr.] Fox became the sole successor Trustee
            in 2011;

         b. That all of the Trust assets were distributed to the
            Beneficiaries on or around February 20, 2019;

         c. That on February 20, 2019, the Beneficiaries received all
            of the assets of the Trust;

         d. That as of February 20, 2019, the Trust had been
            terminated.

     12. The petition in the County of San Mateo made no mention of
         the Lawrence County action that was pending or the hearing
         that was scheduled for December 7 and 8, 2020.

     13. The petition in the County of San Mateo made no mention of
         the order of Judge Clifford Klein in the County of Los Angeles
         that dismissed the Beneficiaries’ earlier petition with
         prejudice, because California did not have jurisdiction over
         [Ms.] Geer or over the [DFT].

     14. The petition in San Mateo County made no mention of the fact
         that the Beneficiaries had requested the Court of Common
         Pleas of Lawrence County to order the deposit of $300,000.00
         from an escrow account where it was being held for the
         benefit of the [DFT]. Nor did the petition mention that the
         $300,000.00 was being held by the Court of Common Pleas
         of Lawrence County in its escrow account.

     15. The petition in San Mateo County was presented ex parte and
         admittedly without notice [to Ms.] Geer or her counsel, to the
         [NFT], or its counsel, or the Court of Common Pleas of
         Lawrence County, where the trial on the issue of whether …
         [Ms.] Geer is the lawful Trustee of the [DFT] was pending.

     16. Lorraine Dille Williams testified that the Beneficiaries filed the
         ex parte motion in San Mateo County to obtain an order
         confirming the transfer of all Trust assets to [them].

     17. Robert Nichols Flint Dille in his deposition of November 18,
         2020, stated that he believed the Trust owned certain
         intellectual property rights and that the petition in San Mateo
         was presented to secure the distribution to he [sic] and his
         sister of all of the assets of the Trust and to stop all the
         “sneaky” business going on in Pennsylvania.

                                     -8-
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     18. In support of the Beneficiaries’ petition in San Mateo County,
         both Robert … and Lorraine … signed a verification under
         penalty of perjury that they[] “have the unfettered right to
         remove their respective 50% shares of the assets (of the
         [DFT]) … at any time…[,]” since they were both thirty-five
         (35) years of age. The notarized statement under penalty of
         perjury was signed by both Beneficiaries on October 7, 2020.

     19. Lorraine … testified that the intellectual rights owned by the
         [DFT] were transferred to she [sic] and her brother on
         February 20, 2019[,] and that she and her brother
         immediately sold those intellectual rights to 26th Century
         Ventures, Inc.[,] [(26th Century”)] in exchange for significant
         stock in 26th Century…. For the purposes of this contempt
         hearing, this court does not find the testimony of Lorraine …
         credible for the following reasons:

         a. Evidence presented showed that 26th Century … did not
            come into existence until May 2, 2019.

         b. Lorraine … testified that there was a written document
            transferring the intellectual rights owned by the Trust.
            However, she did not produce any such document in the
            extensive discovery that had taken place in this case and
            could not produce any such document at the time of the
            hearing (although she claimed she did have a copy
            somewhere).

         c. Lorraine … and Robert … had notice of the December 6,
            2019, October 1, 2020, and October 8, 2020 orders of
            court.

                           Conclusions of Law

     20. The Beneficiaries’ filing of the motion in the Superior Court of
         California, County of San Mateo on October 29, 2020[,] was
         done intentionally and with the intent of effecting the transfer
         of assets of the [DFT] to the Beneficiaries. And that those
         assets had value, in as much as the Beneficiaries were able
         to sell those assets to 26th Century … in exchange for stock in
         26th Century….

     21. That the petition that was presented in the County of San
         Mateo was done surreptitiously, without notice to persons or
         entities that were interested parties.

                                    -9-
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      22. That the petition omitted materially relevant facts including
          the fact that an action to determine the legal status of the
          Trustee of the [DFT] and for an accounting of the
          administration of the Trust and assets was pending in
          Lawrence County, Pennsylvania[,] and that $300,000.00 was
          being held (at the request of the Beneficiaries) in an escrow
          account as claimed assets of the [DFT].

      23. That the filing of the petition in the County of San Mateo
          intentionally omitted the fact that a previous filing by the
          Beneficiaries in the County of Los Angeles had resulted in a
          finding by Judge Klein that the State of California had no
          jurisdiction to determine matters concerning either [Ms.]
          Geer’s status as Trustee of the [DFT] or over the [DFT].

      24. That the aforementioned omissions [and] lack of notice to
          interested parties[] were done intentionally to effect a
          transfer and the encumbrance of assets of the [DFT] to the
          Beneficiaries in direct violation of the December 6, 2019,
          October 1, 2020[,] and October 8, 2020 orders of this court.

      25. That the aforesaid actions of [the Beneficiaries] encumbered
          and diminished the value of the assets of the [DFT] (the
          assets being the claim to ownership to certain intellectual
          property rights related to []Buck Rogers.[]).

      26. For the reasons stated above, this court finds that [the
          Beneficiaries] intentionally and volitionally violated the
          aforesaid court orders and are hereby held in contempt of
          court.

Orphans’ Court Opinion & Order (OCOO), 3/12/21, at 1-7 (unnecessary

capitalization and emphasis omitted). Based on the foregoing, the orphans’

court issued the following order:

      1.   [The Beneficiaries] are ordered to pay all costs and
           attorney[s’] fees incurred by [Ms.] Geer, or any entity
           insuring or representing [Ms.] Geer as a result of the
           Beneficiaries’ filing of the aforesaid action in the Superior
           Court of California for the County of San Mateo, including but
           not limited to the costs and attorney[s’] fees incurred in
           preparing, presenting[,] and litigating the contempt petition
           and contesting the aforementioned court order in San Mateo

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            County. The costs and fees will be determined in a separate
            hearing.

       2.   [The Beneficiaries] are ordered to pay all costs and
            attorney[s’] fees incurred by the [DFT], or any entity insuring
            or representing the [DFT,] as a result of the Beneficiaries’
            filing of the aforesaid action in the Superior Court of California
            for the County of San Mateo, including but not limited to the
            costs and attorney[s’] fees incurred in preparing,
            presenting[,] and litigating the contempt petition and
            contesting the aforementioned court order in San Mateo
            County. The costs and fees will be determined in a separate
            hearing.

       3.   [The Beneficiaries] are ordered to pay all costs and
            attorney[s’] fees incurred by the [NFT], or any entity
            representing the [NFT,] as a result of the Beneficiaries’ filing
            of the aforesaid action in the Superior Court of California for
            the County of San Mateo, including but not limited to the costs
            and attorney[s’] fees incurred in preparing, presenting[,] and
            litigating the contempt petition and contesting the
            aforementioned court order in San Mateo County. The costs
            and fees will be determined in a separate hearing.

       4.   [The Beneficiaries] are ordered to give Attorney Henry Sneath
            and Attorney Frank Verterano[4] at least twenty (20) days
            prior written notice of any proposed, planned[,] or
            contemplated action or filing on behalf of [the Beneficiaries,]
            Dennis Fox[,] or any person or entity representing any of
            them with regard to any filing or action dealing in any way
            with Louise Geer, the [DFT], or any asset (including any
            intellectual property) now or formerly held as property of the
            [NFT] (this specifically includes, but is not limited to, any
            intellectual property right to the name “Buck Rogers”).

       5.   [The Beneficiaries] are enjoined from transferring, assigning,
            or in any way encumbering[] any intellectual property rights
            now or formerly owned by the [DFT] or related to the name
            “Buck Rogers,” without further order of this court. If either
            [of the Beneficiaries] becomes aware that any person or
            entity plans, proposes to, or is contemplating any
____________________________________________

4 Henry Sneath, Esquire, an attorney with the law firm, Houston Harbaugh,

P.C., represents the DFT and Ms. Geer, as Trustee, in this matter.               Frank
Verterano, Esquire, is counsel for the NFT.

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            assignment, transfer[,] or use of any intellectual property
            rights now or formerly owned by the [DFT] or related to the
            name “Buck Rogers,” they must notify Attorney Sneath and
            Attorney Verterano in writing within twenty-four (24) hours
            of learning of the information.

       6.   [The Beneficiaries] are to within seven (7) days of the date of
            this order, provide a copy of this order to 26th Century … and
            to [any] entity or person to whom any intellectual property
            now or formerly held by the [DFT] or any intellectual property
            right to the name “Buck Rogers” has been transferred at any
            time after February 19, 2019; and to serve Attorney Frank
            Verterano and Attorney Henry Sneath with a copy of any such
            notice (including a full list of each name and address and a
            copy of each cover letter) within three (3) days of the serving
            of the notice upon the person or entity.

       7.   A hearing to determine the amount of costs and attorney[s’]
            fees is scheduled for the 29[th] day of March, 2021….
            Attorney Sneath and Attorney Verterano are to furnish a
            detailed listing of all fees and costs that have been incurred
            and which are due and payable under this order to Attorney
            Robleto[5] at least ten (10) days prior to the hearing….

Id. at 7-9 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

       Following the reception of testimony and evidence concerning the award

of attorneys’ fees pursuant to its March 12, 2021 order, the orphans’ court

issued an additional order, which stated the following:

       1.    The reasonable attorney[s’] fees incurred by the [NFT], an
             intervenor in the above[-]captioned matter, as a result of the
             Beneficiaries[’] filing of the aforementioned action in the
             Superior Court of California for the County of San Mateo, in
             preparing, presenting[,] and litigating the contempt petition
             and contesting the aforementioned court order in San Mateo
             County is the sum of $31,858.50.

       2.    [The Beneficiaries] are ordered to pay within thirty (30) days
             the sum of $31,858.50 to the law firm of Verterano and
             Manolis. The law firm of Verterano and Manolis is to credit
____________________________________________

5 Aurelius Robleto, Esquire, is counsel of record for Appellants.

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             or refund the [NFT] for the costs and attorney[s’] fees
             awarded.

       3.    The reasonable attorney[s’] fees incurred by Houston
             Harbaugh, P.C., in the above[-]captioned matter, as a result
             of the Beneficiaries[’] filing of the aforementioned action in
             the Superior Court of California for the County of San Mateo,
             in preparing, presenting[,] and litigating the contempt
             petition and contesting the aforementioned court order in
             San Mateo County is the sum of $43,904.50.

       4.    [The Beneficiaries] are ordered to pay within thirty (30) days
             the sum of $43,904 to the law firm of Houston Harbaugh,
             P.C. Houston Harbaugh, P.C. is to credit or reimburse CNA
             Insurance Company and Louise Geer in proportion to their
             payments of costs and attorney[s’] fees.

       5.    The reasonable attorney[s’] fees incurred by Klinedinst,
             P.C.[6] in the above[-]captioned matter, as a result of the
             Beneficiaries[’] filing of the aforementioned action in the
             Superior Court of California for the County of San Mateo, in
             preparing, presenting[,] and litigating the contempt petition
             and contesting the aforementioned court order in San Mateo
             County is the sum of $10,120.00.

       [6.] [The Beneficiaries] are ordered to pay within thirty (30) days
            the sum of $10,120.00 to the Klinedinst, P.C. is [sic] to credit
            or reimburse CNA Insurance Company for their payments of
            costs and attorney[s’] fees….

Orphans’ Court Order (OCO), 7/8/21, at 1-2 (unnecessary capitalization

omitted).

       Appellants filed a timely notice of appeal on July 26, 2021, followed by

a timely, court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors

complained of on appeal. On September 29, 2021, the orphans’ court issued

an order in compliance with Rule 1925(a), stating that the reasons for its

____________________________________________

6 The law firm of Klinedinst, P.C. represented Ms. Geer and the NFT in the San

Mateo, California action.

                                          - 13 -
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decision already appear of record and are contained in its March 12, 2021 and

July 8, 2021 orders.

     On appeal, Appellants present the following issues for our review:

     1.   Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by failing to apply the appropriate standard for civil contempt.

     2.   Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by failing to strictly construe the orders forming the basis of
          the allegations of civil contempt in favor of the Beneficiaries
          and failing to resolve any ambiguities or omissions in the
          order or orders in favor of the Beneficiaries.

     3.   Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          since the order or orders forming the basis of the allegations
          of civil contempt were too vague and/or could not be
          enforced.

     4.   Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by failing to conduct any inquiry into the Beneficiaries’ ability
          to pay attorneys’ fees.

     5.   Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by failing to provide any opportunity for the Beneficiaries to
          purge themselves of their alleged civil contempt before
          entering sanctions against them.

     6.   Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by entering sanctions that were punitive in nature, rather
          than coercive.

     7.   Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by awarding attorneys’ fees for legal services that had not yet
          been performed.

     8.   Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by awarding attorneys’ fees for legal services performed, or
          to be performed, in certain legal proceedings then pending in
          California.

     9.   Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by granting attorneys’ fees to Intervenors, the [NFT] and/or
          the [BRC], neither of which joined the contempt motion nor
          filed a motion for contempt.

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     10. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
         by granting attorneys’ fees to the [DFT], which entity did not
         join the contempt motion nor file any motion for contempt,
         and which exists for the benefit of the Beneficiaries.

     11. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
         by requiring the Beneficiaries to provide at least 20 days’ prior
         notice of any proposed, planned, or contemplated action or
         filing on behalf of the Beneficiaries “or [Mr.] Fox or any person
         or entity representing them with regard to any filing or action
         dealing in any way with [Ms.] Geer, the [DFT], or any asset
         (including intellectual property) now or formerly held as
         property of the [NFT] (specifically including, but not limited
         to, any intellectual property right to the name ‘Buck
         Rogers’).”

     12. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
         by requiring the Beneficiaries to notify the attorneys for [Ms.]
         Geer and the Intervenors, in writing, within 24 hours of the
         Beneficiaries becoming aware that any person or entity plans,
         proposes to, or is contemplating any assignment, transfer, or
         use of any intellectual property rights now or formerly owned
         by the [DFT] or related to the name “Buck Rogers.”

     13. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
         by determining that Lorraine[’s] … testimony had not been
         credible.

     14. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
         by finding that the Beneficiaries had “intentionally and
         volitionally violated” the order or orders forming the basis of
         the allegations of civil contempt.

     15. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
         by finding that the Beneficiaries had violated order(s) of the
         [orphans’] court by encumbering and/or diminishing the
         value of DFT’s intellectual property assets, when none of the
         parties had contended that the DFT held a claim to the
         intellectual property assets by April 17, 2019, when [Ms.]
         Geer commenced the action in the [orphans’] court.

     16. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
         by finding that the Beneficiaries had violated order(s) of the
         [orphans’] court by (i) encumbering or diminishing the value
         of DFT intellectual property assets; or (ii) intentionally
         attempting to effect a transfer and encumbrance of DFT

                                    - 15 -
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             intellectual property assets, considering that no party had
             contended that the DFT held a claim to the intellectual
             property assets by April 17, 2019, when [Ms.] Geer
             commenced the action in the [orphans’] court.

      17. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by finding that the Beneficiaries had violated order(s) of the
          trial court by filing a petition in California, seeking
          confirmation of a transfer of the DFT’s assets to its
          Beneficiaries on February 20, 2019 (i.e., a date prior to [Ms.]
          Geer’s commencement of the action in the [orphans’] court).

      18. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by finding that the Beneficiaries had violated its order(s)
          when the [orphans’] court had expressly determined that it
          did not have authority to enjoin the Beneficiaries from filing
          matters in other courts.

      19. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by finding an action then pending in California impinged upon
          the [orphans’] court’s “exclusive jurisdiction to decide
          whether or not [Ms.] Geer was appointed Trustee of the [DFT]
          and whether or not [Ms.] Geer continues to be the lawful
          [T]rustee of [the DFT],” considering that the [T]rust
          instrument contemplates the simultaneous service of more
          than one trustee and the California petition was silent on
          [Ms.] Geer’s disputed claim of trusteeship.

      20. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by imposing sanctions based exclusively on the Beneficiaries’
          conduct in a California court, when that California court had
          already addressed the subject matter of the contempt
          motion.

      21. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion
          by finding that the Beneficiaries had intentionally violated the
          [orphans’] court’s orders dated December 6, 2019, October
          1, 2020, and/or October 8, 2020.

      22. Whether the [orphans’] court erred or abused its discretion,
          considering that [Ms.] Geer (i.e., the movant) owed a
          fiduciary duty to the Beneficiaries.

Appellants’ Brief at 3-9 (unnecessary capitalization omitted; emphasis in

original).

                                     - 16 -
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      Preliminarily, we must determine whether this appeal is properly before

us. “[T]he question of appealability implicates the jurisdiction of this Court[,]”

and we may raise this issue sua sponte. McGrogan v. First Commonwealth

Bank, 74 A.3d 1063, 1074 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation omitted). Generally,

this Court has jurisdiction only over appeals taken from final orders.       See

Pa.R.A.P. 341(a); Angelichio v. Myers, 110 A.3d 1046, 1048 (Pa. Super.

2015). We have long recognized that “[a]n order finding a party in contempt

for failure to comply with a prior order of court is final and appealable, if

sanctions are imposed.” Foulk v. Foulk, 789 A.2d 254, 257 (Pa. Super.

2001) (en banc) (citations omitted; emphasis added). See also Glynn v.

Glynn, 789 A.2d 242, 248 (Pa. Super. 2001) (“[F]or a contempt order to be

properly appealable, it is only necessary that the order impose sanctions on

the contemnor and that no further court order be required before the sanctions

take effect.”). Conversely, “[u]ntil sanctions are actually imposed by the trial

court, an order declaring a party in contempt is interlocutory and not

appealable.” Lachat v. Hinchcliffe, 769 A.2d 481, 488 (Pa. Super. 2001).

      In the case sub judice, the March 12, 2021 order declared Appellants in

contempt of court and ordered them to pay the attorneys’ fees and costs

incurred by Appellees in connection with litigating the contempt petition and

contesting Appellants’ California filing; however, a separate hearing was

scheduled to determine the precise amount of fees and costs.           Thus, the

contempt order did not become final and appealable until the entry of the July

8, 2021 order, which declared the amount of attorneys’ fees and costs to be

                                     - 17 -
J-A11019-23

paid by Appellants.     Foulk, supra; Glynn, supra; Lachat, supra.           We

therefore conclude that while Appellants’ claims appear to relate to the original

March 12, 2021 contempt order, the appeal properly lies from the July 8, 2021

order, which finalized the contempt order and indicated the amount of

sanctions to be imposed. See Quinn v. Bupp, 955 A.2d 1014, 1020 (Pa.

Super. 2008) (“[I]nterlocutory orders that are not subject to immediate

appeal as of right … become reviewable on appeal upon the trial court’s entry

of a final order.”) (citations and brackets omitted).

        Prior to undertaking any analysis of the merits of the numerous issues

raised by Appellants, we must next determine whether Appellants have

properly preserved their issues for appellate review. It is well-settled that

appellate briefs must conform in all material respects with the briefing

requirements set forth in our Rules of Appellate Procedure. Pa.R.A.P. 2101.

“This Court may quash or dismiss an appeal if the appellant fails to conform

to the requirements set forth in the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate

Procedure.” In re Ullman, 995 A.2d 1207, 1211 (Pa. Super. 2010). See

also Pa.R.A.P. 2114-2119 (addressing the specific requirements for each

subsection of an appellate brief).

        Relevant to our discussion in the instant matter, Rule 2116 provides

that:

        [The] Statement of Questions Involved … must state concisely
        the issues to be resolved, expressed in the terms and
        circumstances of the case but without unnecessary detail. The
        statement will be deemed to include every subsidiary question
        fairly comprised therein. No question will be considered unless it

                                      - 18 -
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       is stated in the statement of questions involved or is fairly
       suggested thereby….

Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (emphasis added).7

       Moreover, as to the argument section of an appellate brief, Rule 2119(a)

provides:

       The argument shall be divided into as many parts as there are
       questions to be argued; and shall have at the head of each part –
       in distinctive type or in type distinctively displayed – the particular
       point treated therein, followed by such discussion and citation of
       authorities as are deemed pertinent.

Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a).

       Importantly, where an appellant fails to raise or properly develop issues

on appeal, or where his or her brief is wholly inadequate to present specific

issues for review, we will not consider the merits of the claims raised on

appeal.     See Butler v. Illes, 747 A.2d 943, 944-45 (Pa. Super. 2000)

(determining that the appellant waived her claim where she failed to set forth

an adequate argument concerning her claims on appeal; the appellant’s

argument lacked meaningful substance and consisted of mere conclusory

statements; the appellant failed to cogently explain or even tenuously assert

____________________________________________

7 Similarly, where the trial court directs the appellant to file a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal, Rule 1925(b) provides that the
statement shall “set forth only those errors that the appellant intends to assert
… [and] … concisely identify each error that the appellant intends to assert
with sufficient detail to identify the issue to be raised for the judge.” Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b)(4)(i), (ii) (emphasis added). “Each error identified in the Statement
will be deemed to include every subsidiary issue that was raised in the trial
court[,]” and “[i]ssues not included in the Statement and/or not raised in
accordance with the provisions of this paragraph (b)(4) are waived.” Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b)(4)(v), (vii).

                                          - 19 -
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why the trial court abused its discretion or made an error of law). See also

Lackner v. Glosser, 892 A.2d 21, 29-30 (Pa. Super. 2006) (explaining that

the appellant’s arguments must adhere to the Rules of Appellate Procedure

and that arguments which are not appropriately developed are waived on

appeal; arguments that are not appropriately developed include those where

the party has failed to cite relevant authority in support of his or her

contention); Estate of Haiko v. McGinley, 799 A.2d 155, 161 (Pa. Super.

2002) (stating that the Rules of Appellate Procedure make clear that an

appellant must support each question raised by discussion and analysis of

pertinent authority; absent a reasoned discussion of the laws in an appellate

brief,    this    Court’s   ability   to   provide   appellate   review        is       hampered,

necessitating waiver of the issue on appeal).

         Instantly, we begin by noting with displeasure Appellants’ failure to

concisely state the issues which they wish to have resolved on appeal, in

violation of Rule 2116(a). While the history of this case is rather involved,

this appeal stems from a straightforward civil contempt order imposing

sanctions on Appellants in the form of attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by

the other parties. We deem the 22 issues listed in Appellants’ Statement of

Questions Involved and spanning 6 pages in their brief to be excessive under

such circumstances. See Jones v. Jones, 878 A.2d 86, 89-90 (Pa. Super.

2005) (finding waiver where the appellant raised twenty-nine issues in her

seven-page Rule 1925(b) statement); Kanter v. Epstein, 866 A.2d 394, 401

(Pa.     Super.    2004)     (concluding     that    the   defendants     in        a    relatively

                                            - 20 -
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straightforward breach of contract action had violated the Rules of Appellate

Procedure by raising an outrageous number of issues in their 1925(b)

statements). But cf. Mahonski v. Engel, 145 A.3d 175, 180-81 (Pa. Super.

2016) (noting that our Supreme Court has distinguished from Kanter the

underlying facts of a case in which the appellants had a reasonable basis to

include a large number of issues in their 1925(b) statement as they had filed

a complicated lawsuit with numerous counts and multiple defendants that

resulted in a large number of trial court rulings) (citing Eiser v. Brown

Williamson Tobacco Corp., 938 A.2d 417, 427-28 (Pa. 2007)). Additionally,

we admonish Appellants for their failure to comply with Rule 2119(a).

Although they set forth 22 issues for our review in their Statement of

Questions Involved, the argument portion of their brief contains only two

sections – the first being further divided into four subsections. Appellants’

failure to adhere to our briefing requirements frustrates our appellate review;

however, we decline to quash the appeal on these grounds.          See In re

Ullman, 995 A.2d 1207, 1211 (Pa. Super. 2010) (“This Court may quash or

dismiss an appeal if the appellant fails to conform to the requirements set

forth in the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure.”).

      Nevertheless, we deem numerous claims waived based on the following

additional transgressions. For instance, Appellants appear to have abandoned

issues 19 (regarding whether the orphans’ court erred in determining that an

action pending in California impeded upon its exclusive jurisdiction to

determine whether Ms. Geer is the lawful Trustee of the DFT), 20 (concerning

                                    - 21 -
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whether the orphans’ court erred by imposing sanctions based on the

Beneficiaries’ conduct in a California Court), and 22 (as to whether the

orphans’ court erred considering that Ms. Geer owed a fiduciary duty to the

Beneficiaries).   There is no mention whatsoever of these claims in the

Argument section of their brief. Hence, we are constrained to deem these

issues waived. See Estate of Haiko, supra.

      Issues 11 and 12 (regarding whether the orphans’ court erred in

imposing notice requirements on the Beneficiaries) are only briefly mentioned

in Appellants’ Summary of Argument in the form of a conclusory statement.

See Appellants’ Brief at 17 (“[T]he [orphans’ c]ourt improperly imposed a

requirement that the Beneficiaries provide advance notice of any planned legal

actions involving the parties in any jurisdiction – potentially impacting the

Beneficiaries’ right to due process of law. Also, and without explanation, the

[orphans’ c]ourt required the Beneficiaries to report any knowledge of any

contemplated use of intellectual property previously in the DFT.”) (internal

citation to record omitted). Appellants provide no legal support or analysis

for these contentions whatsoever, and we therefore deem their issues waived.

See In re S.T.S., Jr., 76 A.3d 24, 42 (Pa. Super. 2013) (“When an appellant

fails to develop his issue in an argument and fails to cite any legal authority,

the issue is waived. [M]ere issue spotting without analysis or legal citation to

support an assertion precludes our appellate review of a matter.”) (citations

omitted).

                                     - 22 -
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      Our review of Appellants’ argument further reveals that many of their

claims – namely, issues 4 through 10, relating to the attorneys’ fees awarded

by the orphans’ court – are woefully underdeveloped and are unsupported by

any citation to the record or relevant legal authority, in violation of Rule

2119(a), and/or were not mentioned by Appellants in their Statement of

Questions Involved, as mandated by Rule 2116(a). See Appellants’ Brief at

24-26; Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (stating that the argument shall include “such

discussion and citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent”).         In the

corresponding section of their argument, Appellants first contend that the

court’s determination of a fee award was wholly improper and “contradicts

controlling precedent.”    Appellants’ Brief at 24 (unnecessary capitalization

omitted). We need not consider the merits of this contention, however, as

Appellants failed to include this claim in their Statement of Questions Involved.

See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (“No question will be considered unless it is stated in

the statement of questions involved or is fairly suggested thereby.”); Wirth

v. Commonwealth, 95 A.3d 822, 858 (Pa. 2014) (“[Rule 2116(a)] is to be

considered in the highest degree mandatory, admitting of no exception;

ordinarily no point will be considered which is not set forth in the statement

of questions involved or suggested thereby.”) (citation omitted).

      Alternatively, Appellants argue that even if the award of attorneys’ fees

was appropriate here, the particular fee amounts awarded are improper.

Appellants’ Brief at 24.    Nonetheless, their argument consists merely of

general statements unsupported by any discussion and analysis of relevant

                                     - 23 -
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legal authority.     For instance, underpinning their claim, Appellants baldly

assert that the orphans’ court made no inquiry into their ability to pay the

legal fees, nor did it afford them any opportunity to purge themselves of their

alleged contemptuous conduct. Id. at 26. Appellants fail to explain how this

constitutes an abuse of discretion.            Moreover, they conclusively state that

lower courts do not have the authority to award future attorneys’ fees,

attorneys’ fees to non-movants, and/or attorneys’ fees related to litigation

pending before other courts. Id. at 25. Their argument is void, however, of

any meaningful discussion of, or citation to, relevant legal authority. The only

case cited by Appellants in this section of their argument is Sutch v.

Roxborough Mem’l Hosp., 142 A.3d 38, 69 (Pa. Super. 2016), for the

proposition that an award of counsel fees in connection with a civil contempt

finding can be coercive and compensatory, but not punitive. Yet, Appellants

fail to explain how this applies to the instant matter.          It is not our job to

develop this argument on behalf of Appellants.              See Commonwealth v.

Hardy, 918 A.2d 766, 771 (Pa. Super. 2007). Hence, we conclude that issues

4 through 10 are waived due to Appellants’ failure to develop their argument.

See Lackner, supra; Estate of Haiko, supra; Butler, supra.8

____________________________________________

8 To the extent that Appellants argue that the fees awarded to Ms. Geer were

improper, as her attorneys’ fees had been primarily paid by her malpractice
insurer, and that the fees awarded to the DFT were “functionally impossible[,]”
see Appellants’ Brief at 26-27, we deem these issues waived due to
Appellants’ failure to include them in their Statement of Questions involved.
See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a); Wirth, supra.

                                          - 24 -
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      We review Appellants’ remaining claims mindful of the following:

      [O]ur scope of review when considering an appeal from an order
      holding a party in contempt of court is narrow. Hyle v. Hyle, 868
      A.2d 601[, 604] … (Pa. Super. 2005). We will reverse only upon
      a showing of an abuse of discretion. Lachat, 769 A.2d at 487.
      This [C]ourt must place great reliance on the sound discretion of
      the trial judge when reviewing an order of contempt. Id.

Rhoades v. Pryce, 874 A.2d 148, 153 (Pa. Super. 2005).

      We begin our analysis by addressing issues 1 through 3, 14 through 18,

and 21, jointly, as each of these claims are included in Section A of Appellants’

Argument and relate to the orphans’ court’s finding Appellants in contempt for

the intentional violation of its prior orders. See Appellants’ Brief at 18-28.

Essentially, Appellants aver that the orphans’ court abused its discretion by

failing to apply the appropriate standard for civil contempt. Id. at 18.

      It is well-established that:

      To find one in civil contempt, a complainant must prove by a
      preponderance of the evidence that the respondent is in
      noncompliance with a court order. The order must be clear,
      definite, and specific. To sustain a finding of civil contempt, the
      complainant must prove that: (1) the contemnor had notice of the
      specific order or decree which he is alleged to have violated; (2)
      the act constituting the contemnor’s violation was volitional, and
      (3) the contemnor acted with wrongful intent.

Thomas v. Thomas, 194 A.3d 220, 226 (Pa. Super. 2018). “Because the

order forming the basis for civil contempt must be strictly construed, any

ambiguities or omissions in the order must be construed in favor of the

defendant.” Sutch, 142 A.3d at 67. “A person may not be held in contempt

                                     - 25 -
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of court for failing to obey an order that is too vague or that cannot be

enforced.” Id. at 68.

      By way of review, the orphans’ court’s December 6, 2019, October 1,

2020, and October 8, 2020 orders form the basis of the contempt finding in

the instant matter. The December 6, 2019 order provided in pertinent part:

“Until further [o]rder of [c]ourt, there is to be no disbursement, distribution,

or encumbrance of any asset of the [DFT].” Order, 12/6/19, at ¶ 1(a). The

October 1, 2020 order scheduled a hearing on the issue of Ms. Geer’s status

as Trustee of the DFT and stated: “This court’s orders in this case, including

the December 6, 2019 order enjoining all parties [from] disbursing,

distributing[,] or encumbering any asset of the [DFT], remain in full force and

effect. Any violation of the December 6, 2019 order will subject the violator

to contempt of court sanctions.”       Order, 10/1/20, at ¶ 4 (unnecessary

capitalization omitted). On October 8, 2020, the orphans’ court issued an

order declaring, inter alia:

      This court has determined that it has subject matter jurisdiction
      to decide the status of Louise Geer as Trustee of the [DFT].
      Nonetheless, this court does not have authority to enjoin any
      party from filing matters, no matter how frivolous, in other
      jurisdictions throughout this country. But all parties to this matter
      are before this court and this court has exclusive jurisdiction to
      decide whether or not [Ms.] Geer was appointed as Trustee of the
      [DFT] and whether or not [Ms.] Geer continues to be the lawful
      Trustee of the [DFT]. All parties will be bound by this court’s
      decision.

Order, 10/8/20, at ¶ 6 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

                                     - 26 -
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      Instantly, there is no question that Appellants had notice of the orders

which they are alleged to have violated.       See Order, 3/2/21 (single page)

(declaring that “the element of notice has … been established as a matter of

law[,]” as Appellants and their counsel have each “judicially admitted” that

they had notice of the court’s orders that they allegedly violated as set forth

in Ms. Geer’s motion for contempt).           See also N.T., 3/3/21, at 31-34

(Lorraine’s testifying that she had notice of each of the orders and that she

understood what each order meant). Thus, the first element of establishing

civil contempt has been met. See Thomas, supra.

      Appellants’ claims regarding the orphans’ court’s finding them in

contempt are directed toward the second and third elements set forth in

Thomas, i.e., whether the act constituting their violation was volitional, and

whether they acted with wrongful intent. First, Appellants contend that the

court erred in determining their October 29, 2020 filing in San Mateo,

California “was done intentionally and with the intent of effecting the transfer

of assets of the [DFT]” to Appellants, in direct violation of the court’s prior

orders. Appellants’ Brief at 21-22 (citing OCOO at ¶¶ 20, 24). Their argument

is primarily based on the faulty premise that the orphans’ court “glossed over

the undisputed fact that the DFT did not hold any intellectual property rights”

at the time this action was commenced.           See id. at 20 (asserting that

Appellants removed the intellectual property rights from the DFT on February

20, 2019, immediately following the bankruptcy dismissal, and then sold them

to 26th Century; alternatively, Ms. Geer and the Intervenors contend that the

                                     - 27 -
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NFT acquired the intellectual property rights from the DFT as part of a

settlement agreement reached on February 28, 2019).              Based on their

allegation regarding the nonexistence of Trust assets at the time, they

conclude that it would have been “impossible” for them to violate any of the

court’s orders prohibiting the transfer, disbursement, or encumbrance of Trust

assets. Id. at 22. We are unconvinced.

         It is hardly an “undisputed fact[,]” as Appellants suggest, that when Ms.

Geer commenced this action, the DFT no longer possessed any intellectual

property rights. To the contrary, the status and value of the Trust assets were

very much still in dispute at the time Appellants were held in contempt of

court.     A bifurcated trial was still pending, with a hearing on Ms. Geer’s

proposed distribution of the DFT assets to be held separately from the hearing

regarding whether Ms. Geer was lawfully appointed as the Trustee.

Additionally, we note that the orphans’ court did not find Lorraine’s testimony

regarding the alleged February 20, 2019 transfer of Trust assets to be

credible. See OCOO at ¶ 19. Not to mention the fact that the court’s ultimate

determination regarding Ms. Geer’s status as Trustee could potentially affect

the ownership of Trust assets, e.g., the purported settlement agreement

between the DFT and NFT may be found invalid. See Order, 2/24/20, at ¶ 3

(granting the Intervenor’s petition to intervene and acknowledging that if the

court determines “[Ms.] Geer was not the lawful and authorized Trustee of the

[DFT] when she entered the … Settlement Agreement [with the NFT] or

Trademark Assignment [with the BRC], that ruling will have a direct effect on

                                       - 28 -
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any claim by the Intervenors to the rights in the name and trademark of Buck

Rogers).

      Moreover, we believe Appellants’ insistence that they could not be in

contempt of the orphans’ court’s orders because the DFT no longer held any

intellectual property rights is disingenuous, considering that the December 6,

2019 order forbidding the disbursement, distribution, or encumbrance of any

DFT asset was entered in response to Appellants’ own motion seeking an

injunction   against   all   parties   prohibiting   the   transfer,   disbursement,

distribution, or encumbrance of any asset of the DFT. See Emergency Petition

for Preliminary Injunction, 12/4/19, at ¶ 20 (“The Beneficiaries request a

preliminary injunction preventing [Ms.] Geer from taking any action in her

purported capacity as trustee of the DFT and to prevent the use, sale, transfer

or other disposition of any asset of the DFT.”); id. at ¶ 22 (claiming “the

Beneficiaries have discovered that [Ms.] Geer has attempted to transfer

certain of the DFT’s trademarks and other intellectual property rights in the

United States and abroad”).       See also OCOO at ¶ 17 (noting that Robert

testified in his deposition on November 18, 2020 that “he believed the [DFT]

owned certain intellectual property rights and that the petition in San Mateo

County was presented to secure the distribution to [him] and his sister”).

Thus, no relief is due on this basis.

      As for Appellants’ alleged violation of the October 8, 2020 order, they

argue:

                                        - 29 -
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      If the [orphans’ c]ourt lacked the “authority to enjoin any party
      from filing matters, no matter how frivolous, in other jurisdictions
      throughout this country,” it reasonably appeared to [Appellants]
      that their California filing could not have violated any [o]rder of
      the [orphans’ c]ourt. Therefore, even if any of the [o]rders could
      reasonably have been read to forbid [Appellants’] California filing
      (but they couldn’t have been), [Appellants] still would not have
      been in civil contempt since “a person may not be held in contempt
      of court for failing to obey an order that is too vague or that cannot
      be enforced.” Sutch, 142 A.3d at 67-68.

Id. at 23-24. This claim has no merit. The orphans’ court’s lack of authority

to enjoin Appellants from filing actions in other jurisdictions is not dispositive

as to whether their actions constituted an intentional and volitional violation

of the court’s order.    The October 8, 2020 order clearly stated that the

orphans’ court had “exclusive jurisdiction to decide whether or not [Ms.] Geer

was appointed as Trustee of the [DFT] and whether or not [Ms.] Geer

continues to be the lawful Trustee of the [DFT]. All parties will be bound by

this [c]ourt’s decision.”   Order, 10/8/20, at ¶ 6.     Nonetheless, Appellants

subsequently filed their petition in San Mateo, California, asserting that Mr.

Fox was the acting Trustee of the DFT, and seeking to approve his distribution

of “all Trust assets” to Appellants. See OCOO at ¶¶ 9-11. See also id. at ¶¶

10, 13 (noting that Appellants’ filing in San Mateo claimed there were no other

interested parties – other than Appellants and Mr. Fox – and made no mention

of Judge Klein’s order dismissing Appellants’ earlier petition with prejudice

based on his finding that California did not have jurisdiction over Ms. Geer or

the DFT).

                                     - 30 -
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      Lastly, Appellants conclude there is “no credible argument that the three

[o]rders … which [they] are alleged to have violated[] are ‘definite, clear,

and specific – leaving no doubt or uncertainty in the mind of the contemnor

of the prohibited conduct[,]’ as would have been required to support a finding

of civil contempt.” Appellants’ Brief at 24 (quoting Sutch, 142 A.3d at 67;

emphasis added by Appellants).        We deem this argument waived, as

Appellants fail to explain how the order(s) are vague and/or in what way they

raise any doubt as to the type of conduct prohibited by the court. See In re

S.T.S., Jr., supra. We decline to develop an argument on Appellants’ behalf.

See Hardy, supra.      Nevertheless, we would conclude that the orphans’

court’s December 6, 2019, October 1, 2020, and October 8, 2020 orders are

clear and unambiguous.

      In sum, we believe that the orphans’ court’s findings which led to its

determination that Appellants volitionally acted with wrongful intent in

violation of its prior orders are supported by the record, and we discern no

abuse of discretion. Thus, we conclude all three prongs have been established

to sustain the court’s finding of civil contempt. See Thomas, supra.

      Finally, we consider the merits of issue 13, regarding the orphans’

court’s credibility determination as to Lorraine, which Appellants address in

Section B of their Argument. See Appellants’ Brief at 28-32. As stated in the

orphans’ court’s March 12, 2021 Findings of Fact, “Lorraine … testified that

the intellectual rights owned by the [DFT] were transferred to she [sic] and

her brother on February 20, 2019[,] and that she and her brother immediately

                                    - 31 -
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sold those intellectual rights to 26th Century … in exchange for significant stock

in 26th Century….” OCOO at 5 ¶ 19. For the purposes of the contempt hearing,

the orphans’ court did not find this testimony credible, stating the following

reasons:

       a. Evidence presented showed that 26th Century … did not come
          into existence until May 2, 2019.[9]

       b. Lorraine … testified that there was a written document
          transferring the intellectual rights owned by the Trust.
          However, she did not produce any such document in the
          extensive discovery that had taken place in this case and could
          not produce any such document at the time of the hearing
          (although she claimed she did have a copy somewhere).

       c. [Appellants] had notice of the December 6, 2019, October 1,
          2020, and October 8, 2020 [o]rders of [c]ourt.

Id.

       Appellants accuse Ms. Geer and her counsel of “deceiv[ing]” the

orphans’ court into believing that 26th Century did not exist in February 2019

by “falsely present[ing] an Information Statement … to support a finding of

an inaccurate formation date.” Appellants’ Brief at 29. They contend that

they were unable to produce evidence at the contempt hearing to establish

the 26th Century’s purported “actual filing date” of February 25, 2019, only

because the court “did not direct the parties to exchange exhibits prior to the

[c]ontempt [h]earing,” and they “could not have predicted” that Ms. Geer

would introduce such “misleading evidence.” Id. at 28. Two days after the
____________________________________________

9 See N.T., 3/12/21, at 113-14 (Ms. Geer’s counsel’s entering into evidence

the Secretary of State of California’s corporate filing docket, indicating that
26th Century was not formed until May 2, 2019).

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close of the hearing, Appellants sought to supplement their exhibits “to allow

the [c]ourt a clear view of the facts,” but the court granted a motion to strike

filed by Ms. Geer.10       Instantly, Appellants claim that the orphans’ court’s

acceptance of Ms. Geer’s “misleading evidence, without allowing [them] an

opportunity to rebut that evidence [was] legal error.” Id. at 31. Additionally,

they suggest that the court “erred once more” by granting Ms. Geer’s motion

to strike their supplemental exhibits.             Id. at 30.   We deem Appellants’

arguments to be wholly without merit.

       To the extent that Appellants are asking this Court to reassess the

orphans’ court’s credibility determinations, we simply cannot do that. See

Gamesa Energy USA, LLC v. Ten Penn Center Associates, L.P., 181 A.3d

1188, 1191-92 (Pa. Super. 2018) (“The trial court, as the finder of fact, is free

to believe all, part[,] or none of the evidence presented. Issues of credibility

and conflicts in evidence are for the trial court to resolve; this Court is not

permitted to reexamine the weight and credibility determination or substitute

our judgment for that of the fact finder.”) (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted).

       On the other hand, to the extent that Appellants claim the orphans’ court

erred in not allowing them the opportunity to rebut Ms. Geer’s evidence

regarding 26th Century’s registration date and in denying them reconsideration
____________________________________________

10Appellants filed a motion for reconsideration of, inter alia, the orphans’
court’s granting of Ms. Geer’s Motion to Strike Beneficiaries’ Praecipe to
Supplement Exhibits; however, following a hearing on the matter, Appellants’
motion was denied. See Order, 3/24/21, at 1-2.

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of its decision to strike their petition to supplement their exhibits, we conclude

that Appellants have waived these issues, as they are not included in their

Statement of Questions Involved. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a); Wirth, supra. The

issue of whether the court erred in finding Lorraine’s testimony not credible is

a different claim than whether the court erred in denying Appellants’ request

to supplement the record post-hearing, and we do not believe that the latter

constitutes a “subsidiary question[] fairly comprised” within the former.

Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a).

      Nevertheless, even if Appellants had preserved their evidentiary issues,

we would conclude that no relief is due. In their effort to attack the orphans’

court’s finding that 26th Century was not formed until May 2019, Appellants

improperly reference documents that are not a part of the certified record and,

therefore, cannot be considered by this Court. See Appellants’ Brief at 29-30

(citations omitted). See also Commonwealth v. Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 6

(Pa. Super. 2006) (“[A]n appellate court is limited to considering only the

materials in the certified record when resolving an issue….          [U]nder the

Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, any document which is not part of

the officially certified record is deemed non-existent – a deficiency which

cannot be remedied merely by including copies of the missing documents in a

brief or in the reproduced record.”) (citations omitted).

      Moreover, it is generally within the discretion of the trial court to reopen

the record at the request of a party, prior to final judgment, for the purpose

of presenting additional evidence. See Commonwealth v. Safka, 141 A.3d

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1239, 1249 (Pa. 2016) (“[I]t is well-established that the trial court has

discretion to permit either side to reopen the case to present additional

evidence prior to the verdict, the exercise of which is directed at preventing a

failure or a miscarriage of justice.”). A trial court’s ruling denying a request

for the introduction of additional evidence will only be disturbed where the

court has abused its discretion. In re J.E.F., 409 A.2d 1165, 1166 (Pa. 1979).

Instantly, Appellants’ single-sentence praecipe merely asked the court to

“[k]indly [s]upplement the within Exhibits” for the March 3, 2021 contempt

hearing, providing no explanation whatsoever as to why the court should allow

the supplementation of evidence or how the denial of such request would lead

to a miscarriage of justice. As the orphans’ court explained at the hearing on

the motion for reconsideration:
      Inasmuch as [Appellants are] requesting the [c]ourt to look at
      evidence that was not introduced, not offered, not accepted into
      evidence, not admitted into evidence, the [c]ourt cannot do that
      and will not do it. I haven’t looked at the exhibits that are
      attached[,] … and I’m not going to look at those exhibits.

N.T., 3/23/21, at 2.   We would not discern an abuse of discretion in the

orphans’ court’s decision to deny reconsideration of its striking Appellants’

praecipe to supplement exhibits where Appellants had the opportunity to

produce such evidence at the contempt hearing but failed to do so, and did

not provide the orphans’ court with any reason to permit supplementation.

      Finally, we would not be persuaded by Appellants’ argument that they

could not have known they would need to produce evidence at the contempt

hearing to establish the formation of 26th Century. Appellants knew that Ms.

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Geer was seeking to have them found in contempt for, inter alia, violating the

December 6, 2019 order, which prohibited the transfer, disbursement, or

encumbrance of DFT assets. Given Appellants’ position that they could not

have violated the order because they had already transferred all of the DFT

assets to themselves on February 20, 2019, and then immediately sold them

to 26th Century in exchange for stock, we would determine that they should

have been prepared to introduce evidence to support their defense, e.g.,

documentation regarding the transfer of assets from the DFT to Appellants;

the sale of assets from Appellants to 26th Century; Appellants’ acquisition of

26th Century stock. Moreover, we would note that the orphans’ court did not

find Lorraine’s testimony incredible solely based on her inability to produce

evidence that 26th Century was in existence as of February 20, 2019. Rather,

the court also opined that Lorraine failed to “produce any document in the

extensive discovery that had taken place in this case and could not produce

any such document at the time of the hearing” to prove that Appellants

transferred the intellectual rights owned by the DFT to themselves on February

20, 2019. OCOO at ¶ 19(b). See also id. at ¶ 19(c) (further noting that

Appellants had notice of the December 6, 2019, October 1, 2020, and October

8, 2020 orders).

      Accordingly, we affirm the orphans’ court’s July 8, 2021 order imposing

sanctions in the amount of $85,883.00, after its finding Appellants in contempt

of court.

      Order affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/18/2023

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