Court Opinion

ID: 4242813
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-02-06 21:27:42.08482+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:14.042482
License: Public Domain

02/06/2018
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                         Assigned on Briefs October 11, 2017

                    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DAVID WAY

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sevier County
                   No. SR-19267-II Richard R. Vance, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. E2016-02289-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________

The Defendant-Appellant, David Way, appeals from his Sevier County jury convictions
of burglary, theft over $1,000, vandalism over $1,000, and possession of burglary tools.
As a career offender, he received an effective sentence of thirty-six years in confinement.
The sole issues presented for our review are whether the trial court erred in denying
Way’s motion to suppress certain evidence due to the State’s failure to establish a proper
chain of custody and whether the evidence is sufficient to support each of his convictions.
Upon our review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES
CURWOOD WITT, JR., and ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JJ., joined.

Jessica S. Sisk, Newport, Tennessee, for the appellant, David Louis Way.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Renee W. Turner, Senior Counsel;
Jimmy B. Dunn, District Attorney General; and Nicholas Spangler, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

        In the early morning hours of August 19, 2012, police responded to a burglary
alarm at Gatlinburg-Pittman High School (GPHS). As part of their investigation, officers
viewed video surveillance which showed two masked individuals dressed in camouflage
clothing entering the school at approximately 2:30 a.m., carrying crow bars, chisels, and
hammers. One of the individuals depicted in the video walked with a distinctive gait or
“heel kick,” which was later determined to be consistent with how Millard Spurgeon,
Way’s co-defendant, walked. The video further showed one of the individuals using the
tools to pry open the automatic teller machine (ATM) inside the school, from which more
than $1,000 was stolen. Vending machines at the school were also damaged. On the
same day of the school burglary, Way and his co-defendant were at a local store near the
school wearing similar clothes to those worn by the perpetrators and spending a large
amount of money. The store clerk notified the police, and Way eventually consented to a
search of his vehicle. Tools recovered from Way’s vehicle were examined by the
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) and determined to be consistent with tools that
created the marks on the ATM. Paint found on the tools was found to be consistent with
the paint found on the ATM. Way and his co-defendant were subsequently charged with
the instant offenses, and the following proceedings occurred prior to trial.

       Motion to Suppress. At the December 14, 2015 suppression hearing, Way sought
to exclude parts of the ATM and all of the tools recovered from his car based on the
State’s deficient chain of custody. Defense counsel argued generally that “there [were]
substantial gaps, days, and sometimes months, that [went] by [and] there is no chain of
custody as far as like dates when things were retrieved and submitted back into
evidence.” In response, the prosecutor explained that the officer who initially recovered
the evidence from the scene and from the school took it to his office at the police
department, locked it, and then went out of town. Within a few days, another officer
logged the evidence and transported it to the crime lab. The State maintained that there
was no break in the chain of custody.1 The State then provided the following testimony.

       Gatlinburg Police Detective Gary McCarter testified that he was called to the
GPHS burglary scene on the morning of August 19, 2012. Around 12:00 p.m. that same
day, he responded to McKinney’s Market where Way and his co-defendant, Spurgeon,
were on the scene in Way’s vehicle. Detective McCarter testified that Way consented to
a search of his vehicle from which he recovered various tools and clothing. Detective
McCarter identified exhibits 1 through 8 as pictures he took of the tools, gloves, and
clothing he retrieved from Way’s vehicle.2 He testified that he took these pictures as
soon as he returned to the police station that afternoon around 2:00 p.m. He specifically
noted the timestamps of exhibit 1 at 2:10 p.m. and exhibit 5 at 2:11 p.m. Detective
McCarter also identified exhibit 9 as a picture taken at McKinney’s Market to show what

        1
          The State urged the trial court to dismiss the motion to suppress based on its prior ruling in State
v. David Way, No. E2014-01246-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 3991046 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 1, 2015). In
that case, the trial court revoked Way’s previously unrelated community corrections sentence based on
the facts of the instant offense. However, the chain of custody issue was not raised by Way during his
revocation hearing or addressed on appeal as argued by the State at the suppression motion.
        2
          The record on appeal notes that the exhibits are located in the co-defendant’s record, which was
not consolidated for purposes of appeal. By order on February 21, 2017, this court granted Way’s motion
to take judicial notice of the exhibits in his co-defendant’s case.
                                                    -2-
was taken as evidence and noted its timestamp of 12:50 p.m. He then identified exhibit
10 as a picture taken of the tool box inside Way’s vehicle.

       After Detective McCarter retrieved the clothing and tools from Way’s vehicle, he
placed everything into his police car and went immediately to the police station. He then
photographed and locked the evidence in his office. Detective McCarter had a telephone
conversation with Way and Way’s mother during which Way requested the tools be
returned. Detective McCarter went on vacation the next day. Detective McCarter stated
that he next saw the tools the week of the suppression hearing, and that they were the
same tools he retrieved from Way’s vehicle on August 19, 2012.

       On cross-examination, Detective McCarter testified that he did not recall wearing
gloves when he recovered the evidence at McKinney’s Market. He explained that he
took the entire tool box from Way’s vehicle but did not place each item in a separate
evidence bag. Detective McCarter testified that there was oil in the tool box, but that he
did not do anything to clean the tools or remove the oil. He testified that he then returned
to his office with the tools and created a property log of the tools and clothing retrieved,
which he identified as exhibit 11. Detective McCarter called Detective Burns the evening
of the burglary to take over the case while he was out of town. Defense counsel then
played a portion of Detective McCarter’s phone call with Way, admitted as exhibit 12,
during which Detective McCarter apparently said that he was not aware that Detective
Burns went into his office.

       Gatlinburg Police Detective Rodney Burns testified that on August 20, 2012, he
was directed by the police chief to assist in the investigation of the GPHS burglary. That
morning, he went to GPHS, photographed the ATM, and removed the ATM door and
inner housing. Detective Burns testified that the scene at GPHS was covered and sealed
with crime scene tape. He explained that he used a crescent wrench to unbolt the ATM
from the floor and took it to the Gatlinburg Police Department (GPD), where it was
wrapped and locked in his office. The next day, August 21, 2012, he entered them into
the GPD evidence locker. The same day, Detective Burns retrieved the tools from
Detective McCarter’s office with the police chief’s permission and key. He identified
exhibits 1 through 10 as the clothing, tools, gloves, and tool box that had been locked in
Detective McCarter’s office. Detective Burns then provided the evidence to the evidence
technician and completed the necessary paperwork.

       On October 24, 2012, Detective Burns transported the evidence to the TBI. He
retrieved the evidence from the TBI on February 18, 2014, and secured it at GPD. He
explained that the tools were individually wrapped in thick brown paper and that the tools
exhibited at the hearing were the same tools he originally took from Detective
McCarter’s office and submitted to TBI.
                                           -3-
        On cross-examination, Detective Burns testified that GPD detectives do not share
keys and that, but for the police chief giving him the key to Detective McCarter’s office,
he would not have had access to it. Upon entering Detective McCarter’s office, Detective
Burns observed some of the tools inside the tool box and some were laid out on the chair
and carpet. Some of the smaller tools in the bottom of the tool box had oil on them, but
none of the main tools did. Detective Burns wore gloves while retrieving the evidence
and wiped oil off of some of the smaller tools. He did not wipe off the pry bars.
Detective Burns confirmed that he and the evidence technician individually wrapped the
tools, processed them, and locked them into evidence.

        Detective Burns identified exhibit 13 as the property log he made of all of the
evidence retrieved from GPHS and Detective McCarter’s office. Exhibit 13 is comprised
of thirteen pages, the first six of which show property logs listing various tools, clothing,
broken pieces of the ATM, discs, and the ATM door and casing. Each of these pages
shows that the evidence was submitted by Detective Burns on August 21, 2012, at 12
p.m. The next six pages of exhibit 13 show the same logs but also provide that it was
received by “J. MERICA” on August 21, 2012, at 4:03 p.m. Detective Burns then
identified exhibit 14 as the TBI reports he received after the evidence was tested. Exhibit
14 is a collection of four different TBI reports including (1) an official firearms
report/tool mark identification showing that the tools from Way’s vehicle and pieces from
the ATM were received at the Nashville lab on October 24, 2012 at 2:45 p.m.; (2) an
official microanalysis report examining paint scrapings showing that the same evidence
was received at the same lab on the same day and time; (3) an official latent print report
showing that the Nashville lab received latent prints from GPHS on October 19, 2012, at
1:35 p.m. and known fingerprint impressions of Way and his co-defendant on February
11, 2013, at 3:47 p.m. and (4) an official serology/DNA report showing that swabs from a
drink bottle were received by the Knoxville lab on October 24, 2012, at 9 a.m.

       At the conclusion of the suppression hearing, the trial court denied Way’s motion
to suppress. In denying the motion, the trial court accredited the testimony of Detectives
McCarter and Burns. It concluded that the evidence was retrieved from Way’s vehicle,
locked in an office, and later taken to the TBI for testing. It further determined that
defense counsel failed to show that the evidence was tampered with or falsified.

       Trial. At the joint trial on December 16, 2015, John Anthony Ogle, the principal
of GPHS, testified that the school’s security monitoring was triggered on Sunday, August
19, 2012. When he arrived at GPHS, the police were already present, and he found that
the ATM, coin, and vending machines had been broken into and the money stolen.
Through photographs admitted into evidence, Ogle identified the machines that were
vandalized and burglarized, noting visible pry marks and damage to the machines. The
security video from the camera system, admitted as exhibit 2, showed two masked
                                            -4-
perpetrators dressed in dark and camouflage clothing, wearing gloves with white writing.
The shorter of the two perpetrators had a distinctive “heel kick” that was present at
various times throughout the security video. The video showed the perpetrators breaking
into the ATM with various tools, applying force to open it and retrieve the cash cassette.
On cross-examination, Ogle stated that measures were taken to prevent students from
interfering with the crime scene while school was in session the next day, including
placing cones and caution tape around the ATM.

       Stephanie Randles, electronic banking manager at Tennessee State Bank, stated
that she supervised the ATM located at GPHS. Using the bank’s ATM tracking program,
she determined that there was $1,540.00 in the ATM before the burglary. After
inspecting the ATM and assessing its damage, she reported that no cash was recovered
after the burglary and that a new ATM was purchased in the amount of $3,644 and
change.

       Detective Gary McCarter responded to the scene at GPHS. He identified various
photos of the ATM and vending machines broken into as being in the same condition as
they were when he arrived on scene. By reviewing the security video with the principal,
Detective McCarter noticed the two perpetrators’ dress, height, weight, mannerisms,
tools, and the distinctive leg kick of one of the perpetrators. After reviewing and
photographing the scene, Detective McCarter spoke with Jamilla Bird at McKinney’s
Market, told her about the burglary, demonstrated the distinctive leg kick, and asked her
to keep an eye out. A few hours later, Bird called Detective McCarter regarding two
individuals in the store matching the given description. She identified them at trial as
Way and his co-defendant. When Detective McCarter returned to McKinney’s Market,
he found Way and Spurgeon in Way’s vehicle in the parking lot. Way consented to
Detective McCarter’s search of his vehicle from which a tool box and wet clothes were
seized. Detective McCarter went directly to the GPD, placed the evidence in his office,
took photographs, and locked his office before leaving.

       On cross-examination, Detective McCarter said there were no identifying
characteristics visible from the security video such as hair or eye color and tattoos.
Detective McCarter further explained it was not necessary to check for fingerprints or
DNA because the perpetrators were completely covered. Despite finding matching tools
and clothing in Way’s vehicle, Detective McCarter agreed that he did not retrieve any
masks, backpacks, or large sums of money.

       Jamilla Bird was employed at McKinney’s Market during the time of the burglary.
She spoke with Detective McCarter regarding the two individuals in the security video,
describing one with a lazy eye and the other with a distinctive leg kick. She confirmed

                                          -5-
that a few hours after her conversation with Detective McCarter, she called him to return
to the store after observing an individual with the distinctive leg kick.

        Officer Cindy Myers responded to McKinney’s Market in response to suspects
possibly involved in the GPHS burglary. Officer Myers testified that she interviewed
Way and Spurgeon and that both men gave statements as to their whereabouts the night
before. Officer Myers identified the tools and clothing taken from the scene, which she
later saw in the GPD detective office.

       Rodney Burns, GPD detective and criminal investigator, became involved in this
case at the request of the GPD Chief. Detective Burns reviewed the investigative report,
went to GPHS, photographed and examined the scene, and retrieved the ATM. He
explained that he took a crescent wrench and unbolted the ATM from the floor. Under
the supervision of Detective Burns, a school maintenance worker cut off the door and
pieces of the ATM with a torch. The ATM door and other pieces were admitted into
evidence at trial. Photographs were also admitted into evidence showing the condition of
the ATM before and after it was removed from the school. Detective Burns placed all of
the evidence in his car and took it to the GPD detective room where he individually
wrapped each piece of evidence and secured it in his office.

       After retrieving the remaining evidence from Detective McCarter’s office,
Detective Burns performed a complete inventory of both sets of evidence with the help of
the GPD evidence technician, Officer Jerry Merrick, and wrapped everything in
construction grade paper to be preserved. Cardboard was also placed around the ATM to
make it safer and easier to handle. Detective Burns ensured the tools were never allowed
to contact the ATM directly and that all evidence was kept separately.

        Agent Randall Nelson, a forensic scientist for the TBI, was tendered as an expert
in microanalysis and trace evidence. Agent Nelson testified that after the TBI received
the evidence from Detective Burns, the TBI evidence technician logged the evidence into
the lab and placed everything in their vault until it was ready to be tested. Agent Nelson
later requested the evidence from the evidence receiving unit and made an exchange of
the evidence from the vault. He took the evidence back to his unit where he began
analyzing the evidence and kept it locked in a small vault in his unit when it was not
being tested. Agent Nelson opened each tool individually to determine if any paint could
be collected from the tools. If there was collectable paint, he used a sterile one-time use
scalpel to collect the paint and placed each sample into its own dish. Agent Nelson
compared the paint taken from the known source, the ATM parts, to the unknown
sources, the tools recovered from Way’s vehicle, and prepared a report, admitted as
exhibit 31. Based on his analysis, Agent Nelson concluded that the paint transfers from
two tools, the chisel and the forked tool, exhibits 7A and 9A, was consistent with the
                                           -6-
paint from the ATM parts, or another object with the same paint history. Agent Nelson
did not find paint transfers on the other nine tools offered for examination. He
repackaged each tool after his analysis and returned all evidence to the evidence
receiving unit.

        Agent Teri Arney, a forensic scientist for the TBI, was tendered as an expert in
firearm and tool marks analysis and identification. Agent Arney testified that she
received the evidence from the evidence receiving unit at TBI after Agent Nelson
completed his analysis. Agent Arney analyzed the markings on the ATM door and
cabinet housing to determine what type of tool created the marks, and prepared a report,
admitted as exhibit 33, of her conclusions. Her process, similar to latent fingerprint
analysis, involved creating a casting medium by spreading a silicon-type material over
the surface of the tool mark. After it sets, an imprint is created which is analyzed by
microscope and compared to test markings of the tool. Based on her comparison of the
tool marks on the ATM parts with the submitted tools, Agent Arney opined that the areas
of the tools examined created the marks on the ATM.

       Lieutenant James Breeden, supervisor of the detective division of the Sevier
County Sheriff’s Office, was called to investigate an escape at Sevier County Jail in
January of 2015. Lieutenant Breeden testified that two inmates, including David Way,
escaped from the jail and were later apprehended outside the jail while wearing street
clothes.

       Way’s mother, Ann Way, testified that Way was at her home during the GPHS
burglary. She said that Way came home around 8:00 p.m. on Saturday, August 18, 2012,
went to bed early because he was sick, and did not leave until around 8:00 a.m. on
Sunday, August 19, 2012. She was certain Way was at home because neither her motion-
activated alarm nor her guard dog reacted to any activity that night.

       Officer Robert Cantley, the evidence custodian, maintained the evidence at GPD,
including the evidence recovered from the GPHS burglary. Once the evidence is brought
in, Officer Cantley catalogs it and places it into secure storage to ensure the security and
preservation of the evidence until the officer requests return of the evidence.

       Following the conclusion of the proof, the jury convicted Way as charged in the
presentment. The trial court later sentenced Way as a career offender to twelve years
each for the Class D felony burglary conviction, the Class D felony theft over $1,000
conviction, and the Class D felony vandalism over $1,000 conviction, and eleven months
and twenty-nine days for the Class A misdemeanor possession of burglary tools
conviction. The court ordered the twelve-year sentences to run consecutively and the
eleven months and twenty-nine days sentence to run concurrently, for an effective
                                           -7-
sentence of thirty-six years in confinement. The trial court also imposed the fines as
found by the jury and ordered Way to pay restitution. It is from these judgments that
Way now appeals.
                                      ANALYSIS

       I. Chain of Custody. Way argues that the State did not properly establish the
chain of custody. Specifically, Way contends that the integrity of the evidence was
compromised due to “glaring discrepancies in the custody logs submitted into evidence”
by GPD Detectives McCarter and Burns. Due to these discrepancies, Way asserts “[t]he
log formulated by Detective Burns and [GPD] is falsified and calls into question the
credibility of the officers purporting the authenticity and veracity of the logs.” In
response, the State contends, and we agree, that the chain of custody was properly
established.

        “The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to
admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to the court to support a finding by the
trier of fact that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Tenn. R. Evid.
901(a). Therefore, the question of whether tangible evidence has been properly
authenticated is left to the discretion of the trial court. State v. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d 287,
295 (Tenn. 2008) (citing State v. Scott, 33 S.W.3d 746, 752 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Beech,
744 S.W.2d 585, 587 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987)). The trial court’s determination will not
be disturbed in the absence of a clearly mistaken exercise of such discretion. State v.
Holbrooks, 983 S.W.2d 697, 701 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (citing Beech, 744 S.W.2d at
587). This court will not reverse unless the “‘court applied an incorrect legal standard, or
reached a decision which is against logic or reasoning that caused an injustice to the party
complaining.’” State v. Shirley, 6 S.W.3d 243, 247 (Tenn. 1999) (quoting State v.
Shuck, 953 S.W.2d 662, 669 (Tenn. 1997)).

       To admit tangible evidence, the party offering the evidence must either introduce a
witness who is able to identify the evidence or must establish an unbroken chain of
custody. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d at 296; Holbrooks, 983 S.W.2d at 700 (citing State v.
Goodman, 643 S.W.2d 375, 381 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982)). This rule ensures that “‘there
has been no tampering, loss, substitution, or mistake with respect to the evidence.’”
Scott, 33 S.W.3d at 760 (quoting State v. Braden, 867 S.W.2d 750, 759 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1993)). However, absolute certainty of identification is not required. See State v.
Kirkpatrick, 52 S.W.3d 81, 87 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000) (citing Ritter v. State, 462
S.W.2d 247, 250 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1970)). In addition, an item may be admitted even if
the State fails to call each witness who handled the item. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d at 296
(citing State v. Johnson, 673 S.W.2d 877, 881 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984)). “Reasonable
assurance, rather than absolute assurance, is the prerequisite for admission.” Kirkpatrick,
52 S.W.3d at 87. “[W]hen the facts and circumstances that surround tangible evidence
                                           -8-
reasonably establish the identity and integrity of the evidence, the trial court should admit
the item into evidence.” Id. at 296.

        In his brief, Way makes several sweeping assertions challenging the chain of
custody, none of which are supported by the record. The thrust of his argument is that
the evidence recovered from GPHS, the ATM door and inner cabinet, was contaminated
because it was unattended from Sunday, after the initial discovery, to Monday, before it
was retrieved by Detective Burns. The record shows that the burglary occurred early
Sunday morning when the school was closed, and “the only people that had access to the
building [following the alarm] were officers of GPD and [the principal].” The following
Monday morning, the principal and school janitor cleaned debris away from the scene.
The ATM, secured by caution tape and cones, was unbolted from the floor and recovered
by Detective Burns that same morning. It was taken outside where parts of the ATM
door and inner cabinet were removed with a torch. Detective Burns returned these items
to GPD, wrapped each item individually to prevent cross-contamination, and stored them
in the evidence locker room. Based on this record, we are not convinced that the paint or
tool markings on the ATM were somehow contaminated between Sunday and Monday
such that it compromised the chain of custody.

       Next, Way points to inconsistent dates submitted on property logs to discredit
Detective Burns and undermine his testimony supporting the chain of custody. Relying
on exhibits 11, 13, and 14 from the suppression hearing, Way claims that “logs
formulated by [GPD] reflect[] that the same evidence was checked into the [GPD] by
Detective Burns on November 6, 2012.” Because TBI had not completed its examination
of the evidence until after November 6, Way claims the property logs created by
Detective Burns were false. We have reviewed the exhibits, none of which show a
November 6, 2012 date or in any way support Way’s claim. Here, the proof at the
motion to suppress and at trial established that Detective McCarter observed and
photographed the vandalized ATM and vending machines at GPHS on August 19, 2012.
Later that morning, at McKinney’s Market, he searched Way’s vehicle and found
clothing and tools matching those in the security video. He retrieved the tools and
clothing, placed them into his police car, and went directly to his GPD office. He then
placed the evidence in his office, took photographs of the evidence, and created an
informal log of each item. Detective McCarter locked the evidence in his office until it
was retrieved by Detective Burns. At trial, Detective McCarter identified photographs of
the parts of the ATM and vending machines, clothing, and tools as being in the same
condition as they were when initially recovered. Additionally, Way did not dispute
ownership of the tools recovered from his vehicle and wanted them returned.

       Upon arriving at GPHS on August 20, 2012, Detective Burns photographed the
scene and collected the ATM and other materials as evidence. He then placed everything
                                            -9-
into his police car and returned directly to his office. He retrieved the remaining
evidence from Detective McCarter’s office, officially inventoried it, and wrapped each
item individually for further testing. Detective Burns then placed all of the evidence in
the GPD evidence locker, where it remained until he delivered it to the TBI on October
24, 2012. The TBI completed its firearms report on May 10, 2013, and its microanalysis
report on July 15, 2013. Detective Burns retrieved the evidence and returned it directly
to the GPD evidence locker room. Detective Burns identified the ATM parts, clothing,
and tools at trial as being in the same condition as they were when he initially collected
them.

       Because the facts and circumstances surrounding the evidence reasonably
established its identity and integrity, we agree with the trial court and conclude that the
chain of custody was properly established.

       II. Sufficiency of the Evidence. Way argues the evidence is insufficient to
sustain his convictions for burglary, theft over $1,000, vandalism over $1,000, and
possession of burglary tools. The State argues, and we agree, that the evidence is
sufficient to support each of Way’s convictions.

       “Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and raises a
presumption of guilt, the criminal defendant bears the burden on appeal of showing that
the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict.” State v. Hanson, 279
S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009) (citing State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn.
1992)). The State, on appeal, is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence
and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from that evidence. State v. Davis,
354 S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011) (citing State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn.
2010)). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, the standard of
review applied by this court is “whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Wagner, 382 S.W.3d 289,
297 (Tenn. 2012) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). Similarly,
Rule 13(e) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure states, “Findings of guilt in
criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is
insufficient to support the finding by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Guilt may be found beyond a reasonable doubt where there is direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of the two. State v. Sutton, 166 S.W.3d 686,
691 (Tenn. 2005); State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 140 (Tenn. 1998); State v. Matthews,
805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990) (citing State v. Brown, 551 S.W.2d 329,
331 (Tenn. 1977)); Farmer v. State, 343 S.W.2d 895, 897 (Tenn. 1961)).

                                           - 10 -
        The standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence “‘is the same whether the
conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.’” State v. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting Hanson, 279 S.W.3d at 275). The jury as the
trier of fact must evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, determine the weight given to
witnesses’ testimony, and reconcile all conflicts in the evidence. State v. Campbell, 245
S.W.3d 331, 335 (Tenn. 2008) (citing Byrge v. State, 575 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1978)). Moreover, the jury determines the weight to be given to circumstantial
evidence and the inferences to be drawn from this evidence, and the extent to which the
circumstances are consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence are questions
primarily for the jury. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379 (citing State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d
646, 662 (Tenn. 2006)). When considering the sufficiency of the evidence, this court
shall not reweigh the evidence nor substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of
fact. Id.; Wagner, 382 S.W.3d at 297 (citing State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.
1997)).

       Way was convicted of burglary, theft over $1,000, vandalism over $1,000, and
possession of burglary tools. A person commits burglary if, without the effective consent
of the property owner, the person enters a building other than a habitation not open to the
public, with the intent to commit a felony, theft or assault. T.C.A. § 39-14-402(a)(1). A
person commits theft of property if, with the intent to deprive the owner of property, the
person knowingly obtains or exercises control over the property without the owner’s
effective consent. T.C.A. § 39-14-403(a). A person commits vandalism if the person
knowingly causes damage to or the destruction of any real or personal property of another
knowing that the person does not have the owner’s effective consent. T.C.A. § 39-14-
408(b)(1). A person commits possession of burglary tools if the person possesses any
tool, machine, or implement with the intent to use the same, or allow the same to be used,
to commit any burglary. T.C.A. § 39-14-701.

        Way does not dispute that a burglary occurred at GPHS on or about August 19,
2012, during which money was stolen from an ATM and vending machines were
vandalized. Instead, Way argues that the State failed to establish his identity as the
perpetrator of the crime. Mere hours after the burglary, Way and his co-defendant, who
walked with a distinctive gait, were at McKinney’s Market, located nearby the school.
After Way consented to a search of his vehicle, Detective McCarter recovered various
tools, clothing, and gloves. The clothes found in Way’s vehicle matched those worn by
the masked perpetrators captured in GPHS video surveillance. Way admitted ownership
of the tools and wanted them returned. The tools were later examined by the TBI and
found to contain paint scrapings consistent with the paint of the ATM from GPHS.
Further examination revealed that the tools created some of the markings found on the
ATM. Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, we conclude that the above

                                           - 11 -
evidence is sufficient to establish Way’s identity as the perpetrator of the GPHS burglary.
He is not entitled to relief.

                                    CONCLUSION

        We conclude that the trial court properly denied Way’s motion to suppress and
that the evidence is sufficient to sustain Way’s convictions for burglary, theft over
$1,000, vandalism over $1,000, and possession of burglary tools. The judgments of the
trial court are affirmed.

                                            ____________________________________
                                            CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JUDGE

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