Court Opinion

ID: 4660884
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-17 18:02:26.146095+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:48.069429
License: Public Domain

IN THE

    SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA

        APOLLO EDUCATION GROUP, Inc., FKA Apollo Group, Inc.
                        Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                     v.
    NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY OF PITTSBURGH, PA,
                 A PENNSYLVANIA CORPORATION,
                        Defendant-Appellee.

                          No. CV-19-0229-CQ
                         Filed February 17, 2021

          United States District Court for the District of Arizona
                         No. 2:15-cv-01948-SPL

                      Certified Question from the
          United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
                           Case No. 17-17293
                      QUESTION ANSWERED

COUNSEL:

Mark J. DePasquale, Mark J. DePasquale, P.C., Phoenix; Mark S. Hersh,
Reed Smith, LLP, Chicago, IL; and Douglas E. Whitney, Douglas Whitney
Law Offices, LLC, Chicago, IL, Attorneys for Apollo Education Group, Inc.

Bennett Evan Cooper, Vail C. Cloar, Dickinson Wright, PLLC, Phoenix; and
Timothy M. Strong, Steptoe & Johnson, LLP, Washington, DC, Attorneys
for National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA

David L. Abney, Ahwatukee Legal Office, P.C., Phoenix, Attorney for
Amicus Curiae United Policyholders

                            ________________
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
                        Opinion of the Court

JUSTICE BOLICK authored the opinion of the Court, in which CHIEF
JUSTICE BRUTINEL, VICE CHIEF JUSTICE TIMMER, and JUSTICES
BEENE, and MONTGOMERY joined. JUSTICES GOULD and LOPEZ
dissented.
                       _______________

JUSTICE BOLICK, opinion of the Court:

¶1             The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
certified the following question to this Court: “What is the standard for
determining whether National Union unreasonably withheld consent to
Apollo’s settlement with shareholders in breach of contract under a policy
where the insurer has no duty to defend?” The court clarified its question
by asking: “Should the federal district court assess the objective
reasonableness of National Union’s decision to withhold consent from the
perspective of an insurer or an insured?”

¶2            We hold that, under a policy without a contractual duty to
defend, the objective reasonableness of the insurer’s decision to withhold
consent is assessed from the perspective of the insurer, not the insured. The
insurer must independently assess and value the claim, giving fair
consideration to the settlement offer, but need not approve a settlement
simply because the insured believes it is reasonable.

                             BACKGROUND

¶3             Apollo Education Group, Inc. (“Apollo”) is a higher-
education service provider that operates several universities in various
countries. At the time this case arose, it was a publicly traded corporation.
National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA (“National
Union”) insured Apollo’s directors and officers for liability up to $15
million under a directors and officers’ (“D&O”) liability policy. The policy
included no duty to defend the insured if sued. Instead, Apollo would
defend itself against any claims. Correspondingly, the policy contained no
clause requiring the insurer to cooperate with a defense provided by
National Union (“cooperation clause”).

¶4            The obligations of the parties were further specified as follows
(“consent-to-settlement provision”):

                                      2
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
                        Opinion of the Court

       The Insureds shall not admit or assume any liability, enter
       into any settlement agreement, stipulate to any judgment, or
       incur any Defense Costs without the prior written consent of
       the Insurer. Only those settlements, stipulated judgments
       and Defense Costs which have been consented to by the
       Insurer shall be recoverable as Loss under the terms of this
       policy. The Insurer’s consent shall not be unreasonably
       withheld, provided that the Insurer shall be entitled to
       effectively associate in the defense, the prosecution and the
       negotiation of any settlement of any Claim that involves or
       appears reasonably likely to involve the Insurer.

¶5              On October 18, 2006, Apollo’s stock dropped 22.9%, following
a Wall Street Journal article detailing an industry practice of backdating stock
options for corporate executives, an investigation of Apollo by the United
States Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York and the
Securities and Exchange Commission, and an internal investigation
followed by a public disclosure by Apollo that 57 of 100 stock option grants
to executives during the relevant timeframe used incorrect dates for
accounting purposes, together with a statement admitting “various
deficiencies in the process of granting and documenting stock options.”

¶6            A class action followed in the United States District Court for
the District of Arizona. The district court dismissed the complaint with
prejudice for failure to particularly allege falsity as required by Rule 9(b) of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The court then denied a request for
leave to amend and a motion to reconsider. Plaintiffs appealed to the Ninth
Circuit.

¶7            While the appeal was pending, the plaintiffs and Apollo
entered into mediation, which eventually resulted in an agreement to settle
for $13,125,000. Given costs incurred to that point, the D&O policy was
down to $13,500,000 to cover a settlement.

¶8             National Union refused consent to the settlement.
Nonetheless, Apollo entered into the settlement agreement, paying the
plaintiffs out of pocket. Apollo then sued National Union to recover the
settlement amount, alleging both breach of contract and bad faith.

¶9           The district court granted summary judgment to National
Union, and Apollo appealed. Finding that it could not determine under
existing precedent how this Court would analyze the breach-of-contract
                                       3
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
                        Opinion of the Court

claim, the Ninth Circuit certified the question to this Court. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to article 6, section 5(6) of the Arizona Constitution,
A.R.S. § 12-1861, and Rule 27(a)(1) of the Rules of the Supreme Court of
Arizona.

                               DISCUSSION

¶10            When two parties with a contractual relationship both have
an interest in the defense of an action but only one has control over that
defense, conflicts are bound to occur. These conflicts are mediated by
distinct bodies of law: contract law, which governs the agreement between
the parties, and tort law, which provides an action for bad faith. This case
presents solely contract law issues.

¶11             We begin with the language of the policy. See First Am. Title
Ins. Co. v. Johnson Bank, 239 Ariz. 348, 350 ¶ 8 (2016). “An insurance policy
is a contract, and in an action based thereon the terms of the policy must
govern.” Dairyland Mut. Ins. Co. v. Andersen, 102 Ariz. 515, 517 (1967). In
interpreting a contract, we examine the language to deduce the intention of
the parties. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. New Zealand Ins. Co., 103 Ariz. 260, 261
(1968). We interpret that language according to its “plain and ordinary
meaning.” Teufel v. Am. Fam. Mut. Ins. Co., 244 Ariz. 383, 385 ¶ 10 (2018). If
the terms are clear, we enforce them unless the contract is illegal or violates
public policy. Dobson Bay Club II DD, LLC v. La Sonrisa de Siena, LLC, 242
Ariz. 108, 115–16 ¶ 39 (2017). We also interpret the terms in the broader
context of the overall contract. Grosvenor Holdings, L.C. v. Figueroa, 222 Ariz.
588, 593 ¶ 9 (App. 2009).

¶12            Here, the contract terms speak clearly and directly to whether
the perspective of insurer or insured should guide the determination of
whether an agreement to settle by an insured is reasonable. The consent-
to-settlement provision states that “[t]he Insureds shall not . . . enter into
any settlement agreement . . . without the prior written consent of the
Insurer.” Making the same point a different way, “[o]nly those settlements
. . . which have been consented to by the Insurer shall be recoverable as Loss
under the terms of this policy.” The provision further states that “[t]he
Insurer’s consent shall not be unreasonably withheld.”

¶13          The provision refers to the insured in this context only in
terms of what it may not do: enter into any settlement without the insurer’s
consent. Otherwise, it speaks entirely to the insurer’s perspective. First, it

                                       4
          APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
                         Opinion of the Court

refers three times to the insurer’s “consent.” Consent by its nature means a
deliberate, volitional act on the part of the person conveying it. Consent,
Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (“A voluntary yielding to what
another proposes or desires; agreement, approval, or permission regarding
some act or purpose, esp. given voluntarily by a competent person.”). In
turn, consent “shall not be unreasonably withheld” by the insurer. The use
of an adverb (“unreasonably”) in this context sets the standard of behavior
to which the person who is taking the action is held. See, e.g., Honeycutt v.
United States, 137 S. Ct. 1626, 1633 (2017) (“obtained, directly or indirectly”);
Flores-Figueroa v. United States, 556 U.S. 646, 650–52 (2009) (actions
“knowingly” taken). Here, the action referred to is the insurer withholding
consent to settlement; the requirement that withholding consent may not
be “unreasonable” is directed to the insurer as well. Thus, the policy’s plain
language strongly suggests that the reasonableness of withholding consent
is to be viewed from the insurer’s perspective.

¶14           This interpretation is supported by the contract’s overall
context. Here, the parties agreed that the defense of any action would be
controlled by the insured, with any settlement subject to the insurer’s
consent. It makes sense that the reasonableness of such consent would not
be determined from the perspective of the insured, because the insured has
a strong and often adverse interest in settling within policy limits,
regardless of the merits of a claim. Rather, where the insurer has no control
over the litigation, it is more reasonable that the insurer’s perspective,
which necessarily includes consideration of the strength of the underlying
claim in accord with its interest in avoiding unnecessary payment, should
prevail. Of course, the converse would be true where the insurer has
control over the defense. The terms as agreed to by these parties reflects
this reasonable understanding of the overall nature and context of the
contract.

¶15            We are unpersuaded by Apollo’s argument that we should
construe these terms against the insurer. That rule of construction applies
when the language is ambiguous; this language is not. See Teufel, 244 Ariz.
at 385 ¶ 10 (construing ambiguity against the insurer only when it remains
after applying all other means of interpretation). Furthermore, the rule
exists to protect ordinary consumer insurance purchasers against
standardized contracts whose language is written by the insurers, who
should be able to avoid ambiguity. See Equity Income Partners, LP v. Chicago
Title Ins. Co., 241 Ariz. 334, 338 ¶ 13 (2017). Here, the D&O policy was
negotiated by two sophisticated parties, so that even if the policy terms

                                       5
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
                        Opinion of the Court

remained ambiguous after application of secondary interpretive principles,
that rule of construction would not apply. See Noble v. Nat’l Am. Life Ins.
Co., 128 Ariz. 188, 189–90 (1981); cf. Abboud v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., 163
A.3d 353, 358 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2017) (noting “reasonable
expectations” doctrine applies primarily to “insurance obtained by an
unsophisticated consumer”).

¶16           Apollo argues that the outcome here is controlled by this
Court’s decision in United Services Automobile Association v. Morris, which
held that “[t]he test as to whether the settlement was reasonable and
prudent is what a reasonably prudent person in the insured[’s] position
would have settled for on the merits of the claimant’s case.” 154 Ariz. 113,
121 (1987) (emphasis changed).

¶17           The questions addressed in Morris, which involved a policy
unlike the D&O policy here, were whether “insureds being defended under
a reservation of rights [may] enter into a settlement agreement without
breaching the duty to cooperate and, if so, [whether] the settlement [is]
binding on the insurer.” Id. at 114. Morris involved a homeowner’s policy
in which the insurer had a duty to defend, which in turn obligated the
insured to cooperate, and also allowed the insurer to defend under a
reservation of rights. Under a duty to defend, although an insurer is
obliged to defend claims that may not be meritorious, it “obtains the
advantage of exclusively controlling the litigation. This control allows the
insurer to obtain a fair adjudication of its liability and to protect itself
against the possibility of an insured colluding with the injured party to the
prejudice of the insurer.” Id. at 117.

¶18           The Court recognized in Morris that when the insurer defends
under a reservation of rights, the insureds are “placed in a precarious
position.” Id. at 118. The insurer could invoke the cooperation clause to
prevent the insured from settling. The insured could still be liable for a jury
verdict in excess of the policy limits and could still also be denied coverage
under the reservation of rights. Id. at 118–21.

¶19           For those reasons, the Court observed that an “insurer that
performs the duty to defend but reserves the right to deny the duty to pay
should not be allowed to control the conditions of payment.” Id. at 119.
Thus, the Court held “that the cooperation clause prohibition against
settling without the insurer’s consent forbids an insured from settling only
claims for which the insurer unconditionally assumes liability under the

                                      6
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
                        Opinion of the Court

policy.” Id.; see also Damron v. Sledge, 105 Ariz. 151, 153 (1969) (allowing an
insured to enter a settlement agreement without breaching the cooperation
clause in certain circumstances). When the insurer has reserved its rights
to contest coverage and an insured settles a claim without the insurer’s
consent, the insurer is bound by the settlement if it was given notice and an
opportunity to defend, and if the settlement reflected what a reasonably
prudent person in the insured’s position would have settled for on the
merits of the case. Morris, 154 Ariz. at 120–21.

¶20           The Morris context is different in so many ways from the
policy before us that Morris itself implies the opposite result here. The duty
to defend was central to the holding in Morris, as were the insurer’s
reservation of rights and the insured’s duty to cooperate. See Webb v.
Gittlen, 217 Ariz. 363, 369 ¶ 32 (2008) (describing the Morris rule, “that a
stipulated judgment may bind the insurer arises from the insurer’s
contractual obligations to defend and indemnify its insured”). 1 Morris
determined whether the cooperation clause was breached by the
settlement, 154 Ariz. at 118, so it made sense to consider the reasonableness
of the settlement from the insured’s perspective. Here, there is no
cooperation clause. And, of course, the policy in Morris did not have a
provision like the one here providing that consent shall not be unreasonably
withheld.

¶21            Crucially, the central feature giving rise to the Court’s
departure from the policy language and the exception to the duty to
cooperate in Morris was based on who had “the advantage of exclusively
controlling the litigation.” Id. at 117. In Morris, the insurer possessed that
control; here, absent a duty to defend, the insured does. See Richard Squire,
How Collective Settlements Camouflage the Costs of Shareholder Lawsuits, 62
Duke L.J. 1, 10–11 (2012) (“D&O policies are different from . . . automobile
and homeowners liability policies” because “the corporate managers rather
than the insurers control the defenses of shareholder lawsuits.”).

¶22          In a D&O policy like the one here, no reason exists to not
enforce the consent-to-settlement provision as plainly written and agreed
to by the parties. The danger in Morris was leaving the insured at the
insurer’s mercy; here, the risk is that the insured will use the insurer’s

1  For that reason, other duty-to-defend cases relied on by Apollo are
inapplicable here as well. See, e.g., Himes v. Safeway Ins. Co., 205 Ariz. 31
(App. 2003).
                                      7
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
                        Opinion of the Court

coverage to assure it will escape liability that exceeds policy limits. Thus,
unlike in Morris, where the insured was powerless to avoid a “precarious
position,” there is no need to protect the insured here from an unfair
allocation of risk, such as by implying a duty to accept settlements that are
reasonable from the insured’s perspective. Morris, 154 Ariz. at 118. Rather,
as the contract provides, courts must determine whether consent was
reasonably withheld. See, e.g., Schwartz v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 492 F.
Supp. 2d 308, 318–19 (S.D.N.Y. 2007), aff’d, 539 F.3d 135 (2d Cir. 2008);
Piedmont Off. Realty Tr., Inc. v. XL Specialty Ins. Co., 771 S.E.2d 864, 865–66
(Ga. 2015); Allan D. Windt, Insurance Claims and Disputes § 6:29 n.1 (6th ed.
2019) (“Since the insured wants to spend not its own money, but someone
else’s money, the issue is not whether the insured had a reasonable basis to
pay a particular amount in settlement, but whether the insurer had a
reasonable basis not to agree to pay that amount of money in settlement.”).
Thus, where there is no duty to defend, and the contract requires an insurer
to not unreasonably withhold consent to a settlement proposed by the
insured and a third party, we will examine whether the insurer’s decision
to withhold consent to a settlement is reasonable from the insurer’s
perspective.

¶23            The dissent joins us in finding that Morris does not apply here.
Infra ¶ 46. It asserts, however, that reasonableness should be determined
as a matter of “equal consideration,” rather than from the insurer’s
perspective. The dissent ignores the contract language, instead proclaiming
that “the policy is silent” on the issue of whose perspective should guide
the question of a settlement’s reasonableness. Infra ¶ 34. The dissent then
proceeds to displace the policy’s terms with the implied covenant of fair
dealing. Infra ¶ 38.

¶24           As discussed above, the parties negotiated provisions
addressing the very question at issue here. The policy vests the power of
consent to a settlement in the insurer, modifying that power with the
requirement that the insurer may not “unreasonably” withhold consent.
Thus, the standard here should focus on the reasonableness of the insurer’s
conduct, as it was the party given the right to withhold consent under the
contract.

¶25             The dissent also contends that equal consideration should
apply because this is a third-party action rather than a first-party action.
Infra ¶ 41, citing Clearwater v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 164 Ariz. 256,
258 (1990). As the dissent explains, first-party actions arise from the

                                      8
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
                        Opinion of the Court

insurer’s obligation to pay benefits directly to the insured for a loss, while
third-party claims are based on an obligation to indemnify the insured
against liability to third parties. Infra ¶¶ 40–41.

¶26            The dissent urges that in the context of a third-party action,
the duty to defend is irrelevant. To the contrary, in addition to the policy
terms, the duty to defend is the central factor in determining whose
perspective should guide reasonableness in approving a settlement. In
Clearwater, the Court discussed the distinction between first-party and
third-party claims precisely because the latter usually, but not always,
encompasses an insurer’s duty to defend. As the Court emphasized, in such
circumstances the insurer “takes on the additional responsibility of
defending the claim, and typically has exclusive authority to accept or reject
offers of settlement.” 164 Ariz. at 259. Thus, the Court rejected the “fairly
debatable” standard in determining an insurer’s duty in third-party cases
but retained that standard in first-party cases. Id. at 260. But the Court
made clear that the heightened standard in third-party actions applies
“because of the different relationships and duties that exist between the
parties.” Id. Where “the insurer exclusively controls settlement,” the
“insured bears a disproportionate share of the risk if the insurer fails to
accept a reasonable settlement offer within policy limits . . . . Therefore,
although the ‘fairly debatable’ standard sufficiently protects both parties’
interests” where those circumstances are not present, “it inadequately
protects the insured’s interests” where the insurer has exclusive control,
requiring the insurer to consider “the insured’s interests equally with its
own interests.” Id.

¶27            Here, the insured controls the litigation.       An equal
consideration requirement might force an insurer to accept a settlement,
controlled entirely by the insured, for the full policy limit, even if the
insurer fairly valued the claim at zero or an amount below the policy limit.
Thus, where the insurer lacks control over litigation and settlement, we
hold that the reasonableness of the settlement must be viewed from the
insurer’s perspective.

¶28            From that conclusion, it follows that there may be cases in
which it would be reasonable for the insured to settle, but also reasonable
for the insurer to withhold consent. See, e.g., Hilco Cap., LP v. Fed. Ins. Co.,
978 A.2d 174, 179, 180–81 (Del. 2009) (holding that the standard in this
context is whether the insurer had “a reasonable basis for its decision to
withhold consent,” and that it is “not enough for the [plaintiffs] to show

                                       9
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
                        Opinion of the Court

that the settlement offer was reasonable”). At the same time, the insured
must receive the bargained-for benefit of its policy. Thus, we next address
how to determine reasonableness from the insurer’s perspective while
protecting the insured’s contractual interests.

¶29           Our cases discussing the tort of bad faith help determine
whether an insurer reasonably withholds consent to its insured’s
prospective settlement of a claim. Specifically, whether the insurer acted
reasonably is one element of that tort. See, e.g., Brown v. Superior Court, 137
Ariz. 327, 336 (1983); Trus Joist Corp. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 153 Ariz. 95,
104 (App. 1986). The inquiry is an objective one: “did the insurance
company act in a manner consistent with the way a reasonable insurer
would be expected to act under the circumstances”? Trus Joist Corp., 153
Ariz. at 104.

¶30            To act reasonably, the insurer is obligated to conduct a full
investigation into the claim. Zilisch v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 196
Ariz. 234, 238 ¶ 21 (2000); Deese v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 172 Ariz.
504, 507 (1992). The Court has described the insurer’s role as “an almost
adjudicatory responsibility.” Rawlings v. Apodaca, 151 Ariz. 149, 154 (1986).
To carry out this responsibility, the insurer “evaluates the claim, determines
whether it falls within the coverage provided, assesses its monetary value,
decides on its validity and passes on payment.” Id. The company may not
refuse to pay the settlement simply because the settlement amount is at or
near the policy limits. Rather, the insurer must fairly value the claim. See
Zilisch, 196 Ariz. at 238 ¶ 21. The insurer may, however, discount
considerations that matter only or mainly to the insured—for example, the
insured’s financial status, public image, and policy limits—in entering into
settlement negotiations. See Clearwater, 164 Ariz. at 259. The insurer may
also choose not to consent to the settlement if it exceeds the insurer’s
reasonable determination of the value of the claim, including the merits of
plaintiff’s theory of liability, defenses to the claim, and any comparative
fault. In turn, the court should sustain the insurer’s determination if, under
the totality of the circumstances, it protects the insured’s benefit of the
bargain, so that the insurer is not refusing, without justification, to pay a
valid claim. Rawlings, 151 Ariz. at 154–55 (describing insurer’s duties to the
insured); Noble, 128 Ariz. at 190 (emphasizing the nature of an insured’s
contractual expectations).

¶31          Under this formulation, an insurer has every incentive to act
prudently, both for itself and its insured. An insurer is unlikely to reject a

                                      10
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
                        Opinion of the Court

settlement if the objective value of the claim is commensurate with the
settlement, for it will likely have to pay out regardless. Should the insurer
act unreasonably in rejecting the settlement, the insured may challenge that
determination, and may file a bad-faith tort action if circumstances warrant,
as Apollo is pursuing here.

                              CONCLUSION

¶32          For the foregoing reasons, we answer the Ninth Circuit’s
certified question as follows: reasonableness is assessed from the
perspective of the insurer, not the insured. The insurer must, in deciding
whether to consent to a settlement, give the matter full and fair
consideration applying the factors set forth in paragraph 30, but need not
consider any additional factors that may have induced the insured to settle.

                                     11
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
           JUSTICE GOULD, joined by JUSTICE LOPEZ, Dissenting

GOULD, J., joined by Lopez, J., dissenting:

¶33          I respectfully dissent. The Ninth Circuit asked us to provide
the standard that applies under Arizona law for determining whether
National unreasonably withheld its consent to Apollo’s settlement
agreement. They certified this question to us because the policy does not
provide the standard. Simply put, the policy, by its terms, does not state
whether the reasonableness of National’s decision is viewed from its own
perspective or Apollo’s.

¶34            Nevertheless, the majority goes to great lengths searching for
the answer in the policy. It fails. At bottom, the majority’s textual analysis
simply proves that the policy imposed a duty on National to act reasonably
in withholding its consent. But no one has ever disputed this fact. Nor has
anyone disputed the majority’s conclusion that this contractual duty
focuses on the reasonableness of National’s conduct, as opposed to
Apollo’s. Rather, the issue here is whether National breached the standard
of care that applies to this duty. The policy is silent on this issue.

¶35           Nevertheless, the majority claims that the policy “clearly and
directly,” supra ¶ 12, states that the reasonableness of National’s decision to
withhold consent must be viewed from National’s perspective, and, as a
result, we need not consider the implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing in determining the standard. Indeed, according to the majority,
considering the implied covenant would “displace” the clear and
unambiguous terms of the policy. Supra ¶ 23.

¶36           For the reasons discussed below, I disagree with the
majority’s conclusion. The answer to the certified question is that, under
Arizona law, the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing required
National to give equal consideration to Apollo’s interests as well as its own
in deciding whether to consent to the settlement agreement. This
framework for third-party settlement offers has been the law in Arizona for
decades.

¶37             But what confuses me about the majority’s analysis is that,
after initially rejecting the equal consideration framework, they ultimately
adopt it. Specifically, in explaining its reasonableness standard, the

                                      12
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
           JUSTICE GOULD, joined by JUSTICE LOPEZ, Dissenting

majority relies on cases that are based on the implied covenant of good faith
and fair dealing. Supra ¶¶ 29–30. And then, to make matters more
confusing, they craft a standard that is virtually indistinguishable from the
equal consideration standard. Supra ¶¶ 29–31. In short, there is no
consistent analytical framework for their conclusion. As a result, I fear the
majority’s opinion will create confusion and generate unnecessary
litigation for years to come.

                                      I.

¶38           Because the policy does not provide the standard for
determining whether National unreasonably withheld consent, we must
look to the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, which is a part
of every insurance contract. Rawlings, 151 Ariz. at 153. The essence of that
covenant is that “neither party will act to impair the right of the other to
receive the benefits which flow from their agreement or contractual
relationship.” Id.

¶39           Although the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing
exists in every contract, in the context of “the insurance relationship [it] is
unique from that of other contracts.” Taylor v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
185 Ariz. 174, 176 (1996). Unlike other contracts, the insured does not seek
to “realize a commercial advantage but, instead, seeks protection and
security from economic catastrophe.” Rawlings, 151 Ariz. at 154. Rather,
“one of the benefits that flow from the insurance contract is the insured’s
expectation that his insurance company will not wrongfully deprive him of
the very security for which he bargained or expose him to the catastrophe
from which he sought protection.” Id. at 155. Thus, “the insurance contract
and the relationship it creates contain more than the company’s bare
promise to pay certain claims when forced to do so; implicit in the contract
and the relationship is the insurer’s obligation to play fairly with its
insured.” Id. at 154. And while the insurer is not “a fiduciary . . . it has
some duties of a fiduciary nature,” including treating its insured with
“[e]qual consideration, fairness and honesty.” Id. at 155.

¶40          Based on the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing,
“an insurance company owes its insured a duty of good faith in deciding
whether to accept or reject settlement offers.” Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co. v.
Aetna Cas. & Surety Co., 164 Ariz. 286, 289 (1990). However, because the

                                      13
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
           JUSTICE GOULD, joined by JUSTICE LOPEZ, Dissenting

relationships and risks involved in first- and third-party claims are
different, we apply different standards to each type of claim. Clearwater,
164 Ariz. at 259–60. First-party claims involve the insurer’s agreement “to
pay benefits directly to the insured,” and include coverage for health,
disability, and life insurance. Id. at 258; Taylor, 185 Ariz. at 175–76 (same).
First-party claims do not involve liability claims made against an insured
by a third party. Clearwater, 164 Ariz. at 258–59; Taylor, 185 Ariz. at 175–76.

¶41           In contrast, a third-party claim involves a third-party who is
making a liability claim against the insured. Clearwater, 164 Ariz. at 258;
Acosta v. Phx. Indem. Ins. Co., 214 Ariz. 380, 383 ¶ 13 (App. 2007). Thus,
“third-party coverage arises when the insurer contracts to indemnify the
insured against liability to third parties.” Clearwater, 164 Ariz. at 258.
Moreover, because third-party claims involve the potential liability of an
insured to a third-party claimant,

       The type of claim is not determined by the identity of the
       party bringing the bad faith action against the insurer. For
       example, a third-party action might be brought by the insured
       in the event that he is subjected to excess liability by reason of
       the insurer’s bad faith refusal to settle. In that event, the
       standards applicable to third-party claims would govern the
       action, although it was brought by the insured, rather than a
       third-party assignee.
Clearwater, 164 Ariz. at 258; see Taylor, 185 Ariz. at 175–76 (same).

¶42             Because the insured’s liability to the claimant may exceed the
policy limits, in a third-party claim there is “the added risk of subjecting the
insured to liability in excess of the policy limits because of the insurer’s bad
faith refusal to settle within those limits.” Clearwater, 164 Ariz. at 259. In
contrast, “[f]irst-party claims do not involve the insurer in defending a legal
action brought by a third party that could result in financial ruin of its
insured.” Id.

¶43            Thus, for first-party claims, we examine the reasonableness of
settling a claim from the perspective of the insurer. See id.; Rawlings, 151
Ariz. at 156. However, “[i]n the third-party context, [the] duty of good faith
requires an insurer to give equal consideration to the protection of the
insured’s as well as its own interests.” Hartford, 164 Ariz. at 289; see

                                      14
          APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
            JUSTICE GOULD, joined by JUSTICE LOPEZ, Dissenting

Clearwater, 164 Ariz. at 259 (stating that in third-party cases “the duty of
good faith and fair dealing requires that an insurer give ‘equal
consideration’ to the interests of its insured in deciding whether to accept
an offer of settlement”). Applying this standard, an insurer must consider
“the amount of financial risk to which each party is exposed in the event of
a refusal to settle,” including “the financial risk to the insured in the event
of a judgment in excess of the policy limits.” Clearwater, 164 Ariz. at 259–
60.

¶44            Equal consideration applies here because this case involves a
third-party claim. The policy, by its terms, provides liability coverage for
claims made against Apollo by a third-party. Specifically, the policy states
that Apollo “shall not admit or assume any liability, enter into any settlement
agreement, stipulate to any judgment . . . without the prior written consent of
[National].” (Emphasis added). Further, the policy provides that “[o]nly
those settlements, stipulated judgments and Defense Costs which have been
consented to by [National] shall be recoverable as Loss under the terms of
this policy.” (Emphasis added).

¶45            Here, Apollo seeks indemnity from National for its liability to
the Teamsters Local 617 Pension & Welfare Funds (“Teamsters”). As is
common to third-party claims, the Teamsters’ lawsuit against Apollo
sought damages in excess of National’s policy limits. Nevertheless, the
Teamsters’ eventually offered to settle their claims against Apollo for an
amount within the policy limits. Thus, if National withheld its consent to
this settlement agreement without giving equal consideration to the
interests of Apollo, it breached the insurance contract, and Apollo was free
to enter the settlement agreement without National’s consent. Safeway Ins.
Co. v. Guerrero, 210 Ariz. 5, 9 ¶ 11 (2005); see also Ariz. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar.
Fund v. Helme, 153 Ariz. 129, 137 (1987) (stating that when an insurer
breaches any of its express or implied duties under the insurance contract,
thereby exposing an insured to a judgment in excess of the policy limits, the
insured “is generally held to be freed” from its obligations under the
contract).
                                        II.

¶46           Apollo urges us to apply the standard set forth in Morris, 154
Ariz. at 120–21, which examines the reasonableness of a settlement offer
from the perspective of the insured. The majority rejects this standard, and

                                        15
          APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
            JUSTICE GOULD, joined by JUSTICE LOPEZ, Dissenting

I agree. Apollo never entered a Morris agreement, and, as a result, the
unique circumstances involved in examining the reasonableness of such an
agreement are not present here. Supra ¶¶ 17–20; Guerrero, 210 Ariz. at 7 ¶ 1
& n.1, 9 ¶ 9 (same); Himes v. Safeway Ins. Co., 205 Ariz. 31, 37 ¶ 12 (App.
2003) (same).

¶47            In contrast, National urges us to view the settlement
agreement from the perspective of the insurer, thereby adopting the
standard for first-party claims. The majority apparently agrees. Indeed,
the cases cited by the majority in support of its proposed standard involve
only first-party claims. Zilisch, 196 Ariz. at 238 ¶ 21; Rawlings, 151 Ariz.
at 153; Noble, 128 Ariz. at 190.

¶48            Thus, for the first time in our jurisprudence, the majority
applies a first-party standard for settlement offers involving a third-party
claim. The majority justifies this holding on the grounds that, because
National has no duty to defend Apollo under the policy, equal
consideration does not apply. Supra ¶ 27. The majority is wrong. The duty
of equal consideration is not based on the duty to defend, but rather is based
on the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Supra ¶¶ 39–43. As
a result, the “duty to give equal consideration to offers of settlement exists
separate and apart from the duty to defend.” Equity Gen. Ins. Co. v. C & A
Realty Co., 148 Ariz. 515, 519 (App. 1985); see Helme, 153 Ariz. at 137 (stating
that apart from its express contractual duties, “insurance carriers owe their
insureds . . . the duty to treat settlement proposals with equal
consideration”); see also Mora v. Phx. Indem. Ins. Co., 196 Ariz. 315, 319 ¶ 16
(App. 1999) (stating that the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing
gives rise to “a third, implied duty: the duty to treat settlement offers with
equal consideration”); Mut. Ins. Co. of Ariz. v. Am. Cas. Co. of Reading, Pa.,
189 Ariz. 22, 26 & n.7 (App. 1996) (same), superseded on other grounds by
A.R.S. § 12-341.01; State Farm. Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Peaton, 168 Ariz. 184, 192
(App. 1990) (same).

¶49           Indeed, the duty of equal consideration arises before an
insurer has a duty to defend. The duty to defend is triggered when a third-
party claimant files a lawsuit and presents the insurer with the complaint.
Manny v. Estate of Anderson, 117 Ariz. 548, 550 (App. 1977); Pesqueria v.
Factory Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. of Am., 16 Ariz. App. 407, 412 (1972); see Salvatierra
v. Nat’l Indem. Co., 133 Ariz. 16, 19 (App. 1982) (stating the duty to defend

                                       16
         APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
           JUSTICE GOULD, joined by JUSTICE LOPEZ, Dissenting

is generally determined by the face of the complaint). In contrast, the duty
to give equal consideration arises when there is an offer to settle a third-
party claim within the policy limits. Fulton v. Woodford, 26 Ariz. App. 17, 22
(1976); Peaton, 168 Ariz. at 192 (same). Thus, an insurer’s duty of equal
consideration exists before any legal action has been formally initiated. See
Mut. Ins. Co. of Ariz., 189 Ariz. at 26 n.7 (stating that unlike the duty to
defend, which “is generally determined by the face of the complaint,” the
duty of insurers to treat settlement proposals with equal consideration
“may exist before any legal action has been formally initiated”); Brisco v.
Meritplan Ins. Co., 132 Ariz. 72, 74 (App. 1982) (stating that an insurer owes
its insured a good faith duty “to terminate a claim against its insured by
settlement”).

¶50           The majority’s reliance on Clearwater is also misplaced. There,
we held that equal consideration is the standard that applies to third-party
claims. Clearwater, 164 Ariz. at 259–60. And although we discussed the
importance of applying equal consideration when an insurer, through its
duty to defend, controls litigation, we never held that equal consideration
was based upon an insurer’s duty to defend. Id. Of course, here, despite
the absence of a duty to defend, National does have a great deal of control
over this litigation by virtue of its authority to accept or reject any
settlement agreement negotiated by Apollo’s attorneys. Nevertheless, the
majority’s construction of Clearwater would create an anomaly in our
jurisprudence, given the fact that we have consistently held that an
insurer’s duty to give equal consideration to the interests of its insured is
separate and independent from its duty to defend. Supra ¶¶ 48–49.

¶51            The majority also mistakenly equates equal consideration
with the Morris standard, claiming that it requires a court to focus on the
perspective of the insured. Supra ¶ 23. The majority’s view appears to be
based on the belief that the standard for considering settlement offers is
binary: the court must examine the reasonableness of the insurer’s decision
from either the viewpoint of the insurer or the insured. However, the law
does not support this view. Rather, in contrast to the Morris standard, equal
consideration requires the insurer to consider both its own interests and the
interests of the insured.

                                     17
          APOLLO EDUCATION V. NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
            JUSTICE GOULD, joined by JUSTICE LOPEZ, Dissenting

                                      III.

¶52            The Ninth Circuit’s concern that the duty of equal
consideration only applies to bad faith tort claims, and therefore is not
applicable to Apollo’s breach of contract claim, is misplaced. The Ninth
Circuit correctly notes that, as a general matter, an insured’s breach of
contract claim is separate from its bad faith claim. Specifically, although a
bad faith action is based on the insurance contract, unlike a breach of
contract action, it requires proof of the insurer’s intent to violate the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Taylor, 185 Ariz. at 176; Clearwater,
164 Ariz. at 259. Thus, “[n]ot every breach of an express covenant in an
insurance contract” constitutes bad faith, and, conversely, the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing may be breached “even though the
express covenants of the contract are fully performed.” Rawlings, 151 Ariz.
at 157, 163; see Deese, 172 Ariz. at 508–09 (to same effect); Borland v. Safeco
Ins. Co. of Am., 147 Ariz. 195, 200 (App. 1985) (to same effect).

¶53           But here, Apollo’s breach of contract and bad faith claims are
based on the same allegation: National unreasonably withheld its consent
to the subject settlement agreement. And because there is no standard set
forth in the policy itself, based on the implied covenant of good faith and
fair dealing, National was required to give equal consideration to the
interests of Apollo in deciding whether to consent to the settlement
agreement.

¶54           Arizona has spent several decades carefully developing the
equal consideration standard to protect insureds from the potential
financial ruin they face in third-party claims. Unfortunately, today, the
majority has decided to depart from that jurisprudence. This will
undoubtedly create confusion and generate litigation for years to come. I
therefore dissent.

                                       18