Court Opinion

ID: 5139375
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-21 20:14:11.549914+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:17.110069
License: Public Domain

12/21/2021
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                              November 10, 2021 Session

             JERRY LEWIS TUTTLE v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Maury County
                   No. 21695, 22091 Stella L. Hargrove, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. M2020-01636-CCA-R3-PC
                       ___________________________________

The petitioner, Jerry Lewis Tuttle, appeals the denial of his post-conviction petition,
arguing the post-conviction court erred in finding he received the effective assistance of
counsel at trial and on appeal. After our review of the record, briefs, and applicable law,
we affirm the denial of the petition.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J. ROSS DYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER
and JILL BARTEE AYERS, JJ., joined.

Brandon E. White, Columbia, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jerry Lewis Tuttle.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Caitlin Smith, Senior Assistant
Attorney General, and Samantha L. Simpson, Assistant Attorney General; and Brent
Cooper, District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

                              Facts and Procedural History

       On direct appeal, the Tennessee Supreme Court summarized the facts surrounding
the petitioner’s convictions in connection with a drug trafficking conspiracy, as follows:

             In 2012, the Maury County Grand Jury returned two separate
      indictments charging the [petitioner] with multiple offenses in connection
      with a drug trafficking conspiracy. The indictments were issued after officers
      executed a search warrant on April 24, 2012, for property located at 4571
Dugger Road, Culleoka, Tennessee, in Maury County (“4571 Dugger Road
property”). The property consisted of “5.77 acres,” and the [petitioner]
resided in a mobile home on the property with his wife, Tammy A. Tuttle,
who was the record owner of the property. The warrant authorized officers
to search the [petitioner’s] “single wide mobile home gray in color with an
attached wood constructed covered front po[]rch” and “all outbuildings,
outhouses and storage buildings, and all vehicles found thereon.” Officers
were authorized to seize “[m]arijuana, all equipment, devices, records,
computers and computer storage discs . . . used for the purpose of producing,
packaging, dispensing, delivering or obtaining controlled substances, or
recording transactions involving controlled substances, [and] any indicia of
ownership, dominion, or control over the premises to be searched . . . .”

        When the warrant was executed, officers found, inside the residence,
eight pounds of marijuana, almost a half an ounce of cocaine, and between
$95,000 and $98,000 cash, in $100 and $50 bills, as well as multiple guns, a
large scale capable of weighing items up to thirteen pounds, a small scale
capable of weighing items up to two pounds, a money counter, a device used
to grind marijuana into a powder, and a pipe and other items associated with
smoking marijuana. Just outside the residence in the trunk of the
[petitioner’s] Honda Civic, officers located a number of additional guns and
an ammunition can containing $1,000,300 cash, all in $100 bills that were
issued prior to the year 2000. Officers also located marijuana plants growing
in an Igloo cooler and various items of personal property, including vehicles
and farming equipment, believed to be derived from the [petitioner’s]
involvement in drug trafficking.

        The [petitioner] moved pre-trial to suppress the evidence seized
during the search, arguing that the affidavit supporting the search warrant
failed to establish probable cause and contained false information. The
[petitioner] also moved to dismiss the forfeiture count of the indictment,
arguing that the forfeiture was barred by the five-year statute of limitations
and by the State’s failure to comply with the forfeiture statute. After a
hearing on March 19, 2013, the trial court denied the motions.

        The case proceeded to trial, and the jury found the [petitioner] guilty
of the following six offenses: (1) simple possession of cocaine in an amount
of over .5 grams; (2) possession of marijuana in an amount of not less than
one-half ounce nor more than ten pounds with intent to sell; (3) conspiracy
to possess over 300 pounds of marijuana with intent to sell or deliver; (4)
conspiracy to commit money laundering; (5) money laundering; and (6)
                                     -2-
       unlawful possession of a firearm with intent to go armed during the
       commission of or attempt to commit a dangerous felony. The day after the
       jury rendered its verdict, the trial court held a hearing on the forfeiture count
       of the indictment, Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-708(d) (2010), and ordered
       forfeiture of the cash and other personal property found during the search.

State v. Tuttle, 515 S.W.3d 282, 289-90 (Tenn. 2017).

        On direct appeal, this Court reversed the trial court’s ruling on the motion to
suppress, vacated the petitioner’s convictions for conspiracy to commit money laundering
and conspiracy to possess over 300 pounds marijuana with intent to sell, and affirmed the
trial court’s order of forfeiture. State v. Jerry Lewis Tuttle, No. M2014-00566-CCA-R3-
CD, 2015 WL 5251990, at *11-20, *29 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 8, 2015) rev’d in part by
State v. Tuttle, 515 S.W.3d 282 (Tenn. 2017). The Tennessee Supreme Court granted the
State’s application for permission to appeal and, following review, reversed this Court’s
decision holding the search warrant invalid. Tuttle, 515 S.W.3d at 289. Our supreme court
also reinstated the trial court’s judgment approving the jury’s verdict in regards to the
petitioner’s conspiracy convictions, findings the evidence to be sufficient. Id. Finally, our
supreme court affirmed this Court’s decision, on separate grounds, upholding the trial
court’s judgment ordering forfeiture of the $1,098,050. Id.

        Following his direct appeal, the petitioner filed a timely pro se petition for post-
conviction relief which the post-conviction court dismissed for failure to state a colorable
claim. However, this Court granted the petitioner’s motion to file an amended petition
through counsel. Following the appointment of counsel, the petitioner filed an amended
petition for post-conviction relief arguing, in part, trial counsel was ineffective for agreeing
to a stipulation regarding the petitioner’s prior felony convictions; failing to request lesser-
included offense jury instructions; failing to file a motion to dismiss the money laundering
counts based on double jeopardy; failing to challenge the State’s request to review
Jacumin1 for the first time in its application for permission to appeal to the Tennessee
Supreme Court; and failing to challenge the possession of a firearm count because the
indictment did not allege a qualifying, predicate felony. An evidentiary hearing was held
on October 28, 2020, during which trial counsel testified. Although the petitioner asserted
numerous claims in his petition and amended petition, we will summarize only the
evidentiary hearing testimony relevant to his claims on appeal.

        Trial counsel represented the petitioner at trial and on appeal. The petitioner was
initially charged with being a felon in possession of a firearm, which would have required
the State to prove he had a prior felony conviction. However, that charge was dismissed

       1
           State v. Jacumin, 778 S.W.2d 430 (Tenn. 1989).
                                                  -3-
prior to trial, and therefore, trial counsel conceded there was no reason for the jury to learn
the petitioner was a convicted felon. At some point during trial, the prosecutor approached
trial counsel and asked him to stipulate to the petitioner’s prior felony convictions because
it was “necessary on the count for possession of a firearm during the commission of a
dangerous felony.” Without looking at the relevant statute or performing any research,
trial counsel agreed to the stipulation, which he conceded was “a mistake.” Although a
written stipulation was not entered at trial, Lieutenant Doelle testified without objection
that the petitioner had a prior felony conviction. While trial counsel agreed his decision
not to object to Lieutenant Doelle’s testimony was tactical because he had already
stipulated to its admission, he stated that “stipulating to it in the first place was [not]
strategic or a tactical decision, it was just a screw up.” Trial counsel conceded he should
have instead moved to bifurcate the possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed
during the commission of or attempt to commit a dangerous felony count from the
petitioner’s remaining counts.

        Trial counsel did not file a motion to dismiss the money laundering count on the
basis of double jeopardy. In hindsight, trial counsel could not articulate a reason why he
chose not to file the motion. He agreed that the money found in the trunk of the Honda
Civic was pre-2000 currency and that the petitioner had previously pled guilty to almost
identical crimes in 2004. However, instead of filing a motion to dismiss on the grounds of
double jeopardy, trial counsel attacked the money laundering charge via the statute of
limitations and by requiring the jury to find that the money in question had been laundered
on or after December 31, 2004.

        The indictment in this case identified conspiracy to possess over 300 pounds of
marijuana with intent to sell as the predicate felony for possession of a firearm with the
intent to go armed during the commission of or attempt to commit a dangerous felony.
Trial counsel agreed that “conspiracy” is not explicitly named in the dangerous felony
statute and further agreed that because the legislature specifically listed “attempt,” another
inchoate offense, it would imply that conspiracy does not qualify as a predicate felony.
Trial counsel did not research whether the conspiracy charge was a qualifying, predicate
felony because he was “taken in” by subsection (L) and that his failure to object was not a
strategic decision.

       Trial counsel did not request any specific jury instructions and did not object to the
jury instructions during trial. When reviewing the proposed instructions, trial counsel
knew the petitioner was facing significant jail time due to his prior felony convictions,
regardless of whether he was convicted of the charged offenses or a lesser-included
offense. Additionally, due to the petitioner’s age at the time of trial, any sentence of twenty
years or more would be, for all intents and purposes, a life sentence. Therefore, trial

                                             -4-
counsel made a strategic decision to seek an acquittal on the charged counts and not to
request instructions on any lesser-included offenses.

       Regarding the jury instruction for possession of firearm during the commission of
or attempt to commit a dangerous felony, trial counsel agreed that possessing a firearm
must be done intentionally, unlike employing a firearm, which can be done intentionally,
knowingly, or recklessly. The jury charge given at the petitioner’s trial included the
incorrect mens rea, and trial counsel conceded he “should have asked the [j]udge to change
the instruction, or at least preserved it for appeal. I did none of those things.”

       After its review of the evidence presented, the post-conviction court denied relief,
and this timely appeal followed.

                                          Analysis

       On appeal, the petitioner argues trial counsel was ineffective for agreeing to
stipulate that he was a convicted felon; failing to file a motion to dismiss the money
laundering counts based on double jeopardy; failing to challenge the money laundering
count because the proof at trial did not establish the proceeds used to support this
conviction were derived from sales that occurred on or after December 31, 2004; failing to
challenge the possession of a firearm charge when the indictment did not allege a
qualifying, predicate felony; failing to request a plethora of lesser-included offense jury
instructions; failing to challenge the jury instruction for possession of a firearm with intent
to go armed during the commission of or attempt to commit a dangerous felony when it
provided the incorrect mens rea; and failing to challenge the State’s request to review the
Jacumin decision for the first time in its appeal to the Tennessee Supreme Court. The
petitioner also argues the possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during the
commission of or attempt to commit a dangerous felony conviction is void as the
indictment fails to state a lawful accusation because conspiracy to possess over 300 pounds
of marijuana with intent to sell is not a qualifying, predicate felony.

       The petitioner bears the burden of proving his post-conviction factual allegations by
clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f). The findings of fact
established at a post-conviction evidentiary hearing are conclusive on appeal unless the
evidence preponderates against them. Tidwell v. State, 922 S.W.2d 497, 500 (Tenn. 1996).
This Court will not reweigh or reevaluate evidence of purely factual issues. Henley v.
State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578 (Tenn. 1997). However, appellate review of a trial court’s
application of the law to the facts is de novo, with no presumption of correctness. See Ruff
v. State, 978 S.W.2d 95, 96 (Tenn. 1998). The issue of ineffective assistance of counsel
presents mixed questions of fact and law. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn. 2001).
Thus, this Court reviews the petitioner’s post-conviction allegations de novo, affording a
                                             -5-
presumption of correctness only to the post-conviction court’s findings of fact. Id.; Burns
v. State, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999).

       To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner must show
both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that counsel’s deficient performance
prejudiced the outcome of the proceedings. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984); State v. Taylor, 968 S.W.2d 900, 905 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (noting that the
standard for determining ineffective assistance of counsel applied in federal cases is also
applied in Tennessee). The Strickland standard is a two-prong test:

               First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was
       deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that
       counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by
       the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient
       performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel’s
       errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose
       result is reliable.

466 U.S. at 687. In order for a post-conviction petitioner to succeed, both prongs of the
Strickland test must be satisfied. Id. Thus, courts are not required to even “address both
components of the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.” Id.; see
also Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1996) (stating that “a failure to prove
either deficiency or prejudice provides a sufficient basis to deny relief on the ineffective
assistance claim”).

        A petitioner proves a deficiency by showing “counsel’s acts or omissions were so
serious as to fall below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms.” Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 369 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688; Baxter
v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975)). The prejudice prong of the Strickland test is
satisfied when the petitioner shows there is a reasonable probability, or “a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome,” that “but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
694. However, “[b]ecause of the difficulties inherent in making the evaluation, a court
must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption
that, under the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial
strategy.’” Id. at 689 (quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955)).

                                             -6-
I.      Stipulation2

        The petitioner argues trial counsel was ineffective for agreeing to stipulate that the
petitioner was a convicted felon. Specifically, the petitioner contends it was not necessary
for his status as a convicted felon to be shared with the jury, and trial counsel admitted his
decision to let Lieutenant Doelle testify regarding the petitioner’s felony convictions
without objection was a mistake. The petitioner also asserts trial counsel should have
moved to bifurcate the possession charge from his remaining counts pursuant to Foust.3
The State contends trial counsel’s performance was not objectively unreasonable and
bifurcation was not mandated.

        At the evidentiary hearing, trial counsel testified that there was no reason for the
jury to learn the petitioner was a convicted felon and that he made a mistake in agreeing to
a stipulation which allowed Lieutenant Doelle to testify regarding the petitioner’s status as
a convicted felon. Relying on Foust, trial counsel testified that he should have instead
moved to bifurcate the petitioner’s possession of a firearm charge from the remaining
counts.

       Although trial counsel testified he should have moved to bifurcate the possession
count, this Court has repeatedly recognized that bifurcation is not mandated. State v. Brian
Howard, No. W2020-00207-CCA-R3-CD, 2021 WL 144235, *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan.
15, 2021), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 14, 2021); State v. Brandon Johnson, No.
W2018-01222-CCA-R3-CD, 2019 WL 6045569, at *14 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 14, 2019),
perm. app. denied (Tenn. Apr. 1, 2020). Moreover, while trial counsel testified that he
made a mistake in agreeing to the stipulation, a defendant is not entitled to perfect
representation. Denton v. State, 945 S.W.2d 793, 796 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). Even if
we were to conclude that trial counsel’s representation fell below the constitutional
standard, the petitioner has failed to demonstrate he was prejudiced by the alleged deficient
representation. Lieutenant Doelle’s testimony regarding the petitioner’s prior felony
conviction consisted of a single sentence in which he confirmed the petitioner had a prior
felony conviction. The jury never heard the number or nature of the petitioner’s
convictions or learned they were virtually identical to the charges for which he was on trial.
Accordingly, he is not entitled to relief on this issue.

        2
           For the sake of clarity, we have reordered and renumbered the issues from the order they appeared
in the petitioner’s brief.
         3
           State v. Benjamin Foust, No. E2017-02420-CCA-R3-CD, 2019 WL 3824028 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Aug. 15, 2019), no perm. app. filed.
                                                   -7-
II.    Double Jeopardy

        The petitioner argues trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to
dismiss on the grounds of double jeopardy. Specifically, the petitioner contends the State
failed to present sufficient evidence that the pre-2000 currency recovered from the Honda
Civic was laundered on or after December 31, 2004. The State argues the petitioner was
not prosecuted for the same money laundering offense for which he previously pled guilty.

        At the evidentiary hearing, trial counsel testified that, in hindsight, he should have
filed a motion to dismiss based on double jeopardy because he could not think of a reason
not to file one. However, at the time, he chose to attack the money laundering charge
through the statute of limitations and also by requiring the jury to find that the pre-2000
currency recovered from the petitioner’s property had been laundered on or after December
31, 2004.

        Implicit in the post-conviction court’s order denying relief is an accreditation of trial
counsel’s testimony, and nothing in the record preponderates against the post-conviction
court’s factual findings. See Tidwell, 922 S.W.2d at 500. Although in hindsight trial
counsel conceded he should have filed a motion to dismiss based on double jeopardy, we
must evaluate his conduct through his perspective at the time of trial. See Howell v. State,
185 S.W.3d 319, 326 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). Our review of the
record demonstrates trial counsel made a strategic and well-reasoned decision to attack the
statute of limitations as well as to require the jury to find the money found in trunk of the
Honda Civic had been laundered after December 31, 2004. The fact that a trial strategy or
tactic failed or was detrimental to the defense does not, alone, support a claim for
ineffective assistance of counsel. Cooper v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1992). Deference is given to sound tactical decisions made after adequate preparation for
the case. Id. The petitioner is not entitled to relief on this issue.

        Similarly, the petitioner contends trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
challenge the money laundering charge in count 3 of the indictment because the State failed
to introduce proof that the currency was derived from the sale of marijuana after December
31, 2004. However, as discussed above, trial counsel ensured the jury was required to find
explicitly that the money laundering occurred after December 31, 2004, and the jury made
the required factual determination. The petitioner’s disagreement with the jury’s factual
finding does not make the indictment invalid, and therefore, trial counsel was not deficient
for failing to challenge the money laundering charge in count 3. The petitioner is not
entitled to relief on this issue.

III.   Qualifying, Predicate Felony

                                              -8-
       The petitioner asserts trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the
possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission of or attempt to
commit a dangerous felony charge when the indictment did not allege a proper qualifying,
predicate felony. Because “conspiracy” is not included within the list of enumerated
dangerous felonies, the petitioner contends trial counsel should have moved to dismiss the
possession of a firearm charge. The State contends conspiracy to possess over 300 pounds
of marijuana with intent to sell qualifies as a dangerous felony.

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-1324(a) provides, “It is an offense to
possess a firearm or antique firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission of
or attempt to commit a dangerous felony.” The statute then specifies the offenses
qualifying as “dangerous felonies,” one of which is “[a] felony involving the sale,
manufacture, distribution or possession with intent to sell, manufacture or distribute a
controlled substance or controlled substance analogue defined in part 4 of this chapter[.]”
Id. § 39-17-1324(i)(1)(L). In this case, the petitioner was convicted of possession of a
firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony, to-wit: conspiracy to possess over
300 pounds of marijuana with intent to sell.

        The petitioner’s argument here is perplexing. He seems to contend that conspiracy
to possess over 300 pounds of marijuana with intent to sell, a Class E felony, is not a “felony
involving . . . possession with intent to sell . . . a controlled substance” as defined in
Tennessee Code Annotated 39-17-1324(i)(1)(L) (emphasis added). We disagree. It is clear
the indictment listed a qualifying, predicate felony as required, and accordingly, trial
counsel was not deficient for failing to challenge the indictment. The petitioner is not
entitled to relief on this issue.

        Related to this argument, the petitioner also contends his conviction for possession
of a firearm is void because the indictment fails to state a lawful accusation because
conspiracy to possess over 300 pounds of marijuana with intent to sell is not listed as a
qualifying, predicate felony in Tennessee Code Annotated 39-17-1324(i)(1)(A)-(M). As
discussed above, conspiracy to possess over 300 pounds of marijuana with intent to sell
clearly falls within the definition outlined in 39-17-1324(i)(1)(L). The petitioner is not
entitled to relief on this issue.

IV.    Lesser-Included Offense Jury Instructions

        The petitioner argues trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request numerous
lesser-included offense jury instructions. The petitioner contends trial counsel should have
requested instructions for lesser-included offenses relative to the weight of the marijuana
as well as an instruction for facilitation of the conspiracy charge. The State asserts trial
counsel made the strategic decision not to request lesser-included offense instructions.
                                             -9-
       At the evidentiary hearing, trial counsel testified that he made a strategic decision
not to request jury instructions for any lesser-included offenses. Because the petitioner
was older and had several prior felony convictions, trial counsel knew a guilty verdict, even
on a lesser-included offense, would effectively amount to a life sentence. Therefore, trial
counsel chose to go with an “all or nothing” approach on the top counts.

       As outlined above, trial counsel’s testimony makes clear that he made a well-
reasoned decision to go with an “all or nothing” approach and determined it best not to
request the instructions for facilitation and the lesser weights for marijuana because the
petitioner would receive an effective life sentence as a result of any convictions. Our
supreme court has held that, “[f]ailing to request lesser-included offense instructions will
not constitute deficient performance, however, if the decision was a matter of strategy.”
Moore v. State, 485 S.W.3d 411, 419 (Tenn. 2016) (citing Goad, 938, S.W.2d at 369). The
petitioner has failed to show how trial counsel’s strategy of an “all or nothing” defense
amounted to deficient performance or how it prejudiced the outcome of his case.
Accordingly, he is not entitled to relief on this issue.

V.     Mens Rea

        The petitioner argues trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the jury
instruction for possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission
of or attempt to commit a dangerous felony because the instruction included the incorrect
mens rea and, therefore, lessened the State’s burden. The State asserts the petitioner is not
entitled to relief because the trial court issued the pattern jury instruction in effect at the
time of the trial.

        The trial court instructed the jury that, in order to convict the petitioner of possessing
a firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission of or attempt to commit a
dangerous felony, the State had to prove the petitioner (1) possessed a firearm; (2) with the
intent to go armed during the commission of or attempt to commit a dangerous felony, to-
wit: conspiracy to possess with intent to sell over 300 pounds of marijuana; and (3) the
petitioner acted either intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly. Trial counsel did not object
to the instruction or ask for the removal of the phrase “knowingly or recklessly.”

       At the evidentiary hearing, trial counsel testified that possession of a firearm with
the intent to go armed has the mens rea element of intentionally, while employment of a
firearm can be accomplished intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly. Trial counsel
acknowledged that the jury instruction given in the petitioner’s case included the incorrect
mens rea of knowingly and recklessly and stated that he “should have caught it. I should

                                              - 10 -
have asked the [j]udge to change the instruction, or at least preserved it for appeal. I did
none of those things.”

        Though trial counsel testified he should have asked the trial court to change the
instruction, the trial court used the pattern jury instruction in effect at the time of the
petitioner’s trial. “[C]ase law consistently grants deference to trial counsel when the failure
to object to a jury instruction is grounded upon the trial court’s instructing the jury in
accordance with the pattern jury instructions.” Maurice Johnson v. State, No. W2014-
01982-CCA-R3-PC, 2015 WL 5005765, *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 21, 2015), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Dec. 10, 2015). See also Torrey L. Frazier v. State, No. E2012-01751-CCA-
R3-PC, 2013 WL 5964011, *11 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 6, 2013) (finding trial counsel
was not deficient in failing to object when the trial court instructed the jury in accordance
with the pattern jury instructions), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 14, 2014); Christopher
A. Davis v. State, No. M2010-01045-CCA-R3-PD, 2012 WL 3679571, at *40 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Aug. 24, 2012) (concluding trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to
jury instructions that “mirrored the Tennessee Pattern Jury Instructions”), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Dec. 12, 2012). Accordingly, we cannot conclude trial counsel performed
deficiently in failing to object to the trial court’s instruction. The petitioner is not entitled
to relief on this issue.4

VI.     Jacumin

       The petitioner asserts trial counsel was ineffective for failing to argue waiver when
the State asked to review the Jacumin decision for the first time in its application for
permission to appeal to the Tennessee Supreme Court. According to the petitioner, if our
supreme court had reviewed the search warrant in his case under the Jacumin analysis
instead of the Gates5 totality-of-the-circumstances analysis, the validity of the warrant
would not have been upheld and his convictions would have been reversed. The State
contends trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to argue waiver because the State did
not waive its argument regarding Jacumin.

       Whether the State had previously asked for Jacumin to be reviewed is irrelevant.
Our supreme court, in granting the State’s application for permission to appeal, ordered the
parties to brief the question of “whether [the supreme court] should revisit the continuing

        4
           Although trial counsel testified at the evidentiary hearing that he should have “preserved [this
issue] for [direct] appeal,” the petitioner did not challenge trial counsel’s appellate performance regarding
this issue in his petition or amended petition for post-conviction relief or in his brief in the instant appeal.
Accordingly, to the extent the petitioner argues trial counsel was ineffective for failing to raise this issue
on direct appeal, this issue is waived. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-104(d); Cauthern v. State, 145 S.W.3d
571, 599 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004) (“[A]n issue raised for the first time on appeal is waived.”).
         5
           Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983).
                                                    - 11 -
vitality of State v. Jacumin, 778 S.W.2d 430 (Tenn. 1989).” Additionally, once “an issue
or claim is properly before the court, the court is not limited to the particular legal theories
advanced by the parties, but rather retains the independent power to identify and apply the
proper construction of governing law.” Kamen v. Kemper Fin. Servs., Inc., 500 U.S. 90,
99 (1991). “[A] court may consider an issue ‘antecedent to . . . and ultimately dispositive
of’ the dispute before it, even an issue the parties fail to identify and brief.” U.S. Nat. Bank
of Oregon v. Independent Ins. Agents of America, et al., 508 U.S. 439, 447 (1993) (quoting
Arcadia v. Ohio Power Co., 498 U.S. 73, 77 (1990)). For the petitioner to suggest that his
search warrant would have been analyzed under the former Jacumin standard if only trial
counsel had argued waiver strains credulity. The petitioner is not entitled to relief on this
issue.

                                         Conclusion

       Based upon the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the post-conviction
court’s judgment denying the petitioner post-conviction relief.

                                                ____________________________________
                                                J. ROSS DYER, JUDGE

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