Court Opinion

ID: 9368226
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-03 15:05:22.369844+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:07.416417
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: JANUARY 27, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

               Commonwealth of Kentucky
                         Court of Appeals

                            NO. 2022-CA-0467-MR

RHONDA M. WILSON                                                  APPELLANT

                  APPEAL FROM BOYLE CIRCUIT COURT
v.                HONORABLE JEFF L. DOTSON, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 19-CI-00276

SARAH S. HOLT AND TOMMY
OWENS USED CARS, LLC                                               APPELLEES

                              OPINION
                      REVERSING AND REMANDING

                                 ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; DIXON AND GOODWINE,
JUDGES.

GOODWINE, JUDGE: Rhonda M. Wilson (“Wilson”) appeals, for a second time,

from an order of the Boyle Circuit Court granting summary judgment in favor of

Tommy Owens Used Cars, LLC (“Used Cars”). Based on our review, we reverse

and remand.
                The following is a summary of the background of this case from the

first appeal:

                       This case arose out of a car accident between
                Wilson and Sarah S. Holt (“Holt”). On October 14,
                2016, Trevor Tarter (“Tarter”) purchased a car from Used
                Cars via a conditional sales contract. Upon purchasing
                the car, Tarter signed a document titled “Agreement to
                Provide Physical Damage Insurance.” The agreement
                included spaces for the purchaser to list his contact
                information, information about the car, the insurance
                agent, and the insurance company. Although Tarter
                signed the agreement, acknowledging he “ha[d] arranged
                for the required insurance through the insurance company
                shown below,” Tarter did not provide the information of
                an insurance agent or insurance company.[1]

                       On July 27, 2017, Holt was operating the car
                Tarter purchased via the conditional sales contract on
                U.S. Highway 150 in Boyle County when the car collided
                with Wilson’s car. At the time of the accident, the dealer
                held the title to the car.

                      Following the accident, Wilson filed a complaint
                against Holt, Used Cars, and State Farm Mutual
                Automobile Insurance Company. Upon filing a motion
                for summary judgment, the circuit court dismissed State
                Farm from the suit pursuant to an order entered March 6,
                2020.

                       On September 14, 2020, Used Cars moved for
                summary judgment arguing Tarter was deemed the owner
                of the car under KRS[2] 186.010(7)(a) and (b), even
                though Used Cars still held title to the car. Wilson

1
 On remand, Used Cars presented evidence that Holt provided proof of insurance the same day
Tarter drove the car off the lot.
2
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.

                                            -2-
             opposed the motion arguing Used Cars failed to consider
             KRS 186.010(7)(c), which requires dealers to comply
             with the requirements of KRS 186A.220, for Tarter to be
             deemed to be the owner of the car for statutory purposes.
             KRS 186A.220 requires dealers to obtain proof of
             insurance from the purchaser, and Used Cars failed to
             obtain proof that Tarter had an insurance policy covering
             the car. Wilson argued, because Used Cars failed to
             obtain proof of insurance, Used Cars was deemed to be
             the owner of the car and was liable for the collision.

                    After hearing argument from the parties, the circuit
             court granted summary judgment in favor of Used Cars.
             The circuit court found Used Cars substantially complied
             with the statute because Used Cars submitted the
             agreement under which Tarter averred he had an
             insurance policy covering the car. [The first] appeal
             followed.

Wilson v. Holt, 2020-CA-1623-MR, 2021 WL 5406358, at *1 (Ky. App. Nov. 19,

2021).

             In the first appeal, we held the circuit court erred in granting summary

judgment. Used Cars’ reliance on Tarter’s signature averring that he had an

insurance policy covering the car did not meet the KRS 186A.220(5)(b)

requirement for Used Cars to obtain proof of insurance before Tarter drove the car

off the lot. Wilson, 2021 WL 5406358, at *3.

             On remand, Used Cars renewed its motion for summary judgment

based on evidence in its possession, but that it failed to include with its first motion

for summary judgment. Tre Owens (“Tre”) took over the business after his

grandfather, Tommy Owens, passed away. Tre recalled Holt provided proof of

                                          -3-
insurance to Used Cars the same day Tarter purchased the vehicle. Used Cars

attached to its motion a screenshot of an email from Holt dated the same day Tarter

purchased the car with an insurance card attached to the email. Used Cars did not

submit any evidence that the insurance card was provided before Tarter drove the

car off the lot.

              The circuit court heard oral argument from the parties and took the

matter under submission. The video recording was not made part of the record.

On April 13, 2022, the circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of Used

Cars, finding Used Cars strictly complied with the statute because it obtained

“insurance cards bearing the same date the car was purchased by Trevor Tarter.”

Record (“R.”) at 219. This second appeal followed.

              On appeal, Wilson argues the circuit court erred in granting summary

judgment because: (1) the motion was barred by the law of the case doctrine; (2)

Used Cars failed to comply with KRS 186A.220; and (3) there were genuine issues

of material fact.

              First, Wilson argues Used Cars summary judgment motion was barred

by the law of the case doctrine.

              The law of the case doctrine is “an iron rule, universally
              recognized, that an opinion or decision of an appellate
              court in the same cause is the law of the case for a
              subsequent trial or appeal. . . .” Union Light, Heat &
              Power Co. v. Blackwel’s Adm’r, 291 S.W.2d 539, 542
              (Ky. 1956). That doctrine is the mechanism by which

                                          -4-
             matters once litigated and finally determined remain so.

TECO Mechanical Contractor, Inc. v. Kentucky Labor Cabinet, 474 S.W.3d 153,

158 (Ky. App. 2014).

             The law of a case is a strict rule, but there are exceptions and limits to

its application. In Patmon v. Hobbs, 495 S.W.3d 722, 729 (Ky. App. 2016), this

Court explained “the law-of-the-case doctrine applies only to the extent that an

issue was actually resolved. As stated in H.R. ex rel. Taylor v. Revlett, 998 S.W.2d

778, 780 (Ky. App. 1999), ‘[t]he crucial requirement is that the appellate court

enters a final decision on the question rather than merely commenting on the

issue.’” This Court applied this principle to the facts of the case:

“Although Patmon I placed the burden of proof on Patmon on remand to

demonstrate American Leasing had the financial ability to perform the O’Reilly

leases, Patmon I did not address the proof necessary to meet that burden.” Id.

             Here, we simply held the circuit court erred in granting summary

judgment in favor of Used Cars because it failed to obtain proof of insurance for

the car Tarter purchased. We did not hold that because of Used Cars’ failure to

submit adequate proof of insurance in support of its motion for summary judgment,

it was the statutory owner of the car and thus liable to Wilson for damages

stemming from the accident. We did not dictate that the parties were prohibited

from submitting additional evidence on the matter of Used Cars’ liability and did

                                          -5-
not direct the circuit court to enter an order denying Used Cars’ motion for

summary judgment. We simply remanded the case for further proceedings leaving

the circuit court with discretion to determine how to proceed. Thus, we do not

believe the law of the case squarely applies in this instance.

             Second, Wilson argues Used Cars failed to comply with KRS

186A.220. In the first appeal, we held the circuit court erred in granting summary

judgment because Used Cars failed to obtain proof of insurance from Tarter under

KRS 186A.220(5)(b), which provides:

             The dealer may, with the consent of the purchaser,
             deliver the assigned certificate of title, and other
             appropriate documents of a new or used vehicle, directly
             to the county clerk, and on behalf of the purchaser, make
             application for registration and a certificate of title. In so
             doing, the dealer shall require from the purchaser proof
             of insurance as mandated by KRS 304.39-080 before
             delivering possession of the vehicle.

(Emphasis added.)

             Our decision in the first appeal was based on Gainsco Companies v.

Gentry, 191 S.W.3d 633 (Ky. 2006). There, a dealer sold a car to a purchaser but

failed to discuss insurance coverage. Id. at 635. The dealer sold the car on a

Saturday and verified insurance coverage on Monday. Id. The purchaser was in

an accident three days after the dealer verified the purchaser’s insurance coverage.

Id. Our Supreme Court held: “By failing to strictly comply with the statutory

procedures of KRS 186A.220(5),” the dealer “failed to validly transfer ownership

                                          -6-
of the truck to” the purchaser. Id. at 637. “Accordingly, Gainsco is the primary

insurer of the car because” the dealer “continued to be the owner of the truck at the

time of the accident. The fact that [the purchaser’s] insurance policy would have

covered the vehicle if he had become the owner is, therefore, completely

irrelevant.” Id.

             In Travelers Indemnity Company v. Armstrong, 565 S.W.3d 550 (Ky.

2018), our Supreme Court examined the distinction between transactions between

a dealer and a purchaser for use and dealer-to-dealer transactions and left Gainsco

intact. The Supreme Court analyzed KRS 186A.220 in the context of dealer-to-

dealer transactions and held “substantial compliance, i.e., late compliance,” with

sections 1 to 4 “may still allow the dealer to take advantage of the exception in

KRS 186.010(7)(c).” Id.

             However, the Court reaffirmed its holding in Gainsco regarding KRS

186A.220(5) in transactions between a dealer and a purchaser for use:

             the burden is on the dealer, when selling to a purchaser
             for use, to actively verify that the buyer has insurance
             before transferring possession of the vehicle. Failure to
             promptly comply with the requirements of KRS
             186A.220(5) in a transaction with a purchaser for use
             cannot be cured and the dealer may still be considered
             the “owner” of the vehicle in question.

565 S.W.3d at 567 (emphasis added). The Court opined that compliance “cannot

be cured,” but use of the word “may” in its discussion of whether a dealer may be

                                         -7-
considered the owner of the vehicle left the section open to possible future

exceptions. Id. However, Gainsco remains good law. No Kentucky case has held

substantial compliance is sufficient for the proof of insurance requirement of KRS

186A.220(5)(b).

             We now turn to application of Gainsco to the facts of this case. Tarter

purchased a vehicle from Used Cars on October 14, 2016, under a conditional sales

agreement. Tarter signed a form agreeing to provide physical damage insurance,

but the form does not include his insurance agent and company information. On

remand, Used Cars submitted a screenshot of an email dated October 14, 2016, at

11:19 a.m. from Sarah Holt with an insurance card for the purchased vehicle. R. at

204. Used Cars did not submit evidence that the insurance card was submitted

before Tarter drove the car off the lot. Approximately nine months later, on July

27, 2017, Holt was driving the purchased car and was in an accident with Wilson.

Because Tarter purchased the car under a conditional sales contract, the dealer still

held the title on the date of the accident. The circuit court found Used Cars

“strictly complied with KRS 186A.220 and [was] not liable for damages resulting

from the automobile collision that is the subject of this case” because Used Cars

submitted “a copy of an email and automobile insurance cards bearing the same

date as the car was purchased by Trevor Tarter.” R. at 219.

                                         -8-
             This finding does not comport with the plain language of Gainsco and

Armstrong. Used Cars admits in its brief that Holt produced the insurance card

“the same day as the sale of the vehicle.” Appellee Brief at 4. There is no

evidence Used Cars strictly complied with the statute by obtaining proof of

insurance before Tarter drove the car off the lot as required by our Supreme Court.

             Though the accident occurred months after Tarter drove the car off the

lot, Used Cars still held the title to the car under the conditional sales contract.

Had Used Cars not retained the title to the car, it likely would not be liable for this

accident. Used Cars had two opportunities to prove it strictly complied with the

proof of insurance requirement and has failed to do so both times. It submitted no

evidence to prove the insurance card was submitted before Tarter drove off the lot.

The screenshot of Holt’s message is insufficient. Used Cars did not accompany

the screenshot with an affidavit from either Holt or Tre. And, if Used Cars had

received the message before Tarter drove the car off the lot, the insurance

information would have been listed on Tarter’s paperwork. It was not. Instead,

Used Cars relied on Tarter’s promise to provide proof of insurance.

             Though the Supreme Court of Kentucky hinted in Gainsco that it

might consider exceptions to the strict compliance proof of insurance requirement,

it has not done so. We are “bound by and shall follow applicable precedents

established in the opinions of the Supreme Court and its predecessor court.”

                                           -9-
Kentucky Supreme Court Rule 1.030. Thus, even if we were sympathetic to Used

Cars, we lack the authority to deviate from our Supreme Court’s holding that car

dealers must strictly comply with the proof of insurance requirement in KRS

186A.220(5)(b) by obtaining before a car leaves the lot.

             Based on the foregoing, we reverse the judgment of the Boyle Circuit

Court and remand with instructions to deny Used Cars’ motion for summary

judgment finding it the owner of the car for failing to strictly comply with KRS

186A.220(5)(b) and, thus, liable for the collision.

             THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE, CONCURS.

             DIXON, JUDGE, DISSENTS AND FILES SEPARATE OPINION.

             DIXON, JUDGE, DISSENTING: While I acknowledge this Court is

constrained by our Supreme Court’s decision in Gainsco, I nevertheless agree with

the dissent in that decision that this ensuing result is absurd and unreasonable.

Justice Graves, writing the dissent in this four-to-three decision aptly stated:

             “A statute should not be interpreted so as to bring about
             an absurd or unreasonable result. The policy and purpose
             of the statute must be considered in determining the
             meaning of the words used.” Kentucky Industrial Utility
             Customers, Inc. v. Kentucky Utilities Co., 983 S.W.2d
             493, 500 (Ky. 1998). It elevates form over substance to
             an unreasonable degree to hold an automobile dealer,
             who takes the necessarily remedial steps, indefinitely
             responsible for the insurance coverage on a vehicle that
             was transferred to an insured owner simply because
             verification did not occur in the proper sequential order.

                                         -10-
Gainsco Companies v. Gentry, 191 S.W.3d 633, 639 (Ky. 2006) (Graves, J.,

dissenting). Justice Graves further noted:

             If there was a deficiency in [the dealership’s] verification
             of insurance at the time of the sale, the transfer of
             ownership of the vehicle was completed when [the
             dealership] directly contacted [the insurance company]
             on the following Monday. Although this verification
             occurred after possession of the vehicle was transferred
             where KRS 186A.220 requires verification before the
             transfer of possession, it nevertheless cured any
             deficiency.

Id. Herein, the automobile accident occurred more than nine months after Tarter

purchased the vehicle from Used Cars. There appears to be no dispute that Tarter

actually had obtained insurance the same day he purchased it. Nevertheless,

apparently, under Gainsco, the failure to ensure insurance coverage prior to

transfer of possession renders a car dealership liable for any automobile accident

for at least as long as the buyer keeps the car. Such is the poster image of an

absurd interpretation of KRS 186A.220. I would affirm.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                        BRIEF FOR APPELLEE TOMMY
                                             OWENS USED CARS, LLC:
Larry F. Sword
Somerset, Kentucky                           Jamie Wilhite Dittert
                                             Katie Bouvier
                                             Lexington, Kentucky

                                         -11-