Court Opinion

ID: 2791300
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-03 15:04:03.372505+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:57.836556
License: Public Domain

No. 111,362

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                    STATE OF KANSAS,
                                        Appellee,

                                             v.

                                JENNIFER LARAE BENNETT,
                                       Appellant.

                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.

       A defendant has a constitutional right to have a jury determine beyond a
reasonable doubt any aggravating factor used by the court to impose an upward
durational departure sentence. A court-conducted departure proceeding is
unconstitutional unless the defendant has validly waived her or his right to have a jury
determine the existence of such aggravating factors.

2.

       To be constitutionally valid, a defendant's waiver of the right to a jury in an
upward durational departure sentencing proceeding must be a voluntary, knowing, and
intelligent act performed with sufficient knowledge of the relevant circumstances and
likely consequences of that waiver. A guilty or no contest plea to a criminal offense,
standing alone, does not constitute a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the
right to a jury for an upward durational departure sentence proceeding.

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3.

       A voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver by a criminal defendant of her or his
statutory right to appeal as part of a plea agreement is generally enforceable. However, a
plea agreement reasonably susceptible to different interpretations is ambiguous, and an
ambiguous plea agreement must be strictly construed in favor of the defendant.

4.

       A waiver of the right to appeal an upward durational departure sentence
unconstitutionally imposed by the district court on a defendant who did not waive the
right to a jury's determination of aggravating factors is unenforceable. An appellate court
has jurisdiction to review the constitutionality of an upward durational departure
proceeding and, if it was unconstitutional, any illegal sentence that resulted.

       Appeal from Montgomery District Court; ROGER L. GOSSARD, judge. Opinion filed April 3,
2015. Sentence vacated, and case remanded for resentencing.

       Corrine E. Gunning, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

       Natalie Chalmers, assistant solicitor general, of Office of Kansas Attorney General, for appellee.

Before STANDRIDGE, P.J., GREEN, J., and JOHNSON, S.J.

       JOHNSON, J.: Jennifer Bennett was originally charged with off-grid first-degree
murder. Under a plea agreement, she pled no contest to a reduced charge of second-
degree murder, agreed to and received an upward durational departure sentence of 300
months in prison, and waived her right to appeal that sentence. On appeal, she asserts that
her agreed-upon sentence was unconstitutionally imposed because she was never advised
of and never waived her constitutional right to have aggravating factors that might justify
                                                   2
an enhanced sentence submitted to a jury to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The
State argues that Bennett waived her right to appeal her sentence and that we have no
jurisdiction to consider the merits of the appeal. We find that Bennett's waiver of her
right to appeal her sentence is not technically implicated in this appeal, which is actually
a challenge to the constitutionality of the procedure employed by the trial court to impose
the resulting sentence. Even if we treat this as an appeal from the sentence, Bennett's
sentence appeal waiver was ineffective and we would still entertain her appeal. Bennett's
upward durational departure sentence was unconstitutionally imposed, so we vacate
Bennett's illegal sentence and remand the case to the district court for resentencing.

                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On September 18, 2012, Bennett drove a vehicle off the road, over a sidewalk, and
into a yard where she caused it to strike and injure Martin Dunn. Dunn and Bennett had
been in a relationship and had one child together. Dunn died of his injuries. The State
charged Bennett with off-grid first-degree murder. After plea negotiations the parties
reached an agreement: The State would reduce the charge to second-degree murder in
exchange for Bennett's no contest plea, her agreement to an upward durational departure
sentence of 300 months in prison, and her waiver of her right to appeal the 300-month
sentence.

       The parties reduced their agreement to writing in two separate documents, one
titled Defendant's Acknowledgement of Rights and Entry of Plea, the other titled
Defendant's Acknowledgment of Rights and Petition to Enter Plea Pursuant to Plea
Agreement. Bennett, her attorney, and the prosecutor signed each document.

       The district court conducted the plea hearing on October 9, 2013. The court
indicated at the outset that the sentencing range for the amended charge of second-degree
murder was from 147 months to 653 months in prison, depending on Bennett's criminal

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history. The court acknowledged that it had received a plea petition. Bennett's attorney
stated the terms of the agreement for the court:

               "Your Honor, in exchange for the state filing this amended charge, Ms. Bennett
       will plead 'no contest' to the charge of Murder in the Second Degree. It's a level 1 person
       felony. Parties agree to recommend an upward durational departure sentence to 300
       months with 36 months of post-release supervision.

               "Ms. Bennett is waiving her right to appeal and filing a 60-1507 motion, and
       that's set forth in the Petition to Enter a Plea Agreement and Acknowledgment of Rights.
       However, in the event that a sentence in excess of 300 months is entered by the Court,
       Ms. Bennett is retaining the right to appeal any sentence in excess of 300 months."

       Defense counsel then asked that the district court accept Bennett's no contest plea
to the amended charge.

       The district court confirmed with Bennett that she had signed the written plea
documents, that she was 23 years old, that she had completed 9 years of school, that she
was taking Haldol, that her mind was clear, that she had been provided adequate time to
discuss the plea with her attorney, and that she was satisfied with his advice and counsel.
Regarding Bennett's jury trial rights, the judge stated:

               "You do need to understand that when you enter into a plea, you are giving up
       basic rights that you have. You're giving up your right to a jury trial; you're giving up
       your right to make the State prove you guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of this amended
       charge; you're giving up the right to have your attorney cross-examine the State's
       witnesses; you're giving up the right to call your own witnesses in your defense; you're
       giving up the right to remain silent.

               "Knowing that you're giving up all of these rights when you enter this 'no contest'
       plea, is it still your intention to go ahead with this plea this morning?"

                                                     4
Bennett answered: "Yes."

       After confirming with Bennett that she had not been coerced into entering her
plea, the district court stated to Bennett:

                 "I want you to understand that your sentence—you have a plea agreement where
       there will be an upward departure to 300 months. The sentence will be up to the judge,
       and I'm sure Mr. Rickman [Bennett's attorney] has explained that to you. You're waiving
       your right to appeal the case, except that you may appeal it if the sentence is over 300
       months.

                 "Do you understand that?"

Bennett answered: "Yes."

       The district court then advised Bennett that a presentence investigation would be
done to determine her criminal history. The judge pointed out, though, that "[a]gain,
you're looking at an upward departure to 300 months, so that's pretty well set in stone if
the judge goes along with it, and most likely he will." The judge acknowledged that,
under the plea agreement, "with your upward departure to 300 months, that may not be a
factor, but I just wanted to explain that to you."

       The State provided the factual basis for the plea. The court then found that Bennett
had voluntarily entered her no contest plea. The judge again directly addressed Bennett:

                 "Ms. Bennett, I want to ask you one more time, you understand that if this plea
       agreement is accepted by Judge Gossard, who will be the sentencing judge, you'll be
       sentenced to 300 months with the Kansas Department of Corrections and your plea
       agreement is that you're waiving your right to appeal the case? You're also not going to
       file any 60-1507 motion alleging ineffective counsel. Only if you're sentenced to more
       than 300 months do you have the right to appeal."

                                                     5
       Bennett indicated that she understood.

       The district court then found Bennett guilty of murder in the second degree, a level
1 person felony, and set the case for sentencing. At no time during the hearing did the
district court refer to, let alone explain to Bennett, her separate right to have a jury
determine the existence of aggravating factors that might justify an upward durational
departure sentence. The record is also clear that Bennett did not waive her right to have a
unanimous jury determine whether, beyond a reasonable doubt, such aggravating factors
existed. The plea documents make no mention of the right to a jury determination on
aggravating factors, and they do not contain a written waiver of that right.

       On December 3, 2013, a different judge conducted the sentencing hearing. The
court first stated that Bennett's criminal history score was H so her guidelines sentencing
range was from 166 to 186 months in prison. It noted that the parties had joined in a
motion for an upward durational departure to a 300-month prison sentence. It
acknowledged that the motion proffered reasons to justify the sentence. The sentencing
court then announced its departure decision: It found that Bennett intentionally struck the
victim with her car and caused serious injuries that resulted in the victim's death and that
those were "substantial and compelling circumstances to permit this Court to enter into an
upward durational departure" to the agreed-upon 300-month sentence.

       The sentencing judge did not ask the parties whether Bennett had waived or was
waiving her right to submit the aggravating factors to a jury. Nor did the judge refer to
Bennett's waiver of her right to appeal her sentence. Rather, at the conclusion of the
hearing, the judge stated, "And, Ms. Bennett, you have a right to appeal the sentence if
you think it is inconsistent with Kansas Sentencing Guidelines, case or statutory law,
within 14 days of today's date. I think it is 14 days, isn't it, Mr. Rickman?" Bennett's
attorney answered affirmatively. Neither attorney pointed out to the court, or to Bennett

                                               6
for that matter, that Bennett had indicated at her plea hearing that she was waiving her
right to appeal a 300-month sentence.

       Within 14 days of her sentencing, Bennett timely appealed.

                                          ANALYSIS

       Bennett argues that her upward durational departure sentence was
unconstitutionally imposed and is therefore an illegal sentence. She points out that she
was never informed on the record of her separate right to a jury for the departure phase of
her sentencing and that she never waived her right to that separate jury proceeding. She
claims that, because a district judge imposed the departure sentence without submitting
the aggravating factors to a jury to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, the sentencing
was conducted in violation of the holding in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490,
120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-6815(b), and K.S.A.
2014 Supp. 21-6817(b) (codifying Apprendi as to upward durational departure
sentences).

       The State does not actually challenge Bennett's claim that the sentencing
procedure employed by the trial court was unconstitutional. Rather, the State contends
that we are without jurisdiction to consider Bennett's claim because Bennett waived her
right to appeal her sentence. We first explain why Bennett's sentence is unconstitutional
to place in context our rejection of the State's challenge to our jurisdiction.

       The facts here are undisputed. They are contained in the plea agreement
documents and transcripts of the plea and sentencing hearings. Thus, the State's challenge
to our jurisdiction based on Bennett's appeal waiver involves a question of law subject to
our unlimited review. See State v. Patton, 287 Kan. 200, 205-06, 195 P.3d 753 (2008).
Whether Bennett waived her right to a jury trial such that the district court could

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determine the existence of aggravating factors is also a question of law subject to our
unlimited review. See State v. Duncan, 291 Kan. 467, 470, 243 P.3d 338 (2010).

The District Court Conducted an Unconstitutional Departure Proceeding.

       Other than the sentencing appeal waiver aspect of this case, the plea hearing facts
here are quite similar to the facts in Duncan. There, Duncan pled guilty to a reduced
charge but agreed to a specific upward durational departure sentence. After a colloquy
with the district court, he waived all of the rights that are associated with the guilt phase
of a jury trial and pled guilty. However, the district court did not ask him to and he did
not waive his right to have a jury determine the existence of aggravating factors. The
district court imposed the agreed-upon enhanced sentence and granted him probation.

       Subsequently the court revoked that probation. Duncan appealed, claiming that his
sentence was illegally imposed because he had not specifically waived his right to a jury
trial on the existence of aggravating factors for the upward durational departure sentence.
The State responded that Duncan's guilty plea and general waiver of his right to a jury
trial were broad enough to include a waiver of his right to a jury on the departure factors.
Moreover, the State pointed out that Duncan had expressly agreed to the very sentence
that he was appealing. The State contended that the applicable statute then in effect
barred review of "'any sentence resulting from an agreement between the state and the
defendant which the sentencing court approves on the record.'" 291 Kan. at 470 (quoting
K.S.A. 21-4721[c][2]).

       Our Supreme Court rejected the State's arguments. Regarding jurisdiction, the
court held that the statute did not bar its review of Duncan's illegal sentencing claim,
stating: "We find this court has jurisdiction to review a sentence that is challenged as
being illegal." 291 Kan. at 471.

                                              8
       On the merits, the court cited Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, for the constitutional
proposition that any factor used to enhance a sentence beyond the statutory maximum
must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Duncan, 291 Kan. at
471. It then recognized that our legislature had codified Apprendi in a manner that was
constitutional. 291 Kan. at 471; see K.S.A. 21-4718 (now at K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-6817).
It acknowledged that the United States Supreme Court and our statutes permit a
defendant to waive the right to a jury determination on the existence of aggravating
factors. 291 Kan. at 471-72; see Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 310, 124 S. Ct.
2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004); K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-6817(b)(4); K.S.A. 22-3403. It
reiterated that, "to be constitutionally valid, a waiver of rights in guilty or no contest pleas
must be voluntary, knowing, and intelligent acts performed with sufficient knowledge of
the relevant circumstances and likely consequences." 291 Kan. at 472. It noted that in
order to satisfy due process, a waiver must be an intentional abandonment or
relinquishment of a known right or privilege. 291 Kan. at 472. The court stated: "As
such, to waive the right to a jury in an upward durational departure proceeding, the
defendant must do more than consent to the sentence." 291 Kan. at 472.

       The Duncan court then reviewed the plea documents and the transcript of the plea
hearing. It confirmed that there had been no written or oral explanation of Duncan's
separate right to a jury determination on aggravating factors and no express waiver of the
right to such a determination. The court cited what it had previously said in State v. Horn,
291 Kan. 1, 11-12, 238 P.3d 238 (2010), and reiterated that "the failure to obtain a
constitutionally valid waiver of a defendant's right to a jury determination of the
aggravating factors necessarily precluded the district court from conducting the upward
durational departure proceeding." Duncan, 291 Kan. at 473. Because Duncan had not
waived his right to a jury for the departure phase of his sentencing, the court held that the
departure sentence based on judicial fact-finding violated the mandates of the
constitution. 291 Kan. at 471-73.

                                               9
       The Duncan court vacated Duncan's otherwise agreed-upon sentence and
"remanded to the district court for resentencing without an upward durational departure
because the statute does not permit the district court to empanel a jury solely to consider
Duncan's aggravating factors." Duncan, 291 Kan. at 473; see also Horn, 291 Kan. at 11-
12 (finding that the failure to obtain a valid waiver of the right to have a jury determine
aggravating factors precludes a court-conducted upward departure proceeding). After our
Supreme Court decided Horn and Duncan, the legislature amended K.S.A. 21-
4718(b)(4). See K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-6817(b)(4).

       Here, as in Duncan, Bennett was never advised on the record of her right to have
the aggravating factors determined by a unanimous jury beyond a reasonable doubt. She
never waived that right, either orally or in writing. In light of Duncan and Horn, the
judicial fact-finding on aggravated factors that resulted in Bennett's upward durational
departure sentence was clearly unconstitutional, making the sentence illegal.

The State Asserts That We Have No Jurisdiction over This Appeal.

       The State essentially argues that, regardless of any sentencing error, we have no
jurisdiction over Bennett's appeal because she knowingly and voluntarily waived the right
to appeal her sentence. We disagree for the following reasons.

Bennett Appeals from Her Unconstitutional Sentencing, Not from the Resulting Sentence.

       First, a reading of Bennett's brief clearly shows that her claim on appeal is that the
district court employed an unconstitutional procedure to impose her upward durational
departure sentence. She simply points out that a departure sentence imposed
unconstitutionally is, by definition, illegal.

                                                 10
       Bennett's sentencing proceeding was, in fact, unconstitutional. Since that is the
case, Bennett's sentence appeal waiver does not apply because she is not per se appealing
the sentence but, rather, the sentencing procedure. This is a distinction with a
jurisdictional difference. Even if Bennett waived the right to appeal her sentence she
never waived her right to appeal the denial of her right to a constitutional sentencing. For
that reason alone, we have jurisdiction over Bennett's appeal. Nevertheless, we will
further analyze the State's sentence appeal waiver claims.

The Plea Agreement Here Is Ambiguous on the Sentence Appeal Waiver.

       We know from Duncan that a defendant can appeal an illegal upward durational
departure sentence even when it results from a plea agreement. K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-
6820; Duncan, 291 Kan. 470-71. However, we acknowledge that, as the State contends, a
defendant's knowing and voluntary waiver of the statutory right to appeal a sentence is
generally enforceable. Patton, 287 Kan. 200, Syl. ¶ 13.

       The sentence appeal waiver at issue here was part of a plea agreement. A plea
agreement reasonably susceptible to different interpretations is ambiguous. State v. Case,
289 Kan. 457, 462, 213 P.3d 429 (2009); State v. Wills, 244 Kan. 62, Syl. ¶ 2, 765 P.2d
1114 (1988). An ambiguous plea agreement must be strictly construed in favor of the
defendant. Patton, 287 Kan. at 228-29; Wills, 244 Kan. 62, Syl. ¶ 1.

       The key question according to the State, then, is whether Bennett knowingly,
voluntarily, and unambiguously waived her right to appeal even a sentence
unconstitutionally imposed. The State points out that Bennett explicitly said she waived
her right to appeal a 300-month departure sentence both in documents and at the plea
hearing. The district judge who heard Bennett's plea confirmed directly with Bennett that
she understood she was waiving the right to appeal any sentence imposed of 300 months'
imprisonment or less.

                                             11
       But, as clear as those acknowledgments may seem, there are other indications in
the record that cast doubt on whether the sentence appeal waiver in this plea agreement
can be deemed unambiguous. For example, the written plea documents also contain the
following statements:

           • "I know I have a limited right to appeal the sentence that is imposed . . . ."

           • "I may appeal from a sentence that departs from the presumptive sentence."

           • "I understand that I will be sentenced according to what the Court
               determines to be my actual criminal history as of the date I am sentenced."

       Also, importantly, the last thing the sentencing judge told Bennett was that she had
the right to appeal her sentence within 14 days, stating, "And, Ms. Bennett, you have a
right to appeal the sentence if you think it is inconsistent with Kansas Sentencing
Guidelines, case or statutory law, within 14 days of today's date." Neither attorney
attempted to contradict the court's statement. A similar judicial statement was made in
Patton. That court emphasized the importance of such judicial advice when it declined to
give effect to a claimed sentence appeal waiver: "The sentencing transcript demonstrates
irrefutably that the judge told Patton his right to appeal remained intact . . . ." Patton, 287
Kan. at 227.

       Here, Bennett did file her appeal within the 14-day appeal time the sentencing
judge gave her. The Patton court, in somewhat similar circumstances, stated:

               "Moreover, to the extent the immediately subsequent behavior of the defendant is
       revealing of his understanding of what he had waived and what he had not waived at the
       time of his plea and/or sentencing, there is no dispute that Patton attempted to appeal his

                                                   12
       sentence within 10 days. In other words, it is apparent he believed he would not be
       prevented from doing so." Patton, 287 Kan. at 227.

We can draw the same inference from Bennett's filing of her appeal.

       Thus, we have here a collision of otherwise unambiguous statements and actions.
Bennett gave up her right to appeal her sentence in the plea documents, but, in those same
documents, she was assured that she could appeal her sentence. At the plea hearing the
judge told her that she could not appeal a sentence of 300 months, but, at the sentencing
hearing where that sentence was actually imposed, the judge informed her that she could
appeal her sentence. The result of this collision of unambiguous statements and actions is
ambiguity. Such an ambiguous plea agreement must be strictly construed in favor of the
defendant, and we decline to enforce Bennett's waiver of her right to appeal her illegal
sentence. See Wills, 244 Kan. 62, ¶ 1.

Bennett Did Not Intentionally Relinquish a Known Right in Her Sentence Appeal Waiver.

       There is yet another, more basic reason to reject the State's jurisdictional
challenge. The Duncan court stated, albeit in the context of a departure jury waiver,
general rules for testing the validity of any waiver of a constitutional or statutory right.
We see no reason why those tests would not apply to Bennett's waiver of her statutory
right to appeal her sentence. Again, to be constitutionally valid, a waiver of rights must
be a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent act performed with sufficient knowledge of the
relevant circumstances and likely consequences. Duncan, 291 Kan. at 472. In order to
satisfy due process, a waiver must be an intentional abandonment or relinquishment of a
known right or privilege. 291 Kan. at 472; see State v. Copes, 290 Kan. 209, 218, 224
P.3d 571 (2010).

                                                  13
       In Copes, Copes' plea agreement required that she reimburse the Board of
Indigents' Defense Services (BIDS) for her attorney fees. The amount at that time was
unknown. At sentencing the district court ordered Copes to pay $350 toward BIDS
reimbursement, but the court did not consider her financial resources or the burden such a
payment would impose on her as required in K.S.A. 22-4513. Copes appealed the district
court's order for BIDS fee reimbursement. The State claimed that Copes had waived her
right to challenge the assessment by agreeing to pay BIDS fees in her plea agreement.
The Copes court viewed the plea agreement in the light of contract principles, noting that
there must be a meeting of the minds in order to form a binding contract. Copes, 290
Kan. at 217. The court stated: "Although Copes' written plea agreement contained an
extensive recitation of rights and an explicit waiver of those rights, that recitation made
no mention of attorney fees or the district court's obligation to consider Copes' financial
resources or the burden the fees would impose." (Emphasis added.) 290 Kan. at 217. The
court found that Copes needed to be aware of this information before she could make an
enforceable waiver of the protections in K.S.A. 22-4513. Because Copes did not have
that information, she could not properly waive what was actually an unknown right. Even
though Copes had agreed to reimburse BIDS, the court declined to find that Copes
intentionally relinquished her right to have her BIDS fees set pursuant to statute. The
Copes court reversed and remanded for a determination of the appropriate BIDS
reimbursement under K.S.A. 22-4513. 290 Kan. at 218.

       Here, Bennett, under her plea agreement, purportedly waived her right to appeal a
300-month sentence. The record is clear: Bennett was never advised on the record at her
plea or sentencing hearings or in the plea documents of the district court's sentencing
obligation to submit her departure factors to a jury or obtain her waiver of that right. As
in Copes, Bennett's plea agreement did not include the information necessary for her to
make a knowing and voluntary waiver of her right to appeal a sentence that would be
subsequently, unconstitutionally imposed. There could be no meeting of the minds here
because the "contract," i.e., the written and oral statements of the plea agreement, was all

                                             14
silent on how an upward durational departure sentence must be imposed. Bennett clearly
did not intentionally relinquish a known right, i.e., the right to appeal from the violation
of her constitutional right to a jury determination of aggravating factors. An unintentional
abandonment or relinquishment of an unknown right or privilege cannot result in an
enforceable waiver of that unknown right.

A Sentence Appeal Waiver Cannot Vitiate an Unconstitutionally Imposed Sentence.

       Our Constitutions and statutes guarantee that a criminal defendant is entitled to a
trial by jury. See U.S. Const. amend. VI; Kan. Const. Bill of Rights, §§ 5, 10. "There is
no more fundamental right in the United States than the right to a jury trial." State v.
Larraco, 32 Kan. App. 2d 996, 999, 93 P.3d 725 (2004). These constitutional rights are
codified in K.S.A. 22-3403(1), which requires that all felony cases be tried to a jury
unless the defendant and prosecuting attorney, with the consent of the court, submit the
matter to a bench trial. The parties and the court did not follow that statute here.

       As noted above, K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-6817(b)(4) specifically permits a judge-
tried upward durational departure proceeding, but only when the jury trial requirements
of the statute have been properly waived under K.S.A. 22-3403. The right to a jury
determination of aggravating factors is no less important, constitutionally, than the right
to a jury trial on the issue of guilt. Each of those are aspects of the right to trial by jury
guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, the Sixth Amendment's right
to trial by jury, and the Fourteenth Amendment's application of those provisions to state
actions. Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 476-77.

       We read those statutes, the constitutional provisions regarding the right to a jury
trial, Horn and Duncan, in a way that exalts Bennett's constitutional right to a departure-
factor jury and defeats any waiver of her statutory right to appeal this unconstitutionally
imposed sentence. Horn and Duncan confirm that our Constitutions "precluded" the

                                               15
district court from doing what it did here, i.e., imposing an upward departure sentence
without a proper departure jury waiver. We do not believe that Bennett or the State, via
the backdoor of a plea agreement sentence appeal waiver, can empower the district court
to do what the Constitution precluded it from doing.

       The waiver of a departure sentence appeal when the correct statutory procedure to
impose that departure has not been explained to the defendant prevents the waiver from
being knowing and voluntary, and it is unenforceable. See Copes, 290 Kan. at 217-18.
Such a waiver is merely another way to consent to a sentence. It cannot cure the defect in
the underlying departure process that is actually at issue here. The Duncan court required
an actual waiver of the departure jury: "As such, to waive the right to a jury in an upward
durational departure proceeding, the defendant must do more than consent to the
sentence," Duncan, 291 Kan. 472, or, in our case, agree not to appeal such a sentence.
Bennett's sentence appeal waiver, even if it had been unambiguously made, would not
have been effective to vitiate the constitutional infirmity in her departure sentence. There
simply must be a jury waiver before the court can constitutionally impose an upward
durational departure sentence. For that reason alone, we have jurisdiction to review
Bennett's unconstitutional sentencing and the resulting illegal sentence.

       To implement a plea agreement like the one contemplated here, the defendant
must voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waive the right to a jury trial regarding
guilt; voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waive the submission of aggravating
factors to a jury to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt; and voluntarily, knowingly,
intelligently, and unambiguously waive the right to appeal an upward durational
departure sentence. Those things can be done, but they were not done here. Bennett's
unconstitutional sentence cannot be allowed to stand, regardless of her purported
sentence appeal waiver.

                                             16
       We reverse the district court's decision to impose an upward durational departure
sentence without first obtaining Bennett's informed waiver of her right to submit the
aggravating factors to a jury for proof beyond a reasonable doubt. We vacate Bennett's
sentence and remand the case to the district court for resentencing.

                                            17