Court Opinion

ID: 3541202
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 22:52:33.848225+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:21:28.340519
License: Public Domain

The complaint appears by way of inducement and colloquium sets forth the circumstances under which the publication was made. The supplementary allegations set forth acts of the defendant after the filing of the complaint tending to show malice. They were stricken by the court on motion.
There is just one question involved: Should the court construe the words published alone in determining whether the publication is libelous per se? Or should it construe the words published in the light of the extrinsic facts, inducement and colloquium in determining whether the publication is libelous per se.
"If the meaning is ambiguous, the words are not actionableper se, but may be made actionable by proper innuendo ascribing to them a defamatory sense. Where their meaning is plain, or has been rendered plain by proper averment, then the necessity of alleging special damages turns on their effect — whether it is such as to create a legal presumption of injury or not." (16 Cal. Jur. 39, 49; Nolan v. Standard Publishing Co., 67 Mont. 212,223, 216 P. 571; Daniel v. Moncure, 58 Mont. 193, 199, 200,190 P. 983; Tucker v. Wallace, 90 Mont. 359,3 P.2d 404-406; Martinson v. Freeberg, 44 N.D. 363, 175 N.W. 618,619; Corrigan v. Bobbs-Merrill, 228 N.Y. 58, 126 N.E. 260, 10 A.L.R. 662; 36 C.J. 1153.)
"The effect and tendency of the language used, not its form, are the criterion by which to determine the actionable quality of the words. It is immaterial that the words used concerning the plaintiff are indefinite and uncertain in their meaning if, on the whole, they are defamatory and were so intended and understood, for as has been justly remarked, calumny may be *Page 14 
as effectually conveyed in artful allusions to collateral matter and oblique insinuations as by the most explicit assertions; and it is well settled in actions of libel and slander it is permissible to aver and prove that words which have a covert meaning were intended to defame, and were understood in a defamatory sense by those who heard or read them." (Cook v.Globe Printing Co., 227 Mo. 471, 127 S.W. 332; Jarman v.Rea, 137 Cal. 339, 70 P. 216, 217.)
The question has not been directly decided in Montana because, strange to say, pleaders here have failed to set up in their complaints the extrinsic facts surrounding the publication. (Daniel v. Moncure, 58 Mont. 193, 201, 190 P. 983; Lemmer
v. Tribune, 50 Mont. 559, 148 P. 338.) However, this court allowed the defendant to set up extrinsic facts surrounding the slanderous statement to mitigate damages. (Paxton v.Woodward, 31 Mont. 195, 78 P. 215, 107 Am. St. Rep. 416, 3 Ann. Cas. 546.)
To us the matter is so obvious that we do not wish to belabor the matter. Every case in which extrinsic facts were pleaded is in our favor. Other cases failed because of failure to allege an inducement.
The publication set out in said complaint is not libelous perse and cannot be made so by the aid of colloquium and innuendo. This court has already answered the question of counsel in his brief, and hereinbefore mentioned, in numerous cases. This court has held that for publications to be libelous per se the words must be susceptible of but one meaning and that opprobrious. (Shaffroth v. Tribune, 61 Mont. 14, 201 P. 271; Manley v.Harer, 82 Mont. 30, 264 P. 937, also, 73 Mont. 253,235 P. 757; Paxton v. Woodward, 31 Mont. 195, at 217, 78 P. 215, 107 Am. St. Rep. 416, 3 Ann. Cas. 546; Brown v. IndependentPub. Co., 48 Mont. 374, 138 P. 258; Rowan v. GazettePrinting Co. et al., 74 Mont. 326, *Page 15 239 P. 1035; Burr v. Winnett Times Pub. Co., 80 Mont. 70,258 P. 242.)
The complaint fails to state a cause of action, the alleged defamatory words being not libelous per se and not made so by fanciful and far-fetched or any innuendo, and no special damages having been pleaded. (Ledlie v. Wallen, 17 Mont. 150,42 P. 289.) The facts showing special damages must be alleged. (Lemmer v. Tribune, 50 Mont. 559, 148 P. 338; Brown v.Independent Pub. Co., supra.)
"`Words which are defamatory per se do not need an innuendo, and, conversely, words which do need an innuendo, are not defamatory per se.' (36 C.J. 1151.)" (Manley v. Harer,73 Mont. 253, 235 P. 757.)
The article must be considered as an entirety and there can be no segregation of alleged libelous words. (Burr v. WinnettTimes Pub. Co., supra; Paxton v. Woodward, supra; Brown v.Independent Pub. Co., supra; Shaffroth v. Tribune, 61 Mont. 14,201 P. 271; Woolston v. Montana Free Press, 90 Mont. 299,2 P.2d 1020.) The words in the article complained of are not susceptible of any other meaning save what shows upon the face of the article.
There is no question but that in a proper case it is within the province of the court to withdraw the case from the jury by a nonsuit or directed verdict, notwithstanding the provisions of section 10 of Article III of the Constitution of Montana. (Manley v. Harer, 82 Mont. 30, 264 P. 937; Paxton v.Woodward, supra; Smith v. Kleinschmidt, 57 Mont. 237,187 P. 894.)
This is an action for damages for an alleged libel. At the conclusion of all of the evidence the court granted defendant's motion for a directed verdict in its favor. Plaintiff's motion for a new trial was denied, and she appealed from the judgment. *Page 16 
In denying the motion for new trial the court's order recites: "Herein upon plaintiff's motion for a new trial after a verdict directed by the court in favor of defendant after trial had upon the merits, from all of which testimony plaintiff's complaint was supported as to all the material allegations of fact therein alleged, save and except as to proofs of actual damages (nominal damage not being allowable under the pleadings by reason of the publication not being libelous in itself), and no special damage having been alleged in the complaint and none having been shown, the court this day denies said motion for a new trial herein."
The effect of the court's order is to hold that the complaint is insufficient and that the want of allegations was not cured by the evidence. If the complaint is insufficient, the order must be sustained. (Bray v. Cove Irr. Dist., 86 Mont. 562,284 P. 539.)
The complaint charges that defendant printed and published at Butte, on February 20, 1931, the following article in its newspaper, which was widely circulated, to-wit:
"To honor Mrs. P. McGivern, whose birthday occurred during the week, Mrs. Marian Campbell Evans, Mrs. May Doran, and Mrs. Nellie Shea arranged a surprise party at the McGivern home on Boardman Street.
"Dancing and the serving of a midnight supper gave pleasure to the guests who were Mr. and Mrs. C. Karls, Mr. and Mrs. M. Murphy, Mr. and Mrs. J.B. Sullivan, Mr. and Mrs. J. Engligh, Mr. and Mrs. R.C. Hendrickson, Mr. and Mrs. T.M. Griffin, Mr. and Mrs. J. Evans, Mr. and Mrs. M. Brady, Miss Jewell Whalen, Miss Maureen Doran, Miss S. Forbis, Dick Hodge, Mike Hunt and Haves Hoar with the honor guest."
It alleges that plaintiff is the wife of Dan Campbell and enjoys a good reputation; that there is no such person as Mrs. P. McGivern, but that Patrick McGivern is a resident of Butte and a friend of plaintiff; that about the time of the publication a Mrs. Bridget Gallagher resided in Butte and that there was a rumor current among the friends of McGivern, Mrs. Gallagher, *Page 17 
and plaintiff that McGivern and Mrs. Gallagher intended to intermarry; that no surprise party had been given, and that the publication was false in toto; that plaintiff is known among her friends, both as Mrs. Mary Campbell and Mrs. Marian Campbell; that the published words "Mrs. Marian Campbell Evans" were of and concerning plaintiff; that J. Evans, referred to in the published article, refers to James Evans, a roomer at the rooming-house conducted by plaintiff in Butte; that James Evans and Ruby O. Evans prior to March 6, 1931, were husband and wife; that on January 24, 1931, James Evans commenced action against his wife for a divorce and had ceased to live with her after January 19, 1931, which facts were generally known by the friends of James Evans and plaintiff in Butte. It is charged that by the words "Mrs. Marian Campbell Evans" and "Mr. and Mrs. J. Evans" it was meant to the friends of plaintiff that plaintiff and James Evans (a) had intermarried at a time when they were both then and there married, and known to be married, to other persons; (b) had committed the crime of bigamy; (c) had attended a surprise party as husband and wife at a time when both were then and there married to other persons; (d) had improper and immoral relations between themselves; (e) had been guilty of immoral and improper intimacy between themselves. Other far-fetched and extravagant allegations by way of innuendo were set forth, but we need not allude to them specifically.
It is alleged that the publication did "injure, degrade, insult and belittle the plaintiff and expose her to public odium, insult, hatred, ridicule, obloquy and contempt"; that by reason of the publication the plaintiff has been damaged in the sum of $25,000, for which she asked judgment.
The complaint on which the case was tried contains no[1]  allegation of special damages. Unless the alleged defamatory words are libelous per se, they cannot be made so by innuendo. "`The opprobrious words are to be construed according to their usual, popular and natural meaning and common acceptation, that is, in the sense in which persons out of court and of *Page 18 
ordinary intelligence would understand them.' (Daniel v.Moncure, 58 Mont. 193, 190 P. 983.)" (Burr v. WinnettTimes Pub. Co., 80 Mont. 70, 258 P. 242, 244.)
The entire printed article must be viewed by the court as a[2]  stranger might look at it, without the aid of special knowledge possessed by the parties concerned. (Woolston v.Free Press, 90 Mont. 299, 2 P.2d 1020, 1021.) And "in order to render a publication actionable per se, the language used therein must be susceptible of but one meaning, and that an opprobrious one" (Burr v. Winnett Times Pub. Co., supra), "and must on its face show that the derogatory statements, taken as a whole, refer to the plaintiff, and not to him or some other person" (Rowan v. Gazette Printing Co., 74 Mont. 326,239 P. 1035, 1037).
The language complained of is not susceptible of an[3-5]  opprobrious meaning without the aid of far-fetched innuendo. When this is so, under the repeated decisions of this court, in order to warrant a recovery there must be allegation and proof of special damages. (Manley v. Harer, 73 Mont. 253,235 P. 757; Id., 82 Mont. 30, 264 P. 937; Burr v. WinnettTimes Pub. Co., supra; Lemmer v. The Tribune, 50 Mont. 559,148 P. 338; Brown v. Independent Publishing Co., 48 Mont. 374,138 P. 258; and see Tucker v. Wallace, 90 Mont. 359,3 P.2d 404.)
There being no allegation of special damages, the complaint was insufficient to state a cause of action.
Plaintiff assigns error on the part of the court in striking certain paragraphs from the complaint. We have carefully considered the assignment and find that the allegations were properly stricken.
The judgment is affirmed. On motion for rehearing the opinion promulgated on March 25, announcing the same conclusion, is withdrawn and this opinion substituted therefor. Remittitur forthwith.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE CALLAWAY and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES MATTHEWS, STEWART and ANDERSON concur.
Rehearing denied April 15, 1933. *Page 19