Court Opinion

ID: 8209135
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-26 19:01:23.791556+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:38.317264
License: Public Domain

United States Tax Court

                           T.C. Memo. 2022-98

                     BELMONT INTERESTS INC.,
                           Petitioner

                                     v.

            COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
                        Respondent

                                —————

Docket No. 25660-17.                             Filed September 26, 2022.

                                —————

             R determined deficiencies for the taxable years 2012
      and 2013 in the federal income tax of the consolidated
      group of which P is the common parent. The deficiencies
      relate to indebtedness (Deficiency Notes) issued by seven
      members of the group (Loss Subsidiaries). The Deficiency
      Notes required annual installment payments starting in
      1993 and matured in full on May 1, 2007. In the returns it
      filed for years before 2012, P took into account the
      cancellation of prior installment payments but did not
      report the Deficiency Notes’ full cancellation. P now
      contends that the Deficiency Notes were canceled in full no
      later than 2011. R seeks to apply the duty of consistency
      to treat the Deficiency Notes as having been canceled in
      2013. On the premise that the Loss Subsidiaries were
      entitled to deduct accrued interest on the Deficiency Notes
      through 2013, R contends that those subsidiaries cannot be
      treated, for the purpose of Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-
      19(c)(1)(iii)(A), as having disposed of all of their assets until
      2013. R further contends that the members of P’s group
      that owned stock in the Loss Subsidiaries had excess loss
      accounts (ELAs) in that stock that they were required to
      include in their 2013 income by reason of the asset
      disposition rule. Alternatively, R seeks to apply the duty
      of consistency to treat the Loss Subsidiaries as having
      disposed of all of their assets in 2012, requiring the

                             Served 09/26/22
                                    2

[*2]   inclusion in income for that year of ELAs in the Loss
       Subsidiaries’ stock. P moved for summary judgment,
       arguing that the duty of consistency does not apply because
       any errors in its prior reporting of ELAs were attributable
       to mutual mistakes of law.

             Held: When a subsidiary member of a consolidated
       group (S) disposes of all of its assets, a member that owns
       S stock (M) must include in income for the year of
       disposition any ELA in M’s stock in S regardless of whether
       S may be entitled to deductions for one or more subsequent
       years. Treas. Reg. § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A).

               Held, further, because the time when debt will be
       discharged for federal income tax purposes cannot be
       predicted in advance, R’s professed reliance on P’s
       representations that each payment required under the
       terms of the Deficiency Notes would be canceled six years
       after its due date demonstrates that the failure of P’s group
       to take into account the full cancellation of the Deficiency
       Notes before 2012 reflected a mutual mistake of law.
       Consequently, the duty of consistency does not bind P to
       representations that, if accepted as true, would mean that
       the Deficiency Notes were canceled after December 31,
       2011. P’s Motion for Summary Judgment will thus be
       granted in part.

              Held, further, because P has not established that its
       failure to have reported income from the recognition of
       ELAs when the Loss Subsidiaries disposed of all their
       assets and R’s acquiescence to that reporting were
       attributable to a mutual mistake of law, P’s Motion for
       Summary Judgment will also be denied in part.

                               —————

G. Tomas Rhodus, David C. Gair, and Joshua D. Smeltzer, for
petitioner.

Kirk S. Chaberski, Candace M. Williams, Sergio Garcia-Pages, Julie P.
Gasper, Veronica L. Richards, and William D. White, for respondent.
                                            3

[*3]                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

       HALPERN, Judge: In September 2017, respondent notified
petitioner of his determination of deficiencies in the federal income tax
of the consolidated group of which it is the common parent for the
taxable years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013. The notice of
deficiency described respondent’s principal adjustment for 2012 as
having been based on the tax benefit rule. That adjustment would have
included in the group’s income for 2012 interest deductions reported in
prior years. Respondent’s principal adjustment for 2013 relied on the
duty of consistency to require the group to recognize income from the
cancellation of indebtedness. Petitioner filed its Petition in December
2017, and respondent answered the following February.

       Respondent has since amended his Answer repeatedly. In
December 2019, he amended his original Answer to increase his
adjustment to the group’s income for 2013, relying on provisions of the
consolidated return regulations, Treas. Reg. §§ 1.1502-32, 1.1502-19, 1
and the duty of consistency. In June 2021, respondent filed a First
Amended Answer, purportedly based on the “new information” that
petitioner had erred in excluding from the consolidated returns it had
filed for the years in issue seven indirect, wholly owned subsidiaries
(Loss Subsidiaries). In his First Amended Answer, respondent conceded
that no deficiency existed for 2012 but asserted a 2013 deficiency of
$93,867,580—an amount exceeding the 2013 deficiency stated in the
notice of deficiency. In support for his principal adjustment for 2013,
respondent cited in his First Amended Answer the same authorities he
had cited in his amendment to his original Answer: Treasury Regulation
§§ 1.1502-32 and 1.1502-19 and the duty of consistency. In August 2021,
petitioner filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, which we denied in an
Order issued February 2, 2022 (February 2 order). Shortly thereafter,
respondent advised the Court in a telephone conference of his intent to
amend his Answer again in light of the analysis set forth in the
February 2 order.

      In March 2022, respondent filed a Second Amended Answer.
Respondent’s Second Amended Answer reasserts a deficiency for 2013
of $93,867,580, which respondent explains as “based on holding

        1 Unless otherwise indicated, all statutory references are to the Internal

Revenue Code, Title 26 U.S.C., in effect at all relevant times, and all regulation
references are to the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 26 (Treas. Reg.), at all relevant
times.
                                         4

[*4] petitioner to its reported position concerning cancellation of
indebtedness income” regarding indebtedness owed by the Loss
Subsidiaries (Deficiency Notes) “and applying the duty of consistency to
bind petitioner to . . . representations that May 1, 2013, was the point in
time when the Deficiency Notes were discharged, and the Seven Loss
Subsidiaries became worthless.” In the alternative, respondent asserts
a deficiency of $93,565,736 for 2012, which he describes as “based on
applying the duty of consistency to bind petitioner to its representations
that the Seven Loss Subsidiaries were not worthless at any time on or
before December 31, 2011.”

       In April 2022, petitioner filed another Motion for Summary
Judgment. 2 Among other things, petitioner’s latest Motion requests a
ruling that “[t]he duty of consistency is not applicable to create any
deficiencies for the years 2012 or 2013.” For the reasons explained
below, we will grant petitioner’s Motion in part and deny it in part. In
particular, we conclude that the duty of consistency cannot be applied to
bind petitioner to representations that, if accepted as true, would mean
that the Deficiency Notes were canceled after December 31, 2011.

                                   Background

The Loss Subsidiaries and the Deficiency Notes

       The issues at hand involve the tax consequences of borrowings by
the seven members of petitioner’s group that we refer to as the Loss
Subsidiaries. Those seven members are Edgemont Holdings, Inc.
(Edgemont Holdings), OVPI, Inc. (OVPI), Drexel Properties, Inc. (Drexel
Properties), PRG, Inc. (PRG), Ramfield Equities, Inc., Thornhill Capital,
Inc. (Thornhill Capital), Warwick Investments, Inc., and Wembley
Investments, Inc. Edgemont Holdings is a first-tier subsidiary of
petitioner, the group’s common parent. Edgemont Holdings owns all of
the stock of OVPI, a second-tier subsidiary of petitioner. OVPI owns all
of the stock of each of the other six Loss Subsidiaries.

       The Loss Subsidiaries issued the indebtedness referred to as the
Deficiency Notes to cover unpaid deficiencies in prior debt on which they
had defaulted. The 13 Deficiency Notes had an aggregate face amount
of $387,952,126. The terms of the Deficiency Notes required annual

        2 The Motion for Summary Judgment currently before us is the sixth petitioner

has filed in the case. We have denied two of petitioner’s prior Motions. Petitioner
withdrew its other Motions in response to respondent’s various amendments to his
Answer.
                                          5

[*5] payments, due on May 1st of each year from 1993 to 2007. Each
note matured on May 1, 2007. Each Deficiency Note states that it

       has been executed and delivered in, and shall be governed
       by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State
       of Texas, and the substantive laws of such state and the
       applicable federal laws of the United States of America
       shall govern the validity, construction, enforcement and
       interpretation hereof.

Tax Reporting for Prior Years

       The returns petitioner filed on behalf of its consolidated group for
the years 1992 through 2011 claimed deductions of accrued interest on
the Deficiency Notes that totaled $469,067,157. The Loss Subsidiaries
uniformly reported losses for each taxable year from 1995 through
2013. 3 From 1992 through December 31, 2012, however, the Loss
Subsidiaries made no payments of interest or principal on the Deficiency
Notes.

       On the 2011 return filed on behalf of its consolidated group,
petitioner reported $28,412,210 of income from the discharge of an
installment payment on the Deficiency Notes but did not otherwise
report income from the cancellation of the outstanding balances due
under the Deficiency Notes. The balance sheets included in the 2011
return list OVPI’s only asset as “Investments in Subsidiaries” and show
each of the other Loss Subsidiaries as having total assets of zero.

Prior Examinations

       The 2004, 2005, and 2006 taxable years of petitioner’s group were
the subject of previous litigation before the Court. Respondent also
selected for examination the returns petitioner’s group filed for the
taxable years 2007, 2008, and 2009. That examination resulted in the
issuance of a notice of deficiency for 2007 that led to further litigation
before the Court.

     In March 2011, in response to an information document request
made during the examination of the 2007–09 returns of petitioner’s

        3 Most Loss Subsidiaries also reported losses for the years 1989 through 1994,

although Drexel Properties and OVPI reported taxable income for 1994, PRG reported
taxable income for the years 1990 through 1993, and Thornhill Capital reported
taxable income for 1993.
                                     6

[*6] group, respondent received a document captioned “Summary of
Interest Adjustment and Forgiveness of Debt.” The document is a single
page, most of which is taken up by a table that shows, for years from
1992 through 2008, the amounts of interest deducted on petitioner’s
original returns, corrected interest deductions, forgiveness of
indebtedness income, and net adjustments to taxable income. Three
statements appear above the table. The first relates to the computation
of interest: “As deducted on returns as originally filed, interest was
computed on a straight line basis.” The second refers to a recomputation
of interest “on an installment loan basis as if payments were made.” The
third refers to income from the cancellation of indebtedness. It reads:
“Installments [sic] payments not made are considered COD income after
six years.”

        Respondent did not select for examination the returns petitioner
filed for its group for 2010 and 2011.

Tax Reporting for the Years in Issue

       Petitioner did not include the Loss Subsidiaries in the
consolidated returns that it filed on behalf of its affiliated group for the
taxable years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013. Instead, each Loss
Subsidiary filed a separate return for each of those years claiming
deductions for accrued interest on the Deficiency Notes.

       The 2013 return filed by each Loss Subsidiary included as an
attachment pages from a “Detail General Ledger” that, in regard to
accrued interest and principal on the Deficiency Notes, include entries
dated May 1, 2013, with the transaction description “W/O.” Each of
those returns also includes Form 982, Reduction of Tax Attributes Due
to Discharge of Indebtedness (and Section 1082 Basis Adjustment).
Each Form 982 reports amounts on line 2, “[t]otal amount of discharged
indebtedness excluded from gross income,” and line 6, “amount excluded
from gross income . . . [a]pplied to reduce any net operating loss that
occurred in the tax year of the discharge or carried over to the tax year
of the discharge.” In each case, the amount shown on line 2 matches the
amount shown on line 6, indicating that all of the discharged debt
excluded from gross income was applied to reduce net operating losses.
                                    7

[*7]                           Discussion

I.     Applicable Law

       A.    Summary Adjudication

       Summary judgment expedites litigation. It is intended to avoid
unnecessary and expensive trials. It is not, however, a substitute for
trial and should not be used to resolve genuine disputes over issues of
material fact. E.g., RERI Holdings I, LLC v. Commissioner, 143 T.C. 41,
46–47 (2014). The moving party has the burden of showing the absence
of a genuine dispute as to any material fact. Id. For these purposes, we
afford the party opposing the motion the benefit of all reasonable doubt,
and we view the material submitted by both sides in the light most
favorable to the opposing party. That is, we resolve all doubts as to the
existence of an issue of material fact against the movant. E.g., Estate of
Sommers v. Commissioner, 149 T.C. 209, 215 (2017).

       B.    Cancellation of Indebtedness

       Section 61(a) defines gross income to mean “all income from
whatever source derived.” That section goes on to list items specifically
included in gross income, including “[i]ncome from discharge of
indebtedness.” § 61(a)(12). Section 108(a)(1)(B), however, excludes from
a taxpayer’s gross income amounts otherwise includible as a result of
the discharge of indebtedness if “the discharge occurs when the taxpayer
is insolvent.” The section 108(a)(1)(B) exclusion is limited to “the
amount by which the taxpayer is insolvent.” See § 108(a)(3).

      The exclusion of cancellation of indebtedness income from a
taxpayer’s gross income under the insolvency exception is not always
permanent. As a concomitant of the exclusion, the taxpayer must apply
the excluded income to reduce specified tax attributes, such as net
operating losses and business credits, to the extent provided in sections
108(b) and 1017. The reduction of tax attributes may require the
taxpayer to recognize additional taxable income in the future. To that
extent, the insolvency exception effects merely a deferral of tax rather
than a permanent exemption.

        A debt is treated as discharged “as soon as it becomes clear, on
the basis of a practical assessment of all the facts and circumstances,
that it will never have to be repaid.” Miller v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.
2006-125, 2006 WL 1652681, at *16. Identifying the time of discharge
“is essentially a question of fact.” Carl T. Miller Tr. v. Commissioner, 76
                                     8

[*8] T.C. 191, 195 (1981). In making that determination, “State statutes
limiting the time within which a creditor may bring an action against a
debtor to recover a debt, while of evidentiary value, are not necessarily
controlling.” Id. Thus, cancellation of a debt for tax purposes may occur
either before or after the expiration of any applicable period of
limitations.

       Section 16.004(a) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
provides: “A person must bring suit on [specified] actions not later than
four years after the day the cause of actions accrues.” Actions on “debt”
are among those subject to section 16.004(a). Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code § 16.004(a)(3) (2013). Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
§ 16.065 (2013) provides:

      An acknowledgment of the justness of a claim that appears
      to be barred by limitations is not admissible in evidence to
      defeat the law of limitations if made after the time the
      claim is due unless the acknowledgment is in writing and
      is signed by the party to be charged.

       Section 3.118(a) of the Texas Business & Commerce Code
provides as a general rule that “an action to enforce the obligation of a
party to pay a note payable at a definite time must be commenced within
six years after the due date or dates stated in the note.” Chapter 3 of
Title I of the Business and Commerce Code “applies to negotiable
instruments.” Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 3.102(a). A promise or order to
pay money is not a negotiable instrument unless it is unconditional. Id.
§ 3.104(a). Texas Business and Commerce Code § 3.106(a) (2013)
provides, subject to specified exceptions, that, “for the purposes of
Section 3.104(a), a promise or order is unconditional unless it states
(i) an express condition to payment, (ii) that the promise or order is
subject to or governed by another record, or (iii) that rights or obligations
with respect to the promise or order are stated in another record.”

      C.     Investment Basis Adjustments and Excess Loss Accounts

       Section 1501 allows affiliated corporations to join together to file
a single consolidated return. The mechanics of doing so are spelled out
in regulations promulgated under section 1502.

      Although the consolidated return regulations endeavor, to the
extent possible, to treat the members of a consolidated group as a single
corporation, they often bow to the reality of the members’ separate
existence. For example, the regulations recognize the ownership by one
                                         9

[*9] member of a group of stock of another member. In fealty to the
single-entity principle, however, Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-32
requires the parent member (M) to adjust its basis in the stock of the
subsidiary member (S) to reflect the subsidiary’s income, gain, loss, and
deductions. Negative adjustments that exceed M’s basis in the S stock
create an “excess loss account” (ELA) that “is treated for all Federal
income tax purposes as basis that is a negative amount.” Treas. Reg.
§ 1.1502-19(a)(2)(ii). Consequently, an ELA will increase the gain M
recognizes upon its disposition of S stock.

        M, the parent member, must also recognize gain from an ELA
upon one of several events that cause it to be “treated as disposing of”
its S stock. Treas. Reg. § 1.1502-19(c)(1). Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(iii) lists three different events under the caption
“Worthlessness.” Subdivision (c)(1)(iii)(A), as amended in 2008, applies
when “[a]ll of S’s assets (other than its corporate charter and those
assets, if any, necessary to satisfy state law minimum capital
requirements to maintain corporate existence) are treated as disposed
of, abandoned, or destroyed for Federal income tax purposes.” If S owns
stock in a lower tier member, it is treated as having disposed of that
stock when the lower tier member disposes of its assets. Treas. Reg.
§ 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A). Subdivision (c)(1)(iii)(B) applies when “[a]n
indebtedness of S is discharged, if any part of the amount discharged is
not included in gross income and is not treated as tax-exempt income
under § 1.1502-32(b)(3)(ii)(C).” 4 Subdivision (c)(1)(iii)(C) applies when

       [a] member takes into account a deduction or loss for the
       uncollectibility of an indebtedness of S, and the deduction
       or loss is not matched in the same tax year by S’s taking
       into account a corresponding amount of income or gain
       from the indebtedness in determining consolidated taxable
       income.

As a general rule, upon an actual or constructive disposition of S stock,
its parent, M, must recognize the entire amount of any ELA in respect
of that stock. The recognition of ELAs may be limited, however, when
the deemed disposition event is the cancellation of S’s indebtedness.
Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(b)(1)(ii) provides:

        4 Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-32(b)(3)(ii)(C)(1) provides: “Excluded COD

income is treated as tax-exempt income only to the extent the discharge is applied to
reduce tax attributes attributable to any member of the group . . . .”
                                          10

[*10] [I]f M is treated as disposing of a share of S’s stock as a
      result of the application of paragraph (c)(1)(iii)(B) of this
      section, the aggregate amount of its excess loss account in
      the shares of S’s stock that M takes into account as income
      or gain from the disposition shall not exceed the amount of
      S’s indebtedness that is discharged that is neither included
      in gross income nor treated as tax-exempt income under
      § 1.1502-32(b)(3)(ii)(C)(1).

       Before amendments to Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19 adopted
in 2008, the asset disposition rule provided in subdivision (c)(1)(iii)(A)
applied when the subsidiary disposed of substantially all of its assets.
The preamble to the proposed amendments explained the change to the
asset disposition rule as follows:

               Section 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii) defines the term
        “worthless” for purposes of excess loss account recapture
        (resulting in the inclusion of the excess loss account in
        income). The definition of worthlessness in § 1.1502-
        19(c)(1)(iii) is adopted for determining the time when
        subsidiary stock with positive basis may be treated as
        worthless (and therefore deductible). See § 1.1502-80(c).[5]

               Section 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) generally provides
        that a share of subsidiary stock will be treated as worthless
        when substantially all the subsidiary’s assets are treated
        as disposed of, abandoned, or destroyed for federal tax
        purposes. This provision prevents an excess loss account
        from being included in income (and a worthless stock
        deduction from being taken) until the subsidiary’s
        activities have been taken into account by the group. As a
        result, the group’s income is clearly reflected and single
        entity treatment is promoted.

               The current regulations do not, however, define the
        term “substantially all” for purposes of § 1.1502-
        19(c)(1)(iii)(A). Particular concerns have arisen because
        the term is used in many other areas of tax law, most
        notably in the area of corporate reorganizations. Because

        5 Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-80(c)(1) provides: “Subsidiary stock is not

treated as worthless under section 165 until immediately before the earlier of the
time—(i) The stock is worthless within the meaning of § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii); or (ii) The
subsidiary for any reason ceases to be a member of the group.”
                                   11

[*11] different policies are operative in those areas, the
      thresholds appropriate in those areas are not necessarily
      appropriate for purposes of § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) and the
      consolidated return provisions that incorporate it.

             The IRS and Treasury Department believe that the
      single entity purpose of these consolidated return
      provisions is best effected by treating a subsidiary’s stock
      as worthless only once the subsidiary has recognized all
      items of income, gain, deduction, and loss attributable to
      its assets and operations. Accordingly, these proposed
      regulations clarify § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) by providing
      that stock of a subsidiary will be treated as worthless when
      the subsidiary has disposed of, abandoned, or destroyed
      (for Federal tax purposes) all its assets other than its
      corporate charter and those assets, if any, that are
      necessary to satisfy state law minimum capital
      requirements to maintain corporate existence.

REG-157711-02 (2007 Preamble), 72 Fed. Reg. 2964, 2985 (Jan. 23,
2007).

      D.     Taxpayers’ Duty of Consistency

       Under an equitable doctrine variously referred to as the duty of
consistency or quasi-estoppel, this Court and others have imposed on
taxpayers a “duty to be consistent with [their] tax treatment of items.”
LeFever v. Commissioner, 103 T.C. 525, 541 (1994), supplemented by
T.C. Memo. 1995-321, aff’d, 100 F.3d 778 (10th Cir. 1996). The doctrine
generally prevents taxpayers from benefiting from their own prior errors
or omissions. In particular, “[t]he duty of consistency doctrine prevents
a taxpayer from taking one position one year and a contrary position in
a later year after the limitations period has run on the first year.” Id.
at 541–42.

       In Herrington v. Commissioner, 854 F.2d 755, 758 (5th Cir. 1988),
aff’g Glass v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 1087 (1986), the Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit listed the elements of the duty of consistency as
“(1) a representation or report by the taxpayer; (2) on which the
Commission[er] has relied; and (3) an attempt by the taxpayer after the
statute of limitations has run to change the previous representation or
to recharacterize the situation in such a way as to harm the
Commissioner.” When those elements are present in a case, “the
                                          12

[*12] Commissioner may act as if the previous representation, on which
he relied, continued to be true, even if it is not.” Id. The taxpayer is
estopped from denying its prior representation.

      The duty of consistency does not apply when the erroneous
treatment of an item in a prior, closed year reflected a mutual mistake
of law on the part of the taxpayer and the Commissioner. See, e.g.,
Crosley Corp. v. United States, 229 F.2d 376 (6th Cir. 1956); Estate of
Posner v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2004-112, 2004 WL 1045461;
Joplin Bros. Mobile Homes, Inc. v. United States, 524 F. Supp. 800 (W.D.
Mo. 1981).

       Crosley Corp. involved a corporation’s amended return for 1941
that claimed amortization of tooling costs incurred in 1939. For 1939,
however, the taxpayer had erroneously deducted the tooling costs.
Although the Commissioner audited the taxpayer’s 1939 return and
made other adjustments, he did not challenge the taxpayer’s deduction
of the tooling costs. When the taxpayer filed its refund claim, the period
of limitation on assessments had run for 1939. In denying the taxpayer’s
refund, the Commissioner asserted that, under the duty of consistency,
the taxpayer was bound by its prior reporting of the costs as expenses in
the year incurred. In response, the court wrote:

               The factors necessary to constitute an estoppel are
        not present in this case. There was no misrepresentation
        of any fact by the taxpayer. The expenditure involved was
        actually made. The Commissioner knew that it was for
        automobile tooling.[6] The Commissioner audited the 1939
        return, making material changes. Under the facts which
        were known to the Commissioner, or were readily available
        to him, it was a question of law whether the deduction was
        properly taken in 1939 or should have been treated as a
        capital expenditure. A mutual mistake of law on the part

        6 The opinions of the district court and the appellate court in Crosley Corp. do

not identify the basis for the latter’s conclusion about the Commissioner’s knowledge.
The district court found as a fact that the taxpayer had deducted “automobile tooling
expenses” as a “cost of manufacturing.” Crosley Corp. v. United States, No. 2652, 1954
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4741, at *1 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 17, 1954). The court’s findings do not
state whether the taxpayer’s return described the amount in issue as “automobile
tooling expense” or simply included that amount in a larger sum described as “cost of
manufacturing.” Even if the Commissioner had not actually known that the amount
in issue was a tooling expense, that fact was presumably “readily available to him.”
Crosley Corp., 229 F.2d at 381.
                                    13

[*13] of the taxpayer and the Commissioner in treating it as a
      cost of manufacturing does not create an estoppel.

Crosley Corp., 229 F.2d at 381 (citations omitted).

       The taxpayer in Joplin Bros. was a corporation that had
succeeded to a partnership and continued the partnership’s business of
selling mobile homes. Under an arrangement with a local bank, the
partnership had received “courtesy payments” in connection with loans
the bank made—apparently to the partnership’s customers—to finance
the purchase of mobile homes. Joplin Bros. Mobile Homes, 524 F. Supp.
at 804. The partnership did not report the payments as income when
received (in 1967 through 1970), intending to include the payments in
income only when the contracts for the mobile homes matured. In
auditing the corporation’s 1972 return, the Commissioner included the
courtesy payments in income for that year. The corporation paid the tax
and claimed a refund, alleging that the amounts in issue had been
income of the partnership when received. The Government asserted the
duty of consistency, but the district court held that the doctrine did not
apply because the parties had made a mutual mistake of law. The court
found that the Internal Revenue Service had learned of the courtesy
payments during an audit of the partnership’s 1969 return but made no
adjustment to include them in the partners’ income. Id. at 803. The
court relied on the testimony of Ken Joplin, who handled the audit.
Mr. Joplin testified that he had explained the courtesy payments to the
examining agent. The agent testified that he could not remember
details of the audit but did not contradict Mr. Joplin’s testimony. In
addition, the notice of initial disallowance of the taxpayer’s refund claim
explained the denial on the ground that the prior audit of the
partnership had determined that the amounts in issue would be
includible in income for 1972—demonstrating that the Commissioner,
as well as the taxpayer—had been mistaken about the law. The court
also noted that the Commissioner had failed to establish that he had
been misinformed about the facts. Id.

      Estate of Posner involved an estate’s claim for refund of estate
taxes paid on property in a marital trust. The estate of the decedent’s
husband had claimed a marital deduction for the trust property on the
ground that the husband’s will gave the decedent a general power of
appointment over the property. In its initial estate tax return, the
decedent’s estate treated the property consistently with the reporting by
the husband’s estate, including the property in the decedent’s gross
estate because of a purported general power of appointment. The
                                    14

[*14] decedent’s estate then claimed that litigation in Maryland courts
had established that she had no power of appointment over the marital
trust property and that, consequently, the inclusion of that property in
her gross estate had been in error. The Commissioner argued that the
duty of consistency precluded the decedent’s estate from taking a
position contrary to that taken by her husband’s estate. We assumed,
for the purpose of our opinion, that the two estates had sufficient privity
that representations by the husband’s estate could bind the decedent’s
estate. Nonetheless, we found the duty of consistency inapplicable.
“[T]he inconsistency arose,” we wrote, “because of a mutual mistake in
deciding how Mr. Posner’s will should be construed under Maryland
law—a purely legal issue.” Estate of Posner v. Commissioner, 2004 WL
1045461, at *9. We added that the Commissioner “had reason to know
all the relevant facts.” Id. Those facts had been disclosed in the estate
tax return filed by the husband’s estate. The husband’s will, which his
estate had attached to its return, “disclosed all underlying facts
necessary” to answer the legal question of whether that will provided
the decedent with a general power of appointment over the marital trust
property. Id. at *9 n.15. Under the circumstances, we concluded, the
Commissioner could not have justifiably relied on the legal
representation, made on the estate tax return of the husband’s estate,
that his will gave his surviving spouse a general power of appointment
over the marital trust property.

II.   The Parties’ Positions

      A.     Respondent’s Second Amended Answer

       Each of the alternative deficiencies respondent asserts in his
Second Amended Answer rests on the inclusion in the income of
Edgemont Holdings and OVPI of ELAs in respect of the stock of the Loss
Subsidiaries. Respondent has not provided detailed calculations of the
ELAs he seeks to include in the shareholders’ income. The losses
reported by the Loss Subsidiaries since 1989, however, would have
required negative adjustments to the bases of their stock. See Treas.
Reg. § 1.1502-32(b)(2)(i). It is quite plausible that those negative
adjustments created ELAs, and petitioner does not dispute that they
did. The principal question in the case is whether those ELAs—
whatever their precise amounts—had to be included in the shareholders’
income for one of the years before us or, instead, for one or more prior
years.
                                          15

[*15] Because each of respondent’s theories depend on the duty of
consistency, it follows that he accepts that, if Treasury Regulation
§ 1.1502-19(c)(1) were applied to the actual facts (i.e., without binding
petitioner to representations it now denies), the ELAs respondent seeks
to include in Edgemont’s and OVPI’s income for 2012 or 2013 would
actually have been includible for 2011 or prior years. Otherwise,
respondent would not need to bind petitioner to representations it now
denies.

                1.      Primary Theory

       As noted above, in the primary theory advanced in his second
amended answer, respondent seeks to “apply[] the duty of consistency to
bind petitioner to . . . representations that May 1, 2013, was the point in
time when the Deficiency Notes were discharged.” Respondent asserts
that the deductions for accrued interest on the Deficiency Notes reported
in the returns filed by petitioner’s group through 2011 and in the
separate returns that the Loss Subsidiaries erroneously filed for 2012
and 2013 7 effectively represented to respondent that the Deficiency
Notes remained enforceable until May 1, 2013. 8

      Respondent also claims to have relied on other representations
made by the Loss Subsidiaries in their erroneously filed 2013 separate
returns. For example, respondent, apparently interpreting “W/O” to
mean “written off,” interprets the entries with that designation in the
Detail General Ledger pages included with each return as “reporting
[May 1, 2013] as the date that the statute of limitations expired and
discharged the Deficiency Notes.” In addition, respondent refers to

        7 A corporation is a member of an affiliated group if it is an “includible
corporation,” within the meaning of section 1504(b), and if one or more other members
of the group own at least 80% of the stock of the corporation, measured by both vote
and value. See § 1504(a)(1) and (2). Each of the Loss Subsidiaries is an indirect, wholly
owned subsidiary of petitioner. During a hearing held on March 17, 2021, petitioner’s
counsel acknowledged that the Loss Subsidiaries remained members of petitioner’s
group throughout 2012 and 2013.
        8 In his reply to petitioner’s Motion for Summary Judgment, respondent

concedes that any express or implied representations made on the Loss Subsidiaries’
returns for 2012 or 2013—open years that are now before the Court—“are not binding
on petitioner under the duty of consistency.” Respondent contends that, even so, the
Loss Subsidiaries’ erroneously filed separate returns “lend support to the implied
representation made in 2011 . . . that the debts were not canceled in 2011 and were
likely canceled in 2013.” Therefore, the Loss Subsidiaries’ returns for the open years
before us, in respondent’s view, “provide supporting evidence confirming petitioner’s
1992 through 2011 representations.”
                                         16

[*16] “representations” made on the Forms 982 that “suggest that CODI
[cancellation of indebtedness income] on the Deficiency Notes’
outstanding balances would be fully realized no earlier than May 1,
2013.”

       Respondent also claims to have relied on the “Summary of
Interest Adjustment and Forgiveness of Debt” schedule he received
during the examination of petitioner’s 2007 return. In particular,
respondent focuses on the statement in that schedule that “Installment[]
payments not made are considered COD income after 6 years,” which
respondent takes to be “an implied representation that CODI on the
Deficiency Notes’ outstanding balances would not be fully realized
before May 1, 2013, six years after their due date—May 1, 2007.”

       In regard to petitioner’s claim that, under Texas law, the period
of limitations on enforcement of the Deficiency Notes expired on May 1,
2011, four years after they matured, 9 respondent alleges that the Loss
Subsidiaries’ continued deduction of accrued interest “represented that
they acknowledged the claim [of the holders of the notes] and extended
the statute of limitations as allowed by Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code
§ 16.605 [sic].”

       Deferring the discharge of the Deficiency Notes until 2013,
however, would avail respondent nothing if the ELAs he seeks to include
in Edgemont Holdings and OVPI’s income for that year were triggered
into income for an earlier year under the asset disposition rule of
Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A). Respondent needs to
establish that the ELAs he wants to include in the shareholders’ income
for 2013 were not previously recaptured. As respondent acknowledges,
the balance sheets included in the 2011 return of petitioner’s group list
OVPI’s only asset as “Investments in Subsidiaries” and show each of the
other Loss Subsidiaries as having total assets of zero. Why, then, for
purposes of respondent’s primary theory, were the ELAs he wants to
include in Edgemont Holdings and OVPI’s income for 2013 not included
in income under the asset disposition rule no later than 2011?

      Respondent’s answer to that question relies on the statement in
the preamble to the 2007 proposed amendments to Treasury Regulation
§ 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) to the effect that “the single entity purpose of

        9 In three of its prior Motions for Summary Judgment, petitioner argued that

the Deficiency Notes were subject to the four-year statute of limitations provided in
section 16.004(a) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code and thus became
unenforceable on May 1, 2011, four years after their maturity date of May 1, 2007.
                                          17

[*17] these consolidated return provisions is best effected by treating a
subsidiary’s stock as worthless only once the subsidiary has recognized
all items of income, gain, deduction, and loss attributable to its assets
and operations.” 2007 Preamble, 72 Fed. Reg. at 2985. Respondent
reasons that the asset disposition rule, as amended in 2008, must be
interpreted so as to best effect the objective of treating the members of
a consolidated group as a single entity. Therefore, in respondent’s view,
a member whose stock has an ELA cannot be treated as having disposed
of all of its assets, for purposes of Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(iii)(A), until it has “recognized all items of income, gain,
deduction, and loss attributable to its assets and operations.” 2007
Preamble, 72 Fed. Reg. at 2985. If the Deficiency Notes can be treated
as having remained uncanceled until May 1, 2013, it would follow that
the Loss Subsidiaries were entitled to deduct accrued interest on those
obligations through that date. Consequently, only on May 1, 2013,
would the Loss Subsidiaries have taken into account all of the
deductions to which they were entitled.

        In short, the primary theory advanced in respondent’s Second
Amended Answer runs as follows: First, the duty of consistency
prevents petitioner from denying representations that, if accepted as
true, would mean that the Deficiency Notes were not canceled, for
federal income tax purposes, until May 1, 2013. Second, the Loss
Subsidiaries must therefore be treated as having been entitled to deduct
accrued interest through May 1, 2013. Third, not until May 1, 2013, can
the Loss Subsidiaries be treated as having recognized all deductions
attributable to their assets and operations.          Fourth, the Loss
Subsidiaries thus cannot be treated as having disposed of all of their
assets before May 1, 2013. And fifth, the members of petitioner’s group
that owned the stock of the Loss Subsidiaries (OVPI and Edgemont
Holdings) must be treated under Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(iii)(A) as having disposed of that stock during 2013, requiring
them to include in their income for that year any ELAs in respect of that
stock. 10

        10 If the Deficiency Notes can be treated as having been canceled, and the Loss

Subsidiaries treated as having disposed of all of their assets, only in 2013, then both
the asset disposition trigger for the recognition of ELAs provided in Treasury
Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) and the cancellation of indebtedness trigger
provided in Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(B) would have applied for 2013.
The amount of ELAs that a shareholder must include in income as a result of the
cancellation of indebtedness trigger, however, is limited by Treasury Regulation
                                         18

[*18]          2.      Alternative Theory

      As noted above, the 2012 deficiency that respondent asserts as an
alternative position rests on the application of the duty of consistency
“to bind petitioner to its representations that the Seven Loss
Subsidiaries were not worthless at any time on or before December 31,
2011.” In particular, respondent contends that, “from 2006 through
2011, petitioner represented that no share of subsidiary stock became
worthless by failing to recapture any ELAs related to the Seven Loss
Subsidiaries.”

       “Worthlessness” is not an operative term in Treasury Regulation
§ 1.1502-19(c)(1). It appears as the caption of subdivision (c)(1)(iii),
which lists three separate events whose occurrence can trigger
recognition of an ELA. Consequently, it was not clear which of the three
rules provided in Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii) respondent
had in mind when he referred in his second amended answer to alleged
representations about when the Loss Subsidiaries became worthless. In
his reply to petitioner’s Motion for Summary Judgment, however,
respondent acknowledged that he “does not dispute the balance sheets
included with petitioner’s returns” but “maintains that the balance
sheets are not determinative of when worthlessness occurs.” We take
that statement as confirmation that respondent’s alternative theory
rests on the asset disposition rule provided in Treasury Regulation
§ 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A).

        B.     Petitioner’s Motion

       In support of its Motion for Summary Judgment, petitioner
argues: “Because of [sic] a mistake of law does not trigger the duty of
consistency, especially where the relevant facts were equally available
to both parties, the duty of consistency is not applicable to this case.”
Petitioner is not explicit, however, in identifying the mistakes of law it
views the parties as having made. It asserts that “[w]hether an
instrument is a negotiable instrument is a question of law.” But the
Deficiency Notes’ classification as negotiable instruments would only
determine the period of limitation under Texas law on their
enforcement. And petitioner recognizes that “[t]he running of the

§ 1.1502-19(b)(1)(ii). Because respondent does not address that limitation, we assume
that he relies on the application of Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) to
support the adjustment underlying the deficiency he asserts for 2013.
                                   19

[*19] statute of limitations applicable to a debt is not necessarily
controlling as to when a debt is canceled [for tax purposes].”

       Petitioner also challenges respondent’s reliance on the preamble
to the 2007 proposed amendments to Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(iii)(A). It contends that the preamble “is not part of the
regulation and does not have the force and effect of law.” Petitioner
acknowledges that the preamble to a regulation may be consulted to
resolve ambiguities in the regulation’s text. But Treasury Regulation
§ 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A), in petitioner’s view, “is not ambiguous.”
Therefore, petitioner concludes, “reference to the preamble to ‘explain’
or add additional requirements is both unnecessary and inappropriate.”

      Petitioner addresses in only cursory fashion respondent’s
alternative theory. According to petitioner:

      [B]oth parties ignored the legal implications of the “no
      assets” test contained in the -19 Regulations which
      required recognition of all accumulated ELA at the point in
      time when the Seven Loss Subsidiaries had no assets
      (within the meaning of the -19 Regulations), that is, on
      December 31, 2011. This was also a mutual mistake of law.

      C.     Respondent’s Reply to Petitioner’s Motion

       Respondent urges us to deny petitioner’s Motion because “both
worthlessness and cancellation of indebtedness—which revolve around
questions of fact, not law—matters of fact are in dispute.” Respondent
elaborates that “the factual dispute, in part, involves what petitioner
represented to respondent about when it should recognize cancellation
of indebtedness income.”

      Respondent acknowledges that “whether the Deficiency Notes are
negotiable instruments may be a legal question under Texas law.”
Quoting our opinion in Carl T. Miller Trust, 76 T.C. at 195, however,
respondent reminds us that “[d]etermination of the point in time at
which a debtor’s obligation has been canceled, giving rise to income, is
essentially a question of fact.”

       Regarding his interpretation of Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(iii)(A), respondent implicitly acknowledges that none of the Loss
Subsidiaries engaged in operations during 2012 or 2013. He reasons,
however, that the deductions for accrued interest that would be allowed
to the Loss Subsidiaries through May 1, 2013, if the Deficiency Notes
                                    20

[*20] were treated as having remained enforceable until that date,
would nonetheless be attributable to their operations because they
incurred the debt represented by those notes when they still conducted
operations.

       As respondent points out, the inclusion in a parent’s income of
negative basis in the stock of a subsidiary (in the form of an ELA) can
be viewed as analogous to the allowance of a deduction of any positive
basis (in the form of a worthless stock deduction). Consequently,
whether the parent’s basis in the subsidiary stock is positive or negative,
that basis is taken into account, as either income or deduction, upon one
of the three “worthlessness” events specified in Treasury Regulation
§ 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii). Under the revision of subdivision (c)(1)(iii)(A)
proposed in 2007 and adopted in 2008, respondent observes, “subsidiary
stock is not treated as worthless until all items associated with the
subsidiary’s assets and operations have been accounted for.” “In other
words,” respondent posits, “the group will not true up its basis in
subsidiary stock (by recognizing either a worthless stock deduction or
including ELA in income) until all the subsidiary’s activities that can
give rise to further basis adjustments have been fully accounted for.”
That approach, in respondent’s estimation, would “promote single entity
treatment” and, consequently, “clearly reflect[] the group’s income.”

       As noted above, while respondent accepts the accuracy of the
balance sheets included with petitioner’s returns, he “maintains that the
balance sheets are not determinative of when worthlessness occurs.”
“The important piece for [his] duty of consistency argument,” he
explains, “is that petitioner never represented to [him] that any of its
subsidiary’s [sic] stock became worthless on or before December 31,
2011.”

III.   Analysis

       A.    Respondent’s Primary Theory

       The primary theory respondent advances in his Second Amended
Answer, in support of the deficiency he asserts for 2013, is flawed in two
respects. Each of those flaws gives us sufficient reason to grant
petitioner’s Motion for Summary Judgment in regard to its 2013 taxable
year. First, even if we were to accept that, by application of the duty of
consistency, the Deficiency Notes should be treated as having been
canceled only in May 2013, it would not follow that the asset disposition
rule provided in Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) did not
                                         21

[*21] apply until 2013. And second, contrary to respondent’s argument,
we conclude that the failure to treat the Deficiency Notes as having been
canceled before 2012 reflected a mutual mistake of law on the part of
petitioner and respondent.

               1.      Interpretation of Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-
                       19(c)(1)(iii)(A)

       Respondent’s primary position starts with the proposition that
the duty of consistency binds petitioner to representations that, if
accepted as true, would mean that the Deficiency Notes were not
canceled, for federal income tax purposes, until May 1, 2013—six years
after their maturity date. If the Deficiency Notes were not canceled until
May 1, 2013, the Loss Subsidiaries would have been entitled to deduct
interest on the Deficiency Notes that accrued through that date. On the
premise that the Loss Subsidiaries issued the Deficiency Notes before
they ceased their operations, respondent reasons that the hypothetical
deductions for accrued interest through May 1, 2013, would have been
“attributable to” the Loss Subsidiaries’ operations. Because the Loss
Subsidiaries thus would not have recognized all of their items of
deduction attributable to their operations until May 1, 2013, respondent
contends, they cannot be treated, for the purpose of Treasury Regulation
§ 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A), as having disposed of all of their assets before
that date.

       Because we reject respondent’s argument that the hypothetical
deduction of accrued interest through May 1, 2013, would have
prevented the application of Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(iii)(A) until 2013, we cannot uphold the deficiency respondent
asserts for 2013. It is undisputed that none of the Loss Subsidiaries
owned any assets at the end of 2012. Therefore, if the prospect of
continued deduction of accrued interest on the Deficiency Notes after
2012 did not delay the application of the asset disposition rule provided
in Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A), then the ELAs that
respondent seeks to include in the income of the Loss Subsidiaries’
shareholders for 2013 would instead have been recognized no later than
2012. 11

       11 If any ELAs in respect of the Loss Subsidiaries’ stock that arose before

December 31, 2012, had been recognized no later than that date, the deduction of
accrued interest for the period from January 1 to May 1, 2013, would have created new
ELAs. But the recognition of those ELAs in 2013 would not produce a deficiency. The
                                       22

[*22] As the 2007 Preamble demonstrates, the asset disposition rule
provided in Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) had as its
stated purpose—both before and after amendment—preventing the
recognition of ELAs “until the subsidiary’s activities have been taken
into account by the group.” 2007 Preamble, 72 Fed. Reg. at 2985.
According to the drafters of the amendment, recognizing ELAs under
the asset disposition rule only when the subsidiary’s activities have been
taken into account “promote[s]” single entity treatment, and thus the
clear recognition of the group’s income. Id.

      The consolidated return regulations, however, do not—indeed,
cannot—treat group members in all respects as a single entity. How
much to depart from pure single entity treatment is a matter of
judgment. Therefore, it cannot be said that any move in the direction of
single entity treatment necessarily results in a clearer reflection of
income.

      As noted above, recognizing one group member’s ownership of
stock of a subsidiary departs from single entity treatment. If the
members of the group were treated as a single entity, a parent’s
ownership of stock of a subsidiary would be disregarded. The parent
would have no basis—positive or negative—in the subsidiary’s stock.

        Requiring the recognition of negative basis, in the form of an ELA,
upon the subsidiary’s disposition of a specified quantum of its assets
effects a further departure from single entity treatment. If the parent
and subsidiary were a single corporation, that corporation’s disposition
of all of the assets of an unprofitable business funded with borrowings
that remain outstanding would not provide an occasion to call the single
corporation to account for the tax benefit it received from deductions
paid for with the lender’s money. Instead, that “true up” would occur
only when the debt came due, at which time the prior deductions would
either be paid for by repayment of the debt or offset by cancellation of
indebtedness income.

       In short, the mere existence of the asset disposition rule provided
in Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) departs from the single
entity paradigm. For that reason, however, heightening the threshold
for the rule’s application (that is, increasing the quantum of assets that
must be disposed of to trigger the rule) would move toward single entity

income from the recognition of the newly created ELAs would simply have offset the
interest deductions.
                                     23

[*23] treatment. Requiring the recognition of ELAs under the asset
disposition rule only when the group has taken into account all of the
subsidiary’s activities would, at least by the single entity metric, be
preferable to triggering ELAs when the subsidiary remained active (and
might earn sufficient income to eliminate the ELA in its stock).

       As the drafters of the current version of the asset disposition rule
recognized, the old “substantially all” rule did not effectively identify
when a subsidiary’s activities had been taken into account by the group.
The prior rule did not define “substantially all.” Under some definitions
of that term, a subsidiary could have disposed of substantially all of its
assets and been left with more than enough assets to continue
meaningful (and potentially profitable) operations.

       The 2008 amendment to Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(iii)(A) thus increased the required quantum of assets whose
disposition would trigger the application of the rule and the consequent
recognition of ELAs. Therefore, the revised rule more accurately
identifies the time at which a group has taken into account all the
activities of a subsidiary member whose stock had an ELA.

       The 2007 preamble reflects the drafters’ assumption that, once a
subsidiary has disposed of all of its assets other than those necessary to
maintain corporate existence, it will have recognized “all items of
income, gain, deduction, and loss attributable to its assets and
operations.” 2007 Preamble, 72 Fed. Reg. at 2985. That assumption
would be almost universally valid. A subsidiary generally could not
engage in meaningful operations when its only remaining assets are a
corporate charter and whatever minimal capital is required to meet
state law requirements. Even if, beyond that point, the subsidiary
recognizes some items of income, gain, deduction, or loss (such as income
earned from the investment of its minimum capital), those items would
seldom, if ever, be attributable to the subsidiary’s operations.

       Respondent’s argument poses the question of how Treasury
Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) should be applied in a circumstance
in which the assumption of the drafters of the 2008 amendment proves
to be invalid. What if, after a subsidiary disposes of all of its assets other
than the minimum necessary to maintain corporate existence, it
recognizes one or more items of income, gain, deduction, or loss that can
be viewed as, in some sense, attributable to its assets and operations?
                                  24

[*24] The present case does not require us to answer that question
because we are not convinced that it presents that circumstance—that
is, we are not convinced that the deductions for accrued interest on the
Deficiency Notes that would have been allowed through May 1, 2013,
had the Deficiency Notes not been canceled until that date would have
been “attributable to” both the Loss Subsidiaries’ assets and their
operations. Respondent suggests that those hypothetical deductions
should be viewed as attributable to the operations he alleges the Loss
Subsidiaries to have been conducting when they issued the Deficiency
Notes. But respondent does not explain how those hypothetical
deductions would be attributable to assets the Loss Subsidiaries no
longer owned. Moreover, respondent’s “relation back” analysis would
raise subjective questions of the type that the drafters of the 2008
amendments apparently sought to avoid with the adoption of a bright-
line rule.

       Therefore, even if we were to accept the premise that, under the
duty of consistency, petitioner is bound by representations that, if
accepted as true, would mean that the Deficiency Notes were not
canceled until May 1, 2013, we would nonetheless conclude that the
asset disposition rule provided in Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(iii)(A) applied no later than 2012. We thus cannot uphold the
2013 deficiency asserted in respondent’s Second Amended Answer.

             2.    Duty of Consistency

       We begin our consideration of respondent’s assertion that
petitioner is bound to “representations that May 1, 2013, was the point
in time when the Deficiency Notes were discharged” by addressing the
admissibility of the schedule captioned “Summary of Interest
Adjustment and Forgiveness of Debt.” Although the parties submitted
that document on December 19, 2019, as Exhibit 73–J to the Stipulation
of Facts they filed on November 25, 2019, the Stipulation makes no
mention of the Exhibit. On December 10, 2019, petitioner submitted a
Motion in Limine and an accompanying Memorandum asking that we
exclude from evidence specified documents that respondent sought to
introduce. Petitioner’s Motion in Limine, having been filed before the
submission of Exhibit 73–J, does not address that Exhibit. In its
response to respondent’s Second Amended Answer, which refers to
                                   25

[*25] Exhibit 73–J, petitioner purported to object to Exhibit 73–J “for
the reasons stated in [its] Motion in Limine.”

       Whatever the merits of the arguments petitioner advanced in
regard to the documents covered by its Motion in Limine, those
arguments do not give us reason to disregard Exhibit 73–J in disposing
of petitioner’s Motion for Summary Judgment. In the Memorandum it
submitted in support of its Motion in Limine, petitioner included the
following “Summary of Argument”:

      The [disputed] Documents contain multiple references to a
      supposed “agreement” between respondent and counsel for
      the petitioner’s counsel [sic] that was entered into in the
      process of settling a previous case for petitioner, involving
      earlier years but issues that are the same or very similar
      to the issues at bar in the instant case. References in
      respondent’s Documents to an “agreement” and its
      contents are a classic example of objectionable hearsay, i.e.,
      a statement made out of court, (i.e., the “agreement”)
      offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matters
      asserted therein. Written references in the Documents to
      the “agreement” or its contents also violate [Federal] Rule
      [of Evidence] 408’s prohibition against admissibility of
      “conduct or a statement made during compromise
      negotiations”. Curing the hearsay problems by offering
      oral testimony from the persons involved in the supposed
      “agreement” is not possible because any oral testimony
      regarding the agreement would likewise run afoul of Rule
      408(a)(2), F. R. Ev.

       Exhibit 73–J makes no reference to any agreement between the
Commissioner and petitioner. Again, in respondent’s description, the
Exhibit is a schedule provided to the Commissioner in response to an
information document request during an examination of the 2007 return
of petitioner’s group. Petitioner does not challenge respondent’s
description. We would not expect the parties, during the information-
gathering stage of an examination, to be negotiating the possible
settlement of issues. Therefore, the absence of any reference to a
settlement agreement in Exhibit 73–J is not surprising. Moreover,
respondent, as we understand him, does not seek to rely on Exhibit 73–J
to establish the truth of the proposition that the Loss Subsidiaries’
obligations to make specified payments under the terms of the
Deficiency Notes were canceled, for federal tax purposes, precisely six
                                          26

[*26] years after each payment’s due date. Both parties now accept that
that proposition is incorrect. Respondent relies on Exhibit 73–J only to
establish that petitioner represented that the payments due would be
canceled in six years. The relevant point is not that what petitioner said
was true but simply that petitioner said it. That is not hearsay. See
Fed. R. Evid. 801(c) (defining “hearsay” as an out-of-court statement
offered “to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement”).

      We will therefore consider Exhibit 73–J in evaluating
respondent’s primary duty of consistency argument. As explained
below, we find that the exhibit whose admissibility petitioner challenges
actually supports its claim that its inconsistent positions reflect a
mutual mistake of law between it and respondent.

       To review, in his primary theory, respondent seeks to bind
petitioner to representations that the Deficiency Notes would be
canceled on May 1, 2013. In its Motion for Summary Judgment,
petitioner relies on the proposition that its erroneous treatment of the
Deficiency Notes reflected a mutual mistake of law but does not
precisely identify the nature of that mistake. And respondent counters
that the question of when debt is canceled for tax purposes is essentially
one of fact.

       Respondent’s own argument demonstrates that he, like
petitioner, had been operating under a mistaken view of the law.
Respondent purports to have relied on representations by petitioner
that obligations on the Deficiency Notes would be canceled for tax
purposes on specified future dates. He gives as an example of such a
representation the statement in Exhibit 73–J that “Installment[]
payments [on the Deficiency Notes] not made are considered COD
income after 6 years.” As respondent now recognizes, however, under
the applicable test, a debt is treated as discharged for tax purposes when
circumstances demonstrate the practical reality that the debt will not
be repaid. See Miller v. Commissioner, 2006 WL 1652681, at *16. The
arrival of that point cannot be predicted years in advance. 12 The

         12 Nothing on Exhibit 73–J indicates when the document was created. But, as

noted in the text, the document states (and applies) a rule that payments required
under the Deficiency Notes would, if unpaid, be treated as canceled for tax purposes
six years after their due date. Applying that rule, a table showing potential forgiveness
of debt income through 2013 could have been created upon the issuance of the debt. At
any time—potentially years or even decades in advance—one could have predicted the
cancellation of each unpaid amount by knowing only its due date. And the due date of
each payment was set when the Deficiency Notes were issued.
                                          27

[*27] representations on which respondent acknowledges reliance are
premised on the erroneous view that a state statute limiting the period
during which a debt can be enforced determines when the debt is treated
as canceled for tax purposes.          Petitioner, in making those
representations, betrayed a legal mistake.        And respondent, in
acknowledging his reliance on those representations, admits that he
shared petitioner’s erroneous view of the law. If respondent had
understood the relevant law when petitioner made the representations
to which respondent now seeks to bind petitioner, he would not have
relied on them.

       Respondent has not identified any fact relevant to the
cancellation of the Deficiency Notes that he neither knew nor had reason
to know when petitioner’s 2011 taxable year remained open.
Respondent alludes to the prospect that “the Seven Loss Subsidiaries
[might have] acknowledged the debt in 2011, rendering the debt valid.”
But respondent’s failure to have required petitioner’s group to take into
account for 2011 the full cancellation of the Deficiency Notes cannot be
attributed to a supposition that the Loss Subsidiaries acknowledged
their debt by signed writings executed in 2011. Respondent professes to
have relied on petitioner’s representations that each payment due under
the Deficiency Notes would not be canceled until six years after its due
date. Respondent’s professed reliance indicates that, while 2011
remained open, he was of the view that (1) enforcement of the notes
under Texas law was subject to a six-year statute of limitation and,
moreover, (2) that state statute governed when the notes would be
canceled for federal income tax purposes. Under that view, a signed
written acknowledgement of the Deficiency Notes executed between
May 2 and December 31, 2011, would have waived the statute of
limitations only for the payment that became due on May 1, 2005. 13

      Respondent contends that the facts of the present case “are
similar to” those in Hollen v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2000-99, 2000
WL 303128, aff’d, 25 F. App’x 484 (8th Cir. 2002). Hollen involved a sale
of ranch property in October 1988 by a partnership of which the
taxpayer-husband was a partner. In computing its gain from the sale,

         13 Respondent suggests that “[p]etitioner’s failure to report the CODI in 2011

may be an implied statement of the facts relating to a written acknowledgment to
extend the statute, which, under the duty of consistency, petitioner cannot now
repudiate.” But respondent cannot simultaneously bind petitioner to representations
that (1) the Deficiency Notes would not be canceled until six years after their maturity
date of May 1, 2007, and (2) the Loss Subsidiaries executed written acknowledgements
to waive the Texas statute of limitations when it expired in 2011.
                                   28

[*28] the partnership reduced its basis in the property by the
depreciation it had previously claimed and allocated one-third of the
resulting gain to the husband. The taxpayers did not report the
husband’s share of the partnership gain on their 1988 individual tax
return. Instead, that return reported that, in August 1988, the husband
had sold his interest in the partnership to his professional corporation.
The professional corporation, however, did not report on its 1988
corporate tax return any share of the partnership’s gain from the sale of
the ranch property. The Commissioner disregarded the purported
transfer of the husband’s partnership interest and alleged that the
taxpayers were required to include in their income the husband’s share
of the partnership’s gain.

       Among other things, the taxpayers argued that they and four
other individuals had actually owned the ranch property in prior years.
They claimed that their bases in the property were not reduced by
depreciation erroneously claimed by the partnership.

       In response to the taxpayers’ argument, the Commissioner
invoked the duty of consistency, which, he contended, bound the
partnership and the taxpayers “to their original reporting position—
that the ranch was partnership property.” Id. at *3. We agreed.

       The taxpayers apparently contended that the case required us to
resolve the state law question of the property’s ownership. We rejected
that argument. “Determining whether the ranch was owned by the
partners as individuals or by the partnership,” we wrote, “is simply not
necessary to our decision regarding the duty of consistency.” Id. at *5.
We continued: “[O]nce we determine that the duty of consistency
applies, we no longer care who actually owned the ranch since, for
Federal income tax purposes, the duty of consistency requires
petitioners to be bound by their prior representations regarding the
ranch’s ownership.” Id. We thus declined to “decide who actually owned
the ranch or whether State law applies in deciding that issue.” Id.

      Respondent reads Hollen to say that the representations about
the ownership of the ranch property were factual rather than legal. He
reasons that, in Hollen, we “effectively refus[ed] to look through the
factual representation to find a legal representation.” “[B]ecause the
taxpayers had made a factual representation,” respondent explains, “the
taxpayers were bound to that representation—even if it was based on
an erroneous application of state law.” Respondent sees the present
                                          29

[*29] case as similar to Hollen in that petitioner here “made factual
representations about when it would recognize the CODI.”

      Petitioner’s representations “about when it would recognize”
cancellation of indebtedness income were not “factual.” Petitioner was
in no position to predict years in advance when the Deficiency Notes
would be canceled for federal income tax purposes. Such a prediction
would require foreknowledge of future facts. Petitioner’s statements
that the Loss Subsidiaries’ obligations to make specified payments
would be canceled six years after their due date reflected a
misunderstanding of the legal test for when indebtedness is canceled for
tax purposes. And respondent’s reliance on those representations
demonstrates that he shared petitioner’s mistaken view of the
applicable tax law standard. 14

        Respondent lists Orange Securities Corp. v. Commissioner, 131
F.2d 662 (5th Cir. 1942), aff’g 45 B.T.A. 24 (1941), as another case that
“involve[d] a similar fact pattern.” We disagree. The erroneous
reporting at issue in Orange Securities did not reflect a mutual mistake
in law. That reporting (more precisely, a failure to report) concerned a
sale of real property in 1926 by an individual named Giles. In exchange
for the property, Mr. Giles received notes with a face amount of $98,700.
Mr. Giles’s basis in the property was determined by its $5,720 value on
March 1, 1913. Mr. Giles reported no gain on his 1926 return. According
to the findings of our processor, the Board of Tax Appeals: “During the
year 1927 an internal revenue agent, through an examination of real
estate records, became familiar with the conveyance of the . . . property
. . . but did not alter the income of Giles or make formal report of his
discovery.” Orange Sec., 45 B.T.A. at 25. In 1930, in a tax-free

       14 Moreover, although we gave significant attention to respondent’s duty of
consistency argument in Hollen, acceptance of that argument may have been
unnecessary to the result in that case. The taxpayer-husband in Hollen
       assume[d] that if he [could] convince us that the ranch was not
       partnership property, he [could] calculate the gain from the sale of the
       ranch in 1988 using his cost basis unreduced by depreciation because,
       in his capacity as the owner of the ranch, he never claimed depreciation
       on the ranch.
Hollen v. Commissioner, 2000 WL 303128, at *3 n.7. As we explained, however, “[s]ec.
1016(a)(2) requires that a taxpayer’s basis in property must be reduced by depreciation
allowed or allowable.” Id. “Even if [the husband had] not claim[ed] depreciation with
respect to the ranch,” we concluded, his basis in the ranch would still have been
“reduced by the depreciation allowable under sec. 167 if the requirements of sec. 167
[were] met.” Id.
                                    30

[*30] incorporation, Mr. Giles transferred to the taxpayer corporation
the notes he had received in exchange for the real property four years
earlier. In 1936, the taxpayer received $80,000 in settlement of the
liability the notes represented. The taxpayer claimed that it had a tax
basis in the notes of $98,700 because their fair market value when Mr.
Giles received them had equaled their face amount. The Commissioner
contended that the taxpayer’s basis in the notes was only $5,720. The
Board applied the duty of consistency to hold for the Commissioner:

              The petitioner’s transferor, Giles, in 1926, by his
       failure to report gain on the sale of the land, in effect
       declared that the notes had no fair market value at that
       time. This was a determination of fact which he was in a
       position to make accurately. Responsibility for the error, if
       indeed there was error, may not be shifted to the
       Commissioner by a showing that an agent became casually
       aware of the sale and accepted Giles’ treatment of the notes
       as having no fair market value.

Id. at 28.

       The taxpayer argued that the duty of consistency did not apply
because Mr. Giles’s failure to report gain in 1926 reflected a mistake of
law—in particular, his erroneous view that the transaction had been
eligible for installment sale treatment. In the Board’s evaluation,
however, the weight of the evidence showed “that Giles considered the
notes as having no fair market value in 1926 and for that reason failed
to report the transaction.” Id. at 29.

      Although the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the
Board’s holding, it viewed as an open but irrelevant question whether
Mr. Giles’s mistake was one of fact or law. The appellate court
understood the Board to have made “no precise finding,” although it
acknowledged that the Board had, in the Fifth Circuit’s view, “assumed”
that Mr. Giles “thought the notes had no value.” Orange Sec. Corp. v.
Commissioner, 131 F.2d at 663. By contrast, the appellate court wrote:

       We do not think it matters what influenced [Mr. Giles] to
       return no gain in 1926. The important fact is that he
       intentionally elected not to do it and the revenue agent who
       learned the facts in 1927 must have acquiesced. We do not
       think it would matter whether there was a mistake of law
       or fact, or both.
                                     31

[*31] Id.

       Respondent views Orange Securities as having involved “a factual
or mixed question about basis and potentially underlying legal
questions.” He claims that “[t]he Fifth Circuit, in effect, did not look into
underlying legal questions that could affect a factual representation and
instead required that the taxpayer be bound to its representation about
cost basis in a closed year.”

       We acknowledge that the Fifth Circuit in Orange Securities, id.,
appeared equally willing to apply the duty of consistency whether the
error in prior reporting had involved “a mistake of law or fact, or both.”
But we do not accept the Fifth Circuit’s opinion in that case as authority
for the proposition that the duty of consistency can apply to cases, such
as the one before us, that involve mutual mistakes of law. To the extent
that the court suggested that it would have applied the duty of
consistency even if—contrary to the Board’s evaluation of the evidence
before it—the case had involved a mutual mistake of law, that
suggestion is not only dicta but is contrary to the subsequent precedents
in this Court and the Fifth Circuit that recognize an exception to the
duty of consistency for cases involving mutual mistakes of law. See, e.g.,
Herrington v. Commissioner, 854 F.2d at 758; Estate of Posner v.
Commissioner, 2004 WL 1045461, at *8.

     In our view, cases such as Estate of Posner and Joplin Brothers
are more on point than Hollen or Orange Securities. Respondent
acknowledges Estate of Posner but attempts to distinguish it as follows:

      In Estate of Posner . . . the Court did not apply the duty of
      consistency because the taxpayer and IRS had made a
      mutual mistake of law when deciding how to construe a
      will under Maryland law. . . . In Estate of Posner the
      taxpayer did not misrepresent the property or type of
      property that the will transferred. . . . In contrast here,
      petitioner mispresented when the Seven Loss Subsidiaries
      were worthless and when petitioner fully recognized CODI.
      Both are questions that this Court and the Fifth Circuit
      have found to be ones of fact—not law.

       We agree, of course, that the question of when a debt is discharged
for tax purposes is essentially a factual question. Carl T. Miller Tr., 76
T.C. at 195. Failing to recognize that the essentially factual test
described in Carl T. Miller Trust is the governing test, however, betrays
                                    32

[*32] a mistake of law—one shared by the parties before us. Petitioner’s
representations demonstrate its legal error. And respondent’s admitted
reliance on those representations shows that it joined petitioner in that
legal error.

       Respondent observes that, “[i]n Joplin Brothers, the taxpayer
fully disclosed courtesy payment amounts to a revenue agent when the
taxpayer received those amounts.” By contrast, in the present case,
petitioner did not disclose, “while 2011 remained open . . . that it
received the purported 2011 economic benefit, namely that the full
amount of its debt had been canceled in 2011.” Petitioner acknowledges
that it failed to report for 2011 the cancellation of remaining payments
due under the Deficiency Notes because of an erroneous view of the
relevant tax law. And, again, respondent’s professed reliance on
petitioner’s representations shows that he shared that erroneous legal
view.

       For the reasons explained above, we conclude that the duty of
consistency does not bind petitioner to representations concerning when
the Deficiency Notes were canceled for federal income tax purposes.
Respondent’s argument for the existence of a deficiency for 2013 rests
on the proposition that petitioner is so bound. Because we reject that
argument, it follows that no deficiency exists in the federal income tax
of petitioner’s group for the taxable year ended December 31, 2013.

      B.     Respondent’s Alternative Theory

       While we accept that petitioner’s erroneous reporting in regard to
the cancellation of the Deficiency Notes reflected a mistake of law made
by petitioner and respondent alike, petitioner has not demonstrated that
the same is true in regard to its failure to apply the asset disposition
rule of Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) for 2011 or earlier
years. As noted supra Part II.B, petitioner simply asserts that “both
parties ignored” the applicable regulation. An error in prior reporting
does not, by itself, establish a mistake of law on the taxpayer’s part, nor
does the Commissioner’s failure to correct that error demonstrate that
the Commissioner shared any erroneous view of the law the taxpayer
may have held.

      In both Crosley Corp. and Joplin Brothers, the examinations that
considered and left unchanged the taxpayers’ erroneous reporting
indicated that the Commissioner joined in the taxpayer’s mistake of law.
In Estate of Posner v. Commissioner, 2004 WL 1045461, at *9, we
                                    33

[*33] reasoned that, regardless of whether the Commissioner actually
knew all of the relevant facts concerning the decedent’s power over the
marital trust property, he “had reason to know” those facts because the
estate tax return filed by the estate of the decedent’s husband had
attached a copy of his will.

       Petitioner might have argued that the balance sheets for the Loss
Subsidiaries included with its returns for 2011 and prior years disclosed
to respondent all relevant facts regarding the application of Treasury
Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A). Respondent argues that “the
balance sheets are not determinative of when worthlessness occurs.”
Respondent’s argument presumably reflects his view that a subsidiary
cannot be treated as having disposed of all of its assets, for purposes of
Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A), until it has “recognized all
items of income, gain, deduction, and loss attributable to its assets and
operations.” 2007 Preamble, 72 Fed. Reg. at 2985. But respondent may
also be alluding to the prospect that a corporation may hold assets not
required to be shown on its balance sheet. We view as unlikely, and
even implausible, that each Loss Subsidiary held sufficient assets not
required to be shown on its balance sheet to avoid the application of
Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) before January 1, 2012.
Nonetheless, that prospect is at least theoretically possible.

       However we might have resolved the debate suggested above, it
has not been joined. Did petitioner’s returns for 2011 and prior years
give respondent reason to know all of the relevant facts concerning the
application of Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A)? Was
respondent entitled to rely on an implied representation, however
implausible, that each Loss Subsidiary held through the end of 2011,
sufficient assets not required to be shown on its balance sheet to avoid
the application of the asset disposition rule? Petitioner has not
acknowledged those questions, much less addressed them adequately.
Petitioner’s bare assertion that “both parties ignored the legal
implications of” Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) is
insufficient to demonstrate its entitlement to judgment as a matter of
law that no deficiency exists for its taxable year ended December 31,
2012.

IV.   Conclusion

       We will thus grant petitioner’s Motion for Summary Judgment in
part and deny it in part. In particular, we will grant so much of
petitioner’s Motion as requests rulings that (1) the duty of consistency
                                    34

[*34] does not bind petitioner to representations that, if accepted as
true, would mean that the Deficiency Notes were canceled after
December 31, 2011, and (2) no deficiency exists in the federal income tax
of petitioner’s group for the taxable year ended December 31, 2013.
Further proceedings will be necessary to determine the existence of a
deficiency for the taxable year ended December 31, 2012. We note,
however, that, for respondent to prevail on his alternative theory, he will
need to establish that any ELAs he seeks to include in the income of
Edgemont Holdings and OVPI for 2012 were not required to have been
included in income for 2011 or earlier years by reason of the cancellation
of the Deficiency Notes.

      An appropriate order will be issued.