Court Opinion

ID: 2674607
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-16 07:02:28.526603+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:36:33.314291
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court

                         People v. Kronenberger, 2014 IL App (1st) 110231

Appellate Court              THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                      CHRISTOPHER KRONENBERGER, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.               First District, First Division
                             Docket No. 1-11-0231

Filed                        March 10, 2014
Rehearing denied             April 14, 2014

Held                         Defendant’s conviction for first-degree murder was upheld over his
(Note: This syllabus         contention that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress
constitutes no part of the   his incriminating statements to the police, including a videotaped
opinion of the court but     confession, since the use of the videotaped confession was a harmless
has been prepared by the     duplication of the oral statement he made to the police, regardless of
Reporter of Decisions        whether it was involuntary or a violation of his Miranda rights, and
for the convenience of       other evidence, such as telephone records and the testimony of other
the reader.)                 witnesses, corroborated the body of evidence that overwhelmingly
                             established defendant’s guilt.

Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 07-CR-2266; the
Review                       Hon. Jorge L. Alonso, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                     Affirmed.
     Counsel on               Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, and Todd T. McHenry, all of
     Appeal                   State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                              Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
                              Michelle Katz, and Annette Collins, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
                              counsel), for the People.

     Panel                    JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM delivered the judgment of the court, with
                              opinion.
                              Presiding Justice Connors and Justice Hoffman concurred in the
                              judgment and opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1         Following a jury trial in the circuit court of Cook County, defendant Christopher
       Kronenberger was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to 60 years of
       imprisonment. On appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court committed reversible error
       by denying his motion to suppress his incriminating statements to the police. For the following
       reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶2                                           BACKGROUND
¶3         On October 12, 2005, Chicago police officers began investigating the death of Alexander
       Duran (Duran), whose body was found in the driver’s seat of a burned vehicle in Marquette
       Park in Chicago. Duran’s body was burned beyond recognition and the medical examiner was
       unable to determine the cause of death. During their investigation, the police obtained Duran’s
       cellular telephone records, which revealed that Duran had received and made several calls
       before his death to a telephone number that was traced to the defendant. In January 2006, the
       police questioned the defendant regarding the telephone calls to Duran. The defendant invoked
       his right to an attorney and was later released.
¶4         In February 2006, police officers arrested Edward Kozeluh (Edward) on a drug charge
       unrelated to the instant case, and he volunteered to provide the police with information
       concerning Duran’s murder. Edward informed the police that his son, Emil Kozeluh (Emil),
       and the defendant had talked about a murder that they committed by shooting a man in the head
       and burning him in his car. Edward told the police that another young man from the Marquette
       Park area was also involved in the crime. Upon further investigations, the police discovered
       from the defendant’s telephone records that he had called David Pina’s (Pina) residence on
       October 12, 2005. The police then questioned Pina, who informed them that the defendant had
       offered him money in exchange for burning a car in the park.
¶5         On December 26, 2006, shortly before midnight, Chicago police officers arrested the
       defendant at the Westmont police department, where he was detained on an unrelated matter,
                                                  -2-
     and transported him to Area One Chicago police station for questioning regarding Duran’s
     death. At approximately 3:30 a.m. on December 27, 2006, the defendant gave a videotaped
     statement in which he confessed that he had intended to rob Duran, but had not expected Emil
     to shoot the victim or set the fire. Subsequently, the defendant was charged with first-degree
     murder, armed robbery, burglary, arson, and concealment of homicidal death.
¶6       On May 16, 2007, the defendant filed a pretrial motion to suppress his incriminating
     statements to the police (motion to suppress), and filed an amended motion to suppress on May
     22, 2007. In the amended motion to suppress, the defendant alleged that he was not provided
     Miranda warnings prior to interrogation, that the police did not scrupulously honor his
     invocation of the right to remain silent or his request for an attorney, and that his statements
     were obtained as a result of psychological and mental coercion.
¶7       On February 27, 2008, a hearing on the amended motion to suppress was held. 1 At the
     hearing, the defendant testified that on December 26, 2006, two police officers transported him
     from the Westmont police station to the Area One Chicago police station. En route, the police
     officers, without advising him of his Miranda rights, asked him a few questions about the
     homicide in Marquette Park. The defendant responded that he knew about the homicide
     because he had been questioned about it on a previous occasion. Upon arrival at Area One, the
     police placed him in an interview room, where he was not advised of his Miranda rights and
     was questioned by Detective Nolan–the same detective who had questioned him about the
     incident in January 2006. 2 The two transporting officers, who were waiting outside the
     interview room, entered the room and began questioning the defendant about the murder
     without first advising him of his rights. During the interrogation, the defendant asked to use a
     telephone, and the defendant was allowed to use one of the officers’ cellular telephone to call
     his uncle. During the telephone call, the defendant asked his uncle to “grab a card out of [the
     defendant’s] wallet, a lawyer’s card,” and the uncle indicated he would call the attorney on the
     defendant’s behalf. After the call concluded, the police officers asked the defendant if he was
     requesting a lawyer, and that, if the defendant had asked for a lawyer, they would not be able to
     speak with him anymore. The defendant testified that, at some point in the interrogation,
     another officer entered the room and began questioning him without first giving Miranda
     warnings. According to the defendant, he spoke with a series of officers during the
     interrogation, spoke with the transporting officers more than once, and informed the
     transporting officers that he “didn’t want to talk.” However, the transporting officers’
     conversation with him did not end. The defendant also testified that he told another officer that
     he “didn’t want to speak to him,” but that officer told the defendant he was being a “pussy” and
     that he should “man up.” The defendant then asked for an attorney and the officer left him
     alone in the interview room. After an hour, one of the transporting officers came into the
     interview room and brought him downstairs for fingerprinting. According to the defendant, the
     transporting officer told him that he had “[expletive] up” by not talking with the investigating
     officers, and that the defendant had made him “look bad” for refusing to talk to the police.

        1
          Judge Lampkin presided over the hearing on the amended motion to suppress and the motion to
     reconsider the ruling denying the motion to suppress. Prior to trial, however, Judge Alonzo was
     assigned to the case.

        2
         Police interrogation of the defendant in the interview room was memorialized by videotape.
                                                  -3-
     After fingerprinting, the transporting officer told the defendant that he had “one more chance”
     to speak with the detectives and brought him back into the interview room. At the hearing, the
     defendant denied telling the transporting officer off camera that he wanted to speak to any of
     the officers. However, he acknowledged that once back in the interview room, he told an
     officer that he wanted to have a conversation about the murder in Marquette Park.
¶8       On cross-examination, the defendant testified that he was familiar with Miranda warnings,
     but did not recall whether any police officers advised him of his rights after he was placed in
     the interview room. He admitted that he did not ask for an attorney after calling his uncle, but
     that the officers continued to speak to him about the murder and the defendant continued to
     answer their questions. At no time after the transporting officers entered the interview room
     and began questioning him about the murder did the defendant request an attorney. Rather, it
     was only after 2 a.m., when he was speaking with Detective Brogan, that the defendant
     requested the presence of an attorney and the detective then left him alone in the interview
     room. In the interview room after fingerprinting, Detective Brogan asked him, “what’s the
     story? You asked for a lawyer, so now you want to revoke that? You want to talk to me?” The
     defendant answered in the affirmative and conversed with the detective about the murder. On
     redirect, the defendant claimed that, after calling his uncle, one of the officers told him that the
     interview would only cease if the defendant started talking to them. He testified that he told the
     transporting officers several times that he “didn’t want to talk to them” by saying he “was
     done.”
¶9       Detective Gary Bush (Detective Bush) testified at the hearing that on December 26, 2006,
     he and Officer Joseph Biggane (Officer Biggane) arrested the defendant and transported him
     from the Westmont police station to Area One Chicago police station for questioning. They
     informed the defendant that he was under arrest for the murder of Duran and advised him of his
     Miranda rights in the police vehicle. The defendant acknowledged that he understood those
     rights. En route in the police vehicle, neither Detective Bush nor Officer Biggane questioned
     the defendant about Duran’s murder; rather, the defendant asked whether the murder for which
     he was under arrest was the murder in Marquette Park. When they responded in the
     affirmative, the defendant continued to talk and stated that he and Emil had planned to rob the
     victim, but that the defendant did not know Emil was going to shoot him. At that point,
     Detective Bush told the defendant to wait to talk about the incident with the detectives at the
     police station. Upon arriving at Area One about midnight on December 27, 2006, they placed
     the defendant in an interview room, and Detective Bush notified Detectives Nolan and Murray
     of the defendant’s arrival. Neither Detective Bush nor Officer Biggane stood outside the
     interview room listening to the defendant’s conversation with Detectives Nolan and Murray.
     At about 1 a.m., Detective Bush and Officer Biggane returned to the interview room a second
     time and asked the defendant information required to complete the arrest report, and asked him
     “what was going on with the case and the content of what he had spoken to the detectives about
     prior to [them] being in the room.” After 40 minutes, Detective Bush and Officer Biggane left
     the interview room. At about 1:43 a.m., Detective Brogan entered the interview room and
     spoke with the defendant. Shortly before 3 a.m., Detective Bush and Officer Biggane met with
     the defendant for the third time when they took him to the first-floor lockup area for
     processing. As they entered the stairwell, the defendant asked what was going on, to which
     they explained that he was being processed for his arrest. In response, the defendant said he
     “didn’t want to go down for murder” and that he wanted to talk to the detectives. At that point,
                                                  -4-
       Detective Bush stopped the defendant and told him that the investigating officers had informed
       Detective Bush and Officer Biggane that the defendant had invoked his right to an attorney.
       Detective Bush then readvised him of his Miranda rights, after which they continued walking
       down the stairs and the defendant stated that he wanted to speak with the detectives. Detective
       Bush then explained to the defendant that he would have to wait until after processing before
       he could speak with the detectives in the interview room. At about 3:20 a.m., after the
       defendant’s arrest had been processed, Detective Bush and Officer Biggane escorted him back
       to the interview room, after which Detective Bush had no further contact with him. At the
       hearing, Detective Bush denied ever telling the defendant, during the time he was removed
       from the interview room for processing, that he “[expletive] up,” that he made the detective
       “look bad,” or that he only had “one more chance” to speak with the detectives. On
       cross-examination, Detective Bush testified that, when he reentered the interview room at
       about 1 a.m., he had been told by other officers that the defendant did not want to talk to them
       about the crime. Detective Bush clarified that “[i]t’s not that he refused to talk to them. It’s that
       he wasn’t telling the truth.”
¶ 10       Following arguments, the trial court denied the amended motion to suppress the
       videotaped statement. In its ruling, the trial court noted that it had reviewed the videotape and
       recounted in great detail the contents of the videotaped interrogation. The trial court found
       Detective Bush, one of the transporting officers, credible and that he had advised the defendant
       of his Miranda rights in the police vehicle. The trial court found that the defendant did not
       invoke his Miranda rights until 2:10 a.m., when he asked for an attorney, after which the police
       ceased conversing with him. The trial court further found that the defendant reinitiated
       conversation with the police and thereafter confessed to his involvement in the crime.
¶ 11       On December 29, 2008, the defendant filed a motion to reconsider the court’s denial of the
       amended motion to suppress. On September 11, 2009, the trial court, after reexamining the
       videotaped interrogation, denied the motion to reconsider by adopting the court’s earlier
       findings in denying the amended motion to suppress.
¶ 12       Prior to trial, the trial court granted the defendant’s motion in limine to bar evidence of the
       defendant’s prior juvenile conviction for first-degree murder, and the parties agreed to redact
       the videotape and transcripts to exclude any mention of gang affiliation and his prior juvenile
       record. The trial court also granted the State’s motion in limine to prohibit the introduction of
       evidence at trial regarding, inter alia, the defendant’s potential sentence or his lack of an adult
       criminal background.
¶ 13       On June 15, 2010, a jury trial commenced. The State presented the testimony of multiple
       witnesses. Testimonial evidence was presented that the victim, Duran, owned a green Cadillac
       and that his cellular telephone number was (708) 214-1978. Susan Hardcastle (Susan) testified
       that on October 12, 2005, she lived near Marquette Park and, at about 9 p.m., she smelled
       smoke, which she thought was burning rubber. Susan then walked to the park and noticed a car
       on fire and observed a young male teen exiting the park.
¶ 14       Pina testified that in October 2005, he was 15 years old, lived in the West Lawn
       neighborhood, and knew the defendant from the area. At the time, Pina’s telephone number
       was (773) 306-0580. On October 12, 2005, between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m., the defendant called
       Pina and asked him to burn a car in exchange for $100. Pina agreed and they planned to meet at
       Marquette Park in an hour. About 10 or 15 minutes later, Pina began walking to a friend’s
       house, but he saw the defendant and Emil traveling in a beige vehicle. Pina entered the vehicle
                                                       -5-
       in which the defendant sat in the front passenger seat and Emil drove. Pina immediately
       smelled gasoline when he entered the car and observed a red gasoline can in the back. As the
       trio arrived at Marquette Park, they parked in front of a green Cadillac. As Emil exited the
       vehicle, Pina noticed that he had a gun in his waistband. Emil approached the green Cadillac,
       spoke with a man seated in the Cadillac, and entered the backseat of the green vehicle. The
       defendant then also exited the beige vehicle, approached the green Cadillac, and sat in the
       passenger seat of the Cadillac for a minute before returning to the beige vehicle. The defendant
       then accessed the glove box in the beige vehicle and moved things around as if he was
       retrieving something, after which he returned to the green Cadillac. As the defendant was
       walking back to the green Cadillac, Pina heard a gunshot and immediately exited the beige
       vehicle. He then saw Emil near the Cadillac “messing with a gun” by sliding it back and forth
       as if the gun was stuck. As Pina walked away, he heard an explosion from the area where he
       had just left. On cross-examination, Pina denied dousing the victim with gasoline or setting
       him on fire.
¶ 15       The parties then stipulated to telephone records which revealed that, on October 12, 2005,
       multiple calls between the defendant’s and Duran’s telephone numbers were made. Telephone
       records also revealed two calls between the defendant’s telephone number and Pina’s home
       telephone number on the date in question.
¶ 16       Edward testified on behalf of the State that he knew the defendant’s name, but could not
       remember if he had ever met him. Edward admitted that he was a longtime heroin addict, but
       claimed to have no specific memory of being arrested for buying heroin on February 26, 2006.
       He could only recall “parts of” his conversations with the police after his arrest, including the
       police’s questions about his son, Emil, and an individual named “Chris.” However, Edward did
       not recall whether he talked to the police about a murder that occurred in Marquette Park. He
       stated that he did not have a clear recollection of testifying before a grand jury regarding the
       instant case because he was “dope sick” on that day. At trial, when the State confronted
       Edward with portions of his grand jury testimony, he testified that he did not recall giving
       those statements. In his grand jury testimony, Edward had testified that he was previously
       present for a conversation between Emil and the defendant, in which the defendant said he
       “popped” Duran in the head, he “blew off” Duran’s head, and he was shocked to see Duran still
       alive to wipe blood and gasoline off his own face. At trial, Edward acknowledged that he was
       not coerced or threatened into providing his grand jury testimony.
¶ 17       The State also presented testimony from Officer William Whelehan (Officer Whelehan),
       who testified that Edward did not appear to be under the influence of drugs at the time of his
       arrest for drug possession in February 2006. During processing at the police station, Edward
       volunteered information about the murder in Marquette Park, after which Officer Whelehan
       notified Area One detectives and Detective Nolan arrived to speak with Edward. Assistant
       State’s Attorney Thomas Simpson (ASA Simpson) also testified that, on February 27, 2006, he
       met and spoke with Edward prior to bringing him before the grand jury. Edward, who did not
       appear to be under the influence of drugs or exhibiting symptoms of withdrawal from drugs,
       told ASA Simpson about the conversation he had heard between Emil and the defendant
       regarding Duran’s murder. Edward then later testified before the grand jury regarding the same
       information.
¶ 18       Detectives Nolan, Bush, and Brogan testified on behalf of the State with regard to their
       involvement in the investigation and interrogation of the defendant. During each detective’s
                                                   -6-
       trial testimony, the jury was shown portions of their videotaped conversations with the
       defendant. 3 Detective Nolan specifically testified to his and Detective Murray’s 30-minute
       conversation with the defendant that occurred at about 12:26 a.m. on December 27, 2006.
¶ 19        Detective Bush’s trial testimony with regard to his and Officer Biggane’s transport of the
       defendant to Area One police station on the evening of December 26, 2006, paralleled his
       testimony at the hearing on the defendant’s amended motion to suppress. Detective Bush
       explained that, while en route to Area One, the defendant, after being advised of his Miranda
       rights, confessed to his involvement in the crime and detailed the events leading up to Duran’s
       death. Detective Bush testified to his 1 a.m. conversation with the defendant, which lasted
       approximately 40 minutes. Detective Bush stated that at approximately 2:53 a.m., he and
       Officer Biggane took the defendant out of the interview room and headed downstairs for the
       processing of his arrest. Detective Bush’s trial testimony regarding the defendant’s statements
       to him at the time he was removed from the interview room for processing, mirrored his
       testimony at the hearing on the amended motion to suppress.
¶ 20        Detective Brogan testified that on December 27, 2006, he spoke with the defendant twice
       in the interview room–the first conversation at 1:43 a.m. in the presence of Detective Murray;
       and the second conversation at 3:28 a.m., during which the defendant confessed that he had
       intended to rob Duran, but had not expected Emil to shoot the victim or set the fire.
¶ 21        The State then rested and the trial court denied the defendant’s motion for a directed
       finding. The defense then presented the testimony of two witnesses. Forensic scientist Lauren
       Schubert (Schubert) testified that she tested DNA retrieved from a jacket and a condom that
       were found at the crime scene, which did not match either the defendant’s or Duran’s DNA
       profile. Sergeant Jose Lopez (Sergeant Lopez) of the Chicago police department testified that
       he had assisted Detective Nolan in the murder investigation. Sergeant Lopez testified that Pina
       had told the police that the defendant had offered him $200, rather than $100 as reflected in
       Pina’s trial testimony, to burn the car.
¶ 22        During jury deliberations, the court received a jury note requesting the transcript of the
       videotaped statement. Following a discussion with the parties, the trial court allowed the jury
       to view the redacted version of the videotaped statement which contained subtitles on the
       screen. Subsequently, the jury found the defendant guilty of first-degree murder.
¶ 23        On July 15, 2010, the defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which was supplemented in
       a separate motion on September 8, 2010. On November 2, 2010, the trial court denied the
       defendant’s posttrial motions. On January 3, 2011, the trial court sentenced the defendant to 60
       years of imprisonment. On January 3, 2011, the defendant filed a notice of appeal.

¶ 24                                          ANALYSIS
¶ 25      We determine whether the trial court erred in denying the defendant’s amended motion to
       suppress his incriminating statements to the police.
¶ 26      The defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his amended motion to suppress,
       because the police obtained his incriminating statements by violating his Miranda rights and

           3
            The jury was shown a redacted version of the videotaped conversations, which removed references
       to the defendant’s gang affiliation and his previous juvenile murder conviction. The redacted videotape
       contained subtitle transcriptions.
                                                      -7-
       police coercion precluded him from either voluntarily waiving his Miranda rights or
       voluntarily confessing. Specifically, he contends that he had twice invoked his right to remain
       silent during police interrogations, which was not scrupulously honored by the police. He
       further maintains that the detectives’ coercive statements nullified the partial Miranda
       warnings he was given by the police. The defendant argues that the admission of his
       involuntary confession at trial violated his due process of law and that the trial court’s error
       was not harmless.
¶ 27       The State counters that the trial court properly denied the amended motion to suppress,
       where the police had advised the defendant of his Miranda rights; the defendant waived them;
       the defendant did not invoke his right to silence; the police ceased questioning after the
       defendant requested an attorney; and the defendant reinitiated conversation with the police and
       voluntarily confessed to the crime. The State argues that the police did not coerce or threaten
       the defendant and that his confession was fully voluntary. Even if the admission of the
       defendant’s incriminating statements at trial was erroneous, the State contends that it was
       harmless error in light of the overwhelming evidence of the defendant’s guilt.
¶ 28       On review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, great deference is afforded to
       the trial court’s factual findings, and the reviewing court will reverse those findings only if
       they are against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Lopez, 2013 IL App (1st)
111819, ¶ 17. “A judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence only when an
       opposite conclusion is apparent or when findings appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not
       based on evidence.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. However, this court reviews
       de novo the ultimate question of whether or not the motion to suppress evidence should have
       been granted. Id. Further, in reviewing the court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, “it is proper
       for us to consider the testimony adduced at trial, as well as at the suppression hearing.” People
       v. Slater, 228 Ill. 2d 137, 149 (2008).
¶ 29       The defendant argues that the totality of the circumstances showed that he did not
       voluntarily waive his Miranda rights. He first points out that, in the beginning of the
       videotaped interrogation, Detective Murray only partially advised him of his Miranda rights.
       Our review of the videotaped interrogation reveals that, in the interview room at approximately
       12:26 a.m. on December 27, 2006, Detective Murray advised the defendant of his Miranda
       rights, but failed to mention that an attorney would be appointed if the defendant could not
       afford one. At the hearing on the amended motion to suppress, the trial court found that
       Detective Bush, one of the transporting officers, had previously advised the defendant of his
       Miranda rights in the police vehicle while en route to the police station. The trial court also
       found Detective Bush credible in that, prior to the defendant’s 3:28 a.m. videotaped
       confession, he had readvised the defendant of his Miranda rights when the defendant made
       certain statements to the detective after the defendant was brought out of the interview room
       for processing.
¶ 30       We find that the trial court’s findings were supported by the evidence. The evidence shows
       that the defendant was provided Miranda warnings on three occasions after he was arrested. At
       the hearing on the amended motion to suppress and at trial, Detective Bush testified that he
       advised the defendant of his rights upon arresting him, and that, shortly before 3 a.m., he
       mirandized the defendant again at the police station when the defendant was removed from the
       interview room for processing. During his testimony, Detective Bush recited the Miranda
       warnings from memory–which included the advisement that an attorney would be appointed if
                                                   -8-
       the defendant could not afford one. While the defendant testified at the hearing that he was
       never advised of his Miranda rights during police interrogation, such testimony was belied by
       the videotaped interrogation in which Detective Murray gave him Miranda warnings at 12:26
       a.m. It was within the province of the trial court, which had viewed the videotaped
       interrogation and heard the evidence, to find Detective Bush credible. See People v. Rhonda
       F., 289 Ill. App. 3d 148, 157-58 (1997) (the credibility of witnesses is within the province of
       the trial court). Because the trial court found Detective Bush credible, and thus found that the
       defendant was fully advised of his Miranda rights during transport to the police station and
       again shortly before 3 a.m., prior to the giving of his videotaped confession at about 3:28 a.m.,
       any deficiency in Detective Murray’s 12:26 a.m. Miranda advisement did not affect his ability
       to voluntarily waive his rights to make incriminating statements to the police during the
       transport or police interrogation. Therefore, we find that the defendant’s argument on this basis
       must fail.
¶ 31        The defendant argues that, notwithstanding the omission in Detective Murray’s Miranda
       advisement, his videotaped confession should have been suppressed where the police violated
       his constitutional privilege against self-incrimination by failing to scrupulously honor his
       invocations of the right to remain silent. Specifically, he contends that, during police
       interrogation, he twice invoked his right to remain silent–at 12:57 a.m. and 2:07 a.m.–which
       the detectives did not scrupulously honor.
¶ 32        The State counters that the defendant did not unequivocally and unambiguously invoke his
       right to silence at either 12:57 a.m. or 2:07 a.m.
¶ 33        The United States and Illinois Constitutions provide that no person shall be compelled in
       any criminal case to be a witness against himself. U.S. Const., amend. V; Ill. Const. 1970, art.
       I, § 10. Once a suspect indicates “in any manner” prior to or during police questioning that he
       wishes to remain silent, the interrogation must cease. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436,
       473-74 (1966); Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 103-04 (1975) (an invocation of the right to
       silence must be “scrupulously honored” (internal quotation marks omitted)). However, an
       invocation of the right to silence must be unambiguous, unequivocal and clear. Berghuis v.
       Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 381 (2010). “This right to silence may be invoked either verbally or
       through conduct that clearly indicates a desire to end all questioning.” People v. Diaz, 377 Ill.
       App. 3d 339, 347 (2007); see People v. Nielson, 187 Ill. 2d 271, 284 (1999) (finding the
       defendant had invoked his right to remain silent when he placed his hands over his ears, turned
       his head, and chanted “ ‘nah nah nah’ ”). “If verbal, the individual’s demand to end the
       interrogation must be specific.” Diaz, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 347.
¶ 34        The videotaped interrogation shows that, between 12:26 a.m. and 12:59 a.m. on December
       27, 2006, Detectives Nolan and Murray interrogated the defendant in an interview room. Our
       review of the videotape reveals that during the conversation, the defendant was advised of his
       right to silence and right to counsel, he acknowledged that he understood his rights, and he
       indicated his desire to have a conversation with the detectives. During this conversation, the
       defendant at times answered the detectives’ questions, at times did not answer, and at times
       lamented on the dire circumstances in which he now found himself. At about 12:55 a.m.,
       Detective Murray allowed the defendant to call his uncle from the detective’s mobile
       telephone. After the telephone call, at about 12:57 a.m., Detective Murray questioned the
       defendant about what he had asked his uncle to look for in a wallet at home. When the
       defendant responded, “I don’t know,” Detective Murray asked whether he wanted to keep
                                                   -9-
       talking. When the defendant did not verbalize a response, Detective Murray urged him to
       respond “yes or no.” Detective Murray then asked, “You don’t want to talk to me anymore?”
       and “We done talking?” to which the defendant said nothing. Detective Murray then engaged
       in the following dialogue:
                   “Q. [Detective Murray]: Come on, you told Uncle Mick then he asked you if you
               wanted a lawyer, right?
                   A. [Defendant]: No.
                   Q. No? Okay. If you don’t want to talk anymore I’m not going to force you to talk
               to me. Remember this I’m going to be in periodically throughout the night while I’m
               putting–while he’s calling the State’s Attorney, alright.
                   A. (Indicating)
                   Q. And periodically through the night if you want to talk to me again I have no
               problem with that.
                   A. What’s your name?
                   Q. My name is Murray. I just want you to know, okay. I really look forward to
               talking to you because I really thought you were going to do the right thing here.
                   A. I don’t know what you guys [sic] intentions are that’s all.
                   Q. Listen man, I have not lied to you once. He has not lied to you once. Our
               intentions are to put people away who committed murder, okay? Did you play a role?
                   A. Then why am I here?
                   Q. Why are you here? Because you played a role in it. Well then proof [sic] us
               wrong and tell us what happened. You sat in the front seat. I’ll give you a little time to
               think. I’ll–we’ll be back to see you in a little bit.”
¶ 35       The defendant contends that he had invoked his right to remain silent by shaking and
       nodding his head when Detective Murray asked, as highlighted above, whether he wanted to
       keep talking, whether “you don’t want to talk to me anymore” and whether “we done talking.”
       Based on our careful and repeated review of this portion of the videotaped interrogation, we
       saw that the defendant made some very slight movements of his head but even after repeated
       viewing, it is unclear whether he actually nodded or shook his head in response to these
       questions. We cannot conclude that the defendant’s head movements clearly indicated a desire
       to end all questioning. It certainly did not rise to the level of an unambiguous and unequivocal
       invocation of the right to silence. Thus, we find that the evidence supported the trial court’s
       finding that the defendant did not invoke his right to remain silent at 12:57 a.m. during his
       conversation with Detective Murray.
¶ 36       Nor do we find that the evidence supports the defendant’s argument that he invoked his
       right to silence at 2:07 a.m. during interrogation by Detective Brogan. The videotaped
       interrogation shows that, between 1:43 a.m. and 1:57 a.m., Detective Brogan and Detective
       Murray, who entered the room at 1:52 a.m., engaged in conversation with the defendant.
       During the 14-minute conversation, Detective Brogan tried to convince the defendant to tell
       the truth about what happened. At some point during the conversation, the defendant denied
       shooting Duran and denied seeing who shot him. At about 1:57 a.m., Detectives Brogan and
       Murray left the defendant in the interview room alone. At about 2:07 a.m., Detective Brogan
       reentered the interview room to ask if the defendant needed to use the bathroom, to which the
       defendant responded by shaking his head. The following dialogue then ensued:
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                    “Q. [Detective Brogan]: No? Are you done talking to me? Are you done talking to
                all of us?
                    A. Yeah.
                    Q. Yeah. Why are you being a pussy dude, seriously? These [expletive] are all
                tricking you out, putting you in the trick bag, putting it all on you. This is your
                [expletive] chance to flip the script and now you’re just sitting here, [expletive] crying.
                Why don’t you man up, dude? *** You want to take that weight for these [expletive]?
                    A. (Indicating)
                    Q. That’s the path you’re headed down.”
¶ 37       In the case at bar, at the hearing on the amended motion to suppress, the trial court noted
       that the above-quoted dialogue, in which the defendant answered “yeah,” was the “closest
       thing to invoking his right to remain silent, although he doesn’t say I don’t want to talk
       anymore.” We agree with the trial court on this point. Carefully viewing the highlighted
       portion of the videotaped interrogation within the context of the surrounding circumstances
       leading up to the defendant’s response, we find that the defendant did not unambiguously
       invoke his right to silence. See People v. Cole, 172 Ill. 2d 85, 96-97 (1996) (defendant’s
       statement that “ ‘I don’t want to talk to you guys’ ” was not an invocation of silence, where the
       surrounding circumstances indicated that he actually meant he did not wish to speak with the
       FBI agents, rather than all police personnel). Rather, the context surrounding Detective
       Brogan’s earlier conversation–between 1:43 a.m. and 1:57 a.m.–centered on getting the
       defendant to tell the truth and his “story” about what had occurred. During that earlier
       conversation, the defendant had supplied some information about the crime, including his
       denial that he was the shooter. During the 2:07 a.m. conversation, Detective Brogan reentered
       the interview room to verify whether the defendant had more to add regarding the crime, by
       asking “Are you done talking to me?” and “Are you done talking to all of us?” to which the
       defendant responded “yeah.” We find that the defendant’s response, without specificity, did
       not indicate a desire to end all questioning so as to rise to the level of an unambiguous and
       unequivocal invocation of the right to silence. See Diaz, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 347 (“[i]f verbal,
       the individual’s demand to end the interrogation must be specific”). It is unclear from the
       defendant’s response whether he wished to invoke his constitutional right to silence or whether
       he, after having spoken to Detective Brogan in the earlier 14-minute conversation, had nothing
       else to tell the detectives. See People v. Smith, 152 Ill. 2d 229, 255-56 (1992) (defendant’s
       statement of “ ‘leave me alone’ ” was not an invocation of right to silence); People v. Aldridge,
       68 Ill. App. 3d 181, 186-88 (1979) (defendant’s statements to police that “ ‘you’ve got enough
       details right now that fits the crime so let’s hang this up,’ ” “ ‘you’ve got everything you need
       here now,’ ” and “ ‘there’s nothing I want to add to it,’ ” were not invocation of right to silence
       but rather a reluctance to convey to the police the details of the offense), aff’d, 79 Ill. 2d 87
       (1980); People v. Pierce, 223 Ill. App. 3d 423, 429-30 (1991) (no invocation of right triggered
       where defendant stated, “ ‘You’ve got all the stuff there right now. You don’t need no more
       really.’ ”). Thus, we find that the trial court’s determination that the defendant did not invoke
       his right to silence during his 2:07 a.m. conversation with Detective Brogan, was not against
       the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 38       Because we find that the defendant did not invoke his right to silence at either 12:57 a.m. or
       2:07 a.m., we need not address his arguments that the police failed to scrupulously honor his
       invocations. Nor do we need to address the defendant’s arguments that the trial court’s error in
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       failing to find that he had invoked his right to remain silent was critical because it “increased
       the coercive nature of the interrogation and weighed against a finding that he voluntarily
       waived his rights,” as well as “rendered Detective Bush’s account of what happened
       off-camera incredible.”
¶ 39        Even assuming, arguendo, that the defendant had invoked his right to silence during the
       interrogation at 12:57 a.m. and 2:07 a.m., we find that suppression of his later videotaped
       confession was not warranted. As the trial court correctly found, the defendant invoked his
       Miranda rights for the first time when he requested an attorney during the conversation with
       Detective Brogan at 2:09 a.m., which was scrupulously honored. Our review of the videotaped
       interrogation shows that, at 2:09 a.m., during a three-minute conversation (from 2:07 a.m. to
       2:10 a.m.) between Detective Brogan and the defendant, the defendant asked, “Why can’t I
       have a lawyer here with me?” Detective Brogan clarified by asking, “You want a lawyer?” to
       which the defendant responded “Yeah.” Detective Brogan then stated, “Okay. I can’t talk to
       you anymore,” stood up from a sitting position and tried to exit the interview room. The
       defendant then called after him, asking “Why can’t you talk to me?” to which Detective
       Brogan stated that “Once you ask for a lawyer it’s your constitutional right to have one. *** I
       can’t talk to you without the presence of your lawyer from now on, that’s it. *** So if you want
       a lawyer, you’re good to go.”
¶ 40        We find that, as demonstrated by the exchange highlighted above, the defendant
       unequivocally invoked his right to counsel at 2:09 a.m., which the police scrupulously
       honored. The videotape further shows that, after invoking his right to counsel, the defendant
       was left alone in the interview room until 2:53 a.m., when Detective Bush took him out of the
       room for processing. According to Detective Bush’s testimony, which the trial court found
       credible at the hearing on the amended motion to suppress, the defendant reinitiated
       conversation with the police by stating that he “didn’t want to go down for murder” and that he
       wanted to talk to the detectives. Detective Bush then readvised him of his Miranda rights, after
       which they continued walking down the stairs and the defendant again stated that he wanted to
       speak with the detectives. Detective Bush then explained to the defendant that he would have
       to wait until after processing before he could speak with the detectives in the interview room.
       The videotape reveals that, at 3:28 a.m., the defendant was brought back into the interview
       room, where Detective Brogan joined him at about 3:30 a.m. and spoke with him for about 33
       minutes. At the beginning of the 3:30 a.m. conversation, the defendant admitted that he
       reinitiated conversation with the police, and acknowledged that he was revoking his right to
       counsel. The defendant then proceeded to give details of his involvement in the crime, and
       confessed that he had intended to rob Duran, but had not expected Emil to shoot the victim or
       set the fire. Based on this evidence, we find that, even had the defendant unambiguously and
       unequivocally invoked his right to silence at 12:57 a.m. and 2:07 a.m., and the police failed to
       scrupulously honor those requests, the later invocation of his right to counsel was scrupulously
       honored by the police and the subsequent videotaped confession was admissible, where it was
       made after the defendant had been readvised of his rights and he had reinitiated conversation
       with the police. See People v. Crotty, 394 Ill. App. 3d 651, 655 (2009) (once a defendant
       invokes his right to counsel, the police cannot interrogate him further unless the defendant
       initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police); see generally
       People v. Scott, 159 Ill. App. 3d 459, 465 (1987) (although the defendant’s initial unwarned

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       statements were obtained in violation of Miranda, his subsequent confession, after
       administration of Miranda warnings, was voluntary and admissible).
¶ 41        The defendant makes a number of arguments that his videotaped confession to the police
       was given involuntarily, because the interrogation techniques used by police detectives to
       obtain it included repeated threats, coercion and deception. Such repeated threats and coercion,
       he asserts, precluded him from voluntarily waiving his Miranda rights or otherwise voluntarily
       providing a statement. He further contends that certain comments made by the detectives, to
       the extent that they contradicted and undermined his right to remain silent and right to counsel,
       nullified the Miranda warnings provided to him. Specifically, he points to comments made by
       the detectives during interrogation, such as “your silence speaks volumes here. Your silence is
       making you a dirty gang banging [expletive],” “[you will] swing for this,” and “the only
       [expletive] way you’re going to get any of us out of here is to [expletive] tell us what
       happened.”
¶ 42        An accused who waives his Miranda rights must do so voluntarily, knowingly, and
       intelligently. People v. Bernasco, 138 Ill. 2d 349, 355 (1990). In determining whether a
       Miranda waiver is valid, the relevant inquiry is: (1) whether there was a free, uncoerced
       choice; and (2) whether there was awareness of the right and the consequences of abandoning
       it. Id. at 354.
¶ 43        Viewing the complained-of statements in context of the entirety of the interrogation, we
       find that the first two quoted remarks by the detectives did not undermine or conflict with his
       right to silence, as the defendant suggests. These two remarks, when viewed in context, show
       the detectives’ explanation to the defendant that the only version of the events that the police
       possessed came from Emil’s father, Edward, who had placed all of the blame for the crime on
       the defendant. Indeed, our review of the videotaped interrogation reveals that the detectives
       repeatedly tried to convince the defendant to tell “the truth,” to tell his “story,” to take this
       opportunity to “flip the script,” to “help” himself, and to not let others tell his side of the
       “story,” while the defendant repeatedly lamented over the seriousness of the situation by
       making statements that it was a “lose-lose situation,” and that he was “[expletive],” “done,”
       going to get “locked up,” “going to jail,” and that his “future” was “gone.” Nor do we find any
       of the statements to be a nullification of the Miranda warnings provided to him. The defendant
       cites State v. Luckett, 993 A.2d 25 (Md. 2010), for support. First, we note that decisions
       rendered by courts of other jurisdictions are not binding on this court. People v. Harris, 2011
IL App (1st) 103382, ¶ 14. Second, we find Luckett to be factually distinguishable from the
       case at bar. In Luckett, police provided Miranda warnings, which were nullified when the
       officer contradicted those rights with further “ ‘clarifications’ ” of those rights that were
       incorrect as a matter of law. Luckett, 993 A.2d at 37-38. Unlike Luckett, here, detectives told
       the defendant throughout the interrogation that he had no obligation to answer questions, that
       they could leave him alone if he wished, and that the defendant could choose to have the
       presence of counsel at any time. We find that the quoted remarks by the police did not “nullify”
       the defendant’s Miranda warnings but, rather, were a zealous attempt to convince the
       defendant to tell the truth. As the videotaped interrogation shows, the defendant indeed
       invoked his right to counsel shortly after the complained-of comment. Further, based on our
       examination of the videotape showing the defendant’s demeanor and Detective Bush’s
       testimony that he readmonished the defendant of his rights on their way to processing, we
       reject the defendant’s argument that the police impermissibly engaged in a “question first and
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       warn later” tactic to obtain his inculpatory statement. See Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600,
       611-12 (2004). Thus, the defendant’s argument regarding the voluntariness of his Miranda
       waiver on these bases must fail.
¶ 44       The defendant further argues that, aside from the detectives’ disregard for his Miranda
       rights, their multiple threats, misrepresentations, and promises of leniency resulted in his
       involuntary statement which was admitted at trial in violation of his due process rights.
       Specifically, he characterized the same first two above-quoted comments, as well as remarks
       by the detectives that he might avoid an “L-I-F-E” sentence and “save” himself if he told them
       what happened, as threats made by the detectives. He further contends that the detectives
       misrepresented to him that his postarrest silence would make him look guilty and would result
       in a natural life sentence or death sentence, and that he could talk his way out of “doing a lot of
       time” by giving a statement “because there’s not a [S]tate’s [A]ttorney in the world that once
       they read this file is going to offer a reduction in sentence down the line for anything.” The
       defendant also posits that Detective Murray’s statement that the detective would love to go
       before a judge and personally guarantee that the defendant was not the shooter was akin to an
       impermissible promise of leniency.
¶ 45       The State denies that any of the remarks made by the detectives constituted threats or
       promises of leniency, and argues that the defendant’s videotaped confession was fully
       voluntary.
¶ 46       The due process clause of the fourteenth amendment guarantees that no state shall “deprive
       any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const., amend. XIV,
       § 1. The relevant legal inquiry is whether the defendant’s confession was voluntary. People v.
       Richardson, 234 Ill. 2d 233, 252 (2009). In determining whether a statement is voluntary, “a
       court must consider the totality of the circumstances of the particular case; no single factor is
       dispositive.” Id. at 253. “Factors to consider include the defendant’s age, intelligence,
       background, experience, mental capacity, education, and physical condition at the time of
       questioning; the legality and duration of the detention; the presence of Miranda warnings; the
       duration of the questioning; and any physical or mental abuse by police, including the
       existence of threats or promises.” Id. at 253-54.
¶ 47       Based on our examination of the videotaped statement, we find that the defendant’s
       portrayal of the interrogation as containing repeated threats and coercion to be an
       out-of-context view of the detectives’ comments. The running theme of the bulk of the
       interrogation was that the police tried to convince the defendant to tell his version of what
       happened and tried to appeal to his sense of doing the “right thing.” Throughout the
       interrogation, the detectives told the defendant that they knew he was involved in the crime but
       did not think he was the shooter, and that they thought Emil was actually the mastermind
       behind the robbery and killing. We find that the detectives’ references to an “L-I-F-E”
       sentence, to “save” himself, and to avoid doing “a lot of time” only highlighted the reality that
       he could avoid the maximum sentence if he was not the shooter. Likewise, we find that the
       police did not offer any inducement or promises of leniency to obtain the defendant’s
       confession. Rather, the alleged “promise of leniency,” when viewed in context on the
       videotape, shows that Detective Murray informed the defendant that the detective did not “cut
       deals,” that the detective’s objective was to have the “absolute truth in knowing that [he was]
       putting the right person in jail,” and that he wanted to be able to state with certainty that the
       defendant did not personally discharge the firearm. See People v. Lee, 2012 IL App (1st)
                                                   - 14 -
       101851, ¶ 36 (finding the police’s statement that “ ‘isn’t it better to be known as a robber
       instead of a murderer of old men?’ ” did not constitute a promise of leniency because it lacked
       any suggestion of a specific benefit that would ensue from the defendant’s confession). Like
       Lee, here, Detective Murray’s statement that he wanted to be able to tell a judge with certainty
       that the defendant was not the shooter did not constitute a promise of leniency, where there
       lacked any suggestion of a specific benefit that would ensue from his confession. Indeed,
       during the interrogation, detectives never misrepresented to the defendant that he would escape
       legal consequences if he confessed, but instead, they candidly told the defendant that “no
       doubt” he was in a bad situation, that no one would get a “free walk,” but that he should do the
       “right thing” by telling the police what had occurred. Moreover, we find that, at the time of
       questioning, the defendant, who was 22 years old, was no stranger to the criminal justice
       system and was well aware of the severity of the circumstances in which he found himself.
       Under the totality of the circumstances, we find that the defendant’s subsequent videotaped
       confession was voluntary.
¶ 48       Even assuming, arguendo, that the defendant’s inculpatory statement was taken in
       derogation of his Miranda rights or was somehow involuntary, the use of his videotaped
       confession at trial was harmless error, where it was merely duplicative of the oral incriminating
       statement he gave to the police during his transport to Area One after his arrest–which was
       testified to by Detective Bush at trial. It is well established that the testimony of this one
       witness was itself sufficient to convict the defendant. Other trial evidence, such as telephone
       records and Pina’s and Edward’s testimony, also corroborated the body of evidence that
       established the defendant’s guilt. Although we find no error in the admission of the defendant’s
       videotaped confession, we also find that the evidence presented at trial, aside from the
       videotaped confession, overwhelmingly established the defendant’s guilt. Accordingly, we
       find that any error in the admission of the videotaped confession was harmless. Therefore, we
       hold that the trial court properly denied the defendant’s amended motion to suppress.
¶ 49       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶ 50      Affirmed.

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