Court Opinion

ID: 4569420
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-24 18:11:00.083653+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:28:50.804244
License: Public Domain

J-S10010-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    LOYD WAITMAN GROVES                        :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 291 MDA 2019

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 17, 2019
                 In the Court of Common Pleas of Clinton County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-18-CR-0000173-2015

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., KUNSELMAN, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.:

        Loyd Waitman Groves appeals from the judgment of sentence entered

on January 17, 2019 in the Clinton County Court of Common Pleas. On

December 3, 2018, a jury convicted Groves of third-degree murder in the

death of Katherine Heckel.1 The trial court sentenced Groves to a term of ten

to 20 years’ incarceration. On appeal, Groves raises suppression, admissibility

of evidence, sufficiency, weight, and discretionary aspects of sentencing

claims.2 For the reasons below, we affirm the judgment of sentence.

____________________________________________

1   See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(c).

2   We have reordered Groves’ arguments for ease of disposition.
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        The facts and procedural history are as follows.3 On July 15, 1991, the

victim, Heckel, inexplicably disappeared from Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, and

her remains have never been found.

        Prior to her disappearance, Heckel worked at Hammermill International

Paper Company (“Hammermill”), a manufacturing facility in Lock Haven. She

was married to John Heckel, Sr., a non-commissioned officer in the U.S. Army.

The Heckels had two young children, Alisha and John.4 Heckel worked in the

Human Resources Department at Hammermill, where she was considered a

diligent and well-liked employee.

        Groves also worked at Hammermill, where he was an industrial

hygienist, and was known as a quiet and conscientious employee. He was

married to Katherine Groves, and also had young children, who were friends

with the Heckel children.

        During the summer of 1991, Heckel and Groves were engaged in a

physical, romantic relationship. However, in the middle of July, Heckel wanted

to end the relationship with Groves because she began an affair with Dennis

Taylor, a high school friend with whom she had recently reconnected. Heckel

____________________________________________

3 The trial court provided an extremely detailed recitation of the lengthy trial
testimony in its Rule 1925(a) opinion. See Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/2019, at
1-45. Our summary is based on the court’s opinion, and we refer the parties
to the opinion for a complete recitation of the facts.

4   At the time, Alisha was 13 years old and John was 9 years old.

                                           -2-
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expressed to Taylor that Groves was extremely resistant to ending the

relationship.

      On the day of Heckel’s disappearance, Heckel told Taylor in a telephone

conversation that she was going to go to lunch with Groves so that she could

end the relationship with him. She then left the Hammermill plant and never

returned. She planned to have dinner with her children and meet Taylor later

that evening but she did not appear as intended. “[Heckel] was an extremely

devoted mother to her two children and was very close with her extended

family so her disappearance on July 15, 1991 caused immediate concerns of

foul play.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/2019, at 3.

      On the day in question, John Heckel was attending field exercise training

at Fort Drum military base in Jefferson County, New York, approximately 7 ½

to 8 hours from Lock Haven.

      The day after Heckel disappeared, former Trooper Frederick Caldwall

became involved in the case because Heckel’s father filed a missing person’s

report. Trooper Caldwall learned from others that Groves was having an affair

with Heckel. Groves voluntarily went to the police station to speak with the

trooper, and was not under arrest at the time. Groves denied being involved

with Heckel and stated that he last spoke with her on the morning of July 15th.

He told the trooper that July 15th was a normal workday, nothing out of the

ordinary occurred, and he arrived home at 5:30 p.m. that evening.

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      The following day, Trooper Caldwall approached Groves at the

Hammermill plant, telling Groves that he believed Groves lied about not

having a relationship with Heckel. He then asked Groves to come back to the

state police barracks, to which Groves agreed. Groves was advised of his

rights, but again denied having an affair. The trooper observed that Groves

became defiant and loudly answered “no” to questions concerning the

relationship. When Trooper Caldwall asked about July 15th, Groves indicated

he had a bad memory and could not remember anything about the day.

      Trooper Caldwall then transported Groves back to the plant. Groves

consented to a search of his van by police, which occurred later that day.

During the search, police found two gym bags between the console area, a

box of .25 caliber ammunition, a hunting knife, and duct tape.

      In the back of the van, behind the second row passenger seats,
      was couch seating. In front of the couch seat and behind the
      second row of seats was an area of carpet on the sidewall that had
      been cut in small sections. On the floor below there was what
      looked like a carpet sample lying on the carpet. The Trooper
      removed the carpet sample and saw that the carpet underneath
      that section had been cut out all the way down through the
      padding to the subfloor.
Id., at 15-16 (citations omitted). The trooper asked Groves about the

ammunition. Groves admitted he owned a .25 caliber semi-automatic Colt

handgun, but that he had not fired the weapon in ages and it was located in

his desk at work because he had brought it in to sell it. When questioned about

the carpeting, Groves claimed one his children got tar on it and he had to cut

it out.

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      Trooper Caldwall spoke with a 14-year-old friend of Groves’ oldest son,

Corey Motter, who observed a reddish brown stain in the area where the

carpet had been cut out. Motter often rode in Groves’ van in the summer of

1991. He stated he did not remember seeing the replacement carpet pad and

there were no pieces cut out when he first saw the stain. Motter thought the

stain was possibly deer blood, and Groves’ son “told him his dad had just shot

a deer and this was the cause of the stain.” Id., at 22. In his July 19, 1991

police interview, Motter said he was in the Groves’ van on July 12 th when he

saw the stain. He also told police that he was in the van sometime after July

15th and he noticed the replaced carpet spots.

      Former state trooper Corporal Dean Kirkendall assisted in collecting

evidence from Groves’ van, which was then sent to the crime lab in Harrisburg.

Kirkendall “noted the area in the van where the carpet had been cut revealed

the actual particle board of the van. Possible blood stains were removed with

Q-tips and were sent to the crime lab.” Id., at 23. Additionally, there was a

possible blood stain located on the driver’s side wall by the second set of

passenger seats and the rear bench seats, a second possible blood stain found

on the area by the wood, and a third possible blood stain found above the

ashtray.

      Ronald Blosser, Jr., a forensic scientist for the Pennsylvania State Police,

authored a report, dated August 14, 1991, which indicated that several

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samples taken from the van contained human blood but there was an

insufficient amount to determine any blood type.

      Trooper Miles Houseknecht recovered a firearm from a closed but

unlocked desk drawer in Groves’ office at Hammermill. The firearm was a .25

Caliber Colt semi-automatic pistol. The gun was submitted to a qualified

ballistics expert, who determined it was functioning, capable of firing, and

contained five undischarged cartridges. The gun was capable of holding seven

cartridges, six in the magazine and one in the chamber.

      Trooper Caldwall used helicopters and cadaver dogs to find Heckel, but

the efforts were unsuccessful. Heckel’s silver Ford Festiva vehicle was

discovered on July 18, 1991 in a parking lot at the Lock Haven Hospital.

      While Groves was considered the prime suspect since Heckel’s

disappearance, the case laid dormant until 2013 when a DNA expert, Sarah

Kucherer, who worked as analyst at the Pennsylvania State Police Crime Lab

in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, analyzed the blood sample in the case and

authored a report. As the court explained, “[w]hen DNA testing started in the

early 1990’s, a large sample was needed to find a DNA match. However, in

the mid-1990’s a technique was developed to copy DNA which allowed an

analysis to obtain DNA matches from small samples of DNA.” Id., at 25.

Kucherer was able to generate a DNA profile from the small piece of carpet

from the rear driver’s side wall near an interior light of the van, which indicated

the sample contained Heckel’s DNA. The samples taken from the two pieces

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of gray carpet from the van’s left side in front of the rear bench seat were

insufficient to develop a DNA profile.

        Michael Hutson, a retired FBI agent, also became involved in the case

in 2013 to continue in the effort to find Heckel. He interviewed over 100

witnesses. He also found no evidence of suspicious financial transactions on

Heckel’s part. Through his investigation, he learned Heckel had been in

Groves’ van on numerous occasions in the timeframe leading up to her

disappearance, including one witness who saw Heckel get into Groves’ van on

a daily basis for periods of 30 to 45 minutes by way of the side door that led

to the middle and back of the van and the rear passenger door during the

months of June and July 1991.

        Groves was subsequently charged with the homicide on January 29,

2015, after a grand jury indictment.5 Groves filed two motions to suppress,

challenging the legality of the search of his van and his desk located at

Hammermill. The trial court denied both motions on June 27, 2016. The matter

proceeded to a jury trial, which began on November 19, 2018 and concluded

on December 3, 2018.

        At trial, in addition to the circumstances discussed above, the

Commonwealth presented evidence that John Heckel acknowledged the

couple had financial issues which they argued about, he suspected his wife

____________________________________________

5   The matter was prosecuted by the Pennsylvania Attorney General’s Office.

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was having an affair, and that before he left for training, he thought she was

considering leaving him.6

       Heckel’s other paramour, Taylor, testified that on the day in question,

he had two phone conversations with Heckel. During the first one, the two

discussed meeting later that evening at a local restaurant. The second call

took place around 11:30 a.m. Taylor described Heckel as upset and frightened

while she conveyed that Groves wanted to go to lunch with her.

       Taylor tried to call Heckel back about ten minutes later, but she had

already left. He subsequently went on a golf outing with friends, and called

Heckel’s home before he went to play. However, he was told that she did not

come home from work. He called again the next morning, and learned Heckel

still had not come home. Taylor then went to state police barracks on July

17th, and spoke with an investigator. He described Heckel as being anxious of

Groves during the July 15th phone call.

       On   cross-examination,       Taylor    admitted   he   did   not   inform   the

investigator until 2014 about Heckel telling him that Groves wanted to take

____________________________________________

6 In an effort to rule out the husband as the perpetrator, the Commonwealth
called Ronald Chubb, a fellow officer in the Army National Guard with John
Heckel, who testified that he slept in the same tent with John on July 15th and
John never left Fort Drum on that date.

                                           -8-
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her to lunch and that she was fearful.7 Taylor denied any responsibility or role

in Heckel’s death.

        The   Commonwealth         also   presented   the   testimony   of   several

Hammermill employees that were at the plant on the day in question. The

employees indicated there was a meeting on the morning of July 15 th, and

Heckel was in the room pouring coffee. Groves came into the room, slamming

the door, then he stormed through the room and went out the other door.

One witness, Ken Anderson, later heard a heated argument between Heckel

and Groves in a conference room. Another employee, Jean Carter, was walking

to the company parking lot around noon that day and observed Heckel ahead

of her. Carter also saw Groves, sitting in his van in the parking lot, appearing

angry and red-faced, and looking at Heckel.

        Carol Smith, who shared an office with Heckel, testified that she thought

it was unusual when Heckel did not return from lunch, and out of concern, she

watched the window that afternoon until 4 p.m. to see if she could note when

Groves returned to the plant but never saw his vehicle or Heckel’s car.

____________________________________________

7   In the 2014 interview,

        Taylor told the police that [Heckel] said “he wants to take me to
        lunch.” Also, Mr. Taylor acknowledged that when he testified
        before the Investigative Grand Jury in Harrisburg in 2014, he
        testified [Heckel], on July 15, 1991, told him “he wanted to take
        me out to lunch,” without specifically stating [Groves’] name. Mr.
        Taylor explained he assumed she was referring to [Groves].

Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/2019, at 9 (record citations omitted).

                                           -9-
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Nevertheless, Smith testified “it was not inconceivable that [Groves] could

have parked in a different lot.” Id., at 11. Smith saw Groves the next day at

work and stated he appeared “uncomfortable with a terrified look on his face.”
Id.

       Another employee, Kerry Moore, testified he scheduled a meeting at

2:00 p.m. on July 15th, and that Groves was listed as an attendee but he never

showed up.

       Additionally, a Hammermill witness, Kristina Akeley, testified that she

remembered having difficulty in locating Groves at the plant on the afternoon

of July 15th. She stated she needed to speak with him about a problem and

he could not be found. Akeley went to Groves’ office and even tried to page

him but he did not respond.8 “Several days later she received a telephone call

from [Groves]. He said[,] ‘They think I did it.’ She had no idea what he was

referring to[, but Groves] seemed frightened.” Id., at 12.

       The Commonwealth presented the following testimony from the

Hammermill communications manager, Julie Brennan:

             [Brennan] knew both [Heckel] and [Groves]. On July 18,
       1991, several days after [Heckel]’s disappearance, she received a
       note at 8:50 a.m. to call the Defendant, Loyd Groves. The note
       was marked as urgent. Ms. Brennan called [Groves] at 9:30 a.m.
       She took written notes of her conversation with [him].

             Ms. Brennan then read her written notes of the conversation
       to the jury.
____________________________________________

8 However, in a prior statement to police, Akeley told an investigating trooper
that she saw Groves on July 15th at approximately 3:00 p.m.

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              [Groves] told her the police had questioned him and they
        searched his van and desk. He called to make sure she
        remembered talking with him on Monday, July 15th. He told her
        the police were playing games with him. He told her it was clear
        he was a suspect in the eyes of the police. He noted they found a
        gun in his desk and he indicated this did not help the situation.
        [Groves] indicated he was told not to come back to work until a
        decision was made concerning his having a gun on company
        property.

              Ms. Brennan asked [Groves] where he went to lunch on July
        15th and [Groves] responded that he did not remember. Ms.
        Brennan testified that [Groves’] claim on July 18th that he didn’t
        remember where he went to lunch on Monday, July 15th was “very
        upsetting to me.”

              Ms. Brennan confirmed that some time prior to the phone
        conversation she was asked by the Human Resources manager to
        go into [Groves’] office to see if there was a gun in his desk. She
        confirmed she saw a gun in a drawer in his desk.

              Ms. Brennan also confirmed she had a telephone
        conversation with [Groves] sometime after 1:00 p.m. on July 15,
        1991.
Id., at 13 (record citations omitted).

        The Commonwealth also presented the testimony of Groves’ wife at the

time, Katherine.9 She stated that July 15th was the couples’ anniversary and

they went out for dinner that night, and she noticed Groves appeared

preoccupied. Katherine indicated Groves hunted as a teenager, but not as

much when he got older, and he never used the van for that purpose.

____________________________________________

9   The couple divorced in February of 2016.

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      Katherine indicated that earlier that day, Groves came home around

lunchtime for approximately 15 minutes, but he did not stay to eat lunch.

Rather, his purpose was to change his clothes and put the items he had been

wearing in a dirty laundry basket. Katherine stated Groves did his own laundry

because he was very particular about his clothes. Katherine’s testimony

continued as follows:

             [She] recalled that after July 15, 1991, there was some
      discussion about a pad in the back area of the van. She
      remembered one of the kids trying to pick up the pad and [Groves]
      telling him to leave it where it was.

             She heard [Groves] say that some oil spilled in this area and
      this is why the pad had been placed there.

            Shortly after Kathy Heckel was reported missing, [Groves]
      told her that he had been interviewed by the police. He told her
      that the police had considered him a prime suspect and that he
      might be arrested.

            [Katherine] noted that on July 15, 1991 it was unusual for
      [Groves] to come home at lunchtime. When they lived closer to
      town it was not unusual for him to come home for lunch, but when
      they moved to a more rural area it was too far to drive to come
      home at lunch. [Katherine] testified that [Groves] was the only
      driver of the van. She did not find [Groves] to be a very forgetful
      person.

           [Groves] gave his wife a detailed note, … with instructions
      about caring for the house and equipment if [he] was arrested for
      [Heckel]’s disappearance.

            There was also an occasion where [Groves] obtained a
      rental car and he left a note for his wife, … telling her that he had
      to get away for a while and he would be back “tomorrow.” This
      occurred in the latter half of July, 1991.

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             [Katherine] noted that when [Groves] came home around
      lunchtime on July 15, 1991, he was wearing khaki pants and a tee
      shirt. He had already removed his top shirt.

           He told her that he had a mess at work. [Katherine]
      estimated the time he came home at lunchtime on July 15 was
      about 12:45.

             [Katherine] acknowledged that she only told police about
      [Groves] coming home at lunchtime on July 15, 1991 to change
      his clothes, on June 16, 2018.

             She gave this information to the police as part of a proffer
      agreement, with the understanding this new information could not
      be used against her for not reporting this information to the police
      earlier.

             She explained her failure to provide this new information
      earlier to the police by stating that back in 1991, she was given
      legal advice not to talk to the police; that [Groves] was a target
      and it was not wise to talk to the police. In light of this advice, she
      only answered questions and did not offer any extra information
      to the police.

            When she received a subpoena for trial in 2018 she talked
      to her personal lawyer that she was concerned about withholding
      information. The lawyer then worked out an agreement with the
      Commonwealth for the proffered evidence.

            On cross-examination, [Katherine] testified that she
      obtained a divorce from [Groves] in February of 2016. She
      continued to live with [him] from 1991 until the divorce.

           She noted that [Groves] would typically get dirty from
      working at Hammermill.

           The drive home from Hammermill was approximately fifteen
      (15) minutes each way.

           [Katherine] testified that on July 15, 1991 [Groves] came
      home for only ten (10) minutes. She didn’t note anything unusual
      about him. [Groves] did seem to be in a rush.
Id., at 30-31 (record citations omitted).

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     The   Commonwealth      then   introduced    the   testimony   of   Michelle

Bouchard, who is employed in the Law Enforcement Division of Thomas

Reuters Special Services.

            [Bouchard] is familiar with the concept of a digital footprint.
     This footprint can appear in social media, financial records and
     property records as some examples. She testified that everyone
     has a digital footprint depending on how they engage the world.
     She noted the footprint could be from anything such as a saver
     card used at a drug store or grocery store, a rewards card, a
     library card, voting registration, applying for a mortgage or
     turning on a cell phone. Ms. Bouchard noted that [it is] nearly
     impossible today to avoid leaving some digital footprint as so
     much information is now stored online.

           The witness noted that even records made years ago which
     were stored on paper have been digitized “so people’s digital
     footprints are not only getting newer and more current, they are
     also getting older and we can track somebody’s history further
     back even before if they weren’t using computers.”

                                       …

          Ms. Bouchard searched for a digital footprint for Kathy
     Heckel.

            The witness testified that what she found was what she
     would expect for an individual who is no longer alive. There were
     some minor traces of public records tied to addresses and property
     she was known to be tied to in the late 80’s up to 1991. Since
     then, there has been no activity anywhere in “any of the over five
     billion records worth of data” that she has electronic access to.

                                       …

           The most recent date found for Kathy Heckel was from the
     late 1980’s. There was still a trace of property which had been in
     her name in 1993 or 1994. [Bouchard] noted this was a process
     the witness would see and expect when an individual is deceased.

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              The witness testified that large bank transactions or
       deposits of money would absolutely leave a digital footprint of
       their activity.

            The track of a digital footprint even can be made when a
       person has changed his or her name.

            The witness found no such data in her search for Kathy
       Heckel.
Id., at 34-35 (record citations omitted).

       Groves did not take the witness stand. His defense consisted of the

following: (1) a coworker testified she believed she saw Groves in the

Hammermill office on the afternoon of July 15th; (2) another plant employee

spoke to Heckel on the morning of the 15th and her behavior seemed fine and

nothing out of the ordinary; (3) a witness believed he saw Heckel driving a

vehicle a day or two after she was reported missing; (4) after Groves was

terminated from his job, he called a coworker and said that he had put the

gun in his desk at work to sell to the coworker; (5) a plant employee testified

he could not recall the events of July 15th, but he prepared a document on

August 23, 1991, at the request of Groves, which reflected the notes he made

on July 15th on a desk planner and indicated that he had met with Groves that

afternoon;10 (6) the last time Motter was in the van was on July 12th and that

is when he saw the dark stain; (7) Heckel’s personnel file from Hammermill,

____________________________________________

10The witness could not produce the original notes because they had been
destroyed in a flood. The witness also first reported this information to the
F.B.I. in 2015.

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which included a health record that indicated Heckel had a laceration on her

left index finger from slicing it with a butter knife on the 6 th of 1991 but the

exact month was not shown; and (8) several witnesses who found Heckel’s

purse in a dumpster near the National Guard Armory in August of 1991. Id.,

at 35-44.11

       After deliberations, the jury found Groves guilty of third-degree murder.

On January 17, 2019, the court sentenced Groves to a term of ten to 20 years’

incarceration. Groves did not file any post-sentence motions, but did file this

timely appeal.12

       In his first issue, Groves argues the suppression court abused its

discretion by denying his motion to suppress the July 18, 1991 search of his

van pursuant to a search warrant. See Appellant’s Brief, at 26. He specifically

asserts:

       Because the … allegations fail to demonstrate any past or
       prospective criminal conduct by [Groves], the search warrant fails
       to establish probable cause for a search of [his] van. Rather, the
       search warrant here establishes mere suspicion thereby rendering
       the search warrant to be nothing more than an investigative tool.

____________________________________________

11 On rebuttal, John Heckel admitted he threw an old pocketbook of Heckel’s
in the dumpster near the armory because he considered it to be junk and
unimportant. He testified he was not in a good state of mind at the time, none
of the cards in the purse were current, and he threw the items away because
he knew Heckel was dead. Id., at 44-45.

12On March 3, 2019, the trial court ordered Groves to file a concise statement
of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Groves
complied with the court’s directive. The court issued a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)
opinion on June 11, 2019.

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Id., at 27.

      Our standard of review regarding suppression challenges is as follows:

            Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to the
      denial of a suppression motion is limited to determining whether
      the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the
      record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts
      are correct. Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the
      suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the
      Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as
      remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as
      a whole. Where the suppression court’s factual findings are
      supported by the record, we are bound by these findings and may
      reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are erroneous. The
      suppression court’s legal conclusions are not binding on an
      appellate court, whose duty it is to determine if the suppression
      court properly applied the law to the facts. Thus, the [trial court’s]
      conclusions of law [] are subject to our plenary review.

            Moreover, appellate courts are limited to reviewing only the
      evidence presented at the suppression hearing when examining a
      ruling on a pre-trial motion to suppress.

Commonwealth v. Shreffler, 201 A.3d 757, 763 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation

omitted).

      Moreover, because Groves’ argument concerns a search warrant, we are

guided by the following:

             Article I, Section 8 [of the Pennsylvania Constitution] and
      the Fourth Amendment [of the United States Constitution] each
      require that search warrants be supported by probable cause.
      “The linch-pin that has been developed to determine whether it is
      appropriate to issue a search warrant is the test of probable
      cause.” Commonwealth v. Edmunds, 526 Pa. 374, 586 A.2d
887, 899 (Pa. 1991) (quoting Commonwealth v. Miller, 513 Pa.
118, 518 A.2d 1187, 1191 (Pa. 1986)). “Probable cause exists
      where the facts and circumstances within the affiant’s knowledge
      and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information are
      sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in

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     the belief that a search should be conducted.” Commonwealth
     v. Thomas, 448 Pa. 42, 292 A.2d 352, 357 (Pa. 1972).

        In Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 76 L. Ed.
2d 527 (1983), the United States Supreme Court established the
     “totality of the circumstances” test for determining whether a
     request for a search warrant under the Fourth Amendment is
     supported by probable cause. In Commonwealth v. Gray, 509
Pa. 476, 503 A.2d 921 (Pa. 1986), this Court adopted the totality
     of the circumstances test for purposes of making and reviewing
     probable cause determinations under Article I, Section 8. In
     describing this test, we stated:

       Pursuant to the “totality of the circumstances” test set forth
       by the United States Supreme Court in Gates, the task of
       an issuing authority is simply to make a practical,
       commonsense decision whether, given all of the
       circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including
       the veracity and basis of knowledge of persons supplying
       hearsay information, there is a fair probability that
       contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a
       particular place. … It is the duty of a court reviewing an
       issuing authority’s probable cause determination to ensure
       that the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding
       that probable cause existed. In so doing, the reviewing court
       must accord deference to the issuing authority’s probable
       cause determination, and must view the information offered
       to establish probable cause in a common-sense, non-
       technical manner.

                                  ****

       [Further,] a reviewing court [is] not to conduct a de novo
       review of the issuing authority’s probable cause
       determination, but [is] simply to determine whether or not
       there is substantial evidence in the record supporting the
       decision to issue the warrant.

     Commonwealth v. Torres, 564 Pa. 86, 764 A.2d 532, 537-38,
     540 (Pa. 2001).

           As our United States Supreme Court stated: “A grudging or
     negative attitude by reviewing courts towards warrants … is
     inconsistent with the Fourth Amendment’s strong preference for

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       searches conducted pursuant to a warrant; courts should not
       invalidate warrants by interpreting affidavits in a hypertechnical,
       rather than a commonsense, manner.” Gates, supra at 236
       (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also United States
       v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 914, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677
       (1984) (“Reasonable minds frequently may differ on the question
       whether a particular affidavit establishes probable cause, and we
       have thus concluded that the preference for warrants is most
       appropriately effectuated by according ‘great deference’ to a
       magistrate’s determination.”).

Commonwealth v. Jones, 988 A.2d 649, 655-656 (Pa. 2010) (footnote

omitted).13

       Groves references Commonwealth v. Bagley, 596 A.2d 811 (Pa.

Super. 1991), to support his argument that the search warrant at issue was

merely an investigative tool. In Bagley, the appellant arrived at a hospital’s

emergency room, carrying his deceased wife’s body. He claimed she had been

electrocuted accidentally as a result of an appliance falling into the hot tub in

which she had been bathing. See id. at 813. An emergency room employee

overheard Bagley saying that he had torn apart the room where the accident

occurred, and was considering setting his home on fire. See id. He also

indicated he did not want the police to be notified of his wife’s death.

Nevertheless, a nurse contacted the police, informing them that the

circumstances surrounding Bagley’s wife’s death were suspicious, and that she

observed a laceration above the wife’s one eye and bruises on her body.

____________________________________________

13 See also Pa.R.Crim.P. Rule 206(a)(1-6) (setting forth the required contents
of a valid search warrant).

                                          - 19 -
J-S10010-20

      The police conducted an investigation, which included obtaining a search

warrant for Bagley’s home. The warrant identified “the criminal violation being

investigated as ‘Suspicious Death’ and authorized police to search the Bagley

home for and seize ‘[a]ny items which may be related to the death of [Bagley’s

wife].” Id. The warrant also described the information the police received from

the hospital nurse.

      The appellant filed a motion to suppress, which the trial court granted,

finding the search warrant was defective because “it failed to identify any

crime which had been committed and also because it did not particularly

describe the property for which the warrant had been issued.” Id., at 814.

The Commonwealth then appealed.

      A panel of this Court concluded the warrant was defective because “it

was not issued upon a showing of reasonable probability that a crime had been

committed, but, rather, upon nonspecific suspicions surrounding the death of”

the appellant’s wife. Id., at 815. Moreover, the Court found:

      [T]he warrant stated no crime but suggested only that it had been
      issued in the investigation of a suspicious death. It authorized the
      police to seize anything that may have been related to [the wife’s]
      death. This was done without stating any cause for believing that
      [the wife’s] death had been a criminal homicide. It is readily
      apparent, therefore, that the primary purpose for the search
      warrant was not to search for specific evidence of a crime which
      had been committed, but merely to allow police to conduct a
      general investigation to determine whether [the wife’s] death
      might have been criminal.

Id. (italics in original).

      The Bagley Court further opined:

                                     - 20 -
J-S10010-20

       The use of a search warrant as a general investigatory tool is
       prohibited by both the Fourth Amendment to the United States
       Constitution and Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania
       Constitution. A search warrant serves to authorize the seizure of
       identifiable and existing property. It is not available as a general
       investigatory tool to be used in place of a grand jury. [M]ere
       suspicions do not constitute probable cause to support a search
       warrant. A search warrant may not be issued unless the affidavit
       alleges a preexisting crime.

Id., at 815 (internal quotations, quotation marks, and citations omitted). 14

       Subsequently, in Jones, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court rejected the

argument that “a warrant can never be used as an investigative tool.” Jones,

988 A.2d at 657 (emphasis in original). The Jones Court stated that certain

case law, including Bagley, “is readily distinguishable and related to instances

where the police only have a mere suspicion that a crime has been committed

and/or where the police are unable to describe the items to be searched for

“as is reasonably possible.” Id., at 657.

       In Jones, police were responding to reports of gunfire on a college

campus, when they located the victim’s dead body lying on the ground. The

police searched the body and found a set of keys that suggested he may have

been a student at the university. A witness also spoke to the police, stating

____________________________________________

14 Moreover, Groves heavily relies on Commonwealth v. Bazzle, 2004 WL
5393631 (Pa.Com.Pl., Montgomery County, 2004), aff’d, 872 A.2d 1267 (Pa.
Super. 2004) (unpublished memorandum), appeal denied, 897 A.2d 450 (Pa.
2006). See Appellant’s Brief, at 30-37. We note that decisions from the courts
of common pleas are not binding on the Superior Court. See Barren v.
Commonwealth, 74 A.3d 250, 254 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation omitted).
Based on the case law, we need not rely on Bazzle.

                                          - 21 -
J-S10010-20

he heard five shots and then saw a tall individual running from the area. The

witness provided a description of the alleged perpetrator that was later

determined to match that of the appellant. Police were subsequently able to

identify the victim based on information provided by university personnel, and

they also learned that the victim roomed with the appellant in a dormitory

several blocks from the crime scene. The police interviewed Jones, and he

stated the victim left the room after receiving a telephone call and never

returned. The police then obtained a search warrant of the dormitory room,

seeking any evidence providing identification, cellular phone, pagers, drugs,

drug paraphernalia, handguns, and bullets. Id., at 651-652.

      In upholding the suppression court’s denial of the appellant’s motion to

suppress, the Jones Court stated:

      [T]here was no question that a crime had been committed and
      that the police could, with fair probability, expect to find evidence
      related to that crime in what was reasonably believed to be the
      dead victim’s dormitory room, including evidence concerning the
      positive identification of the victim and any persons with whom
      the victim may have had recent contact or with whom he may
      have been involved.

Id., at 657.

      Turning to the present matter, on July 18, 1991, the police submitted

the following affidavit of probable cause, in pertinent part, to support the

issuance of a warrant to search Groves’ van:

           That on 07/15/91 at approximately 1200 hrs. Katherine
      Dolan HECKEL ?/N-F-40/DOB 06/25/51 departed the Hammermill
      Paper within the city of Lock Haven, Clinton Co. The individual
      never returned to work from her scheduled lunch hour and has

                                     - 22 -
J-S10010-20

     not been seen nor heard from since. Subject’s vehicle a Ford
     [Festiva] bearing Penna YAY518, silver in color, in which she
     departed has not been found to date. Investigation into the
     missing person’s complainant has revealed that subject HECKEL
     has had extra marital affairs to include one with Loyd W. Groves,
     RD 2, box 740 Lock Haven, Penna 17745 dOB 08/03/49 and
     Dennis TAYLOR. Information from TAYLOR on 07/17/91 was that
     the subject HECKEL had confided in him on 07/12/91 that she had
     informed GROVES that she was ending her relationship with him.
     That GROVES allegedly became angry and did not desire the
     relationship to end. Interview conducted by Cpl. Frederick
     CALDWELL. Security Guard Mike EMMET, Hammermill Paper Co.
     interviewed on 07/17/91 advised that he observed Loyd GROVES
     departing the Hammermill complex in the city of Lock Haven at
     1205 hrs on 07/15/91. GROVES departing in his gray colored van.

                                     …

     Loyd GROVES[,] interviewed on 07/17/91 advised of his rights
     and agreed to speak[,] provided the following information.

     He denied ever having any sexual relationship with Katherine
     Dolan HECKEL.

     He stated he was unsure of his whereabouts on or during
     07/15/91. He was unable to remember what time he [went] to
     work at Hammermill Paper Co/ unable to remember anyone with
     whom he came in contact while working that date/ unable to
     remember when he had departed for home[.]

                                     …

     A [consensual] search of GROVES Chev van bearing … Penna
     registration plate number BVZ302 was made 07/17/91. The
     search revealed a[n] athletic bag containing a hunting knife/pair
     of sneakers// a second athletic bag containing a box of .25 cal
     ammunition and lying next to that athletic bag was a partial roll
     of silver duct tape.

     GROVES was not able to account any reason why those items
     [were] in that vehicle. In the rear passenger area of the vehicle a
     section of carpet, approx[.] 18 x 12 inches was found to have been
     removed/cut out from the existing carpeted floor. Adjacent to the
     carpet section on the floor that had been cut out was a second

                                   - 23 -
J-S10010-20

     area along the wall of the vehicle and the carpet cut out in this
     area also. GROVES response for the two cut out areas of, cut out,
     carpet was that one of his children had spilled a[n] oil or tar
     substance on the carpet.

     A search of subject GROVE’S office at the Hammermill Paper Co.
     was made 07/17/91/1639 hrs.

                                       …

     Found in the desk, top drawer was a .25 cal. semi auto, Colt, serial
     number 375531, with five (5) live rounds in the clip. Additionally
     numerous cards, greeting cards, were found in the desk many
     signed “Kathie”, three unsigned.

     At the time of HECKEL’s disappearance her husband was out of
     state and she was the sole caretaker/guardian of her two minor
     children. That interviews with numerous family members,
     including husband John HECKEL; mother and father Mr. & Mrs.
     Clarance DOLAN/ aunt Donna HECKEL/ and close friend Carol
     STRALEY indicate that HECKEL would not have voluntarily
     deserted her children/family. That this type of behavior was totally
     out of context with HECKEL’s past behavior.

     That the investigation conducted to date indicates that Katherine
     Dolan HECKEL did not voluntarily leave the area/family but was
     [forcibly] removed against her will. It is further believed that trace
     evidence of Katherine Dolan HECKEL’s presence and the manner
     in which she was removed may be found within the
     aforementioned vehicle. That said vehicle was used in the
     commission of a crime against Katherine Dolan HECKEL.

     Investigation has shown that GROVE’s employment at the
     Hammermill Paper Company allows him contact/control over
     numerous chemicals, to include acids/[caustic] substances and
     flammable substances.

     Note: Also found in within the GROVES vehicle was a vinyl seat
     cushion with a red colored stain, possibly blood.

                                    - 24 -
J-S10010-20

Search Warrant and Affidavit, 7/18/1991, at 1-2.15 The police sought the

following    evidence:      hairs    and       fibers,   blood   splatter,   residue   of

acidic/caustic/flammable materials, fingerprints/ expended .22 caliber and .25

caliber projectiles, and powder residue. See id., at 1.

        In denying Groves’ suppression motion, the court found the following:

               [Groves’] primary argument in support of invalidating the
        warrant relies on the general proposition that search warrants
        cannot be employed as a general investigative tool for police to
        utilize as a means to determine whether a crime has occurred.
        Commonwealth v. Bagley, 596 A.2d 811 (Pa. Super. 1991). His
        position is that the affidavit must be able to allege a pre-existing
        crime, and in the present matter Heckel had only been missing for
        seventy-two hours without the existence of any foul play
        connected to her disappearance. He thus questions the existence
        of probable cause to issue a search warrant which cannot be
        issued merely on suspicion of a crime.

                                               …

              The Commonwealth advances several circumstances
        revealed in the affidavit that support a finding of probable cause
        to have issued the warrant. It alleges that Heckel and [Groves]
        had been involved in an extra-marital affair; that Heckel had tried
        to end the affair over his objections. Further that on the day of
        Heckel’s disappearance, [Groves] was seen leaving their work
        place five minutes after she had left. A consensual search of his
        vehicle revealed the presence of ammunition, duct tape, and a
        cushion stained with a red colored substance which appeared to
        be blood. Also an earlier warrantless search … produced among
        other things a loaded gun and some greeting cards signed by a
        “Kathie.” It also cites [Groves’] prior statements denying having
        a relationship with Heckel and not being able to remember where
        he was on the day of her disappearance.

             None of the matters relied upon by the Commonwealth
        would establish probable cause standing by themselves. However,
____________________________________________

15   See also Suppression Court Opinion, 6/27/2016, at 3-4.

                                           - 25 -
J-S10010-20

      when considered as forming the totality of the circumstances
      leading up to the issuance of the search warrant, they are much
      more relevant. This is particularly so when [Groves’] statements
      concerning the matter could reasonably [be] considered as
      untruthful or at best evasive thus giving rise to more than mere
      suspicion that he was involved in the disappearance of Heckel.
      Further, the prior vehicle search with the cut out sections of carpet
      and the pillow with the red stain on it buttress this conclusion.
      Accordingly, the Court finds that the Commonwealth has
      established probable cause for the issuance of the search warrant
      in question.

            On this issue the Court has considered [Groves’] assertion
      that the warrant was sought merely for investigative purposes
      without probable cause. There is probably a fine line between
      mere suspicion of criminal activity and probable cause for
      believing that such activity has been committed. In this case after
      considering the previously described circumstances, including
      [Groves’] own conduct and statements, the Court finds that
      probable cause was established.

Suppression Court Opinion, 6/27/2016, at 5-6.

      In light of the above-stated principles and case law, we conclude the

suppression court did not err in denying Grove’s motion to suppress. Like

Jones, Bagley is readily distinguishable from the present matter. Here, the

warrant did not merely allow the police to conduct a general investigation to

determine whether Heckel’s disappearance might have been criminal. Rather,

the warrant provided that based on the ongoing investigation, Heckel did not

voluntarily leave the area or her family, but was forcibly removed against her

will. While the warrant did not state a specific crime, like kidnapping or

murder, it is obvious that the warrant pointed to specific criminal conduct. In

this regard, Groves would like this Court to apply a “hypertechnical”

application to the language of the search warrant based on the lack of a

                                     - 26 -
J-S10010-20

specifically identified crime, which we decline to do so. Gates, 462 U.S. at

236. Additionally, unlike Bagley, the warrant did not authorize a general

seizure of anything that may have been related to Heckel’s disappearance.

Instead, it listed specific items the police were seeking.

      Moreover, the warrant was supported by probable cause. It merits

mention in Groves’ argument, he omits the fact that he previously consented

to a search of the van, which revealed, inter alia, a knife, a box of ammunition,

a partial roll of duct tape, and replaced carpeting from several rear passenger

areas. In addition to this information, the warrant also established: (1) Heckel

had been missing for approximately two days; (2) she was in the process of

ending her affair with Groves; (3) Groves left in his van five minutes after

Heckel left the plant on July 15th; (4) a gun was found in his office desk; (5)

Heckel would not have voluntarily went missing; and (6) Groves denied he

was having an affair with Heckel and was unsure of his whereabouts on the

day in question.

      Based on the totality of the circumstances, one can reasonably infer that

there was a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime would have

been found in Groves’ van, and consequently, probable cause existed to

support the search. Contrary to Groves’ argument, the warrant does not

amount to a general investigative tool and does not authorize a general

search. Accordingly, Groves’ argument fails as we discern no error or abuse

of discretion by the suppression court in denying him relief on this claim.

                                     - 27 -
J-S10010-20

      Next, Groves argues the trial court abused its discretion by denying his

motion to suppress the warrantless search of his desk located at Hammermill.

See Appellant’s Brief, at 51. He states the Pennsylvania State Police called the

Hammermill Human Resources Director and requested that he search Groves’

work desk on their behalf, because Groves did not consent to such a search.

Relying on United States v. Blok, 188 F.2d 1019 (D.C. Cir. 1951), Groves

alleges:

            [B]ecause the [p]olice requested that the Hammermill
      Human Resources Director search [Groves’] desk, the search was
      done on behalf of the [p]olice. Thus, the search was conducted by
      the government for purposes of constitutional protection and must
      have been reasonable.

            At the time of the search of [Groves’] desk, the [p]olice had
      no knowledge of any illegal activity by [Groves] nor any
      knowledge that evidence of illegal activity would be, or was likely
      to be, found in [Groves’] desk. Furthermore, [Groves] enjoyed
      exclusive use of his office and work desk and kept many personal
      items in the desk as demonstrated by the [p]olice finding, not only
      [Groves’] firearm, but also numerous greeting cards, some signed
      and some unsigned, and a letter from his wife addressing personal
      issues.

Appellant’s Brief, at 53-54.

      Furthermore, Groves argues the Human Resources Director lacked

common authority to search his desk on the police’s behalf due to the

following: (1) Groves held a privacy interest in his desk because “he enjoyed

exclusive use and possession of it and maintained many personal items in the

desks;” and (2) the director would not routinely go into employees’ desks and

would only do so for work-related purposes. Id., at 55. Groves also states,

                                     - 28 -
J-S10010-20

“[A]t the time of the search the police lacked any reasonable basis to suspect

that evidence of criminal activity would be located within the desk. Without

this as a substantive basis, the search by the Hammermill Human Resources

Director, whether common or apparent authority existed, was unreasonable.”

Id. Groves concludes:

      Even if the [p]olice had a reasonable basis to suspect that a search
      of [Groves’] work desk would disclose evidence of criminal
      activity, no exigent circumstances existed to support the
      reasonableness as a warrantless search of [Groves] was being
      interviewed by the [p]olice at the time, and for some hours
      thereafter. Finally, the [p]olice had ample opportunity to request
      the issuance of a search warrant for [Groves’] desk, but failed to
      do so.

Id., at 56.

      By way of background, the suppression court noted that during the July

17, 1991 interview with Groves, he stated that he had a .25 caliber pistol in

his desk at his place of employment, Hammermill. See Suppression Court

Opinion, 6/27/2016, at 1. The court stated that as a result of this disclosure,

Trooper Mendofik contacted the supervisor of human resources at the plant

who confirmed that “these areas including desks and lockers were the

property of the company and not the empl[o]yees.” Id. at 2. The supervisor

also relayed that the company had a no-firearm policy. The trooper requested

permission to search any unsecured area within Groves’ control, and the

supervisor instructed the plant’s communication manager, Brennan, to go to

Groves’ desk and see if there the gun was there. Brennan indicated that while

the company had keys to all the offices and desks, she did not have to use

                                     - 29 -
J-S10010-20

any since both Groves’ office and desk were unlocked. Brennan did not touch

the gun, but reported its presence to the supervisor. Subsequently,

Houseknecht, a criminal investigator for the state police, arrived at the plant

and met with the supervisor who escorted him to Groves’ office. Houseknecht

then conducted a search of the office and desk.

       Initially, we note courts have recognized that “[a]s with the expectation

of privacy in one’s home, such an expectation in one’s place of work is ‘based

upon societal expectations that have deep roots in the history of the [Fourth]

Amendment.’” O’Connor v. Ortega, 480 U.S. 709, 716 (1987) (citation

omitted).16 Accordingly, Groves possessed an expectation of privacy in his

office.

       Moreover, under both the Fourth Amendment of the United States

Constitution and Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution, a

warrantless search is per se unreasonable “unless it falls within a specifically

enumerated exception.” Commonwealth v. Wright, 961 A.2d 119, 137 (Pa.

2008) (citation omitted). One such exception is third-party consent, which is

based on common or apparent authority. Commonwealth v. Perel, 107 A.3d

185, 192 (Pa. Super. 2014).

       In general, the common authority doctrine permits a third-party
       possessing common authority over a premise to give valid consent
____________________________________________

16 See also See v. City of Seattle, 387 U.S. 541, 543 (1967) (“The
businessman, like the occupant of a residence, has a constitutional right to go
about his business free from unreasonable official entries upon his private
commercial property.”).

                                          - 30 -
J-S10010-20

     to search against a non-consenting person who shares authority
     because “it is reasonable to recognize that any of the co-
     inhabitants has the right to permit the inspection in his own right
     and that the others have assumed the risk that one of their
     number might permit the common area to be searched.” United
     States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 94 S. Ct. 988, 39 L. Ed. 2d 242
     (1974). The apparent authority doctrine allows a third-party to
     consent to a search, even if the third-party does not have common
     authority over a premise, where an officer reasonably believes,
     based upon the facts then available, that the consenting third-
     party had the authority to consent. Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497
     U.S. 177, 188-89, 110 S. Ct. 2793, 111 L. Ed. 2d 148 (1990).

Commonwealth v. Basking, 970 A.2d 1181, 1184 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2009).

     In addressing Groves’ issue, the suppression court found the following:

            [Groves] takes issue with [Trooper] Mendofik’s testimony,
     particularly that he knew about the gun before a subsequent
     search of [Groves’] van around 5:15 PM. He relies on Corporal
     Caldwell’s testimony that no mention of a gun was made by
     [Groves] during the interviews on July 17th as well as certain
     items that [were] not mentioned in either’s report. Keeping in
     mind that the testimony presented related to events some twenty-
     five years ago, the Court is not surprised that discrepancies in the
     testimony exist. However, based on Brennan’s testimony that [the
     supervisor] told her to look for a gun in [Groves’] desk, he must
     have been apprised of this by [Trooper] Mendofik prior to any
     search of the van. Also Houseknecht’s arrival to conduct the
     search preceded the search of the van. Accordingly, the [c]ourt is
     inclined to accept the Commonwealth’s version of what led up to
     the search of [Groves’] desk.

           The [c]ourt has considered the arguments and briefs of the
     parties. Based on the facts as the [c]ourt sees them, the
     Commonwealth’s theory is that [the supervisor] had the common
     authority over the premises which enabled him to validly consent
     to a warrantless search of [Groves’] office and desk. In this regard
     the employer had a common control over these items which was
     manifested by having a key to both the office and desk. More
     importantly in view of the employer’s having a no firearms in the
     plant policy, once [the supervisor] was apprised of the possibility
     that [Groves] had such a weapon in his desk, he had a legitimate
     interest in a search of the area. This was initially accomplished by

                                    - 31 -
J-S10010-20

      having Brennan on behalf of the employer go to [Groves’] office
      and desk to verify whether a firearm was there. Upon finding the
      weapon she reported its existence to [the supervisor].
      Subsequently, Houseknecht arrived and conducted the
      warrantless state police search, found the weapons among other
      items, and confiscated them. The [c]ourt thus accepts the
      Commonwealth’s argument that such a search based on [the
      supervisor]’s common authority over the premises constitutes an
      exception to any federal or state constitutional requirement that
      a search be done only after the issuance of a valid search warrant.

            In the alternative if [the supervisor] did not have such
      common authority, the [c]ourt accepts the Commonwealth’s
      argument that [Trooper] Mendofik had a reasonable belief that
      [the supervisor] had apparent authority to consent to such a
      search[.]

Suppression Court Opinion, 6/27/2016, at 2-3.

      We agree with the court’s conclusion. First, contrary to Groves’ assertion

that the police had no knowledge of any illegal activity by him nor any

knowledge that illicit evidence would be found in his desk, the record supports

the court’s finding that based on Brennan’s statements, her supervisor told

her to look for a gun in Groves’ desk and as such, he must have been apprised

of this fact by Trooper Mendofik prior to any search of the van.

      Furthermore,   the   third-party consent exception      to   the   warrant

requirement applies to the present circumstances. With regard to the common

authority doctrine, Hammermill had a company policy that prohibited firearms

on the premises. Once the supervisor was informed by the trooper that Groves

admitted he had a gun in his desk, the supervisor had a legitimate interest in

searching the desk in order to enforce the policy. In the alternative, the

trooper’s actions under the apparent authority doctrine were valid because

                                    - 32 -
J-S10010-20

based on the facts available to him at the time, he reasonably believed that

the supervisor had the authority to consent to the search of the office. Groves’

argument does not persuade us otherwise.

       Lastly, in Blok,17 which Groves relies on, the police executed a

warrantless search of the defendant’s government office desk after her

supervisor gave permission to do so. The police found evidence of petty

larceny, and the defendant challenged the search. The federal district court

invalidated the search and drew the following distinction: “No doubt a search

of it without her consent would have been reasonable if made by some people

in some circumstances. Her official superiors might reasonably have searched

the desk for official property needed for official use. But … the search that was

made was not an inspection or search by her supervisors.” Blok, 188 F.2d at

1021. In other words, the constitutionality of the search depended on the

status of the person who was searching. Blok is not binding on this Court and

moreover, it is distinguishable from the present matter wherein Hammermill

management requested Brennan to initially search the desk, and the police

did not conduct the search of their own volition. Accordingly, Groves’ second

suppression issue fails.

____________________________________________

17We note “decisions of the federal district courts … are not binding on
Pennsylvania courts, even when a federal question is involved.” Kubik v.
Route 252, Inc., 762 A.2d 1119, 1124 (Pa. Super. 2014).

                                          - 33 -
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      Third, Groves claims the trial court abused its discretion by admitting

statements made by Heckel to Taylor, concerning Groves’ discontent with

Heckel’s intent to end the affair, because such evidence constituted

inadmissible hearsay. See Appellant’s Brief, at 38. Specifically, Groves points

to the following testimony by Taylor:

      Q[:] … But to draw you to the statements we’re focused on, do
      you recall Kathy Heckel making a statement to you on July 9,
      1991, that the relationship with [Groves] was souring, that she
      wanted to get out of it, that [Groves] did not want the relationship
      to end, and he had become upset about her intent to end the
      relationship?

      A[:] Yes. That happened on my birthday because we were with
      each other that day for about eight hours.

      Q[:] Please tell us about that.

      A[:] Well, she actually started to bring up conversations about Mr.
      Groves early in July that she had told me about a relationship that
      she had had with him, but she wanted to end it, and then
      conversations actually began to escalate. And when we were
      together on the 9th she basically said I have to end this. It’s --
      he's becoming a clinging vine, and I want to end it and I don’t
      think he wants to.

      Q[:] What was her demeanor?

      A[:] At the time it was -- it was -- she was annoyed. She was --
      it was like I don’t know what to do. She was fearful that what can
      I do. I mean, she was kind of in a position where I don’t know
      what I’m going to be able to do other than tell him that I don’t
      want to do this any longer.

      Q[:] Based upon your conversation with her, she indicated that he
      was unwilling to accept that?

      A[:] Yes.

      Q[:] What did she say about that?

                                        - 34 -
J-S10010-20

       A[:] She just said he -- he keeps calling. I don’t want to talk to
       him. And eventually I just reached the point -- I just started to
       hang up.

                                               …

       Q[:] Is it safe to say that you had telephone contact with Ms.
       Heckel on July 15?

       A[:] Yes.

       Q[:] Please tell us about that?

       A[:] … And it was approximately around 11:30 or so -- 11:30,
       quarter to 12. The receptionist said you have a phone call. I
       answered the phone and it was Kathy. And she was very upset,
       very -- her tone of voice was completely different than early in the
       morning. She was frightened. And I said what’s the matter. And
       she said he wants me to go to lunch with him. And I said,
       [Groves]? She said, yes.

N.T., 11/20/2018, at 17-18, 24-25.18

       Groves states that “because the statements were utilized to establish

the victim’s state of mind, and not [Groves’], the statements were legally

irrelevant and therefore inadmissible.” Appellant’s Brief, at 38. (footnote

omitted). Moreover, he alleges that in accordance with Commonwealth v.

Thorton, 431 A.2d 248 (Pa. 1981), and Commonwealth v. Moore, 937 A.2d

1062 (Pa. 2007), “evidence of the victim’s fear and the [d]efendant’s motive

are only relevant to the degree that the hearsay statements are true.”

Appellant’s Brief, at 43. Groves asserts:

____________________________________________

18Groves had a standing objection throughout Taylor’s testimony. See N.T.,
11/20/2018, at 5.

                                          - 35 -
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      More specifically, that [he] was upset with the victim’s intent to
      end the relationship is wholly dependent upon the truth of the four
      (4) matters asserted[:] 1) that the victim was involved in an
      extramarital affair with [Groves]; 2) that the victim had the intent
      to terminate the extramarital affair; 3) that the victim expressed
      to [Groves] her intent to end the relationship; and 4) that
      [Groves] was upset at and resistant to this notion. Thus, only
      when the statement is considered for the truth of the matters
      asserted does the statement become relevant to [Groves’] motive
      to kill.

Id.

      Additionally,    Groves     claims     that   in   its    closing   argument,    the

Commonwealth represented the testimony at issue as if it was admitted for

its truth. See id., at 44. Lastly, Groves asserts Heckel’s statement of mind is

irrelevant because he did not argue self-defense or accident. See id., at 46.

Rather, as he states, his defense was that he did not commit any crime against

the victim and therefore, it was his state of mind that was at issue. See id.

      Our “standard of review of a trial court’s evidentiary rulings, including

rulings   on   the    admission    of   hearsay      …     is    abuse    of   discretion.”

Commonwealth v. Walter, 93 A.3d 442, 449 (Pa. 2014). “An abuse of

discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but is rather the overriding or

misapplication of the law, or the exercise of judgment that is manifestly

unreasonable, or the result of bias, prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as shown by

the evidence of record.” Commonwealth v. Hernandez, 39 A.3d 406, 411

(Pa. Super. 2012) (citation omitted).

      Hearsay is “a statement that (1) the declarant does not make while

testifying at the current trial or hearing; and (2) a party offers in evidence to

                                           - 36 -
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prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.” Pa.R.E. 801(c).

Hearsay is generally not admissible unless an exception applies. See Pa.R.E.

802. “The rationale for the hearsay rule is that hearsay is too untrustworthy

to be considered by the trier of fact. Exceptions have been fashioned to

accommodate certain classes of hearsay that are substantially more

trustworthy than hearsay in general, and thus merit exception to the hearsay

rule.” Commonwealth v. Charlton, 902 A.2d 554, 559 (Pa. Super. 2006)

(citation and quotation marks omitted).

      Pertinent to this appeal, one such exception is the “state of mind”

exception:

      A statement of the declarant’s then-existing state of mind (such
      as motive, intent or plan) or emotional, sensory or physical
      condition (such as mental feeling, pain, or bodily health), but not
      including a statement of memory or believe to prove the fact
      remembered or belief unless it relates to the validity or terms of
      the declarant’s will.

Pa.R.E. 803(3). “Where, however, the declarant’s state of mind is not a factor

at issue in the case, the declarant’s statement is immaterial and irrelevant to

the prosecution’s case.” Commonwealth v. Levanduski, 907 A.2d 3, 16 (Pa.

Super. 2006).

      “The admissibility of evidence relating to a victim’s state of mind
      has been a subject of difference in this Court’s recent decisions.”
      Commonwealth v. Moore, 594 Pa. 619, 937 A.2d 1062, 1070-
      71 (Pa. 2007). In some instances, following [Commonwealth v.
      Luster, 71 A.3d 1029 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en banc)], our Courts
      have held that the state-of-mind exception applies to a murder
      victim’s statement. See Commonwealth v. Parker, 2014 PA
      Super 253, 104 A.3d 17, 29 (Pa. Super. 2014) (victim’s questions
      to grandmother were admissible under state of mind exception);

                                    - 37 -
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        see also Commonwealth v. Kunkle, 2013 Pa. Super. 287, 79
        A.3d 1173, 1185 (Pa. Super. 2013) (victim’s statement that he
        was scared of defendant and if he died it would be defendant’s
        fault was properly admitted as evidence based on state of mind
        exception). At other times, our appellate Courts have held that
        the state-of-mind exception does not apply to a murder victim’s
        statement. See Commonwealth v. Green, 2013 Pa. Super. 249,
        76 A.3d 575, 582 (Pa. Super. 2013) (victim’s statements that she
        was afraid of defendant and did not want “to go with him” were
        not admissible under state of mind exception); see also Moore,
        937 A.2d at 1069 (victim’s statement that defendant bullied him
        was not admissible under state of mind exception); see also
        Commonwealth v. Thornton, 494 Pa. 260, 431 A.2d 248, 251
        (Pa. 1981) (victim’s statement that he was fearful of defendant
        was not admissible under the state of mind exception).

Commonwealth v. Fitzpatrick, 204 A.3d 527, 532 (Pa. Super. 2019).

        Here, the trial court examined a lack of consistency in the courts

regarding the admissibility of statements made by a deceased homicide victim

to a third party19 and found the following:

              We believe any such statements are highly relevant and
        admissible at trial. They tell an important part of the story of this
        case leading directly to July 15, 1991, the day of the victim’s
        disappearance. We believe such statements come within the
        purview of Pa.R.E. No. 803(3) as they indicate an existing intent
        or plan of the victim to end the relationship.

               The victim’s state of mind in this regard is clearly relevant
        and probative to this case. Further, this evidence is relevant to
        [Groves’] potential motive to harm the alleged victim. The
        statements also show the relationship has reached a state of ill
        will between the parties.

              Specifically, the [c]ourt finds the statements made to Mr.
        Taylor on July 9, 1991 that the relationship was souring and she
        wanted to get out of it and that [Groves] did not want the

____________________________________________

19   See Trial Court Opinion, 5/17/2018, at 5-12.

                                          - 38 -
J-S10010-20

      relationship to end and he became upset about the victim’s intent
      are admissible.3

             Mr. Taylor’s proposed the testimony about the July 15
      telephone contact with the victim, the day of her disappearance,
      is likewise admissible. He may refer to the upset state of the victim
      and that [Groves] wanted to go to lunch with her, which has
      relevance to her plan to meet him for lunch.

                                        …

            The victim’s description of [Groves] as a “clinging vine”
      constantly calling her and sending cards is relevant to the
      victim[’]s firm intent that she needed to end the relationship and
      the developing ill will between the parties.

      _____________________________

         3 Likewise, we find Mr. Taylor’s statements made to the
         State Police, Cpl. Mendofik, in a July 28, 1991 interview,
         page 92, that when she told [Groves] she was ending their
         relationship, that he said she should not do this and that he
         would take anything she could give him, that he just wanted
         a place in her life, are relevant to the declarant[’]s intent to
         end the relationship and to the growing anger, ill will and
         potential malice [Groves] was entering into. This is also
         relevant to a possible motive on [Groves’] part.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/17/2018, at 12-13 (citations omitted). The court further

noted that at trial, when Taylor took the witness stand, it gave “a

comprehensive cautionary jury instruction which instructed the jury how they

could consider the testimony of Dennis Taylor as to statements he would

testify were made to him by Kathy Heckel. The [c]ourt [had] reviewed this

                                     - 39 -
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instruction with all counsel and gave them full opportunity to contribute to the

instruction.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/2019, at 47.20

____________________________________________

20   The court’s jury instruction is as follows:

              The Commonwealth will offer into evidence several
        statements that they alleged Katherine Heckel made to Dennis
        Taylor. You may consider Mr. Taylor’s testimony as to these
        statements with this cautionary explanation by the Court.

              The statements of Katherine Heckel to Dennis Taylor to the
        extent that you believe they were made are not offered for the
        truth of the assertions made in the statements.

              I will illustrate what I mean by a statement offered for the
        truth of the assertion. An example might be an out of court
        statement made for its truth that an out of court declarant told
        him he had employment and earned a hundred thousand dollars
        per year.

              If offered to prove the truth of the facts that the out of court
        speaker was in fact employed and earned a hundred thousand
        dollars per year, the statements would be inadmissible hearsay as
        they were made by an out of court party.

               The statements offered here are simply being offered for the
        limited purpose to show the intent of the alleged victim to end a
        relationship with [Groves]. The statements are also offered by the
        Commonwealth to show developing ill will, malice, or discord
        between [Groves] and Ms. Heckel. You may consider these
        statements to the extent you find that they show an intent to
        break off the relationship with [Groves]. You may also consider
        whether the evidence, whether this evidence, if you believe it --
        again, that’s totally within your province -- would indicate a
        reason or motive on [Groves’] part to take the life of Ms. Heckel.
        Like any other testimony or witness, you will need to determine
        the credibility of this witness and the weight you will give this
        testimony in your consideration of all of the evidence.

N.T., 11/20/2018, 10-11.

                                          - 40 -
J-S10010-20

      As noted above, the gist of Groves’ argument is that it is only when the

statements are considered for their truth of the matters asserted do the

statements become relevant to his motive to kill. In Levanduski, the victim

wrote a letter, which described numerous letters he discovered that were

written by the appellant, his common law wife. In the appellant’s letters, she

expressed a plan to get rid of victim so that she could be in a relationship with

another man. The victim’s letter expressed fear that the appellant may kill

him and that she purportedly abused him. A panel of this Court determined

the letter was inadmissible hearsay because “[t]he mere existence of the letter

itself was not enough to prove [the a]ppellant’s relationship with [the other

man] or her motive to kill [the victim]. Here, the jurors had to believe the

actual text of the letter, that is, the matters asserted in it, to grasp what the

letter was offered at trial to prove.” Levanduski, 907 A.2d at 18.

      However, such evidence has not always been scrutinized so narrowly.

For example, in Commonwealth v. Sneeringer, 668 A.2d 1167 (Pa. Super.

1995), a panel of this Court permitted the introduction of a statement made

by the victim, the appellant’s deceased girlfriend, that she intended to end her

relationship with the appellant. The panel found the statement was admissible

under the “state of mind” exception, opining:

      The fact that the victim intended to end her relationship with
      appellant made it more probable that she did end the relationship,
      than if she had no such intention. Moreover, if the victim did end
      her relationship with appellant, then such a factor is probative of
      appellant’s motive. The mere fact that the victim expressed an
      intent to end her relationship with appellant does not establish

                                     - 41 -
J-S10010-20

      that she did in fact do so. It does, however, allow the jury to infer
      appellant’s motive from such a revelation, and is properly
      considered in resolving the question of whether appellant killed
      the victim. As such, the objectionable remarks were both
      competent and relevant, and they were properly admitted at trial.

Id. at 1171-1172.

      Pursuant to Sneeringer, it is proper to admit evidence that

demonstrates a declarant intending to commit a particular act in future which

would allow the jury to infer the appellant’s motive from such a disclosure.

Here, the testimony at issue were statements made by Heckel to Taylor that

she intended to end the relationship with Groves and she believed he did not

want to so. The jury could reasonably infer Groves’ motive to kill as a result

of Heckel’s desire to end the relationship.

      Likewise, her statements to meet him so that she could break up, which

were made so close in time to her disappearance, are permissible. This

conclusion is supported by the decision in Commonwealth v. Collins, 703

A.2d 418 (Pa. 1997), in which the Pennsylvania Supreme Court stated:

            On several occasions, we have held that a deceased victim’s
      out-of-court statements evincing an intent to meet the defendant
      shortly before the killing were admissible pursuant to the state of
      mind exception because such an intent provided circumstantial
      evidence that the victim did meet with the defendant.

            In each case, the victim’s intent to meet the defendant was
      relevant to the case because it permitted the jury to conclude that
      the defendant had the opportunity to commit the crime in
      question.

Id. at 425. Turning to the present matter, Heckel’s remarks provided

circumstantial evidence that she did meet with him on the day of her

                                     - 42 -
J-S10010-20

disappearance. Accordingly, we conclude the statements at issue were

admissible under the state-of-mind exception.

      Nevertheless, we must determine whether Heckel’s state of mind was

relevant to an issue in the case. See Levanduski, 907 A.2d at 16. In

Commonwealth v. Laich, 777 A.2d 1057 (Pa. 2001), the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court held that statements made by a homicide victim that her

appellant-boyfriend threatened to kill her if he ever found her with another

man were inadmissible. The Supreme Court noted:

      Pursuant to the state of mind hearsay exception, where a
      declarant’s out-of-court statements demonstrate her state of
      mind, are made in a natural manner, and are material and
      relevant, they are admissible pursuant to the exception. Out-of-
      court declarations that fall within the state of mind hearsay
      exception are still subject to general evidentiary rules governing
      competency and relevancy. Accordingly, whatever purpose the
      statement is offered for, be it to show the declarant's intention,
      familiarity, or sanity, that purpose must be a “factor in issue,” that
      is, relevant. Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a
      material fact in the case, if it tends to make a fact at issue more
      or less probable, or if it supports a reasonable inference or
      presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.

Id. at 1060-1061 (citations omitted).

      However, in Luster, an en banc panel of this Court determined that a

statement made by a homicide victim, indicating that she feared the appellant,

her paramour, was going to harm her, was relevant because it showed the

appellant’s ill will and malice toward the victim. See Luster, 71 A.3d at 1041.

The Luster Court distinguished Laich as follows:

      We … do not find that Laich supports [the a]ppellant’s contention
      that the victim’s statements concerning her fear and apprehension

                                      - 43 -
J-S10010-20

       of [the a]ppellant were inadmissible hearsay. In Laich, the
       defendant admitted his guilt, and therefore our Pennsylvania
       Supreme Court determined that the victim’s statements regarding
       defendant’s jealous threats to kill her were “simply not relevant
       given appellant’s defense” of sudden provocation. In contrast,
       [the a]ppellant has repeatedly denied his guilt, has not claimed
       any sudden provocation relative to the victim, and has denied
       acting with malice.

Id. at 1042.21

       Similar to Luster, in the present matter, Groves claims that he did not

commit any crime against the victim. Accordingly, evidence of Heckel’s state

of mind was relevant to an issue in the case because it went to Groves’

potential motive to harm Heckel.

       At the conclusion of his argument, Groves points to Moore in support

of his argument that during the Commonwealth’s closing argument, it

improperly represented the testimony at issue as if it was admitted for its

truth.22 We note it is well settled that a “closing argument is not evidence.”

____________________________________________

21 Likewise, in Thornton, a case relied on by Groves, the statement at issue
was made by the victim to a police officer that the appellant and his brother
“were after” him. Thornton, 431 A.2d at 251. Procedurally in the case, the
appellant admitted to shooting and killing the victim and therefore, the matter
was at the degree of guilt phase. In concluding that the testimony should have
been excluded, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court stated: “[T]he victim’s state
of mind was not a matter in issue in the case. It was appellant’s state of mind,
not that of the victim, which was material to establish the degree of guilt, if
any, on the charge of criminal homicide.” Id. Here, Groves did not concede
guilt and therefore, his degree of guilt was not the only issue. Accordingly,
Thornton is not controlling.

22 In Moore, the Supreme Court held that out-of-court statements by the
victim concerning alleged bullying by the appellant were inadmissible hearsay

                                          - 44 -
J-S10010-20

Commonwealth v. Page, 965 A.2d 1212, 1223 (Pa. Super. 2009) (quotation

omitted).

        Furthermore, Moore is distinguishable from the present matter because

no limiting instruction was requested to mitigate the potential for any

prejudice effect.23 Here, on the other hand, the trial court gave the jury a

limited instruction on the matter, and explained that the evidence at issue

could not be considered for the truth of the matter of asserted, but for the

limited deliberation to show: (1) the intent of Heckel to end a relationship with

Groves; (2) the developing ill will, malice, or discord between Groves and

Heckel; (3) a reason or motive on Groves’ part to take the life of Heckel. See

N.T., 11/20/2018, 10-11. “[W]hen examining the potential for undue

prejudice, a cautionary jury instruction may ameliorate the prejudicial effect

of the proffered evidence…. Jurors are presumed to follow the trial court’s

instructions.” Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84 A.3d 657, 666 (Pa. 2014).

We can presume the jurors followed the court’s instructions.24 Therefore, we

____________________________________________

evidence. To support its conclusion, the Court stated: “[T]he Commonwealth
specifically and substantially relied upon their truth at trial, as reflected both
in the prosecutor’s arguments concerning admissibility, and in her closing
remarks ... and it is readily apparent that the state of mind hearsay exception
was used as a conduit to support the admission of fact-bound evidence to be
used for a substantive purpose.” Moore, 937 A.2d at 1073 (internal citation
omitted).

23   Id., at 1074.

24 It merits mention that Groves does not complain about the jury instruction
in his appeal.

                                          - 45 -
J-S10010-20

discern no abuse of discretion regarding the trial court’s conclusion that the

testimony at issue was admissible. Accordingly, Groves’ third issue merits no

relief.

          In his fourth argument, Groves contends the court abused its discretion

by admitting certain statements he made to Gayle Taylor because the

evidence was irrelevant, misleading, and the prejudicial effect outweighed the

probative value. See Appellant’s Brief, at 46-47.

          By way of background, Gayle Taylor testified that she worked at the

Portage County Health Department in Ohio from 1993 to 1996, where Groves

was her coworker from a period of time. See N.T., 11/27/2018, at 41-42. She

recalled that sometime in 1994 or 1995, she had a conversation with Groves

about her son after finding controlled substances in the son’s dresser. See id.,

at 42. Groves told her that he worked with troubled boys and on several

occasions, he would take them camping in the woods and counsel them about

drugs. See id., at 43. Gayle Taylor then testified to the following:

          Q[:] What was your other comment [to Groves]?

          A[:] Well, if the drugs don’t kill [my son], I’m going to.

                                           …

          Q[:] What was [Groves’] response to that comment?

          A[:] Well, I can show you how to bury a body so it would never
          be found.

Id., at 43-44.

          With respect to these statements, Groves states:

                                         - 46 -
J-S10010-20

      [T]he Commonwealth introduced [Gayle] Taylor’s testimony to
      bolster its argument that [Groves] killed the victim and hid her
      body. However, no evidence was presented that [Groves] had any
      knowledge about concealing, hiding or burying a body so that it
      would never be found. Moreover, no evidence was presented that
      [Groves] buried anything, much less the victim’s body. The only
      evidence at trial that [Groves] had any knowledge and/or ability
      to bury a body was the testimony of [Gayle] Taylor. That the
      victim’s body was never found, in and of itself, does not lead to
      the conclusion that [Groves] buried the victim’s body or had
      knowledge to do so in a manner that would cause it to never be
      found.

Id., at 49.

      Keeping our standard of review regarding evidentiary rulings in mind,

we are guided by the following: “Relevance is the threshold for admissibility

of evidence.” Commonwealth v. Tyson, 119 A.3d 353, 358 (Pa. Super.

2015) (citation omitted). The Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence provide the

following test for relevant evidence:

      Evidence is relevant if:

      (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than
      it would be without the evidence; and

      (b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action.

Pa.R.E. 401. “All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided

by law. Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible.” Tyson, 119 A.3d at

358. “The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is

outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice,

confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or

needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Pa.R.E. 403. “Unfair prejudice is

                                    - 47 -
J-S10010-20

defined as a tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis or to divert

the jury’s attention away from its duty of weighing the evidence impartially.”

Commonwealth v. Jemison, 98 A.3d 1254, 1262 (Pa. 2014) (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted).

      In admitting the testimony at issue, the court explained:

             The [c]ourt believes the testimony of [Gayle] Taylor was
      clearly relevant and that the probative value of the testimony far
      outweighed any danger of prejudice to [Groves].

            The statement [Groves] made to Gayle Taylor that he could
      show her how to bury a body so it would never be found was made
      in 1994 or 1995, within a few years of the disappearance of Kathy
      Heckel.

                                       …

             Despite intensive efforts by law enforcement officials in
      1991 and even up to the time of trial to find her remains, her
      bodily remains have never been found. The comment by [Groves]
      that he could bury a body so it could never be found has important
      significance to the facts of this case.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/2019, at 48.

      We agree with the trial court that even though Groves’ comment to

Gayle Taylor was made several years after the fact, it was highly relevant to

the case because Heckel’s body has never been located and it relates to the

crime with which Groves was charged – third-degree murder. Additionally, the

probative value of the statement is not outweighed by unfair prejudice. This

testimony does not suggest finding against Groves on an improper basis. It

does not impugn Groves’ character unless the jury found that Groves had

committed the murder. Furthermore, Groves’ argument that the statement

                                     - 48 -
J-S10010-20

was misleading is not persuasive. Accordingly, we conclude the trial court’s

ruling regarding Gayle Taylor’s testimony does not constitute grounds for

reversal, and Groves’ argument is unavailing.

      In his fifth issue, Groves complains there was insufficient evidence to

support his third-degree murder conviction. See Appellant’s Brief, at 56. He

alleges the Commonwealth’s expert could not state whether Groves had ever

fired the firearm that was found in his office desk or whether the firearm was

fired at all since 1946. Id., at 59. Groves states “no evidence was presented

that victim died as a result of a gunshot wound or that [Groves] used the .25

[caliber] firearm to kill the victim.” Id. Moreover, he contends the forensic

evidence concerning the hunting knife and the roll of duct tape that were found

in his van “failed to demonstrate any connection between these items and the

victim’s disappearance.” Id.

      Groves touches upon the Commonwealth’s theory that he murdered

Heckel and placed her body in the van, and then her blood dripped onto the

carpet, leaving DNA particles, which is why he had to remove certain pieces

of the carpet. Groves counters that he presented evidence that provides a

direct explanation as to the presence of Heckel’s blood in his van: (1) one of

the Commonwealth’s witnesses placed Heckel in Groves’ van on a daily basis

leading up to her disappearance, and they engaged in sexual acts in the

precise location where the blood was found; and (2) Hammermill’s medical

records indicated Heckel “cut her index finger on June 6, 1991, while at work

                                    - 49 -
J-S10010-20

and that the wound ‘bled well’ and required re-bandaging to stop the bleeding”

and therefore, “it is equally as likely that the minute particles of the victim’s

blood located in [Groves’] van emanated from her cut finger as opposed to a

fatal wound inflicted by” Groves. Id., at 61.

      Moreover, Groves argues there was no evidence that he was present at

the scene “of the victim’s demise,” and “that the victim ever came into contact

with [Groves] or his van after they left the Hammermill [plant].” Id., at 62.

He also points to certain witness testimony that indicated “there was nothing

unusual or out of the ordinary about [his] appearance, demeanor or behavior”

on the afternoon of July 15th. Id., at 63. He states that while certain witnesses

may have testified they observed Heckel and Groves engaged in a heated

discussion on the morning in question, “no witness testified to hearing the

subject matter of this discussion.” Id. Furthermore, he points to the testimony

of one witness who indicated she saw Heckel that morning, and she “appeared

calm and that nothing was out of the ordinary.” Id., at 64. With respect to

these observations, Groves claims they “give rise to the equally reasonable

inference that [he] did not murder the victim.” Id. Groves proposes an

alternative version of Heckel’s death and asserts that case law has held that

“when a party on whom rests the burden of the proof … offers evidence

consistent with two opposing propositions, he proves neither.” Id., at 66

(quotation    and   quotation   marks     omitted).   Groves    concludes    the

                                     - 50 -
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Commonwealth did not meet its burden in establishing that he was guilty of

third-degree murder.

      In reviewing a sufficiency challenge, our standard of review is as follows:

      Because a determination of evidentiary sufficiency presents a
      question of law, our standard of review is de novo and our scope
      of review is plenary. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence,
      we must determine whether the evidence admitted at trial and all
      reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, viewed in the light most
      favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, were sufficient
      to prove every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
      [T]he facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth
      need not preclude every possibility of innocence. It is within the
      province of the fact-finder to determine the weight to be accorded
      to each witness’s testimony and to believe all, part, or none of the
      evidence. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving
      every element of the crime by means of wholly circumstantial
      evidence. Moreover, as an appellate court, we may not re-weigh
      the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the fact-
      finder.

Commonwealth v. Palmer, 192 A.3d 85, 89 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation

omitted), appeal denied, 204 A.3d 924 (Pa. 2019). Therefore, we will not

disturb the verdict “unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a

matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined

circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Bruce, 916 A.2d 657, 661 (Pa. Super.

2007) (citation omitted).

      Third-degree murder is defined as:

      All other kinds of murder other than first degree murder or second
      degree murder. The elements of third-degree murder, as
      developed by case law, are a killing done with legal malice. Malice
      exists where there is a particular ill-will, and also where there is a
      wickedness of disposition, hardness of heart, wanton conduct,
      cruelty, recklessness of consequences and a mind regardless of
      social duty. Malice is established where an actor consciously

                                     - 51 -
J-S10010-20

      disregard[s] an unjustified and extremely high risk that his action
      might cause death or serious bodily harm. Malice may be inferred
      by considering the totality of the circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Golphin, 161 A.3d 1009, 1018 (Pa. Super. 2017)

(citations and quotations omitted); see also 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502.

      In finding there was sufficient evidence to support Groves’ third-degree

murder conviction, the trial court extensively detailed the facts to support the

verdict, see Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/2019, at 53-58, which we have

summarized as follows: (1) Heckel and Groves were engaged in a sexual

relationship which she was adamant about ending and he was determined to

maintain; (2) on the morning of Heckel’s disappearance, she and Groves got

into a significantly loud and heated argument at their work place that was

observed by numerous witnesses; (3) before she left the plant for lunch, she

called Taylor and expressed her fear of Groves but indicated that she was

about to go to lunch with him; (4) prior to leaving the plant, Groves was

observed sitting in his van, appearing angry while he looked directly at Heckel;

(5) Heckel never returned to work or met up with Taylor that evening as they

had planned; (6) Groves was not observed at the plant and could not be

reached that afternoon, and one employee indicated Groves looked terrified

and uncomfortable the day after Heckel’s disappearance; (7) when Brennan,

the plant communications manager, spoke to Groves on July 18 th, she asked

him where he went to lunch on the day in question and he responded that he

could not remember which Brennan found to be very upsetting; (8) when

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questioned by police two days after Heckel went missing, Groves denied on

several occasions that he had an affair with Heckel and claimed that he could

not remember where he went to lunch on July 15 th; (9) a gun was found in

Groves’ office desk and .25 caliber ammunition, a hunting knife, and duct tape

was found in his van; (10) human blood, found next to the interior light,

matched the DNA of Heckel; (11) a large area of carpet on the passenger side

of the van had been cut out and replaced, and while Groves explained that

one of his children got tar on parts of the carpet, testing of stains found in the

van did not reveal tar or deer blood; (12) Motter, the 14-year-old friend of

Groves’ children, testified that he saw a large reddish brown stain in the same

location of the replaced carpet, and estimated that he observed it three days

before Heckel’s disappearance but the jury could have readily believed he saw

the stain on July 15th because he stated that he was in the van on that date

due to the Groves’ wedding anniversary and Groves had purchased pizza for

the boys on that date;25 (13) Katherine Groves testified her husband came

home on the day in question around 12:45 p.m. for approximately ten

minutes, which was unusual based on the distance from their home to the

plant, and that stated his purpose for being there was to change his clothes;

(14) Katherine Groves also testified that Groves seemed preoccupied that

night and in late July of 1991, he rented a car and went away for day because

____________________________________________

25   The police obtained a receipt for the purchase of pizza on that date.

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he wanted to get away for a while; (15) Groves subsequently told Gayle Taylor

that he could bury a body so it could not be found; (16) there was ample

evidence to conclude that Heckel was deceased, despite her body never being

found, as demonstrated by the fact that she was a devout mother who was

raising the children by herself as a consequence of her husband’s military

service; and (17) expert testimony revealed there was no digital footprint for

Heckel in over five billions records of data. The trial court concluded the jury

had sufficient evidence to conclude Heckel “was deceased and was a victim of

foul play.” Id., at 58.

      We agree with the trial court’s analysis concerning the sufficiency of

Groves’ third-degree murder conviction. One can reasonably infer that he was

angry with her for wanting to end their affair and so he took her life and

disposed of the body so it could never be found. As such, viewing the evidence

in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, our

review   confirms    that   the   Commonwealth       presented   overwhelming

circumstantial evidence from which it was reasonable for the jury to find that

Groves killed Heckel with malice on July 15, 1991.

      Moreover, much of Groves’ argument asks this Court to reweigh the

evidence in his favor. We decline to do so. See Commonwealth v. Lewis,

45 A.3d 405, 409 (Pa. Super. 2012) (appellant’s “argument that his version

of the events was more credible than the Commonwealth’s version goes to

the weight of the evidence, not its sufficiency.”). Additionally, the jury heard

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all of the evidence Groves points to in support of his innocence. The jury,

sitting as the fact-finder, was free to assess each witness’s testimony and to

believe all, part, or none of the evidence. See Golphin, 161 A.3d at 1018.

       Here, the jury found the evidence that demonstrated Groves committed

a criminal act against Heckel more credible. Accordingly, Groves’ sufficiency

argument fails to merit relief.

       In his penultimate argument, Groves claims the verdict was against the

weight of the evidence. See Appellant’s Brief, at 67-77. He points to various

pieces of evidence, including the fact that various witnesses saw the victim on

the day in question and they did not observe anything unusual regarding the

victim’s demeanor. Prior to addressing the substantive argument, we must

determine whether he has properly preserved this claim.

       It is well-settled law a defendant must raise a claim asserting the verdict

is against the weight of the evidence before the trial court, either orally at

sentencing or in a written post-sentence motion. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 607. “The

purpose of this rule is to make it clear that a challenge to the weight of the

evidence must be raised with the trial judge or it will be waived.” Id.,

Comment. Here, Groves did neither.26 Therefore, he waived any potential

____________________________________________

26 It merits mention that Groves admitted he did not raise a weight claim in
any post-sentence motion, but presented it for the first time in his concise
statement. See Appellant’s Brief, at 67 n.9; see also Trial Court Opinion,
6/11/2019, at 52 n. 3 (“It should be noted that we have not ruled on the
weight of the evidence claim previously as [Groves] did not file a [p]ost-

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weight of the evidence claim. Commonwealth v. Jones, 191 A.3d 830, 834-

835 (Pa. Super. 2018) (challenge to weight of evidence must be raised in

timely pre or post-trial motion).

       Lastly, Groves challenges the discretionary aspects of his sentence,

claiming the court failed to give individualized consideration to him and

without any extenuating or mitigating facts available to it, and therefore, his

sentence was excessive. He states:

       [A]lthough [Groves] was convicted of third-degree murder, little,
       if any, evidence was presented to demonstrate the actual means
       and manner of the victim’s demise. Therefore, other than the
       seriousness of the crime itself, the court had little, if any,
       information available to it concerning the severity of the acts
       perpetrated by [him].

Appellant’s Brief, at 79.

       Groves points to the following evidence: (1) he spoke at the sentencing

hearing and expressed his sympathy for Heckel’s family but also maintained

his innocence; (2) he had no criminal history prior to or after July of 1991;

(3) he had no mental health or substance abuse issues; and (4) he has always

maintained gainful employment and successfully raised a family of four

children. Groves claims the court ignored these factors and the lack of

mitigating or aggravating facts regarding the actual criminal acts, and

____________________________________________

[s]entence motion to the trial court, but rather, filed this direct appeal. This
appeal is the first time the issue has been raised.”)

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erroneously placed significant focus on the severity of the crime itself and the

effect on Heckel’s family. Id., at 80.

       Challenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing do not guarantee

a petitioner’s right to our review. See Commonwealth v. Allen, 24 A.3d

1058, 1064 (Pa. Super. 2011).

       An appellant challenging the discretionary aspects of his sentence
       must invoke this Court’s jurisdiction by satisfying a four-part test:
       (1) whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see
       Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly
       preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify
       sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. [720]; (3) whether appellant’s brief
       has a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a
       substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not
       appropriate under the Sentencing Code.

Commonwealth v. Swope, 123 A.3d 333, 337 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation

omitted).27

       In this case, Groves filed a timely notice of appeal, and his brief included

a statement of reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal, as is required by

Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f). See Appellant’s Brief, at 25-26. Nevertheless, he

acknowledges that the issue was not properly preserved at sentencing or in a

motion to reconsider and modify sentence. See id., at 77 n. 10; see also

____________________________________________

27 “The determination of what constitutes a substantial question must be
evaluated on a case-by-case basis.” Commonwealth v. Prisk, 13 A.3d 526,
533 (Pa. Super. 2011). “A substantial question exists only when the appellant
advances a colorable argument that the sentencing judge’s actions were
either: (1) inconsistent with a specific provision of the Sentencing Code; or
(2) contrary to the fundamental norms which underlie the sentencing
process.” Id. (internal citations omitted).

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Pa.R.Crim.P. 720. Accordingly, Groves has waived this argument for appellate

review purposes. See Commonwealth v. Bromley, 862 A.2d 598, 603 (Pa.

Super. 2004).

       In any event, even if he did properly preserve the issue, there was no

abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court in imposing his sentence. 28

First, the court expressly stated that it considered the pre-sentence

investigation report. See N.T., 1/17/2019, at 4-5. As such, we must “presume

that the sentencing [court] was aware of relevant information regarding

[Groves’] character and weighed those considerations along with mitigating

statutory factors.” Commonwealth v. Devers, 546 A.2d 12, 18 (Pa. 1988).

See also Commonwealth v. Conte, 198 A.3d 1169, 1177 (Pa. Super. 2018).

       Moreover, the trial court explained its rationale for imposing Groves’

sentence as follows:

            The maximum penalty for homicide of the third degree was
       twenty (20) years as of July 15, 1991.

             In 1995, the [Pennsylvania] Legislature amended the
       statute to increase the maximum penalty to forty (40) years.

____________________________________________

28 Groves has presented a claim that would constitute a substantial question.
This Court has determined that “an excessive sentence claim – in conjunction
with an assertion that the court failed to consider mitigating factors – raises a
substantial question.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 125 A.3d 822, 826 (Pa.
Super. 2015). Nevertheless, it merits mention that this Court has “held on
numerous occasions that a claim of inadequate consideration of mitigating
factors does not raise a substantial question for our review.” Commonwealth
v. Eline, 940 A.2d 421, 435 (Pa. Super. 2007). In light of the conflicting
precedent, we will review the merits of Groves’ claim.

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           The court, although sentencing [Groves] on January 17,
     2019, agreed with counsel that the old twenty (20) year maximum
     penalty applied because the homicide occurred prior to the 1995
     amendment.

           [Groves] has no prior criminal record and the standard
     range of the sentencing guidelines was four (4) to ten (10) years.
     The aggravated range was ten (10) to twenty (20) years. The
     [offense gravity score] for homicide of the third degree was a ten
     (10).

           The court believes several aggravating factors clearly
     applied to the sentencing decision.

           The court noted the disposal of the victim’s body so it has
     never been found has greatly traumatized the victim’s children
     and her entire family. The family has been deprived of a sense of
     closure by not having access to Kathy Heckel’s body. [Groves] is
     responsible for this traumatization of the victim's family.

           The court also noted that [Groves] took the life of a mother
     of two young children. Since [Groves’] children socialize with the
     Heckel children, [Groves] was fully aware, when he took Kathy
     Heckel’s life, that her young children were losing their mother
     forever. The children, now adults, have been damaged and
     scarred by this reality. Alisha was age 13 and John age 9 at the
     time of their mother’s disappearance.

           Third, the court noted the absolute lack of any real showing
     of remorse by [Groves] for the victim or her family.

           The court at the sentencing hearing reviewed the numerous
     victim impact letters from many members of Kathy Heckel’s
     family, including her now grown children.

           The family has had to live with the investigation from July
     15, 1991 to January 2015 when [Groves] was finally arrested.

           The family had to endure an eleven (11) day trial and finally,
     a sentencing hearing on January 17, 2019.

           While the court was aware of [Groves’] age, 69, at the time
     of sentencing and his relatively good employment history and lack
     of a prior criminal record, these factors were far outweighed by

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      the heinous crime and circumstances surrounding the death of a
      vibrant young mother, and the hiding or destruction of her body.

            The court believes the circumstances of this case call for the
      ten to twenty year sentence imposed and the court noted if the
      events had occurred after the 1995 Sentence Amendment,
      Defendant would have been facing significantly more time for the
      commission of this crime. In conclusion, the Court believes the
      sentence imposed was appropriate and fair under the
      circumstances of this case.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/2019, at 48-50 (some capitalization removed).

      Accordingly, we find that the trial court took into account the nature and

circumstances of the offense for which Groves was convicted, considered his

history and characteristics, specifically noting his lack of showing any remorse,

as well as the impact on the victim’s family. Because the court took a reasoned

approach and considered mitigating factors when sentencing Groves, we

would discern no abuse of discretion. Accordingly, if properly preserved, his

final argument would fail.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

      President Judge Emeritus Ford Elliott joins the memorandum.

      Judge Kunselman joins and files a concurring statement.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 9/24/2020

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