Court Opinion

ID: 4304663
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-08-17 00:00:18.965274+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:49:01.459065
License: Public Domain

Case: 17-10624   Document: 00514603129        Page: 1   Date Filed: 08/16/2018

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Fifth Circuit

                                                                         FILED
                                    No. 17-10624                   August 16, 2018
                                                                    Lyle W. Cayce
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                                Clerk

             Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

REAL PROPERTY LOCATED AT 1407 NORTH COLLINS STREET,
ARLINGTON, TEXAS; REAL PROPERTY LOCATED AT 4418 MAPLE
AVENUE, DALLAS, TEXAS; REAL PROPERTY LOCATED AT 701 EAST
5TH STREET, AUSTIN, TEXAS; REAL PROPERTY LOCATED AT 9515
SKILLMAN STREET, DALLAS, TEXAS; REAL PROPERTY LOCATED AT
5800 MAPLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TEXAS; ET AL;

             Defendants

v.

GERALD SHULTS; GAS PIPE, INCORPORATED; AMY LYNN,
INCORPORATED; RIDGLEA COMPLEX MANAGEMENT,
INCORPORATED; RAPIDS CAMP LODGE, INCORPORATED; AMY LYNN
HERRIG; DAN CHRISTOPHER HERRIG,

            Claimants - Appellants
_________________________________________
Cons w/ 17-10626

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

             Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

GAS PIPE, INCORPORATED; AMY LYNN, INCORPORATED; GERALD
SHULTS, also known as Jerry; AMY HERRIG; RAPIDS CAMP LODGE,
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                                    No. 17-10624
                                  c/w No. 17-10626

INCORPORATED; RIDGLEA COMPLEX MANAGEMENT,
INCORPORATED,

              Defendants - Appellants

                  Appeals from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of Texas

Before DAVIS, HAYNES, and DUNCAN, Circuit Judges.

HAYNES, Circuit Judge:
      Claimants challenge the pretrial restraint of their property under civil
forfeiture laws, arguing the Government failed to show the requisite probable
cause. The district court denied Claimants’ motion to release their property.
For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM.
                                  I. Background
      The grand jury’s indictment in this case charges a scheme to sell a
designer drug known as “spice” through Gas Pipe, Inc. and Amy Lynn Inc.,
which has locations throughout Texas and New Mexico.                  The indictment
accused Gerald Shults and his daughter Amy Lynn Herrig 1 of conspiring to
market the drug as “herbal incense,” “potpourri,” or “aroma therapy” and then
laundering the proceeds through related businesses.

      1  We will refer to the “defendant Claimants” when discussing the Claimants charged
in the indictment, which includes Shults, Herrig, Gas Pipe Inc., Amy Lynn, Inc., Ridglea
Complex Management, Inc., and Rapids Camp Lodge, Inc. All the defendant Claimants were
charged on the counts relevant to this appeal except Ridglea Complex Management, Inc. and
Rapids Camp Lodge, Inc., which were charged with only the money laundering conspiracy
count.

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      Although these products were labeled as “synthetic cannabinoid free”
and “not for human consumption,” the indictment alleged that they in fact
contained synthetic cannabinoids that were a controlled substance or
controlled substance analogues intended for human consumption.
      The Government executed civil seizure warrants against Claimants’
accounts at UBS Financial Services.        UBS froze the accounts, and the
Government filed a civil forfeiture suit which, as amended, listed UBS accounts
totaling more than $7 million as defendants in rem.          The Government
subsequently seized the UBS accounts pursuant to an arrest warrant under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Supplemental Rule G(3)(b)(ii).              The
Government alleged that the defendant Claimants used the UBS accounts to
receive proceeds of the spice scheme and conceal unlawful activity.
      The Government’s civil forfeiture suit also listed several pieces of real
property as defendants in rem. The properties include Gas Pipe store locations
and properties allegedly purchased with funds traceable to the charged crimes.
The Government has not seized this real property, but it filed notices of lis
pendens pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 985.
      Claimants filed a motion asking the district court to lift the pretrial
restraints on their UBS accounts and real property, arguing the Government
failed to show probable cause that the property is subject to forfeiture. The
district court denied the motion, and Claimants filed this interlocutory appeal.
                              II. Jurisdiction
      The parties dispute whether we have jurisdiction over this appeal.
Claimants invoke 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1), which allows interlocutory appeal of
orders “granting, continuing, modifying, refusing or dissolving injunctions, or
refusing to dissolve or modify injunctions.”        The Government argues
§ 1292(a)(1) does not apply because no injunction is involved. We conclude that
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jurisdiction exists under § 1292(a)(1) because, based on the law in this circuit,
the district court’s order has “the practical effect” of granting or denying an
injunction. See Abbott v. Perez, 138 S. Ct. 2305, 2319–20 (2018); McLaughlin
v. Miss. Power Co., 376 F.3d 344, 352 (5th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (quoting
Sherri A.D. v. Kirby, 975 F.2d 193, 203 (5th Cir. 1992)). As to the Government’s
seizure of the UBS accounts, we have previously relied on § 1292(a)(1) to review
appeals seeking the release of assets in civil and criminal forfeiture cases. See
United States v. Melrose E. Subdivision, 357 F.3d 493, 496–98 & n.2 (5th Cir.
2004) (reviewing pretrial restraining order issued under 18 U.S.C.
§ 983(j)(1)(A)); United States v. Floyd, 992 F.2d 498, 499–500 (5th Cir. 1993)
(reviewing pretrial restraining order issued under 21 U.S.C. § 853(e)(1)(A),
stating that “pretrial asset restraining orders are appealable as ‘injunctions’
under § 1292(a)(1)”). 2
       The Government argues Floyd is distinguishable because there the order
operated like an injunction by requiring the defendant to do something (i.e., to
deposit money subject to forfeiture with the court). But our jurisdictional
analysis in Floyd did not rely on that fact. See 992 F.2d at 500. Moreover, in
Melrose, the order did not require the defendant to do anything; instead, it
simply enjoined the defendant from using the frozen property. See 357 F.3d at
496–97. Yet we cited § 1292(a)(1) and Floyd in treating that order as an
immediately reviewable injunction. See id. at 498 n.2. Here, the district

       2  Although Floyd and Melrose involved pretrial restraining orders and this appeal
challenges an order denying a challenge to the seizure of property by warrant, the practical
effect of seizure warrants is as severe as that of restraining orders, if not more so. See
Melrose, 357 F.3d at 504 (stating that pretrial restraining orders are “preferable, somewhat
less restrictive alternatives to outright seizure” (citing United States v. James Daniel Good
Real Prop., 510 U.S. 43, 58–59, 62 (1993))).

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court’s order has the same effect—it enjoins Claimants from using the UBS
accounts while refusing to order the Government to unfreeze them.                        We
therefore see no principled reason to treat this order differently. 3
       As to the lis pendens on Claimants’ real property, we have invoked
§ 1292(a)(1) to review an order releasing real property from a lis pendens. See
Beefy King Int’l, Inc. v. Veigle, 464 F.2d 1102, 1104 (5th Cir. 1972) (per curiam).
There, the district court lifted the lis pendens from property in a fiduciary duty
suit against corporate officers, and the corporation appealed. See id. at 1103.
We considered our jurisdiction and concluded that “the case should be treated
in the same manner as a denial, dissolution, or modification of an injunction.”
Id. at 1104 (citing, inter alia, 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1)).
       Our opinion in Beefy King did not elaborate on the issue.                    But in
discussing the separate issue of why Florida law allowed courts to discharge a
notice of lis pendens in the same way courts dissolve injunctions, we observed
that “the effect of a lis pendens on the owner of property . . . is constraining.”
Id. “For all practical purposes, it would be virtually impossible to sell or
mortgage the property because the interest of a purchaser or mortgagee would
be subject to the eventual outcome of the lawsuit.” Id.
       The same rationale explains our conclusion in Beefy King that an order
releasing property from a lis pendens is immediately appealable under §

       3  Other circuit courts have likewise held that appeals arguing for release of frozen
assets are reviewable under § 1292(a)(1). See, e.g., United States v. Kaley, 579 F.3d 1246,
1250 & n.4, 1252 (11th Cir. 2009); United States v. E-Gold, Ltd., 521 F.3d 411, 413–15 (D.C.
Cir. 2008), abrogated on other grounds by Kaley v. United States, 571 U.S. 320 (2014); United
States v. Kirschenbaum, 156 F.3d 784, 788 (7th Cir. 1998); see also 16 CHARLES A. WRIGHT
ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 3922.3 (3d ed. 2018) (“Orders controlling the
use of property involved in forfeiture proceedings have been held [immediately] appealable,
no doubt in part because of the drastic consequences threatened by modern uses of
forfeiture.”).

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1292(a)(1). 4 See id. Although here we deal with an order declining to release
property from a lis pendens, our emphasis in Beefy King on how a lis pendens
restrains the owner’s use of property has even more force in this context. Cf.
15A CHARLES A. WRIGHT ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 3914.2
(2d ed. 2018) (stating that case law “belie[s] any prospect of a simple rule that
appeal can be taken from orders denying security but not orders granting
security”). We conclude, therefore, that we also have jurisdiction to entertain
Claimants’ appeal as to the lis pendens.
                               III. Standard of Review
       We review the district court’s decision de novo because whether to grant
or deny injunctive relief by denying a motion to lift pretrial property restraints
turns on whether probable cause exists. “[T]he question of whether the facts
are sufficient to constitute probable cause is a question of law” subject to de
novo review. Melrose, 357 F.3d at 498. Whether the district court applied the
proper standard of proof is also a question of law reviewed de novo. Id.
                                     IV. Discussion
       The Government may restrain property prior to trial when there is
probable cause to think the property is forfeitable. See Kaley v. United States,
571 U.S. 320, 323–24 (2014); Melrose, 357 F.3d at 503–04 (holding that
continuing a pretrial restraining order under 18 U.S.C. § 983(j)(1)(A) requires
a showing of probable cause, consistent with “the standard for obtaining the
alternative device for preserving assets subject to forfeiture: outright seizure”).
For probable cause to exist, “[t]here must be probable cause to think (1) that

       4 That the Florida law at issue in Beefy King allowed courts to “control and discharge
[a] notice of lis pendens as [courts] may grant and dissolve injunctions” could not have
grounded our jurisdictional conclusions in that case, as state law does not create federal court
jurisdiction. See Beefy King, 464 F.2d at 1104 (discussing FLA. STAT. § 48.23(3)).
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the defendant has committed an offense permitting forfeiture, and (2) that the
property at issue has the requisite connection to that crime.” Kaley, 571 U.S.
at 323–24.
      The probable cause standard “is not a high bar,” requiring “only the kind
of fair probability on which reasonable and prudent people, not legal
technicians, act.” Id. at 338 (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted).
“Previous forfeiture cases have defined probable cause as ‘a reasonable ground
for belief . . . supported by less than prima facie proof but more than mere
suspicion.’”   Melrose, 357 F.3d at 505–06 (quoting United States v. 1988
Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 2 Door, 983 F.2d 670, 674 (5th Cir. 1993)). The
court considers “all of the circumstances” and takes a “common sense view to
the realities of normal life.” Id. A grand jury indictment establishes probable
cause to think a defendant committed an offense permitting forfeiture. Kaley,
571 U.S. at 340–41.
      A. Forfeiture Based on Money Laundering
      1. Sufficiency of the Complaint
      We first address Claimants’ argument that the district court wrongly
reviewed the Government’s forfeiture allegations as to money laundering
based on “the minimal standards applicable to a motion to dismiss . . . in an
ordinary civil case,” instead of the more stringent standard applied to civil
forfeiture suits. See FED. R. CIV. P. SUPP. R. G(2)(f) (requiring civil forfeiture
complaints to “state sufficiently detailed facts to support a reasonable belief
that the government will be able to meet its burden of proof at trial”).
      Assuming, arguendo, Supplemental Rule G(2)(f) applies in reviewing
pretrial property restraints outside the motion-to-dismiss context, we conclude
the district court used the right standard. The district court asked whether
the Government’s complaint “demonstrated with sufficient particularity for
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the current stage of the proceedings that Defendants intentionally commingled
tainted funds with untainted funds for the purpose of facilitating the alleged
money laundering.” The district court also explained why the Government’s
complaint “set[] forth specific facts to show how each of the items of real or
personal property identified in the Claimants’ Motions is connected to the
alleged criminal activity.”
      These statements show that the district court required the Government
to go beyond the basic pleading standards for ordinary civil complaints and, as
explained further below, to plead enough facts to support “a reasonable belief”
that it will meet its trial burden as to forfeiture based on money laundering.
Cf. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007) (“[W]e do not require
heightened fact pleading of specifics, but only enough facts to state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face.” (emphasis added)).
      2. Connection of Untainted Funds to Money Laundering
      Claimants argue the Government has restrained “untainted” property
without probable cause to think “the property at issue has the requisite
connection” to money laundering. 5 Kaley, 571 U.S. at 324. They contend the
district court wrongly accepted the Government’s theory that simply
commingling untainted and tainted funds renders the untainted funds, and
property traceable to them, subject to forfeiture. The problem with Claimants’
argument is the Government has not alleged mere commingling but, instead,
commingling in order to hide criminal proceeds, which establishes the requisite
connection in this circuit.

      5 The purportedly untainted property consists of funds that predate the alleged spice
scheme and property allegedly purchased with or otherwise traceable to such funds.
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      Any property “involved in” money laundering, or property traceable to
such property, is subject to forfeiture. See 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(A). Property
is “involved” with money laundering if it is used “to facilitate” the laundering.
See United States v. Wyly, 193 F.3d 289, 302 (5th Cir. 1999); United States v.
Tencer, 107 F.3d 1120, 1134 (5th Cir. 1997). “Facilitation occurs when the
property makes the prohibited conduct ‘less difficult or more or less free from
obstruction or hindrance.’” Wyly, 193 F.3d at 302 (quoting Tencer, 107 F.3d at
1134)). Although “merely pooling tainted and untainted funds in an account
does not, without more, render that account subject to forfeiture,” untainted
funds are forfeitable if a defendant commingled them with tainted funds “to
disguise the nature and source of his scheme.” Tencer, 107 F.3d at 1134–35.
      Here, the Government alleged in its verified complaint that the
defendant Claimants commingled tainted and untainted funds in the UBS
accounts to conceal or disguise the tainted funds. Some commingled funds
allegedly also secured a loan that financed the alleged spice scheme and which
was repaid with criminal proceeds. Consistent with these allegations, the
grand jury’s indictment charged the defendant Claimants with conspiracy to
commit money laundering, including by transferring criminal proceeds to
various UBS accounts and commingling criminal proceeds with legitimately
earned assets.
      Considering these allegations alongside “all of the circumstances”
alleged and taking a “common sense view to the realities of normal life,” there
is “a fair probability” that the defendant Claimants’ alleged commingling was
designed to conceal or disguise criminal proceeds. See Melrose, 357 F.3d at
505–06; Kaley, 571 U.S. at 338; Tencer, 107 F.3d at 1134–35. Specifically, the
Government’s complaint alleged that the defendant Claimants commingled the
funds while working with a local, identified drug trafficking group to distribute
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spice. Indeed, law enforcement allegedly made multiple purchases of spice,
discovered an active spice manufacturing facility, and seized a large amount of
suspected spice and related ingredients at Gas Pipe locations. Although the
Government has not alleged facts specifically showing intent to conceal or
disguise (e.g., use of false identities), probable cause may be “supported by less
than prima facie proof.”         Melrose, 357 F.3d at 505–06 (quoting 1988
Oldsmobile, 983 F.2d at 674).
      There is therefore enough in the Government’s complaint to show
probable cause and, assuming Supplemental Rule G(f)(2) applies, to also
support “a reasonable belief” that it can meet its burden at trial as to whether
the disputed untainted property was involved with money laundering. See
Melrose, 357 F.3d at 505–06; FED. R. CIV. P. SUPP. R. G(f)(2); see also United
States v. Aguilar, 782 F.3d 1101, 1108–09 (9th Cir. 2015) (stating that the
“reasonable belief” standard is “not . . . onerous” and sets a “low bar”); United
States v. Mondragon, 313 F.3d 862, 867 (4th Cir. 2002) (interpreting
Supplemental Rule E(2) to require the Government to “state[] the
circumstances giving rise to the forfeiture claim with sufficient particularity
that [a claimant] could have commenced a meaningful investigation of the facts
and drafted a responsive pleading”). 6
      Claimants also argue the district court erred by not requiring the
Government to show probable cause to think there is “a substantial connection”
between untainted funds in the UBS accounts and money laundering as
required by 18 U.S.C. § 983(c)(3). The district court did not specifically discuss

      6 Supplemental Rule G(2) superseded Supplemental Rule E(2) effective Dec. 1, 2006.
The Advisory Committee’s Note explains that Supplemental Rule G(2)(f) codifies the
standard developed by courts in interpreting Supplemental Rule E(2). See FED. R. CIV. P.
SUPP. R. G advisory committee’s note to 2006 amendment.
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this requirement. 7 But as explained above, the Government alleged facts
supporting a reasonable belief that it will be able to prove a substantial
connection. “Criminal activity such as money laundering largely depends upon
the use of legitimate monies to advance or facilitate the scheme. It is precisely
the commingling of tainted funds with legitimate money that facilitates the
laundering and enables it to continue.” Tencer, 107 F.3d at 1135 (quoting
United States v. Contents of Account Numbers 208-06070 & 208-06068-1-2, 847
F. Supp. 329, 334–35 (S.D.N.Y. 1994)).
       3. “Purpose—not merely effect” of Commingling
       Claimants further argue the district court erred by not requiring the
Government to show probable cause to think Claimants’ commingling had “the
purpose—not merely effect” of hiding criminal proceeds, as required by 18
U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i). See Regalado Cuellar v. United States, 553 U.S. 550,
567 (2008). Claimants, however, ignore that “[e]vidence that the defendant
commingled illegal proceeds with legitimate business funds has been held to
be sufficient to support the design element.” See United States v. Willey, 57
F.3d 1374, 1386 (5th Cir. 1995) (collecting cases). 8              Converting criminal
proceeds “into an ostensibly legitimate form, such as business profits or loans”

       7We nonetheless “may affirm on any grounds supported by the record, even if those
grounds were not relied upon by the lower courts.” In re Plunk, 481 F.3d 302, 305 (5th Cir.
2007).
       8 Although Willey predates Regalado Cuellar, we have relied on Willey in analyzing
Regalado Cuellar’s “purpose, not merely effect” standard. See United States v. Valdez, 726
F.3d 684, 690 (5th Cir. 2013). Claimants argue Valdez supports their argument because we
concluded there that the requisite purpose did not exist where the government relied on a
defendant’s transfers of funds from operating accounts to investment accounts, purchases of
property, and investments “all done openly, in his name.” See 726 F.3d at 690. But Valdez
did not involve allegations that the defendant commingled tainted and untainted funds in
order to hide criminal proceeds, which is key to the Government’s forfeiture claim here. See
id. at 689–90.
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may show the requisite purpose. Id. at 1384 (quoting United States v. Garcia-
Emanuel, 14 F.3d 1469, 1474 (10th Cir. 1994)). So, too, does “moving money
through a large number of accounts . . . in the light of other evidence,” even if
all the accounts were held in a defendant’s own name. Id. at 1386.
      Here, the Government alleged that Claimants commingled tainted and
untainted funds, used commingled funds as collateral, and moved funds
through multiple accounts.      Based on Willey, these facts are sufficient to
support a reasonable belief that the Government will be able to prove that
Claimants’ commingling had “the purpose—not merely effect” of hiding
criminal proceeds.
      B. Forfeiture Based on Mail and Wire Fraud
      Claimants argue the district court erred in finding probable cause for
forfeiture based on the charge for conspiracy to distribute controlled substance
analogues. We need not decide that issue, however, because we agree with the
district court that probable cause for forfeiture exists based on the charge for
conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud. Claimants argue the Government
has alleged only an “incidental” use of the mail and wires, which they contend
is not enough. But Claimants’ view is plainly at odds with the case law.
      The grand jury indicted Claimants on one count of conspiracy to commit
mail and wire fraud under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343, and 1349. “For a mailing
to be part of the execution of a fraudulent scheme, ‘the use of the mails need
not be an essential element of the scheme.’” United States v. Strong, 371 F.3d
225, 228 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting Schmuck v. United States, 498 U.S. 705, 710
(1989)). “It is sufficient for the mailing to be ‘incident to an essential part of
the scheme’ or ‘a step in [the] plot.’” Id. (alteration in original); see also United
States v. Traxler, 764 F.3d 486, 488 (5th Cir. 2014). The same standard applies
to use of the wires in a wire fraud case. See United States v. Barraza, 655 F.3d
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375, 383 (5th Cir. 2011). The question is whether the mailings or use of wires
“somehow contributed to the successful continuation of the scheme—and, if so,
whether they were so intended.” See id. at 383; Strong, 371 F.3d at 230.
      Here, the grand jury’s indictment undoubtedly alleges that the
defendant Claimants’ use of the mail and wires was “incident to an essential
part of the scheme” or “a step in [the] plot.” Strong, 371 F.3d at 228. It alleged
that the defendant Claimants caused spice products or ingredients to be sent
or delivered by mail, and used telephonic and electronic communications to
carry out their scheme, in order to defraud Gas Pipe customers by marketing
and distributing misbranded drugs.
      Namely, the defendant Claimants allegedly represented that spice
products were “incense,” “potpourri,” or “aromatherapy,” and “lab certified”
and “100% synthetic cannabinoid free,” when in fact the products contained
synthetic cannabinoids. Causing spice products or ingredients to be mailed,
and using wire and electronic communications to discuss the scheme, allegedly
advanced and was intended to advance the alleged fraud. The indictment
therefore establishes probable cause to think Claimants committed mail and
wire fraud. See Kaley, 571 U.S. at 340–41.
      The cases Claimants cite do not hold otherwise. In Kann v. United
States, defendants allegedly caused their corporation to issue checks payable
to them, which they cashed at local banks; the banks in turn mailed the checks
to the drawee banks for collection. See 328 U.S. 88, 94 (1944). The fraudulent
scheme was successful once the defendants cashed the checks, rendering “the
subsequent banking transactions between the banks . . . merely incidental
and collateral to the scheme and not a part of it.” Id. at 95. Those facts
distinguished Kann from cases where, as here, “mails are used prior to, and as
one step toward, the receipt of the fruits of the fraud.” See id.
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      Similarly, in United States v. Maze, the defendant allegedly stole his
roommate’s credit card and used it to pay for motels knowing that the motels
would have to mail an invoice to the credit card’s issuing bank, which would in
turn mail a bill to the card’s owner.      See 414 U.S. 395, 396–97 (1974),
superseded by statute on other grounds as recognized by Loughrin v. United
States, 134 S. Ct. 2384 (2014). The Court said the use of mails was not enough
for mail fraud because “the success of his scheme in no way depended on the
mailings; they merely determined which of his victims would ultimately bear
the loss.” See Schmuck, 489 U.S. at 714 (discussing Maze). By contrast, here,
the success of the defendant Claimants’ alleged scheme plainly depended on
receiving shipments of spice or related ingredients and communicating via the
wires about the distribution.
      AFFIRMED.

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