Court Opinion

ID: 9367807
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-01 21:01:18.113947+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:03.224132
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           No. 19-400L
                                     (Filed: February 1, 2023)

***************************************                Trails Act; attorneys’ fees and other
ELIZABETH G. BRADLEY et al.,          *                litigation expenses; 28 U.S.C. § 4654(c);
                                      *                “actually incurred because of such
                  Plaintiffs,         *                proceeding”; contingency fee agreements;
                                      *                prelitigation expenses; lodestar calculation;
v.                                    *                forum rule; attorneys’ fees matrices;
                                      *                duplicative and excessive hours;
THE UNITED STATES,                    *                unsuccessful claims; block billing;
                                      *                substantiation of hourly rates and non-
                  Defendant.          *                attorneys’-fees litigation expenses
***************************************

Lindsay S.C. Brinton, St. Louis, MO, for plaintiffs.

Brian R. Herman, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant.

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

SWEENEY, Senior Judge

        Plaintiffs in this case, along with plaintiffs in several other cases before the undersigned,
own real property adjacent to a railroad line in Marion and Hamilton Counties, Indiana. They
contend that the United States violated the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution by
authorizing the conversion of the railroad line into a recreational trail pursuant to the National
Trails Systems Act (“Trails Act”), thus acquiring their property by inverse condemnation. Eight
of these landowners, through a settlement with defendant, obtained an award of just
compensation and interest. They now seek to recover attorneys’ fees and other litigation
expenses pursuant to section 304(c) the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property
Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 (“URA”), 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c). As explained in more detail
below, the court grants in part and denies in part their motion.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        Pursuant to an 1846 legislative charter, the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad Company
constructed a railroad line within Indiana originating in the town of Peru, running through the
towns of Kokomo and Noblesville, and terminating in Indianapolis. Eventually, in 1995, a
portion of the line was purchased by three Indiana municipalities: the City of Fishers, the City of
Noblesville, and Hamilton County. On August 1, 2017, the municipalities advised the Surface
Transportation Board (“Board”) of their collective desire to invoke the Trails Act, which, as
amended, provides for the preservation of “established railroad rights-of-way for future
reactivation of rail service” by authorizing the interim use of such rights-of-way as recreational
and historical trails. 16 U.S.C. § 1247(d). The Board, in a May 31, 2018 decision, allowed the
municipalities to pursue such railbanking. Shortly thereafter, between June 8 and August 17,
2018, the municipalities submitted three separate requests to the Board, each relating to a
different segment of the railroad line, for the issuance of a Notice of Interim Trail Use or
Abandonment (“NITU”). The Board issued the three NITUs on December 21, 2018, and the
municipalities executed trail-use agreements in 2019.

        Before this suit was filed, plaintiffs’ counsel of record, Lindsay S.C. Brinton, along with
other attorneys and paralegals who worked in the St. Louis, Missouri office of the law firm now
known as ArentFox Schiff LLP (“ArentFox Schiff”), engaged in certain prelitigation activities
related to the railroad line at issue. On January 21, 2019, while these efforts were ongoing, Ms.
Brinton and her colleague, Meghan S. Largent, moved their practice to another law firm based in
St. Louis: Lewis Rice LLC (“Lewis Rice”). They and other Lewis Rice attorneys and paralegals
continued their prelitigation activities.

        On March 15, 2019, Ms. Brinton filed the initial complaint in this case on behalf of
fifteen plaintiffs who contended that the United States acquired their property through inverse
condemnation by operation of the Trails Act. 1 Over the next year, while providing defendant
with discovery regarding plaintiffs’ claims, Ms. Brinton moved for the voluntary dismissal of the
claims of sixteen plaintiffs and filed an amended complaint to add the claims of eighteen
plaintiffs. The parties then filed joint title stipulations on March 3, 2020, indicating that there
were no title disputes with respect to the claims of the eight plaintiffs currently seeking
attorneys’ fees and other litigation expenses, and some title disputes with respect to the claims of
the other nine plaintiffs. Ms. Brinton filed a second amended complaint on May 22, 2022, which
increased the total number of plaintiffs asserting claims to twenty-five.

         To facilitate an orderly and efficient resolution of the claims in this case and three related
cases, 2 the court on July 22, 2020, granted plaintiffs’ motion to coordinate the proceedings in all
four cases and adopted the proposal of the plaintiffs in the four cases to divide themselves into
three groups: Group 1 plaintiffs had claims with no outstanding liability issues and could
proceed to damages, Group 2 plaintiffs had claims that required the resolution of an essentially
identical threshold title issue, and Group 3 plaintiffs had claims with other threshold title issues.
In this case, the eight plaintiffs who are now seeking attorneys’ fees and other litigation expenses
under the URA, along with three other plaintiffs, were placed in Group 1, and the remaining
fourteen plaintiffs were placed in Group 2.

       1
          For simplicity, “plaintiff” is used in this decision as a synonym for “property owner,”
and may refer to an individual, organization, multiple individuals (such as a married couple), or
multiple organizations.
       2
        The other three cases are Oldham v. United States, No. 18-1961L (consolidated with
Overlook At The Fairgrounds LP v. United States, No. 18-1962L); Pressly v United States, No.
18-1964L (consolidated with Jones v. United States, No. 19-1375L); and ATS Ford Drive
Investment, LLC v. United States, No. 19-471L (“ATS Ford”).

                                                  -2-
        On September 28, 2020, while the Group 1 plaintiffs were pursuing damages, the parties
began briefing cross-motions for summary judgment with respect to the title issue affecting the
claims of the Group 2 plaintiffs. In a March 23, 2021 decision issued in all four cases, the court
held that the claims of most of the Group 2 plaintiffs must be dismissed. Consequently, in this
case, the court dismissed the claims of nine plaintiffs and moved the claims of the five remaining
plaintiffs to Group 3.

        Two weeks later, the court, in all four cases, set a schedule for briefing summary
judgment motions related to the claims of the Group 3 plaintiffs. However, in this case, shortly
before plaintiffs’ motion was due, the court granted the parties’ request to stay the briefing
deadlines. The parties represented that they would apply the court’s decisions in the related
cases to the claims of the Group 3 plaintiffs in this case.

        While the parties in two of the related cases were briefing the cross-motions for summary
judgment, efforts to resolve the claims of the Group 1 plaintiffs were ongoing. On August 11,
2021, the parties sought to vacate the remaining expert discovery deadlines so that they could
enter into settlement discussions. The court granted this request. By December 27, 2021, the
parties in this case had reached a tentative settlement as to the just compensation and interest
owed to the eleven plaintiffs in Group 1, and were negotiating the reimbursement of attorneys’
fees and other litigation expenses.

        As for the claims of the Group 3 plaintiffs, the court ruled on the cross-motions for
summary judgment filed in the related cases on April 1, 2022. The parties in this case reviewed
those rulings and determined that for the five claims at issue, two should be dismissed and three
should be added to Group 1. Upon the dismissal of the former claims on May 9, 2022, only
fourteen plaintiffs remained in the case.

         The parties subsequently attempted to reach a comprehensive settlement with respect to
the remaining claims—encompassing just compensation, interest, attorneys’ fees, and other
litigation expenses—but reached an impasse related to the fees and other expenses sought by
plaintiffs for the work performed by ArentFox Schiff. Defendant extended an offer of judgment
to eleven of the plaintiffs pursuant to Rule 68 of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal
Claims (“RCFC”). 3 Three of these plaintiffs accepted the offer (“Rule 68 plaintiffs”), and on
July 7, 2022, the court entered an RCFC 54(b) judgment as to their claims, as follows:

       3
           The parties continue to discuss the resolution of the claims of the other three plaintiffs.

                                                  -3-
                                                         URA Fees                        Per
                              Just                                         Total
            Plaintiff                        Interest    and Other                      Diem
                           Compensation                                   Amount
                                                          Expenses                     Interest
      Adrian Murray             $1,900.00     $206.51    $27,800.00      $29,906.51      $0.14
      Bennett &
      Associates Real          $31,930.00   $3,470.50    $27,800.00      $63,200.50       $2.35
      Estate, LLC
      Christina
                               $14,500.00   $1,576.02    $27,800.00      $43,876.02       $1.07
      Nelson
                Total          $48,330.00   $5,253.03    $83,400.00 $136,983.03           $3.56

        That same day, the parties advised the court that they had reached a tentative settlement
as to the just compensation and interest owed to the eight plaintiffs who did not accept
defendant’s offer of judgment. On September 2, 2022, the parties filed a joint stipulation for the
entry of a partial judgment as to these plaintiffs, and on September 6, 2022, the court entered an
RCFC 54(b) judgment that awarded the following: 4

                                                                                      Per
                                         Just                           Total
                   Plaintiff                            Interest                     Diem
                                      Compensation                     Amount
                                                                                    Interest
           Elizabeth G. Bradley         $14,500.00      $1,576.02     $16,076.02      $1.07
           Denny W. Branham and
                                        $51,250.00      $5,570.40     $56,820.40       $3.77
           Roberta L. Anderson
           David A. Eads and
                                        $35,195.00      $3,825.37     $39,020.37       $2.59
           Patricia A. Eads
           Jeffrey A. Malkoff and
                                        $22,500.00      $2,445.54     $24,945.54       $1.65
           Jane A. Malkoff
           Paul B. Schafer              $20,100.00      $2,184.69     $22,284.69       $1.48
           D-Two, Inc.                  $15,000.00      $1,630.36     $16,630.36       $1.10
           Molly McAffee and
                                        $13,000.00      $1,412.98     $14,412.98       $0.96
           Deanna Strossner
           Holly R. Wood                $13,000.00 $1,412.98 $14,412.98                $0.96
                              Total    $184,545.00 $20,058.34 $204,603.34             $13.58

         Shortly thereafter, these eight plaintiffs filed the present motion for attorneys’ fees and
other litigation expenses. They request a total award of $352,181.50, broken down as follows: 5

       4
        Defendant represents in its response to plaintiffs’ present motion that it paid the
judgment on October 24, 2022, and that the total amount paid was $206,287.26.
       5
           The total amount of attorneys’ fees and other litigation expenses sought by plaintiffs
for the work of Lewis Rice is off by one cent. Because the error is minor, the court similarly will
refer to the amount claimed for this work as “$239,805.06.”

                                                 -4-
                                                                      Other
           Time                                        Attorneys’
                         Law Firm        Hours                      Litigation     Total
           Frame                                          Fees
                                                                    Expenses
       Prior to
       February    ArentFox Schiff 211.68 $74,374.49 $38,001.95 $112,376.44
       2019
       January 22,
       2019, to    Lewis Rice       476.31 $206,285.55 $33,519.50 $239,805.06
       the Present
                              Total 687.99 $280,660.04 $71,521.45 $352,181.50

Defendant raises a number of objections to plaintiffs’ request. 6 With respect to the attorneys’
fees and other litigation expenses claimed for the work performed by Lewis Rice, defendant
contends that: the fee award should be limited to the amounts plaintiffs actually incurred
pursuant to their contingency fee agreement with Lewis Rice; the hours claimed by Lewis Rice
are unreasonable and should be reduced in several respects; Lewis Rice’s hourly rates are
unreasonably high; and some of Lewis Rice’s claimed litigation expenses are not recoverable.
With respect to the attorneys’ fees and other litigation expenses claimed for the work performed
by ArentFox Schiff, defendant contends that no amount is recoverable because ArentFox
Schiff’s fees and other expenses were incurred prior to litigation. Defendant argues in the
alternative that if ArentFox Schiff’s fees and other expenses are recoverable, they are only
recoverable on a quantum meruit basis and must be taken from the amount awarded to
compensate Lewis Rice. Moreover, defendant maintains that ArentFox Schiff cannot be
reimbursed for its other expenses because it did not supply the necessary supporting
documentation. Plaintiffs filed a reply to respond to these objections. Their motion is now fully
briefed and the court, finding oral argument to be unnecessary, is prepared to rule.

                                        II. DISCUSSION

        The URA waives the United States’ sovereign immunity by requiring “the Government to
assume the litigation expenses of counsel in bringing forth” a successful Fifth Amendment
takings claim under the Tucker Act. Haggart v. Woodley, 809 F.3d 1336, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2016);
cf. Ardestani v. INS, 502 U.S. 129, 137 (1991) (“The [Equal Access to Justice Act] renders the
United States liable for attorney’s fees for which it would not otherwise be liable, and thus
amounts to a partial waiver of sovereign immunity.”). Specifically, the URA mandates that
when awarding a plaintiff compensation for a taking by a federal agency, the court “shall
determine and award or allow to such plaintiff, as part of such judgment, . . . such sum as will in
the opinion of the court . . . reimburse such plaintiff for his reasonable costs, disbursements, and
expenses, including reasonable attorney, appraisal, and engineering fees, actually incurred
because of such proceeding.” 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c). This provision is meant to ensure that
plaintiffs “retain the full compensation of the value of their property” when it has been taken by

       6
         For the remainder of this decision, unless otherwise specified, the court will refer to the
eight moving plaintiffs as “plaintiffs.”

                                                 -5-
the federal government. Haggart, 809 F.3d at 1357; accord id. at 1359 (remarking that “the
primary purpose” of § 4654(c) is to “render[] property owners whole”).

        The trial court “is afforded considerable discretion” in determining the reasonable
amount of attorneys’ fees and other expenses to be awarded under the URA. Bywaters v. United
States, 670 F.3d 1221, 1228 (Fed. Cir. 2012). This discretion is “appropriate” in light of the trial
court’s “superior understanding of the litigation and the desirability of avoiding frequent
appellate review of what essentially are factual matters.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424,
437 (1983). Nevertheless, plaintiffs remain obligated to sufficiently document the amount of
attorneys’ fees and other expenses to which they are entitled. See id.; see also Biery v. United
States, 818 F.3d 704, 715 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (“When a party has a burden of production, it must
submit evidence in order to meet the burden.”).

           A. The Method by Which URA Attorneys’ Fees Should Be Determined

         Before determining the amount of attorneys’ fees and other litigation expenses to which
plaintiffs are entitled, the court must address two preliminary issues raised by defendant:
(1) whether plaintiffs’ recovery of attorneys’ fees is limited by their contingency fee agreement
with Lewis Rice and (2) whether plaintiffs are entitled to recover the attorneys’ fees and other
litigation expenses for the work performed by ArentFox Schiff during the eighteen months
before this suit was filed.

 1. Plaintiffs’ Recovery of Attorneys’ Fees Is Not Limited to the Contingency Percentage
                    Set Forth in Their Fee Agreement With Lewis Rice

        Defendant first contends that pursuant to the URA, plaintiffs’ recovery of attorneys’ fees
is limited to the fees that they “actually incurred,” and that the fees they actually incurred are
limited to the amount calculated using the contingency percentage specified in their fee
agreement with Lewis Rice. 7 This contention is not persuasive.

        As defendant observes, the URA only allows for the reimbursement of litigation expenses
that a successful plaintiff in an inverse condemnation suit “actually incurred.” 42 U.S.C.
§ 4654(c). Relying on the well-known canon of statutory construction that every word in a
statute should be given effect to the extent possible, Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 174
(2001), defendant maintains that the use of “actually” to modify “incurred” means that the court
“can only award those sums the plaintiff is in fact obligated to pay,” Def.’s Resp. 6; in other
words, the amount that the plaintiff agreed to pay the attorney.

       By focusing narrowly on the phrase “actually incurred,” defendant disregards another
“fundamental canon of statutory construction that the words of a statute must be read in their
context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme.” Davis v. Mich. Dep’t of
Treasury, 489 U.S. 803, 809 (1989); accord King v. St. Vincent’s Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 221

       7
           According to defendant, plaintiffs are entitled to attorneys’ fees of $68,762.42—one-
third of the amount of just compensation and interest paid pursuant to the September 6, 2022
partial judgment.

                                                -6-
(1991) (following “the cardinal rule that a statute is to be read as a whole, since the meaning of
statutory language, plain or not, depends on context” (citation omitted)). The URA requires the
court to “determine and award” an amount that “will in the opinion of the court . . . reimburse
[the] plaintiff for his . . . reasonable attorney . . . fees[] actually incurred because of such
proceeding.” 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c). In other words, it is the court’s role to determine what it
believes, in its “considerable discretion,” Bywaters, 670 F.3d at 1228, is the amount that will
reimburse a plaintiff for attorneys’ fees actually incurred. While a fee agreement may provide
evidence of the fees actually incurred by a plaintiff, the court is not bound or constrained by the
fee agreement’s provisions. Indeed, if the court adopted defendant’s construction of § 4654(c),
such that it would be required to award a plaintiff an amount specified in a fee agreement, the
court would be deprived of the discretion granted by the statute, rendering the phrase “will in the
opinion of the court” meaningless––violating the very canon of statutory construction touted by
defendant. 8

        Moreover, the court is not convinced that there is a meaningful difference between the
terms “actually incurred” and “incurred” that would affect its determination of the amount that
would reimburse plaintiffs for their reasonable attorneys’ fees. Pursuant to the dictionary
definitions supplied by defendant, “incur” means “to become liable” and “actually” means “in
act or in fact.” Def.’s Resp. 5. As the court in Preseault v. United States aptly remarked:
“Colloquially, at least, one is either liable or one is not—no difference distinguishes one who has
become liable from one who actually has become liable. Conversely, an obligation that is not
‘actually incurred’ simply is not ‘incurred.’” 52 Fed. Cl. 667, 675 (2002). In fact, there are
numerous examples in caselaw in which “actually incurred” and “incurred” are used
interchangeably. See, e.g., id. (citing three examples from the United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit”)); Bywaters, 670 F.3d at 1232 n.7 (stating that the
URA, which “requires that the attorneys’ fees be ‘actually incurred,’” sets forth a requirement
“similar[]” to that imposed by 26 U.S.C. § 7430, which allows for the reimbursement of
reasonable fees “incurred”––not “actually incurred”––by the plaintiff); Marré v. United States,
38 F.3d 823, 828-29 (5th Cir. 1994) (concluding that a fee-shifting statute that allows for the
reimbursement of “reasonable litigation costs incurred,” including “reasonable fees paid or
incurred for the services of attorneys”—26 U.S.C. § 7430—“limits attorney’s fees to those
actually incurred”).

       8
           In Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority v. United States, the court held that
by using the words “reimburse” and “actually incurred” in 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c), “Congress
intended plaintiffs to recover under the URA only attorney costs . . . they were actually obliged
to pay.” 57 Fed. Cl. 148, 150 (2003). After concluding that the plaintiff could recover attorney’s
fees for the work of its in-house counsel, id. at 150, the court held that “under the standards of
section 4654(c),” the plaintiff could not “receive an award based on market rates, but instead
[was] restricted to a reimbursement of the costs ‘actually incurred’ as the result of the service of
its in-house counsel,” id. at 152; see also id. at 154 (concluding that the plaintiff was entitled to
be reimbursed for “the salary and benefits of its in-house counsel, plus some allowance for
overhead”). The case did not involve a fee agreement, and the court did not analyze § 4654(c)’s
discretion-granting language. Accordingly, this court respectfully declines to apply the holding
in that decision to the facts of this case.

                                                -7-
        Finally, the fee agreement between plaintiffs and Lewis Rice does not limit plaintiffs’
obligation to pay attorneys’ fees to the amount calculated using the specified contingency
percentage. The second section of the fee agreement provides:

               The Firm has agreed to represent you, and the other property owners that
       join this action, on a contingency fee basis. This means that if we are not
       successful in obtaining a judgment or award from the government there will be no
       cost to you for the Firm’s professional services. If we are successful, we will
       receive a fee that is the greater of either:

                      (a) one-third of the “Total Award” received by all property owners
       (or forty percent in the case of an appeal); or

                      (b) the statutory attorney fee determined by the Court.

              The “Total Award” includes the damage award for the value of the
       property taken, all interest awarded upon this amount, and the award of a statutory
       attorney fee (less any unreimbursed expenses).

              We charge for legal services on the basis of the time devoted to your
       matters by our professional staff in performing the services. Our rates are
       determined by our Firm’s national rates in effect at the time of payment. These
       rates may be adjusted from time to time, typically on an annual basis.

Def.’s Ex. 1 at 2. First, this language indicates that Lewis Rice will receive the greater of the
contingency amount or the statutory fees determined by the court, not, as defendant contends,
just the contingency amount. Second, the explanation of how Lewis Rice charges for its services
in the final excerpted paragraph, which has no relevance to the contingency percentage
calculation described in option (a), strongly suggests that the “statutory attorney fee” described
in option (b) refers to a lodestar calculation—the number of hours reasonably expended
multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate. See Bywaters, 670 F.3d at 1225-26 (describing the
lodestar calculation).

        In light of the above, the court will determine the amount of reasonable attorneys’ fees
allowed under 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c) for the work performed by Lewis Rice by calculating the
lodestar amount.

   2. Plaintiffs Are Entitled to Reimbursement for Attorneys’ Fees and Other Litigation
                     Expenses for Work Performed by ArentFox Schiff

         With respect to plaintiffs’ request for reimbursement of the attorneys’ fees and other
litigation expenses claimed by ArentFox Schiff, defendant contends that no such amounts are
recoverable because ArentFox Schiff’s work was performed before the complaint in this suit was
filed. Its argument is premised on the statutory requirement that when a plaintiff prevails in an
inverse condemnation suit, reimbursable litigation expenses are limited to those “actually
incurred because of such proceeding.” 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c). According to defendant, an expense

                                                -8-
incurred before a proceeding is initiated cannot be an expense incurred “because of” that
proceeding. Defendant construes the phrase “because of such proceeding” too narrowly.

          In Emeny v. United States, the plaintiffs sought reimbursement under the URA for the
expenses they incurred while “endeavoring to ascertain the nature and extent of their property
right” and “trying to obtain a recognition of such right from the Government through
negotiations.” 526 F.2d 1121, 1124 (Ct. Cl. 1975) (per curiam). The court held that such
expenses “certainly were not incurred by the plaintiffs ‘because of’ the proceeding which they
subsequently instituted . . . after the failure of the negotiations with the Government,” and that
“the plain language of 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c) precludes the court from including in its award to the
plaintiffs any reimbursement for expenses incurred by the plaintiffs before they decided to file
suit . . . .” Id. Put another way, plaintiffs cannot obtain reimbursement for expenses under
§ 4654(c) if they would not have incurred those expenses absent the suit for inverse
condemnation.

        In explicitly and implicitly applying the URA’s “because of such proceeding”
requirement, the United States Court of Federal Claims (“Court of Federal Claims”) has denied
reimbursement for the prelitigation costs of a quiet title action, Town of Grantwood Vill. v.
United States, 55 Fed. Cl. 481, 484-85 (2003); an appeal challenging the constitutionality of the
Trails Act that preceded the inverse condemnation suit, Preseault, 52 Fed. Cl. at 671-72;
preparing a litigation strategy memorandum prior to filing suit, Otay Mesa Prop., L.P. v. United
States, 124 Fed. Cl. 141, 147 (2015); and work performed prior to the plaintiffs’ engagement of
counsel, Campbell v. United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 65, 71 (2018). In contrast, it has allowed
reimbursement for the prelitigation costs of “work investigating plaintiffs’ claims [and]
establishing the facts necessary to file a case on behalf of a class,” Greenwood v. United States,
131 Fed. Cl. 231, 241 (2017); and “preparing the complaint,” Campbell, 138 Fed. Cl. at 71;
accord Grantwood Vill., 55 Fed. Cl. at 485. The court in Grantwood Village expressly relied on
the Federal Circuit’s decision in Yancey v. United States, 915 F.2d 1534 (Fed. Cir. 1990), to
award certain prelitigation costs. 55 Fed. Cl. at 485. In Yancey, the Federal Circuit
acknowledged that “pre-litigation expenses are precluded from reimbursement under 42 U.S.C.
§ 4654(c) . . . .” 915 F.2d at 1543 (citing Emeny, 526 F.2d at 1124). However, quoting a
nonbinding decision of the United States Claims Court, it remarked that “‘the significant effort
expended’ in ‘the filing of the petition’ may be compensable under the statute if proper
documentation were provided.” Id. (quoting Cloverport Sand & Gravel Co. v. United States, 10
Cl. Ct. 121, 124 (1986)). Defendant argues that reliance on Yancey for the proposition that the
costs of preparing a complaint are reimbursable is improper because the court in Yancey could
not alter the holding of the United States Court of Claims’ earlier decision in Emeny. The court
does not adopt defendant’s reading of Yancey. Rather, it understands Yancey as suggesting that
costs related to the filing of a complaint are not the type of prelitigation expenses that are
unreimbursable under the URA since they are attributable to the inverse condemnation suit.
Accord Emeny, 526 F.2d at 1124 (prohibiting only the reimbursement of expenses incurred
before the plaintiffs “decided” to commence litigation). In short, although work performed in
preparation for filing a complaint necessarily occurs before filing suit, it may nevertheless
qualify as work performed “because of” the suit.

                                                -9-
         Defendant next argues that even if ArentFox Schiff’s work was performed “because of”
this suit, plaintiffs remain unable to obtain reimbursement for that work because they are not
liable to ArentFox Schiff for attorneys’ fees or other litigation expenses. Specifically, defendant
maintains that the determination of the fees and other expenses actually incurred by plaintiffs for
the work of ArentFox Schiff is controlled by their fee agreement, which, using language identical
to the language in the Lewis Rice fee agreement, made the recovery of fees and other expenses
contingent on ArentFox Schiff obtaining a judgment in plaintiffs’ favor. Defendant asserts that
“under state law, ArentFox [Schiff], having been discharged before the contingency was met, is
entitled only to a quantum meruit recovery for the value of its services, to be paid from the fees
recovered by subsequent counsel, i.e., Lewis Rice.” Def.’s Resp. 29.

        Plaintiffs characterize defendant’s argument as “bewildering and nonsensical,” Pls.’
Reply 27, and emphasize that in another case before the Court of Federal Claims involving the
plaintiffs’ retention of a new attorney, the court observed that the former attorney’s firm had “a
property interest resulting from its fee agreement with its former clients” and that the
subsequently retained attorney “represent[ed] the interests of her clients in not breaching their
agreement to pay [the former attorney’s firm] for the work it performed,” id. at 28 (quoting
Banks v. United States, No. 16-1633L, 2020 WL 1673698, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Apr. 6, 2020)). 9
Highlighting defendant’s “admi[ssion] that [ArentFox Schiff] is due a quantum meruit fee,” id. at
27, plaintiffs assert that under the URA, they are entitled to reimbursement for the work
performed by ArentFox Schiff because the attorneys’ fees and other litigation expenses “were
‘actually incurred’ by [them] and owed to [ArentFox Schiff] under [their] engagement agreement
with [ArentFox Schiff],” id. at 28.

        Defendant’s entire argument is premised on its contention that the phrase “actually
incurred” in 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c) limits the recovery of attorneys’ fees and other litigation
expenses to those that plaintiffs are obligated to pay pursuant to their fee agreements. However,
as the court has already held, defendant’s construction of § 4654(c) is erroneous because it strips
the court of the discretion afforded by that provision. Thus, because the operative language of
the Lewis Rice and ArentFox Schiff fee agreements is identical, the court will determine the
amount that would reimburse plaintiffs for the reasonable fees they actually incurred for the

       9
           While the quotations from the unpublished order in Banks are accurate, plaintiffs
disregard their context. The court in Banks was ruling on a motion to intervene by the plaintiffs’
former attorney, who was concerned that the current attorney might “compromise her client’s
award of fees to incentivize settlement and more quickly get her clients paid.” 2020 WL
1673698, at *1. It remarked that “[a]ny compromise that would seriously impair the [prior
attorney]’s ability to be adequately reimbursed for [his] work would likely open the plaintiffs to
liability for breach of contract or liability to reimburse the firm in quantum meruit,” and
expressed confidence that the current attorney would endeavor “to avoid that possibility.” Id. at
*2. The court therefore denied the prior attorney’s request to intervene. At most, Banks stands
for the proposition that a plaintiff’s current attorney is responsible for ensuring that any
settlement of her clients’ claims takes into account their obligations to their former attorney.
Any suggestion of what might happen if the current attorney did not protect her clients’ interests
is dicta; indeed, the court did not discuss, much less mention, the precise nature of the plaintiffs’
obligations under their fee agreement with their former attorney.

                                                -10-
work performed by ArentFox Schiff by calculating the lodestar amount. It will also determine
the amount that would reimburse plaintiffs for the other reasonable expenses they actually
incurred for the work performed by ArentFox Schiff in accordance with the applicable caselaw.

                   B. Reimbursement for Work Performed by Lewis Rice

         The court turns first to the $206,285.55 in attorneys’ fees and $33,519.50 in other
litigation expenses requested by plaintiffs for the work performed by Lewis Rice from 2019 to
2022. 10

                                       1. Attorneys’ Fees

         “In determining the amount of reasonable attorneys’ fees under federal fee-shifting
statutes, the Supreme Court has consistently upheld the lodestar calculation as the ‘guiding light
of [its] fee-shifting jurisprudence.’” Bywaters, 670 F.3d at 1228-29 (quoting Perdue v. Kenny A.
ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 551 (2010)). This calculation involves multiplying the number of
hours reasonably expended in the case by a reasonable hourly rate. Id. at 1225-26. “A fee award
that is determined through the use of a lodestar calculation carries a ‘strong presumption’ that it
represents a ‘reasonable’ attorney fee.” Biery, 818 F.3d at 710 (quoting Bywaters, 670 F.3d at
1229).

                                  a. Reasonable Hourly Rates

        The first required determination is the reasonable hourly rates for the work performed by
the attorneys and paralegals at Lewis Rice in 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022. In their motion,
plaintiffs seek hourly rates of $550, $585, $635, and $660 for Ms. Brinton; $570, $595, $645,
and $660 for Ms. Largent; $495 for Michael Armstrong (2022 only); $250 for Sarah L. White
(2019 only); $215 for Katherine G. McWherter (2019 only); $275 for Evan P. Jefferson (2022
only); and from $115 to $210 for the law firm’s paralegals. They represent that these hourly
rates are the usual and customary hourly rates charged by Lewis Rice in St. Louis for the years in
question.

        “[T]he burden is on the fee applicant to produce satisfactory evidence—in addition to the
attorney’s own affidavits—that the requested rates are in line with those prevailing in the
community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience and
reputation.” Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895 n.11 (1984). Additionally, “[i]n determining a
reasonable rate, the court may refer to declarations made by other attorneys about the prevailing
hourly rates in a particular geographic area and may also rely on its own expertise to determine
applicable prevailing rates.” Stimson Lumber Co. v. United States, 154 Fed. Cl. 694, 702 (2021)
(citing Haggart v. United States, 149 Fed. Cl. 651, 659 (2020)), appeal docketed, No. 22-1201
(Fed. Cir. Nov. 30, 2021).

       10
           Plaintiffs are requesting attorney’s fees and other litigation expenses for the work
performed by Lewis Rice through the date they filed their present motion––September 20, 2022.
However, they state that “[s]hould litigation as to reimbursement under the URA become
protracted, [they] reserve all rights to supplement” their request. Pls.’ Mot. 15 n.6.

                                               -11-
         In general, a court should use the prevailing market rates for comparable legal services in
the forum when calculating the lodestar unless “the bulk of the work is done outside of the
[forum] in a legal market where the prevailing attorneys’ rates are substantially lower.”
Bywaters, 670 F.3d at 1233 (alteration in original) (quoting Avera v. Sec’y of HHS, 515 F.3d
1343, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2008)). Accordingly, the typical approach used to assess the
reasonableness of requested hourly rates is to first determine whether the forum rates or the local
rates should serve as the proper comparators, and then determine whether the requested rates are
in line with those from the relevant legal market. See, e.g., Bywaters, 670 F.3d at 1232-34;
McCarty v. United States, 142 Fed. Cl. 616, 621-624 (2019); Campbell, 138 Fed. Cl. at 75-78;
Gregory v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 400, 406 (2013). Plaintiffs, however, do not take this
approach. Instead, they assert that their requested hourly rates––the usual and customary rates
charged by Lewis Rice in St. Louis––are both (1) consistent with the prevailing market rates in
St. Louis for the type of legal services at issue and (2) not significantly different from the forum
rates (i.e., the rates in the District of Columbia, the location of the Court of Federal Claims) for
those same legal services. 11 Put another way, under plaintiffs’ approach, it does not matter
whether the relevant legal market is St. Louis or the District of Columbia because the requested
hourly rates are in line with the hourly rates in both. 12 This approach, while unusual, does not

       11
            Plaintiffs contend that “[i]n other cases, the Court . . . has found that there is not a
‘very significant difference’ between the ‘forum’ rate and the rate found in the relevant
community, and has awarded a firm’s usual and customary fees.” Pls.’ Mot. 14 (citing McCarty,
142 Fed. Cl. at 616; Campbell, 138 Fed. Cl. at 65). Their characterization of the awards in these
cases is erroneous. In McCarty, the plaintiffs were represented by an attorney who worked for a
national law firm, and legal work was performed on their behalf by attorneys and paralegals in
six locations throughout the country, including St. Louis and the District of Columbia. 142 Fed.
Cl. at 622. The court accepted the plaintiffs’ evidence that the disparity between the St. Louis
and District of Columbia legal markets could be measured by the disparity between the hourly
rates their attorney’s law firm charged in those markets, and concluded that the 15% disparity
was not very significant. Id. at 622-23. It therefore awarded attorneys’ fees using the forum
rates set forth in an attorneys’ fees matrix applicable to the forum. Id. at 624. It did not award
the plaintiffs attorneys’ fees based on the usual and customary hourly rates charged by their
attorney and others who worked on their case. In Campbell, the court found that the bulk of the
work was performed in St. Louis, but that “because the St. Louis rates [were] not substantially
lower than the claimed [District of Columbia] rates,” it would “determine reasonable rates under
the forum rule.” 138 Fed. Cl. at 75-76. The plaintiffs sought attorneys’ fees based on the hourly
rates actually charged by their attorney’s national law firm, and the court found that these rates
did “not appear to be excessive when compared to top rates in” the District of Columbia. Id. at
76. However, it declined to award attorneys’ fees based on the rates actually charged due to “the
lack of specific proof regarding prevailing rates for services similar to the work done in [that]
relatively non-complex rails-to-trails” case. Id.; cf. Pls.’ Reply 16 (reflecting that the hourly
rates for partners allowed in Campbell were much higher than in other Trails Act cases,
notwithstanding the “non-complex” nature of the work done in that case).
       12
          Given plaintiffs’ nonstandard approach to applying the forum rule, defendant
somewhat understandably construes plaintiffs’ use of St. Louis rates as an invocation of the
exception to the forum rule. See Def.’s Resp. 21-22 (“Plaintiffs appear to concede that St. Louis
                                                -12-
conflict with the forum rule in the circumstances of this case, where plaintiffs maintain that their
requested hourly rates are consistent with both St. Louis rates and District of Columbia rates,
because under both the forum rule and plaintiffs’ approach, the court must assess whether the
requested hourly rates are in line with the forum rates.

         In support of their position that the hourly rates requested for Lewis Rice are reasonable,
plaintiffs submit sworn declarations from three attorneys; a sworn declaration from a Lewis Rice
client in another Trails Act case; filings from a case in the United States District Court for the
District of Missouri in which Lewis Rice requested, and was awarded, attorneys’ fees at the
hourly rates requested in this case; and salary tables published by the United States Office of
Personnel Management (“OPM”) for the St. Louis and District of Columbia metropolitan areas.
Plaintiffs also provide, in the body of their motion, excerpts from three attorneys’ fees matrices
that have been used by federal courts in the District of Columbia when awarding attorneys’ fees
pursuant to a federal fee-shifting statute. 13

        Almost none of this evidence is germane to the principal question that needs to be
answered: Are plaintiffs’ requested hourly rates for Lewis Rice attorneys and paralegals in line
with forum rates? 14 Three of the declarants––Ms. Brinton; Robert B. Walsh, Jr., the chairman of
Lewis Rice; and Emily E. Cantwell, a partner at another law firm in St. Louis––provide only the
conclusory statement that the requested rates “are reasonable and consistent with the prevailing
market rates charged in the St. Louis legal market for such services.” Pls.’ Ex. A-3 ¶ 13; accord
Pls.’ Exs. A-4 ¶ 8, A-5 ¶ 4. The fourth declarant––William Marshall Kotis, III, an individual
who retained Lewis Rice to pursue a Trails Act claim currently before another judge of the Court
of Federal Claims––states only that he is paying attorneys’ fees to Lewis Rice at the requested

rates are appropriate in this instance. The United States agrees with the use of St. Louis rates.
But in asserting Plaintiffs’ counsels’ rates are reasonable, they spend much time comparing them
not to reasonable rates in the St. Louis market, but to various efforts to determine hourly rates in
Washington, D.C. The proper comparison, however, in determining whether the asserted rates
are reasonable is by comparison to the ‘prevailing market rates in the relevant community.’
Given Plaintiffs’ framework, the comparison is to prevailing market rates in St. Louis.” (citations
omitted) (quoting Bratcher v. United States, 136 Fed. Cl. 786, 792 (2018))). However, because
plaintiffs claim that St. Louis rates are not substantially lower than District of Columbia rates,
plaintiffs cannot be invoking the exception to the forum rule. See Bywaters, 670 F.3d at 1233
(explaining that the exception applies only when the local rates are “substantially lower” than the
forum rates).
       13
           Plaintiffs identify the websites where each excerpted matrix can be found, but provide
no information––in their motion, reply, or attached exhibits––regarding what the information in
each matrix is meant to reflect or any evidence supporting the applicability of the matrices to this
case. Although it was not its responsibility to do so, the court obtained some of that information
by visiting the three websites and reviewing relevant caselaw.
       14
           Even if plaintiffs successfully demonstrate that the usual and customary rates charged
by Lewis Rice are in line with the prevailing market rates in St. Louis, they still must show that
those rates are in line with District of Columbia rates.

                                                -13-
hourly rates and finds them to be reasonable and appropriate. The federal district court filings
address only the prevailing market rate for legal services in St. Louis. And, the OPM charts
merely demonstrate the difference in locality pay between the St. Louis and District of Columbia
metropolitan areas for federal employees. There is no mention of the prevailing market rates for
legal services in the District of Columbia in any of these documents.

         The only evidence of the forum rate supplied by plaintiffs is the excerpts from three
attorneys’ fees matrices: an adjusted Laffey matrix, the United States Attorney’s Office
(“USAO”) matrix, and the Fitzpatrick matrix. Each matrix is “a schedule of billing rates based
on an attorney’s level of experience, adjusted for inflation . . . .” McCarty, 142 Fed. Cl. at 623.
Both the Laffey matrix, prepared in 1983, and an updated version of the Laffey matrix, prepared
in 1989, were meant to reflect the hourly rates charged by attorneys engaged in complex federal
litigation in the District of Columbia. DL v. Dist. of Columbia, 924 F.3d 585, 589 (D.C. Cir.
2019). In the decades that followed, these matrices were updated to account for inflation. Id.

       The USAO maintained one version of the matrix, relying on the original 1983
       base data updated through a Bureau of Labor Statistics inflation index that tracks
       regional price increases in all goods. Some plaintiffs’ attorneys argued that this
       index failed to capture the true rate of inflationary change and began advancing a
       version of the 1989 Laffey data updated with a different Bureau of Labor
       Statistics index called the Legal Services Index (LSI), which estimates price
       increases for the legal market nationwide.

Id. at 589-90 (citation omitted). Starting in 2015, the USAO undertook “a major effort to replace
the Laffey datasets by using a more current rate survey as the base for a brand new matrix.” Id.
at 590. This new USAO matrix used data from attorneys “engaged in all types of practice” in the
District of Columbia metropolitan area and set forth “average rates hundreds of dollars below
those reflected in the LSI Laffey matrix.” Id. The United States Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia Circuit concluded in 2019 that this new matrix did not reflect the prevailing
market rates in the District of Columbia for the type of legal work being provided, id. at 587-88,
and suggested that the court’s bar “work together and think creatively about how to produce a
reliable assessment of fees charged for complex federal litigation in the District [of Columbia],”
id. at 595. In response to this suggestion, the USAO developed, with the assistance of Professor
Brian Fitzpatrick at Vanderbilt Law School, a new matrix based on data from complex federal
cases litigated in the District of Columbia, adjusted for inflation using the legal services index of
the Consumer Price Index. See U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Dist. of Columbia, The Fitzpatrick
Matrix, https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/page/file/1504361/download (last visited Jan. 9, 2023).

        There are large variations in the hourly rates included in the three matrices relied upon by
plaintiffs. For example, the hourly rate for an attorney, like Ms. Brinton, with approximately
fifteen years of experience as of 2021 is $764 in the adjusted Laffey matrix, $532 in the USAO
matrix, and $626 in the Fitzpatrick matrix––a 19.8% difference between the lowest and highest
rates. Nevertheless, it appears that plaintiffs’ requested rates are within the range of rates set
forth in the matrices. For Ms. Largent and Ms. Brinton, attorneys with approximately thirteen to
seventeen years of experience during this litigation, plaintiffs request hourly rates of $550-$660;
the three matrices reflect hourly rates of $742-$829, $491-$532, and $573-$666 for attorneys

                                                -14-
with similar years of experience. For Mr. Armstrong, an attorney with approximately eight years
of experience when he worked on this case, plaintiffs request an hourly rate of $495; the three
matrices reflect hourly rates of $676-$733, $452, and $576 for attorneys with similar years of
experience. For Ms. White, Ms. McWherter, and Mr. Jefferson, attorneys with less than two
years of experience when they worked on this case, plaintiffs request hourly rates of $210-$275;
the three matrices reflect hourly rates of $203-$413, $307-$333, and $395-$457 for attorneys
with similar years of experience. And, for the seven paralegals who worked on the case,
plaintiffs request hourly rates of $115-$210; the three matrices reflect hourly rates of $202-$225,
$166-$180, and $189-$207 for paralegals.

         The sole remaining question, therefore, is whether the work performed by the Lewis Rice
attorneys and paralegals in this Trails Act case constitutes the type of complex federal litigation
that the three matrices are meant to address such that the court can conclude that their hourly
rates “are in line with those prevailing in the community for similar services . . . .” Blum, 465
U.S. at 895 n.11. Although plaintiffs did not address whether the matrices would apply in Trails
Act suits, there is ample support in the caselaw to conclude that they could. See, e.g., Biery, 818
F.3d at 714 (holding that the Court of Federal Claims had the discretion to use one of the updated
Laffey matrices to compute the lodestar amount in a Trails Act case); McCarty, 142 Fed. Cl. at
624 (awarding attorneys’ fees in a Trails Act case based on the USAO matrix); Campbell, 138
Fed. Cl. at 76-77 (observing that “rails-to-trails takings claims can be complex” and using two
adjusted Laffey matrices as evidence of reasonable hourly rates); see also Hardy v. United States,
157 Fed. Cl. 464, 472 (2021) (characterizing experience in Trails Act cases as “specialized
experience in . . . a niche area of law”); Gregory, 110 Fed. Cl. at 406 (remarking that Trails Act
litigation is “complex” and “highly specialized,” and that “[v]ery few firms in the country have
the willingness and the expertise to take on these” cases). In addition, unlike in Campbell, in
which there were no substantive motions and the sole “in-court activity was limited to argument
on the fee request,” 138 Fed. Cl. at 70, this Trails Act case is readily classified as complex. It
involved numerous claims proceeding on three tracks, coordination with the attorneys in three
related cases, and briefing a summary judgment motion on a weighty issue of state law.
Consequently, the three attorneys’ fees matrices relied upon by plaintiffs provide appropriate
comparators for the work performed by the Lewis Rice attorneys and paralegals in this case.

        Having concluded that the hourly rates requested by plaintiffs for the work performed by
Lewis Rice attorneys and paralegals “are in line with those prevailing in the community for
similar services by lawyers [and paralegals] of reasonably comparable skill, experience and
reputation,” Blum, 465 U.S. at 895 n.11, the court approves their use in this case.

                                      b. Reasonable Hours

        The other element of the lodestar calculation is the number of hours reasonably expended
by Lewis Rice in furtherance of plaintiffs’ claims. Plaintiffs represent that the attorneys and
paralegals at Lewis Rice expended 820.55 hours on this case, and seek reimbursement for the
476.31 hours that are purportedly attributable to their claims. In support of their request,
plaintiffs provide a table with Lewis Rice’s billing entries that includes, for each entry, the date,
timekeeper, number of hours, hourly rate, and total fee, as well as a description of the work

                                                -15-
performed. Defendant raises several objections to plaintiffs’ request, which the court addresses
in turn.

                          i. Duplicative and Excessive Billing Entries

        Defendant first states that upon its review of Lewis Rice’s billing entries, it identified
identical billing entries for Ms. Brinton on two dates: March 5, 2020, and March 13, 2020. On
the former date, there are two entries seeking 0.7 hours for work described as “[d]raft complaint;
review deeds and title work; conference with M. Largent,” and on the latter date, there are two
entries for 0.3 hours for work described as “[c]lient correspondence; review property records.”
Def.’s Resp. 20 (quoting Pls.’ Ex. A-1 at 8). Defendant asserts that it should not be required to
reimburse plaintiffs for the duplicative hours. In their reply, plaintiffs do not provide an
explanation for the duplicative entries (for example, that Ms. Brinton performed similar work at
two different times on those dates). Consequently, as defendant proposes, the court will reduce
the hours requested for Ms. Brinton’s work by one hour, leading to a $585.00 reduction.

        In addition, defendant identifies a single billing entry as reflecting an excessive and
unreasonable amount of time to accomplish the described task: a November 1, 2019 entry in
which the timekeeper, a paralegal, indicated that it took 0.7 hours (forty-two minutes) to file a
status report. Defendant proposes a 50% reduction of the time requested for this task. In their
reply, plaintiffs do not address defendant’s meritorious objection. As a result, as defendant
proposes, the court will reduce the hours requested for this paralegal’s work by 0.35 hours,
leading to a $52.50 reduction.

                                     ii. Unsuccessful Claims

        Defendant next contends that plaintiffs are seeking reimbursement for hours expended on
the claims of plaintiffs who were dismissed from the case, either voluntarily or through summary
judgment, and argues that such reimbursement is improper. In response, plaintiffs argue that all
of the requested hours are compensable, and that defendant disregards two key facts: that all of
the claims “were part of a single litigation and involved identical questions of law” and that
Lewis Rice’s work was “conducted generally on behalf of successful and unsuccessful claims,
and could not feasibly be conducted on a plaintiff-specific basis.” Pls.’ Reply 12.

       As explained by the Federal Circuit:

               There is no dispute that work done on behalf of . . . unsuccessful plaintiffs
       is not recoverable. “Hours that are not properly billed to one’s client are also not
       properly billed to one’s adversary pursuant to statutory authority.” When multiple
       claims are brought in a single litigation and involve common questions of law, it
       may be difficult, if not impossible, to separate out the hours expended on each
       claim. However, . . . this does not compel the conclusion that all work involved is
       always compensable. A fee award is subject to a court’s discretion and a court
       “may attempt to identify specific hours that should be eliminated, or it may
       simply reduce the award to account for the limited success.”

                                               -16-
Biery, 818 F.3d at 712 (citation omitted) (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434, 436-37); see also
Smith v. McDonough, 995 F.3d 1338, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (“[C]ourts properly award attorney
fees for time necessarily spent on a successful claim, even if that time was also spent on
unsuccessful claims.”). The table setting forth Lewis Rice’s billing entries does not assign
entries to specific clients, and often the descriptions provided do not identify the client for whom
the work related. 15 It therefore is not possible, for the most part, to “separate out the hours
expended” on a claim-by-claim or plaintiff-by-plaintiff basis. Biery, 818 F.3d at 712.
Consequently, when such separation is not possible, the court will, if appropriate, use a
percentage method for reducing hours to ensure that defendant is providing reimbursement only
for work performed on behalf of the plaintiffs with successful, or likely successful, claims.

        To facilitate consideration of defendant’s objections, the court divides the case into five
time periods: (1) from January 22, 2019, the date Lewis Rice began recording time in this case,
to March 14, 2019; (2) from March 15, 2019, the date that the initial complaint was filed on
behalf of fifteen plaintiffs, to July 11, 2019; (3) from July 12, 2019, the date that the first
amended complaint was filed on behalf of twenty-nine plaintiffs, to July 21, 2020; (4) from July
22, 2020, the date that the court divided plaintiffs into three groups, to March 22, 2021; and
(5) from March 23, 2021, the date that the court granted summary judgment dismissing the
claims of nine Group 2 plaintiffs and moving the claims of the five remaining Group 2 plaintiffs
to Group 3, to the present.

         During the first time period, Lewis Rice corresponded and met with its clients, reviewed
property records, inspected the trail, and drafted the initial complaint. There is no indication that
Lewis Rice conducted research on any factual or legal issues that would affect more than one of
the fifteen plaintiffs named in the initial complaint. Rather, almost all of the work performed
appears to be client-specific—communicating with clients and reviewing information concerning
the property owned by each client. Because ten of these plaintiffs had unsuccessful claims, 16 a
corresponding proportional reduction in hours for this time period is warranted. The court
therefore reduces plaintiffs’ requested hours for each timekeeper by 67%, leading to an award of
$11,503.97 for this time period (the requested amount of $35,445.50 minus $585.00 for the
duplicative entries, minus 67% of the difference).

       During the second time period, Lewis Rice corresponded and met with its clients;
reviewed property records; inspected the trail; worked on initial disclosures and a claims book;
voluntarily dismissed the claims of four plaintiffs; and drafted the first amended complaint to add

       15
          For example, there are 135 billing entries for reviewing, preparing, working on, or
responding to “client correspondence” that do not identify the client or clients at issue. See
generally Pls.’ Ex. A-1.
       16
         The five plaintiffs with successful claims are Ms. Bradley; Mr. Branham and Ms.
Anderson; D-Two, Inc.; the Malkoffs; and Mr. Schafer.

                                                -17-
the claims of eighteen new plaintiffs, four of which had or likely will have successful claims. 17
Almost all of this work is client-specific. In contrast, Lewis Rice also performed work during
this time period that could be, or was, applicable to more than one plaintiff: reviewing relevant
Board filings; preparing and issuing subpoenas; researching the original conveyances to the
railroad company; and, as reflected in a single billing entry on July 5, 2019, researching Indiana
law related to whether a deed conveyed a fee simple estate or an easement. If the court
considered only the client-specific work, it would reduce the requested hours for this time period
by up to 73%, since Lewis Rice’s work concerned the claims of up to twenty-four plaintiffs (out
of thirty-three total) who did not have successful claims. However, Lewis Rice also performed a
moderate amount of generally applicable work. Therefore, the court reduces plaintiffs’ requested
hours for each timekeeper by 50%, leading to an award of $28,396.75 for this time period (the
requested amount of $56,793.50 minus 50% of that amount).

        During the third time period, Lewis Rice corresponded and met with its clients; reviewed
property records; inspected the trail; twice amended the complaint to add the claims of eighteen
plaintiffs; voluntarily dismissed the claims of twelve plaintiffs; supplied defendant with
information about the claims of all plaintiffs; and reached title stipulations with defendant with
respect to the claims of twenty-five plaintiffs, including the eight plaintiffs who filed the present
motion. Almost all of this work is client-specific. In contrast, Lewis Rice also performed work
during this time period that could be, or was, applicable to more than one plaintiff: reviewing
relevant Board filings, preparing subpoenas, reviewing subpoena responses, researching the
original conveyances to the railroad company, researching various aspects of Indiana property
law, and developing a proposal for resolving all of the claims in this case and the related cases in
an efficient manner. If the court considered only the client-specific work, it would reduce the
requested hours by up to 69%, since Lewis Rice’s work for the vast majority of this time period
concerned the claims of up to twenty plaintiffs (out of twenty-nine total) who did not have
successful claims. However, Lewis Rice also performed a significant amount of generally
applicable work. Therefore, the court reduces plaintiffs’ requested hours for each timekeeper by
20%, leading to an award of $95,250.40 for this time period (the requested amount of
$119,115.50 minus $52.50 for the excessive paralegal time for filing a status report, minus 20%
of the difference).

        During the fourth time period, Lewis Rice’s work related to determining the just
compensation owed to the eleven Group 1 plaintiffs, all of whom had successful claims, and
determining the government’s liability to pay just compensation to the Group 2 plaintiffs, whose
claims were ultimately not successful. 18 The work performed for the Group 2 plaintiffs during
this time period had no relevance to any of the successful claims in this case. As a result, the

       17
            The four plaintiffs with successful, or likely successful, claims that would be added in
the first amended complaint are Burnett Partnership LLP, Mimir Partners LLP, and Three
Feathers Realty Group LLP; the Eadses; Ms. McAffee and Ms. Strossner; and Ms. Wood.
       18
           At the beginning of the next time period, the court moved five plaintiffs from Group 2
to Group 3 because their claims involved both an issue resolved in defendant’s favor (making
that aspect of their claims unsuccessful) and other issues not briefed by the parties during the
fourth time period.

                                                -18-
plaintiffs with successful, or likely successful, claims cannot recover attorneys’ fees for Lewis
Rice’s efforts on behalf of the Group 2 plaintiffs. The court has identified twenty-three billing
entries applicable only to the Group 2 plaintiffs, all of which occurred in 2020: for Ms. Brinton,
0.3 hours on September 14, 1.6 hours on September 21, 1.6 hours on September 22, 0.4 hours on
September 23, 1.6 hours on September 28, 0.8 hours on November 4, 0.3 hours on November 10,
0.9 hours on November 13, 1.3 hours on November 16, 0.7 hours on November 17, 1.9 hours on
November 18, and 0.3 hours on December 14; for Ms. Largent, 0.5 hours on September 21, 0.3
hours on September 23, 0.5 hours on September 28, 0.8 hours on October 29, 0.3 hours on
November 13, 0.5 hours on November 18, and 0.4 hours on December 9; for paralegal Meredith
Shrinivas, 0.8 hours on September 23, 0.5 hours on September 28, and 0.7 hours on November
18; and for paralegal Anna Roland, 0.1 hours on December 9. See Pls.’ Ex. A-1 at 11-12. At the
allowed hourly rates, these hours translate into $6,844.20 for Ms. Brinton’s work, $1,963.50 for
Ms. Largent’s work, $400 for Ms. Shrinivas’s work, and $11.50 for Ms. Roland’s work, for a
total of $9,219.50. The court therefore reduces plaintiffs’ requested attorneys’ fees of
$60,591.00 by $9,219.50, leading to an award of $51,371.50 for this time period.

         During the final time period, the work performed by Lewis Rice related to determining
the just compensation owed to the eleven original Group 1 plaintiffs, settling the claims of those
same plaintiffs (including amounts for attorneys’ fees and other litigation expenses), summary
judgment briefing for the claims of the Group 3 plaintiffs, 19 determining the disposition of the
claims of the five Group 3 plaintiffs, reviewing defendant’s offer of judgment for the eleven
original Group 1 plaintiffs, and preparing the present motion for attorneys’ fees and other
litigation expenses. The only unreimbursable work performed by Lewis Rice during this time
period is the work attributable to the claims of the two Group 3 plaintiffs that were dismissed
after the aforementioned summary judgment decisions. The court has identified twenty billing
entries that relate to the five Group 3 plaintiffs in general: for Ms. Brinton, 2.8 hours on April 5,
2021, 0.1 hours on April 7, 2021, 0.3 hours on April 13, 2021, 0.8 hours on April 29, 2021, 0.6
hours on May 3, 2021, 0.3 hours on January 27, 2022, 1.3 hours on April 1, 2022, 1.9 hours on
April 4, 2022, and 0.3 hours on April 7, 2022; for Ms. Largent, 0.3 hours on April 5, 2021, 0.2
hours on April 6, 2021, 0.1 hours on April 7, 2021, 0.2 hours on May 3, 2021, 0.3 hours on May
4, 2021, and 0.1 hours on April 14, 2022; and for Ms. Shrinivas, 0.2 hours on April 6, 2021, 3.9
hours on January 25, 2022, 0.8 hours on January 26, 2022, 1.1 hours on January 27, 2022, and
0.4 hours on April 1, 2022. See id. at 14-15, 17-18. At the allowed hourly rates, these hours
translate into $5,421.50 for Ms. Brinton’s work, $775.50 for Ms. Largent’s work, and $1,284.00
for Ms. Shrinivas’s work, for a total of $7,481.00. Because the claims of two of the five Group 3
plaintiffs were unsuccessful, the court reduces the hours requested by plaintiffs for work relating
to the Group 3 plaintiffs by 40%, leading to an award of $80,436.60 for this time period (the
requested amount of $83,429.00 minus 40% of $7,481.00).

       19
           Although the parties in this case did not brief summary judgment motions for the
Group 3 plaintiffs, it appears that Lewis Rice did perform some work in January 2022 related to
the briefing in the related cases. See Pls.’ Ex. A-1 at 15.

                                                -19-
                                          iii. Block Billing

         Defendant’s final contention regarding the reasonableness of the hours expended by
Lewis Rice attorneys and paralegals relates to the practice of block billing. “Block billing entails
‘lumping tasks together in time entries rather than making such entries task-by-task.’” McCarty,
142 Fed. Cl. at 628 (quoting McAfee v. Boczar, 738 F.3d 81, 90 (4th Cir. 2013)). The Federal
Circuit, in patent litigation, has affirmed trial courts’ determinations regarding block billing with
little commentary. See, e.g., Raniere v. Microsoft Corp., 887 F.3d 1298, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2018)
(upholding the district court’s finding that specific time entries were not block billed);
Monolithic Power Sys., Inc. v. O2 Micro Int’l, Ltd., 726 F.3d 1359, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2013)
(upholding the district court’s reduction of block-billed time entries by 75%). Other courts of
appeals have upheld a wide range of percentage reductions for block billing––from 5% to 50%.
See McCarty, 142 Fed. Cl. at 629 (documenting the permitted reductions). Above all, the court
must consider whether the disputed entries “provide a sufficient level of detail to allow [the
court] to effectively review the reasonableness of the claimed hours.” Id.

       According to defendant, Lewis Rice’s billing entries reflect “extensive block billing,”
making it difficult to ascertain the reasonableness of the time spent on the individual tasks or
whether work is being duplicated. Def.’s Resp. 20. It therefore “proposes applying a 10%
reduction to all” entries for which there is no “specific time listed for each task,” id., leaving it to
the court to identify those entries and perform the calculation. Plaintiffs do not respond to
defendant’s block-billing contentions.

         There is no question that the first thirteen months of Lewis Rice’s billing entries include
many instances of block billing. For a handful of these entries, this practice makes it difficult to
ascertain the reasonableness of the time expended for the component tasks. See, e.g., Pls.’ Ex.
A-1 at 6 (setting forth a December 3, 2019 billing entry for Ms. Brinton in which she recorded
4.5 hours to perform the following tasks: “[w]ork on draft title stipulations; e-mail
correspondence with B. Herman re same; conduct research re relevant Indiana case law; review
valuation maps and relevant Court of Federal Claims decisions; e-mail correspondence with
counsel for Fishers and Noblesville”). But for most of the block-billed entries, it is apparent that
the time recorded is a reasonable amount of time to perform all of the block-billed tasks and/or
all of the block-billed tasks are clearly related to each other and are otherwise reimbursable. See,
e.g., id. at 4 (setting forth a July 12, 2019 billing entry for Ms. Brinton in which she recorded 2.2
hours to perform the following tasks: “[f]inalize first amended complaint; file same; final review
and edits to claim book and initial disclosures; conference with F. Rubio re same; telephone
conference with counsel for the Cities of Fishers and Noblesville; conference with M. Largent re
same; e-mail correspondence with DOJ”), 5 (setting forth an October 2, 2019 billing entry for
Ms. Brinton in which she recorded 7.5 hours to perform the following tasks: “[p]repare for client
meetings; travel to Indiana from St. Louis, Missouri; attend meetings with clients; inspect trail”).
Indeed, the billing records in this case are unlike those that the undersigned reviewed in Hardy,
where “[o]ver the years spent on [that] case, plaintiffs’ attorneys and paralegals billed time for a
wide variety of tasks in four-to-ten-hour increments.” 157 Fed. Cl. at 476; see also id. at 476 n.9
(reciting the contents of a ten-hour billing entry in which the timekeeper worked on various tasks
related to the claims book, drafted an amended complaint, prepared a request for a deed, and
updated the “Class Index”). Because almost all of the block-billed entries in this case include

                                                  -20-
sufficient information to allow the court to determine the reasonableness of the time expended, a
percentage reduction for block billing is not warranted. 20

                                          c. Summary

        To summarize the court’s determinations with respect to the reasonable amount of
attorneys’ fees that are subject to reimbursement by the government under the URA for work
performed by Lewis Rice on the successful, or likely successful, claims, the court concludes that
the fourteen plaintiffs with such claims are entitled to fees of $266,959.22: $11,503.97 for the
work performed from January 22, 2019, to March 14, 2019; $28,396.75 for the work performed
from March 15, 2019, to July 11, 2019; $95,250.40 for the work performed from July 12, 2019,
to July 21, 2020; $51,371.50 for the work performed from July 22, 2020, to March 22, 2021; and
$80,436.60 for the work performed from March 23, 2021, to the present.

                                 2. Other Litigation Expenses

        The URA does not limit successful plaintiffs to the recovery of attorneys’ fees; they may
also be reimbursed for other expenses they incurred in prosecuting their claims. Here, plaintiffs
seek reimbursement for $57,745.09 in various additional expenses related to the litigation that
were paid by Lewis Rice. In support of their request, they provide a table indicating the date,
amount, and description of each such expense. Additionally, according to defendant, plaintiffs
provided defendant with documentation in support of most of the claimed expenses. Defendant
states that “[b]ased on review of that documentation and Plaintiffs’ claims, [it] believes that the
majority of Plaintiffs’ claimed Lewis Rice expenses are documented, reasonable, and necessary.”
Def.’s Resp. 25.

         Defendant lodges only one objection to plaintiffs’ request. It maintains that the twenty-
six “[p]ostage” and “Federal Express” expense entries, Pls.’ Ex. A-2 at 2-3, are improper because
plaintiffs do not substantiate them through documentation or explanation. It therefore contends
that it should not be required to reimburse plaintiffs for these items. Although they were aware
of this objection, plaintiffs did not provide any substantiation for the postage and shipping
expenses in their reply.

        Postage is generally a reimbursable expense, “assuming [the charges] are documented
and reasonably necessary to prosecution of the claim.” R.C. Constr. Co. v. United States, 42
Fed. Cl. 57, 63-64 (1998); see also Halverson v. Sec’y of HHS, No. 15-227V, 2021 WL
2768339, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 25, 2021) (denying reimbursement of United Parcel
Service costs for which invoices were not provided). For expedited delivery services in
particular, plaintiffs must provide enough information to “allow the Court to determine what
documents were transmitted and to whom, and whether the use of the expedited delivery service
was reasonable or necessary, as opposed to merely convenient for counsel.” Bratcher, 136 Fed.

       20
           This is not to say that the court approves of block billing. The court commends the
Lewis Rice timekeepers for adopting the somewhat regular practice, starting with Ms. Largent’s
February 19, 2020 billing entry, of indicating the amount of time expended on each task in a
billing entry that covers multiple tasks.

                                               -21-
Cl. at 801. Because plaintiffs failed to provide any documentation or explanation for their
postage and shipping expenses, the court deducts the $2,704.38 claimed for these expenses from
plaintiffs’ total amount requested, resulting in an award of $55,040.71 for the litigation expenses
paid by Lewis Rice.

                          3. Allocation Among the Eligible Plaintiffs

        The final task relating to Lewis Rice’s claimed attorneys’ fees and other litigation
expenses is to allocate the amounts awarded among the fourteen plaintiffs with successful, or
likely successful, claims: the eight plaintiffs who filed the present motion, the three plaintiffs
whose claims remain pending, and the three Rule 68 plaintiffs, who each received $27,800 for
fees and other litigation expenses ($83,400 total) when they accepted defendant’s offer of
judgment.

         The parties offer differing approaches for making this allocation. Plaintiffs’ approach,
simply stated, is to credit defendant for the $83,400 it already paid in attorneys’ fees and other
litigation expenses for the three plaintiffs who accepted the offer of judgment, allocate 1/11th of
the balance to each of the remaining plaintiffs, and then award 8/11ths of the balance to the
moving plaintiffs. Defendant’s approach is to allocate 1/14th of the award of fees and other
expenses to each of the fourteen plaintiffs and then grant the moving plaintiffs 8/14ths of the
award. Plaintiffs’ approach would result in $238,599.93 in fees and other expenses for the
eleven plaintiffs who did not accept defendant’s offer of judgment, with $65,066.20 of that
amount allocated to the three plaintiffs with pending claims, and the remaining $173,533.73
awarded to the eight moving plaintiffs. In contrast, defendant’s approach would result in the
allocation of $68,999.98 to the three plaintiffs with pending claims, and an award of $183,999.96
to the eight moving plaintiffs. 21

        Defendant’s approach is more appropriate for a single reason: the amount of attorneys’
fees and other litigation expenses that defendant paid to the three Rule 68 plaintiffs was paid
pursuant to an offer of judgment. In such circumstances, the Attorney General is responsible for
determining the amount that would reimburse a plaintiff for the plaintiff’s reasonable fees and
other expenses. See 42 U.S.C. § 4654(c). Such a determination might be based on factors that
the court would not, or could not, consider in reaching its own determination. Indeed, the court
lacks any information regarding the basis of defendant’s offer or the Rule 68 plaintiffs’ calculus
in accepting it. Thus, it cannot assess the reasonableness of the $83,400 payment.

       In sum, the eleven plaintiffs with successful, or likely successful, claims who did not
accept defendant’s offer of judgment are entitled to a reimbursement of $252,999.94
($209,753.67 in attorneys’ fees and $43,246.27 in other litigation expenses) for the work

       21
           The total amount allocated to the eleven plaintiffs who did not accept defendant’s
offer of judgment is greater under defendant’s approach than under plaintiffs’ approach due to
the magnitude of the total amount of the award. Had the court started with the amount of
attorneys’ fees and other litigation expenses claimed by Lewis Rice ($355,374.50 in fees and
$57,745.09 in other expenses, for a total of $413,119.59), the amount owed to the eight moving
plaintiffs would have been greater under plaintiffs’ approach than under defendant’s approach.

                                                -22-
performed by Lewis Rice. Of that amount, the court awards the moving plaintiffs $183,999.96
($152,548.12 in attorneys’ fees and $31,451.83 in other litigation expenses).

                 C. Reimbursement for Work Performed by ArentFox Schiff

        The court next considers the amount of attorneys’ fees and other litigation expenses that
plaintiffs can recover for the work performed by ArentFox Schiff. Plaintiffs assert that ArentFox
Schiff claims $343,982.00 in fees and $175,759.03 in other expenses for work performed from
September 7, 2017, to January 30, 2019, in advance of the filing of the complaints in this case
and in ATS Ford. 22 Of these amounts, plaintiffs seek $74,374.49 and $38,001.95, respectively,
for the work related to their claims. As discussed above, the court will determine reasonable fees
using the lodestar calculation and other reasonable expenses in accordance with the relevant
caselaw. It will then allocate the fees and other expenses between the two cases to arrive at the
amount due to plaintiffs.

                                        1. Attorneys’ Fees

                                   a. Reasonable Hourly Rates

        The first component of the lodestar calculation the court will address is the hourly rate.
As reflected by an exhibit attached to plaintiffs’ motion with a table of ArentFox Schiff’s billing
entries, plaintiffs seek hourly rates of $919 for Debra Albin-Riley (a partner) and Stephen S.
Davis (an associate), $764 for Ms. Brinton (of counsel) and Ms. Largent (of counsel), and $208
for the law firm’s paralegals. To support their contention that these hourly rates are reasonable,
plaintiffs submit a single sworn declaration from an ArentFox Schiff partner, James H. Hulme.
Mr. Hulme represents that ArentFox Schiff’s hourly rates “are competitive hourly rates justified
by the rates private clients pay for comparable legal representation in the prevailing legal
marketplace,” Pls.’ Ex. B-3 ¶ 5; that “[t]he rates sought by ArentFox [Schiff] in this case for non-
partner attorneys based in the firm’s St. Louis office are the customary rates at which those same
attorneys typically bill ArentFox Schiff’s private clients,” id. ¶ 6, that hourly rates for associates
in the St. Louis office are 15% lower than what associates bill in the Los Angeles, New York
City, and District of Columbia offices, id., and that “ArentFox Schiff’s rates charged for the
work by each member of the litigation team are fair and appropriate . . . [, and] are comparable to
the rates [his] firm charges private clients for work on comparable litigation,” id. ¶ 8. Defendant
does not refute Mr. Hulme’s statements or otherwise object to the hourly rates requested by
ArentFox Schiff. Nevertheless, given the number of anomalies with the requested rates,
plaintiffs have not adequately established their reasonableness.

        As an initial matter, the only evidence submitted by plaintiffs in support of their assertion
that the requested hourly rates are reasonable is Mr. Hulme’s sworn declaration. Mr. Hulme’s
statements, while unrebutted by defendant, are self-serving and conclusory, and therefore cannot
be afforded great weight. Moreover, Mr. Hulme provided no information regarding the years of

       22
          When Ms. Brinton and Ms. Largent moved their practice to Lewis Rice, some of
ArentFox Schiff’s clients who owned parcels along the railroad line at issue in this case moved
with them.

                                                -23-
experience for any of the timekeepers identified in the billing entries. While plaintiffs supplied
such information concerning Ms. Brinton and Ms. Largent in other sworn declarations, the
record lacks any evidence regarding the experience of Ms. Albin-Riley, Mr. Davis, or the
paralegals.

        Second, plaintiffs do not explain why an associate, Mr. Davis, bills at the same hourly
rate as a partner, Ms. Albin-Riley, and more than the hourly rates of the attorneys identified as of
counsel.

        Third, given the evidence supplied by plaintiffs in support of their contention that the
hourly rates sought by Lewis Rice were consistent with the prevailing market rates in St. Louis
and the District of Columbia, it is difficult to understand how the hourly rates sought by
ArentFox Schiff for work done from 2017 to 2019, which are hundreds of dollars greater than
the rates sought by Lewis Rice for work done in later years, can also be consistent with St. Louis
and District of Columbia rates.

       Fourth, and relatedly, it defies common sense to award plaintiffs attorneys’ fees for the
work performed by Ms. Brinton and Ms. Largent based on an hourly rate of $764 for the 2017-
2019 time period, when they worked at ArentFox Schiff, and based on the significantly lower
hourly rates of $550-$660 for the 2019-2022 time period, when they worked at Lewis Rice,
given that the type of work did not change and their practice remained in St. Louis.

        Fifth, the hourly rates sought by ArentFox Schiff are set forth in the table with their
billing entries in a column titled “Current Market Rate,” and do not change from 2017 to 2019.
As a consequence, plaintiffs may be violating the “no-interest rule,” which provides that
“recovery of interest on an award of attorney fees is barred unless an award of interest is
‘expressly and unambiguously authorized by statute,’” and is a rule that “has been broadly read
to reach any attempt to provide additional compensation based on a delayed payment.” Biery,
818 F.3d at 714 (quoting Chiu v. United States, 948 F.2d 711, 719 (Fed. Cir. 1991)). In general,
the Court of Federal Claims uses historical hourly rates when awarding attorneys’ fees. See, e.g.,
McCarty, 142 Fed. Cl. at 624; Whispell Foreign Cars, Inc. v. United States, 139 Fed. Cl. 386,
401-02 (2018); Campbell, 138 Fed. Cl. at 73-74.

        Finally, to the extent that plaintiffs are relying on the data included in the table with
ArentFox Schiff’s billing entries, such reliance is misplaced. That table includes columns with
the following labels: “Historic Market Rate,” “Historic Market Value,” “Hist DOJ Rate,” “Hist
DOJ Value,” “Curr DOJ Rate,” “Curr DOJ Value,” “Hist Brugg Rate,” “Hist Brugg Value,”
“Curr Brugg Rate,” and “Curr Brug Value.” Each of the “rate” columns has a different hourly
rate for each timekeeper. For example, for all entries with Ms. Brinton as the timekeeper, the
“Historic market rate” is $717, the “Hist DOJ rate” is $494, the “Curr DOJ Rate” is $611, the
“Hist Brugg Rate” is $550, and the “Curr Brugg Rate” is $802. Plaintiffs make no attempt to
explain how they determined these hourly rates or how these hourly rates might demonstrate the
reasonableness of the hourly rates requested by the timekeepers in this case. 23

       23
         The court attempted to identify the basis for the two hourly rates associated with the
Honorable Eric G. Bruggink––reasonably assuming that “Brugg” and “Brug” refer to him––by
                                                -24-
        In light of these irregularities, adjustments to the hourly rates sought by ArentFox Schiff
are necessary. See Biery, 818 F.3d at 715 (“It was counsel’s burden to provide evidence tending
to show an appropriate rate . . . . When a party has a burden of production, it must submit
evidence in order to meet the burden. When the burden has not been met, it is not the
responsibility of a court to delay proceedings and request additional evidence from counsel; it
rules on the record before it.” (citation omitted)). The court has already determined that $550
was a reasonable hourly rate for Ms. Brinton in 2019, when she had approximately eleven years
of experience, and that $570 was a reasonable hourly rate for Ms. Largent in 2019, when she had
approximately twelve years of experience. These hourly rates, and the hourly rates allowed for
2020 to 2022, are in accord with the hourly rates set forth in the Fitzpatrick matrix. Accordingly,
the court will use that matrix to set Ms. Brinton’s and Ms. Largent’s hourly rates for 2017 and
2018. Ms. Brinton shall be compensated at $494 per hour for 2017 and $534 per hour for 2018,
and Ms. Largent shall be compensated at $506 per hour for 2017 and $545 per hour for 2018.
These hourly rates are consistent with those allowed by the Court of Federal Claims for Ms.
Brinton and Ms. Largent in other cases. See, e.g., McCarty, 142 Fed. Cl. at 624 (allowing hourly
rates of $465-$516 for Ms. Brinton and Ms. Largent for “2016-17”); Campbell, 138 Fed. Cl. at
78 (allowing an hourly rate of $550 for ArentFox Schiff of counsel for “2015-2017”).

        With respect to Ms. Albin-Riley, caselaw from this court reflects that she was a senior
partner with at least thirty years of experience in 2017. Bratcher, 136 Fed. Cl. at 797 n.4. This
court’s caselaw also indicates that in 2017, Mr. Davis was an associate with seventeen years of

reviewing Judge Bruggink’s publicly available decisions on attorneys’ fees in Trails Act cases.
It identified two such decisions. In Campbell, Judge Bruggink determined that reasonable hourly
rates for ArentFox Schiff attorneys (including Ms. Brinton, Ms. Largent, and Mr. Davis) and
paralegals in “2013-2014” and “2015-2017” were $701 and $749 for partners, $435 and $550 for
of counsel, $435 and $490 for associates, and $175 and $190 for paralegals. 138 Fed. Cl. at 78.
In Grantwood Village, Judge Bruggink made the following determination regarding the
reasonable hourly rates for attorneys and paralegals at a law firm with offices in St. Louis and
other cities nationwide:

       [H]ours billed by equity partners will be compensated at the following rates:
       $170.00 per hour for 1997-1998, $190.00 per hour for 1999, $200.00 per hour for
       2000, $250.00 per hour for 2001, and $275.00 per hour for 2002. Hours billed by
       senior associates will be compensated at $140.00 per hour for 1999. Mid-level
       associate hours will be reimbursed for 1997-1998 at $110.00 per hour, $120.00
       per hour for 1999, $140.00 per hour for 2001, and $150.00 per hour for 2002.
       Those hours billed for junior associates will be reimbursed for 1998-1999 at
       $100.00 per hour and $120.00 per hour for 2000. Hours billed for paralegal
       services will be reimbursed at $90.00 per hour for 1997-2001. Those hours billed
       in 2002 for paralegal services will be reimbursed at $95.00 per hour.

55 Fed. Cl. at 488 (footnotes omitted). Almost none of the hourly rates mentioned in Judge
Bruggink’s decisions matches the hourly rates in the “Hist Brugg Rate” and “Curr Brugg Rate,”
columns.

                                               -25-
experience. Id. at 800; Whispell Foreign Cars, 139 Fed. Cl. at 398. For consistency with the
rates allowed for Ms. Brinton and Ms. Largent, the court will use the Fitzpatrick matrix to
determine reasonable hourly rates for Ms. Albin-Riley and Mr. Davis. Ms. Albin-Riley will be
compensated at $636 per hour for 2017 and $667 per hour for 2018, and Mr. Davis will be
compensated at $556 per hour for 2017 and $593 per hour for 2018. Although the hourly rates
allowed for Ms. Albin-Riley and Mr. Davis vary significantly from case to case in the Court of
Federal Claims, the rates allowed here are not out of line with those awarded in other cases. See,
e.g., McCarty, 142 Fed. Cl. at 624 (allowing hourly rates of $543-$581 for Ms. Albin-Riley and
$465-$516 for Mr. Davis for “2016-17”); Campbell, 138 Fed. Cl. at 78 (allowing hourly rates of
$749 for ArentFox Schiff partners and $490 for ArentFox Schiff associates in “2015-2017”).

        In contrast to the ArentFox Schiff attorneys, the court’s caselaw does not supply any
information regarding the experience of the ArentFox Schiff paralegals who performed work
related to this case. However, the caselaw does provide data regarding the hourly rates allowed
for ArentFox Schiff paralegals more generally. In McCarty, the court allowed the paralegals an
hourly rate of $157 for “2016-17,” 142 Fed. Cl. at 624, and in Campbell, the court allowed the
paralegals an hourly rate of $190 for “2015-2017,” 138 Fed. Cl. at 78. The paralegal hourly rates
set forth in the Fitzpatrick matrix for 2017 to 2019 fall between these two amounts. For that
reason, and to maintain consistency with the hourly rates allowed for the ArentFox Schiff
attorneys, the paralegals will be compensated at $169 per hour for 2017, $179 per hour for 2018,
and $189 per hour for 2019.

        Applying the reasonable hourly rates allowed by the court to ArentFox Schiff’s billing
entries results in a total adjusted fee request of $257,662.30.

                                      b. Reasonable Hours

        Having determined reasonable hourly rates for ArentFox Schiff attorneys and paralegals,
the court turns its attention to the other element of the lodestar calculation: the number of hours
reasonably expended by those individuals. In support of their request for reimbursement,
plaintiffs submit, as mentioned above, a table with ArentFox Schiff’s billing entries that
includes, for each entry, the date, timekeeper, number of hours, hourly rate, and total fee, as well
as a description of the work performed. As reflected in this table, the attorneys and paralegals
worked a total of 978.9 hours from September 7, 2017, one month after the three municipalities
advised the Board of their collective desire to invoke the Trails Act, to January 30, 2019,
approximately one month after the Board issued the NITUs on December 21, 2018, and nine
days after Ms. Brinton and Ms. Largent moved their practice to Lewis Rice. All but 6.4 hours of
this work was performed prior to the issuance of the NITUs.

       Defendant maintains that the number of hours claimed by plaintiffs for ArentFox Schiff’s
work is “patently unreasonable,” arguing:

       Plaintiffs do not offer any basis (and there is no reasonable one here) for spending
       970 hours on this matter before the complaint was filed, 99% of which was before
       there was ever an alleged taking [as represented by the issuance of the NITUs].
       Nor was it reasonable for ArentFox [Schiff] to spend more hours in prelitigation

                                                -26-
       work than the [820.55 hours] Lewis Rice spent to litigate the case. Moreover,
       Plaintiffs have offered no justification for billing fees eighteen months before the
       complaint was filed and fifteen months before the NITU.

Def.’s Resp. 34. In response, plaintiffs assert that all of the billing entries represent work that
“was important to the success of their claims,” Pls.’ Reply 24, and that in other cases, such
prelitigation work was deemed to be compensable.

        Upon reviewing ArentFox Schiff’s billing entries, the court agrees with plaintiffs that
much of the type of work described is work typically done to prepare for the filing of a Trails
Act suit. However, the court agrees with defendant that work more properly classified as client
development cannot be reimbursed. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434 (“Hours that are not properly
billed to one’s client also are not properly billed to one’s adversary pursuant to statutory
authority.” (quoting Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880, 891 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (en banc))).
ArentFox Schiff’s billing entries refer to both clients and landowners, and based on the context
of each term’s usage, it is likely that in most of the entries, “landowner” is a synonym for
“potential client.” 24 See, e.g., Pls.’ Ex. B-1 at 2 (setting forth a September 28, 2017 billing entry
for “[c]orrespondence with Indiana landowners” and “preparation for upcoming meetings”), 3
(setting forth an October 17, 2017 billing entry with the following description that distinguishes
between clients and landowners: “Review and manage drafts of correspondence to clients re
case status; work on preparations for property owner-client meetings; manage parcel data for
Marion County; work on landowner correspondence; review and manage additional original
conveyances; review and manage revised parcel data.”), 5 (setting forth a January 29, 2018
billing entry with the following description that distinguishes between clients and landowners:
“Correspondence with Landowners; preparation for client meetings.”). As such, the work
pertaining to landowners is for the solicitation of new clients, the cost of which cannot be borne
by the government. There are fifty-nine billing entries that refer to “landowner” or
“landowners,” representing 189.8 hours of work by four timekeepers ($43,688.40 in total fees).
To account for the fact that sixteen of these entries also describe work performed for clients,
which may have been reasonable, the court reduces the requested hours for each timekeeper who
performed landowner-related work by 80% (a reduction of $34,950.72) rather than by 100%.

       24
           In addition, the court takes judicial notice pursuant to Rule 201(b)(2) of the Federal
Rules of Evidence of a November 20, 2017 article in the Indianapolis Star reporting that
ArentFox Schiff “sent notices to the landowners, seeking to help them recover their ‘just
compensation,’” and would be “hold[ing] three informational meetings on Monday and Tuesday
with landowners in Hamilton County.” John Tuohy, Homeowners Along Nickel Plate to Cash in
When Trail Is Built, Indianapolis Star (Nov. 20, 2017, 10:29 AM), https://www.indystar.com/
story/news/local/hamilton-county/2017/11/20/homeowners-along-nickel-plate-cash-when-trail-
built/874172001/; see also id. (indicating that the three public meetings would be held on
Monday, November 20, 2017, at the Hampton Inn, and Tuesday, November 21, 2017, at the
Hamilton North Public Library and the Tipton American Legion). Sixteen of ArentFox Schiff’s
billing entries referring to landowners were dated on or before November 21, 2017. See Pls.’ Ex.
B-1 at 2-4.

                                                 -27-
      Aside from these landowner-related billing entries, the record lacks any evidence that the
work performed by ArentFox Schiff predated the decision to file suit. See Emeny, 526 F.2d at
1124. Consequently, defendant has not established that the number of hours expended by
ArentFox Schiff were unreasonable based on the grounds its asserts.

        However, there is another basis for declaring the hours expended to be unreasonable.
Much of the work described in ArentFox Schiff’s billing entries is client-specific (for example,
152 entries mention “correspondence to clients,” 123 entries mention “client meeting” or “client
meetings,” and 56 entries mention “client parcel”) and is not generally applicable to all claims,
see Pls.’ Ex. B-1, but plaintiffs make no allowance for the fact that not all of ArentFox Schiff’s
clients had successful claims. A reduction in the number of hours allowed is required to
compensate for this shortcoming.

         The court employs a multistep process to determine the appropriate reduction. The first
two steps are to ascertain, to the extent possible, the number of clients represented in the
ArentFox Schiff billing entries and the number of those clients whose claims were ultimately
successful. The first number can be approximated by counting the number of plaintiffs included
in the original complaints in this case and in ATS Ford, both of which were filed in March 2019,
since it is reasonable to assume that Lewis Rice and ArentFox Schiff would have included as
many clients as possible in those complaints. There were fifteen plaintiffs included in the
original complaint in this case and sixty-three plaintiffs in the original complaint in ATS Ford,
for a total of seventy-eight plaintiffs. 25 The second number is determined by comparing the
identities of the plaintiffs whose claims have resulted, or likely will result, in judgment in their
favor with the names of the plaintiffs whose claims were included in the original complaints.
Out of the fourteen plaintiffs with successful, or likely successful, claims in this case, five were
named in the original complaint, and out of the nineteen plaintiffs with successful, or likely
successful, claims in ATS Ford, fifteen were named in the original complaint. In sum, only
twenty of the roughly seventy-eight clients represented in ArentFox Schiff’s billing entries––
approximately 26%––had, or likely will have, successful claims.

        The third step is to determine the appropriate reduction to reflect the fact that
approximately 74% of the clients represented in ArentFox Schiff’s billing entries had
unsuccessful claims. A full 74% reduction is not appropriate because many billing entries
describe work that is generally applicable to multiple (or all) claims rather than work that is
client-specific. See id. (setting forth, for example, seventy-two billing entries that refer to
original conveyances and nine billing entries that refer to valuation maps). Accordingly, the
court reduces the requested hours for each timekeeper––those remaining after the reduction for
landowner-related billing entries––by 50% (a reduction of $111,355.79).

        The next task is to allocate the remaining $111,355.79 in attorneys’ fees between this
case and ATS Ford. As previously determined, twenty of the clients represented in ArentFox
Schiff’s billing entries had successful claims. Five of those clients became successful plaintiffs

       25
         As noted above, the court uses “plaintiff” as a synonym for “property owner,” which
may be an individual, organization, multiple individuals, or multiple organizations. See supra
note 1.

                                                -28-
in this case, and fifteen of those clients became, or will likely become, successful plaintiffs in
ATS Ford. Accordingly, a 25%/75% split is warranted, leading to an allocation of $27,838.95
for the plaintiffs in this case, and $83,516.84 for the plaintiffs in ATS Ford.

        Finally, the $27,838.95 in attorneys’ fees allocated to this case must be divided among
the fourteen plaintiffs with successful, or likely successful, claims: the eight plaintiffs who filed
the present motion, the three plaintiffs whose claims remain pending, and the three Rule 68
plaintiffs. Using the approach it applied to the attorneys’ fees and other litigation expenses
claimed by Lewis Rice, the court concludes that the eleven plaintiffs who did not accept
defendant’s offer of judgment are entitled to a reimbursement of $21,873.46 in attorneys’ fees
for the work performed by ArentFox Schiff. Of that amount, the court awards the moving
plaintiffs $15,907.97.

                                  2. Other Litigation Expenses

        As noted above, plaintiffs also seek reimbursement for the other litigation expenses
incurred by ArentFox Schiff related to this case and ATS Ford in the amount of $175,759.03. In
support of their request, they provide a table indicating the date, amount, and description of each
such expense. They did not, however, submit any documentation or provide any explanation
(aside from what was contained in the descriptions) to substantiate the expenditures. Rather,
they rely on Mr. Hulme’s sworn statement that “[t]he expenses the owners’ and their counsel
incurred were reasonable and appropriate.” Pls.’ Ex. B-3 ¶ 10. Defendant maintains that the
requested expenses are unreasonable for the same reason it insisted that the request for ArentFox
Schiff’s attorneys’ fees was unreasonable, and argues that plaintiffs’ claim for these expenses
“also fails because Plaintiffs have not provided any documentation supporting the expenses.”
Def.’s Resp. 34 n.19.

       Only “reasonable” litigation expenses are recoverable under the URA. 42 U.S.C.
§ 4654(c). The plaintiff bears the burden to demonstrate the reasonableness of the claimed
expenses. See, e.g., Otay Mesa Prop., 124 Fed. Cl. at 153 (holding that the plaintiff “met its
burden by establishing that the contested expenses [were] reasonable, supported, and therefore
compensable”). This burden is satisfied through the submission of “adequate documentation that
includes sufficient detail to allow the court to determine whether the expenses are reasonable.”
Stimson Lumber, 154 Fed. Cl. at 709.

        For many of ArentFox Schiff’s claimed litigation expenses, the lack of adequate
documentation or explanation precludes a determination that those expenses were reasonable.
The largest category of unsubstantiated expenses is printing and photocopying. There are fifty-
three expense entries for “color duplicating” or “duplicating summary” in which the description
merely identifies the name of the person making the copies, the number of copies made, and the
date and time of the copying. Pls.’ Ex. B-2. There are an additional twelve expense entries for
“printing/binding” in which the description merely indicates the attributes of the documents
being printed (e.g., black and white, color, oversize). Id. The information provided in these
descriptions is insufficient to determine that the copying and printing could be chargeable to a
client (and, therefore, the government) or is, instead, related to client solicitation. And, because
these expenses were incurred prior to the filing of the complaints in this case and in ATS Ford,

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there is no way to match the expenses to particular docket entries. Accordingly, the court
reduces plaintiffs’ requested amount for litigation expenses by the full amount of these
unsubstantiated items: $87,482.38.

         The next largest category of unsubstantiated expenses is postage. There are forty-nine
expense entries for “postage” in which the description identifies only the name of the person
producing the postage and the amount of the postage. Id. This information is insufficient to
determine that the postage could be chargeable to a client (and, therefore, the government) or is,
instead, related to client solicitation. And, because these expenses were incurred prior to the
filing of the complaints in this case and in ATS Ford, there is no way to match the expenses to
particular docket entries. Accordingly, the court reduces plaintiffs’ requested amount for
litigation expenses by the full amount of these unsubstantiated items: $14,277.22.

         The final two categories of unsubstantiated expenses are much smaller, but no less
problematic. First, there are eleven expense entries for database searches in PACER, but
plaintiffs do not explain why such searches could be properly charged to a client (and, therefore,
the government). The court therefore reduces plaintiffs’ requested amount for litigation
expenses by the full amount of these unsubstantiated items: $190.27. Second, there are thirteen
expense entries from November 20, 2017, to November 22, 2017, that refer to “landowner
meetings” or “property owner meetings.” Id. Given the distinction between landowners and
clients identified by the court in ArentFox Schiff’s attorneys’ fees billing entries, it is appropriate
to reduce plaintiffs’ requested amount of expenses by the full amount of these unsubstantiated
items: $1,093.90. 26

        To sum up, plaintiffs’ request for non-attorneys’-fees litigation expenses that were
incurred by ArentFox Schiff must be reduced by the $103,043.77 in unsubstantiated expenses.
The balance, $72,715.26, must be further reduced to reflect the fact that roughly 74% of the
clients represented in ArentFox Schiff’s expense entries had unsuccessful claims. Accord
Campbell, 138 Fed. Cl. at 78; Bratcher, 136 Fed. Cl. at 801. As it did with ArentFox Schiff’s
claimed attorneys’ fees, the court reduces the balance by 50% (a reduction of $36,357.63).

       The remaining amount––$36,357.63––must then be divided between this case and ATS
Ford. Applying the previously determined 25%/75% split, $9,089.41 is allocated to this case and
$27,268.22 is allocated to ATS Ford.

        Finally, the $9,089.41 in litigation expenses allocated to this case must be divided among
the fourteen plaintiffs with successful, or likely successful, claims: the eight plaintiffs who filed

       26
           There are seventy-seven entries that refer to “property owner-client meetings” that
occurred in October 2017, February 2018, July 2018, and September 2018. Pls.’ Ex. B-2.
Presumably, ArentFox Schiff attorneys and paralegals were using these visits to Indiana for
meetings with both prospective clients and actual clients. Because reasonable expenses
associated with client meetings are reimbursable, the court will not reduce the amounts requested
for these expenses on the ground that meetings with prospective clients were also held. See
Smith, 995 F.3d at 134 (“[C]ourts properly award attorney fees for time necessarily spent on a
successful claim, even if that time was also spent on unsuccessful claims.”).

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the present motion, the three plaintiffs whose claims remain pending, and the three Rule 68
plaintiffs. Using the previously adopted approach, the court concludes that the eleven plaintiffs
who did not accept defendant’s offer of judgment are entitled to a reimbursement of $7,141.68
for the expenses incurred by ArentFox Schiff. Of that amount, the court awards the moving
plaintiffs $5,193.95.

                                             3. Summary

        In sum, the eleven plaintiffs with successful, or likely successful, claims who did not
accept defendant’s offer of judgment are entitled to a reimbursement of $29,015.14 ($21,873.46
in attorneys’ fees and $7,141.68 in other litigation expenses) for the work performed by
ArentFox Schiff. Of that amount, the court awards the moving plaintiffs $21,101.92 ($15,907.97
in attorneys’ fees and $5,193.95 in other litigation expenses).

                                        III. CONCLUSION

         For the reasons set forth above, the court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART
plaintiffs’ motion, and awards the eight moving plaintiffs $205,101.87 in attorneys’ fees and
other litigation expenses for the work performed by ArentFox Schiff and Lewis Rice, broken
down as follows:

                                                   Other
                                         Attorneys’
                       Law Firm                  Litigation   Total
                                            Fees
                                                 Expenses
                    ArentFox Schiff $15,907.97 $5,193.95 $21,101.92
                    Lewis Rice      $152,548.12 $31,451.83 $183,999.96
                              Total $168,456.09 $36,645.78 $205,101.87

Pursuant to RCFC 54(b), there being no just reason for delay, the clerk shall enter judgment for
plaintiffs accordingly.

       Further, the parties shall file a joint status report to update the court on their efforts to
resolve the claims of the three remaining plaintiffs no later than Wednesday, February 15,
2023.

        IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                         s/ Margaret M. Sweeney
                                                         MARGARET M. SWEENEY
                                                         Senior Judge

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