Court Opinion

ID: 4366077
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-02-08 17:02:01.665235+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:21:07.667743
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                 No. 16-912L and
                    No. 16-1565L and No. 18-375L Consolidated
                             (Filed: February 8, 2019)
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                                        )
PERRY LOVERIDGE, et al.,                )
                                        )
                    Plaintiffs,         )
                                        )
v.                                      )
                                        )      Motion for Reconsideration; Rails-to-
THE UNITED STATES,                      )      Trails; Oregon Law; Easement; Fee
                                        )      Simple
                    Defendant.          )
                                        )
_______________________________         )
                                        )
ALBRIGHT, et al.,                       )
                                        )
                     Plaintiffs,        )
                                        )
and                                     )
                                        )
THE UNITED STATES,                      )
                                        )
                    Defendant.          )
                                        )

            OPINION ON PLAINTIFFS’ MOTIONS FOR RECONSDIERATION

Steven M. Wald, St. Louis, MO, for Loveridge plainitffs. Michael J. Smith, St. Louis, MO and
Thomas S. Stewart and Elizabeth G. McCulley, Kansas City, MO, of counsel.

Mark F. Hearne, II, Clayton, MO, for Albright plaintiffs. Maghan S. Largent, Lindsay S.C.
Brinton, and Stephen S. Davis, Clayton, MO and Abram J. Pafford, Washington, D.C., of
counsel.
 Barbara M.R. Marvin, Environment and Natural Resources Division, United States
 Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., with whom was Jeffrey H. Wood, Acting Assistant
 Attorney General, for defendant. Ragu-Jara Gregg, Washington, D.C., of counsel.
 I.     INTRODUCTION

       The Albright and Loveridge plaintiffs have asked this court to reconsider its rulings in its

August 13, 2018 Opinion regarding 57 of the 132 deeds at issue in this case.1 The plaintiffs

dispute the court’s findings that under Oregon law, certain deeds conveyed fee title to the

railroad in these rails-to-trails cases as opposed to an easement. The Albright plaintiffs ask the

court to reconsider its rulings as to 44 deeds while the Loveridge plaintiffs request

reconsideration with respect to 25 deeds of which 12 are also included in the Albright plaintiffs’

motion. In total the plaintiffs in these cases are seeking reconsideration on 57 deeds that the

court determined conveyed a fee to the railroad.

       The Albright and Loveridge plaintiffs move for reconsideration under Rule 59(a)(1) of

the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims. Under that Rule, this court, “in its

discretion, ‘may grant a motion for reconsideration [,]’” but only if “‘there has been an

intervening change in the controlling law, newly discovered evidence, or a need to correct clear

factual or legal error or prevent manifest injustice.’” Biery v. United States, 818 F.3d 704, 711

(Fed. Cir. 2016) (quoting Young v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 671, 674 (2010)). Accordingly,

“[a] motion for reconsideration must also be supported ‘by a showing of extraordinary

circumstances which justify relief.”’ Id. (citing Caldwell v. United States, 391 F.3d 1226, 1235

 1
  Prior to the court issuing its August 13, 2018 decision, the parties agreed as to whether 30 of the
 deeds conveyed a fee or an easement. Additionally, the parties do not challenge the court’s legal
 conclusions regarding 45 of the deeds. At issue on reconsideration are certain deeds which the court
 determined conveyed a fee to the railroad and which plaintiffs argue should have been determined ot
 have conveyed an easement.
                                                     2
(Fed. Cir. 2004)). The Supreme Court has held that motions for reconsideration “may not be

used to relitigate old matters, or to raise arguments or present evidence that could have been

raised prior to the entry of judgment.” Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554 U.S. 471, 485 n.5

(2008) (quoting 11 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure §

2810.1 (2d ed. 1995)). See also Lone Star Indus., Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 257, 259

(2013) (“A Rule 59 motion ‘must be based upon manifest error of law, or mistake of fact, and is

not intended to give an unhappy litigant an additional chance to sway the court.’” (quoting Fru-

Con Constr. Corp. v. United States, 44 Fed. Cl. 298, 300 (1999))). “A court . . . will not grant a

motion for reconsideration if the movant ‘merely reasserts . . . arguments previously made . . .

all of which were carefully considered by the Court.’” Ammex, Inc. v. United States, 52 Fed.

Cl. 555, 557 (2002) (quoting Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. United States, 29 Fed. Cl. 157, 164

(1993)). Rather, “the movant must point to a manifest (i.e., clearly apparent or obvious) error

of law or a mistake of fact.” Id. (citing Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co., 29 Fed. Cl. at 164); Lucier

v. United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 793, 798-99 (2018). “‘Manifest,’ as in ‘manifest injustice,’ is

defined as clearly apparent or obvious,” Lucier, 138 Fed. Cl. at 799 (quoting Ammex, 52 Fed.

Cl. at 557), and therefore, as the court recently explained, a party “seek[ing] reconsideration on

the ground of manifest injustice, . . . cannot prevail unless it demonstrates that any injustice is

apparent to the point of being almost indisputable.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks

omitted). The plaintiffs contend that there has been a manifest injustice on the grounds that the

court misapplied Oregon law and that its rulings are inconsistent with this court’s prior rulings

                                                   3
in Boyer v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl. 430 (2015), a different rails to trails case arising in

Oregon. 2

 II.     THE COURT’S RULINGS ARE CONSISTENT WITH OREGON LAW.

       Both the Albright and Loveridge plaintiffs argue that in its August 13, 2018 Opinion, the

court did not properly consider the factors the Oregon Supreme Court laid out in Bernards v.

Link, 248 P.2d 341 (Or. 1952), opinion adhered to on reh’g, 263 P.2d 794 (Or. 1953) (Mem.),

and Bouche v. Wagner, 293 P.2d 203 (Or. 1956) when seeking to determine whether a

conveyance of a strip of land to a railroad conveyed an easement or a fee simple interest. In

Bernards the Oregon Supreme Court, in finding that an easement had been conveyed to a

railroad, identified eight factors courts have looked at to determine the intent of the parties to

convey an easement or a fee when the intent is not clear from the face of the deed. The factors

examined include: 1) whether the deed is entitled a right of way; 2) whether the interest

conveyed is described as a strip of land for use as a right of way; 3) whether the deed contains a

reverter clause that makes clear that the property will be returned to the grantor if it no longer

will be used as a right of way; 4) whether the consideration is nominal; 5) whether the grantees

have to provide crossings; 6) whether the phrase “strip of land” is used repeatedly to describe

 2
   The Loveridge plaintiffs also seek reconsideration with regard to the Goodspeed 16/487 and Goodspeed
 9/200 deeds and the Smith, Lloyd 16/515 deed under Rule 60(a) for clerical errors. Rule 60(a) provides
 that “[t]he court may correct a clerical mistake arising from oversight or omission whenever one is found
 in a judgment, order, or other part of the record.” First, the Loveridge plaintiffs argue that the court
 switched the text of the deed and analyses of the Goodspeed 16/487 and Goodspeed 9/200 in its August
 13, 2018 opinion. Upon careful review the court agrees with the plaintiffs and the discussion of the
 Goodspeed 16/487 and Goodspeed 9/200 deeds in this opinion are consistent with this correction.
 Second the Loveridge plaintiffs argue that the court committed a clerical error when it recited the
 consideration of the Smith, Lloyd 16/515 deed as $1 rather that $150. The court agrees and the court’s
 analysis of the effect of this correction is reflected in the court’s analysis of the plaintiffs’ Rule 59 motion
 for reconsideration of the Smith, Lloyd 16/515 deed. Therefore, the Loveridge plaintiffs Rule 60(a)
 motion for reconsideration is GRANTED.
                                                          4
the interest being conveyed; 7) whether the property conveyed is described with precision (if

not it is more likely an easement); and 8) whether fencing is required to be maintained by the

railroad. Bernards 248 P.2d at 343. In Bernards, the Oregon Supreme Court found that a deed

conveyed only an easement when the deed was labeled a right of way deed, nominal

consideration was paid, the grant was for a strip of land to be used as a right of way for a

railroad, the right of way was not described with precision, the grant was by its terms for the

construction of a railroad and the property would revert back to the grantors if a railroad line

was not built. Id.

       Later in Bouche the Oregon Supreme Court was asked to decide whether a different deed

conveyed an easement or fee to the railroad. In that decision, the Oregon Supreme Court

explained that courts, in endeavoring to ascertain the intent of parties where the intent is not

express, but the phrase “right of way” is used, will generally find an easement when the grant

references the use to be made of the property in the granting or habendum clause. Bouche, 293
P.2d at 209. Thus in Bouche, the Oregon Supreme Court held that a deed conveyed a fee to the

railroad where the deed: 1) described the conveyance as a strip of land without identifying the

grant as only a right; 2) did not include a statement of purpose; 3) described the land to be

conveyed with precision; and 4) used language in the habendum clause consistent with the grant

of fee. In reaching this conclusion, the Bouche court explained that the fundamental task of a

court in deciding whether a deed conveys a fee or an easement to the railroad is “to ascertain

the intent of the original parties by considering the language of the deed in its entirety and the

surrounding circumstances.” Bouche, 293 P.2d at 208. See also Doyle v. Gilbert, 469 P.2d 624,

626 (Or. 1970); U.S. Nat’l Bank of LaGrande v. Miller, 258 P.2d 205, 209 (Or. 1927)).

                                                  5
       In this case, after looking at the language of all of the deeds, including the ones not in

dispute, the court found that certain of the Bernards/Bouche factors were not very helpful in

discerning whether a deed conveyed a fee or easement because the parties had agreed that

deeds with these factors conveyed both fees and easements. For example, the Alderman 11/614,

Bryden 74/274, Cone 7/339, Handley 21/99, Hobson 7/39, and Illingworth 7/164 deeds, which

the parties stipulated conveyed a fee to the railroad, all contained the phrase “strip of land” and

language such as “through” and “across”. Relying on the parties stipulations and comparing

the language of the deeds that the parties agreed conveyed either an easement or a fee, the court

concluded that although it would consider the phrase “strip of land” as an indication of an intent

to convey an easement under Oregon law, the phrase “strip of land” without more was not very

helpful in determining the parties’ intent in most instances. The court also found that use of the

word “through,” which the Albright plaintiffs contend is interchangeable with “over and

across,” was also of limited value in discerning the original parties’ intent because virtually all

of the fee and easement deeds used “through” to describe the location of the “strip of land”

conveyed on the grantor’s property. Furthermore, the court also found that the precision used to

describe fee interest conveyed was not consistent between the properties the parties agreed

were conveyed in fee and thus the court did not give that factor much weight. The Alderman

11/614 deed contained a far more precise description of the land being conveyed which

included specific references to boundary markers and precise metes and bounds description

                                                  6
while the Cone 7/339 deed only described the land being conveyed as a land which runs

through certain parcels.3

         In the court’s view limiting the use of certain factors that were not helpful in discerning

the parties’ intent was in keeping with the Oregon Supreme Court’s decision in Bouche. In that

case, the Oregon Supreme Court explained that under Oregon law, ORS 93.120, “any

conveyance of real estate passes all the estate of the grantor, unless the intent to pass a lesser

estate appears by express terms, or is necessarily implied in the terms of the grant.” Thus, the

Oregon Supreme Court went on to explain that in deciding what was conveyed to a railroad,

courts must pay special attention to whether the deed limits the railroad’s use of the property to

only a right:

         [deeds] which purport to grant and convey a strip, piece, parcel, or tract of land,
         [but] which do not contain additional language relating to the use or purpose to
         which the land is to be put or in other ways cutting down or limiting, directly or
         indirectly, the estate conveyed . . . . [ convey a fee]. Id. (quoting Annotation, Deed
         to Railroad Co. as Conveying Fee or Easement, 132 A.L.R. 142 (1941)).

        In view of the foregoing, the court does not find that reconsideration is warranted solely

on the grounds that the court did not give equal weight or sufficient weight to all of the eight

Bernards/Bouche factors in deciding whether the original grantor conveyed a fee or easement

to the railroad. This court examined each deed and applied the Bernards/Bouche factors as

appropriate. Only to the extent that plaintiffs can show that these factors were misapplied will

the court consider whether reconsideration is warranted.

 III.     DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE COURT’S AUGUST 13 OPINION AND THE

 3
   The government notes that the Restatement (First) of Property §471, cmt. c. (1944) provides that
 references to “an area to be located by survey with reference to a known point or points” or an “area to
 be determined by survey” may be sufficient to indicate the intent to convey a fee. The more precise
 the more likely the deed conveys a fee.
                                                     7
        RULING IN BOYER DO NOT WARRANT RECONSIDERATION.

       Both the Loveridge and Albright plaintiffs also argue that this court’s rulings in the

August 13 Opinion are contrary to, and inconsistent with, the court’s rulings three years ago in

Boyer v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl. 430 (2015) and for this reason the court’s rulings must be

reconsidered. As discussed below, the court finds that any inconsistencies between the

decisions do not warrant reconsideration of any ruling.

       First, the Boyer and Loveridge and Albright cases involve different railroad lines and

deeds and therefore the Boyer decision is of limited value in discerning the intent of the original

parties to the deeds in this case.4 While non-binding decisions may provide persuasive authority

in certain circumstances, this is ordinarily only true, “when the facts at issue are substantially

similar.” Tamerlane, Ltd. V. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 752, 759 (2008) (citing Kerr-McGee

Corp. v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 309, 317 n. 10 (2007)). Here, the facts are not “substantially

similar” to those in Boyer. The deeds and rail line are not the same. Second, in this case, the

parties stipulated to certain deeds and the court relied on those stipulations in deciding the

original parties’ intent when considering the other deeds at issue. It is not appropriate to

reconsider the court’s ruling on the deeds in this case based on the court’s ruling in Boyer

regarding different rail lines and different deeds. The court applied the same Oregon law in

both cases. Reconsideration, as noted above, is only appropriate if the court misapplied Oregon

law.

 IV.    THE INDIVIDUAL DEEDS

 4
  In its decision in Boyer the court considered several deeds in connection with the Portland, Eugene,
 and Eastern Railway. In the above-captioned cases the relevant rail line was the Port of Tillamook Bay
 Railroad.
                                                     8
       Plaintiffs’ motions for reconsideration of specific deeds are divided into the five

categories the court asked the parties to use on reconsideration. See Oct. 22, 2018 Order. In its

order, the court noted that the five categories may overlap and in that instance, the court

explained that all of a plaintiffs’ objections to the court’s determination should “be addressed in

the first category where the deed appears.” Id.

        A. Category I: Deeds that contain the language “together with the right to build,
           maintain, and operate thereover a railway” or other similar language.

       Category I includes 10 deeds: Brinn 6/328; Cummings 77/262; DuBois 22/40; Gattrel

13/311; Goodwin 81/147; Large 5/536; Rinck 77/454; Slattery 94/161; Wheeler Lumber Co.

16/3; and Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/5.

       For each of these 10 deeds in Category I, the Albright plaintiffs argue based on the

language quoted above (“right to build, maintain, and operate language”) that although the

deeds do not include any right of way language that under Bouche these deeds must be read to

convey only an easement. Specifically, the plaintiffs argue that under the standard set forth in

Bouche any deed containing language relating to the use of the property being conveyed for

railroad use must be construed to convey an easement.

       The government argues in support of the court’s previous ruling that the subject deeds in

Category I convey a fee that plaintiffs have mis-read Bouche. Bouche states that

                 [c]ourts have little difficulty, where a railroad company is grantee, in
                 declaring that the instrument creates only an easement whenever the
                 grant is a use to be made of the property, usually, but not invariably,
                 describe as for the use as a right of way in the grant. . . . The courts,
                 however, seem to express a divergence of opinion when the conveyance
                 merely has a reference to the use or purpose to which the land is to be
                 put, and which is contained in either the granting or habendum clause,

                                                  9
                 and, except for the reference, would uniformly be construed as passing
                 title in fee.

       The government argues that because the right to build, maintain, and operate

language does not appear in either the granting or habendum clauses of the 10 deeds and

because there is no right of way language in any of the deeds, the court was correct in

determining that the right to build, maintain, and operate language does not indicate an

intent by the original parties to grant an easement.

       The court agrees with the government and sees no reason to re-examine its

holding concerning the relevance of the right to build, maintain, and operate language

unless that language appears in connection with the grant of the property interest being

conveyed. In other words, if the right to build, maintain, and operate language does not

appear to affect the interest being conveyed, the court sees no reason to change its

holding that such language indicates that the original parties intended to convey a fee to

the railroad. However, the court will reevaluate each of these deeds to determine if the

right to build, maintain, and operate language can be read in connection with the grant of

the property interest and thus is better read as a limitation of that interest.

       In further support of their motion for reconsideration of eight of the ten deeds5 in

Category I, the plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the deeds

described the strip of land conveyed with precision and thus the court should have

determined that the deeds conveyed an easement and not a fee.6 As stated above, the

 5
   These deeds are Cummings 77/262; Du Bois 22/40; Gattrel 13/311; Goodwin 81/147; Rinck 77/454;
 Slattery 94/161; Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/3; and Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/5.
 6
   Additionally, the plaintiffs argue that the Du Bois 22/40; Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/3; and Wheeler
 Lumber Co. 16/5 deeds also contain nominal consideration which also indicates that the parties
 intended to convey only an easement and not a fee to the railroad.
                                                     10
court will examine whether it correctly applied the Bernards/Bouche factors. The court’s

review of each of the deeds for which plaintiffs seek reconsideration in Category I are

set forth below.

          1. Brinn 6/328 Deed

       The Brinn 6/328 deed (Def.’s Ex. 11) provides in pertinent part

                          KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That foR [sic] and
                   in consideration of the sum of $150.00 to them in hand paid, the receipt
                   whereof is hereby acknowledged, G. A. Brinn and Annie Brinn, his wife,
                   do hereby grant, bargain, sell and convey to the Pacific Railway and
                   Navigation Company, and to its successors and assigns forever, all that
                   portion of the land owned by them embraced in a strip of land 100 ft.
                   wide, being 50 ft. on each side of the center line of the Pacific Railway
                   and Navigation Company’s Railway, as now surveyed, located and
                   adopted thru the lands of the aforesaid G. A. and Annie Brinn, in Lots 1-
                   2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- and 8, [sic] Block “A”, [sic] Plat of East Garibaldi, Sec.
                   21, T. 1 N. R. 10 W., W.M., said center line being more particularly
                   described as follows:
                          * * * [Description] * * *
                          Together with the tenements, hereditaments, and appurtenances
                   thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining;
                          TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the Pacific Railway and
                   Navigation Company, and to its successoRs [sic] and assigns forever;
                   together with the right to build, maintain and operate thereover a railway
                   and telegraph line.

       The court had found that the Brinn 6/328 deed conveyed fee simple title to the railroad

because the language confirming the right to build a railroad did not limit the railroad’s use of

the grant to only railroad purposes, the amount of consideration was substantial ($150), there

was no “right of way” language used in the title or body of the deed nor any right of reverter if

                                                      11
the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.7

       Given these findings, which are not disputed, the court rejects plaintiffs’ contention that

the right to build, maintain, and operate language in the final portion of the Brinn 6/328 deed

mandates that the court find the Brinn 6/328 deed conveyed an easement. The Brinn 6/328 deed

does not contain any of the other factors to suggest that the original parties intended to convey

an easement. Therefore, the motion for reconsideration is denied.

           2. Cummings 77/262 Deed

         The Cummings 77/262 deed (Def.’s Ex. 25) provides in pertinent part:

                        KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That for and in
                consideration of the sum of $217.00 to them in hand paid, the receipt
                whereof is hereby acknowledged, James Cummings and Ann
                Cummings[,] his wife, hereinafter called the grantors, do hereby bargain,
                sell, grant, convey and confirm to Pacific Railway and Navigation
                Company, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors and assigns
                forever, all of the following described real property situate in the County
                of Washington and State of Oregon, to-wit:-
                       A strip of land one hundred feet in width, being fifty feet on each
                side of and parallel with the center line of the track of the grantee as the
                same is surveyed and located through the West half of the Southeast
                quarter of Section 29 in Township 3 North of Range 4 West of the
                Willamette Meridian, containing 7.70 acres more or less.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                      TO HAVE AND TO HOLD to the above named grantee and to its
                successors and assigns forever.
                      The grantors do further covenant that the grantee may operate a

 7
  The court compared the Brinn 6/328 deed as well as the other nine deeds in Category I with the Alley
 5/475 deed which was the first deed analyzed by this court to contain the right to build, maintain, and
 operate language. The court notes that although the plaintiffs are challenging the court’s legal
 conclusion about the significance of the right to build, maintain, and operate language in determining
 whether a fee or an easement was conveyed, they are not challenging the court’s determination that the
 Alley 5/475 deed conveyed a fee and not an easement.
                                                     12
                railway line over the properties above described and also do all things
                convenient or useful to be done in connection therewith. The grantors do
                covenant that they are seised of the aforesaid premises in fee simple; that
                their estate therein is free from all liens and encumbrances, and that they
                will and their heirs, executors and administrators shall forever warrant
                and defend the above granted premises unto the grantee herein and unto
                its successors and assigns forever against the lawful claims and demands
                of all persons.

       The court had found that the Cummings 77/262 deed conveyed fee simple title to the

railroad because the language confirming that the right to build a railroad did not limit the

railroad’s use of the grant to only railroad purposes, the amount of consideration was substantial

($217), there was no “right of way” language used in the title or body of the deed nor any right

of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Given these findings, which are not disputed, the court rejects plaintiffs’ contention that

the right to build, maintain, and operate language in the final portion of the deed mandates that

the court find the Cummings 77/262 deed conveyed an easement.

       The plaintiffs also argue that the description of the property conveyed is not precise and

thus the court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court

disagrees. First, the description of the location of the land being conveyed to the railroad is

sufficient to determine where that land was and the deed specifically states how many acres of

land was conveyed to the railroad. Additionally, the description of the land is nearly identical

to the description provided for in several other deeds that both the plaintiffs and the government

                                                  13
agreed conveyed a fee to the railroad. See Cone 7/3398, Handley 21/999, Hobson 7/3910,

Illingworth 7/16411. Furthermore, in the description of the location of the property interest

being conveyed the parties indicate that the land had already been surveyed which when read in

conjunction with Restatement (First) of Property §471, cmt. c. (1944) (See, n. 3 supra) shows

sufficient precision in the description of the location of the conveyed land to conclude that the

parties intended to convey a fee. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the

Bernards/Bouce factors weighed in favor of finding that the Cummings 77/262 deed conveyed

a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

           3. Du Bois 24/40 Deed

        The Du Bois 24/40 deed (Def.’s Ex. 32) provides in pertinent part:

                        Know All Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of
                 the sum of One Dollar[]($1.00), the receipt whereof is hereby
                 acknowledged, Willie G. Du Bois and John E. Du Bois, her husband,
                 hereinafter called the grantors, do hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey and
                 confirm to Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, hereinafter called
                 the grantee, and to its successors and assigns forever, all of the following
                 described real property situated in the county of Tillamook and state of
                 Oregon, to-wit:

 8
   The Cone 7/339 deed states in relevant part: “A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty
 (50) feet on each side of the centerline of the railway of the grantee as the same is surveyed and located
 through Lot One of Block ten in Cone & McCoy’s Addition to Bay City, according to the recorded plat
 thereof; Also through Lots twenty eight, thirty, and thirty one in J.J. McCoy’s Addition to Bay City,
 according to the recorded plat thereof.”
 9
   Handley 21/99 deed states in relevant part “A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty
 (50) feet on each side of the centerline of the railway of the grantee as the same is now surveyed and
 located through the south half (1/2) of block “B” in East Garfald Oregon, all being in Tillamook
 County State of Oregon”
 10
    Hobson 7/39 deed states in relevant part “A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty (50)
 feet on each side of the centerline of the railway grantee as the same is surveyed and located through
 Lots three, four and seven of section twenty-two, in Township of North of Range Ten West of
 Willamette Meridian.”
 11
    Illingworth 7/164 deed states in relevant part “A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being (50)
 feet on each side of the centerline of the railway of the grantee as the same is surveyed and located
 through Lot five of section 22, in Township One North of Range ten west of Willamette Meridian.”
                                                      14
                       A strip of land sixty feet in width being thirty feet on each side of
                the center line of grantee’s railway as the same is last located, staked out,
                surveyed and being constructed through the following described tract, to-
                wit:
                       Beginning at the […] corner on the south bank of the Nehalen
                Bay on the section line between sections two (2) and three (3) in
                township two (2) north. Range ten (10) west in said county and state and
                running thence south on said section line 5.26 chains to a post: thence
                south 55° 30° West 5.88 chains to post at the Southeast corner of the tract
                of land hereby described: thence South 55°330° West 6.46 chains to the
                southwest corner: thence north 34°30° West 6.38 chains to the south bank
                of Nehalen Bay: thence easterly up said Nehaluen Bay following the
                meanderings thereof to appoint and post north 34°30° West 5.55 chains
                from the said southeast corner of the lands hereby described; thence south
                34°30° east 5.55 chains to the said southeast corner and place of
                beginning.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                       To Have and to Hold to the above named grantee and to its
                successors and assigns forever; the grantors confirming also to the
                grantee, its successors and assigns, the right to build, maintain and
                operate a line of railway thereover.
                       The aforesaid grantors do hereby covenant that they are the
                owners in fee simple of the above granted premises and that they will
                forever Warrant and Defend the same unto the said grantee, and unto its
                successors and assigns against the lawful claims of all persons
                whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Du Bois 24/40 deed conveyed fee simple title to the railroad

despite the nominal consideration ($1) because the language confirming the right to build a

railroad did not limit the railroad’s use to only railroad purposes, there was no “right of way”

language used in the title or body of the deed nor any right of reverter if the railroad

discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build structures such as

crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

                                                  15
      Given these findings, which are not disputed, the court rejects plaintiffs’ contention that

the right to build, maintain, and operate language in the final portion of the deed mandates that

the court find the Du Bois 24/40 deed conveyed an easement.

      The plaintiffs also argue that the description of the property conveyed is not precise and

thus the court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court

disagrees. First, the description of the location of the land being conveyed to the railroad is

sufficient to determine its precise location. Additionally, the description of the land is nearly

identical to the description provided for in several other deeds that both the plaintiffs and the

government agreed conveyed a fee to the railroad. See Cone 7/339, Handley 21/99, Hobson

7/39, Illingworth 7/164. Furthermore, in the description of the location of the property interest

being conveyed the parties indicate that the land had already been surveyed which when read in

conjunction with Restatement (First) of Property §471, cmt. c. (1944) shows sufficient precision

in the description of the location of the conveyed land to conclude that the parties intended to

convey a fee. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors

weighed in favor of finding that the Du Bois 24/40 deed conveyed a fee was correct and

therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.12

           4. Gattrell 13/311 Deed

        The Gattrell 13/311 deed (Def.’s Ex. 40) provides in pertinent part:

 12
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the consideration in the deed was nominal ($1) the court
 improperly determined that the Du Bois 24/40 deed conveyed a fee rather than an easement. However,
 the plaintiffs and the government stipulated that that Johnson 11/353 deed and the Parks 11/329 deed
 conveyed a fee to the railroad despite the amount of consideration only being $1.00 and the deed
 containing “strip of land” and “through”. Thus given the parties stipulations, the court finds that the
 fact that the consideration in the deed was nominal is not determinative in concluding that the deed
 conveyed an easement rather than a fee.
                                                     16
                        Know all Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of
                the sum of One ($1.00), to him in hand paid, the receipt whereof is
                hereby acknowledged, F.J. Gattrell an unmarried man, hereinafter called
                the grantor, does bargain, sell, grant[,] convey and confirm to Pacific
                Railway and Navigation Company, hereinafter called the grantee, and to
                its successors and assigns forever, a strip of land sixty (60) feet in width,
                being thirty (30) feet on each side of and parallel with the center line of
                the railway of the grantee as the same is now located, surveyed and
                staked out through lot two (2) of section twenty nine (29) in township
                two (2) North of range ten (10) West of the Willamette Meridian, in the
                County of Tillamook and State of Oregon.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                        To have and to hold unto the [above named] grantee and to its
                successors and assigns forever, confirming to the grantee likewise the
                right to build, maintain and operate a railway line thereover.

       The court had found that the Gattrell 13/311 deed conveyed fee simple title to the

railroad despite the nominal consideration ($1) because the language confirming the right to

build a railroad did not limit the railroad’s use to only railroad purposes, there was no “right of

way” language used in the title or body of the deed nor any right of reverter if the railroad

discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build structures such as

crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Given these findings, which are not disputed, the court rejects plaintiffs’ contention that

the right to build, maintain, and operate language in the final portion of the deed mandates that

the court find the Gattrell 13/311 deed conveyed an easement.

       The plaintiffs also argue that the description of the property conveyed is not precise and

thus the court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court

disagrees. First, the description of the location of the land being conveyed to the railroad is

sufficient to determine its precise location. Additionally, the description of the land is nearly

identical to the description provided for in several other deeds that both the plaintiffs and the
                                                  17
government agreed conveyed a fee to the railroad. See Cone 7/339, Handley 21/99, Hobson

7/39, Illingworth 7/164. Furthermore, in the description of the location of the property interest

being conveyed the parties indicate that the land had already been surveyed which when read in

conjunction with Restatement (First) of Property §471, cmt. c. (1944) shows sufficient precision

in the description of the location of the conveyed land to conclude that the parties intended to

convey a fee. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouce factors

weighed in favor of finding that the Gattrell 13/311 deed conveyed a fee was correct and

therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.13

          5. Goodwin 81/147 Deed

        The Goodwin 81/147 deed (Def.’s Ex. 43) provides in pertinent part:

                        KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
                consideration of Three Hundred and [Fifty] Dollars, to them in hand paid,
                the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, Nathan J. Goodwin and M.
                M. Goodwin his wife, hereinafter called the grantors, do bargain, sell,
                grant, convey and confirm to Pacific Railway and Navigation Company,
                hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors and assigns forever,
                all of the following described real property, situate in the County of
                Washington and State of Oregon, to-wit: A strip of land One hundred feet
                in width, being fifty feet on each side of the center line of the track of the
                grantee, as the same is surveyed and located through the east half of the
                southwest quarter of section twenty seven in township three north of
                range five west, together with the appurtenances[,] tenements and
                hereditaments thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining, together
                also with the right to maintain and operate a railroad thereover. TO
                HAVE AND TO HOLD to the grantee, and to its successors and assigns
                forever. The grantors, above named, do covenant with the grantee, and
                with its successors and assigns, that they are seized of the said premises

 13
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provide only nominal consideration ($1) the court
 should have found an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois
 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and
 contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds
 that the fact that the Gattrell 13/311 deed contained only nominal consideration does not change the
 court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                       18
                in fee simple, and that they will, and their heirs, executors and
                administrators shall, warrant and defend the same against the lawful
                claims and demands of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Goodwin 81/147 deed conveyed fee simple title to the

railroad because the language confirming the right to build a railroad did not limit the railroad’s

use to only railroad purposes, the amount of consideration was substantial ($350), there was no

“right of way” language used in the title or body of the deed nor any right of reverter if the

railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build structures such

as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Given these findings, which are not disputed, the court rejects plaintiffs’ contention that

the right to build, maintain, and operate language in the final portion of the deed mandates that

the court find the Goodwin 81/147 deed conveyed an easement.

       The plaintiffs also argue that the description of the property conveyed is not precise and

thus the court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court

disagrees. First, the description of the location of the land being conveyed to the railroad is

sufficient to determine its precise location. Additionally, the description of the land is nearly

identical to the description provided for in several other deeds that both the plaintiffs and the

government agreed conveyed a fee to the railroad. See Cone 7/339, Handley 21/99, Hobson

7/39, Illingworth 7/164. Furthermore, in the description of the location of the property interest

being conveyed the parties indicate that the land had already been surveyed which when read in

conjunction with Restatement (First) of Property §471, cmt. c. (1944) shows sufficient precision

in the description of the location of the conveyed land to conclude that the parties intended to

convey a fee. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors

                                                  19
weighed in favor of finding that the Goodwin 81/147 deed conveyed a fee was correct and

therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

           6. Large 5/536 Deed

        The Large 5/536 deed (Def.’s Ex. 69) provides in pertinent part:

                Know All Men By These Presents:
                That for and in consideration of the sum of $250.00 to her in hand paid,
                the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, Mrs. J. Large does hereby
                grant, bargain, sell and convey to the Pacific Railway and Navigation
                Company, and to its successors and assigns forever: a strip of land 100 ft.
                wide, being 50 ft. on each side of the center line of the railway of the
                Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, as now surveyed and located
                thru this land of the aforesaid Mrs. J. Large in Lots 3 and 4, Sec. 21, T. 1
                N. R. 10 W., W.M. said center line being more particularly described as
                follows, to wit:
                [Description]
                Together with the tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto
                belonging or in anywise appertaining;
                To Have and to Hold unto the Pacific Railway and Navigation Company
                and to its successors and assigns forever; together with the right to build,
                maintain and operate thereover a railway and telegraph line.

       The court had found that the Large 5/536 deed conveyed fee simple title to the railroad

because the language confirming the right to build a railroad did not limit the railroad’s use to

only railroad purposes, the amount of consideration was substantial ($250), there was no “right

of way” language used in the title or body of the deed nor any right of reverter if the railroad

discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build structures such as

crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Given these findings, which are not disputed, the court rejects plaintiffs’ contention that

the right to build, maintain, and operate language in the final portion of the Large 5/536 deed

                                                  20
mandates that the court find the Large 5/536 deed conveyed an easement. Therefore, the

motion for reconsideration is denied.

            7. Rinck 77/454 Deed

        The Rinck 77/454 deed (Def.’s Ex. 90) provides in pertinent part:

                        KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
                consideration of the sum of One Dollar to him in hand paid, the receipt
                whereof is hereby acknowledged, and other valuable considerations
                moving to him, J. H. Rinck, an unmarried man, hereinafter called the
                grantor, does hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to Pacific
                Railway and Navigation Company, hereinafter called the grantee, and to
                its successors and assigns forevEr, [sic] all of the following described real
                property situate in the County of Washington and State of Oregon, to wit:
                       A strip of land 100 feet wide, being 50 feet on each side of the
                centereline [sic] of the track of the Pacific Railway and Navigation
                Company as the same is constructed through the North half of the
                northeast quarter of Section 32, in township 3 North of range 4 west of
                the Willamette Meridian containing 3.17 acres.”
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining, granting also the grantee
                the right to operate a railway line thereover as well as the fee of the
                aforesaid premises. The grantor does covenant that he is seased [sic] of
                the aforesaid premises in fee simple and that the same are free from all
                liens and encumbrances, and that he will and his heirs, executors and
                administrators shall forever warrant and defend the same against the
                lawful claims and demands of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Rinck 77/454 deed conveyed fee simple title to the railroad

despite the nominal consideration ($1) because the language confirming the right to build a

railroad did not limit the railroad’s use to only railroad purposes, there was no “right of way”

language used in the title or body of the deed nor any right of reverter if the railroad

discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build structures such as

crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

                                                  21
        Given these findings, which are not disputed, the court rejects plaintiffs’ contention that

the right to build, maintain, and operate language in the final portion of the deed mandates that

the court find the Rinck 77/454 deed conveyed an easement.

        The plaintiffs also argue that the description of the property conveyed is not precise and

thus the court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court

disagrees. First, the description of the location of the land being conveyed to the railroad is

sufficient to determine its precise location. Additionally, the description of the land is nearly

identical to the description provided for in several other deeds that both the plaintiffs and the

government agreed conveyed a fee to the railroad. See Cone 7/339, Handley 21/99, Hobson

7/39, Illingworth 7/164. Furthermore, in the description of the location of the property interest

being conveyed the parties indicate that the land had already been surveyed which when read in

conjunction with Restatement (First) of Property §471, cmt. c. (1944) shows sufficient precision

in the description of the location of the conveyed land to conclude that the parties intended to

convey a fee. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors

weighed in favor of finding that Rinck 77/454 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the

plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.14

                 8. Slattery 94/161 Deed

          The Slattery 94/161 deed (Def.’s Ex. 101) provides in pertinent part:

                 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in consideration
                 of the sum of Ten Dollars to them in hand paid, the receipt whereof is
                 hereby acknowledged, and other valuable considerations moving to them,

 14
    The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provide only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found an
 easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated that
 at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Rinck 77/454 deed contained only nominal consideration does
 not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                              22
               W. C. Slattery and Delia Slattery, his wife, hereinafter called the grantors ,
               do bargain, grant, convey and confirm to Pacific Railway and Navigation
               Company, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors and assigns
               forever, all of the following described real property situate in the County
               of Washington and State[]of Oregon, to-wit: A strip of land one hundred
               feet in width, being fifty feet on each side of the center line of the grantee's
               railway as the same is surveyed, staked out and located through the
               northwest quArter [sic] of Section 32 in Township 3 North of Range 5
               West of the Willamette Meridian.           Together with the appurtenances,
               tenements and hereditaments thereunto belonging, or in any wise [sic]
               appertaining, with the right to construct, maintain and operate a railway
               thereover.            TO HAVE AND TO HOLD to the grantee and to its
               successors and assigns forever. And the grantors do covenant with the
               grantee that they will warrant and defend the premises above granted unto
               the grantee, and to its successors and assigns against the lawful claims and
               demands of all persons whomsoever claiming or to claim under the
               grantors.

       The court had found that the Slattery 94/161 deed conveyed fee simple title to the

railroad because the language confirming the right to build a railroad did not limit the railroad’s

use to only railroad purposes, the amount of consideration was substantial ($10), there was no

“right of way” language used in the title or body of the deed nor any right of reverter if the

railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build structures such

as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Given these findings, which are not disputed, the court rejects plaintiffs’ contention that

the right to build, maintain, and operate language in the final portion of the deed mandates that

the court find the Slattery 94/161 deed conveyed an easement.

       The plaintiffs also argue that the description of the property conveyed is not precise and

thus the court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court

disagrees. First, the description of the location of the land being conveyed to the railroad is

sufficient to determine its precise location. Additionally, the description of the land is nearly

identical to the description provided for in several other deeds that both the plaintiffs and the
                                                  23
government agreed conveyed a fee to the railroad. See Cone 7/339, Handley 21/99, Hobson

7/39, Illingworth 7/164. Furthermore, in the description of the location of the property interest

being conveyed the parties indicate that the land had already been surveyed which when read in

conjunction with Restatement (First) of Property §471, cmt. c. (1944) shows sufficient precision

in the description of the location of the conveyed land to conclude that the parties intended to

convey a fee. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors

weighed in favor of finding that the Slattery 94/161 deed conveyed a fee was correct and

therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

              9. Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/3 Deed

        The Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/3 deed (Albright, ECF No. 34, Ex. 82) provides in part:
                Know All Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of the
                sum of $1.00 to it in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby
                acknowledged, The Wheeler Lumber Company, hereinafter called the
                grantor, does hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to Pacific
                Railway and Navigation Company, hereinafter called the grantee, and to
                its successors and assigns forever, all of the following described real
                property situate in the county of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                A strip of land 60 feet in width, being thirty 30 feet on each side of and
                parallel with the center line of the grantee's railway as the same is
                located, staked out, and surveyed through the following described three
                parcels of real property, to-wit:
                * * * * [Describing the three parcels through which the strip being
                conveyed runs] * * *
                Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
                belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                To Have and to Hold to the above named grantee and to its successors
                and assigns forever; the grantors confirming also to the grantee, its
                successors and assigns, the right to build, maintain and operate a line of
                railway thereover.

       The court had found that the Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/3 deed conveyed fee simple title to

the railroad despite the nominal consideration ($1) because the language confirming that the

                                                 24
right to build a railroad did not limit the railroad’s use to only railroad purposes, there was no

“right of way” language used in the title or body of the deed nor any right of reverter if the

railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build structures such

as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

        Given these findings, which are not disputed, the court rejects plaintiffs’ contention that

the right to build, maintain, and operate language in the final portion of the deed mandates that

the court find the Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/3 deed conveyed an easement.

        The plaintiffs also argue that the description of the property conveyed is not precise and

thus the court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court

disagrees. First, the description of the location of the land being conveyed to the railroad is

sufficient to determine its precise location. Additionally, the description of the land is nearly

identical to the description provided for in several other deeds that both the plaintiffs and the

government agreed conveyed a fee to the railroad. See Cone 7/339, Handley 21/99, Hobson

7/39, Illingworth 7/164. Furthermore, in the description of the location of the property interest

being conveyed the parties indicate that the land had already been surveyed which when read in

conjunction with Restatement (First) of Property §471, cmt. c. (1944) shows sufficient precision

in the description of the location of the conveyed land to conclude that the parties intended to

convey a fee. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors

weighed in favor of finding that the Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/3 deed conveyed a fee was correct

and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.15

 15
    The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provide only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found an
 easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated that
 at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
                                                              25
                10. Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/5 Deed

       The Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/5 deed (Def.’s Ex. 123), provides in pertinent part:

                  Know All Men by These Presents, that for and in consideration of the
                  sum of One Dollar ($1.00) to it in hand paid, the receipt whereof is
                  hereby acknowledged, The Wheeler Lumber Company, hereinafter called
                  the grantor, does hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to
                  Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, hereinafter called the grantee,
                  and to its successors and assigns forever, all of the following described
                  real property situate in the county of Tillamook and state of Oregon, to-
                  wit:
                  A strip of land sixty feet in width being thirty feet on each side of and
                  parallel with the center line of the grantee’s railway as the same is last
                  located, staked out, surveyed and being constructed through Lots Four
                  (4), Five[](5), Six[](6) and that part of Lot Three (3) lying west of the
                  lands in said lot heretofore conveyed by said grantor to Willie G. Du
                  Bois, all in Section Three (3) and the East Half (E ½) of Lot One (1) in
                  Section Four (4) and through all tide lands fronting and abutting on all of
                  the above described lands, all in Township Two[](2), North Range Ten
                  (10) West Willamette Meridian.
                  Also, a strip of land sixty feet in width being thirty feet on each side of
                  and parallel with the center line of the grantee’s railway as the same is
                  last located, staked out, surveyed and being constructed through all the
                  tide lands fronting and abutting on that part of said Lot Three (3) in said
                  Section Three (3) in said Township Two[](2) North, Range Ten (20)
                  West, Willamette Meridian, described as follows: * * * * [Describing the
                  land through which the strip being conveyed runs] * * *
                  Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
                  belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                  To Have and to Hold to the above named grantee and to its successors
                  and assigns forever; the grantors confirming also to the grantee, its
                  successors and assigns, the right to build, maintain and operate a line of
                  railway thereover.
                  The aforesaid grantor does hereby covenant that it is the owner in fee
                  simple of the above granted premises, and that it will warrant and defend
                  same unto the said grantee aforesaid, its successors and assigns, against
                  the lawful claims and demands of all persons whomsoever.

conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/3 deed contained only nominal
consideration does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                           26
       The court had found that the Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/5 deed conveyed fee simple title to

the railroad despite the nominal consideration ($1) because the language confirming that the

right to build a railroad did not limit the railroad’s use to only railroad purposes, there was no

“right of way” language used in the title or body of the deed nor any right of reverter if the

railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build structures such

as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Given these findings, which are not disputed, the court rejects plaintiffs’ contention that

the right to build, maintain, and operate language in the final portion of the deed mandates that

the court find the Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/5 deed conveyed an easement.

       The plaintiffs also argue that the description of the property conveyed is not precise and

thus the court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court

disagrees. First, the description of the location of the land being conveyed to the railroad is

sufficient to determine its precise location. Additionally, the description of the land is nearly

identical to the description provided for in several other deeds that both the plaintiffs and the

government agreed conveyed a fee to the railroad. See Cone 7/339, Handley 21/99, Hobson

7/39, Illingworth 7/164. Furthermore, in the description of the location of the property interest

being conveyed the parties indicate that the land had already been surveyed which when read in

conjunction with Restatement (First) of Property §471, cmt. c. (1944) shows sufficient precision

in the description of the location of the conveyed land to conclude that the parties intended to

convey a fee. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards factors

                                                  27
weighed in favor of finding that the Wheeler Lumber 16/5 deed conveyed a fee was correct and

therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.16

           B. Category II: Deeds titled “Railway Deeds.”

        Category II includes the following deeds: Batterson 12/163, Easom 11/515, McMillan

11/328, Ostrander 9/205, Roy 11/516, and Shrader & Groat 11/354. The Albright plaintiffs

make two separate legal arguments as to why the court should reconsider its determination that

these six deeds conveyed a fee to the railroad. Each of these legal arguments will be addressed

in turn.

                 i.       Deeds Entitled “Railway Deed” Do Not Automatically Convey An
                          Easement To The Railroad.

        The Albright plaintiffs contend that these six deeds should be interpreted as having

conveyed only easements. Plaintiffs argue that “railway” in the title of a deed, is the same as, or

interchangeable with, “right of way,” Albright Mot. at 8, and that the title of the deed alone,

regardless of whether “Right-of Way Deed” or “Railway Deed,” is “enough under Oregon law

to find an easement.” Id. at 9.

        The Albright plaintiffs did not raise this argument in their summary judgment motion or

reply, but rather raised the issue for the first time in their objections to the Court’s Preliminary

Findings on summary judgment, ECF No. 49. The United States therefore maintains, as it did in

oral argument, Oral Arg. Tr. 99:11-20, that the Albright plaintiffs have waived this argument.

 16
    The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provide only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found an
 easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated that
 at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Wheeler Lumber Co. 16/5 deed contained only nominal
 consideration does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                              28
       Plaintiffs cite no Oregon law or other controlling authority in support of their argument,

and the court is aware of no Oregon cases that hold, or even suggest, that a deed entitled

“Railway Deed” cannot convey a fee. Indeed, to the contrary, as the United States previously

noted, Def.’s XMSJ at 14-15, Oregon law is clear that railroads can own strips of land in fee.

See Bouche, 293 P.2d at 206, 210. And the Oregon Supreme Court has held that, in

conveyances to railroads, the phrase “right of way” can refer to the land itself and not be an

indication of the estate being conveyed. Id. at 209. In this case, the Category II deeds do not

use either the terms “right-of way” or “railway” in the body of the deed, but only in the title.

Thus, because railroads can hold either fee title or easements in strips of land on which they

construct a right of way, the title, “Railway Deed,” does not dictate that the property interest

being conveyed is an easement, rather it merely indicates that the deed is a form that can be

used when a railroad is a party to a land conveyance.

       In sum, as to this issue, particularly in light of the substantial consideration for each of

the six conveyances (Batterson - $800; Easom - $800; McMillan - $300; Ostrander - $550; Roy

- $1,000; Shrader & Groat - $200),17 and based on the absence of any “right of way” or other

limiting language, the court finds that reconsideration is not needed.

               ii.     Strip of land, through, and lack of precision

       The Albright plaintiffs also challenge each of the Category II deeds on other grounds the

deeds’ use of “strip of land,” and “through,” and the lack of precision in their descriptions of

the property being conveyed, which they claim are “additional indicia” indicating that the deeds

17
   In Boyer, this Court recognized that “where consideration is substantial, the balance tips in favor
of finding a fee . . . .” 123 Fed. Cl. at 439.

                                                     29
were intended to convey easements and not fees as the court had previously determined. The

court will review each deed in turn for reconsideration.

              1. Batterson 12/163

        The Batterson 12/163 deed (Def.’s Ex. 5) provides in pertinent part:

          S. M. Batterson       et al                            Railway Deed.
       to                                                        NO. 7948.
       Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.
              KNOWN ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
       consideration of the sum of Eight [sic] Hundred & 00 DOLLARS, [sic] the receipt
       whereof is hereby acknowledged, we, S M. Batterson [sic] and Harriet E.
       McMaine, sole heirs at law of William Batterson, deceased, and Pauline O.
       Batterson wife of said S. M. Matterson, hereinafter called the grantors, do hereby
       bargain, sell, grant[,] convey and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND
       NAVIGATION COMPANY, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors
       and assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in the
       County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
              A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty (500 [sic] feet on
       each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee, as the same is surveyed
       and located through Lots 4, 6 and 7 and the North West quarter of South East
       quarter of Section 34 and LOt [sic] 6 of Section 35, in Township 3 North of Range
       nine West of Willamette Meridian.
              Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
       belonging or in anywise appertaining.
              TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee, and unto its
       successors and assigns forever.
              The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the aforesaid
       premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all encumbrances, and that
       they will warrant and defend the premises herein granted unto the grantee
       aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns against the lawful claims of all
       persons whomsoever.

       The court found that the Batterson 12/163 deed granted fee simple title to the railroad

because “Railway Deed” on its own did not indicate an intent to convey an easement, the

amount of consideration was substantial ($800), there was no “right of way” language in the

title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right

                                                 30
of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I deeds the Batterson 12/163 deed describes the location of the land being conveyed

by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended to convey a

fee.

       Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Batterson

12/163 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. First “strip of land” only

indicates an intent to convey an easement when it is used in connection with language limiting

its use. In this instance it is clear that “strip of land” is describing the property being conveyed.

Similarly, deeds which contain the word “through” when describing the location of the “strip of

land” does not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. The use of the

word “through” is not the same as “over and across” which the Oregon Supreme Court found

indicated an intent to convey an easement, and the use of “through” not in connection with a

right to cross does not indicate an intent to convey an easement but rather is a description of the

location of the property interest being conveyed. As such, the use of “through” in the Batterson

12/163 deed is not used in connection with a right and as such does not indicate an intent by the

original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the

                                                  31
Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the Batterson 12/163 deed conveyed a

fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

              2. Easom 11/515 Deed

       The Easom 11/515 deed (Def.’s Ex. 33) provides in pertinent part:

       Elnora [sic] F. Easement et vir.                  Railway Deed.
       to                                                No. 7463.
       Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.
                       KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE[]PRESENTS : [sic] That for and
                in consideration of the sum of Eight Hundred & 00/100 DOLLARS, the
                receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, we, Elnora [sic] F. Easom and
                Chas. E. Easom, wife and husband[,] do hereby bargain, sell, grant,
                convey and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION
                COMPANY, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors and
                assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in the
                County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                        A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty (50) feet on
                each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is
                surveyed and located through Lots One, two, six and seven in Section
                thirty six, in Township three North of Range ten West of Willamette
                Meridian, except a certain three acre tract in said Lot One [sic] heretofore
                sold to Felix Roy.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                       TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee and
                unto its successors and assigns forever.
                       The grantors above named do covenant that they are seized of the
                aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court found that the Easom 11/515 deed granted fee simple title to the railroad

because “Railway Deed” on its own did not indicate an intent to convey an easement, the

amount of consideration was substantial ($800), there was no “right of way” language in the

title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right

                                                 32
of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I deeds the Easom 11/515 deed describes the location of the land being conveyed by

the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended to convey a

fee.

       Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Easom

11/515 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the courts analysis of the Batterson 12/163 deed in Category II, the use of “strip of

land” and through in the Easom 11/515 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting

the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an

easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors

weighed in favor of finding that the Easom 11/515 deed conveyed a fee was correct and

therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

              3. McMillan 11/328 Deed

       The McMillan 11/328 deed (Def.’s Ex. 75) provides in pertinent part:

       Nillus McMillan and wife                           Railway Deed.
                to                                         No. 7181.
       Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.
                      KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That for and in
                consideration of the sum of Three Hundred & 00/100 DOLLARS , the

                                                  33
                receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, We, Nillus McMillan and Sarah
                McMillan, husband and wife, hereinafter called the grantors, do hereby
                bargain, sell[,] grant, convey and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND
                NAVIGATION COMPANY, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its
                successors and assigns forever, all of the following described real
                property, situate in the County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                       A strip of land Sixty [sic] (60) feet wide, being thirty (30) feet on
                each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is
                surveyed and located through
                       Beginning at the mouth of a certain water ditch in Lot three of
                Section twenty Township two North of Range ten west, running hence in
                a South easterly direction following said ditch to its intersection with a
                small lake, thence out South across said lake to its South Bank, thence in
                an Easterly direction following the foot of the hill to the East line of said
                Lot three, thence North on said line to the Nehalem Riven, thence
                Southerly on line of ordinary high water mark to point of beginning,
                containing 10 acres more or less, all in Sec. 20, T. 2 N. R. 10 W. Also the
                north half of South East quarter and West half of North East quarter of
                Section 20, T. 2 N. R. 10 W. all being situated in Tillamook County,
                Oregon.
                   Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                     TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee and unto
                its successors and assigns forever. The grantors above named do
                covenant that they are seised of the aforesaid premises in fee simple, and
                that the same are free from all encumbrances, and that they will warrant
                and defend the premises herein granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and
                unto its successors and assigns against the lawful claims of all persons
                whomsoever.

       The court found that the McMillan 11/328 deed granted fee simple title to the railroad

because “Railway Deed” on its own did not indicate an intent to convey an easement, the

amount of consideration was substantial ($300), there was no “right of way” language in the

title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right

of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

                                                  34
       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I deeds the McMillan 11/328 deed describes the location of the land being conveyed

by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended to convey a

fee.

       Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the McMillan

11/328 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the courts analysis of the Batterson 12/163 deed in Category II, the use of “strip of

land” and through in the McMillan 11/328 deed are not made in reference to any language

limiting the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an

easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors

weighed in favor of finding that the McMillan 11/328 deed conveyed a fee was correct and

therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

              4. Ostrander 9/205 Deed

        The Ostrander 9/205 deed (Def.’s Ex. 80) provides in pertinent part:

       Chas. [sic] Ostrander and wife                    Railway Deed.
       to                                                 No. 5807.
       Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.
                        KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That for and in
                consideration of the sum of Five Hundred Fifty & 00/100 DOLLARS[,]
                the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, we, Charles R. Ostrander
                and Frances A. Ostrander, husband and wife, of Bay City, in the County
                of Tillamook and State of Oregon, hereinafter called the grantors, do
                hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAY
                AND NAVIGATION COMPANY, hereinafter called the grantee, and to
                                                 35
                its successors and assigns forever, all of the following described real
                property, situate in the County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                        A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide, being fifty (50) feet
                on each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is
                surveyed and located through that certain tract of land described as
                follows: Beginning at the North East corner of Bar View Addition to Bay
                City, in Tillamock County, State of Oregon, and running thence East
                thirteen hundred (1300) feet, thence South to the South line of the Hiram
                Smith Donation Land Claim, thence West to the South East corner of a
                seven and one half acre tract formerly owned by Peter Morgan, thence
                North thirty seven rods more or less to a slough and being the North East
                corner of said seven and one half acre tract, thence following down said
                slough in a South Westerly direction to appoint which would be in line
                with the Ease line of Bar View addition aforesaid, thence North to the
                place of beginning.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                       TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee and
                unto its successors and assigns forever.
                       The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the
                aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court found that the Ostrander 9/205 deed granted fee simple title to the railroad

because “Railway Deed” on its own did not indicate an intent to convey an easement, the

amount of consideration was substantial ($550), there was no “right of way” language in the

title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right

of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

                                                  36
Category I deeds that the Ostrander 9/205 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

       Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Ostrander

9/205 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the courts analysis of the Batterson 12/163 deed in Category II, the use of “strip of

land” and through in the Ostrander 9/205 deed are not made in reference to any language

limiting the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an

easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors

weighed in favor of finding that the Ostrander 9/205 deed conveyed a fee was correct and

therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

              5. Roy 11/516 Deed

      The Roy 11/516 deed (Def.’s Ex. 93) provides in pertinent part:

         Felix Roy                                                Railway Deed.
       to                                                         No. 7464.
       Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.
              KNOWN ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
       consideration of the sum of One Thousand & 00/100 DOLLARS, the receipt
       whereof is hereby acknowledged, I Felix Roy, a bachelor of Tillamook County,
       Oregon, hereinafter called the grantors, [sic] do hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey
       and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION COMPANY,
       hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors and assigns forever, all of the
       following described real property situate in the County of Tillamook and State of
       Oregon, to-wit:
              A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide, being fifty (50) feet on each
       side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is surveyed and
       located through Lot three of Section 36 Township 3 North of Range 9 West of W.
       M. Lots two, three and thirteen of Section 31, Township 3 North of Range 9 West
       of W. M. Also through a certain tract described as follows:- Beginning at the
                                                 37
       meander post on the North bank of Nehalem River on the line between Section 31
       Tp. 3 N. Range 9 West and Section 36 Tp. 3 North Range 10 West, running
       thence North 30 rods, thence West 208 feet, thence South to Nehalem River,
       thence in an Easterly direction following the North bank of Nehalem River to
       place of beginning in Sec. 36 Tp. 3 N. R. 10 W. of W.M.
               Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
       belonging or in anywise appertaining.
               TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee, and unto its
       successors and assigns forever.
               The grantors [sic] above named do covenant that they are seised of the
       aforesaid premises in fee simple and that the same are free from all encumbrances,
       and that they [sic] will warrant and defend the premises herein granted unto the
       grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns against the lawful claims of
       all persons whomsoever.

       The court found that the Roy 11/516 deed granted fee simple title to the railroad because

“Railway Deed” on its own did not indicate an intent to convey an easement, the amount of

consideration was substantial ($1000), there was no “right of way” language in the title or body

of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right of reverter if

the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build structures

such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I deeds the Roy 11/516 deed describes the location of the land being conveyed by the

grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended to convey a fee.

       Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that Roy 11/516

deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in

the courts analysis of the Batterson 12/163 deed in Category II, the use of “strip of land” and

                                                  38
through in the Roy 11/516 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of

the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus,

the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of

finding that the Roy 11/516 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion

for reconsideration is denied.

              6. Schrader & Groat 11/354 Deed

        The Schrader & Groat 11/354 deed (Def.’s Ex. 98) provides in pertinent part:

                  Paul Schrader et ux
          & John Groat et ux                                Railway Deed.
              to                                              No. 7235.
       Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.
                KNOWN ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That for and in consideration of
       Two Hundred & 00 DOLLARS, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, we, Paul
       Schrader and Lillie R. Schrader[,] husband and wife, and John Groat and Lillian A. Groat
       , [sic] husband and wife, hereinafter called the grantors[,] do hereby bargain, sell, grant,
       convey and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION COMPANY,
       hereinafter called the grantee[,] and to its successors and assigns forever, all of the
       following described real property situate in the County of Tillamook and State of
       Oregon, to-wit:
                A strip of land sixty feet wide being thirty feet on each side of the center line of
       railway of the grantee as the same is surveyed and located through Lot one of Section
       five, in Township One North of range ten West of Willamette Meridian, save and except
       seven acres off the South[]and a strip of land twenty feet wide off the North end of said
       Lot one.
                Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
       belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee, and unto its
       successors and assigns forever.
                The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the aforesaid
       premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all encumbrances, and that they
       will warrant and defend the premises herein granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto
       its successors and assigns against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court found that the Schrader & Groat 11/354 deed granted fee simple title to the

railroad because “Railway Deed” on its own did not indicate an intent to convey an easement,

                                                 39
the amount of consideration was substantial ($200), there was no “right of way” language in the

title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right

of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest. .

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I deeds the Schrader & Groat 11/254 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

       Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Schrader &

Groat 11/354 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the courts analysis of the Batterson 12/163 deed in Category II, the use of “strip of

land” and through in the Schrader & Groat 11/354 deed are not made in reference to any

language limiting the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to

convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche

factors weighed in favor of finding that the Schrader & Groat 11/354 deed conveyed a fee was

correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

        C. Category III: Deeds that conveyed a “strip of land” and used either “across”,
           “through”, “over” or “over and across” a grantor’s land, without “right of
           way” language.

                                                  40
       With respect to the twenty-eight deeds in Category III, plaintiffs argue that under Oregon

law, this court should have determined that deeds which contained the phrase “strip of land” and

the words “through,” “over,” “on,” or “across” convey an easement. These are the same

arguments made for the deeds in Category II except that the Category II deeds were all entitled

“Railway Deed”. As explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds the phrase “strip

of land” when not used in connection with limiting language does not indicate an intent by the

original parties to convey an easement. Additionally, the court’s analysis of the deeds use of the

word through also applies to similar words offered by the plaintiffs including “over,” “on,” and

“across”. Applying these standards, the court will review each deed in Category III in turn for

reconsideration.

              1. Beals 18/40 Deed

        The Beals (Tr.) 18/40 deed (Def.’s Ex. 7) provides in pertinent part:

       F.R. Beals, Trustee
             to                                        11135    Railway Deed
         Pacific Railway + Navigation Co
                       Know All Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of
                the sum of One and 00/100 Dollars, [sic] the receipt whereof is hereby
                acknowledged, F R. Beals, Trustee, hereinafter called the grantors, [sic]
                do [sic] bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to Pacific Railway and
                Navigation Company, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors
                and assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in
                the County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to wit:
                       A strip of land sixty (60) feet wide being thirty (30) feet on each
                side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is
                surveyed and located through Lot three of Section thirty two in Township
                two North of Range ten West of the Willamette Meridian.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                      To have and to hold unto the above named grantee and unto its
                successors and assigns forever.

                                                41
        The court had found that the Beals 18/40 deed conveyed fee simple title even though the

amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in the

title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right

of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

        Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Beals 18/40 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

        Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Beals 18/40

deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in

the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through in the Beals

18/40 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and thus do

not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its

original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the Beals

18/40 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is

denied.18

 18
    The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provide only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found an
 easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated that
 at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
                                                              42
                 2. Bigelow 13/312 Deed

        The Bigelow 13/312 deed (Def.’s Ex. 9) provides in pertinent part:

                           Know All Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of
                    the sum of $1.00 to them in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby
                    acknowledged, Mary M. Bigelow and Jay W. Bigelow, her husband,
                    hereinafter called the grantors, do bargain, sell, grant, convey and
                    confirm to Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, hereinafter called
                    the grantee, and to its successors and assigns forever, all of the following
                    described real property situate in the County of Tillamook and State of
                    Oregon, to wit:
                           A strip of land 100 feet in width, being 50 feet on each side of and
                    parallel with the center line of the grantee’s railway as the same is
                    surveyed, located and staked out through the Southeast quarter of the
                    Southeast quarter of Section 32, in Township 3 North of Range 9 West of
                    Willamette Meridian, and containing eighty-four hundredths of an acre[.]
                           Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                    thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining
                           To Have and to Hold to the grantee and to its successors and
                    assigns forever.
                           This deed is executed for the purpose of correcting an informality
                    in a previous deed executed by the above named grantor, Mary M.
                    Bigelow, without the joinder of her husband.

        The court had found that the Bigelow 13/312 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in

the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to

build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

        Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Beals 18/40 deed contained only nominal consideration does
 not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             43
court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Bigelow 13/312 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

        Next, plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Bigelow 13/312

deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in

the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through in the

Bigelow 13/312 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and

thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds

that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that

the Bigelow 13/312 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.19

                 3. Burgholzer 83/99 Deed

        The Burgholzer 83/99 deed (Def.’s Ex. 14) provides in pertinent part:

                           KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That Joseph
                    Burgholzer and Vina A. Burgholzer, his wife for and in consideration of
                    the sum of One Dollar, to them in hand paid, the receipt whereof is
                    hereby acknowledged, do hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm
                    to Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, and[]to its successors and
                    assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in the
                    County of Washington and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                           A strip of land one hundred feet in width, being fifty feet on each
                    side of and parallel with the center line of the track of the Pacific Railway
 19
    The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provide only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found an
 easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated that
 at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Bigelow 13/312 deed contained only nominal consideration
 does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                              44
                  and Navigation Company, as the same is surveyed and located through
                  the East one half of the Northeast quarter of Section thirty (30) in
                  Township three (3) North of Range four (4) West W. M.
                         Together with the tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances [,]
                  thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining. TO HAVE[]AND TO
                  HOLD to the said Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, and to its
                  successors and assigns forever.
                         The aforesaid grantors Joseph Burgholzer and Vina A. Burgholzer
                  do hereby covenant that they are the owners in fee simple of the aforesaid
                  premises, and that they will forever warrant and defend the same unto the
                  Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, its successors and assigns,
                  against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Burgholzer 83/99 deed conveyed fee simple title even

though the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way”

language in the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad

purposes only, no right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement

for the railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the

grantor’s land.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Burgholzer 83/99 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

       Next, plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Burgholzer

83/99 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

                                                  45
explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Burgholzer 83/99 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the

land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the

court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of

finding that the Burgholzer 83/99 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’

motion for reconsideration is denied.20

                 4. Campbell 85/208

          The Campbell 85/208 deed (Def.’s Ex. 18) provides in pertinent part:

                           KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That D. F. Campbell
                    and Cecily C. Campbell, his wife, for and in consideration[]of the sum of
                    One Dollar ($1.00), to them in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby
                    acknowledged, do hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to
                    Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, and to its successors and
                    assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in the
                    County of Washington and State of Oregon, to-wit: A strip of land one
                    hundred feEt [sic] in width, being fifty feet on each side of and parallel
                    with the center line of the track of the Pacific Railway and Navigation
                    Company, as the same is now surverye d[]and [sic] located through the
                    West half of the Northwest quarter of Section Thirty six (36) Township
                    Three [sic] (3) North Range Five West, containing 2.84 acres. Together
                    with the tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging
                    or in anywise appertaining. TO HAVE AND TO HOLD to the sAid [sic]
                    Pacific Railway and Navigation Company and to its successors and
                    assigns forever. The aforesaid D. F. Campbell and Cecily C. Campbell,
                    his wife, do hereby covenant that they are the owners in fee simple of the
                    above granted premises, and that they will forever warrant and defend the
                    same unto the Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, its successors
                    and assigns, against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

 20
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Burgholzer 83/99 deed contained only nominal consideration
 does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             46
       The court had found that the Campbell 85/208 deed conveyed fee simple title even

though the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way”

language in the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad

purposes only, no right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement

for the railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the

grantor’s land.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Campbell 85/208 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

       Next, plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Campbell

85/208 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Campbell 85/208 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the

land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the

court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of

                                                  47
finding that the Campbell 85/208 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’

motion for reconsideration is denied.21

                 5. Cook 15/83 Deed

          The Cook 15/83 deed (Def.’s Ex. 24) pertains in pertinent part:

                            KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That Vincent Cook
                    and Martha G. Cook, his wife, hereinafter called the grantors, in
                    consideration of the sum of Ten ($10.00) Dollars, to them in hand paid,
                    the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and other valuable
                    considerations moving to them, do * * * bargain, sell, grant, convey and
                    confirm to Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, hereinafter called
                    the grantee, and to its successors and assigns[]forever, a one half interest
                    in the following described real property situate in the County of
                    Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                           A strip of land one hundred (100) feet in width, being fifty (50)
                    feet on each side of and parallel with the center line of the tract of the
                    Pacific Railway and Navigation Company’s railway as the same is now
                    located, adopted, and constructed across the Northwest quarter[]of the
                    Southwest quarter and the Southwest quarter of the Northwest quarter of
                    Section eighteen (18) in Township one (1) South of Range nine (9) West
                    of the Willamette Meridian, containing 5.07 acres,
                           Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                    thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining,
                          TO HAVE AND TO HOLD to the above named grantee and to its
                    successors and assigns forever.

        The court had found that the Cook 15/83 deed conveyed fee simple title because the

amount of consideration was substantial ($10), there was no “right of way” language in the title

or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right of

 21
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Campbell 85/208 deed contained only nominal consideration
 does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             48
reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Cook 15/183 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

       Next, plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing across the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Cook 15/83 deed

conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in the

court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and across in the Cook 15/83

deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and thus do not

indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its

original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the Cook

15/83 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is

denied.

              6. Davidson 11/509 Deed

       The Davidson 11/509 deed (Def.’s Ex. 27) provides in pertinent part:

                        KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
                consideration of the sum of One and 00/100 Dollars, the receipt whereof
                is hereby acknowledged, we F. M. Davidson and Alvie Davidson,
                husband and wife[,] hereinafter called the grantors, do hereby bargain,
                sell, grant[,] convey and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND

                                                  49
                NAVIGATION COMPANY, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its
                successors and assigns forever, all of the following described real
                property situate in the County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                       A strip of land one hundred (100) Feet [sic] wide being fifty (50)
                feet on each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the
                same is surveyed and located through our undivided one third interest in
                the North East quarter of North East quarter of Section thirteen Township
                one South of Range ten West of Willamette Meridian; also a strip of land
                six rods wide off of the North side of South East quarter of North East
                quarter of Section thirteen, Township one South of Range ten West of
                Willamette Meridian.
                Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
                belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                       TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee and
                unto its successors and assigns forever.
                       And * * * grantors above named do covenant that they are seised
                of the aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Davidson 11/509 deed conveyed fee simple title even

though the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way”

language in the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad

purposes only, no right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement

for the railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the

grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Davidson 11/509 deed describes the location of the land being

                                                  50
conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

        Next, plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that Davidson 11/509

deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in

the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through in the

Davidson 11/509 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and

thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds

that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the

Davidson 11/509 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.22

                 7. Galvani 77/37 Deed

          The Galvani 77/37 deed (Def.’s Ex. 39) provides in pertinent part:

                           THIS INDENTURE made this 11th day of April A. D. 1907,
                    between W. H. Galvani, a single man[]of Portland, Multnomah, Oregon,
                    party of the first part, and the Pacific Railway & Navigation Company, a
                    Corporation, party of the second part[,] WITNESSETH:
                            That the said party of the first part for and in consideration of the
                    sum of $1 to him in hand paid by the party of the second part, the receipt
                    of which is hereby acknowledged[,] has granted, bargained and sold,
                    conveyed and confirmed and by these presents does grant, bargain, sell
                    [sic] convey and confirm unto the said party of the second part and its
                    successors and assigns, all that certain lot, piece, parcel and tract of land,
                    lying, being and situate in Washington County, Oregon, and being a
                    portion of the Southwest quarter of Section 30, T. 3 N. R. 4 W. of the
                    Will. Mer., being a strip of land 100 feet wide, being 50 feet on each side

 22
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Davidson 11/509 deed contained only nominal consideration
 does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             51
                of the center line of the Pacific Railway & Navigation Company’s
                railway as now surveyed, located and adopted across said lands, said
                center line being described as follows,[]to-wit
                       * * * [Description] * * * and containing 11.31 acres, reserving
                grade farm crossings at two points to be selected by the party of the first
                part.
                        Together with all and singular, the tenements, hereditaments and
                appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining and the
                reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues and
                profits thereof.
                        TO HAVE AND TO HOLD all and singular, the said premises,
                together with the appurtenances unto the said party of the second part and
                unto its successors and assigns forever. And the party of the first part
                does hereby covenant to and with the party of the second part, its
                successors and assigns, forever, that the party of the first part is the owner
                in fee simple of the tract of land hereinbefore described; That [sic] said
                tract of land is free from all incumbrances and that the party of the first
                part shall warrant and forever defend said tract of land against the lawful
                claims and demands of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Galvani 77/37 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) and the grantor reserved the right to two farm

crossings because there was no “right of way” language in the title or body of the deed, no

limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, and no right of reverter if the

railroad discontinued railroad use.

       Plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as across the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Galvani 77/37 deed

conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in the

court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and across in the Galvani

77/37 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and thus do

not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its

                                                  52
original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the

Galvani 77/37 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.23

                 8. Goodspeed 9/200 Deed

        The Goodspeed 9/200 deed (Def.’s Ex. 42) and provides in pertinent part:

        K D. R. Goodspeed and wife                                 RAILWAY DEED.
        to                                                         NO. 5802.
        Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.
               KNOWN ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
        consideration of the sum of One & 00/100 DOLLARS[,] the receipt whereof is
        hereby acknowledged, We, [sic] D. E. Goodspeed and M. J. Goodspeed, husband
        and wife, of Tillamook County, Oregon, hereinafter called the grantors, do hereby
        bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to Pacific RAILWAY AND
        NAVIGATION COMPANY, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors
        and assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in the
        County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit; [sic]
               A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty (50) feet on each
        side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is now surveyed
        and located through
               The [sic] South East quarter of the North East quarter of Section thirteen in
        Township one South of Range ten West of Willamette Meridian[.]
               Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
        belonging or in anywise appertaining.
               TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee, and unto its
        successors and assigns forever.
               The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the aforesaid
        premises in fee simple and that the same are free from all encumbrances, and that
        they will warrant and defend the premises herein granted unto the grantee
        aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns against the lawful claims of all
        persons whomsoever.

        The court had found that the Goodspeed 9/200 deed conveyed fee simple title

even though the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right

 23
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Galvani 77/37 deed contained only nominal consideration does
 not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             53
of way” language in the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for

railroad purposes only, no right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor

any requirement for the railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or

fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

        Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Goodspeed 9/200 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

        Next, plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Goodspeed

9/200 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Goodspeed 9/200 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the

land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the

court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of

finding that the Goodspeed 9/200 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiff’s

motion for reconsideration is denied.24

 24
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Goodspeed 9/200 deed contained only nominal consideration
 does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             54
              9. Hagen 75/279 Deed

   The Hagen 75/279 deed (Def.’s Ex. 44) provides in pertinent part:

                      THIS INDENTURE, made this 22 day of April, 1907, between
                Bridget Hagen ( a [sic] single woman) of Portland Multnomah County,
                Oregon, party of the first part, and the Pacific Railway & Navigation
                Company, a Corporation, party of the second part, WITNESSETH:
                       That the said party[]of the first part, for and in consideration of the
                sum of One Dollar ($1) and other good and valuable considerations, to
                her in hand paid by the party of the second part, the receipt of which is
                hereby acknowledged, h[]ave [sic] granted, bargained and sold, conveyed
                and confirmed, and by these presents do grant, bargain and sell, convey
                and confirm unto the said party of the second part, and its successors and
                assigns, all that certain lot, piece, parcel and tract of land, lying, being
                and situate in Washington County,[]Oregon, to-wit:
              Being a portion of Section 30, T. 3 N. R. 4 W. of the Will. Mer. described
              as follows:
              A strip of land 100 feet wide being 50 feet on each side of the center line of
              the Pacific Railway and Navigation Company’s railway, as surveyed,
              located and adopted across said lands, said center line being described as
              follows:
                       * * * [Description] * * *
                        Together with all and singular, the tenements, hereditaments and
                appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the
                reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders[,] rents, issues and
                profits thereof.
                        TO HAVE AND TO HOLD, all and singular, the said premises
                together with the appurtenances unto the said party of the[]second part
                and unto its successors and assigns forever. And the party of the first part
                does hereby covenant to and with the party of the second part, its
                successors and assigns forever, that the party of the first part is the owner
                in fee simple of the tract of land hereinbefore described; that said tract of
                land is free from all incumbrances and that the party of the first part shall
                warrant and forever defend said tract of land against the lawful claims
                and demands of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Hagen 75/279 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in

the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no
                                                   55
right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to

build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

        Plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing across the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Hagen 75/279

deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in

the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and across in the Hagen

75/279 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and thus do

not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its

original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the Hagen

75/279 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration

is denied.25

                 10. The Hamblin 85/284 Deed

         The Hamblin 85/284 deed (Def.’s Ex. 45) provides in pertinent part:

                           KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That J.M. Hamblin,
                   an unmarried man for and in consideration of the[]sum of One Dollars, to
                   him in hand[]paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged[,] does
                   bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to Pacific Railway and
                   Navigation Company and to its successors and assigns forever, all of the
                   following described real property situate in the County of Washington
                   and State of Oregon, to-wit: A strip of land one hundred feet in width,
                   being fifty feet on each side of and parallel with the center line of the
                   track of the Pacific Railway and[]NavigaTion [sic] Company, as the same
                   is surveyed and located through the Northwest quarter of the Northeast
                   quarter of Section thirty two (32) Township Three(3) [sic] North range
                   [sic] five (5) West Willamette Meridian.

 25
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Hagen 75/279 deed contained only nominal consideration does
 not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             56
                       Together with the tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                      TO HAVE AND TO HOLD to the said Pacific Railway and
                Navigation Company, and to successors and assigns forever.
                        The aforesaid grantor J. M. Hamblin does hereby covenant that he
                is the owner in fee simple of[]the above granted premises, and that he
                will forever warrant and defend the same unto the Pacific Railway and
                Navigation Company, its successors and assigns, against the lawful
                claims of all parties whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Hamblin 85/284 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in

the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to

build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Hamblin 85/284 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

       Next, plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Hamblin 85/284

deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in

the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through in the

Hamblin 85/284 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and

thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds
                                                  57
that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the

Hamblin 85/284 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.26

                 11. Haugen 9/204 Deed

       The Haugen 9/204 deed (Def.’s Ex. 54) provides in pertinent part:

        Thore [sic] Hagen.                                RAILWAY DEED.
        to                                                NO. 5806.
        Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.
               KNOWN ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
        consideration of the sum of One & 00/100 DOLLARS[,] the receipt whereof is
        hereby acknowledged, we, Thore [sic] Hagen and Evia Jane Hagen, husband and
        wife, of Tillamook County, Oregon, hereinafter called the grantors, do hereby
        bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND
        NAVIGATION COMPANY, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors
        and assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in the
        County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                    A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty (50) feet on each
                    side of the center line of the railway of the grantee, as the same is
                    surveyed and located through the following described tract, to-wit:
                        * * * [Describing the tract through which the strip being conveyed
                 runs] * * *
               Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
        belonging or in anywise appertaining.
               TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee, and unto its
        successors and assigns forever.
               The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the aforesaid
        premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all encumbrances, and that
        they will warrant and defend the premises herein granted unto the grantee
        aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns against the lawful claims of all
        persons whomsoever.

 26
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Hamblin 85/284 deed contained only nominal consideration
 does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             58
        The court had found that the Haugen 9/204 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in

the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to

build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

        Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Haugen 9/204 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

        Next, plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Haugen 9/204

deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in

the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through in the

Haugen 9/204 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and

thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds

that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the

Haugen 9/204 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.27

 27
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
                                                             59
                 12. The Jeffries 85/70 Deed

         The Jeffries 85/70 deed (Def.’s Ex. 59) provides in pertinent part:

                          KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That Minnie Jeffries
                   and George H.[]Jeffries her husband for and in consideration of the sum
                   of One Dollar to them in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby
                   acknowledged, do hereby bargain, sell[,] grant, convey and confirm to
                   Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, and to its successors and
                   assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in the
                   County of Washington and State of Oregon, to-wit: A strip of land one
                   hundred feet in width, being fifty feet on each side of and parallel with
                   the center line of the track of the Pacific Railway and Navigation
                   Company, as the same is surveyed and located through the North half of
                   the Northwest quarter of Section Thirty (30) Township three (3) North,
                   Range Four (4) West of W.M.
                          Together with the tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances,
                   thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining. TO HAVE AND TO
                   HOLD to the said Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, and to its
                   successors and assigns forever.
                          The aforesaid grantors Minnie Jeffries and George H. Jeffries do
                   hereby covenant that they are the owners in fee simple of the above
                   granted premises, and that they will forever warrant and defend the same
                   unto the Pacific Railway and[]Navigation Company, its successors and
                   assigns, against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

         The court had found that the Jeffries 85/70 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

 the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in

 the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no

 right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to

 build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

        Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Haugen 9/204 deed contained only nominal consideration does
 not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             60
court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Jeffries 85/70 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

        Next, plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Jeffries 85/70

deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in

the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through in the

Jeffries 85/70 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and

thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds

that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the

Jeffries 85/70 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.28

                 13. Maroney 11/513 Deed

        The Maroney 11/513 deed (Def.’s Ex. 73) provides in pertinent part:

        Matt Maroney                                     RAILWAY DEED.
        to                                               NO. 7461
        Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.
               KNOWN ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
        consideration of the sum of One & 00/100 DOLLARS, [sic] the receipt whereof is
        hereby acknowledged, I Matt Maroney, unmarried, of Garibaldi, in Tillamook
        County, Oregon, hereinafter called the grantors, [sic] do hereby bargain, sell,
        grant, convey and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION
        COMPANY, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors and assigns

 28
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Jeffries 85/70 deed contained only nominal consideration does
 not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement
                                                              61
       forever, all of the following described real property situate in the County of
       Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
              A strip of land sixty (60) feet wide being thirty (30) feet on each side of the
       center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is surveyed and located
       through Lot three (3) of Section twenty nine , [sic] in Township two North of
       Range ten West of the Willamette Meridian.
       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
       belonging or in anywise appertaining.
              TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee and unto its
       successors and assigns forever. The grantors [sic] above named do covenant that
       they are seised of the aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free
       from all encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
       granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns against the
       lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Maroney 11/513 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in

the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to

build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Maroney 11/523 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

       Next, plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

 describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Maroney

 11/513 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

 explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through
                                                  62
in the Maroney 11/513 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the

land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the

court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of

finding that the Maroney 11/513 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’

motion for reconsideration is denied.29

                14. Noland 74/108 Deed

       The Noland 74/108 deed (Def.’s Ex. 79) provides in pertinent part:

          Know all Men by these Presents, That
                   Mrs Lena Noland
           of      Portland      xxxxxxxx        State of Oregon, in consideration of
       Seventy nine and twenty, one Hundredths ($79.20/100)               DOLLARS,
       to me paid by Pacific Railway and Navigation Company
       of Portland               xxxxxx                       State of Oregon, * * *
       * * * * * has bargained and sold, and by these presents does grant, bargain, sell
       and convey unto said
       Pacific Railway Navigation Company[,] is [sic] successors
       * * * and assigns, all the following bounded and described real property, situated
       in the County of Washington and State of Oregon:
           A strip of land 100 feet wide being 50 feet on each side of the center line of the
       Pacific Railway and Navigation Company’s Railway, as surveyed, located and
       adopted across the south 1/2 of N W of Sec. 30. [sic] T [sic] 3 N. R. 4 W- [sic]
       W. M. said center line being described as follows: * * *[Description] * * * and
       containing 7.89 acres.
       Together with all and singular the tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances
       thereto belonging or in anywise appertaining and also all
       her            estate, right, title and interest in and to the same, including dower
       and claim of dower.
           TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the above described and granted premises unto the
       said
                  PACIFIC RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION COMPANY[,] its
       successors * * * and assigns forever. And

29
  The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Maroney 11/513 deed contained only nominal consideration
does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                            63
                   Mrs. Lena Noland[,]
       grantor above named do es [sic] covenant to and with Pacific Railway and
       Navigation Company
       the above named grantee[,] is [sic] successors and assigns that she is lawfully
       seized in fee simple of the above granted premises, that they are free from all
       incumbrances
       * * * * [Blank Space] * * *
                  and that she will and her heirs, executors and administrators
       shall warrant and forever defend the above granted premises, and ever part and
       parcel thereof, against the lawful claims and demands of all persons whomsoever.
       (italics in original).

       The court had found that the Noland 74/108 deed conveyed fee simple title because the

consideration was substantial ($79.20), there was no “right of way” language in the title or body

of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right of reverter if

the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build structures

such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest

       Plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing across the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Noland 74/108

deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in

the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and across in the Noland

74/108 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and thus do

not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its

original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the

Noland 74/108 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.

              15. Petrzilka 72/203 Deed

       The Petrzilka 72/203 deed (Def.’s Ex. 83) provides in pertinent part:

                                                  64
       THIS INDENTURE, made this 1st day of August 1906, between
Frank Petrzilka and Mary Petrzilka, his wife, of Washington County,
parties of the dirst [sic] part, and the PACIFIC RAILWAY &
NAVIGATION COMPANY, a Corporation, party of the second part,
WITNESSETH:
    That the said parties of the first part, for and in consideration of the
sum of One Hundred Dollars ($100) to them in hand paid by the party of
the second part, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, have
granted, bargained and sold, conveyed and confirmed and by these
presents do grant, bargain and sell, convey and confirm unto the said
party of the second part, and its successors and assigns,[]forever, all that
certain Lot, [sic] piece, parcel and track of land, lying, being and situate
in Washington County, Oregon, and particularly described as follows, to-
wit:- A strip of land 80 feet wide, being 40 feet on each side of the center
line of the PACIFIC RAILWAY & NAVIGATION COMPANY’S
railway as now surveyed, located, and established across the following
described lands,;
 The North West quarter of the North West Quar ter [sic] of Section 4
 T.2.N.R.4 W. of the Will.Mer. [sic]
 and also the following described tract of land, to-wit;-Beginning at the
 south [sic] West corner of Section 33, T.3.N.R.4.W. and running thence
 East 14 rods; thence Northwesterly 42 rods to a point 4 rods East of the
 west line of said section [sic] 33; thence Northeasterly 42 rods to a point
 14 rods East of the west line of said Section 33,;[]thence [sic] West 14
 rods; thence South 80 rods to the place of beginning, said strip of land
 containing 4.31 acres.
        Together with all and singular, the tenements, hereditaments and
appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the
reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents,[]issues and
profits thereof.
        TO HAVE AND TO HOLD all and singular the said premises
together with the appurtenances, unto the said party of the second part
and unto its successors and assigns forever. And the said parties of the
first part, for themselves, their heirs, executors and administrators do
covenant to and with the party of the second part, its successors and
assigns forever, that the parties of the first part are the owners in fee
simple of the above described and granted premises; That [sic] said
premises and t he [sic] whole thereof are fee from all incumbrances, and
that said parties of the first part, their heirs, executors and administrators
shall warrant and forever defend said premises and the whole thereof
against the lawful claims and demands of all persons whomsoever.

                                  65
       The court had found that the Petrzilka 72/203 deed conveyed fee simple because the

consideration was substantial ($100), there was no “right of way” language in the title or body

of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right of reverter if

the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build structures

such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s land.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Petrzilka 72/203 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

       Next, plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land” and

describes it as passing across the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Petrzilka 72/203

deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as explained in

the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and across in the

Petrzilka 72/203 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and

thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds

that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the

Petrzilka 72/203 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.

              16. Rockaway Beach 12/342 Deed

       The Rockaway Beach 12/342 deed (Def.’s Ex. 91) provides in pertinent part:

                                                  66
                       KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
                consideration of the sum of One & 00/100 DOLLARS, the receipt
                whereof is hereby acknowledged, Rockaway Beach Company, a
                Corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Oregon
                and First Bank Trust Company, a corporation organized and existing
                under the laws of the State of Oregon, hereinafter called the grantors,
                [sic] do hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to PACIFIC
                RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION COMPANY, hereinafter called the
                grantee, and to its successors and assigns forever, all of the following
                described real property situate in the County of Tillamook and State of
                Oregon, to-wit:
                A strip of land sixty (60) feet wide being thirty (30) feet on each side of
                the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is surveyed and
                located through
                       Lot four of Section thirty two in Township two North of Range ten
                West and a strip of land twenty feet wide off the North end of Lot one of
                Section five, Township One North of Range two West of Willamette
                Meridian.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                       TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee, and
                unto its successors and assigns forever.
                       The grantors [sic] above named do covenant that they are seised of
                the aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                incumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Rockaway Beach 12/342 deed conveyed fee simple title

even though the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way”

language in the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad

purposes only, no right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement

for the railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the

grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

                                                  67
court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds the Rockaway Beach 12/342 deed describes the location of the land

being conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties

intended to convey a fee.

        Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Rockaway

Beach 12/342 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Rockaway Beach 12/342 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use

of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement.

Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in

favor of finding that the Rockaway Beach 12/342 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore

the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.30

                 17. Rupp 13/245 Deed

          The Rupp 13/245 deed (Def.’s Ex. 94) provides in pertinent part:

                           Know all Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of
                    the sum of Ten Dollars ($10.00), the receipt whereof is hereby
                    acknowledged, and other valuable considerations moving to them, John J.
                    Rupp and Betty N. Rupp, of Saginaw, Michigan, hereinafter called the
                    grantor, does bargain, grant, convey and confirm to Pacific Railway and
                    Navigation Company, hereinafter called the grantee, a strip of land one
                    hundred (100) feet in width, being fifty (50) feet on each side of the
                    center line of the railway of the grantee, as the same is surveyed and
                    located through the following described real property, situate in the

 30
    The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provide only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found an
 easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the DuBois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated that
 at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Rockaway Beach 12/342 deed contained only nominal
 consideration does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                              68
                County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to wit:
                       The South Half of the Southeast quarter (S1/2, SE1/4) and Lots
                Four (4), Five (5), Six (6), Eight (8), and Nine (9) of Section Ten (10),
                Township Three (3) Norht Range Eight (8) West, Willamette Meridian.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging, or in anywise appertaining.
                       To Have and to Hold to the grantee and to its successors and
                assigns forever.
                        The grantors covenant with the grantee that they will warrant and
                defend the premises herby granted against the lawful claims and demands
                of all persons whomsoever claiming the same by, through or under the
                grantor. [sic]

       The court had found that the Rupp 13/245 deed conveyed fee simple title because the

amount of consideration was substantial ($10), there was no “right of way” language in the title

or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right of

reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds the Rupp 13/245 deed describes the location of the land being conveyed

by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended to convey a

fee.

       Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Rupp

13/245 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through
                                                  69
in the Rupp 13/245 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land

and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court

finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding

that the Rupp 13/245 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.

              18. The Stanley 11/113 Deed

       The Stanley 11/113 deed (Def.’s Ex. 104) provides in pertinent part:

      F. S; [sic] Stanley et al                          Railway Deed.
      to                                                 NO. 6844.
      Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.
                          KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
                consideration of the sum of One DOLLARS, [sic] the receipt whereof is
                hereby acknowledged, F. S. Stanley and Ruth M. Stanley, his wife,
                Robert Smith, a single man; W. D. Wheelwright, a single man; - [sic] E.
                E. Lytle and Lizzie M Lytle, his wife, and May Enright, a single woman,
                hereinafter called the grantors, do herby bargain, sell, grant, convey and
                confirm, to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION COMPANY,
                hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors and assigns forever,
                all of the following described real property, situate in the County of
                Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                       A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide, being fifty (50) feet
                on each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee, as the same is
                surveyed and located through the East half of the South East [sic] quarter
                of Section Twenty [sic] (20) in Township Three [sic] (3) North, [sic] of
                Range Seven [sic] (7) West, W. M.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                       TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee and
                unto its successors and assigns forever.
                       The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the
                aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

                                                 70
        The court had found that the Stanley 11/113 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in

the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to

build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

        Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Stanley 11/113 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

        Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Stanley

11/113 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Stanley 11/113 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land

and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court

finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding

that the Stanley 11/113 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.31

 31
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
                                                             71
                19. Thayer 11/355

         The Thayer 11/355 deed (Def.’s Ex. 107) provides in pertinent part:

       Claude Thayer and wife                                                  Railway Deed.
       to                                                                       No. 7236.
       Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.
                          KNOW ALL MEN By [sic] THESE PRESENTS; That for and in
                   consideration of the sum of One & 00 DOLLARS, the receipt whereof is
                   hereby acknowledged, we, Claude Thayer and Estelle Thayer, husband
                   and wife, hereinafter called the grantors, do hereby bargain, sell, grant,
                   convey and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAy [sic] AND NAVIGATION
                   COMPANy, [sic] hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors and
                   assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in the
                   County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                          A strip of land one hundred (100 ) [sic] feet wide being fifty (50)
                   feet on each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the
                   same is now surveyed and located through; [sic]
                   Tide Land fronting and abutting on Lot 1 of Sec. 21, T. 1 N. R. 10 W.
                   except Town of Garibaldi.
                   Also beginning at a point at ordinary high water line South 84º West 24
                   links dist. from the meander corner between Sections 20 and 21, T. 1 N.
                   R. 10 W. thence South 65º East on ordinary high water line 3.21 chains,
                   thence North 17.89 chains, thence West 2.91 chains, thence South 16.53
                   chains to point of beginning.
                           Also through an undivided one half interest in the following
                   tracts;-
                          Beginning at a point on ordinary high water line 34 links South
                   and 320 links West of the meander corner between Sections 20 and 21 T.
                   3 N. R. 10 W. thence N. 84º East 3.02 chains on ordinary high water line,
                   thence North 16.53 chains, thence West 3.00 chains, thence South 16.84
                   chains to place of beginning; also through an undivided one half interest
                   in Lots 5, 6, 7, and 8 in Block 3 and Lots 4, [sic] and 5 in Block 4, all in
                   the Town of Garibaldi.
                          Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                   thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                          TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee and
                   unto its successors and assigns forever.
                            The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the

conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Stanley 11/113 deed contained only nominal consideration
does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                            72
                aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                en[c]umbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises
                herein granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and
                assigns against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Thayer 11/355 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in

the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to

build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Thayer 11/355 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

       Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Thayer

11/355 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Thayer 11/355 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land

and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court

finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding

                                                  73
that the Thayer 11/355 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.32

                 20.      The Thayer 18/39 Deed

        The Thayer 18/39 deed (Def.’s Ex. 108) is entitled “1134 Railway Deed” and provides

in pertinent part:

                          Know All Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of the
                   sum of One & 00/100 Dollars, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, We,
                   Claude Thayer and Estelle Thayer[,] husband and wife, of Tillamook, Oregon,
                   hereinafter called the grantors, do hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey and
                   confirm to Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, hereinafter called the
                   grantee, and to its successors and assigns forever, all of the following described
                   real property situate in the County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                          A strip of land one hundred(100) [sic] feet wide being fifty (50) feet on
                   each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is surveyed
                   and located through Lot eight of Section twenty two, in Township one North of
                   Range ten West of Willamette Meridian, save and except a certain one acre tract
                   heretofore conveyed out of said Lot eight;
                          Also through the tide lands fronting and abutting upon Lots seven and
                   eight in said Section twenty two, in Township one North of Range ten West of
                   Willamette Meridian.
                         Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
                   belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                         To have and to hold unto the above named grantee and unto its
                   successors and assigns forever.
                          The grantors above named do covenant that they are seized of the
                   aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                   encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                   granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns against
                   the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

 32
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the DuBois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Thayer 11/355 deed contained only nominal consideration
 does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             74
        The court had found that the Thayer 18/39 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in

the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to

build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

        Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Thayer 18/39 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

        Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Thayer

18/39 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Thayer 18/39 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land

and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court

finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding

that the Thayer 18/39 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.33

 33
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
                                                             75
                 21. Watt 12/343 Deed

        The Watt 12/343 deed (Def.’s Ex. 116) is entitled “No. 8225. Railway Deed.” and

provides in pertinent part:

                           KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
                   consideration of the sum of One and 00/100 DOLLARS , [sic] The [sic] receipt
                   whereof is hereby acknowledged, we, George Watt and Helen Watt, his wife[,]
                   and Robert Watt and Lois A. Watt, his wife, hereinafter called the grantors, do
                   bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND
                   NAVIGATION COMPANY, hereinafter called the grantee, and * * * to its
                   successors and assigns forever, all of the following described real property
                   situate in the County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                         A strip of land sixty (60) feet wide being thirty (30) feet on each
                   side of the center line of the railway o f [sic] the grantee as the same is
                   surveyed and located through Lots One, two and three of Section Seven
                   and Lot one of Section eight, all in Township One North of Range ten
                   Wes t [sic] of Willamette Meridian.
                          Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                   thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                          TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee, and
                   unto its successors and assigns forever.
                          The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the
                   aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                   encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                   granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                   against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

        The court had found that the Watt 12/343 deed conveyed fee simple title even though the

amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in the

title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right

of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Thayer 18/39 deed contained only nominal consideration does
 not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             76
        Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds the Watt 12/343 deed describes the location of the land being conveyed

by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended to convey a

fee.

        Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Watt

12/343 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Watt 12/343 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land

and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court

finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding

that the Watt 12/343 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.34

                 22. The Watt 12/344 Deed

          The Watt 12/344 deed (Def.’s Ex. 117) is entitled “No. 8226. Railway Deed.” and

 provides in pertinent part:

                          KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
                    consideration of the sum of One and 00/100 DOLLARS, the receipt
                    whereof is hereby acknowledged, we, George Watt and Helen Watt,

 34
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Watt 12/343 deed contained only nominal consideration does
 not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             77
                husband and wife, hereinafter called the grantors, do bargain, sell, grant,
                convey and confir, [sic] to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION
                COMPANY, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors and
                assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in the
                County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                        A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty (50) feet on
                each side * * * of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same
                in [sic] surveyed and located through Lot one of Section nine and also
                through the tide land fronting and abutting upon Lots One [sic] and Four
                [sic] of said Section nine; also through Lot one of Section sixteen and the
                tide fronting and abutting upon said Lot one of Section sixteen, all in
                Township two North of Range ten West of Willamette Meridian. Save
                and except a tract 105 feet by 210 feet in Lot 1 of Section 9, Township 2
                North Range 10 West reserved by G. M. Lock.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                       TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee, and
                unto its successors and assigns forever.
                       The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the
                aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and[]unto its successors and assigns
                against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Watt 12/344 deed conveyed fee simple title even though the

amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in the

title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right

of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds the Watt 12/344 deed describes the location of the land being conveyed

                                                  78
by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended to convey a

fee.

        Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Watt

12/344 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Watt 12/344 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land

and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court

finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding

that the Watt 12/344 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.35

                 23. The Watt 12/345 Deed

          The Watt 12/345 deed (Def.’s Ex. 118) is entitled “No. 8227. Railway Deed.” and

 provides in pertinent part:

                            KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
                    consideration of the sum of One and 00/100 DOLLARS, the receipt whereof is
                    hereby acknowledged, we, John Watt and Sarah M. Watt[,] husband and wife,
                    hereinafter called the grantors, do bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm [sic]
                    to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION COMPANY, hereinafter called
                    the grantee, and to its successors and assigns forever, all of the following
                    described real property situate in the County of Tillamook and State of Oregon,
                    to-wit:
                           A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty (50) feet on each
                    side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same in [sic] surveyed
                    and located through Lots two, three and four of Section nine, in Township two

 35
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Watt 12/344 deed contained only nominal consideration does
 not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             79
                North of Range ten West of Willamette Meridian[.]
                      Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
                belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                      TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee, and unto its
                successors and assigns forever.
                       The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the
                aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and[]unto its successors and assigns against
                the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Watt 12/345 deed conveyed fee simple title even though the

amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in the

title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right

of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds that the Watt 12/345 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

       Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Watt

12/345 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Watt 12/345 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land

                                                  80
and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court

finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding

that the Watt 12/345 deed conveyed a fee as correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.36

                 24. Westinghouse 85/39 Deed

         The Westinghouse 85/39 deed (Def.’s Ex. 121) provides in pertinent part:

                          KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That I, John F.
                   Westinghouse, a single man[,] for and in consi deration [sic] of the sum
                   of One Dollars, [sic] to me in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby
                   acknowledged, do hereby bargain, sell, grant,[]convey and confirm to
                   Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, and to its successors and
                   assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in the
                   County of Washington and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                          A strip of land one hundred (100) feet in width, being fifty (50)
                   feet on each side of and parallel with the center line of the track of the
                   Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, as the same is surveyed and
                   located through a strip of land more particularly described as the West
                   one half of Southwest one quarter and the Southwest one quarter of
                   Northwest one quarter of Northwest one quarter [of] Sec.[]26, T 3 N. R. 5
                   W., Willamette Meridian and containing four and forty two hundredths
                   (4.42) acres more or less. Together with the tenements, hereditaments and
                   appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                         TO HAVE AND TO HOLD to the said Pacific Railway and
                   Navigation Company, and to its successors and assigns forever.
                           The aforesaid grantor John F. Westinghouse does hereby he is the
                   owner in fee simple of the ab[o]ve grante[d] premises, and that he will
                   forever qarrant [sic] and defend the same unto the Pacific Railway and
                   Navigation Company, its successors and assigns against the lawful claims
                   of all persons whomsoever.

 36
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the DuBois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Watt 12/345 deed contained only nominal consideration does
 not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             81
        The court had found that the Westinghouse 85/39 deed conveyed fee simple title even

though the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way”

language in the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad

purposes only, no right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement

for the railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the

grantor’s interest.

        Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds the Westinghouse 85/39 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

          Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

 and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the

 Westinghouse 85/39 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same

 reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land”

 and through in the Westinghouse 85/39 deed are not made in reference to any language

 limiting the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey

 an easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors

 weighed in favor of finding that the Westinghouse 85/39 deed conveyed a fee was correct and

 therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.37

 37
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
                                                              82
                 25. Williams 6/607 Deed

         The Williams 6/607 deed (Def.’s Ex. 125) provides in pertinent part:

        George H. Willaims et ux                             RAILWAY DED
               -to-                                          No. 4113.
        P. R. and N. Co.
                          KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That for and in
                   consideration of the sum of Ten 00/100 DOLLARS[,] the receipt whereof
                   is hereby acknowledged, and other valuable consideration moving to
                   them[,] George H. Williams and Bessie Williams, his wife,, hereinafter
                   called the grantors, do hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to
                   PACIFIC RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION COMPANY, hereinafter
                   called the grantee, and to its successors and assigns forever, all of the
                   following described real property situate in the County of Tillamook and
                   State of Oregon, to wit:
                          A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty (50) feet on
                   each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is
                   surveyed and located through Lots Three, [sic] Four, [sic] Five [sic] and
                   Six [sic] of Block Eleven [sic] in Cone and McCoy’s Addition to Bay
                   City, according to the plat thereof of record in Tillamook County,
                   Oregon.
                          Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                   thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                          TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee and
                   unto its successors and assigns forever.
                          The grantors above named do covenant that they are seized of the
                   aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                   encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                   granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                   against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

        The court had found that the Williams 6/607 deed conveyed fee simple title because the

amount of consideration was substantial ($10), there was no “right of way” language in the title

or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right of

 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Westinghouse 85/39 deed contained only nominal
 consideration does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                            83
reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

        Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds the Williams 6/607 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

        Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Williams

6/607 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Williams 6/607 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the

land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the

court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of

finding that the Williams 6/607 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’

motion for reconsideration is denied.38

                 26. Wilson 75/244 Deed

          The Wilson 75/244 deed (Def.’s Ex. 126) provides in pertinent part:

                             KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That we Brice

 38
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($10) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Williams 6/607 deed contained only nominal consideration
 does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             84
                Wilson and Sarah E. Wilson[,] husband and wife, for and in consideration
                of the sum[]of One Dollars, [sic] to them in hand paid, the receipt
                whereof is hereby acknowledged, do hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey
                and confirm to Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, and to its
                successors and assigns forever, all of the following described real
                property situate, in the County of Washington and State of Oregon, to-
                wit:
                       A strip of land one Hundred [sic] feet in width, being fifty feet on
                each side of and parallel with the center line of the track of the Pacific
                Railway and Navigation Company, as the same is surveyed and located
                through the East half of the Northeast quarter of Section twenty eight (28)
                in Township three (3) North Range five (5) West of the Willamette
                Meridian.
                   The said center line enters said land about 1185 feet south of the
                Northeast corner and runs southwesterly across the same to a point about
                105 feet west of the South east [sic] corner thereof.
                   Together with the tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances,
                thereunto belon[g]ing or in anywise appertaining.
                  TO HAVE AND TO HOLD to the said Pacific Railway and
                Navigation Company, and to its successors and assigns forever.
                       The aforesaid Brice Wilson and Sarah E. Wilson do hereby
                covenant that they are the owners in fee simple of the above granted
                premises, and that they will forever warrant and defend the same unto the
                Pacific Railway Company, its successors and assigns, against the lawful
                claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Wilson 75/244 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because there was no “right of way” language in

the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to

build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

                                                  85
Category I and II deeds the Wilson 75/244 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

        Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Wilson

75/244 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Wilson 75/244 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land

and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court

finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding

that the Wilson 75/244 deed conveyed a fee esd correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is denied.39

                 27. Woodbury 16/481 Deed

        The Woodbury 16/481 deed (Def.’s Ex. 127) is entitled “No. 10888 Warranty Deed”

and provides in pertinent part:

                            Know All Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of
                    the sum of Ten ($10.00) Dollars, to them in hand paid, the receipt
                    whereof is hereby acknowledged, and of other valuable considerations, E.
                    D. Woodbury and Maude Woodbury, his wife,, hereinafter called the
                    grantors, do bargain, sell[,] grant, convey and confirm to Pacific Railway
                    and Navigation Company, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its
                    successors and assigns forever, the following described real property
                    situate in the County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to wit:
                             A strip of land sixty (60) feet in width, being thirty (30) feet on
 39
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the Du Bois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Wilson 75/244 deed contained only nominal consideration
 does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             86
                each side of the center line of the grantee’s railway as the same is
                surveyed and located through the following described real property, to
                wit:
                       * * * [Describing the property through which the strip conveyed
                runs] * * *
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining,
                       To Have and to Hold to the grantee, and to its successors and
                assigns forever.
                       The grantors covenant with the grantee that they will warrant and
                defend the premises herein granted against the lawful claims and
                demands of all persons whomsoever claiming by, through or under the
                grantors or either of them.

       The court had found that the Woodbury 16/481 deed conveyed a fee simple title because

the amount of consideration was substantial ($10), there was no “right of way” language in the

title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only, no right

of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement for the railroad to build

structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds the Woodbury 16/481 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

       Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Woodbury

16/481 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

                                                  87
explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Woodbury 16/481 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the

land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the

court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of

finding that the Woodbury 16/481 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’

motion for reconsideration is denied.

              28. The Woodbury 23/399 Deed

        The Woodbury 23/399 deed (Def.’s Ex. 128) provides in pertinent part:

                        Know All Men by These Presents: That we, E.E. Woodbury and
                Maude Woodbury, his wife, the grantors, in consideration of the sum of
                Two +      Dollars, paid by Pacific Railway and Navigation, the grantee
                herein, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have bargained and
                sold, and by these presents do bargain, sell, transfer and convey unto said
                Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, an Oregon Corporation, and
                to its successors and assigns forever, a strip of land sixty (60) feet in
                width, being thirty (30) feet on each side of the center line of the railway
                of said Company as the same is now located, staked out, and operated
                through Section Twenty-Nine (29), Township Two (2) North, Range Ten
                (10) West of the Willamette Meridian. Which strip lies between the line
                between Sections 29 and 32 on the South and the North boundary of
                North Street of said Lake Lytle Tract, as the same is platted in and by
                Lake Lytle Plat and between Blks. [sic] 1, 7 and 3 of Lake Lytle on the
                East and Blks [sic] 4, 8 and 14 of Lake Lytle on the West.
                       To Have and to Hold the above described premises unto the said
                Pacific Railway and Navigation Company and to its successors and
                assigns forever.

       The court had found that the Woodbury 23/399 deed conveyed a fee simple title even

though the amount of consideration was nominal ($2) because there was no “right of way”

language in the title or body of the deed, no limitation on the use of the land for railroad

purposes only, no right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, nor any requirement

                                                 88
for the railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences, nor any revert

language.

        Plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is not precise

and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category I and II deeds the Woodbury 23/399 deed describes the location of the land being

conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties intended

to convey a fee.

        Next, the plaintiffs argue that because the deed refers to the property as a “strip of land”

and describes it as passing through the land, the court incorrectly concluded that the Woodbury

23/399 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad. The court disagrees. For the same reasons as

explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through

in the Woodbury 23/399 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the use of the

land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the

court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of

finding that the Woodbury 23/399 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’

motion for reconsideration is denied.40

         D. Category IV: Deeds that conveyed a “strip of land” “across”, “through”, or
            “over” a grantor’s land and contained “right of way” language.

 40
   The plaintiffs also argue that because the deed provides for only nominal consideration ($1) the court should have found
 an easement. As explained in the footnote in the court’s discussion of the DuBois 22/40 deed, the plaintiffs had stipulated
 that at least two deeds which had nominal consideration and contained the phrase “strip of land” and used the word through
 conveyed a fee. As such, the court finds that the fact that the Woodbury 23/399 deed contained only nominal consideration
 does not change the court’s conclusion that it conveyed a fee rather than an easement.
                                                             89
       The nine deeds identified in Category IV, like the deeds in Category III above, conveyed

a “strip of land” and used either the words “across”, “through”, or “over” in reference to that

strip of land. Unlike the Category III deeds, however, the deeds in this category do use the term

“right of way” either in the body or title of the deed. Again, however, as the United States has

previously argued the significance of the term “right of way” in a deed conveying a property

interest to a railroad is not that the term is used, but how it is used. Def’s XMSJ 27-29, Def’s

Obj. Prelim. Findings 1-6, Oral Arg. Tr. 7-9. As the Oregon Supreme Court explained in

Bouche, if a deed to a railroad grants “a use to be made of the property, usually, but not

invariably, described . . . as a right of way in the grant,” courts then have “little difficulty” in

determining that the deed conveyed an easement. Bouche, 293 P. at 209. In Bernards, the deed

the court determined conveyed an easement used “right of way” in the granting clause, stating

that the grantors “do hereby grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the said grantee and … its

successors, for its use as a right of way, a strip of land . . .” Bernards, 248 P.2d at 342

(emphasis added). The Category IV deeds use the term “right-of-way” within the bodies of the

deeds, but not in the granting clauses. As the court has done in the previous three Categories,

the court will examine the Bernards/Bouche factors again.

              1. Beals Land Co. 18/41

        The Beals Land Co. 18/41 deed (Def.’s Ex. 8) provides in pertinent part:

       Beals Land Company
             to                                         11136      Right of Way Deed
         Pacific Railway + Navigation Co
                       Know All Men by These Presents: that for and in consideration of
                the sum of One [sic] + 00/100 Dollars, the receipt whereof is hereby
                acknowledged, Beals Land Company, a corporation duly organized and
                existing under and by virtue of the laws of the State of Oregon,
                hereinafter called the grantors, [sic] do [sic] hereby bargain, sell, grant,
                                                   90
                convey and confirm to Pacific Railway and Navigation Company,
                hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors and assigns forever,
                all of the following described real property situate in the County of
                Tillamook and State of Oregon, to wit:
                       A strip of land sixty (60) feet wide being thirty (30) feet on each
                side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is
                surveyed and located through Lot two of Section thirty two in Township
                two North of Range ten West of the Willamette Meridian, save and
                except a certain tract heretofore conveyed by Beals Land Company to
                Security Savings and Trust Company.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                      To Have and to Hold unto the above named grantee and to its
                successors and assigns forever.
                       The grantors above named do covenant that they are seized of the
                aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                incumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Beals Land Co. 18/41 deed conveyed fee simple title even

though the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because the “right of way” language in

the title of the deed described the geographic location of the property and not the nature of the

interest being conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes

only nor a right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no

requirement for the railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to

protect the grantor’s interest.

       The plaintiffs argue that the court was incorrect in determining that the Beals Land Co.

18/41 deed conveyed a fee to the railroad because in part this court improperly discounted the

importance of the deed being entitled “Right of Way Deed”. As support for their argument

concerning this deed, the Albright plaintiffs cite on a case decided under Kansas law support

that the title is an indication that the railroad received only an easement. Albright Mot. 13 n.5
                                                 91
(citing Biery v. United States, 753 F.3d 1279, 1289 (Fed. Cir. 2014)). The Loveridge plaintiffs

make similar arguments and they compare the Beals Land Company 18/41 deed to the Wilhelm

deed in Boyer where this court found that a deed entitled right of way, that used the phrase

“over and across” and strip of land, that requires the railroad to build and maintain fences and

crossings, and the reflects only nominal consideration as paid conveyed an easement to the

railroad and not a fee. Additionally, the plaintiffs argue that the consideration provided is

nominal and the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and “through”, the property being

conveyed is not described with precision, each of which is a factor that weighs into concluding

that the Beals Land Co. 18/41 deed conveyed an easement and not a fee.

       In response, the government argues that the standards set forth in Bernards and Bouche

do not suggest that because the deed is entitled “Right of Way Deed” it must be construed as

conveying an easement without other indicia to suggest that the original parties intended to

convey an easement. The government maintains that because the deed does not mention any

railroad purpose or contain any language limiting the use of the land to only railroad purposes

the court was correct in determining that a fee was conveyed to the railroad.

       The court agrees with the plaintiffs that the court was incorrect when it previously

determined that the deed conveyed a fee to the railroad rather than an easement. Although the

issue of the nature of the conveyance is a close call, the court agrees with the plaintiffs that the

balance of the Bernards/Bouche factors indicate that the original parties intended to convey an

easement to the railroad. The combination of the use of “right of way” in the title of the deed as

well as the nominal consideration indicate that the original parties intended to convey an

easement to the railroad. Additionally, although as explained above, the singular use of the

                                                  92
phrase “strip of land” and words such as through do not necessarily indicate in and of

themselves an intent to convey an easement when read together with the title of the Beals Land

Co. 18/41 deed, they do suggest an intent to convey an easement. Therefore, the plaintiffs’

motion for reconsideration is granted on the Beals Land Co. 18/41 deed.

             2. Bryden 74/273 Deed

        The Bryden 74/273 deed (Def.’s Ex. 12) is a form deed that provides in pertinent part:

        Know all Men by these Presents, That
        James Bryden and Addie Bryden , [sic] his wife and John Stewart and Clara
              Stewart, his wife
        of                 xxxxxxxx           State of Oregon, in consideration of
                Twenty Two [sic] and 05/100 ($22.05)                      DOLLARS,
      to        them paid by Pacific Railway and Navigation Company
      of Portland , Multnomah [sic]           County xx        State of Oregon * * *
      * * * * * have bargained and sold, and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell
      and convey unto said
      Pacific Railway Navigation Company[,] its successors
      * * * and assigns, all the following bounded and described real property, situated
      in the County of Washington and State of Oregon:
             A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty (50) feet on each
      side[]of the center line of the Pacific Railway and Navigation Company’s Railway
      as surveyed, located and adopted across W 	[sic] of N. W [sic] Sec. 29, T. P. 3
      N. R. 4 W. W. M. described as follows: Beginning at a point on the east line of
      W 	of NW 685 feet north of the Southeast corner thereof, said point being at the
      intersection of said east line with the west line of said Right of Way; running
      thence North 7 degrees and 59 minutes west along said west line of Right of Way
      820 feet; thence by a spiral to the left 60 feet; thence * * * [describing property] *
      * *; containing four and 58/100 (4.58) acres.
      * * * [Blank space] * * *
      Together with all and singular the tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances
      thereto belonging or in anywise appertaining and also all
      their    estate, right, title and interest in and to the same, including dower and
      claim of dower.
          TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the above described and granted premises unto the
      said
                 PACIFIC RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION COMPANY[,] its
      successors      xxx and assigns forever. And

                                                93
                          James Bryden and Addie Bryden, his wife, and John Stewart and
       Clara Stewart[,] his wife, grantors above named do covenant to and with
                       Pacific Railway and Navigation Company
       the above named grantee[,] its successors and assigns that[]it is lawfully seized
       in fee simple of the above granted premises, that the above granted premises are
       free from all incumbrances
       ***
                  and that they will and their heirs, executors and administrators
       shall warrant and forever defend the above granted premises, and ever part and
       parcel thereof, against the lawful claims and demands of all persons whomsoever.
       (italics in original).

       The court had found that the Bryden 74/273 deed conveyed fee simple title because the

amount of consideration was substantial ($22.05), the “right of way” language in the body of the

deed described the geographic location of the property and not the nature of the interest being

conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a right of

reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the railroad

to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrase “strip of land” and uses the word

across, the court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The

court disagrees. First, the court finds that it was correct when it determined that the use of the

phrase “right of way” in this deed described the geographic location of the property and not the

property interest itself. Second, for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

                                                  94
Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and across in the Bryden 74/273 deed are not made

in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the

original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the

Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the Bryden 74/273 deed conveyed a

fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

              3. Friday 72/526 Deed

         The Friday 72/526 deed (Def.’s Ex. 37) provides in pertinent part:

                      THIS INDENTURE, made this 7th day of May 1906, between
                John W. Friday and Pearl Friday his wife, of Washington County,
                Oregon, parties of the first part, and the PACIFIC RAILWAY &
                NAVIGATION COMPANY, a Corporation, party of the se[con]d part,
                WITNESSETH:
                        That the said parties of the first part, for and in consideration of
                the sum of Twenty Five Dollars ($25) to them in hand paid, by the party
                of the second [p]art, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged , [sic]
                have granted, bargained and sold[,] conveyed and confirmed and by these
                presents do grant , [sic] bargain and sell, convey and confirm unto the
                said party of the second part, and its successors and assigns , [sic] all that
                certain lot, piece, parcel and track of land, lying,[]being and situate in
                Washington County, Oregon, and particularly described as a part of the
                South East Quarter of Sec. 25, T 2 N. R. 4 W., Will. Mer., to-wit:-
                       A strip of land 160 feet wide being 120 feet on the East side and
                40 feet on the West side of the center line of the Pacific Railway &
                Navigation Company’s railway as now surveyed and located on said
                lands, and described as follows:
                       Beginning at a point where the center line of said Railroad Survey
                intersects the c enter [sic] of Dairy Creek, * * * Thence down the center
                of said Creek South 22 degree and 40 minutes East 170 feet and thence
                South 13 degree and 15 minutes west 93 feet to the West line of Right of
                Way; Thence South 32 degree and 18 minutes East along said Right of
                Way 96 feet to the center of Dairy Creek; thence North 80 degree and 22
                minutes East 955 feet to the place of beginning and containing 0.96 acres.
                       Together with all and singular the tenements, hereditaments and
                appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the
                reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues and
                                                 95
                profits thereof.
                        TO HAVE AND TO HOLD, all and singular, the said premises
                together with the appurtenances unto the said[]party of the second part
                and unto its successors and assigns forever.

       The court had found that the Friday 72/526 deed conveyed fee simple title because the

amount of consideration was substantial ($25), the “right of way” language in the body of the

deed described the geographic location of the property and not the nature of the interest being

conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a right of

reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the railroad

to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and “located on”

the court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court

disagrees. First, the court finds that it was correct that the use of the phrase “right of way” was

describing the geographic location of the property and not the property interest itself. Second,

for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of

“strip of land” and through in the Friday 72/526 deed are not made in reference to any language

limiting the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an

easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards factors weighed in

                                                  96
favor of finding that the Friday 72/526 deed conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the

plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

              4. Hannan 99/354 Deed

       The Hannan 99/354 deed (Def.’s Ex. 51) provides in pertinent part:

                        KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That Ella Hannan
                widow, of the County of Washington State of Oregon, in consideration
                of the sum of Five Hundred ($500.00) Dollars to her paid by Pacific
                Railway and Navigation Company, a corporation, the receipt whereof is
                hereby acknowledged, has bargained and sold and by these[]presents
                does grant, bargain[,] sell and convey unto said Pacific Railway and
                Navigation Company[,] its successors and assigns all of the following
                describe premises located in Washington County, Oregon. [sic]
                Beginning[]at a point on the east line of the right of way of said Pacific
                Railway and Navigation Company, 1020 feet south and 135 feet east of
                the northwest corner of the southwest quarter of Section 4, Township 2
                North range [sic] 4, Willamette Meridian, said point being 100 feet
                distant from main line and 30 feet distant from the north leg of the wye
                track as now located; running thence easterly and 30 feet distant from
                said wye track on 18º 30’ curve, 360 feet; thence easterly and 30 feet
                distant from wye track extended 260 feet; thence southerly at right
                angles, 60 feet; thence westerly[]at right angles and 30 feet distant from
                said wye track extend 275 feet; thence southerly and 30 feet distance
                from south leg of said wye track, 510 feet to the east of said right of way,
                which point is 40 feet from the main line[;] thence northerly along the
                said right of way on a 40º curve 400 feet; then north 62 feet; thence
                northerly along the right of way on a 4º curve parallel to the main line
                and 100 feet distant therefrom, 215 feet to the place of beginning
                containing[]1.9 acres, together with all and singular the tenements , [sic]
                hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise
                appertaining. The grantee herein agrees to fence said tract herein
                conveyed with a hog-tight fence. Grantor reserves the right to one private
                crossing at grade with gates[]over the tract above described at a point to
                be mutually agreed upon.
                        TO HAVE AND TO HOLD[]said premises unto the said Pacific
                Railway and Navigation Company, its successors and assigns forever,
                and the grantor herein does covenant to and with the above named
                grantee that she is lawfully seised in fee simple of said granted premises
                that the same are free from all incumbrances and that she will warrant and
                forever defend the said premises, and every part and parcel thereof,

                                                    97
                against the lawful claims and demands of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Hannan 99/354 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the grantee was required to build a hog-tied fence because the amount of consideration was

substantial ($500), the “right of way” language in the body of the deed described the geographic

location of the property and not the nature of the interest being conveyed, and there was no

limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a right of reverter if the railroad

discontinued railroad use.

       The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and “across”, the

court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court disagrees.

First, the court finds that it was correct that the use of the phrase “right of way” was describing

the geographic location of the property and not the property interest itself. This is further

supported by an inclusion of a specific amount of acreage that is being conveyed which

indicates that the use of the term “right of way” was describing the geographic location of the

interest being conveyed. Second, for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through in the Hannan 99/354 deed are not

made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent

by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion

                                                  98
that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the Hannan 99/354 deed

conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

             5. Hannan 72/549 Deed

        The Hannan 72/549 deed (Def.’s Ex. 50), which is very similar to the above analyzed

 Hannan deed, provides in pertinent part:

                     THIS INDENTURE, made this 21st day of August 1906, between
               Henry Hannon and Ella Hannon, his wife, of Washington County,
               Oregon, parties of the first part, and the Pacific Railway & Navigation
               Company, a Corporation, parties of the first part, WITNESSETH:
                       THAT the said parties of the first part, for and in consideration of
               the sum of $1.00, to them in hand paid, by the party of the second part,
               the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, have granted, bargained
               and sold, conveyed and confirmed, and by these presents do grant,
               bargain and sell, convey and confirm unto the said party of the second
               part, and its successors and assigns, all that certain lot, piece, parcel and
               tract of land, lying, being and situate in Washington County, Oregon, and
               particularly described as a portion of Section 4, T. 2 N. R. 4 W., a strip of
               land 60 feet wide, and 680 feet long, adjoining the right of Way [sic] of
               the Pacific Railway & Navigation Company’s Railway, on the Right ,
               [sic] and described as follows:-
                      Beginning at a point 526 5/10 feet South of and 66 5/10 feet East
               of the North West corner of the South West quarter of the North West
               quarter of said Sec. 4; Running thence South 2 degrees and 38 minutes
               West along Right of Way, 242 5/10 feet; thence in a Southerly direction
               by a spiral to left, 90 feet; thence by a 4 degree curve to the left, 355 feet;
               thence East parallel to the North line of said Section 4, 61 5/10 feet;
               thence in a Northerly direction on a 4 degree curve to the Right 355 feet,
               thence by a spiral to right, 90 feet; thence North 2 degrees and 30 minutes
               East, 264 3/10 to the North line of said Hannan’s land; thence South 72
               degrees and 40 minutes West, 61 1/10 feet to place of beginning and
               containing 0.96 acres.
                       Together with all and singular, the tenements, hereditaments and
               appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the
               reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues and
               profits thereof.
                       TO HAVE AND TO HOLD, all and singular, the said premises
               together with the appurtenances unto the said[]party of the second part
               and unto its successors and assigns forever. And the parties of the * * *
                                                 99
                first part hereby covenant to and with the party of the second part[,] its
                successors and assigns forever, that the parties of the first part, [sic] are
                the owners in fee simple of the tract of land a bove [sic] described, and
                the whole thereof, that said premises are fee from all incumbrances, and
                that the parties of the first part, their heirs, executors and administrators
                shall warrant and forever defend the above described and granted
                premises and every part and parcel thereof against the lawful claims and
                demands of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Hannan 72/549 deed conveyed fee simple title even though

the amount of consideration was nominal ($1) because the “right of way” language in the body

of the deed described the geographic location of the property and not of the interest being

conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a right of

reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the railroad

to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s land.

       The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and “across” the

court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court agrees

with the plaintiffs that the court was incorrect when it previously determined that the deed

conveyed a fee to the railroad rather than an easement. Although the issue of the nature of the

conveyance is a close call, the court agrees with the plaintiffs that the balance of the

Bernards/Bouche factors indicate that the original parties intended to convey an easement to the

railroad. The combination of the use of “right of way” in the title of the deed as well as the
                                                 100
nominal consideration indicate that the original parties intended to convey an easement to the

railroad. Additionally, although as explained above, the singular use of the phrase “strip of

land” and words such as through do not necessarily indicate in and of themselves an intent to

convey an easement when read together with the use “right of way” in the B Hannan 72/549

deed, they do suggest an intent to convey an easement. Therefore, the plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is granted on the Hannan 72/549 deed.

        6. Harter 29/115 Deed

        The Harter 29/115 deed (Def.’s Ex. 53) is entitled “Warranty Deed. No. 21042.” and

 provides in pertinent part:

                       KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That [sic] we John
                R. Harter, his wife, of the County of Tillamook in the State of Oregon, in
                consideration of the sum of Three Hundred Seventy-Five ($375.00)
                Dollars, paid by Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, a corporation
                duly organized under the laws of the State of Oregon, having its principal
                office at the City of Portland in said State, the receipt whereof is hereby
                acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold and conveyed, and by these
                presents do grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the said Pacific Railway
                and Navigation Company, its successors and assigns, the following
                described parcel of land, situate in Tillamook County, in the State of
                Oregon, to-wit:
                       Our undivided two-thirds (2/3) interest in and to that certain tract
                or parcel of land in Tillamook County, Oregon, more particularly
                described as follows:-
                       All of a strip of land one hundred feet in width, being fifty feet in
                width on each side of the center line of the P. R. & N. CO. as the same is
                now located and constructed across the Northeast quarter of the northeast
                quarter of section 13, Township 1 South Range 10 West, Willamette
                Mariden, [sic], and also across the north six rods (Ninety-nine feet of the
                southeast quarter of the Northeast quarter of said Section 13. [sic] Said
                center line being more particularly described as follows:-
                        * * * [Description] * * *
                        The above described strip of land containing 3.80 acres more or
                less.

                                                101
                       It being the intention to convey our undivided two-thirds (2/3)
                interest in the right-of-way of said railroad Company [sic] as now used
                and which was acquired by us [the grantors] through deeds from Monta
                Davidson and Josie A. Deeter, together with all and singular the
                tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging or in
                anywise appertaining, and also all our estate, right, title and interest in
                and to the same, including dower and claim of dower.
                        TO HAVE AND TO HOLD The [sic] above described and
                granted premises unto the said Pacific Railway and Navigation
                Company[,] its successors and assigns forever. And we the grantors
                above named do covenant to and with the above named grantee, its
                successors and assigns, that we are lawfully seized in fee simple of the
                above granted premises, that the above granted premises are free from all
                incumbrances, and that we will and our heirs, executors and
                administrators, shall warrant and defend the above granted[]premises, and
                every part and parcel thereof, against the lawful claims and demands of
                all persons whomsoever.
       The court had found that the Harter 29/115 deed conveyed fee simple title because the

amount of consideration was substantial ($375), the “right of way” language in body of the deed

described the geographic location of the property and not the nature of the interest being

conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a right of

reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the railroad

to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s interest.

       The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and across the

court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court disagrees.

First, the court finds that it was correct that the use of the phrase “right of way” was describing
                                                  102
the geographic location of the property and not the property interest itself. This is further

supported by an inclusion of a specific amount of acreage that is being conveyed which

indicates that the use of the term “right of way” was describing the geographic location of the

interest being conveyed. Second, for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through in the Harter 29/115 deed are not made

in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the

original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the

Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the Harter 29/115 deed conveyed a fee

were correct and therefore the plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration is denied.

              7. Stowell 75/32 Deed

        The Stowell 75/32 deed (Def.’s Ex. 105) provides in pertinent part:

                      THIS INDENTURE, made this 8th day of February A.D.1907,
                between S. H. Stowell and Josephine Stowell, his wife, of Washington
                County, Oregon, parties of the first part, and the PACIFIC RAILWAY &
                NAVIGATION COMPANY, party of the second part, WITNESSETH:
                        That the parties of the first part, for and in consideration of the
                sum of $50.00 and other good and valuable consideration to them in hand
                paid, by the party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby
                acknowledged, have granted, bargained and sold, conveyed and
                confirmed and by these presents do grant, bargain and sell, convey and
                confirm unto the said party of the second part, and its successors and
                assigns all that certain lot, piece, parcel and tract of land, lying, being and
                situate in t[h]e County of Washington, State of Oregon and being more
                particularly described as follows:-
                        Being in the S. W. [1/4] of Sec.[]33 and in the N. E. [1/4] of Sec
                32, all in[]T. 3 N R. 4. W. Will. Mer. a strip of land 100 feet wide being
                50 feet on each side of the center line of the Pacific Railway and
                Navigation Company’s Railway, as surveyed, located and adopted across
                said lands and described as follows:-
                       Beginning at a point where the East line of said Right of Way
                intersects the West line of said Stowells [sic] land, 475 feet North and
                109 feet East of the Southwest corner of said Section 33; Running [sic]
                                                 103
                thence in a Northwesterly direction along said West line, 180 feet; thence
                in a North Easterly direction along said West line, 520 feet to its
                intersection with the West line of said Right of Way; thence in a
                Northeasterly dire[c]tion along said Right of way, [sic] on a spiral to the
                Right, 170 feet; thence * * * *; Also Beginning [sic] at a point where the
                West line of said Right of Way intersects the East line of said N. E. of
                said Sec. 32, 390 feet North of the Southeast corner thereof; Running * *
                * *, and containing 6.96 acres.
                        Together with all and singular, the tenements, hereditaments and
                appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining and the
                reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues and
                profits thereof.
                        TO HAVE AND TO HOLD, all and singular, the said premises
                together with the appurtenances unto the said Pacific Railway &
                Navigation Company, its successors and assigns forever,[]And [sic] We,
                [sic] S. H,. Stowell and Josephine Stowell, his wife, grantors above
                named, do covenant to and with the Pacific Railway & Navigation
                Company, the above n[a]med grantee, its successors and assigns, that the
                above granted premises are fee from all incumbrances, and that we will
                and our heirs, executors and administrators, shall warrant and forever
                defend the above granted premises and every part and parcel thereof
                against the lawful claims and demands of all persons whomsoever.

        The court had found that the Stowell 75/32 deed conveyed fee simple title because the

amount of consideration was substantial ($50), the “right of way” language in the body of the

deed described the geographic location of the property and not of the nature of the interest

being conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the

railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s

land.

        The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

                                                 104
interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and across the

court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court disagrees.

First, the court finds that it was correct that the use of the phrase “right of way” was describing

the geographic location of the property and not the property interest itself. This is further

supported by an inclusion of a specific amount of acreage that is being conveyed which

indicates that the use of the term “right of way” was describing the geographic location of the

interest being conveyed. Second, for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and across in the Stowell 75/32 deed are not made

in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the

original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the

Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the Stowell 75/32 deed conveyed a fee

was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

              7.     Smith, Lloyd 16/515 Deed

        The Smith, Loyd 16/515 deed (Def.’s Ex. 103) provides in pertinent part:

                       Know All Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of
                the sum of One Hundred Fifty and        Dollars, the receipt whereof is
                hereby acknowledged, I, Lloyd C Smith a widower, of Garibaldi,
                Tillamook County[,] Oregon[,] hereinafter called the grantor, do hereby
                bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to Pacific Railway and
                Navigation Company, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors
                and assigns forever, all of the following described real property situate in
                the County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to wit:
                       A strip of land one hundred(100) [sic] feet wide being fifty (50)
                feet on each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the
                same is surveyed and located through Lot 3 of Section 8, Lot 4 of Section
                7, Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4 and North-West [sic] quarter of South-West[]quarter
                of Section 17, Lot 3 of Section 20 and Tide Land fronting and abutting

                                                 105
                   upon Lots 3 and 4 of Section 20, all in Township 1 North of Range 10
                   West of Willamette Meridian; save and except that from Station No 651
                   to Station No. 677 said right of way hereby conveyed shall be only 65
                   feet wide being 50 feet on the Easterly side and 15 feet on the Westerly
                   side of said center line.
                          Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                   thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                          To Have and to Hold unto the above named grantee and unto its
                   successors and assigns forever.
                          The grantor above named does covenant that he is seised of the
                   aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                   incumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                   granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                   against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

        The court had found that the Smith, Lloyd 16/515 deed conveyed fee simple title because

the amount of consideration was substantial ($150)41, the “right of way” language in body of the

deed described the geographic location of the property and not of the nature of the interest being

conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a right of

reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the railroad

to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s land.

        The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and through this

 41
   As noted above, the court in its August 13, 2018 Opinion had incorrectly identified the consideration in the Smith/Lloyd
 deed as $1 rather than $150.
                                                            106
court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court disagrees.

First, the court finds that it was correct that the use of the phrase “right of way” was describing

the geographic location of the property and not the property interest itself. Second, for the same

reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land”

and through in the Smith, Lloyd 16/515 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting

the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an

easement. Finally, plaintiffs argue that the description of the property conveyed by this deed is

not precise and thus this court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a

fee. The court disagrees and finds for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of

the Category I and II deeds that the Smith, Lloyd 16,515 deed describes the location of the land

being conveyed by the grantor with sufficient precision to conclude that the original parties

intended to convey a fee. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the

Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in favor of finding that the Smith, Lloyd 16/515 deed

conveyed a fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

              8. Wheeler 16/2 Deed

       The Wheeler 16/2 deed (Def.’s Ex. 122) provides in pertinent part:

                        Know All Men by These Presents: That Coleman H. Wheeler and
                Cora E. Wheeler, hereinafter called the grantors, for and in consideration
                of the sum of $1.00 to them in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby
                acknowledged, does [sic] hereby release, remit and forever quit claim
                [sic] unto Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, hereinafter called
                the grantee, its successors and assigns forever, all of the following
                described real property situate in the County of Tillamook and State of
                Oregon, to wit: A right of way 60 feet in width, being 30 feet on each
                side of and parallel with the center line of the grantee’s railway as the
                same is surveyed, staked out, located and adopted through the following
                described real property, to-wit:
                       All that tract or parcel of land in Lots Four (4) and Five (5) of
                                                 107
                Section Two (2), Township Two (2) North of Range Ten (10) West of the
                Willamette Meridian
         Beginning at the Northeast corner of Charles Seaman’s four acre tract on the
               meander line of the Nehalem River; thence Easterly along and up said
               River sixteen (16) rods; thence South twenty (20) rods parallel with
               Charles Seaman’s line; thence West to Charles Seaman’s East line;
               thence North to the Nehalem River to the place of beginning and
               containing two acres more or less.
         Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments thereunto
               belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                      To Have and to Hold to the above named grantee and to its
                successors and assigns forever.
       The court had found that the Wheeler 16/2 deed conveyed fee simple title although the

amount of consideration was nominal ($1), the “right of way” language in the body of the deed

described the geographic location of the property and not of the nature of the interest being

conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a right of

reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the railroad

to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s land.

       The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and “across” at

least three of the eight Bernards/Bouche factors are present and thus the court should have

found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee.

       The court agrees with the plaintiffs that the court was incorrect when it previously

determined that the deed conveyed a fee to the railroad rather than an easement. Although the
                                                 108
issue of nature of the conveyance is a close call, the court agrees with the plaintiffs that the

balance of the Bernards/Bouche factors indicate that the original parties intended to only

convey a fee to the railroad. The combination of the use of “right of way” in the granting clause

of the deed as well as the nominal consideration indicate that the original parties intended to

convey an easement to the railroad. Additionally, although as explained above, the singular use

of the phrase “strip of land” and words such as through do not necessarily indicate in and of

themselves an intent to convey an easement when read together with the use of “right of way”

in the Wheeler 16/2 deed, they do suggest an intent to convey an easement to the railroad.

Therefore, the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is granted on the Wheeler 16/2 deed.

          E. Category V: Deeds which contain “right of way” language in the body or the
             title

       Category V deeds consist of five deeds which only the Loveridge plaintiffs are seeking

reconsideration. The arguments for reconsideration are nearly identical to the arguments made

concerning the Category IV except that the Loveridge plaintiffs’ primary arguments as to why

reconsideration is warranted is that the court misconstrued the use of the phrase “right of way”

and should have found that “right of way” was describing the interest being conveyed and that

the deeds conveyed an easement to the railroad rather than a fee. As the court has done in the

previous four Categories, the court will examine the Bernards/Bouche factors again.

              1. The Byrom 5/310 Deed

        The Byrom 5/310 deed (Def.’s Ex. 16) provides in pertinent part:

       Peter Byrom et ux                                        No. 2820
       to                                                   Right of Way
       Pacific Railway and Navigation Co.                          $5.00
                       Know All Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of the

                                                 109
                sum of $5.00, to them in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged,
                Peter Bryom and Bergtha [sic] Byrom, his wife, do bargain, sell, grant and
                convey to the Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, and to its successors
                and assigns forever, a strip of land 100 ft. wide, being 50 ft. on each side of the
                center line of the railway of the Pacific Railway and Navigation[]Company, as
                now surveyed and located thru lands of the aforesaid Peter Byrom and Bergtha
                [sic] Byrom in Sections 21 and 22, in Township 1 North of Range 10 West of
                the Willamette Meridian, more particularly described as follows, to wit:
                       All tide lands fronting and abutting on Lots 3[]and 4 in Section 21, and
                Lots 1, 2 and 3 in Section 22, in Township 22, in Township 1 North of Range 10
                West of the Willamette Meridian; together with the tenements, hereditaments
                and appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining. To Have and
                to Hold unto the said Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, and to its
                successors and assigns forever; together with the right to build, maintain and
                operate thereover a railway and telegraph line[.]

        The court had found that the Byrom 5/310 deed conveyed fee simple title although the

amount of consideration was nominal ($5), because the “right of way” language in the body of

the deed described the geographic location of the property and not of the nature of the interest

being conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the

railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s

land.

        The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains only nominal consideration the court should

have found that the deed conveyed an easement rather than a fee.
                                                 110
       The court agrees with the plaintiffs that the court was incorrect when it previously

determined that the deed conveyed a fee to the railroad rather than an easement. Although the

issue of nature of the conveyance is a close call, the court agrees with the plaintiffs that the

balance of the Bernards/Bouche factors indicate that the original parties intended to only

convey an easement to the railroad. The combination of the use of “right of way” in the

granting clause of the deed as well as the nominal consideration indicate that the original parties

intended to convey an easement to the railroad. Additionally, although as explained above, the

singular use of the phrase “strip of land” and words such as through do not necessarily indicate

in and of themselves an intent to convey an easement when read together with the use of “right

of way” in the Byrom 5/310 deed, they do suggest an intent to convey an easement. Therefore,

the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is granted on the Byrom 5/310 deed.

              2. The Goodspeed 16/487 Deed

       The Goodspeed 16/487 deed (Def.’s Ex. 41) provides in pertinent part:

                        Know All Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of
                the sum of Thirty four Hundred and sixteen and 60/100 Dollars, the
                receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, we, H. F. Goodspeed and
                Lillian A Goodspeed, husband and wife, of Tillamook City, Tillamook
                County, Oregon: [sic] hereinafter called the grantors, do bargain, sell,
                grant, convey and confirm to Pacific Railway and Navigation Company,
                hereinafter called the grantee, and to its successors and assigns forever,
                all of the following described real property situate in the County of
                Tillamook and State of Oregon, to wit:
                       A strip of land fifty[](50) feet wide being twenty five (25) [feet]
                on each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is
                surveyed and located through the South East quarter of the North West
                quarter and that part of Lot seven lying West of a certain right of way
                formerly conveyed by said Goodspeed to said Pacific Railway and
                Navigation Company, all lying in Section thirty, in Township one South
                of Range nine West of Willamette Meridian, the center line of the right of
                way hereby conveyed being more particularly described as follows, to
                wit: Beginning at a point which is identical with Station 18 plus 84.5 on
                                                 111
                the main line of said P.R.+N. Co., which point is located by beginning at
                Sta. 00 plus 00 on said main line, 4407.8 feet South and 281.5 East of the
                ¼ Section corner between Secs [sic] 19 and 30, T 1 S R 9 W, and running
                thence N 1º 00’ East 1884.5 feet to said Station 18 plus 84.5 which is the
                initial point of the right of way hereby intended to be described and
                conveyed, thence following a spiral to the left a distance of 120 feet and
                consuming 7º 30’ of the angle, thence following a 12º 30’ curve to the
                left a distance of 609.3 feet, thence following a spiral to the left a distance
                of 120 feet and consuming 7º 30’ of angle, to Sta. 8 plus 49.3; thence
                South 89º 50’ West 1142 feet more or less to the East line of Lot two in
                said Section 30.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                      To have and to hold unto the above named grantee and unto its
                successors and assigns forever.
                       The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the
                aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                incumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

        The court had found that the Goodspeed 16/487 deed conveyed fee simple title because

the amount of consideration was substantial ($3416.60), the “right of way” language in body of

the deed described the geographic location of the property and not of the nature of the interest

being conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the

railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s

land.

        The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,
                                                 112
the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and through this

court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court disagrees.

First, the court finds that it was correct that the use of the phrase “right of way” was describing

the geographic location of the property and not the property interest itself. Second, for the same

reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land”

and through in the Goodspeed 16/487 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting

the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an

easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors

weighed in favor of finding that the Goodspeed 16/487 deed conveyed a fee was correct and

therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

              3. Hobson 13/331 Deed

        The Hobson 13/331 deed (Def.’s Ex. 56) provides in pertinent part:

                        Know all Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of
                the sum of Three Hundred and 00/100 Dollars, the receipt whereof is
                hereby acknowledged, We, Joanna Hobson and Frank P. Hobson, wife
                and husband, of Tillamook County, Oregon hereinafter called the
                grantors, do hereby bargain, sell, grant, convey and confirm to Pacific
                Railway and Navigation Company, hereinafter called the grantee, and to
                its successors and assigns forever, all of the following described real
                property situate in the County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                       A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty (50) feet on
                each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is
                surveyed and located through Lots three and that part of Lot two lying
                East of a certain tract in Lot two owned by Theodore Parks, all in Section
                twenty-two, Township one North of Range ten West of Willamette
                Meridian, on what is known and designated as the Coast Line Route.
                       Together with the appurtenances, tenements and hereditaments
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining. It is hereby understood
                and agreed that this deed shall not convey to said Railway Company any
                right of way on any lands of the grantor lying East of the curve now
                staked out and located to connect said Coast Line Route with the right of
                way heretofore conveyed by the grantors herein to said Grantee.
                                                 113
                      To Have and to Hold unto the above named grantee and unto its
                successors and assigns forever.
                       The grantors above named do covenant that they are seised of the
                aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.

       The court had found that the Hobson 13/331 deed conveyed fee simple title because the

amount of consideration was substantial ($300), the “right of way” language in body of the deed

described the geographic location of the property and not of the nature of the interest being

conveyed, z there was no requirement for the railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle

guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s land.

       The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and through this

court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court disagrees.

First, the court finds that it was correct that the use of the phrase “right of way” was describing

the geographic location of the property and not the property interest itself. This is further

supported by an inclusion of a specific amount of acreage that is being conveyed which

indicates that the use of the term “right of way” was describing the geographic location of the

interest being conveyed. Second, for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through in the Hobson 13/331 deed are not

                                                   114
made in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent

by the original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion

that the Bernards factors weighed in favor of finding that the Hobson 13/331 deed conveyed a

fee was correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

              4. The Johnson 9/610 Deed

       The Johnson 9/610 deed (Def.’s Ex. 61) provides in pertinent part:

       Samuel Johnson                                   RAILWAY DEED.
       to                                               NO. 6636.
       Pacific Railway and Navigation Company.
                    * * * [EMPTY SPACE] * * *
                              −−−−−−−−MAP−−−−−−−−
                  −−−−−−−−Showing RightofWay [sic] across−−−−−−−−
             −−−−−−−−A Tract of land 209½ ft sq. Sec 22 T1N.R10W −−−−−−−−
                           −−−−−−−−Scale “1400ft”−−−−−−−−
                                          * * * [Drawing or map] * * *
                       KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That for and in
                consideration of the sum of Twenty five and 00/100 DOLLARS, the
                receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, I, Samuel Johnson, widower,
                and sole heir at law of Annie Johnson, deceased, of Tillamook County,
                Oregon, hereinafter called the grantnrs [sic] do hereby bargain, sell,
                grant, convey and confirm to PACIFIC RAILWAY AND
                NAVIGATION COMPANY, hereinafter called the grantee, and to its
                successors and assigns forever, all of the following described real
                property situate in the County of Tillamook and State of Oregon, to-wit:
                       A strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide being fifty (50) feet on
                each side of the center line of the railway of the grantee as the same is
                surveyed and located through a certain tract of land in Lot eight of section
                twenty two, Township one North of Range ten West of Willamette
                Meridian, more particularly described as follows;- [sic]
         Commencing at a stake on the meander line marked with a cross, running thence
             in a Southerly direction 209 feet, thence Westerly 209 feet, thence
             Northerly 209 feet, thence Easterly 209 feet to the place of beginning.
         Together with the appurtenances, tenements,[]and hereditaments thereunto
               belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                       TO HAVE AND TO HOLD unto the above named grantee and

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                unto its successors and assigns forever.
                       The grantors [sic] above named do covenant that they are seised of
                the aforesaid premises in fee simple, and that the same are free from all
                encumbrances, and that they will warrant and defend the premises herein
                granted unto the grantee aforesaid, and unto its successors and assigns
                against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever.
       The court had found that the Johnson 9/610 deed conveyed fee simple title because the

amount of consideration was substantial ($25), the “right of way” language in body of the deed

described the geographic location of the property and not of the nature of the interest being

conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a right of

reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the railroad

to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s land.

       The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and through this

court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court disagrees.

First, the court finds that it was correct that the use of the phrase “right of way” was describing

the geographic location of the property and not the property interest itself. Second, for the same

reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land”

and through in the Johnson 9/610 deed are not made in reference to any language limiting the

use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the original parties to convey an easement.

Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the Bernards/Bouche factors weighed in

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favor of finding that the Johnson 9/610 deed conveyed a fee were correct and therefore the

plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration is denied.

              5. The Paquet 5/316 Deed

        The Paquet 5/316 deed (Def.’s Ex. 81) provides in pertinent part:

        Fred Paquet                                              No. 2853
        to                                                    Right of Way
        Pacific Railway + Navigation Company                     $202.60
                       Know All Men by These Presents: That for and in consideration of
                the sum of $202.60/100 to me in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby
                acknowledged, I, Fred Paquet, unmarried, do hereby grant, bargain, sell
                and convey to the Pacific Railway and Navigation Company, and to its
                successors and assigns forever, all those portions of the land owned by
                me, embraced in a strip of land 100 ft. wide, being 50 ft. on each side of
                the center line of the railway to the Pacific Railway and Navigation
                Company, as now surveyed, located and adopted thru the lands of the
                aforesaid Fred Paquet, in Lot 1, Sec. 22 T 1 N.R.10 W., W. M. said
                center line being more particularly described as follows: * * *
                [Description] * * *
                       Together with the tenements, hereditaments and appurtenances
                thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining.
                        To Have and to Hold unto the Pacific Railway and Navigation
                Company and to its successors and assigns forever, together with the
                right to build, maintain and operate thereover a railway and telegraph
                line.

        The court had found that the Paquet 5/316 deed conveyed fee simple title because the

amount of consideration was substantial ($202.60), the “right of way” language in the body of

the deed described the geographic location of the property and not of the nature of the interest

being conveyed, there was no limitation on the use of the land for railroad purposes only nor a

right of reverter if the railroad discontinued railroad use, and there was no requirement for the

railroad to build structures such as crossings, cattle guards, or fences to protect the grantor’s

land.

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       The plaintiffs argue that the court incorrectly determined that the phrase “right of way”

did not indicate the original parties’ intention to convey an easement because it described the

land being conveyed and not the nature of the property interest. Instead, plaintiffs argue the

court should have determined that the use of the term “right of way” in this deed referenced the

interest being conveyed and thus indicated an intention to convey an easement. Furthermore,

the plaintiffs argue that because the deed contains the phrases “strip of land” and through this

court should have found that the deed conveyed an easement and not a fee. The court disagrees.

First, the court finds that it was correct that the use of the phrase “right of way” was describing

the geographic location of the property and not the property interest itself. This is further

supported by an inclusion of a specific amount of acreage that is being conveyed which

indicates that the use of the term “right of way” was describing the geographic location of the

interest being conveyed. Second, for the same reasons as explained in the court’s analysis of the

Category II deeds, the use of “strip of land” and through in the Paquet 5/316 deed are not made

in reference to any language limiting the use of the land and thus do not indicate an intent by the

original parties to convey an easement. Thus, the court finds that its original conclusion that the

Bernards factors weighed in favor of finding that the Paquet 5/316 deed conveyed a fee was

correct and therefore the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Albright and Loveridge plaintiffs’ motion for

reconsideration is hereby GRANTED-in-PART and DENIED-in-PART. Reconsideration is

granted for the Beals Land Co. 18/41 deed, Wheeler 16/2 deed, Byrom 5/310 deed and Hannan

72/549 deed. The parties shall have until February 25, 2019 to file a proposed schedule for

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resolving the remaining issues in these cases. The court will thereafter schedule a status

conference to finalize the parties’ next steps.

        IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                          s/Nancy B. Firestone
                                                          NANCY B. FIRESTONE
                                                          Senior Judge

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