Court Opinion

ID: 5456079
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-09 19:19:40.107591+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:32:39.787505
License: Public Domain

Roosevelt, J.
Beaty, who is the relator or plaintiff in this case, alleges, among other things, that in 1857 he was a mem her of the old police force of the city of New York; that he had been “ duly appointed and sworn;” that he was never “ legally discharged or dismissed;” but was unjustly and unlawfully “ removed” by the new Board of Commissioners created in 1857, without any “ written charges” against him, or any opportunity of defence; and that the commissioners, therefore, unless good cause be shown by them to the contrary, ought to be compelled to restore him and “ to permit him to take the profits and salary of the office.”
Such is the complaint, and the prayer contained in the alternative mandamus, to which the Police Board were called upon to respond.
Before, considering the answer or “ return” made by the commissioners, it will be necessary to advert for a moment to the new police law, passed April 15, 1857, upon the true interpretation of which the present controversy—like the numerous others which preceded or accompanied—depends for its solution.
The main provision is contained in section 32, declaring that the police—meaning the old police—in the cities of New York and Brooklyn (until after the first meeting of the new board) should continue to do duty under the previously existing laws, and that from the time of such meeting they “ shall hold office and do duty under the provisions of the act hereby enacted, and as members of the police force of the Metropolitan Police District, hereby constituted.”
No new oath of office or other formal acceptance of the new duties is required. They were policemen before, and with the name of patrolmen—a merely fanciful change—they were to be policemen still. They were, under existing laws, policemen for the city of New York; under the new act they were to be policemen for the city, and, nominally, for surrounding territory, although practically and almost exclusively for the city. Their executive head, instead of a “ Chief,” was to be a “ General ;” their Captains were to be “ Inspectors or Captains,” and their Lieutenants were to be “ Sergeants.” But all the leading powers, and duties, and organization, were substantially the same. In other words the new system, so called, was a modifi*267cation, and not a repeal of the old; and the “ persons filling the offices,” as the act expresses, “ under the old system, were compelled, under their new name, to discharge, as before, the duties of police.”
It will thus he seen that it was not necessary for the complainant to aver that he had been “ duly appointed,” but only to allege, as he does, that he was in fact a “ patrolman and one of the police,” or, as he might have expressed it, using the language of the Legislature in the same section, “ a person filling the office” at the date of the new law. That fact being established, the act itself, as we have seen, declares that his function shall “ continue,” and that he “ shall hold office and do duty” as a member of the police force thereby constituted—subject, of course, as the next section declares, to removal in the manner prescribed, should he not possess, or, rather, should he on trial, after due notice, be found not to possess, the required qualifications. And the same section also shows, that it was no more necessary for the complainant (I use the term as more convenient than relator) to aver in the first instance that he had been “ illegally removed,” than it was that he had been filling the office, and that he had been ejected—the legality of the one and the illegality of the other, until controverted, are to be presumed. The thirty-third section declares that any member of the old police not possessed of the prescribed qualifications shall be removed', which implies that no member on that ground shall be treated as out, until put out by the board; and he must be put out, says the act, in the manner prescribed. “ Ro person shall be removed except upon written charges preferred against him by the Board of Police, and after an opportunity shall have been afforded him of being heard in his defence.”
It would seem, from these considerations, to follow that several of the allegations in the writ of complaint are surplusage. If the commissioners intended to dispute the legality of the complainant’s original appointment, it was for them to point out the alleged defect, and to set it up by way of affirmative defence on their part. So, also, if they intended to rely on any supposed disqualification, they should have averred in like manner a removal on written charges and due notice, giving the particulars, sufficiently, at least, to show jurisdiction. For the old policemen it was enough to aver that they were actually *268filling the office at the date of the new"law, and that the new law, by its terms, without any new oath, continued them in office; whereas the new commissioners, by their acts, without removing them, had treated them as if they were out of office, by refusing to pay the salaries to which by law they were entitled. All the rest was matter of defence, to be averred and proved by the board.
With this preliminary statement I shall now proceed to examine the answer or return of the commissioners, which the complainant’s counsel, on various grounds assigned by them, have asked the court to quash or set aside.
[The opinion here recited the return, which is fully given above.]
This return, as will readily be seen, admits, by implication, that Beaty was a policeman de facto. He was, therefore, “ continued” in office by force of the new law. Whether duly appointed by the old board, would seem to be a matter of no consequence. He was recognized by it and paid as a policeman; which is the whole meaning of the terms “ the police in the city of New York, officers and patrolmen, shall continue to do duty.” “The police in the city,” is an expression synonymous with that of “persons filling the office of policemen.” And filling an office means, whether de jure or not, filling the office defaoto— that is, acting and being recognized, and being paid, without objection, as such by those who are not to be acted upon, and by those who have the power to control.
If this view be correct, the first plea or branch of the return tenders an immaterial issue.
As to the 2d, 3d, and 4th pleas, they amount in substance to one and the same thing—they allege a withdrawal from, and an unequivocal refusal to act under, the police establishment as newly organized; in other words, that although for an instant continued in by the will of the Legislature, the complainant went out immediately, as he had a right to do, by his own will.
This plea, when tested by evidence, will probably be found to ■ rest on some verbal nicety; still, on its face, I see no ground for striking it out. If Beaty, on the passage of the obnoxious law— obnoxious to him—saw fit, by any sufficiently significant and unequivocal act, to resign the office in which the Legislature proposed to continue him, it was clearly competent to him to do *269so. It will hardly be contended, under our free institutions, that the Legislature can compel a man to be a policeman against his consent; or at least that any such legislative intention shall be presumed, unless most unequivocally expressed. And if the complainant regularly resigned (a very improbable supposition), he of course cannot be restored by mandamus—he must, in that case, be reappointed by the commissioners, and not by the court. The judiciary, it is needless to say (whether by mandamus or otherwise), have no appointing power.
The 5th, 6th, and 7th pleas are mere surplusage. Neglect, disobedience, resistance, as substantive matters, are grounds for removal. If proved on written charges and due notice, they would warrant a sentence by the commissioners. But till then, the officer would not be out of office. As mere matters of evidence, although not conclusive, they may tend to show a refusal, resignation, or withdrawal, and in that way, support the three previous ¡deas; but mere evidence needs not to be and should not be pleaded. It has a tendency, besides, when so introduced, to confuse a case, and should, for that reason, be stricken out.
As to the 8th and 9th pleas, they are substantially one, to wit.: that another person has been duly appointed and actually fills the relator’s place.
If the relator regularly resigned or was dismissed (two issues already made), this averment, as we have seen, would be immaterial. If he did not resign and was not removed, then his place was not vacant, and no other could be appointed in his stead. Two bodies, whether in political or natural philosophy, cannot occupy the same space at the same time. Besides, how could another person have been appointed “in the place and stead” of the relator, if the relator at the time, had no stead or place which he himself did or could occupy ?
These pleas, however, proceed upon the assumption that where an officer has been unlawfully turned out by the commission, he cannot be restored on mandamus by the court, if another, although unlawfully, has been put, or, rather, has been attempted to be put, in his place. In unitary offices, to be filled by a single individual, such, for instance, as the city inspector, ■that may be the rule. A quo warranto, directed to the incum*270bent himself, would seem in such a case to be the appropriate remedy. But the word police is a noun of multitude. It implies in this city more than a thousand men. Against which ' one, which in particular, of this quasi army, is the writ of quo warranto, if issued, to be directed ? And which one in particular of this numerous force, can be said “ to hold in the place and stead of Thomas Beaty?” When the force became full, up to the highest number allowed by law, including the members of the old police, who were continued by operation of the statute, all subsequent appointments, unless preceded by corresponding resignations or removals, were, of course, unauthorized and void. Such, at least, would seem to be the necessary legal conclusion. An appointment, therefore, of that character, in favor of a third person, being a nullity, would be no answer to a mandamus in favor of the rightful claimant. It neither filled Beaty’s place nor the place of any other legally “ continued” policeman. Beaty remained still in, although not recognized by his superiors. And if the place was “ full,” it was full of Beaty, and of Beaty alone. So that the mandamus applied for, although in terms to restore him to the office, was really to restore him only to recognition and fay. What disposition, in that view of the matter, shall be made of the supernumeraries, it will be for the commissioners and Legislature to determine.
As to the 10th and 11th pleas, it is sufficient answer to the objection raised, that no arrears of pay are at present asked. When future instalments, if ever, become due to the relator, and he demands them of the treasurer of the board, it will be time enough for them to plead that they have no funds, and that the Legislature have made no appropriation, or that a discount should be taken from the legal pay to the extent of the emoluments received from another source. So far as entering into other employments is urged for any other purpose, it is mere evidence tending, unexplained, to make out a case of resignation, and as evidence is unnecessary and inadmissible in a pleading.
To the 12th plea, if true, there can be no legal objection. An officer defacto, as well as an officer de jure, may be tried, and, on conviction, removed. Removal does not imply that the officer was lawfully in, or even, necessarily, that he was actually in. *271The commissioners, acting as they are presumed to do, “ on behalf of the public,” might, to obviate all doubt, remove, I conceive, in a merely colorable case, without committing the public "to any implied admission that the person removed had been in. (See Judge Stkong’s opinion in the McCune case.) There is no inconsistency, therefore, in this plea. It is a legitimate plea also within the decision in McCune’s case. Indeed, Mr. Justice Strong, in that case, decided that “it would undoubtedly be a sufficient objection to the writ, if (meaning without any actual removal by sentence) it appeared clearly that there had been sufficient cause for the removal of the relator.” The court would not be guilty of the folly of commanding the board to put the relator into office, if, beyond dispute, on the facts existing, he must necessarily and properly be turned out of it the next minute, or, at least, as soon as heard.
In the present plea the defendants not only set forth, if true, a clear cause for removal, but removal itself, after a regular trial. They allege that written charges were duly preferred of disobedience of superiors, that due notice was given, and that a due order of dismissal after trial was entered; and although the probabilities may be, that the notice given, in point of fact or law, was not sufficient, and that the order, on that ground, as decided in Gorman’s case, was a nullity, yet for the purposes of the present motion, and until a regular trial can be had, the law requires me to assume the truth of the averment that due notice was given, there being, as yet, no allegation or proof of its falsity.
At the same time, without expressing any opinion on the fact, I may be permitted to say that nothing is to be ultimately gained on either side by the litigation of a fictitious case, or by interlocutory triumphs on mere questions of form. In the language of the printed points submitted by defendants’ counsel, “ This is a controversy which ought not to be made dependent for its determination upon any technical considerations whatever.” It is sufficiently embarrassed by intrinsic difficulties, and by what I conceive to be contradictory decisions, without superadding mere questions of form. I say contradictory decisions, because, in the first case discussed in the Court of Appeals, and in which the constitutionality of the new Police Act was settled (15 If. Y. A?., 532), it was held by a majority of the judges that the police *272contemplated by that act, even as to the old police force, was a creation of new offices, and came within the provision declaring that “ all officers whose offices may be hereafter created by law (that is, after 1846), shall be elected by the people, or appointed as the legislature may direct.” In other words, by the State, instead of the local authorities—whether legislative or executive —and that as to the old police force, the act was at one and the, same time a “ direction” that they should be appointed to the newly-created office of “patrolmen” by the Senate and Assembly, and a fulfilment of that direction by a simultaneous appointment as directed, in gross of the whole of the old force, under the general description of “the police in the city of New York” then doing duty, instead of a special designation of each individual man by name. Whereas by the subsequent decision, made two years afterwards in the McCune case,* by another majority of the same tribunal—four of the former judges having in the interim gone out and four others been “ selected” in their place— it was held out that the office of patrolmen under the new act, so far as the old force was concerned, was not a new office, and did not require a new appointment or a new oath or acceptance; in other words, to use the language of one of the majority, it was, “ in terms, a mere continuance in office,” in an office existing before the adoption of the constitution, and not newly created by subsequent enactment. “ The officers designated were to con-ti/nue to do the same duties as before, and to hold, in effect, the same office, but under a different title.” Row, as the legislature had no power to alter the mode of appointment to an existing office, the principles of the second decision, if applied to the facts involved in the first, must, it will be seen, necessarily have resulted in a determination adverse instead of favorable to the constitutionality of the new law. We have thus two adjudications for our guidance, of equal authority, giving, on the point involved, directly opposite interpretations to the statute whose provisions we are to apply. According to the one, the office of patrolmen under the new act, “ being a newly-created office, and other than a county, town, city, or village office” (Judge Denio, at p. 556), it would only be necessary, in answer to the writ of mandamus, to show, which could be done by very slight circum*273stances, an omission or non-acceptance of the tendered appointment. According to the other, being an old office, in which the-incumbent was contmued “ with substantially the same duties,” under “ a mere change of name” (Justice Strong), “ no personal acceptance was necessary,” and consequently to deprive the incumbent of his existing rights and emoluments, either an unequivocal resignation by positive act with that intent must be shown, or a judicial sentence of removal after a regular trial and conviction according to law. In the case of McCune, the attempt was made to do both; and in both respects the attempt failed of success. The alleged removal of “ James McCune” turned out to be a sentence pronounced by the commissioners against “ James M. Line;” and thus, as Judge Strong expresses it, with “no judgment against him, he had been actually ejected from office.” And as to the alleged resignation, the commissioners, instead of showing any acts or expressions of McCune with that intent, proved the most unequivocal determination on his part (evinced as well by acts as words) to hold on to the old office, although under the advice of his old superiors he declined, like many others, to recognize its newly appointed, and very nearly, as the opinions show, unconstitutionally appointed chiefs.
With these views of the difficulties of the whole subject, I deem it not out of place to suggest, as I have already done on former occasions, that instead of six hundred actions, or quasi actions, with all their forms and technicalities, “ the parties to the questions in difference,” as the Code expressly and wisely permits, should “ agree upon a case containing the facts upon which the controversy depends, and present a submission oí the same in court, to be heard and determined at a general term, and judgment rendered thereon as if an action were depending.”
• Should this suggestion not be adopted, an order will be entered, in the single proceeding now under review, quashing the return to the writ of mandamus, so far as it conflicts with the views above expressed, with liberty to the defendants to amend in five days after notice, and to the plaintiffs to reply or demur in five days thereafter.
II. dSToverriber, 1859.—In pursuance of this decision an order *274was entered, from which the Board of Police now appealed to the general term.*
William Curtís Noyes, William M. Evarts, David Dudley Field, and Brown, Hall & Vanderpoel, for the appellants.—
I. The order is erroneous, because it departs altogether from the motion, and the notice of motion. The application was for a peremptory mandamus, which the court decided against. There the matter should have dropped. To proceed, and give the relator something for which he had not applied, and of which no notice had been given to the defendants, was error.
• II. The order was erroneous, also, for the reason that the relator’s motion being denied, judgment should have been thereupon given against him. The motion for'a peremptory mandamus, notwithstanding the return, is of the nature of a demurrer to the return; and a decision against the relator is a dismissal of his application.
III. If, however, the motion were to be regarded as a motion to strike out, the order was erroneous, for the reason, that even if the defences considered by this court bad, and stricken out, were not good defences, the defendant ought to be allowed to retain them upon the review, that they may present the question of their sufficiency to the appellate court.
IV. The defences stricken out were, however, all of them good defences. The first defence is good, because a policeman defacto and not clejuré, has no right to a mandamus. The fifth defence is good, because a neglect and refusal to perform any of *275the duties of a policeman, is a good reason for not retaining him. This the Court of Appeals held in McCune’s case. The same may be said of the sixth and seventh defences. The eighth defence is good, because the appointment of a person in the relator’s place, gives that person a right to litigate the relator’s title; and the proceeding by mandamus is inappropriate. The ninth defence is good, for a-like reason as the eighth. The tenth defence is good, because this is a mandamus as well for the pay as for the office. The eleventh defence is good, because the relator’s engagement in other and inconsistent employment would disqualify him from holding, at the same time, an office in the police. He cannot have at the same time two inconsistent employments; and holding one is an abandonment of the other.
V. As the case was presented upon the motion, no question could arise respecting the different defences, whether they are consistent with each other or not; because the motion for a peremptory writ admits the truth of the facts alleged in the defences ; and if any one of them constituted a good answer to the mandamus, the motion must be denied. But if otherwise, yet the writ itself was fatally defective, and its defects can be objected to, after a return, and at any time before judgment. (The People a. Ransom, 2 Comst., 490 ; Keen a. Low, 25 Eng. L. & E., 13 ; East R., 89 ; Tapping on Mandamus, 309.)
VI. But if the writ had been free of all defects, the relator’s motion, which is for a peremptory mandamus, notwithstanding the return, could not prevail, for many reasons; the first of which is, that none of the objections stated in the written notice served by the relator, can be taken on a motion for a peremptory writ. They could only be taken on a motion to strike out or quash. (Crary Spec. Pro., 295 ; 2 Burrill's Pr., 179 ; Commercial Bank a. Canal Commissioners, 10 Wend., 25 ; The People ex rel. Snow a. Cayuga C. P., 10 Ib., 632 ; Domina Reg. a. The Mayor, &c., of Derby, 2 Salk. R., 436 ; Wright a. Fawcett, 4 Burr's R., 2041 ; The King a. The Mayor, &c., of. Cambridge, 2 Term R., 456 ; The King a. The Mayor of York, 5 Ib., 66 ; The King a. The Archbishop of York, 6 Ib., 493 ; The People ex rel. Atkins and another a. Van Leuven, 8 How. Pr. R., 358 ; The People ex rel. Argyle, &c., Plank Road Company a. The Commissioners of Highways, &c., of Fort Ed *276ward, 11 Ib., 89.) The motion for a peremptory writ, in tho present stage of the proceedings, is in the nature of a demurrer ore tenus to the return, and admits its truth. (The People ex rel. Bentley a. The Commissioners of Highways of Hudson, &c., 7 Wend., 474.) A special demurrer is never allowed in mandamus. (The People ex rel. Musgrove a. N. Y. C. P., 9 Wend., 429.) And a general demurrer would not lie for inconsistency between different defences.
VII. The motion for a peremptory writ cannot be made till after the relator has had the time to plead or demur, given by rule 51 of the court. The notice of hearing at a special term could not be given till this time had elapsed.
VIII. The defendants have, by law, a right to set up as many defences as they suppose to exist. (2 Rev. Stats., 352, §§ 4, 9 ; The People a. Jones, 18 Wend., 601.) Mandamus is an action. (The People ex rel. Bendon a. The County Judge of Rensselaer, 13 How. Pr. R., 399.) The only qualification to this is the right of the relator to move that the defendants be put to their election, when there is a real incompatibility between the defences. (Murray a. Smith, 1 Johnson’s cases, 105 ; Doyle a. Moulton, Ib., 246 ; Le Conte a. Pendleton, Coleman's cases, 77 ; Doyle a. Moulton, Ib., 91 ; 2 Johns., 437 ; 4 Burr, 2041; Tapping on Mand., 8, note Y., 309, 352, and 7 ; 10 Wend., 30, 32 ; Tapping on Mand., 349.) The return should not omit any of the defences. The ancient strictness is not required. The courts are very much disinclined even to quash for inconsistency. (See the cases—The King a. The Mayor of Cambridge, 2 Term R., 461 ; The King a. The Mayor, &c., of York, 5 Ib., 70 ; The King a. The Archbishop of York, 6 Ib., 495 ; Rex a. The Churchwardens of Taunton, &c., Cowp. R., 413 ; Wright a. Fawcett, Burrr, 2041 ; The King a. The Mayor of London, 9 B. & C. R., 1 ; The King a. Nockolds, 10 A. & E., 248.)
IX. The several defences set up by the return are not inconsistent. There can be no inconsistency where all the alleged facts can be true. That is the case here ; every allegation of a fact may, by possibility, be proved. There is, therefore, no contradiction in terms or in substance.
Gilbert Dean, John McKeon, and John C. Devereux, for the respondent.
*277By the Court.*—Roosevelt, J.
Considering that the question, whether an acting municipal policeman not duly appointed under the old law was, nevertheless, continued under the new law, until removed by the commissioners as contended by the relator, is not entirely free from difficulty, the court are of opinion that the first clause of the return to the alternative mandamus should be allowed to stand, subject to replication or demurrer, as the relator may be advised.
As to the eleventh clause, which alleges that the relator, since the passage of the Metropolitan Act, entered into other employment inconsistent with his duties as a policeman, and received large compensation therefrom, the court are of opinion that that also, for the like reason, should be allowed to stand.
In these two particulars, therefore, the order appealed from will be modified, and, in other respects, affirmed, without costs.

 Peoole on rel. McCune a. Metropolitan Police, 19 IV". Y. (6 M. P. Smith) R.

 The form, of the order as settled was as follows:
“ A return having been made to the alternative mandamus issued in this case, and the relator having presented seven written objections to said return, and the same having been argued by the counsel for the respective parties, and due deliberation having been thereupon had, and it appearing to the court that the said objections are in several particulars well founded,
“ Ordered, that the first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh articles or branches of the said return be stricken out, or quashed ; and no amendment consequent upon such alterations being suggested by the respondents, and the usual time for the relator to reply or demur having expired; it is further ordered, that such time be extended till the expiration of five days from the date of this order, with liberty to either party, on two days’ notice, in case no plea or demurrer to the return so modified shall be interposed, to notice the matter for a hearing as a non-enumerated motion, to be heard and disposed of on the return as modified by this order.”

 Present, Roosevelt, P. J., Clerke and Sutherland, JJ.