Court Opinion

ID: 9948743
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-07 21:00:38.596681+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:49.001831
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                  File Name: 24a0102n.06

                                             No. 22-5729

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                  FILED
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                         Mar 07, 2024
                                                                                 KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk
                                                           )
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                           )
         Plaintiff-Appellee,                               )
                                                                   ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                           )
 v.                                                                UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                           )
                                                                   COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                           )
 CHARLES ELSEA, Jr.,                                               DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
                                                           )
         Defendant-Appellant.                              )
                                                                                           OPINION
                                                           )

Before: BATCHELDER, GRIFFIN, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.

       ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. While serving a life sentence in a Tennessee

state prison, Charles Elsea orchestrated the distribution of over fifty-six kilograms of

methamphetamine throughout Tennessee. He later directed a subordinate to start growing

marijuana in Michigan to sell in Tennessee. A jury in the United States District Court for the

Eastern District of Tennessee convicted him of two counts of conspiring to distribute controlled

substances and one count of conspiring to commit money laundering. The district court then

imposed a within-guidelines life sentence to run consecutively to the one Elsea is already serving.

Elsea appeals, alleging five errors in his trial and sentencing, and his treatment as a pro se litigant.

Finding no error, we affirm.

                                                   I.

                                           a. Background

       In 1998, Charles Elsea, Jr., received a sentence of life imprisonment after a jury in

Tennessee state court found him guilty of first-degree murder. While in the custody of the
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

Tennessee Department of Corrections, Elsea founded and oversaw two drug-distribution

operations—one that distributed methamphetamine throughout Tennessee, and the other that

aimed to distribute marijuana (grown in Michigan) throughout Tennessee. He reinvested the

proceeds into procuring more drugs, with the stated goal of making one million dollars in profit.

To achieve his aims despite his incarceration, Elsea directed the actions of numerous others, many

of whom testified against him at trial. His instructions came through cell phones that had been

smuggled into prison.

       Corrie Bush testified that she supplied Elsea with contraband cell phones. Using the cell

phones, Elsea directed Bush to set up two marijuana grow operations in Tennessee. After those

fell through, Elsea had her exchange money in California for methamphetamine that she would

then bring back to Tennessee. However, in January 2016, police in Oklahoma caught Bush with

seventeen pounds of methamphetamine. Due to the resulting criminal charges, Bush could no

longer serve as Elsea’s courier. So it fell to someone else to manage importing methamphetamine.

       Denise Froelich stepped into that role, serving as Elsea’s primary money-runner from

December 2016 to February 2019. Elsea sent her money electronically, which she would then

deliver to others. Eventually Froelich also oversaw packaging methamphetamine for delivery even

though she usually did not bring it back to Tennessee herself. As Elsea instructed, she would

package the methamphetamine in vacuum-sealed bags and put grease between the drugs and the

bags to make detection by drug-sniffing dogs less likely. She made between fifteen and twenty

trips to California or Arizona, each time taking between $75,000 and $145,000 and receiving

between ten and twenty pounds of methamphetamine. Eventually, she too caught the eye of police,

who arrested her in Arkansas in February 2019. Although they were in separate vehicles, she was

travelling back to Tennessee with her husband, who had nineteen pounds of methamphetamine.

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No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

All together, Froelich estimated that she packaged between sixty and a hundred pounds of

methamphetamine and handled over $500,000 in cash.

       Robert Leeper helped to oversee the distribution side of the methamphetamine conspiracy.

He broke down the larger packages of methamphetamine into smaller quantities to sell to street-

level dealers and users. Leeper would then reinvest the proceeds from these sales into the operation

to obtain more methamphetamine to sell. Elsea would tell Leeper whether he should give the

money to other conspirators to bring to California to purchase more drugs or place the money in

specified bank accounts for Elsea to use to pay his suppliers. Elsea and Leeper made an agreement

to keep reinvesting the money into the methamphetamine conspiracy until they acquired a million

dollars in profit. Leeper would also provide Froelich with addresses whenever they used FedEx to

mail the methamphetamine. Elsea provided Leeper with these shipping addresses and arranged for

others to retrieve the packages as soon as they were delivered to their destinations. Elsea also

provided him with specific rules of conduct to help the conspiracy escape detection. Leeper

estimated that, over the course of the conspiracy, he sold between 200 and 250 pounds of

methamphetamine. Leeper split the profits with Elsea evenly.

       James Payne belonged to a rival gang. After Payne was released from prison, his gang

leader instructed him to work for Elsea. Payne started off obtaining small quantities of

methamphetamine before eventually securing between ten and forty pounds at a time. During his

last deal for Elsea’s organization, Payne purchased forty pounds of methamphetamine for

$180,000.

       Eventually, Elsea and others decided to expand operations into distributing marijuana. In

2016, Elsea directed Bush to create a marijuana grow-house in Tennessee, but spider mites

destroyed most of the marijuana plants before they could be harvested. Elsea considered having

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No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

Bush or Froelich create a marijuana grow-house in California, but that plan did not materialize. In

2020, Tiffany Williams finally set up a marijuana grow-house in Michigan for Elsea. Elsea

instructed Williams how to find the right property, grow the marijuana successfully, and escape

detection by the police by claiming that high electric bills came from on-site welding. Elsea

discussed all of this on recorded jail calls. Michigan State Police shut down the marijuana operation

in December 2021 after catching co-conspirators trying to transport marijuana to Tennessee. Police

seized thirty-two mature marijuana plants, five juvenile marijuana plants, and over 118 grams of

harvested marijuana.

       Elsea faced three charges at trial: (1) conspiring to distribute at least fifty grams of

methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(viii); (2) conspiring

to distribute at least one hundred kilograms of marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and

841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(vii); and (3) conspiring to launder proceeds from that drug-trafficking in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(A)(i). Elsea waived his right to counsel and demanded to

proceed pro se. After conducting a colloquy, the district court permitted him to do so and appointed

elbow counsel to assist Elsea. At one point, Elsea filed a motion seeking appointed counsel to help

him look into potential violations of the Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act. The motion

emphasized that Elsea was “not triggering any action at this time other than” seeking the

appointment of counsel. But the district court, recognizing that Elsea unequivocally asserted his

right to proceed pro se, construed the motion as a request for counsel to represent him in a civil

suit. So the district court denied the motion.

       The jury convicted Elsea of the methamphetamine-trafficking-conspiracy charge and the

money-laundering-conspiracy charge, and it convicted him of a lesser-quantity variant of the

marijuana-trafficking-conspiracy charge.

                                                 -4-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

                                      b. Sentencing Hearing

       Elsea made seventeen objections to the Presentence Investigation Report. Several

objections related to the probation officer’s trial-testimony description, which Elsea alleged was

inaccurate. The district court overruled Elsea’s factual objections because it found that the

probation officer’s recollection of the evidence in the case aligned with the district court’s

recollection and contemporaneous notes. The district court also found the information in the PSR

consistent with the unofficial transcript of court proceedings. So the district court overruled Elsea’s

factual objections to the PSR’s recitation of trial testimony.

       Beyond his factual objections, Elsea objected to every aspect of his offense-level

calculation. First, he objected to the amount of drugs informing his base offense level. According

to Elsea, much of the methamphetamine referenced at trial came from unspecified other sources.

But the district court noted that Elsea’s base offense level would be thirty-eight so long as the case

involved at least four and a half kilograms of actual methamphetamine. And the district court found

evidence sufficient to establish that Elsea’s conspiracy distributed much more than that amount. It

found evidence sufficient to show at least the following: four and a half kilograms of

methamphetamine confiscated by the Tennessee Highway Patrol in July 2017; eight to ten pounds

of methamphetamine (just under five kilograms) confiscated from a conspiracy member arrested

while transporting drugs on a train; and testimony from Payne indicating that he increased from

purchasing one pound of methamphetamine to buying between five and ten pounds at a time, and

even purchasing forty pounds once (totaling at least twenty kilograms). It also noted that the

amount of money confiscated at various points and the $4,500-per-pound price Elsea paid for

methamphetamine supported such an offense level. Police arrested one co-conspirator with

$119,000 in cash, representing twenty-three pounds of methamphetamine (over ten kilograms),

                                                 -5-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

and another co-conspirator with $20,000 in cash, representing slightly less than two kilograms of

methamphetamine.

       The district court observed that “there’s nothing here to suggest that any of [the

methamphetamine] quantity was attributable to any unnamed sources” besides Elsea. Instead, it

noted that there was, “in all likelihood, more than a hundred kilograms of actual methamphetamine

clearly attributable” to Elsea. Because it found that the amount of methamphetamine attributable

to Elsea clearly exceeded the four and a half kilograms necessary to result in a base offense level

of 38, it overruled Elsea’s drug-weight objection.1

       Elsea also objected to the enhancement for maintaining premises for the purpose of

manufacturing a controlled substance. He claimed that advising someone to grow marijuana in a

state where it is legal to do so cannot be a federal crime. The district court summarily rejected that

argument because, regardless of how Michigan law treats growing marijuana, it remains illegal

under federal law. It also noted that the Michigan operation was not the only time Elsea maintained

premises for the purpose of manufacturing a controlled substance. Bush had also testified that

Elsea paid for her to rent a location in Tennessee to grow marijuana. Each of those events sufficed

to apply the premises enhancement to Elsea’s conduct. So the district court overruled the premises

objection.

       Finally, Elsea objected to an enhancement for obstructing justice with respect to the

investigation and prosecution of his counts of conviction. Specifically, the PSR recounted that

Elsea (1) instructed co-conspirators how to conceal drug activities from law enforcement officers

and to use burner phones to avoid detection; (2) made false statements during trial by stating that

1
  The district court also conducted fact-finding relating to the amount of marijuana attributable to
Elsea. But because the amount of methamphetamine attributable to Elsea clearly exceeds the
threshold for a base offense level of thirty-eight, we need not address this calculation.
                                                 -6-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

police coerced the witnesses into testifying against him and that the money that came from the

conspiracy had been in his account since 2010; and (3) spoke to two co-conspirators about

cooperating witnesses and shared discovery information—including the identities of cooperating

witnesses—with members of his gang. The district court noted that it was unnecessary to resolve

this objection because, no matter how the district court ruled, Elsea’s adjusted offense level would

be capped at forty-three by the guidelines. U.S.S.G. § 5A, n.2. However, the district court indicated

for the record that it would deny the enhancement because of the latitude afforded to Elsea by

proceeding pro se—even though the witnesses may have felt intimidated. After ruling on Elsea’s

objections, the district court determined that Elsea’s total offense level was forty-three and that his

criminal history score of five placed him in criminal history Category III. The guideline sentence

for Elsea was life.

        Elsea also raised his concerns about potential violations of the IADA. Specifically, he

wanted the district court to help him understand whether he was subject to a “writ of habeas corpus

ad prosequendum.” The district court responded that it was not the district court’s job to help Elsea

understand something like that. Later in the hearing, Elsea said that he wanted to make a motion

to dismiss his charges due to a violation of the IADA. The district court refused to rule on Elsea’s

oral motion at sentencing.

        Both the government and Elsea argued to the district court their preferred weighing of the

sentencing factors. The government argued for a life sentence because of the drug conspiracy’s

massive scope and to provide as strong a deterrent effect as possible. Elsea, acknowledging that

he was already serving a life sentence, simply asked the district court to run his federal life sentence

concurrently to his state one. After listening to the parties’ statements, the district court imposed a

                                                  -7-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

life sentence and ordered that it run consecutively to Elsea’s state sentence. Before doing so, it

discussed the sentencing factors at length.

        The district court first focused on the seriousness of the offense. It noted that Elsea ran

“one of the most significant drug[-]trafficking conspiracies” that it had ever seen, and he did so

from inside state prison. Elsea directed all aspects of the conspiracy, providing day-to-day

instructions to each co-conspirator. And the conspiracy distributed, even at a very conservative

estimate, more than fifty kilograms of actual methamphetamine, a highly addictive drug that

inflicts significant damage on Tennessee communities, families, and residents.

        The district court also observed that Elsea demonstrated “absolutely no respect for the

law.” He “violated the law at will,” and violated the rules of the facilities in which he was

incarcerated. And the district court observed that all of the evidence indicated that Elsea was likely

to continue his illegal activities if he returned to a state prison. For this reason, the district court

determined that only a life sentence could possibly deter Elsea from committing similar crimes in

the future, even though the district court worried that even such a sentence would not deter him.

Additionally, the district court noted that only a life sentence would promote respect for the law

by showing Elsea and the community that Elsea’s conspiracy resulted in a significant sentence.

And the district court noted that Elsea did not provide anything from his personal history or

background that would mitigate the need to impose a life sentence.

        In determining to run the federal sentence consecutively to Elsea’s state sentence, the

district court noted that the drug conspiracy bore no relation to the murder for which Elsea was

serving his state sentence. The district court thus determined that the federal government has an

independent sovereign interest to hold Elsea accountable for his drug conspiracy. The district court

                                                  -8-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

rejected Elsea’s attempt to “make [him]self the victim of [his] own crime” by claiming to be a

victim of government persecution.

       Ultimately, the district court imposed a life sentence on the methamphetamine-conspiracy

count and 240-month sentences on the money-laundering-conspiracy and marijuana-distribution-

conspiracy counts. The district court ordered that the federal sentences would run concurrently

with each other but consecutively to Elsea’s state sentence. It also imposed a total of five years of

supervised release, with a special condition for Elsea to submit his person, house, property, vehicle,

and papers to searches conducted by a probation officer. The district court waived all fines due to

Elsea’s inability to pay, and it expressed its sincere hope that Elsea would serve his sentence in a

federal facility isolated from his gang and with no access to contraband cell phones. The district

court also entered the forfeiture order for $1,263,490 that the government requested and that Elsea

did not contest.

       Recognizing that Elsea vowed to appeal, the district court ordered the clerk to file a notice

of appeal on Elsea’s behalf.

                                                 II.

       Elsea makes five arguments in favor of reversal. First, he claims the government failed to

prove that there was a promotional-money laundering conspiracy that Elsea joined. Second, he

claims that the methamphetamine-conspiracy count and the marijuana-conspiracy count are

multiplicitous such that one must be dismissed. Third, he claims—although he never objected—

that the district court erred by treating the methamphetamine as “actual methamphetamine”

without discussing its purity. Fourth, Elsea alleges that his life sentence is substantively

unreasonable. And finally, Elsea claims that the district court erred by not addressing his claim of

an IADA violation. We take each argument in turn.

                                                 -9-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

                                 a. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Elsea’s first argument is that the evidence at trial failed to prove the existence of a

promotional money-laundering conspiracy or that Elsea joined it. This requires Elsea to show that

“no ‘rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.’” United States v. Miller, 982 F.3d 412, 439 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting United States v. Potter,

927 F.3d 446, 453 (6th Cir. 2019)). In other words, we ask whether “the government’s case was

so lacking that it should not have even been submitted to the jury.” Musacchio v. United States,

577 U.S. 237, 243 (2016) (citation omitted). We employ a “strong presumption in favor of

sustaining a jury conviction,” United States v. Peters, 15 F.3d 540, 544 (6th Cir. 1994), and we

will not reverse the conviction unless the defendant meets that “very heavy burden,” United States

v. Abboud, 438 F.3d 554, 589 (6th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted).

       “To establish a money[-]laundering conspiracy, the government must prove (1) that two or

more persons conspired to commit the crime of money laundering, and (2) that the defendant

knowingly and voluntarily joined the conspiracy.” United States v. Prince, 618 F.3d 551, 553–54

(6th Cir. 2010). To prove promotional money laundering, the government must show that the

defendant “(1) conducted a financial transaction that involved the proceeds of an unlawful activity;

(2) knew the property involved was proceeds of unlawful activity; and (3) intended to promote

that unlawful activity.” United States v. Warshak, 631 F.3d 266, 317 (6th Cir. 2010) (citation

omitted). The “paradigmatic” example is when a drug dealer uses the proceeds of selling illegal

drugs to purchase additional drugs and consummate future sales. Id.2 This promotes the conspiracy

by “allowing it to continue or grow.” United States v. Tolliver, 949 F.3d 244, 248 (6th Cir. 2020).

2
 Elsea cites out-of-circuit precedent applying a different test. See United States v. Castro-Aguirre,
983 F.3d 927, 942 (7th Cir. 2020). As Elsea recognizes, we are bound by our own precedent.
                                                -10-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

        Ample evidence shows that Elsea engaged in a promotional-money-laundering conspiracy.

Robert Leeper testified that Elsea directed him to reinvest the proceeds from selling

methamphetamine into obtaining more methamphetamine to sell. Leeper stated that Elsea would

tell him whether to funnel the money to methamphetamine suppliers in California through co-

conspirators or through the bank accounts that Elsea used to pay his suppliers electronically. And

Leeper said he and Elsea made an agreement to keep reinvesting the money into the

methamphetamine conspiracy until he and Elsea made a million dollars in profit. Elsea’s

contention that the government never showed he and Leeper had a “meeting of the minds” to

engage in promotional money laundering is contradicted by Leeper’s direct testimony. See United

States v. Wheat, 988 F.3d 299, 307 (6th Cir. 2021). Because the evidence is sufficient for the jury

to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Elsea engaged in money laundering, we reject Elsea’s

invitation to vacate it.

                                      b. Multiple Conspiracies

        Elsea next argues that the district court should have dismissed either the

methamphetamine-conspiracy count or the marijuana-conspiracy count as multiplicitous. He did

not raise this argument below, so we review it for plain error. United States v. Kennedy, 743 F.

App’x 649, 654 (6th Cir. 2018). This requires him to show (1) an error; (2) that is clear or obvious;

(3) that affects his substantial rights; and (4) that seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of judicial proceedings. Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 466–67 (1997); Puckett

v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 135 (2009).

        Charges are multiplicitous when a single offense is charged in more than one count of an

indictment. United States v. Swafford, 512 F.3d 833, 844 (6th Cir. 2008). To determine whether

charges are multiplicitous, we use the Blockburger test, “which asks whether each charge requires

                                                  -11-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

proof of a fact that the other charge does not.” United States v. Myers, 854 F.3d 341, 355 (6th Cir.

2017) (citing Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)). If each charge requires proof of

a fact that the other charge does not, then the charges are not multiplicitous. Id.

       Here, each of the two charges required the government to prove a fact that the other charge

did not. To prove Elsea engaged in a conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, the government

needed to show that Elsea agreed to distribute fifty grams or more of methamphetamine. 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(b)(1)(A)(viii). To prove Elsea engaged in a conspiracy to distribute marijuana, the

government needed to show that Elsea agreed to distribute one hundred kilograms or more of

marijuana. Id. § 841(b)(1)(B)(vii).3 Each charge requires the government to prove a fact that the

other charge does not—the drug that Elsea and his co-conspirators chose to distribute. So the

charges are not multiplicitous under the Blockburger test.

       However, we have sometimes held that when two conspiracy charges involve the same

location, participants, and date, the correct charging unit is one conspiracy even if that conspiracy

distributes multiple types of drugs. Maxwell v. United States, 617 F. App’x 470, 473 (6th Cir.

2015). We examine five factors to determine whether the government has properly charged two

separate conspiracies: (1) the time over which each conspiracy occurs; (2) the persons acting as

co-conspirators; (3) the statutory offenses charged; (4) the overt acts indicating the nature and

scope of each conspiracy; and (5) the places where the events took place. United States v.

Vichitvongsa, 819 F.3d 260, 273 (6th Cir. 2016).

       In this case, the methamphetamine conspiracy and the marijuana conspiracy differ

significantly enough to make the correct charging unit two conspiracies. First, consider the time

3
  That the jury ultimately convicted Elsea of a lesser-included amount of marijuana does not
change this analysis.
                                                -12-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

of each conspiracy. The methamphetamine conspiracy ran approximately from 2016 to 2021. But

the marijuana conspiracy arose in 2020, when Elsea had Williams establish a marijuana grow

house in Michigan. And that conspiracy lasted only until December 2021, when the police caught

the co-conspirators trying to transfer the marijuana to Tennessee. Even the earlier attempt to

construct a Tennessee marijuana operation took place only in 2016. In essence, while the

methamphetamine-distribution conspiracy operated continuously over the five-year period, the

marijuana-distribution conspiracy took place in 2016 and in 2021. This factor supports charging

the conspiracies as two separate ones.

       The remaining factors support this decision too. The methamphetamine-distribution

conspiracy involved Elsea, Leeper, Froelich, and Payne, among others. The marijuana-distribution

conspiracy featured Elsea directing either Bush or Williams. Even if there was some overlap—

most significantly, Elsea’s directing each conspiracy—the personnel were different enough to

support charging two counts of drug-distribution conspiracies. And our analysis using the

Blockburger test shows that the statutory crimes are different too, as are the overt acts and the

locations in which the acts took place: For the methamphetamine-distribution conspiracy, Elsea

and associates trafficked methamphetamine from Arizona or California to Tennessee. For the

marijuana-distribution conspiracy, Elsea and different associates tried to start marijuana grow

houses in Tennessee or Michigan (for eventual import back into Tennessee). Each of these factors

supports the conclusion that Elsea oversaw two conspiracies, not one.4 We are convinced that the

correct charging unit here is two conspiracies, so we reject Elsea’s argument.

4
  Elsea argues that one conspiracy should not be converted into multiple ones simply because a
defendant does not know the exact drug sold by other conspirators. See United States v. Sadler,
24 F.4th 515, 541 (6th Cir. 2022). That contention is irrelevant here because the trial testimony
showed that Elsea oversaw each conspiracy and knew which drugs each conspiracy distributed.
                                               -13-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

                                   c. Drug-Amount Calculation

       Elsea next claims that the district court erred when calculating his base offense level by

treating the methamphetamine amounts as actual methamphetamine without making explicit

findings as to its purity. But Elsea never requested that the district court do so. We typically review

drug-quantity challenges for clear error. United States v. Olsen, 537 F.3d 660, 663 (6th Cir. 2008).

But when, as here, a defendant does not raise the drug-quantity challenge below, we review the

district court’s drug-quantity calculation for plain error. United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382,

385–86 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc).

       Here, it was not plain error for the district court to treat the methamphetamine that Elsea

and his co-conspirators distributed as pure methamphetamine. District courts may accept “any

undisputed portion of the presentence report as a finding of fact.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(A). So

when Elsea failed to object to the PSR’s treatment of the methamphetamine as actual

methamphetamine, the PSR’s calculation was “no longer [a] mere allegation[] but became [an]

admission[] sufficient to support factual findings relevant to sentencing without the need for any

independent factual finding.” United States v. Davy, 713 F. App’x 439, 448 (6th Cir. 2017). The

district court did not need to make a finding as to the type of methamphetamine when the

government and Elsea agreed with the PSR’s treatment of the methamphetamine as actual

methamphetamine.

       Moreover,     the   trial   testimony   shows    that   the   methamphetamine       was    pure

methamphetamine. John Bulla, an agent with the Department of Homeland Security, testified that

the methamphetamine conspiracy trafficked in “crystal methamphetamine.” This is enough for the

district court to conclude that the methamphetamine in this case is “pure” or “actual”

methamphetamine. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c), n.(B)–(c) (discussing three different categories of

                                                 -14-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

methamphetamine). Froelich also testified that the methamphetamine she trafficked consisted of

“clear,    white-looking    crystals.”   With   two     witnesses—and   the   parties—treating   the

methamphetamine as pure, the district court did not commit plain error by doing the same.

          Finally, even if the district court did err by treating the methamphetamine as a purer form

of methamphetamine, such error could only be harmless because it would not produce a different

base offense level. United States v. Volkman, 797 F.3d 377, 399–400 (6th Cir. 2015). Assuming

Elsea’s conspiracy distributed only a methamphetamine mixture, he would receive the same base

offense level of thirty-eight if the conspiracy distributed more than forty-five kilograms of that

mixture. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(1), n.(A). The PSR made very conservative estimates yet still

attributed more than fifty-six kilograms of methamphetamine to the conspiracy. And the district

court properly recognized that the evidence produced at trial indicated that Elsea’s conspiracy

distributed much more methamphetamine than that—perhaps as much as one hundred kilograms.

The district court’s determination of the amount of methamphetamine attributable to Elsea can be

nothing worse than harmless error, and in all likelihood, it too was a conservative estimate.

                   d. Substantive Reasonableness of Consecutive Life Sentence

          Elsea also argues that his within-guidelines consecutive life sentence is substantively

unreasonable. We review whether a sentence is substantively reasonable using a deferential abuse-

of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). A sentence is substantively

reasonable when it is “proportionate” to the seriousness of the circumstances of the offense and is

sufficient but not greater than necessary to comply with the sentencing factors. United States v.

Curry, 536 F.3d 571, 573 (6th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). And a sentence that falls within the

guidelines receives a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness. Vonner, 516 F.3d at 389.

                                                 -15-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

       Under this standard, Elsea’s consecutive life sentence is eminently reasonable. Elsea ran a

conspiracy that imported an astounding amount of methamphetamine into Tennessee. He twice

planned to distribute marijuana alongside methamphetamine, the later time trying to abuse

Michigan’s marijuana laws to grow marijuana to bring back to Tennessee. And he did all of this

while serving a life sentence in a Tennessee prison. As the district court properly noted, Elsea

earned his life sentence, and anything less would engender a lack of respect for the law among

Elsea, his co-conspirators, and the public.

       The cases Elsea cites for comparison do not change our analysis. The two drug-conspiracy

cases Elsea cites involved guideline ranges much lower than calculated here. See United States v.

Mosley, 53 F.4th 947, 964 (6th Cir. 2022) (guidelines maximum of just over thirty years’

imprisonment); United States v. Matthews, 31 F.4th 436, 457 (6th Cir. 2022) (guidelines maximum

of nine years’ imprisonment). Mosley involved a simple operator in the drug conspiracy, not its

leader, see 53 F.4th at 963, and the defendant in Matthews was a drug courier, not the leader, see

31 F.4th at 444–45. In this case, Elsea’s guideline sentence was life in prison, and the evidence

established that he stood atop each conspiracy, controlling everything.

       Nor was it error in any way for the district court to impose the federal life sentence to run

consecutively to Elsea’s state life sentence. The record does not support Elsea’s contention that

the district court produced a “dearth of findings” as to why it ran the sentence consecutively. To

the contrary, the district court properly recognized that the federal government has a sovereign

interest in punishing Elsea for violating its drug laws that is separate and distinct from Tennessee’s

interest in punishing Elsea for murder. And, of course, Elsea operated his drug conspiracies while

incarcerated in a Tennessee prison. So the district court produced ample support for its imposing

Elsea’s federal life sentence to run consecutively with his state one. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(a)

                                                -16-
No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

(recommending a consecutive federal sentence when the defendant committed a federal crime

while serving a state sentence).

       We reject Elsea’s argument that his consecutive life sentence is unreasonable. Instead, we

find that the district court properly explained the need for the sentence under the appropriate

sentencing factors.

                        e. Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act Claim

       Finally, Elsea claims that the district court should have addressed his claim that the

government violated the Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act. Broadly speaking, the IADA aims

to foster greater cooperation between states and the speedier resolution of detainers by establishing

standards for bringing to trial individuals removed from the custody of one state by a detainer. See

United States v. Faught, No. 21-6123, 2022 WL 2813240, at *5–6 (6th Cir. July 19, 2022). Our

court has not yet conclusively identified the standard of review for IADA claims. See id. at *6

(citing United States v. White, 185 F. App’x 504, 507 (6th Cir. 2006)). We do not decide this

question now either, as Elsea never properly raised his IADA claim below.

       Elsea chose to proceed pro se. The district court conducted a colloquy and permitted Elsea

to do so after confirming that he knowingly and intelligently waived his right to counsel. Elsea

later filed a pro se motion asking the district court to appoint counsel “pertaining to violations” of

the IADA. Importantly, Elsea’s pro se motion stated that he was “not triggering any action at this

time other than appointment of counsel.” The district court denied the motion because Elsea

unequivocally asserted his right to proceed pro se. Elsea claims the district court’s denial

constitutes reversible error, but we disagree.

       Because Elsea proceeded pro se, his filings “will be accorded a measure of leniency.”

Wolfel v. United States, 711 F.2d 66, 67 (6th Cir. 1983). But that does not mean that we interpret

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No. 22-5729, United States v. Elsea

pro se motions to contradict their express language. And Elsea’s pro se motion mentioning the

IADA clearly stated that he was not seeking any action other than to receive appointed counsel.

Our precedents clearly establish that rights under the IADA “are waived by forfeiture or default if

not raised prior to or during trial.” United States v. Eaddy, 595 F.2d 341, 346 (6th Cir. 1979).

Elsea’s motion did not raise any claim, as he simply wanted the district court to appoint an attorney

to help him with “possible” violations.

       Elsea says that he raised his IADA claim orally during a status hearing in January 2022.

But Elsea’s statements were ambiguous at best. He mentioned the IADA and stated, “I’d like to

make sure that I get a fast and speedy trial.” He did not indicate to the district court that he was

seeking a dismissal of his case based on the IADA. The district court acted within its discretion

when it responded to Elsea’s ambiguous comments by stating that it could not give Elsea advice

on the issue.

       Finally, at sentencing, Elsea asked the district court “for a motion to dismiss [his] charges

due to the violation” of the IADA. But by that time, he had forfeited his IADA claim. IADA claims

“must be raised before trial” under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 12. Eaddy, 595 F.3d at

346. Thus, any rights under the IADA not raised “prior to or during trial” are forfeited. Id. Because

Elsea never timely raised his IADA claim, we reject the IADA claim on appeal too.

                                                III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Elsea’s convictions and sentence.

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