Court Opinion

ID: 7367204
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-27 23:52:49.838369+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:20:48.153052
License: Public Domain

SOMERVILLE, J. —
The contract sued on is sufficiently certain as to all of its terms to constitute a valid and binding agreement, and the demurrer to the complaint was properly overruled. While the prices to be paid for the grades of cotton above and below 4’s (shown by the evidence to mean “good middling”) are not stated in figures, yet they are to be settled “at the prevailing differences at the time of delivery”; and, if there is any disagreement as to the proper grading of the bales as to quality, a practicable mode of settlement by arbitration is provided for. “Prevailing differences” obviously means differences in the market price, and whether or not there might be differences at a given time has no bearing on the ascertainable certainty of the price. If there were no differences, then the price would be 11 cents whatever the grade might be. But if, for example, “middling” cotton were delivered, the price would be 11 cents, less as many points as there were points of difference then prevailing between good middling and middling grades.
The case of Elmore & Co. v. Parrish Bros., 170 Ala. 499, 54 South. 203, pronounced upon the insufficiency *499of a provision in a contract for the sale of cotton that grades below “strict middling” (the price for which was specified) should be “at difference to be agreed upon at the time of the delivery” (italics ours). That case, which is cited and relied npon by appellant, clearly has no bearing on the sufficiency of the terms of the contract here involved.
We judicially know that cotton is a world staple, and that its price is approximate fixed everywhere by the daily market quotations furnished by the cotton exchanges in the world’s great markets; that the staple is bought and sold at prices minutely graduated according to its classified quality as fixed by worldwide standards; that there is for every day in the year a specific and ascertainable market price for each of the designated grades; and that the slight variations in price for different localities are founded upon the varying cost of transportation to the centers of consumption and distribution.
In declaring upon a contract containing trade terms, though their significance is not of judicial cognizance, it is not necessary to expound their meaning in the complaint, however necessary it may be to do so in the evidence. An exception to this rule may perhaps be recognized where the terms are used technically and have also a 'common meaning, but the phrase “basis 4’s” is not of that exceptional character.
By the terms of this contract the initiative rested upon the vendor. It was his duty to deliver 100 bales of cotton at any time during the months of October and November, and it was the duty of the vendee to have some one ready to receive and inspect it upon reasonable notice, and if possible to agree npon its classification, thereby determining the price to be paid. When these preliminaries were accomplished, it then devolved *500upon the vendee to tender the amount of the purchase price to the vendor.
Under such a contract, however, the vendee could not remain wholly inactive and claim a breach by the vendor’s failure to perform. But it is enough if he demands performance at a proper time and place, being then able, ready, and willing to perform on his own part. The complaint alleges all that is necessary in this respect to show, a right of action in plaintiff.—Long v. Addix 184 Ala. 236, 63 South. 983; Moss v. King, infra, 65 South. 180; Tinney v. Ashley, 15 Pick. (Mass.) 546, 26 Am. Dec. 620; Hapgood v. Shaw, 105 Mass. 276; Guilford v. Mason, 22 R. I. 422, 48 Atl. 386.
The defendant interposed about 40 special pleas besides the general issue, to the most of which demurrers were sustained.
A plea which merely asserts that the contract sued on is in violation of a certain section of the Code, or that it is “of the kind commonly called futures” (as designated by section 3345 of the Code), states a mere conclusion of the pleader, and is deficient on apt demurrer. The elemental facts showing that the contract is within the inhibited class must be clearly averred.—Continental Ins. Co. v. Parkes, 142 Ala. 650, 39 South. 204.
A plea to an action on a written contract, set out in the complaint in full, which sets up plaintiff’s breach of an extraneous agreement alleged to be part of the consideration of the contract sued on, is an attempt to vary and contradict the terms of a written contract complete in itself, and such a plea is subject to demurrer. This is so not only because the writing cannot be varied by a parol contemporaneous agreement, but also because all pricr and contemporaneous stipulations, verbal or written, are conclusively presumed to be merg*501ed in the complete written memorial adopted by the parties.-—Leftkovitz v. First National Bank, 152 Ala. 521, 528, 44 South. 617.
It follows, of course, that if a guaranty by a third person that plaintiffs would carry out their contract was in fact indorsed upon the paper containing the principal contract, it was a mere gratuity, and neither its alteration nor cancellation could be any concern of defendants.
It follows, also, that plaintiffs might offer in evidence the principal contract without offering any collateral undertaking between plaintiffs and a third party, or between defendant and a third party, though it appeared on the same paper therewith.
It is the law that if one party to- a written contract procures a third person to become a joint obligor therein, or makes any change on the face of the paper which varies its legal operation and effect, such alteration invalidates the contract in toto. But a collateral contract of guaranty does not affect the relations or obligations of the parties to the principal contract, nor in any way vary its effect. Hence the indorsement of such an undertaking on the writing, though without the consent of one of the parties, is without legal significance, or prejudicial effect.
It was not the duty of plaintiffs to inform defendant as to the extent of their cotton purchases about the time they bought from him; and the fact that they did not do so, and that unfavorable fluctuations in the market might have embarrassed them to such an extent as to render them unable to pay for defendant’s cotton, d.oes not show a fraud upon defendant with respect to his contract of sale.
Nor would the fact that plaintiffs represented themselves as being worth a million dollars, though in fact *502they were not, justify defendant in the rescission of the contract, unless plaintiffs were unable to make the purchase at the proper time; for only in that event could defendant have been injured. It is not alleged that defendant rescinded the contract on account of this alleged false inducement to him to make it; nor that he was in any way injured thereby. Deceit without injury neither gives a cause of action, nor furnishes a ground for rescission of a contract.—Davis v. Betz, 66 Ala. 206; Bomar v. Rosser, 131 Ala. 215, 31 South. 530; 14 A. & E. Enc. Law, 137, 138; 9 Cyc. 431.
A contract made in furtherance of a business conducted in violation of law is itself illegal and unenforceable.—Bluthenthal v. McWhorter, 131 Ala. 642, 31 South. 559. But a plea, seeking to avoid a contract as being in furtherance of an unlawful business, must allege, not merely the conclusion of law, but the facts leading to that conclusion. And in the case last cited these facts are said to be knowledge of and participation by the vendor in the vendee’s purpose to resell unlawfully, coupled with an actual sale by the vendee. A mere general purpose in the mind of the vendee alone to resell a commodity in violation of law does not render his contract of purchase illegal.
A plea which merely alleges that the contract sued on and fully exhibited by the complaint is void for uncertainty, tenders an issue of law and not of fact, and might properly be stricken from the file.
A number of special pleas allege that the contract is void for uncertainty in that there was no general custom or usage in the town of Goodwater by which any particular grade of cotton was known or designated as “4’s.” The existence of such a grade in the nomenclature of the local cotton trade in Goodwater was obviously of no importance. It was enough if such a grade was *503known to the trade generally; and the use of the term by the parties is prima facie evidence that there was such a grade, and that they understood its application.
Some of the pleas allege that there was no prevailing difference in Goodwater between the prices of grades of cotton above and below “4’s.” If this were true as alleged, the only result would be that all the cotton purchased would be at the price of 11 cents a pound, and this would be no answer to the complaint.
Moreover, if there were any merit in the defenses set up in the two classes of pleas last above noticed, the benefit of them was available under the general issue; and this observation is true also of all of the pleas setting up the statutory invalidity of the contract.—Alabama, etc., Ins. Co. v. Mobile Mut. Ins. Co., 81 Ala. 329, 1 South. 561, citing Oscanyan v. Arms Co., 103 U. S. 266, 26 L. Ed. 539; Woods v. Armstrong, 54 Ala. 150, 25 Am. Rep. 671; 9 Cyc. 740 (II).
For the reasons above set forth, the sustaining of the demurrers to defendant’s several special pleas did not involve any error prejudicial to him.
It was competent for plaintiffs to show that they were and had been for many years regularly engaged in the legitimate business of buying cotton, for actual delivery, all over a certain territory, not to show the legitimacy of the instant contract, but as tending to show their means and facilities for handling such business; and in that connection it was competent also' to show that they had made special arrangements with local or other banks to furnish them the money needed for cotton purchases and payments.
Credit sufficient to enable them to raise the needed money is an adequate foundation for plaintiffs’ ability and readiness to pay.—McGehee v. Hill, 1 Ala. 140 (3).
It was not competent for defendant to show that in •several instances plaintiffs had settled other delivery *504contracts by tbe payment of margins without delivery. Under the statute such evidence would stamp those particular contracts with presumptive illegality, but this presumption would not be extended to separate and disconnected purchases from other people. This does not deny the rule that, where an unlawful intent is sought to be imputed to a particular transaction, evidence may be admitted of other similar transactions exhibiting such an intent if shown to be nearly related in time and purpose, so as to illustrate a single and consistent design.—Nelms v. Steiner, 113 Ala. 562 (5), 22 South. 435.
However, the trial court, upon the withdrawal of plaintiffs’ objections, seems to have allowed defendant full latitude as to such transactions, and he can have no complaint as to their former exclusion.
The two pages from plaintiffs’ ledger, offered by defendant, showing an account with Lehman Bros., of New York and items of cotton sold'to them, were, as far as we can see, wholly foreign to the issues of this case and were properly excluded.
The contract sned on is valid upon its face, and, in the absence of affirmative evidence to the contrary, the law will presume that an actual delivery of the cotton was intended.—Perryman v. Wolfe, 93 Ala. 290, 9 South. 148.
The ownership or possession of cotton by defendant at the time of his agreement to sell to plaintiffs was not at all essential to the validity of the transaction.—Perryman v. Wolfe, supra; Hawley v. Bibb, 69 Ala. 52. Hence its invalidity cannot be inferred from the mere fact that defendant, a merchant who regularly bought cotton from the neighboring planters, then had no cotton on hand, and that fact was not admissible in evidence; at least unless it was accompanied by other competent evidence of an intention not to deliver. A *505careful consideration of the record does not disclose any legitimate evidence, admitted or offered, which could afford the necessary and reasonable inference that this contract was founded upon any agreement or understanding that it was to be discharged by the payment of margins without actual delivery. Defendant himself does not, in the course of his. testimony, even hint at such an understanding, and, outside of the pleadings, the charge rests solely upon the unfounded argumentative insinuations of counsel.
We have now discussed all of those questions and principles which we deem to have been of importance in the trial and proper determination of the case. To prolong this opinion by a detailed discussion of every ruling of the trial court here complained of would be a useless expense to the state, and of no advantage to any one. We have examined each one of them, and do not find prejudicial error.
The trial court, on proper written request, gave to the jury the general affirmative charge in favor of the plaintiffs. It is insisted that this was erroneous: (1) Because the intention of the parties as to actual delivery of the cotton was on the evidence a disputed question of fact; and (2) because the readiness and ability of plaintiffs to accept and pay for the cotton during the period when it might have been delivered was not sufficiently shown to justify the withdrawal of that issue from the jury. We have already concluded adversely to the first contention.
Respectable authorities have held that a purchaser’s readiness and ability to pay for the goods contracted for is sufficiently shown, prima facie, by his demand for their delivery made upon the vendor at the proper time and place.—Squier v. Hunt, 3 Price, 68 (citing Wilks v. Atkinson, 1 Marsh. 412); Biggers v. Pace, 5 Ga. 171 (citing 2 Wm. Saunders, 352, a).
*506And it seems to be well settled that very slight evidence is sufficient to show such readiness and ability.—Hough v. Rawson, 17 Ill. 588; Kitzinger v. Sanborn, 70 Ill. 146; Bronson v. Wiman, 10 Barb. (N. Y.) 406 (affirmed in 8 N. Y. 182); Salmon Co. v. Box Co., 158 Cal. 567, 112 Pac. 454. This is, of course, especially true where the vendor has not based his failure to deliver upon the vendee’s inability to accept and pay, and there is no serious contention of such inability on the trial.—Salmon Co. v. Box Co., supra.
In this state it has been specifically decided that in actions like this the doctrine of strict tender is not to be applied, and the purchaser of goods need not keep nor have the actual money for payment.
“The law, in requiring proof of ability in such cases as this, is to prevent either party from taking advantage of a breach of contract which he himself was not able to comply with; and yet, if the law were thus to be settled (i. e., as requiring the vendee to have the actual money), a man of undoubted ability to comply with his contract in point of fact would in theory be held incompetent. * * The counsel for the plaintiff in error maintains that the only test of this ability would be having the money then in his possession. But would not his ability be just as certain if he had the money in bank, subject to his check, or in the hands of a friend subject to his order or demand, or, to go further, if the property in his possession, and his credit in the community were such that he could have promptly raised the money to meet his engagement, would it not be a certainty in a moral point of view, as positive as the other.”—McGehee v. Hill, 1 Ala. 140, 146, 147.
And it was so held.
It would seem, also, that when an established mercantile firm is concurrently making and executing many *507other similar contracts of purchase throughout the same territory, this,' in connection with a seasonable demand for delivery, would he prima facie sufficient to establish readiness and ability to accept and pay.
It appears that plaintiffs were doing this, and also that arrangements had been made with two banks to supply the money needed for this purchase, and, further, that they demanded of defendant the delivery of the cotton on the last day of defendant’s optional period of delivery, without response from or action by him. On the evidence plaintiffs were entitled to a verdict as matter of law, and the jury were properly so instructed. In this view of the case the special charges requested by defendant were properly refused.
No question as to the measure of damages or the amount of the recovery being raised by defendant, discussion of those matters Will be pretermitted.
The judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Anderson, C. J., and McClellan and Sayre, JJ., concur.