Court Opinion

ID: 6812027
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-23 18:55:26.433378+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:03:41.726147
License: Public Domain

Keith, P.,
dissenting:
I agree with the opinion of the court upon the demurrer to ihe indictment, and as to the several assignments of error which it overrules. I am constrained, however, to dissent from so much of the opinion as holds that section 3905 of the Code does not apply where a capital offense is charged in the indictment, and that, while the allegation of such former offense in an indictment for a capital offense may be treated as surplusage and the indictment sustained, it is error to admit proof of such former offense, the principal reason assigned being that as the accused is charged with and may be found guilty of a capital offense under such an indictment, and as no punishment can be superadded to the death penalty, the only effect of such proof would be to prejudice the prisoner.
*859The necessary effect o-f all'statutes, which upon the trial of an offender admit proof of a former offense in order to heighten the punishment, is in some degree to prejudice the prisoner. Tt is in the very nature of such statutes and cannot he avoided; yet the legislature of this State, of our sister States and of Great Britian have seen proper, in the effort to prevent crime, to. punish with greater severity one who has more than once offended against the law, or has become, in the language of some of the statutes, an habitual offender, than a person who is for the first time accused of crime.
So careful was the common law of admitting proof that might prejudice the prisoner, that it excluded evidence of the prisoner’s charaeter, unless he saw fit to put it in issue, and rigorously excluded all proof of former offenses; but, as we have seen, the legislatures of many States and of this Commonwealth have in their wisdom seen fit to abrogate this rule of the common law in certain classes of cases and admit proof of former offenses, where such offenses are alleged in the indictment, although the necessary and inevitable consequence is that to a greater or less degree it prejudices the prisoner. ISTo one can doubt that upon a trial for grand larceny, which is punishable by confinement in the penitentiary, the allegation and proof of a former conviction of a like offense would influence the minds of the jury, and in a doubtful case might be a determining factor in reaching a verdict of guilty.
But with these considerations, I respectfully and earnestly submit, this court has no concern. We have nothing to do with them. Such questions are for the legislature. With abstract questions of justice and humanity, we, as judges, have no concern. We are here to administer the law as the legislature sees fit to enact it, and the only limitations upon its power with respect to the subject are such as the Constitution of the United States and of the Commonwealth impose. Among those limitations are that it can pass no éx post facto law; that it cannot put a man twice in jeopardy for the same offense; and that it *860can inflict no cruel or unusual punishment. Our inquiry, therefore; is confined to a correct interpretation of the statute, and whether or not it prejudices the prisoner is a question with which we have no concern.
The indictment in this case is in the usual form for murder of the first degree, to which is added the allegation that the accused, before the commission of the offense charged in the indictment, had. been twice sentenced to confinement in the penitentiary in the State of Kentucky. Under this indictment, the prisoner could have been found guilty of murder of the first degree, which is punishable by death; of murder of the second degree, which is punishable by confinement in the penitentiary for not less than five, nor more than eighteen years; of manslaughter, punishable by confinement in the penitentiary for not less than one, nor more than five years; and of involuntary manslaughter. In addition, if the jury found him guilty of an offense punishable by confinement in the penitentiary, there could have been added, by virtue of section 3905, an additional sentence of five years’ confinement in the penitentiary.
’ The section referred to is as follows: ‘When any person is convicted of an offense, and sentenced to confinement therefor in the • penitentiary, and it is alleged in the indictment on which hé is convicted, and admitted, or by the jury found, that he had been before sentenced in the United States to a like punishment, -he shall be sentenced to be confined five years in addition to the time to which he is or would be otherwdse sentenced!”
And section 3906 of the Code, having the same purpose in view, provides that if it is alleged in the indictment and admitted, or so found by the jury, that the accused has twdce before in the United States been convicted of an offense punishable by confinement in the penitentiary, he shall be sentenced to confinement in prison for life.
In this connection it may be remarked, that the jury in their *861verdict do not, under sections 3905 and 3906, impose the added punishment. They only find the fact and the additional term is imposed by the court in obedience to the law. If the jury found him guilty of murder of the first degree, nothing of course could be added to that punishment; and so if he was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter, which is a misdemeanor, the penalty provided by section 3905 could not have applied.
All of the offenses enumerated are included in the indictment for murder of the first degree. The indictment is to be taken as virtually charging that the prisoner was guilty of murder of the first degree; that he was guilty of murder of the second degree; that he was guilty of manslaughter; and that he had been convicted before of an offense punishable by confinement in the penitentiary. All of these offenses, including the charges of the former offenses committed in Kentucky, are put in issue by the plea of not guilty, and evidence tending to prove any one of them is admissible as being relevant to the issue joined. If this were not so, then inasmuch as the prisoner was charged with a capital offense, no evidence except such as tended to prove a capital offense could be admitted. If no such proof could be admitted, no verdict other than murder of the first degree could properly be found, which would be in the teeth of the decisions of this court, of the law as stated by Bishop on Oriminal Law, Vol. I, p. 705, and of section 4040 of the Code, and would be logically a reductio ad absurdum.
It is true that evidence as to the former convictions can have no relevancy with respect to murder of the first degree. It is not, indeed, substantive proof of any of the offenses included in the indictment. The fact that he was guilty of former crimes in Kentucky does not prove or tend to prove the specific crime of murder for • which the prisoner was indicted, and evidence with respect to it is pertinent only to that allegation of the indictment which, if not admitted, must, in the language of the statute, be by the jury found. If the prisoner had been *862indicted, as he might have been, for murder of the second degree, or for manslaughter, and the indictment had contained the allegation with respect to the former offenses, there can be no doubt, I presume, that evidence with respect to them would have been free from all objection. In the indictment before us the offenses of murder of the second degree and of manslaughter are as completely comprehended as though the indictment had named those offenses, and had excluded the charge of murder of the first degree. When the evidence was offered it was for the court to determine whether or not it was relevant to any issue before the jury. The prisoner was upon trial for two offenses, the punishment for either of which Avould have been confinement in the penitentiary. He had by his plea put in issue the fact that he has committed the former offenses. If the jury found him guilty of murder of the second degree, or of manslaughter, and found also that he ivas guilty of the former offenses imputed to him, then all the conditions contemplated by the statute would have concurred, and there would have been no escape from the imposition of a sentence for the additional five years. How Avas the judge to know that the jury would (find him guilty of murder of the first degree ? If he was guilty of murder of the first degree and punished by death, of course the penalty for the former offenses alleged against him would go for nothing; and so, if he -were found guilty of a misdemeanor, as he might have been. Under such circumstances there was nothing for the court to do hut, admit, the evidence and leave its value to be determined by the conclusion at which the jury might arrive, as it was impossible for the court to see what verdict the jury would ultimately render.
But it is said its effect would be to prejudice the jury—to dispose them to render a verdict of guilty of murder of the first degree when they otherwise might have inflicted a lighter punishment. This is true. Such might have been its effect; and such, I repeat, not only may be, but is the natural effect of *863every charge of a former offense in an indictment, and of all proof of its commission. Judge Daniel, in Rand’s Case, 9 Gratt. 738, refers to this, and properly makes it the cause of reversal; hut it will be observed that it was error in that cast1 and that case was reversed solely because the averment in the declaration did not comply with the statute law, and so far as that case is concerned it was controlled by the common law, which without doubt forbids proof, except in rare instances, of any crime other than 'that for which the accused is being-tried.
The opinion of the court, in this connection, refers to a judgment of Judge Park, who was doubtless a very great judge but sometimes erred. It is in Rex v. Jones, in which he used the picturesque expression quoted by the court, that “if the jury were aware of the prisoner’s conviction, it was like trying a man with a rope about his neck.” It is this case which is referred to in 1 Bish. Orim. Law, at section 964, as follows: “Park, J., at first would not permit the jury to be informed of the prior conviction until it had passed upon the new charge, but this course the judges, at a meeting, deemed wrong. Rex v. Jones, 6 Car. & Payne 391. Then Parliament, by 14 and 15 Victoria, ch. 19, sec. 9, incorporated the former practice into the law. Since which time the prisoner is arraigned on the whole indictment in the usual manner; thereupon he pleads not guilty. The jury is first charged to inquire into the subsequent offense. Should the finding be guilty, it is next, without being-sworn, to pass upon the other part of the indictment, and in each instance only the part of the indictment on which it is about to pass is read.”
Prom that it would seem, and from the report of the ease referred to it appears, that the judges, thirteen in number, disapproved of Baron Park’s practice, and thereupon the matter was settled by act of Parliament and wise precautions- taken to prevent prejudice to the prisoner. But our statute is an expression of the law as it stood in England before the act of Parlia*864ment, and Baron Park’s construction of it would have been rejected by the judges.
I submit, that if the legislature wishes to have a prisoner tried “with a rope around his neck,” or in any other mode not repugnant to some constitutional restriction, it is a matter with which the courts have no concern.
It is to be regretted that this case, which I deem an important one, is to be considered under circumstances which render it impossible fully to consult the statutes and decisions of other States. So far as I have been able to examine them, however, the statutes of other States differ in material respects from our own.
Prom Band’s Case, supra, we gather, at p. 744, that the Massachusetts statute provided, that “where a person had been convicted of a crime punishable by confinement to hard' labor, he should, upon conviction of another offense punishable in like manner, be sentenced to a punishment in addition to the one prescribed by the law for such last offense.”
In Texas, as appears from the report in Long v. State, 36 Tex. 6, it is provided that “if it be shown upon the trial of á felony, less than capital, that the defendant has been before convicted of the same offense, or of one of the same nature, the punishment on such second or other subsequent conviction, shall be th¿ highest which is affixed to the commission of such offense in ordinary cases.” And by another section it is provided, that “a person convicted a second time of any offense to which the penalty of death is affixed as an alternative punishment, shall not receive on such second conviction a less punishment than imprisonment for life in the penitentiary.”
But in our statute there is no such limitation as is found in Massachusetts which limits the introduction of evidence of a former offense to indictments where the prisoner is chargeable with ¿n offense punishable by confinement at hard labor, which of course excludes capital punishment; and no such limitation as is found in the Texas statute, which in terms excludes the *865trial of capital cases. Our statute (section 3905) makes no reference to the charge for which the prisoner is being tried, nor to the character of the first offense, proof of which is authorized. It imposes no limitations and affixes no conditions, except that it must be alleged in the indictment on which the prisoner is convicted', and admitted or by the jury found that he had been sentenced, not for a like crime, but to a like punishment in the United States. The statute looks solely to the offense of which the accused is convicted; it has no reference to the offense with which he is charged; and this difference in phraseology between our statute and kindred statutes of other States could not have been the result of accident. It was a part of a well conceived and well considered scheme for the punishment of habitual offenders, which taken in connection with other sections m pari materia shows 'that the legislature was profoundly impressed with the policy of punishing with greater severity an habitual rather than an occasional offender, and took every precaution that no guilty man should escape. It might have been well to have thrown around the prisoner some of the safeguards that are introduced into the English statute before referred to; but the legislature has not seen fit to introduce them. It might have been well, had the prisoner so requested, to have postponed the introduction of the evidence of the former offense until a verdict had been reached upon the indictment on trial. This practice would have had the sanction of the high authority of Baron Park, but would have been in contravention of the judgment of the thirteen judges who were of a different opinion. Had it been done, however, it would at least have met with my approval. If the evidence was admissible for any purpose, the court was bound to admit it. Cluverius v. Com’th, 81 Va. 787. Had the prisoner desired to impose a limitation upon its effect, it was for him to request the court to make the restriction. It is of every-day occurrence that juries are told that they are not to consider evidence except subject to limitations which the court imposes. Evidence ad*866missible for one purpose is improper for another. There is constantly occurring in the progress of trials incidents which tend to prejudice litigants in civil cases, or prisoner upon trial for a criminal offence. Courts sometimes admit evidence which is afterwards excluded; a judge will sometimes make a remark which will be prejudicial to the litigant or to the prisoner; counsel, in the heat of controversy, indulge in language which comes under the condemnation of the court. In all such cases, all that can be done is to tell the jury that they must disregard the inadmissible evidence or the improper observation. It always remains possible that they are unable to efface it from their minds; that there still remains an unconscious impression which may insensibly influence their judgement; but that grows out of the infirmity of human nature. To say that every error committed during a trial, whatever effort may be made to correct it, should be ground for a new trial, would render the administration of justice impossible. Therefore, it is the constant practice of other courts and of this court to affirm verdicts and judgments rendered under conditions such as those to which T have alluded.
It is plain, however, from the authorities that the fact that the prisoner may be prejudiced by the introduction of the evidence of former conviction is not the test. If the evidence be relevant, it must be admitted. 1 Bish. Orim. Law, sec. 396,. ch. 3.
In Johnson v. People, 55 N. Y. 512, Chief Justice Church said: “The objection that the evidence may affect the prisoner’s character has no force when such evidence relates to the issue to be tried. Such evidence may be prejudicial to a prisoner as to the second offense, and a case might occur of a conviction upon too slight evidence, through the influence which a previous conviction of a similar offense might exert upon the minds of the jury; but there is no legal presumption that such a result will ever be produced. An English statute, passed in 1837, requires the principal charge to be first found by the jury, and *867then authorizes proof of the former conviction to be presented to them, but we have no such statute.”
If our statute contained a provision similar to the' English statute of 1837, inferred to in Johnson v. The People, supra, then every objection urged in the opinion of the court to the admission of the evidence would vanish, and that without any change whatever in section 3905, except as to the order of proof. In such a case, if the jury found the prisoner guilty of a capital offense, the case would of course proceed no further, but if on an indictment for murder of the first degree he should be found guilty of one of the included felonies and of the former offense, then every requisite condition to the inflicting of the added penalty would exist. This would seem to show that only the fear of prejudicing the prisoner and not the terms of the statute leads to the exclusion of the evidence; but the authorities are conclusive that this reason is not sufficient if the terms of the statute do not require it. In other words, the proper interpretation of the language used in the statute can work no legal prejudice.
I am of opinion, therefore, that in this case, -while the prisoner was charged with murder of the first degree, he was also charged with offenses punishable by confinement in the penitentiary; that when the evidence was offered it could not be foreseen at what verdict the jury would arrive; that the evidence of a former conviction was pertinent to be considered by the jury in ascertaining whether the prisoner had been convicted of the former offenses or charges, had they been of opinion that he was guilty of a less offense than murder of the first degree; that our statute differs materially from like statutes of other States to which we have access; that while it may prejudice the prisoner, such prejudice is inherent in the very nature of all such statutes; that while it might have been proper, had the prisoner so requested, that the judge should charge the jury not to consider the proof of the first offense as substantive proof of guilt of the offense for which he was being tried and that they should *868especially not allow it to influence them in determining whether or not the prisoner was guilty of murder of the first degree, there is no provision of the statute nor any rule of law which required the judge, of his own volition, to make any such statement to the jury; that the evidence being admissible, it does not in a legal sense prejudice the prisoner; and that there was no error in the ruling of the trial court in this respect.
The effect of the opinion of the court is to read into section 3905 an exception with respect to trials of all offenses in which capital punishment may be inflicted, the tendency of which is to afford the worst offenders an avenue of escape from the harsher punishment, which I think is in direct contravention of the policy of our law.
To answer this, the court in its opinion refers to section 4180 of the Code, which provides, that “when a person convicted of an offense, and sentenced to confinement therefor in the penitentiary, is received therein, if he was before sentenced to a like punishment, and the record of his conviction does not show that he has been sentenced under section thirty-nine hundred and five, or thirty-nine hundred and six, the superintendent of the penitentiary shall give information thereof, without delay, to the said Circuit Court of the city of Richmond, whether it be alleged or not in the indictment on which he was so convicted, that he had been before sentenced to a like punishment.”
This section is treated by the court as supplementary of section 3905, and as intended to authorize the imposition of the added penalty where it has not been imposed by the trial court. This was doubtless the object of the section. It operates only upon such cases as might have been, but were not, punished under sections 3905 and 3906. I think it equally plain that it does not apply to any case which might not have been punished under those sections. And yet it is a matter of frequent occurrence that a man in prison upon a conviction for murder or manslaughter is brought before the circuit court under section 4180 and the additional punishment imposed upon him. ISTow *869in all those eases the man was indicted for murder of the first degree. He was convicted of a less offense, and sentenced to the penitentiary; and, having undergone a former conviction, he comes directly within the terms of section 3905 and section 4180; and it seems to me clear that if the added punishment can be imposed under section 4180 upon a man who was indicted for murder of the first degree, found guilty of a less offense and sentenced to the penitentiary, it necessarily follows that the added penalty could have been imposed at the trial under section 3905. The legislature, in furtherance of its policy to punish habitual offenders, was taking both chances. If the facts were known to the trial court, it was proper to indict and punish him in that court; but if for any reason that was not done, then jurisdiction was conferred upon the Circuit Court of the city of Richmond, at the instance of the superintendent of the penitentiary, to add the additional penalty. But while section 3905 must embrace every case which could come under the influence of section 4180, the converse is not true, and section 4180 does not embrace every case in which-the trial court might, under section 3905, have imposed the additional penalty. The court, under section 4180, can only be put in motion by the superintendent of the penitentiary, while under section 3905 the attorney for the Commonwealth and the grand jury are charged with putting the machinery of the. law in motion, and that opens the door to every possible avenue of information with respect to the former conviction.
The court being of opinion that the judgment should be reversed upon other grounds, does not deal with the motion to set aside the verdict as contrary to the evidence; but as I am of opinion that the judgment should bo affirmed, my opinion must, of course, cover every assignment of error.
I shall not undertake to discuss the facts.
The law governing such cases is nowhere better stated than in Bull v. Com'th, 14 Gratt. 613: “The appellate court will not reverse the judgment, unless by rejecting all the parol *870evidence for the exceptor and giving full faith and credit to that of the adverse party the decision of the court below still appears to be wrong.”
Since that decision was pronounced, section 3484 of the Code has been enacted, which declares that if any case at law, civil or criminal, is tried by a jury and a party excepts to the decision on the ground that it is contrary to the evidence, and the evidence is certified, the rule of decision in the appellate court, in considering the evidence, shall be as on a demurrer to the evidence by the appellant.
blow, whether the evidence in this case be considered under the statute, or under the law as it existed before the statute, it is ample to sustain the verdict. The jury were carefully and correctly instructed; and, upon the whole case, I am of opinion that the judgment should be affirmed.

Reversed.

Oabdwell, J., concurs with Keith, P.