Court Opinion

ID: 6326553
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-24 16:13:23.107209+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:13.881337
License: Public Domain

03/23/2022
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                                October 13, 2021 Session

      ESTATE OF MARTHA HARRISON BANE v. JOHN BANE ET AL.

                 Appeal from the Chancery Court for Cocke County
           Nos. 08-189, 2014-CV-103 Telford E. Forgety, Jr., Chancellor
                      ___________________________________

                            No. E2020-00978-COA-R3-CV
                        ___________________________________

Martha Harrison Bane conveyed an approximately eight-acre tract of land to her son and
daughter-in-law in 2003. Several years later, Ms. Bane sought to have the deed set aside
on the basis of undue influence. A default judgment was entered against the defendants
and the land was re-conveyed back to Ms. Bane by a Clerk and Master’s deed. Several
years after that, the defendants had the default judgment set aside. The trial court then held
a hearing on the original petition to have the deed set aside in February of 2018 and
determined that the deed was valid. Ms. Bane’s estate appeals. Discerning no error, we
affirm.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

KRISTI M. DAVIS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JOHN W. MCCLARTY and
KENNY W. ARMSTRONG, JJ., joined.

Thomas M. Leveille, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Estate of Martha Harrison
Bane.

Matthew A. Grossman and Rebekah P. Harbin, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellees,
Anne Bane, John Bane, and Elizabeth Caldwell Kingery, Executor of the Estate of J. Alan
Kingery.

                                         OPINION

                                       BACKGROUND

       This is the second appeal in a dispute over a warranty deed conveying approximately
eight acres of land in Cocke County, Tennessee. Martha Harrison Bane hailed from Cocke
County and owned a large portion of land in the area. When Ms. Bane’s husband died in
1995, Ms. Bane’s oldest son, John Bane,1 began helping Ms. Bane manage her affairs. In
John’s words, Ms. Bane looked to him to “handle things.” For example, John purchased a
home for his brother, Phillip Bane, at Ms. Bane’s request; she assured John she would pay
him back. Although the timeline is unclear from the record, it is undisputed that Ms. Bane
also lived in a house owned by John and his wife, Anne Bane, in Virginia 2 for a period of
time.

       In 1998, Ms. Bane began conveying different tracts of land to various of her eight
children. For example, on September 27, 1998, Ms. Bane conveyed a plot to her son Phillip
Bane; she also gave plots to daughters Martha Carnes and Elizabeth Annis on May 21,
2003, and April 2, 2004, respectively. Ms. Bane also executed a last will and testament
on November 12, 2003. On May 9, 2003, Ms. Bane signed a general power of attorney in
favor of John Bane. The power of attorney provided John “full power and authority to do
and perform all acts and things whatsoever requisite and necessary to be done . . . as I might
or could do if acting personally.” On October 20, 2003, Ms. Bane executed the warranty
deed which is the impetus of the present case, thereby conveying the eight acres of land in
Cocke County to John and Anne Bane. On that same day, Ms. Bane also executed another
warranty deed conveying a tract of real property in the same area to a different son, Thomas
Bane.3

       At some point during 2005, Thomas Bane visited his mother and John Bane at the
old family home in Cocke County. Thomas found them looking over a plot map of the
family land. According to Thomas, the relationship between John and Ms. Bane was still
copasetic on this occasion. Thomas testified that Ms. Bane and John were discussing
John’s plans for his tract of land, specifically that John wanted to clear the area and develop
an RV park. Thomas’ undisputed testimony established that Ms. Bane was amenable to
and knowledgeable about this plan. On the day Thomas visited in 2005, Ms. Bane
instructed John to take Thomas and his wife, Mary Bane, driving around the property to
view John’s progress. According to Thomas, everything was “very, very positive” on this
occasion and overall.

       Sometime after this point, however, relationships within the Bane family
deteriorated. According to testimony at trial, Ms. Bane and John were very close until
approximately 2006, when two of Ms. Bane’s other sons, David Bane and Roy Bane,
became more actively involved in Ms. Bane’s affairs. While John had always been the son
to assist Ms. Bane, a rift formed in the family, after which Roy primarily managed Ms.
Bane’s finances and land. Thomas Bane was told he had to ask permission from Roy before
        1
            Because several of the parties to this case have the same last name, first and last names are used
for clarity.
         2
           John and Anne Bane reside in Blue Ridge, Virginia.
         3
           This fact is undisputed; however, the deed to Thomas Bane and his wife does not appear in the
record.

                                                      2
visiting Ms. Bane and that anything “concern[ing] [Ms. Bane’s] affairs need[ed] to go
through” Roy. Although the timeline is not entirely clear from the record, the parties agree
that John’s power of attorney was eventually revoked and that Roy Bane became Ms.
Bane’s power of attorney. Additionally, Thomas and John both testified at trial that David
Bane assaulted John Bane at some point in 2006 over the land transactions. Around this
time, Roy and David Bane also helped Ms. Bane create an irrevocable trust of which Roy
was the trustee.4

       In the meantime, John and Anne Bane executed a deed of trust for $250,000.00 in
favor of Anne’s father, J. Alan Kingery, on June 20, 2007. This deed of trust was secured
by the eight-acre tract in Cocke County. It is undisputed that John and Anne borrowed
money from Mr. Kingery but made no payments on the debt. John testified at trial,
however, that the debt had not been paid because he and Anne continued to borrow money
from Mr. Kingery, including money for their attorney’s fees in this cause.

       On December 15, 2008, Ms. Bane filed a complaint for “cancellation of deed”
against John and Anne Bane in the trial court. The complaint alleged that John exerted
undue influence over Ms. Bane and fraudulently induced her to convey real property to
them in 2003. As explained in the first appeal of this case,

                 Ms. Bane asserted, inter alia, that at the time of the Property’s transfer
        in 2003, John Bane was acting as her attorney-in-fact. Ms. Bane alleged that
        John Bane falsely represented that she needed to sign the deed transferring
        title to the Property to Defendants as part of Ms. Bane’s estate plan. Ms. Bane
        further alleged that Defendants informed her the deed would be placed in a
        lock box and would not be recorded until after her death. According to Ms.
        Bane, she had no intention of transferring title for the Property to Defendants
        at the time she signed the deed; rather, she intended for them to receive it
        only following her death.

               Ms. Bane further asserted that upon her discovery of the transfer of
        the Property, she revoked the power of attorney granted to John Bane and
        demanded that he and his wife convey title back to her. Upon John Bane’s
        refusal to do so, Ms. Bane filed this action, seeking title to the Property,
        damages, and an award of attorney’s fees. A copy of the deed transferring
        the Property to Defendants was attached to the complaint.

Bane v. Bane, No. E2018-00790-COA-R3-CV, 2019 WL 2714081, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App.
June 28, 2019).

        4
          The trial court noted at the final hearing that Roy Bane, acting pro se, had attempted to intervene
in the present case several times.

                                                     3
       The same day the complaint was filed, an “Order of Publication” was signed and
issued by the Clerk and Master. This order provided that “personal service cannot be had
upon [John and Anne Bane,]” and that “service of process by publication” was in order.
Notice of Ms. Bane’s suit was then published in the Newport Plain Talk on December 16,
2008, December 23, 2008, December 30, 2008, and January 6, 2009.

        Ms. Bane filed a motion for default judgment on February 9, 2009, alleging that
John and Anne Bane were served by publication and had been mailed a copy of the order
allowing service by publication. The trial court granted Ms. Bane’s motion on March 23,
2009, thereby setting aside the 2003 warranty deed to John and Anne Bane. On April 7,
2009, a Clerk and Master’s deed was issued to Ms. Bane re-conveying the eight-acre tract
back to her. Subsequently, on or about August 3, 2010, John and Anne Bane appeared in
the trial court regarding court costs for the 2008 action. The only indication as to what
happened at this hearing is an order providing that John and Anne appeared on a motion to
compel and were assessed $397.50 in court costs.

       Then, on August 27, 2014, Ms. Bane filed a second action in the trial court. This
complaint was titled “Complaint to Cancel Deed of Trust,” and named John and Anne
Bane, as well as Mr. Kingery, as defendants. This time,

       Ms. Bane alleged that on June 20, 2007, Defendants had executed a Deed of
       Trust in favor of Mr. Kingery in the amount of $250,000, which required no
       payments and set forth no associated interest rate. According to Ms. Bane,
       Mr. Kingery did not pay any money to Defendants upon the execution of the
       deed of trust. Rather, Ms. Bane alleged that the trust deed was executed to
       create a cloud on the title to the [p]roperty [deeded to John and Anne]. Ms.
       Bane sought to have the deed of trust set aside.

Id.

        On November 19, 2014, John and Anne Bane filed a motion to have the March 2009
default judgment set aside. Mr. Kingery also filed a motion to intervene in the first action.
The trial court held a hearing on March 11, 2015, at which the motion to set aside the
default judgment was granted. “Rather than granting Mr. Kingery’s motion to intervene in
the first action, the trial court consolidated the first action with the second action, which
permitted Mr. Kingery to proceed as a named party and rendered the motion to intervene
moot.” Id. at *2. With the default judgment against John and Anne Bane set aside, Ms.
Bane’s first and second actions were then left pending. Stated differently, the case then
before the trial court was Ms. Bane versus John Bane, Anne Bane, and Mr. Kingery
(hereinafter together, “Defendants”). Ms. Bane wanted both the 2003 warranty deed and
the 2007 deed of trust set aside.

       A lengthy discovery dispute ensued. Ms. Bane was sanctioned twice by the trial

                                             4
court for failing to cooperate in discovery, and the parties had great difficulty in scheduling
Ms. Bane’s deposition. Although Ms. Bane maintained that her advanced age and
deteriorating health prevented her from sitting for long periods of time, Defendants
characterized this as a delay tactic. After being ordered by the trial court to appear for a
deposition, Ms. Bane was deposed for approximately two hours in 2016; however, Ms.
Bane’s counsel terminated the deposition early. Ms. Bane was again deposed on June 6,
2017, although Roy Bane ended the deposition after two hours. Dissatisfied at being
unable to complete their deposition of Ms. Bane, Defendants eventually filed a motion to
dismiss the case outright.

       A final hearing was held on February 6, 2018. Despite being subpoenaed by
Defendants, Ms. Bane did not appear at trial.5 Ms. Bane’s counsel maintained that Ms.
Bane was unavailable due to her age and deteriorating health and sought to have her
deposition submitted in lieu of her live testimony. Defendants objected, arguing that Ms.
Bane continued to engage in delay tactics and that nothing had been filed establishing that
Ms. Bane was in fact unavailable. The trial court determined that outright dismissal was
not warranted, but ruled that in light of Ms. Bane’s history of failing to cooperate in
completing the deposition and her failure to appear at trial, the deposition would be
excluded. Accordingly, the only witnesses at trial were John Bane and Thomas Bane.

      The trial court entered its final order on February 12, 2018, finding in favor of
Defendants. As explained in Bane I, the trial court’s order provided, as relevant:

       The Court has listened to the evidence, which by the way is really in many
       respects confusing and just terribly convoluted, the dealings between the
       parties, terribly convoluted, but at the end of the day the Court is constrained
       to dismiss the complaint. The Court will explain its reasoning.

       First of all, [Ms. Bane] claims that Mr. John Bane held a power of attorney
       for Martha Harrison Bane, which he did for sure, held a power of attorney
       which was dated May 9, 2003. The deed made from Martha Harrison Bane
       to John Bane was dated . . . October 20, 2003. John Bane held a deed of trust,
       or rather a power of attorney for his mother Martha Bane certainly in October
       of 2003. From the record here, the Court cannot find that there had been any
       use of the power of attorney between the time it was granted in May of 2003
       and the time the deed was made in October of 2003.

       There may have been use of the power of attorney after that, but there’s no
       evidence in the record here that there was use of the power of attorney
       between May and October. Accordingly, I don’t think the presumption of
       undue influence by reason of a confidential relationship between John Bane

       5
           Ms. Bane was approximately 94 at the time of trial.

                                                     5
       and Martha Bane, I don’t think that presumption arises with respect to this
       transaction.

       I also note that there’s no evidence in the record that the power of attorney
       was used in connection with the very deed at issue. Martha Bane signed the
       deed herself. John Bane did not sign the deed as power of attorney for Martha
       Bane as grantor and himself as grantee. Martha Bane herself signed it.

                                      *      *       *

       Perhaps more importantly to the Court, there are a series of deeds in the
       record beginning with Exhibit 15 and running through Exhibit 19, deeds
       where -- deeds of gift, that’s what they’re styled, deeds of gift where Martha
       Bane made deeds of gifts for real property to some of her children,
       particularly Exhibit 15, a deed from Martha Bane to Philip Bane, one of her
       sons.

Id.
       Ultimately,

             the court dismissed Ms. Bane’s claims with prejudice. The Clerk and
       Master’s deed executed in 2009, which had conveyed title for the Property
       to Ms. Bane, was set aside, as well as subsequent deeds conveying the
       Property to the Martha Bane Trust. The court specifically upheld the deed
       from Ms. Bane to Defendants and the deed of trust in favor of Mr. Kingery.

Id.

        While it is undisputed that Ms. Bane then filed a motion to alter or amend, this
motion is not contained in the record. The order denying the motion is, however, contained
in the record, and provides that the motion was heard March 14, 2018. The trial court
denied Ms. Bane’s motion, explaining that her request to “[r]eopen [p]roof and [a]lter or
[a]mend [j]udgment” was not well taken. The transcript of the hearing reflects that Ms.
Bane requested the trial court accept “late evidence,” namely, a document purportedly
signed by John Bane, as Ms. Bane’s power of attorney, in 2003. Essentially, Ms. Bane
asked the trial court to reconsider its decision that no presumption of undue influence arose
as to the 2003 deed to John and Anne Bane because John Bane was acting as Ms. Bane’s
power of attorney at that time.

       After her post-trial motion was denied, Ms. Bane appealed to this Court; however,
the Bane I court concluded that the order setting aside the 2009 default judgment did not
contain sufficient legal analysis. We explained:

                                             6
              [T]he motions seeking to have the default judgment set aside are not
       included in the appellate record before us. However, inasmuch as the default
       judgment had become final, we presume that the motions were filed pursuant
       to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 60.02 rather than Rule 59 or 54. That
       being considered, the record contains no other information concerning the
       legal basis for the motions or whether such motions were timely filed. The
       motions were clearly not filed within one year of the grant of default
       judgment, and the trial court made no findings regarding whether the motions
       were filed within a reasonable time or whether the underlying judgment was
       void. In fact, the trial court’s order contains no discussion of the timeliness
       of the motions whatsoever.

               Due to the absence of sufficient factual findings and legal conclusions
       in the trial court’s order setting aside the default judgment, we conclude that
       the trial court’s March 30, 2015 order setting aside the default judgment
       should be vacated.

Id. at *6–7.

        Accordingly, we vacated the trial court’s order and remanded this case with
instructions to enter sufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law as to the legal basis
for setting aside the default judgment, “or, in the alternative, reconsideration of that order.”
Id. at *7. Ms. Bane died during the pendency of the first appeal and Roy Bane, as executor
of Ms. Bane’s estate (hereinafter “Plaintiff”), was substituted.

         The trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law on June 25, 2020,
ruling that the order setting aside the 2009 default judgment should stand because: 1)
personal service was never attempted and no summonses were ever issued or returned; 2)
the notice by publication was invalid because Plaintiff did not comply with the relevant
statutes; 3) Defendants did not waive the right to challenge process and jurisdiction by
appearing for the hearing on costs in 2010; and 4) Mr. Kingery was a necessary and
indispensable party to the first action due to the deed of trust on the subject property. The
trial court found that “[Ms. Bane’s] aim was to divest title from the Defendant[s] and to re-
vest it in herself[,]” and concluded that Defendants were not prohibited from bringing their
Rule 60.02 motion because “the reasonable time requirement [of that rule] does not apply
to a void judgment.” From this order, Plaintiff timely re-appealed to this Court.

       However, the trial court’s order remained nonfinal. While the June 25, 2020
findings of fact and conclusions of law explained the trial court’s decision to set aside the
2009 default judgment, the order failed to “deal with the ultimate issues in the case.”
Consequently, the parties requested this Court extend the remand in order for the trial court
to enter yet another order. On February 12, 2021, the trial court entered another order
providing:

                                               7
             After the Court set aside the default judgment on March 30, 2015 it
      conducted a trial on the merits of the consolidated cases, and made extensive
      findings of fact and conclusions of law. See “Final Order” of February 12,
      2018; “Correction of Final Order” dated February 16, 2018; and “Order with
      Regard to Plaintiff’s Motion to Reopen Proof and Alter or Amend Judgment
      and for New Trial” dated April, 2018. See also, Roy Andrew Bane, Executor
      v. John Bane, et al, Tenn. Ct. App. No. E2018-00790-COA-R3-CV, slip op.
      (June 28, 2019) at p.p. 3-5. Under these circumstances, it is not appropriate
      or necessary to re-try the case on the merits.

      It is, therefore, ORDERED and ADJUDGED that the Court reaffirms its
      prior: “Final Order which constituted the first final judgment of this Court,
      entered February 12, 2018 along with its findings of fact and conclusions of
      law; “Correction of Final Order” entered February 16, 2018; and “Order with
      Regard to Plaintiffs Motion to Reopen Proof and Alter or Amend Judgment
      and for New Trial,” entered April 2, 2018, all of which were the subject of
      Plaintiff’s prior appeal. It is, further,

      ORDERED that the Court expressly finds that this Order and Judgment
      resolves all matters placed at issue among all parties to this cause and
      therefore constitutes the Final Judgment of this Court.

The parties are now before this Court for the second time.

                                          ISSUES

      Plaintiff raises the following issues on appeal, which are restated slightly:

       1.    Whether the trial court erred in setting aside the 2009 default judgment
entered against John and Anne Bane.

      2.     Whether the trial court erred in excluding the deposition of Ms. Bane at trial.

       3.    Whether the trial court erred in concluding that no confidential relationship
existed between John Bane and Ms. Bane.

       4.     Whether the trial court erred in concluding that even if a confidential
relationship existed between John Bane and Ms. Bane, John Bane rebutted the presumption
of undue influence at trial.

       5.     Whether the deed of trust executed in favor of Mr. Kingery is void for lack
of consideration.

                                             8
       6.      Whether the trial court erred in denying Plaintiff’s “Motion to Reopen Proof
or to Alter or Amend the Judgment.”

                                                DISCUSSION

                                         a. The default judgment

       A trial court’s decision on a motion to set aside a final judgment is ordinarily
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. In re Beckwith Church of Christ, No. M2015-00085-
COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 5385853, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2016) (citing Discover
Bank v. Morgan, 363 S.W.3d 479, 487 (Tenn. 2012)). Our Supreme Court has held,
however, that when the basis of the motion is that the judgment is void, review is de novo
with no presumption of correctness. Turner v. Turner, 473 S.W.3d 257, 269 (Tenn. 2015);
see also Hussey v. Woods, 538 S.W.3d 476, 483 (Tenn. 2017).

        Upon remand from this Court, the trial court entered an order clarifying that the
2009 default judgment was set aside for two reasons. First, that personal service was never
attempted on John and Anne Bane, despite Plaintiff knowing where they lived,6 and that
service by publication was not properly effectuated. Accordingly, the trial court concluded
that it never established personal jurisdiction over John and Anne Bane. Second, the trial
court determined that based on the 2007 deed of trust, Mr. Kingery was an indispensable
party and should have been named in Ms. Bane’s first lawsuit to set aside the 2003 warranty
deed.

      Plaintiff does not challenge the trial court’s finding that the 2009 judgment is void
for lack of personal jurisdiction;7 rather, Plaintiff argues that the “exceptional

        6
          Indeed, Ms. Bane lived with John and Anne Bane in Virginia for some time.
        7
           Nor do we take issue with this holding, as the record shows substantial issues with the process
and service of process of Ms. Bane’s first complaint. For instance, with regard to service by mail, no
summonses were ever issued or returned. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 4.05, 4.04(10). As for service by publication,
Tennessee Code Annotated section 21-1-203 provides that in chancery court, “personal service of process
may be dispensed with” when “the defendant is a nonresident of this state.” Subsection (b) provides,
however, that “[t]o dispense with process in any of the cases listed in subsection (a), the facts shall be stated
under oath in the bill, or by separate affidavit, or appear by the return.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 21-1-203(b);
see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 21-1-205 (explaining additional requirements when publication is made for a
nonresident defendant). Because service of process has due process implications and is not perfunctory,
constructive notice by publication must still be “reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to
apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their
objections.” In re Beckwith Church of Christ, No. M2015-00085-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 5385853, at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2016) (quoting Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314
(1950)). In accordance with due process, our Supreme Court has explained that “constructive service by
publication should be viewed as a last resort means of serving a party whose identity is known.” Turner v.
Turner, 473 S.W.3d 257, 273 (Tenn. 2015). Here, the trial court found that Plaintiff failed to comply with
the statutory requirements allowing for service by publication mentioned above, and that service of process
overall was not reasonably calculated in this case. Despite Plaintiff not having challenged this finding on

                                                       9
circumstances” doctrine applies such that the void judgment should stand.

       Our Supreme Court articulated the exceptional circumstances doctrine in Turner v.
Turner, 473 S.W.3d 257 (Tenn. 2015). In that case, the father of minor children sought to
terminate the parental rights of the children’s mother following a divorce and custody
dispute. Id. at 261. The mother struggled with substance abuse and was absent from the
children’s lives for an extended period of time. Id. at 262. The father maintained that he
did not know mother’s whereabouts, and notice of the case was published for four
consecutive weeks in a Somerville, Tennessee newspaper. Id. at 263–64. The mother
never answered the petition, and a default judgment terminating her parental rights was
entered on December 17, 2001. Id. at 264. On July 29, 2010, the mother filed a Rule 60.02
motion asking that the judgment be set aside as void for lack of personal jurisdiction. Id.
After holding a hearing at which it was established, inter alia, that the father had contact
information for mother’s relatives, the trial court set aside the 2001 judgment. Id. at 267.
Father appealed to this Court. We affirmed the trial court’s decision but did so
“reluctantly,” noting the “profound consequences” for the children. Id. at 268.

       On appeal to the Supreme Court, the father argued that “the trial court acquired
personal jurisdiction over Mother through constructive service by publication.” Id. at 271.
The Court disagreed, however, noting that “constructive service by publication is
permissible only if it is accomplished in a manner reasonably calculated to give a party
defendant adequate notice of the pending judicial proceedings[.]” Id. at 272. The Court
further elucidated that “constructive service by publication should be viewed as a last resort
means of serving a party whose identity is known[,]” and that “a plaintiff who resorts to
constructive service by publication must comply meticulously with the governing
[Tennessee] statutes.” Id. at 273–74 (emphasis in original). Insofar as neither the face of
the judgment itself nor the record established that the father made diligent efforts to locate
the mother, the Supreme Court held that the judgment terminating the mother’s parental
rights was void. Id. at 276. The Court also clarified that void judgments may be attacked
at any time pursuant to Rule 60.02(3). Id. at 279.

        The Court then explained, however, that “relief from a void judgment may be denied
if certain exceptional circumstances exist.” Id. Drawing on the Restatement (Second) of
Judgments and the holdings of other jurisdictions, the Court concluded that relief from a
void judgment may be denied where “(1) [t]he party seeking relief, after having had actual
notice of the judgment, manifested an intention to treat the judgment as valid; and (2)
[g]ranting the relief would impair another person’s substantial interest of reliance on the
judgment.” Id. at 280. The Court expounded further:

appeal, we note out of an abundance of caution that we agree with the trial court’s ruling. We also note
that the attorney representing the Plaintiff on appeal was not the trial attorney.

                                                  10
              The essential point is that parties to a dispute may resolve it not only
       by adjudication but by contract or concord, express or implied by conduct
       giving rise to an estoppel. Such a concord may be reached not only by direct
       communication with that purpose in view, but also by manifestation of
       intention concerning the matter in dispute. A judgment purporting to
       determine the rights of the parties, though lacking effect of its own force
       because of invalidity, can thus be adopted as a consensual resolution of the
       parties’ rights. The party who obtained the judgment expresses his assent to
       the terms by obtaining the judgment; the other party expresses adherence by
       some act following the judgment in which the judgment is recognized as
       determinative.

Id. at 281 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 66 (1982)). The case was then
remanded for the trial court to determine whether exceptional circumstances existed such
that the void judgment should stand.

       Here, Plaintiff argues that the exceptional circumstances doctrine saves the 2009
default judgment against John and Anne Bane. Plaintiff asserts that the length of time
between the entry of the judgment and Defendants’ action to set it aside, plus the
Defendants’ appearance at the 2010 cost hearing, amount to a manifestation of Defendants’
assent that the judgment was valid. Plaintiff states in his brief that “[t]he Defendants, when
appearing at the hearing seeking to enforce terms of the default judgment, would be
expected to deny the effect of the judgment but [did] not do so.”

        We disagree. Exceptional circumstances, as contemplated by the Turner Court, are
not present in this case. See In re Prince J., No. E2016-00479-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL
6026738, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 5, 2017) (exceptional circumstances existed such that
judgment terminating mother’s parental rights was not set aside where children were well
adjusted in adoptive home and mother conceded she knew about adoption and how to
contact family); In re Brooklyn J., No. E2016-00482-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 6027813, at
*4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 5, 2017) (same). The Turner Court was clear that “silence is not
a manifestation of assent,” 473 S.W.3d at 281, and “mere delay does not preclude an attack
on a void judgment.” Beckwith Church of Christ, 2016 WL 5385853, at *5. Accordingly,
we are unconvinced that Defendants’ delay in seeking to set aside the default judgment
warrants application of the exceptional circumstances doctrine. This is especially true in
light of the fact that service of process on Defendants was defective, and it is unclear what
Defendants actually knew about the lawsuit and when they knew it.8

       Neither are we persuaded that the trial court’s 2010 order assessing Defendants
court costs is dispositive. Aside from this order, which provides only that Defendants

       8
           There was no testimony about this at trial.

                                                         11
appeared and were required to pay costs, there is nothing in the record establishing what
happened at the 2010 hearing. In the absence of any further information as to what
transpired at that hearing, we cannot reach the conclusion that Defendants “fail[ed] to
protest the judgment” and that such failure “can be taken as an affirmation of the
judgment.” Turner, 473 S.W.3d at 281. A single order, containing scant information, does
not amount to exceptional circumstances.

         We are likewise unpersuaded that granting Defendants relief from the void
judgment impairs another person’s reliance on the judgment to an exceptional degree.
While Plaintiff claims in his brief that Ms. Bane was prejudiced by the inability to appear
at trial, this was Ms. Bane’s choice. As detailed above, Defendants attempted to take Ms.
Bane’s deposition several times, and there is no indication Plaintiff ever took the
opportunity to depose Ms. Bane for proof despite her advanced age and health problems.
Consequently, we are unconvinced that the exceptional circumstances doctrine, as outlined
in Turner, saves the 2009 judgment.

       The 2009 default judgment is void for lack of personal jurisdiction, and the
exceptional circumstances doctrine does not apply. Consequently, we affirm the trial
court’s decision to set the judgment aside. In light of this conclusion, we need not reach
the issue of whether the trial court erred in holding that the judgment should also be set
aside for Plaintiff’s failure to join Mr. Kingery as a party to the first action.

                                 b. Ms. Bane’s deposition

       Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred in excluding the deposition testimony
of Ms. Bane. A trial court’s evidentiary determinations are reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. DePasquale v. Chamberlain, 282 S.W.3d 47, 57 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008) (citing
Brown v. Daly, 83 S.W.3d 153, 157 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)); see also Singh v. Larry Fowler
Trucking, Inc., 390 S.W.3d 280, 284 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012) (applying the abuse of
discretion standard to determine whether the trial court erred in excluding deposition
testimony). Further,

       An erroneous exclusion of evidence requires reversal only if the evidence
       would have affected the outcome of the trial had it been admitted. Pankow v.
       Mitchell, 737 S.W.2d 293, 298 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987). Reviewing courts
       cannot make this determination without knowing what the excluded evidence
       would have been. Stacker v. Louisville & N. R.R. Co., 106 Tenn. 450, 452,
       61 S.W. 766 (1901); Davis v. Hall, 920 S.W.2d 213, 218 (Tenn. Ct. App.
       1995); State v. Pendergrass, 795 S.W.2d 150, 156 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1989).
       Accordingly, the party challenging the exclusion of evidence must make an
       offer of proof to enable the reviewing court to determine whether the trial
       court’s exclusion of proffered evidence was reversible error. Tenn. R. Evid.
       103(a)(2); State v. Goad, 707 S.W.2d 846, 853 (Tenn. 1986); Harwell v.

                                             12
        Walton, 820 S.W.2d 116, 118 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). Appellate courts will
        not consider issues relating to the exclusion of evidence when this tender of
        proof has not been made. Dickey v. McCord, 63 S.W.3d 714, 723 (Tenn. Ct.
        App. 2001); Rutherford v. Rutherford, 971 S.W.2d 955, 956 (Tenn. Ct. App.
        1997); Shepherd v. Perkins Builders, 968 S.W.2d 832, 833-34 (Tenn. Ct.
        App. 1997).

Hampton v. Braddy, 270 S.W.3d 61, 65 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (quoting Thompson v. City
of LaVergne, No. M2003-02924-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 3076887, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Nov. 16, 2005), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Apr. 24, 2006)).

       Here, Plaintiff made no offer of proof as to the excluded testimony. Accordingly,
we are unable to review the excluded evidence and thus cannot determine whether its
exclusion “would have affected the outcome of the trial had it been admitted.” Hampton,
270 S.W.3d at 65 (citing Pankow, 737 S.W.2d at 298); see also Citadel Investments v.
White Fox Inc., No. M2003-00741-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 1183084, at *11 (Tenn. Ct.
App. May 17, 2005) (issue of excluded deposition waived where no offer of proof was
made and deposition was not in the record).9

       In the absence of Ms. Bane’s deposition, we are unable to consider whether its
exclusion was reversible error. This issue is waived. See Citadel Investments, 2005 WL
1183084, at *11.

                                     c. The 2003 warranty deed

       Plaintiff’s next two issues address whether the 2003 deed to John and Anne Bane
should be set aside for having been made under undue influence. Whether undue influence
has occurred is a question of fact, and, “[a]s such, an appellate court must ‘affirm the trial
court’s finding of undue influence unless the evidence preponderates otherwise.’” Ellis v.
Duggan, No. E2020-00723-COA-R3-CV, 2021 WL 4128841, at *23 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept.
10, 2021) (quoting Jarnigan v. Moyers, 568 S.W.3d 585, 591 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2018)).

       “The dominant rule in Tennessee and elsewhere is that the existence of a
confidential relationship, followed by a transaction wherein the dominant party receives a
benefit from the other party, gives rise to a presumption of undue influence that may be
rebutted only by clear and convincing evidence of the fairness of the transaction.” Ellis,
2021 WL 4128841, at *22 (quoting Matlock v. Simpson, 902 S.W.2d 384, 386 (Tenn.

        9
           In Singh, 390 S.W.3d at 286, this Court noted that “an offer of proof is not needed when the
substance of the evidence and its reason for exclusion are apparent from the context.” (citing Gillum v.
McDonald, No. M2003-00265-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 1950730, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 2, 2004)).
Here, however, Plaintiff has not argued that this exception applies, and in fact has made no argument as to
why the issue of the excluded deposition is not waived. Despite Defendants arguing in their principal brief
that Plaintiff failed to make an offer of proof, Plaintiff also fails to address this in his reply brief.

                                                    13
1995)) (internal quotations omitted). A confidential relationship arises, as a matter of law,
where an “unrestricted power of attorney is granted to the dominant party.” Parish v.
Kemp, 179 S.W.3d 524, 531 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (quoting Childress v. Currie, 74 S.W.3d
324, 328 (Tenn. 2002)). However,

       [n]o confidential relationship arises when an unrestricted power of attorney
       is executed but has not yet been exercised. Childress, 74 S.W.3d at 329. A
       power of attorney is restricted and a confidential relationship does not exist
       as a matter of law when the power of attorney never came into effect and the
       person granting the power of attorney may alter or revoke it at any
       time. McKinley v. Holt, No. 03A01-9807-PB-00220, 1999 WL 233400, at
       *4, 1999 Tenn. App. LEXIS 247, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr.15, 1999); see
       also Smith v. Smith, 102 S.W.3d 648, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002).

Parish, 179 S.W.3d at 531.

       The burden to establish a confidential relationship is on the party alleging its
existence. Parham v. Walker, 568 S.W.2d 622, 624 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1978). Once a
confidential relationship is established and the presumption of undue influence arises, the
burden shifts to the dominant party to establish that the transaction at issue was fair. Parish,
179 S.W.3d at 531 (citing In re Estate of Hamilton, 67 S.W.3d 786, 793 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2001)). Fairness must be proven by clear and convincing evidence. Id. As direct evidence
of undue influence is rare, undue influence is often established through the existence of
“suspicious circumstances.” Ellis, 2021 WL4128841, at *23 (citing Jarnigan, 568 S.W.3d
at 591). By the same token, the presumption of undue influence can be rebutted by showing
the absence of suspicious circumstances. Id. (citing In re Estate of Lipscomb, No. W2018-
01935-COA-R3-CV, 2020 WL 1549596, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 1, 2020)). Relevant
circumstances include:

              (1) the decedent’s advanced age and/or physical or mental
       deterioration; (2) the dominant party’s active involvement in the transactions
       at issue; (3) secrecy concerning the transaction’s existence; (4) the lack of
       independent advice; (4) the decedent’s illiteracy or blindness; (5) the unjust
       or unnatural nature of the transaction; (6) the decedent being in an
       emotionally distraught state; (7) discrepancies between the transaction and
       the decedent’s expressed intentions; and (8) fraud or duress directed toward
       the decedent.

Id.

      Here, the parties first dispute whether a confidential relationship existed between
John Bane and Ms. Bane. While it is undisputed that John Bane held an unrestricted
general power of attorney for his mother, Defendants maintain on appeal that the power of

                                              14
attorney was unexercised. The principle that an unexercised power of attorney does not
give rise to a confidential relationship comes from Childress v. Currie, 74 S.W.3d 324
(Tenn. 2002). In that case, our Supreme Court explained that “an unexercised power of
attorney does not in and of itself create a confidential relationship. . . . [t]he core definition
of confidential relationship requires proof of dominion and control.” Id. at 329. In
Childress, the decedent had a power of attorney drafted in favor of Ms. Currie without Ms.
Currie’s knowledge, and Ms. Currie did not learn about the power of attorney until after its
execution. Id. at 327. Additionally, Ms. Currie did not execute the documents at issue in
that case as the decedent’s power of attorney. Id. at 330. Accordingly, the Court
determined that “there [was] no basis for finding that a confidential relationship gave rise
to a presumption of undue influence under the facts” of that case. Id.

         While Defendants argue on appeal that Ms. Bane’s power of attorney in favor of
John Bane was never exercised, the record reflects otherwise. John Bane candidly admitted
at trial that he used the power of attorney to sell a piece of his mother’s property.10 Plaintiff
also introduced a handwritten “IOU” from Ms. Bane to someone named David Mayfield.
This document was dated May 20, 2006, and featured John Bane’s signature with the
notation “POA” next to it. Inasmuch as John Bane conceded at trial that he had exercised
the power of attorney, the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s finding that a
confidential relationship between John and Ms. Bane never arose. Accordingly, this
relationship, plus the 2003 transaction between Ms. Bane and John Bane, gives rise to a
presumption of undue influence. See Parish, 179 S.W.3d at 531 (“‘[T]he presumption of
undue influence extends to all dealings between persons in fiduciary and confidential
relations, and embraces gifts, contracts, sales, releases, mortgages and other transactions
by which the dominant party obtains a benefit from the other party.’” (quoting Gordon v.
Thornton, 584 S.W.2d 655, 658 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1979))).

        Nonetheless, Defendants clearly and convincingly rebutted this presumption at trial
by establishing a complete absence of suspicious circumstances surrounding the 2003 deed.
See Ellis, 2021 WL 4128841, at *23. Both John Bane and Thomas Bane testified that as
of 2003, the relationship between John and his mother was open and loving. The trial court
found that Thomas Bane’s testimony was particularly credible. Further, the record reflects
that around the same time Ms. Bane conveyed the eight-acre tract to John and Anne, she
was taking other estate planning actions. For instance, in the years before and after the
conveyance to John, Ms. Bane conveyed similarly sized tracts to some of her other
children. Ms. Bane conveyed land to two of her daughters in 2003 and 2004, respectively,
and on the same day of the conveyance to John and Anne, Ms. Bane executed a separate
deed conveying land to Thomas. Ms. Bane also executed her will and the power of attorney
in 2003. According to Thomas and John, this was all part of Ms. Bane’s attempt to get her
affairs in order. Further, the deed to John and Anne Bane was not executed by John as
power of attorney, but was signed by Ms. Bane herself. There is no indication John Bane

       10
            It was unclear from John’s testimony when this sale actually occurred.

                                                     15
was present when the deed was executed, nor is there any evidence suggesting Ms. Bane’s
state of mind, emotional state, or overall health was questionable at the time the deed was
executed. The record is essentially silent as to the circumstances of the deed’s actual
execution, and Ms. Bane’s contemporaneous actions suggest the deed’s execution was not
suspicious. This conclusion is also buttressed by Thomas Bane’s testimony that even two
years after the deed was executed, Ms. Bane discussed the conveyance openly with her
sons and was involved in John Bane’s plan to turn the plot into an RV park.

       Nothing in the record suggests that the 2003 deed to John and Anne Bane was borne
of undue influence. On the contrary, the record clearly establishes that “suspicious
circumstances” began to arise after Roy Bane became involved in his mother’s affairs in
approximately 2006 and 2007. The testimony of Thomas Bane, which was found
exceptionally credible by the trial court, corroborates this.

       Because Defendants, by clear and convincing evidence, rebutted the presumption of
undue influence as to the 2003 warranty deed, the trial court did not err in dismissing
Plaintiff’s petition to set the deed aside. Accordingly, the 2003 deed is valid and the tract
at issue belongs to John and Anne Bane. That said, Plaintiff’s issue regarding the 2007
deed of trust executed in favor of Mr. Kingery is pretermitted as moot, and Plaintiff has no
standing to contest the deed of trust.

                          d. Plaintiff’s motion to alter or amend

       The final issue before us is whether the trial court erred in denying Plaintiff’s
“Motion to Reopen Proof or to Alter or Amend the Judgment.” A trial court’s ruling on a
motion to alter or amend is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Linkous v. Lane, 276
S.W.3d 917, 924 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008) (citing Stovall v. Clarke, 113 S.W.3d 715, 721
(Tenn. 2003)). Because the motion itself is not contained in the record, we can only
surmise as to Plaintiff’s precise requests for relief. Based on the hearing transcript, the
order denying the motion, and Plaintiff’s brief, however, it seems Plaintiff’s primary
request was that the trial court allow Plaintiff to enter a previously omitted piece of
evidence – a document purportedly signed by John Bane in 2003 as Ms. Bane’s power of
attorney. Plaintiff asserts in his brief that “granting the Motion would have prevented a
manifest injustice based on the erroneous finding of the trial court that Power of Attorney
had not been exercised.”

       Having already concluded that the trial court erred in determining John Bane never
exercised the power of attorney, this argument is inapposite. Moreover, “to sustain a
motion to alter or amend under Rule 59.04 based on newly discovered evidence, ‘it must
be shown that the new evidence was not known to the moving party prior to or during trial
and that it could not have been known to him through exercise of reasonable diligence.’”
Burris v. Burris, 512 S.W.3d 239, 248 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016) (quoting Seay v. City of
Knoxville, 654 S.W.2d 397, 399 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)). Plaintiff has made no such

                                             16
showing and makes no argument on appeal as to why this evidence was not presented at
trial, despite the lengthy discovery period prior to the final hearing. The trial court did not
abuse its discretion in denying Plaintiff’s motion.

                                        CONCLUSION

        The ruling of the Cocke County Chancery Court is affirmed. Costs of this appeal
are assessed to the appellant, the Estate of Martha Harrison Bane, execution for which may
issue if necessary.

                                           KRISTI M. DAVIS, JUDGE

                                              17