Court Opinion

ID: 6277592
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-18 16:05:42.479313+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:00:06.598435
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                            No. 123,788

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                In the Matter of the Marriage of

                                         SHELBY L. NUSZ,
                                            Appellant,

                                                 and

                                        MACKLIN R. NUSZ,
                                           Appellee.

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Appeal from Kiowa District Court; SIDNEY R. THOMAS, judge. Opinion filed February 18, 2022.
Affirmed.

       Michael P. Whalen, of Law Office of Michael P. Whalen, of Wichita, for appellant.

       Grant A. Brazill, of Morris, Laing, Evans, Brock & Kennedy, Chtd., of Wichita, for appellee.

Before MALONE, P.J., POWELL and ISHERWOOD, JJ.

       POWELL, J.: After seven years of marriage, Shelby L. Nusz (Shelby) sought a
divorce from her husband, Macklin R. Nusz (Macklin). The district court conducted a
bench trial at which it decided issues concerning property division, child custody, and
child support. Unhappy with the district court's decision, Shelby moved to alter or amend
its judgment, complaining the district court's orders were not supported by the evidence
presented and that the district court was biased against her. After a hearing on Shelby's

                                                  1
motion, the district court rejected her allegations of error and bias and affirmed most of
its findings.

       Shelby now appeals and reprises many of the arguments she made before the
district court, including her allegations of bias. In particular, Shelby contends the district
court's findings are not supported by the evidence and the district court abused its
discretion. After a review of the record, we decline to consider Shelby's claims of judicial
bias as she failed to follow the proper statutory and appellate procedure for raising such
claims. We also find sufficient evidence supports the district court's findings and Shelby
has failed to meet her heavy burden that no reasonable person would agree with the
district court's judgment. Thus, we affirm.

                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        Shelby and Macklin were married on May 4, 2012, and two children were born of
the marriage: C.N., born in 2015, and A.N., born in 2017. At the time Shelby petitioned
for divorce on July 16, 2019, both parties lived in Haviland, Kansas.

       The district court issued a temporary order providing, among other things, that the
parties would have joint legal custody and shared residency of C.N. and A.N. and an
alternating week-to-week residency schedule. After the parties only achieved limited
success at mediation, the district court conducted a bench trial in August 2020 to
determine residential custody, parenting time, child support, spousal maintenance, the
value of the parties' property, and the equitable division of that property.

       At trial, the district court heard from several witnesses including the children's day
care provider, Shelby's boss, a certified appraiser who appraised the value of the marital
residence, a friend of the parties who worked with them in their outfitting business, and
the parties themselves. After hearing the evidence, the district court valued the parties'

                                               2
outfitting business and marital residence, determined each party's income, equitably
divided the property, ordered spousal maintenance, and adopted a parenting plan that
provided the parties would exercise joint legal custody of the children with shared
residential custody on an alternating two-week basis. Shelby would be allowed to
exercise her parenting time while residing in Wichita although the children would
continue to reside in Pratt. The district court also ordered child support based upon each
party's income and shared residency.

       Unhappy with the district court's decision, Shelby filed a lengthy (44 pages)
motion to alter or amend the judgment, extensively itemizing the errors she alleged the
district court had made in its ruling. Moreover, and for the first time, Shelby alleged bias
on the part of the district court and asked it to reconsider its ruling free of any bias. After
a hearing on Shelby's motion, the district court reaffirmed most of its rulings. The district
court also found no bias in its original ruling. However, Shelby filed no affidavit after the
ruling as required by K.S.A. 20-311d.

       Shelby now appeals.

I.     WAS THE DISTRICT COURT BIASED AGAINST SHELBY?

       First, Shelby argues the district court was biased in its assessment of the evidence
against her because the district court made factual findings unsupported by the evidence.
In response, Macklin argues Shelby cannot raise any claims of judicial bias on appeal.
Alternatively, he argues Shelby has failed to establish judicial misconduct that would
warrant additional proceedings.

       "'We exercise unlimited review over judicial misconduct claims, and review them
in light of the particular facts and circumstances surrounding the allegation.' [Citation
omitted.]" State v. Boothby, 310 Kan. 619, 624, 448 P.3d 416 (2019). The party alleging

                                               3
judicial misconduct has the burden of establishing that the misconduct occurred and that
it prejudiced the party's substantial rights. State v. Miller, 308 Kan. 1119, 1154, 427 P.3d
907 (2018).

       A litigant may argue that a judge's recusal is required in accordance with (1) the
statutory factors set forth in K.S.A. 20-311d(c); (2) the standards of the Kansas Code of
Judicial Conduct, Supreme Court Rule 601B, Canon 2, Rule 2.2 (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at
495); and (3) the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution. State v. Moyer, 306 Kan. 342, 370, 410 P.3d 71 (2017). Shelby's allegations
of judicial bias rest upon statutory and constitutional grounds.

       K.S.A. 20-311d(a) provides a statutory procedure for a party or a party's attorney
to move for a change of judge based on the belief "that the judge to whom an action is
assigned cannot afford that party a fair trial in the action." "Under K.S.A. 20-311d, a
party must first file a motion for change of judge; if that motion is denied, then the party
must immediately file a legally sufficient affidavit alleging grounds set forth in the
statute." State v. Sawyer, 297 Kan. 902, 908, 305 P.3d 608 (2013).

       On appeal, Shelby concedes she failed to follow the procedural requirements of
K.S.A. 20-311d requesting recusal of the judge but contends that this failure is not fatal to
her bias claims. Shelby argues the allegations of judicial bias raised in her motion to alter
or amend were sufficient to allow the district court to correct its errors and for appellate
review. To support her argument, Shelby directs us to an unpublished opinion from
another panel of our court which considered claims of judicial bias despite a lack of
compliance with K.S.A. 20-311d. See In re Marriage of Taylor, No. 106,143, 2012 WL
1352867, at *3 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished opinion).

                                              4
       However, more recently, the Kansas Supreme Court has refused to consider a
statutory judicial bias claim when the claimant failed to follow the proper statutory
procedure. In Sawyer, our Supreme Court stated:

               "'When faced with an affidavit of prejudice filed pursuant to K.S.A. 20-311d, this
       court has unlimited review, and on appeal must decide the legal sufficiency of the
       affidavit and not the truth of the facts alleged. We examine whether the affidavit provides
       facts and reasons pertaining to the party or his or her attorney which, if true, give fair
       support for a well-grounded belief that he or she will not obtain a fair trial. We determine
       whether the charges are grounded in facts that would create reasonable doubt concerning
       the court's impartiality, not in the mind of the court itself, or even necessarily in the mind
       of the litigant filing the motion, but rather in the mind of a reasonable person with
       knowledge of all the circumstances.' [Citations omitted.]" (Emphasis added.) Sawyer, 297
       Kan. at 908.

       Relying on the emphasized language from Sawyer, our Supreme Court in Moyer
found the claimant's failure to file an affidavit barred it from evaluating the judicial bias
claim. The Moyer court held: "Obviously, without an affidavit in the record, we cannot
'decide the legal sufficiency of the affidavit.''' 306 Kan. at 372.

       Like Shelby, the Moyer claimant also argued her failure to comply with the
statutory procedure should not be fatal to the claim because our Supreme Court had
previously considered such a claim despite failing to follow procedure in State v.
Alderson, 260 Kan. 445, 454, 922 P.2d 435 (1996). Moyer, 306 Kan. at 372. The Moyer
court distinguished Alderson, however, because the trial judge in Alderson informed the
parties of his extrajudicial connection the day before the trial began. Due to the late
disclosure, our Supreme Court chose to consider the claim in Alderson because it was
"'somewhat reluctant to bar the defendant's claim simply because the defendant did not
make an effort to comply with K.S.A. 20-311d.' 260 Kan. at 453." Moyer, 306 Kan. at
372.

                                                     5
       Despite the claimant's reliance on Alderson, the Moyer court found it nevertheless
could not review the judicial bias claim because "a piece that is critical to an effective
appellate review of Moyer's statutory claim is missing from [the] record. Accordingly,
Moyer's recusal claim under K.S.A. 20-311d is necessarily denied." 306 Kan. at 372.

       Apart from alleging some grounds of bias in her motion to alter or amend, Shelby
did not comply with the recusal procedure despite having a meaningful opportunity to do
so. The evidentiary hearing—where the alleged bias occurred—was held on August 13-
14, 2020, and the closing arguments were heard a couple weeks later on August 31, 2020.
The district court made its oral findings from the bench the same day. The decree of
divorce and parenting plan—detailing the district court's oral findings—was filed by the
district court about six weeks later, on October 9, 2020. Shelby filed her motion to alter
or amend alleging judicial bias on November 4, 2020. Thus, despite having three months
to move for recusal and file an affidavit under K.S.A. 20-311d, Shelby instead lodged her
allegations against the district judge in her motion to alter or amend without following
proper statutory procedure. Shelby does not point to any extenuating circumstances—
such as a last-minute disclosure by the district court as in Alderson—that would justify
appellate review despite her failure to comply with procedure. See Alderson, 260 Kan. at
453-54.

       Although some panels of our court may have considered these claims even in the
absence of compliance with K.S.A. 20-311d, we are duty-bound to follow Kansas
Supreme Court precedent unless there is some indication that the Court is departing from
its previous position. State v. Rodriguez, 305 Kan. 1139, 1144, 390 P.3d 903 (2017).
Given our Supreme Court has more recently decided this issue contrary to Shelby's
position, without any indication of departing from that position, we must necessarily deny
Shelby's judicial bias claim due to her failure to file a motion to recuse, an affidavit, or
otherwise comply with K.S.A. 20-311d. See Moyer, 306 Kan. at 372. Parenthetically, we
note also that Shelby's allegations of bias arise from the adverse rulings of the district

                                               6
court. But our Supreme Court has held that adverse rulings of the district court, even if
"numerous and erroneous, where they are subject to [appellate] review, are not ordinarily
and alone sufficient to show bias or prejudice" enough to warrant disqualification. Hulme
v. Woleslagel, 208 Kan. 385, 397, 493 P.2d 541 (1972).

       We also decline to consider Shelby's judicial bias claims she raises for the first
time on appeal under the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution because
this claim is not preserved for appellate review. Although Shelby raised claims of judicial
bias in her motion to alter or amend, she is raising this constitutional challenge for the
first time on appeal. It is well established that constitutional grounds for reversal asserted
for the first time on appeal are not properly before us. Bussman v. Safeco Ins. Co. of
America, 298 Kan. 700, 729, 317 P.3d 70 (2014). Although we acknowledge there are
exceptions to this rule, Shelby does not explain why the issue should be considered
despite raising it for the first time on appeal. See In re Estate of Broderick, 286 Kan.
1071, 1082, 191 P.3d 284 (2008) (delineating exceptions to general rule against raising
new issues for the first time on appeal); Supreme Court Rule 6.02(a)(5) (2022 Kan. S. Ct.
R. at 35) (requiring appellants to explain why issue not raised below should be
considered for first time on appeal). Our Supreme Court has warned that Rule 6.02(a)(5)
would be strictly enforced, and litigants who failed to comply with this rule risked a
ruling that the issue is improperly briefed and will be deemed waived or abandoned. State
v. Williams, 298 Kan. 1075, 1085, 319 P.3d 528 (2014); see State v. Daniel, 307 Kan.
428, 430, 410 P.3d 877 (2018) (party's failure to explain why unpreserved issue should be
reviewed on appeal is fatal).

II.    DID THE DISTRICT COURT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION IN ITS JUDGMENT AND DECREE
       OF DIVORCE?

       On appeal, Shelby makes multiple challenges to the district court's judgment and
decree of divorce. Shelby's principal complaints with the district court's ruling rest on

                                              7
arguments that insufficient evidence supports the district court's factual findings and
orders.

          When a district court's decision is challenged for insufficiency of the evidence or
as being contrary to the evidence, we apply a substantial competent evidence standard.
"'Substantial evidence is such legal and relevant evidence as a reasonable person might
accept as sufficient to support a conclusion.' [Citation omitted.]" Gannon v. State, 298
Kan. 1107, 1175, 319 P.3d 1196 (2014). In making this inquiry, we "should not reweigh
the evidence or pass on the credibility of witnesses. Rather, [we] should review the facts
of the case in the light most favorable to the prevailing party below to ascertain whether
the trial court's decision is properly supported by substantial competent evidence." In re
J.M.D., 293 Kan. 153, 171, 260 P.3d 1196 (2011).

          A.     Shelby's annual income

          First, Shelby argues that the district court erred in calculating her annual income,
which resulted in erroneous child support and spousal maintenance awards.

          An award of spousal maintenance is governed by K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 23-2901 et
seq. We generally review a district court's maintenance award for abuse of discretion. In
re Marriage of Vandenberg, 43 Kan. App. 2d 697, 706, 229 P.3d 1187 (2010). A judicial
action constitutes an abuse of discretion if (1) no reasonable person would agree with the
district court's judgment; (2) it is based on an error of law; "or (3) substantial competent
evidence does not support a finding of fact on which the exercise of discretion is based."
In re Marriage of Traster, 301 Kan. 88, 109, 339 P.3d 778 (2014). The party asserting an
abuse of discretion bears the burden of proving the same. See Vandenberg, 43 Kan. App.
2d at 701 (citing Harsch v. Miller, 288 Kan. 280, 293, 200 P.3d 467 [2009]).

                                                8
       Parental child support obligations in a divorce action are governed by statute and
guidelines established by our Supreme Court. See generally K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 23-3001
et seq. (governing court's obligation and authority to make provisions for child support);
K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 20-165 (mandating Supreme Court to adopt rules establishing child
support guidelines); Kansas Child Support Guidelines (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R.at 101). The
applicable standard of review depends on the question presented.

       A district court's child support award is generally reviewed for abuse of discretion.
But the interpretation of the Kansas Child Support Guidelines (Guidelines) is a question
of law subject to unlimited review. In re Marriage of Skoczek, 51 Kan. App. 2d 606, 607,
351 P.3d 1287 (2015).

       The district court found Shelby's annual income was $247,500, and it affirmed this
determination upon Shelby's motion to alter or amend. At the hearing on Shelby's motion,
the district court stated:

               "There is an assertion that—that Shelby's income should be [$]210,000, what she
       testified to. I believe the Court ordered that it should be [$]247,500.
               "And, I'm going to find explicitly that that's what the evidence supports. That was
       what she included in her Pretrial Conference Order. There was some testimony that
       during COVID . . . she didn't meet her goals. But, there is also testimony by her
       supervisor that they changed the goals to compensate some for that.
               "So, it's purely speculative whether she's going to meet that, or not.
               "I believe the testimony indicated that last year she was on—she was on target.
       And, so, I believe that is—the evidence does support the finding that her . . . yearly
       income should be considered to be [$]247,500."

       On appeal, Shelby contends there was no evidence to support the district court's
finding that Shelby was going to make $247,500 in 2020. She argues "the evidence
showed that Shelby's income for 2020 would be in the range of $200,000 and $210,000.

                                                     9
It was error for the district court to make its own, unsubstantiated guesstimate of what
Shelby's income for 2020 might be." Shelby correctly points out that she testified her
income for 2020 would depend on how the pandemic impacted her sales, and she
"[o]ptimistically" opined her income would be between $200,000 and $210,000.

       Contrary to her assertion, however, the district court's finding was neither
unsubstantiated nor a guess. It was provided by Shelby's own testimony and evidence. As
Macklin argues, the district court's income figure came directly from Shelby's domestic
relations affidavit and child support worksheet filed prior to the pretrial conference.
Moreover, as the district court found when ruling on Shelby's motion to alter or amend,
the parties submitted an agreed final pretrial conference order that stated Shelby's gross
monthly income was estimated to be $20,625. The annual equivalent of this figure is
$247,500—consistent with the district court's finding. Shelby did not amend these
documents prior to trial, and she testified $247,500 was her "contracted targeted total
income."

       On appeal, Shelby also argues the $247,500 figure "was only for application if she
had received primary residential custody because she was willing to waive any child
support obligation of Macklin." But Shelby used this figure for the proposed worksheets
she submitted contemplating both primary residential custody and shared residential
custody. In short, Shelby's estimated income of $247,500 was provided by Shelby in the
agreed pretrial order, her domestic relations affidavit, and her proposed child support
worksheets for both residential custody options. The only evidence supporting Shelby's
lower proposed $200-210,000 figure was Shelby's own testimony.

       Shelby is improperly asking us to reweigh the evidence and pass on her credibility
as a witness. This we cannot do. We find the district court's income finding is supported
by the evidence.

                                             10
        B.       Macklin's annual income

                 Next, Shelby argues the district court made errors of fact when it calculated
Macklin's income and, therefore, erroneously calculated the child support and spousal
maintenance orders. Specifically, Shelby first argues the district court made an error of
fact by finding depreciation of the outfitting business' hunting lodge was necessary to
calculating Macklin's income. Second, she argues the district court made an error of fact
by excluding the agricultural program and disaster payments from Macklin's income.

        As part of the outfitting business owned by the parties, the "lodge" was used as
lodging for hunters. The outfitting business also served meals at the lodge. If a hunt was
booked with the outfitter, the hunters got to use the lodge. There was also testimony the
lodge was rented to others as well. Prior to trial, the parties agreed Macklin would
continue owning and operating the business. At the time of trial, Macklin testified he was
living in the lodge. He also testified the outfitting business paid the mortgage, but he paid
the utilities.

        The district court's initial findings on this point were sparse. After some back and
forth from the parties, the district court found depreciation of the lodge was necessary for
the generation of income. When ruling on Shelby's motion to alter or amend, the district
court expanded on that finding:

                 "I do find that the depreciation was reasonably necessary to the production of
        income in this case. There was lots of testimony about the lodge being right next to where
        the hunting goes on, and it being part of the whole experience of the lodgers being there,
        the sharing food together, being a large part of that experience, as well as proximity, and
        it is necessary to production of income for Hang 'Em Outfitters.
                 And, so, it should be depreciated, and depreciation should be allowed. And, I will
        find that it's a reasonable business expense in this context to deduct the depreciation from
        the income of Hang 'Em Outfitters."

                                                    11
       On appeal, Shelby contends the district court made an error of fact when it
speculated that depreciation was necessary to the production of the outfitting business'
income. In addition to arguing Macklin did not present evidence that depreciation was
necessary, Shelby takes issue with the district court's silence as to which accounting
method was used to calculate the depreciation.

       Under the Guidelines, domestic gross income for self-employed persons "is self-
employment gross income less reasonable business expenses." Kansas Child Support
Guidelines § II.E.3. (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 104). The Guidelines define "Self-
Employment Gross Income" as "income from self-employment and all other income
including that which is regularly and periodically received from any source excluding
public assistance . . . ." Kansas Child Support Guidelines § II.E.1. (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at
104). And the Guidelines define "Reasonable Business Expenses" as "actual expenditures
reasonably necessary for the production of income." Kansas Child Support Guidelines
§ II.E.2. (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 104). The definition of reasonable business expenses
clarifies that "[d]epreciation shall be included only if it is shown that it is reasonably
necessary for the production of income." Kansas Child Support Guidelines § II.E.2.
(2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 104).

       Our court has previously held that "the guidelines leave room for judicial
discretion in determining whether depreciation should be deducted as a reasonable
business expense." In re Marriage of Cox, 36 Kan. App. 2d 550, 554, 143 P.3d 677
(2006). "The use of depreciation, if any, [for child support purposes] should depend on
the particular circumstances of each case. . . . [T]he method in which a trial court chooses
to calculate depreciation lies within its discretion." In re Marriage of Wiese, 41 Kan.
App. 2d 553, 560, 203 P.3d 59 (2009).

       Shelby's argument primarily suggests the district court's depreciation finding was
unsupported by sufficient evidence because Macklin did not specifically testify

                                              12
depreciation was reasonably necessary for the production of income. We disagree. When
the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to Macklin, it supports the district
court's finding that depreciation of the lodge was reasonably necessary to the production
of income.

       The district court found the lodge was a large part of the hunter's experience when
utilizing the outfitting business. Testimony from Sami Jantz—a family friend who also
worked for Hang 'Em Outfitters—supported this finding; she stated she cooked meals for
the hunters at the lodge and the outfitter used the lodge to plan the guided hunts. During
his testimony, Macklin confirmed the lodge sat on property in close proximity to where
he takes clients hunting.

       Shelby's counsel questioned Macklin about including depreciation of the lodge on
his tax returns, but he could not provide much feedback. On cross-examination, the
following colloquy occurred:

       "[SHELBY'S COUNSEL:] So, then, we turn over to 2018, you have $6,278.00 in
       mortgage payments; is that correct?
       "[MACKLIN:] Yes.
       "[SHELBY'S COUNSEL:] So, that would have been a full year, full use of the lodge;
       correct?
       "[MACKLIN:] Right.
       "[SHELBY'S COUNSEL:] And, you include depreciation on this of $3,093.00; isn't that
       true?
       "[MACKLIN:] Okay.
       "[SHELBY'S COUNSEL:] And that—is that true?
       "[MACKLIN:] Yeah, it's written on there.
       "[SHELBY'S COUNSEL:] Okay. And, that depreciation is associated with the lodge; is
       that correct?
       "[MACKLIN:] I give my documents to an accountant. I'm not an accountant. So, I'm
       going to assume yes.

                                                  13
       "[SHELBY'S COUNSEL:] Okay. If I represent to you that there is a depreciation
       schedule in his tax return that says this is solely attributable to the lodge, do you have any
       reason to dispute that?
       "[MACKLIN:] No."

       After quoting the foregoing colloquy in her brief, Shelby argues: "As such, the
district court had no evidence that the depreciation was a necessary business expense nor
did the court have any information regarding that depreciation was necessary for the
generation of income." While Shelby is correct that there was no direct testimony by
Macklin that depreciation was reasonably necessary, there was evidence to support the
district court's findings that the lodge was central to the outfitting business.

       Admittedly, there is not much evidence in the record addressing Macklin's and the
outfitting business' financial situation apart from the parties' joint income tax returns and
an exhibit detailing Hang 'Em Outfitters' profits and losses from 2012 to 2019. And other
panels of our court have found "the taxable income shown in a tax return is not always a
reliable indication of domestic gross income." In re Marriage of Lewallen, 21 Kan. App.
2d 73, 75, 895 P.2d 1265 (1995). Nevertheless, the Lewallen panel found that "a total
disregard of depreciation in farming operations is an abuse of discretion by a court." 21
Kan. App. 2d at 75.

       Given the parameters set by the Guidelines and subsequent caselaw, whether the
district court abused its discretion in including depreciation as a reasonable business
expense is a close call. Although the Lewallen panel found income tax returns do not
always provide "a reliable indication of domestic gross income," 21 Kan. App. 2d at 75,
Shelby has not argued it would be an error for the district court to have considered this
evidence in coming to a conclusion. In fact, she does not point to any specific errors of
fact—despite alleging the district court made such error. As in her motion to alter or
amend, Shelby's argument on appeal simply seems to claim the district court made a

                                                    14
factual error by disagreeing with her position, which is not enough to establish an error of
fact by the district court. See RAMA Operating Co. v. Barker, 47 Kan. App. 2d 1020,
1036, 286 P.3d 1138 (2012) (holding conclusory arguments raised in brief and not argued
or supported therein are deemed abandoned on appeal). Moreover, our court has stated
that we will only reverse a district court's ruling on child support—including whether
depreciation is applicable to determining income—if no reasonable person would agree
with the district court. See Cox, 36 Kan. App. 2d at 554. We cannot make such a finding
under these facts.

       Upon reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Macklin, it does not
seem unreasonable that the district court would conclude that applying depreciation was
appropriate. As noted, sufficient evidence supports the finding that the lodge is central to
the outfitter's business—providing lodging and meals for hunters employing the outfitter.
And the parties' joint tax returns for 2017, 2018, and 2019 show a federal depreciation
schedule for the hunting lodge that indicated the parties deducted $3,093 each year in
depreciation on the lodge from their taxable income. Moreover, Macklin provided details
of profits and losses for Hang 'Em Outfitters, and that exhibit suggested the financial state
of the outfitter fluctuated. The district court found the exhibit was "the best valuation" it
had. Although the outfitter averaged $624.38 in profit over seven years, the exhibit
suggested the outfitter did not consistently bring in a profit. In 2017, Hang 'Em Outfitters
had profits of $6,374, but it lost $4,223 in 2018. In 2019, the outfitter reported a profit of
$3,050.

       Given our standard of review, Shelby has not met her burden of showing the
district court made an error of fact or abused its discretion by including depreciation in its
calculation of Macklin's income.

                                              15
          C.      Exclusion of agricultural program and disaster payments from Macklin's
income

          Shelby also argues the district court abused its discretion when it refused to
include certain Farm Service Agency (FSA) payments as part of Macklin's annual
income. In response, Macklin argues the payments were properly excluded from his
income under the Guidelines because they are a form of public assistance, the payments
are made payable to Macklin's father, and any error was harmless because Macklin's
income from farming is a net loss.

          Under the Guidelines, income is defined as:

                  "The domestic gross income for the wage earner is income from all sources,
          including that which is regularly or periodically received, excluding public assistance and
          child support received for other children in the residency of either parent. For the
          purposes of these guidelines, the term 'public assistance' means all income, whether in
          case or in-kind, which is received from public sources and for which the recipient is
          eligible on the basis of financial need." Kansas Child Support Guidelines § II.D. (2022
          Kan. S. Ct. R. at 103).

          Relying on the "from all sources" language, Shelby contends the district court
erred when it refused to include the payments Macklin received from the FSA to
determine his annual income. Shelby contends this was an error because although the
payments were payable to Macklin's father, Macklin received the funds, Macklin's father
did not require him to pay the funds back, and Macklin included the funds in his 2019 tax
return.

          But, as Macklin suggests, any error by the district court on this issue was
harmless. An error is harmless when the error "did not affect a party's substantial rights,
meaning it will not or did not affect the trial's outcome." State v. Ward, 292 Kan. 541,

                                                       16
565, 256 P.3d 801 (2011). Where an error implicates a statutory but not a federal
constitutional right, the party benefiting from the error must persuade the court that there
is no reasonable probability that the error affected the trial's outcome in light of the entire
record for it to be deemed harmless. State v. McCullough, 293 Kan. 970, 983, 270 P.3d
1142 (2012).

       Macklin did not include any income from farming operations on his domestic
relations affidavit based on the average income generated by farming operations from
2015 to 2019. Employing a grid detailing the profits and losses from farming, Macklin
showed that even if he included the FSA funds in his income to determine a profit or loss
on the farming operations, the average farming operations still averaged at a loss.
Relevant to Shelby's challenge, Macklin's net profit or loss from farming operations is
detailed in the parties' joint tax returns. It appears Macklin received "[a]gricultural
program payments" in 2018 and 2019, and these payments were used to calculate
Macklin's net profit from farming operations. The following table details the net profit or
loss reported on the tax returns and the amount of agricultural program payments
Macklin received:

                                  Net Profit or Loss       Agricultural Program
             Tax year
                                    from Farming                 Payments
       2012-2014              No farming operations       Not applicable
       2015                   ($7,295)                    None
       2016                   ($8,997)                    None
       2017                   $2,894                      None
       2018                   $4,536                      $5,534
       2019                   $4,850                      $4,556
       Five-year average                            ($802.40)

       As the table shows, Macklin averaged a loss of $802.40 over the five-year period
he accounted for farming operations in the parties' joint tax return. Absent the agricultural
program payments, Macklin's average loss would be considerably greater. And as

                                              17
Macklin notes, Shelby neither challenged the use of the average for farming operations at
the trial court nor on appeal.

       In her motion to alter or amend, Shelby did challenge the district court's use of an
eight-year average to determine the outfitter's earnings, arguing only years 2017, 2018,
and 2019 should be considered to compute an average. The district court agreed, and it
used the three years' income values for the outfitter, including depreciation, to compute
an average to determine Macklin's annual income. But despite challenging the use of an
average for the outfitter's valuation, Shelby did not challenge the use of an average to
determine Macklin's income based on farming operations. It also does not appear she
challenged Macklin's refusal to include any farming income in his domestic relations
affidavit.

       Rather, Shelby solely requested the district court include Macklin's 2019 farming
profit in calculating his child support income. In her motion to alter or amend, she
argued: "In summary, Macklin's child support income should include $47,376 for
employment wages and $4,804 [the three-year average] from Hang 'Em Outfitters and
$4,850 from farm profit for self-employment wages." (Emphasis added.) On appeal,
however, Shelby's argument has morphed into solely requesting the program payments to
be included in Macklin's income, and she does not specify if she is requesting just the
amount paid pursuant to the program ($4,556) or the total net profit amount listed in the
2019 tax return ($4,850). To this extent, Shelby may be improperly raising a new legal
theory for the first time on appeal, and she has failed to designate a record sufficient to
present her point and establish her claim. See Gannon, 303 Kan. at 733 (finding issues
not raised before district court cannot be raised on appeal); Friedman v. Kansas State Bd.
of Healing Arts, 296 Kan. 636, 644, 294 P.3d 287 (2013) (finding party claiming error
has burden to designate record).

                                             18
       Shelby's argument in her motion to alter or amend suggested she intended for the
profits from farming operations—not just potential income from the agricultural program
payments—to be considered in calculating Macklin's child support income. But, as
shown, Macklin's average income from farming operations is a loss even when the
agricultural program payments are included for consideration. Because Macklin's net
income from farming operations—including the challenged agricultural program
payments—averaged at a loss, any error by the district court was harmless.

       Because the district court's determination of the parties' incomes was supported by
the evidence, Shelby has failed to persuade us that the district court abused its discretion
with its child support and spousal maintenance awards.

       D.     Valuation of the marital residence

       Next, Shelby argues the district court abused its discretion in its valuation of the
marital residence because it made "unsupported, arbitrary and speculative findings related
to testimony of Nancy Milford." Macklin argues the district court's concerns about
Milford were supported by the evidence and it was proper for the district court to rely on
common knowledge and experience to determine Milford's credibility.

       Like child custody and spousal maintenance, a district court's property division in
a divorce action is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See In re Marriage of Wherrell,
274 Kan. 984, 986, 58 P.3d 734 (2002).

       Milford was the certified appraiser who appraised the value of the marital
residence. As noted, the district court had multiple issues with Milford's appraisal, and it
determined her testimony regarding the valuation of the marital home was not credible.
Shelby challenged these findings in her motion to alter or amend, but the district court
affirmed its findings.

                                             19
       Shelby's arguments on appeal effectively ask us to reweigh the evidence and pass
on the credibility of Milford. Shelby made the same arguments, based on the same facts,
in her motion to alter or amend, and the district court was not persuaded. We conclude
sufficient evidence supports the findings that Shelby challenges on appeal.

       First, Shelby challenges the district court's finding that a septic tank was not
located on the property. But Milford testified twice that the septic tank did not appear to
be on the property. Upon reviewing an aerial photograph of the property—which was
included in her appraisal—Milford testified the aerial photograph "does look like a septic
system is not on the two acres." And Milford conceded that "without an actual survey
being done," she could not determine whether the septic system was located within
property boundaries. On cross-examination, Milford testified to where she believed the
septic system was located and conceded that even if the boundary lines of the marital
property were extended to the roads, the septic system looked like it was not located
within the property boundaries. Macklin testified he was "100 percent sure [the septic
system was] off the property." The record contains sufficient evidence to support the
district court's finding that the septic system was not located on the property.

       Second, Shelby argues the district court erred when it took issue with the
comparable homes Milford used for her valuation. In its initial ruling, the district court
found: "I do have quite a few problems with [Milford's] testimony. Using properties that
aren't really close or—or alike in the sense that not nearly as far out in the country are
definitely, I think, reason to question her valuation." Shelby briefly challenges this
finding by arguing the district court ignored Milford's testimony that a rural adjustment
was unnecessary.

       But the district court specifically found Milford's credibility regarding her
valuation of the rural property should be questioned. As we cannot pass on the credibility
of witnesses, it would be improper us to find the district court should have considered this

                                             20
testimony. "[A] district court's ability to observe witnesses and . . . to assess detachment,
objectivity, and professionalism, is one of the reasons that appellate courts defer to the
trial court's factual findings and witness credibility assessments." Cresto v. Cresto, 302
Kan. 820, 839, 358 P.3d 831 (2015).

       Third, Shelby challenges the district court's finding regarding the right of first
refusal to Macklin's parents on the warranty deed to the property. As Macklin points out,
Shelby's argument seems to allude that Milford testified the right of first refusal would
not affect the value of the property—but this is a misstatement of the testimony. To the
contrary, at trial, Milford was asked, "If there was a right of first refusal to purchase the
property by the individuals who owned the land where the septic system was laying, . . .
would it maintain the value?" Milford responded, "It would maintain the value."

       In its ruling, the district court found: "Common knowledge and experience says
that the right of first refusal is going to turn away bidders. There is going to be some that
don't want to bid on that just to establish a price and no—have no real chance of it."
Shelby argues this finding was "purely speculative by the district court and was a finding
not based on the evidence presented at trial."

       While district judges may not use their personal experience to decide an issue at
trial without hearing evidence, "a trial judge is allowed to use his or her common
knowledge and experience to determine the credibility of a witness and assess the weight
of a witness' testimony." State v. Dority, 50 Kan. App. 2d 336, 343, 324 P.3d 1146
(2014). In Dority, the panel affirmed the trial judge's guilty verdicts when the trial judge
"merely noted" the similarity in the case to previous domestic battery cases he had
encountered and "indicated that he was not basing his guilty verdicts solely on his
common knowledge and experience about domestic violence victims." 50 Kan. App. 2d
at 343. The district judge in Dority discussed the physical evidence and the victim's

                                              21
written statement. The Dority panel found the defendant received a fair trial because the
district judge considered all the evidence. 50 Kan. App. 2d at 344.

       Here, the district judge specifically stated he disagreed with Milford based on the
judge's common knowledge and experience. The district judge did not rely on any
specialized experience to value the marital residence; rather, he relied on his common
knowledge and experience to assess Milford's credibility and determined she over-valued
the residence. Moreover, Shelby does not advance any argument as to why the district
judge's reliance on his own common knowledge and experience was error other than to
suggest the district court ignored Milford's testimony.

       We conclude the district court did not make any errors of fact in its valuation of
the marital residence.

       E.      Sexual abuse allegations

       In her next allegation of error, Shelby contends the district court made an error of
fact when it found no sexual abuse occurred in the relationship. As a result, Shelby
claims the district court abused its discretion when it did not consider sexual abuse in
assessing custody and parenting time. Macklin responds that Shelby is improperly
reweighing the evidence and reassessing the credibility of witnesses and she ignores the
important distinction the district court made when making its findings on Shelby's sexual
abuse claims. Although Shelby frames this issue as an abuse of discretion, the crux of her
argument challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the district court's
finding.

       The district court made a distinction between sexual abuse and what the district
judge called "sexual disrespect." In the district court's initial ruling, it found:

                                               22
                  "There was disrespect, no question about that. Macklin admits to disrespect.
       There was definitely—he learned a lot, that he needs to respect women more. He—he
       needs to know that even within a marriage no means no.
                  "But, I also know that—I believe and find that Shelby leveraged this. She
       leveraged it for her benefit. That's part of her nature. She's good at that. And, that's
       something she could leverage.
                  "And so, but, because of that, it's—it decreases her credibility as a witness for
       this type of case. It increases her abilities as a sales person, but not so much as a witness
       when the evidence doesn't support that."

       Shelby challenged this ruling in her motion to alter or amend, arguing the finding
was contrary to the evidence she presented. At the hearing, the district court noted it gave
the issue close attention:

                  "This one gave me a lot of pause and—and I had to really—I looked at a lot of
       things to review, and also my own reaction to it. I must admit that I—I did react to it, and
       I was shocked by the—the tenor of the argument, because I have been very passionate in
       my career, before coming on as a judge, in finding sexual abuse and in standing up for
       victims.
                  "And, so, that—I had to be careful not to allow that to affect me personally. So,
       that's why I took extra time, I believe, in reviewing the evidence. And—and, after
       reviewing that—everything, I believe that my findings—there is substantial evidence to
       support the findings that I did make, and I will go down those.

       The district court went on to find there was no evidence or testimony from the
therapists, or Shelby, suggesting "there was ever any forced sex or sex against consent, or
anything like that." The district court made a distinction between the evidence supporting
sexual disrespect, but not sexual abuse:

                  "The evidence of the—offered from the therapists were not findings of sexual
       abuse. I don't know that they didn't testify, they were just—the way that they were

                                                      23
       framed. I don't know that—what the basis of that was, if there was ever any forced sex or
       sex against consent, or anything like that. There was never any testimony of that.
                "And, just summarizing it as sexual abuse could be, as we found later, that there
       certainly was disrespect. A layman could certainly summarize disrespect, sexual
       disrespect, as sexual abuse. And, so, I don't find that that necessarily supports sexual
       abuse.
                "Also, Shelby didn't directly testify to any sexual abuse.
                "The letters [from Macklin] themselves, I found and I do find, that they more
       relate to sexual disrespect, that he kept asking—I took it more as he kept asking for sex,
       he kept persisting and not respecting her no. Not that against her will he forced her to
       have sex, or in any way over—overcame her by fear or any other thing like that that
       would—would move it in the realm of sexual abuse of some kind.
                "And, I definitely don't find there is any evidence that there was a rape as is now
       alleged in—or, as Shelby alleges in her motion."

       On appeal, Shelby points to the records of three therapists that were admitted at
trial. But, again, she reiterates the same evidence the district court found did not support
sexual abuse by Macklin. Notably, the district court addressed the exact evidence Shelby
is asking us to reweigh on appeal:

                "Basically, my first comments about the therapists, Whitney Mosier and Michelle
       [Oliphant] also apply to them. I do acknowledge that—that Ms. Mosier's report indicates
       that the female partner reported that sexual dyn—sexual relation dynamic was a primary
       source of conflict in the relationship, and the male client states that he continues to push
       female to have sex—sexual contact even after she repeatedly denies.
                "The male client stated that he recognizes this is a problem.
                ....
                "And, the same thing, Michelle Oliphant used the sexual assault language. And,
       her notes reflect that Shelby believes Macklin lacks the ownership of the sexual issues of
       the marriage and says he—he thought that marriage meant consent. No isn't no.
                "Again, that goes back to my conclusions that he kept asking for sex, not
       respecting her no, and that was a major problem in their marriage.

                                                    24
               "But, again, no evidence that—of forced sex or what I would call—what I would
       find as sexual abuse in—in their marriage."

       A full reading of the district court's lengthy comments and findings about this
issue suggests the district court reviewed the evidence but only gave the therapist records
weight to support its sexual disrespect finding. The district court also found Shelby's
testimony on this issue was not credible.

       The letter referenced by the district court, and upon which Shelby relies, supports
the district court's finding that Macklin pushed Shelby for sex, that Macklin recognized
this was a problem, but that Macklin's actions never rose to sexual abuse. Although
Macklin alluded to issues of consent, the letter does not provide evidence of sexual abuse.
Shelby read this portion into the record during her testimony: "I know that I had a selfish
agenda with sex in our relationship, I thought for far too long that you were my wife so
that meant consent. Which is [so] far from the truth that [it's] not even funny." Shelby
also read into the record a text she received from Macklin during her testimony. It stated
in part: "I understand Shelby. I'm so sorry for things from the past and my selfish actions.
I've never wanted to hurt you on purpose, I fully realize I that I was pursuing physical
intimacy with you in a selfish and wrong way."

       As the district court noted, the session notes of Mosier, the couple's therapist,
show Macklin stated he continued to push for sex after Shelby repeatedly denied, and he
recognized this problem. The court found Mosier's note showed Macklin "would continue
to push for sex, but not that he overcame her with force or fear and—and abused her . . .
to have sex, or against her consent."

       A session note of Irma Jeffries, Shelby's individual therapist, stated a goal of the
session was "[s]exual abuse processing." Shelby emphasizes this point to us but ignores
the fact that the same note indicated she reported disrespect with no further evidence of

                                                     25
sexual abuse. Apart from the therapist's notes indicating that a goal of the therapy was
"sexual abuse processing," the notes do not otherwise mention sexual abuse. This
evidence supports the district court's findings that Shelby did not suffer from sexual
abuse.

         Shelby also relies heavily on the session notes of Macklin's individual therapist,
Oliphant, who later became the couple's therapist. She believes Oliphant's records are
contrary to the district court's findings and support a finding that "Macklin's own
therapist found that he was a sexual abuser."

         But the district court disagreed with this interpretation of Oliphant's session notes.
The district court found Oliphant's notes supported the conclusion that Macklin "kept
asking for sex, not respecting [Shelby's] no," but Oliphant's records did not show
evidence "of forced sex or what I would call—what I would find as sexual abuse in—in
their marriage." Our review of Oliphant's notes supports this finding. While Oliphant
does use the terms "sexual abuse" or "sexually aggressive" on occasion in her notes,
when the notes are viewed in the light most favorable to Macklin, they support the district
court's conclusion that the terms did not necessarily mean there was evidence of sexual
abuse in the relationship. Oliphant's records support the district court's conclusion that her
notes did not provide evidence of sexual abuse in the marriage, but the notes did provide
evidence of what the district court referred to as sexual disrespect.

         Oliphant's notes also support the district court's finding that Shelby leveraged this
alleged sexual abuse against Macklin in an attempt to gain custody of the children.
Oliphant's handwritten session notes from June 3, 2019, and June 17, 2019, both
indicated Shelby had threatened to tell the judge about sexual assault and Macklin was
afraid of losing custody of his girls. Her progress notes from August 28, 2019, stated:
"[Macklin] maintains he wants 50/50 custody and [is] afraid [Shelby] will blackmail him
into gaining full custody." After her records were subpoenaed, Oliphant's progress note

                                               26
indicated Macklin told her that Shelby was "being very manipulative and trying to use
anything to get full custody" and "[Macklin] worries about [Shelby] lying and using their
sexual issues as a weapon against him."

       Given the evidence supporting the district court's findings on Shelby's allegations
of sexual abuse, we will not disturb them on appeal. As Shelby does not argue the district
court's findings on this point constitute an error of law or were otherwise unreasonable,
she fails to establish that the district court abused its discretion when considering her
claims of sexual abuse in assessing custody and parenting time.

       F.     Credibility of Shelby's witnesses

       Next, Shelby appears to challenge the district court's credibility determination
regarding four witnesses and herself.

       The judge is the finder of fact in a bench trial. State v. Pratt, 255 Kan. 767, 769,
876 P.2d 1390 (1994); see Dority, 50 Kan. App. 2d 336, Syl. ¶ 3. "It is the factfinder's
function to determine the weight and credibility of the witnesses." In re Estate of Farr,
274 Kan. 54, 68, 49 P.3d 415 (2002). And to reiterate, we do not reweigh the evidence or
pass on the credibility of the witnesses. Wolfe Electric, Inc., 293 Kan. at 407.
"[A]ppellate courts will not overturn a trial court's weighing of the evidence or
assessment of witness credibility from a cold record." State v. Schaefer, 305 Kan. 581,
595, 385 P.3d 918 (2016). "One of the reasons that appellate courts do not assess witness
credibility from the cold record is that the ability to observe the declarant is an important
factor in determining whether he or she is being truthful." State v. Scaife, 286 Kan. 614,
624, 186 P.3d 755 (2008).

                                             27
       In refusing to consider a claim challenging witness credibility following a bench
trial, another panel of our court explained the purpose of the general rule against
reassessing witness credibility determinations:

       "This court has neither any reason nor any legal justification for quarreling with the
       credibility determinations. The district court observed the witnesses as they testified. That
       is a powerful tool in assessing credibility. Indeed, the judicial process treats an
       appearance on the witness stand, with the taking of an oath and the rigor of cross-
       examination, as perhaps the most discerning crucible for separating honesty and accuracy
       from mendacity and misstatement. State v. Scaife, 286 Kan. 614, 624, 186 P.3d 755
       (2008)." In re Estate of Hutchings, No. 107,132, 2012 WL 4795622, at *2 (Kan. App.
       2012) (unpublished opinion).

       Accordingly, we decline to reweigh the district court's credibility determinations
of these witnesses.

       G.      Child custody and parenting time

       Next, Shelby challenges the district court's finding that the children were to remain
residing in the Pratt area. Apart from attacking a few factual findings, Shelby seems to be
arguing the district court's order shows the district judge was biased against her. She
starts by arguing: "The real breakdown of bias came from the district court's odd idea of
joint and shared custody." She goes on to challenge the district court's shared residency
plan by suggesting the district court's child residency order prevented her from moving to
Wichita, despite the district court permitting her to move there. She concludes, however,
that the district court abused its discretion by "making orders that would only penalize
Shelby and the children if enforced" and the district court made errors of fact and law that
require remand for a new trial before a different judge.

                                                    28
       To the extent Shelby is challenging the district judge as being biased, we decline
to address those allegations for reasons we have already outlined.

       The remainder of Shelby's argument is unclear because she seems confused by the
district court's orders. The district court flatly refused to dictate where Shelby resided.
After finding shared custody was in the best interests of the children, the district court
held: "Shelby can move where she wants to move. If she believes that requires her to
[move to] Wichita, that's okay. And, the parties are going to have to figure out how to do
the transportation, as the children will—will be primarily in Pratt." At the hearing on
Shelby's motion to alter or amend, the district court reiterated its ruling "allows her to live
in Wichita if that's her choice."

       Although the district court permitted Shelby to move to Wichita, the district court
ordered the children to remain residing in the Pratt area, finding in its initial ruling that it
was in the best interests of the children because that "is where they've lived most of their
life and in that marital residence." To reach this conclusion, the district court addressed
the child custody factors under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 23-3203. The district court noted it
created the two-week custody schedule "because of the distance" from Pratt to Wichita
and to accommodate Shelby and her job. The district court believed this custody plan
could be done without requiring Shelby to sacrifice her job and maintained it was in the
best interests of the children because it decreased transitions and increased stability for
the children.

       The district court came to the same conclusion after considering Shelby's motion
to alter or amend. When addressing the factor considering the location of the parties'
residence and places of employment, the district judge opined:

                                               29
       "Again, Shelby's [residence], I presume from the trial testimony that it would probably be
       Wichita. But, I did not know for sure and didn't order it. And, so, was not sure whether it
       would be Wichita or Pratt. Those were the two that were talked about.
               "But, either one of those, I believe, are going to be conducive to sharing
       parenting time with the two-week to two-week, and that neither—it does not argue that
       either place would necessarily be better.
               "Although, that Macklin's [residence] is the home that [the children have]
       already—always known, and that is an important factor that continues to argue, at least,
       for shared parenting time for him.
               "But, also, as I've noted, Shelby is a very important part for these girls in their
       lives, and she needs at least equal parenting time, as well."

       Shelby interprets the district court's decision to mean she "cannot truly be involved
in the decision about school or childcare" and the district court's residential orders make
moving to Wichita "realistically impossible." We disagree.

       A district court's discretionary determination of a child's custody, residency,
visitation, or parenting time is guided by various provisions of K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 23-
3201 et seq. The paramount consideration in making these decisions is the child's welfare
and best interests. Given the district court's unique vantage point of what is often an
emotionally charged situation, we generally will not overturn these decisions unless the
district court abused its discretion. See Cheney v. Poore, 301 Kan. 120, 128, 339 P.3d
1220 (2014); see also Frazier v. Goudschaal, 296 Kan. 730, 755, 295 P.3d 542 (2013)
(applying abuse of discretion review to coparenting agreement). Challenges to specific
factual findings in support of these determinations are reviewed to assure that they are
supported by substantial competent evidence and that the findings support the district
court's legal conclusions. Vandenberg, 43 Kan. App. 2d at 704.

       Although Shelby claims the district court made an error of law, she does not argue
an error of law in her analysis. Most of the facts Shelby challenges are misinterpretations

                                                    30
of the district court's orders. Apart from the bias challenges, Shelby's arguments seem to
challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, in addition to arguing the district court's
custody order was arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable. But the district court made
extensive findings under most of the factors listed for consideration to determine custody
under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 23-3203(a).

       Shelby starts by arguing "the evidence showed she must" live in Wichita. The
district court's order flatly contradicts that claim. Next, she argues the district court's
orders effectively limited her say in which doctors the children see, where they go to
school, and daycare options. This is a misinterpretation of the district court's custody
order. The district court ordered Shelby and Macklin to equally weigh in on such matters,
each subject to the geographical limitation. But the district court also noted exceptions for
matters such as specialized medical care. Shelby also briefly argues the district court
limited her decision making regarding emergencies based on some out of context
statements by the district court. But the parties' parenting plan addresses emergency
decision making: "The party having the actual physical custody of the minor children at
any particular time shall have the authority to consent to any medical or dental
emergencies."

       Shelby goes on to argue it could not be in the best interests of the children "to have
to travel three hours a day for daycare and school" and suggests "[t]his is all just a ploy
by the district court to thwart Shelby's plans to move to Wichita." But the district court
specifically created the two-week custody schedule in an attempt accommodate, not
thwart, Shelby's relocation plans.

       Finally, Shelby has not shown the district court's custody order was arbitrary,
fanciful, or unreasonable. Given the relocation requirement was a significant issue at the
trial, it was not unreasonable for the district court to refuse to require Shelby reside in any
certain location. It was also not unreasonable to create the two-week schedule for the

                                               31
same reason. The district court was simply attempting to create an option for Shelby to
move to Wichita, if she wished. Shelby has not presented any evidence or legal argument
that would suggest the district court's decision was unreasonable, and therefore she has
not met her burden of showing the district court abused its discretion with its custody and
parenting time order.

       H.      Equalization payment

       In her last claim, Shelby argues the district court abused its discretion concerning
whether the parties had agreed to no equalization payment. She uses the district court's
findings on this point to assert her judicial bias claims once again.

       The record shows the district court did not order an equalization payment. In its
initial ruling, the district court opined that it forgot about an equalization payment and
asked the parties for comment. The following occurred:

               "[SHELBY'S COUNSEL:] Yeah. It was my understanding that since we're going
       on Macklin's testimony, Macklin's testified at trial that he wasn't asking for an
       equalization payment.
               "[MACKLIN'S COUNSEL:] We would be fine if that waiver goes both ways. If
       we just agree to do a division with no equalization, we can agree to that.
               "THE COURT: It's agreed to. That's what I like.
               ....
               "Anything else need clarified?
               "[MACKLIN'S COUNSEL:] Nothing by the Respondent."

       On appeal, Shelby relies on this colloquy to argue: "It's agreed to? How? Because
Shelby's counsel didn't respond? How does that work? It goes against the testimony
presented by Shelby. It was a completely self-serving finding by the district court that
showed once again what the court thought of Shelby and her counsel."

                                                    32
       Apart from assisting in her bias claim, it is unclear how Shelby believes the
district court erred here. A full reading of the transcript suggests Shelby did not object to
this finding, and she never argues the district court refused her an opportunity to object.
Moreover, the district court gave her attorney an opportunity to respond, and counsel did.
The district court relied on this response to come to a decision. Shelby's attorney simply
did not pose any argument suggesting the district court should order an equalization
payment.

       Shelby also did not address the issue in her motion to alter or amend, despite
challenging nearly all the district court's orders and findings. Like in her argument on
appeal, Shelby briefly argued the district court's "acceptance of an agreement regarding
waiver of an equalization payment even though no agreement was made" showed the
district court was biased against her. The district court, similarly, did not address the
equalization payment at the motion hearing—most likely because Shelby did not
challenge it in her motion.

       To the extent Shelby is appealing the equalization payment as being unsupported
by sufficient evidence, we conclude this argument has not been preserved. Shelby has not
shown the district court's action of refusing to order an equalization payment was an
abuse of discretion.

                                        CONCLUSION

       In conclusion, our extensive review of the record on appeal has not revealed any
reversible error on the part of the district court. We decline to address Shelby's claims of
judicial bias because she failed to follow the proper statutory procedure below and raises
her constitutional claim only for the first time on appeal without explaining why we
should review it. We find substantial competent evidence supports the district court's
conclusions regarding the hotly contested issues brought before it—determination of the

                                              33
parties' incomes for the calculation of child support and spousal maintenance, valuation
of the marital residence, and Shelby's allegations of sexual abuse in assessing child
custody and parenting time. We also find that any error in the district court's calculation
of Macklin's income was harmless. Finally, we find no abuse of discretion in the district
court's resolution of the issues before it relating to property valuation and division, child
custody and parenting time, and child support and spousal maintenance.

       Affirmed.

                                              34