Court Opinion

ID: 4644033
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-17 16:07:01.941868+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:42:10.102907
License: Public Domain

IMPORTANT NOTICE
        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED OPINION

THIS OPINION IS DESIGNATED “NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.”
PURSUANT TO THE RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
PROMULGATED BY THE SUPREME COURT, CR 76.28(4)(C),
THIS OPINION IS NOT TO BE PUBLISHED AND SHALL NOT BE
CITED OR USED AS BINDING PRECEDENT IN ANY OTHER
CASE IN ANY COURT OF THIS STATE; HOWEVER,
UNPUBLISHED KENTUCKY APPELLATE DECISIONS,
RENDERED AFTER JANUARY 1, 2003, MAY BE CITED FOR
CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT IF THERE IS NO PUBLISHED
OPINION THAT WOULD ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE ISSUE
BEFORE THE COURT. OPINIONS CITED FOR CONSIDERATION
BY THE COURT SHALL BE SET OUT AS AN UNPUBLISHED
DECISION IN THE FILED DOCUMENT AND A COPY OF THE
ENTIRE DECISION SHALL BE TENDERED ALONG WITH THE
DOCUMENT TO THE COURT AND ALL PARTIES TO THE
ACTION.
                                              RENDERED: DECEMBER 17, 2020
                                                     NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                  Supreme Court of Kentucky
                                    2019-SC-0285-MR

JAMES DOUGLAS YOUNG                                                   APPELLANT

                    ON APPEAL FROM WARREN CIRCUIT COURT
                    HONORABLE STEVE ALAN WILSON, JUDGE
V.                           NO. 18-CR-00479-001

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                                APPELLEE

                     MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT

                            REVERSING AND REMANDING

      A circuit court jury convicted James Douglas Young on nine counts of

trafficking various illicit drugs and controlled substances, one count of

receiving stolen property, and one count of possession of drug paraphernalia.

Young was sentenced to twenty years’ imprisonment. He appeals from the

resulting judgment as a matter of right.1

      Young asserts three claims of reversible error: (1) the trial court

erroneously denied him the right to participate in his case as “hybrid counsel,”

(2) the Commonwealth failed timely to disclose exculpatory information in

      1   Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b).
violation of the Brady Rule,2 and (3) the trial court failed to direct a verdict of

acquittal on several counts of drug possession with intent to distribute.

      Because, as the Commonwealth concedes, the trial court committed

structural error as to the first claim of error, we reverse the judgment and

remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion. We analyze Young’s remaining claims of error as they may arise in

the event of a retrial. We find no error in the remaining claims.

                             I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

      While working as a confidential informant for the local drug task force,

Tyler Poole suggested Young to a detective and showed him the apartment

where Young lived. The task force then investigated Young for trafficking drugs

out of his apartment. The detective set Poole up to perform a controlled buy.

He put a wire on Poole, gave him $390 in marked bills, and directed him to

Young’s apartment. Poole engaged with Young at his apartment, negotiated a

deal for a quantity of methamphetamine, then returned to the detective with

$90 and 4.487 grams of methamphetamine. Poole also reported that while he

did not see the drugs himself Young told him he was also selling heroin,

Adderall, and Oxycontin.

      The detective obtained a warrant to search Young’s apartment. The

search produced twelve baggies of methamphetamine, five baggies of

       2 Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) (requiring prosecutors to disclose to

the defense materially exculpatory evidence in the government’s possession).

                                           2
heroin-Fentanyl mixture, one baggie of cocaine, Suboxone strips, Adderall in

20 mg and 30 mg doses, Oxycodone, and seventeen baggies of marijuana,

along with $674 in Young’s wallet and $250 of marked money from the

controlled buy.

      The grand jury returned a fourteen-count indictment against Young,

including multiple counts for trafficking in a controlled substance, trafficking

in marijuana, receiving a stolen firearm, and possession of drug paraphernalia.

Following a three-day trial, the jury convicted Young on the twelve counts

presented to it.
                                    II. ANALYSIS

  A. The trial court committed structural error when it refused to hold a
     Faretta hearing upon Young’s request for hybrid representation,
     requiring reversal.

      Approximately forty days before trial, Young sent a letter to the trial

court expressing not only his displeasure with his counsel’s performance but

also his desire to call and cross-examine witnesses himself. Ten days before

trial, Young sent a similar letter that was received the day of trial. After the

jury was selected, Young again asserted his desire to cross-examine certain

witnesses himself. The trial court nonetheless denied the request for a hearing

and denied Young the option to proceed unrepresented, even for the limited

purpose of cross-examining witnesses. The trial court stated that the law did

not recognize the right to hybrid counsel and that Young would either proceed

completely pro se or Young would exercise his right to present his defense,

including the right to cross-examine witnesses, solely through counsel.

                                         3
      Whether the trial court erred as a matter of law on this point is a legal

question we review de novo.

       Young first asserts a right to “hybrid counsel” under both the United

States and Kentucky Constitutions. He follows this assertion by arguing the

trial court committed reversible error when it refused to hold a Faretta hearing

and when it told him that Kentucky did not recognize a right to hybrid counsel,

effectively forcing Young to accept his counsel and his counsel’s decision-

making. The Commonwealth concedes that under Kentucky precedent the trial

court committed reversible error. We agree with both parties that the trial

court committed reversible error on this point alone, despite a clear lack of

prejudice.

      Of course, criminal defendants have a right to competent legal

representation in criminal proceedings under the Sixth Amendment of the

United States Constitution3 and under Section 11 of the Kentucky

Constitution.4 But criminal defendants also have the right to proceed

unrepresented if they properly waive their right to counsel and are guaranteed

procedural safeguards in that process.5 The primary safeguard is a Faretta

hearing, which is mandated whenever a defendant timely and unequivocally6

      3   Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963).
      4 Ky. Const. § 11 guarantees a criminal defendant the right “to be heard by
himself and counsel.” Deno v. Commonwealth, 177 S.W.3d 753, 757 (Ky. 2005);
Jenkins v. Commonwealth, 491 S.W.2d 636, 638 (Ky. 1973).
      5 Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 817 (1975) (“We confront here a nearly
universal conviction, on the part of our people as well as our courts, that forcing a
lawyer upon an unwilling defendant is contrary to his basic right to defend himself if
he truly wants to do so.”). See Deno, at 758.
      6   Deno, at 758 (citing Moore v. Commonwealth, 634 S.W.2d 426, 430 (Ky. 1982)).

                                           4
requests to proceed unrepresented to any extent.7 Under Faretta, to deny this

hearing after a defendant properly requests it amounts to a violation of the

federal constitution.

      Further, criminal defendants can request and shall be afforded the

option of what is sometimes called “hybrid counsel,”8 which refers to a

defendant’s proceeding unrepresented as to chosen, pre-defined aspects of a

trial or proceeding, while counsel’s representation is confined to other aspects.9

Though under a “hybrid counsel” arrangement a defendant’s waiver of

representation is confined only to specific parts of a trial or proceeding, the

court still must hold a Faretta hearing.10 During the hearing, the court must

find that the defendant voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waives his right

to counsel to whatever permitted extent, and to predetermine the scope of the

defendant’s waiver and the remaining scope of duty of the defendant’s

counsel.11

        7 See Grady v. Commonwealth, 325 S.W.3d 333, 341 (Ky. 2010); Major v.

Commonwealth, 275 S.W.3d 706, 718 (Ky. 2009) (citing Wake v. Barker, 514 S.W.2d
692, 697 (Ky. 1974)) (“[U]pon an unequivocal request to appear pro se or an
unequivocal request to limit the role of appointed counsel, the trial court must
conduct a hearing to determine that any such waiver is made knowingly and
intelligently.”).
      8   Wake, 514 S.W.2d at 696.
      9 Deno, at 757 (citing Hill v. Commonwealth, 125 S.W.3d 221, 225–26 (Ky.
2004), overruled on other grounds by Grady, 325 S.W.3d 333) (“The wording of Section
11 of the Kentucky Constitution, unlike that of the similar provision which appears in
the United States Constitution, guarantees a criminal defendant the right: (1) to
represent himself pro se; (2) to be represented by counsel; or (3) to have hybrid
representation.”).
      10   See Grady, at 342.
      11   Id.

                                          5
      The present case is factually similar to Deno v. Commonwealth.12 In that

case, the defendant felt insecure about his counsel’s commitment to his case,

stating to the court that he felt like he had been lied to, ignored, and was

generally concerned he would not receive a fair trial.13 After reviewing the

extent of appointed counsel’s services in the case, the trial court found counsel

had prepared enough for the case. The defendant’s timely and unequivocal

request to proceed partially unrepresented notwithstanding, the trial court

failed to recognize the defendant’s right to hybrid counsel and failed to conduct

a Faretta hearing.14 The trial court told the defendant, “you can’t go co-

counsel. You either represent yourself or [your attorney] represents you.”15 The

defendant was later convicted of the charges against him and sentenced to

twenty years in prison.

      We reversed the trial court, recognizing the right to hybrid counsel under

Section 11 of the Kentucky Constitution.16 We then found that the defendant’s

request for hybrid counsel was timely when it was made before meaningful trial

proceedings had begun17 and that it was unequivocal when the defendant

      12   177 S.W.3d 753.
      13   Id. at 757.
      14   Id. at 758–59.
      15   Id.
      16   See id. at 758.
      17 Id. at 758 (citing Baucom v. Commonwealth, 134 S.W.3d 591 (Ky. 2004)) (“A
request for hybrid representation is timely if made before meaningful trial proceedings
have begun.”).

                                           6
specified the extent of the services he wished to waive.18 Since the trial court

incorrectly applied the law regarding the right to hybrid counsel and denied the

defendant his ability properly to waive his right to full counsel, the trial court

committed reversible error.19

      Here, the trial court, as in Deno, was mistaken as a matter of law that

Kentucky does not recognize hybrid counsel arrangements in criminal trials.

And Young made a timely request, sent by letter forty days before trial.20 The

request was also unequivocal because Young specifically sought to call

witnesses and to cross-examine them himself after his counsel refused to,

although Young still wished that counsel would proceed with other aspects of

the trial. This was a proposed hybrid representation. The trial court denied

Young the opportunity, requiring him to choose either to proceed

unrepresented for the whole trial or to proceed with counsel’s total

representation for the whole trial.21

      18  Id. (“A request for hybrid representation is unequivocal if the defendant
specifies the extent of the services he desires.”) (citing Soto v. Commonwealth, 139
S.W.3d 827, 857 (Ky. 2004)).
      19   See id. at 758–59.
      20 The Deno court briefly discusses these situations where a request is made
later than what might be convenient or ideal. See id. at 758. Often, the request could
have been made “earlier.” But Deno’s right to hybrid counsel was properly recognized
as a fundamental one and should generally be preserved if possible where it is not
made to delay or solely to impede the trial process, e.g., spontaneously, for the first
time, during trial.
      21 Nunn v. Commonwealth, 461 S.W.3d 741, 748 (Ky. 2015) (“A trial court acts
erroneously where it affirmatively misrepresents a defendant's choice of counsel as
being between ‘only two alternatives: either represent himself or accept appointed
counsel.’”).

                                           7
      While the trial court mistook the law on this matter, we note that it still

has the discretion to assess Young’s capacity to waive his rights in the first

place and even to structure or modify the proposed hybrid arrangement

depending on Young’s perceived competency.22 But the availability of the right

to present one’s own defense, even if only in part, is a basic right that cannot

be completely foreclosed under Section 11 of the Kentucky Constitution.

      Finally, the trial court did not hold a Faretta hearing, so it could not have

made a proper finding regarding Young’s capacity to waive his right to

counsel.23 Young was effectively denied the opportunity to waive his

constitutional right to counsel and to proceed in his own defense. This was a

structural error requiring reversal, even absent a showing of resulting

prejudice. Accordingly, we are constrained to reverse the trial court and

require on remand that the trial court make a hybrid arrangement available

should Young again properly request it. This we hold regardless of whether

Young suffered actual prejudice at trial or whether his own advocacy will

ultimately prove less effective on remand.

  B. The Commonwealth did not violate the Brady Rule.

      Young next contends that the Commonwealth failed to make timely

disclosures of exculpatory evidence to him as required under the Brady Rule.

Young believes the undisclosed evidence could have been used to impeach

Poole, the Commonwealth’s confidential informant, particularly with Poole’s

      22   Major, 275 S.W.3d 706, 721 (Ky. 2009).
      23   Moore, 634 S.W.2d at 430.

                                           8
Michigan criminal record, his probation status, and a previous arrest for

possession of counterfeit currency. Further, Young claims error in the

Commonwealth’s nondisclosure of the source of the money paid to Poole as the

informant’s compensation.

      The Commonwealth asserts that Brady is only applicable to evidence

discovered to have been in the Commonwealth’s possession after trial. It also

claims that it did not possess, much less suppress, any of the allegedly

exculpatory evidence. The Commonwealth then argues that this issue is

practically moot because it has confessed structural error on Young’s first

issue. In the event this issue arises on remand we address each item briefly.

      In a pretrial motion, Young requested the disclosure of exculpatory

information. The trial court granted the motion and reminded the

Commonwealth of its disclosure obligations to Young. The Commonwealth was

then ordered to turn over any exculpatory evidence no later than thirty days

before trial.

      The United States Supreme Court ruled in Brady v. Maryland that “the

suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon

request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to

punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.”24

These are the components of a Brady violation: (1) the evidence at issue must

have been favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because

it is impeaching; (2) the evidence must have been suppressed by the State,

      24   373 U.S. at 87.

                                        9
whether willfully or inadvertently; and (3) prejudice must have ensued.25 The

prejudice element is satisfied if there is a “reasonable probability” the outcome

of the trial would have been different had the evidence properly been turned

over.26 In other words, the suppression results in material prejudice if the

resulting trial is so unfair that its outcome becomes unworthy of confidence.27

      But this duty to disclose does not obligate the prosecution to detect and

discover information it does not know or to thoroughly investigate and gather

exculpatory information on the defendant’s behalf.28 There is no Brady

violation when the defense could have obtained information without the

consent or assistance of the Commonwealth.29 And as the Commonwealth

correctly points out, Brady applies only to “the discovery after trial of

information that had been known to the prosecution but unknown to the

defense.”30

      Exculpatory evidence subject to disclosure includes information that

could be used to impeach the Commonwealth’s witnesses.31 If the

Commonwealth’s delay gave it “a more favorable opportunity to convict,” there

      25   Commonwealth v. Bussell, 226 S.W.3d 96, 99 (Ky. 2007) (citing Brady, at 87).
      26   Id.
      27   See Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 433–34 (1995).
      28   See Bowling v. Commonwealth, 80 S.W.3d 405, 410–411 (Ky. 2002).
      29   See id. at 410.
      30   Id. (citing U.S. v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 103 (1976)) (emphasis in original).
        31 Finnell v. Commonwealth, 295 S.W.3d 829, 832 (Ky. 2009) (citing Napue v.

Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 270 (1959)).

                                             10
is reversible error.32 Such impeachment evidence includes evidence of bias,

certain character evidence, or any other evidence that would “expose to the jury

the facts from which jurors . . . could appropriately draw inferences relating to

the reliability of the witness.”33

      Each of these pieces of evidence we presume would have some

exculpatory value under Brady. We also acknowledge the timeliness and

effectiveness of Young’s request for exculpatory information. Still, that only

begins our analysis.

      1.       Poole’s Michigan criminal history and probation status.

          Before trial, Young specifically requested disclosure of any evidence

concerning the prior criminal convictions and probation or parole status of the

Commonwealth’s witnesses. This information was not given to Young with

respect to Poole. Counsel for the Commonwealth admitted that she had not

investigated Poole’s criminal history or parole status before trial. But the

Commonwealth also asserts that it has not been in possession of Poole’s

criminal history or probation status, so the Commonwealth’s position seems to

be that it did not “know,” much less possess that information for purposes of

Brady. This Court will also presume that criminal records and probation

status are generally public record, accessible to Young on his own initiative.

      We can accept that the Commonwealth apparently did not ever “know”

Poole’s criminal background. Even if it did know that Poole had a criminal

      32   Id. (citing and quoting Epperson v. Commonwealth, 809 S.W.2d 835, 840 (Ky.
1990)).
      33   Olden v. Kentucky, 488 U.S. 227, 231 (1988).

                                           11
history, under Bowling there is no Brady violation where the information

sought is public record or is otherwise accessible to the defendant.34 Even if

the Commonwealth here knew of Poole’s criminal record and probation status,

and even if it had exculpatory value, no Brady violation occurred because

Young could have accessed that information himself and can now do so on

remand.

      2.       Poole’s arrest for possession of counterfeit currency.

      Young also argues he demanded Poole’s arrest record. In a hearing,

Young stated that he “knew for a fact” that Poole had been arrested for

possession of counterfeit currency. Young argues that having more

information about this at trial would have allowed him to demonstrate bias on

the theory that Poole expected leniency on that charge for his cooperation.

      While this information might have had exculpatory impeachment value,

there was no Brady violation because Young was aware of the fact and could

have discovered the information himself through public record. Alternatively,

Young could have probed Poole about the incident on cross-examination to

demonstrate bias. Because Young himself admits in his brief that he “knew”

about the arrest, it was not “unknown” to the defense at the time of trial, and

therefore no Brady violation occurred.35

      34   See Bowling, at 410.
      35   See Finnell, at 832.

                                       12
      3. Information regarding the source of Poole’s compensation from
         state sources.

      Young argues it was a Brady violation for the Commonwealth not to

disclose the source of part of the funds the drug task force used to compensate

Poole. Namely, when Poole returned from the controlled buy with $90, the

detective handed him $10 more, giving Poole a total of $100 for his services as

an informant. The detective apparently testified at trial generally that the

money came from the Kentucky State Police “Drug Fund,” but the

Commonwealth allegedly furnished no other information about where the $10

came from or the general policies related to such KSP expenditures. Young

argues that the nondisclosure of the source of that $10 and the policies related

to drug-task-force expenditures violated Brady because such information could

reveal nonconformity with law enforcement payment protocol and thereby

undermine the detective’s credibility on cross-examination. Young argues that

this information was necessary for a “complete defense” and due process, and

that Young was denied that defense and due process because he could not

cross-examine about what he did not know: the source of Poole’s

compensation. And considering Young’s specific request for information about

the “consideration, money or other remuneration provided to any witness,” he

now argues that in hindsight he was deprived of a full defense when the

Commonwealth did not turn over records related to Poole’s compensation.

      True, Young requested, at least in broad form, information related to

Poole’s compensation, and Young did not have that information by trial and

probably could not have obtained it himself. But even if it is assumed that the

                                       13
Commonwealth knew this information and withheld it, intentionally or not, the

nondisclosure of this information is simply not materially prejudicial under

Brady.

      While law enforcement is rightfully held to the highest standard of

procedure and conduct, and deviations from certain procedures may properly

expose such state officials to scrutiny in cross-examination, the source of the

$10 simply remains patently immaterial to Young’s defense in this case. Even

considering other noted defects in procedure, this would add very little, if

anything to Young’s defense. It did not deprive him of the “full” defense due

process affords, even if it did make the detective “unavailable” for cross-

examination on that narrow topic. Its absence does not remotely undermine

our confidence in the outcome of the case. We find no reversible Brady

violation in the Commonwealth’s failure to disclose and detail the source of

these funds.

  C. The trial court properly denied all of Young’s motions for directed
     verdict.

      Young asks this Court to reverse the trial court’s denial of a directed

verdict of acquittal, arguing he was entitled to a directed verdict on Counts 2,

3, 5, 6, 7, and 8.36 In doing so, Young asserts that no reasonable juror could

have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the substances in his possession

were entirely what the Commonwealth asserted them to be because not all of

the substances seized were chemically tested, nor could a reasonable juror

      36  Count 2 (Trafficking Methamphetamine), Count 3 (Trafficking Heroin), Count
5 (Trafficking Hydrocodone), Count 6 (Trafficking Oxycodone), Count 7 (Trafficking
Adderall) and Count 8 (Trafficking Suboxone).

                                         14
infer an intent to distribute the substances from his possession of the

substances. We disagree and accordingly affirm the trial court’s denial of a

directed verdict of acquittal on all counts.

      For our purposes, the charges can be divided into two separate groups:

Group 1 (Counts 2 and 3, heroin and methamphetamine), which was

chemically analyzed in part by Kentucky State Police Crime Lab technician

Wendy Williams, and Group 2 (Counts 5, 6, 7, and 8, hydrocodone, oxycodone,

Adderall, and suboxone), which was identified visually by a Warren County

pharmacist, Darren Lacefield, at trial.

      1. Standard of Review for Directed Verdict of Acquittal.

      Our standard of review on a motion for directed verdict of acquittal

is supplied by Commonwealth v. Benham:

      On motion for directed verdict, the trial court must draw all fair
      and reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the
      Commonwealth. If the evidence is sufficient to induce a reasonable
      juror to believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is
      guilty, a directed verdict should not be given. For the purpose of
      ruling on the motion, the trial court must assume that the
      evidence for the Commonwealth is true but reserving to the jury
      questions as to the credibility and weight to be given to such
      testimony.

      On appellate review, the test of a directed verdict is, if under the
      evidence as a whole, it would be clearly unreasonable for a jury to
      find guilt, only then the defendant is entitled to a directed verdict
      of acquittal.37

      37   Commonwealth v. Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186, 187–88 (Ky. 1991).

                                          15
      In Jones v. Commonwealth,38 the defendant appealed the denial of her

motions for directed verdict of acquittal as to similar trafficking charges based

on an asserted lack of chemical testing. We held that the Commonwealth can

prove the identity of a substance without direct chemical analysis.39 There are

several ways and combinations of ways in which the identity of a substance

can be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Prosecutions for drug offenses may

frequently and properly involve chemical analysis, especially where the

substance is not prone to immediate visual identification.40 But other

identification methods and circumstances can be sufficient to support a guilty

verdict, including the visual identification by expert pharmacists and lab

technicians,41 a drug user’s testimony regarding the effects of the substance on

himself or others following use,42 the trade dress of the substance,43 and the

defendant’s own statements about the substance’s identity.44 The thrust of

      38   331 S.W.3d 249 (Ky. 2011).
      39   Id. at 256.
        40 This may be especially appropriate with powder substances that are not

always subject to ready identification like commercial pharmaceuticals. See id., at
256–57 (Noble, J., dissenting) (“Chemistry being what it is, [the view that visual
identification is sufficient] is comparable to saying any white powder is cocaine-not
good science. This view harkens back to a time when . . . little was known about
trafficking in look-alike drugs, or how easy it is to counterfeit a common drug.”).
      41 E.g., see id. (two trained chemists working as lab technicians identified
alprazolam using a pharmaceutical database, “Identidex,” a database available
exclusively to law enforcement).
      42   Id. (quoting U.S. v. Dolan, 544 F.2d 1219, 1221–22 (4th Cir. 1976)).
      43 Id. (quoting American Home Products Corp. v. Chelsea Laboratories, Inc., 572
F. Supp. 278, 281 (D.N.J. 1982)).
      44   E.g., Howard v. Commonwealth, 787 S.W.2d 264, 267 (Ky. App. 1989) (“In the
case before us, appellant offered to sell the substance he had with him as marijuana.
It is, therefore, evident he thought it was marijuana.”).

                                            16
Jones is that a jury can take even a layman’s testimony in light of other evident

circumstances to infer the identity of the substance without chemical testing.45

It appears to us that the jury was able to do that here, where drug experts

adequately identified the drugs and the jurors were aware of the surrounding

circumstances of Young’s operation. We conclude the trial court properly

denied Young’s motions for directed verdict.

      2. Group 1: Heroin and Methamphetamine.

      The Group 1 substances were in powder form and underwent partial

sample testing in a lab to verify their identity. As to Group 1, Young argues

that tests should have been run on the substances in each baggie to verify

what they contained. KSP analyst and expert witness, Wendy Williams, only

tested and chemically identified a measured sample from two of the baggies

seized at Young’s apartment, that is, one for heroin and one for

methamphetamine, but she did not run tests on the substance contained in

the other baggies.46 Rather, Williams followed KSP policy and tested samples

from the two baggies in an amount necessary for the statutory minimum, noted

the similarity in appearance and texture between the substances she tested

and the substances in the untested baggies, and she drew a conclusion that

the untested baggies contained the same substance.

      45 And in holding, we joined most jurisdictions in this country. Id. at 254
(“Courts almost uniformly allow the introduction of circumstantial evidence in the
absence of chemical testing to identify alleged controlled substances.”).
      46  At trial, Williams testified that because of the volume of the drugs coming to
the KSP Lab for testing that it was standard procedure to test only the amount
statutorily necessary for a conviction. Otherwise, the backlog would be so severe that
results would be prohibitively delayed.

                                           17
      Young argues that the jury could not have reasonably inferred the

identity of the untested portions of the substance, especially considering

Williams’s admission on cross-examination that the baggies could have

theoretically contained something else. Young argues an intent to distribute

could not have been reasonably inferred either because no witness testified

that he had offered to sell these substances. These arguments are unavailing.

      First, while Young would require that these substances be proven with

chemical certainty, that is not the standard of proof the Commonwealth had to

meet. Jurors are only required to find the substances are what the

Commonwealth purports them to be beyond a reasonable doubt,47 not with

unassailable certainty. Further, our standard of review for a motion for

directed verdict requires us only to find there be enough evidence for a

reasonable juror to make that finding. And our standard is no different

regardless of whether that evidence is direct or circumstantial.48

      Second, the reasonable-doubt standard leaves room for the jury to draw

inferences as to certain material facts when direct evidence is unavailable.

Inferences are by nature conclusions supplied by the rational faculties of the

juror based on the juror’s common sense, lived understanding of how the world

is. While inferences inherently lack the certitude of direct observation,

measurement, or empirical analysis, it is elementary that circumstantial

evidence can support a criminal conviction.49

      47   See Williams v. Commonwealth, 721 S.W.2d 710, 712 (Ky. 1986).
      48   Schrimsher v. Commonwealth, 190 S.W.3d 318, 328 (Ky. 2006).
      49   See id.

                                          18
      In this case, the jury apparently applied these rational principles to the

identity of the substances as well as to Young’s intent to distribute. Young’s

logic would require that every grain of powder in every bag, even in the already-

tested sample baggie, be tested to verify identity. Our law, like the law of

practically every other jurisdiction, does not impose such a requirement.

Williams’s testimony that the remaining substances could be something else,

such as rock salts or diluted counterfeits, was for the jury to weigh in its

factual determinations. Even if Williams’s testimony raised any doubt, the jury

was not required to supplant its common-sense conclusions with hypothetical

scenarios. The jury apparently listened to Williams’s testimony, noted the

amount of powdery substance tested for the statutory minimum for possession,

noted the similarities in appearance and texture with the other baggies, and

rationally inferred that the other baggies, all found similarly bagged in Young’s

possession, were the same as what was tested.50

      The jury also properly inferred an intent to distribute even absent

testimony that Young had offered to sell them. First, it is part of the record

that Poole told the detective after the controlled buy that Young had offered to

sell him a laundry list of other substances, including heroin. The element of

intent to sell the drugs later found in Young’s residence was supported by this

testimony. Even without that testimony, the sheer variety and quantity of

drugs on hand supports the jury’s rational inference that Young intended to

         50 Accord Jones, at 254 (“The confirmation by chemical testing of two of the

illicit drugs lends support to the likelihood that the other was authentic.”).

                                           19
distribute the drugs to others and that they were not merely for personal or

recreational use.51

      Therefore, the trial court properly denied a motion for directed verdict of

acquittal as to Counts 2 and 3.

      4.     Group 2: Hydrocodone, Oxycodone, Adderall, and Suboxone.

      Group 2 includes Counts related to commercial controlled substances in

pill or strip form. The Commonwealth used expert pharmaceutical testimony

to identify them. Young’s objections to this verification process are similar: the

jury lacked certainty without chemical analysis and the expert witness himself

admitted the pills could be something other than alleged. At trial, pharmacist

Darren Lacefield, with the assistance of an electronic phone application,

identified the substances based on their appearance. Like Group 1, the

testifying expert admitted on cross-examination to the possibility that the

identified substances could theoretically be convincing counterfeits.

      This Court responds similarly to Group 2. The Commonwealth called

Lacefield, a trained pharmacist, to identify the substances in Group 2. Part of

his regular job is to be able to identify and sort these substances for prescribed

public consumption. He has the education and job experience to look at the

trade dress of the pills, and conclude from their shape, color, and labeling what

they are. In arriving at the holding in Jones, we referred to a nearly identical

identification process in a Texas case that held that a trained pharmacist’s

      51 See id. at 253 (endorsing the reasoning of Dolan, 544 F.2d at 1221–22, that
other circumstances of the defendant’s position and arrest can soundly support an
inference of a substance’s illicit identity).

                                         20
visual identification supported a rational inference as to the substance’s

identity.52 We then stated “[s]ome deference should be given to the presumed

integrity of this procedure of visual identification.”53

      Again, the possibility that a pharmacist’s visual identification is mistaken

is presumably accounted for by the jury, especially when the pharmacist

humbly testified—as Lacefield did—to that possibility on cross-examination.

The jury can and must be left to weigh that possibility of error, as with any

witness’s testimony. But it was not here unreasonable for the jury to take

Lacefield’s testimony into account to support its general inference, especially

considering the circumstances surrounding Young’s operation. The intent to

distribute was also reasonably inferred as to all the drugs found in Young’s

possession for the reasons just stated for Group 1.

      Therefore, with respect to Young’s motions for directed verdict, we find

no error in the trial court’s declining to direct a verdict of acquittal because the

jury was presented with sufficient evidence to convict Young of the counts

charged.
                                 III.       CONCLUSION

      We reverse the judgment because of the structural error created by the

trial court’s failure to conduct a Faretta hearing and to consider Young’s

request for hybrid representation. Otherwise, the Commonwealth committed

      52  See is. at 255 (citing Sterling v. State of Texas, 791 S.W.2d 274 (Tex. App.
1990) (“The court found that the evidence was sufficient to support the trial court’s
finding, stating: ‘[a] person who is familiar with a substance may identify it. An expert
may identify a controlled substance without chemical analysis.’”) (quotations kept
consistent with citation to Sterling).
      53 Referring to the visual identification of alprazolam performed by lab

technicians in Jones.

                                           21
no Brady violations and the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to

convict Young for the crimes charged. The case is remanded to the trial court

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      All sitting. All concur.

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Julia Karol Pearson
Department of Public Advocacy

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Daniel Jay Cameron
Attorney General of Kentucky

Todd Dryden Ferguson
Assistant Attorney General

                                       22