Court Opinion

ID: 4114498
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-10 17:03:43.474416+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:03.133180
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           No. 16-259C
                                     (Filed: January 10, 2017)

*************************************
HEALTH REPUBLIC INSURANCE           *                Section 1342 of the Patient Protection and
COMPANY,                            *                Affordable Care Act, 42 U.S.C. § 18062; 45
                                    *                C.F.R. pt. 153; Risk Corridors Program;
                  Plaintiff,        *                RCFC 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss; Subject
                                    *                Matter Jurisdiction; Money-Mandating
 v.                                 *                Statute and Regulation; Presently Due
                                    *                Money Damages; Ripeness; Agency
THE UNITED STATES,                  *                Interpretation of Its Own Regulations;
                                    *                Requirement of Annual Risk Corridors
                  Defendant.        *                Payments
*************************************

Stephen Swedlow, Chicago, IL, for plaintiff.

Charles E. Canter, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant.

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

SWEENEY, Judge

        Plaintiff Health Republic Insurance Company contends, for itself and on behalf of those
similarly situated, that defendant United States has not fully paid the risk corridors payments to
which it and other insurers are entitled under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
(“Affordable Care Act”), Pub. L. No. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119 (2010), and its implementing
regulations. Defendant moves to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims
(“RCFC”). As explained below, the court grants in part and denies in part defendant’s motion.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

                                  A. The Affordable Care Act

       Congress enacted the Affordable Care Act in March 2010. 124 Stat. at 119. The Act
includes “a series of interlocking reforms designed to expand coverage in the individual health
insurance market.” King v. Burwell, 135 S. Ct. 2480, 2485 (2015).

       First, the Act bars insurers from taking a person’s health into account when
       deciding whether to sell health insurance or how much to charge. Second, the Act
       generally requires each person to maintain insurance coverage or make a payment
       to the Internal Revenue Service. And third, the Act gives tax credits to certain
       people to make insurance more affordable.

Id.; accord 26 U.S.C. §§ 36B, 5000A (2012); 42 U.S.C. § 300gg-1 (2012). “These three reforms
are closely intertwined. . . . Congress found that the guaranteed issue and community rating
requirements would not work without the coverage requirement. And the coverage requirement
would not work without the tax credits.” King, 135 S. Ct. at 2487 (citation omitted).

        In conjunction with these three reforms, the Affordable Care Act required the
establishment of an American Health Benefit Exchange (“exchange”) in each state by January 1,
2014, to facilitate the purchase of “qualified health plans” by individuals and small businesses.
42 U.S.C. §§ 18031, 18041; accord King, 135 S. Ct. at 2485 (describing an exchange as “a
marketplace that allows people to compare and purchase insurance plans”). Among other
requirements, each “qualified health plan” offered on an exchange must provide a package of
“essential health benefits.” 42 U.S.C. § 18021(a)(1).

         Thus, when enacted, the Affordable Care Act provided benefits and risks for health
insurance companies (“insurers”). On the one hand, insurers would have access to a market of
previously uninsured individuals, which could result in the insurers attracting more customers.
See King, 135 S. Ct. at 2485; accord 42 U.S.C. § 18091(2)(C) (“The requirement [to maintain
insurance coverage], together with the other provisions of this Act, will add millions of new
consumers to the health insurance market . . . .”). On the other hand, because insurers lacked
data “to predict the needs of the newly-insured” individuals, they would be hampered in their
ability to “price [qualified health] plans to reflect the medical costs associated with this new and
untested marketplace.” Compl. ¶ 2; accord id. ¶ 26 (“[I]nsurers generally have less experience in
how to accurately price policies in the individual market rather than the group market, and no
relevant experience estimating benefit utilization, risk pool composition, and medical spending
costs for insurance policies to the post-[Affordable Care Act] market, which included a new
demographic and new mandatory coverage requirements.”). To mitigate the risk faced by
insurers, the Affordable Care Act included three premium stabilization programs: a transitional
reinsurance program, a permanent risk adjustment program, and a temporary risk corridors
program. See id. ¶¶ 4, 20; 42 U.S.C. §§ 18061-18063.

           The transitional reinsurance program required insurers to fund, for the three-year period
beginning January 1, 2014, reinsurance entities that would make payments to insurers that
covered high-risk individuals “for any plan year beginning” in the three-year period. 42 U.S.C.
§ 18061. The permanent risk adjustment program requires each state to “assess a charge on
health plans and health insurance issuers (with respect to health insurance coverage) . . . if the
actuarial risk of the enrollees of such plans or coverage for a year is less than the average
actuarial risk of all enrollees in all plans or coverage in such State for such year” and “provide a
payment to health plans and health insurance issuers (with respect to health insurance coverage)
. . . if the actuarial risk of the enrollees of such plans or coverage for a year is greater than the

                                                 -2-
average actuarial risk of all enrollees in all plans and coverage in such State for such year . . . .”
Id. § 18063.

       The third program–the one at issue in this case–is the temporary risk corridors program.
Pursuant to section 1342 of the Affordable Care Act:

        The Secretary [of the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”)] shall
        establish and administer a program of risk corridors for calendar years 2014, 2015,
        and 2016 under which a qualified health plan offered in the individual or small
        group market shall participate in a payment adjustment system based on the ratio
        of the allowable costs of the plan to the plan’s aggregate premiums. Such
        program shall be based on the program for regional participating provider
        organizations under part D of title XVIII of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C.
        1395w-101 et seq.].

42 U.S.C. § 18062(a) (first alteration added). Section 1342 describes the methodology for
collecting and making payments that HHS was required to adopt:

        (1) Payments out

               The Secretary shall provide under the program established under
        subsection (a) that if–

                        (A) a participating plan’s allowable costs for any plan year are
                more than 103 percent but not more than 108 percent of the target amount,
                the Secretary shall pay to the plan an amount equal to 50 percent of the
                target amount in excess of 103 percent of the target amount; and

                       (B) a participating plan’s allowable costs for any plan year are
                more than 108 percent of the target amount, the Secretary shall pay to the
                plan an amount equal to the sum of 2.5 percent of the target amount plus
                80 percent of allowable costs in excess of 108 percent of the target
                amount.

        (2) Payments in

               The Secretary shall provide under the program established under
        subsection (a) that if–

                        (A) a participating plan’s allowable costs for any plan year are less
                than 97 percent but not less than 92 percent of the target amount, the plan
                shall pay to the Secretary an amount equal to 50 percent of the excess of
                97 percent of the target amount over the allowable costs; and

                                                  -3-
                       (B) a participating plan’s allowable costs for any plan year are less
                than 92 percent of the target amount, the plan shall pay to the Secretary an
                amount equal to the sum of 2.5 percent of the target amount plus 80
                percent of the excess of 92 percent of the target amount over the allowable
                costs.

Id. § 18062(b). “The amount of allowable costs of a plan for any year is an amount equal to the
total costs (other than administrative costs) of the plan in providing benefits covered by the
plan,” minus “any risk adjustment and reinsurance payments received under section[s] 18061 and
18063 . . . .” Id. § 18062(c)(1). And, the “target amount of a plan for any year is an amount
equal to the total premiums (including any premium subsidies under any governmental program),
reduced by the administrative costs of the plan.” Id. § 18062(c)(2). Neither section 1342 of the
Affordable Care Act nor any of the Act’s other provisions appropriated funds specifically for the
risk corridors program. See generally Pub. L. No. 111-148, 124 Stat. at 119-1024.

                  B. Regulations Implementing the Risk Corridors Program

        As contemplated by the Affordable Care Act, the Secretary of HHS established a risk
corridors program. Proposed regulations first appeared in the Federal Register on July 15, 2011.
See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Standards Related to Reinsurance, Risk
Corridors and Risk Adjustment, 76 Fed. Reg. 41,930 (to be codified at 45 C.F.R. pt. 153). HHS
explained that the temporary risk corridors program was, in general, “designed to provide QHP
issuers with greater payment stability as insurance market reforms are implemented” and would
“protect against uncertainty in setting rates in the Exchange by limiting the extent of issuer losses
(and gains).”1 Id. at 41,931; accord id. at 41,948. In addition, HHS noted that although the
proposed regulations did not contain any deadlines for qualified health plans to remit charges to
HHS or for HHS to make risk corridors payments to qualified health plans, such deadlines were
under consideration:

       For example, a QHP issuer required to make a risk corridor payment may be
       required to remit charges within 30 days of receiving notice from HHS. Similarly,
       HHS would make payments to QHP issuers that are owed risk corridor amounts
       from HHS within a 30-day period after HHS determines that a payment should be
       made to the QHP issuer. We believe that QHP issuers who are owed these
       amounts will want prompt payment, and also believe that the payment deadlines
       should be the same for HHS and QHP issuers.

Id. at 41,943. Finally, with respect to the expected cost of the risk corridors program, HHS
stated, in a summary of its preliminary regulatory impact analysis:

       1
           HHS frequently abbreviates “qualified health plan” as “QHP” in its regulations.

                                                 -4-
       [The Congressional Budget Office (“CBO”)] estimated program payments and
       receipts for reinsurance and risk adjustment. . . . CBO did not score the impact of
       risk corridors, but assumed collections would equal payments to plans in the
       aggregate. The payments and receipts in risk adjustment, reinsurance, and risk
       corridors are financial transfers between issuers.

Id. at 41,948. But see id. at 41,942 (“Risk corridors create a mechanism for sharing risk for
allowable costs between the Federal government and QHP issuers.”).

        After a notice-and-comment period, HHS published a final rule on March 23, 2012. See
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Standards Related to Reinsurance, Risk Corridors
and Risk Adjustment (“Premium Stabilization Rule”), 77 Fed. Reg. 17,220 (to be codified at 45
C.F.R. pt. 153). In this final rule, HHS reiterated the explanatory remarks set forth in its
proposed rule. See id. at 17,221, 17,236, 17,238. In addition, because HHS had separately
issued a final regulatory impact analysis, see Def.’s App. 2 at 2-53,2 it updated its discussion of
the expected cost of the risk corridors program:

       CBO estimated program payments and receipts for reinsurance and risk
       adjustment. . . . CBO did not score the impact of the risk corridors program, but
       assumed collections would equal payments to plans in the aggregate. The
       payments and receipts in risk adjustment and reinsurance are financial transfers
       between issuers and the entities running those programs.

77 Fed. Reg. at 17,244; accord Def.’s App. 2 at 11 (“CBO did not score the impact of risk
corridors and assumed collections would equal payments to plans and would therefore be budget
neutral.”), 40 (“CBO did not separately estimate the program costs of risk corridors, but assumed
aggregate collections from some issuers would offset payments made to other issuers.”). HHS
also indicated that it had received several comments regarding deadlines for risk corridors
remittances and payments:

       Three commenters agreed that 30 days was a reasonable timeframe for both
       payments and charges, and one commenter recommended that payments and
       charges be paid once per year. One commenter suggested requiring issuers of
       QHPs to submit risk corridors data within 30 days after submission of a request
       for payment to HHS or receipt of demand for payment from HHS.

77 Fed. Reg. at 17,239. In response to these comments, HHS indicated that it “plan[ned] to
address the risk corridors payment deadline in the HHS notice of benefit and payment
parameters.” Id. Thus, the final regulation establishing the risk corridors and describing the
payment methodology, 45 C.F.R. § 153.510, provided only:

       2
         Because defendant did not paginate its appendices, the court uses the page numbers
assigned by its electronic case filing system.

                                                -5-
               (a) General requirement. A QHP issuer must adhere to the requirements
       set by HHS in this subpart and in the annual HHS notice of benefit and payment
       parameters for the establishment and administration of a program of risk corridors
       for calendar years 2014, 2015, and 2016.

             (b) HHS payments to health insurance issuers. QHP issuers will receive
       payment from HHS in the following amounts, under the following circumstances:

                      (1) When a QHP’s allowable costs for any benefit year are more
              than 103 percent but not more than 108 percent of the target amount, HHS
              will pay the QHP issuer an amount equal to 50 percent of the allowable
              costs in excess of 103 percent of the target amount; and

                     (2) When a QHP’s allowable costs for any benefit year are more
              than 108 percent of the target amount, HHS will pay to the QHP issuer an
              amount equal to the sum of 2.5 percent of the target amount plus 80
              percent of allowable costs in excess of 108 percent of the target amount.

              (c) Health insurance issuers’ remittance of charges. QHP issuers must
       remit charges to HHS in the following amounts, under the following
       circumstances:

                      (1) If a QHP’s allowable costs for any benefit year are less than 97
              percent but not less than 92 percent of the target amount, the QHP issuer
              must remit charges to HHS in an amount equal to 50 percent of the
              difference between 97 percent of the target amount and the allowable
              costs; and

                     (2) When a QHP’s allowable costs for any benefit year are less
              than 92 percent of the target amount, the QHP issuer must remit charges to
              HHS in an amount equal to the sum of 2.5 percent of the target amount
              plus 80 percent of the difference between 92 percent of the target amount
              and the allowable costs.

77 Fed. Reg. at 17,251; see also id. (“A QHP issuer must submit to HHS data on the premiums
earned with respect to each QHP that the issuer offers in the manner and timeframe set forth in
the annual HHS notice of benefit and payment parameters.” (codified at 45 C.F.R. § 153.530(a)
(2012))).

      The notice of benefit and payment parameters mentioned in the Premium Stabilization
Rule was published as a proposed rule by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

                                               -6-
(“CMS”), an agency of HHS, on December 7, 2012.3 See Patient Protection and Affordable Care
Act; HHS Notice of Benefit and Payment Parameters for 2014, 77 Fed. Reg. 73,118 (to be
codified at 45 C.F.R. pts. 153, 155-158). In the proposed rule’s prefatory remarks, CMS stated:

               The transitional reinsurance program and the temporary risk corridors
       program, which begin in 2014, are designed to provide issuers with greater
       payment stability as insurance market reforms are implemented. . . . The risk
       corridors program, which is a Federally administered program, will protect against
       uncertainty in rates for qualified health plans by limiting the extent of
       issuer losses and gains. . . .

               In the Premium Stabilization Rule (77 FR 17220), we laid out a regulatory
       framework for these . . . programs. In that rule, we stated that the specific
       payment parameters for those programs would be published in this proposed rule.
       In this proposed rule, we expand upon these standards, and propose payment
       parameters for these programs.

Id. at 73,119. With respect to the risk corridors program, CMS further explained: “The
temporary risk corridors program permits the Federal government and QHPs to share in profits or
losses resulting from inaccurate rate setting from 2014 to 2016. In this proposed rule, we
propose . . . an annual schedule for the program and standards for data submissions.” Id. at
73,121. More specifically, CMS provided:

               We propose to add paragraph (d) to § 153.510, which would specify the
       due date for QHP issuers to remit risk corridors charges to HHS. Under this
       provision, an issuer would be required to remit charges within 30 days after
       notification of the charges.

               We propose a schedule for the risk corridors program, as follows. By June
       30 of the year following an applicable benefit year, . . . issuers of QHPs will have

       3
         The Secretary of HHS had delegated to the Administrator of CMS her
authority–granted in section 1342 of the Affordable Care Act–

       to establish and administer a program of risk corridors under which a qualified
       health plan offered in the individual or small group market shall participate in a
       payment adjustment system based on the ratio of the allowable costs of the health
       plan to the health plan’s aggregate premiums based on the program for regional
       participating provider organizations under part D of Title XVIII of the Social
       Security Act.

Delegation of Authorities, 76 Fed. Reg. 53,903-04 (Aug. 30, 2011).

                                               -7-
       been notified of risk adjustment payments and charges for the applicable benefit
       year. By that same date, . . . QHP issuers also would have been notified of all
       reinsurance payments to be made for the applicable benefit year. As such, we
       propose in § 153.530(d) that the due date for QHP issuers to submit all
       information required under § 153.530 of the Premium Stabilization Rule is July
       31 of the year following the applicable benefit year.

Id. at 73,164; accord id. at 73,200 (“In this proposed rule, HHS also specifie[s] the annual
schedule for the risk corridors program, including dates for claims run-out, data submission, and
notification of risk corridors payments and charges.”). CMS remarked that it did not expect that
these proposed changes would “significantly alter CBO’s estimates of the budget impact of the”
risk corridors program. Id. at 73,196.

        After a notice-and-comment period, CMS published a final rule on March 11, 2013. See
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; HHS Notice of Benefit and Payment Parameters for
2014, 78 Fed. Reg. 15,410 (to be codified at 45 C.F.R. pts. 153, 155-158). In this final rule,
CMS reiterated the prefatory remarks set forth in the proposed rule. See id. at 15,411-12, 15,515.
CMS also indicated that it received several comments regarding payments, charges, and receipts
for the risk corridors program. Id. at 15,473. For example, “[o]ne commenter . . . asked for
clarification on HHS’s plans for funding risk corridors if payments exceed receipts.” Id. In
response, CMS stated: “The risk corridors program is not statutorily required to be budget
neutral. Regardless of the balance of payments and receipts, HHS will remit payments as
required under section 1342 of the Affordable Care Act.” Id. In addition, several commenters
provided “supportive comments on [CMS’s] proposal to require issuers to submit risk corridors
information by July 31 of the year following the applicable benefit year,” leading CMS to finalize
that proposal. Id.; see also id. at 15,520 (“In this final rule, HHS also specifies the annual
schedule for the risk corridors program, including dates for claims run-out, data submission, and
notification of risk corridors payments and charges.”). Thus, 45 C.F.R. § 153.510 was amended
by adding the following subsection: “(d) Charge submission deadline. A QHP issuer must remit
charges to HHS within 30 days after notification of such charges.” Id. at 15,531. And, 45 C.F.R.
§ 153.530 was amended by adding the following subsection: “(d) Timeframes. For each benefit
year, a QHP issuer must submit all information required under this section by July 31 of the year
following the benefit year.” Id.

        On December 2, 2013, CMS published a proposed notice of benefit and payment
parameters for 2015. See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; HHS Notice of Benefit
and Payment Parameters for 2015, 78 Fed. Reg. 72,322 (to be codified at 45 C.F.R. pts. 144, 147,
153, 155-156). It noted that on November 14, 2013, the federal government announced that it
would allow individuals, between January 1 and October 1, 2014, to renew insurance coverage
that did not comply with the “2014 market rules.” Id. at 72,324. CMS suspected that this
“transitional” policy “could increase an issuer’s average expected claims cost for plans that
comply with the 2014 market rules” and therefore lead to “unexpected losses.” Id. As a result,

                                               -8-
CMS proposed “modifications to a number of programs,” including the risk corridors program.
Id. Among other changes, CMS proposed modifying the risk corridors formula for 2014:

               As mentioned elsewhere in this proposed rule, for the 2014 benefit year,
       we are proposing an adjustment to the risk corridors formula that would help to
       further mitigate potential QHP issuers’ unexpected losses that are attributable to
       the effects of the transition policy. This proposed adjustment may increase the
       total amount of risk corridors payments that the Federal government will make to
       QHP issuers, and reduce the amount of risk corridors receipts; however, we are
       considering a number of approaches that would limit the impact of the policy on
       the Federal budget. Because of the difficulty associated with predicting State
       enforcement of 2014 market rules and estimating the enrollment in transitional
       plans and in QHPs, we cannot estimate the magnitude of this impact on aggregate
       risk corridors payments and charges at this time.

Id. at 72,379-80.

        After a notice-and-comment period, CMS issued a final rule on March 11, 2014. See
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; HHS Notice of Benefit and Payment Parameters for
2015, 79 Fed. Reg. 13,744 (to be codified at 45 C.F.R. pts. 144, 147, 153, 155-156). It stated:

               In our proposed rule, we considered an adjustment to the risk corridors
       formula for the 2014 benefit year that would help to further mitigate any
       unexpected losses for issuers of plans subject to risk corridors attributable to the
       effects of the transitional policy, and noted that we were considering approaches
       that would limit the impact of the policy on the Federal budget. . . .

               ....

              We are finalizing the risk corridors adjustment policy as proposed. . . .
       We project that these changes, in combination with the changes to the reinsurance
       program finalized in this rule, will result in net payments that are budget neutral in
       2014. We intend to implement this program in a budget neutral manner, and may
       make future adjustments, either upward or downward to this program (for
       example, as discussed below, we may modify the ceiling on allowable
       administrative costs) to the extent necessary to achieve this goal.

Id. at 13,786-87. CMS expanded upon the economic impact of its modifications to the risk
corridors program:

               The Affordable Care Act created a temporary risk corridors program for
       the years 2014, 2015, and 2016 that applies to QHPs . . . . HHS intends to
       implement this program in a budget neutral manner.

                                                -9-
               As mentioned elsewhere in this rule, for the 2014 benefit year, we are
       making an adjustment to the risk corridors formula that would help mitigate
       potential QHP issuers’ unexpected losses that are attributable to the effects of the
       transitional policy. . . . Because of the difficulty associated with predicting State
       enforcement of the 2014 market rules and estimating the enrollment in transitional
       plans and in QHPs, it is difficult to estimate the precise magnitude of this impact
       on aggregate risk corridors payments and charges at this time.

                Our initial modeling suggests that this adjustment for the transitional
       policy could increase the total risk corridors payment amount made by the Federal
       government and decrease risk corridors receipts, resulting in an increase in
       payments. However, we estimate that even with this change, the risk corridors
       program is likely to be budget neutral or, will result in net revenue to the Federal
       government. . . . [W]hile the transitional risk corridors adjustment will result in
       higher risk corridors payments than would occur if no transitional adjustment
       were in place, we believe that the risk corridors program as a whole will be budget
       neutral or, will result in net revenue to the Federal government in FY 2015 for the
       2014 benefit year. We note that even with an estimated increase in outlays, CBO
       still projects the Premium Stabilization programs to reduce the deficit by
       approximately $8 billion over the budget window. HHS intends to implement this
       program in a budget neutral manner.

Id. at 13,829; accord id. at 13,826 (“[W]e were uncertain of the exact magnitude of the effect of
the proposed adjustments to the risk corridors and reinsurance programs as a result of the
transitional policy . . . .”), 13,827 (“For risk corridors, CBO now estimates the Federal
government will pay $8 billion to issuers from [fiscal years] 2015-2017, but that collections for
this program will total $16 billion, for a net yield of $8 billion to the Federal government.”).

      One month after publishing this final rule, on April 11, 2014, CMS issued a two-page
memorandum with the subject line “Risk Corridors and Budget Neutrality.” Def.’s App. 2 at 54-
55. The memorandum contained four sets of questions and answers, three of which are relevant
here:

       Q1: In the HHS Notice of Benefit and Payment Parameters for 2015 final rule (79
           FR 13744) . . . , HHS indicated that it intends to implement the risk corridors
           program in a budget neutral manner. What risk corridors payments will HHS
           make if risk corridors collections for a year are insufficient to fund risk
           corridors payments for the year, as calculated under the risk corridors
           formula?

       A1: We anticipate that risk corridors collections will be sufficient to pay for all
           risk corridors payments. However, if risk corridors collections are
           insufficient to make risk corridors payments for a year, all risk corridors

                                               -10-
           payments for that year will be reduced pro rata to the extent of any shortfall.
           Risk corridors collections received for the next year will first be used to pay
           off the payment reductions issuers experienced in the previous year in a
           proportional manner, up to the point where issuers are reimbursed in full for
           the previous year, and will then be used to fund current year payments. If,
           after obligations for the previous year have been met, the total amount of
           collections available in the current year is insufficient to make payments in
           that year, the current year payments will be reduced pro rata to the extent of
           any shortfall. If any risk corridors funds remain after prior and current year
           payment obligations have been met, they will be held to offset potential
           insufficiencies in risk corridors collections in the next year.

           ....

       Q2: What happens if risk corridors collections do not match risk corridors
           payments in the final year of risk corridors?

       A2: We anticipate that risk corridors collections will be sufficient to pay for all
           risk corridors payments over the life of the three-year program. However, we
           will establish in future guidance or rulemaking how we will calculate risk
           corridors payments if risk corridors collections (plus any excess collections
           held over from previous years) do not match risk corridors payments as
           calculated under the risk corridors formula for the final year of the program.

           ....

       Q4: In the 2015 Payment Notice, HHS stated that it might adjust risk corridors
           parameters up or down in order to ensure budget neutrality. Will there be
           further adjustments to risk corridors in addition to those indicated in this
           FAQ?

       A4: HHS believes that the approach outlined in this FAQ is the most equitable
           and efficient approach to implement risk corridors in a budget neutral
           manner. However, we may also make adjustments to the program for benefit
           year 2016 as appropriate.

Id.

                  C. Appropriations Acts for Fiscal Years 2015 and 2016

      On December 16, 2014, Congress enacted the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2015, Pub. L. No. 113-235, 128 Stat. 2130, to fund the federal government

                                              -11-
for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2015, id. § 5, 128 Stat. at 2133. In the division of the
Act appropriating funds for HHS, Congress included the following provision:

       None of the funds made available by this Act from the Federal Hospital Insurance
       Trust Fund or the Federal Supplemental Medical Insurance Trust Fund, or
       transferred from other accounts funded by this Act to the ‘‘Centers for Medicare
       and Medicaid Services–Program Management’’ account, may be used for
       payments under section 1342(b)(1) of Public Law 111-148 (relating to risk
       corridors).

Id. at div. G, tit. II, § 227, 128 Stat. at 2491. In an explanatory statement that was published in
the Congressional Record, the chairman of the House Committee of Appropriations remarked:

       In 2014, HHS issued a regulation stating that the risk corridor program will be
       budget neutral, meaning that the federal government will never pay out more than
       it collects from issuers over the three year period risk corridors are in effect. The
       agreement includes new bill language to prevent the CMS Program Management
       appropriation account from being used to support risk corridors payments.

160 Cong. Rec. H9838 (daily ed. Dec. 11, 2014).

       One year later, on December 18, 2015, Congress enacted the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2016, Pub. L. No. 114-113, 129 Stat. 2242, to fund the federal government for the fiscal
year ending September 30, 2016, id. § 5, 129 Stat. at 2244. That Act provided:

       None of the funds made available by this Act from the Federal Hospital Insurance
       Trust Fund or the Federal Supplemental Medical Insurance Trust Fund, or
       transferred from other accounts funded by this Act to the “Centers for Medicare
       and Medicaid Services–Program Management” account, may be used for
       payments under section 1342(b)(1) of Public Law 111-148 (relating to risk
       corridors).

Id. at div. H, tit. II, § 225, 129 Stat. at 2624. The Act also provided:

       In addition to the amounts otherwise available for “Centers for Medicare and
       Medicaid Services, Program Management”, the Secretary of Health and Human
       Services may transfer up to $305,000,000 to such account from the Federal
       Hospital Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance
       Trust Fund to support program management activity related to the Medicare
       Program: Provided, That except for the foregoing purpose, such funds may not be
       used to support any provision of Public Law 111-148 or Public Law 111-152 (or
       any amendment made by either such Public Law) or to supplant any other
       amounts within such account.

                                                 -12-
Id. at div. H, tit. II, § 226, 129 Stat. at 2625. In a June 25, 2015 report accompanying the
Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Bill, 2016, the Senate Committee on Appropriations explained: “The Committee
continues bill language requiring the administration to operate the Risk Corridor program in a
budget neutral manner by prohibiting any funds from the Labor-HHS-Education appropriations
bill to be used as payments for the Risk Corridor program.” S. Rep. No. 114-74, at 12.

                          D. The Risk Corridors Program in Practice

         Plaintiff “is a nonprofit corporation organized under the laws of the State of Oregon” that
provided health insurance on Oregon’s exchange in 2014 and 2015. Compl. ¶ 16. Based on the
data submitted by plaintiff, HHS determined that plaintiff was entitled to a risk corridors
payment for 2014 of $7,884,886.15. Def.’s App. 2 at 80. However, because the risk corridors
payments owed to insurers ($2.87 billion) greatly exceeded the risk corridors charges due from
insurers ($362 million), HHS announced, on October 1, 2015, that it would prorate the risk
corridors payments. Id. at 58. Each insurer that was entitled to a risk corridors payment for 2014
would receive only 12.6% of what it was owed. Id.; Compl. ¶ 16. CMS subsequently advised
insurers that HHS would begin making risk corridors payments in December 2015. Def.’s App.
2 at 58.

       When it filed its complaint in early 2016, plaintiff estimated that it was owed a risk
corridors payment for 2015 of approximately $15 million. Compl. ¶ 16. Subsequently, on
September 9, 2016, HHS announced preliminary information regarding risk corridors payments
for 2015. See Def.’s Reply Ex. “[B]ased on [its] preliminary analysis, HHS anticipate[d] that all
2015 benefit year collections will be used towards remaining 2014 benefit year risk corridors
payments, and no funds will be available at this time for 2015 benefit year risk corridors
payments.” Id. at 1. HHS confirmed that conclusion in a November 18, 2016 memorandum.
See Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs., Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., Risk Corridors
Payment and Charge Amounts for the 2015 Benefit Year, https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/
Resources/Regulations-and-Guidance/Downloads/2015-RC-Issuer-level-Report-11-18-16-FINA
L-v2.pdf. In that same memorandum, HHS indicated that plaintiff was entitled to a risk corridors
payment of $13,000,493.30 for 2015, id. at 10, that plaintiff could expect to receive $261,922.66
towards its 2014 risk corridors payment, id., and that it would begin making risk corridors
payments in December 2016, id. at 2. Thus, as of the date of this decision, plaintiff has not
received its full risk corridors payment for 2014 or any part of its risk corridors payment for
2015.

                                     E. Procedural History

       Plaintiff filed suit on February 24, 2016, alleging, in its sole claim for relief, that
defendant has not fully paid the risk corridors payments to which it and other insurers are entitled

                                                -13-
under section 1342 of the Affordable Care Act and its implementing regulations.4 It seeks the
following relief: unpaid risk corridors payments; consequential, special, or other damages
resulting from defendant’s nonpayment; declaratory and injunctive relief; prejudgment and
postjudgment interest; and attorneys’ fees and costs.

        On June 24, 2016, defendant moved to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1). In its motion, defendant contends that (1)
plaintiff does not have a claim for presently due money damages; (2) plaintiff’s claim is not ripe;
and (3) the court lacks jurisdiction to award certain relief requested by plaintiff, including
consequential damages, special damages, interest, declaratory relief, and injunctive relief.
Plaintiff filed its response in opposition on August 15, 2016, and defendant filed its reply on
September 9, 2016.5 In addition, the parties filed short briefs regarding the decision in Land of
Lincoln Mutual Health Insurance Co. v. United States, 129 Fed. Cl. 81 (2016), appeal docketed,
No. 17-1224 (Fed. Cir. Nov. 16, 2016). The court deems oral argument unnecessary.

       4
          Subsequently, fourteen other suits to recover unpaid risk corridors payments were filed
in this court. See First Priority Life Ins. Co. v. United States, No. 16-587C (filed May 17, 2016);
Moda Health Plan, Inc. v. United States, No. 16-649C (filed June 1, 2016); Blue Cross & Blue
Shield of N.C. v. United States, No. 16-651C (filed June 2, 2016); Land of Lincoln Mut. Health
Ins. Co. v. United States, No. 16-744C (filed June 23, 2016); Me. Cmty. Health Options v.
United States, No. 16-967C (filed Aug. 9, 2016); N.M. Health Connections v. United States, No.
16-1199C (filed Sept. 26, 2016); BCBSM, Inc. v. United States, No. 16-1253C (filed Oct. 3,
2016); Blue Cross of Idaho Health Serv., Inc. v. United States, No. 16-1384C (filed Oct. 24,
2016); Minuteman Health Inc. v. United States, No. 16-1418C (filed Oct. 27, 2016); Mont.
Health Co-op v. United States, No. 16-1427C (filed Oct. 28, 2016); Alliant Health Plans v.
United States, No. 16-1491C (filed Nov. 14, 2016); Blue Cross & Blue Shield of S.C. v. United
States, No. 16-1501C (filed Nov. 14, 2016); Neighborhood Health Plan Inc. v. United States, No.
16-1659C (filed Dec. 19, 2016); Health Net, Inc. v. United States, No. 16-1722C (filed Dec. 30,
2016). Each of the plaintiffs in these cases alleges a failure to pay risk corridors payments in
violation of section 1342 of the Affordable Care Act and its implementing regulations. In
addition, some of the plaintiffs allege breach of an express contract, breach of an implied-in-fact
contract, breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing, anticipatory breach of
contract, and/or an uncompensated taking in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the United
States Constitution.
       5
          Subsequently, on October 5, 2016, plaintiff filed motions for class certification and for
the appointment of interim class counsel. The court granted latter motion on October 25, 2016,
and the former motion on January 3, 2017.

                                                -14-
                                         II. DISCUSSION

                                      A. Standard of Review

        In ruling on a motion to dismiss a complaint pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1), the court
generally assumes that the allegations in the complaint are true and construes those allegations in
the plaintiff’s favor. Trusted Integration, Inc. v. United States, 659 F.3d 1159, 1163 (Fed. Cir.
2011). The allegations in the complaint must include “the facts essential to show jurisdiction.”
McNutt v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936). If such jurisdictional facts
are challenged in a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff “must support them by competent proof.” Id.;
accord Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731, 735 & n.4 (1947) (“[W]hen a question of the District
Court’s jurisdiction is raised, . . . the court may inquire by affidavits or otherwise, into the facts
as they exist.” (citations omitted)). Ultimately, the plaintiff bears the burden of proving, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that the court possesses subject matter jurisdiction. Trusted
Integration, 659 F.3d at 1163. If the court finds that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, it must,
pursuant to RCFC 12(h)(3), dismiss the complaint.

   B. The Court Possesses Subject Matter Jurisdiction to Entertain Plaintiff’s Claim for
                           Unpaid Risk Corridors Payments

        Whether the court has jurisdiction to decide the merits of a case is a threshold matter. See
Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94-95 (1998). “Without jurisdiction the
court cannot proceed at all in any cause. Jurisdiction is power to declare the law, and when it
ceases to exist, the only function remaining to the court is that of announcing the fact and
dismissing the cause.” Ex parte McCardle, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 506, 514 (1868). The parties or the
court sua sponte may challenge the court’s subject matter jurisdiction at any time. Arbaugh v. Y
& H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 506 (2006).

        The ability of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“Court of Federal Claims”) to
entertain suits against the United States is limited. “The United States, as sovereign, is immune
from suit save as it consents to be sued.” United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586 (1941).
The waiver of immunity “cannot be implied but must be unequivocally expressed.” United
States v. King, 395 U.S. 1, 4 (1969).

        The Tucker Act, the principal statute governing the jurisdiction of this court, waives
sovereign immunity for claims against the United States that are founded upon the Constitution,
a federal statute or regulation, or an express or implied contract with the United States. 28
U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1) (2012). However, the Tucker Act is merely a jurisdictional statute and “does
not create any substantive right enforceable against the United States for money damages.”
United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976). Instead, the substantive right must appear in
another source of law, such as a “money-mandating constitutional provision, statute or regulation
that has been violated, or an express or implied contract with the United States.” Loveladies
Harbor, Inc. v. United States, 27 F.3d 1545, 1554 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (en banc).

                                                 -15-
        In this case, plaintiff contends that section 1342 of the Affordable Care Act, 42 U.S.C.
§ 18062, and the regulation implementing section 1342’s payment requirements, 45 C.F.R.
§ 153.510(b), are money-mandating provisions that entitle it, and other similarly situated
insurers, to seek money damages from the United States. Defendant does not dispute that these
two provisions mandate the payment of money to plaintiff and other similarly situated insurers.
Indeed, it would be folly to do so. Section 1342 provides that the Secretary of HHS “shall pay”
specified amounts to eligible qualified health plans, 42 U.S.C. § 18062(b)(1), and the regulation
implementing this requirement provides that the Secretary of HHS “will pay” specified amounts
to issuers of eligible qualified health plans, 45 C.F.R. § 153.510(b). Such language creates the
necessary money mandate. See Britell v. United States, 372 F.3d 1370, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2004)
(“[T]his type of mandatory language, e.g., ‘will pay’ or ‘shall pay,’ creates the necessary ‘money-
mandate’ for Tucker Act purposes.”); see also United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe,
537 U.S. 465, 473 (2003) (“It is enough, then, that a statute creating a Tucker Act right be
reasonably amenable to the reading that it mandates a right of recovery in damages.”); Mitchell v.
United States, 463 U.S. 206, 219 (1983) (noting that a court must “examine whether [sources of
substantive law] can fairly be interpreted as mandating compensation for damages sustained as a
result of a breach of the duties they impose”); Eastport S.S. Corp. v. United States, 372 F.2d
1002, 1007 (Ct. Cl. 1967) (explaining that a plaintiff must allege “that the particular provision of
law relied upon grants the claimant, expressly or by implication, a right to be paid a certain
sum”).

        Defendant instead argues that the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to entertain
plaintiff’s complaint because the Tucker Act’s waiver of sovereign immunity is limited to claims
for presently due money damages, and plaintiff has not established that its damages are presently
due. In support of this contention, defendant primarily relies upon the decision of the United
States Supreme Court (“Supreme Court”) in United States v. King. In that case, the plaintiff
alleged

       that the Secretary of the Army’s action in rejecting his disability retirement was
       arbitrary, capricious, not supported by evidence, and therefore unlawful, and
       asked for a judgment against the United States for an amount of excess taxes he
       had been compelled to pay because he had been retired for longevity instead of
       disability.
395 U.S. at 2. The United States Court of Claims (“Court of Claims”), a predecessor of this
court and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit”),
concluded that the plaintiff’s claim “was basically one for a refund of taxes and was therefore
barred by [the plaintiff’s] failure to allege that he had filed a timely claim for refund” with the
Internal Revenue Service. Id. However, the Court of Claims concluded that it could instead
“exercise jurisdiction under the Declaratory Judgment Act.” Id. (citation omitted). The Supreme
Court, upon examining its precedent, disagreed. Id. at 3. It held “that neither the Act creating
the Court of Claims nor any amendment to it grants that court jurisdiction of” the plaintiff’s case,
explaining:

                                                -16-
       That is true because [the plaintiff’s] claim is not limited to actual, presently due
       money damages from the United States. Before he is entitled to such a judgment
       he must establish in some court that his retirement by the Secretary of the Army
       for longevity was legally wrong and that he is entitled to a declaration of his right
       to have his military records changed to show that he was retired for disability.
       This is essentially equitable relief of a kind that the Court of Claims has held
       throughout its history, up to the time this present case was decided, that it does not
       have the power to grant.

Id. (emphasis added). In other words, the plaintiff could not recover the money damages he
sought without first obtaining a declaratory judgment, a type of equitable relief that the Court of
Claims could not provide. Accordingly, the Supreme Court was distinguishing between money
damages that could be paid immediately, and money damages that could not be paid until other,
nonmonetary relief had been awarded. Accord Todd v. United States, 386 F.3d 1091, 1094 (Fed.
Cir. 2004) (“[A]ppellants are not seeking presently due money damages, but instead seek the
equitable remedy of a reclassification of [a] facility and a salary increase based on that
reclassification.”); Nat’l Air Traffic Controllers Ass’n v. United States, 160 F.3d 714, 716 (Fed.
Cir. 1998) (per curiam) (“Although the Tucker Act has been amended to permit the Court of
Federal Claims to grant equitable relief ancillary to claims for monetary relief over which it has
jurisdiction, there is no provision giving the Court of Federal Claims jurisdiction to grant
equitable relief when it is unrelated to a claim for monetary relief pending before the court. It is
not enough that the court’s decision may affect the disposition of a monetary claim pending
elsewhere, or that the court’s decision will ultimately enable the plaintiff to receive money from
the government.” (citations omitted)); Overall Roofing & Constr. Inc. v. United States, 929 F.2d
687, 689 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (noting that historically, a “claim” in the Court of Federal Claims is a
request for presently due money damages rather than a request for a declaratory judgment),
superseded on other grounds by statute, Federal Courts Administration Act of 1992, Pub. L. No.
102-572, § 907(b), 106 Stat. 4506, 4519; Wood v. United States, 214 Ct. Cl. 744, 745 (1977)
(“[T]he court can only enter judgment for monies presently due and owing from the United
States, and, lacking declaratory judgment jurisdiction, cannot adjudicate future rights and
obligations.”); Johnson v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. 85, 95-96 (2012) (holding that the
plaintiff’s claim for the cancellation of his educational debt was not a request for presently due
money damages but was instead a request for declaratory relief that was beyond the court’s
jurisdiction); Annuity Transfers, Ltd. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. 173, 179-83 (2009) (holding
that the plaintiffs had not alleged a claim for presently due money damages because (1) the
contracts at issue provided for the periodic payment of money by the United States; (2) the
plaintiffs did not allege that the United States was not making the periodic payments or had
otherwise breached the contracts; and (3) the plaintiffs were actually seeking an order allowing
for the alteration of the terms of the contracts–declaratory relief–rather than money damages).

        The distinction drawn by the Supreme Court in King is not applicable in this case; an
insurer’s entitlement to unpaid risk corridors payments is not dependent upon the insurer first
obtaining a declaratory judgment. Moreover, taken in isolation, the requirement that money

                                                -17-
damages be presently due speaks more to the ripeness of a claim than to whether the court has
subject matter jurisdiction to entertain the claim in the first instance. Indeed, it is well settled
that once the court determines that a source of law implicated in a plaintiff’s complaint mandates
the payment of money damages for its violation and that “the plaintiff has made a nonfrivolous
assertion that it is within the class of plaintiffs entitled to recover under the money-mandating
source,” the court must conclude that it possesses subject matter jurisdiction. Jan’s Helicopter
Serv., Inc. v. FAA, 525 F.3d 1299, 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2008); accord Greenlee Cty., Ariz. v. United
States, 487 F.3d 871, 876 (Fed. Cir. 2007); Fisher v. United States, 402 F.3d 1167, 1173 (Fed.
Cir. 2005) (en banc portion). Both section 1342 of the Affordable Care Act and the regulation
implementing section 1342’s payment requirements are money-mandating sources of law.
Accord Land of Lincoln, 129 Fed. Cl. at 97. The court therefore has subject matter jurisdiction
to entertain plaintiff’s claim that the United States violated those provisions.

              C. Plaintiff’s Claim for Unpaid Risk Corridors Payments Is Ripe

        Although the court possesses jurisdiction over the subject matter of this case, the court
cannot exercise that jurisdiction unless plaintiff’s claim for unpaid risk corridors payments is ripe
for judicial review. To be ripe, a claim must not be contingent upon future events that may or
may not occur. Thomas v. Union Carbide Agric. Prods. Co., 473 U.S. 568, 580-81 (1985).
When a claim results from an “administrative determination,” the ripeness doctrine “prevent[s]
the courts, through avoidance of premature adjudication, from entangling themselves in abstract
disagreements over administrative policies, and . . . protect[s] the agencies from judicial
interference until an administrative decision has been formalized and its effects felt in a concrete
way by the challenging parties.” Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 148-49 (1967),
overruled on other grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977); accord Shinnecock
Indian Nation v. United States, 782 F.3d 1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (“Adherence to ripeness
standards prevents courts from making determinations on the merits of a case before all the
essential facts are in.”). The doctrine derives from both “Article III limitations on judicial power
and from prudential reasons for refusing to exercise jurisdiction.” Reno v. Catholic Soc. Servs.,
Inc., 509 U.S. 43, 57 n.18 (1993); cf. Shinnecock Indian Nation, 782 F.3d at 1351 n.7 (“Although
the Court of Federal Claims is an Article I tribunal, it generally adheres to traditional
justiciability standards applicable to courts established under Article III.”).

        Defendant argues that plaintiff’s claim for unpaid risk corridors payments is not ripe
because HHS has not determined the total amount of payments due to plaintiff and other insurers
under the risk corridors program. This argument is based on the fact that neither section 1342 of
the Affordable Care Act nor the regulation implementing section 1342’s payment requirements
expressly includes a deadline for HHS to make risk corridors payments to insurers. In the
absence of an explicit deadline, defendant asserts, HHS may defer payment to insurers until the
conclusion of the three-year risk corridors program, or to whenever it has the funds available to
make full payment. Accordingly, defendant contends that because HHS is not under any present
obligation to make risk corridors payments, will not know the total amount owed to each insurer

                                                -18-
until 2017,6 and does not currently know whether plaintiff will receive the full amount of risk
corridors payments it is owed, plaintiff’s claim is premature.

        The underlying premise of defendant’s ripeness argument is that, contrary to plaintiff’s
contention, plaintiff and other insurers are not entitled to receive risk corridors payments on an
annual basis. Specifically, defendant contends that in the absence of an explicit deadline in
section 1342 of the Affordable Care Act or the regulation implementing section 1342’s payment
requirements, HHS possesses the discretion to establish a payment framework; that the two
appropriations laws enacted by Congress confirm HHS’s discretion; and that the framework
adopted by HHS is therefore entitled to deference. Plaintiff responds that the plain language of
section 1342 and the Affordable Care Act in general require annual risk corridors payments, that
legislative history reveals congressional intent to require annual risk corridors payments, that
HHS’s failure to make annual risk corridors payments undermines the purpose of the risk
corridors program, that HHS’s payment framework is not entitled to deference, and that HHS
currently owes plaintiff and other insurers risk corridors payments for 2014 and 2015.

    1. Congress Intended That HHS Make Annual Risk Corridors Payments to Eligible
                                Qualified Health Plans

        As suggested by the parties’ contentions, the court first turns to the language of the
Affordable Care Act to determine whether Congress intended HHS to make annual risk corridors
payments. See Lamie v. United States Trustee, 540 U.S. 526, 534 (2004) (“The starting point in
discerning congressional intent is the existing statutory text.”); Conn. Nat’l Bank v. Germain,
503 U.S. 249, 253-54 (1992) (“[C]ourts must presume that a legislature says in a statute what it
means and means in a statute what is says there.”). In addition to evaluating the specific
provision of the Affordable Care Act establishing the risk corridors program, the court must read
that provision in the context of the entire statutory scheme of the Affordable Care Act. See King
v. St. Vincent’s Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 221 (1991) (following “the cardinal rule that a statute is to
be read as a whole, since the meaning of statutory language, plain or not, depends on context”
(citation omitted)); Crandon v. United States, 494 U.S. 152, 158 (1990) (“In determining the
meaning of the statute, we look not only to the particular statutory language, but to the design of
the statute as a whole and to its object and policy.”); Kokoszka v. Belford, 417 U.S. 642, 650
(1974) (“When ‘interpreting a statute, the court will not look merely to a particular clause in
which general words may be used, but will take in connection with it the whole statute (or

       6
          Of course, because plaintiff did not participate on an exchange in 2016, HHS would
know the total amount of risk corridors payments due to plaintiff for 2014 and 2015 in 2016.
Indeed, during the pendency of this suit, HHS published a memorandum indicating that plaintiff
was entitled to a risk corridors payment for 2015 of $13,000,493.30. HHS had previously
determined that plaintiff was entitled to a risk corridors payment for 2014 of $7,884,886.15.
Thus, according to HHS, the total amount owed to plaintiff under the risk corridors program is
$20,885,379.45.

                                               -19-
statutes on the same subject) and the objects and policy of the law, as indicated by its various
provisions, and give to it such a construction as will carry into execution the will of the
Legislature . . . .’” (quoting Brown v. Duchesne, 60 U.S. 183, 194 (1856))); see also Chevron,
U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843 n.9 (1984) (“If a court, employing
traditional tools of statutory construction, ascertains that Congress had an intention on the precise
question at issue, that intention is the law and must be given effect.”); Kilpatrick v. Principi, 327
F.3d 1375, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“[I]n determining whether Congress has directly spoken to the
point at issue, a court should attempt to discern congressional intent either from the plain
language of the statute or, if necessary, by resort to the applicable tools of statutory
construction[.]”); Timex V.I., Inc. v. United States, 157 F.3d 879, 882 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“If . . .
the statute’s text does not explicitly address the precise question, we do not at that point simply
defer to the agency. Our search for Congress’s intent must be more thorough than that.”). If
congressional intent regarding the timing of risk corridors payments can be ascertained from
evaluating the text of the Affordable Care Act, then the court’s inquiry on this issue is complete.
See Conn. Nat’l Bank, 503 U.S. at 254.

a. HHS Must Calculate Separate Risk Corridors Payments for Each of the Three Years of
                                    the Program

        Section 1342 of the Affordable Care Act does not explicitly provide a deadline for HHS
to make risk corridors payments to insurers. However, as plaintiff notes, Congress contemplated
that HHS would calculate risk corridors payments separately for each year of the program. For
example, Congress directed HHS to “establish and administer a program of risk corridors for
calendar years 2014, 2015, and 2016,” 42 U.S.C. § 18062(a), rather than a program for calendar
years 2014 through 2016. In addition, Congress required HHS to calculate “[p]ayments in” and
“[p]ayments out” for each year of the program. See id. § 18062(b)(1), (b)(2), (c)(1), (c)(2).
Although the fact that Congress required HHS to make separate calculations for each calendar
year does not necessarily mean that Congress intended for HHS to make annual payments, it does
lend credence to such a construction.

   b. HHS Is Required to Base the Risk Corridors Program on a Preexisting Program in
                 Which It Makes Annual Payments to Eligible Insurers

         Plaintiff contends that further support for construing section 1342 of the Affordable Care
Act to contain an annual payment requirement is Congress’s directive that the risk corridors
program “be based on the program for regional participating provider organizations under part D
of title XVIII of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1395w-101 et seq.].” Id. § 18062(a). In the
statute creating the latter program, Congress directed HHS to establish a risk corridor for each
prescription drug plan for each plan year. Id. § 1395w-115(e)(3)(A). The regulations
implementing the program, which were issued in 2005, provided:

              (c) Payment methods. CMS makes payments after a coverage year after
       obtaining all of the cost data information in paragraph (c)(1) of this section

                                                -20-
       necessary to determine the amount of payment. CMS will not make payments
       under this section if the Part D sponsor fails to provide the cost data information
       in paragraph (c)(1) of this section.

               (1) Submission of cost data. Within 6 months of the end of a coverage
       year, the Part D sponsor must provide the information that CMS requires.

               (2) Lump sum and adjusted monthly payments. CMS at its discretion
       makes either lump-sum payments or adjusts monthly payments in the following
       payment year based on the relationship of the plan’s adjusted allowable risk
       corridor costs to the predetermined risk corridor thresholds in the coverage year,
       as determined under this section.

42 C.F.R. § 423.336(c) (2009) (final emphasis added). Thus, in the program upon which the
Affordable Care Act’s risk corridors program was to be based, HHS–through CMS–would make
payments in the year following the coverage year so long as it had received the necessary cost
data. Indeed, for the first year of the program–2006–HHS paid funds owed to eligible plan
sponsors in November and December 2007. See Office of Inspector Gen., Dep’t of Health &
Human Servs., Medicare Part D Reconciliation Payments for 2006-2007 14 (2009), https://oig.
hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-02-08-00460.pdf (“CMS paid most of the funds owed to sponsors for
2006 by increasing these sponsors’ monthly prospective payments for November and December
2007.”). Congress would have been aware of HHS’s regulation and payment scheme when it
enacted the Affordable Care Act in March 2010. See Goodyear Atomic Corp. v. Miller, 486 U.S.
174, 184-85 (1988) (“We generally presume that Congress is knowledgeable about existing law
pertinent to the legislation it enacts.”); cf. Lorillard v. Pons, 434 U.S. 575, 581 (1978) (“[W]here
. . . Congress adopts a new law incorporating sections of a prior law, Congress normally can be
presumed to have had knowledge of the interpretation given to the incorporated law, at least
insofar as it affects the new statute.”). To be sure, Congress merely dictated that the Affordable
Care Act’s risk corridors program “be based on” the program described in 42 U.S.C. § 1395w-
115(e); it did not require HHS to establish an identical program under the Affordable Care Act.
Thus, taken alone, the reference to the earlier risk corridors program is not evidence of
congressional intent to require annual risk corridors payments under the Affordable Care Act. At
a minimum, however, the reference reflects Congress’s approval of a risk corridors program that
provides for annual payments.

   c. The Purpose of, and Interplay Among, the Three Premium Stabilization Programs
            Suggest That Risk Corridors Payments Should Be Made Annually

        Additional evidence of congressional intent is discernable from an examination of the
purpose of, and interplay among, the three premium stabilization programs described in the
Affordable Care Act. The transitional reinsurance program was designed to reimburse insurers
that covered high-risk individuals during the three-year period beginning January 1, 2014. 42
U.S.C. § 18061(b)(1). For any plan year that began in the three-year period, insurers were

                                               -21-
required to fund reinsurance entities, id., which are “not-for-profit organization[s]” tasked with
“help[ing] stabilize premiums for coverage in the individual market in a State during the first 3
years of operation of an Exchange for such markets within the State when the risk of adverse
selection related to new rating rules and market changes is greatest,” id. § 18061(c)(1). Then,
insurers who covered high-risk individuals would receive payments from the reinsurance entities
for any plan year that began during the three-year period. Id.

        Under the permanent risk adjustment program, each state determines the average actuarial
risk for all designated enrollees in that state and then (1) assesses charges on the insurers whose
enrollees have less actuarial risk than average and (2) provides payments to the insurers whose
enrollees have more actuarial risk than average. Id. § 18063(a). In short, the program
compensates insurers who enroll a disproportionate number of higher-risk individuals and
penalizes insurers who enroll fewer than average higher-risk individuals. Id. To effectuate the
program, states are required to make the calculations, assess the charges, and provide the
payments on an annual basis. Id.

         The risk corridors program is a temporary, three-year “payment adjustment system based
on the ratio of the allowable costs of the plan to the plan’s aggregate premiums.” Id. § 18062(a).
A plan’s allowable costs are the total costs to provide the benefits covered by the plan “reduced
by any risk adjustment and reinsurance payments received” by the plan, id. § 18062(c)(1), and a
plan’s aggregate premiums are the “total premiums . . . reduced by the administrative costs of the
plan,” id. § 18062(c)(2). Insurers with plans in which aggregate premiums exceed allowable
costs by a certain threshold remit payments to HHS, and insurers with plans in which allowable
costs exceed aggregate premiums by a certain threshold receive payments from HHS. Id.
§ 18062(b). Such a scheme both protects insurers who underestimate allowable costs and, as a
result, charge inadequate premiums, and penalizes insurers who overestimate their costs and, as a
result, charge excessive premiums. Id. Consequently, insurers have an incentive to adjust their
premiums and costs to avoid paying a penalty to HHS and to ensure, once the risk corridors
program concludes, that premiums will cover costs. Indeed, given the temporary nature of the
risk corridors program, it is apparent that insurers are expected, by the end of three years, to be
capable of more accurately estimating their allowable costs and setting their premiums.

        The common thread among the three premium stabilization programs is a concern that
insurers’ costs would detrimentally exceed the premiums collected. In creating the transitional
reinsurance program, Congress recognized that certain insurers might attract more than expected
high-risk individuals during the first three years of insurance market reforms, increasing their
costs beyond what they anticipated. Similarly, Congress created the permanent risk adjustment
program to account for the fact that plans that enroll a disproportionate number of high-risk
individuals would incur greater costs. And Congress created the temporary risk corridors
program to provide relief to insurers who, in the first three years of insurance market reforms,
underestimated their allowable costs and accordingly set their premiums too low. If these
programs did not provide for prompt compensation to insurers upon the calculation of amounts

                                               -22-
due, insurers might lack the resources to continue offering plans on the exchanges.7 Further, if
enough insurers left the exchanges, one of the goals of the Affordable Care Act–the creation of
“effective health insurance markets,” id. § 18091(2)(I)-(J)–would be unattainable. It is thus
nonsensical to suggest that Congress, in enacting provisions meant to ensure the success of the
Affordable Care Act, drafted those provisions to cause the opposite effect. See King, 135 S. Ct.
at 2496 (“Congress passed the Affordable Care Act to improve health insurance markets, not to
destroy them.”); see also N.Y. State Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Dublino, 413 U.S. 405, 419-20
(1973) (“We cannot interpret federal statutes to negate their own stated purposes.”). Indeed,
Congress did not do so. Reinsurance and risk adjustment payments are to be made on an annual
basis. And, the risk corridors payment that HHS owes an eligible insurer for a particular year
depends upon the amount of reinsurance and risk adjustment payments that insurer received for
that same year. It seems probable, therefore, that Congress intended for risk corridors payments,
like the reinsurance and risk corridors payments upon which they depend, to be paid annually.

                                          d. Summary

        None of the factors described above (the requirement of separate calculations for each
year, the reference to a preexisting program in which annual payments are made, the purpose of
the premium stabilization programs, and the interplay among the premium stabilization
programs), taken individually, conclusively establishes congressional intent. However, when the
factors are considered together, congressional intent becomes apparent: HHS is required to make
annual risk corridors payments to eligible qualified health plans. Because HHS has ascertained
plaintiff’s entitlement to risk corridors payments for 2014 and 2015–the only years for which
plaintiff asserts its claim–plaintiff’s claim for unpaid risk corridors payments is ripe for
adjudication.

2. Even if the Affordable Care Act Is Construed as Ambiguous, HHS Interprets the Act as
     Requiring Annual Risk Corridors Payments to Eligible Qualified Health Plans

       The court’s conclusion that plaintiff’s claim is ripe would be no different had it
determined that the Affordable Care Act was ambiguous as to whether HHS was required to
make annual risk corridors payments.

        As previously noted, Congress directed HHS to “establish and administer” the Affordable
Care Act’s risk corridors program. 42 U.S.C. § 18062(a). Thus, HHS and CMS published
several proposed and final rules setting forth how they intended to administer the program. The
regulations adopted in the final rules do not specify a deadline for HHS to make risk corridors
payments. However, in the first proposed rule, issued on July 15, 2011, HHS indicated that it
was considering such a deadline:

       7
          Alternatively, an insurer whose costs greatly exceeded its premiums might, in the face
of uncompensated losses, opt to discontinue offering plans on the exchanges even if it possessed
sufficient resources to sustain those losses and remain on the exchanges.

                                              -23-
       For example, a QHP issuer required to make a risk corridor payment may be
       required to remit charges within 30 days of receiving notice from HHS. Similarly,
       HHS would make payments to QHP issuers that are owed risk corridor amounts
       from HHS within a 30-day period after HHS determines that a payment should be
       made to the QHP issuer. We believe that QHP issuers who are owed these
       amounts will want prompt payment, and also believe that the payment deadlines
       should be the same for HHS and QHP issuers.

76 Fed. Reg. at 41,943. Such deadlines would help effectuate the goal of the risk corridors
program–“to provide QHP issuers with greater payment stability as insurance market reforms are
implemented” and “protect against uncertainty in setting rates in the Exchange by limiting the
extent of issuer losses (and gains).” Id. at 41,931; accord 77 Fed. Reg. at 73,119.

       In addition to these proposed and final rules, CMS published a memorandum to explain
how HHS would make and fund the risk corridors payments. In this memorandum, dated April
11, 2014, CMS indicates that it would use risk corridors payments it receives from insurers
required to pay into the program to make risk corridors payments to insurers entitled to payment
from the program, and

       if risk corridors collections are insufficient to make risk corridors payments for a
       year, all risk corridors payments for that year will be reduced pro rata to the extent
       of any shortfall. Risk corridors collections received for the next year will first be
       used to pay off the payment reductions issuers experienced in the previous year in
       a proportional manner, up to the point where issuers are reimbursed in full for the
       previous year, and will then be used to fund current year payments. If, after
       obligations for the previous year have been met, the total amount of collections
       available in the current year is insufficient to make payments in that year, the
       current year payments will be reduced pro rata to the extent of any shortfall. If
       any risk corridors funds remain after prior and current year payment obligations
       have been met, they will be held to offset potential insufficiencies in risk corridors
       collections in the next year.

Def.’s App. 2 at 54.

        “When a court reviews an agency’s construction of the statute which it administers” and
determines that “Congress has not directly addressed the precise question at issue, . . . the
question for the court is whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of
the statute.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842-43 (footnote omitted). Further, if an agency’s regulations
do not directly address the question at issue, the court “must necessarily look to the
administrative construction of the regulation . . . , which becomes of controlling weight unless it
is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation.” Bowles v. Seminole Rock & Sand Co.,
325 U.S. 410, 413-14 (1945); accord Thomas Jefferson Univ. v. Shalala, 512 U.S. 504, 512
(1994) (“We must give substantial deference to an agency’s interpretation of its own

                                               -24-
regulations.”); see also Cathedral Candle Co. v. U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 400 F.3d 1352, 1363-
64 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“Deference to an agency’s interpretation of its own regulations is broader
than deference to the agency’s construction of a statute, because in the latter case the agency is
addressing Congress’s intentions, while in the former it is addressing its own.”).

       There can be no dispute that the regulations promulgated by HHS to establish the risk
corridors program are based on a permissible construction of section 1342 of the Affordable Care
Act–neither the Act nor the regulations contain an explicit deadline for HHS to make risk
corridors payments. Thus, the court turns to HHS’s construction of its own regulations.

         Two documents–the July 11, 2011 proposed rule and the April 11, 2014 memorandum–
reflect that HHS construed its regulations to require annual risk corridors payments. In the July
11, 2011 proposed rule, HHS stated that the purpose of the risk corridors program was to assist
insurers during the implementation of the insurance market reforms required by the Affordable
Care Act. In furtherance of this purpose, HHS stated that it was considering setting identical
deadlines for insurers to remit payment to HHS and for HHS to make payments to insurers–thirty
days after determining the amounts due–because it believed that insurers would want prompt
payment and that the payment deadlines for HHS and insurers should be the same. In other
words, HHS recognized that to be effective, the risk corridors program should provide for regular
payments, both to and from insurers, throughout the existence of the program. See also 78 Fed.
Reg. at 15,531 (adopting regulations requiring insurers to submit risk corridors information
annually (by July 31 of the year following each benefit year) and then remit payment to HHS
within thirty days of being notified of the amount due). Additionally, in the April 11, 2014
memorandum, CMS represented that HHS intended to make whatever payments it could after
each of the three years of the risk corridors program. In other words, HHS intended to make
annual risk corridors payments with the funds it had available. Indeed, HHS has, in actual
practice, has made annual risk corridors payments to insurers. Moreover, there is no evidence
that HHS understood that it could choose not to make annual risk corridors payments to insurers.
Thus, there can be no dispute that HHS construes its regulations to require annual risk corridors
payments.

         Because HHS determined that plaintiff is entitled to a $7,884,886.15 risk corridors
payment for 2014 and a $13,000,493.30 risk corridors payment for 2015, the only remaining
issue is whether plaintiff was entitled to full payment for 2014 in December 2015 and full
payment for 2015 in December 2016. This issue is not abstract or hypothetical, and its resolution
does not rest upon contingent future events (such as HHS’s determination concerning whether it
will be able to fully compensate insurers entitled to risk corridors payments). Accord Land of
Lincoln, 129 Fed. Cl. at 101 (“The possibility of the government’s making some or all of the
risk-corridors payments in the future does not change this calculus. . . . HHS allegedly breached
its statutory and regulatory obligations by failing to make full payments annually. Subsequent
HHS payments might bear on [the plaintiff]’s ability to receive amounts due, but they will not
affect [the plaintiff]’s underlying claim.”); see also Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Envtl. Study
Grp., Inc., 438 U.S. 59, 81-82 (1978) (remarking that waiting for a regulation-triggering event to

                                               -25-
occur “would not . . . significantly advance [the court’s] ability to deal with the legal issues
presented nor aid [the court] in their resolution”). Rather, resolution of this issue will require the
court to determine, on the merits, whether HHS is permitted to make partial annual risk corridors
payments under section 1342 of the Affordable Care Act and its implementing regulations.
Accordingly, even had the court concluded that section 1342 of the Affordable Care Act was
ambiguous with respect to the timing of risk corridors payments, plaintiff’s claim for unpaid risk
corridors payments for 2014 and 2015 would be ripe for adjudication.

   D. The Court Lacks Jurisdiction to Provide Some of the Relief Requested by Plaintiff

        Defendant raises one final issue in its motion to dismiss: whether the Court of Federal
Claims possesses subject matter jurisdiction to entertain plaintiff’s requests for relief aside from
the unpaid risk corridors payments. Specifically, defendant argues that the court lacks subject
matter jurisdiction to award, as plaintiff requests, consequential, special, or other damages
resulting from defendant’s failure to make full risk corridors payments; declaratory and
injunctive relief; and prejudgment and postjudgment interest. With respect to its requests for
consequential, special, or other damages; equitable relief; and prejudgment interest, plaintiff does
not dispute defendant’s contention.

         Plaintiff’s decision not to contest the bulk of defendant’s position is sound. First, the
Court of Federal Claims may only award money damages if a money-mandating source of law
provides for such an award. See Loveladies Harbor, Inc., 27 F.3d at 1554; see also Clean Fuel
LLC v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 415, 418 (2013) (“This court has no jurisdiction over a claim
for one type of money damages if the ‘money-mandating’ statute the plaintiff cites pertains only
to a different type of money damages.”). Plaintiff has not identified any source of law entitling it
to any type of money damages other than unpaid risk corridors payments. Accordingly, the court
lacks subject matter jurisdiction to entertain plaintiff’s request for consequential, special, or other
damages.

         Second, except in a limited number of statutorily defined circumstances, the Court of
Federal Claims cannot entertain claims for nonmonetary equitable relief. See Bowen v.
Massachusetts, 487 U.S. 879, 905 & n.40 (1988); Gonzales Bonds & Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Dep’t
of Homeland Sec., 490 F.3d 940, 943 (Fed. Cir. 2007); Kanemoto v. Reno, 41 F.3d 641, 645
(Fed. Cir. 1994). None of those circumstances applies here. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2)
(providing the court with jurisdiction to issue, “as incident of and collateral to” an award of
money damages, “orders directing restoration to office or position, placement in appropriate duty
or retirement status, and correction of applicable records”); id. (providing the court with
jurisdiction to render judgment in nonmonetary disputes arising under the Contract Disputes Act
of 1978); id. § 1491(b)(2) (providing the court with jurisdiction to award declaratory and
injunctive relief in bid protests); id. § 1507 (providing the court with jurisdiction to issue
declaratory judgments under 26 U.S.C. § 7428). Thus, the court does not possess subject matter
jurisdiction to entertain plaintiff’s request for declaratory and injunctive relief.

                                                 -26-
        Third, the Court of Federal Claims may not award interest in suits against the United
States “in the absence of an express waiver of sovereign immunity from an award of interest.”
Library of Cong. v. Shaw, 478 U.S. 310, 311 (1986), superseded on other grounds by statute,
Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub. L. No. 102-166, § 114, 105 Stat. 1072, 1079 (codified at 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-16(d)). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2516(a), “[i]nterest on a claim against the
United States shall be allowed in a judgment of the United States Court of Federal Claims only
under a contract or Act of Congress expressly providing for payment thereof.” Plaintiff does not
allege a breach of contract or identify any federal statutes that would entitle it to prejudgment
interest. As a result, the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to entertain plaintiff’s request for
prejudgment interest.

        Plaintiff does, however, argue that the Court of Federal Claims may, in appropriate
circumstances, award postjudgment interest. In support of this contention, plaintiff relies on 28
U.S.C. § 1961(c)(3), which allows for the payment of interest “on judgments of the United States
Court of Federal Claims only as provided in . . . any other provision of law”; 28 U.S.C.
§ 1961(c)(2), which allows for the payment of interest “on all final judgments against the United
States in the United States Court of Appeals for the [F]ederal Circuit”; and 28 U.S.C. § 2516(b),
which allows for the payment of interest “on a judgment against the United States affirmed by
the Supreme Court after review on petition of the United States . . . .” The latter two provisions
are not applicable in this case; 28 U.S.C. § 1961(c)(2) relates to final judgments of the Federal
Circuit and 28 U.S.C. § 2516(b) becomes operative only when the United States unsuccessfully
appeals a judgment to the Supreme Court. See generally Mobil Oil Co. v. United States, 374
F.3d 1123 (Fed. Cir. 2004). Thus, plaintiff cannot make a nonfrivolous assertion that it is within
the class of plaintiffs entitled to recover postjudgment interest under these provisions. See Jan’s
Helicopter Serv., 525 F.3d at 1307. Moreover, plaintiff has not, pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1961(c)(3), identified any statute allowing for the payment of interest on judgments of the
Court of Federal Claims. Accordingly, the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to entertain
plaintiff’s request for postjudgment interest.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

        In sum, the court possesses subject matter jurisdiction to entertain plaintiff’s claim that
HHS, by failing to make full risk corridors payments for 2014 and 2015, violated section 1342 of
the Affordable Care Act and the regulation implementing section 1342’s payment requirements,
but lacks subject matter jurisdiction to entertain plaintiff’s requests for consequential, special, or
other damages resulting from defendant’s failure to make full risk corridors payments;
declaratory and injunctive relief; and prejudgment and postjudgment interest. In addition,
plaintiff’s claim for unpaid risk corridors payments for 2014 and 2015 is ripe for adjudication.

                                                 -27-
The court therefore GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART defendant’s motion to dismiss.
Defendant shall file an answer in accordance with the RCFC.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                               s/ Margaret M. Sweeney
                                               MARGARET M. SWEENEY
                                               Judge

                                        -28-