Court Opinion

ID: 72834
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 07:46:20+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:50:32.501732
License: Public Domain

[PUBLISH]

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                               FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

                                 ________________________

                                        No. 97-8538
                                 ________________________

                            D. C. Docket No. 1:95-CV-1210-MHS

L.C., by JONATHAN ZIMRING as guardian ad litem and next friend; E.W.,

                                                                  Plaintiffs-Appellees,

                                            versus

TOMMY OLMSTEAD, Commissioner of the Department of Human Resources; RICHARD
FIELDS, Superintendent of Georgia Regional Hospital at Atlanta; EARNESTINE PITTMAN,
Executive Director of the Fulton County Regional Board, all in their official capacities;

                                                                  Defendants-Appellants.

                                 ________________________

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the Northern District of Georgia
                              _________________________

                                        (April 8, 1998)

Before TJOFLAT and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and PROPST*, Senior District Judge.

_______________
* Honorable Robert B. Propst, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Northern District of Alabama,
sitting by designation.

BARKETT, Circuit Judge:

                                               1
        Tommy Olmstead, Richard Fields, and Earnestine Pittman, (collectively “the State”),

defendants in the district court, appeal an adverse summary judgment granting declaratory and

injunctive relief to plaintiffs L.C. and E.W.,1 two patients then-housed in a state psychiatric

hospital.2 In May 1995, L.C. filed this action challenging her continued confinement at the

Georgia Regional Hospital in Atlanta (“GRH-A”), a psychiatric hospital where persons with

mental disabilities are cared for in a segregated environment. The State’s failure to provide her

with care in the most integrated setting appropriate to her needs, she argued, violated Title II of

the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12131-12134 (1995), the Attorney

General’s Title II regulations, 28 C.F.R. § 35.130 (1997), and the Due Process Clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment. In January 1996, E.W., a patient also confined at GRH-A, intervened in

    1
     As the district court did, we use the pseudonyms L.C. and E.W. in order to protect
plaintiffs’ identities.
   2
      Both L.C. and E.W. are currently being treated in community-based programs. L.C. was
placed in a community-based program in February 1996, while this action was pending in the
district court; E.W. was placed in a similar program after the district court entered its judgment.
Nonetheless, this case is not moot. Mootness has been defined as “‘the doctrine of standing set
in a time frame: The requisite personal interest that must exist at the commencement of the
litigation (standing) must continue through its existence (mootness).’” United States Parole
Comm’n v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 397 (1980) (quoting Monaghan, Constitutional
Adjudication: The Who and When, 82 Yale L.J. 1363, 1384 (1973)). As the district court
concluded, L.C.’s suit falls under the exception for cases that are “capable of repetition, yet
evading review.” L.C. has been confined eighteen different times at GRH-A and her current
placement has been unstable at times due to the State’s failure to provide adequate funding.
Therefore, it is likely that L.C. may be returned to GRH-A. Further, because of the complexity
of the issues involved and instability of her placements, it is likely that any future claim for relief
will evade our review. See Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 318-23 (1988); Lynch v. Baxley, 744
F.2d 1452, 1456-57 (11th Cir. 1984). As to E.W., because the State only placed her in a
community-based treatment program under court order, it is likely that, absent the court order,
the State might revert to its prior practices. See Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 486-87 (1980).
Further, like L.C., E.W. has been subject to multiple and unstable placements at GRH-A, making
her claim one that is capable of reptition, yet evading review.

                                                  2
this action, raising identical claims.

        In granting summary judgment in favor of L.C. and E.W., the district court declared that

the State’s failure to place them in an appropriate community-based treatment program, instead

confining them at the state hospital, violates the anti-discrimination provision of Title II of the

ADA, 42 U.S.C. § 12132, and its accompanying regulations. The district court enjoined the

State from violating plaintiffs’ rights under the ADA, determined that the denial of community

placements could not be justified by the State’s purported lack of funds, and ordered the State to

release E.W. to an appropriate community-based treatment program and to provide L.C. with all

appropriate services necessary to maintain her current placement in a community-based

treatment program.

        We affirm the district court’s judgment that the State discriminated against L.C. and E.W.

by confining them in a segregated institution rather than in an integrated community-based

program. However, we remand this case to the district court for further findings related to the

State’s defense that the relief sought by plaintiffs would “fundamentally alter the nature of the

service, program, or activity.” 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(7).3

                                           DISCUSSION

        This case presents the question, one of first impression in this circuit, whether § 12132 of

the ADA and the Department of Justice’s integration regulation, 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(d), prohibit

a state from confining a disabled individual in a state-run institution where that individual could

be appropriately treated in a more integrated community setting. The State’s principal argument

  3
   The State also claims that it was entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs’ constitutional
claims. Because the district court did not consider these claims, we decline to do so as well.
Citro Florida, Inc. v. Citrovale, S.A., 760 F.2d 1231, 1232 (11th Cir. 1985).

                                                  3
is that the district court’s application of § 12132 and its accompanying regulations is contrary to

the ADA’s requirement that a plaintiff prove that he or she faced discrimination “by reason of

such disability.” § 12132. The State contends that L.C. and E.W. have not shown that they were

denied community placements available to non-disabled individuals because of disability. In

other words, the State argues that the ADA requires a comparison of the treatment of individuals

with disabilities against that of healthy non-disabled persons. However, as the State must

concede, the confinement of L.C. and E.W. at GRH-A is attributable to their disabilities, thereby

proving the very element the State argues is missing. Reduced to its essence, the State’s

argument is that Title II of the ADA affords no protection to individuals with disabilities who

receive public services designed only for individuals with disabilities.

       The State has not pointed to any legal authority that supports such a reading of Title II of

the ADA and its integration regulation, § 35.130(d), and we can find none. To the contrary, we

find overwhelming authority in the plain language of Title II of the ADA, its legislative history,

the Attorney General’s Title II regulations, and the Justice Department’s consistent interpretation

of those regulations, to support L.C and E.W.’s position.

       We analyze the applicability of the ADA and its regulations first by discussing the plain

language of Title II of the ADA and § 35.130(d), the integration regulation, and the Attorney

General’s interpretation of that language. We then consider, in light of congressional intent, the

State’s argument that, notwithstanding the plain language of § 35.130(d) and the Attorney

General’s interpretation of that regulation, the ADA does not apply in these circumstances. We

next address the State’s secondary argument that certain disputed issues of fact preclude

summary judgment. Finally, we consider the State’s argument that funding limitations preclude

                                                 4
it from complying with the ADA.

                                                   I.

        Title II of the ADA prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in the

provision of public services by state and local governments. Section 12132 provides that “no

qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of his disability, be excluded from

participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public

entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” § 12132.

        Under the statutory scheme of Title II, Congress entrusted the Attorney General with the

authority to define the scope of the prohibitions set forth in § 12132. In § 12134 of the ADA,

Congress directed the Attorney General to promulgate regulations further defining Title II’s anti-

discrimination mandate. See 42 U.S.C. § 12134(a); H.R. Rep. 101-485, pt. 3 at 52 (1990)

(“[T]itle II does not list all the forms of discrimination that the title is intended to prohibit. Thus,

the purpose of this section is to direct the Attorney General to issue regulations setting forth the

forms of discrimination prohibited.”). Congress additionally mandated that the Attorney

General’s regulations, except with regard to program accessibility, existing facilities, and

communications issues, be “consistent with this chapter and with the coordination regulations

under part 41 of title 28, Code of Federal Regulations . . . applicable to recipients of Federal

financial assistance under [section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act].” 42 U.S.C. § 12134(b).4

  4
   Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, in turn, provides that “[n]o otherwise qualified
individual with a disability in the United States . . . shall, solely by reason of her or his disability,
be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination
under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance or under any program or
activity conducted by any Executive agency or by the United States Postal Service.” 29 U.S.C.

                                                   5
       In response to this congressional mandate, the Attorney General issued regulations

defining the forms of discrimination prohibited by Title II of the ADA. Because Congress left to

the Attorney General the task of giving meaning to § 12132's broad prohibition on discrimination

in public services, the Attorney General’s regulations must be “given controlling weight unless

they are arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.” Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v.

NRDC, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 844 (1984); Bledsoe v. Palm Beach County Soil & Water Conserv.

Dist., 133 F.3d 816, 822-23 (11th Cir. 1998); Harris v. H & W Contracting Co., 102 F.3d 516,

521 (11th Cir. 1996); Helen L. v. DiDario, 46 F.3d 325, 331-32 (3d Cir. 1995).

       Under the Attorney General’s Title II implementing regulations, "[a] public entity shall

administer services, programs, and activities in the most integrated setting appropriate to the

needs of qualified individuals with disabilities.” 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(d). There can be little

question that the plain language of § 35.130(d) prohibits a state from providing services to

individuals with disabilities in an unnecessarily segregated setting. See 28 C.F.R. Pt. 35, App. A

at 478 (interpreting § 35.130(d) to require placement “in a setting that enables individuals with

disabilities to interact with non-disabled persons to the fullest extent possible”).   In

participating in this and other similar litigation, the Attorney General has consistently adopted

this interpretation of § 35.130(d), and, as such, it is entitled to substantial deference. Thomas

Jefferson Univ. v. Shalala, 512 U.S. 504, 512 (1994); University Health Servs., Inc. v. Health &

Human Servs., 120 F.3d 1145, 1150 (11th Cir. 1997).

       By definition, where, as here, the State confines an individual with a disability in an

institutionalized setting when a community placement is appropriate, the State has violated the

§ 794(a) (Supp. 1997).

                                                  6
core principle underlying the ADA’s integration mandate. Placement in the community provides

an integrated treatment setting, allowing disabled individuals to interact with non-disabled

persons – an opportunity permitted only in limited circumstances within the walls of segregated

state institutions such as GRH-A. The State does not seriously contend otherwise. Nor does it

even attempt to show that the Attorney General’s interpretation is “‘plainly erroneous or

inconsistent with the regulation’” as it must to overturn her construction of § 35.130(d). Thomas

Jefferson, 512 U.S. at 512 (quoting Udall v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 16-17 (1965)).

       Because the express terms of § 35.130(d), supported by the Attorney General’s consistent

interpretation, plainly prohibit a state from treating individuals with disabilities in a segregated

environment where a more integrated setting would be appropriate, we can only reverse the

district court’s finding that the State’s actions in this case constituted discrimination within the

meaning of the ADA by holding § 35.130(d) invalid. Thus, we turn to the State’s argument that

§ 12132's requirement that a disabled plaintiff proved that he or she faced discrimination “by

reason of such disability” precludes application of the ADA in the circumstances presented here.

                                                  II.

       After review, we are unable to credit the State’s argument that the ADA does not bar a

state from providing public services for individuals with disabilities in a segregated manner

because every indication of congressional intent confirms that the ADA applies to the

circumstances presented here. As noted earlier, in passing the ADA, Congress mandated that the

Attorney General promulgate regulations consistent with the coordination regulations issued

pursuant to § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Congress' decision to incorporate the § 504

                                                  7
coordination regulations is particularly significant here. The Attorney General’s § 504

coordination regulations mandate that recipients of federal financial assistance “administer

programs and activities in the most integrated setting appropriate to the needs of qualified

handicapped persons.” 28 C.F.R.§ 41.51(d) (1997) (emphasis added). By requiring the Attorney

General to follow the § 504 coordination regulations – including the explicit integration

requirement – Congress expressly mandated that individuals with disabilities receive public

services in the most integrated setting appropriate to their needs. Conforming to this mandate,

§ 35.130(d) tracks this very language.5

       It is well-settled that where “a Congress that re-enacts a statute voices its approval of an

administrative . . . interpretation thereof, Congress is treated as having adopted that

interpretation, and this Court is bound thereby.” United States v. Board of Comm’rs of Sheffield,

Ala., 435 U.S. 110, 134 (1978); Don E. Williams Co. v. Commissioner, 429 U.S. 569, 576-77

(1977). Although Title II of the ADA did not re-enact § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, the plain

language of the ADA makes clear that Congress ratified the Attorney General’s § 504

coordination regulations and sought to ensure that the Attorney General’s Title II regulations

tracked the § 504 coordination regulations. Under these circumstances, both sets of regulations,

including the integration provisions, have the force of law. Helen L., 46 F.3d at 332; Messier v.

Southbury Training School, 916 F. Supp. 133, 141 (D. Conn. 1996).

       Congress’ determination that public services be provided in the most integrated setting

   5
     In line with § 12134(b)’s mandate to promulgate regulations consistent with other parts of
the ADA, the Attorney General’s Title II regulations are also consistent with the provisions of
Title III. See 42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(1)(B) (1995) (“Goods, services, facilities, privileges,
advantages, and accommodations shall be afforded to an individual with a disability in the most
integrated setting appropriate to the needs of the individual.”).

                                                  8
appropriate to the needs of individuals with disabilities is likewise reflected in the ADA’s

congressional findings and the Act’s legislative history. The Act’s findings and legislative

history make clear that Congress sought to eliminate the segregation of individuals with

disabilities in passing the ADA. In enacting the ADA, Congress determined that discrimination

against individuals with disabilities persists in a wide variety of areas of social life, including

“institutionalization,” 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(3) (1995), and that “individuals with disabilities

continually encounter various forms of discrimination, including outright intentional exclusion . .

. [and] segregation . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(5); see also 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(2)

(“[H]istorically, society has tended to isolate and segregate individuals with disabilities, and . . .

such forms of discrimination against individuals with disabilities continue to be a serious and

pervasive social problem.”).

       Indeed, the legislative history makes clear that Congress considered the provision of

segregated services to individuals with disabilities a form of discrimination prohibited by the

ADA. See S. Rep. No. 101-116 at 20 (1989) (noting “compelling need to provide a clear and

comprehensive national mandate . . . for the integration of persons with disabilities into the

economic and social mainstream of American life”); H.R. Rep. No. 101-485, pt. 2 at 29 (1990)

(listing “segregation” as a form of “[d]iscrimination against people with disabilities”); H.R. Rep.

No. 101-485, pt. 3 at 26 (1990) (“The ADA is a comprehensive piece of civil rights legislation

which promises a new future: a future of inclusion and integration, and the end of exclusion and

segregation.”). Noting that “[t]he purpose of Title II is to continue to break down barriers to the

integrated participation of people with disabilities in all aspects of community life,” id. at 49-50,

the House Committee on the Judiciary explained that “integrated services are essential to

                                                   9
accomplishing the purposes of Title II. . . . Separate-but-equal services do not accomplish this

central goal and should be rejected.” Id. at 50. Indeed, drawing an analogy to the segregation of

African-Americans, the House Report noted that “segregation for persons with disabilities ‘may

affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.’” Id. at 26 (quoting Brown v.

Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483, 494 (1954)). Certainly, the denial of community placements to

individuals with disabilities such as L.C. and E.W. is precisely the kind of segregation that

Congress sought to eliminate.

       Accordingly, because § 35.130(d) finds direct support in the plain language of the ADA,

its congressional findings, and the Act’s legislative history, we must apply it here. See Bledsoe,

133 F.3d at 823 (deferring to ADA’s Title II regulations); Harris, 102 F.3d at 521 (“We cannot

disregard the interpretive guidance contained in the appendix prepared by the federal agency

charged with enforcing the ADA, when that guidance is based on a permissible construction of

the statute and is supported by the statute’s legislative history.”).

       We see nothing in the ADA’s requirement that discrimination be “by reason of such

disability” that warrants a different result. The fact that L.C. and E.W. seek community-based

treatment services that only disabled persons need does not foreclose their claim that they were

unnecessarily segregated. The ADA does not only mandate that individuals with disabilities be

treated the same as persons without such disabilities. Underlying the ADA’s prohibitions is the

notion that individuals with disabilities must be accorded reasonable accommodations not

offered to other persons in order to ensure that individuals with disabilities enjoy “equality of

opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency . . . .” §

12101(a)(8); see Willis v. Conopco, Inc., 108 F.3d 282, 285 (11th Cir. 1997) (describing “the

                                                  10
basic goal of the ADA” as “ensuring that those with disabilities can fully participate in all

aspects of society”). This principle, explicit in the text of the Act’s employment provisions in

Title I, see 42 U.S.C.

§ 12112(b)(5)(A) (1995), and the Title II regulations, runs throughout the ADA. See Bledsoe,

133 F.3d at 820-25 (applying Title I reasonable accommodation mandate to Title II).

       For example, under Title I of the ADA, employers may not terminate individuals with

known disabilities who can perform the essential functions of the job with a reasonable

accommodation even though the employer need not offer similar accommodations to

nondisabled employees. See Harris, 102 F.3d at 519 (noting that the ADA “operates to create an

affirmative duty for employers to reasonably accommodate individuals with disabilities”); see

also Sieberns v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 125 F.3d 1019, 1021-22 (7th Cir. 1997) (noting that the

“ADA encompasses two distinct types of discrimination”: “treating a ‘qualified individual with a

disability’ differently because of the disability, i.e. disparate treatment” and “failing to provide a

reasonable accommodation”). The employer’s failure to live up to its duty to provide a

reasonable accommodation is unlawful disability-based discrimination. See Stewart v. Happy

Herman’s Chesire Bridge, 117 F.3d 1278, 1285 (11th Cir. 1997) (“[A] qualified individual with

a disability may be unlawfully discriminated against because of the individual’s disability when

the individual’s employer does not reasonably accommodate the disability – unless such an

accommodation would impose an undue hardship on the employer.”); see also Duckett v. Dunlop

Tire Corp., 120 F.3d 1222, 1224 (11th Cir. 1997) (noting that ADA defines discrimination to

include failure to make reasonable accommodations to a qualified individual with a disability).

       Here, the Attorney General, guided by Congress’ explicit approval of the § 504

                                                  11
coordination regulations, imposed a duty analogous to the reasonable accommodation mandate

in the employment setting. This duty requires states to place individuals with disabilities in the

most integrated setting appropriate to their needs when receiving services for their disabilities in

order to ensure that they become integrated into communities, not isolated from the rest of our

society in state-run institutions. Under § 35.130(d), the failure to provide the most integrated

services appropriate to the needs of disabled persons constitutes unlawful disability-based

discrimination – even though such services may not be needed by nondisabled individuals –

because such segregation perpetuates their status as second-class citizens unfit for community

life. As the Third Circuit explained in holding that the unnecessary segregation of disabled

persons violates Title II of the ADA, “[t]he ADA is intended to ensure that qualified individuals

receive services in a manner consistent with basic human dignity rather than a manner that

shunts them aside, hides, and ignores them.” Helen L., 46 F.3d at 335; see also City of Cleburne,

Tex. v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 461-64 (1985) (Marshall, J., concurring in part and

dissenting in part) (surveying history of “segregation and discrimination” against mentally

retarded persons).6

   6
     Nothing in the Supreme Court’s decision in Traynor v. Turnage, 485 U.S. 535 (1988), is to
the contrary. In Traynor, the Court held that § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act did not impliedly
repeal an Act of Congress permitting veterans to delay using their “GI Bill” educational benefits
past the statutory time limit because of a disability that was not the result of their own willful
misconduct. In upholding the willful misconduct limitation, the Court found “nothing in the
Rehabilitation Act that requires that any benefit extended to one category of handicapped
persons also be extended to all other categories of handicapped persons,” id. at 549, holding that
Congress could choose to deny the benefit to veterans “because they engaged in some degree of
wilfulness in the conduct that caused them to become disabled.” Id. at 550. Here, the issue is not
whether benefits accorded to one group of disabled persons must be extended to all others,
without regard to the individual’s responsibility for the conduct that caused the disability, but
whether a State may provide services to individuals with disabilities in an unnecessarily
segregated setting in the face of a clear congressional mandate requiring integrated services.
Nothing in Traynor requires us to validate the unnecessary segregation at issue here. See Helen

                                                12
       Further, the State's position is inconsistent with Congress' direction to promulgate

regulations consistent with the § 504 coordination regulations. These regulations impose a duty

to provide the most integrated services appropriate irrespective of any difference between

services provided to individuals with disabilities and individuals without disabilities. Under the

§ 504 coordination regulations, no showing of differential treatment is required; the integration

regulation, on its face, applies to all services provided by a public entity. Significantly, Congress

did not require the Attorney General to follow other agency regulations that require integration

only where differential treatment exists between individuals with disabilities and individuals

without disabilities. See 45 C.F.R.§ 84.4(b) (2) (1997) (Department of Health and Human

Services) (requiring recipients of federal financial assistance from the agency to “afford

handicapped persons equal opportunity to obtain the same result, to gain the same benefit, or to

reach the same level of acheivement [as nonhandicapped persons], in the most integrated setting

appropriate to the person’s needs”); see also 34 C.F.R. § 104.4(b)(2) (1997) (same) (Department

of Education). In making this choice, Congress decided that the unnecessary segregation of

individuals with disabilities violates the ADA even absent a showing of differential treatment

between individuals with disabilities and nondisabled persons. The State’s position would

effectively nullify Congress’ choice to mandate the more demanding integration requirement

contained in the § 504 coordination regulations.

       Furthermore, a separate section of both the § 504 coordination regulations and the ADA

Title II regulations prohibits a public entity from providing “different or separate” services to

individuals with disabilities or a class of individuals with disabilities from those provided to

L., 46 F.3d at 335-36; Messier, 916 F. Supp. at 142 n.7; Martin v. Voinovich, 840 F. Supp. 1175,
1191 (S.D. Ohio 1993).

                                                 13
other persons unless necessary to provide qualified disabled individuals with services “that are as

effective as those provided to others.” 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(1)(iv); 28 C.F.R. § 41.51(b)(1)(iv).

The State’s claim that § 35.130(d) also requires a showing of differential treatment between

disabled and nondisabled persons would render the prohibitions contained in § 35.130(b)(1)(iv)

redundant – an interpretation we must strive to avoid. See Mackey v. Lanier Collection Agency

& Serv., Inc., 486 U.S. 825, 837 (1988) (declining “to adopt an interpretation of a congressional

enactment which renders superfluous another portion of that same law”); Cammarano v. United

States, 358 U.S. 498, 505 (1959) (rejecting construction of regulation that would render a phrase

“pure surplusage”).

        Moreover, the State’s interpretation of Title II would undermine the congressional intent

to end the exclusion and segregation of individuals with disabilities, as expressed in § 12101 and

the ADA’s legislative history. In light of Congress’ recognition that “discrimination against

individuals with disabilities persists in such critical areas as . . . institutionalization,”

§ 12101(a)(3), the State’s interpretation of Title II runs directly counter to Congress’ stated

purposes and must be rejected. See McNely v. Ocala Star-Banner Corp., 99 F.3d 1068, 1074

(11th Cir. 1996) (rejecting interpretation of the ADA because it “cannot be reconciled with . . .

[the Act’s] stated purpose”), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 1819 (1997). As the Third Circuit pointed

out in Helen L., “[i]f Congress were only concerned about disparate treatment of the disabled as

compared to their nondisabled counterparts, this statement would be a non sequitur as only

disabled persons are institutionalized.” 46 F.3d at 336.

        Further, while the State did not deny L.C. and E.W. community-based placements out of

a malevolent intent to segregate them from the community, their indifference to L.C.’s and

                                                    14
E.W.’s needs – manifested by their refusal to place them in the community while recognizing the

propriety of such a placement – is exactly the kind of conduct that the ADA was designed to

prevent. In Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287 (1985), surveying the legislative history of the

Rehabilitation Act, the precursor of the ADA, the Supreme Court explained that Congress sought

to do far more than merely outlaw invidious discrimination against the handicapped.

       Discrimination against the handicapped was perceived by Congress to be most
       often the product, not of invidious animus, but rather of thoughtlessness and
       indifference – of benign neglect. Thus, Representative Vanik . . . described the
       treatment of the handicapped as one the country’s “most shameful oversights,”
       which caused the handicapped to live among society “shunted aside, hidden, and
       ignored.” . . . Federal agencies and commentators on the plight of the
       handicapped similarly have found that discrimination against the handicapped is
       primarily the result of apathetic attitudes rather than affirmative animus.

Id. at 295-96 (footnotes omitted) (citations omitted). Indeed, Justice Marshall’s opinion for the

Court made clear that “much of the conduct that Congress sought to alter in passing the

Rehabilitation Act would be difficult if not impossible to reach were the Act construed to

proscribe only conduct fueled by a discriminatory intent.” Id. at 296-97. These same concerns

underlie the ADA. “[T]he ADA attempts to eliminate the effects of that ‘benign neglect,’

‘apathy,’ and ‘indifference.’” Helen L., 46 F.3d at 335; see also H.R. Rep. No. 101-485, pt. 3 at

50 (“‘[T]he goal is to eradicate the invisibility of the handicapped.’”) (quoting ADAPT v.

Skinner, 881 F.2d 1184, 1204 (3d Cir. 1989) (en banc) (Mansmann, J, concurring in part and

dissenting in part)). The State’s failure to place L.C. and E.W. in the community thus falls

squarely within the ADA’s ban on disability-based discrimination.

       Nor do any of the cases cited by the State require a different conclusion. The State relies

heavily on our en banc decision in S.H. v. Edwards, 886 F.3d 292 (11th 1989) (en banc), as well

as several cases decided by other Circuits, see P.C. v. McLaughlin, 913 F.2d 1033 (2d Cir.

                                                15
1990); Clark v. Cohen, 794 F.2d 79 (3d Cir. 1986); Phillips v. Thompson, 715 F.2d 365 (7th Cir.

1983). But nothing in S.H. or these other cases remotely touches on the issues presented by this

appeal.

While it is true that we generally look to Rehabilitation Act precedents in construing the ADA,

see Duckett, 120 F.3d at 1225 n.1, none of the cases cited by the State involved claims under the

express integration regulation of either the ADA or the § 504 coordination regulations, and

therefore, those cases are inapposite here. See Helen L., 46 F.3d at 333-34 (distinguishing prior

Rehabilitation Act precedent on this ground).

          In S.H., for example, we considered “‘plaintiffs’ claims for relief in the nature of

habilitation in the least restrictive environment in accordance with the recommendation of

professional treatment staff.’” S.H., 886 F.2d at 293. S.H. did not involve the integration

regulation of either § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act or the ADA, or a claim that plaintiffs had

been unnecessarily segregated. Instead, plaintiffs’ only statutory claim was that they had been

impermissibly denied habilitation reviews. The district court denied this claim, finding that the

legislature’s use of a chronological bright-line to trigger habilitation reviews did not evidence

discrimination solely because of disability. See S.H. v. Edwards, 860 F.2d 1045, 1052 (11th Cir.

1988) (district court opinion attached as appendix A). It is far from clear whether our two

paragraph en banc decision even considered plaintiffs’ Rehabilitation Act claim.

          Finally, we also reject the State’s suggestion that L.C.’s and E.W.’s ADA claim must fail

because the denial of community-based placements was based on a lack of funds, not on L.C.’s

and E.W’s disabilities. Under the ADA, as under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, “the absence

of a malevolent motive does not convert a facially discriminatory policy into a neutral policy

                                                   16
. . . .” International Union, UAW v. Johnson Controls, 499 U.S. 187, 199 (1991). Even if the

State failed to place L.C. and E.W. in the community because of a lack of funding, this motive

does not lessen the “discriminatory character” of their segregation. Id. Moreover, the plain

language of the ADA’s Title II regulations, as well as the ADA’s legislative history, make clear

that Congress wanted to permit a cost defense only in the most limited of circumstances. The

ADA’s Title II regulations permit a state to justify its failure to make reasonable

accommodations for individuals with disabilities where those accommodations “would

fundamentally alter the nature of the service, program, or activity.” 28 C.F.R. 35.130(b)(7).7 As

the House Judiciary report explained,

          The fact that it is more convenient, either administratively or fiscally, to provide
          services in a segregated manner, does not constitute a valid justification for
          separate or different services under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, or
          under this title. . . . The existence of such programs can never be used as a basis
          to . . . refuse to provide an accommodation in a regular setting.

H.R. Rep. No. 101-485, pt. 3 at 50. The State’s argument that its lack of funds makes its refusal

to provide integrated services non-discriminatory is inconsistent with the ADA’s statutory

scheme and would permit a public entity to justify its refusal to comply with the ADA by

asserting that it lacked the money to do so.

          We emphasize that our holding does not mandate the deinstitutionalization of individuals

with disabilities. Instead, we hold that where, as here, a disabled individual’s treating

professionals find that a community-based placement is appropriate for that individual, the ADA

imposes a duty to provide treatment in a community setting – the most integrated setting

appropriate to that patient’s needs. Where there is no such finding, on the other hand, nothing in

   7
       We consider the applicability of this defense in part IV.

                                                   17
the ADA requires the deinstitutionalization of that patient.

                                                III.

       The State also argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to E.W.

because there is a disputed issue of fact regarding whether E.W could be placed in a community-

based treatment program. We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,

applying the same standards as the district court. Harris, 102 F.3d at 518. Summary judgment is

appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, and affidavits show that no genuine issue of material

fact exists for trial and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex

Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). We must view all evidence and all factual inferences

reasonably drawn from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Harris,

102 F.3d at 519.

       The State concedes that, at times during the course of this litigation, its own experts

found that E.W. could be placed in a community treatment program. However, it claims that

because, at other times, those experts maintained that E.W. should receive treatment in an

institutionalized setting, a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether community-based

treatment was a possibility for E.W. In particular, the State points to the statements of Dr. Gary

DeBacher, the chief of the Psychology staff at GRH-A, Joseph Steed, a behavioral specialist with

the Fulton County Regional Board, and Gloria Sheppard, a member of the Board’s

Comprehensive Evaluation Team. As the State argues, these experts found that E.W. could not

be placed in the community at certain times during this litigation. At the same time, however,

these experts testified that a community-based placement would be appropriate for E.W. once

                                                 18
her condition improved, so long as the community treatment program provided her with the

necessary level of care and supervision.8

           In light of the testimony and considering the record as a whole, we reject the State’s

argument that the district court’s grant of summary judgment was in error. All the experts,

including E.W’s treating physician, were unanimous that E.W. could be appropriately placed in a

community-based treatment program, provided that it could give E.W. the level of care and

supervision she needed.9 The State has not suggested that such placements were not available to

E.W. Indeed, they were able to find such a placement for E.W. after the district court’s

judgment.

           We do not suggest that should a trial court find that a patient, for medical reasons, needs

institutionalized care, it must nonetheless order placement in a community-based treatment

program. We recognize that the determination whether a patient can be appropriately placed in a

community-based treatment program is a fluid one, subject to change as the patient’s medical

condition improves or worsens. Over the course of litigation, there may be times that a patient

can be treated in the community, and others where an institutional placement is necessary. But

       The State also points to E.W.’s hospitalization at the Central State Hospital in
       8

Milledgeville, Georgia and at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta in late 1996 to support the
conclusion that E.W. could not be placed in the community. At that time, E.W.’s kidney
functions were compromised, requiring surgery in the hospital. Although prior to the surgery,
one of the State’s experts, Dr. George Echols, was uncertain whether E.W. could be placed in the
community after the surgery, the surgeon who performed the operation testified after the surgery
that E.W.’s medical problems did not require her to remain in a state hospital.
   9
     In early 1995, the experts at GRH-A themselves recognized that E.W. could be placed
outside GRH-A. They repeatedly placed her in personal care homes, providing her with a
community setting for her treatment. She was not placed, however, in a community setting with
the appropriate level of monitoring, and, as a result, she returned to GRH-A after extremely short
stays in the community.

                                                    19
where, as here, the evidence is clear that all the experts agree that, at a given time, the patient

could be treated in a more integrated setting, the ADA mandates that it do so at that time unless

placing that individual would constitute a fundamental alteration in the state’s provision of

services. Nothing in the ADA, however, forbids a state from moving a patient back to an

institutionalized treatment setting, as the patient’s condition necessitates.

        Under these principles, the district court correctly denied the State’s motion for summary

judgment. Summary judgment is not precluded here by the fact that, at earlier times in the

litigation, some of the State’s experts opined that E.W. could not be placed in the community

immediately. None of the State’s experts concluded that E.W. needed to be placed at GRH-A on

a long-term basis. At most, they believed that, in the short term, continued hospitalization was

necessary in order to permit E.W. to make the transition to a community-based living

arrangement in a group home. Although one of the State’s experts, Joseph Steed, expressed

concerns that E.W. would not progress to the point where she could be placed in the community,

the evidence in the record shows that, in the spring and summer of 1996 – after Steed’s initial

assessment as well as the others cited by the State – GRH-A attempted to find a community

placement for E.W, but could not because there were no available state Medicaid waiver funds

for such a placement.

        Accordingly, because the State’s own professionals agreed that E.W. could be placed in

a less segregated setting, the State has failed to demonstrate that there is a material issue of fact

for trial as required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. Accordingly, the grant of summary judgment was not

in error.

                                                  20
                                                IV.

       In Part II we rejected the State’s argument that it complied with the ADA in this case

because the denial of community placements to L.C. and E.W. was based on the State’s lack of

funds, not on plaintiffs’ disabilities. We must now address whether the lack of available funding

provides the State a defense to plaintiffs’ ADA claim.

       Notwithstanding that under the ADA and its Title II regulations the State has a duty to

provide integrated services when the patient’s care warrants such services, that duty is not

absolute. As discussed above, the State need not provide these services if to do so would require

a fundamental alteration in its programs. Under Title II, “[a] public entity shall make reasonable

modifications in policies, practices, or procedures when the modifications are necessary to avoid

discrimination on the basis of disability, unless the public entity can demonstrate that making the

modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of the service, program, or activity.” 28

C.F.R.§ 35.130(b)(7).

       L.C. and E.W. have demonstrated that the State may reasonably modify its provision of

services by providing treatment to them in an integrated setting. L.C. and E.W. point out that,

under Georgia law, the State has the authority to transfer funds between institutional and

community-based treatment programs based on need. O.C.G.A. § 37-2-5.1(c)(3) (1995). They

also note that, under the federal government’s Medicaid waiver program, the State may spend

Medicaid funds to provide community-based care to disabled persons who would otherwise be

eligible for institutionalized care. The federal government has authorized matching federal

dollars for over 2100 patients in Georgia, but, in 1996, the State used only 700 of these slots.

See Hopkins Dep. at 18-19. Finally, they argue that the State can provide integrated

                                                 21
community-based services at significantly less cost than institutionalized care.

       The availability of these alternate sources of funding makes L.C.’s and E.W.’s request for

modification of the State’s program of providing services to disabled persons a reasonable one

“‘in the run of cases.’” Willis, 108 F.3d at 286 n.2 (quoting Barth v. Gelb, 2 F.3d 1180, 1187

(D.C. Cir. 1993)). Accordingly, it is the State’s duty to demonstrate that providing treatment to

L.C. and E.W. fundamentally alters the nature of the service it provides “‘in the context of the

particular agency’s operations.’” Id.; Helen L., 46 F.3d at 337; H.R. Rep. No. 101-485, pt. 3 at

51 (noting importance of “size and budget” of the particular agency).

       The State does not argue that the relief requested by L.C. and E.W. will effect a

fundamental alteration by requiring it to dismantle its provision of institutionalized care to

individuals with disabilities. Instead, the State argues that it lacks the funds to provide

community-based services to L.C. and E.W. The district court rejected this argument, reasoning

that the State could provide community-based services to L.C. and E.W. at less cost than

providing institutional care for them at GRH-A. Accordingly, it found that the State’s purported

lack of funds to provide community-based services to L.C. and E.W. was insufficient as a matter

of law to establish that providing community-based care to plaintiffs would constitute a

fundamental alteration.

       Under the ADA, as with other federal statutes, “[i]nadequate state appropriations do not

excuse noncompliance” with federal law. Alabama Nursing Home Ass’n v. Harris, 617 F.2d

388, 396 (5th Cir. 1980) (Medicaid Act); see also Doe v. Chiles, No. 96-5144, (11th Cir. Feb. 26,

1998) (same); Tallahassee Memorial Regional Med. Ctr. v. Cook, 109 F.3d 693, 704 (11th Cir.

1997) (same). Having chosen to provide services to individuals with disabilities, the State – both

                                                 22
the state officials charged with formulating the budget as well as the state agencies responsible

for mental health services – must act “in a manner [that] comports with the requirements of [the

ADA].” Helen L., 46 F.3d at 339.

       Our cases make clear that the ADA does not permit the State to justify its discriminatory

treatment of individuals with disabilities on the grounds that providing non-discriminatory

treatment will require additional expenditures of state funds. We recognized this principle in

United States v. Board of Trustees for University of Alabama, 908 F.2d 740 (11th Cir. 1990).

There, we held that, considering the size of the University of Alabama’s transportation budget,

the University failed to show that an additional expenditure of $15,000 to modify its bus system

to reasonably accommodate individuals with disabilities would impose an undue financial

hardship. The University could not simply claim that it lacked the funds to make these

modifications in its bus system; rather it could only justify its discriminatory treatment by

demonstrating that its transportation budget could not be reasonably modified to take account of

the needs of the disabled. In light of its “annual transportation budget of $1.2 million,” we

concluded that requiring minimal additional expenditures of $15,000 would not “cause an undue

financial burden on UAB.” Id. at 751.

       The district court did not consider whether treating L.C. and E.W. would require

additional expenditures and if so, whether the State had met its burden of proving that those

expenditures were unreasonable in light of the State’s mental health budget. Instead, it noted

that the State currently provided community-based services to individuals with disabilities and

that such services could be provided at less cost than segregated services. Based on these two

factors, the district court concluded that the State had failed to show that providing community-

                                                 23
based care to L.C. and E.W. would cause an fundamental alteration.

       There is evidence in the record that suggests that, because of fixed overhead costs

associated with providing institutional care, the State will be able to save money by moving

patients from institutionalized care to community-based care only when it shuts down entire

hospitals or hospital wings, but not when it moves one or two patients from a hospital into the

community. See Olmstead Dep. at 78-80; Bliss Dep. at 33-34. Thus, it may be that requiring the

State to treat L.C. and E.W. in a community-based program will require additional expenditure

of state funds.

       Nonetheless, the ADA may still require the State to expend additional funds in order to

provide L.C. and E.W. with integrated services. Unless the State can prove that requiring it to

make these additional expenditures would be so unreasonable given the demands of the State’s

mental health budget that it would fundamentally alter the service it provides, the ADA requires

the State to make these additional expenditures.     Because the district court did not consider this

question and because of the complexity of the factual issues concerning the funding for mental

health services in Georgia, we remand this case to the district court for further proceedings on

this issue. In determining whether the State can meet its burden of establishing a fundamental

alteration, the district court should consider, among other things: (1) whether the additional

expenditures necessary to treat L.C. and E.W. in community-based care would be unreasonable

given the demands of the State’s mental health budget; (2) whether it would be unreasonable to

require the State to use additional available Medicaid waiver slots, as well as its authority under

Georgia law to transfer funds from institutionalized care to community-based care, to minimize

any financial burden on the State; and (3) whether any difference in the cost of providing

                                                24
institutional or community-based care will lessen the State’s financial burden.10 This list, is, of

course, not exclusive. The district court may also consider any other factors it believes are

relevant to the fundamental alteration inquiry.

        Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED and the case is

REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

   10
      We note that this case is not a class action, but a challenge brought on behalf of two
individual plaintiffs. Our holding is not meant to resolve the more difficult questions of
fundamental alteration that might be present in a class action suit seeking deinstitutionalization
of a state hospital.

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