Court Opinion

ID: 4036190
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-22 20:06:55.853109+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:33:02.290375
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

CHAPTER 7 TRUSTEE CONSTANTINO                  :
FLORES on behalf of the Estates of Esio        :
Beverage Company, LLC, Esio Holding,           :
Company, LLC, and Esio Franchising, LLC,       :
                                               :
                             Plaintiff,        :
                                               :
                 v.                            :     C.A. No. 11141-VCS
                                               :
STRAUSS WATER LTD.,                            :
                                               :
                             Defendant.        :

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

                       Date Submitted: June 22, 2016
                      Date Decided: September 22, 2016

Kathleen M. Miller, Esquire of Smith, Katzenstein & Jenkins LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware, and Todd Kartchner, Esquire, Amy Abdo, Esquire, and Seth
Schuknecht, Esquire of Fennemore Craig, P.C., Phoenix, Arizona, Attorneys for
Plaintiff.

Philip A. Rovner, Esquire and Jonathan A. Choa, Esquire of Potter Anderson &
Corroon LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, and Susan M. Freeman, Esquire and
Justin J. Henderson, Esquire of Lewis Roca Rothgerber Christie LLP, Phoenix,
Arizona, Attorneys for Defendant.

SLIGHTS, Vice Chancellor
       Constantino Flores, Chapter 7 bankruptcy trustee for the estates of Esio

Beverage Company, LLC, Esio Holding Company, LLC and Esio Franchising,

LLC (collectively “Esio”), alleges in a Verified Amended Complaint

(“Complaint”) that Strauss Water Ltd. masterminded a fraudulent and otherwise

tortious scheme to drive Esio into financial ruin so that it could seize as collateral

to certain defaulted loan covenants Esio’s valuable technology licenses, clients and

business opportunities. It is alleged that Strauss accomplished this scheme by

making a series of intentional misrepresentations that induced Esio to rely on

Strauss as its sole source for the capital infusion it desperately needed, then

declining to supply that capital infusion after Esio had reached a proverbial point

of no return. Esio ultimately was forced to declare bankruptcy and its trustee

thereafter filed this action to recover damages incurred due to Strauss’s allegedly

wrongful conduct.

       Flores has brought claims on behalf of the Esio bankruptcy estate against

Strauss1 for (I) fraud, (II) fraudulent inducement, (III) negligent misrepresentation,

(IV) breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, (V) breach of

oral promise, (VI) promissory estoppel and (VII) estoppel. Each of these claims

generally relate to Strauss’ alleged failure to follow through with its promises to

1
 For the sake of clarity and brevity, I will hereafter refer to claims brought by Flores on
behalf of the Esio bankruptcy estate as Esio’s claims.

                                            1
infuse Esio with a $30 million equity investment. Esio also has alleged that

Strauss tortiously interfered with certain of Esio’s existing contracts (VIII) and

prospective business relationships (IX) as part of its scheme to accelerate Esio’s

demise. Finally, Esio seeks to compel Strauss to arbitrate these claims (X) per

contractual provisions, allegedly binding upon Strauss, that mandate arbitration.

Strauss has moved to dismiss the Complaint in its entirety for failure to state a

claim upon which relief can be granted under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6).

      After carefully reviewing the Complaint, I conclude that Esio has failed to

state claims for fraud, fraudulent inducement, negligent misrepresentation, breach

of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, “breach of oral promise,”

promissory estoppel or estoppel, as all of these claims contradict the clear and

unambiguous terms of the written contracts between the parties. Esio also has

failed to state a claim for tortious interference with contract as all of the alleged

“improper” acts undertaken by Strauss were expressly permitted by the parties’

contracts and all of Strauss’ alleged “improper” omissions involved matters where

Strauss was under no duty to act.

      Esio has, however, pled facts sufficient to allow a reasonably conceivable

inference that Strauss tortiously interfered with Esio’s prospective business

relationship with a potential licensing partner. Defendant’s alleged justifications

for its actions with respect to this potential Esio business partner, while possibly

                                         2
meritorious, are fact intensive and not appropriate for disposition on a motion to

dismiss.

         Finally, Esio’s effort to compel arbitration fails as a matter of law. Strauss

cannot be bound to an arbitration agreement to which it is not a party and, in any

event, the claims Esio has brought here arise under a contract that contains an

exclusive Delaware forum selection clause.

                                I.     BACKGROUND

         In considering this motion to dismiss, I have drawn the facts from the “well-

pled allegations of the complaint, . . . the documents incorporated into the

complaint by reference, and . . . judicially noticed facts.”2

     A. The Parties and Relevant Non-Parties

         Esio filed for bankruptcy protection in 2013, and Flores was appointed the

trustee of the bankruptcy estate. Esio had been in the beverage industry offering

products that included water-based beverages and beverage dispensing machines.

Its principal place of business was in Arizona.

         Strauss is an Israeli limited company with its principal place of business in

Tel Aviv. A portion of Strauss’ business involves the sale of drinking water in the

worldwide market. Non-party Rami Ronen was the Chief Executive Officer of

Strauss.

2
    Desimone v. Barrows, 924 A.2d 908, 928 (Del. Ch. 2007) (footnotes omitted).

                                             3
      B. Esio Pursues an Infusion of Capital

         In 2005, Esio entered into a development agreement and exclusive license

with Intelligent Coffee Company, LLC (“ICC”), an Arizona limited liability

company that, inter alia, developed products for the beverage industry. Under the

license agreement, ICC gave Esio an exclusive license to ICC’s beverage

dispensing technology.

         In 2011 Esio found itself strapped for cash and began to look for an infusion

of capital in the range of $20 million–$30 million. It had developed products and

technology, including the ICC licensed technology, and needed additional capital

to promote the products and exploit its technology and intellectual property.

         Esio approached Strauss in August, 2011 regarding a possible investment.

Strauss expressed interest in partnering with Esio as a means to enter the United

States market. It was also very interested in the beverage dispensing technology

Esio had licensed from ICC. Esio, in turn, saw Strauss as an attractive partner both

because it was well-resourced and because it had developed a specialized

carbonation technology that Esio thought would fit well with its new products.

         During this time, with full disclosure to Strauss, Esio actively explored other

sources of capital. As of September, 2011, Esio had raised over $1 million that it

was holding in escrow for a possible reverse merger and private placement.3

3
    The Complaint does not disclose the identity of Esio’s potential merger partner.

                                               4
          Esio was clear that it was looking to Strauss to make an investment in Esio;

it was not seeking and did not want debt financing. Strauss assured Esio that it

“was not interested in being a bank that would simply lend Esio money.”4

Throughout the balance of 2011 Esio provided Strauss with extensive due

diligence, including information about its existing and anticipated future

customers, its marketing strategies, partners, suppliers, and client contacts. During

this process Esio apprised Strauss of its contract with Walmart® that would enable

Esio to place its products in more than two thousand Walmart® stores. Esio had

planned to pay for the marketing of the Walmart® release with money invested by

Strauss.

      C. The Parties Negotiate the Terms of their Relationship—
         The Oral Promises

          During a meeting in Israel in November 2011, Esio advised Strauss that it

was looking for an equity investment of $30 million. Strauss agreed. It proposed

that it would initially extend a $5 million dollar “bridge loan” so that Esio would

have access to cash quickly in order to satisfy its obligations to Walmart®.5

Strauss committed that it would convert this initial loan into an equity investment

when it completed the balance of its investment ($25 million). Ronen allegedly

4
    Verified Amended Complaint (“Compl.”) ¶ 18.
5
    Id. ¶ 26.

                                            5
represented that structuring the initial $5 million investment as a loan was a

“formality [that allowed a] faster way to get Esio the money it needed” because

Strauss board approval would not be required.6 Esio agreed to the loan but only

subject to the “express understanding that the loan would be converted to

equity . . . and the second investment would follow.”7

          After Esio and Strauss orally agreed to the structure and amount of Strauss’

investment, Strauss demanded that Esio put aside its plans to pursue a public

offering and return the money it had raised in contemplation of “using a reverse

merger to raise additional capital.”8 Strauss also caused Esio to create a holding

company structure, alter its business plan, and reserve the equity ownership units

that were to be issued to Strauss. Esio agreed to take these steps because Strauss

had agreed to make a sizable investment and Esio was in dire need of capital.

          In December 2011, Strauss required Esio to meet with Ofra Strauss, the

Chairwoman of Strauss’ parent company. Strauss representatives allegedly told

Esio that if the deal was approved by Ofra, then the equity investment would be

assured.9 Less than forty-eight hours after Esio’s meeting with Ofra, Strauss

6
    Id. ¶ 27.
7
    Id. ¶ 28.
8
    Id. ¶ 34.
9
    I refer to Ms. Strauss by first name to avoid confusion; no disrespect is intended.

                                                6
informed Esio that Ofra had approved the entire deal. In April 2012, however,

Esio learned from Ronen, allegedly for the first time, that the $25 million equity

investment would require approval from both Strauss and its parent company—

approvals Esio had believed were already in place.

           Esio and Strauss executed a Term Sheet on January 18, 2012.10 The Term

Sheet outlined the terms of a “mutual licensing of IP.”11 It further provided for

Strauss and Esio to enter into a convertible loan whereby Strauss would loan Esio

$5 million that would be collateralized by Esio’s intellectual property rights and

Esio products. When discussing the loan, the Term Sheet laid out rights that

Strauss would have “during the period until the Loan is either converted or

repaid.”12        Strauss was to have the “option, to be exercised not later than

December 31, 2013, to convert the Loan into shares of Esio.”13 If Esio had repaid

any portion of the principal of the loan, then Strauss’ option to convert the full

amount of the loan would be subject to the revised balance of the loan.

           Strauss also was to have the

           option . . . to make additional equity investment in Esio of an
           additional $25 million based on a pre-money valuation of $45 million,

10
     Id. ¶ 41.
11
     Id. Ex. 2.
12
     Id.
13
     Id.

                                            7
           subject to Esio meeting certain performance targets . . . . If Esio does
           not meet the performance targets . . . Strauss Water will receive
           additional shares of equity, which shall serve the purpose of reducing
           the pre-money valuation.14

The Term Sheet provided that it, along with the license agreements and convertible

loan agreement, would be governed by Delaware law.                 It also contained an

exclusive New York forum selection clause.

           Following the execution of the Term Sheet, Strauss required Esio to

renegotiate its ICC License Agreement to allow Strauss access to the ICC

technology. Esio alleges that it had “no choice but to agree” to renegotiate the ICC

license because Strauss insisted that it have access to the ICC technology as a

condition of its investment.15 The amended license allowed Strauss a sub-license

to ICC’s technology and required Esio to make minimum quarterly payments to

ICC which were greater than those required by the previous license (the “Amended

ICC License.”) Under the Amended ICC License, Strauss positioned itself to

receive exclusive rights to ICC’s technologies in North America should Esio

default on the $5 million bridge loan. The Amended ICC License was further

amended in May 2012 to give Esio an exclusive license for ICC’s technology to be

used in beverage dispensing systems (the “Second Amended ICC License”). The

14
     Id.
15
     Id. ¶ 48.

                                              8
Second Amended ICC License is governed by Arizona law and provides for

mandatory arbitration of disputes between the parties arising under the agreement

to be conducted in Phoenix, Arizona.

          After entering into the Second Amended ICC License with Esio, ICC signed

a Side Letter Agreement with Strauss on May 10, 2012, whereby ICC consented to

Strauss receiving both a lien and security interest in all of Esio’s rights under the

Second Amended ICC License. The Side Letter Agreement contains a forum

selection clause designating New York as the exclusive forum for resolution of

disputes arising under that agreement.

      D. The Parties Memorialize Their Agreement—The Papered Promises

          The loan closed on May 14, 2012. Prior to closing, Esio alleges that Strauss

explained that even though the loan agreement would provide that conversion to

equity was an option, “Strauss would automatically exercise the ‘option’ upon

completion of its due diligence.”16 The loan agreement would also provide for

what Esio characterizes as “an aggressive amortization schedule” which Strauss

and Ronen knew Esio would not be able to meet without the additional promised

$25 million capital infusion.17 Through the end of May 2012, Strauss continued to

represent that the conversion of the loan as well as the exercise of a warrant to

16
     Id. ¶ 55.
17
     Id. ¶ 53.

                                            9
acquire the addition $25 million in equity would occur as soon Strauss’ due

diligence was completed.

          1. The Loan Agreement

          The Secured Convertible Loan Agreement between Strauss and Esio (the

“Loan Agreement”) was executed May 14, 2012, and provided for Strauss to lend

Esio $5.25 million (the “Loan”).18 DLA Piper LLP served as counsel to Esio.

Under the Loan Agreement and the attached Secured Convertible Promissory Note,

Esio was to repay the outstanding principal amount as well as all other amounts by

December 31, 2013. Esio also had the right to prepay the Loan.

          Regarding conversion, the Loan Agreement provided that:

          At any time following the Closing Date but before the Maturity Date,
          [Strauss] may, at its option, convert all, but not less than all, of its
          Note . . . into such number of duly authorized, validly issued, Class A
          Units equal to the amount . . . determined by dividing (a) the sum of
          the then outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest on the Note
          and the Additional Convertible Amount by (b) the Conversion Price in
          effect at the time of such conversion.19

Section 9 of the Loan Agreement sets forth the parties’ rights in events of default,

which events include Esio’s failure to repay the Loan according to schedule.

Significantly, the Loan Agreement does not list Strauss’s failure to convert the

18
   The parties agreed to add $250,000 to the initial $5 million Loan amount to pay for
legal fees incurred in connection with the closing of the Loan.
19
     Id. Ex. 1.

                                            10
Loan to equity as an event of default, nor does it prescribe any consequence should

Strauss elect not to convert the Loan.

           The Loan Agreement provides that the Loan Agreement and the rights and

obligations of Esio and Strauss under it “SHALL BE CONSTRUED IN

ACCORDANCE WITH AND BE GOVERNED BY THE LAWS OF THE

STATE OF DELAWARE.”20 The Loan Agreement further provides that Delaware

State courts or the United States District Court for the District of Delaware shall

have “EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OVER THE PARTIES (AND THE

SUBJECT           MATTER)     WITH       RESPECT    TO     ANY     DISPUTE       OR

CONTROVERSY ARISING UNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS

AGREEMENT OR THE OTHER TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS.”21

           2. The Warrant

           Strauss and Esio also entered into a Warrant on May 14, 2012, whereby

Strauss was “entitled at any time . . . to purchase from [Esio] up to 37,395.33

Class A Units.”22 Strauss was entitled in its discretion to execute the Warrant “in

20
     Id.
21
  Id. “Transaction documents” as defined within the Loan Agreement, include the Loan
Agreement, the Note, the Warrant, Esio’s Limited Liability Company Agreement, and the
Security Agreements. Id.
22
     Id. Ex. 5.

                                          11
whole or in part.”23       The Warrant contains a merger clause,24 as well as an

expiration date and remedies for breach. It states that the Warrant is to be

construed under Delaware laws but does not contain a forum selection clause.25

      E. The Parties’ Relationship Breaks Down

           By the end of May 2012, Strauss began telling Esio that it would need to

conduct additional due diligence before it could convert the Loan. This came as a

surprise to Esio as it believed Strauss had already conducted exhaustive due

diligence prior to entering the Loan Agreement. The following month, during a

meeting with key players of Esio and Walmart® involved in Esio’s scheduled

product launch at Walmart®, Strauss representatives were “disruptive and

disrespectful” towards the Esio representatives and “denigrated the [Esio] business

plan that Strauss had already explicitly approved.”26 Strauss advised Esio that it

might not make the $25 million equity investment even though Strauss knew Esio

23
     Id.
24
  Section 10.4 provides: “Entire Agreement. This Warrant, together with the applicable
provisions of the Operating Agreement, constitute the entire agreement between the
parties with respect to the specific subject matter hereof. Each provision hereof is
severable for every other provision when determining legal enforceability. The terms and
conditions hereof will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties’ respective
successors and assigns, except as expressly provided otherwise herein.” Id.
25
   Id. Section 10.7 of the Loan Agreement, however, provides that the forum selection
clause designating Delaware courts applies to all “transaction documents,” which
includes the Warrant. Id. Ex. 1.
26
     Id. ¶ 67.

                                           12
was counting on the investment and Esio was following the business plan that

Strauss had directed and approved.

          At some point after the Loan closed, Esio learned that Strauss’ carbonation

technology did not work. This rendered Strauss’ promise of a strategic partnership

illusory since Strauss’ carbonation technology had been factored into Esio’s

business plan. To make matters worse, the launch of Esio products at Walmart®

failed because Esio did not have the promised funds from Strauss to market the

launch properly.

          Esio also learned that Strauss had been meeting with Esio’s customers

without Esio’s knowledge or permission. At a meeting with one such customer,

PepsiCo, Strauss allegedly gave a demonstration of an Esio preproduction

prototype of a carbonated beverage dispenser.         The prototype malfunctioned.

According to Esio, this episode “subverted Esio’s chances of working with

PepsiCo due to Strauss’ use of a faulty product.”27

          In early 2013 Ronen began to make disparaging statements about Esio and

its product to other Esio customers and licensors of Esio’s technology, including

ICC. He also announced to third parties and eventually to Esio that Strauss never

intended to invest in Esio and had only provided the Loan in order to get Esio’s

technology. In February 2013, Ronen said that it would seize the Esio intellectual

27
     Id. ¶ 74.

                                           13
property used to secure the Loan unless Esio was able to repay the Loan according

to the agreed-upon schedule.

          On February 13, 2013, Esio and Strauss met with Euro-Pro Operating, LLC,

an appliance company interested in licensing manufacturing rights to Esio’s

beverage dispenser products. At the meeting, Esio hoped to discuss measures to

reduce manufacturing costs, which would reduce Esio’s need for a large capital

infusion and help it stay viable. Ronen seized control of the meeting and advised

Euro-Pro that Strauss controlled Esio’s technology and the ICC License. Euro-Pro

thereafter refused to deal with Esio.

          During this same period, Ronen met with the Chief Executive Officer of ICC

and the two discussed a potential business deal between Strauss and ICC that

would exclude Esio and “secure Esio’s demise.”28 Strauss sent Esio a formal

notice of default under the Loan on February 17, 2013, and Esio’s bankruptcy

followed.

                         II.   PROCEDURAL STANDARD

       “[T]he governing pleading standard in Delaware to survive a motion to dismiss

is reasonable ‘conceivability.’”29 Under this standard, Delaware courts will

28
     Id. ¶ 82.
29
  Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 536
(Del. 2011).

                                          14
           accept all well-pleaded factual allegations in the Complaint as true,
           accept even vague allegations in the Complaint as “well-pleaded” if
           they provide the defendant notice of the claim, draw all reasonable
           inferences in favor of the plaintiff, and deny the motion unless the
           plaintiff could not recover under any reasonably conceivable set of
           circumstances susceptible of proof.30

The Court will not, however, “accept conclusory allegations unsupported by

specific facts . . . or draw unreasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving

party.”31

                                    III.   ANALYSIS

           To address Strauss’ motion to dismiss I have divided Esio’s claims into three

parts. First, I examine whether Esio has stated viable claims for fraud, fraudulent

inducement, negligent misrepresentation, breach of the implied covenant of good

faith and fair dealing, “breach of oral promise,”32 promissory estoppel and

estoppel. It is appropriate to group these claims together since the motion to

dismiss challenges whether any of them are well-pled given that they rest on facts

and alleged promises that contradict the clear terms of the parties’ written

contracts. Second, I examine the viability of Esio’s claims for tortious interference

with contract and tortious interference with prospective business relations. Finally,

30
     Id.
31
     Price v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., 26 A.3d 162, 166 (Del. 2011).
32
  I am unaware of any cause of action cognizable under Delaware law for “breach of oral
promise.” I will assume Esio intends to prosecute a claim for breach of an oral contract.

                                             15
I consider Esio’s claim that Strauss should be compelled to arbitrate these claims in

Arizona.

     A. Esio’s Claims That it Justifiably Relied Upon Extra-Contractual
        Promises and Representations and that Strauss Breached the Implied
        Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing Are Belied by the Clear
        Terms of the Loan Agreement and Warrant

       The disposition of Esio’s fraud, estoppel, oral contract and implied covenant

claims turns on a single factual fulcrum: the contracts between Esio and Strauss

clearly set forth the parties’ rights and obligations and patently contradict the

claims Esio has attempted to plead in its Complaint. Under these circumstances,

there can be no reasonable reliance and there can be no actionable extra-contractual

covenants.

       Delaware is a contractarian state.33 As such, a party who enters into a

contract governed by Delaware law will be charged with knowledge of the

33
   GRT, Inc. v. Marathon GTF Tech., Ltd., 2011 WL 2682898, at *12 (Del. Ch. July 11,
2011) (noting that Delaware law “is more contractarian than that of many other states”).
See also Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1125 (Del. 2010) (“[W]e must . . . not rewrite
the contract to appease a party who later wishes to rewrite a contract he now believes to
have been a bad deal. Parties have a right to enter into good and bad contracts, the law
enforces both.”) (emphasis added); Libeau v. Fox, 880 A.2d 1049, 1056–57 (Del. Ch.
2005), aff’d in pertinent part, 892 A.2d 1068 (Del. 2006) (“When parties have ordered
their affairs voluntarily through a binding contract, Delaware law is strongly inclined to
respect their agreement, and will only interfere upon a strong showing that dishonoring
the contract is required to vindicate a public policy interest even stronger than freedom of
contract. Such public policy interests are not to be lightly found, as the wealth-creating
and peace-inducing effects of civil contracts are undercut if citizens cannot rely on the
law to enforce their voluntarily-undertaken mutual obligations.”); Asten, Inc. v. Wangner
Sys. Corp., 1999 WL 803965, at *6 (Del. Ch. Sept. 23, 1999) (“Equity respects the
freedom to contract. . . .”).

                                            16
contents of the instrument and will be deemed to have knowingly agreed to the

plain terms of the instrument absent some well-pled reason to infer otherwise. And

this same party will face an uphill climb when it seeks to prosecute claims that it

relied on promises that are explicitly contradicted by its own clear and

unambiguous written contract. These bedrocks of Delaware law apply in full force

here.

        1. Esio Has Failed to State Claims for Fraud, Misrepresentation,
           Estoppel or Breach of Oral Contract

        The gravamen of Esio’s Complaint is that Strauss made promises in advance

of entering into the Loan Agreement and Warrant that it would convert the $5

million Loan into an equity investment and that it would invest an additional $25

million in Esio in short order after the Loan closed. Esio alleges that it relied on

these promises when it agreed, inter alia, to commit its intellectual property to

Strauss as security for the Loan and to amend its license with ICC. Now that it is

clear Strauss never intended to invest in Esio, it is alleged that the pre-contract

promises were either fraudulent or negligent misrepresentations and that Strauss

should be estopped from denying its pre-contract commitments.

        Claims for fraud, fraudulent inducement, negligent misrepresentation,

promissory estoppel and estoppel all require a plaintiff to plead that he justifiably

                                         17
or reasonably relied on the defendant’s promise.34 Esio has failed to plead facts

upon which I can reasonably infer that it justifiably relied on Strauss’ promises

made prior to the execution of the parties’ written contracts since the alleged

promises are expressly contradicted by those same contracts.              Indeed, “[i]t is

34
   “In order to state a claim for fraud or fraudulent inducement, plaintiff must plead with
particularity the following elements: (1) a false representation of material fact; (2) the
defendant’s knowledge of or belief as to the falsity of the representation or the
defendant’s reckless indifference to the truth of the representation; (3) the defendant’s
intent to induce the plaintiff to act or refrain from acting; (4) the plaintiff’s action or
inaction taken in justifiable reliance upon the representation; and (5) damage to the
plaintiff as a result of such reliance.” Duffield Assocs., Inc. v. Meridian Architects &
Eng’rs, LLC, 2010 WL 2802409, at *4 (Del. Super. July 12, 2010) (emphasis added). To
state a claim for negligent representation, a plaintiff must ”plead that (1) the defendant
had a pecuniary duty to provide accurate information, (2) the defendant supplied false
information, (3) the defendant failed to exercise reasonable care in obtaining or
communicating the information, and (4) the plaintiff suffered a pecuniary loss caused
by justifiable reliance upon the false information.” Corporate Prop. Assocs. 14 Inc. v.
CHR Hldg. Corp., 2008 WL 963048, at *8 (Del. Ch. Apr. 10, 2008) (emphasis added).
“Negligent representation is essentially a species of common law fraud with a lesser state
of mind requirement.” Vichi v. Koninkklijke Philips Elec., NV., 85 A.3d 725, 762 (Del.
Ch. 2014). To state a claim for promissory estoppel, “a plaintiff must show by clear and
convincing evidence that: (i) a promise was made; (ii) it was the reasonable expectation
of the promisor to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promise; (iii) the
promisee reasonably relied on the promise and took action to his detriment; and
(iv) such promise is binding because injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the
promise.” Black Horse Capital, LP v. Xstelos Hldgs., Inc., 2014 WL 5025926, at *21
(Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2014) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted). “To
prevail on a claim of equitable estoppel, a plaintiff must show (1) conduct by the party to
be stopped that amounts to a false representation, concealment of material facts, or that is
calculated to convey an impression different from, and inconsistent with that which the
party subsequently attempts to assert, (2) knowledge, actual or constructive, of the real
facts and the other party’s lack of knowledge and the means of discovering the truth,
(3) the intention or expectation that the conduct shall be acted upon by, or influence, the
other party and good faith reliance by the other, and (4) action or forbearance by the
other party amounting to a change of status to his detriment.” Olson v. Halvorsen, 2009
WL 1317148, at *11 (Del. Ch. May 13, 2009), aff’d, 986 A.2d 1150 (Del. 2009)
(emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                            18
unreasonable to rely on oral representations when they are expressly contradicted

by the parties’ written agreement.”35 Given that the parties’ written agreements are

so clear, it is not surpising that Esio has not cited any authority that would support

its argument that reliance upon contrary oral promises would be reasonable. 36

      As stated, the extra-contractual promises and representations that Strauss is

alleged to have made are variations on a theme: that Strauss would invest in and

cooperate with Esio as Esio’s long-term business partner. Esio alleges that Strauss

promised that it would share its technology with Esio, that it would work with Esio

to implement Esio’s long-term business plan and that it would provide Esio with

$30 million in equity financing. These alleged promises are expressly contradicted

by the several transactional documents that Strauss and Esio entered into—

negotiated at arm’s-length by sophisticated parties with the guidance of

sophisticated counsel. Each of these contracts—the Term Sheet, Loan Agreement

35
  Carrow v. Arnold, 2006 WL 3289582, at *11 (Del. Ch. Oct. 31, 2006), aff’d, 933 A.2d
1249 (Del. 2007). While in Carrow the Court addressed a claim for fraudulent
inducement, this principle also applies to the balance of Esio’s misrepresentation and
estoppel claims. See MicroStrategy Inc. v. Acacia Research Corp., 2010 WL 5550455, at
*14 (Del. Ch. Dec. 30, 2010) (rejecting a fraud claim based on three oral statements that
were expressly contradicted by a later contract); Olson, 2009 WL 1317148, at *12
(“Olson’s [promissory and equitable] estoppel claims fail for the additional reasons that
the alleged promises on which he bases his claims are inconsistent with the terms of the
[contracts]”).
36
   See Carrow, 2006 WL 3289582, at *11 (holding that one cannot claim fraudulent
inducement “when one had the opportunity to read the contract and by doing so could
have discovered the misrepresentation” (quoting 17A Am.Jur.2d Contracts § 214 (2006)).

                                           19
and Warrant—structures Strauss’ “investment” as either debt with the option to be

converted to equity or as an option to acquire equity.37 Specifically, the documents

clearly and unambiguously characterize Strauss’ commitment as a loan with an

“option” that Strauss “may” exercise to convert the Loan to an equity investment

(the Loan Agreement) and as an “option” that Strauss “may” exercise to acquire

additional Esio units (the Warrant).38 The contracts do not even hint much less

37
   “[T]he parties shall enter into the Convertible Loan Agreement, pursuant to which
Strauss Water shall provide a loan of $5 million to Esio.” Compl. Ex. 2 (the “Term
Sheet”). “During the period until the Loan is either converted or repaid [describing rights
Strauss will be given].” Id. “Strauss Water will have the option, to be exercised not later
than December 31, 2013, to convert the Loan into shares of Esio.” Id. “The Lender
agrees . . . to make a loan (the “Loan”) to the Borrower in an amount of up to five
million two-hundred fifty thousand dollars.” Id. Ex. 1 (the “Loan Agreement”). “The
Borrower’s obligation to pay the principal of, and interest on, the Loan shall be evidenced
by a secured convertible promissory note . . . (the “Note”). Id. “[T]he Lender may, at its
option, convert all, but not less than all, of its Note.” Id. “Strauss Water shall have the
option, to be exercised not later than March 31, 2013, to make an additional equity
investment in Esio of an additional $25 million based on a pre-money valuation of
$45 million, subject to Esio meeting certain performance targets as described below.”
Id. Term Sheet. “This Warrant certifies that, for value received, Strauss Water Ltd. . . .
is entitled at any time . . . to purchase from Company up to 37,395.33 Class A Units
(“Warrant Units”) at a price per Class A Unit equal to $668.53.” Id. Ex. 5 (the
“Warrant”). “Holder may exercise this Warrant, in whole or in part . . . at any time
before the Expiration Date.” Id.
38
   Esio has suggested in its papers and at oral argument that the term “option” may be
ambiguous. Pl.’s Answering Br. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss Pl.’s Verified Am.
Compl. (“Answering Br.”) 16–18. To the extent Esio still intends to press that argument,
I summarily reject it. I will not embrace a construction of the term “option” that suggests
it might reasonably be read as “mandatory option.” I am aware of no such creature in the
realm of corporate finance or the broader realm of life. The terms “mandatory” and
“option” present the classic binary opposition.

                                            20
expressly reveal that the parties understood, as a matter of contract or otherwise,

that Strauss was somehow obliged to invest in Esio.39

      Esio’s attempt to alter the construction of the Loan Agreement’s and

Warrant’s otherwise unambiguous provisions regarding the terms of Strauss’ Loan

to Esio and its possible investment in Esio, respectively, cannot be countenanced

for another reason that also is embedded in Delaware law. Delaware’s “parol

evidence rule bars the admission of evidence extrinsic to an unambiguous,

integrated written contract for the purpose of varying or contradicting the terms of

the contract.”40 Thus, even if a provision is “mistakenly” left out of a document,

“the parole evidence rule precludes the Court from considering the alleged oral

promises made before the execution of [a written contract].”41 The Court, instead,

must be guided by what the parties say in their written contracts; it cannot be

39
  See MicroStrategy Inc., 2010 WL 5550455, at *14 (granting motion to dismiss claim of
reasonable reliance that was “contradicted by several express terms in the Agreement”);
Black Horse Capital, LP, 2014 WL 5025926, at *21–22 (same).
40
  Phillips v. Wilks, Lukoff & Bracegirdle, LLC, 2014 WL 4930693, at * 3 (Del. Oct. 1,
2014), as corrected (Oct. 7, 2014) (citations omitted).
41
  TrueBlue, Inc. v. Leeds Equity Partners IV, LP, 2015 WL 5968726, at *4 (Del. Super.
Ct. Sept. 25, 2015) (further stating that while the agreement at issue “may not set forth
everything in hindsight that TrueBlue intended to include, . . . that does not create an
ambiguity”).

                                           21
distracted by misguided allegations of fraud or estoppel, however passionately they

might be pled.42

         Esio also misses the mark by arguing that the express terms of the contracts

it negotiated and agreed to with Strauss cannot defeat its claim of justifiable

reliance on prior oral promises because the Loan Agreement contains no

integration clause and the integration clause within the Warrant is ineffective

because it lacks an anti-reliance clause.43 Strauss’ arguments that Esio has failed to

plead facts that would justify departing from the express terms of the parties’

written agreements do not rest on the presence, or not, of integration or anti-

reliance clauses. Instead, Strauss correctly argues that Esio cannot proffer alleged

oral promises or representations to alter or contradict unambiguous provisions

clearly expressed within the parties’ written contracts. Yet that is precisely what

Esio seeks to do here with respect to its fraud, negligent misrepresentation,44

estoppel and oral contract claims.

42
   Black Horse Capital, LP, 2014 WL 5025926, at *24 (“By attempting to plead around
the plain language of their written agreements with allegations of ‘fraud,’ Plaintiffs seek
to shirk the bargain evidenced by the written agreement in favor of a ‘but we did rely on
those other representations” claim).
43
     Answering Br. 22–24.
44
   The negligent misrepresentation claim also fails because it is barred by the economic
loss doctrine, which allows a party to recover in negligence only “if losses are
accompanied by bodily harm or property damages.” J.C. Trading Ltd. v. Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., 947 F.Supp. 2d 449, 459 (D. Del. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).
It does not permit recovery “for losses that are solely economic in nature.” Id. (internal
                                            22
       Even where certain of the alleged oral promises are not expressly

contradicted by the written contracts, such as Esio’s contention that Strauss

promised it would share its working carbonation technology when, in fact, it did

not work, Esio still has failed to plead facts that allow a reasonable inference of

justifiable reliance as a matter of law. The Term Sheet provided that Strauss and

Esio would enter into an agreement regarding Esio’s use of Strauss’ carbonation

technology, and the subsequent License and Distribution Agreement between Esio

and Strauss expressly addresses the parties’ rights to cross license.45 Yet Esio

pleads neither that Strauss breached that agreement nor that Strauss somehow

prevented Esio from exercising its bargained-for right under that agreement to

conduct due diligence with respect to Strauss’ carbonation technology. 46 Once

again, Esio seeks to avoid the deal it made in favor of the deal it now wishes it

quotation marks omitted). Here, Esio is claiming only economic damages and does not
allege damage to its intellectual property or to Esio’s rights as a licensee to ICC’s
intellectual property. While Esio alleges that it lost its technology and licensing rights,
Compl. ¶ 121, it does not allege that there was any damage to the technology or its rights
as a licensee, except that it was unable to pay the Loan and therefore defaulted under the
Second Amended ICC License.
45
   Transmittal Aff. of Phillip A. Rovner, Esq. in Supp. of Strauss Water, Ltd.’s Mot. to
Dismiss (“Transmittal Aff.”) Ex. 8. The Court may consider this agreement as it is
integral to the Plaintiff’s Complaint. See Compl. ¶¶ 73, 85(viii). See also Allen v.
Encore Energy P’rs, L.P., 72 A.3d 93, 96 n.2 (Del. 2013).
46
   Transmittal Aff. Ex. 8 § 6.4.1(a). See Interim Healthcare, Inc. v. Spherion Corp., 884
A.2d 513, 551 n.305 (Del. Super. Ct.) (“Delaware courts do not rescue disappointed
buyers from circumstances that could have been guarded against through normal due
diligence and [the exercise of] contractual protections”), aff’d, 886 A.2d 1278 (Del. 2005)
(TABLE).

                                            23
made. Delaware law does not permit Esio or the Court to rewrite history when that

history is expressed in clear and unambiguous written contracts.

      Esio’s fraud, misrepresentation and estoppel claims require well-pled facts

to support a reasonably conceivable inference that Esio justifiably relied upon

Strauss’ extra-contractual promises or representations. Esio’s written contracts

with Strauss allow no such inference. Nor can the Court enforce alleged oral

promises that directly contradict commitments made in subsequent written

contracts. Strauss’ motion to dismiss these claims must be granted.

      2. Esio Has Failed to State a Claim for Breach of the Implied Covenant

      Esio alleges that even though Strauss may have complied with written

contracts that directly address the terms of Strauss’ Loan and possible equity

investment, Esio may still hold Strauss liable for breaching the implied covenant of

good faith and fair dealing. I disagree. The implied duty of good faith and fair

dealing applies only when “it is clear from the underlying contract that the

contracting parties would have agreed to proscribe the act later complained of . . .

had they thought to negotiate with respect to that matter.”47 It follows, then, that

the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing does not apply when the

contract speaks directly to the alleged gap in the contract the implied covenant has

47
 Winshall v. Viacom Intern., Inc., 55 A.3d 629, 637 (Del. Ch. 2011) (internal quotation
marks omitted).

                                          24
been proffered to fill.48 Esio’s claim for breach of the implied covenant of good

faith and fair dealing fails since the contracts speak directly to the contested

issue—that the Loan may but need not be converted to equity and that any future

investments are optional, not mandatory.

     B. Tortious Interference

       As is typical of Esio’s complaint, many of its allegations regarding tortious

interference attempt to reach outside the four corners of its contracts with Strauss

and impose upon Strauss additional obligations or alternatively limit Strauss’

bargained-for rights. As discussed below, Esio’s claim for tortious interference

with contract is not well-pled because Esio again seeks to vary the terms of its

written contracts with Strauss in order to state an extra-contractual claim.

However, a single subset of its claim for tortious interference with prospective

business relations (that does not attempt to alter the parties’ contracts) does survive

as Esio has well-pled that Strauss interfered with Esio’s prospective business

relationship with Euro-Pro.

48
  Airborne Health, Inc. v. Squid Soap, LP, 984 A.2d 126, 146 (Del. Ch. 2009) (“The
implied covenant does not apply when the subject at issue is expressly covered by the
contract” and “[c]ourts should be most chary about implying a contractual protection
when the contract easily could have been drafted to expressly provide for it.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)).

                                          25
      1. Esio has Failed to State a Claim for Tortious Interference with
         Contract

      Esio alleges that Strauss tortiously interfered with the Second Amended ICC

License by (a) forcing Esio to renegotiate the ICC License and then putting Esio in

a financial position where it was unable to make its payments to ICC and (b)

colluding with ICC in a manner that caused ICC to breach the implied covenant of

good faith and fair dealing by refusing to modify the ICC license.49 Because

Strauss acted within its contractual rights, Esio’s allegations of tortious

interference fail to state a claim.

      The typical claim for tortious interference arises when the defendant

wrongfully prevents a third party from performing a contract. This cause of action

follows the Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 766, and requires “(1) a valid

contract, (2) about which the defendants have knowledge, (3) an intentional act by

the defendants that is a significant factor in causing the breach of the contract,

(4) without justification and (5) which causes injury.”50

49
   Esio’s only claim for tortious interference with contract relates to the Second Amended
ICC License. While Esio also alleges that Strauss tortiously interfered with its
relationship with Walmart®, it classifies this claim as tortious interference with
prospective business relations and does not allege that Strauss caused Walmart® to
breach an existing contract. Compl. ¶¶ 160, 165–66, 150–57.
50
   Irwin & Leighton, Inc. v. W.M. Anderson Co., 532 A.2d 983, 992 (Del. Ch. 1987)
(citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 766 (1979)).

                                           26
         Section 766A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts extends the cause of

action to instances where the defendant is alleged to have tortiously interfered with

the plaintiff’s performance of a contract, providing that “[o]ne who intentionally

and improperly interferes with the performance of a contract . . . between another

and a third person, by preventing the other from performing the contract or causing

his performance to be more expensive or burdensome, is subject to liability to the

other for the pecuniary loss resulting to him.”51 The cause of action outlined in

Section 766A is less widely adopted,52 and has never formally been recognized by

Delaware courts.53

         As discussed below, whether the claim is brought under Section 766 or

Section 766A, a plaintiff cannot prevail on a tortious interference with contract

claim if the essence of his complaint is that the defendant refused to deal when he

had no obligation to deal,54 or that the defendant’s alleged tortious conduct

51
     RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 766A (1979).
52
   See, e.g., Price v. Sorrell, 784 P.2d 614 (Wyo. 1989) (rejecting Section 766A as a
viable cause of action due largely to the potential for abuse and citing cases in accord).
53
   Esio cites Allen Family Foods, Inc. v. Capitol Carbonic Corp., 2011 WL 1205138
(Del. Super. Ct. 2011), for the proposition that Delaware has formally adopted
Section 766A as a cause of action. This reads too much into the Allen court’s treatment
of Section 766A.        Allen merely determined that “Delaware would not reject
Section 766A” on the bases proffered by the defendant there before going on to hold that
the plaintiff had not stated a viable claim under Section 766A in any event. Id. at *6.
The same holds true here; Esio has failed to plead a claim under Section 766A.
54
     RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 766 cmt. b (1979).

                                           27
amounted to nothing more than the defendant acting within its contractual rights.55

Both of Esio’s theories of tortious interference with contract, as pled, rest on these

unactionable premises.

          a. Esio Has Not Stated a Claim Under Section 766A.

      I have already determined that the contracts between Esio and Strauss

merely provided Strauss with the option to convert the Loan to equity and to make

further equity investments. Therefore, Strauss’s decisions to enforce its Loan

covenants with Esio when Esio defaulted on the Loan, including its seizure of the

pledged collateral, and not to invest further in Esio cannot constitute tortious

interference with Esio’s performance of the Second Amended ICC License or any

other contract since Strauss’ refusal to deal was justified. Since Esio has failed to

plead that Strauss’ conduct was tortious, I need not decide whether vel non

Section 766A should be adopted as Delaware law.

55
   See, e.g., Debakey Corp. v. Raytheon Service Co., 2000 WL 1273317, at *18 (Del. Ch.
Aug. 25, 2000) (refusing to find a party liable for breaching its implied covenant of good
faith and fair dealing when it failed to make a further investment where the contract
provided that once investments had exceeded $2 million, further investments were
subject to the party’s “sole discretion”). See also Crivelli v. General Motors Corp.,
215 F.3d 386, 395 (3d Cir. 2000) (applying Pennsylvania law and noting that many
courts have “held that a company’s exercise of a right of first refusal [granted to them in
contract] cannot ordinarily give rise to a claim of intentional interference with a
contract”).

                                            28
            b. Esio Cannot Claim that Strauss Tortiously Caused ICC to Breach
               the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

         A party cannot claim a tortious interference with contract when there has

been no breach of that contract.56     To get around this fundamental premise, Esio

seeks once again to invoke the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing to

achieve what its express contracts (in this instance, the Second Amended ICC

License) will not support—a basis to impose liability upon Strauss for ICC’s

refusal to modify the Second Amended ICC License so that Esio could continue to

exploit it. The implied covenant will not impose on ICC an obligation that Esio

did not bargain for in the Second Amended ICC License.

         While it is true that the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing

inheres to every Delaware contract, it cannot be employed to rewrite an otherwise

comprehensive written contract between the parties.57            Rather, the implied

covenant requires parties to a contract only to “refrain from arbitrary or

unreasonable conduct which has the effect of preventing the other party to the

contract from receiving the fruits of the bargain.”58 The court will not impose the

56
  Aspen Advisors LLC v. United Artists Theatre Co., 843 A.2d 697, 713 (Del. Ch.), aff’d,
861 A.2d 1251 (Del. 2004).
57
     Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1125–26 (Del. 2010).
58
  Dunlap v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 878 A.2d 434, 442 (Del. 2005) (internal
quotation marks omitted).

                                           29
implied duty of good faith and fair dealing on a party to require that the party

actually improve the deal the plaintiff struck in the first instance.59

           Once again, Esio would have the Court ignore the contract it negotiated with

ICC by injecting it with provisions that would require ICC to modify the license in

the event Esio committed an act of default under either the Second Amended ICC

License or the Loan Agreement. This Court will not engage in that kind of

“judicially compelled charity.”60 Esio could have negotiated for a provision that

expanded its rights to compel a modification of the Second Amended ICC License

in certain instances of default. It did not. Therefore, because ICC was not required

to modify the Second Amended ICC License, Strauss cannot be held liable for

tortiously interfering with the Second Amended ICC License by causing ICC to

breach the implied covenant when it refused to modify that contract.

           2. Esio Has Stated a Claim for Tortious Interference with Prospective
              Business Relations

           To plead a claim for tortious interference with prospective business

relations, Esio was required to allege facts that demonstrate “(a) the reasonable

probability of a business opportunity, (b) the intentional interference by defendant

59
  Winshall, 55 A.3d at 641 (holding that Delaware law does not interpret the implied
covenant to a require that the defendant “not simply refrain from upsetting the
fundamental expectations of the other party, as implied by the explicit terms of the deal,
but actually improve that deal by expanding its contractual counterparty’s expectancy as
a matter of judicially compelled charity.”).
60
     Id.

                                            30
with that opportunity, (c) proximate causation and (d) damages.”61 In addition,

Esio was required to plead that Strauss’ alleged interference was somehow

improper.62 As discussed above, there can be no improper interference where the

defendant acted either (1) affirmatively within its contractual rights or (2) by

omission where it had no contractual obligation to deal. Thus, having determined

that Strauss was within its contractual rights to enforce its Loan covenants and

decline to invest in Esio, any claim that Strauss tortiously interfered with Esio’s

prospective business relations with Walmart® or any other retailer or supplier by

failing to infuse Esio with more capital is not well-pled.63

         What remains of Esio’s tortious interference with prospective business

relations claim are Esio’s allegations that Strauss: (1) intentionally sabotaged the

Euro-Pro meeting and thereby interfered with Esio’s prospects of developing a

business relationship with Euro-Pro, and (2) improperly met with PepsiCo without

Esio’s knowledge or permission and thwarted any possible business relationship

61
   DeBonaventura v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 428 A.2d 1151, 1153 (Del. 1981).
See also RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 766B (1979).
62
   See Lipson v. Anesthesia Servs., P.A., 790 A.2d 1261, 1287 (Del. Super. Ct. 2001)
(“Plaintiffs bear the burden of proof with respect to all elements of the claim of
intentional interference, including that the interference was improper”).
63
     Compl. ¶¶ 160, 163, 165–66.
                                          31
with PepsiCo by claiming the Esio’s products belonged to Strauss and

demonstrating a faulty product prototype.64

         While the plaintiff must ultimately prove the reasonable probability of a

business opportunity, the “existence of such a business expectancy is a question of

fact not suitable for resolution [on a motion to dismiss].” 65             Esio has pled

prospective business opportunities with Euro-Pro and PepsiCo and those well-pled

facts are presumed to be true at this stage of the proceedings.

         Esio has also pled that Strauss engaged in conduct with respect to PepsiCo

and Euro-Pro that interfered with Esio’s prospects of developing business

relationships with these two fixtures of the beverage industry. Strauss counters

that any conduct in which it might have engaged at meetings with PepsiCo and

Euro-Pro was justified under Sections 76966 and 77367 of the Restatement (Second)

64
     Compl. ¶¶ 74, 161, 163(vi).
65
     Gill v. Del. Park, LLC, 294 F.Supp. 2d 638, 646 (D. Del. 2003).
66
  “One who, having a financial interest in the business of a third person intentionally
causes that person not to enter into a prospective contractual relation with another, does
not interfere improperly with the other’s relation if he (a) does not employ wrongful
means and (b) acts to protect his interest from being prejudiced by the relation.”
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 769 (1979).
67
   “One who, by asserting in good faith a legally protected interest of his own or
threatening in good faith to protect the interest by appropriate means, intentionally causes
a third person not to perform an existing contract or enter into a prospective contractual
relation with another does not interfere improperly with the other’s relation if the actor
believes that his interest may otherwise be impaired or destroyed by the performance of
the contract or transaction.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 773 (1979).
                                             32
of Torts because it was protecting its legally protected or financial interests.68

Strauss points to no particular provision in any of its contracts with Esio that would

authorize Strauss to represent to potential business partners that Esio’s products

and technology actually belonged to Strauss or would permit Strauss to make

disparaging comments about the efficacy or quality of Esio’s technology or

product line.69 Instead, Strauss argues generally that it took steps it believed were

necessary under the circumstances to protect its Loan collateral.70 While this may

ultimately prove true, justification defenses under Sections 769 and 773 present

fact-intensive inquiries that are typically not appropriate for disposition on a

motion to dismiss.71

68
   The “burden of showing privilege rests upon the [alleged] interferor. . . .” Bowl-Mor
Co., Inc. v. Brunswick Corp., 297 A.2d 61, 66 (Del. Ch. 1972) (addressing a defense
raised under Section 769). See also Matter of L.B. Trucking, Inc., 163 B.R. 709, 725
(Bankr. D. Del. 1994) (in discussing Section 773 the court stated that “[i]f these
circumstances exist, the defendant has a meritorious defense to the alleged tort of
intentional interference with the performance of a contract by a third person.”).
69
     These allegations must be accepted as true at this stage of the proceedings.
70
  Def. Strauss Water Ltd.’s Opening Br. in Supp. of its Mot. to Dismiss the Am.
Compl. 44–48.
71
   For instance, according to the Complaint, the meetings with PepsiCo and Euro-Pro
where Strauss is alleged to have engaged in tortious interference occurred prior to Strauss
declaring a default of the Loan. Compl. ¶¶ 74–81 (Strauss meets with customers after the
Loan closed through early February, 2013); Id. ¶ 83 (Strauss sends notice of default on
February 17, 2013). The extent to which Strauss was justified in taking actions with
respect to PepsiCo and Euro-Pro to protect its collateral prior to declaring a default of the
Loan is, at least in part, a question of fact. Section 769 requires Strauss to demonstrate it
did “not employ wrongful means;” Section 773 requires Strauss to demonstrate that it
                                               33
         Esio also must plead that Strauss’ alleged tortious interference was the

proximate cause of its damages.          Delaware embraces a “but for” causation

paradigm where proximate cause exists when an act or omission “in natural and

continuous sequence, unbroken by any efficient intervening cause, produces the

injury and without which the result would not have occurred.”72

         Esio alleges that Strauss’ statements to PepsiCo representatives that Strauss,

not Esio, controlled Esio’s products and technology, and its demonstration to

PepsiCo of a faulty prototype, tortiously interfered with any prospect that Esio

might form a business relationship with PepsiCo.73 What Esio has failed to plead,

however, is that a business relationship with PepsiCo might have saved Esio from

the harm it alleges to have suffered as a proximate result of the wrong. The

Complaint contains no allegations of what a business relationship with PepsiCo

might have brought to Esio or how it might have saved Esio from its financial

demise. In the absence of such allegations, it is not reasonably conceivable that

acted in “good faith” using “appropriate means.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS
§§ 669, 773 (1979). These are fact-intensive inquiries that must be undertaken with the
benefit of a factual record. See Bowl-Mor Co. Inc., 297 A.2d at 66 (holding that
justification defense could not be determined “as a matter of law”).
72
  Duphily v. Del. Elec. Co-op., Inc., 662 A.2d 821, 828–29 (Del. 1995) (internal
quotation marks and alterations omitted).
73
     Compl. ¶¶ 74, 161, 163(vi).

                                           34
Strauss’ alleged tortious interference with Esio’s prospective business relationship

with PepsiCo was a proximate cause of Esio’s alleged harm.74

          Esio’s allegations with respect to the lost business opportunity with Euro-

Pro are more substantive. As noted, Esio alleges that Strauss hijacked its meeting

with Euro-Pro and told Euro-Pro that it would have to deal with Strauss because

Strauss now controlled Esio’s technology.75 The purpose of this meeting, at least

from Esio’s perspective, was to enlist Euro-Pro as a partner who might offer

“measures that would help Esio reduce manufacturing costs to remain financially

viable and reduce the need for a larger financial investment.”76 The allegations are

thin but do present a reasonably conceivable basis upon which Esio might

demonstrate that a business relationship with Euro-Pro, had Strauss not interfered

with it, would have lowered Esio’s manufacturing costs in a manner that would

have allowed it to service its debt with Strauss and remain viable. Therefore, Esio

has adequately pled that Strauss’ actions during the Euro-Pro meeting were a

proximate cause of its damages.

74
   See Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075 (Del. 2001) (affirming dismissal of tortious
interference claim on motion to dismiss because it was not reasonably conceivable based
on the complaint that the alleged interference proximately caused the harm alleged).
75
     Compl. ¶¶ 80–81, 163(ii).
76
     Id. ¶ 79.

                                           35
      C. Esio Has Pled No Basis to Compel Arbitration

         Esio seeks a declaration that Strauss must arbitrate the claims Esio has

brought in this Court because they are connected to claims that are the subject of

arbitration proceedings pending between Esio and ICC in Arizona. Once again,

Esio would have the Court vary the terms of its contracts with Strauss to compel a

result for which it did not bargain.

         Esio and Strauss disagree about whether Arizona or Delaware law governs

the determination of whether the arbitration clause in the Second Amended ICC

Agreement is binding upon Strauss. When determining which sovereign’s laws to

apply when laws potentially conflict, Delaware courts use a two-part test:

         [F]irst, the court determines whether there is an actual conflict of law
         between the proposed jurisdictions. If there is a conflict, the court
         determines which jurisdiction has the ‘most significant relationship to
         the occurrence and the parties’ based on the factors (termed
         “contacts”) listed in the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws.77

Where the result would be the same under both sovereign’s laws, there is a “false

conflict” and “the Court should avoid the choice-of-law analysis altogether.”78

Here, both parties agree in their briefs that the there is no real conflict between

77
     Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. v. Arteaga, 113 A.3d 1045, 1050 (Del. 2015).
78
     Deuley v. DynCorp Int’l, Inc., 8 A.3d 1156, 1161 (Del. 2010).

                                             36
Delaware and Arizona with regard to the arbitration issue.79 I will apply Delaware

law.

         It is “well settled law in Delaware that choice of forum provisions are

enforceable.”80      The Loan Agreement contains a Delaware forum selection

provision that governs both that contract and the Warrant.                 Absent some

compelling reason to disregard this provision, it should be enforced. The Side

Letter that Strauss entered into with ICC, which incorporates the Second Amended

ICC License, contains its own forum selection clause selecting New York State

courts or federal courts that sit in the Borough of Manhattan. None of these

agreements to which Strauss is a party require Strauss to submit to arbitration with

Esio.

         As a general rule, this Court will compel parties to submit to arbitration only

where they have agreed to arbitrate as a matter of contract.81 A non-signatory will

be bound by an arbitration clause within a contract only if “traditional principles of

contract and agency law equitably confer upon that party signatory status with

79
  See Answering Br. 51, n.13 (“Even if Delaware law applied to this analysis, the result
would be the same”); Def. Strauss Water Ltd.’s Reply Br. in Further Supp. of its Mot. to
Dismiss the Compl. 32 (“The result is the same, however, even if Arizona law applies”).
80
     Flintkote Co. v. Aviva PLC, 769 F.3d 215 (3d Cir. 2014) (applying Delaware law).
81
     James & Jackson, LLC v. Willie Gary, LLC, 906 A.2d 76, 78–79 (Del. 2006).

                                             37
regard to the underlying agreement.”82 A non-signatory may be found to have

“embraced” a contract “(1) where the non-signatory direct[ly], rather than

indirect[ly] benefit[ted] from the [agreement] during the course of the agreement’s

performance[,]; (2) where the non-signatory consistently maintain[s] that other

provisions of the same contract should be enforced to benefit him[,]; or (3) where

the non-signatory sue[s] to enforce the provisions of a contract that it likes, while

simultaneously disclaiming the provisions that it does not.”83

         Under the third-party beneficiary theory, the third-party must directly benefit

from the agreement. While Esio renegotiated with ICC to allow Strauss access to

the ICC technology, Strauss’ rights to this technology did not flow directly from

the Second Amended ICC License. Rather, Strauss’ benefit from the Second

Amended ICC License was indirect and was dependent upon the Side Letter where

ICC approved Strauss’ security interest in Esio’s license to ICC technology, the

pledge of the Second Amended ICC License as collateral for the Loan and the

cross-licensing agreement between Strauss and Esio. Since Strauss did not directly

benefit from the Second Amended ICC License, the third-party beneficiary theory

cannot be used to compel Strauss to join the Arizona arbitration.84

82
     NAMA Hldgs., LLC v. Related World Mkt. Ctr., 922 A.2d 417, 430 (Del. Ch. 2007).
83
     Flintkote, 769 F.3d at 221 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted).
84
   I note that the third-party beneficiary theory is typically cited as a basis to bind a non-
signatory to arbitration when the non-signatory seeks to prosecute claims outside of
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         The doctrine of equitable estoppel may also bind a party to an arbitration

agreement even where it is a non-signatory if the non-signatory “by his conduct

intentionally or unintentionally leads another, in reliance upon that conduct, to

change position to its detriment.”85 The party who claims that another is bound to

an arbitration clause by estoppel must demonstrate that “(i) [it] lacked knowledge

or the means of obtaining knowledge of the truth of the facts in question; (ii) [it]

reasonably relied on the conduct of the party against whom estoppel is claimed;

and (iii) [it] suffered a prejudicial change of position as a result of their reliance.”86

The estoppel theory breaks down when the party seeking to compel arbitration is a

party to another agreement with the party whom it seeks to compel to arbitrate, that

other agreement is central to the dispute and it contains an express forum selection

provision.87 Under these circumstances, the moving party will be precluded from

claiming that it reasonably expected it would be able to compel arbitration

notwithstanding the contrary forum selection provision to which it agreed.88

arbitration. Esio has failed to cite any cases where this theory has been applied by a court
to bind a non-signatory defendant to arbitrate claims brought against it.
85
     Wilson v. Am. Ins. Co., 209 A.2d 902, 903–04 (Del. 1965).
86
     Nevins v. Bryan, 885 A.2d 233, 249 (Del. Ch.), aff’d, 884 A.2d 512 (Del. 2005).
87
     Flintkote, 769 F.3d at 223.
88
  See id. (finding that the defendant was not required to arbitrate where it was party to an
agreement with the plaintiff that contained an express forum selection provision).

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      Here, Strauss expressly maintained its right to litigate claims arising under

the Loan Agreement, Warrant and Side Letter in the fora agreed to by the parties to

those contracts. Therefore, Esio cannot be heard to argue that Strauss is estopped

from refusing to submit to arbitration under the Second Amended ICC License or

that it should be compelled to do so.

                              IV.       CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, the Complaint fails to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6). Defendants’ motion

to dismiss is GRANTED as to Counts I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and X with

prejudice, and DENIED as to Count IX (only with respect to the alleged tortious

interference with Esio’s prospective business relations with Euro-Pro).

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

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