Court Opinion

ID: 4670771
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-23 21:19:12.228608+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:09.962979
License: Public Domain

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

Jacklyn Clutter,
Defendant Below, Petitioner                                                          FILED
vs.) No. 20-0355 (Greenbrier County 18-C-108)                                    March 23, 2021
                                                                                EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                                SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
Joe Sharp and David Sharp,                                                          OF WEST VIRGINIA
Plaintiffs Below, Respondents

                               MEMORANDUM DECISION

        Petitioner Jacklyn Clutter, by counsel Jeffry A. Pritt, appeals the April 10, 2020, order of
the Circuit Court of Greenbrier County directing that property owned by the parties be partitioned
by allotment. Respondents Joe Sharp and David Sharp, by counsel Kristopher Faerber, filed a
response in support of the circuit court’s order. Jacklyn Clutter filed a reply.

       This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the order of the circuit court is appropriate under Rule 21 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

       This case is one of a series of disputes between siblings Jacklyn Clutter and Joe Sharp.
David Sharp is the father of Jacklyn Clutter and Joe Sharp. David Sharp has dementia, and he has
appeared in this action by Joe Sharp, his attorney-in-fact, pursuant to a durable power of attorney.

        In 1993, Jacklyn Clutter and her husband purchased a two-bedroom single-family
residence at 464 Matthews Road in Ronceverte, West Virginia, for $48,000.00. Thereafter, Jacklyn
Clutter lived in the home with her husband and daughter. Sometime in the late 1990s or early
2000s, Jacklyn Clutter and Joe Sharp’s parents moved into the home. Subsequently, their mother
died, Jacklyn Clutter divorced her allegedly abusive husband, and everyone moved out of the home
except David Sharp. Although the parties dispute the exact year, it is undisputed that Jacklyn
Clutter moved out of the home no later than 2000.

         On September 8, 2003, the property was conveyed by deed to the three parties in this case
as joint tenants with a right of survivorship. On March 19, 2004, the parties refinanced the existing
mortgage on the home, obtaining a loan for $36,219.66. Nine years later, David Sharp paid off the
remainder of the balance on the loan. It is undisputed that Joe Sharp paid no amount for his interest

                                                  1
in the property, nor did he make any payments on the loan. Jacklyn Clutter paid the real estate
taxes on the property from 2005 through 2016 in an amount totaling $1,667.95. Thereafter, Joe
Sharp paid the real estate taxes.

       David Sharp lived in the home until he was unable to live alone due to dementia. He was
ultimately moved to a nursing home. His nursing home expenses are paid with his Social Security
income and West Virginia Medicaid.

        Around 2018, Joe Sharp rented the vacant home to tenants. Joe Sharp did not obtain Jacklyn
Clutter’s permission to rent the home. The utilities, which had been in Jacklyn Clutter’s name,
remained in her name. In preparing the home for the tenants, Joe Sharp moved personal property
belonging to Jacklyn Clutter out of the home, placing it in an outbuilding on the property and under
a tarp on the ground outside the home. When the tenants moved into the home, the water heater in
the home was damaged, causing a substantial leak that was not timely discovered. Joe Sharp
replaced the damaged water heater at a cost of $800.00, but not before $3,160.91 in charges had
accrued on the water bill in Jacklyn Clutter’s name. Jacklyn Clutter successfully pursued an
eviction action against the tenants.

       While Jacklyn Clutter was prosecuting her eviction action, Joe Sharp commenced a
separate action to evict her from a home in “Clutter holler.” Then, on July 10, 2018, Joe Sharp
obtained a $10,000.00 judgment against Jacklyn Clutter in the Magistrate Court of Greenbrier
County. 1 Upon her eviction from “Clutter holler,” Jacklyn Clutter moved into the home at 464
Matthews Road. Jacklyn Clutter also obtained a protective order against Joe Sharp.

        On August 28, 2018, Joe and David Sharp filed a complaint against Jacklyn Clutter,
seeking partition of the property at 464 Matthews Road by either allotment of the property to them
or sale of the property, with the proceeds of the sale to be distributed among the three parties.
Through her amended answer, Jacklyn Clutter asserted a counterclaim, alleging she was entitled
to damages for the costs she incurred in evicting the tenants from the property, for damage to the
home and her personal property, and for utility charges incurred by the tenants in her name.

        On November 4, 2019, Joe and David Sharp filed a petition for determination of liens,
arguing that the $10,000.00 civil judgment obtained against Jacklyn Clutter constituted a lien held
by Joe Sharp against Jacklyn Clutter pursuant to West Virginia Code § 37-4-4. 2 Thereafter, by
order entered on January 10, 2020, the circuit court determined that Joe and David Sharp were
entitled to the partition of the property and that the property was not capable of being partitioned

       1
           The civil judgment accrued interest at a rate of 4.5% per year.
       2
           West Virginia Code § 37-4-4 provides:

               When there are liens by judgment or otherwise, on the interest of any party
       to a partition suit, the court may, on the petition of any person holding a lien,
       ascertain the liens and apply the dividend of such party in the proceeds of sale to
       the discharge of such liens so far as may be necessary for that purpose.
                                                   2
in kind. Commissioners were appointed to appraise the property, and pursuant to their report, the
property had an estimated market value of $40,000.00. The parties did not object to the appraisal.

        The case proceeded to a bench trial on January 10, 2020. The circuit court heard testimony
from Joe Sharp and Jacklyn Clutter. Joe Sharp testified that since Jacklyn Clutter had moved back
into the home, she had caused damage to it. He claimed that if the circuit court did not order
allotment and if Jacklyn Clutter were permitted to remain in the home, the value of David Sharp’s
interest in the home would decrease. Joe Sharp admitted that he had removed some of Jacklyn
Clutter’s personal property from the home and placed it in an outbuilding and in the yard under a
tarp.

         Jacklyn Clutter testified that she paid $2,500.00 in attorney’s fees to have the tenants
evicted. She stated that when she moved into the property, she discovered that the tenants had
caused significant damage to the walls and carpets. She presented an estimate from JABA
Company Construction indicating that the cost of repairing the damage would be $11,182.00. She
also testified that various items in the home, including appliances, furniture, and pots and pans,
had been damaged by the tenants, and she estimated that the value of this property before being
damaged was $6,390.00. She went on to claim that Joe Sharp damaged her personal property when
he removed it from the home. She stated that the personal property Joe Sharp placed under the tarp
in the yard had a value of $2,000.00 before it was destroyed. She also testified that furniture Joe
Sharp placed in an outbuilding had a value of $3,700.00 before it was destroyed. She did admit,
however, that until 2018, she had not lived in the home for about eighteen years. She also stated
that while her father lived in the home, he always wore his shoes in the home, smoked cigars in
the home, and collected considerable personal property that he stored in and around the home. She
testified that she paid the real estate taxes on the property from 2005 through 2016 in an amount
totaling $1,667.95.

       Through her testimony, Jacklyn Clutter attempted to explain how and why Joe and David
Sharp had been made co-owners of the property. She said:

       I wanted to – when I moved my mom and my dad in with me, the reason why [I]
       did it, ‘cause I was never at home. So, I thought I wouldn’t get beaten as much. But
       it continued. And so nobody knows when they’re going to die, so I went and met
       with Doug Fisk at the bank, First National then. And I told Doug – I said, I want
       my dad’s name on the deed ‘cause I moved them in. I was responsible for them. . .
       . And I know it was dirty of me, but I needed one more person so my parents would
       own more of a share because my husband never even took care of his own daughter.
       And, so, I put Joe Sharp’s name on there at the understanding that it was just to
       protect – and my parents owned more share of the house.
                ....
                . . . If [my ex-husband] would’ve killed me during a beating, I believe that
       would’ve held up in court of my dad, you know, and Joe getting more money out
       of the share and [my ex-husband] getting less if something happened to me because
       they own more percentage.
                ....
                . . . [W]hen we divorced, I just had to pay my ex-husband a percentage, not

                                                3
       half, like you would pay if you were keeping the property because I already had
       daddy’s name and Joe Sharp’s names there.

However, Jacklyn Clutter’s counsel disputed her testimony, stating that the available documentary
evidence showed that Joe and David Sharp were not placed on the deed to the property until 2003,
which was after Jacklyn Clutter’s divorce. Jacklyn Clutter also claimed that she did not need Joe
or David Sharp to refinance the home in 2004 because she had good credit at the time. She admitted
that as of the bench trial her credit was poor and that she could not purchase Joe and David Sharp’s
interests in the property, but she claimed she had “someone that’s getting a line of credit for me to
purchase[] Matthews.”

        The circuit court entered its final order on April 10, 2020. With regard to the counterclaim,
the circuit court determined that Joe Sharp was liable for Jacklyn Clutter’s destroyed property
under the tarp in the amount of $2,000.00, that Joe Sharp was liable for the water bill resulting
from the leak, which totaled $3,160.91, but that Joe and David Sharp were not liable for the
remaining damages sought by Jacklyn Clutter because she failed to present sufficient evidence of
those damages.

        The circuit court found that Jacklyn Clutter and Joe Sharp “cannot peaceably retain joint
ownership of the property.” Accordingly, it ordered that the property be partitioned by allotment
pursuant to West Virginia Code § 37-4-3. 3 Finding that David Sharp would receive economic
benefit from allotment of his interest in the property to Joe Sharp, and finding that Joe Sharp “is
the only party who has the financial ability to acquire the property by allotment,” the circuit court
ordered that the interests of Jacklyn Clutter and David Sharp be allotted to Joe Sharp. The circuit
court determined that, based on the appraisal valuing the property at $40,000.00, each party’s one-
third interest was $13,333.33. Upon taking into account the parties’ liabilities, including Joe
Sharp’s liability for the damage to Jacklyn Clutter’s personal property, Joe Sharp’s liability for the
water bill, and the civil judgment obtained by Joe Sharp against Jacklyn Clutter then totaling
$10,778.98, the circuit court determined that Joe Sharp must pay $12,279.70 to David Sharp and
$6,661.61 to Jacklyn Clutter for their respective interests in the property.

        Jacklyn Clutter now appeals the circuit court’s April 10, 2020 order. Through her three
assignments of error, she argues that the circuit court erred by failing to award her the damages
she asserted in her counterclaim and by allotting the entirety of the property to Joe Sharp. Because
the circuit court decided this case following a bench trial, we apply the following standard of
review:

               In reviewing challenges to the findings and conclusions of the circuit court
       made after a bench trial, a two-pronged deferential standard of review is applied.
       The final order and the ultimate disposition are reviewed under an abuse of
       discretion standard, and the circuit court’s underlying factual findings are reviewed

       3
          West Virginia Code § 37-4-3 provides, in relevant part, “When partition cannot be
conveniently made, the entire subject may be allotted to any party or parties who will accept it,
and pay therefor to the other party or parties such sum of money as his or their interest therein may
entitle him or them to[.]”
                                                  4
        under a clearly erroneous standard. Questions of law are subject to a de novo
        review.

Syl. Pt. 1, Public Citizen, Inc. v. First Nat’l Bank in Fairmont, 198 W. Va. 329, 480 S.E.2d 538
(1996).

        We begin our analysis by considering Jacklyn Clutter’s first assignment of error. Therein,
she argues that the circuit court awarded her an insufficient sum in ruling on her counterclaim. We
note that the circuit court gave her credit for $5,160.91, which represented the value of the
destroyed property under the tarp and the outstanding water bill. She claims she is entitled to an
additional $25,439.95 for the alleged damages to the home, appliances, personal property inside
the home, and personal property in the outbuilding; for the attorney’s fees she spent to evict the
tenants; and for the sum of the real estate taxes she spent on the home. She argues that she proved
all her damages through her detailed testimony and the estimate produced by JABA Company
Construction. She further asserts that her evidence was unrebutted by Joe Sharp and that the circuit
court failed to explain why her evidence was insufficient to prove her damages.

        Jacklyn Clutter cites to Kessel v. Leavitt, 204 W. Va. 95, 511 S.E.2d 720 (1998), in support
of her position that she is entitled to the compensatory damages she seeks. In Kessel, we said:

                Primarily, the aim of compensatory damages is to restore a plaintiff to the
        financial position he/she would presently enjoy but for the defendant’s injurious
        conduct. In this manner, “[c]ompensatory damages indemnify the plaintiff for
        injury to property, loss of time, necessary expenses, and other actual losses. They
        are proportionate or equal in measure or extent to plaintiff’s injuries, or such as
        measure the actual loss, and are given as amends therefor.” 5C Michie’s Jur.
        Damages § 7, at 46–47 (1998) (footnotes omitted). “[T]he general rule in awarding
        damages is to give compensation for pecuniary loss; that is, to put the plaintiff in
        the same position, so far as money can do it, as he would have been [in] if ... the
        tort [had] not [been] committed.” 5C Michie’s Jur. Damages § 18, at 63 (footnote
        omitted).

Id. at 187, 511 S.E.2d at 812. She also cites to Brooks v. City of Huntington, 234 W. Va. 607, 768
S.E.2d 97 (2014), in which we held:

                When residential real property is damaged, the owner may recover the
        reasonable cost of repairing it even if the costs exceed its fair market value before
        the damage. The owner may also recover the related expenses stemming from the
        injury, annoyance, inconvenience, and aggravation, and loss of use during the repair
        period.

Id. at Syl. Pt. 4, in part.

        We have recognized, however, that a party who claims to have been damaged by another
is not automatically entitled to compensation. “Normally, the plaintiff in a tort action is required
to prove both the defendant’s liability and the damages he or she has suffered as a result of the

                                                 5
defendant’s wrongdoing.” Lively v. Rufus, 207 W. Va. 436, 446, 533 S.E.2d 662, 672 (2000); see
also Syl. Pt. 8, Miller v. United Fuel Gas Co., 88 W. Va. 82, 106 S.E. 419 (1921) (“In an action
for tort, the plaintiff bears the burden of proof . . . . The evidence must generate an actual, rational
belief in the existence of the disputed fact.”). In this case, Jacklyn Clutter relies almost exclusively
upon her own testimony to prove the amount of the damages she suffered. She also relies
exclusively upon her own testimony to establish that her damages were caused by Joe Sharp. Thus,
her credibility was a primary factor for the circuit court to consider and weigh in ruling on this
matter. “Ordinarily, this Court will defer to credibility determinations made by a trial court[.]”
Ware v. Howell, 217 W. Va. 25, 28, 614 S.E.2d 464, 467 (2005).

        Upon our thorough review of the appendix record, we find that Jacklyn Clutter is not
entitled to an additional $25,439.95 in damages because she did not produce sufficient proof of
those damages. With regard to the alleged damages to the home, the appliances, and the personal
property in the home, we find that Joe Sharp presented testimony indicating that those damages
may have been caused, at least in part, by Jacklyn Clutter herself and/or David Sharp. Because the
only evidence of the cause of those damages and the alleged damages to the personal property in
the outbuilding was presented exclusively through the siblings’ testimony, the circuit court was
required to weigh the credibility of each sibling in reaching its decision. The circuit court clearly
found that Jacklyn Clutter’s credibility was lacking. This Court has no reason to second guess the
circuit court’s apparent credibility determinations on appeal, particularly in light of the fact that
Jacklyn Clutter’s dubious testimony was, at one point during the bench trial, contradicted by her
own counsel.

       Similarly, the only evidence of the extent of the damage to the appliances and personal
property and the replacement value of these items was Jacklyn Clutter’s own testimony. She
produced no appraisals, estimates, receipts, or testimony from other witnesses to corroborate her
claims. Again, it is evident that the circuit court made a credibility determination in reaching its
decision, and we will not second guess that decision now. The evidence was insufficient to support
Jacklyn Clutter’s claim for damages to the home, the appliances, the personal property in the home,
and the personal property in the outbuilding.

        Moreover, despite her contention to the contrary, Jacklyn Clutter failed to prove below that
she was entitled to $2,500.00 in attorney’s fees. We observe that the only evidence presented as to
whether she incurred attorney’s fees and the amount of any such fees was through her own
testimony. She presented no contract, receipt, or testimony from another witness that might
corroborate her claim. Once again, it is evident from the record that the circuit court made a
credibility determination in reaching its decision as to these alleged damages, and we see no reason
to question that determination now. Therefore, we conclude that the evidence presented was
insufficient to maintain her claim for attorney’s fees.

        We further find that Jacklyn Clutter failed to prove that she was entitled to reimbursement
for the entirety of the $1,667.95 in taxes she paid on the property. We note that she seeks
reimbursement for all the taxes paid between 2005 and 2016 despite owning a one-third interest
in the property during that time. Additionally, at no point between 2005 and the date this lawsuit
was filed did she seek reimbursement for any amount of the taxes she paid. While she asserts that
the circuit court should “be held to account for . . . her request for reimbursement for numerous

                                                   6
years of real estate taxes that were paid solely by her,” she has argued no legal basis in support of
her claim that she is entitled to such reimbursement, nor has she cited to any law in support of her
position. We have repeatedly recognized that “[a] skeletal ‘argument’, really nothing more than an
assertion, does not preserve a claim. . . . Judges are not like pigs, hunting for truffles buried in
briefs.” State, Dep’t of Health and Human Res. ex rel. Robert Michael B. v. Robert Morris N., 195
W. Va. 759, 765, 466 S.E.2d 827, 833 (1995) (quoting United States v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d 955, 956
(7th Cir. 1991)). Consequently, Jacklyn Clutter has failed to demonstrate that she was entitled to
reimbursement for the taxes she paid. Accordingly, we conclude that the circuit court did not abuse
its discretion in determining the amount of damages to which Jacklyn Clutter was entitled.

        We next consider Jacklyn Clutter’s second and third assignments of error, through which
she argues that the circuit court erred by allotting the property, in its entirety, to Joe Sharp. She
argues that pursuant to Alderson v. Horse Creek Land Co., 81 W. Va. 411, 94 S.E. 716 (1917), and
Ward v. Ward’s Heir, 40 W. Va. 611, 21 S.E. 746 (1895), the property should have been allotted
to her. She asserts that the circuit court failed to consider the fact that Joe Sharp had invested no
money in the property aside from replacing the water heater, that Joe Sharp never lived on the
property, and that Joe Sharp was only placed on the deed to provide “extra security” for David
Sharp should something happen to her. She also contends that the circuit court erred by allotting
David Sharp’s interest to Joe Sharp, stating that by seeking David Sharp’s interest in the property,
Joe Sharp violated a statutory duty owed to David Sharp as his attorney-in-fact by “changing the
manner in which this property was to descend at [David Sharp]’s passing.” She claims that under
the equities of the case, Joe Sharp’s interest should have been allotted to her and that David Sharp
should have retained his interest in the property.

          We find that Jacklyn Clutter’s position is without merit and that the cases she cites have
little bearing on the facts of this case. In Alderson, the Court considered the equitable partition of
a piece of property upon which one of two cotenants made improvements. The Court held that the
property should be partitioned in a way that would permit the cotenant who made the
improvements to take the portion of the property with his improvements, but only if such partition
would do no injustice to the other cotenant. See id. at Syl. Pt. 2 (“The fact that a cotenant has
located upon a particular portion of the land of the cotenancy, and has enhanced its value by
making improvements is a circumstance always deemed worthy of consideration by a court
charged with the duty of making partition; and if in making such partition the part so improved
can be assigned to the cotenant making the improvement without doing injustice to the other
cotenant, such assignment will be made. It is the duty of the court making such a partition to cause
the improvements to be assigned to the respective parties who make them, so far as it can be done
consistently with an equitable partition of the estate.”) This holding, however, is only instructive
in the case presently before the Court to the extent that it stands for the general proposition that
courts should consider the equities when dividing jointly owned property pursuant to West
Virginia Code §§ 37-4-1 to -9. To any other extent, Alderman is unenlightening as its facts have
little in common with those of the case at bar.

        Ward is similarly uninstructive. In Ward, the Court considered the equitable partition of a
piece of property upon which one of several coparceners made improvements. The Court held, “In
partition the part improved, if it can be done without injury to others, should be assigned to the

                                                  7
improver; but, where this cannot be done, the cost of improvement cannot be charged to him to
whom it goes.” Id. at Syl. Pt. 6.
               Where, however, the property is not susceptible of partition, and must be
      sold to divide the proceeds, the coparcener who made repairs and permanent
      improvements shall receive out of the proceeds that amount by which the property,
      at the date of sale, remains enhanced in value from the improvements, not their
      original cost.

Id. at Syl. Pt. 7. Because Jacklyn Clutter’s case involves neither partition by sale nor questions
concerning the value of improvements to the property, Ward gives no guidance on the proper
allotment of the property here.

         We conclude that, under the equities of this case, the circuit court made the correct decision
in choosing not to allot Joe Sharp’s interest to Jacklyn Clutter. It was established during the bench
trial that a $10,000.00 civil judgment was pending against her, that she had poor credit, that she
did not have the financial ability to purchase Joe Sharp’s interest, and that the only way she could
obtain the funds to purchase Joe Sharp’s interest was her vague assertion that she had “someone
that’s getting a line of credit for me.” The evidence supports the circuit court’s conclusion that Joe
Sharp was the only party with the ability to purchase the other parties’ interests in the property.

       Furthermore, we find that the circuit court’s decision to allot David Sharp’s interest to Joe
Sharp was not made in error. Jacklyn Clutter argues that, by asking the circuit court to allot David
Sharp’s interest to him, Joe Sharp failed to preserve his principal’s estate plan under West Virginia
Code § 39B-1-114(b). 4 She states that

               [t]he existing deed for this parcel – which names the parties hereto as joint
       tenants with right of survivorship – has been in place since 2003. Presumably,
       David Sharp agreed with the likely disposition of his interest in the real estate to
       his two children (as his survivors) since he never took any action to do anything
       differently. In other words, this was basically his estate plan for this interest in the
       real property.

She also asserts that a payment to David Sharp for his interest will render him ineligible for
Medicaid benefits until the payment is spent down, ultimately resulting in a waste of the asset.

       4
           West Virginia Code § 39B-1-114(b) provides, in relevant part:

               [A]n agent who has accepted appointment [to act for a principal under a
       power of attorney] shall:
                ....
               (6) Attempt to preserve the principal’s estate plan, to the extent actually
       known by the agent, if preserving the plan is consistent with the principal’s best
       interest based on all relevant factors, including:
               ....
               (D) Eligibility for a benefit, a program or assistance under a statute or
       regulation.
                                                  8
         We find that given the ongoing animosity between Jacklyn Clutter and Joe Sharp, the
circuit court’s decision to allot David Sharp’s interest to Joe Sharp was appropriate. Jacklyn Clutter
states that she “proposed to the lower court that she be allotted Joe Sharp’s interest in the property
. . . and that she and her father then continue to hold [the property] thereafter as joint tenants with
right of survivorship.” However, this scenario would have been untenable because Jacklyn Clutter
was unable to afford Joe Sharp’s interest. Moreover, contrary to her claim that her proposal would
have “honored her father’s apparent intentions,” we find that her proposed allotment would not
have resulted in the equal division of that interest between her and Joe Sharp upon David Sharp’s
death, presuming both children survive him. Rather, as the sole joint tenant, Jacklyn Clutter would
receive the entirety of David Sharp’s interest. We find that the circuit court’s allotment of David
Sharp’s interest impacts Jacklyn Clutter and Joe Sharp equally and ensures that the siblings will
avoid future disputes over ownership of the property. Under the circumstances of the case, it is
apparent that the circuit court made the best decision for all parties involved. Therefore, we
conclude that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by allotting the interests of Jacklyn
Clutter and David Sharp to Joe Sharp.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

                                                                                            Affirmed.

ISSUED: March 23, 2021

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Tim Armstead
Justice John A. Hutchison
Justice William R. Wooton

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