Court Opinion

ID: 4566851
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-18 15:00:53.649064+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:53.932774
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 DAVID AUSTIN LINDSEY,

         Plaintiff,

 v.
                                                       Civil Action No. 16-2032 (CKK)
 FEDERAL BUREAU OF
 INVESTIGATION,

         Defendant.

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                   (September 18, 2020)

        This Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) matter concerns Plaintiff’s request to

Defendant Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) for the disclosure of “all FBI records of contact

between Imad Hage and U.S. government officials.” Compl., ECF No. 1, ¶ 1. The Court

previously discussed the background relevant to this case in its September 20, 2017 Memorandum

Opinion and Order, to which it refers the reader. See Lindsey v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation,

271 F. Supp. 3d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2017).

        In short, Plaintiff initially submitted his FOIA request on May 18, 2016, and Defendant

denied that request on June 23, 2016, and issued a privacy Glomar response neither confirming

nor denying the existence of any records responsive to Plaintiff’s response. Id. at 3. The Court

previously found that Defendant’s prior affidavit was insufficient to warrant summary judgment

on the basis of its initial Glomar response and denied without prejudice the parties’ cross-motions

for summary judgment. Id. The Court accordingly provided Defendant an opportunity to

supplement its affidavit or to pierce the Glomar veil and conduct a search for relevant, nonexempt

materials. Id. at 9.

                                                1
       Consequently, Defendant processed and released two pages of records related to a certain

incident involving Mr. Hage that took place at the Dulles Airport in January 2003, about which

some information was in the public record. Def.’s Stmt. ¶¶ 5, 8; Pl.’s Stmt. at 1 (admitting these

paragraphs). Defendant further issued a second Glomar response neither confirming nor denying

the existence or non-existence of any other responsive records. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 9; Pl.’s Stmt. at 1

(admitting relevant sentence of paragraph). Now pending before the Court are the parties’ renewed

cross-motions for summary judgment regarding Defendant’s search, production, and second

Glomar response.

       Upon consideration of the pleadings, 1 the relevant authorities, and the record as a whole,

the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 20, and

DENIES Plaintiff’s Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 22.

1
  The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents:
    • Def.’s Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 20;
    • Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Def.’s Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”), ECF
        No. 20-1;
    • Def.’s Stmt. of Material Facts as to Which There Is No Genuine Issue to Be Tried (“Def.’s
        Stmt.”), ECF No. 20-2;
    • Second Decl. of David M. Hardy (“Second Hardy Decl.”), ECF No. 20-3;
    • Notice of In Camera, Ex Parte Submission, ECF No. 21, and the referenced in camera, ex
        parte submission;
    • Pl.’s Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 22;
    • Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Def.’s Renewed Mot. for Summ. J., and in Supp. of Pl.’s Renewed
        Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem.”), ECF No. 23;
    • Pl.’s Stmt. of Material Facts to Which There Is No Genuine and Resp. to Def.’s Stmt. of
        Material Facts Not in Genuine Issue (“Pl.’s Stmt.”), ECF No. 22-1;
    • Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. and Reply in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ.
        J. (“Def.’s Opp’n and Reply”), ECF No. 24;
    • Pl.’s Reply Mem. in Supp. of Pl.’s Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”), ECF No.
        27;
    • Pl.’s Notice of Suppl. Auth. (“Pl.’s Notice”), ECF No. 30; and
    • Notice to the Ct. (“Def.’s Notice”), ECF No. 31.
In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument would not be of
assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).
                                                2
                                     I. LEGAL STANDARD

       Congress passed FOIA to “‘open[] up the workings of government to public scrutiny’

through the disclosure of government records.” Stern v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 737 F.2d
84, 88 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (quoting McGehee v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 697 F.2d 1095, 1108 (D.C.

Cir. 1983)). Congress, however, also recognized “that there are some government records for

which public disclosure would be so intrusive—either to private parties or to certain important

government functions—that FOIA disclosure would be inappropriate.” Id. To that end, FOIA

“mandates that an agency disclose records on request, unless they fall within one of nine

exemptions.” Milner v. Dep’t of Navy, 562 U.S. 562, 565 (2011). Despite these exemptions,

“disclosure, not secrecy, is the dominant objective of the Act.” Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose,

425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976). The exemptions are therefore “‘explicitly made exclusive’ and must be

‘narrowly construed.’” Milner, 562 U.S. at 565 (citations omitted) (quoting Envtl. Prot. Agency

v. Mink, 410 U.S. 73, 79 (1973); Fed. Bureau of Investigation v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 630

(1982)).

       When presented with a motion for summary judgment in this context, the court must

conduct a de novo review of the record. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). This requires the court to

“ascertain whether the agency has sustained its burden of demonstrating the documents requested

are . . . exempt from disclosure under the FOIA.” Multi Ag Media LLC v. Dep’t of Agric., 515 F.3d
1224, 1227 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). “An agency may sustain its

burden by means of affidavits, but only ‘if they contain reasonable specificity of detail rather than

merely conclusory statements, and if they are not called into question by contradictory evidence

in the record or by evidence of agency bad faith.’” Id. (quoting Gallant v. Nat’l Labor Relations

Bd., 26 F.3d 168, 171 (D.C. Cir. 1994)). “If an agency’s affidavit describes the justifications for

                                                 3
withholding the information with specific detail, demonstrates that the information withheld

logically falls within the claimed exemption, and is not contradicted by contrary evidence in the

record or by evidence of the agency’s bad faith, then summary judgment is warranted on the basis

of the affidavit alone.” Am. Civil Liberties Union v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense, 628 F.3d 612, 619

(D.C. Cir. 2011). “Uncontradicted, plausible affidavits showing reasonable specificity and a

logical relation to the exemption are likely to prevail.” Ancient Coin Collectors Guild v. U.S. Dep’t

of State, 641 F.3d 504, 509 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

       Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings, the discovery materials on file, and any

affidavits or declarations “show[] that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

                                        II. DISCUSSION

       There are two sets of disputes between the parties. First is whether Defendant’s second

Glomar response was justified. See Def.’s Mem. at 19–33; Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem. at 10–14. The

second set includes three distinct issues: (1) whether the scope of Defendant’s search relating to

the January 2003 Dulles Airport incident was too narrow, (2) whether Defendant’s search itself

was adequate, and (3) whether the Court should examine in camera approximately 400 pages of

acknowledged records that Defendant ultimately did not produce on the basis that they are not

responsive. See Def.’s Mem. at 7–19; Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem. at 6–10. The Court considers each

issue in turn below.

A. Defendant’s Second Glomar Response

       In this case, Defendant has issued a second Glomar response, indicating that it could

neither confirm nor deny the existence of any documents responsive to Plaintiff’s FOIA request.

This type of response is appropriate in “certain cases, [where] merely acknowledging the existence

                                                 4
of responsive records would itself cause harm cognizable under a FOIA exception.” People for

the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. NIH (“PETA”), 745 F.3d 535, 540 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (internal

quotation marks and original alteration omitted); see Bartko v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 898
F.3d 51, 63 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (“A Glomar response to a FOIA request is permitted in that rare

situation when either confirming or denying the very existence of records responsive to a request

would ‘cause harm cognizable under an FOIA exception.’” (quoting Roth v. Dep’t of Justice,

642 F.3d 1161, 1178 (D.C. Cir. 2011))). “[T]o the extent the circumstances justify a Glomar

response, the agency need not conduct any search for responsive documents or perform any

analysis to identify segregable portions of such documents.” People for the Ethical Treatment of

Animals, 745 F.3d at 540.

       A Glomar response “is proper if the fact of the existence or nonexistence of agency records

falls within a FOIA exemption.” Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374 (D.C. Cir. 2007). “When

addressing an agency’s Glomar response, courts must accord ‘substantial weight’ to agency

determinations.” Sea Shepherd Conservation Soc’y v. IRS, 208 F. Supp. 3d 58, 89 (D.D.C. 2016)

(citing Gardels v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1104 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). Consequently, in such cases,

“courts may grant summary judgment on the basis of agency affidavits that contain reasonable

specificity of detail rather than merely conclusory statements, and if they are not called into

question by contradictory evidence in the record or by evidence of agency bad faith.” Elec. Privacy

Info. Ctr. v. NSA, 678 F.3d 926, 931 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The

supporting affidavit must justify the Glomar response based on general exemption review

standards established in non-Glomar cases.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Ultimately,

“an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or

‘plausible.’” Id. (citation omitted).

                                                5
       Plaintiff argues that Defendant’s second Glomar response was overbroad and that it has

not sustained its burden to demonstrate that it was justified. Defendant’s second Glomar response

was issued with respect to any requested records except the acknowledged records of the January

2003 Dulles Airport incident. Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 9. Defendant has submitted the Second Hardy

Declaration to support its refusal to either confirm or deny the existence or non-existence of any

records responsive to Plaintiff’s request, save for those acknowledged and processed. See id. The

Court also acknowledges that it has received the In Camera, Ex Parte Declaration of David M.

Hardy. See Notice of In Camera, Ex Parte Submission, ECF No. 21. Defendant’s Glomar

response was issued on the basis that acknowledging the existence or non-existence of records

responsive to parts of Plaintiff’s request, other than those acknowledged, “would trigger harms

protected by FOIA Exemptions 1, 3, 6, and 7(C).” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 9. The Court finds that

Defendant’s second Glomar response was justified under Exemptions 1, 3, and 7(C). 2

       1. Exemption 1

       FOIA Exemption 1 includes matters that are “specifically authorized under criteria

established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign

2
  In his Reply, Plaintiff also provides a declaration filed by Mr. Hage in a criminal case in the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (United States v. Imad Hage, Crim.
Action No. 04-162). Pl.’s Reply Ex. 1, ECF No. 27-1. Plaintiff’s arguments based on this
declaration discuss only FOIA exemptions related to privacy—Exemptions 6 and 7(C)—and the
Court therefore addresses this argument in a separate section below. See Pl.’s Reply at 3–4.
However, the Court notes here that it does not read Plaintiff’s Reply as arguing that Defendant has
waived Exemptions 1 and 3 through official acknowledgement of any records. Even if he did
intend to so argue, it is unclear how the declaration could satisfy the official acknowledgement
standard, see Moore v. C.I.A., 666 F.3d 1330, 1333 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (explaining official
acknowledgement in FOIA context); Mobley v. C.I.A., 806 F.3d 568, 583 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“The
plaintiff bears the burden of identifying specific information that is already in the public domain
due to official disclosure.”), especially because “the fact that information exists in some form in
the public domain does not necessarily mean that official disclosure will not cause harm cognizable
under a FOIA exemption,” Wolf, 473 F.3d at 378.
                                                 6
policy” and “are in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order.”             5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b)(1).   Defendant justifies its Glomar response under Exemption 1 based on the

classification criteria of Executive Order 13526. See Def.’s Mem. at 27; Exec. Order No. 13526,

75 FR 707 (Dec. 29, 2009). Executive Order 13526 allows an original classification authority to

classify information only if the below conditions are satisfied:

       (1) an original classification authority is classifying the information;
       (2) the information is owned by, produced by or for, or is under the control of the
       United States Government;
       (3) the information falls within one or more of the categories of information listed
       in section 1.4 of this order; and
       (4) the original classification authority determines that the unauthorized disclosure
       of the information reasonably could be expected to result in damage to the national
       security, which includes defense against transnational terrorism, and the original
       classification authority is able to identify or describe the damage.

75 FR at 707, Exec. Order. 13526 § 1.1(a). Section 1.4 of Executive Order 13526 has listed in its

categories of information “intelligence activities (including covert action), intelligence sources or

methods, or cryptology” as well as “foreign relations or foreign activities of the United States,

including confidential sources.” 75 FR at 708, Exec. Order 13526 §§ 1.4(c)–(d). Section 3.6

further provides that “[a]n agency may refuse to confirm or deny the existence or nonexistence of

requested records whenever the fact of their existence or nonexistence is itself classified under this

order or its predecessors.” 75 FR at 718–19, Exec. Order 13526 § 3.6.

       “Because courts lack the expertise necessary to second-guess such agency opinions in the

typical national security FOIA case,” the Court “must accord substantial weight to an agency’s

affidavit concerning the details of the classified status of the disputed record.” Am. Civil Liberties

Union v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 628 F.3d 612, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted). “Moreover, a reviewing court ‘must take into account . . . that any affidavit or

other agency statement of threatened harm to national security will always be speculative to some

                                                  7
extent, in the sense that it describes a potential future harm.’” Id. (quoting Wolf, 473 F3d at 374).

And “the Supreme Court has recognized the broad sweep of ‘intelligence sources’ warranting

protection in the interest of national security.” Wolf, 473 F.3d at 375. “Ultimately, an agency’s

justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears logical or plausible.” Larson

v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Here, Defendant has submitted two declarations from David M. Hardy. The public Second

Hardy Declaration asserts that Mr. Hardy’s responsibilities include “the review of FBI information

for classification purposes as mandated by Executive Order 13526” and that he has “been

designated by the Attorney General of the United States as an original classification authority and

a declassification authority pursuant to Executive Order 13526.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 2. First

and foremost, the Declaration asserts that, “[c]onsistent with Executive Order 13526,” Mr. Hardy

has “determined that the existence or nonexistence of requested records is a properly classified

fact that concerns sections 1.4(c) (‘intelligence sources or methods’) and 1.4(d) (‘foreign relations

or foreign activities of the United States’).” Id. ¶ 22. It also asserts that “[t]his fact constitutes

information that is owned by and under the control of the U.S. Government, the unauthorized

disclosure of which reasonably could be expected to result in damage to national security.” Id.

       As to the Glomar response issued here, the Declaration provides that if Defendant had

records responsive to Plaintiff’s request seeking “records regarding a foreign national’s

correspondence with U.S. government officials concerning U.S. foreign policy,” those records

“would be compiled in accordance with the FBI’s law enforcement and/or intelligence gathering

missions,” and as a result, “revealing that records do/not exist would reveal the FBI does/does not

have an investigative interest in the subject matter at issue.” Id. ¶ 18. And “if records did exist,

they would likely implicate FBI efforts to investigate threats to national security and/or gather

                                                  8
foreign intelligence.” Id. At bottom, the Declaration explains, “[c]onfirming or denying the

existence or nonexistence of FBI records of this nature,” which are “any records the FBI may or

may not have compiled while carrying out its responsibilities to investigate threats to national

security and gather foreign intelligence,” would in fact “reveal classified intelligence sources and

methods, as well as U.S. foreign relations and foreign activities, the disclosure of which reasonably

could be expected to cause damage to the national security of the” United States. Id. ¶ 17.

       The Declaration also addresses specifically the determination that unauthorized disclosure

could be expected to result in damage to national security by revealing intelligence sources and

methods. First, it provides definitions for the relevant terms under Executive Order 13526 § 1.4(c).

It defines intelligence activity as including “any intelligence action or technique utilized by the

FBI against a targeted individual or organization that has determined to be of national security

interest.” Id. ¶ 25. It then defines intelligence methods as indicating “any procedure (human or

non-human) utilized to obtain information concerning such individual or organization.” Id. These

two categories have “two characteristics”: (1) the activity or method, plus the information

generated by it, “is needed by U.S. Intelligence/Counterintelligence agencies to carry out their

missions,” and (2) “confidentiality must be maintained with respect to the activity or method if the

viability, productivity and usefulness of its information is to be preserved.” Id.

       In light of “the subject matter of Plaintiff’s request,” which relates to a foreign national,

Defendant has found “that if responsive records exist, at least a portion could pertain to FBI efforts

to investigate threats to national security and/or gather foreign intelligence.” Id. ¶ 28. Denying or

confirming the existence of “these types of records” could “implicat[e] intelligence sources and

methods,” which could “reasonably be expected to cause damage to national security” and/or

                                                  9
“harm the effectiveness of intelligence sources and methods.” Id. The Declaration provides an

illustrative example:

       For example, if the FBI revealed it had an investigative interest in Mr. Hage’s
       international dealings, it could be revealing some sort of intelligence gathering
       initiative to predict and thwart national security threats posed by Mr. Hage himself,
       his international contacts, or the countries on whom he was providing information.
       This would likely compromise classified FBI intelligence sources and methods by
       exposing their existence and purpose, and allowing nefarious foreign entities to
       predict and thwart their use. On the other hand, a denial of records would reveal to
       hostile foreign actors associated with these records the FBI has not detected any
       sort of threat. This would provide hostile enemies assurance the FBI is not alerted
       to the threats they pose, and allow them to continue to subvert U.S. national security
       without fear of FBI interference. . . . If the information were to exist, it would be
       classified and the release of such information would reveal intelligence activities
       and methods used by the FBI against targets who are the subject of foreign
       counterintelligence investigations or operations; identify a target of a foreign
       counterintelligence investigation; or disclose the intelligence gathering capabilities
       of the activities or methods directed at foreign targets.
Id.

       In addition to the damage that could reasonably result regarding intelligence sources and

methods, the Second Hardy Declaration outlines the harm to foreign relations that might

reasonably result from confirming or denying the existence of records in response to Plaintiff’s

request. It first asserts that this information, which includes information relating to confidential

sources, “is sensitive due to the delicate nature of international diplomacy, and must be handled

with care so as not to jeopardize the fragile relationships that exist between the U.S. and certain

foreign governments.” Id. ¶ 29. Because, the Declaration explains, “Mr. Hage is a foreign citizen

who Plaintiff states provided the U.S. government information relevant to U.S. foreign policy,

acknowledging the existence/non-existence of FBI records on this subject could potentially reveal

information” that would harm the United States’ relations with other countries. Id. Like with the

harm to intelligence gathering sources and methods, the Declaration provides further detail in the

form of a hypothetical:

                                                10
        For example, revealing records exist would likely reveal FBI investigative interest
        on a foreign national; or would reveal an FBI investigative interest in the
        international dealings Mr. Hage was allegedly involved with, possibly implicating
        FBI interest in the activities of foreign/nations actors. The unauthorized disclosure
        of such information concerning foreign relations or foreign activities of the U.S.
        can reasonably be expected to: 1) lead to diplomatic or economic retaliation against
        the U.S.; 2) identify the target, scope, or time frame of intelligence activities of the
        U.S. in or about a foreign country, resulting in the curtailment or cessation of these
        activities; 3) enable hostile entities to assess U.S. intelligence gathering activities
        in or about a foreign country and devise countermeasures against these activities;
        or 4) compromise cooperative foreign sources, which may jeopardize their safety
        and curtail the flow of information from these sources. Conversely, denying the
        existence of such records could indicate to nefarious foreign state actors the FBI
        has not detected their activities aimed at harming the national security of the U.S.
        This could embolden these actors to continue their activities unabated, further
        degrading U.S. national security.
Id.

        “In light of the substantial weight accorded agency assertions of potential harm made in

order to invoke the protection of FOIA Exemption 1,” Wolf, 473 F.3d at 376, and “to the extent

possible without revealing classified information,” Larson, 565 F.3d at 684, the Second Hardy

Declaration describes in specific detail the justifications for its Glomar response and demonstrates

that the information withheld (that is, the existence or non-existence of other material responsive

to Plaintiff’s request) logically falls within Exemption 1. See Larson, 565 F.3d 864 (“The agency’s

affidavit also demonstrates that the withheld cables logically fall within the exemption, that is, that

they are properly classified in the interest of national security.”).

        It is plausible that either confirming or denying the existence, or non-existence, of any

other records responsive to Plaintiff’s request, which regards a foreign national, could reasonably

be expected to damage intelligence sources and methods by revealing Defendant’s investigative

interests and priorities, which could be used by foreign intelligence actors in employing

counterintelligence measures. See Wolf, 473 F.3d at 376–77 (“It is plausible that either confirming

or denying an Agency interest in a foreign national reasonably could damage sources and methods

                                                  11
by revealing CIA priorities, thereby providing foreign intelligence sources with a starting point for

applying countermeasures against the CIA and thus wasting Agency resources.”). “Indeed, ‘[a

court] must take into account that each individual piece of intelligence information, much like a

piece of jigsaw puzzle, may aid in piecing together other bits of information.’” Id. at 377 (quoting

Fitzgibbon v. C.I.A., 911 F.2d 755, 763 (D.C. Cir. 1990)) (alterations omitted). Moreover, it is

plausible that either confirming or denying the existence and/or non-existence of any other records

responsive to Plaintiff’s request could reasonably be expected to harm foreign relations for the

reasons outlined above. To the extent that any further justification is necessary, Defendant’s

Glomar response is “amply justified by the in camera, ex parte declaration submitted by the FBI.”

Mobley v. C.I.A., 806 F.3d 568, 582 (D.C. Cir. 2015).

       Nor has Plaintiff provided any “evidence to the contrary or evidence suggesting bad faith

on the part of” Defendant, Larson, 565 F.3d at 864, especially as the Declaration provides that Mr.

Hardy’s determinations were “not made to conceal violations of law, inefficiency, or

administrative error; to prevent embarrassment to a person, organization, or agency; to restrain

competition; or to prevent or delay the release of information that does not require protection in

the interests of national security,” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 23. Accordingly, the Court finds that

Defendant’s Glomar response here was justified under FOIA Exemption 1.

       2. Exemption 3

       The Court also considers whether the Glomar response was justified under FOIA

Exemption 3. Exemption 3 applies to matters that are “specifically exempted from disclosure by

statute, if that statute” both “(A)(i) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a

manner as to leave no discretion on the issue; or (ii) establishes particular criteria for withholding

or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld; and (B) if enacted after the date of enactment

                                                  12
of the OPEN FOIA Act of 2009, specifically cites to this paragraph.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3).

Defendant here relies on the National Security Act of 1947 (“NSA”), as amended by the

Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (“IRTPA”), to justify its Glomar

response under Exemption 3.        Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 26.         Specifically, the NSA exempts

“intelligence sources and methods from unauthorized disclosure.” 50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1). It is

undisputed that 50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1) is an “exemption statute.” Larson, 565 F.3d at 865; see

also Fitzgibbon, 911 F.2d at 761 (“There is thus no doubt that section 403(d)(3) [which is now

50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1)] is a proper exemption statute under exemption 3.”). Indeed, the Supreme

Court has recognized that in enacting this statute, Congress gave the relevant agencies “broad

power to control the disclosure of intelligence sources.” C.I.A. v. Sims, 471 U.S. 159, 173 (1985).

       “The Supreme Court has construed the relevant language of the NSA to protect ‘all sources

of intelligence that provide, or are engaged to provide, information the [a]gency needs to perform

its statutory duties with respect to foreign intelligence.’” Shapiro v. United States Dep’t of Justice,

239 F. Supp. 3d 100, 122 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Sims, 471 U.S. at 169–70).                 Moreover,

“Exemption 3 differs from other FOIA exemptions in that its applicability depends less on the

detailed factual contents of specific documents,” as instead “the sole issue for decision is the

existence of a relevant statute and the inclusion of withheld material within that statute’s

coverage.” Goland v. C.I.A., 607 F.2d 339, 350 (D.C. Cir. 1978). Accordingly, the remaining

question is “whether or not the material withheld falls within the exemption claimed—i.e., whether

it relates to intelligence sources and methods.” Fitzgibbon, 911 F.2d at 762; see Larson, 565 F.3d

at 865 (“Thus, our only remaining inquiry is whether the withheld material relates to intelligence

sources and methods.”).

                                                  13
       Here, the Second Hardy Declaration provides that “[t]he FBI has found that any records

responsive to Plaintiff’s request that relate to FBI efforts to investigate threats to national security

and/or gather foreign intelligence would, by their nature, be related to FBI intelligence sources and

methods.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 24. Furthermore, as detailed above, the Declaration provides

additional information regarding the harm that could reasonably be expected to damage

intelligence sources and methods. For the same reasons as discussed above, and according

substantial weight to Defendant’s Second Hardy Declaration and the In Camera, Ex Parte

Declaration of David M. Hardy, the Court finds that Exemption 3 further justifies Defendant’s

second Glomar response here. See Larson, 565 F.3d at 865; Wolf, 473 F.3d 378.

       Accordingly, the Court finds that the Second Hardy Declaration and the In Camera, Ex

Parte Declaration of David M. Hardy have carried Defendant’s burden of showing that

Exemptions 1 and 3 justify its Glomar response. See New York Times v. Cent. Intelligence Agency,

No. 18-2112-CV, 2020 WL 3863087, at *3 (2d Cir. July 9, 2020).

       3. Exemptions 6 and 7

       Lastly, the Court considers the application of Exemptions 6 and 7. Exemption 6 exempts

from disclosure “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would

constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Exemption

7(C) exempts from disclosure “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but

only to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information . . . could

reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” Id.

§ 552(b)(7)(C).

       Exemption 6 is not limited to “a narrow class of files containing only a discrete kind of

personal information[,]” but was “intended to cover detailed Government records on an individual

                                                  14
which can be identified as applying to that individual.” U.S. Dep’t of State v. Wash. Post Co.,

456 U.S. 595, 602 (1982).       Fundamentally, “Exemption 6 is designed to protect personal

information in public records.” Multi Ag Media LLC v. Dep’t of Agric., 515 F.3d 1224, 1228 (D.C.

Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). Assuming that the records at issue are of the type

that fall within the ambit of Exemption 6, “the court must then determine whether their disclosure

would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, which requires balancing the

privacy interest that would be compromised by disclosure against any public interest in the

requested information.” Wisdom v. U.S. Tr. Program, 266 F. Supp. 3d 93, 108 (D.D.C. 2017)

(internal quotation marks omitted). In order for the exemption to apply, the Court must determine

that the “disclosure of the files would compromise a substantial, as opposed to de minimis, privacy

interest, because if no significant privacy interest is implicated FOIA demands disclosure.” Multi

Ag Media, 515 F.3d at 1229 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). On the other side

of the equation, “the only relevant public interest in disclosure to be weighed . . . is the extent to

which disclosure would serve the core purpose of the FOIA, which is contributing significantly to

public understanding of the operations or activities of the government.” U.S. Dep’t of Def. v. Fed.

Labor Relations Auth., 510 U.S. 487, 495 (1994) (internal quotation marks and alterations

omitted).

       The same balancing test applies to Exemption 7(C). However, “Exemption 7(C) is more

protective of privacy than Exemption 6 and thus establishes a lower bar for withholding material.”

Prison Legal News v. Samuels, 787 F.3d 1142, 1147 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks

omitted). That is because “Exemption 7(C)’s privacy language is broader than the comparable

language in Exemption 6 in two respects.” U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. For Freedom

of Press, 489 U.S. 749, 756 (1989). “First, whereas Exemption 6 requires that the invasion of

                                                 15
privacy be ‘clearly unwarranted,’ the adverb ‘clearly’ is omitted from Exemption 7(C) . . . Second,

whereas Exemption 6 refers to disclosures that ‘would constitute’ an invasion of privacy,

Exemption 7(C) encompasses any disclosure that ‘could reasonably be expected to constitute’ such

an invasion.” Id. In the context of Exemption 7(C), this circuit has recognized that “individuals

have a strong interest in not being associated unwarrantedly with alleged criminal activity.” Stern

v. FBI, 737 F.2d 84, 91–92 (D.C. Cir. 1984).

       Furthermore, to withhold documents pursuant to Exemption 7(C), the agency must make a

threshold showing that the “the records were compiled for a law enforcement purpose.” Pinson v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 245 F. Supp. 3d 225, 249 (D.D.C. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted).

“A court’s review of this threshold question is ‘necessarily deferential,’ but is ‘not vacuous.’” Id.

(citing Pratt v. Webster, 673 F.2d 408, 421 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). “The law-enforcement-purpose

inquiry focuses on how and under what circumstances the requested files were compiled, and

whether the files sought relate to anything that can fairly be characterized as an enforcement

proceeding.” Bartko v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 898 F.3d 51, 64 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (internal quotation

marks omitted). “To establish a law enforcement purpose, [the FBI’s] declarations must establish

(1) a rational nexus between the investigation and one of the agency’s law enforcement duties; and

(2) a connection between an individual or incident and a possible security risk or violation of

federal law.” Ctr. for Nat’l Sec. Studies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 331 F.3d 918, 926 (D.C. Cir.

2003) (internal quotation marks omitted).       While not every document compiled by a law

enforcement agency, such as the FBI, is compiled for a law enforcement purpose, see Vymetalik

v. FBI, 785 F.2d 1090, 1095 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (“FBI records are not law enforcement records

simply by virtue of the function that the FBI serves.”), “[c]ourts generally afford some deference

                                                 16
to agencies ‘specializing in law enforcement’ that claim their records are eligible for Exemption

7(C) protection.’” Bartko, 898 F.3d at 64.

       Because Exemption 6 and Exemption 7(C) have different threshold requirements, the Court

will consider Defendant’s Glomar response with respect to Exemption 7(C). See Roth, 642 F.3d

at 1173 (“If the information withheld here was ‘compiled for law enforcement purposes,’ thus

implicating Exemption 7(C), then we would have no need to consider Exemption 6 separately

because all information that would fall within the scope of Exemption 6 would also be immune

from disclosure under Exemption 7(C).”).

               i. Threshold Inquiry—Law Enforcement Purpose

       The Court first considers whether any records, should such records exist, would have been

compiled for a law enforcement purpose. The Second Hardy Declaration provides that “any FBI

records of contact between Mr. Hage and U.S. government officials, should such records exist,

would logically be investigative in nature.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 10; see also id. ¶ 14 (“Any

records responsive to Plaintiff’s request would implicate an investigative interest by the FBI in

Mr. Hage or some facet of his activities.”). This assertion is deserving of deference. See Bartko,
898 F.3d at 64.

               ii. Balancing of Privacy and Public Interests

       Next, the Court considers whether disclosure regarding the existence or non-existence of

records “could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,”

5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C), which, as noted above, involves balancing the public interest in

disclosure against the privacy interest that would be compromised, see Roth, 642 F.3d at 1174.

                                                17
       First are the privacy interests of Mr. Hage. 3 In this circuit, courts have “long recognized”

that “mention of an individual’s name in a law enforcement file will engender comment and

speculation and carries a stigmatizing connotation.” Id. “Individuals have an obvious privacy

interest cognizable under Exemption 7(C) in keeping secret the fact that they were subjects of a

law enforcement investigation.” Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington v. U.S. Dep’t

of Justice, 746 F.3d 1082, 1091 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted).

When a FOIA request is made for FBI records regarding a particular person, “the FBI’s mere

acknowledgment that it possesses responsive records associates the individual named in the

request with suspected criminal activity and therefore a Glomar response may be appropriate.” Id.

In this vein, the Second Hardy Declaration outlines at length the “serious privacy implications”

that may arise from “revealing FBI interest in individuals” such as Mr. Hage, if any such interest

were to exist. Second Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 15–16. The Court agrees with Defendant that Mr. Hage has

a strong privacy interest here in not being associated with any FBI investigative records, if any

such records were to exist.

       Second is the public interest at stake. As previously explained, “[t]he only relevant public

interest in the FOIA balancing analysis [is] the extent to which disclosure of the information sought

would shed light on an agency’s performance of its statutory duties’ or otherwise let citizens know

what their government is up to.” Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington, 746 F.3d at

1093 (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). “It is a FOIA requester’s obligation to

articulate a public interest sufficient to outweigh an individual’s privacy interest, and the public

interest must be significant.” Petrucelli v. Dep’t Of Justice, 51 F. Supp. 3d 142, 164 (D.D.C.

3
 Here, Defendant asserts, and Plaintiff does not dispute, that Plaintiff has not produced a privacy
waiver form or proof of death for Mr. Hage. See Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 14.
                                                 18
2014). Plaintiff may satisfy his burden by “showing (1) that ‘the public interest sought to be

advanced is a significant one, an interest more specific than having the information for its own

sake,’ and (2) that the information he seeks ‘is likely to advance that interest.’” Roth, 642 F.3d at

1175.

        Here, Plaintiff suggests that there is a “significant public interest favoring disclosure of

these records.” 4 Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem. at 13. He incorporates by reference the declaration that he

submitted in support of his first motion for summary judgment, in which he indicated that:

        The general purpose of my May 18, 2016 FOIA request to the FBI described above
        was to obtain additional information for my ongoing research as to international
        diplomacy and the Iraq military conflict. In particular, the primary purpose for this
        FOIA request was (and is) to follow-up on information that was reported in several
        national news articles, reporting that a Lebanese national, identified as Mr. Imad
        Hage, had attempted to serve as a diplomatic intermediary in between the United
        States and Iraq. These news reports indicate that the FBI conducted an investigation
        of Mr. Hage, following a January 28, 2004 incident at Dulles Airport, and that this
        FBI investigation included FBI contacts with U.S. officials involved with Mr.
        Hage’s diplomatic efforts.

Decl. of David Austin Lindsey (“Lindsey Decl.”), ECF No. 12-2, at ¶ 4 (citation omitted). While

this explains Plaintiff’s reasoning behind his FOIA request, it is not clear what exactly the public

interest to be served is. By citing to this, Plaintiff seems to suggest that disclosure here would

provide information to citizens regarding the government’s actions related to “international

diplomacy and the Iraq military conflict.” 5 Id.; see Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem. at 13. Although the

Court agrees that there is a public interest in having such information, it is far from clear that

4
  Again, despite Plaintiff’s language here, Defendant has neither confirmed nor denied that there
are any records other than those acknowledged and processed relating to the January 2003 Dulles
Airport incident.
5
  Defendant notes in its briefing that Plaintiff may have at one time argued that there was
misconduct at issue here. See Def.’s Mem. at 25. However, Plaintiff has not asserted that or
provide evidence related to it here, nor does it appear that he has referenced any earlier submission
of his that argued this is part of the public interest at stake. The Court therefore does not consider
this argument here.
                                                 19
Plaintiff has satisfied his burden here, as he barely touches on the public interest in either his brief

or the incorporated declaration. In other words, Plaintiff has not really explained how public

disclosure here would “contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations or

activities of the government.” Reporters Comm. For Freedom of Press, 489 U.S. at 775 (internal

quotation marks omitted). Even if Plaintiff had done so, however, based upon the representations

in the declarations submitted by Defendant, the Court finds that the public interest identified by

Plaintiff is outweighed here by the particularly strong privacy interests outlined above.

       Plaintiff argues that the privacy interests of Mr. Hage have been diminished here due to

Mr. Hage’s statements to the media, Lindsey Decl. ¶ 4; id. Ex. B–F, and based on a declaration of

Mr. Hage’s filed in a criminal case in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

Virginia, United States v. Imad Hage, Crim. Action No. 04-162. Pl.’s Reply Ex. 1 (“Hage Decl.”),

ECF No. 27-1. Neither, however, persuades the Court that the balance here weighs in favor of

public disclosure and that Defendant’s second Glomar response was not justified.

       As for Plaintiff’s first argument, Mr. Hage made several statements to the media. For

example, he seemingly asserted that he had a “go-between” role “for senior Iraqi officials who

were trying to approach the United States with a last-minute offer to avert the U.S.-led invasion

that began March 20.” Lindsey Decl. Ex. B (March 4, 2004 AP News Article) at 1; see also id.

Ex. B at 1 (stating this was his role); id. Ex. C (Dec. 11, 2003 AP News Article) at 1 (describing

his role as “intermediary between Baghdad and Washington before the war in Iraq”); id. Ex. C at

2 (providing additional details from Mr. Hage regarding his role); id. Ex. D (explaining that Mr.

Hage “acted as an intermediary between Baghdad and Washington before the war in Iraq”) at 1;
id. Ex. E (Nov. 5, 2003 Newsweek Article) at 1 (describing Mr. Hage as “wealthy Lebanese–

American businessman who was trying to set up back-channel talks with senior aides to Saddam

                                                  20
Hussein to avert a war in Iraq”); id. Ex. F (Nov. 5, 2003 Knight Ridder Article) at 1 (discussing

Mr. Hage’s role as intermediary). The articles submitted by Plaintiff also note that Mr. Hage was

“stopped at Dulles International Airport outside Washington.” Id. Ex. B at 1; see id. Ex. C at 1;
id. Ex. D at 1–3; id. Ex. E at 1; Ex. F at 2. One article claims that he was “questioned by FBI

agents,” id. Ex. E at 1, although the Second Hardy Declaration clarifies that while Mr. Hage was

detained, “he was not arrested by the FBI or Customs and Border Patrol,” Second Hardy Decl. at

4 n.2.

         While Mr. Hage’s statements diminish his privacy interest in some respects, his statements

do not diminish his privacy interests in the broad manner that Plaintiff asserts. Indeed, any

diminishment is narrow: Assuming that he made these statements to media sources, he stated that

he played a role as an intermediary, potentially provided details regarding that role, and that he

was detained at the airport and questioned by some law enforcement officials there. He does not

necessarily, however, admit that he was a subject of investigative interest to the FBI following his

detention at the airport or regarding his alleged role as an intermediary. Furthermore, Defendant

recognizes that in light of these statements, some of Mr. Hage’s privacy interests relating to his

detainment were diminished, and for that reason did search and produce documents related to the

January 2003 Dulles Airport Incident. See Def.’s Reply at 5. In other words, Defendant has

already taken this diminishment into account and issued a second Glomar response neither

confirming nor denying any other records responsive to Plaintiff’s request outside of those

documents already searched and produced relating to the January 2003 Dulles Airport Incident.

The Court therefore agrees that any diminishment of his privacy interests does not change the

balance analysis above as to any other records, if such records were to exist.

                                                 21
       The same is true of Mr. Hage’s Declaration. He states in the Declaration that he was

“detained, locked up and interrogated at length.” Hage Decl. ¶ 4. He also states at another point

that he was “forcibly detained and questioned by numerous Government agents; handcuffed and

taken from the terminal to a separate building with a security facility and locked up; then freed to

continue” to his flight. Id. ¶ 9. He claims that he was questioned by FBI agents at the airport as

well as “possibly” other law enforcement agents. Id. ¶ 23. Moreover, Mr. Hage describes his role

as an intermediary. See id. ¶¶ 6, 15–18, 25.

       Although Mr. Hage provided more detail in this Declaration than contained in some of the

news articles, all the information concerns the same incident, and thus does not constitute a broad

diminishment of Mr. Hage’s privacy interests. While Mr. Hage states that he was questioned by

the FBI (which, again, is disputed by Defendant here), he does not claim that he was further

investigated by the FBI or that he was of investigative interest to the FBI prior to or following his

detainment. If anything, his statements may constitute a diminishment of his privacy interests

specifically with respect to the January 2003 Dulles Airport Incident. But, as noted above,

Defendant admits this and has taken it into account by searching and producing documents related

to that incident based on this narrow diminishment. See Def.’s Reply at 5. Defendant’s second

Glomar response at issue here did not encompass those documents. Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 9. The

Court agrees that any diminishment is narrow and that otherwise his privacy interests are not

diminished. In that case, his strong privacy interests still outweigh the public interest identified

by Plaintiff here. Alternatively, even if his privacy interests were more broadly diminished, the

Court found above that Defendant’s Glomar response was also justified under Exemptions 1 and

3.

                                                 22
               iii. Plaintiff’s Other Arguments

       Plaintiff further challenges Defendant’s response on the basis that it issued the Glomar

response without asserting that it “locat[ed] and review[ed] any of the responsive records, to

determine if in fact a Glomar response should apply in the particular instance to all portions of

each responsive record.” Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem. at 13; see also Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem. at 7 (arguing

that Defendant’s follow-up search was too narrow). First, this argument misses the mark: in light

of its Glomar response, Defendant has not confirmed or denied whether there are, or are not,

“responsive record[s]” as Plaintiff claims, other than those acknowledged records pertaining to the

January 2003 Dulles Airport incident. Regardless, despite Plaintiff’s assertions, “to the extent the

circumstances justify a Glomar response, the agency need not conduct any search for responsive

documents or perform any analysis to identify segregable portions of such documents.” PETA,
745 F.3d at 540; see also Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr., 678 F.3d at 934 (explaining that because the

court found a submitted declaration “sufficient to support” Glomar response, requiring the agency

“to conduct a search and segregability analysis would be a meaningless—not to mention costly—

exercise”); Wheeler v. C.I.A., 271 F. Supp. 2d 132, 141 (D.D.C. 2003) (“‘When the Agency’s

position is that it can neither confirm nor deny the existence of the requested records, there are no

relevant documents for the court to examine other than the affidavits which explain the Agency’s

refusal.’” (quoting Phillippi v. C.I.A., 546 F.2d 1009, 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1976)).          The Court

accordingly rejects Plaintiff’s argument as to this point.

       Lastly, Plaintiff argues that the balancing analysis cannot be performed categorically but

“must be performed on a document by document basis.” Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem. at 13. For starters,

in light of Defendant’s second Glomar response, it has not identified whether there are—or are

not—any other responsive documents. Nor does Defendant need to conduct any search when its

                                                  23
Glomar response is justified, as explained above. In addition, in making this argument, Plaintiff

overlooks one of the primary purposes of a Glomar response. As Defendant’s declaration explains,

for a Glomar response “[t]o be credible and effective, the FBI must use a Glomar response in all

similar cases, regardless of whether responsive records actually exist.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 9.

If Defendant were to only issue Glomar responses “when it actually possessed responsive records,

the Glomar response would be interpreted as an admission that responsive records exist.” Id. This

may ultimately result in the very harms that a Glomar response is aimed at protecting. The Court

has reviewed both Defendant’s public declaration as well as its in camera, ex parte declaration

submitted by Defendant, which indicate that Defendant has made a sufficiently “particularized

showing” regarding the interests at stake. Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington, 746
F.3d at 1096.

       At bottom, even if any additional showing was required to justify the second Glomar

response under Exemption 7(C) as to any of the above requirements or arguments, the in camera,

ex parte declaration submitted by Defendant would provide it. BuzzFeed, Inc. v. Dep’t of Justice,

344 F. Supp. 3d 396, 405, 407 (D.D.C. 2018) (finding that Glomar response was justified under

Exemptions 7(A) and 7(E) based on court’s review of “both the public and the classified

declarations”).   Accordingly, upon consideration of the Second Hardy Declaration and

Defendant’s in camera, ex parte declaration, the Court finds that Defendant’s second Glomar

response was justified by Exemption 7(C) in addition to Exemptions 1 and 3.

                                               24
B. Scope and Adequacy of the Search Pertaining to January 2003 Dulles Airport Incident

and Request for In Camera Review

       In addition to taking issue with Defendant’s second Glomar response, Plaintiff questions

the scope and adequacy of Defendant’s search relating to the January 2003 Dulles Airport incident

and asks that this Court review certain documents in camera.

       1. Scope of the Search

       First, Plaintiff argues that the scope of Defendant’s search was too narrow. See Pl.’s Opp’n

and Mem. at 7–8. However, Defendant issued a second Glomar response as to all records except

the acknowledged records recording the January 2003 Dulles Airport incident, Second Hardy Decl.

¶¶ 8–9, and the Court found above that response was justified under FOIA Exemptions 1, 3, and

7(C). Therefore, to the extent that Plaintiff’s argument is aimed at Defendant’s tailoring of its

search in light of the second Glomar response, the above analysis also applies. See supra Section

II.A.3 (discussing Defendant’s search obligations in light of Glomar response).

       In making this argument, moreover, Plaintiff relies upon this Court’s prior September 20,

2017 Memorandum Opinion and Order, ECF No. 16, in this case, which Plaintiff asserts found

that Defendant “had a duty to conduct a search to locate all responsive records within the full scope

of Plaintiff’s FOIA request” and that Defendant “could not limit its search actions to limited

portions of the record request that are of heightened interest over others.” Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem.

at 7; see also id. at 2 (emphasizing “this Court’s express discussion of the broader scope of

Plaintiff’s FOIA Request in the September 20, 2017 Memorandum Opinion and Order”).

However, there is nothing to indicate that Defendant has limited its follow-up search other than

                                                 25
any tailoring it may have implemented in light of the second Glomar response. 6 For instance, the

Second Hardy Declaration explains the adequacy of the search as related specifically “to those

portions of Plaintiff’s request concerning Mr. Hage’s detainment at Dulles International Airport in

January 2003.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 37, n.13. Unlike discussed with respect to its last motion

for summary judgment, Defendant’s narrowed search was not the result of discussions with

Plaintiff or a questionable interpretation of Plaintiff’s request, see Sept. 20, 2017 Mem. Op. and

Order, ECF No. 16, at 8–9, but instead a natural outgrowth of its second Glomar response.

Accordingly, in light of Defendant’s justified second Glomar response, this was not too narrow of

a search.

       2. Adequacy of the Search

       Second, Plaintiff argues that Defendant’s search specifically as related to the January 2003

Dulles Airport incident was inadequate. 7 Before analyzing the adequacy of Defendant’s narrowed

search, the Court will explain the steps taken in conducting the search relating to the January 2003

Dulles Airport incident. 8     In response to this Court’s prior Order in this case, the

6
  Plaintiff points to Defendant’s determination that 398 pages of the approximately 400 pages of
material initially identified as potentially responsive to Plaintiff’s request were in fact non-
responsive as evidence that its search was too narrow. See, e.g., Pl.’s Mem. at 8. However,
Defendant made clear in its reply that those 400 documents “were not subject to the FOIA
exemptions and the Glomar response.” Def.’s Reply at 4. In other words, it appears that the initial
search returned results that Defendant ultimately determined were not responsive to Plaintiff’s
request, which Defendant narrowed to encompass solely the January 2003 Dulles Airport incident
in light of its Glomar response. See Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 38. Consequently, these pages,
according to Defendant, were not excluded because Defendant narrowed its search in the manner
that Plaintiff seems to suggest. See, e.g., Pl.’s Mem. at 3 n.2.
7
  Defendant produced two pages of responsive material with redactions, which were implemented
pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 3 and 7. Second Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 40–49; id. Ex. I. As Plaintiff does
not dispute that these specific redactions were justified under Exemptions 3 and 7, the Court does
not consider the exemptions here.
8
  Again, Defendant has neither confirmed nor denied the existence of any other records concerning
Mr. Hage or otherwise responsive to Plaintiff’s request. The search that Defendant describes
                                                26
Record/Information Dissemination Section (“RIDS”) conducted an index search in the Central

Records System. Second Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 37–38. Defendant searched for Plaintiff’s name, “Imad

Hage,” and “Imad E. Hage.” Id. This included a “three-way phonetic breakdown of” his name.

Id.; id. at 20 n.14; Def.’s Reply at 4.

        The Central Records System (“CRS”) “is an extensive system of records” that includes

numerous types of files, including investigative and personnel files, “compiled and maintained by

the FBI.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 30. These documents span the entire FBI organization. Id.

Because there is an “enormous amount of information contained in the CRS,” it is indexed “in a

manner which meets the FBI’s investigative needs and priorities” and that “allows FBI personnel

to reasonably and adequately locate pertinent files.” Id. ¶ 32. There are two types of entries in the

general indices, which “comprise an index on a variety of subject matters” including “individuals,

organizations, events, or other subjects of investigative interest”—main entries and reference

entries. Id. Main entries “pertain[ ] to records indexed to the main subject(s) of a file,” while

reference entries are records that “merely mention or reference an individual, organization, or other

subject matter” that is contained in a main entry. Id. The search conducted here included “records

maintained in FBIHQ as well as all” field offices. Id. ¶ 38.

        In conducting a search of the CRS, RIDS employed a specific application: the Universal

Index (“UNI”), which is “the automated index of the CRS and provides all offices of the FBI a

centralized, electronic means of indexing pertinent investigative information to FBI files for future

retrieval via index searching.” Id. ¶ 35. UNI also searches prior automated indices, so that a search

employing it encompasses data that was indexed into prior automated systems before 1995, which

“relates only to those portions of Plaintiff’s request concerning Mr. Hage’s detainment at Dulles
International Airport in January 2003.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 37, n.13.
                                                 27
it when UNI was implemented. Id. As of the date of the Second Hardy Declaration, UNI consisted

of approximately 118.5 million searchable records. Id. Moreover, the search conducted by RIDS

was “a Sentinel index search.” Id. ¶ 38. Defendant’s declaration explains that “Sentinel is the

FBI’s next generation case management system” as of mid-2012. Id. ¶ 36. Information from

Sentinel is replicated into ACS and thus builds on ACS. Id. It simply “provides another portal to

locate information within the vast CRS for FBI records generated on or after July 1, 2012.” Id.

Since the Dulles Airport incident occurred in January 2003, Defendant expected that any related

records would be found in CRS. Id. ¶ 39.

       After the search was run, Defendant used information from Plaintiff’s request letter and

the attached news articles, including “the subject’s age and other identifying information,” to

identify potentially responsive records. Id. ¶ 38.   Defendant therefore initially identified

“approximately 400 pages of potentially responsive material.” Id. But additional review revealed

that “only two (2) pages were responsive to Plaintiff’s request,” which, as explained above,

Defendant had narrowed in light of its second Glomar response. Id.

       Based on Defendant’s submitted declarations, the Court finds that the search conducted

was sufficient. “The Court applies a ‘reasonableness’ test to determine the ‘adequacy’ of search

methodology . . . consistent with the congressional intent tilting the scale in favor of disclosure.”

Campbell v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 27 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (internal citation omitted). An

agency “fulfills its obligations under FOIA if it can demonstrate beyond material doubt that its

search was reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.” Ancient Coin Collectors

Guild v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 641 F.3d 504, 514 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).

The agency may submit affidavits or declarations to explain the method and scope of its search

and such affidavits or declarations are “accorded a presumption of good faith, which cannot be

                                                 28
rebutted by purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.”

SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (internal quotation marks

omitted). However, if the record “leaves substantial doubt as to the sufficiency of the search,

summary judgment for the agency is not proper.” Truitt v. Dep’t of State, 897 F.2d 540, 542 (D.C.

Cir. 1990).

       Here, Defendant searched its most comprehensive records systems using search terms

related to Mr. Hage, and in particular numerous variations on his name. It then used additional

information from Plaintiff’s submissions to determine whether records were responsive to

Plaintiff’s request. Its declaration asserts that it “conducted a search reasonably calculated to

locate records responsive to Imad Hage’s detainment at Dulles International Airport in January

2003.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 39. There is nothing to indicate that the declarations submitted by

Defendant were submitted in bad faith, and the Court therefore affords them the presumption of

good faith. See SafeCard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1200 (explaining that agency declarations are

accorded a presumption of good faith in relation to the adequacy of a search). Plaintiff’s primary

argument on why the search was inadequate is that Defendant improperly narrowed its search to

the January 2003 Dulles Airport incident. However, as explained above, see supra Section II.B.1,

the Court has found that the narrowing of the search was appropriate in light of Defendant’s second

Glomar response.

       Plaintiff’s secondary argument is that Defendant had a “duty to perform necessary follow-

up search actions” based on statements in the Newsweek article submitted by Plaintiff as evidence

in the last round of summary judgment briefing. See Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem. at 8. Even if the

statements were made as Plaintiff alleges, however, he has failed to explain how Defendant’s

search as outlined in the Second Hardy Declaration would not include any documents related to

                                                29
these statements. 9 The Declaration indicates that Defendant used information from this news

article to conduct the search. Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 38; see Def.’s Reply at 4. Although Plaintiff

cites to Kleinert v. Bureau of Land Management, 132 F. Supp. 3d 79 (D.D.C. 2015) in support of

his argument, that case is inapposite. The court there required additional information from the

defendant because it provided insufficient information to determine whether the search was

adequately conducted but it did not require additional follow-up on any “leads,” like Plaintiff

claims. See id. at 88. Even so, the declarations submitted here provide sufficient information to

determine that Defendant’s search was adequate. Furthermore, to the extent Plaintiff is again

challenging Defendant’s narrowing of the search in light of its second Glomar response, his

argument is again futile. The Court is therefore unpersuaded that there was bad faith or that

Defendant’s search was inadequate.

       3. In Camera Review Is Not Warranted

       Third, Plaintiff questions Defendant’s determination that 398 pages of the approximately

400 pages initially identified as responsive to Plaintiff’s request were actually nonresponsive. See

Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem. at 3 n.2; id. at 9. Plaintiff requests that the Court review these pages in

camera to determine “if any of these additional records (beyond the two pages that were provided)

may also contain non-exempt information that is responsive to Plaintiff’s FOIA Request.” Pl.’s

Opp’n and Mem. at 9; Pl.’s Reply at 4.

       “FOIA provides district courts the option to conduct in camera review, but ‘it by no means

compels the exercise of that option.’” Larson, 565 F.3d at 869 (internal citations omitted) (quoting

Juarez v. Dep’t of Justice, 518 F.3d 54, 60 (D.C. Cir. 2008)); see 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). In

9
 Plaintiff does not claim that these statements constitute official acknowledgement of any records.
See Pl.’s Opp’n and Mem. at 8–9. The Court therefore does not consider that argument here.
                                                30
camera review is appropriate when such review is necessary for a district court “to make a

responsible de novo determination on the claims of exemption.” Juarez, 518 F.3d at 60 (internal

quotation marks omitted). “When the agency meets its burden by means of affidavits, in camera

review is neither necessary nor appropriate.” Hayden v. Nat’l Sec. Agency/Cent. Sec. Serv.,

608 F.2d 1381, 1387 (D.C. Cir. 1979). But “affidavits will not suffice if the agency’s claims are

conclusory, merely reciting statutory standards, or if they are too vague or sweeping.” Id. “In

camera inspection is particularly a last resort in national security situations like this case—a court

should not resort to it routinely on the theory that it can’t hurt.” Larson, 565 F.3d at 870 (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted). Review “may be particularly appropriate when either the

agency affidavits are insufficiently detailed to permit meaningful review of exemption claims or

there is evidence of bad faith on the part of the agency, when the number of withheld documents

is relatively small, and when the dispute turns on the contents of the withheld documents, and not

the parties’ interpretations of those documents.” Spirko v. U.S. Postal Serv., 147 F.3d 992, 996

(D.C. Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       In camera review is not warranted here. Plaintiff “points to no record evidence of bad

faith.” Mobley, 806 F.3d at 588. Plaintiff suggests that the FBI’s ultimate production of two pages

“is extremely questionable and suspect.” Pl.’s Reply at 4. That is not so, however, in light of

Defendant’s initial broad searching procedures outlined above, see supra Section II.B.2; Second

Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 30–39, and considering its justified second Glomar response. Moreover, Plaintiff

does not even question here Defendant’s exemptions—it questions Defendant’s determination that

records were not responsive based on the news articles and information that Plaintiff himself

provided. See Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 38. And though Plaintiff claims otherwise, 398 pages of

material is not a “relatively small” amount. Spirko, 147 F.3d at 996. Lastly, as the Court has

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explained above that the agency declarations here described with sufficient detail the justifications

for its search methodology, the Court finds that in camera review would be inappropriate here.

See Boyd v. Criminal Div. of U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 475 F.3d 381, 391 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (affirming

district court’s decision not to view documents in camera because party had not “demonstrated

that the agencies failed to provide sufficiently detailed affidavits, nor offered evidence of bad

faith”). Accordingly, the Court will not grant Plaintiff’s request to review the material found to

be non-responsive in camera.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Renewed Motion for

Summary Judgment, ECF No. 20, and DENIES Plaintiff’s Renewed Motion for Summary

Judgment, ECF No. 22. In particular, the Court finds that based on both of Defendant’s submitted

declarations, Defendant met its adequate search obligations and that Defendant’s second Glomar

response was justified under FOIA Exemptions 1, 3, and 7(C).

       An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Date: September 18, 2020                                 /s/
                                                      COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                      United States District Judge

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