Court Opinion

ID: 990326
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-03 23:19:38.504388+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:11:53.575865
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

LARRY ALLEN STOUT,
Petitioner-Appellee,

v.                                                                      No. 95-4007

J. D. NETHERLAND, Warden,
Respondent-Appellant.

LARRY ALLEN STOUT,
Petitioner-Appellant,

v.                                                                      No. 95-4008

J. D. NETHERLAND, Warden,
Respondent-Appellee.

Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Roanoke.
James C. Turk, District Judge.
(CA-91-719-R)

Argued: July 8, 1996

Decided: September 3, 1996

Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, and HAMILTON and
WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Reversed in part and affirmed in part by unpublished per curiam opin-
ion.

_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL

ARGUED: Robert H. Anderson, III, Assistant Attorney General,
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Richmond, Virginia, for
Appellant. Arthur Patrick Strickland, Roanoke, Virginia, for Appel-
lee. ON BRIEF: James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, OFFICE
OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Richmond, Virginia, for Appel-
lant. Mark E. Olive, VIRGINIA CAPITAL REPRESENTATION
RESOURCE CENTER, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Larry Allen Stout brought this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C.A.
§ 2254 (West 1994), challenging the constitutionality of his convic-
tions for robbery and capital murder and his respective sentences of
life imprisonment and death.1 The district court granted relief as to
Stout's conviction and sentence for capital murder, ordering that Stout
be granted leave to withdraw his guilty plea and replead; the court
denied relief as to the robbery count. Virginia now appeals, asserting
that the district court erred in concluding that Stout received constitu-
tionally deficient representation during the penalty phase of the state-
court proceedings. Stout cross-appeals the district court's ruling that
certain of his claims were not properly before the court. Because we
conclude that Stout did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel,
we reverse the portion of the district court's order granting habeas
relief on Stout's conviction and sentence for capital murder and
remand with instructions to reinstate Stout's death sentence. We
_________________________________________________________________
1 Stout brought suit against J.D. Netherland, warden of the institution
where Stout is incarcerated. For ease of reference, we will refer to the
Commonwealth of Virginia (Virginia) as Respondent.

                    2
affirm the district court's order in all other respects, and thereby reject
Stout's cross-appeal.

I.

Stout pleaded guilty in a Virginia court to the robbery and capital
murder of Jacqueline Kooshian, the proprietress of a dry cleaning
establishment known as Trimble's Cleaners. Virginia offered the fol-
lowing evidence in support of Stout's guilty plea. On February 19,
1987, Stout, wearing a camouflage jacket, entered Trimble's Cleaners
near closing time when Kooshian was alone in the store. Stout's girl-
friend and accomplice, Debra Littrell, waited for him a short distance
from the entrance to Trimble's Cleaners. Using a fictitious name,
Stout told Kooshian he was there to pick up some clothing. When
Kooshian turned to the racks of clothing, Stout approached her from
behind, grabbed her by her hair, and slashed her throat with a knife.
Clutching her bleeding throat, Kooshian ran into the street. A passing
motorist stopped to offer assistance, but Kooshian bled to death en
route to a hospital. Littrell left the scene upon seeing Kooshian run
out of the store.

After Kooshian exited Trimble's Cleaners, Stout absconded with
two bank deposit bags and a purse belonging to Kooshian; these items
had been sitting on a countertop when Stout entered Trimble's. Stout
returned to the apartment he and Littrell shared with her mother, Car-
ole Lauber, and Lauber's boyfriend, Harley Rathburn. Later, Stout
told Littrell that "the girl could not live the way I cut her." (J.A. at
149.) The next day, upon learning of Kooshian's death, Stout stated
that he felt "more at ease." (J.A. at 150.)

Littrell confessed her and Stout's involvement in the crime to Lau-
ber upon learning that Rathburn intended to use a suitcase he owned
in which Stout had hidden evidence of the robbery and murder. Rath-
burn later consented to a search of the suitcase, which revealed a pre-
scription issued to Jacqueline Kooshian, a telephone card issued to
Trimble's Cleaners, checks payable to Trimble's Cleaners, a purse,
later identified as Kooshian's, that contained photographs of Kooshi-
an's children,2 and a camouflage jacket.
_________________________________________________________________
2 A fingerprint found on one of the photographs matched Stout's.

                     3
Other evidence at the plea hearing tended to show that Stout and
Littrell premeditated the robbery. First, Kooshian's mother testified
that two days before the murder, Stout came into Trimble's and spoke
briefly with Kooshian. A Trimble's employee testified that Littrell
entered the store three days before the murder and inquired when
Trimble's closed; the employee also testified that she had observed
Stout "walking past [Trimble's] at different times of that week of the
19th. He would disappear and then would show back up standing
across the street, directly across from" Trimble's. (J.A. at 124.) In
addition, there was testimony that Stout had "cased" another dry
cleaning establishment up the street.

A forensic pathologist, Dr. William Massello, testified that
Kooshian suffered "a cutting wound to the left side of the neck" that
"show[ed] a direction from left to right going slightly downward, cut-
ting into the soft tissue of the neck and running to the voice box."
(J.A. at 179.) The cut was approximately two inches deep at its deep-
est point; it became progressively deeper from left to right. The cut
severed one of Kooshian's jugular veins and was"rapidly lethal."
(J.A. at 183.) Dr. Massello testified that the wound was characteristic
of one inflicted by coming behind the victim and slashing left to right
with the right hand. Another witness identified the murder weapon by
comparing the tool marks on Kooshian's larynx to the tool marks
made by a hunting knife retrieved from Stout's person upon his arrest.

Stout offered no evidence during the plea hearing, and his counsel,
William Bobbitt, engaged in only limited cross-examination of the
witnesses. Based on the evidence presented to it, the trial court
accepted Stout's guilty plea and proceeded directly to the penalty
phase of the proceeding.

Over Stout's objection, Virginia introduced the testimony of three
women whom Stout had robbed in separate incidents during the two
months preceding the attack on Kooshian, while Stout was living in
Florida. Two of the women testified that just before closing, Stout had
entered the convenience stores where they worked alone. Brandishing
a knife, Stout ordered the women to lie on the floor while he took
money from the cash register. The third woman testified that Stout
had snatched her purse outside a restaurant.

                    4
Debra Littrell testified that she and Stout made their living by com-
mitting robberies like those described above. Littrell also testified that
she had overheard Stout and her ex-husband discussing the murder of
two drug dealers; according to Littrell, Stout and her ex-husband had
been hired to commit the murders after the victims reneged on a nar-
cotics transaction.

Stout then presented his case in mitigation. Stout first called the
chief correctional officer for the facility in which he was incarcerated,
who testified that Stout had not presented any disciplinary problem.
The parties stipulated that one of Stout's former employers in Florida
would have testified that Stout was an excellent employee. Stout also
called his cellmate, who testified that he had been helping Stout, who
was almost entirely illiterate, learn to read. The trial court then
adjourned the hearing so that a presentencing report could be pre-
pared.

The sentencing hearing was reconvened several months later, at
which time the presentencing report was received in evidence. The
report contained the following information regarding Stout's family
history:

         [Stout] was reared in a substandard economic situation with
         very little parental guidance and without the benefit of an
         appropriate male role model. [Stout] is the youngest child
         born to his mother, Sylvia Stout, and during our interviews
         indicated he did not know who his father was but had
         always been told he was an Indian. . . .3 The domestic situa-
         tion was such that when [Stout] was approximately four
         years old he was placed in a foster home for a short period
         of time due to problems which existed between Stout and
         Calvin Stout[, Stout's stepfather, described elsewhere in the
         report as "an indolent alcoholic,"] as [Calvin] Stout would
         not accept [Stout] due to his dark skin color. Stout recalled
         being physically abused by [Calvin] Stout which was in fact
         confirmed by [Stout's] mother. The family was said to have
         remained in the Des Moines, Iowa area until around 1970 or
_________________________________________________________________
3 Apparently, Stout's brothers believe that his father was a black man
with whom Sylvia Stout, who is white, had had a brief affair.

                     5
          1971 when they moved to the Cedar Rapids, Iowa area. It
          was stated shortly after this the family became involved in
          migrant work[,] . . . living in states such as California, Flor-
          ida, Washington, Oregon, and Ohio. Stout himself was very
          much involved in the work force, therefore, making it
          impossible for him to receive any formal education.

(J.A. at 44.) Bobbitt also introduced a letter from Stout's mother stat-
ing that Stout was not a violent person but that his migratory child-
hood and racially mixed parentage had been hard on him. Bobbitt
elected not to introduce a psychological report that, in addition to dis-
cussing in detail Stout's background of physical and sexual abuse,
noted that Stout suffered from anti-social personality disorder.

Stout testified, relating his history of moving from state to state to
follow harvesting work. Stout told the court that he became addicted
to cocaine at the age of eighteen and acknowledged committing the
convenience store robberies, in addition to other crimes, to support his
drug habit. Regarding the Kooshian murder, Stout stated that he
entered Trimble's Cleaners, asked Kooshian for some clothing,
walked up behind her with the knife, and told her to lie on the floor.
Stout then said that "[s]he throwed [sic] her hands up and started hol-
lering and I felt like she grabbed my wrist or she did it somehow and
I went to shove her and in the long run, she got cut." (J.A. at 338-39.)
Stout told the court that he felt "[s]cared, sick" after the incident. (J.A.
at 339.) He also expressed remorse for the crime, saying, "I'm sorry
for what I did. If that's [sic] anyway I could bring the lady back, I
would, I would be glad to swap changes with her, she could have her
life back. . . . I think about it most everyday . . . ." (J.A. at 340.)

On cross-examination, Stout denied that the hunting knife identi-
fied as the murder weapon was the one he had used in the attack on
Kooshian, insisting instead that he had used a kitchen knife. Stout
also denied killing the two drug dealers, and asserted that he had not
"cased" Trimble's during the week before the robbery.

During his argument to the trial court regarding sentencing, Bobbitt
asserted that the robbery of Trimble's was an "impulsive act" and that
Stout evidently intended to conduct the same kind of robbery that he
had committed in the convenience store cases, but"things went

                     6
wrong." (J.A. at 368.) Bobbitt also argued that, so long as he was in
jail, Stout was not a troublemaker. Further, Bobbitt maintained that
Stout had evidenced his remorse by pleading guilty to the crime.

The trial court sentenced Stout to life imprisonment on the robbery
charge and to death on the capital murder charge. Specifically, pursu-
ant to Virginia's capital sentencing scheme, the court found that Stout
"constitute[d] a continuing serious threat to society" (future danger-
ousness) and that the murder of Kooshian "was outrageously or wan-
tonly vile, horrible or inhuman in that it involved torture, depravity
of mind or an aggravated battery to the victim" (vileness). Va. Code
Ann. § 19.2-264.2 (Michie 1995).4 On direct appeal, the Virginia
Supreme Court affirmed Stout's convictions and sentences, see Stout
v. Commonwealth, 376 S.E.2d 288 (Va. 1989), and the United States
Supreme Court denied his petition for a writ of certiorari, see Stout
v. Virginia, 492 U.S. 925 (1989).

Stout thereafter filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in state
court, raising numerous issues. The state habeas court -- the same
judge who presided over Stout's guilty plea and sentencing hearing
-- found that all of Stout's claims were procedurally barred except
for his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. The state habeas
court denied this claim on the merits, rejecting, inter alia, Stout's
argument that Bobbitt had been constitutionally ineffective for failing
to advise Stout that a guilty plea to capital murder included an admis-
sion of premeditation and for failing to conduct a complete investiga-
tion into mitigating evidence regarding Stout's upbringing. The state
habeas court explicitly rejected Stout's claim that Bobbitt had failed
to present to the trial court information regarding Stout's childhood
history of abuse, explaining that:

           The Presentence Report . . . gave an extensive narrative
           of the family and environmental background of the Peti-
           tioner. . . . The Petitioner testified on his own behalf and
           narrated his life from his earliest experiences. . ..
_________________________________________________________________
4 Only one of these two aggravating criteria must be found in order to
justify the imposition of the death penalty. See Va. Code Ann. § 19.2-
264.2 (stating that the trial court or jury must find future dangerousness
or vileness before recommending the imposition of the death penalty).

                    7
          The court was aware of all the matters in mitigation that
          the Petitioner now says were not submitted to the court.

(J.A. at 481 (citations omitted).) The Supreme Court of Virginia
denied leave to appeal.

On October 18, 1991, Stout filed this federal habeas petition in the
United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia. Stout
raised eleven claims addressing two central issues: the voluntariness
of his guilty plea and the effectiveness of his trial counsel. In response
to Virginia's motion to dismiss, the district court found that Stout had
defaulted any claim that his guilty plea was involuntary, and accord-
ingly dismissed the claims related to that issue; the court referred the
remainder of Stout's claims to a magistrate judge. 5

Thereafter, the magistrate judge held a two-day evidentiary hearing
regarding Stout's claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. During
the hearing, Stout presented the testimony of three attorneys who tes-
tified that Bobbitt's representation of Stout was constitutionally defi-
cient due in part to Bobbitt's failure to present mitigating evidence
regarding Stout's childhood, including the psychological report; sev-
eral psychologists who testified regarding the abuse suffered by Stout
at the hands of his stepfather and stated their conclusions that, despite
the abuse, Stout was not a violent individual; and a law enforcement
officer who testified that the wound in Kooshian's neck was consis-
tent with Stout's version of the crime. Stout himself testified, describ-
ing the physical and sexual abuse he had suffered as a child and
recounting the events of his childhood, including the ostracism by his
family because of his color and the hardships of migrant labor. Stout
also asserted that he was unable to understand the plea proceedings,
maintaining that when he pleaded guilty he did not understand the
meaning of the word "premeditation" and stating that he thought it
meant something like "relaxation." (J.A. at 1175.) Stout further
claimed not to have understood any of the questions the trial court
_________________________________________________________________
5 While the case was pending before the magistrate judge, however, the
district court granted Virginia's motion for summary judgment as to the
remainder of Stout's claims. Upon Stout's motion for reconsideration,
the district court vacated its order granting summary judgment and rein-
stated its order referring the case to a magistrate judge.

                     8
asked him during the plea colloquy, testifying that Bobbitt nodded or
shook his head after each of the court's questions, thereby prompting
Stout to the correct response.

Virginia responded to Stout's case with testimony from Bobbitt,
who offered explanations for his decisions, and from Dr. Massello.
Bobbitt testified that he did not introduce the psychological report
because he was concerned that the conclusion in the report that Stout
suffered from anti-social personality disorder might prejudice the
court against Stout. Dr. Massello stated that the wound in Kooshian's
neck could only be the result of a purposeful cut and thus was incon-
sistent with the type of accidental event claimed by Stout. In response
to cross-examination questions suggesting that, because he is left-
handed, Stout could not have inflicted the wound with his right hand
while standing behind Kooshian, Dr. Massello testified that a person
could have inflicted the wound with either hand, provided the cutting
motion was purposeful rather than accidental.

The magistrate judge subsequently issued a report and recommen-
dation suggesting that Stout's petition be denied. The magistrate
judge concluded that Stout had defaulted on all but three of his eleven
claims: that Bobbitt was ineffective for failing to advise Stout that a
guilty plea to capital murder entailed an admission that the murder
was premeditated; that Bobbitt was ineffective for failing to advise
Stout that unadjudicated felonies could be used as evidence of future
dangerousness; and that Bobbitt was ineffective for failing to investi-
gate mitigating evidence regarding Stout's background. The magis-
trate judge rejected these claims on their merits, concluding that
Bobbitt's representation of Stout had not been constitutionally defi-
cient in these respects.

Upon de novo review of the magistrate judge's report and recom-
mendation, the district court concluded that the writ should be
granted. The district court adopted the magistrate judge's conclusion
that Stout had defaulted all but the three claims and agreed with the
magistrate judge that Bobbitt had not been ineffective for failing to
advise Stout that unadjudicated felonies could be used as evidence of
future dangerousness. The district court also concurred in the magis-
trate judge's conclusion that Bobbitt's advice to plead guilty "was a
strategic choice that fell well within the range of professional compe-

                    9
tency demanded by the Sixth Amendment." (J.A. at 789.) Neverthe-
less, the court concluded, Bobbitt's approach to the sentencing phase
was constitutionally deficient due to his failure to advise Stout to
enter a plea pursuant to North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37-38
(1970) (providing that a defendant may plead guilty without admitting
all elements of the crime charged), and his failure to present mitigat-
ing evidence regarding Stout's background.

The district court first discussed Stout's guilty plea. The court
observed that, while a guilty plea was an appropriate choice in light
of the wealth of evidence against Stout, "[g]iven his client's version
of the killing, instructing Stout to admit guilt to the element of pre-
meditation verged on a breach of counsel's duty to both Stout and the
tribunal." (J.A. at 790.) The district court also concluded that Stout's
plea was neither knowing nor intelligent, based on the fact that the
record did not reveal whether Bobbitt had ever informed Stout of the
option of an Alford plea. Considering these factors in light of Stout's
version of the crime offered at the sentencing hearing, the district
court concluded that there was a "substantial likelihood" that Bob-
bitt's tactics jeopardized Stout's chances of receiving a life sentence
by presenting the trial court with testimony that seemed "disingenu-
ous or duplicitous." (J.A. at 794.)

The district court also criticized Bobbitt's handling of the sentenc-
ing phase, concluding that "counsel's decision to present virtually no
case in mitigation did not constitute even a plausible strategic judg-
ment." (J.A. at 795.) Specifically, the district court noted Bobbitt's
"minimal" investigation of mitigating evidence (J.A. at 797), and dis-
credited Bobbitt's explanation that psychiatric evidence regarding
abuse of Stout by his stepfather was not introduced for fear that the
psychiatrist's diagnosis of anti-social personality disorder would
come out on cross-examination. At the very least, the court stated,
Bobbitt could have presented the testimony of family members
regarding the abuse. The district court also found that Stout was prej-
udiced by Bobbitt's ineffectiveness, finding that"[c]ounsel's reliance
on the sentencer's benevolence despite the availability of so much
more clearly convinces the court that but for counsel's unprofessional
errors there exists a reasonable probability that the sentencer would
have reached a different decision." (J.A. at 801.) Accordingly, the dis-
trict court granted habeas relief as to Stout's capital murder convic-

                     10
tion, ordering that Stout's guilty plea be vacated and that he be given
the opportunity to enter a new plea within sixty days.

Virginia now appeals, arguing that Stout did not receive ineffective
assistance of counsel or, alternatively, that Stout was not prejudiced
by any failings of Bobbitt's. Specifically, Virginia maintains that: (1)
the district court was barred from considering whether Stout's counsel
was ineffective for failing to advise Stout to enter an Alford plea and
from holding that Stout's guilty plea was neither knowing nor intelli-
gent because of Bobbitt's failure to render such advice; and (2) the
district court erred in concluding that Stout received ineffective assis-
tance of counsel during the sentencing phase and that Stout was preju-
diced by Bobbitt's inadequate performance.6 Stout cross-appeals,
arguing that the district court erred in finding that he procedurally
defaulted the remaining issues in his federal habeas petition. We con-
sider these arguments seriatim.

II.

Virginia challenges the district court's conclusion that Bobbitt ren-
dered ineffective assistance of counsel. Claims of ineffective assis-
tance of counsel are evaluated pursuant to the standard set forth in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). A finding of ineffec-
tive assistance of counsel under Strickland requires a two-pronged
showing. Id. at 687. First, Stout must show that Bobbitt's perfor-
mance "fell below an objective standard of reasonableness." Id. at
688. Upon making a showing of ineffectiveness, Stout must then
establish that Bobbitt's errors prejudiced him. Id. at 692. We review
de novo the district court's legal determination that a habeas peti-
tioner has satisfied his burden of showing deficient representation and
prejudice. See Savino v. Murray, 82 F.3d 593, 598 (4th Cir. 1996),
cert. denied, ___ U.S.L.W. ___ (U.S. July 17, 1996) (No. 96-5164).
_________________________________________________________________
6 Virginia also contends that, given its conclusion that Bobbitt rendered
ineffective assistance during the sentencing phase, the district court
improperly vacated Stout's guilty plea. Because we conclude that Stout
did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel during either the guilt or
the sentencing phase of his trial, and therefore reverse on that basis, we
need not consider the propriety of the remedy fashioned by the district
court.

                    11
In determining whether counsel's performance was objectively
unreasonable, Strickland admonishes us to defer to counsel's tactical
decisions, resisting the temptation to second-guess the adequacy of
counsel's strategy based solely on the fact that that strategy has
resulted in an adverse outcome. See Strickland , 466 U.S. at 689.
Rather, "[a] fair assessment of attorney performance requires that
every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hind-
sight[ by] reconstruct[ing] the circumstances of counsel's challenged
conduct, and [ ] evaluat[ing] the conduct from counsel's perspective
at the time." Id. In so doing, "a court must indulge a strong presump-
tion that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance." Id.

It is not enough, however, for Stout to show that Bobbitt's perfor-
mance was ineffective; Strickland also requires Stout to show that he
was prejudiced by Bobbitt's deficiencies. Id. at 692. Absent an actual
or constructive denial of the assistance of counsel, or a showing that
counsel was laboring under an actual conflict of interest, the defen-
dant is charged with the burden of proving that counsel's errors "actu-
ally had an adverse effect on the defense." Id. at 692-93. Moreover,
the defendant must do more than show that counsel's errors might
have had an effect on the proceeding. Id. at 693. A mere "conceivable
effect" is not enough to "undermine[ ] the reliability of the result of
the proceeding." Id. In order to establish prejudice, "[t]he defendant
must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to under-
mine confidence in the outcome." Id. at 694. In the context of a guilty
plea, the prejudice prong is slightly different:"[T]he defendant must
show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's
errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on
going to trial." Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985). We note also
that the inquiry into prejudice must necessarily be conducted on a
case-by-case basis, for "[r]epresentation is an art, and an act or omis-
sion that is unprofessional in one case may be sound or even brilliant
in another." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693. Of course, if counsel's
actions do not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness,
thereby failing to satisfy the first prong of the Strickland test, we need
not consider the prejudice prong. Bell v. Evatt , 72 F.3d 421, 430 (4th
Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 2533 (1996).

                     12
A.

Virginia first disputes the district court's determination that Bob-
bitt's failure to advise Stout to enter an Alford plea constituted inef-
fective assistance of counsel. Virginia maintains that the district court
was procedurally barred from considering this issue, pointing out that
Stout's first and only mention of the possibility of an Alford plea is
contained in his proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law sub-
mitted to the magistrate judge. Stout does not dispute this assertion,
but rather argues that the district court did not rely on Bobbitt's fail-
ure to advise an Alford plea to reach its conclusion that Stout received
ineffective assistance of counsel. According to Stout, the district court
"took notice of Alford only to illustrate that trial counsel could have
presented a coherent strategy throughout the case." (Cross-
Appellant's Br. at 9.)

Assuming without deciding that the procedural issue raised by Vir-
ginia does not bar consideration of this issue on the merits, we con-
clude that the district court erred in granting relief on this basis. The
district court concluded that, although Bobbitt's recommendation of
a guilty plea did not fall below an objectively reasonable level of per-
formance, given Stout's version of the crime, Bobbitt was ineffective
for failing to advise Stout to enter an Alford plea, thereby admitting
guilt to the murder but denying the element of premeditation. The dis-
trict court evidently theorized that by advising Stout to enter an
unconditional guilty plea to capital murder -- thus necessarily admit-
ting that the murder was premeditated -- Bobbitt was forced to pres-
ent an inconsistent defense at sentencing, where Stout testified that
the killing was accidental. The entry of an Alford plea would have
allowed Stout to maintain consistently that he did not premeditate
Kooshian's murder, thereby bolstering his credibility with the trial
court. In short, the district court concluded that the entry of an uncon-
ditional guilty plea posed a credibility problem for Stout because it
made his testimony that the murder was an accident appear duplicit-
ous, while the entry of an Alford plea would have presented no such
strategic disadvantage.

We disagree with the district court's conclusion that the entry of an
Alford plea necessarily would have bolstered Stout's credibility with
the trial court. In our view, an Alford plea could very well have had

                     13
a negative effect on Stout's credibility. Although Stout consistently
denied that he premeditated the murder, the evidence is overwhelming
that Stout premeditated the robbery: As detailed above, Stout was
seen observing the activities at Trimble's Cleaners during the week
of the murder and at one point Littrell, Stout's accomplice, entered
the store to inquire when it closed. These facts, in conjunction with
Dr. Massello's testimony that the wound in Kooshian's neck was
caused by a purposeful rather than accidental cut, provided ample evi-
dence from which the court could determine that Stout premeditated
the murder. In light of such evidence, the trial court might have deter-
mined that Stout's denial of premeditation showed a lack of credibil-
ity and, more important, a lack of true remorse for the crime. Bobbitt
was thus faced with two possible courses of action, each of which
presented a unique set of advantages and disadvantages. Where, as
here, counsel makes a reasonable strategic choice based on his inves-
tigation into the facts of the case, we must defer to that strategic
choice. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91. Accordingly, we conclude
that Bobbitt's recommendation of an unconditional guilty plea did not
fall outside the broad range of professional competence. Cf. Bell, 72
F.3d at 427-30 (finding that counsel's recommendation to pursue a
verdict of guilty but mentally ill to a charge of capital murder in spite
of the defendant's denial that he committed the crime was reasonable
in light of the overwhelming evidence of the defendant's guilt).

Virginia also contends that the district court erred in concluding
that Stout's guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary because there
is no indication in the record that Bobbitt investigated and advised
Stout of the availability of an Alford plea. While an intent to plead
guilty does not relieve counsel of the duty to investigate possible
defenses, there can be no prejudice resulting from the failure to inves-
tigate a defense that has no reasonable probability of success. See
Savino, 82 F.2d at 599-600. Here, even the district court acknowl-
edged that lack of premeditation was at best "a weak defense." (J.A.
at 789.) We conclude that in light of the surfeit of evidence against
Stout, there is no reasonable probability of success on a claim of lack
of premeditation, whether litigated to a jury or a court as the result
of a not-guilty plea or only to the court as the result of an Alford plea.
Therefore, even if we assume that Bobbitt failed to advise Stout of the
availability of an Alford plea and that such a failure constitutes inef-

                     14
fective assistance of counsel, Stout suffered no possible prejudice and
thus is not entitled to relief on this basis.

B.

The district court determined that Bobbitt rendered ineffective
assistance of counsel during the sentencing phase, finding that Bobbitt
presented "virtually no case in mitigation" and that the failure to pres-
ent a mitigation case "did not constitute even a plausible strategic
judgment." (J.A. at 795.) The court concluded that the amount of miti-
gating evidence available to Bobbitt was "overwhelming" (J.A. at
795), including the alcoholism of Stout's parents, different treatment
as a mixed-race child among whites, physical and sexual abuse, and
forced migrant labor. Ultimately, the district court stated that it could
discern "no conceivable advantage to counsel's approach" to sentenc-
ing. (J.A. at 800.)

Virginia disputes this conclusion, maintaining that Bobbitt's inves-
tigation and presentation of mitigating evidence did not constitute
ineffective assistance of counsel. Stout responds that the district court
correctly determined that Bobbitt's performance during the sentenc-
ing phase was deficient because Bobbitt failed to investigate and pres-
ent mitigating evidence regarding Stout's childhood, despite the fact
that Bobbitt had a five-month hiatus in the sentencing phase to do so.
In particular, Stout challenges Bobbitt's decision not to introduce the
psychological report, which set forth Stout's abusive background in
graphic detail.

We set forth principles guiding the determination of whether coun-
sel is ineffective for failing to offer evidence in mitigation in Bunch
v. Thompson, 949 F.2d 1354 (4th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 505 U.S.
1230 (1992). In Bunch, the petitioner's trial counsel decided not to
introduce testimony of a psychiatrist who "could have informed the
jury of Bunch's stressful childhood, which included domestic vio-
lence, and of his loss of self-esteem following the dissolution of his
marriage." Id. at 1364. Counsel elected not to provide this testimony
because the psychiatrist had also made findings that would be damag-
ing to Bunch, and "[c]ounsel feared that the overall impact of the psy-
chiatric testimony would be to reinforce all the negative aspects of
Bunch's self-destructive behavior." Id. Counsel also chose not to

                     15
present the testimony of certain family members because of their
unreliability. Id.

Noting that "[i]t is becoming all too commonplace to charge even
diligent counsel in the midst of difficult circumstances with the
adverse outcome in a capital case," id. at 1363, we concluded that
Bunch's counsel had not been ineffective. We emphasized that a fed-
eral habeas court must not second-guess counsel's strategic choices,
particularly those choices related to the investigation of mitigating
evidence, which must be evaluated "with an eye for `reasonableness
in all the circumstances, applying a heavy measure of deference to
counsel's judgments.'" Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691). With
reference to the psychiatric testimony, we concluded that to rely upon
a reasoned choice not to introduce such testimony because of negative
conclusions that might surface as a basis for a finding of ineffective
assistance of counsel

          would be to institute a rule that psychiatric testimony should
          always be offered in the sentencing phase, no matter how
          counter-productive or damaging. This we refuse to do. Trial
          counsel is too frequently placed in a no-win situation with
          respect to possible mitigating evidence at the sentencing
          phase of a capital case. The failure to put on such evidence,
          or the presentation of evidence which then backfires, may
          equally expose counsel to collateral charges of ineffective-
          ness. The best course for a federal habeas court is to credit
          plausible strategic judgments in the trial of a state case.

Id. at 1364 (emphasis added). The import of Bunch is that, provided
there is a conceivable strategic advantage to the decision not to intro-
duce certain evidence in mitigation, that choice is virtually unassail-
able on collateral review. See also Turner v. Williams, 35 F.3d 872,
896-97 (4th Cir. 1994) (concluding, based on Bunch, that trial counsel
was not ineffective for limiting his investigation into the petitioner's
background), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 1359 (1995).

We conclude that Bobbitt's investigation and presentation of miti-
gating factors did not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.
There is no dispute that Bobbitt was aware of Stout's abusive family
background by virtue of the psychological report. During the hearing

                    16
before the magistrate judge, Bobbitt testified that he made the strate-
gic decision not to use the report because it concluded that Stout suf-
fered from anti-social personality disorder and was likely to commit
acts of violence in the future:

          Mr. Stout meets the . . . criteria for Antisocial Personality
          Disorder. . . . Since the age of 15, he has maintained a pat-
          tern of irresponsible and antisocial behavior including an
          inability to sustain consistent work, failure to conform to
          social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as evidenced
          by his multiple burglaries and robberies, evidence of failure
          to plan ahead such as his impulsive move from Florida to
          Virginia and the killing of Mrs. Kooshian during the rob-
          bery, as well as exhibiting a lack of remorse for prior rob-
          beries and burglaries. People with this disorder have a life
          long history of altercations from which they appear not to
          learn from their mistakes.

(J.A. at 1399-1400.) Bobbitt concluded that this information would
contrast negatively with his strategy to portray Stout as a non-violent
person who was not likely to cause trouble in the future, thereby pre-
cluding a finding by the trial court of future dangerousness. More-
over, Bobbitt asserted that part of the reason he elected to have Stout
sentenced by the court was that he planned to appeal to the judge with
legal, rather than emotional, arguments. Bobbitt also stated that he
contacted or made repeated attempts to contact all potential witnesses
whose names were given to him by Stout and, as noted above, pres-
ented the testimony of several witnesses, all in an effort to present
mitigating evidence without resorting to the psychological report.

We conclude that under the very deferential standard enunciated in
Bunch, Bobbitt's representation of Stout during the sentencing phase
was not ineffective. Bobbitt made a conscious, strategic decision not
to present a detailed description of Stout's history for fear that such
information would have an aggravating, rather than mitigating, effect.
Such a fear is certainly a plausible reason not to present certain evi-
dence; indeed, it is the precise rationale we validated in Bunch. More-
over, in light of the detailed description of Stout's background
contained in the psychological report, there can be little doubt that
Bobbitt was adequately apprised of the relevant information; thus,

                    17
there was no lack of adequate investigation. Accordingly, we con-
clude that Bobbitt's investigation and presentation of mitigating evi-
dence did not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel and reverse
the district court's decision to the contrary.

III.

We now turn to the issues raised in Stout's cross appeal. Finding
his contentions to be without merit, we address them only briefly.

A.

Stout first contends that the district court erred in concluding that
he failed to exhaust in state court three claims raised in his federal
habeas petition that related to Bobbitt's alleged ineffectiveness in
advising Stout to plead guilty without first ensuring that doing so
would enable Stout to avoid a death sentence. With respect to this
issue, the district court adopted the magistrate judge's conclusion that
although Stout challenged Bobbitt's effectiveness in state court, Stout
"did not assert, either directly or in language that can fairly be inter-
preted as such, that his counsel was ineffective because there was no
plea agreement and the investigation that formed the basis of the
advice to plead guilty was inadequate." (J.A. at 670-71.)

Stout challenges this ruling, asserting that he raised these claims
either in a pro se writ of error he filed with the Virginia Supreme
Court while his case was pending on direct review, or in his state
habeas petition. We disagree. Our jurisprudence is such that in order
to satisfy the exhaustion requirement, a habeas litigant must present
his claims "face-up and squarely," thus providing the state court with
"a full and fair opportunity" to consider them. Mallory v. Smith, 27
F.3d 991, 994-95 (4th Cir.) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert.
denied, 115 S. Ct. 644 (1994). Mere "vague whispers" of a claim are
not sufficient to satisfy the exhaustion requirement. Id. at 995-96.
Based upon our review of the record, we conclude that neither Stout's
pro se pleading on direct appeal nor his state habeas petition raised
the claims related to Bobbitt's failure to secure a life sentence in
exchange for Stout's guilty plea. We therefore affirm the district
court's conclusion that these claims are procedurally barred.

                     18
B.

The district court also concluded that two claims regarding the
validity of Stout's guilty plea were barred by the rule of Slayton v.
Parrigan, 205 S.E.2d 680, 682 (Va. 1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S.
1108 (1975). Under Slayton, a habeas petitioner is barred from press-
ing a claim available to him on direct appeal. Since Stout could have,
and should have, challenged the validity of his guilty plea on direct
appeal, the district court concluded, Stout was precluded from chal-
lenging the validity of his plea in any subsequent proceedings.

Stout asserts that the procedural bar of Slayton is inadequate for
two reasons. First, Stout posits that the rule is unfair as applied to him
because he could not have challenged his guilty plea on direct appeal
without a change of counsel. This simply is not true; if Stout's plea
was involuntary, (as opposed to being the product of ineffective assis-
tance of counsel) there is no reason why Bobbitt could not make such
an argument on direct appeal. Second, Stout maintains that the
Slayton rule is not applied consistently, and therefore falls prey to the
rule in James v. Kentucky, 466 U.S. 341, 348-49 (1984) (holding that
a state procedural bar is not adequate unless the rule is firmly estab-
lished and regularly followed). Stout's assertion that Slayton is inade-
quate because the Virginia Supreme Court has never published an
opinion applying Slayton to a challenge to a guilty plea is unpersua-
sive. Virginia courts regularly apply Slayton to claims that could have
been raised on direct appeal, but were not. See, e.g., Strickler v.
Murray, 452 S.E.2d 648, 651 (Va.), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 146
(1995); Epperly v. Booker, 366 S.E.2d 62, 67 (Va. 1988); Fitzgerald
v. Bass, 366 S.E.2d 615, 621 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) (en banc), cert.
denied, 493 U.S. 945 (1989). Accordingly, we reject Stout's challenge
to the district court's ruling that these claims are procedurally barred.

C.

Finally, Stout maintains that the district court erred in adopting the
magistrate judge's conclusion that Stout's two remaining claims --
that Virginia's aggravating factors are vague and overbroad and that
the trial court's findings of vileness and future dangerousness were
arbitrary and capricious -- were procedurally barred. The magistrate
judge concluded that the vagueness and overbreadth claims were

                     19
barred by Stout's guilty plea and the rule in Hawks v. Cox, 175 S.E.2d
271, 274 (Va. 1970) (holding that claims previously determined are
barred from consideration by a habeas court). The magistrate judge
found that Stout's claim that the trial court's findings were arbitrary
and capricious was barred by his failure to raise the issue in state
court. See Bassette v. Thompson, 915 F.2d 932, 936-37 (4th Cir.
1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 982 (1991). We agree with these conclu-
sions, and therefore reject Stout's arguments to the contrary.

IV.

We conclude that Stout did not receive ineffective assistance of
counsel during the guilt and sentencing phases of his trial for robbery
and capital murder. Accordingly, we reverse the portion of the district
court's order granting Stout's petition for a writ of habeas corpus and
remand with instructions to reinstate the death sentence as imposed
by the Commonwealth of Virginia.7 We reject Stout's contentions on
cross-appeal that the district court erred in concluding that certain of
his claims were procedurally barred, and thus affirm that portion of
the district court's order.

REVERSED IN PART AND AFFIRMED IN PART
_________________________________________________________________
7 Because we reject Stout's claims on the basis that we do, we need not
consider the effect on this case of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996), which
imposes even more demanding standards on habeas petitioners. See
Sherman v. Smith, No. 94-6831, 1996 WL 397248, at *10 n.1 (4th Cir.
July 17, 1996) (en banc).

                    20