Court Opinion

ID: 6351351
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-21 14:00:27.124654+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:55.713462
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 22-10072     Date Filed: 06/21/2022    Page: 1 of 22

                                                     [PUBLISH]
                            In the
         United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Eleventh Circuit

                   ____________________

                         No. 22-10072
                   ____________________

EDWIN R. BANKS,
                                              Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES,

                                            Defendant-Appellee.

                   ____________________

          Appeal from the United States District Court
             for the Northern District of Alabama
             D.C. Docket No. 5:20-cv-00565-LCB
                   ____________________
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2                       Opinion of the Court                  22-10072

Before NEWSOM, MARCUS, Circuit Judges, and MIDDLEBROOKS,*
District Judge.
NEWSOM, Circuit Judge:
       In this appeal, we must decide whether Edwin Banks has
standing to challenge a denial of Medicare coverage where the
costs of his treatment were imposed not on him, but rather on a
third-party supplier. The district court determined that Banks
hadn’t suffered an injury in fact and accordingly dismissed his case
for want of jurisdiction. We agree and affirm.
                                   I
                                   A
        Banks is a 77-year-old Medicare beneficiary from Madison,
Alabama. In 2009, he was diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme
(GBM), an aggressive form of brain cancer. Without treatment,
GBM patients typically don’t survive longer than three months.
And even with traditional forms of treatment, the five-year survival
rate is only 5%.
       Banks, however, has defied the odds. Shortly after his diag-
nosis, he underwent surgery and chemotherapy. That helped for a
time, but unfortunately, Banks’s cancer progressed. In 2013,
Banks’s doctors prescribed him Optune, a groundbreaking medical

* Honorable Donald M. Middlebrooks, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Florida, sitting by designation.
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22-10072               Opinion of the Court                        3

technology that had recently received FDA approval for treating
recurrent GBM. Optune is a portable, wearable device that deliv-
ers tumor treating field therapy (TTFT) to inhibit cancer-cell repli-
cation. A company called Novocure is the sole supplier of the Op-
tune device, which is rented by patients on a monthly basis.
       TTFT seems to have worked wonders for Banks. Despite
the grim prospects, his condition stabilized, and he has not experi-
enced a further tumor recurrence since beginning the treatment.
Banks relied on TTFT through 2019, at which point he “elected to
take a break” from the therapy because he had developed an allergy
to an adhesive gel used to secure the Optune device. He intends to
resume TTFT “if his condition changes” in the future—that is, if
his tumor progresses. Happily, that hasn’t happened in the three
years since Banks stopped the treatment.
                                 B
      Because Banks is a Medicare Part B beneficiary, he and No-
vocure asked Medicare to cover his TTFT from January 2018
through January 2019. As we will explain, some of Banks’s claims
were approved, and others were denied. But importantly, Banks
wasn’t held liable for any of the claims—Novocure was. Before we
get ahead of ourselves, though, some legal background is in order.
       Medicare Part B is a supplemental insurance program “for
aged and disabled individuals who elect to enroll” in it. 42 U.S.C.
§ 1395j. The voluntary program is administered by the Secretary
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4                      Opinion of the Court                 22-10072

of Health and Human Services through the Centers for Medicare
and Medicaid Services (CMS). Id. § 1395kk.
       Part B enrollees pay monthly premiums in exchange for cer-
tain types of healthcare coverage. Id. §§ 1395k(a), 1395q(b)(2), (d).
Although Part B typically covers “durable medical equipment” like
Optune, see id. §§ 1395k(a)(1), 1395x(n), (s)(6), it excludes coverage
for services that “are not reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis
or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a
malformed body member,” id. § 1395y(a)(1)(A).
        There is no hard-and-fast rule for determining whether a
particular medical service is “reasonable and necessary.” Congress
has instead delegated that decision to the Secretary’s discretion.
See Heckler v. Ringer, 466 U.S. 602, 617 (1984). For his part, the
Secretary has defined “reasonable and necessary” to mean
(1) “[s]afe and effective,” (2) “[n]ot experimental or investiga-
tional,” and (3) “[a]ppropriate” in light of the prevailing “standards
of medical practice” and “the patient’s medical needs and condi-
tion.” Medicare Program Integrity Manual, CMS Pub. 100-08, ch.
13, § 13.5.4. Applying that standard often entails case-by-case adju-
dication. See Almy v. Sebelius, 679 F.3d 297, 300 (4th Cir. 2012).
But the Medicare Act establishes certain ways for the Secretary “to
extend coverage determinations to specific courses of treatment.”
Prosser v. Becerra, 2 F.4th 708, 711 (7th Cir. 2021). “These so-called
local coverage determinations (often shorthanded as LCDs) and
national coverage determinations guide the individual claims deci-
sions made by CMS.” Id.; see also 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(f)(1)–(2).
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22-10072               Opinion of the Court                         5

         Whether or not an LCD is in place, the Medicare claims-re-
view process proceeds in six steps. First, the beneficiary submits
his claim to a local contractor for an “initial determination.” See
42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(a); 42 C.F.R. § 405.920. Second, if the beneficiary
is dissatisfied with the initial determination, he may request a “re-
determination” by the contractor. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(a)(3); 42
C.F.R. § 405.940. Third, the beneficiary can appeal his claim to a
“qualified independent contractor” for further review—known as
a “reconsideration.” See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(c); 42 C.F.R. § 405.960.
From this stage forward, an LCD is no longer binding, even if it
remains persuasive. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(c)(3)(B)(ii)(II); 42 C.F.R.
§§ 405.976(b)(3), 405.1062. In addition, when the propriety of the
claim turns on “whether an item or service is reasonable and nec-
essary for the . . . treatment of illness,” the qualified independent
contractor’s review “shall include consideration of the facts and cir-
cumstances . . . by a panel of physicians or other appropriate health
care professionals.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(c)(3)(B)(i). Fourth, the Med-
icare beneficiary may request a hearing regarding a denied claim
from an administrative law judge (ALJ), who must issue a decision
within 90 days. See id. § 1395ff(b)(1)(A), (d)(1); 42 C.F.R.
§ 405.1000(a). Fifth, the beneficiary can appeal an unfavorable ALJ
decision to the Medicare Appeals Council (MAC). See 42 U.S.C.
§ 1395ff(d)(2); 42 C.F.R. § 405.1100(a). And sixth, if the beneficiary
is still unsatisfied with the result—or if the MAC doesn’t act in a
timely manner—he can seek judicial review in federal court. See
42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1395ff(b)(1)(A), (d)(3)(B).
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6                          Opinion of the Court                      22-10072

       Taking stock: A multi-level review process helps to ensure
that Medicare beneficiaries receive coverage for medically reason-
able and necessary treatment. But “[e]ven when a benefits claim is
denied at any level of the appeals process, the beneficiary is not
necessarily stuck paying a medical bill.” Prosser, 2 F.4th at 711.
The Medicare Act contains a handful of measures that serve to pro-
tect patients from liability. The most important for our purposes
is the one contained in 42 U.S.C. § 1395pp—a provision that the
parties have called the “Medicare mulligan.” 1
       Here’s how § 1395pp works. Recall that Medicare normally
won’t pay for “items and services” that “are not reasonable and
necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury.” 42
U.S.C. § 1395y(a)(1)(A). Nevertheless, if “both” the Medicare ben-
eficiary and the supplier “did not know, and could not reasonably
have been expected to know, that payment would not be made for
such items or services,” then Medicare will foot the bill. Id.
§ 1395pp(a). Alternatively, if the supplier knew that coverage
would be denied but the beneficiary didn’t, then the Secretary will
indemnify the beneficiary and impose the costs on the supplier. Id.
§ 1395pp(b); see also 42 C.F.R. § 411.402. Either way, § 1395pp pro-
vides a one-time allowance—a “mulligan” if you will. Following
the mulligan, the Secretary “shall notify” the beneficiary explaining

1 Forthose who have never had the misfortune of shanking a drive into the
woods, a “mulligan” is a golf term that refers to a player being permitted to
replay a stroke without penalty. It’s a freebie of sorts—traditionally permitted
only on the first tee.
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22-10072               Opinion of the Court                        7

why payment or indemnification was made, “and in the case of
comparable situations arising thereafter,” the beneficiary “shall, by
reason of such notice . . . be deemed to have knowledge that pay-
ment cannot be made for such items or services or reasonably com-
parable items or services.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395pp(a), (b).
                                 C
       With the legal landscape in view, we return to Banks’s case.
As already explained, Banks and Novocure submitted 13 claims to
Medicare, corresponding to 13 months of TTFT. In accordance
with the LCD then in effect, those claims were denied at the initial
stages of review and by a qualified independent contractor as not
medically reasonable and necessary. In each case, Novocure—not
Banks—was required to bear the costs. This was because Novo-
cure presumably knew that coverage would be denied based on the
LCD, but the record didn’t show that Banks had received advance
notice that Medicare would likely deny payment. Accordingly, he
was relieved of any liability for those claims.
       Banks further appealed the denials, at which point his claims
were, for reasons unexplained, split between two different ALJs.
On June 3, 2019, ALJ Bruce Kelton ruled that the TTFT provided
in January, March, and April 2018 wasn’t medically reasonable and
necessary to treat Banks’s condition. Even so, Banks didn’t have to
pay; Novocure was held solely liable for the denied charges. Three
days later, Banks and Novocure received a favorable decision from
another ALJ, Jeffrey Gulin, for the remaining 10 claims. Unlike ALJ
Kelton, ALJ Gulin found that TTFT “was medically reasonable and
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8                      Opinion of the Court                 22-10072

necessary” for treating Banks’s recurrent GBM—at least for the
months of service before him. As a result, ALJ Gulin ordered that
Medicare pay for the treatment.
       Banks and Novocure appealed ALJ Kelton’s unfavorable de-
cision to the MAC. And when the MAC didn’t issue a decision
within 90 days, Banks sought judicial review.
        In the district court, Banks argued that ALJ Gulin’s decision
collaterally estopped the Secretary from denying the claims for
TTFT coverage that were adjudicated by ALJ Kelton. But the dis-
trict court saw things differently and granted the Secretary’s cross-
motion for summary judgment. In doing so, the court concluded
that the “Medicare scheme is incompatible with the doctrine of col-
lateral estoppel.”
        Banks then appealed for the first of two times to this Court.
In the previous appeal, “the Secretary argue[d] for the first time
that Banks lack[ed] Article III standing and that [he] ‘submitted no
evidence’ showing he was injured by the claims denial.” Banks v.
Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs. (Banks I), ___ F. App’x ___, 2021
WL 3138562, at *2 (11th Cir. 2021) (per curiam). Banks responded
with two theories of standing. We made “quick work of Banks’s
first argument”—that “the violation of his statutory right to Medi-
care coverage alone is sufficient to establish standing.” Id. at *2–3.
But because Banks’s “Medicare mulligan” theory could have “re-
quire[d] resolving factual disputes,” we vacated the district court’s
ruling and remanded “for additional jurisdictional factfinding.” Id.
at *3–4.
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22-10072                   Opinion of the Court                                 9

       On remand, the district court held that Banks lacked stand-
ing because he hadn’t suffered an injury in fact. It thus dismissed
the case without prejudice, and Banks timely appealed. 2
                                        II
        A plaintiff has Article III standing only if he can demonstrate
(1) an injury in fact that is both (2) fairly traceable to the defend-
ant’s conduct and (3) likely redressable by a favorable decision. See
Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992). “To estab-
lish an injury in fact at step one, the plaintiff must demonstrate that
[he] suffered an invasion of a legally protected interest which is
(a) concrete and particularized; and (b) actual or imminent, not
conjectural or hypothetical.” Laufer v. Arpan LLC, 29 F.4th 1268,
1272 (11th Cir. 2022) (cleaned up). This can be done in either of
two ways. First, the plaintiff can “point[] to a direct harm,” which
can be either “tangible or intangible.” Muransky v. Godiva Choc-
olatier, Inc., 979 F.3d 917, 926 (11th Cir. 2020) (en banc). Second,
he can show that the defendant’s actions “created a ‘risk of real
harm’” that is “‘sufficient to meet the concreteness requirement.’”
Id. at 927 (quoting Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 341, 343
(2016)).
       Here, the Secretary argues—and the district court agreed—
that “Banks suffered no injury because he is not financially liable
for the denied claims.” Br. of Appellee at 16. Banks doesn’t dispute

2 “We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a case for lack of standing.”

Sierra v. City of Hallandale Beach, 996 F.3d 1110, 1112 (11th Cir. 2021).
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10                         Opinion of the Court                        22-10072

that Novocure was stuck with the bill. But he presents three other
theories of standing. First, he contends that he suffered an “eco-
nomic injury” because he paid premiums for coverage that Medi-
care didn’t provide. Second, he asserts that the agency’s adverse
decision deprives him of a “Medicare mulligan” that might enable
him to receive one free TTFT treatment in the future. And third,
he insists that he has standing due to the government’s denial of a
“substantive statutory right.” We hold that none of Banks’s theo-
ries is availing.
                                       A
        We begin with Banks’s economic-injury argument. And at
the outset, it’s important to clarify precisely what relief Banks
seeks: an order “directing the Secretary to cover the claims at issue
in this case.” 3 Doc. 1 at 14. Banks “bears the burden of showing
that he has standing” to pursue this “type of relief.” Summers v.
Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493 (2009).
       The problem for Banks is that he hasn’t suffered a cognizable
injury at the hands of the Secretary that “would be redressed by a

3 Banks also seeks attorney’s fees and a declaration that the Secretary acted
unlawfully. But an “interest in attorney’s fees is . . . insufficient to create an
Article III case or controversy where none exists on the merits of the underly-
ing claim.” Lewis v. Cont’l Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 480 (1990). And a re-
quest for declaratory relief “cannot alone supply jurisdiction otherwise ab-
sent.” California v. Texas, 141 S. Ct. 2104, 2116 (2021); see also Steel Co. v.
Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 107 (1998) (“Relief that does not rem-
edy the injury suffered cannot bootstrap a plaintiff into federal court . . . .”).
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22-10072                  Opinion of the Court                              11

decision in [his] favor.” Support Working Animals, Inc. v. Gover-
nor of Fla., 8 F.4th 1198, 1206 (11th Cir. 2021). It is undisputed that
Banks “received the therapy and owes nothing for it even though
Medicare denied [some] of [his] coverage claims.” Prosser, 2 F.4th
at 716. And “[w]inning or losing this suit would not change” that.
Thole v. U.S. Bank N.A., 140 S. Ct. 1615, 1622 (2020); see Prosser,
2 F.4th at 714.
       To be sure, Banks’s requested relief would require the Sec-
retary to pay Novocure for the cost of treatment that it had to ab-
sorb. But “[t]o invoke federal jurisdiction, a plaintiff must show a
‘personal stake’ in the outcome of the action.” United States v.
Sanchez-Gomez, 138 S. Ct. 1532, 1537 (2018) (quotation omitted).
Because Novocure—not Banks—is the only one “on the hook,”
Banks does not himself “have a concrete stake in this suit.” Thole,
140 S. Ct. at 1620; see Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523
U.S. 83, 106–07 (1998).
       Banks nevertheless insists that, because he paid his insurance
premiums, 4 he has standing on the ground that he is statutorily en-
titled “to have qualifying claims paid by Medicare.” Br. of

4Banks disavows any request for a “return of his insurance premiums (i.e.,
recission),” seeking only “an order requiring the Secretary to cover [his]
claims.” Reply Br. of Appellant at 8 n.3. That comes as no surprise. It is pre-
cisely because he paid his Medicare premiums that the Secretary was able to
relieve Banks of liability and hold Novocure responsible. See 42 U.S.C.
§§ 1395pp(a)–(b); 1395q(b)(2), (d). Were Banks to obtain recission, he’d be on
the hook to Novocure for the cost of treatment.
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12                     Opinion of the Court                 22-10072

Appellant at 24. We’re unconvinced. “Congress, in enacting Med-
icare, did not endow an individual with a substantive right to pay-
ment by Medicare each and every time [he] submit[s] a claim.”
Prosser, 2 F.4th at 714. After all, “Medicare payments most often
go to the supplier or provider, not the recipient of care.” Id.; see
also 42 U.S.C. § 1395k(a)(1) (providing that a beneficiary is “enti-
tle[d] to have payment made to him or on his behalf (subject to the
provisions of [Medicare Part B]) for medical and other health ser-
vices” (emphasis added)). And so it would be here if Banks were to
prevail. That unique feature of this case matters in our assessment
of standing. The Secretary’s refusal to pay Novocure on Banks’s
behalf didn’t cause him to personally suffer a concrete harm be-
cause, importantly, the Secretary simultaneously held that Banks
isn’t liable for any of the treatment costs.
        Banks fails to explain why ordering the Secretary to cover
the claims at issue—and thereby pay Novocure—would “redress a
cognizable Article III injury” that is personal to him. Steel Co., 523
U.S. at 107. His only response is the “collateral source rule,” a fea-
ture of tort law under which “a plaintiff is entitled to recover the
full value of the damages caused by a tortfeasor, without offset for
any amounts received in compensation for the injury from a third
party.” Higgs v. Costa Crociere S.P.A. Co., 969 F.3d 1295, 1310
(11th Cir. 2020) (emphases added). But as our italicization might
suggest, that rule is inapposite here. Banks didn’t receive any com-
pensation through Novocure’s good graces; it was the Secretary
who ordered Novocure to absorb the cost—in the very same ruling
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22-10072                Opinion of the Court                        13

in which he determined that Banks wasn’t liable. As a result, the
challenged administrative action didn’t cause Banks to suffer an in-
jury in fact.
       In the end, Banks’s first theory of standing falls short. He “is
not out of pocket anything for the therapy and does not contend
that Novocure (or any other supplier) has a claim against [him].”
Prosser, 2 F.4th at 714. Accordingly, he has “failed to plausibly and
clearly allege,” Thole, 140 S. Ct. at 1621, that he “personally suf-
fered a concrete and particularized injury in connection with the
conduct about which he complains,” Trump v. Hawaii, 138 S. Ct.
2392, 2416 (2018) (cleaned up).
                                  B
        Next, Banks says that he “separately has standing based on
the loss of his right to the Medicare ‘mulligan.’” Br. of Appellant at
28. He doesn’t meaningfully contend that the abstract loss of a po-
tential mulligan is by itself sufficient to confer standing. Nor could
he do so without identifying a resultant concrete harm. See, e.g.,
ASARCO Inc. v. Kadish, 490 U.S. 605, 616 (1989) (“[C]laims of in-
jury that are purely abstract . . . do not provide the kind of particu-
lar, direct, and concrete injury that is necessary to confer standing
to sue in the federal courts.”); see also TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez,
141 S. Ct. 2190, 2210–11 (2021). Still, Banks argues that, without
the prospect of the mulligan, he “faces the risk of being held finan-
cially liable for future treatments.” Br. of Appellant at 31.
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14                     Opinion of the Court                 22-10072

        Such an allegation of future injury “may suffice” for standing
purposes “if the threatened injury is certainly impending, or there
is a substantial risk that the harm will occur.” Dep’t of Commerce
v. New York, 139 S. Ct. 2551, 2565 (2019) (quotation omitted).
That, we have stressed, is a “high standard,” which demands “a ro-
bust judicial role in assessing [the] risk” of harm. Muransky, 979
F.3d at 927. Here, even after drawing all reasonable inferences in
Banks’s favor, we conclude that “[t]here is at most a ‘perhaps’ or
‘maybe’ chance” that his claimed harm will transpire. Bowen v.
First Fam. Fin. Servs., 233 F.3d 1331, 1340 (11th Cir. 2000) (quota-
tion omitted). For reasons we will explain, whether the Secretary’s
denial of coverage in this particular case will result in Banks having
to shoulder a TTFT bill in the future “involves a significant degree
of guesswork.” Trump v. New York, 141 S. Ct. 530, 536 (2020) (per
curiam). And because Banks’s theory of standing requires us to ac-
cept a “speculative chain of possibilities,” his claimed future injury
is—at least under the Court’s current standing framework—insuf-
ficiently “concrete” and “imminent” to invoke the judicial power.
Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 409, 414 (2013).
        For starters, Banks admits that in 2019, he “elected to take a
break” from TTFT—and he doesn’t contend that he has any im-
mediate plans to resume the therapy. Rather, he says that he “in-
tends to resume use if his condition changes.” Though not dispos-
itive, “[s]uch ‘some day’ intentions—without any description of
concrete plans, or indeed even any specification of when the some
day will be”—usually “do not support a finding of the ‘actual or
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22-10072                Opinion of the Court                        15

imminent’ injury that [the Supreme Court’s] cases require.” Lujan,
504 U.S. at 564.
       This case is no exception. Banks has apparently remained
stable for three years. See Oral Arg. at 04:45–07:00. And even if his
condition does worsen at “some indefinite future time,” Lujan, 504
U.S. at 564 n.2—which, thankfully, isn’t necessarily a guarantee—
his claimed injury resulting from the Secretary’s decision in this
case still depends on several contingencies. For instance, at that
unknown point in the future, Banks will still have to be enrolled in
Medicare Part B and to have paid his premiums, such that he would
otherwise qualify for Medicare coverage. See 42 U.S.C.
§ 1395q(b)(2), (d). So too will Banks have to follow through with
his intention to use TTFT, even though we don’t—and he
doesn’t—know what the range of treatment options will be at that
unspecified time.
       Then there are the contingencies that depend on the con-
duct of others. The Supreme Court has consistently expressed “re-
luctance to endorse standing theories that rest on speculation
about the decisions of independent actors.” Clapper, 568 U.S. at
414; see also California v. Texas, 141 S. Ct. 2104, 2117 (2021); Lujan,
504 U.S. at 562 (collecting cases). And the possibility of Banks’s
claimed injury coming to fruition requires the coalescence of sev-
eral decisions by at least three independent actors.
       First, Banks’s doctors will have to prescribe him TTFT.
That might seem likely, given that Banks has received such a pre-
scription in the past. Cf. Dep’t of Commerce, 139 S. Ct. at 2566
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16                      Opinion of the Court                 22-10072

(reasoning that a plaintiff can help his case for standing if he can
“show[] that third parties will likely react in predictable ways”).
But because we don’t know when Banks will seek treatment, it’s
more speculative than at first it may appear. As Banks’s prescribing
doctor explained, TTFT was, in his opinion, “the best FDA ap-
proved option at th[at] time for treating [Banks’s] gliobastoma.”
But that was several years ago. We don’t know what the medical
landscape will look like in the future, as “the practice of medicine
is an ever-evolving and advancing field.” Cospito v. Heckler, 742
F.2d 72, 87 n.24 (3d Cir. 1984). We can only speculate. TTFT may
no longer be the preferred method of treatment when, if ever,
Banks’s condition worsens. And even if future scientific develop-
ments serve to demonstrate the efficacy or superiority of TTFT,
that would only increase the chance that Banks would receive cov-
erage—because TTFT would be deemed medically reasonable and
necessary—and thereby diminish the odds that his claimed injury
will materialize.
       Second, even if Banks eventually resumes TTFT, his
claimed injury can occur only if—at that unknown point in the fu-
ture—both (1) his claim is ultimately denied as not reasonable and
necessary, and (2) the adjudicator determines that the case presents
a “comparable situation[].” 42 U.S.C. § 1395pp(a), (b). As the Su-
preme Court has warned, however, “[i]t is just not possible for a
litigant to prove in advance that the judicial system will lead to any
particular result in his case.” Clapper, 568 U.S. at 413–14 (alteration
in original) (quoting Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 159–60
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22-10072                   Opinion of the Court                               17

(1990)). And this case is a perfect illustration of that principle. After
all, Banks has received favorable coverage decisions for 10 of his 13
claims. 5 Because the agency could very well rule the same way
with respect to future claims, “the risk of financial liability is spec-
ulative at best.” Prosser, 2 F.4th at 715. 6
          Third, even if all the above-described dominoes fall into
place, Banks’s claimed injury will still likely depend on the inde-
pendent actions of Novocure. When medical-device suppliers
have reason to believe that Medicare will deny coverage, they can
and often do shift the financial risk of non-coverage to “a benefi-
ciary by providing [him] with advance written notice that a device
will probably not be covered by Medicare.” Almy, 679 F.3d at 311
n.4; see also Medicare Claims Processing Manual (MCPM), CMS
Pub. 100-04, ch. 30, §§ 20, 40. This is known as an advance benefi-
ciary notice, or ABN. A “valid ABN” generally establishes
knowledge on the beneficiary’s part that his claim won’t be cov-
ered. MCPM ch. 30, §§ 30, 30.1, 50; see also 42 C.F.R. § 411.404;
Int’l Rehab. Scis., Inc. v. Sebelius, 688 F.3d 994, 998 (9th Cir. 2012).

5 Inthis unusual situation, it isn’t entirely clear whether Banks will be charged
with knowledge “that payment would not be made” for a future TTFT claim
based on ALJ Kelton’s decision. 42 U.S.C. § 1395pp(a)(2). ALJ Gulin’s decision
three days later, which ordered full coverage of the treatment, suggests that
payment will be made for such a claim.
6 Banks will also be able to present his collateral-estoppel theory to the agency
as an additional reason for Medicare to cover his TTFT. Though we express
no view on the merits of that theory, it presents an open question that, to our
knowledge, hasn’t been addressed by any court of appeals.
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18                     Opinion of the Court                 22-10072

And in that case, the Medicare mulligan is unavailable—no matter
whether the beneficiary had a previous coverage denial. See 42
U.S.C. § 1395pp(a); 42 C.F.R. § 411.406(d); MCPM ch. 30, § 50.9.
        At least as things stand, it seems reasonably likely that No-
vocure will provide an ABN to Banks before he resumes TTFT (if
he ever does). Indeed, the Seventh Circuit has held that Novocure,
as a medical-device supplier, “must” obtain an ABN “from the ben-
eficiary[] acknowledging that the recipient will be personally liable
if Medicare denies coverage for the treatment.” Prosser, 2 F.4th at
715 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1395m(j)(4)). Otherwise, that court said, the
supplier alone bears the financial risk if Medicare denies a claim as
not reasonable and necessary. See id. at 711–12, 715; accord Cal.
Clinical Lab. Ass’n v. Sec’y of HHS, 104 F. Supp. 3d 66, 80 (D.D.C.
2015) (Jackson, J.). The parties here dispute whether that’s true.
But we needn’t decide. For even if an ABN isn’t required to shift
liability to Banks, we still think it fairly likely that Novocure will
provide one. After all, the company presumably knows that TTFT
has been denied with some frequency. See, e.g., Prosser, 2 F.4th at
712; Oxenberg v. Sec’y U.S. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., ___ F.
App’x ___, 2022 WL 336996, at *2 (3d Cir. 2022). And the only
circuit court to have addressed this issue has held that failure to
provide an ABN “prevent[s] suppliers from charging beneficiaries
the costs incurred after a denial of coverage.” Prosser, 2 F.4th at
715. As a profit-driven corporation, Novocure will presumably act
to minimize that risk.
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22-10072                  Opinion of the Court                              19

       And if Banks does receive an ABN before future treatment,
that creates a potential traceability problem. The notice would
probably provide an independent reason—aside from the Secre-
tary’s refusal of coverage in this case—for denying Banks a mulli-
gan. See Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 167 (1997) (explaining that
an injury cannot be “the result of the independent action of some
third party not before the court”). That is, armed with a valid ABN
from Novocure, Banks would likely be held to “know,” or “reason-
ably have been expected to know, that payment would not be
made.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395pp(a)(2); see also 42 C.F.R. § 411.404;
MCPM ch. 30, § 30.1. That makes it even more speculative that
Banks’s claimed injury—if it were to ever occur—would be fairly
traceable to the present denial. See Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rts.
Org., 426 U.S. 26, 42–43 (1976). 7

7 The Secretary appears to make one last “speculation”-based argument
grounded in a recent update to the applicable LCD. See Oxenberg, 2022 WL
336996, at *2 (noting that the relevant LCD “was revised [in 2019] to cover
TTFT for newly diagnosed GBM patients”). But as Banks rightly argues, the
updated LCD doesn’t purport to cover “recurrent” GBM patients like him.
Accordingly, we agree with Banks that the new LCD doesn’t affect the likeli-
hood of his claimed injury materializing. There are, however, a couple of
LCD-related things to note. First, we know that ALJ Gulin departed from the
LCD, citing (1) “FDA findings and recent studies,” (2) “general acceptance in
the medical community,” and (3) the fact that Banks had survived six years
with the device despite a life expectancy of six months as evidence that TTFT
was “medically reasonable and necessary” for treating his condition. It is thus
speculative to think that the agency would rule differently in the future, even
though the LCD doesn’t yet cover recurrent GBM. See Clapper, 568 U.S. at
413–14. Second, the updated LCD reinforces the point made above—that the
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20                       Opinion of the Court                   22-10072

         In sum, “[f]ar too many steps lay between the instant cover-
age denial and any future liability.” Prosser, 2 F.4th at 715. Banks’s
alleged harm will only come to pass due to the challenged action
if, at some indefinite point in the future: (1) his condition worsens,
(2) he has paid his premiums and stayed on Medicare Part B, (3) he
elects to resume TTFT, (4) his doctor prescribes the therapy, even
though we can’t know what the range of potential treatment op-
tions in the future will be, (5) Banks receives the treatment, (6) he
files a claim, (7) which, contrary to 10 of the 13 claims he has sub-
mitted, is denied at every level of the Medicare appeals process,
(8) the adjudicators determine that Banks’s hypothetical future
case presents a “comparable situation,” and (9) they further find
that the instant coverage denial and no other source (such as an
ABN) put Banks on notice that he could be held liable. That “the-
ory of standing, which relies on a highly attenuated chain of possi-
bilities,” doesn’t present the type of concrete and imminent injury
that Banks needs to show to invoke our jurisdiction. Clapper, 568
U.S. at 410.
       To be clear, we don’t foreclose the possibility that if Banks’s
situation were to change, then he might be able to show a suffi-
ciently concrete and imminent harm. But at this point, based on

science on (and medical acceptance of) TTFT is evolving. By the time Banks
resumes treatment, the LCD may be updated again to direct coverage for his
condition. We have no way of knowing.
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22-10072                Opinion of the Court                         21

the alleged facts before us, Banks “has not demonstrated the requi-
site injury to establish Article III standing.” Prosser, 2 F.4th at 714.
                                   C
       Finally, Banks asserts that the denial of his “substantive stat-
utory right” to have Medicare pay for his treatment gives him
standing. Br. of Appellant at 33. There are two problems with his
argument.
       First, it is barred by the law of the case. That doctrine pro-
vides that, notwithstanding some inapplicable exceptions, “conclu-
sions of law by an appellate court are . . . binding in all subsequent
proceedings in the same case.” Lebron v. Sec’y of the Fla. Dep’t of
Child. & Fams., 772 F.3d 1352, 1360 (11th Cir. 2014) (quotation
omitted). In Banks I, we made “quick work” of Banks’s “argument
that the statutory violation itself is sufficient to confer standing.”
2021 WL 3138562, at *3. Instead, we held that because “Novocure,
and not Banks, is liable for the cost of the January, March, and April
2018 claims,” Banks had “not shown how the statutory violation
caused a direct harm.” Id. There’s no reason to “revisit[] [that]
issue[] that [was] already decided.” Cambridge Univ. Press v. Al-
bert, 906 F.3d 1290, 1299 (11th Cir. 2018) (alteration adopted) (quo-
tation omitted).
        Second, even assuming that Banks’s substantive-statutory-
violation theory isn’t barred by the law of the case, it fails as a mat-
ter of law. In fact, this Court rejected almost the exact same argu-
ment in Muransky. There, the plaintiff argued that the “violation
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22                     Opinion of the Court                 22-10072

of a substantive right, unlike a procedural right, automatically”
confers standing. 979 F.3d at 929. We disagreed, explaining that
“arguments grounded in a distinction between substantive and
procedural rights miss the point and are ‘unconvincing’ because
they depend ‘entirely on the framing of the right.’” Id. at 930 (quo-
tation omitted). We then clarified that “[t]he question, always, is
whether an injury in fact accompanies a statutory violation.” Id.;
accord TransUnion, 141 S. Ct. at 2205.
        For reasons already explained, Banks hasn’t alleged such an
injury. He hasn’t shown “that the statutory violation itself caused”
him—as opposed to Novocure—a concrete and particularized
harm. Id. at 926; see also Banks I, 2021 WL 3138562, at *3 (“Because
he does not have to pay these claims, Banks has not shown how
the statutory violation caused a direct harm.”). Nor has he shown
a sufficiently substantial risk of future harm. See Clapper, 568 U.S.
at 410–14. He therefore lacks standing.
                               * * *
        Edwin Banks is, by all accounts, a very sympathetic plaintiff.
He has waged—and is continuing to wage—a heroic battle against
a dreadful disease. And as we have said, circumstances could well
change such that one of the Medicare-related injuries he alleges
materializes in a way that satisfies current standing doctrine. As
matters currently stand, though, he has not alleged an injury in fact
sufficient to satisfy Article III. Accordingly, we must AFFIRM.