Court Opinion

ID: 9771203
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-29 16:36:46.369397+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:38:13.295267
License: Public Domain

OPINION
GRANT, Justice.
Arkla Exploration Company appeals from a judgment granting damages to Haywood, Rice & Williams Venture, Devane Clark, John Moon, and Bill Driskell, hereinafter referred to collectively as the Appellees. The Appellees have obtained damages against Arkla on the basis that Arkla negligently depleted a gas reservoir under land on which Appellees held oil and gas leases. The principle issue is whether a determination by the Railroad Commission that its rules were not violated by Arkla is binding in a court proceeding for damages.
Arkla raises nine points of error on appeal. Arkla contends that the trial court erred (1) in overruling its motion for summary judgment because the Appellees failed to prove that they owned the working interest under the Warren Hall # 1 Well or that they owned any leasehold damaged by Arkla, (2) in overruling Arkla’s motion for judgment non ob-stante veredicto because there was no finding that Arkla’s conduct was willful or illegal, (3) in overruling Arkla’s motion for judgment non obstante veredicto because the Railroad Commission had made a final determination on the matters before the court, (4) in overruling Arkla’s motion for judgment non ob-stante veredicto because Arkla had a right to produce the minerals under the rule of capture, (5) in overruling Arkla’s motion for new trial because the jury’s answers are in irreconcilable conflict, (6) in overruling Arkla’s motion for new trial because the jury’s answers are not supported by factually sufficient evidence or are against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence, (7) in overruling Arkla’s motion for new trial because the jury’s award of $1,000,000 in damages was excessive, (8) in overruling *114Arkla’s objection to the inclusion in the charge of a definition of waste, and (9) in refusing to submit Arkla’s proposed jury instruction on the rule of capture.
This case focuses on two wells drilled on separate tracts in Marion County which penetrate common oil and gas reservoirs in the Rhodessa Field. The upper-most formation is called the Upper Pettit. The next formation below the Upper Pettit is called the Lower Pettit. The deepest formation involved in this case is the Travis Peak, which lies below the Upper Pettit and Lower Pettit.
In 1944, Arkla drilled the Cromer 2-C well on a lease in Marion County. In drilling the well, Arkla tested the Upper Pettit, but found it unsuitable for commercial production. The well was then drilled through the Lower Pettit and into the Travis Peak, where it was successfully completed. Production began from the Travis Peak in 1944. Arkla also successfully completed the well in the Lower Pettit in 1947. Thereafter, the Cromer 2-C produced both from the Travis Peak and from the Lower Pettit.1
The reservoirs in the Rhodessa Field are shaped like an inverted bowl. The Cromer wells were drilled into the crest of the bowl structure, resulting in very high production.2 While the Cromer 2-C was the most productive Lower Pettit well in the area, there were other wells in East Texas with similar production rates. The Lower Pettit well was abandoned in 1974 after production declined.
In 1988, the Appellees drilled the Warren Hall well on a separate tract, about 5,000 feet from the Cromer 2-C. The Appellees wanted to produce oil from the Upper Pettit and the Travis Peak. Numerous previous attempts to test or drill in the Upper Pettit had indicated that it was unsuitable for eom-mercial production. Upon completing the Warren Hall in the Upper Pettit, the Appel-lees found that the pressure in the formation was too low to sustain production.
The Appellees came to the conclusion that Arkla had actually produced gas from both the Upper Pettit and the Lower Pettit through the Cromer 2-C. By removing so much gas from the Upper Pettit, the Appel-lees theorized, Arkla had reduced pressure in the Upper Pettit to the point that oil could no longer be produced.
The Appellees filed suit against Arkla alleging that Arkla had drained gas from the Upper Pettit through the Cromer 2-C. The Appellees contended that this drainage constituted negligence and a violation of Railroad Commission rules. The trial court granted a continuance to allow Arkla to seek an administrative ruling on the alleged rule violations. The Railroad Commission determined that (a) Arkla did not produce gas from the Upper Pettit through the Cromer 2-C, (b) that Arkla’s operation of the Cromer 2-C did not violate Commission rules, and (c) that the Upper Pettit was not suitable for commercial oil production. The case was then tried to a jury, which returned a verdict in favor of the Appellees. Specifically, the jury found that (a) Arkla depleted a common reservoir in the Upper Pettit, (b) Arkla’s conduct was negligent, (c) Arkla’s conduct proximately caused loss of recoverable oil from the Upper Pettit underlying the Appel-lees’ leases, and (d) the Appellees sustained $1,000,000 in damages. The jury failed to find that Arkla’s conduct was illegal or willful.
We first address Arkla’s third point of error, which we find to be dispositive of this case.3 Our determination of this issue makes *115it unnecessary to reach the other points of error.
Primary Jurisdiction
Arkla contends that the authority and original jurisdiction of the Railroad Commission prevents a party from seeking damages in a core proceeding without preliminary fact findings by the Railroad Commission. The Railroad Commission is authorized to inquire into all matters concerning oil and gas to determine whether or not waste4 exists or is imminent or whether the oil and gas conservation laws or the rules and orders of the Commission are violated. Tex.Nat.Res.Code Ann. § 85.058 (Vernon 1993). The Railroad Commission is vested with power and charged with the duty of regulating the production of oil and gas for the prevention of waste as well as for the protection of correlative rights of producers. Texaco, Inc. v. Railroad Commission, 583 S.W.2d 307 (Tex.1979).
The case of Sun Oil Co. v. Martin, 218 F.Supp. 618 (S.D.Texas 1963), aff'd, 330 F.2d 5 (5th Cir.1964), closely resembles the present case factually. In that case, a suit was brought for damages alleged to have been caused by the defendant’s violation of the Railroad Commission rules through wrongfully or negligently producing from a sand level from which production was not authorized by the Railroad Commission. The trial court concluded that under Texas oil and gas conservation statutes, the Railroad Commission, being the statutory enforcement agency, must also be the primary or original statutory factfinding agency, citing Gulf Land Co. v. Atlantic Refining Co., 134 Tex. 59, 131 S.W.2d 73, 81 (1939). The trial court applied the doctrine of primary jurisdiction, holding that the question demanded the exercise of administrative discretion and required the special knowledge and experience of the Railroad Commission, citing Kavanaugh v. Underwriters Life Ins. Co., 231 S.W.2d 753 (Tex.Civ.App.-Waco 1950, writ ref'd). The trial court found that the Railroad Commission by statute had exclusive original jurisdiction to determine the proration for natural gas fields in the state, citing Chenoweth v. Nordan & Morris, 171 S.W.2d 386, 388 (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1943, writ ref'd w.o.m.). In conclusion, the trial court determined that to obtain a damage judgment, the plaintiff must obtain a determination by the Railroad Commission that gas was wrongfully taken by the defendant and the quantity of gas wrongfully taken. On appeal, the Fifth Circuit upheld the trial court’s ruling that primary jurisdiction was in the Railroad Commission. Sun Oil Co. v. Martin, 330 F.2d 5.
Tex.Rev.Civ.StatAnn. art. 6049c, § 135 as it existed at the time the federal court made its ruling reads as follows:
Nothing herein contained or authorized and no suit buyer against the commission, and no penalties imposed upon or claimed against any party violating any statute of this State, or any rule, regulation or order of the Commission shall impair or abridge or delay any cause of action for damages, or other relief, any owner of any land or any producer of crude petroleum oil or natural gas, or any other party at interest, may have or assert against any party violating any rule, regulation or order of the Commission, or any judgment herein mentioned. Any party owning any interest in any property or production which may be damaged by any other party violating this Act or any other Statute of this State *116prohibiting waste or violating any valid rule, regulation or order of the Commission, may sue for and recover such damages, and have such other relief as he may be entitled to in law or in equity.
In light of this statute and Section 85.321 of the Natural Resource Code,6 we question the necessity of requiring a ruling by the Railroad Commission in this case under these circumstances. The present case differs from the Sun Oil case because the matter had been addressed by the Railroad Commission. We do not, therefore, reach the question of the proper disposition when there has been no Railroad Commission determination. The Railroad Commission found that its rules were not violated. The question is when the Railroad Commission has made a determination within its authority, would this determination be subject to collateral attack?
Collateral Attack Upon The Railroad Commission Order
Collateral attack on a judgment is an attempt to avoid its binding force in a proceeding not instituted for the purpose of correcting, modifying, or vacating it, but in order to obtain some specific relief against which the judgment stands as a bar. Hogan v. City of Tyler, 602 S.W.2d 555 (Tex.Civ.App.-Tyler 1980). The rules concerning collateral attack apply to orders or judgments of quasi-judicial bodies, such as the Railroad Commission, as well as to the courts. Railroad Commission of Texas v. McKnight, 619 5.W.2d 255 (Tex.Civ.App.-Tyler 1981, no writ).
The general rule is that orders of the Railroad Commission within its delegated authority are immune from collateral attack unless they are void on their face. Corzelius v. Harrell, 143 Tex. 509, 186 S.W.2d 961 (1945); Lone Star Gas Co. v. State, 137 Tex. 279, 153 S.W.2d 681 (1941); Coastal States Gas Producing Co. v. Lower Colorado River Authority, 544 S.W.2d 733 (Tex.Civ.App.-Eastland 1976), writ ref'd n.r.e. per curiam, 551 S.W.2d 340 (Tex.1977). The Appellees have cited no cases and we have found none that reject this general rule. The Appellees do not argue that this is not a viable rule in Texas. Instead, they contend that the court proceedings were not a collateral attack in the present case because their suit was couched in terms of negligence and because the Railroad Commission could not award them damages.7
In Bolton v. Coats, 514 S.W.2d 482 (Tex.Civ.App.-Tyler 1974), the court of appeals determined that the basis of the plaintiffs suit required a reclassification which had been denied by the Railroad Commission and that the denial by the Railroad Commission was not subject to collateral attack. The Texas Supreme Court, however, determined that Bolton had other pleadings for damages that were separate from his attack upon the Railroad Commission’s order and was entitled to his day in court on those separate allegations. Specifically, the Supreme Court found that the plaintiff was entitled to trial on his allegations that he was entitled to royalty on large amounts of oil that had been produced from the gas well and that the defendants were breaching their duty to explore and produce oil from known oil sand under the property in order to prevent drainage.8 Bolton v. Coats, 533 S.W.2d 914 (Tex.1976).
*117In Amarillo Oil Co. v. Energy-Agri Products, 731 S.W.2d 113 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1987), the Amarillo Court of Appeals held that the basis of the plaintiffs suit amounted to a collateral attack upon a valid order of the Railroad Commission classifying its wells. The court of appeals invoked the doctrine of primary jurisdiction and refused to allow a collateral attack on the Railroad Commission order. The Texas Supreme Court, however, held that the cause was properly within the jurisdiction of the courts because the Railroad Commission had no authority to determine title and ownership of property, to construe a lease, or to grant an injunction. Amarillo Oil Co. v. Energy-Agri Products, 794 S.W.2d 20 (Tex.1990). In neither of these Supreme Court decisions overruling the lower courts did the Texas Supreme Court override determinations made by the Railroad Commission. Instead, the Supreme Court found that there were causes of action separate from the matters covered in the Railroad Commission orders.
There are at least three significant differences between these cases and the present case: (1) In the Bolton and Amarillo Oil Co. cases, the plaintiffs did not have to obtain fact findings contrary to the fact findings made by the Railroad Commission on matters within its authority; in the present case, in order for the plaintiffs to prevail, the fact finder would have to determine that the facts were contrary to the fact determinations made by the Railroad Commission. (2) In the Bolton and Amarillo Oil Co. cases, there were factual allegations that did not directly relate to the subject matter addressed by the Railroad Commission; in the present case, the material factual allegations had been addressed by the Railroad Commission. (3) In the Bolton and Amarillo Oil Co. cases, the plaintiffs did not allege a cause of action that relied on the failure of the defendants to obtain an authorization from the Railroad Commission; in the present case, the plaintiffs’ cause of action relied entirely on the allegations that the defendant produced the Upper Pettit without obtaining an authorization from the Railroad Commission.
In the present case, there are no allegations of acts by Arkla that are not covered by the Railroad Commission’s order. The only way that a judgment could be granted against Arkla was on a factual basis diametrically to the contrary of the Railroad Commission’s determination. The Railroad Commission determined that Arkla had not violated the Railroad Commission’s rules by producing gas from the Upper Pettit.
The Appellees did not choose to participate in the Railroad Commission proceeding, to appeal the Railroad Commission’s findings to the district court of Travis County, or to seek to enjoin the Railroad Commission proceeding as an interference with a pending suit. The order of the Railroad Commission is final and was admitted into evidence. The Appellees’ only objection to the introduction of the rulings and findings of the Railroad Commission was that the witness on the stand at that time was not the proper witness to sponsor the exhibit.9
The Railroad Commission order, issued on February 10, 1992, in Oil & Gas Docket No. 6-97,038, included the following:

FINDINGS OF FACT

The evidence submitted supports the following findings of fact:
1. All parties entitled to notice were given notice of the hearing on this application at least 10 days prior to hearing.
2. This application is unprotested. Arkla Exploration Company was the only person to submit evidence at the hearing.
3. The Arkla Alma Cromer Well No. 2 was originally drilled and completed in 1944 as a Travis Peak completion. It was later dually completed, pursuant to proper authority, in the Travis Peak and Lower Pettit zones. The well produced a total of 14 BCF from the *118Lower Pettit before abandonment in 1974.
4. While drilling the well, Arkla tested and cored the Upper Pettit. That formation was determined to be too tight to be productive. The Upper Pettit was cased and cemented off. The well records show that the Upper Pettit has never been perforated. The cement bond log indicates there is a good bond between the Upper Pettit interval and the Lower Pettit perforations.
5. There are approximately 34 BCF of reserves in place in the Lower Pettit Field. Cumulative production in the field since 1944 is approximately 30 BCF. The-Cromer Well was the highest producing well in the Lower Pettit and the best well in the field. Approximately two-thirds of cumulative production from the Lower Pettit was produced in the first four years of its life.
6. A 90% recovery factor in the Lower Pettit is reasonable for this reservoir.
7. The Upper Pettit has been tested in approximately 20 wells in the area. All tests show the Upper Pettit to be tight with low permeability. A number of the wells tested are closer to the location of the Warren Hall Well than the Alma Cromer Unit No. 2. The only reported production from the Upper Pettit has been from wells located more than 2 miles from the location of the Warren Hall Well.
8. The test of the Warren Hall Well does not indicate drainage of the Upper Pettit at that location by production from, the Alma Cromer Unit No. 2 Well. The test of the Warren Hall is indicative of a tight, low permeability reservoir in the Upper Pettit, and is similar to other tests of the Upper Pettit in the area.
9. Railroad Commission Rule 10 states that oil or gas shall not be produced from different strata through the same string of casing except as set out under the rule. The evidence shows that the Upper Pettit in the Cromer Well No. 2 has not been produced through the same string of casing as the Lower Pettit at that location, and that the Upper Pettit is not capable of commercial production at that location.
10. Rule 16 requires the operator of a well to correctly report all perforations. The completion reports for the Cromer Well No. 2 properly show it to have been completed at times in the Travis Peak and/or the Lower Pettit.

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

1. Notice of this hearing was issued in accordance with the applicable statutory requirements.
2. The Cromer Well has not been operated in violation of Rule 10.

S. The Cromer Well has not been operated in violation of Rule 16.

(Emphasis added.)
A review of Appellees’ contentions in the trial court,10 the proof presented,11 and the *119jury questions12 show that the thrust of their suit was that in its Cromer 2-C Well Arkla produced and depleted the pressure in the Upper Pettit zone without approval of the Railroad Commission and that they were damaged when they later drilled their Warren Hall Well into the Upper Pettit and found that it was depleted of pressure and gas. The entire case hinges on whether Arkla violated the Railroad Commission rules by producing a zone without the Railroad Commission’s approval. Couching the allegations of the conduct of Arkla in terms of negligence does not alter the thrust of the Appellees’ suit. Whether such conduct had been done by Arkla intentionally or negligently, it would still constitute a violation of the Railroad Commission rules.13 If the Railroad Commission had determined that Arkla had produced and drained the Upper Pettit in violation of its rules, the Appellees could have sought a court determination that such conduct was negligent or intentional and asked for damages on that basis.
The Railroad Commission fact findings reflect that the Warren Hall Well was not drained by the Cromer 2-C, that Arkla had not violated Railroad Commission Rule 10 by producing the Upper Pettit, that the Upper Pettit was not capable of commercial production at the Warren Hall Well location, and that the Cromer 2-C Well was not perforated at the Upper Pettit in violation of Rule 16 of the Railroad Commission. These findings negate the production or drainage of gas from the Upper Pettit by the Alma Cromer 2-C Well. The Railroad Commission further concluded that the Upper Pettit at the Warren Hall Well location was not capable of producing in commercial quantities because of the tight formation with low permeability.
The findings by the Railroad Commission that Arkla had not violated its rules by producing at a sand level not authorized by the Railroad Commission is a finding which is not subject to collateral attack. The Railroad Commission’s findings cover all of the allegations made by the Appellees in this suit. These findings are not subject to collateral attack; thus, Arkla is entitled to judgment.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed, and judgment is rendered that Ap-pellees take nothing.

. The portion of the well completed in the Travis Peak is known as the Cromer 2-T, while the portion completed in the Lower Pettit is the Cromer 2-C, the subject of this suit.

. During its life, the Cromer 2-C produced over thirteen BCF of gas from the Lower Pettit.

. The trial court erred in overruling Arkla’s motion for judgment non obstante veredicto, because the essential premise of plaintiff's case (i.e., that Arkla depleted the pressure necessaty to produce the Warren Hall # 1 Well in commercial quantities by illegally producing gas from the Upper Pettit formation) has been determined to the contrary by the Final Order of the Railroad Commission of Texas in Oil & Gas Docket No. 6-97,038. Therefore, resolution of the inquiries in Questions 1, 2, 3, and 4,
(a) is vested in the primary jurisdiction of the Railroad Commission of Texas,
(b) has been determined adversely to plaintiffs in the February 10, 1992, Final Order of the Railroad Commission in Oil & Gas Docket No. 6-97,038, and
*115(c) relitigation of the facts determined in that order is an impermissible collateral attack upon a final order of the Railroad Commission.

. The definition of waste includes underground waste or loss, however caused. Tex.Nat.Res.Code Ann. § 85.046(a)(3) (Vernon 1993).

. Now it is contained in Tex.Nat.Res.Code Ann. § 85.322 (Vernon 1993) in the following language:
None of the provisions of this chapter that were formerly a part of Chapter 26, Acts of the 42nd Legislature, 1st Called Session, 1931, as amended, no suit by or against the commission, and no penalties imposed on or claimed against any party violating a law, rule, or order of the commission shall impair or abridge or delay a cause of action for damages or other relief that an owner of land or a producer of oil or gas, or any other party at interest, may have or assert against any party violating any rule or order of the commission or any judgment under this chapter.

. Section 85.321 of the Natural Resources Code specifically provides that a party can bring suit to recover damages when a law of this state has been violated which prohibits waste or when a valid rule of the Railroad Commission prohibiting waste has been violated. If the suit is against the leaseholder or operator, the statute provides that it shall be a defense that the owner or operator was acting as a reasonably prudent operator would act under the same or similar facts or circumstances. Tex.Nat.Res Code Ann. § 85.321 (Vernon 1993).

. On rehearing, the Appellees complain that the Railroad Commission did not have authority to make its ruling because the matter was not properly initiated before the Commission. We have found no rule restricting an interested party from seeking a hearing and determination by the Railroad Commission. To hold that the Railroad Commission had no authority to conduct a hearing and make a determination in the present case would be to hold that the Railroad Commission had no right to conduct a hearing to determine if its own rules had been violated.

.The dissent characterizes Bolton v. Coats, 533 S.W.2d 914 (Tex.1976), as a suit "for damages for drainage by oil wells on adjacent leases.” *117This is misleading in that it suggests that this action was against third parties owning the adjacent leases, but in fact it was against their own operator for not seeking to drill protective offset wells.

. "Object, Your Honor. This is not the right witness. If they have a witness that wants to sponsor it — ."

. The following are excerpts from the plaintiff's first amended original petition upon which they went to trial:
The Plaintiffs believe that Arkla produced massive quantities of gas from the Upper Pettit Sand through the wellbore of the Cromer # 2-C without first obtaining proper approval from the Texas Railroad Commission as required by then existing Statewide Rules 11 and 15. The requirements of those rules are now found in the Commission’s Statewide Rules 10 and 16_ Because Arkla did not follow this procedure, the production from the Upper Pettit Sand through the Cromer # 2-C was illegal production. As such, Plaintiffs are entitled to bring this action for damages to their correlative rights in the common Upper Pettit reservoir due to such illegal production.
In the alternative, Plaintiffs submit that Ark-la was negligent insofar as failing to discover that the inordinate amount of production coming from the Cromer # 2-C was in fact production from an unpermitted zone, i.e. the Upper Pettit Sand.
In the alternative, Plaintiffs submit that Ark-la's conduct in negligent, intentionally and/or illegally depleting the Upper Pettit Sand created waste insofar as the loss of valuable oil reserves in the Upper Pettit Sand underlying their leases.

. Appellees’ expert, James R. Smith, testified that in his opinion the Upper Pettit had been depleted by production by Arkla's Cromer well that was permitted only for production in the Travis Peak and Lower Pettit zones.

. The jury was asked: "Did the Defendant, through its Cromer 2 well deplete a common reservoir of gas from the Upper Pettit sands underlying the lands covered by the Plaintiffs’ oil and gas leases?” All the remaining questions dealt with whether the conduct had been intentional or negligent, whether it was a proximate cause of damages and the amount of damages.

. The dissent asserts that there can be negligence without the violation of an ordinance or statute. We agree. However, in the present case, the Appellees take the position that Arkla’s negligence was producing the Upper Pettit in violation of the Railroad Commission rules. If Arkla had produced the Upper Pettit with authorization of the Railroad Commission, it would have had a right to take the gas under the rule of capture. See Elliff v. Texon Drilling Co., 146 Tex. 575, 210 S.W.2d 558 (1948).