Court Opinion

ID: 18303
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 07:13:13+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:40:23.995505
License: Public Domain

REVISED - August 4, 1999

                       IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                           No. 98-50810

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                               versus

SERGIO ALBERTO ORTEGON-UVALDE, a.k.a. Sergio Garcia-Leal,
                                                                               Defendant-Appellant.

                            Appeal from the United States District Court
                                 for the Western District of Texas

                                            July 1, 1999

Before SMITH, DeMOSS, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

CARL E. STEWART, Circuit Judge:

          After a bench trial, Defendant-Appellant Sergio Alberto Ortegon-Uvalde (“Ortegon”) was

convicted of illegal reentry into the United States, after having been deported after a conviction for

an aggravated felony, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2) (1994). On appeal, Ortegon advances

two challenges to his conviction. First, he contends that the government must prove specific intent

when prosecuting a violation of § 1326. Second, he argues that he was enti tled to a defense of

entrapment-by-estoppel because he was misled about the time that he had to remain absent from the

United States. For the reasons set forth below, we decline to accept Ortegon’s arguments and thus

affirm.

                             FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

          On June 6, 1989, Ortegon was convicted in state court of an aggravated felony offense –

delivery of cocaine – and sentenced to eight years’ imprisonment. After a hearing, Ortegon was

deported from the United States to Mexico on January 29, 1990.
       On June 23, 1997, Special Agent Jan Baumgardner o f the Immigration and Naturalization

Service (“INS”) learned that Ortegon was in the Bell County Jail in Belton, Texas. Baumgardner

interviewed Ortegon, and, after a records check, it was learned that Ortegon had been previously

deported. On February 10, 1998, Ortegon was indicted on one count of illegal reentry into the

United States in violation of § 1326(b)(2). On May 18, he waived his right to a trial by jury and

proceeded to a bench trial. At trial, Ortegon stipulated to all of the underlying facts supporting the

offense: he conceded that he had been previously convicted of a drug offense in 1989, that he had

been deported in 1990 to Mexico, and that he was found in the United States, without permission of

the Attorney General, in June 1997.

       The major issue at trial was whether the warning given to Ortegon when he was deported

permitted him the defense of entrapment-by-est oppel. The defendant testified that when he was

deported in 1990, he “was told”1 that he could not return to the United States until 1995. A written

warning provided Ortegon at the time of his deportation advised:

       This is a warning. Please read carefully.
       It has been ordered that you be deported to Mexico. You will be informed
       when departure arrangements are complete. If needful, we will assist you as
       much as possible arranging your personal affairs for departure.

       Should you wish to return to the United States you must write this office or
       the American Consular Office nearest your residence abroad as to how to
       obtain permission to return after deportation. By law (Title 8 of the United
       States Code, Section 1326) any deported person who within five years returns
       without permission is guilty of a felony. If convicted he may be punished by
       imprisonment of not more than two years and/or a fine of not more than
       $1,000.00.2

Ortegon maintained that he had relied on this language and that he believed he could return to the

United States after 1995. On direct examination, he insisted that he had returned to the United States

  1
    Although Ortegon used the words “was told,” he does not indicate who told him this. It appears
that he relied on the warnings in the papers from the INS.
  2
   Both parties agree that this language is incorrect. Under §1326, it is a crime to reenter the United
States at any time after deportation without permission, and the actual potential sentence is 20 years.

                                                  2
after 1995. On cross-examination, however, Ortegon admitted that he had actually been in the United

States continuously since 1991.3

       Before the trial and during closing arguments, Ortegon presented a motion for a judgment of

acquittal. The court took the matter under advisement, but on May 20, 1998, it found Ortegon guilty

of violating § 1326 and sentenced him to 92 months’ imprisonment and a three-year term of

supervised release. Ortegon filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                             DISCUSSION

                                                   I

       Ortegon first argues that this court should require the government to prove specific intent

under § 1326. He admits that intent is not specifically set forth in t e statute. He points out,
                                                                     h

however, that criminalizing conduct normally requires some level of intent. He maintains that cases

in which no mens rea is required are limited generally to statutes regulating dangerous devices or

harmful waste materials. Ortegon alleges that the crime with which he was charged is not a public

welfare offense, in which the interest of society as a whole may outweigh the need for the individual

to act with specific intent. Additionally, Ort egon points out that this is a crime subject to harsh

penalties, which should justify a specific intent requirement. Finally, Ortegon argues that people

would not normally expect that punishment for an illegal border crossing could mean 20 years in

prison. Given these factors and his perception that the INS continues to misstate the elements of

illegal reentry to deported aliens, Ortegon contends that a specific intent requirement should be

imposed.

       Ortegon’s argument is not without force; indeed, one circuit has adopted his view. See

United States v. Anton, 683 F.2d 1011 (7th Cir. 1982). Every other circuit to consider the issue,

   3
    Ortegon was evasive with the trial court when he was asked when he had returned to the United
States during his bench trial. He first stated that he had not returned to the United States until after
1995. After reasserting this on cross-examination, he was asked whether he understood the meaning
of perjury. Ortegon then stated that he did not see why he should have to answer whether he had
returned to the United States before or after 1995 because he was not questioned by the INS until
1997. Only after the court ordered him to answer did he admit that he had returned before 1995.

                                                   3
however, has taken the contrary position. See United States v. Gonzalez-Chavez, 122 F.3d 15, 17-

18 (8th Cir. 1997); United States v. Henry, 111 F.3d 111, 114 (11th Cir. 1997); United States v. Soto,

106 F.3d 1040, 1041 (1st Cir. 1997); United States v. Ayala, 35 F.3d 423, 426 (9th Cir. 1994); United

States v. Espinoza-Leon, 873 F.2d 743, 746 (4th Cir. 1989); United States v. Hernandez, 693 F.2d
996, 1000 (10th Cir. 1982); United States v. Newton, 677 F.2d 16, 17 (2nd Cir. 1982); United States

v. Hussein, 675 F.2d 114, 116 (6th Cir. 1982). In fact, as Ortegon concedes, a panel of this circuit has

confronted this very issue and adopted the majority approach.                 See United States v.

Trevino-Martinez, 86 F.3d 65, 68 (5th Cir. 1996). In Trevino-Martinez, we held that a showing of

specific intent was not required to find an individual guilty under § 1326. See 86 F.3d at 68; see also

United States v. Asibor, 109 F.3d 1023, 1036 (5th Cir. 1997). As a panel, we are without authority

to overrule the decision of another panel of this circuit. See United States v. Taylor, 933 F.2d 307,

313 (5th Cir. 1991). Accordingly, Ortegon’s effort to change the law of this circuit is appropriate only

in a motion for rehearing en banc.

                                                  II

       Ortegon also argues that he was entitled to claim the defense of entrapment-by-estoppel. In

essence, he contends that the government’s warning led him mistakenly to believe that he could

reenter the United States after five years without fear of prosecution. Because he was charged with

illegal entry in 1997, more than five years after his 1990 deportation, Ortegon submits that his

prosecution was invalid. Because the district court erred in considering the fact that he entered the

country before 1995, Ortegon maintains that he should be acquitted of his crime and released from

his sentence. He further maintains that the government cannot rely on the fact that he entered the

United States before 1995 because he was not charged with illegal conduct in those years. Finally,

he argues, without support, that while a citizen of the United States might be presumed to know and

understand the laws of this country, no such presumption should apply to a citizen of Mexico.4

   4
    Ortegon cites United States v. Spires, 79 F.3d 464 (5th Cir. 1996), for this proposition. While
Spires discusses the defense of entrapment-by-estoppel, it does not raise the issue of presumed legal
knowledge. See id. at 466-67.

                                                   4
        “The [entrapment-by-estoppel] defense applies when a government official tells a defendant

that certain conduct is legal and the defendant commits what would otherwise be a crime in

reasonable reliance on the official’s representation.” United States v. Baptista-Rodriguez, 17 F.3d
1354, 1368 n.18 (11th Cir. 1994). “The estoppel argument was held to establish a valid defense in

Cox v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 559 . . . (1965) and Raley v. Ohio, 360 U.S. 423 . . . (1959).” United

States v. Bruscantini, 761 F.2d 640, 641 (11th Cir. 1985).5 The district court considered this defense

when it took Ortegon’s case under advisement. It looked to the fact that Ortegon returned to the

United States shortly after he was deported and did not again return to Mexico before his 1997

incarceration. The co urt found that Ortegon’s actions evidenced “extreme bad faith” because he

returned to the United States so early despite the warning that was given him.

        We review de novo the district court's application of constitutional standards to Ortegon’s

claim. See United States v. Perez-Torres, 15 F.3d 403, 406 (5th Cir. 1994) (citing United States v.

Shaw, 920 F.2d 1225, 1228 (5th Cir. 1991)). This is not the first time we have had to consider the

entrapment-by-estoppel defense in the context of erroneous INS warnings. In Perez-Torres, the

defendant argued that his sentence of 60 months was improper because the INS warning mistakenly

stated t hat the potential sentence for illegal reentry was two years. See 15 F.3d at 405-06. We

observed there that “‘[e]stoppel is an equitable doctrine.’” Id. at 407 (quoting Heckler v. Community

Health Services of Crawford County, Inc., 467 U.S. 51, 59 & n.12 (1984)). Consequently, “he who

comes into equity must come with clean hands, and thus the doors of equity are closed to one tainted

with inequitableness or bad faith relative to the matter in which he seeks relief, however improper may

  5
    In Raley, the petitioners were convicted of contempt for refusing to answer questions before the
Unamerican Activities Commission of the State of Ohio. See Raley, 360 U.S. at 424. The
Commissioner advised them, contrary to Ohio law, that they had a right to claim their privilege
against self incrimination. See id. at 425. The Supreme Court held that it was “an indefensible sort
of entrapment by the State -- convicting a citizen for exercising a privilege which the State had clearly
told him was available to him.” Id. at 425-26.
    In Cox, the petitioner had received permission to hold a demonstration across the street from a
courthouse but was later arrested for refusing to disperse. See 379 U.S. at 570-71. The Court held
that a conviction under such circumstances violated the Due Process Clause. See id. at 571-72.

                                                   5
have been the behavior of the other party.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Precision

Instrument Mfg. Co. v. Automotive M.M. Co., 324 U.S. 806 (1945)).

        Ortegon cannot avail himself of the entrapment-by-estoppel defense because he did not

actually rely on the INS’ erroneous warning. Ortegon admitted on cross-examination that he

reentered the United States within five years and remained undetected until he was discovered on

June 23, 1997. Ortegon’s actions in returning to the United States within five years of his deportation

contradict his assertion that he reasonably relied on the INS warning, and critically undermines his

argument that he thought he could return after five years without committing a felony. Moreover,

we decline Ortegon’s invitation to introduce a perverse incentive for deported persons to remain in

the United States in violation of their deportation order simply because they manage to go undetected

outside the “ambiguous” five years expressed in the warning. Accordingly, we reject Ortegon’s

second basis for relief as well.

                                            CONCLUSION

        For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM Ortegon’s conviction.

                                                  6