Court Opinion

ID: 4278703
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-05-25 20:00:31.898377+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:26.872417
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAY 25 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JOHN M. HEINEKE,                                No.    17-16876

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No. 5:17-cv-05285-LHK

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
SANTA CLARA UNIVERSITY and
QIANYUE EVELYN ZHANG,

                Defendants-Appellees.

JOHN M. HEINEKE,                                No.    17-17408

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No. 5:17-cv-05285-LHK

 v.

SANTA CLARA UNIVERSITY and JANE
DOE,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
                     Lucy H. Koh, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted March 14, 2018
                           San Francisco, California

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
     Before: BERZON and BEA, Circuit Judges, and BERG,** District Judge.

      Plaintiff John M. Heineke (Heineke), a long-serving tenured professor at

Santa Clara University, appeals the district court’s denial of a preliminary injunction

to lift his suspension from teaching and order his reinstatement. Heineke sought this

injunction after the university suspended him pending the results of an internal

investigation of a sexual harassment complaint by a former student. Along with his

claims for injunctive relief, Heineke brought suit for wrongful termination under the

Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. § 623; due process

violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983; intentional infliction of emotional distress;

negligent infliction of emotional distress; breach of contract; breach of the covenant

of good faith and fair dealing; and defamation.

      The district court denied the preliminary injunction request,1 resting its

decision solely on a finding that Heineke had not established a substantial likelihood

**
  The Honorable Terrence Berg, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
1
  Heineke appealed the denial of his preliminary injunction motion. Dkt. 13 (Case
No. 17-16876). While that appeal was pending, the university president affirmed
the initial finding that Heineke had sexually harassed a former student and
approved his termination. Heineke then filed a second motion for preliminary
injunction to enjoin his termination as well as an internal appeal of the president’s
decision to the faculty judicial board. Pending the outcome of that appeal, Heineke
remained on paid suspension. The district court denied Heineke’s second
preliminary injunction motion on the same grounds as the first, noting that his
“status has not changed since his first motion for a temporary restraining order or

                                          2                                    17-16876
of irreparable harm. The district court failed to address the additional preliminary

injunction factors of likelihood of success on the merits, balance of the hardships

between the parties absent an injunction, and the public interest in granting the

injunction. Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7 (2008). We review the

district court’s denial of a preliminary injunction for abuse of discretion. See Pom

Wonderful LLC v. Hubbard, 775 F.3d 1118, 1123 (9th Cir. 2014). We reverse and

remand for a complete application of the four-part preliminary injunction test.

      The district court concluded that Heineke’s evidence of reputational damage,

loss of opportunity to pursue his chosen profession, and emotional distress did not

support a showing of irreparable harm. The district court read Sampson v. Murray,

415 U.S. 61 (1974), and this Circuit’s decisions applying Sampson, as rejecting

“assertions of irreparable harm stemming from lost income, reputational damage,

and psychological injury” that arise from an adverse employment decision. Citing

Sampson, 415 U.S. at 89–93 & n.68; Hartikka v. United States, 754 F.2d 1516 (9th

Cir. 1985); Kennedy v. Sec’y of Army, 191 F. 3d 460 (9th Cir. 1999). In Sampson,

the Court acknowledged that an extreme case of lost income or reputational harm

might constitute irreparable injury, but noted that generally “insufficiency of

savings or difficulties in obtaining other employment – external factors common to

preliminary injunction.” Heineke again appealed. Dkt. 7 (Case No. 17-17408). His
two appeals are consolidated.

                                          3                                       17-16876
most discharged employees and not attributable to any unusual actions relating to

the discharge itself – will not support a finding of irreparable injury, however

severely they may affect a particular individual.” Sampson, 415 U.S. at 92 n. 68.

      The district court erred when it interpreted this language in Sampson to

create a per se rule for all employment cases. Sampson specifically did not

foreclose the possibility that reputational damage and emotional distress may

represent irreparable harm.

      The district court also erred by failing to address Chalk v. U.S. Dist. Court

Cent. Dist. of Cal., 840 F.2d 701 (9th Cir. 1988), in which we upheld an injunction

based on the finding that a school district’s decision to reassign a teacher to

administrative-only duties because of his AIDS diagnosis caused irreparable harm

in the form of loss of job satisfaction and emotional distress. Chalk, 840 F.2d at

709–10. Heineke has proffered evidence that he will experience emotional distress

and loss of job satisfaction as a result of his suspension. The district court therefore

abused its discretion by interpreting Sampson to create a per se rule for all

employment cases—that reputational damage, lost opportunity, and emotional

distress caused by a suspension or termination cannot constitute irreparable

harm—and by ignoring the impact of binding, relevant precedent from Chalk.

United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247 (9th Cir. 2009).

                                           4                                      17-16876
      Moreover, the district court did not address all of the elements that must be

shown in order to support a preliminary injunction. In Chalk, we noted first that the

plaintiff demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits of his Rehabilitation

Act claims, and second that the injuries of reputational harm, loss of opportunity,

and emotional distress resulting from that (likely provable) discrimination were the

type of non-compensable injury the law was designed to prevent. 840 F.2d at 704–

10. Chalk therefore suggests that in the employment discrimination context the

likelihood of success on the merits may inform the irreparable harm analysis.

Without any analysis regarding the likelihood of Plaintiff’s success on the merits—

including whether his suspension was discriminatory under the ADEA—the

district court could not evaluate what impact the strength of Plaintiff’s

discrimination claims had on the likelihood he would suffer an irreparable, non-

compensable injury absent an injunction.

      On remand, the district court is therefore instructed to complete a full

analysis of the preliminary injunction factors to decide whether to issue the

preliminary injunction.

      The district court’s order denying Plaintiff’s preliminary injunction motion

is thus REVERSED and REMANDED for consideration of all preliminary

injunction factors.

                                           5                                     17-16876