Court Opinion

ID: 4261339
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-04-04 20:13:29.57807+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:03:59.146209
License: Public Domain

Howard Duncan v. State of Maryland, No. 2519, September Term, 2016, Opinion by
Thieme, J.

CRIMINAL LAW – WRIT OF ERROR CORAM NOBIS – INEFFECTIVE
ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL – COUNSEL’S OBLIGATIONS UNDER PADILLA
v. KENTUCKY, 559 U.S. 356 (2010), AND ITS PROGENY, REGARDING
IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL SENTENCES ORDERED
DURING VIOLATION OF PROBATION PROCEEDINGS: Appellant claimed that
he was denied his right to effective assistance of counsel in connection with his violation
of probation proceedings when his lawyer failed to apprise the court of the immigration
consequences that would result if the court were to sentence appellant to certain lengths of
incarceration upon finding appellant in violation of his probation. Appellant failed to show
deficient performance on the part of his attorney because appellant’s adverse immigration
consequences arose when he was originally sentenced and there was nothing the violation
of probation court could have done to ameliorate those consequences. Accordingly,
appellant failed to show that he was denied his right to effective assistance of counsel.

CRIMINAL LAW – VIOLATION OF PROBATION: When a court imposes a sentence
and then suspends execution of all or part of that sentence in favor of probation, and later
strikes the probation and directs execution of all or part of the previously suspended part
of the sentence, the court does not, at that time re-impose all or any part of the sentence.
The full sentence has already been imposed and does not need any re-imposition. The effect
of the court’s action is simply to lift the previously ordered suspension and direct execution
of the now unsuspended part. Moats v. Scott, 358 Md. 593, 596-97 (2000).
Circuit Court for Montgomery County
Criminal Case No. 110627-28
                                                     REPORTED

                                        IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                  OF MARYLAND

                                                       No. 2519

                                                September Term, 2016

                                      ______________________________________

                                                HOWARD DUNCAN

                                                           v.

                                              STATE OF MARYLAND

                                      ______________________________________

                                           Eyler, Deborah S.,
                                           Leahy,
                                           Thieme, Raymond G., Jr.
                                              (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                        JJ.
                                      ______________________________________

                                                Opinion by Thieme, J.
                                      ______________________________________

                                           Filed: April 4, 2018
       This appeal arises from the denial of a petition for a writ of error coram nobis filed

in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County by appellant, Howard Duncan, in which he

claimed that his right to effective assistance of counsel was denied at a violation of

probation (VOP) hearing. Appellant presents us with the following question:

       Did the court err in denying appellant’s petition for writ of error coram nobis?

       For the reasons that follow, we answer that question in the negative and affirm the

judgment of the circuit court.

                                      BACKGROUND

                                         Guilty Plea.

       On October 22, 2008, pursuant to a binding agreement, appellant pleaded guilty, in

the Circuit Court for Montgomery County, to two counts of robbery with a dangerous

weapon.1 Under the plea agreement, the court bound itself to impose an overall sentence

not exceeding twenty years’ imprisonment. Additionally, the court bound itself to impose

a sentence of executed incarceration not to exceed eighteen months. On October 31, 2008,

consistent with the plea agreement, the court imposed a 10-year term of imprisonment,

with all but 18 months suspended, for one robbery conviction, and a concurrent 364-day

term of imprisonment for the other robbery conviction. The court also imposed two years

of supervised probation.

       1
           Appellant turned seventeen years old days before he pleaded guilty.
                                   Violation of Probation.

       On August 11, 2009, appellant was released from incarceration and began his

probation. On November 23, 2010, appellant was found to have been in violation of the

terms of his probation after he admitted that he been convicted of a number of other crimes

that occurred while he was serving his probation, including, theft, possession of a firearm

by a minor, and making a false statement to police. Thereafter, the court directed the

execution of six years of the eight and one-half year term of imprisonment it had previously

suspended.

                         Petition for a Writ of Error Coram Nobis.

       In 2016, appellant, relying on Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 (2010)2 and its

progeny, filed a petition for a writ of error coram nobis contending that he was deprived of

his right to effective assistance of counsel during his violation of probation proceeding

when his counsel (1) failed to inform him of the immigration consequences of admitting

that he had violated his probation, and (2) failed to present mitigation evidence to the court

related to the immigration consequences of appellant’s violation of his probation.

       Appellant claimed that, had he known of the immigration consequences of admitting

he was in violation of his probation, he would not have admitted violating his probation.3

       2
         In Padilla, the Supreme Court held that counsel must inform a client whether a
guilty plea carries a risk of deportation. 559 U.S. at 374.
       3
        We find that appellant has abandoned this argument. In his appellate briefs before
this Court, he offers no analysis or support for the contention, and in fact, the contention is
barely even mentioned.

                                                                                  (continued)
                                              2
In addition, he claimed that, had the trial court been aware of the immigration consequences

of the execution of the previously suspended sentence, there was a significant possibility

that the VOP court might have chosen to sentence appellant to a lesser period of

incarceration which would have “preserved his eligibility for immigration relief[.]”

According to appellant, if the VOP court had ordered the execution of less than five years

of the previously suspended sentence, that would have made appellant’s adverse

immigration consequences less severe, and, if the VOP court had ordered the execution of

less than one year of the previously suspended sentence, that would have potentially

eliminated any adverse immigration consequences.

       Appellant’s argument is premised on certain portions of federal immigration law

which reveal that the duration of appellant’s sentence(s) for robbery was relevant to, if not

determinative of, appellant’s removability from this country. The relevant portions of the

Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) provide that the Attorney General of the United

States has the power to remove an alien from the United States who has been convicted of

an “aggravated felony.” 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii); 8 U.S.C. § 1231. The term

         In any event, even if we found that appellant had not abandoned the contention, we
would find it utterly lacking merit because appellant cannot possibly establish prejudice,
i.e., that there is a significant or substantial possibility that appellant would have refused to
admit that he was in violation of the terms of his probation, and instead, insisted on having
a contested hearing on the matter. This is so because, even if appellant were 100%
successful in pursuing this strategy by successfully persuading the VOP court that he was
not in violation of the terms of his probation, his original sentence of ten years
imprisonment with all but 18 months suspended, would remain unchanged and would still
cause appellant the exact same adverse immigration consequences that he had then and
currently has now.

                                                                                    (continued)
                                               3
“aggravated felony” is defined4 to include “a crime of violence … for which the term of

imprisonment [is] at least one year.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101 (a)(43)(F). A “crime of violence” is

defined by 18 U.S.C § 16 as “an offense that has as an element the use, attempted use, or

threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another,” or “any other

offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force

against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the

offense.”5 The phrase “term of imprisonment” “is deemed to include the period of

incarceration or confinement ordered by a court of law regardless of any suspension of the

imposition or execution of that imprisonment or sentence in whole or in part.” 8 U.S.C. §

1101(a)(48)(B).

       In addition, under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A), if the Attorney General determines that

the alien’s “life or freedom would be threatened [by being deported to] that country because

of the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion,” then the Attorney General may withhold deportation. However, the Attorney

General lacks the authority to withhold deportation if the alien is convicted of a

       4
          An “aggravated felony” also includes murder, rape, sexual abuse of a minor,
certain acts of money laundering, certain firearms and explosive crimes, illicit trafficking
in a controlled substance, theft and burglary for which the sentence was greater than one
year, child pornography, certain prostitutions crimes, sabotage and treason, fraud involving
a loss of greater than $10,000, and other offenses. 8 U.S.C. § 1101 (a)(43).
       5
        The parties do not seem to dispute that robbery classifies as a violent crime under
18 U.S.C. § 16. Given that, in Maryland, one of the essential elements of the crime of
robbery is the use of, or threatened use of, force, we agree that robbery clearly qualifies as
a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 16.

                                               4
“particularly serious crime.” A “particularly serious crime” is defined as an “aggravated

felony” for which an alien has a term of imprisonment of at least 5 years. 8 U.S.C. § 1231

(b)(3)(B)(iv).

       Thus, an alien who is convicted of robbery and receives a sentence in excess of one

year’s imprisonment, like appellant, is subject to removal from this country regardless of

how much of that sentence is suspended. Moreover, if an alien is sentenced to more than

five years’ imprisonment for robbery (regardless of how much of that sentence is

suspended), like appellant, then the Attorney General lacks the authority to withhold

deportation under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A).

       Appellant argued that, based on the foregoing, the VOP court had two options at its

disposal which could have ameliorated appellant’s negative immigration consequences.

The VOP court could have either sentenced appellant to less than one year’s imprisonment,

which would have had the effect of removing the “aggravated felony” status of appellant’s

robbery conviction, or sentenced appellant to less than five years’ imprisonment, which

would have had the effect of removing the “particularly serious crime” status of appellant’s

robbery conviction, which would have, in turn permitted the Attorney General to withhold

deportation.

       Appellant claims that his attorney’s failure to address these immigration related

concerns before, or during, the VOP hearing amounted to a deprivation of his right to

effective assistance of counsel. According to Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668

(1984), in order for a defendant to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,

                                              5
the defendant must prove (1) that his counsel made a serious attorney error, and (2) that

the error caused prejudice. Id. at 694.

              The Hearing on the Petition for a Writ of Error Coram Nobis.

       On December 8, 2016, the court held a hearing on appellant’s petition.6 During that

hearing, the court said that, with respect to appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel

claims, “the only conceivable prejudice is[,] had arguments been presented to me about the

impact of a sentence of over five years as opposed to under five years, would that have

affected the sentence that I would have imposed[.]” The court then said that “there is …

at least a significant possibility that I might have been swayed” to impose a sentence under

five years. The court also said that it would not have considered a sentence of under one

year for the violation of probation. The court then reserved on the issue of whether, under

the circumstances of this case, counsel was required to inform appellant and/or the court

of the immigration consequences of the sentencing on the VOP, and concomitantly,

whether VOP counsel made a serious attorney error in failing to advise appellant and/or

the court of such consequences.

            The Order Denying the Petition for a Writ of Error Coram Nobis.

       On January 25, 2017, after receiving supplemental briefing from the parties, the

court issued an Opinion and Order denying appellant’s petition. The court focused its

analysis on whether the original ten-year sentence with all but 18 months suspended, or the

six-year VOP sentence, was the operative sentence for immigration consequence purposes.

       The judge who presided over appellant’s guilty plea, and VOP proceedings, the
       6

Honorable Michael D. Mason, also presided over appellant’s coram nobis proceedings.
                                             6
The court found that the federal government, when considering appellant’s removability,

would consider appellant as having received a ten-year sentence because that was the

sentence imposed in 2008. The court ruled, in pertinent part, that:

              The [c]ourt shall focus on the question of whether the 6 year sentence
       imposed for the violation [of probation] is the operative sentence for
       purposes of the INS because the resolution of that issue is dispositive of
       [appellant’s] request.

              Citing to In re: Song, 23 I.&N. Dec., 173 (2001) and In re: Cota-
       Vargas, 23 I.&N. Dec., 849 (2005), [appellant] argues that the sentence of 6
       years imposed for the violation of probation is the controlling sentence for
       immigration purposes. The original sentence imposed is a nullity for
       immigration purposes. As the State points out in their Reply, neither of these
       cases support that proposition. In both cases, the original sentences were
       struck on reconsideration and new sentences were imposed nunc pro tunc.
       Under those circumstances, the INS considered the new sentences only and
       treated the original sentences as a nullity.

              What occurred here is entirely different. Here the [c]ourt originally
       imposed a sentence of 10 years, suspend all but 18 months, and placed
       [appellant] on two years of supervised probation. [Appellant] after serving
       18 months was free in the community on probation. Thereafter, the [c]ourt
       found he violated the probation and of the remaining 8 ½ years backup time
       that he faced, imposed an additional 6 years for [appellant] to serve on the
       original sentence.

               Under these circumstances, the [c]ourt finds that INS would not
       consider the original sentence of 10 years a nullity. Instead they would view
       the [appellant] as having received a sentence of 10 years, 7 ½ of which he
       ultimately had to serve. For that reason, there was no adverse consequence
       for immigration purposes to be suffered as a result of the admission to the
       violation. The adverse consequence had already been suffered as a result of
       the original 10 year sentence. Therefore, [VOP counsel] was not ineffective
       in failing to advise [appellant] of any adverse immigration consequences as
       a result of admitting the violation. For the same reason, the [c]ourt finds that
       [VOP counsel] was not ineffective for failing to argue to the [c]ourt that if
       the [c]ourt imposed a sentence of less than 5 years on the violation,
       [appellant] could argue that he should not be deported. Such an argument if
       made, would be an incorrect statement of the law.

                                              7
                              Appellant’s Contentions on Appeal.

       On appeal, appellant claims that, when the coram nobis court wrote in its opinion

and order, “[t]herefore, [VOP counsel] was not ineffective in failing to advise [appellant]

of any adverse immigration consequences as a result of admitting the violation,” the coram

nobis court “found as a matter of fact that [a]ppellant’s attorney at the probation revocation

hearing did not discuss the immigration consequences of [a]ppellant’s plea.” That failure

to so advise, according to appellant, amounted to a serious attorney error under the

teachings of Padilla, supra, and its progeny.

       According to appellant, because the coram nobis court found, as a fact, that counsel

did not discuss the immigration consequences with appellant, which was a serious attorney

error, and because the court had already announced its finding of prejudice7 during the

hearing on the coram nobis petition, the court had effectively found both prongs of the

Strickland, supra, test were satisfied, and therefore it erred in not granting relief. In

appellant’s view, the coram nobis court wrongly believed that appellant also had to show

that any “lesser sentence [imposed by the VOP court] would have affected his deportation

status,” which appellant did not do.

       In the alternative, appellant argues that the coram nobis court was legally incorrect

in finding that the operative sentence for immigration purposes was the original sentence

because, according to appellant, under federal law the determinative sentence is the VOP

sentence. Citing federal cases, including Enwonwu v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 22, 35 (1st Cir.

       7
           While it is immaterial to our holding, we agree with appellant on this point.
                                                8
2006), and United States v. Tejeda-Perez, 199 F.3d 981, 982-83 (8th Cir. 1999), appellant

acknowledges that the suspended portion of a period of incarceration is included in the

calculation of the length of a sentence for immigration purposes.

      Citing several cases, including United States v. Huerta-Moran, 352 F.3d 766 (2d.

Cir. 2003), United State v. Compres-Paulino, 393 F.3d 116 (2d Cir. 2004), United States

v. Hidalgo-Macias, 300 F.3d 281 (2d. Cir. 2002), United States v. Woods, 127 F.3d 990,

992 (11th Cir. 1997), and United States v. Compian-Torres, 320 F.3d 514, 516-17 (5th Cir.

2003), appellant also acknowledges that a conviction for which the sentence originally

would not have adverse immigration consequences can, nonetheless, become a conviction

with adverse immigration consequences upon a finding of a violation of probation, because

“any punishment assessed for a violation of probation is actually imposed for the

underlying conviction.” Huerta-Moran, 352 F.3d at 770.

      Appellant points out that, under 18 U.S.C. § 3565(a)(2), upon finding that a

defendant violated the conditions of his probation the court may “revoke the sentence of

probation and resentence the defendant under subchapter A.” (emphasis added by

appellant). Citing Coley v. State, 74 Md. App. 151, 156 (1988), McDonald v. State, 314
Md. 271, 285 (1988), Brown v. State, 62 Md. App. 74, 77, cert. denied, 303 Md. 42 (1985),

Pitts v. State, 155 Md. App. 346 (2004), and Sellman v. State, 47 Md. App. 510, 512-13

(1981), appellant claims that Maryland law on sentencing after a finding of a violation of

probation is similar to how the federal government treats probation revocation. According

to appellant, those preceding Maryland cases all contain language supporting the

                                            9
proposition that, upon a finding of a violation of probation, a defendant’s sentence is

“imposed” and/or “re-imposed” and/or a “resentencing” occurs.

       Appellant points to federal authority suggesting that a conviction for which the

sentence originally had adverse immigration consequences can, nonetheless, become a

conviction without adverse immigration consequences upon a downward modification of

sentence. See Sandoval v. I.N.S., 240 F.3d 577 (7th Cir. 2001), In re Min Song, 23 I.&N.

Dec. 173 (B.I.A. 2001), Matter of Martin, 18 I.&N. Dec. 226 (B.I.A. 1982), In re Oscar

Cota-Vargas, 23 I.&.N. Dec. 849 (B.I.A. 2005), United States v. Landeros-Arreola, 260
F.3d 407 (5th Cir. 2001). Thus, appellant claims that, because a VOP sentencing is a re-

sentencing under Maryland law, and because immigration authorities, when evaluating a

defendant’s sentence for immigration purposes, will look to the new and reduced sentence

after a resentencing, that, had appellant received a sentence under five years upon violating

his probation, his immigration consequences would have been less severe. Therefore,

according to appellant, had counsel for appellant argued in mitigation for imposition of a

sentence of under five years, or under one year, the court could have “re-imposed” a

sentence of under five years’ incarceration which would have ameliorated appellant’s

immigration consequences.

                            The State’s Contentions on Appeal.

       As an initial matter, the State does not accept the appellant’s assertion that “the

[coram nobis] court found as a matter of fact that [a]ppellant’s attorney at the probation

revocation hearing did not discuss the immigration consequences of [a]ppellant’s plea.”

The State argues that, when the coram nobis court said “[t]herefore, [appellant’s counsel

                                             10
at the violation of probation hearing] was not ineffective in failing to advise [appellant] of

any adverse immigration consequences as a result of admitting the violation,” the court

was merely assuming, for argument’s sake, that counsel did not advise appellant about the

potential adverse immigration consequences associated with violating probation.8

Moreover, the State claims that, appellant’s advice, or lack thereof, was immaterial to the

coram nobis court’s legal conclusion that appellant’s original ten-year sentence was the

determinative sentence for immigration purposes.

       The State agrees with the coram nobis court that the operative sentence for

ascertaining appellant’s immigration consequences flowing from his criminal convictions

was the original ten-year sentence, with all but 18 months suspended, imposed on October

31, 2008, after appellant pleaded guilty, and before he violated the terms of his probation.

As support for this position, the State directs our attention to 8 U.S.C. § 1101 which

provides, inter alia, and as relevant here, the definition of an “aggravated felony” and a

“term of imprisonment.” As noted above, the term “aggravated felony” is defined to

include “a crime of violence … for which the term of imprisonment [is] at least one year.”

8 U.S.C. § 1101 (a)(43)(F). Moreover, according to 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(48)(B), the phrase

“term of imprisonment …is deemed to include the period of incarceration or confinement

ordered by a court of law regardless of any suspension of the imposition or execution of

that imprisonment or sentence in whole or in part.” The State cites several cases as support

for its positions that, “for purposes of that designation as an aggravated felon, it is

       8
           While it is immaterial to our holding, we agree with the State on this point.
                                               11
immaterial whether the sentence is suspended,” and that a sentence imposed upon

revocation of probation is part of the “actual sentence imposed” for the original offense.

See Dawkins v. Holder, 762 F.3d 247, 249-50 (2d Cir. 2014); United States v. Echavarria-

Escobar, 270 F.3d 1265, 1270 (9th Cir. 2001); United States v. Compian-Torres, 320 F.3d
514 (5th Cir. 2003); United States v. Yanez-Huerta, 207 F.3d 746 (5th Cir. 2000); United

States v. Tejada-Perez, 199 F.3d 981, 982 (8th Cir. 1999); United States v. Cordoza-

Estrada, 385 F.3d 56 (1st Cir. 2004); United States v. Graham, 169 F.3d 787 (3rd. Cir.

1999).

         The State contends that Maryland’s procedure upon revocation of probation mirrors

the federal procedure of treating the sentence upon revocation of probation as part of the

sentence imposed for the original offense. The State refers us to Gibson v. State, 328 Md.
687 (1992) for the proposition that revocation of probation “is not a second punishment

added upon the original sentence; it represents, rather, the withdrawal of favorable

treatment previously accorded the defendant.” Id. at 690.

         The State asserts that adopting appellant’s argument would have the perverse result

of rewarding a defendant for violating his probation.

         Next, the State distinguishes the cases cited by appellant that suggest that a

conviction for which the sentence originally had adverse immigration consequences can,

nonetheless, become a conviction without adverse immigration consequences upon a

downward modification of sentence. The State claims that none of the cases relied upon

                                             12
by appellant involved a revocation of probation.9 The State points out that In re Min Song,

23 I.&N. Dec. 173 (B.I.A. 2001) and In re Oscar Cota-Vargas, 23 I.&N. Dec. 849 (B.I.A.

2005) both dealt with nunc pro tunc orders entered for the express purpose of nullifying

the original sentence in order to avoid adverse immigration consequences. According to

the State, in Matter of Martin, 18 I.&N. Dec. 226 (B.I.A. 1982), the State court corrected

an illegal sentence, and the immigration court found that the “new, reduced sentence stands

as the only valid and lawful sentence imposed upon the defendant.” Id. at 227. The State

distinguished Sandoval v. I.N.S., 240 F.3d 577 (7th Cir. 2001) on the basis that that case

involved a conviction that was vacated.

       In any event, the State argues that the rationale supporting the aforementioned cases

cited by appellant has been called into question by the federal courts. Specifically the State

directs us to Sharma v. Taylor, 50 F. Supp. 3d 749 (E.D. Va. 2014) where that court noted:

       It is worth noting that Cota-Vargas and Song[10] are BIA cases which held
       that it was unnecessary to inquire into the reasons the state court issued the
       relevant nunc pro tunc relief. Yet, there is contrary caselaw on this point.
       Courts of appeal are nearly unanimous in holding that the availability of
       relief from adverse immigration actions such as removal depends on the
       reasons for a state court’s action, including whether an order vacating an
       alien’s conviction was issued “for reasons solely related to rehabilitation or
       to avoid adverse immigration hardships” or “on the basis of a procedural or
       substantive defect in the underlying criminal proceedings.” Pickering v.
       Gonzales, 465 F.3d 263, 266 (6th Cir.2006); see also Murillo–Espinoza v.

       9
        The State did not address United States v. Landeros-Arreola, 260 F.3d 407 (5th
Cir. 2001) which was cited by appellant. Nevertheless, had the State addressed it, it likely
would have noted that that case did not deal with a violation of probation either. Rather, it
dealt with a defendant whose sentence was modified downward upon successfully
completing boot camp. Id. at 409
       10
         As noted above, both In re Oscar Cota-Vargas, 23 I.&N. Dec 849 (B.I.A. 2005)
and In re Min Song, 23 I.&N. Dec. 173 (B.I.A. 2001) are relied upon by appellant.
                                             13
       INS, 261 F.3d 771 (9th Cir.2001); Sandoval v. INS, 240 F.3d 577 (7th
       Cir.2001); Herrera–Inirio v. INS, 208 F.3d 299 (1st Cir.2000).

Id. at 759 n.6.

       Next, the State contends that, given that the 10-year sentence originally imposed

was the operative sentence for immigration purposes, there was nothing that VOP counsel

could have done during the VOP proceedings to have affected appellant’s adverse

immigration consequences.      From that standpoint, the State contends that appellant

established neither a serious attorney error nor prejudice within the meaning of Strickland

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) and its progeny.

       The State also argues that, according to the Court of Appeals interpretation, in State

v. Sanmartin Prado, 448 Md. 664 (2016), of the holding in Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S.
356 (2010), trial counsel here did not perform deficiently because the immigration

argument raised in the instant case is complex, and criminal defense lawyers are not

required to be experts in immigration law. The State relies on Sanmartin Prado where the

Court of Appeals noted that the Supreme Court, in Padilla

       acknowledged that the intricacies of immigration law are not necessarily
       something with which defense counsel are familiar or skilled. And, to that
       end, rather than holding that defense counsel must become experts in
       immigration law for purposes of advising noncitizen clients of the risks of
       deportation, in Padilla … the Supreme Court essentially extended the
       principle of Strickland that “[t]he proper measure of attorney performance
       remains simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.”
448 Md. at 712.

       The State asserts that the coram nobis court did not make a finding that appellant

established prejudice within the meaning of Strickland, when the coram nobis court said

                                             14
during the hearing on appellant’s petition that “there is … at least a significant possibility

that I might have been swayed” to impose a sentence under five years. According to the

State, the coram nobis court merely “assumed for the sake of argument that it ‘might have

been swayed’ to consider a sentence of under five years had that argument been presented

to [it].” Nevertheless, according to the State, the coram nobis court ultimately found, in its

written opinion and order, that such a hypothetical argument was beside the point because,

in the words of the coram nobis court, the “adverse consequence had already been suffered

as a result of the original 10-year sentence.” Therefore, the coram nobis court continued,

“[t]he only prejudice[] suffered by [appellant] for immigration purposes is the prejudice

suffered by virtue of the original plea and sentence imposed.”

                                       DISCUSSION

                                  Coram Nobis Generally.

       A writ of error coram nobis is an extraordinary remedy justified only when

circumstances compel such an action to achieve justice. Coram nobis is available to raise

fundamental errors when attempting to show that a criminal conviction was invalid under

the circumstance where no other remedy is presently available, and where there were sound

reasons for the failure to seek relief earlier. State v. Rich, 454 Md. 448, 461 (2017), Skok

v. State, 361 Md. 52, 72-73 (2000); see also State v. Smith, 443 Md. 572, 597 (2015). As

observed in Rich, the Court of Appeals has outlined five requirements for obtaining coram

nobis relief.

       First, “the grounds for challenging the criminal conviction must be of a
       constitutional, jurisdictional or fundamental character.” Skok, 361 Md. at 78
       (citing United States v. Morgan, 346 U.S. 502, 512 (1954)). Second, “a

                                             15
       presumption of regularity attaches to the criminal case, and the burden of
       proof is on the coram nobis petitioner.” Id. (citing Morgan, 346 U.S. at 512).
       Third, “the coram nobis petitioner must be suffering or facing significant
       collateral consequences from the conviction.” Id. at 79. Fourth, “[b]asic
       principles of waiver are applicable to issues raised in coram nobis
       proceedings. Similarly, where an issue has been finally litigated in a prior
       proceeding, and there are no intervening changes in the applicable law or
       controlling case law, the issue may not be relitigated in a coram nobis
       action.” Id. (citation omitted) (citing Morgan, 346 U.S. at 512). Fifth, “one
       is not entitled to challenge a criminal conviction by a coram nobis proceeding
       if another statutory or common law remedy is then available.” Id. at 80.

Rich, 454 Md. at 462.

       The parties do not contest that coram nobis relief is available to appellant. While

we are not bound to accept such an apparent concession, see, e.g., Imbesi v. Carpenter

Realty Corp., 357 Md. 375, 380 n.3 (2000), we will accept it in this case. As a result, we

proceed to the underlying merits of appellant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

                                   Standard of Review

        Because of the “extraordinary” nature of relief under coram nobis, appellate courts

review a coram nobis court’s decision to grant or deny a petition for a writ of error coram

nobis for abuse of discretion. Rich, 454 Md. at 470–71. Rich also explained that, “in

determining whether the ultimate disposition of the coram nobis court constitutes an abuse

of discretion, appellate courts should not disturb the coram nobis court’s factual findings

unless they are clearly erroneous, while legal determinations shall be reviewed de novo.”

Id. at 471.

                         Right to Effective Assistance of Counsel.

       Both the Sixth Amendment, made applicable to the states through the Due Process

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and Article 21 of the Maryland Declaration of

                                            16
Rights guarantee the right to effective assistance of trial counsel. See Coleman v. State, 434
Md. 320, 334 (2013); see also U.S. Const. amend. VI, XIV; Md. Const. Decl. of Rts. art.

21. Under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), ineffective assistance of counsel

claims involve a two-prong analysis. See Harris v. State, 303 Md. 685 (1985). To establish

ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must demonstrate (1) that, under the

“performance prong,” counsel’s performance was deficient, i.e., counsel committed serious

attorney error, and (2) that, under the “prejudice prong,” counsel’s deficient performance

prejudiced the defense. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.

       To meet the requirements under the “performance prong” and demonstrate “serious

attorney error,” a petitioner must show that the acts or omissions of counsel were the result of

unreasonable professional judgment and that counsel’s performance fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness considering prevailing professional norms. Cirincione v. State,

119 Md. App. 471, 484 (1998). In other words, the “performance component” requires a

“show[ing] that counsel’s performance was deficient,” and “counsel made errors so serious

that ‘counsel’ was not functioning as the counsel guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth

Amendment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Under the “performance prong,” if counsel’s

acts were reasonable trial strategy or tactic, counsel’s performance will not be deemed

ineffective. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-89; see also Oken v. State, 343 Md. 256, 283

(1996). To demonstrate prejudice a petitioner must show a “substantial or significant

possibility” that, but for the serious attorney error, the result would have been different.

Bowers v. State, 320 Md. 416, 426 (1990).

       In Padilla, supra, the Supreme Court of the United States held that, pursuant to the

                                              17
Sixth Amendment right to counsel, “counsel must inform [his or] her client whether his [or

her] plea carries a risk of deportation[,]” 559 U.S. at 374, and that, “when the deportation

consequence is truly clear, ... the duty to give correct advice is equally clear.” Id. at 369. See

State v. Sanmartin Prado, 448 Md. 664, 665-66 (2016), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 1590 (2017).

Padilla noted that:

       Immigration law can be complex, and it is a legal specialty of its own. Some
       members of the bar who represent clients facing criminal charges, in either state
       or federal court or both, may not be well versed in it. There will, therefore,
       undoubtedly be numerous situations in which the deportation consequences of
       a particular plea are unclear or uncertain. The duty of the private practitioner in
       such cases is more limited. When the law is not succinct and straightforward
       … a criminal defense attorney need do no more than advise a noncitizen client
       that pending criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration
       consequences. But when the deportation consequence is truly clear, as it was in
       this case, the duty to give correct advice is equally clear.

Id. at 369 (footnote omitted).

       As noted in Strickland, “both the performance and prejudice components of the

ineffectiveness inquiry are mixed questions of law and fact.” 466 U.S. at 698. “Thus, in our

independent examination of the case, we ‘re-weigh the facts as accepted in order to determine

the ultimate mixed question of law and fact, namely, was there a violation of a constitutional

right as claimed.’” Coleman, 434 Md. at 331 (quoting Harris v. State, 303 Md. 685, 698

(1985)). In Harris, the Court of Appeals observed that:

              When a claim is based upon a violation of a constitutional right it is our
       obligation to make an independent constitutional appraisal from the entire
       record. But this Court is not a finder of facts; we do not judge the credibility of
       the witnesses nor do we initially weigh the evidence to determine the facts
       underlying the constitutional claim. It is the function of the trial court to
       ascertain the circumstances on which the constitutional claim is based. So, in
       making our independent appraisal, we accept the findings of the trial judge as
       to what are the underlying facts unless he is clearly in error. We then re-weigh

                                               18
          the facts as accepted in order to determine the ultimate mixed question of law
          and fact, namely, was there a violation of a constitutional right as claimed.

Id. at 697-98 (citations omitted).

          By statute, under the Public Defender Act, a criminal defendant has a right to

counsel during violation of probation proceedings. Md. Code Ann., Crim. Proc. § 16-204

(formerly Code (1957, 1997 Repl.Vol.), Art. 27A. Section 4(b)). State v. Flansburg, 345
Md. 694, 699 (1997). That means that a criminal defendant has the right to effective

assistance of counsel during violation of probation proceedings because, “[r]egardless of

the source, the right to counsel means the right to the effective assistance of counsel.” Id.

at 703.

                       The correctness of the coram nobis court’s ruling.

          At issue here is the correctness of the coram nobis court’s ruling that VOP counsel

was not ineffective in failing to advise the court of any adverse immigration consequences

in connection with the violation of probation proceedings because “[t]he adverse

consequence had already been suffered as a result of the original 10-year sentence.” We

are persuaded that the coram nobis court was correct.

          As noted above, appellant’s argument is that, because it is clear that a conviction for

which the sentence originally would not have adverse immigration consequences can,

nonetheless, become a conviction with adverse immigration consequences upon a finding

of a violation of probation, that the obverse must be true, i.e., that a conviction for which

the sentence originally had adverse immigration consequences can, nonetheless, become a

                                                19
conviction without adverse immigration consequences upon a finding of a violation of

probation. For a number of reasons, we are not persuaded this is so.

       First, we agree with the State that it seems unlikely that federal law would adopt a

position which would have the result of rewarding a defendant solely for violating his

probation. Such a result seems untenable.

       Second, a major necessary premise of appellant’s argument is that, upon being

found to have been in violation of probation, a defendant’s sentence is “imposed” or “re-

imposed.” As noted previously, appellant cites a number of Maryland cases for this

proposition. As the Court of Appeals explained in no uncertain terms in Moats v. Scott,

358 Md. 593 (2000), upon revocation of probation, a sentence is not “imposed” or “re-

imposed.” Moats explained that:

              One of the problems that lurks in this case … arises from the
       supposition that, when a court imposes a sentence of imprisonment,
       immediately suspends execution of all or part of that sentence in favor of
       probation, and later revokes the probation and orders the defendant
       incarcerated, the court has, at that time, “reimposed” the prison sentence. We
       have contributed to that false notion by occasionally using the term
       “reimpose” when describing the effect of the revocation … [T]hat is not, in
       fact, what occurs.

Id. at 594-95 (internal citations omitted). The Court continued:

               We take this opportunity once again to confirm what we said in
       Coleman [v. State, 231 Md. 220 (1963)] and clarify that, when a court
       imposes a sentence and then … suspends execution of all or part of that
       sentence in favor of probation, and later strikes the probation and directs
       execution of all or part of the previously suspended part of the sentence, the
       court does not, at that time reimpose all or any part of the sentence. The full
       sentence has already been imposed and does not need any reimposition. The
       effect of the court’s action is simply to lift the previously ordered suspension
       and direct execution of the now unsuspended part.

                                             20
Id. 596–97 (emphasis added). Hence the authority relied on by appellant has been

disapproved by a subsequent decision of the Court of Appeals and carries, therefore, no

weight. With appellant’s premise removed, his argument collapses under its own weight.

It is apparent to us that, once appellant received his 10-year partially suspended sentence,

the immigration related consequences became operative. While we make no comment

about whatever other possible methods appellant may, or may not, have had to ameliorate

his immigration situation, that relief was not available to him during the violation of

probation proceedings. Therefore, any lack of advice about immigration consequences was

irrelevant to those proceedings.

       Third, we agree with the State that the Board of Immigration Appeals cases cited by

appellant suggesting that a conviction, which originally had adverse immigration

consequences because of the length of the sentence, can, nonetheless, become a conviction

without adverse immigration consequences upon a downward modification of sentence,

(1) are distinguishable from this case, and (2) are in tension with decisions from several

federal circuit courts of appeal. As the State correctly pointed out, none of the cases relied

upon by appellant involved a revocation of probation.

       In re Min Song, 23 I.&N. Dec. 173 (B.I.A. 2001) and In re Oscar Cota-Vargas, 23

I.&N. Dec. 849 (B.I.A. 2005) both dealt with nunc pro tunc orders entered for the express

purpose of nullifying the original sentence in order to avoid adverse immigration

consequences. In Matter of Martin, 18 I.&N. Dec. 226 (B.I.A. 1982), the State court

corrected an illegal sentence and imposed a new sentence. Id. at 227. Sandoval v. I.N.S.,

240 F.3d 577 (7th Cir. 2001) involved a vacated conviction.

                                             21
       In Pickering v. Gonzales, 465 F.3d 263 (6th Cir. 2006), the court explained that a

“conviction vacated for rehabilitative or immigration reasons remains valid for

immigration purposes, while one vacated because of procedural or substantive infirmities

does not.” Id. at 266. Sharma v. Taylor, 50 F. Supp. 3d 749 (E.D. Va. 2014) suggested that

such a rule also applied to a reduction of sentence “for reasons solely related to

rehabilitation or to avoid adverse immigration hardships.” That court noted

       … that Cota–Vargas and Song are BIA cases which held that it was
       unnecessary to inquire into the reasons the state court issued the relevant
       nunc pro tunc relief. Yet, there is contrary caselaw on this point. Courts of
       appeal are nearly unanimous in holding that the availability of relief from
       adverse immigration actions such as removal depends on the reasons for a
       state court’s action, including whether an order vacating an alien’s conviction
       was issued for reasons solely related to rehabilitation or to avoid adverse
       immigration hardships or “on the basis of a procedural or substantive defect
       in the underlying criminal proceedings.” Pickering v. Gonzales, 465 F.3d
263, 266 (6th Cir.2006); see also Murillo–Espinoza v. INS, 261 F.3d 771 (9th
       Cir.2001); Sandoval v. INS, 240 F.3d 577 (7th Cir.2001); Herrera–Inirio v.
       INS, 208 F.3d 299 (1st Cir.2000).

Id. at 759 n.6.

       In short, the sentence appellant received after he violated his probation was

immaterial because he suffered his adverse immigration consequences in 2008 after he

pleaded guilty and was sentenced to ten years’ incarceration. There was nothing that the

VOP court could have done in 2010 that would have changed appellant’s immigration

consequences. As a result, he was not denied the effective assistance of counsel during the

VOP proceedings.

                                                  JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
                                                  COURT    FOR  MONTGOMERY
                                                  COUNTY AFFIRMED. APPELLANT
                                                  TO PAY COSTS.

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