Court Opinion

ID: 4666755
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-11 16:00:59.722924+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:51.505023
License: Public Domain

Case: 20-2091   Document: 43     Page: 1   Filed: 03/11/2021

        NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

        PROBIR KUMAR BONDYOPADHYAY,
                Plaintiff-Appellant

                            v.

                   UNITED STATES,
                   Defendant-Appellee
                 ______________________

                       2020-2091
                 ______________________

    Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims
 in No. 1:19-cv-01831-MBH, Senior Judge Marian Blank
 Horn.
                  ______________________

                Decided: March 11, 2021
                ______________________

    PROBIR KUMAR BONDYOPADHYAY, Houston, TX, pro se.

     JOSHUA MILLER, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
 Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing-
 ton, DC, for defendant-appellee. Also represented by
 SCOTT DAVID BOLDEN, JEFFREY B. CLARK, GARY LEE
 HAUSKEN.
                  ______________________
Case: 20-2091     Document: 43    Page: 2    Filed: 03/11/2021

 2                                     BONDYOPADHYAY    v. US

     Before PROST, Chief Judge, LOURIE and REYNA, Circuit
                           Judges.
 PER CURIAM.
      Dr. Probir Kumar Bondyopadhyay appeals from a de-
 cision of the United States Court of Federal Claims (the
 “Claims Court”) dismissing his complaint against the
 United States. He alleged a “violation” of U.S. Patent
 6,292,134 (the “’134 patent”), a patent infringement-based
 taking by the government, and fraud. See Bondyopadhyay
 v. United States, 149 Fed. Cl. 176, 179–83 (2020) (“Deci-
 sion”). Because the court correctly concluded that the
 claims were barred by res judicata or for lack of jurisdic-
 tion, we affirm.
                        BACKGROUND
      Dr. Bondyopadhyay filed a complaint in the Claims
 Court on November 27, 2019, alleging that the United
 States “violat[ed] [his] Exclusive Right for Limited Times,”
 the ’134 patent. Decision at 179. The ’134 patent relates
 to a “geodesic sphere phased array antenna system” for
 “multi-satellite tracking and communications.” ’134 pa-
 tent, Abstract, col. 3 ll. 3–6. Dr. Bondyopadhyay accused
 the government of a “violation of Exclusive Right for
 Limited Times of an Inventor, Owner, U.S. Citizen [which
 is] a U.S. Constitutional Order that can NOT be dismissed
 by any Article 3 U.S. Courts or Article 1 U.S. Courts, cre-
 ated under Section 8, Clause 9.” Decision at 179 (emphasis
 in original). Dr. Bondyopadhyay stated that the govern-
 ment “has taken the livelihood of this Independent Inventor
 for a prolonged period of eleven years and 23 days and con-
 tinues to remain indifferent towards this Constitutional
 Order for a long time.” Id. at 182 (emphasis in original).
 Dr. Bondyopadhyay further argued that the government
 committed “acquisition of Innovation fraud under Title 15
 USC section 638(a) and 638(b)” and “honors [a] false inven-
 tor.” Id. at 179, 182–83 (original formatting omitted). In
 the complaint, Dr. Bondyopadhyay did not expressly focus
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 BONDYOPADHYAY    v. US                                      3

 on a specific device as infringing the ’134 patent claims. Id.
 at 187. He instead referred to government technology that,
 in 2014, he accused of infringing the ’134 patent. Id.
      This is the second time that Dr. Bondyopadhyay has
 appealed to this court regarding the ’134 patent. See Bon-
 dyopadhyay v. United States, 748 Fed. App’x 301 (Fed. Cir.
 2018) (“Bondyopadhyay I Appeal”), aff’g Bondyopadhyay v.
 United States, 136 Fed. Cl. 114 (2018) (“Bondyopadhyay
 I”). On February 23, 2014, Dr. Bondyopadhyay filed a com-
 plaint in the Claims Court accusing the United States Air
 Force of infringing the ’134 patent by “using and manufac-
 turing a portion of a phased antenna array system.” Bon-
 dyopadhyay I at 116. The accused device at issue in that
 case was “the Ball Advanced Technology Demonstration
 antenna.” Id. at 118–19. 1 On March 20, 2015, the court
 granted the government’s partial motion to dismiss his
 claims for pre-January 11, 2008 damages as time barred by
 the six-year statute of limitations set forth in 28 U.S.C.
 § 2501 and any claims that arose after the ’134 patent ex-
 pired on September 18, 2009. See Bondyopadhyay v.
 United States, No. 14-147C, 2015 WL 1311726, at *7 (Fed.
 Cl. Mar. 20, 2015). The court also dismissed Dr. Bondyo-
 padhyay’s Fifth Amendment takings claim. See id. at *6.
     After the claim construction phase, the Claims Court
 granted the government’s August 23, 2017 motion for sum-
 mary judgment. See Bondyopadhyay I at 120–21, 124. The
 court found that the accused device did not infringe the
 ’134 patent literally or under the doctrine of equivalents.
 See id. On appeal, this court determined that the Claims
 Court “correctly granted summary judgment of

     1   We previously discussed the ’134 patent and the
 technology at issue in the Bondyopadhyay I Appeal opin-
 ion. See id. at 302–05.
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 4                                      BONDYOPADHYAY    v. US

 noninfringement in favor of the government.”        Bondyo-
 padhyay I Appeal at 308.
     In the present case, the Claims Court interpreted
 Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s complaint as setting forth three
 claims: (1) infringement of the ’134 patent, (2) a patent in-
 fringement-based Fifth Amendment taking, and (3) fraud-
 ulent or false conduct. See Decision at 179. Regarding the
 infringement claim, the court determined that Dr. Bondy-
 opadhyay already litigated that issue to a final judgment
 in the Bondyopadhyay I case, so his infringement claims
 were barred by the doctrine of res judicata. See id. at 190.
 The court found that Dr. Bondyopadhyay did “not refute
 [the government’s] statements in its motion to dismiss . . .
 that ‘[t]he device made pursuant to this Acquisition Time-
 line is the Ball Advanced Technology Demonstration an-
 tenna,’     or    that   ‘the    exhibits    appended      to
 [Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s] complaint and in Bondyopadhyay I
 make clear that [Dr. Bondyopadhyay] accuses the exact
 same device of infringing the exact same patent.’” Id. at
 189–90 (emphasis in original).
      Next, for the same reasons discussed in the Bondyo-
 padhyay I opinion, the Claims Court determined that it
 lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear Dr. Bondyopadh-
 yay’s patent infringement-based Fifth Amendment takings
 claim. See id. at 191 (“[T]o the extent plaintiff alleges a
 taking claim based on the alleged infringement of the ’134
 patent, this court lacks jurisdiction to hear such a claim as
 a Fifth Amendment taking claim.”). Furthermore, the
 court determined that Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s fraud allega-
 tions were tort claims which are expressly excluded from
 its jurisdiction by the Tucker Act. See id. at 192; 28 U.S.C.
 § 1491(a). The court thus determined that it lacked subject
 matter jurisdiction to adjudicate those fraud-based claims.
 See Decision at 192 (“[P]laintiff’s allegations of fraudulent
 or false conduct on the part of the defendant . . . must be
 dismissed for lack of jurisdiction in this court.”).
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 BONDYOPADHYAY    v. US                                        5

     The Claims Court additionally considered whether
 Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s claims were barred by the applicable
 statute of limitations. See id. at 192–94. As set forth in 28
 U.S.C. § 2501, the statute of limitations for every claim of
 which the court has jurisdiction is six years after such
 claim first accrues. The court determined that, even if the
 statute of limitations could be tolled by 28 U.S.C. § 286 for
 an additional 44 days, “under any plausible formulation of
 the claims in [Bondyopadhyay’s] complaint, the current
 case, which was filed on November 27, 2019, was not filed
 within the applicable statute of limitations pursuant to 28
 U.S.C. § 2501 and 35 U.S.C. § 286.” Id. at 194. The court
 thus dismissed Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s complaint, stating
 that he “did not offer any evidence or argument as to why
 [his] current case for patent infringement against the
 United States is not materially identical to the patent in-
 fringement claims at issue in [his] previous case in this
 court, or why his current case is within the applicable stat-
 ute of limitations.” Id.
     Dr. Bondyopadhyay timely appealed. We have juris-
 diction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3). 2
                          DISCUSSION
      We review dismissals by the Claims Court for res judi-
 cata or for lack of jurisdiction de novo. Frazer v. United
 States, 288 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2002). A plaintiff
 “bears the burden” of demonstrating jurisdiction. Thomson
 v. Gaskill, 315 U.S. 442, 446 (1942). Although pro se plain-
 tiffs are entitled to a liberal construction of their complaint,

     2   Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s opening brief references Bon-
 dyopadhyay v. Sec’y of Defense, No. 4:13-cv-01914 (S.D.
 Tex.). See, e.g., Appellant’s Br. 2–4, 6, 11, 14–16. To the
 extent Dr. Bondyopadhyay challenges that district court’s
 findings in this appeal, we lack jurisdiction over any such
 challenges.
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 6                                      BONDYOPADHYAY     v. US

 see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520–21 (1972), the leni-
 ency afforded pro se litigants with respect to mere formali-
 ties does not relieve them of jurisdictional requirements,
 Kelley v. Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 812 F.2d 1378, 1380
 (Fed. Cir. 1987).
      Beginning with the patent infringement claims,
 Dr. Bondyopadhyay argues that the doctrine of res judicata
 does not apply. See Appellant’s Br. 15. He states that the
 Claims Court “failed to correctly apply” 28 U.S.C.
 § 1498(a). Id. at 7. Dr. Bondyopadhyay asserts that the
 court misunderstood that the issue is unauthorized use of
 the ’134 patent for 12 years and 229 days—distinguishing
 between the idea of an alleged use of the ’134 patent by the
 government versus a need to identify an accused device
 that falls within the scope of any of the ’134 patent claims.
 See Appellant’s Reply Br. 10. Dr. Bondyopadhyay claims
 that a July 30, 2002 letter from the Air Force Legal Ser-
 vices Agency is proof of patent infringement by admission.
 See Bondyopadhyay I, ECF 17, Ex. 2 (No. 14-147C).
 Dr. Bondyopadhyay characterizes the letter as admitting
 to infringement of the ’134 patent by the government’s “ex-
 perimental use.” Appellant’s Reply Br. 2, 8, 12.
      The government responds that Dr. Bondyopadhyay al-
 ready brought identical infringement claims against the
 same party and litigated those claims to a final judgment,
 so the doctrine of res judicata resolves this issue. See Ap-
 pellee’s Br. 8, 11–12. The government asserts that
 Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s argument that the antenna system
 could not be fully built during the life of the ’134 patent is
 a new argument and, regardless, one that supports the
 Claims Court’s dismissal of his infringement claims. See
 id. at 9.
     Under the doctrine of res judicata, a final judgment on
 the merits precludes the same parties from relitigating
 claims that were raised or could have been raised before.
 See Faust v. U.S., 101 F.3d 675, 677 (Fed. Cir. 1996).
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 BONDYOPADHYAY    v. US                                      7

 “Claim preclusion requires (1) an identity of parties or their
 privies, (2) a final judgment on the merits of the first suit,
 and (3) the later claim to be based on the same set of trans-
 actional facts as the first claim such that the later claim
 should have been litigated in the prior case.” Bowers Inv.
 Co. v. United States, 695 F.3d 1380, 1384, (Fed. Cir. 2012)
 (citing Ammex, Inc. v. United States, 334 F.3d 1052, 1055
 (Fed. Cir. 2003)).
     The Claims Court correctly determined that Dr. Bon-
 dyopadhyay’s claims accusing the United States of infring-
 ing the ’134 patent were barred by the doctrine of res
 judicata. In Bondyopadhyay I, Dr. Bondyopadhyay ac-
 cused the government of infringing the ’134 patent through
 development of the Ball Advanced Technology Demonstra-
 tion antenna. See Bondyopadhyay I at 116. As discussed
 supra, the court found that the government’s antenna did
 not infringe the ’134 patent literally or under the doctrine
 of equivalents and granted the government’s motion for
 summary judgment. See id. at 124. We affirmed. See Bon-
 dyopadhyay I Appeal at 308. Regarding the patent in-
 fringement claims, there was thus a final judgment on the
 merits. Dr. Bondyopadhyay again here seeks under 28
 U.S.C. § 1498 to assert the same ’134 patent against the
 same party. But regardless how Dr. Bondyopadhyay char-
 acterizes his claims, as unauthorized use of the patent or
 depriving him of a constitutional right to make a living, his
 claims boil down to patent infringement, claims that were
 previously adjudicated against him, and he has failed to al-
 lege sufficient additional facts to indicate otherwise. 3 We

     3   The July 30, 2002 letter, for example is not suffi-
 cient. See Bondyopadhyay I, ECF 17, Ex. 2 (No. 14-147C);
 see also Appellant’s Reply Br. 2, 12. The government as-
 serted in the letter that “there is no infringement of the
 ’134 patent.” Bondyopadhyay I, ECF 17, Ex. 2 (No. 14-
 147C). The government then provided an alternative
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 8                                      BONDYOPADHYAY     v. US

 therefore affirm the finding of res judicata for the infringe-
 ment claims.
     We next consider the dismissal of Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s
 takings claim. Dr. Bondyopadhyay argues that the doc-
 trine of res judicata does not apply. See Appellant’s Br. 15.
 He refers to a “Constitutional Order of exclusive right for
 limited times” and requests that this court “restore” his
 “Constitutional right to make a living.” See id. at 7, 11, 13,
 16. The government responds that Dr. Bondyopadhyay al-
 ready brought an identical takings claim and litigated it to
 a final judgment, so the doctrine of res judicata resolves
 this issue. See Appellee’s Br. 8, 11–12. Our precedent dic-
 tates that “the Claims Court does not have jurisdiction to
 hear takings claims based on alleged patent infringement
 by the government.” Golden v. United States, 955 F.3d 981,
 986–88 (Fed. Cir. 2020). “Those claims . . . are to be pur-
 sued exclusively under 28 U.S.C. § 1498,” id. at 988, as pa-
 tent infringement claims. As patent infringement, those
 claims have previously been adjudicated and, as indicated
 above, are now barred under res judicata.
     Finally, to the extent that Dr. Bondyopadhyay chal-
 lenges the Claims Court’s conclusion regarding his claims
 based on alleged governmental fraud, we conclude that the
 court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. “The plain lan-
 guage of the Tucker Act excludes from the Court of Federal
 Claims[’s] jurisdiction claims sounding in tort.” Rick’s
 Mushroom Serv., Inc. v. United States, 521 F.3d 1338, 1343
 (Fed. Cir. 2008); see U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). “[F]raud as a

 argument for non-infringement, stating that “even if the
 ’134 patent were found to be valid and infringed, we are of
 the opinion that the performance under the five contracts
 falls within the experimental use exception to patent in-
 fringement.” Id. (emphasis added). Dr. Bondyopadhyay
 failed to explain how the government’s repeated denial of
 infringement in this letter constitutes an admission.
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 BONDYOPADHYAY    v. US                                      9

 cause of action lies in tort.” Brown v. United States, 105
 F.3d 621, 623 (Fed. Cir. 1997). Thus, the court properly
 dismissed Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s fraud claims for lack of ju-
 risdiction.
     Because we conclude that the Claims Court did not err
 in dismissing Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s claims that are at issue
 on appeal for reasons of res judicata or for lack of jurisdic-
 tion, we do not need to reach the issue of whether his claims
 were filed outside of the applicable statute of limitations.
     Finally, on January 28, 2021, Dr. Bondyopadhyay filed
 a “motion for special leave” to introduce additional infor-
 mation dated March 31, 2020. We normally do not consider
 supplemental material submitted after briefing unless it
 was previously unavailable. See, e.g., Landreth v. United
 States, 797 Fed. App’x 521, 524 (Fed. Cir. 2020). We there-
 fore deny this motion. On February 12, 2021, Dr. Bondyo-
 padhyay filed a memorandum in lieu of oral argument.
 Dr. Bondyopadhyay first restates arguments already pre-
 sented in his briefs, which we carefully considered.
 Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s also moves for settlement of his fi-
 nancial claim, which is moot in view of our affirmance of
 the Claims Court’s dismissal of his legal claims.
                          CONCLUSION
     We have considered Dr. Bondyopadhyay’s remaining
 arguments and conclude that they are without merit. For
 the reasons discussed above, we affirm the judgment of the
 Claims Court.
                          AFFIRMED