Court Opinion

ID: 9879512
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-27 18:21:59.813658+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:55.739842
License: Public Domain

GURICH, V.C.J.,
with whom REIF, J. joins concurring in part and dissenting in part:
¶ 1 I agree with the majority that this cause should be remanded to the trial court. It was error for the trial court to sustain the Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment. Based on the record, Liberty Mutual acted in bad faith. I would submit the cause to a juiy, but only for a determination as to whether the Plaintiff, Malinda Falcone, is entitled to actual and punitive damages.

Relevant and Undisputed Facts

¶ 2 Plaintiff Malinda Falcone was the passenger in her mother’s car when the car was involved in an accident caused by Defendant Driver Anthony Lewis on October 5, 2013. At the time of the accident, Ms. Falcone was an “insured” under her mother’s LibertyGuard Auto Policy. The policy was issued by Defendant LM General Insurance Company. Defendant Liberty Mutual Insurance Company owns 100% of Defendant LM General Insurance Company. The Defendant Driver, Mr. Lewis, was uninsured.
¶ 3 The LM General Policy provided for uninsured motorist coverage up to $ 100,000 per person. The UM policy provision provides:
We will pay compensatory damages which an ‘insured’ is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an ‘uninsured motor vehicle’ because of ‘bodily injury:’
1. Sustained by an ‘insured;’ and
2. Caused by an accident.
The policy also provided for $ 1,000 of Medical Payments Coverage. The med-pay provision provides:
We will pay reasonable expenses incurred for necessary medical and funeral services because of ‘bodily injury:’
1. Caused by accident; and
2. Sustained by an ‘insured.’
¶4 Immediately after the accident, Ms. Falcone was transported by ambulance to the OU Medical Center emergency room. She arrived at 1:16 p.m. and was released at 4:55 p.m. She was not admitted to the hospital. She arrived to the emergency room on a backboard with a c-collar in place. She had vertebral tenderness, but according to OU Medical Center personnel, “the interview [with Ms. Falcone] was limited because of [her] inability to communicate clearly.”1 Ms. Falcone was under significant stress and crying according to the medical record. An abdominal examination was unreliable. Medical personnel at the emergency room determined Ms. Falcone should be transferred to the trauma unit. CT scans were done on her brain, spine, abdomen, and pelvis, and x-rays were also performed. All came back within normal limits. Ms. Falcone was discharged and told to follow up in two weeks.
¶ 5 The OU Medical Center emergency room billed Ms. Falcone $ 47,203.00 for her visit. The emergency room bill included a $ 24,420.25 charge for the hospital’s “Trauma II” designation. Ms. Falcone also received subsequent treatment for neck, knee, back pain, and severe headaches. She was examined by a family physician and received physical therapy. She was referred to a pain management specialist and received two cer-*109vieal spine epidural steroid injections. Her medical bills totaled $ 67,098.23.2
¶ 6 In February 2014, Ms. Falcone, through her attorney, submitted a UM claim to Liberty Mutual for policy limits. Liberty Mutual investigated the claim and sent the emergency room records to two out-of-state utilization reviewers. Both reviewers, a Dr. Stewart and a Dr. Tereshchenko, reviewed the medical records, bills, and other documents. Both reviewers found that the treatment of the patient at the OU Medical Center emergency room as Level II trauma was not necessary although both reviewers agreed it was appropriate to transport Ms. Falcone to the emergency room. One reviewer also took issue with the emergency room physician’s decision to order CT scans, concluding the scans weren’t necessary. Relying on such evaluations, Liberty Mutual did not initially agree to pay the $ 24,420.24 Trauma II emergency room charge and refused to pay for charges related to the CT scans. Liberty Mutual offered to settle Ms. Fal-cone’s claim for $ 37,855.23 on April 1, 2014. Plaintiff Falcone declined the offer the next day.
¶7 After Ms. Falcone declined the initial offer, Liberty Mutual reevaluated the claim and increased the evaluation to $ 52,677.98 to include all charges related to the CT scans but continued to refuse to pay the Trauma II charges. Liberty Mutual sent Ms. Falcone a cheek on April 17, 2014. The check was not cashed. On July 26, 2014, Liberty Mutual sent Ms. Falcone a letter advising her that they had paid $ 1,000 under the policy’s med-pay coverage and that such med-pay coverage had been exhausted.
¶ 8 On August 4, 2014, Ms. Falcone, and her mother, Plaintiff Linda Smith, filed this action alleging breach of contract and bad faith against the Liberty Mutual Defendants and negligence against Defendant Anthony Lewis. The parties participated in mediation in December of 2014. After mediation failed to resolve the ease, Liberty Mutual paid the $100,000 UM limit to Ms. Falcone to conclude the contract claim. Plaintiff Linda Smith, Ms. Falcone’s mother, dismissed her breach of contract claim without prejudice on January 16, 2015. On August 25, 2016, Ms. Falcone filed a suggestion of death, advising the court that the Defendant Anthony Lewis is now deceased. On the same date, Ms. Falcone dismissed her negligence claim against Defendant Lewis without prejudice. Thus, only Ms. Falcone’s bad faith and punitive damages claim remained pending against the Liberty Mutual Defendants.
¶ 9 The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of both Liberty Mutual Defendants on March 29, 2016, and found that as a matter of law, Liberty Mutual did not commit the tort of bad faith by considering whether Ms. Falcone’s emergency room charges were reasonable, in light of the necessary medical care and treatment provided during the emergency room visit, rather than compensating Ms. Falcone for the full amount of the emergency room medical charges that were incurred. The trial court denied Ms. Falcone’s Motion for New Trial on July 11, 2016. Ms. Falcone appealed and filed a Motion to Retain in this Court. The Motion to Retain was granted on August 22, 2016.

Liberty Mutual Acted in Bad Faith

¶ 10 An insurer has an implied-in-law duty to act in good faith and deal fairly with the insured to ensure that the policy benefits are received. Christian v. Am. Home Assurance Co., 1977 OK 141, 577 P.2d 899, 904. The essence of a bad-faith action “is the insurer’s unreasonable, bad-faith conduct, including the unjustified withholding of payment due under a policy.” McCorkle v. Great Atl. Ins. Co., 1981 OK 128, 637 P.2d 583, 587. The tort of bad faith does not foreclose the insurer’s right to deny a claim, resist payment, or litigate any claim to which the insurer has a legitimate defense. Buzzard v. Farmers Ins. Co., 1991 OK 127, 824 P.2d 1105, 1109. However, when presented with a claim by its insured, an insurer must conduct an investigation reasonably appropriate under the circumstances and the claim must be paid promptly unless the insurer has a reasonable belief that the claim is legally or factually *110insufficient. Id. The decisive question is whether the insurer had a good faith belief, at the time its performance was requested, that it had justifiable reason for withholding payment under the policy. Id. “The knowledge and belief of the insurer during the time period the claim is being reviewed is the focus of a bad-faith claim.” Id.
¶ 11 The UM provision in the Liberty Mutual policy provides:
We will pay compensatory damages which an ‘insured’ is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an ‘uninsured motor vehicle’ because of ‘bodily injury:’
1. Sustained by an ‘insured;’ and
2. Caused by an accident.
In contrast, the med-pay provision in the policy provides that:
We will pay reasonable expenses incurred for necessary medical and funeral services because of ‘bodily injury:’
1. Caused by accident; and
2. Sustained by an ‘insured,’
The med-pay provision might arguably allow Liberty Mutual to do what it did in this case and send the claim to a reviewer to determine what medical services/expenses were “reasonable” and “necessary.” But no such language exists in the UM provision. The UM provision requires that Liberty Mutual pay the compensatory damages the insured is legally entitled to recover from the uninsured driver. The language of the UM provision does not allow Liberty Mutual to question the reasonableness or necessity of the medical services or expenses. Nor is there any statutory authority to allow an insurance company to withhold payment.3
¶ 12 In addition, Liberty Mutual has not disputed, and cannot dispute, that Ms. Fal-cone was taken to the emergency room as a direct result of the car accident with Mr. Lewis. Ms. Falcone was taken to the OU Medical Center emergency room based upon the choice of the ambulance driver, not her own. She received tests and treatment selected by the OU Medical Center emergency room physicians, and again, had no say in the treatment or decision to send her to Trauma II. There has been no allegation that there was any kind of supervening cause, i.e., some reckless act by emergency room staff that made Ms. Falcone’s injuries worse and could have allegedly been a supervening cause. In fact, it’s just the opposite—Liberty Mutual argues the emergency room staff ordered too many tests and were too cautious in treating Ms. Falcone as Level II trauma. Oklahoma law is clear and well settled on this issue. The OU Medical Center emergency room bill is part of Ms. Falcone’s compensatory damages.4 Liberty Mutual ignored the plain language of them policy and disregarded well settled law regarding compensatory damages. The very act of using the utilization reviewers as a pretext to deny payment of the emergency room bill in this case is bad faith. Liberty Mutual had no justifiable reason for withholding payment under the policy.5

*111
Conclusion

¶ 13 Because Liberty Mutual acted in bad faith, on remand, Liberty Mutual’s defense should be limited to the amount of damages for which they are liable. Ms. Falcone should be allowed to present all of her evidence relating to Liberty Mutual’s bad faith conduct in handling her claim. From that evidence a jury can then determine the amount of actual damages owed Ms. Falcone for Liberty Mutual’s bad faith conduct and whether Liberty Mutual recklessly disregarded its duty to deal fairly and act in good faith6 or intentionally and with malice breached its duty to deal fairly and act in good faith in disputing the full payment of Ms. Falcone’s emergency room bill, entitling Ms. Falcone to an award of punitive damages.7

. Record on Accelerated Appeal, Ex. 10, at Ex. 1.

. The 67,098.23 in medical bills included the $ 47,203.00 bill from OU Medical Center and approximately $ 20,000.00 for treatment after the date of the accident.

. Uninsured motorist coverage is for the "protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles and hit- and-run motor vehicles because of bodily injury, sickness or disease, including death resulting therefrom.” 36 O.S. Supp. 2014 3636(B). See also Kratz v. Kratz, 1995 OK 63, ¶ 7, 905 P.2d 753, 755 (“We have recognized that uninsured motorist coverage is a carrier's direct promise to its insured to pay the insured for a loss, rather than a promise to its insured to pay a third party; it is 'first-party coverage1 like collision insurance, not 'third-party coverage1 like public liability insurance. The recovery of the insured is based on the tenns of the policy and the action is one in contract.’1).

. It is undisputed that the negligence of Defendant Lewis caused the accident. Plaintiff suffered damages as a result. Title 23 O.S. 61 provides that "[flor the breach of an obligation not arising from contract, the measure of damages, except where otherwise expressly provided by this chapter, is the amount which compensate for all detriment proximately caused thereby, whether it could have been anticipated or not.” This Court has defined “detriment" as “a loss or harm suffered by the person wrongfully injured and the measure of damages is the amount which will adequately compensate for all detriment proximately caused thereby.” Chicago. R.I. & P.R. Co. v. Wright, 1954 OK 312, ¶ 31, 278 P.2d 830, 836. In addition, Black's Law states that compensatory damages are synonymous with actual damages—the amount awarded to a complainant to compensate for a proven injury or loss; damages that repay actual losses.

. The Tenth Circuit, relying on this Court’s case law, has held that evidence that an insurance company ignored the provisions of its own policy and ignored Oklahoma law in disputing or denying certain coverage can constitute bad faith. Haberman v. The Hartford Ins. Group, 443 F.3d 1257, 1271 (10th Cir. 2006).

. Under 23 O.S. 2011 9.1(B)(2)(b), if a jury finds that the insurer has recklessly disregarded its duty to deal fairly and act in good faith with its insured, the jury may award punitive damages in the amount of actual damages or $ 100,000 whichever is greater.

. Under 23 O.S. 2011 9.1(C)(2)(a-b), if a jury finds that the insurer has intentionally and with malice breached its duty to deal fairly and act in good faith with its insured, the jury may award punitive damages up to $ 500,000 or twice the amount of actual damages, whichever is greater. "[Mjalice may be shown by ‘an indifference to or conscious disregard’ of the rights of another, justifying _an award of punitive damages.” Alsobrook v. Nat'l Travelers Life Ins. Co., 1992 OK CIV APP 168, 852 P.2d 768, 773.