Court Opinion

ID: 9958815
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-09 22:06:25.620761+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:17:42.017619
License: Public Domain

04/09/2024

                                           DA 21-0290
                                                                                           Case Number: DA 21-0290

                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

                                           2024 MT 76

STATE OF MONTANA,

              Plaintiff and Appellee,

         v.

KYLE LEE SEVERSON,

              Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM:            District Court of the Seventh Judicial District,
                        In and For the County of Richland, Cause No. DC-19-55
                        Honorable Olivia Rieger, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

                For Appellant:

                        Chad Wright, Appellate Defender, Michael Marchesini, Assistant Appellate
                        Defender, Helena, Montana

                For Appellee:

                        Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Christine Hutchison,
                        Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana

                        Charity McLarty, Richland County Attorney, Sidney, Montana

                                                    Submitted on Briefs: February 14, 2024

                                                                Decided: April 9, 2024

Filed:
                                  Vor-6A.—if
                        __________________________________________
                                         Clerk
Justice Beth Baker delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1       Kyle Severson appeals a jury conviction for mitigated deliberate homicide after he

shot Tyler Hayden on the evening of July 2, 2019. We address the following issues on

appeal:

         1. Did the District Court err when it denied Severson’s motion to dismiss based on
         the State’s failure to disclose favorable evidence?

         2. Did the cumulative effect of errors in the District Court deny Severson a fair
         trial?

¶2       We conclude that the cumulative effect of errors in the proceedings denied Severson

his constitutional rights to a fair trial and due process. We reverse and remand for a new

trial.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3       On July 2, 2019, Severson, his girlfriend Karina Orozco, her sister Jessica Orozco,

and Severson’s and Karina’s three-year-old daughter drove to the Loaf ’N Jug convenience

store in Sidney. Severson was sitting in the rear passenger seat of the vehicle. Karina and

Jessica entered the store; Severson and his daughter stayed in the car. Six minutes later,

Hayden and Dalton Watson arrived at the store and parked next to Karina’s vehicle. Both

Watson and Hayden entered the store. After a few minutes, Watson returned to his vehicle.

Karina and Jessica exited the store roughly forty-five seconds later. Twenty seconds after

that, Hayden exited and returned to the passenger side of Watson’s vehicle. After briefly

confirming with Watson that Severson was in the back seat of Karina’s car, Hayden turned

and approached Severson’s open window. Karina, who was driving the vehicle, stopped

                                              2
the car as Hayden approached. Karina testified at trial that as he approached, Hayden said

something “[l]ike aggressive, taunting.” Watson testified that “[Hayden] said ‘hey buddy,

it’s been a long time. How you been doin’ in a friendly way.” As Hayden approached,

Severson raised a .38 caliber handgun, shot Hayden at close range, and killed him.

¶4     Immediately after the shooting, Watson exited his vehicle to assist Hayden, who had

fallen to the ground. Security camera footage of the shooting shows Watson running to

assist Hayden, tripping on the curb, retrieving an object from the ground near Hayden,

running back to his vehicle, and then returning to help Hayden. It was later determined

that the object Watson picked up was a .22-caliber handgun. Watson claimed that he, not

Hayden, had been the one carrying the handgun and that it had flown out of his pants when

he tripped on the curb. As Watson assisted Hayden, Karina quickly drove away. Severson

immediately told Karina to drive him to the police station. Once there, Severson waived

his Miranda rights, admitted to the shooting, and claimed that he was scared that Hayden

was going to harm him or his daughter. Severson also recounted to law enforcement a

history of confrontations between himself and Hayden.         Roughly a year before the

shooting, in April 2018, Hayden and another man followed Severson and Severson’s

brother-in-law into the parking lot of an IGA. Hayden exited his vehicle and immediately

began assaulting Severson’s brother-in-law, attempting to drag him from the passenger side

of the vehicle Severson was driving. Additionally, although he did not tell law enforcement

during his initial interview on the night of the shooting, Severson later recounted a March

2018 incident in which Hayden robbed Severson at gunpoint.

                                            3
¶5     Severson was charged by information with deliberate homicide in violation of

§ 45-5-102, MCA.1 On October 2, 2020, a jury found Severson guilty of mitigated

deliberate homicide. The District Court sentenced him to forty years in prison. We discuss

additional pertinent facts below.

                               STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶6     We review the grant or denial of a motion to dismiss de novo to determine whether

the district court’s conclusions of law are correct. State v. Seiffert, 2010 MT 169, ¶ 10, 357

Mont. 188, 237 P.3d 669.        We exercise plenary review of constitutional questions,

including alleged violations of a criminal defendant’s due process rights. State v. Jackson,

2009 MT 427, ¶ 50, 354 Mont. 63, 221 P.3d 1213 (citing State v. West, 2008 MT 338, ¶ 13,

346 Mont. 244, 194 P.3d 683).

                                       DISCUSSION

¶7   1. Did the District Court err when it denied Severson’s motion to dismiss based on
     the State’s failure to disclose favorable evidence?

¶8     Severson claims that the State violated his right to due process by failing to disclose

favorable evidence as required under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S 83, 87, 83 S. Ct. 1194,

1196-97 (1963), and Montana law. At issue are law enforcement investigative reports of

a burglary of Severson’s home and the contents of Watson’s cell phone.

¶9     On the night of the shooting, after taking Severson to the police station and

providing a statement, Karina returned to the home she and Severson shared and discovered

1
  Severson later was charged with evidence or witness tampering. Severson pleaded guilty to the
tampering charge and was sentenced to eight years in the Montana State Prison. The tampering
charge is not addressed in this appeal.
                                               4
it had been burglarized that evening. In the ensuing investigation, police identified Keaston

Johns, Logan Krauser, and Immanuel Brown as the primary suspects. Johns was Hayden’s

girlfriend at the time of the shooting. Karina testified that she believed the assailants stole

several electronics, a guitar, a shotgun, and roughly $2,000 cash from the home. On

August 6, 2019, in an unrelated search of Watson’s apartment, police discovered Karina’s

medical marijuana card in a safe in Watson’s room. In an interview with officers following

the search of his residence, Watson stated that following the shooting, while in a parking

lot adjacent to the Loaf ’N Jug, he received $300 from the two men suspected in the

burglary of Severson’s home.2

¶10    On October 30, 2019, Severson sought to compel the disclosure of any “information

and reports” of law enforcement regarding the burglary. The State objected, arguing the

reports were irrelevant to Severson’s defense. Finding he had failed to demonstrate a need

for the report evidence, the District Court denied Severson’s motion on January 7, 2020.

On September 4, 2020, roughly three weeks before his trial, Severson again moved to

compel disclosure of the evidence.3 The District Court, reasoning that Severson could

2
  Watson initially told law enforcement that he had received $300 from Krauser and Immanuel
Brown. During a trial preparation interview with prosecutors, Watson recounted that he had
received $700 from the burglary. Then, during trial, Watson again changed his story, claiming
that it had been only $300 but that Johns had been the person who gave him the money. It is
unclear from the record whether Watson knew the provenance of the money when he received it.
3
  At this point, Severson was unaware that the parties suspected to be involved in the burglary
were associated with Watson and Hayden. When arguing for disclosure of the reports, Severson’s
attorney said he had only “rumors” about the identities of the burglary suspects. The State,
however, knew the identities of the parties by at least August 2019.

                                              5
receive the investigative information as the victim of the burglary, ordered that the reports

be disclosed.

¶11    Upon reviewing the reports and learning of the potential connections between the

burglary, Watson, and Hayden, Severson moved the District Court to compel disclosure of

the contents of Watson’s cell phone, which had been in the State’s possession since the

night of the shooting. The Defense asserted that Watson and Hayden may have intercepted

Severson at the Loaf ’N Jug as part of a conspiracy to burglarize Severson’s home. On

September 28, 2020, the first day of Severson’s trial, the State notified the court that it had

never attempted to unlock the phone or to view its contents because, in the words of the

prosecutor, the State “[didn’t] have any indication that [it was] relevant.” The court ordered

Watson to appear the following day to unlock the phone for the court to examine. That

evening, upon being notified by the prosecutor that the court would order him to unlock

his phone, Watson asked “if he had to.” During the hearing the next morning, Watson

testified that he could no longer recall the phone’s passcode.4 Recognizing the significant

time and effort needed for investigators to pursue entry of the phone, the court asked

Severson if he wished to continue the trial until the phone could be unlocked. Concerned

that Severson already had been in custody for fifteen months, Severson’s attorney rejected

the court’s offer of a continuance.

4
  The District Court also requested that Watson attempt to open the phone through fingerprint
recognition. Because the phone had been powered off, it could not be opened by fingerprint
recognition.
                                              6
¶12    Unable to access the potentially exculpatory cell phone information, Severson made

two motions based on alleged violations of his rights to due process and a fair trial. First,

following Watson’s inability to access the phone, Severson moved orally to exclude

Watson from testifying. Severson then moved to dismiss the case. The District Court

denied both motions because, due to the State’s failure to access the information on the

phone and Watson’s inability to unlock it, Severson had not shown that any evidence on

the phone was favorable to him. See State v. Williams, 2018 MT 194, ¶ 21, 392 Mont. 285,

423 P.3d 596.

¶13    Trial proceeded as scheduled. Severson was found guilty and sentenced to forty

years in the Montana State Prison.

¶14    Five months after trial, law enforcement was able to access the contents of Watson’s

phone. On June 29, 2021, the District Court ordered that the contents of the phone be filed

under seal and made available to the parties. A review of the phone revealed that, although

the phone belonged to Watson, Hayden had used it in the days leading up to the shooting.

Included in the data retrieved from the phone were Facebook messages between Hayden

and a person named Shammar Brown, indicating that on the day before the shooting

Hayden had pulled a gun on Brown during an argument.

¶15    Suppression by the government of favorable evidence that is material to either the

guilt or punishment of an accused violates due process irrespective of the innocent or

malign intentions of the prosecution. Brady, 373 U.S at 87, 83 S. Ct. at 1196-97. The rule

recognized by Brady and its progeny advances society’s interest in conducting “criminal

                                             7
trials [that] are fair,” 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S. Ct. at 1197, ensures the accused is not deprived

of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1, and

protects against miscarriages of justice, United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 675, 105

S. Ct. 3375, 3380 (1985). The Montana Legislature has imposed a separate duty on all

prosecutors to “make available to the defendant for examination and reproduction . . . all

material or information that tends to mitigate or negate the defendant’s guilt as to the

offense charged or that would tend to reduce the defendant’s potential sentence.” Section

46-15-322(1)(e), MCA. This statutory duty persists, requiring disclosure of any new

information that would have been subject to § 46-15-322, MCA, had it been known at the

time of initial disclosure. Section 46-15-327, MCA.

¶16    To succeed on a Brady claim, a party must show that (1) the State possessed

evidence favorable to the defense, (2) the State suppressed the evidence, and (3) had the

State disclosed the evidence, there is a reasonable probability that the result would have

been different. State v. Reinert, 2018 MT 111, ¶ 17, 391 Mont. 263, 419 P.3d 662.5

¶17    The State first argues that Severson waived any potential Brady claim by failing to

request a continuance to investigate the contents of the phone when the State disclosed the

5
  Prior to 2014, this Court required a fourth Brady element requiring a claimant to show that “the
petitioner did not possess the evidence nor could he have obtained it with reasonable diligence.”
McGarvey v. State, 2014 MT 189, ¶ 16, 375 Mont. 495, 329 P.3d 576 (quoting Gollehon v. State,
1999 MT 210, ¶ 15, 296 Mont. 6, 986 P.2d 395); see also Seiffert, ¶¶ 14, 15. In 2014, the Ninth
Circuit Court of Appeals determined that a due diligence requirement improperly shifts the
obligations imposed under Brady from the prosecution to the defense, is “contrary to federal law
as clearly established by the Supreme Court,” and is “unsound” as a public policy matter. Amado
v. Gonzales, 758 F.3d 1119, 1136 (9th Cir. 2014). In 2018, this Court adopted the Ninth Circuit’s
rationale. Reinert, ¶ 17 n.1.

                                                8
reports of the burglary. The State points to no authority binding on this Court for the

proposition that a failure to request a continuance waives a Brady claim.6 We decline to

adopt such a rule here. Accordingly, we will address the merits of Severson’s claim.

        a. Favorability of the evidence

¶18    Evidence is favorable, and therefore subject to the duties imposed by Brady and

§ 46-15-322, MCA, if it has the potential to lead directly to the discovery of admissible

evidence. State v. Stutzman, 2017 MT 169, ¶ 28, 388 Mont. 133, 398 P.3d 265 (quoting

State v. Weisbarth, 2016 MT 214, ¶ 24, 384 Mont. 424, 378 P.3d 1195). Brady evidence

need not itself be admissible to trigger due process protections; it need have only the

“potential to lead directly to admissible exculpatory evidence.” State v. Mathis, 2022 MT

156, ¶ 34, 409 Mont. 348, 515 P.3d 758 (internal quotations omitted). Evidence tending

to undermine or impeach a key state witness is of particular favorability to the defense for

purposes of a Brady analysis. Weisbarth, ¶ 26 (citing United States v. Price, 566 F.3d 900,

914 (9th Cir. 2009)).

6
  The State draws the Court’s attention to four cases it contends support its argument. Madsen v.
Doremire, 137 F.3d 602 (8th Cir. 1998), and United States v. Higgins, 75 F.3d 332 (7th Cir. 1996),
the State argues, stand for the proposition that the “failure to request a continuance when evidence
is disclosed before or during trial constitutes a waiver of any Brady violation.” The State fails to
recognize, however, that both cases qualify this statement by requiring the evidence still be
disclosed in time for the defendant to make beneficial use of it. Madsen, 137 F.3d at 605 (“there
is no due process violation under Brady as long as ultimate disclosure is made before it is too late
for the defendant to make use of any benefits of the evidence”) (internal quotation omitted);
Higgins, 75 F.3d at 335 (“[d]isclosure even in mid-trial suffices if time remains for the defendant
to make effective use of the exculpatory material”) (citation omitted). The State does not explain
how its production of the burglary reports two weeks before trial allowed Severson sufficient time
to utilize the evidence on Watson’s cell phone—which took five months to access. The only other
authority offered by the State is from intermediate appellate state courts.
                                                   9
¶19    The favorability of the investigative reports should have been obvious to the State

as early as August 7, 2019. On that date, Watson admitted to receiving items stolen from

Karina. The information contained in the reports connected the burglary directly to Watson

and Hayden. Watson received proceeds from the burglary—from Hayden’s girlfriend—

on the night of the shooting. The information connecting the burglary to the shooting had

the potential to lead directly to the discovery of other exculpatory evidence, namely the

contents of Watson’s cell phone. Mathis, ¶ 34.

¶20    The evidence ultimately found on Watson’s cell phone also is favorable under

Brady. Severson’s defense rested primarily on his claim that he was afraid for his and his

family’s safety when he shot Hayden. Key to that claim was Severson’s state of mind

when he shot Hayden and whether the jury found his testimony credible. At a minimum,

had the Defense been aware of an altercation between Hayden and Brown just a day earlier,

Severson would have had the opportunity to interview Brown about the incident, about the

type of gun Hayden brandished, and about Hayden’s reputation for violence.

¶21    The State’s case rested in large part on the testimony of Watson. Evidence tending

to suggest that Hayden had been in possession of a firearm the day before the shooting calls

into question Watson’s story that he was the one with the firearm found at the scene— a

story Watson first recounted in September 2019, months after the shooting. As Severson

points out, the very existence of Hayden’s Facebook conversations on Watson’s cell phone

may suggest that Watson was aware of instances of Hayden brandishing a firearm and

would have allowed Severson more effectively to cross-examine Watson about his

                                            10
knowledge of Hayden’s propensity to carry a firearm. Information that calls into question

the credibility of a witness lies squarely at the heart of a prosecutor’s duty to disclose

evidence favorable to the defense. See Weisbarth, ¶¶ 22-25.

¶22    The State argues that Severson’s claim cannot succeed on this evidence because it

is a specific instance of a victim’s prior bad acts, which is admissible only if the defendant

was aware of the specific bad acts when he killed the victim. See M. R. Evid. 405(b); State

v. Montgomery, 2005 MT 120, ¶¶ 18-19, 327 Mont. 138, 112 P.3d 1014. The State’s

argument, however, misapprehends two important factors. First, the cell phone evidence

may have been admissible for purposes other than demonstrating Hayden’s propensity for

violence, such as undercutting Watson’s credibility.        Second, even evidence that is

inadmissible can support a Brady claim. Mathis, ¶ 34. The message records found on

Watson’s cell phone could have supported the credibility of Severson’s own fears of

Hayden and called into question Watson’s testimony that he was the person carrying a

firearm on the evening of the shooting and that Hayden was “friendly” when he approached

Karina’s vehicle.

¶23    The favorability of the cell phone evidence is not confined to its impact on witness

credibility. As Severson points out, none of the individuals connected to or suspected of

playing a part in the burglary of Severson’s home were ever charged for the crime.

Although Watson was charged with criminal possession of dangerous drugs in the months

after the shooting, he was offered a deferred prosecution by the State. The District Court

noted the optics of the State’s treatment of its own witnesses when it told the State,

                                             11
“especially for crimes that occurred after the homicide, when you knew that [Watson] was

going to be a witness . . . it was a bad idea to do a deferred prosecution.” Had Severson

known the contents of the phone at trial, he could have more effectively questioned the

State’s decision to not access it and better called into question the “thoroughness and even

the good faith” of the State’s handling of the investigation. See Kyles v. Whitley, 514

U.S. 419, 445, 115 S. Ct. 1555, 1571 (1995).

¶24    When he made his motions to dismiss and to exclude Watson, Severson could not

and did not show that the cell phone contained any information favorable to the defense.

That is no longer the case. Severson has shown that information on the phone “has the

potential to lead directly to admissible exculpatory evidence.” State v. Ilk, 2018 MT 186,

¶ 31, 392 Mont. 201, 422 P.3d 1219 (quotations omitted). The favorable nature of the

evidence is apparent. See State v. Fisher, 2021 MT 255, ¶ 30, 405 Mont. 498, 496 P.3d

561 (citations omitted).

       b. Suppression of the evidence

¶25    It is not enough that a criminal defendant show that the state possessed favorable

evidence, he must also show the government suppressed the evidence. Rienert, ¶ 17.

Although the state is under no affirmative obligation to “take initiative or even assist the

defendant with procuring exculpatory evidence,” State v. Wagner, 2013 MT 47, ¶ 26, 369

Mont. 139, 296 P.3d 1142, neither may the state impede the defense’s gathering of relevant

evidence through the employment of rules and regulations. See State v. Swanson, 222

Mont. 357, 361-62, 722 P.2d 1155, 1158 (1986).

                                            12
¶26   The State argues that Severson’s rights were not violated because he possessed the

Facebook records well before trial. The State points to the following exchange that took

place shortly after Watson was unable to access the phone to argue the Defense had the

cell phone evidence:

      THE STATE: Okay. Your Honor, we did get the Facebook and, I think,
      Snapchat records. Just Facebook. The Facebook Messenger records, which
      we got those regarding Dalton, okay.

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Regarding who?

      THE STATE: The Messenger records regarding Dalton, Dalton’s Messenger
      records.

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: We don’t have those.

      THE STATE: We don’t have those?

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No, we don’t have anything from Dalton Watson.

      THE STATE: Never mind, okay. I’m confusing Tyler and okay.

The State also points to its proposed exhibit list in which it listed “DISC 36: DVD

containing Facebook records (Tyler Hayden).”            This proposed exhibit and the

above-mentioned exchange, the State asserts, show that Severson was in possession of

Hayden’s Facebook messages long before trial. In response, Severson argues that the

in-court exchange and the exhibit list are insufficient to show what messages actually were

disclosed.

¶27   After reviewing the record in this case, it is unclear what, if any, Facebook messages

were included in “Disc 36” or what the prosecutor was referencing in the above-quoted

exchange. No record evidence substantiates the claim that Severson was in possession of

                                            13
the messages between Hayden and Brown or that those messages were a part of “Disc 36.”

Although the State has failed to show that it in fact disclosed the evidence at issue in this

case, neither does Severson present evidence that he did not possess the Facebook

messages. In support of his appeal, Severson points merely to the fact that the State has

not proven it disclosed the information.

¶28    The record demonstrates that the State consistently resisted Severson’s efforts to

access the requested information. Both times Severson sought to compel the burglary

reports, the State objected, claiming that no information in the reports was relevant to the

shooting. As noted above, the State was in possession of information sufficient to establish

a connection between the parties to the burglary and the shooting as early as August 2019.

But even if the connection initially had gone unnoticed by the prosecution, in January 2020

police sent a request for prosecution of Johns and Krauser, putting the prosecution on notice

of the relevance of the reports. Despite this knowledge, the State took no action to disclose

the reports or investigate the contents of the phone in the months leading up to trial. When

Severson moved to compel discovery of the reports for a second time in September 2020,

the State again claimed they contained no relevant information. Following trial, the State

argued that it had no probable cause to search the phone and that allowing Severson to

access the contents of the phone would constitute a “treacherous” invasion of Watson’s

privacy. Granted, Severson was never denied access to the phone. But it also is clear that,

whether by design or by oversight, the State’s failure to investigate the phone, dubious

claims of irrelevance, and employment of procedural excuses amounted to suppression of

                                             14
favorable evidence in violation of the State’s duties under Brady.               See Ilk, ¶ 34

(“Prosecutors have a duty to learn of any favorable evidence known to the others acting on

the government’s behalf . . .” and this duty is “ongoing”) (quotations and citations omitted);

Fisher, ¶ 30 (“the State cannot frustrate the defense’s evidence-gathering efforts through

either affirmative acts or their rules and regulations”) (quotations omitted).

        c. Probability of a different result

¶29    The third prong of a Brady claim requires a claimant to show that the suppression

of favorable evidence “undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial.” Ilk, ¶ 37

(quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434, 115 S. Ct. at 1566). In considering whether a trial

sufficiently protected the rights of the accused, we review the excluded evidence

collectively, not in a piecemeal fashion. Weisbarth, ¶ 26 (citing McGarvey, ¶ 17).

¶30    Severson argues that the case ultimately boils down to a credibility battle between

his version of events and Watson’s.        Any evidence tending to undermine Watson’s

credibility or supporting Severson’s fear of Hayden, he maintains, had a reasonable

probability of changing the result. As evidenced by their willingness to find Severson

guilty only of the lesser included offense of mitigated deliberate homicide, Severson argues

that the suppressed evidence easily could have tipped the jury in his favor. The State

responds that Severson has failed to demonstrate the reasonable probability of a different

outcome because none of the evidence on the phone was admissible to show Hayden had

a propensity to violence and because evidence admitted at trial was sufficient to show that

Severson’s belief that he needed to shoot Hayden was not reasonable.

                                               15
¶31    In Ilk, we had the opportunity to address the prejudice prong of Brady. Ilk, ¶¶ 37-39.

Ilk was accused of attempted deliberate homicide for his altercation with two other

individuals at a construction site, during which Ilk fired a handgun several times at the two

individuals. Ilk, ¶ 4. During the ensuing investigation, a police detective took three sets

of photographs of the crime scene. The first set, which was disclosed during discovery,

was taken on the evening of the shooting when it already was dark out. Ilk, ¶ 8. The third

set, also disclosed, was taken during the daytime, several weeks after the shooting when

construction at the site had significantly changed the area. Ilk, ¶ 8. Then, during trial, the

detective testified that he may have taken a second set of photographs during the daytime

“within a day or two after the shooting.” Ilk, ¶ 9. Ilk moved for dismissal based on the

State’s failure to produce the second set of photos during discovery. Ilk, ¶ 9. We

determined that Ilk had not shown a reasonable probability of a different result because the

additional photos would not have served to “put the whole case in a different light.” Ilk,

¶ 39 (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 435, 115 S. Ct. at 1566). Because other photographs of

the scene were available, the defense had the opportunity to vigorously attack the State’s

case even in the absence of the additional evidence, and the record otherwise provided

strong support for the jury verdict, we concluded that Ilk had not met his burden under

Brady. Ilk, ¶ 39 (internal quotations omitted).

¶32    Severson’s case is stronger. Here, the material he sought was not duplicative of

evidence that was available during trial. Although Severson was able to present evidence

of Hayden’s past violent interactions with him, the conversation between Hayden and

                                             16
Brown is singular in showing Hayden’s similar behavior toward someone else just the day

before the shooting—though it is not clear that Brown would have been available to testify

or that his testimony would have been favorable to the Defense. Knowing that Hayden’s

girlfriend was involved in a burglary taking place at Karina’s home at about the same time

Hayden encountered her and Severson at the Loaf ’N Jug likely would have weighed

heavily in the jury’s mind. Additional evidence of Watson’s connection to the burglary

could have cast his credibility and willingness to participate with the State in a different

light.

¶33      The District Court denied Severson’s Brady motion because Severson could not

show that the evidence on the cell phone was favorable to him. At the time the District

Court made that ruling based on the record before it, it was correct. Accordingly, we cannot

conclude that the District Court erred as a matter of law. Severson recognizes this flaw in

his appeal and asks this Court to find that the State acted in bad faith. Severson argues that

under our holdings in Villanueva and Fisher, the State’s deceptive actions and animosity

towards him are the reason he was unable to show that the evidence on Watson’s cell phone

was favorable to him. Accordingly, Severson argues, we should hold that the District Court

erred as a matter of law when it found that Severson did not satisfy the Brady test in full.

The District Court, however, did not find that the State had acted in bad faith, and the

record does not compel a contrary conclusion.

¶34      The State’s failure to disclose evidence is troubling and was wrong; it should have

produced the favorable evidence. For the reasons discussed below, however, our decision

                                             17
does not turn on Severson’s Brady claim alone. When taken in the context of the entire

trial, the Brady concerns contribute to our conclusion that Severson is entitled to a new

trial. We need not determine whether, standing alone, the State’s failure to disclose the

information “undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial.” Ilk, ¶ 37 (citing Kyles,

514 U.S. at 434, 115 S. Ct. at 1566).

¶35    2. Did the cumulative effect of errors in the District Court deny Severson a fair
      trial?

¶36    Severson alleges several other trial errors that he argues, taken together, deprived

him of a fair trial. We address each in turn.

       a. Prosecutorial misconduct

¶37    Severson claims that the prosecutor violated his right to a fair trial by repeatedly

referencing Severson’s drug use in violation of the District Court’s pretrial order in limine

and by impermissibly blaming Severson for failing to discover the contents of Watson’s

cell phone.

¶38    Prior to trial, the Defense moved the court to preclude any evidence of a 2018

informant drug buy in which Severson allegedly sold marijuana to a police source.

Following briefing and argument, the District Court ordered that “the State is prohibited

from introducing evidence of the Defendant’s alleged drug dealing or drug activity in its

case in chief.” The court’s order left open the possibility, however, that such questions

would be allowed during cross-examination if the Defense opened the door to them.

During cross-examination of Karina, the prosecutor raised the issue of the burglary. She

asked Karina, “Isn’t it true that people also know that you would have had cash, guns, and

                                                18
drugs in your house?” Severson’s attorney immediately objected, and the court sustained.

The prosecutor further initiated the following exchange with Karina:

      Q. Okay. And I believe you testified that about $2000 in cash was also taken
      from your residence, correct?

      A. Yes.

      Q. Where did that money come from?

Severson’s attorney again objected, the court again sustained. After the District Court

already had sustained objections to her questions, the prosecutor asked Karina, “[i]sn’t it

true that Kyle posted pictures on social media, various forms, of cash and drugs?” Defense

counsel immediately called for a sidebar conference outside the presence of the jury.

¶39   During direct examination of Mark Kraft, an officer involved in the investigation of

the shooting, the prosecutor initiated the following exchange:

      Q. Okay. In this case, did defense counsel ever [] request to inspect the
      physical evidence that you had in your property?

      A. Yes.

                                         .    .   .

      Q. Okay. Have, has there ever been a request from the defense to access that
      phone and download it?

Defense counsel objected and requested a sidebar conference to discuss the issue with the

court. During that conversation the District Court stated, “I do think that now you’re

shifting the burden to the Defendant and I’m not going to allow you to do that anymore.”

¶40   Severson argues that the prosecutor’s violation of the court’s order in limine and her

impermissible burden-shifting amount to prosecutorial misconduct, warranting reversal. In

                                             19
response, the State argues that Severson has failed to show that Severson’s substantial

rights were prejudiced by the questioning. See State v. Lehrkamp, 2017 MT 203, ¶ 15, 388

Mont. 295, 400 P.3d 697 (citing State v. Otto, 2014 MT 20, ¶ 15, 373 Mont. 385, 317 P.3d

810; State v. Dobrowski, 2016 MT 261, ¶ 28, 385 Mont. 179, 382 P.3d 490).

¶41    The prosecution’s questioning of Karina was clearly a violation of the court’s order

in limine. The District Court, however, sustained each of Severson’s immediate objections,

issued a curative instruction to the jury, and allowed testimony explaining that Severson

was a licensed medical marijuana provider. Similarly, Severson’s attorney immediately

objected to the State’s questioning regarding the Defense’s efforts to access the cell phone.

Though it is unlikely, standing alone, that the prosecutor’s improper questions tainted the

jury to such an extent as to violate Severson’s right to a fair trial, the misconduct again

contributes to the Court’s consideration of cumulative error.

      b. Ineffective assistance of counsel

¶42    Following the State’s violation of the trial court’s order in limine, a lengthy

discussion was held in which the District Court asked defense counsel what sanction he

would seek in response to the State’s behavior. After conferring with Severson, counsel

chose not to seek a mistrial but reserved the right to do so. The court agreed that Severson

would retain the right to seek a mistrial and notified the parties that it would hold a hearing

to determine whether to hold the State in contempt of court for its actions. Counsel never

moved for a mistrial. Severson argues that counsel’s failure to seek a mistrial constitutes

ineffective assistance of counsel.

                                              20
¶43    We utilize the two-part test first articulated in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.

668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984), to determine whether a criminal defendant’s trial counsel was

unconstitutionally ineffective. Lehrkamp, ¶ 25. Under that test, a defendant must show

“(1) that counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) that counsel’s deficient performance

prejudiced the defendant.” Lehrkamp, ¶ 25 (quoting McGarvey, ¶ 24). An attorney’s

performance is deficient if it “[falls] below an objective standard of reasonableness

considering prevailing professional norms, and in the context of all circumstances.”

McGarvey, ¶ 25 (citing Whitlow v. State, 2008 MT 140, ¶ 16, 343 Mont. 90, 183 P.3d 861).

A defendant must overcome a strong “presumption that, under the circumstances, the

challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689,

140 S. Ct. at 2065 (internal quotations omitted).

¶44    Severson cannot show that his counsel’s decision to not move for a mistrial fell

below an “objective standard of reasonableness.” McGarvey, ¶ 25. The record indicates

that counsel fully considered the option of moving for a mistrial and made the tactical

decision not to do so. By the time of trial, Severson had been in detention for over a year.

Had the District Court granted a mistrial motion, Severson likely would have remained in

jail while he awaited a new trial. This concern was raised on the record several times.

Further, the record indicates that, just prior to deciding not to move for a mistrial, the court

recessed to allow counsel time to discuss the implications of moving for a mistrial with

Severson. Severson argues that because it was likely the State was attempting to goad a

mistrial, double jeopardy would have barred a retrial. See Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S.

                                              21
667, 673-74, 102 S. Ct. 2083, 2088 (1982). Whether the District Court would have reached

such a conclusion is not at all certain. The merits of Severson’s double jeopardy argument

aside, the record clearly indicates that Defense counsel considered a mistrial motion and,

in consultation with Severson, chose not to pursue it. Severson has, therefore, failed to

show that Defense counsel’s trial performance was unconstitutionally deficient.

       3. Cumulative error

¶45    The cumulative error doctrine applies in the rare case in which several errors occur,

the cumulative effect of which is to deny the defendant the right to a fair trial. State v.

Novak, 2005 MT 294, ¶ 35, 329 Mont. 309, 124 P.3d 182. Under the doctrine, the

defendant is required to prove that the aggregate effect of the errors denied him a fair trial—

mere allegations and speculation that prejudice occurred are insufficient. Novak, ¶ 35. If

prejudice is shown, however, reversal is required. State v. Enright, 2000 MT 372, ¶ 34,

303 Mont. 457, 16 P.3d 366 (citation omitted).

¶46    When considering the cumulative effect of several claimed errors, courts consider:

       each such claim against the background of the case as a whole, paying
       particular weight to factors such as the nature and number of the errors
       committed; their interrelationship, if any, and combined effect; how the
       district court dealt with the errors as they arose . . . ; and the strength of the
       government’s case.

State v. Lawrence, 2016 MT 346, ¶ 30, 386 Mont. 86, 385 P.3d 968 (Baker, J., concurring;

quoting United States v. Sepulveda, 15 F.3d 1161, 1196 (1st Cir. 1993)).

¶47    The issues in this case, including Severson’s claim of self-defense, hinge primarily

on the credibility of the witnesses. The errors that occurred during Severson’s trial had

direct bearing on the credibility of Severson, Karina, and Watson—the three most
                                              22
important witnesses. The burglary reports supported the Defense’s theory that Watson and

Hayden purposefully intercepted Severson to give the burglars more time and undercut

Watson’s version of events. The cell phone evidence could have undermined Watson’s

claim that it was him and not Hayden carrying a pistol during the shooting. The Brady

material in this case also tends to show that Severson’s claimed fear of Hayden was

reasonable, supporting his claim that he was afraid for himself and his family when Hayden

approached his vehicle.     The prosecutor’s misconduct likewise goes directly to the

credibility of the witnesses at trial. Her improper questioning of Karina in violation of the

District Court’s order in limine appears to have been a clear attempt to diminish the

credibility of Karina and Severson in the eyes of the jury. Additionally, when Watson

testified falsely that he had received only $300 from the burglary, the prosecutor took no

steps to correct his testimony in the presence of the jury. She ultimately did notify the

court of Watson’s untruthful statements regarding the amount of money he received from

the burglary. She did not, however, attempt to correct his testimony in the moment, despite

knowing of its falsity.

¶48    The District Court described this trial as “a disaster.” Given the string of missteps

and errors in the case, namely the prosecutor’s implicit suggestion to the jury through

improper questioning that Severson and Karina were drug dealers and the State’s failure to

disclose the burglary information—all going to the essential issue of witness credibility—

we conclude this is “the rare case in which the cumulative effect of the errors” has

prejudiced the defendant’s right to a fair trial. See Lawrence, ¶ 27 (Baker, J., concurring).

                                             23
¶49    As demonstrated by the jury’s decision to convict Severson on the lesser offense of

mitigated deliberate homicide, the problems explained above undermine confidence in its

verdict. Had the jury been presented with the Brady material, had Watson’s story been

impeached, and had the prosecutor not referred to Severson’s and Karina’s drug activity,

Severson’s claim of justifiable use of force would have been stronger. Although the

above-stated errors do not warrant reversal individually, we determine their combined

effect calls into question the fairness of Severson’s trial. See State v. Cunningham, 2018

MT 56, ¶ 33, 390 Mont. 408, 414 P.3d 289.

                                     CONCLUSION

¶50    The cumulative effect of the errors in this case leaves us convinced that Severson is

entitled to a new trial. Accordingly, we reverse Severson’s conviction and remand to the

District Court for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.

                                                 /S/ BETH BAKER

We Concur:

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
/S/ JIM RICE

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