Court Opinion

ID: 2762304
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-18 15:06:03.747072+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:49:49.627864
License: Public Domain

REPORTED

  IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

            OF MARYLAND

                  No. 1154

          September Term, 2013

______________________________________

         DAVID ISRAEL BORD

                     v.

 BALTIMORE COUNTY, MARYLAND, ET
              AL.

______________________________________

     Meredith,
     Zarnoch,
     Reed,

                  JJ.
______________________________________

           Opinion by Reed, J.
______________________________________

         Filed: December 17, 2014
       This appeal involves litigation arising from the execution of a search and seizure

warrant of David Bord’s (“Appellant”) home in which Corporal Anthony Kidwell (“Cpl.

Kidwell”) and Detective Socha (“Det. Socha”) of the Baltimore County Police

Department recovered twenty-eight firearms and a 30mm cannon. Appellant alleges that

the officers mishandled the firearms, causing damages to his firearms. The primary issue

before us is whether appellant is entitled to statutory damages under Criminal Procedure

Article (“C.P.”) § 1-203 of the Maryland Code.

       Appellant filed suit against both officers and the County Police in the Circuit Court

for Baltimore County. The circuit court granted the two officers’ motions to dismiss,

finding that the police officers were immune from civil liability in the absence of malice.

The circuit court also held appellant’s claims were common law tort claims, and thus,

granted Baltimore County’s motion for judgment on the basis of government immunity.

       Appellant filed this timely appeal, and presented five questions for our review,

which we rephrased into four questions 1 :

1
        Appellant presented the following questions:

    1. Whether the trial court erred in holding that Baltimore County is immune from an
       action under Criminal Procedure Article § 1-203(d), as an interpretation that the Local
       Government Tort Claims Act provided immunity would render § 1-203(d)
       meaningless?

    2. Whether the trial court erred in failing to enforce the circuit court’s earlier injunction
       against the county, whether the court intended to so hold on the basis of the county’s
       supposed governmental immunity; or upon the court’s failure to recognize that the
       injunction would have served as a basis for relief in appellant’s favor?

    3. Whether the trial court erred in dismissing the two individual police officers on the
       basis of immunity, as there were sufficient allegations of, and evidence of malice?

    4. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to allow appellant to
       amend the pleadings, where significant testimony of a county witness/party at trial
       undermined the various defenses which had been raised?
   1. Does C.P. § 1-203(d) provide a civil cause of action for money damages where
      property is damaged during the execution of a search and seizure warrant?

   2. Did the circuit court err in granting the individual officers’ motion to dismiss and
      Baltimore County’s motion for judgment on the basis of governmental immunity?

   3. Did the circuit court abuse its discretion in refusing to allow appellant to amend
      the pleadings?

   4. Did the circuit court abuse its discretion in refusing to impose sanctions against
      appellee Baltimore County under the discovery rules?

For the following reasons, we answer all questions in the negative, and affirm the

judgment of the circuit court.

                         F ACTS AND P ROCEDURAL B ACKGROUND

       The facts are from the parties’ respective factual submissions and trial testimony:

       Appellant is a licensed gun collector, and has an extensive collection of firearms

that were fully registered and documented. All weapons were securely stored in safes

within his basement of his residence, and a 30mm cannon was stored within his

automobile repair shop. Appellant testified that most of the firearms were at least “50

years old, [in] excellent condition, superbly maintained and . . . the cream of the crop.”

       In 2009, agents from the ATF Baltimore and Phoenix Field Offices approached

Det. Socha, a Baltimore County Police Detective, concerning an investigation of illegal

machine guns being transported into Maryland. The ATF agents informed Det. Socha that

they interviewed appellant in 2008 and seized an illegally manufactured machine gun

   5. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to impose sanctions under
      the discovery rules, in view of the county’s failure to provide photographs, and in
      view of misstatements within interrogatory answers?

                                              2
from appellant at that time. The ATF agents also told Det. Socha that there was “possibly

another machine gun that was in his possession.” Based upon this information, Det. Socha

applied for a search warrant for appellant’s home at 9 Springbriar Lane and his business

at 6303 Blair Hill Lane, in Baltimore County. The search warrant was based on a

violation of the Maryland Code, Criminal Law Article (“C.L.”) § 4-405(a)(1)(iii).2

       On December 8, 2009, while appellant was staying with friends in California after

attending a gun show in Arizona, appellant received a phone call from Cpl. Kidwell. The

corporal explained that a police team was present at appellant’s residence with a warrant,

and that they intended to open the door and drill open appellant’s gun safes. Appellant

called his adult children, who proceeded over to the residence, and opened the door and

gun safes for the officers. The police officers executed the search and seizure warrant, as

the ATF seized certain weapons they determined would require further investigation.

       Det. Socha testified that the weapons were placed on top of a wool blanket in a

Baltimore County vehicle, and appellant’s children requested that towels be used to cover

them for protection. Upon the request of appellant’s children, Det. Socha testified that the

firearms were “laid flat down in the bed of the . . . evidence truck” and towels were used

2
        C.L. § 4-405(a)(1)(iii) states: “Possession or use of a machine gun is presumed to be
for an offensive or aggressive purpose when . . . the machine gun . . . is not registered as
required under § 4-403 of this subtitle.”
Det. Socha testified that the search warrant was premised on appellant’s failure to register
a machine gun as required by C.L. § 4-403. That section states in relevant part: “A person
who acquires a machine gun shall register the machine gun with the Secretary of State
Police: (i) within 24 hours after acquiring the machine gun; and (ii) in each succeeding year
during the month of May.” Id. § 4-403(c)(1).
                                             3
“as . . . [they] laid more guns down for protection” Det. Socha testified that nothing was

laid on top of the 30mm cannon when it was seized from appellant’s auto repair shop.

       Appellant’s neighbor testified that the firearms were loaded into a mobile lab “one

on top of the other” in “no particular order, [with] no particular care taken,” and it

appeared as if the police officers were building a “bonfire.” Appellant later testified that,

during the execution of the warrant, the police had “broken open” all of his firearms and

removed the slides, and “all the mags were thrown on the floor, and every gun was taken

out of its box and disassembled to make sure that it wasn’t loaded.” A total of twenty-

eight weapons were seized from appellant’s residence and a 30mm cannon was seized

from appellant’s place of business.

       On about December 12 or 13, 2009, appellant met with the Baltimore County

Police and an ATF agent, and allowed the officers to examine his paperwork for the

firearms, but the police refused to return the firearms at that time. Appellant alleged in his

complaint that, when he presented his paperwork during this meeting, Det. Socha and

Cpl. Kidwell responded he should “save it for court,” that his paperwork was “‘wrong’ or

‘bull__t’” and that they did not believe in its accuracy. At a March 15, 2011, motions

hearing, appellant testified that the officers were “ill-mannered” and “ill-tempered”

during that meeting and, when he asked for the return of his firearms, they told him

“that’s not going to happen[] today,” and also stated words to the effect that “plaintiff

would never get his property back.”

       On August 27, 2010, after several unsuccessful attempts to recover his firearms,

appellant filed his complaint, which consisted of three counts: (1) demand for return of

                                              4
property, (2) detinue, and for (3) trover and conversion against Baltimore County, Det.

Socha, and Cpl. Kidwell. Appellant subsequently requested a temporary restraining order,

which was granted on August 31, 2010, followed by a request for preliminary injunction

enjoining appellee from selling, destroying or damaging the property seized from

appellant, which was granted on September 16, 2010.

       In November of 2010, the State charged appellant for possession of a banned

assault pistol, which was placed on the stet docket. Appellant was not charged under any

federal criminal statutes. The appellees moved to dismiss the complaint, and after the

March 25, 2011, hearing, the circuit court granted the motion to dismiss as to the two

officers because the civil liability of police officers in the ordinary course of employment

requires allegations of actual malice, which appellant did not sufficiently allege. The

circuit court, however, denied appellee Baltimore County’s motion to dismiss. In that

same order, the circuit court granted appellant leave to amend the complaint.

Subsequently, appellant filed a motion for summary judgment, which was denied. On

August 10, 2010, appellee Baltimore County released eighteen of the twenty-eight

firearms to the ATF. The remainder of the firearms were released to the ATF on March

31, 2011, and May 5, 2011. At this point, appellee possessed only the 30mm cannon. As

of the March 19, 2013, hearing, appellee returned the 30mm cannon to appellant. By the

date of trial, appellee was no longer in possession of any of appellant’s firearms.

       The circuit court conducted a trial on the merits on March 19, 20, and 21, 2013. At

trial on March 20, 2013, appellant rested his case, and the County made a motion for

directed verdict primarily based on governmental immunity. The circuit court reserved its

                                              5
ruling on appellee’s motion for directed verdict to allow the parties to brief the issue on

governmental immunity. During trial on March 21, 2013, Det. Socha testified that entry

and exit photos were taken during the execution of the search warrant. Counsel for

appellant stated that he had previously made numerous requests for those photos to no

avail. In light of this development, the circuit court continued the trial by agreement to

allow appellant to obtain copies of the photos, and also to brief the issue on governmental

immunity.

        On April 12, 2013, appellant filed a motion to reconsider order of dismissal against

the officers, and a motion for leave to amend pleadings. At the hearing on April 29, 2013,

the court denied both motions on the basis that appellant had previously received leave to

amend and failed to amend the complaint against the officers during the two years that

had passed. The circuit court also held that it would be unfair to allow appellant to amend

after appellant had already rested his case.

        At the conclusion of trial, the circuit court granted appellee Baltimore County’s

motion for judgment. Relying on DiPino v. Davis, 354 Md. 18 (1999), the circuit court

found that appellant’s causes of actions were common law torts. As a result, appellee

Baltimore County was not liable for common law torts committed while acting in a

governmental capacity.     The circuit court held that “executing a search and seizure

warrant and confiscating property during that search and seizure warrant is a

governmental function,” and therefore, governmental immunity protected appellee from

liability.

                                               6
       Appellant moved for a new trial on June 28, 2013, and the circuit court denied that

motion on July 30, 2013. The circuit court explained that, although appellee failed to

provide the photos taken during the search and seizure, a new trial was not warranted

because appellant failed to explain “how [ ] [appellee]’s failure to provide the

photographs during discovery prejudiced [appellant] or is relevant to [ ] [appellee]’s

defense of immunity, or establishes that ‘no reasonable officer could have believed that

the conduct complained of was lawful.’”

                                       D ISCUSSION

                            I. S TATUTORY I NTERPRETATION

                                     A. Contentions

       Appellant contends that the circuit court erred in holding that appellant’s causes of

action are common law torts, and that appellee Baltimore County is entitled to

government immunity from such actions. Appellant argues that a violation of the C.P. §

1-203(d) provides a private cause of action for statutory damages. Appellant argues that

the circuit court’s holding has the effect of immunizing all county or local police agencies

from having to return property, rendering C.P. § 1-203(d)(1) useless.

       In addition, although all the weapons have been returned to appellant, appellant

now converts his action to one for compensation for damages caused to his property. He

contends that this Court should remand to the lower court, so that it can interpret the

meaning of “restore” in C.P. § 1-203(d)(1). Appellant argues that the General Assembly’s

use of the word “restore” as opposed to “return” in the statute is significant, because it

                                             7
reveals the General Assembly’s intention to provide for compensation for damages to

property.

       Appellee contends that appellant’s Count 1 Claim titled “Demand for Return of

Property” for a violation of C.P. § 1-203(d) was moot at the time of trial, because his

property was returned before trial. In addition, that claim did not request damages.

Appellee contends that although Counts II and III request damages, a civil cause of action

for money damages cannot be based on C.P. § 1-203(d), and thus, appellant cannot be

awarded damages under that statute. Appellee argues that the use of the word “restore”

means return of property, which is consistent with the use of “restore” in other Maryland

statutes. Specifically, the General Assembly did not include a right to pursue payment for

property as it did in other statutes, which shows the statute’s intent is solely to allow the

court to order the return of property. Finally, appellee contends that assuming, arguendo,

that the statute provided a right to pursue damages, appellant’s claims are consistent with

a tort action, to which government immunity would be applicable.

                             B. Standard of Review & Law

       “Whether the [circuit] court applied the correct standard of proof in adjudging its

grant of appellees’ motion for judgment is a question of law that we review de novo.”

Lowery v. Smithsburg Emergency Med. Serv., 173 Md. App. 662, 682-83 (2007) (internal

citations omitted). “We review the grant of a motion for judgment under the same

standard as we review grants of motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.” Tate

v. Bd. of Educ. of Prince George’s Cnty., 155 Md. App. 536, 544 (2004) (internal citation

omitted). The Court assumes the truth of all credible evidence on the issue and any

                                             8
inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to appellants, the non-moving parties. Id.

(internal citation omitted). “Consequently, if there is any evidence, no matter how slight,

that is legally sufficient to generate a jury question, the case must be submitted to the jury

for its consideration.” Id. at 545 (citing Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth. v. Reading,

109 Md. App. 89, 99 (1996)).

       This case also presents a question of statutory interpretation, and therefore, we

review the circuit court’s disposition through summary judgment under a non-deferential

standard of review. Breslin v. Powell, 421 Md. 266, 277 (2011) (internal citation

omitted). Accordingly, “we must determine whether the [circuit] court’s conclusions are

legally correct under a de novo standard of review.” Jackson v. 2109 Brandywine, LLC,

180 Md. App. 535, 567, cert. denied, 406 Md. 444 (2008) (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted).

                                        C. Analysis

       In Count I of appellant’s complaint, appellant demanded the return of his firearms.

The record reflects that all firearms in appellee’s possession were returned to appellant.

Appellant now contends that because the firearms were damaged while in appellee’s

possession, appellee is liable for the damages. Appellant unpersuasively argues that C.P.

§ 1-203(d)(1) provides a civil cause of action for money damages, because the statute’s

use of the term “restore” encompasses damages, and not merely the “return” of property.

The appellant did not request the circuit court directly to interpret the term “restore,” but

after having reviewed the record, it appears that appellant raised the substance of this

argument before the circuit court. Thus, we will address this issue. We also affirm the

                                              9
circuit court’s holding that appellant’s claims constitute a tort action, and the officers are

entitled to immunity absent malice.

       It is well established that “[t]he cardinal rule of statutory interpretation is to

ascertain and effectuate the real and actual intent of the Legislature.” Lockshin v.

Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 274 (2010). The Court of Appeals explained:

              To ascertain the intent of the General Assembly, we begin
              with the normal, plain meaning of the language of the statute.
              If the language of the statute is unambiguous and clearly
              consistent with the statute’s apparent purpose, our inquiry as
              to legislative intent ends ordinarily and we apply the statute as
              written, without resort to other rules of construction. We
              neither add nor delete language so as to reflect an intent not
              evidenced in the plain and unambiguous language of the
              statute, and we do not construe a statute with “forced or subtle
              interpretations” that limit or extend its application.

              We, however, do not read statutory language in a vacuum, nor
              do we confine strictly our interpretation of a statute’s plain
              language to the isolated section alone. Rather, the plain
              language must be viewed within the context of the statutory
              scheme to which it belongs, considering the purpose, aim, or
              policy of the Legislature in enacting the statute. We presume
              that the Legislature intends its enactments to operate together
              as a consistent and harmonious body of law, and, thus, we
              seek to reconcile and harmonize the parts of a statute, to the
              extent possible consistent with the statute's object and scope.

              Where the words of a statute are ambiguous and subject to
              more than one reasonable interpretation, or where the words
              are clear and unambiguous when viewed in isolation, but
              become ambiguous when read as part of a larger statutory
              scheme, a court must resolve the ambiguity by searching for
              legislative intent in other indicia, including the history of the
              legislation or other relevant sources intrinsic and extrinsic to
              the legislative process. In resolving ambiguities, a court
              considers the structure of the statute, how it relates to other
              laws, its general purpose, and the relative rationality and legal
              effect of various competing constructions.

                                             10
              In every case, the statute must be given a reasonable
              interpretation, not one that is absurd, illogical, or
              incompatible with common sense.

Id. at 275-77 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

                                     i. Plain Language

       Accordingly, we look first to the text of the statute. C.P. § 1-203(d) provides:

              Application or motion for restoration of property

              (d)(1) A circuit court judge or District Court judge shall cause
              property rightfully taken under a search warrant to be restored
              to the person from whom it was taken if, at any time, on
              application to the judge, the judge finds that the property is
              being wrongfully withheld after there is no further need for
              retention of the property.

              (2) The judge may receive an oral motion made in open court
              at any time making application for the return of seized
              property if the application for return is based on the ground
              that the property, although rightfully taken under a search
              warrant, is being wrongfully withheld after there is no further
              need for retention of the property.

              (3) If the judge grants the oral motion described in paragraph
              (2) of this subsection, the order of the court shall be in writing
              and a copy of the order shall be sent to the State’s Attorney.

              (4) Court costs may not be assessed against the person from
              whom the property was taken if:

                     (i) the judge denies the oral motion and requires the
              person from whom the property was taken to proceed for
              return of the seized property by petition and an order to show
              cause to the police authority wrongfully withholding the
              property; and
                     (ii) it is later ordered that the property be restored to
              the person from whom it was taken.

(Emphasis added.)

                                             11
       C.P. § 1-203(d) does not define the term “restore.” Webster’s New Collegiate

Dictionary defines “restore” as: “1 : to give back: RETURN 2 : to put or bring back into

existence or use 3 : to bring back to or put back into a former or original state : RENEW 4

: to put again in possession of something.” W EBSTER’S N EW C OLLEGIATE D ICTIONARY

987 (1973). Here, the definition is consistent with the return of property. Although, one

definition provides “to bring back to or put back into a former or original state[,]” it is

followed by “RENEW.”

       The language of the statute does not contain the word “renew” or any language

that requires property to be restored to its former or original condition. Thus, review of

the plain meaning of that term supports the conclusion that the statute only provided for

the return of property. We also note that the statute is found in the Article entitled “Search

Warrants” and section entitled “Application or motion for restoration of property.” It is

clear that this statute created a criminal, and not, civil remedy, for the physical return of

property.

       Section 1-203(d)(1) directs the circuit court or district court judge to “cause

property rightfully taken under a search warrant to be restored to the person from whom it

was taken if, at any time, on application to the judge, the judge finds that the property is

being wrongfully withheld after there is no further need for retention of the property.

(Emphasis added.) Subsection (d)(2) directs the court to “return” property rightfully taken

under a search warrant upon receiving an “oral motion . . . on the ground that the property

is being wrongfully withheld after there is no further need for retention of the property.”

                                             12
       Here, appellant made no application or oral motion to a judge for the return of

property, as required under the statute. Thus, appellant did not follow the proper methods

to seek return of his property.

       Furthermore, appellant’s contention that § 1-203(d)(1) provides for money

damages would result in an illogical conclusion in which persons making a claim under

subsection (d)(1) would be entitled to collect damages while those claiming under

subsection (d)(2) would only be entitled to the return of possession of the property seized.

                                  ii. Legislative History

       “Nevertheless, we may resort to legislative history to ensure that our plain

language interpretation is correct.” Bd. of Educ. of Baltimore Cnty. v. Zimmer-Rubert, 409
Md. 200, 215 (2009) (internal citation omitted). “We avoid a construction of the statute

that is unreasonable, illogical, or inconsistent with common sense.” Id. (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted). The term “restore” has been used in the statute since it was

enacted in 1939 under Article 27, Chapter 749, section 306 (1939).3 Since then, the

statute was amended, which this Court discussed in great detail in In re Special

Investigation No. 228, 54 Md. App. 149 (1983). Thus, review of that case is instructive to

3
 The relevant portion of § 306 provides: “ If, at any time, on application to a Judge of the
Circuit Court of any County or of the Criminal Court of Baltimore City, it appears that the
property taken is not the same as that described in the warrant or that there is no probable
cause for believing the existence of the grounds on which the warrant was issued, said judge
must cause it to be restored to the person from whom it was taken; but if it appears that the
property taken is the same as that described in the warrant and that there is probable cause
for believing the existence of the grounds on which the warrant was issued, then said judge
shall order the same retained in the custody of the person seizing it or to be otherwise
disposed of according to law.”
                                             13
our analysis. In that case, this Court thoroughly analyzed and explained the purpose of the

former Article 27, § 551, predecessor to C.P. § 1-203:

              Prior to 1975, § 551 had directed that property “be restored to
              the person from whom it was taken” only in cases where that
              taking had been somehow improper, at least illegal if not
              actually unconstitutional. Chapter 704 of the Acts of 1975
              added an additional set of circumstances when property
              should be returned, one where the initial search and seizure
              had been perfectly proper but where the criminal case had
              since been nol-prossed or dismissed or had resulted in an
              acquittal. Under such circumstances, all property “except
              contraband or any property prohibited by law from being
              recoverable, may be returned to the person to whom it
              belongs without the necessity of that person instituting an
              action for replevin or any other legal proceeding against the
              agency having custody of the property.”

              This set of circumstances does not remotely involve the
              Exclusionary Rule or any other rule of evidence. It is
              substantive law, not procedural law. It only comes into play
              after the trial is over or the prosecution otherwise terminated.
              A prophylactic rule, moreover, aimed (as is the Exclusionary
              Rule) at deterring future police misbehavior, would have no
              utility in circumstances such as these where there has been no
              police misbehavior. This aspect of § 551, furthermore, directs
              that the property be returned not “to the person from whom it
              was taken” but rather “to the person to whom it belongs.”
              Here is a significant difference. Here, the rightful owner of
              stolen property could invoke the benefit of § 551, even
              following the possible acquittal of the thief. The earlier
              provisions of § 551, on the other hand, seemed to direct the
              return of unlawfully seized property to the thief himself
              (assuming he was the person from whom the stolen goods had
              been unlawfully seized).

              The 1976 amendment added yet a third set of circumstances
              under which property should be returned. This newly created
              subsection (c) also dealt with circumstances where initially
              the property had been “rightfully taken under a search
              warrant” but where it subsequently “is being wrongfully
              withheld after there is no further need for retention of the

                                            14
             property.” Strangely and perhaps inadvertently, this third
             subsection of the law directs the judge to cause the property
             “to be restored to the person from whom it was taken,” and
             not, as in subsection (b), “to the person to whom it belongs.”
             Applied literally, this subsection would seem to confer a right
             upon a convicted thief which would not be available to the
             rightful owner of the stolen goods.

Id. at 164-65 (emphasis added). This Court concluded that “Subsections (b) and (c) deal

exclusively with   possessory rights separate and apart from           any question   of

                                           15
unconstitutional or otherwise unlawful searches.4 They are easy to understand and to

apply.” Id. at 167.

4
    We keep in mind that C.P. § 1-203 was a recodification of the statute, and thus the
legislative intent in enacting it was not to change the substantive meaning of the statute, but
rather its purpose is for “clarity.” Allen v. State, 402 Md. 59, 71-72 (2007) (internal citation
omitted) (“[R]ecodification of statutes is presumed to be for the purpose of clarity rather than
change of meaning and, thus, even a change in the phraseology of a statute by a codification
will not ordinarily modify the law unless the change is so radical and material that the
intention of the Legislature to modify the law appears unmistakably from the language of the
Code.”). “The Legislature is presumed to be aware of our prior holdings when it enacts new
legislation and, where it does not express a clear intention to abrogate the holdings of those
decisions, to have acquiesced in those holdings.” Id. at 72 (internal citations omitted)
Thus, “there is a strong presumption that the Legislature did not intend, in recodifying the
statute as part of its general recodification of the State’s Criminal [procedural] laws in
200[1],” to change the substantive meaning of the statute. Id. The Floor report of the
recodification confirms that Subsection (b)(1), which is titled “Return of property wrongfully
taken,” and stating that property be “restored to the person from whom it was taken,” refers
to the person “from whom it [i.e., property] was taken.” Floor report on Senate Bill 1, 2001
regular session of the General Assembly, by the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee, at
17 (emphasis added). The Floor Report also explains that subsection (c)(2), which requires
property to be “returned to the person to whom the property belongs[,]” “refers to the person
to whom property belongs.” Id. In addition, Subsection (d)(1) titled “Return of property
rightfully taken and wrongfully held,” refers to the person “from whom the property was
taken.” It is clear, therefore, that the legislature’s use of the terminology “return” and
“restore” was intently used to distinguish between the possessory rights of owners of the
property and those in mere possession of the property. This is consistent with the 1976 Floor
report which titled the relevant section as “Search and Seizure –Return of Seized Property,”
and the report also provides that its purpose is for “providing procedures to obtain the return
of property seized or withheld in certain circumstances; providing [[for the payment of costs
incurred]] that court costs shall not be assessed under certain circumstances in obtaining
the return of certain seized or withheld property; and making certain technical correction to
the language and style of expressions of certain provisions of the Annotated Code of
Maryland.” House of Delegates Bill 902, 1976 regular session of the General Assembly, by
the House of Delegates Judicial Proceedings Committee, at 1 (emphasis and alterations in
original). This amendment declined to impose court costs on the petitioner if the court
“restored” the property “from whom it was taken.” Again, there is no indication that the
General Assembly intended to create a private right of action for damages to property
resulting from a search and seizure.
                                              16
       Similarly in Dail v. Price, 184 Md. 140 (1944), the Court of Appeals also

explained that Section 306 of Article 27 of the Maryland Code (1939), which was another

predecessor to C.P. § 1-203, “was not designed as a substitute for an action of replevin, or

other appropriate proceeding, for the determination of the right to possession of property

after it has served its purpose as real evidence in a criminal case.” 5 Id. at 144.

       The Supreme Court of Oregon’s opinion in Emery v. State, 688 P.2d 72 (Or.

1984), is instructive. That court dealt with the issue of the definition of “restore.” That

court examined a similar statute, Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 133.633 (West 2014), which

provides:

              (1) Within 90 days after actual notice of any seizure, * * *:

                     (a) An individual from whose person, property or
              premises things have been seized may move the appropriate
              court to return things seized to the person or premises from
              which they were seized.

                     (b) Any other person asserting a claim to rightful
              possession of the things seized may move the appropriate
              court to restore the things seized to the movant.

Id. at 75 (alterations and emphasis in original).

5
        Section 306 provided: “‘If, at any time, on application to a Judge of the Circuit Court
of any County or of the Criminal Court of Baltimore City, it appears that the property taken
is not the same as that described in the warrant or that there is no probable cause for
believing the existence of the grounds on which the warrant was issued, said judge must
cause it to be restored to the person from whom it was taken; but if it appears that the
property taken is the same as that described in the warrant and that there is probable cause
for believing the existence of the grounds on which the warrant was issued, then said judge
shall order the same retained in the custody of the person seizing it or to be otherwise
disposed of according to law.’” Dail, 184 Md. at 142 (emphasis added).

                                              17
       In that case, the court considered whether the statute entitled plaintiff to damages

to his pickup truck that was seized by the state as evidence on a warrant. Id. at 73-74. The

plaintiffs contended that the Oregon “legislature intended that in addition to restoring

possession of the seized property to the owner, the state is also required to restore the

property to its previous condition. In other words, they argue[d] that the defendants are

required to give the 1977 pickup truck back to them in the same condition it was at the

time of the seizure or pay damages.” Id. at 75. The Emery court determined that the

legislature used the term “return” in § 133.633(1)(a) and the term “restore” in §

133.633(1)(b) “because it perceived a distinction in the classes of people moving to

reclaim the possession of property that had been seized.” Id. at 76. The Emery court

explained that the legislature:

              placed a tight and limited definition on the term “return” and
              in effect used it to mean that property could only be
              “returned” to people and premises from whence it came.
              Having used a tight definition of “return” in [§] 133.633(1)(a)
              then the legislature needed a broader term to define the giving
              back of property to other persons claiming the right to
              possession under subdivision (b) and chose the word
              “restore.” People in the latter category include the owners of
              stolen property—their “rightful possession of the things
              seized” may be “restored.”

Id. That court further explained that “[t]o hold otherwise and follow the plaintiffs’

contention would mean that persons claiming under [§] 133.633(1)(a) would be entitled

only to the return of possession of the property seized while those qualifying under [§]

133.633(1)(b) would be able to collect damages. There is no logical basis for such a

distinction and we hold that the legislature did not so intend.” Id.

                                              18
       As discussed earlier, this Court also recognized this distinction between the

possessory rights of those owners holding legal title and those in mere possession of the

property. In re Special Investigation No. 228, 54 Md. App. at 165 (noting that the

statute’s language that “property [] ‘be restored to the person from whom it was taken’”

had the effect of returning stolen goods to a thief, although they do not have rightful

ownership of the stolen goods). We find guidance in both cases and agree that a broad

definition of the term “restore” is inappropriate. Thus, we cannot interpret the language of

the statute in favor of appellant’s reading that C.P. § 1-203(d) provides a statutory right to

money damages.

       “[T]he presence or absence of an indication of legislative intent to create a private

remedy is a very important factor to be considered by a court in determining whether to

recognize a tort duty or a new private right of action, it is not the only factor.” Erie Ins.

Co. v. Chops, 322 Md. 79, 90 (1991) (internal citations omitted). Other factors include

“whether the plaintiff is one of the class for whose special benefit the statute was enacted,

and whether it is consistent with the underlying purposes of the legislative scheme to

imply such a remedy for the plaintiff.” Id. at 91 (citations omitted).

       The statute in question is titled the “Criminal Procedure Article.” The prefatory

purpose statement of Senate Bill 1, which recodified the Criminal Procedure Article in

2001, clarified that the purpose of the new article was “to revise, restate, and recodify the

laws pertaining to law enforcement procedures, the arrest process, warrantless arrests, []

fresh pursuit both in-State and out-of-state [,] . . . the forfeiture of property involved in

controlled dangerous substance violations and violations of gambling and gun laws;

                                              19
defining certain terms; providing for the construction and application of this Act; . . . and

generally relating to laws of the State relating to criminal procedure.” It is apparent that

the statute was not substantively changed to benefit a special class of person. Rather, the

statute’s principal focus remained the same: to guide the courts and police forces in

performing their duties relating to criminal procedure, and not to provide remedies for

those claiming police officers violated the statute.

       It is also apparent that the underlying purpose of subsection (d)(1) of § 1-203 is to

permit a judge to allow persons to seek the return of their property after the police have

executed a search and seizure warrant, rather than to compensate for damages that arise

from the execution of a search warrant. See In re Special Investigation No. 228, 54 Md.

App. at 160 (“The central purpose . . . was to set out the requirements for obtaining a

search warrant.”). Given the legislative history of the statute, and the absence of

legislative intent to create a private remedy, it is apparent that § 1-203(d) does not provide

an implied private right of action.

       As a result, appellant’s claims for damages to his firearms are grounded in tort law,

and not § 1-203. Our case law supports the circuit court’s conclusion that appellant’s

claims for “return of property” and damages to his firearms are tort claims. In Novak v.

State, 195 Md. 56 (1950), the Court of Appeals considered a case where the petitioner,

who was convicted for violating gambling laws, filed an action to recover monies seized

during the execution of a search and seizure warrant. Id. at 59-60. The Court of Appeals

considered the petition to be filed appropriately in the criminal case as “an equivalent of

                                              20
an action of replevin (if the money was still held in specie) or of trespass or trover for the

determination of title (so far as necessary) or right of possession to the money.” Id. at 64.

       In the present case, appellant demanded the return of property, which is equivalent

to a replevin action. In addition, the plaintiff’s other counts were titled detinue, trover and

conversion, which are also tort claims.6

       Therefore, we affirm the circuit court’s holding that appellant’s claims were tort

actions. Having made this determination, we next address whether appellees were entitled

to the enjoyment of governmental immunity.

                                  II. M OTION TO D ISMISS

                                      A. Contentions

       Appellant contends that the circuit court erred in dismissing his claims against Cpl.

Kidwell and Det. Socha. Appellant contends that there was ample pleading and showing

of malice. Specifically, appellant points to the allegations in the complaint:

           ·   The defendants caused “extensive damage” to both locations searched and
               “items seized as well as property not seized.”

           ·   The defendants acted to “intimidate [appellant], to cause economic injury
               to [appellant], and for gratuitous sport rather than for proper law
               enforcement purposes[,]” discussed infra.

6
       We also note that appellant did not bring an action under the Local Government Tort
Claims Act (“LGTCA”). See Dehn Motor Sales, LLC v. Schultz, 439 Md. 460, 486-87 (2014)
(holding a replevin action did not comply with the notice requirement under LGTCA,
because it only communicated “to the City that it sought return of the vehicles and loss-of-
use damages[,]” rather than putting “the City on notice to “start an investigation into”
whether the officers acted with “actual malice” or “the nature and extent of the actual injuries
sustained, the causal relationship of the injuries to the alleged misconduct, the likelihood of
an award of compensatory and/or punitive damages, . . . and litigation strategy, that would
be later in issue in the second case.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

                                              21
           ·   “Det. Socha [and] Cpl. Kidwell and other members of the [Baltimore
               County Police Department (“BCPD”)] . . . had actual knowledge that such
               allegations were false and/or misleading . . . .”

           ·   The defendants made numerous derogatory comments to his employees
               and family members regarding his character, discussed infra.

           ·   That Appellant had yet to be charged with any crime by the appellee at the
               date of the Complaint.

           ·   The BCPD was “in the custom of overly aggressive conduct, under the
               pretense of enforcing various firearms statutes.”

       Appellant asserts that these allegations easily met the requirement of raising a

reasonable inference that the two officers intentionally performed an act without legal

justification or excuse, but with an evil or rancorous motive influenced by hate, the

purpose being to deliberately and willfully injure appellant.

      Appellee counters that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing

claims against the two officers. Appellee contends that the circuit court considered

appellant’s allegations in comparison with the case law concerning qualified immunity

for public officials and correctly ruled that the actions of both officers were not malicious.

Appellee argues that the officers are shielded by immunity under Md. Code., Cts. & Jud.

Proc. (“C.J.P.”) § 5-507(a)(1) for public officials engaging in a discretionary capacity.

                                 B. Standard of Review

       A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim tests the sufficiency of the

pleadings. Maryland Rule 2-322(b)(2). Therefore, when reviewing the circuit court’s

grant of a motion to dismiss, the reviewing court “must assume the truth of, and view in a

light most favorable to the non-moving party, all well-pleaded facts and allegations

                                              22
contained in the complaint,” as well as reasonable inferences that may be drawn from

them. RRC Ne., LLC v. BAA Md., Inc., 413 Md. 638, 643 (2010) (internal citations

omitted). We will affirm the circuit court’s grant of a motion to dismiss “only if the

allegations and permissible inferences . . . would not afford relief to the plaintiff.” Id. A

reviewing court may look only to the facts and allegations contained in the original

complaint. See id. (citing Converge Servs. Grp., LLC v. Curran, 383 Md. 462, 475

(2004)).

                                        C. Analysis

       Because appellee Baltimore County can only be held liable for Cpl. Kidwell and

Det. Socha’s actions if they acted with actual malice or committed an intentional tort, we

address appellant’s claim against the officers first.

       Common law public official immunity applies when the actor is (1) a public

official, (2) the tortious conduct occurred in the course of the actor’s performance of

discretionary, rather than ministerial acts, and (3) those acts were within the scope of the

actor’s official duties. See Houghton v. Forrest, 412 Md. 578, 585 (2010).

       Policemen are “public officials.” Robinson v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs for Prince

George’s Cnty., 262 Md. 342, 346-47 (1971) (“It is clear that policemen are ‘public

officials,’ and that when they are within the scope of their law enforcement function they

are clearly acting in a discretionary capacity.”) (internal citation omitted). No dispute has

been raised as to whether Cpl. Kidwell and Det. Socha’s actions were discretionary or

ministerial. As they were executing a search warrant—a function well-within the scope of

their law enforcement duties—it is apparent that Cpl. Kidwell and Det. Socha were

                                              23
empowered with the discretionary “freedom to act according to one’s judgment in the

absence of a hard and fast rule.” Schneider v. Hawkins, 179 Md. 21, 25 (1940). Thus,

both officers fell within the class of employees who might enjoy common law public

official immunity based on being public officials, engaged in the performance of

discretionary acts within the scope of their employment. See Houghton, 412 Md. at 585.

       Common law public official immunity does not shield a defendant from liability in

cases where the official has committed an intentional tort, id., or acted with malice.

Robinson, 262 Md. at 348 (“Indeed we can not [sic] think of any reason why a public

official should not be held responsible for his malicious actions even though he claims

they were done within the scope of his discretionary authority.”).

       “[Actual] malice is established by proof that the defendant-officer ‘intentionally

performed an act without legal justification or excuse, but with an evil or rancorous

motive influenced by hate, the purpose being to deliberately and willfully injure the

plaintiff.’” Town of Port Deposit v. Petetit, 113 Md. App. 401, 416 (1997), cert. denied,

346 Md. 27 (1997) (quoting Leese v. Balt. Cnty., 64 Md. App. 442, 480 (1985), cert.

denied, 305 Md. 106 (1985)).

       “[O]rdinarily, the presence or absence of malice is a fact to be determined at trial.”

Town of Port Deposit, 113 Md. App. at 414. A conclusory allegation that a public official

acted “maliciously,” without any supporting allegation of fact, is insufficient to defeat a

motion to dismiss on the ground of public official immunity. Carder v. Steiner, 225 Md.
271, 274-75 (1961), overruled on other grounds by James v. Prince George’s Cnty., 288

                                             24
Md. 315, 323 n.9 (1980).7 Actual malice does not always have to be shown with

specificity; it can be inferred. Henderson v. Md. Nat’l Bank, 278 Md. 514, 520, 523

(1976).

       Here, appellant asserts that his pleading sufficiently showed an inference of

malice, and as a result, the circuit court incorrectly granted the officers’ motion to

dismiss. Contrary to this assertion, we have held “[t]he mere existence of an issue as to

intent, motive, or state of mind is insufficient . . . to defeat a motion to dismiss.” Balt.

Police Dep’t v. Cherkes, 140 Md. App. 282, 330 (2001); cf. Thacker v. City of Hyattsville,

135 Md. App. 268, 301-02 (2000) (discussing the evidentiary showing necessary to

demonstrate “intent, motive, or state of mind” needed for malice in order to defeat

summary judgment).

       Appellant’s pleading asserts that the appellees “seized various property belonging

to [appellant] . . . and caused extensive physical damage” to appellant’s business. The

complaint also asserts that “[appellees] ransacked [appellant’s residence] . . . and seized a

large quantity of [appellant’s] possessions,” “caus[ing] extensive damage to the items

seized as well as property not seized.” The pleading further alleges appellees acted “to

cause economic injury to [appellant], and for gratuitous sport rather than for proper law

enforcement purposes.”

7
        “To the extent that Carder v. Steiner, 225 Md. 271, 170 A.2d 220 (1961) and similar
cases indicate that the existence of the first factor is sufficient to create public-official
immunity, they are overruled.” James v. Prince George’s Cnty., 288 Md. 315, 323 n.9
(1980). The first factor is “that the individual actor, whose alleged negligent conduct is at
issue, is a public official rather than a mere government employee or agent.” Id. at 323.
                                             25
       Additionally, the complaint alleged that the appellee officers made derogatory

statements to appellant’s employees. When asked why there was no signed warrant, an

officer allegedly responded “[w]e’re the police, we can do whatever we want” and

“[y]our boss is in big trouble.”

       The complaint went on to say that during the execution of the search warrant at

appellant’s residence, the officers made a statement to appellant’s son-in-law that

“[w]arrants like this are for criminals, not collectors.” In addition, when appellant met

with the officers to show documentation for the firearms, they told him he should “save it

for court,” and that his documentation was “wrong” or “bull__t.” Appellant also alleged

that the officers also stated words to the effect that he “would never get his property

back.” Finally, the complaint alleged that appellant was yet to be charged with any crime

by the appellee County and the “BCPD [was] in the custom of overly aggressive conduct,

under the pretense of enforcing various firearm statutes . . . .”

       From these facts alone, we decline to hold that the pleading set forth everything

necessary to show actual malice. Appellant’s references to the police officer’s statements

do not indicate that the officers had acted with “ill will, improper motivation, or evil

purpose” when they executed the search and seizure pursuant to the warrant. Shoemaker

v. Smith, 353 Md. 143, 161 n. 6 (1999) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       When viewing the facts in the light most favorable to appellant, the complaint does

not allege “with some clarity and precision . . . facts which make the act[s] malicious.”

Penhollow v. Bd. of Comm’rs for Cecil Cnty., 116 Md. App. 265, 294 (1997). The

complaint claims that the execution of the search and seizure warrant caused extensive

                                              26
damage to both locations, but it does not indicate how the officers’ conduct caused the

damage, and it also fails to indicate damages incurred by appellant. Appellant’s family

members and neighbors were present at the time the officers executed the search warrant,

and so appellant could have provided sufficient facts in his pleadings to demonstrate that

the officers acted with actual malice. But here, appellant failed to do so. Although,

appellant’s witness testified that the police officers did not act with care when they were

stacking the firearms as if they were building a “bon fire,” this assertion is not sufficient

to show that the officers acted maliciously to cause damage to his firearms.

       Furthermore, on March 15, 2011, after the circuit court granted the motion to

dismiss the officers, it also allowed appellant leave to amend his pleading giving

appellant ample time to amend his pleading. But appellant did not amend his pleading to

provide supporting facts that the officers acted with actual malice. Rather, appellant

sought to amend his complaint more than two years later on April 12, 2013, which the

circuit court correctly denied.

       Furthermore, the “actual malice” alleged in this case does not come close to the

sufficient pleadings of “actual malice” we found in other cases.8 For example, in

8
        See, e.g., Cox v. Prince George’s Cnty., 296 Md. 162, 164 (1983), superseded by
statute C.J.P. §§ 5-401 to 5-404, as recognized by Thomas v. City of Annapolis, 113 Md.
App. 440 (1997) (holding pleading was sufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss based on
allegations that two police officers were under the control and supervision of the county
when they “maliciously and intentionally allowed and encouraged the [police] dog to attack
and bite Cox, ‘in clear and substantial excess of the force needed to restrain and detain’
him[,]” and that “the two officers subsequently beat and further injured Cox without
justification.”); Sawyer v. Humphries, 322 Md. 247, 261 (1991) (holding complaint
sufficiently pleaded malice where it contained allegations that a police officer “unprovoked
and without cause, while in civilian clothes and without identifying himself,” threw a rock
hitting “the side of plaintiffs’ automobile,” and that “the defendant ‘grabbed [Mr. Sawyer]
                                             27
Robinson, the Court of Appeals held that malice was sufficiently pleaded, and the

allegations were more than mere conclusory statements where the plaintiff claimed that

he was “beaten, bruised, burned, humiliated, imprisoned, charged and prosecuted, all

without just cause and with malice, that [the police officers] ‘knew that the prosecution of

[plaintiff] was false, groundless and without probable cause,’ and that upon trial he was

found to be not guilty of the false and groundless charges.” Robinson, 262 Md. at 349-50.

       Unlike Robinson, appellant does not describe the “extensive” damages he endured

nor does appellant offer any facts that the officers were acting without just cause and

malice. Appellant’s conclusory statement that the officers acted with malice and

defendants acted “to cause economic injury to [appellant], and for gratuitous sport rather

than for proper law enforcement purposes” is unsupported by the record. Here, the

officers did not initiate the search warrant on their own, rather, the officers were

contacted by the Baltimore and Phoenix ATF field officers informing them that appellant

was under investigation for possessing an “illegally manufactured machine gun.” Based

on this information, the officers obtained a search and seizure warrant on the basis of C.L.

§ 4-405, possession of a machine gun for an aggressive purpose. The officers executed

the search warrant along with the assistance of other BCPD officers and the ATF agents.

       The officers were acting under a legally authorized search warrant, and therefore,

the pleading failed to demonstrate that the officers’ actions were performed “without legal

and wrestled him to the ground, grabbed [him] by the hair and began hitting him in the face,’
and said that ‘he was going to kill Sawyer.’”).

                                             28
justification or excuse, but with an evil or rancorous motive influenced by hate, the

purpose being to deliberately and willfully [cause] injur[y]” to appellant’s place of

business and residence. Town of Port Deposit, 113 Md. App. at 416. Thus, this Court

finds that appellant’s complaint did not sufficiently allege that the officers acted with

actual malice, and the circuit court correctly granted the officers’ motion on that basis.

       In addition, there is no special relationship between appellant and the police

officers eliminating government immunity and imposing tort liability on the officers.

Ashburn v. Anne Arundel Cnty., 306 Md. 617, 634-35 (1986) (holding that police

procedures set forth in the Transportation Article requiring officers to detain and

investigate drunk drivers did not provide injured pedestrian with a civil cause of action

absent police assuming a “special relationship”). “In order to impose a special

relationship between police and victim, and thereby to create a duty in tort, however, a

statute must set forth mandatory acts clearly for the protection of a particular class of

persons rather the public as a whole.” Id. at 635 (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted). Under the general “special relationship” rule, “there is no duty in negligence

terms to act for the benefit of any particular person, [but] when one does indeed act for

the benefit of another, he must act in a reasonable manner.” Id. at 630-31.

       Here, the police officers were executing the search warrant in connection with an

investigation that appellant may be in violation of weapons law; thus the officers were not

acting to benefit appellant. Under these circumstances, the absence of “actual malice” and

the absence of a “special relationship” between the officers and appellant do not eliminate

                                             29
the officers’ entitlement to governmental immunity, or entitle appellant to a civil cause of

action for money damages.

       Finally, because we are affirming the circuit court’s motion to dismiss as to the

two policer officers on the basis that appellant failed to plead facts of actual malice, the

circuit court correctly granted appellee Baltimore County’s motion for judgment. DiPino,
354 Md. at 48 (holding that Baltimore City cannot be liable for police officer’s alleged

tortious conduct where the officer was acting in a governmental capacity).

       Thus, we affirm the circuit court’s order granting appellee Cpl. Kidwell and Det.

Socha’s motion to dismiss, and the order granting appellee Baltimore County’s motion

for judgment.

                                     III. I NJUNCTION

                                     A. Contentions

       Appellant contends that the circuit court erred in its determination that the

injunction did not provide for a cause of action. Appellant relies on Automatic Retailers

of America, Inc. v. Evans Cigarette Service Co., 269 Md. 101 (1973), for the proposition

that the circuit court should have resolved the equitable issues between the parties by

enforcing the injunction.

       Appellee counters that the appellant’s reliance upon Automatic Retailers, Inc., is

misplaced, because in that case, the Court of Appeals merely held that a suit could

continue to trial even though the requested court injunction was moot. As a result, that

case continued to trial to determine damages based on a breach of contract, not a violation

of an injunction order. Appellee contends that a violation of a preliminary injunction does

                                            30
not in and of itself imply that a cause of action can be instituted. Furthermore, appellant

did not show that appellee violated the injunctive order, because at the time the temporary

restraining order was issued, the ATF, and not the appellee, was in possession of

appellant’s firearms. In addition, appellant failed to show that appellee caused the alleged

damages to the firearms. Finally, appellee argues that assuming arguendo that a cause of

action can be brought on that basis, appellant has failed to show how his claim can

overcome governmental immunity.

                                       B. Analysis

       Violation of an injunction or restraining order that is valid and operative is

punishable as a contempt of court. Bailey v. Miller, 233 Md. 138, 142 (1963); Sheets v.

City of Hagerstown, 204 Md. 113, 116, 118 (1954); Donner v. Calvert Distillers Corp.,

196 Md. 475, 484-85 (1950). The power to punish a violation of an injunction or

restraining order rests in the court which granted it. Sheets, 204 Md. at 118-19. To punish

the violation of an injunction, the act complained of must fall squarely within the

restraining language of the injunction. Carter Prods., Inc. v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 164
F. Supp. 503, 524 (D. Md. 1958), aff’d 269 F.2d 299 (4th Cir. 1959); Giant of Md., Inc. v.

State’s Att’y for Prince George’s Cnty., 274 Md. 158, 171-72 (1975).

       In the present case, the injunctive action was for the sole purpose of enjoining

appellee from “selling, destroying or the damaging the property seized from [appellant] . .

. until a trial on the merits has concluded.” Appellant did not initiate contempt

proceedings for the alleged violation of the preliminary injunction, but rather argues on

appeal that the injunction was violated. As the Court of Appeals has previously noted,

                                            31
“injunctive relief is a preventive and protective remedy, aimed at future acts, and is not

intended to redress past wrongs.” Ehrlich v. Perez, 394 Md. 691, 733-34 (2006) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted). Furthermore, a preliminary injunction serves to

“preserve the court’s ability to render a meaningful decision on the merits by sustaining

the status quo.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Harford

Cnty. Educ. Ass’n v. Bd. of Educ. of Harford Cnty., 281 Md. 574, 585 (1977) (“[I]t is

fundamental that a preliminary injunction does not issue as a matter of right, but only

where it is necessary in order to preserve the status quo.” (internal citations omitted)).

       Injunctive relief relating to the protection of appellant’s property was granted on

September 22, 2010, but through appellant’s own testimony and his witnesses, the

damages appear to have arisen from appellees’ conduct during the initial seizure of

property, which is the very tort claim from which the government is immune. Appellant’s

request for injunctive relief was to prevent future harm and not to redress past wrongs.

Therefore, appellant cannot rely on the injunction as a form of relief.

                                     IV. A MENDMENT

                                      A. Contentions

       Appellant contends that the circuit court abused its discretion in denying his

request for leave to amend the pleadings, because it applied the incorrect standard.

Appellant asserts that in considering whether to allow appellant leave to amend his

pleadings, the circuit court concluded that there must be “very good cause” to do so. But

appellant argues that the correct standard is whether justice is done, so that the merits of

                                              32
the case are resolved. Appellant argues that amending his complaint to bring a cause of

action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 would not have prejudiced the officers, because appellant

had already probably put on all of the evidence that he could, and that the elements of §

1983 cause had been met. Appellant asserts that appellant was prejudiced, because

appellees’ answers to interrogatories regarding the extent of the ATF’s involvement in the

investigation were not accurate.

       Appellee counters that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying

appellant’s motion for leave to amend his pleadings, because the circuit court had

previously granted appellant leave to amend his complaint on March 15, 2011, which

gave appellant over two years to amend the complaint. Furthermore, appellant rested his

case on March 20, 2013, and sought to amend his complaint seventeen days prior to the

scheduled hearing on April 29, 2013. Appellee counters that allowing appellant to amend

his complaint would have prejudiced appellees, because appellant had not alleged or

implied a federal constitutional claim in his complaint, which only contained claims for

return of property, detinue, conversion and trover. Furthermore, it would have also caused

undue delay in the progress of the trial.

                                   B. Standard of Review

       Amendments filed later than 30 days before trial are governed by Maryland Rule

2-341(b), which provides “[a] party may file an amendment to a pleading . . . only with

leave of court. If the amendment introduces new facts or varies the case in a material

respect, the new facts or allegations shall be treated as having been denied by the adverse

                                            33
party. The court shall not grant a continuance or mistrial unless the ends of justice so

require.”

       “With respect to procedural issues, a [circuit] court’s rulings are given great

deference. The determination to allow amendments to pleadings or to grant leave to

amend pleadings is within the sound discretion of the trial judge.” Schmerling v. Injured

Workers’ Ins. Fund, 368 Md. 434, 443-44 (2002). Only upon a showing of a clear abuse

of discretion will a circuit court’s rulings be overturned. Id. at 444.

       “There is an abuse of discretion where no reasonable person would take the view

adopted by the [circuit] court, or when the court acts without reference to any guiding

rules or principles.” In re Adoption/Guardianship No. 3598, 347 Md. 295, 312 (1997)

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “An abuse of discretion may also be

found where the ruling under consideration is clearly against the logic and effect of facts

and inferences before the court, or when the ruling is violative of fact and logic.” Id.

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

       Generally, amendments to pleadings “should be freely allowed in order to promote

justice, so that cases will be tried on their merits rather than upon the niceties of

pleading.” Crowe v. Houseworth, 272 Md. 481, 485 (1974) (internal citations omitted).

“Although it is well-established that leave to amend complaints should be granted freely

to serve the ends of justice and that it is the rare situation in which a court should not

grant leave to amend, an amendment should not be allowed if it would result in prejudice

to the opposing party or undue delay, such as where amendment would be futile because

                                              34
the claim is flawed irreparably.” RRC Ne., LLC, 413 Md. at 673-74 (internal citations

omitted).

                                         C. Analysis

       Although liberal amendment of pleadings is the policy in Maryland, we recognize

that limits exist on the extent to which the court will allow amendment. See id. Having

reviewed the procedural history of this case, we find no abuse of discretion on the part of

the circuit court in refusing to grant appellant’s motion to amend. Accordingly, the

judgment of the circuit court is affirmed. See Walls v. Bank of Glen Burnie, 135 Md. App.
229, 245-46 (2000) (internal citations omitted) (reversing circuit court’s denial of

plaintiff’s motion to amend where 1) amended complaint was the only means she could

pursue her federal statutory claim, 2) final judgment on her state claims relating to

wrongful discharge would have barred her federal claim as result of res judicata, 3)

claims of discrimination put defendant on notice of Title VII violation, and relation back

doctrine would have allowed the claim under federal rules, 4) and plaintiff requested

leave to amend her complaint prior to dismissal, and again, after dismissal to pursue the

legal theory that it constituted a violation of Title VII.)

       Unlike Walls, appellant’s claims related to tort claims relating to his property;

therefore, appellee was not on notice that plaintiff would assert federal § 1983

constitutional violations. See id. Also unlike Walls, the circuit court granted appellant

leave to amend his complaint, but he failed to do so until two-and-a-half years later. Id.

Additionally, final judgment of appellant’s state claims would not bar him from pursuing

his federal claims.

                                               35
       Here, the circuit court allowed appellant leave to amend his complaint on March

15, 2011. Appellant did not attempt to amend his complaint or add the § 1983 claim, until

April 12, 2013, a period of two and a half years later. The circuit court also noted that this

motion was made “not even on the eve of trial. The [appellant] had put on its case and

rested. And the County filed a motion for judgment. And because the County raised

governmental immunity, [appellant] now wants to allege a new cause of action to avoid

the immunity claim.” Furthermore, appellant knew that the ATF was involved, and the

warrant also discussed the involvement of the ATF. In addition, Det. Socha’s affidavit

also discussed the ATF’s extensive involvement. Therefore, the circuit court found that

the pleadings did not allege any § 1983 claims, nor did appellant attempt to amend his

complaint to allege that cause of action. See Prudential Secs., Inc. v. E-Net, Inc., 140 Md.

App. 194, 234 (2001) (reversing circuit court’s refusal to allow plaintiff to amend

complaint where it was filed before trial date was set and did not result in prejudice or

undue delay, because the amended complaint arose from the same “operative factual

pattern”).

       Asserting a new constitutional claim based on a federal law would change the

nature of the cause that was litigated, which was based on alleged tort violations under

state law. This would result in undue delay and prejudice. All discovery was completed,

other than the photos that appellee had taken during the execution of the search warrant,

which were later provided and only dealt with the issue of government immunity relating

to the tort claims. In addition, appellant rested his case. In appellant’s response to

appellees’ motion for judgment, appellant acknowledged, “the obvious [] issue is that

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[appellant] did not specifically plead a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983.”

Thus, the circuit court’s decision was not “clearly against the logic and effect of facts and

inferences before [it].” In re Adoption/Guardianship No. 3598, 347 Md. at 312.

       In light of all these considerations, we cannot hold that the circuit court abused its

discretion and that “no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the [circuit]

court,” or that the court acted “without reference to any guiding rules or principles.” Id.

Thus, we affirm the circuit court’s order denying appellant’s motions for leave to amend

and to reconsider denial of motion for leave to amend.

                                V. D ISCOVERY S ANCTIONS

                                      A. Contentions

       Appellant contends that the circuit court abused its discretion when it failed to

impose a penalty against appellee for failing to produce the pictures as ordered by the

circuit court. Appellant argues that appellee was verbally ordered to produce the photos at

the March 21, 2013, hearing, but after the circuit court learned that appellee defied this

order at the hearing on April 29, the circuit court failed to impose a sanction.

       Appellee concedes that it failed to produce discovery in a timely manner, but

argues that although appellant requested pictures, he never filed a motion to compel

discovery when the photographs were not produced, and appellant never raised a

preliminary motion in trial to compel discovery. Appellee also counters that it eventually

produced all discoverable material, and the circuit court gave appellant ten days to file his

brief relating to the issue of governmental immunity. Because the circuit court viewed the

discovery violation as having no impact upon appellee’s claim of governmental

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immunity, and provided appellant ten days to brief the issue upon receipt of the photos,

the circuit court did not abuse its discretion.

                            B. Standard of Review & Analysis

       When reviewing the circuit court’s refusal to impose sanctions for discovery

abuse, we review the circuit court’s decision under an abuse of discretion standard. See

Braxton v. Faber, 91 Md. App. 391, 396-97 (1992) (“[W]e cannot say that the trial judge

abused his discretion in not imposing sanctions” for discovery violation).

       Under Maryland Rule 2-432, “[a] discovering party may move for sanctions under

Rule 2-433(a), without first obtaining an order compelling discovery” for certain

complete failures to comply with discovery. Rule 2-432(b), on the other hand, calls for

first moving for an order to compel discovery, if, among other failures, “a party fails to

comply with a request for production or inspection under Rule 2-422.” Id. 2-432(b)(1)(E).

The authors of the Maryland Rules Commentary explain:

              When a party fails to provide discovery altogether, the party
              seeking discovery has two choices: to file a motion for
              immediate sanctions under section (a) of [Rule 2–432] or, in
              the alternative, to file a motion for a court order that compels
              the discovery under section (b) [of Rule 2–432]. The
              immediate sanctions available are those contained in section
              (a) of Rule 2–433 . . . . With respect to any other failure of
              discovery, such as an incomplete or inadequate answer or a
              contested objection properly raised, the party may only file a
              motion to compel discovery under section (b). An order
              compelling the discovery must be obtained prior to the
              impositions of certain sanctions . . .

Butler, 435 Md. at 657–58 (quoting Paul V. Niemeyer and Linda M. Shuett, Maryland

Rules Commentary 341 (3d ed. 2003)) (emphasis added); see also Hossainkhail v.

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Gebrehiwot, 143 Md. App. 715, 732 (2002) (“[I]f there has been incomplete discovery, a

party may seek an order compelling discovery under Rule 2-432(b). When a motion to

compel discovery is granted and then violated, a court may award sanctions pursuant to

Rule 2-433(b) upon motion of a party.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       “A [circuit] court may not, sua sponte,” impose a sanction based on discovery

violations, “without a party first moving for an order to compel or filing a motion for

discovery sanctions.” Butler v. S & S P’ship, 435 Md. 635, 658 (2013); Hossainkhail, 143
Md. App. at 730 (“A court may award sanctions for failure of discovery, therefore, only

when there is a discovering and moving party.”).

       Here, appellant did not utilize any of the options as provided under the rule.

Appellant did not file a Motion to Compel or a Motion for Sanctions. Thus, there was no

moving party before the court, and appellant’s alleged discovery violation was not

properly before the court. If the circuit court imposed discovery sanctions, sua sponte, as

appellant asserts it should have, the circuit court would have abused its discretion.

Accordingly, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in declining to impose sanctions

for violation of discovery rules absent a motion to compel or motion for sanction before

it.

                                   JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
                                   BALTIMORE COUNTY AFFIRMED. COSTS TO
                                   BE PAID BY APPELLANT.

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