Court Opinion

ID: 9725538
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 11:52:02.648756+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:25:16.279534
License: Public Domain

Bronson, P.J.
(dissenting). I respectfully dissent. I disagree with the majority’s analysis of the second and third issues as will be discussed below. As concerns the various constitutional challenges to the controlled substances provisions of the Public Health Code, I concur in the majority’s result. However, I do not wholly concur in the rationale. My reasons will be more fully delineated in my opinion in a matter currently pending before this Court.
I
Defendant made a motion in limine to prevent *331any questioning concerning his familiarity with heroin. The court ruled that the prosecutor could ask defendant: "Do you know what is in these bags?” and "Are you familiar with this substance?” The court ruled that, should defendant elect to testify and answer these questions in the negative, the prosecutor could prove his knowledge of heroin through other acts evidence.
If defendant’s proffered testimony would have been to the effect that he knew a powdery substance was in a plastic bag found in the car, but not what that substance was, I believe the trial court’s ruling would have been correct. However, defendant’s assertion was that he was unaware of the substance’s presence in the automobile. As such, I do not believe that MRE 404(b) authorizes the introduction of the evidence.
In People v Major, 407 Mich 394, 400; 285 NW2d 660 (1979), the Supreme Court stated that evidence of similar acts, in that case used to show intent, could not be introduced unless intent was in issue. In Major, defendant was on trial for second-degree criminal sexual conduct. The trial court allowed evidence showing that defendant had exposed himself to girls in the past. The Supreme Court held that, since defendant’s defense was simply that he did not commit the crime, the "similar” acts evidence was inadmissible. I believe Major controls this case. Defendant here was not basing his defense ón a lack of knowledge of heroin but, rather, a lack of awareness of the very existence of any powder in the car. The prosecution argues that defendant’s knowledge of heroin would be necessary to establish his intentional aiding and abetting of the crime of possession. I disagree. If the jury believed defendant was lying and concluded that he was indeed aware of the substance in the *332car, it could also conclude that his lie was told to cover up his guilty knowledge that the substance was heroin. I think the introduction of any evidence concerning defendant’s knowledge of heroin, in light of the defense to be pursued, could only be useful to the jury to the extent that it might conclude that defendant knew what heroin is, so he must also have known that the powdery substance was in the car and that it was heroin. However, this use of other acts evidence, essentially as proof that defendant acted in accordance with the prior acts through which he obtained knowledge of heroin, is specifically prohibited by MRE 404(a).
I do not believe People v McCarver, 403 Mich 376; 269 NW2d 186 (1978), is dispositive of this case. In McCarver, defendant admitted possessing a quantity of pills but denied knowing what they were. As I said earlier, in this situation a defendant’s knowledge of the illegal substance would most definitely be in issue.
My analysis to this point does not resolve the entirety of the problem. Defendant would only have been exposed to extrinsic proofs concerning his knowledge of heroin if he denied any familiarity with the substance during cross-examination. However, I believe that the prosecutor could not even permissibly ask defendant whether he was familiar with heroin. In my opinion, defendant’s affirmative answer to this query would constitute the exacting of similar acts evidence just as much as the introduction of extrinsic proofs of defendant’s knowledge of heroin. As such, this testimonial evidence would have to be probative of a matter in issue as defined in Major. I have already concluded that, given his defense, defendant’s knowledge of heroin in the abstract was not material.
It could be argued that the questions to be put *333to the defendant would not constitute any form of similar acts evidence. Where a defendant is asked about his knowledge of a substance, he need not detail the source of his knowledge. If defendant here had stated that he was familiar with heroin, this affirmative response would not have directly placed before the jury any other acts information. However, without an explanation forthcoming from defendant specifying a legitimate source of knowledge, it is inevitable that the jury would have concluded the worse, and the spectre of the other acts giving defendant his knowledge would be raised. In many cases, a defendant would be better off if the jury was aware of the actual circumstances under which the knowledge was obtained to thwart the potentially devastating speculations of the jurors.1
Assuming, arguendo, that the proposed questions to be put to defendant pose no similar acts problem, I still believe they should not have been *334allowed. While such questions would be relevant within the meaning of MRE 401, their prejudicial effect would, without question, outweigh their probative value. See, MRE 403.2 I would not find improper, however, a question put to the defendant simply asking if he was aware at the time of the seizure that the bags contained heroin.
II
I also disagree with the majority’s analysis on the issue of whether evidence of Abel DeLeon’s prior heroin conviction or convictions should have been admitted. Defendant sought to admit this evidence to impeach Abel DeLeon and to establish that the heroin belonged to Abel. The majority opinion deals only with the second proffered use of evidence of the prior conviction.3_
*335The problem here is that the trial court ultimately ruled that if defendant wanted to make any use of evidence of Abel’s prior conviction then, should defendant testify, defendant’s prior conviction could be admitted into evidence. The trial court also ruled that in the event defendant testified only the fact of the conviction and not its nature would be admissible.4
The central problem is that the court abdicated its discretion by offering defendant a choice of having evidence of all convictions come in for impeachment purposes or none. A ruling which makes the suppression of evidence of a defendant’s prior convictions contingent upon his decision not to use a prosecution witness’s prior convictions for impeachment is improper. In such cases, the trial court abdicates its discretion and, thus, fails to exercise discretion at all contrary to the rule stated in People v Jackson, 391 Mich 323, 336; 217 NW2d 22 (1974). People v Hayes, 410 Mich 422; 301 NW2d 828 (1981), People v Dennis Johnson, 85 Mich App 181; 270 NW2d 734 (1978), lv den 406 Mich 859 (1979), People v Nabers, 103 Mich App 354, 379-380; 303 NW2d 205 (1981), rev’d on other grounds 411 Mich 1046 (1981). In Hayes, the Supreme Court explained that differences in the probative value and the prejudicial effect of evidence of the prior criminal record vis-á-vis each witness with past convictions may very well mandate different results on whether evidence of the prior convictions can be used for impeachment. The Hayes Court stated:_
*336"When judges are called upon to balance the 'probative value’ of a prior conviction for impeachment purposes against its 'prejudicial effect’, it is manifest that closer attention to possible prejudicial effect is necessary when the witness sought to be impeached is the defendant.
"In light of the foregoing, it follows that a ruling such as the one made in the trial court in this case constitutes an impermissible failure to exercise judicial discretion and denies a defendant the independent and individuated judgment to which he or she is entitled.
"In order to decide his trial strategy, including whether to testify in his own behalf, the defendant was absolutely entitled to a ruling whether his record of prior convictions would be admitted against him; a ruling unconditioned by any consideration of his intended cross-examination and impeachment of the people’s witness. When the merits of impeaching a particular witness are considered separately, as they should be, it is plain that, if the facts so warrant, there is nothing inherently unfair about permitting prior conviction impeachment of a prosecution witness or witnesses while forbidding the same impeachment of the defendant.” (Footnotes omitted.) 410 Mich 426-427.
In the instant case, the erroneous rulings by the court ultimately resulted in defendant’s decision not to testify. I do not believe the evidence was so overwhelming that these errors can be considered harmless.
I would reverse.

 Defendant argues that his affirmative answer to the question, "Are you familiar with heroin?” would be tantamount to an admission of an unspecified prior felony conviction. See, People v Jones, 92 Mich App 100, 113; 284 NW2d 501 (1979), People v Garth, 93 Mich App 308, 317-319; 287 NW2d 216 (1979), lv den 409 Mich 854 (1980), People v Vincent, 94 Mich App 626, 633-634; 288 NW2d 670 (1980), lv den 409 Mich 857 (1980), People v VanDorsten, 409 Mich 942; 298 NW2d 421 (1980). These cases are not directly applicable since the hypothetical question above does not elicit the fact of a prior conviction. More importantly, the rationale behind not allowing evidence of an unspecified felony conviction is inapplicable to the other acts problem. The Supreme Court made it clear in VanDorsten that it is the nature of the' prior felony conviction, and not the fact of conviction, which is important to the jury’s evaluation of credibility. However, similar acts evidence is admissible not for impeachment purposes but for some limited substantive purpose. The other acts evidence could, in a given case, be probative without explication of the underlying circumstances of that act (e.g., if defendant was charged with possession of heroin but denied knowing the substance he possessed was heroin, his admission that he was familiar with heroin would be admissible as other acts evidence without the prosecution going into the details as to how defendant happened to possess this familiarity).

 In my opinion MRE 404(a) is a rule which excludes relevant evidence deemed to be too likely to be misused and overly influential on the jury. One might describe this evidence as "too relevant”. I believe, for instance, that the fact of a defendant’s two prior shoplifting convictions is relevant as relevant evidence is defined by MRE 401 in a trial in which the defendant is again charged with shoplifting. However, because the strength of such evidence is minimal compared to other types of direct and circumstantial evidence and because juries tend to give undue, indeed often preemptive, weight to prior convictions, MRE 404(a) expresses the general rule that such evidence should be excluded. I further believe that trial courts, when confronted with requests to exclude evidence pursuant to MRE 403, should consider the question in light of the policy reasons behind MRE 404(a). I believe, given the defense in this case, that even if I am wrong concerning the applicability of MRE 404 as a bar to the evidence, if defendant permissibly can be forced to admit his knowledge of heroin, this presents a type of evidence destined to be unduly weighted by the jury given its minimal value as tending to prove guilt on the charged offense.

 1 do not know whether I would follow the majority’s analysis of the admissibility of the evidence for the second proffered use. It may be that the majority is right and MRE 404(b) really does require exclusion of such evidence. I have qualms about this result, however, since a slight variation in the facts makes it very unappealing to me. Suppose defendant had no prior convictions but Abel had a string of convictions for various violations of the controlled substances law. It does not really strike me as fair to refuse to allow defendant to show *335Abel’s prior involvement with drugs as part of his defense that the drugs were Abel’s. At the same time MRE 404(b) does seem to apply. Since I think the trial court erred in its handling of Abel’s prior conviction for impeachment purposes, I do not resolve the MRE 404 problem.

 This ruling was, of course, erroneous. See, People v VanDorsten, supra, and footnote 1.