Court Opinion

ID: 4345752
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-29 17:31:38.747667+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:12.639079
License: Public Domain

J-S16015-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA :             IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                              :                  PENNSYLVANIA
                              :
          v.                  :
                              :
                              :
 TERRANCE XAVIER PEREZ        :
                              :
               Appellant      :             No. 486 MDA 2017
                              :

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 1, 2016
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Lycoming County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-41-CR-0001046-2015

BEFORE:    BOWES, J., MURRAY, J., and PLATT*, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                       FILED NOVEMBER 29, 2018

      Terrence Xavier Perez appeals from the judgment of sentence of life

imprisonment followed by twenty-five to fifty years incarceration imposed

after he was convicted of first-degree murder, criminal conspiracy (homicide),

persons not to possess firearms, and related offenses. We affirm.

      On May 11, 2015, a altercation occurred between Rory Herbert and Jamil

Bryant (“the victim”) due to Herbert’s belief that the victim had “shorted” him

on a marijuana purchase. N.T. Trial, 10/24/16, at 78. Herbert recounted the

event to his cousin, Brandon Love, who was a friend of Appellant and the

victim. Thereafter, Herbert, Love, and Appellant went to the home of Cosme

Berrones. Id. at 137. Also present were Berrones’ girlfriend, Brooke Dawson,

and Jada Jenkins, the mother of Love’s child. Love and Appellant spent the

next several hours on Love’s cell phone, texting and orally arguing with the
____________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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victim. Id. at 82-83. Berrones testified that the victim threatened to blow

Love’s head off and, in response, Appellant stated to the victim, “if you have

a problem with [Love] then you have a problem with me, he’s not the only

one with a gun.” Id. at 85. Thereafter, Appellant and Love left Berrones’s

home and, when they returned, Appellant had a silver revolver. Id. Appellant

asked Love and Ms. Jenkins to take him to get bullets for the firearm, but they

declined. Id. at 86.

      Appellant then started talking about shooting the victim. Id. at 88, 90.

Appellant asked Love for a ride home, but Love refused. Id. at 87. Ultimately,

Berrones used Love’s vehicle to drive Appellant home, where Appellant, a

state parolee, dropped off his electronic ankle monitor in order to establish a

false alibi regarding his whereabouts in anticipation of later shooting the

victim. Id. at 88. Appellant and Berrones returned to Berrones’s home, where

Appellant debated either getting ammunition for the silver revolver or a

different gun for the purpose of killing the victim. Id. at 93-94. Appellant

asked Love for a ride to get another gun, and Love refused. Id. at 94-95.

Berrones thereafter drove Appellant to a storage facility for the purpose of

retrieving another gun. Id. at 96. Appellant was met at the entrance to the

storage facility by a man driving a silver van. Id. Appellant entered the silver

van, after which he and the unidentified man drove through the gates of the

storage facility. Id. at 96, 98. Approximately five minutes later, Appellant

and the unidentified man reemerged from the storage facility in the silver van.

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Id. 98-99. When Appellant re-entered Love’s vehicle, he was carrying a long

black assault rifle. Id. at 99. Berrones and Appellant returned to Berrones’s

home with the assault rifle, whereupon Appellant resumed talking about

shooting the victim. Id. at 100-01.

       Appellant then asked Love for a ride to the victim’s house, and Love

agreed. Id. at 102. Love then drove Appellant and Berrones to the victim’s

neighborhood, where they spent forty to forty-five minutes driving around

looking for the victim. Id. at 103-04. Eventually, they saw the victim on his

front porch, and Love and Berrones dropped off Appellant nearby. Id. at 105.

Appellant was carrying the assault rifle when he exited the vehicle. Id. at

106.   Love and Berrones proceeded to a pre-arranged pick-up location on

Grant Street where they waited for Appellant. Id. at 106-07. Berrones heard

what sounded like fire crackers before Appellant ran back to Love’s car, and

said that he “shot that pussy in his muffin.”1 Id. at 107-08. Appellant warned

Love and Berrones, “[y]ou pussies better not say anything.” Id. at 109.

       Upon return to Berrones’s home, Appellant, still in possession of the

assault rifle, went to the basement, and re-emerged without the weapon. Id.

at 109-10. At the time of the shooting, Appellant was wearing a black hoodie,

red shirt, black shorts, and red shoes. Id. at 111. Appellant asked Berrones

for a change of clothes, and Berrones gave him a black shirt and khaki pants,

____________________________________________

1 Berrones testified that “muffin” means “head,” and that Appellant was
indicating that he shot the victim in the head. N.T. Trial, 10/24/16 at 108-09.

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along with a backpack in which to store the clothes he had been wearing when

he shot the victim. Id. at 113. As Appellant left Berrones’s home, Berrones

heard him say “let me know when that pussy dies, I’ll feel better at night.”

Id.

      Shortly thereafter, Berrones found the assault rifle in the rafters of his

basement. Id. at 113-14. Berrones took the assault rifle and moved it to a

porthole in his basement. Id. at 114. Berrones later consented to a search

of his home, and led police to the weapon.       Id.    Berrones was shown a

photograph of the recovered assault rifle, and confirmed that it was the

weapon that Appellant used to shoot the victim. Id. at 100.

      The victim’s neighbor, Carla Johns, testified that, on the evening of the

murder, she saw a man wearing black shorts and a black hoodie running down

the street with a large, black assault rifle. N.T. Trial, 10/25/16, at 47-48. A

few minutes later, she heard shots fired.      Id.     Ms. Johns was shown a

photograph of the assault rifle recovered from Berrones’s basement, and

indicated that it was similar to the weapon that the man was carrying. Id. at

48.

      Another neighbor of the victim, Shannon Welch, testified that he was

standing outside his home on the evening of the murder and heard several

shots fired. Id. at 55-57. He then saw a man wearing shorts running toward

Grant Street. Id. at 58-59.

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      Mary Lopez, who lived near the victim, testified that, when she came

home from work on the evening of the murder, the victim was standing across

the street between two cars. N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 67. She heard gunshots

a few minutes later, and when she looked out her window, she saw the victim

on the ground in the middle of the street. Id. at 69. Several minutes after

the shooting, she saw the shadow of two individuals walking past the front of

her house and heard their voices. Id. She stated “It sounded like male voices,

but I don’t know where they were from, they didn’t seem like they were

running, . . . they were just kind of hurriedly . . . just walking away.” Id. Ms.

Lopez never saw the individuals, and could provide no description of them due

to a heavy curtain hanging over the window. Id. at 72. She did not know

whether the individuals were involved in the shooting, or were just passing

through the neighborhood. Id.

      Ms. Dawson testified that she was at Berrones’s house on the day of the

murder, and confirmed that Appellant, Love, and Berrones were arguing with

the victim all day over the phone. N.T. Trial, 10/25/16, at 8, 12. She recalled

that Appellant left Berrones’s home a few times; once returning with a silver

revolver, and later returning with a big, black gun. Id. at 13-17. Ms. Dawson

was shown a photograph of the assault rifle recovered from Berrones’

basement, and confirmed that it was one of the weapons that Appellant

brought back to Berrones’s home. Id. at 17. That evening, she saw Appellant,

Love, and Berrones leave Berrones’s house, and, as they were leaving, she

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heard Appellant say “let’s do this.” Id. at 18. When the three men returned,

Appellant stated that he “shot him 16 times.” Id. at 20. Ms. Dawson testified

that Appellant was wearing black shorts, a red shirt and red shoes. Id. at 20-

21. She recalled that he then changed into khaki pants and a black shirt that

Berrones provided to him. Id. at 21.

     Ms. Jenkins testified that she was at Berrones’ house on the day of the

murder, and confirmed that Appellant, Love, and Berrones were arguing with

the victim over the phone. N.T. Trial, 10/26/16, at 5-6. She left Berrones’

house for a few hours, and when she returned, the argument had become

intense and serious.   Id. at 6.   Love told Ms. Jenkins that the victim had

threatened to shoot both Love and Ms. Jenkins. Id. at 7. She testified that

Appellant threatened to shoot the victim, and that he had a silver revolver

with him at the time he made the threat. Id. at 8. Appellant did not have

any bullets for the silver revolver, and he asked Ms. Jenkins to take him to

purchase bullets, but she declined. Id. at 8-9. At some point, Appellant and

Berrones left Berrones’ home, and when they returned, Appellant had a large

black gun. Id. at 9. Ms. Jenkins identified the large black gun as the one

pictured in a photograph of the assault rifle recovered from Berrones’s

basement. Id. at 10. She thereafter saw Appellant, Love, and Berrones leave

Berrones’s house, and, as they were leaving, she heard Appellant state “let’s

do this.” Id. at 10-11. Appellant was carrying the assault rifle when they

left. Id. at 11. Ms. Jenkins saw Appellant get into the back seat of Love’s

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vehicle with the assault rifle. Id. at 12. When they returned approximately

one hour later, Appellant still had the assault rifle. Id. Ms. Jenkins observed

Appellant go into Berrones’ basement with the assault rifle, but when he

emerged, he did not have the gun with him. Id. at 13-14. Ms. Jenkins recalled

that Appellant was wearing a black hoodie, but then changed into clothes

provided by Berrones, and put the clothes he took off into a black drawstring

bag. Id. at 14. Appellant thereafter left Berrones’s home, and as he was

departing, Ms. Jenkins heard him exclaim “let me know when that pussy dies.”

Id. at 15.

      Chris Hayman testified that, on the day of the murder, Appellant asked

him for a ride to the storage facility. N.T. Trial, 10/25/16, at 91. Hayman

declined, but agreed to meet Appellant there. Id. Hayman drove his silver

van to the entrance of the storage facility, and Appellant arrived shortly

thereafter as a passenger in a vehicle. Id. at 92-93. Appellant exited the

vehicle and got into Hayman’s van, and they drove through the facility’s

security gates. Id. at 94. Hayman had the passcode to the storage facility

and the key to the storage unit. Id. at 94-95. When they arrived at the

storage unit, Hayman unlocked the unit for Appellant, and returned to his van.

Id. at 95. Hayman testified that when Appellant emerged from the storage

unit, he had an AR or AK rifle with him. Id. at 96. Hayman was shown a

photograph of the assault rifle recovered from Berrones’s basement, and he

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identified it as the weapon that Appellant retrieved from the storage unit. Id.

at 97.

         Detective Stephen Sorage testified that a search warrant was executed

on the storage unit, wherein police found a large black canvas duffel bag which

contained a backpack, 356 rounds for a .22 caliber Winchester, an owner’s

manual for a Smith and Wesson 15-22 assault rifle (the same model as the

assault rifle recovered from Berrones’s basement), a .32 revolver, a white

towel, and cologne. N.T. Trial, 10/25/16, at 64-68; 10/28/16, at 93.

         Appellant’s mother, Sabina Kent, was shown a photograph of the assault

rifle recovered from Berrones’s basement, and identified it as belonging to

Appellant. N.T. Trial, 10/27/16, at 4. She had last seen the assault rifle one

week before the murder in the home she shared with Appellant. Id. She

explained that the assault rifle was in a black bag, which also contained

bullets, a towel, cologne, and a book bag. Id. at 6. Ms. Kent was shown

photographs of the black canvas bag and its contents, as recovered from the

storage unit, and she identified the canvas bag, the book bag, the towel, and

the cologne as those she had seen in her home one week before the murder,

and as belonging to Appellant. Id. at 6-8. Ms. Kent testified that Appellant

removed the black canvas bag from their home on the morning of the murder.

Id. at 9.

         Agent Raymond Kontz testified that on May 14, 2015, he obtained a

warrant for Appellant’s arrest. N.T. Trial, 10/28/16, at 95-96. Appellant was

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apprehended on May 29, 2015, by police in South Carolina. Id. at 96. Agent

Kontz and Detective Sorage drove to the correctional facility where Appellant

was being detained, and conducted a recorded interview of Appellant over a

three-hour period. Id. at 97-98. During the interview, Appellant provided

multiple versions of the events of the day of the murder. N.T. Trial, 10/31/16,

at 5. He first told police that he was visiting family in Philadelphia. Id. at 6.

Next he told police that Love and Berrones dropped him off at an apartment

complex one hour prior to the murder. Id. He thereafter told police that

Berrones was the shooter. Id. at 7, 24-26.

      Dr. Barbara Bolllinger, a forensic pathologist, testified that an autopsy

of the victim showed multiple gunshot wounds to his head, torso, chest,

abdomen, neck, left hand, and right hand. N.T. Trial, 10/26/16, at 50.

      Corporal Elwood Spencer, a firearms expert, testified that all seventeen

of the cartridge cases recovered from the crime scene were discharged from

the assault rifle recovered from Berrones’ basement. N.T. Trial, 10/28/16, at

64. He also testified that the ammunition recovered from the storage unit

was consistent with the discharged bullets and the casings found at the crime

scene. Id. at 58-61.

      Lauren Force, a DNA expert testified that Appellant’s DNA was a major

contributor to the DNA found on the magazine of the assault rifle recovered

from Berrones’ home. N.T. Trial, 10/28/16, at 76. She further testified that

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DNA testing indicated that Berrones could not be included as a contributor to

the DNA obtained from the evidence found in the case.2 Id. at 78.

       Appellant was charged with criminal homicide, criminal conspiracy

(homicide), persons not to possess firearms, and related offenses for the

victim’s murder.3 The persons not to possess firearms charge was severed

before trial.   On November 1, 2016, a jury found Appellant guilty of first-

degree murder, criminal conspiracy (homicide), and related charges.

Thereafter, the trial court found Appellant guilty of persons not to possess

firearms. On November 1, 2016, the trial court sentenced Appellant to a term

of life imprisonment on the first-degree murder conviction, followed by a

consecutive term of twenty to forty years incarceration for the criminal

conspiracy (homicide) conviction, and a consecutive term of five to ten years

incarceration for the persons not to possess firearms conviction. Appellant

filed post-sentence motions which were denied by operation of law.         This

timely appeal followed.

____________________________________________

2The Commonwealth and defense stipulated that, if called to testify, Catherine
Palla would testify that DNA testing showed that Love and Herbert could not
be included as contributors to the DNA profiles obtained from the evidence in
the case. Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/17, at 15.

3Co-defendant Berrones pled guilty to third-degree murder and other offenses
prior to Appellant’s trial. A joint trial was scheduled for Appellant and Love;
however, at jury selection, co-defendant Love’s criminal case was severed and
continued until after Appellant’s trial. Neither Appellant nor Love testified at
Appellant’s trial.

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      Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

      I.     Did the trial court err by permitting Agent Kontz to testify,
             over defense objection[,] that after having involved several
             police agencies in the investigation, interviewed more than
             50 witnesses[,] and logged 344 pieces of evidence, no
             evidence pointed to any person other than [Appellant] as
             being the trigger person?

      II.    Did the trial court err by not requiring the Commonwealth
             to redact portions of [Appellant’s] statement where the
             officers   confronted    him    with    statements   of   a
             co[-]conspirator who did not testify and was not joined for
             trial?

      III.    Did the trial court erred [sic] by permitting the
             Commonwealth to completely reiterate . . . Berrones’[s] trial
             testimony through use of prior consistent statements
             elicited at the preliminary hearing?

      IV.    Did [the] trial court err by permitting the Commonwealth to
             admit a phone call from [Appellant] to his step-mother[,]
             while he was incarcerated[,] . . . where she said “Well I hope
             you learned your lesson. You always wipe your shit off;”
             the [Appellant] responded: “I been doing that.”

      V.     Did the trial court err by permitting the Commonwealth to
             introduce at trial portions of letters that [Appellant] wrote
             to his girlfriend, Kirsten Sedlock?

      VI.    Did the trial court err by refusing to permit [Appellant] to
             question the cooperating [c]o-defendant, . . . Berrones,
             about his plea negotiations, including that he rejected a 15
             to 40 year agreement, and the Commonwealth thereafter
             agree [sic] to a 12 years minimum?

      VII.   Did the trial court abuse its discretion by sentencing
             [Appellant] to 25 to [5]0 years[,] consecutive to the
             mandatory life sentence[,] for conspiracy and person not to
             possess a firearm?

Appellant’s brief at 4.

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      Appellant’s first six issues implicate the trial court’s authority to admit

or exclude evidence. Our standard of review concerning the admissibility of

evidence is well settled:

      With regard to the admission of evidence, we give the trial court
      broad discretion, and we will only reverse a trial court’s decision
      to admit or deny evidence on a showing that the trial court clearly
      abused its discretion. An abuse of discretion is not merely an error
      in judgment, but an overriding misapplication of the law, or the
      exercise of judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or the result
      of bias, prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as shown by the evidence
      of the record.

Commonwealth v. Talbert, 129 A.3d 536, 539 (Pa.Super. 2015) (citation

omitted).

      It is well-settled that “[r]elevance is the threshold for admissibility of

evidence.” Commonwealth v. Tyson, 119 A.3d 353, 358 (Pa.Super. 2015);

see also Pa.R.E. 402. “Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a

fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence[,] and the

fact is of consequence in determining the action.”      Pa.R.E. 401; see also

Tyson, supra at 358 (stating that “[e]vidence is relevant if it logically tends

to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or

less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a

material fact.”). “Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible.” Pa.R.E.

402. In addition, “[t]he court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative

value is outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair

prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting

time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Pa.R.E. 403.

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      In his first issue, Appellant contends that the trial court abused its

discretion in overruling his objection, on the basis of relevancy, to a line of

questioning during the Commonwealth’s direct examination of Agent Kontz

regarding the scale of the murder investigation. Agent Kontz was thereafter

permitted to testify as to the number of police agencies, police officers,

witnesses, and pieces of evidence encompassed by the investigation.        The

testimony in question proceeded as follows:

      [Prosecutor:] Agent Kontz, can you estimate for us the number
      of officers and police agencies that have been involved in the
      investigation of this case?

      [Agent Kontz:] Over two dozen officers and it would be dealing
      with agencies throughout our county, Williamsport, Old Lycoming
      Township, Penn College, Pennsylvania State Police[,] along with
      South Carolina, the officers down there.

      [Prosecutor:]   As well as detectives in the District Attorney’s
      Office?

      [Agent Kontz:] Yes sir, absolutely.

      [Prosecutor:] And can you estimate for us the number of
      witnesses that have been interviewed as part of the investigation
      in this case?

      [Agent Kontz:] I would estimate more than 50.

      [Prosecutor:] And can you estimate for us the number of pieces
      of individual evidence that have been collected in this case?

      [Agent Kontz:] According to our records management system,
      there is 344 pieces of evidence that was placed in under this
      particular incident.

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N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 55-56.4

       We believe the above testimony met the test for relevancy.          In her

opening statement, Appellant’s counsel claimed that the Commonwealth had

failed to prove Appellant’s guilt, citing a “lack of evidence.”        N.T. Trial,

10/24/16, at 21. Thus, she called into question the quantity of the evidence

in the case. As the lead investigator, Agent Kontz had personal knowledge of

the murder investigation, including the number of police agencies and officers

involved, witnesses interviewed, and pieces of evidence collected. Contrary

to Appellant’s argument, the agent’s testimony was relevant to rebut

Appellant’s claim that there was a lack of evidence in the case, and to establish

that   the    Commonwealth         had    undertaken   a   comprehensive   murder

investigation. See Pa.R.E. 401, 402. Therefore, we find no abuse of discretion

in the admission of this portion of Agent Kontz’s testimony.

       Appellant claims that the trial court further erred by permitting Agent

Kontz to testify, over objection based on an opinion going to the ultimate

____________________________________________

4 At trial, the sole basis for Appellant’s objection to this portion of Agent
Kontz’s testimony was relevancy. See N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 54. We
therefore decline to address the additional bases for objection that Appellant
now raises for the first time on appeal.            See Commonwealth v.
Baumhammers, 960 A.2d 59, 73 (Pa. 2008) (holding that a failure to offer
a timely and specific objection results in waiver of the claim.”); see also
Pa.R.E. 103(a) (providing that “[a] party may claim error in a ruling to admit
. . . evidence only . . . if . . . a party, on the record . . . makes a timely
objection . . . and . . . states the specific ground . . .”); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a)
(“Issues that are not preserved by specific objection in the lower court are
waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”).

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issue, that none of the evidence pointed to anyone other than Appellant as

being the shooter.       Appellant’s brief at 10-11.   The testimony in question

proceeded as follows:

       [Prosecutor:] Are there any witnesses or evidence that has been
                     discovered in this case that points to anyone other
                     than [Appellant] being the one that shot and killed
                     [the victim]?

       [Agent Kontz:] No sir, there is not.

N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 57.5

       Appellant argues that Agent Kontz’s response in the negative

“impermissibly embraced the ultimate issue,” and “clearly usurped the fact-

finding of the jury.” Appellant’s brief at 11. Appellant further contends that

the agent’s response was prejudicial, as “it was a summation of the evidence

and his opinion that no evidence pointed to anyone other than the Appellant

as the actual killer.” Id. at 16. Appellant asserts that he “should be entitled

to a trial which does not include the prosecuting officer testifying that the

Appellant is guilty, and that no evidence says otherwise.” Id. at 17.

       Initially, we address Appellant’s claim that Agent Kontz testified that

“Appellant is guilty” and that “all of the evidence established that Appellant

was the shooter.” Id. at 12, 17. Upon close inspection, the certified record

____________________________________________

5 Again, we limit our review to the sole basis for Appellant’s objection to this
portion of Agent Kontz’s testimony, which was that it “goes to the ultimate
issue.” See N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 56. See Baumhammers, supra at 73;
Pa.R.E. 103(a); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).

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and the contents of the trial transcript do not support Appellant’s assertion.

Agent Kontz was not asked if he believed Appellant to be guilty; nor was he

requested to affirmatively quantify how much of the evidence in the case

pointed to Appellant.       Instead, the agent was simply asked whether the

investigation yielded evidence that pointed to any individual other than

Appellant as the shooter. See N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 57. Agent Kontz’s

response was not a positive assertion of Appellant’s guilt; rather, it was

negative pronouncement of what the investigation did not uncover. Id.

       We also disagree that Agent Kontz’s response was inadmissible because

it pertained to an ultimate issue.             Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 704

specifically provides that “[a]n opinion is not objectionable just because it

embraces an ultimate issue.”           Additionally, Rule 701 permits lay opinion

testimony,6 where the opinion is “rationally based on the witness’s perception”

and “helpful to clearly understanding the witness’s testimony or to

determining a fact in issue[.]” Pa.R.E. 701(a), (b). As the lead investigator,

Agent Kontz was tasked with identifying all individuals who may have been

directly or indirectly responsible for the murder. Agent Kontz’s response was

based on factual information within his personal knowledge as the lead

investigator, and his testimony assisted the jury in understanding what

evidence was not found during the comprehensive murder investigation. See

____________________________________________

6Our review discloses that the Commonwealth did not seek to have Agent
Kontz qualified as an expert witness, nor did the trial court so qualify him.

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Commonwealth v. Huggins, 68 A.3d 962, 969 (Pa.Super. 2013) (“We have

explained that [a] law-enforcement officer’s testimony is a lay opinion if it is

limited to what he observed . . . or to other facts derived exclusively from [a]

particular investigation.”).   Thus, to the extent that the testimony can be

construed as embracing an ultimate issue of fact, it did not violate the

pertinent rules of evidence. Moreover, the trial court provided an immediate

limiting instruction, advising the jury that “you’re the finders of the fact. It’s

your determination as to what the evidence says and what the evidence points

to that’s controlling in this case.” N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 56. As the jury is

deemed     to   have   followed   this   instruction,   no   relief   is   due.   See

Commonwealth v. Simpson, 66 A.3d 253, 269 (Pa. 2013) (holding that

appellate courts presume that juries follow instructions).

      Even if the admission of Agent Kontz’s testimony was erroneous, the

error was harmless.      See Commonwealth v. Green, 162 A.3d 509, 519

(Pa.Super. 2017) (en banc) (“Not all errors at trial . . . entitle an appellant to

a new trial, and [t]he harmless error doctrine, as adopted in Pennsylvania,

reflects the reality that the accused is entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect trial

....” (citation omitted)). As our High Court previously explained, “[a]n error

will be deemed harmless where the appellate court concludes beyond a

reasonable doubt that the error could not have contributed to the verdict.”

Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 839 A.2d 202, 214 (Pa. 2003).                           The

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Commonwealth bears the burden to establish that the error was harmless,

and satisfies that burden when it is able to show:

         (1) the error did not prejudice the defendant or the prejudice
         was de minimis; or (2) the erroneously admitted evidence was
         merely cumulative of other untainted evidence which was
         substantially similar to the erroneously admitted evidence; or
         (3) the properly admitted and uncontradicted evidence of guilt
         was so overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error so
         insignificant by comparison that the error could not have
         contributed to the verdict.

Commonwealth v. Passmore, 857 A.2d 697, 711 (Pa.Super. 2004).

      Based on our review of the certified record, the properly admitted and

uncontradicted   independent     evidence    of   Appellant’s   guilt   was   so

overwhelming, and the prejudicial effect of the ostensibly erroneous admission

of Agent Kontz’s limited testimony regarding the scope and results of the

investigation so insignificant by comparison, that any error could not have

contributed to the verdict. See id. Multiple witnesses testified as to the day-

long feud involving Appellant, Love, and the victim; Appellant’s statements

regarding his intent to shoot the victim; his unsuccessful efforts to obtain

ammunition for the silver revolver; his retrieval of the assault rifle and

ammunition from the storage facility; and his statements confirming that he

had shot the victim.   The jury was also presented with DNA and ballistics

evidence that linked Appellant to the murder weapon and the ammunition

used to shoot the victim. We therefore conclude that, even if the admission

of either portion of Agent Kontz’s testimony was error, it was harmless. See

id.; see also Appellant’s brief at 16 (conceding that “the alleged admission of

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[Agent Kontz’s testimony] is arguably not of constitutional magnitude.”).

Accordingly, Appellant’s first issue warrants no relief.

      In his second issue, Appellant contends that the trial court erred by

permitting the Commonwealth to introduce into evidence a portion of

Appellant’s recorded statement to Agent Kontz and Detective Sorage without

redacting the officers’ references to Love’s purported statements to police.

The portion of the statement in question reads as follows:

      AGENT KONTZ: I’m not sure why . . . Love’s story, what he has
      told us, is the same as [Berrones’]. [Love] says that you got out
      of the car and that you had the gun with you when you go out of
      the car.

      AGENT SORAGE: And [Love] said he’s looking for you to man up
      to get him out of this because [Love] said that you were the one
      that had the gun.

Appellant’s brief at 18 (citing Transcript of Videotaped Interview, 6/1/15, at

15-16).

      Before Appellant’s recorded statement was played to the jury, Appellant

objected to the admission of the references to Love’s out-of-court statements,

and requested their redaction. N.T. Trial, 10/28/16, at 86-88. The trial court

overruled the objection, explaining that the statements were not hearsay: “it’s

not so much for what [Agent] Kontz or [Detective] Sorage would have said,

or even the substance of what they were saying, it was about [Appellant’s]

reaction to the statements . . .” Id. at 87-88. In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion,

the trial court indicates that it “admitted the fabricated statements in order

for the Commonwealth to show [Appellant’s] reaction to them.”          See Trial

                                     - 19 -
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Court Opinion, 6/27/17, at 29.                 Thus, Love’s purported out-of-court

statements do not constitute hearsay because they were not admitted for their

truth. See Commonwealth v. Wilson, 147 A.3d 7, 16 (Pa.Super. 2016)

(testimony regarding out-of-court statement was not presented for its truth,

but rather to demonstrate defendant’s consciousness of guilt based on his

response to the statement); see also Pa.R.E. 801, cmt. (“A statement is

hearsay only if it is offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the

statement. There are many situations in which evidence of a statement is

offered for a purpose other than to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”).

       Nevertheless,     Appellant     contends    that   the   admission   of   Love’s

statements violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses, as Love

did not testify at Appellant’s trial and was not available for cross-examination.

Appellant’s brief at 19 (citing Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123

(1968)).7 In Bruton, the trial court admitted into evidence at a joint trial the

confession of Bruton’s non-testifying co-defendant, which named and

incriminated Bruton. The trial court instructed the jury that the confession

could only be used against Bruton’s co-defendant, and could not be considered

as evidence against Bruton.             Id. at 125 n.2.         The Supreme Court

acknowledged that, as a general matter, the presumption in the law is that

____________________________________________

7 Appellant further argues that Love’s statements were inadmissible under the
co-conspirator exception to the hearsay rule found at Pa.R.E. 803(25)(E).
However, we decline to address this exception, as it was not the basis for the
trial court’s admission of Love’s statements.

                                          - 20 -
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the jury will follow the court’s instruction, but reasoned that, in some contexts,

“the risk that the jury will not, or cannot, follow the judge’s instructions is so

great, and the consequences of such a failure so substantial for the defendant,

that the practical and human limitations on the jury system cannot be

ignored.” Id. at 135. The Court held that the admission of the powerfully

incriminating statement by the non-testifying co-defendant violated Bruton’s

right of confrontation under the Sixth Amendment of the United States

Constitution, notwithstanding the jury charge. Id. at 135-36.

      The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has ruled that Bruton is inapplicable

to statements made by an individual other than a non-testifying co-defendant

at a joint trial of co-defendants. See Commonwealth v. McCrae, 832 A.2d

1026, 1038 (Pa. 2003) (“Bruton applies, however, only in the context that

gave rise to the decision, i.e., the introduction of a powerfully incriminating

statement made by a non-testifying co-defendant at a joint trial.” (emphasis

added)). Here, although Love and Appellant were co-defendants, Bruton is

not implicated because their trials were severed. See id. Accordingly, there

was no requirement, at least under Bruton, to redact the references to Love’s

statements.

      However, our inquiry does not end here. As our Supreme Court has

explained, “where a hearsay statement is not admitted against the non-

declaring co-defendant as evidence, then the court must consider whether

sufficient precautions have been taken to insulate the non-declaring co-

                                     - 21 -
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defendant from spillover prejudice due to the admission of the hearsay

statement.” Commonwealth v. Overby, 809 A.2d 295, 301 (Pa. 2002). The

Court continued, “Where the precautions are insufficient, then the admission

of the statement violates the non-declaring co-defendant’s right to confront

and cross-examine the witnesses against him.” Id.

      Appellant contends that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s failure to

provide an immediate limiting instruction when the statements attributable to

Love were played to the jury. Appellant’s brief at 21. Notably, Appellant did

not request a limiting instruction at the time Appellant’s recorded statement

was played to the jury.     Appellant concedes that the trial court gave the

following limiting instruction to the jury in its general charge:

      Now, there was testimony presented during the trial that
      [Appellant] was confronted with statements allegedly made by
      . . . Love and I believe that was in the one statement that you
      heard, I think it was the audio statement. Those statements may
      not be considered by you as evidence of guilt or evidence for the
      truth of the matters discussed, but rather they are admitted for
      the limited purpose of illustrating the reaction and responses to
      those statements given by [Appellant to] those statements that
      were allegedly made by . . . Love.

N.T. Trial, 11/1/16, at 85. Appellant did not object to the timing or adequacy

of the trial court’s limiting instruction when it was given as part of the general

charge, or propose a different or supplemental charge.

      The law in this Commonwealth is that “a limiting instruction may be

given either as the evidence is admitted or as part of the general charge.”

Overby, supra at 315 n.1 (citing Commonwealth v. Covil, 378 A.2d 841,

                                     - 22 -
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845 (Pa. 1977)). While the timing of such an instruction is discretionary, our

Supreme Court has “emphasize[d] that it is better to give the limiting

instruction at the time the evidence is admitted.” Covil, supra at 845. Thus,

while it would have been preferable in the case sub judice if the trial court had

provided a limiting instruction to the jury at the time Appellant’s recorded

statement was played for the jury, the failure to do so was not, in itself, error,

particularly when no request was made.8 See id.

       We now turn to the adequacy of the trial court’s instruction, focusing on

whether, under the circumstances of the case, the instruction was insufficient

to protect Appellant’s confrontation rights such that “in light of the other

evidence, the only logical explanation for the jury’s verdict convicting

[Appellant of first-degree murder] was that the jury disregarded the court’s

limiting instruction regarding [Love’s statements].” McRae, supra at 1039.

Appellant points to the trial court’s conclusion in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion

that the statements attributed to Love were “fabricated” by police, and claims

that the instruction provided was inadequate because the trial court did not

specifically instruct the jury that the statements were fabricated. Appellant’s

brief at 21. Based on our review, however, the record is silent as to whether

Love made the statements to police, or whether the statements attributed to

____________________________________________

8 Notably, the portion of Appellant’s recorded statement in question was
played to the jury on the morning of October 31, 2016, the sixth day of trial,
which was the last day in which evidence was admitted into the record. The
jury received the limiting instruction the next day.

                                          - 23 -
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Love were indeed fabricated by Agent Kontz and Detective Sorage for the

purpose of interrogating Appellant. As we are unable to determine whether

the statements attributed to Love were, in fact, fabricated, we cannot fault

the trial court for not so instructing the jury.   Nevertheless, in its limiting

instruction, the trial court was careful to refer to the statements as “allegedly

made by Love.” See N.T. Trial, 11/1/16, at 85. Thus, the wording of the trial

court’s instruction made clear to the jury that the statements were suspect,

and may not have been made by Love.

      Further, disregard of the trial court’s limiting instruction is not the only

logical explanation for the jury’s verdict.     See McRae, supra at 1039.

Although the statements attributed to Love, if improperly considered by the

jury for their truth, would support the inference that Appellant shot the victim,

their admission was insignificant to the case against Appellant in light of the

other evidence. Id. The statements allegedly made by Love were consistent

with the testimony of several witnesses who stated that Appellant retrieved

the assault rifle from the storage facility, brought it to Berrones’s home, was

observed carrying the gun upon entering Love’s car to go to the victim’s

house, and was seen carrying the gun upon arrival back at Berrones’ home

after the murder. We are satisfied that the trial court’s limiting instruction

was sufficient to protect Appellant’s confrontation rights, notwithstanding the

allegedly prejudicial reference to Love’s statements. Thus, we find any error

in the admission of Love’s statements to be harmless error since, as discussed

                                     - 24 -
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supra, overwhelming independent evidence existed to prove that Appellant

shot and killed the victim. See Passmore, supra. Accordingly, Appellant’s

second issue warrants no relief.

      In his third issue, Appellant contends that the trial court erred by

permitting the Commonwealth to introduce Berrones’ testimony from

Appellant’s preliminary hearing as a prior consistent statement.       Appellant

submits that Berrones’s preliminary hearing testimony was erroneously

admitted because it was not given prior to the time an improper motive to

fabricate would have arisen. According to Appellant, at the time of Appellant’s

preliminary hearing, Berrones had been charged with first-degree murder,

incarcerated, and had waived his own preliminary hearing. Appellant argues

that Berrones had a motive to fabricate at Appellant’s preliminary hearing

because he hoped to help himself in his own criminal case by testifying against

Appellant.   On this basis, Appellant submits that Berrones’s preliminary

hearing testimony should not have been admitted as a prior consistent

statement at Appellant’s trial.

      “In general, prior consistent statements, as they constitute hearsay, are

admissible under only very limited circumstances.” Baumhammers, supra

at 89. Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 613(c) provides for the use of prior

consistent statements at trial, and specifies as follows:

      (c) Witness’s Prior Consistent Statement to Rehabilitate.
      Evidence of a witness’s prior consistent statement is admissible to
      rehabilitate the witness’s credibility if the opposing party is given
      an opportunity to cross-examine the witness about the statement

                                     - 25 -
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       and the statement is offered to rebut an express or implied charge
       of:

          (1) fabrication, bias, improper influence or motive, or faulty
          memory and the statement was made before that which has
          been charged existed or arose; or

          (2) having made a prior inconsistent statement, which the
          witness has denied or explained, and the consistent statement
          supports the witness’s denial or explanation.

Pa.R.E. 613(c). To be admissible to rebut a charge of improper motive under

subsection (c)(1), the prior consistent statement must have been made before

the motivation to lie existed. See Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 556 A.2d

370, 372 (Pa. 1989) (requiring that, to be admissible, a prior consistent

statement must have been made before any corrupt motive has arisen). “[A]

prior consistent statement is always received for rehabilitation purposes only

and not as substantive evidence.” Commonwealth v. Busanet, 54 A.3d 35,

67 (Pa. 2012) (citation omitted).

       Given that Berrones had been charged with first-degree murder at the

time of Appellant’s preliminary hearing, we agree that Berrones may have had

some motive to fabricate testimony against Appellant in order to secure a

favorable plea agreement for himself. Thus, admission under Rule 613(c)(1)

may not have been proper.9

____________________________________________

9 In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, the trial court did not specify whether it
permitted admission of Berrones’s preliminary hearing testimony under
subsection (c)(1) or subsection (c)(2). See Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/17, at
25-26. However, we may affirm on any legal basis appearing of record. See
Commonwealth v. Katona, 191 A.3d 8, 16 (Pa.Super. 2018).

                                          - 26 -
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      However, regardless of its admissibility under subsection (c)(1), a prior

consistent statement is nonetheless admissible under subsection (c)(2) to

rebut a charge of having made a prior inconsistent statement, regardless of

the timing. As the official comment to Rule 613 explains:

      Pa.R.E. 613(c)(2) is arguably an extension of Pennsylvania law,
      but is based on the premise that when an attempt has been made
      to impeach a witness with an alleged prior inconsistent statement,
      a statement consistent with the witness’[s] testimony
      should be admissible to rehabilitate the witness if it
      supports the witness’[s] denial or explanation of the
      alleged inconsistent statement.

Pa.R.E. 613, Official Comment (emphasis added).

      Here, defense counsel elicited testimony from Berrones on cross-

examination that he had lied to police on multiple occasions during the murder

investigation, and provided several inconsistent statements to investigators.

N.T. Trial, 10/24/16, at 137-38, 144-45, 153, 158. On redirect-examination,

Berrones explained that he had lied to police because he did not want to be

charged with murder. Id. at 170-71. Berrones further explained that “I did

at one point need to accept what I had done and tell the truth.” Id. at 173.

He then told police the true extent of his involvement in the crime, and was

charged with first-degree murder.           Id. at 174.   Berrones stated that he

testified   truthfully   at   Appellant’s   preliminary   hearing   and   on   direct

examination. Id. at 174-75. The preliminary hearing testimony supported

Berrones’ explanation because his preliminary hearing testimony was

consistent with his trial testimony. Therefore, pursuant to Rule 613(c)(2), the

                                        - 27 -
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Commonwealth was permitted to introduce the prior consistent statements

made by Berrones at Appellant’s preliminary hearing in order to rehabilitate

his testimony. Accordingly, Appellant’s third issue entitles him to no relief.

       In his fourth issue, Appellant contends that the trial court erred by

permitting the Commonwealth to introduce the following portion of an

intercepted phone call between Appellant and his stepmother10 during which

they discussed the fact that Appellant’s DNA had been found on the murder

weapon:

       Stepmother: Well I hope you learned your lesson. You always
       wipe your s**t off.

       Appellant: I been doing that.

       Stepmother: Don’t trust nobody.

N.T. Trial, 10/21/16, at 9. Appellant objected to the excerpt on the basis of

relevance and prior bad acts. Id. The trial court overruled the objection,

concluding that the excerpt was admissible as a statement of a party opponent

under Pa.R.E. 803(25)(B).11            The trial court reasoned that Appellant’s

____________________________________________

10 Appellant’s stepmother is not identified by name in the notes of testimony.
See N.T., 1/21/16, at 4 (wherein the trial court asked for the name of the
stepmother, and defense counsel indicated that her name had not been
identified).

11 Subsection (25)(B) provides that an opposing party’s statement is not
excluded by the rule against hearsay, regardless of whether the declarant is
available as a witness, when “[t]he statement is offered against an opposing
party and . . . is one the party manifested that it adopted or believed to be
true . . ..” Pa.R.E. 803(25)(B).

                                          - 28 -
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response was a tacit “indicat[ion] that [he] wipes down guns, which is a

method of reducing one’s culpability for murder.”        Trial Court Opinion,

6/27/17, at 25. Appellant claims that even if the excerpt reflects his adoption

of his stepmother’s statement as true, it was not relevant to any factual issue

at trial. Appellant’s brief at 27.

      Pennsylvania follows a traditional exception to the hearsay rule which

admits implied admissions by the silent and acquiescing accused.          See

Commonwealth v. Gribble, 863 A.2d 455, 466 (Pa. 2004) (citing

Commonwealth v. Coccioletti, 425 A.2d 387, 392 (Pa. 1981)).              When

inculpatory declarations are made in the defendant’s presence, the law

presumes that they “would naturally have been denied” if incorrect.

Coccioletti, supra at 392.

      In the instant case, Appellant’s stepmother made a statement which

implied that Appellant regularly handles guns in a manner which necessitates

the wiping off of his fingerprints and DNA to prevent detection. We believe

that this was the sort of statement which, “if incorrect, would naturally have

been denied” by Appellant, particularly since he was prohibited from

possessing or handling firearms due to a prior conviction. Id. However, not

only did Appellant fail to deny this inculpatory statement, he acknowledged its

truth by stating “I been doing that.” Appellant’s response manifested a belief

in the truth of the content of his stepmother’s statement. Accordingly, the

                                     - 29 -
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excerpt in question falls within Rule 803(25)(B)’s exception to the bar on

hearsay.

       Appellant further submits that the excerpt improperly implicates his

prior bad acts.     Appellant posits that his statement, “I been doing that,”

indicates that there were other occasions when he possessed guns and wiped

them clean. He claims that the statement does not meet any of the exceptions

for the admission of prior acts under Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2), such as motive,

opportunity, intent, preparation, mistake, knowledge, or lack of accident.

Appellant argues that, under Rule 404(b)(2), the trial court should have

balanced the probative value of the statement against the prejudicial effect its

admission had on Appellant’s case.12

       Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404(b) prohibits the admission of prior

crimes, wrongs or acts except under certain circumstances:

       (b) Crimes, Wrongs or Other Acts.

           (1)   Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act
                 is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order
                 to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in
                 accordance with the character.

           (2)   Permitted Uses. This evidence may be admissible for
                 another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity,
                 intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of
                 mistake, or lack of accident. In a criminal case this
____________________________________________

12 The trial court did not address this argument in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)
Opinion. While Appellant did not raise any particular basis for excluding the
excerpt in his concise statement, he did make a timely objection raising Rule
404 at trial. See N.T., 10, 21, 16, at 9. Thus, we deem the issue preserved
for our review.

                                          - 30 -
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               evidence is admissible only if the probative value of the
               evidence outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice.

Pa.R.E. 404(b).

      The Commonwealth posits that Rule 404 does not apply because

“[w]iping off a gun is not a bad act.”        Commonwealth’s brief at 7.   The

Commonwealth’s argument is misplaced. Although the term “prior bad acts”

is commonly used in reference to Rule 404(b), the rule does not limit its

application to acts that are “bad” or immoral in nature. Commonwealth v.

Towles, 106 A.3d 591, 602 n.6 (Pa. 2014). Indeed, Rule 404(b) makes no

such distinction; it not only concerns prior crimes or “bad” conduct, but also

relates to other acts or conduct. Id.

      Nevertheless, Rule 404(b) has no applicability in this context.      Our

Supreme Court has ruled that extrajudicial statements relating to a specific

crime, wrong or act may be admissible so long as they do not constitute

impermissible hearsay. See Commonwealth v. Johnson, 160 A.3d 127,

145-46 (Pa. 2017) (emphasis added). Here, Appellant’s statement “I been

doing that,” was not evidence of any particular crime, wrong or act. Id.

(concluding that Rule 404(b) was not implicated because the “alleged

statements were not evidence of any particular ‘crime, wrong or act’ . . .

Rather, they constituted mere statements of his desire to make money (or,

more generally, to attain success) and his willingness to do anything (even to

kill) to accomplish this end.”).   Here, Appellant’s statement concerned his

general habit or practice, rather than any specific crime, wrong or act. As a

                                     - 31 -
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result, Appellant’s statement was not inadmissible under Rule 404(b). See

id.

      Finally, we address Appellant’s claim that the excerpt was irrelevant.

Here, Appellant was on trial for a murder that was accomplished with a

firearm. Therefore, his statements regarding ownership, access, and handling

of guns were relevant to the Commonwealth’s case, as it increased the

likelihood that he owns or has regular access to guns. See Commonwealth

v. Williams, 640 A.2d 1251, 1260 (Pa. 1994) (holding that, at trial for first-

degree murder accomplished with a firearm, admission into evidence of two

guns possessed by defendant was proper as the guns were relevant to prove

that defendant readily obtained and disposed of handguns). Additionally, as

Appellant’s DNA was found only on the magazine of the gun, his statement

regarding his habit of wiping down guns that he handles was probative of

whether he wiped down the murder weapon after he used it to shoot the

victim. See Pa.R.E. 401, 402. Accordingly, Appellant’s fourth issue warrants

no relief.

      In his fifth issue, Appellant contends that the trial court erred by

admitting portions of three letters that Appellant wrote from prison to his then-

girlfriend, Ms. Sedlock. Appellant sought to preclude admission of the letters

in a pretrial motion in limine, which was denied as to, inter alia, letters marked

3B, 5A, and 7. Appellant first asserts that the trial court erred by admitting

letter 3B, which included the following statements by Appellant:

                                     - 32 -
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       but I will say that when a weapon is pulled and a threat is made
       towards me, my family, or my loved ones, (which would only be
       you and Jeromey at this point), then I would not be the one to
       hesitate to eliminate the threat. Someone I love to death once
       told me that one’s offense is to be considered better than the
       opposing’s defense. And that’s as much you’re going to get out
       of me.

Appellant’s brief at 30 (quoting N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 48).          Appellant

objected to letter 3B based on relevance, claiming that it did not make any

issue at trial more or less likely. He also claims that, if letter 3B is relevant,

its probative value was greatly outweighed by its prejudicial impact. 13,   14

       In this case, letter 3B meets the test for relevance.          Appellant’s

statement that, “when a weapon is pulled and a threat is made towards . . .

my loved ones, . . . then I would not . . . hesitate to eliminate the threat” has

a tendency to make Appellant’s guilt more probable than without the evidence.

N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 48. Berrones testified that Appellant and Love were

very close, “like brothers,” and that, when the victim threatened to blow

Love’s head off, Appellant became involved in the feud, telling the victim “if

____________________________________________

13 On appeal, Appellant also objects to letter 3B on the basis that it is
cumulative to other evidence in the case. However, this challenge was not
raised before the trial court in either Appellant’s motion in limine or during the
hearing at which his counsel stated the bases supporting the motion in limine.
See N.T. Hearing, 10/18/16, at 4-5; Motion in Limine, 10/13/16, at
unnumbered 3-4. Therefore, the issue was not preserved for our review. See
Baumhammers, supra at 73; Pa.R.E. 103(a); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).

14The trial court authored an opinion in support of its October 24, 2016 order,
wherein it denied suppression of letter 3B; however, it offered no explanation
for its ruling. See Trial Court Opinion, 11/29/16, at 18.

                                          - 33 -
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you have a problem with [Love] then you have a problem with me because

that’s family.” N.T. Trial, 10/24/16, at 84. Thus, Appellant’s letter 3B has

probative value in establishing that Appellant considered Love as “family,” and

felt the need to “eliminate the threat” that had been made to Love by

murdering the victim.

       Further, we do not believe that the probative value of Appellant’s

statement in letter 3B was outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice,

confusion of the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or

needlessly presenting cumulative evidence. See Pa.R.E. 403. In addition, we

find any error in the admission of letter 3B to be harmless error since, as

discussed supra, overwhelming independent evidence existed to prove that

Appellant shot and killed the victim. See Passmore, supra. Accordingly,

the admission of letter 3B warrants no relief.

       Next, Appellant claims that the trial court erred by admitting letter 5A,

wherein Appellant stated “[My attorneys] did tell me that at trial there’s going

to be no way around me having to get on the stand and testify on my behalf.”

Appellant’s brief at 30 (quoting N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 53). Appellant claims

that the statement was irrelevant.15 The trial court concluded that letter 5A

____________________________________________

15Appellant also claims that letter 5A is cumulative of other evidence in the
case, and constituted an impermissible reference to his right not to testify.
Appellant’s brief at 31. Appellant waived these issues by failing to raise them
before the trial court. See Commonwealth v. Reason, 402 A.2d 1358, 1359
n.3 (Pa. 1979) (concluding that appellant’s challenge to a witness’s reference

                                          - 34 -
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is admissible as an opposing party’s statement under Pa.R.E. 803(25)(A),

given that Appellant wrote and signed the letter, and Commonwealth offered

the statement against him.16 See Trial Court Opinion, 11/29/16, at 19-20;

see also See Commonwealth v. Barnes, 871 A.2d 812, 818 (Pa.Super.

2005) (affirming admission of letters written by defendant under party

opponent exception).

       Even assuming that letter 5A qualified as a statement of a party

opponent, we are not persuaded that the statement met the test for relevancy

under Rule 401. In our view, the statement does not have a tendency to

make Appellant’s guilt more probable than without the evidence, particularly

since Appellant had a constitutionally protected right not to take the stand and

testify.   Nevertheless, even if the admission of letter 5A was error, it was

harmless since, as discussed supra, overwhelming independent evidence

existed to prove that Appellant shot and killed the victim. See Passmore,

supra. Accordingly, the admission of letter 5A warrants no relief.

____________________________________________

to appellant’s ability to testify at trial was waived due to his failure to raise it
before the trial court); Pa.R.E. 103(a); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).

16 Subsection (25)(A) provides that an opposing party’s statement is not
excluded by the rule against hearsay, regardless of whether the declarant is
available as a witness, when “[t]he statement is offered against an opposing
party and . . . was made by the party in an individual or representative
capacity[.]”

                                          - 35 -
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       Finally, Appellant contends that the trial court erred by admitting letter

7, wherein Appellant stated:

       The reason we decided to go with a jury is because with prior
       inconsistent statements (different stories from the same person)
       it is not up to a judge to decide whether that person is being
       truthful or not, it’s solely up to a jury. I wouldn’t of [sic] been
       able to raise the issue. Where as [sic] I raise the issue in front of
       a jury and they can in turn decide if that person can be believed
       or not. “It’s like a game of chess, your strategy is not for your
       amusement and/or victory. It’s to throw off your opponent of [sic]
       their game and give them no chance to recover a critical blow.” –
       Bob Marley (Favorite Musician).

Appellant’s brief at 31 (quoting N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 49). Appellant claims

that the letter is irrelevant. Id. at 31-32. Appellant further argues that the

letter is unduly prejudicial and lacks probative value. Id.17 We disagree with

both contentions.

       In the case at bar, Appellant was interviewed at length by police, and

provided them with three separate versions of the events on the day of the

murder.      See N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 5-7.      Letter 7 meets the test for

relevance because it bears on the credibility of Appellant’s statements to

____________________________________________

17The trial court provided the following limited analysis regarding its
admission of Letter 7:

       The Commonwealth argues that [Appellant’s] statement in his
       letter, discussing the trial strategy of choosing a jury, is not
       consistent with innocence[,] i.e., “gaming the system.” Ultimately
       the [c]ourt allowed the Commonwealth to admit the letter into
       evidence as [Appellant’s] statements in the letter were
       inconsistent with statements made to police.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/29/16, at 19-20.

                                          - 36 -
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police, given his inconsistent versions of events. N.T. Trial, 10/31/16, at 53.

The letter demonstrates that Appellant was concerned about his lack of

credibility, and recognized that his chances of being perceived as “credible”

were lower with a judge in a non-jury trial than with a jury in a jury trial.

Thus, letter 7 has probative value regarding the credibility of Appellant’s

various statements to police.

      Further, we do not believe that the probative value of Appellant’s

statements in letter 7 was outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice,

confusion of the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or

needlessly presenting cumulative evidence. See Pa.R.E. 403. We also find

any error in the admission of letter 7 to be harmless since, as discussed supra,

overwhelming independent evidence existed to prove that Appellant shot and

killed the victim. See Passmore, supra. Accordingly, the admission of letter

7 warrants no relief.

      In his sixth issue, Appellant contends that the trial court erred by

denying Appellant’s request to question Berrones regarding his plea

negotiations with the Commonwealth, including his rejection of a fifteen to

forty-year plea offer, and his ultimate plea agreement to twelve to twenty-

five years incarceration. Appellant argues that he should have been able to

question Berrones about his bias in favor of the Commonwealth, “including

inquiring about hopes for favorable treatment on [Berrones’s] pending

criminal charges.” Appellant’s brief at 34. Appellant asserts that he has the

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right to cross-examine a witness about possible bias. Id. at 35. Appellant

relies on Commonwealth v. Evans, 512 A.2d 626 (Pa. 1986), wherein this

Court held:

     whenever a prosecution witness may be biased in favor of the
     prosecution because of outstanding criminal charges or because
     of any non-final criminal disposition against him within the same
     jurisdiction, that possible bias, in fairness, must be made known
     to the jury. Even if the prosecutor has made no promises, either
     on the present case or on other pending criminal matters, the
     witness may hope for favorable treatment from the prosecutor if
     the witness presently testifies in a way that is helpful to the
     prosecution. And if that possibility exists, the jury should know
     about it.

Id. at 631-32.

     In explaining its reasons for denying Appellant’s request, the trial court

stated:

     Berrones did testify that he was also charged with third-degree
     criminal homicide, conspiracy to commit criminal homicide, and
     tampering with the evidence. He testified that he pled [guilty] in
     exchange for a 12-25 year sentence in a state correctional
     institution.

     The Commonwealth submitted into evidence . . . the plea
     agreement between the Commonwealth and Berrones. Berrones
     had been incarcerated since the criminal complaint was filed in
     May of 2015. Before [Appellant’s] trial and before Berrones
     testified, the [c]ourt accepted a plea from Berrones pursuant to
     the agreement . . . .

     Once a witness testifies, evidence of his bias, interest or corrupt
     motive is relevant impeachment evidence. The court instructed
     the jury on accomplice testimony, that it comes from a polluted

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       and corrupt source, and also gave the [“]False in One False in
       All[”] instruction.[18]

       Berrones testified that he lied to police. Defense counsel elicited
       from Berrones that he was false in his testimony at the preliminary
       hearing. The jury heard evidence with which they could have
       found Berrones not credible. . . . .

       . . . . there was an agreement in place that had been tentatively
       accepted by the court taking Berrones’ plea and the jury was made
       aware of that agreement and instructed as to the meaning of such
       an agreement. It was not necessary for further details of the plea
       negotiation process to be discussed.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/17, at 21-23 (citations to record and unnecessary

capitalization omitted, footnote added).

       Here, the agreement between Berrones and the Commonwealth was

fully disclosed to the jury, and the trial court instructed the jury that

Berrones’s testimony was corrupt and suspect.           See Commonwealth v.

Reed, 446 A.2d 311, 314 (Pa.Super. 1982) (explaining that the rationale for

requiring a full, fair, and honest disclosure of a promise or understanding is

that it would have a significant bearing on the witness’ motivation for testifying

against appellant). Thus, we agree with the trial court’s determination that

sufficient information was provided to the jury regarding Berrones’s plea

agreement and possible bias, rendering as unnecessary any further

____________________________________________

18  “‘False in one, false in all’ is a concept for assessing the weight of evidence.
. . . It currently means that a jury may disregard the testimony of a witness
if the jury believes that witness deliberately, or willfully and corruptly, testified
falsely about a material issue.” Commonwealth v. Vicens-Rodriguez, 911
A.2d 116, 117 (Pa.Super. 2006) (footnote omitted).

                                          - 39 -
J-S16015-18

questioning regarding his rejection of a prior plea offer.         Accordingly,

Appellant’s sixth issue entitles him to no relief.

      In his final issue, Appellant challenges the discretionary aspects of his

sentence by claiming that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing

sentences consecutive to the life sentence imposed on his murder conviction.

“Challenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing do not entitle an

appellant to review as of right.” Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162,

170 (Pa.Super. 2010).       Prior to reaching the merits of a discretionary

sentencing issue, this Court conducts

      a four[-]part analysis to determine: (1) whether appellant has
      filed a timely notice of appeal, see Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2)
      whether the issue was properly preserved at sentencing or in a
      motion to reconsider and modify sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P.
      [720]; (3) whether appellant’s brief has a fatal defect, [see]
      Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a substantial question
      that the sentence appealed from is not appropriate under the
      Sentencing Code, [see] 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(b).

Moury, supra at 170 (citation omitted). When an appellant challenges the

discretionary aspects of his sentence, we must consider his brief on this issue

as a petition for permission to appeal. Commonwealth v. Yanoff, 690 A.2d

260, 267 (Pa.Super. 1997); see also Commonwealth v. Tuladziecki, 522

A.2d 17, 18 (Pa. 1987); 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(b).

      In the instant case, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal, preserved

his claims in a timely post-sentence motion, and included in his appellate brief

a separate Rule 2119(f) statement. As such, he is in technical compliance

with the requirements to challenge the discretionary aspects of his sentence.

                                      - 40 -
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See Commonwealth v. Rhoades, 8 A.3d 912, 916 (Pa.Super. 2010).

However, a substantial question will be found “only where the appellant’s Rule

2119(f) statement sufficiently articulates the manner in which the sentence

violates either a specific provision of the sentencing scheme set forth in the

[s]entencing [c]ode or a particular fundamental norm underlying the

sentencing process” Commonwealth v. Mouzon, 812 A.2d 617, 627 (Pa.

2002). Thus, we will review Appellant’s Rule 2119(f) statement to determine

whether Appellant has presented a substantial question for our review.

      In his Rule 2119(f) statement, Appellant submits that a substantial

question is presented because the imposition of a sentence of twenty-five to

fifty years incarceration consecutive to a mandatory life sentence “serves no

purpose contemplated by the sentencing code.” Appellant’s brief at 8.

      Appellant has neither argued that his sentence violates a specific

provision of the sentencing scheme nor demonstrated that his sentence

violates a fundamental norm underlying the sentencing process.               See

Commonwealth v. Bromley, 862 A.2d 598, 604 (Pa.Super. 2004) (finding

that a claim that the sentence was excessive without identifying the manner

in which the sentence violates either a specific provision of the sentencing

scheme set for forth in the sentencing code or a particular fundamental norm

underlying the sentencing process failed to raise a substantial question).

      Moreover, under 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721, the sentencing court has discretion

to impose sentences consecutively or concurrently and, ordinarily, a challenge

                                    - 41 -
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to the court’s exercise of discretion in imposing consecutive as opposed to

concurrent sentences is not viewed as raising a substantial question that

would allow the granting of allowance of appeal. See Commonwealth v.

Gonzalez-Dejesus, 994 A.2d 595, 598 (Pa.Super. 2010); see also

Commonwealth v. Hoag, 665 A.2d 1212, 1214 (Pa.Super. 1995) (explaining

that a defendant is not entitled to a “volume discount” for his crimes). The

imposition of consecutive, rather than concurrent, sentences may raise a

substantial question in only the most extreme circumstances, such as where

the aggregate sentence is unduly harsh, considering the nature of the crimes

and the length of imprisonment.    Gonzalez-Dejesus, supra at 598         We

examine such claims on a case-by-case basis. Id.

      Upon review of the record, the trial court stated, relative to the

consecutive sentences for criminal conspiracy and persons not to possess

firearms, “[Appellant] was serving a state parole sentence at the time of the

commission of these crimes, which is reason to be sentenced on every discrete

crime for which he was found guilty that did not merge for sentencing

purposes.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/17, at 33. Additionally, the trial court

considered that Appellant had a prior record score of five, had “slipped [his]

electronic monitoring unit to evade detection by the Pennsylvania Board of

Probation and Parole[,]” and that he was “in possession of firearms.” N.T.

Trial, 11/1/16, at 104.

                                    - 42 -
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      Accordingly, in light of Appellant’s criminal conduct, prior record score,

violation of parole, and intentional detachment of his ankle monitor, we cannot

state that his aggregate sentence of life in prison followed by twenty-five to

fifty years incarceration is “unduly harsh.” Gonzalez-Dejesus, supra at 598.

Thus, Appellant has not raised a substantial question regarding the

consecutive nature of his sentence, and we deny his petition for review of the

discretionary aspects of his sentence.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/29/2018

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