Court Opinion

ID: 4192757
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-03 17:02:32.225418+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:20.987259
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                            MAR 29 2016
                                                        SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 1                        NOT FOR PUBLICATION             U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                          OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 2
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )     BAP No.      ID-15-1065-KiFJu
                                   )
 6   JAY P. CLARK,                 )     Adv. No.     13-06042-TLM
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )     Bk. No.      12-00649-TLM
                                   )
 8                                 )
     JAY P. CLARK,                 )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )     M E M O R A N D U M1
11                                 )
     JEREMY J. GUGINO, Chapter 7   )
12   Trustee,                      )
                                   )
13                  Appellee.      )
     ______________________________)
14
                    Argued and Submitted on March 17, 2016,
15                           at Pasadena, California
16                           Filed - March 29, 2016
17             Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                          for the District of Idaho
18
        Honorable Terry L. Myers, Chief Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19
20   Appearances:    Appellant Jay P. Clark argued pro se; Matthew Todd
                     Christensen of Angstman Johnson & Associates, PLLC
21                   argued for appellee Jeremy J. Gugino, Chapter 7
                     Trustee.
22
23   Before: KIRSCHER, FARIS and JURY, Bankruptcy Judges.
24
25
26
          1
27           This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
     Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
28   have, it has no precedential value. See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1        Appellant, chapter 72 debtor Jay P. Clark, appeals the
 2   bankruptcy court's judgment denying his discharge under
 3   § 727(a)(2)(B), (a)(3), (a)(4)(A) and (a)(6)(A).   We AFFIRM.
 4              I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
 5   A.   Prepetition events
 6        Debtor has been in the farming business with his family in
 7   Idaho for a number of years.    In February 2008, he formed the
 8   entity Clark's Crystal Springs Ranch, LLC (the "LLC") for his
 9   farming operation.   The LLC is owned by the Clark Farm Family
10   Trust, also created in 2008 by Debtor, which names Debtors' two
11   children as beneficiaries.   Debtor has no ownership interest in
12   the LLC.   Until May 31, 2013, Debtor was the manager of the LLC
13   and trustee of the Trust.    After that, Robert Jones took over
14   those roles, followed by Debtor's sister, Judith Appleby.
15        In 2010, Debtor entered into a written lease agreement with
16   the Hilliards (who were former clients in Debtor's former law
17   practice) to farm 4000 acres of the Hilliards' land known as
18   Crystal Springs Farm.   Thereafter, the Hilliards sold the Farm to
19   Murphy Land and gave notice to Debtor that the lease was
20   terminated, demanding that Debtor quit and vacate the property.
21   When Debtor failed to vacate, both Murphy Land and the Hilliards
22   filed separate civil actions, seeking to evict Debtor from the
23   property and have the lease voided and expunged from county
24   records ("Lease Litigation").   Debtor contended he had an interest
25   in the wheat and alfalfa crops growing on the Farm and a right to
26
27        2
             Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, code and rule
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
28   the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.

                                      -2-
 1   be paid for the labor expended to produce them.
 2           Murphy Land and the Hilliards prevailed in their respective
 3   lawsuits on summary judgment in March 2012.         In the Hilliard case,
 4   the state court found that Debtor had breached his fiduciary duty
 5   to the Hilliards as his clients and, based on that breach, ruled
 6   that the 2010 written lease agreement was void ab initio.        Based
 7   on the findings in the Hilliard case, the state court determined
 8   in the Murphy Land case that Debtor had no possessory right or
 9   interest in the Farm and awarded immediate possession to Murphy
10   Land.       Debtor appealed the Murphy Land decision but not the
11   Hilliard decision.
12   B.      Postpetition events
13           1.     Events leading to the § 727 action
14           Faced with eviction from the Farm, Debtor3 filed a skeletal
15   chapter 12 bankruptcy petition on March 27, 2012.        Forrest Hymas
16   was appointed as chapter 12 trustee.        The case was assigned to
17   Judge Pappas.
18           On April 4, 2012, even though facing imminent eviction from
19   the Farm, Debtor (and/or the LLC) entered into a contract with
20   DeVries Family Farm to sell DeVries 1500 tons of alfalfa hay still
21   growing on the Farm for $270,000.         DeVries paid Debtor $135,000 as
22   a down payment, which Debtor deposited in the LLC's bank account.
23   DeVries was not aware of the Lease Litigation, the avoidance of
24   the Hilliard lease or of Debtor's pending eviction.
25           On April 12, 2012, Murphy Land was granted relief from the
26
27           3
             Debtor's petition was filed as "Jay P. Clark DBA Crystal
     Springs Ranch," which apparently caused confusion as to whether he
28   was claiming LLC assets as his own.

                                         -3-
 1   automatic stay to continue with its eviction proceeding against
 2   Debtor.
 3        On April 18, 2012, Debtor sent a letter to DeVries, notifying
 4   them of the bankruptcy and of an upcoming hearing in the Lease
 5   Litigation on April 23 that could potentially affect Debtor's
 6   possession of the hay crop DeVries had already purchased.       Debtor
 7   opined that the hay crop was the most valuable asset of his
 8   bankruptcy estate at $1.5 million.      Debtor requested that DeVries
 9   help in his efforts to remain on the Farm so that he could harvest
10   the profitable crop within the next two weeks.
11        On May 3, 2012, Debtor filed his initial schedules, statement
12   of financial affairs (“SOFA”) and declarations verifying under
13   penalty of perjury that they were true and correct to the best of
14   his knowledge, information and belief.     The documents were
15   prepared and filed by his then bankruptcy attorney, Brent
16   Robinson.
17        The initial schedules contained several assets which belonged
18   to the LLC.   Debtor testified that Robinson felt it prudent to
19   include LLC assets because there was so much overlap in his
20   property and the LLC property and also in the LLC debts and his
21   debts, based on his guarantees.    For example, in his Schedule B,
22   Debtor listed several checking accounts belonging to the LLC.       At
23   the same time, Debtor claimed he had no ownership interest in the
24   LLC, asserting it was owned by the Trust.     Schedule B also
25   disclosed that Debtor owned approximately $1,284,000 in crops.
26   Debtor admitted at trial that this disclosure was not accurate and
27   that the crops were actually an asset of the LLC.     However, Debtor
28   testified that he listed the crops because he hoped to pay all

                                       -4-
 1   lien creditors with the crop proceeds he anticipated receiving.
 2        Debtor disclosed seven motor vehicles, including a 1995 Chevy
 3   truck, a 2007 GMC truck and a 2001 "Nort PM" camper.    Debtor also
 4   disclosed receivables owed to him by Owyhee Farming Company, Dan
 5   Carter and Lance Funk, collectively worth $326,000.    However, the
 6   contract with Owyhee Farming Company/Lance Funk indicates that the
 7   receivable was an asset of the LLC.   A later amendment reflected
 8   this fact.
 9        Debtor's initial SOFA disclosed that he received no income in
10   the three months before filing, but he earned $2.4 million in 2011
11   and approximately $1.3 million in 2010.   This income was actually
12   the putative gross income of the LLC.   Debtor's actual income
13   drawn from the LLC was reflected in a QuickBooks account of the
14   LLC (labeled "Jay's Income: owner draws"), which was maintained by
15   Debtor's former bookkeeper, Jennifer Epis.   In SOFA question 14,
16   Debtor indicated he was holding or in control of farm equipment
17   owned by either the LLC or his parents, valued at $1 million.
18   Debtor stated at trial that errors existed in the itemized farm
19   equipment list attached to his SOFA because that list was created
20   in 2007 (five years before his bankruptcy filing) and several
21   items had since been bought and sold.
22        In May and June 2012, Debtor, on behalf of himself and the
23   LLC, recorded labor and seed liens against the Farm, asserting
24   that he and/or the LLC had an interest in the crops grown on the
25   Farm ("Lien Claims").   Debtor valued the Lien Claims at
26   approximately $600,000.   Litigation ensued between Debtor and
27   Murphy Land over the Lien Claims ("Lien Litigation").   Debtor's
28   initial schedules and SOFA did not disclose any claims or

                                     -5-
 1   counterclaims against Murphy Land, though the existence of the
 2   Lease Litigation was disclosed in the initial SOFA.   None of the
 3   original or subsequently amended schedules reflected the existence
 4   of the Lien Claims, although Debtor testified that disclosing his
 5   interest in "crops" effectively disclosed them.   Ultimately, the
 6   state court ruled in July 2013 that the crops belonged to Murphy
 7   Land, which Debtor claims was the result of a default judgment
 8   entered against him because appellee, chapter 7 trustee Jeremy
 9   Gugino ("Trustee"), failed to defend.
10        On March 18, 2013, DeVries moved to convert Debtor's case to
11   chapter 7; the motion was joined by another creditor.   After a
12   two-day evidentiary hearing, Judge Pappas granted the motion on
13   May 31, 2013, finding that under § 1208(b), Debtor had committed
14   fraud "in connection with the case" stemming from the hay contract
15   with DeVries.   After the conversion to chapter 7, Judge Pappas
16   recused himself from Debtor's case and it was reassigned to
17   Judge Myers.    The district court affirmed the conversion order.
18   Debtor has appealed that ruling to the Ninth Circuit Court of
19   Appeals, but no decision has been rendered.
20        Meanwhile, on May 23, 2013, on the eve of his case being
21   converted to chapter 7, Debtor filed an amended Schedule B and
22   amended SOFA.   Debtor added several business entities in which he
23   had an interest in the previous six years.    Debtor testified that
24   the impetus for this amendment was creditors' counsel identifying
25   the omission.
26        On August 7, 2013, Debtor filed amended Schedules B, C, D, E
27   and F and the corresponding verifications.    In this amendment:
28   (1) Debtor's list of vehicles no longer included the 2007 GMC

                                      -6-
 1   truck, the 2001 camper or the 1995 Chevy truck; (2) Debtor no
 2   longer asserted an interest in the Trust, in which he had
 3   originally claimed a $150,000 interest; (3) Debtor claimed a
 4   one-third interest in the disclosed crops instead of the full
 5   value as before; and (4) the farm equipment listed in Schedule B
 6   was amended to show the LLC as owner, not Debtor.
 7        At trial, Debtor admitted selling the 2007 GMC truck and a
 8   2011 Arctic Fox camper (that was apparently never disclosed or was
 9   confused with the 2001 Nort PM camper) during the chapter 12 case.
10   He sold the 2007 GMC truck in September 2012 in exchange for
11   $12,000 in wheat seed, which benefitted the LLC.    A debt to Chase
12   Bank secured by the truck was paid off.   The sale of the 2007 GMC
13   truck and satisfaction of the debt were not disclosed to or
14   approved by the court, although Debtor testified that his attorney
15   Robinson told him it was okay to sell it.   The 2011 Arctic Fox
16   camper was sold in April 2013 for $22,000, which satisfied the
17   outstanding secured debt and provided $500 to Debtor.   This
18   transaction was also not disclosed to or authorized by the court,
19   but Debtor testified that Robinson told him it was a good idea to
20   sell it.
21        On August 8, 2013, Debtor filed amended Schedules A, B, C and
22   F and the corresponding verifications.    These amendments disclosed
23   three assets for the first time.   The first was a one-third
24   tenancy-in-common interest in vacant land in Elmore County worth
25   $42,000.   The documents regarding this interest included warranty
26   deeds recorded on March 27, 2012, less than two hours prior to
27   Debtor's bankruptcy filing, conveying a one-third interest to
28   Debtor and a two-thirds interest to his parents.    Debtor testified

                                     -7-
 1   that his one-third property interest was paid for by his parents.
 2   A title commitment in favor of Debtor and his parents for this
 3   property was dated three weeks prior to the recording.       A
 4   settlement statement signed by Debtor was dated March 22, 2013.
 5   Debtor testified that the one-third property interest was not
 6   listed previously by mistake.
 7           The other two newly-listed assets were a 2008 Chevy truck and
 8   a 2008 Arctic Cat ATV, which were titled to both Debtor or the
 9   LLC.4       The cause of Debtor’s late disclosure of these items was
10   disputed.       He contended that just before the first § 341(a)
11   meeting with Trustee, his parents' attorney, Doug Mushlitz,
12   informed Trustee of these vehicles after reviewing 22 titles given
13   to Mushlitz by Debtors' parents.       The two titles at issue showed
14   both Debtor and the LLC as owners, whereas the remaining
15   20 vehicles were titled only in the name of the LLC.       Trustee
16   testified that Debtor only disclosed the two omitted vehicles
17   after Trustee discovered their existence.
18           On August 14, 2013, Debtor filed an amended Schedule A and
19   the corresponding verification.       Here, Debtor added two "interests
20   in mineral rights" on parcels of property located in Canyon
21   County, Idaho, which he valued collectively at $1,140.       Debtor
22   stated at trial that he had forgotten about these rights because
23   his parents owned the parcels and had always paid the property
24   taxes on them.       It is undisputed that this amendment resulted from
25   Trustee's independent investigation.
26
27           4
             Debtor now also asserted that the 2001 "Nort PM" camper
     was "sold - traded in" in May 2011 prior to Debtor's bankruptcy
28   filing, so it is unclear why this camper was even disclosed.

                                          -8-
 1        2.     The § 727 action
 2        Trustee sought to deny Debtor's discharge under
 3   § 727(a)(2)(B), (a)(3) and (a)(4).        Trustee alleged that both
 4   before and after the petition date, Debtor entered into leases of
 5   property or sale agreements for property, asserting at times that
 6   these agreements were with him personally and at other times
 7   asserting that the agreements were with the LLC.       Debtor would
 8   also routinely receive payments (for sales of property or crops)
 9   that were made to him directly and would deposit those payments
10   into the LLC bank account and treat the payments as payments to
11   the LLC.    Trustee alleged that Debtor would take "draws" from the
12   LLC, notwithstanding that he was not a member of the LLC entitled
13   to draws.    The "draws" were considered Debtor's income from
14   managing the LLC.5
15        In addition to the items discussed above that were either not
16   disclosed or disclosed only after prompting, Trustee alleged that
17   Debtor never disclosed in his SOFA a disciplinary action against
18   him by the Idaho State Bar, which had occurred within the year
19   prior to his bankruptcy filing.      While disclosing the $20,000
20   retainer Debtor paid to Robinson, he never disclosed that the
21   funds were paid by the LLC.      Debtor also never disclosed in his
22   Schedule G any alleged oral leases he had with the Hilliards to
23   farm various properties.       Finally, Trustee alleged that before and
24
          5
             Trustee also sued the LLC and the Trust, seeking a
25   determination that they were invalid at formation, treated as
     Debtor's alter ego, and that they be substantively consolidated
26   with Debtor's estate ("LLC Action"). See Adv. No. 13-06016-TLM.
     Prior to issuing its decision on the § 727 action, the bankruptcy
27   court entered a judgment in the LLC Action in favor of Trustee on
     the substantive consolidation claim. That decision has been
28   appealed to the BAP, case no. 15-1010.

                                         -9-
 1   after the petition date, Debtor had an interest in a $350,000
 2   check paid on account of a crop insurance claim for crops grown in
 3   2013 by Debtor and/or the LLC which was never disclosed.   However,
 4   Debtor testified that he never claimed an interest in the crop
 5   insurance proceeds.
 6             a.     The parties' pretrial briefing
 7        In his pretrial brief, Debtor first contended that the
 8   bankruptcy court was divested of jurisdiction over the § 727
 9   action because many of the same matters at issue had already been
10   litigated in the conversion action, which was on appeal to the
11   Ninth Circuit.    In addition, Debtor contended that many of the
12   allegations Trustee asserted to support his § 727 claims, namely
13   the issues surrounding the state court litigation with Murphy Land
14   and the Hilliards, had been settled by Trustee in September 2013.
15   Accordingly, Debtor argued that Trustee was precluded from raising
16   issues and claims that were previously compromised.
17        As for the sales of the 2007 GMC truck and camper, Debtor
18   asserted that the chapter 12 trustee Hymas knew of the sales at
19   the time and never objected.    On his alleged concealment of the
20   2008 Chevy truck and the 2008 ATV, Debtor contended that he timely
21   disclosed his ownership interest in those vehicles and provided
22   titles when requested at one of his five § 341(a) meetings.
23   Respecting the mineral rights and the one-third property interest,
24   Debtor contended that Trustee had no evidence that he intended to
25   conceal those interests for the purpose of hindering, delaying or
26   defrauding creditors.    Once Trustee discovered the mineral rights,
27   which Debtor had forgotten about, Debtor's then bankruptcy
28   attorney, Don Gadda, immediately prepared an amended schedule to

                                      -10-
 1   correct the error.       Further, since they were valued at only $500,
 2   Debtor contended that it made no sense that he would try to
 3   conceal their existence.        As for the one-third property interest,
 4   Debtor disputed Trustee's ability to raise that claim since
 5   Trustee had settled the matter with Debtor's parents, who had
 6   initially purchased and paid for the property.       Alternatively,
 7   Debtor contended that Trustee had no evidence that Debtor actually
 8   intended to conceal that property, which he argued had no equity
 9   available for creditors in any event.
10        Lastly, since many of the same issues in the § 727 action
11   were about to be litigated first in the LLC Action, Debtor asked
12   the bankruptcy court to take judicial notice of any findings it
13   made in the LLC Action as they may relate to Trustee's allegations
14   in the § 727 action, to avoid litigating the same issues twice in
15   two weeks.
16                b.     The trial
17        During the two-day trial on the § 727 action, Appleby
18   (Debtor’s sister), Debtor and Trustee testified.       On request of
19   the parties, the bankruptcy court admitted the testimony of Jones
20   (former trustee of the Trust and LLC Manager), Epis (Debtor's
21   bookkeeper) and Ed Gabriel (Debtor's CPA), given in the LLC Action
22   the week prior.
23        Before hearing from any witnesses, the bankruptcy court
24   addressed Debtor's jurisdictional argument.       The court determined
25   that the appeal of the conversion order did not impede its ability
26   to hear the § 727 action, either as a matter of jurisdiction or
27   otherwise.        While some of the same facts in the prior action could
28   be relevant in the § 727 action, the court did not view this as a

                                          -11-
 1   matter where the pendency of the appeal divested jurisdiction or
 2   constrained the court in considering whatever evidence the parties
 3   planned to present.
 4        Respecting his finances and record keeping, Debtor admitted
 5   that some of his personal expenses (student loans, travel, child
 6   support payments, medical bills) were paid for by the LLC.
 7   However, Debtor explained that while the items Trustee raised
 8   might have been paid out of an LLC account, Epis would go through
 9   all of those charges and determine which ones were considered
10   personal and which ones were considered business.    Epis testified
11   that all of the income and expenses for Debtor and the LLC were
12   run through the same set of QuickBooks for the LLC.    However,
13   Debtor's expenses or draws were categorized as personal, apart
14   from business expenses.   Epis testified that to her knowledge
15   Debtor properly accounted for all of his income.    When questioned
16   about hiding assets, Epis testified that Debtor never attempted to
17   hide income or assets from anyone, including any taxing agencies
18   or his accountants.
19        Gabriel, Debtor's accountant and tax preparer since at least
20   2008, testified that because the LLC is a single member LLC, its
21   income flowed through to its member, the Trust, and because Debtor
22   was grantor of the Trust, the Trust's income flowed through to
23   Debtor.   Gabriel testified that it was set up that way for
24   simplicity, because only one tax return needed to be filed, which
25   was the personal return for Debtor, and it was typical to use LLCs
26   in a farming operation for liability protection.    Gabriel
27   testified that his firm never saw anything in Debtor's financial
28   records that indicated fraud or required reporting.    He further

                                     -12-
 1   testified that the tax returns filed for Debtor complied with
 2   state and federal law.
 3        Debtor testified that he had no intent to hinder, delay or
 4   defraud creditors; "it was the furthest thing from [his] mind."
 5   Trial Tr. (Aug. 26, 2014) at 180:25-181:1.        He also testified that
 6   he never concealed or destroyed property from a creditor or
 7   Trustee.       Debtor testified that he discovered the “quite sloppy”
 8   nature of the original schedules during the conversion hearing in
 9   May 2013.       Id. at 186:14.   Debtor admitted that he should have
10   worked more closely with Robinson's office to ensure the schedules
11   were complete and accurate.        Debtor took the blame for any errors,
12   admitting that he is not detail-oriented and that he "screwed up."
13   Id. at 937:13.
14        Once the parties rested, Trustee orally moved to amend his
15   complaint to include a claim under § 727(a)(6)(A) for Debtor's
16   alleged failure to comply with an injunction entered in the LLC
17   Action on June 24, 2013.6        The injunction's purpose was to protect
18   the LLC's assets pending that litigation.        During the trial,
19   Appleby testified that Debtor was dryland farming in the summer of
20   2013.       Debtor agreed he was doing dryland farming at that time.
21   Debtor further testified that he had been helping his father farm
22   from November 2013 until the spring of 2014, using the LLC's
23
24           6
                 The injunction provided, in pertinent part:
25           IT IS HEREBY FURTHER ORDERED, that the [LLC] as well as
             the Trust, as well as any and all agents of the same,
26           are RESTRAINED and PROHIBITED from transferring any of
             the assets of those entities, including any funds from
27           the bank accounts of the same, absent either express
             written permission by the Trustee or express Order of
28           this Court.

                                          -13-
 1   equipment.    Debtor admitted he had not asked the court's or
 2   Trustee's permission prior to using the LLC's equipment to farm
 3   his dad's land.    Debtor said he understood that only transfers or
 4   sales of the equipment were prohibited by the injunction, not use
 5   by his dad.
 6        In response to Trustee's oral motion to amend, Debtor stated
 7   he did not know that use of the equipment was going to be an
 8   allegation against him, and with the close of evidence, he was
 9   prejudiced by not being able to present evidence to rebut
10   Trustee's claim.    Debtor stated that had he known about this new
11   allegation, he would have had an employee testify to disprove any
12   violation of the injunction.    The bankruptcy court agreed to take
13   Trustee's oral motion under advisement with all other matters once
14   post-trial briefs were received.
15                c.   The bankruptcy court's ruling on the § 727 action
16        After the parties submitted post-trial briefs presenting
17   their closing arguments, the bankruptcy court issued its
18   Memorandum Decision and Judgment.    The court granted Trustee's
19   oral motion to amend his complaint to add the § 727(a)(6)(A) claim
20   and determined that Debtor's discharge was denied under
21   § 727(a)(2)(B), (a)(3), (a)(4)(A) and (a)(6)(A).
22                               II. JURISDICTION
23        We conclude, as discussed below, the bankruptcy court had
24   jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(J).    We have
25   jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
26                                 III. ISSUES
27   1.   Did the bankruptcy court err in denying Debtor's discharge
28   under § 727(a)(2)(B)?

                                       -14-
 1   2.   Did the bankruptcy court err in denying Debtor's discharge
 2   under § 727(a)(4)(A)?
 3   3.   Did the bankruptcy court err in denying Debtor's discharge
 4   under § 727(a)(3)?
 5   4.   Did the bankruptcy court err in denying Debtor's discharge
 6   under § 727(a)(6)(A)?
 7                           IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
 8        In an action for denial of discharge, we review:    (1) the
 9   bankruptcy court's determinations of the historical facts for
10   clear error; (2) its selection of the applicable legal rules under
11   § 727 de novo; and (3) its application of the facts to those rules
12   requiring the exercise of judgments about values animating the
13   rules de novo.   Searles v. Riley (In re Searles), 317 B.R. 368,
14   373 (9th Cir. BAP 2004), aff'd, 212 F. App'x 589 (9th Cir. 2006).
15        The bankruptcy court's determinations concerning the debtor's
16   intent are factual matters reviewed for clear error.    Beauchamp v.
17   Hoose (In re Beauchamp), 236 B.R. 727, 729 (9th Cir. BAP 1999).
18   Factual findings are clearly erroneous if they are illogical,
19   implausible or without support in the record.     Retz v. Samson
20   (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189, 1196 (9th Cir. 2010).    We give great
21   deference to the bankruptcy court's findings when they are based
22   on its determinations as to the credibility of witnesses.    Id.
23   (noting that as the trier of fact, the bankruptcy court has "the
24   opportunity to note variations in demeanor and tone of voice that
25   bear so heavily on the listener's understanding of and belief in
26   what is said.").   If two views of the evidence are possible, the
27   trial judge's choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.
28   Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 573-75

                                      -15-
 1   (1985); Ng v. Farmer (In re Ng), 477 B.R. 118, 132 (9th Cir. BAP
 2   2012).
 3                                V. DISCUSSION
 4   A.   The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction over the § 727 action.
 5        As a preliminary matter, Debtor contends the bankruptcy court
 6   lacked subject matter jurisdiction to determine the § 727 action.
 7   Trustee entirely fails to address this issue.    We review de novo
 8   whether the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction.    Dunmore v. United
 9   States, 358 F.3d 1107, 1111 (9th Cir. 2004).
10        A timely filed notice of appeal divests a bankruptcy court of
11   jurisdiction "over those aspects of the case involved in the
12   appeal."   Sherman v. SEC (In re Sherman), 491 F.3d 948, 967 (9th
13   Cir. 2007).   See Griggs v. Provident Consumer Disc. Co., 459 U.S.
14   56, 58 (1982) (proper notice of appeal generally "confers
15   jurisdiction on the court of appeals and divests the district
16   court of its control over those aspects of the case involved in
17   the appeal").   The bankruptcy court retains jurisdiction over all
18   other matters in the case.    The only caveat is that the court
19   "'may not alter or expand upon the judgment.'"    In re Sherman,
20   491 F.3d at 967 (citation omitted).     "This judge-made principle is
21   designed to promote judicial economy and prevent the confusion
22   that would result from two courts addressing the same issue."
23   Marino v. Classic Auto Refinishing, Inc. (In re Marino), 234 B.R.
24   767, 769 (9th Cir. BAP 1999).
25        Debtor contends the bankruptcy court relied upon its previous
26   decision in the LLC Action, where it determined that the assets of
27   the LLC and the Trust should be consolidated with Debtor's assets,
28   to determine in the § 727 action that Debtor failed to keep

                                      -16-
 1   adequate financial records.    He argues that because the
 2   appropriateness of the bankruptcy court's decision to order
 3   substantive consolidation is pending on appeal, the basis for its
 4   decision respecting the state of Debtor's financial records in the
 5   § 727 action would be uncertain if reversed on appeal.      As a
 6   result, Debtor contends the bankruptcy court lacked jurisdiction
 7   over this issue, which requires our reversal.
 8          Even if we agreed with Debtor, which we do not, the
 9   bankruptcy court's findings respecting Debtor's financial records
10   go only to Trustee's claim under § 727(a)(3).      Any such reversal
11   would not affect the judgment denying his discharge under
12   § 727(a)(2)(B) or (a)(4)(A) or (a)(6)(A).    Further, contrary to
13   Debtor's assertion, the bankruptcy court was free to rely on
14   previous findings of fact it made in the LLC Action for the § 727
15   action, when the findings made in the latter case in no way
16   altered or expanded on the prior judgment currently on appeal.
17   Accordingly, the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction over the § 727
18   action.
19   B.     Denial of discharge under § 727 generally
20          The party objecting to a debtor's discharge under § 727(a)
21   bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence
22   that the debtor's discharge should be denied.      In re Retz,
23   606 F.3d at 1196.    Courts are to "'construe § 727 liberally in
24   favor of debtors and strictly against parties objecting to
25   discharge.'"    Id. (quoting Bernard v. Sheaffer (In re Bernard),
26   96 F.3d 1279, 1281 (9th Cir. 1996)).
27   ////
28   ////

                                      -17-
 1        1.     The bankruptcy court did not err in denying Debtor's
 2               discharge under § 727(a)(2)(B).
 3        Section 727(a)(2)(B) provides that a debtor shall not be
 4   granted a discharge if "the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay,
 5   or defraud a creditor or an officer of the estate charged with
 6   custody of property under this title, has transferred, removed,
 7   destroyed, mutilated, or concealed . . . property of the estate,
 8   after the date of the filing of the petition."     Under § 727(a)(2),
 9   a party objecting to a debtor’s discharge must prove the following
10   elements by a preponderance of the evidence:     (1) disposition of
11   property, such as a transfer or concealment, and (2) a subjective
12   intent on the debtor’s part to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor
13   or the trustee through the act of disposing of or concealing the
14   property.   In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1200.     This provision requires
15   actual, not constructive, intent.    Devers v. Bank of Sheridan
16   (In re Devers), 759 F.2d 751, 753 (9th Cir. 1985).     The intent of
17   a debtor in making a transfer or concealment of property is a
18   question of fact that “may be established by circumstantial
19   evidence, or by inferences drawn from a course of conduct."       Id.
20   at 753-54; see also Adeeb v. Adeeb (In re Adeeb), 787 F.2d 1339,
21   1342 (9th Cir. 1986).   The basis of intent is disjunctive and,
22   thus, a finding of intent to hinder or delay or defraud is
23   sufficient to deny discharge under § 727(a)(2).     In re Retz,
24   606 F.3d at 1200 (emphasis added).
25        After a two-day trial, where the bankruptcy court heard
26   testimony from Debtor and received a substantial amount of
27   documentary evidence relating to his original and amended
28   schedules and SOFAs and the pre-existing state court litigation,

                                      -18-
 1   the bankruptcy court determined that Debtor concealed property of
 2   the estate with the intent to hinder or defraud creditors and
 3   Trustee.   Specifically, the bankruptcy court found that Debtor
 4   initially failed to disclose, among other assets constituting
 5   property of the estate, the one-third property interest, the 2008
 6   Chevy truck, the 2008 Arctic Cat ATV, the mineral rights, and the
 7   Lien Claims and counterclaims against creditors.   These assets
 8   were not disclosed until he filed his amended schedules on
 9   August 7 and 8, 2013, nearly 18 months after he filed his
10   chapter 12 bankruptcy case, and only after Trustee had discovered
11   most of the items from independent inquiry.   The court found that
12   the very nature and magnitude of the assets belied Debtor's
13   "facile" defense that they were simply overlooked or forgotten.
14   Mem. of Decision (Feb. 12, 2015) at 25.
15        In determining Debtor's actual intent, the bankruptcy court
16   "carefully evaluated Debtor's testimony," finding that his
17   "credibility was not strong" and that on important questions of
18   nondisclosure of significant assets, his "explanations were not
19   persuasive."   Id.   Debtor claimed to have poor memory on certain
20   subjects, yet on other occasions, he professed firm recall and
21   specific knowledge.   When pressed by Trustee on cross-examination,
22   previous unconditional responses became equivocal.   The court
23   further found that Debtor claimed to understand the importance of
24   signing a document under the penalty of perjury, yet failed on
25   "multiple accounts" to include assets on his schedules, knowing
26   that the purpose of the schedules is to provide an accurate list
27   of ownership in property.   Id.   Debtor's explanations as to why he
28   failed to disclose these assets were "insufficient."   Id. at 26.

                                       -19-
 1   That the assets were later disclosed in amended schedules, after
 2   Trustee's discovery, "provide[d] no absolute defense."    Id.
 3        Debtor disputes generally the bankruptcy court's factual
 4   findings, contending that the evidence did not support a claim
 5   under § 727(a)(2)(B).   Debtor contends that finding he
 6   intentionally concealed the Lien Claims and counterclaims asserted
 7   in the Lien Litigation was erroneous because creditors were aware
 8   of these assets since that litigation was commenced after the
 9   petition date; thus, no further notice was necessary.     We disagree
10   with Debtor for a few reasons.
11        Unlike the Lien Litigation, the Lease Litigation was
12   commenced just prior to Debtor's bankruptcy filing.   Debtor was
13   aware of any counterclaims (which ultimately became the Lien
14   Claims) he had against Murphy Land at that time regarding his
15   asserted interest in the growing crops.   He disclosed the Lease
16   Litigation in his SOFA, but failed to disclose his counterclaims
17   of which he was fully aware on the petition date, particularly
18   since Debtor is legally trained.   Further, simply because
19   creditors may be aware of pending litigation claims does not
20   obviate a debtor's duty to disclose those claims on his schedules
21   and SOFA, or to amend those documents as needed for their
22   disclosure.   In re Searles, 317 B.R. at 378 (every debtor has a
23   continuing duty to assure the accuracy and completeness of
24   schedules, which implies a duty to amend).
25        Debtor contends the bankruptcy court completely disregarded
26   his unrefuted reliance upon legal counsel to list these assets.
27   The bankruptcy court did not disregard it; its Memorandum of
28   Decision reflects that the court carefully considered all of the

                                      -20-
 1   evidence.   It simply was not persuaded by Debtor's contention,
 2   noting that neither attorney Robinson nor his staff were called to
 3   testify and finding that "given Debtor's intimate familiarity with
 4   (and sole control over) the operations of the LLC and the Trust,
 5   and because of his training as a lawyer, and in light of the whole
 6   of his testimony, the attempted deflection [that Robinson was to
 7   blame for any filing errors] was not persuasive.   Mem. of Decision
 8   (Feb. 12, 2015) at 6-7 n.14.    In any event, the bankruptcy court
 9   did accept Debtor's testimony, that he relied on Robinson's advice
10   that selling the 2007 GMC truck and camper was proper, to conclude
11   that Trustee had failed to establish the requisite intent for
12   their transfers postpetition under § 727(a)(2)(B).
13        Debtor further contends that the finding he intentionally
14   concealed the 2008 Chevy truck, the 2008 Arctic Cat ATV and the
15   one-third property interest was contrary to the evidence.
16   Specifically, Debtor points to the letter sent to Trustee by
17   Mushlitz, his parents' counsel.    Debtor contends it was Mushlitz
18   who first made Trustee aware of the existence of these assets and
19   their inadvertent omission in the schedules.   The Mushlitz letter
20   states that "You [Trustee] requested information relative to the
21   purchase of [the Elmore property and Debtor's 1/3 interest in
22   it]."   This indicates Trustee discovered this omitted asset first.
23   Trustee testified to this fact.    Debtor also contends it was not
24   reasonable to speculate he had any motivation to conceal this
25   property interest because he never had any equity in it.    It is
26   true that lack of equity can negate a debtor's wrongful intent
27   under § 727(a)(2).   Baker v. Mereshian (In re Mereshian), 200 B.R.
28   342, 346 (9th Cir. BAP 1996).   However, the court was not required

                                       -21-
 1   to focus simply on each individual asset and the value thereof,
 2   but could consider all of the facts and circumstances to determine
 3   Debtor's fraudulent intent under § 727(a)(2)(B).    Furthermore,
 4   contrary to Debtor's contention, the record indicates the one-
 5   third property interest was worth $42,000 with no secured debt
 6   against it.
 7        As for the omitted vehicles, the Mushlitz letter is not clear
 8   as to who first discovered them, but in addition to Debtor's
 9   testimony that he and Mushlitz did, Trustee testified that he did,
10   and that he made demand on Debtor to produce the titles, which
11   Mushlitz enclosed with the responding letter.     Ultimately, the
12   bankruptcy court had to choose between the contradictory facts
13   presented.    Unfortunately for Debtor, the court did not choose his
14   version of them.   We cannot say, on this record, that the court's
15   interpretation of that evidence was not plausible and, thus,
16   clearly erroneous.   Anderson, 470 U.S. at 574.   This is
17   particularly true given that the findings the court made for
18   Trustee's claim under § 727(a)(2)(B) were partially based on
19   Debtor's credibility.   Id. at 576.
20        Accordingly, we do not discern any clear error with the
21   bankruptcy court's determination that "[b]ased on the existence of
22   pre-petition litigation, the nature of the disclosure in Debtor's
23   initial schedules, Debtor's belated amendments to those schedules
24   to disclose significant assets, and his insufficient explanations
25   regarding the same," Debtor concealed these assets with the intent
26   to hinder or defraud creditors of the estate and Trustee.    Mem. of
27   Decision (Feb. 12, 2015) at 26.    Thus, the court did not err in
28   denying Debtor's discharge under § 727(a)(2)(B).

                                       -22-
 1        2.     The bankruptcy court did not err in denying Debtor's
 2               discharge under § 727(a)(4)(A).
 3        Section 727(a)(4)(A) states:    "The court shall grant the
 4   debtor a discharge, unless . . . the debtor knowingly and
 5   fraudulently, in or in connection with the case made a false oath
 6   or account."     "The fundamental purpose of § 727(a)(4)(A) is to
 7   insure that the trustee and creditors have accurate information
 8   without having to conduct costly investigations.”    Fogal Legware
 9   of Switz., Inc. v. Wills (In re Wills), 243 B.R. 58, 63 (9th Cir.
10   BAP 1999) (citing Aubrey v. Thomas (In re Aubrey), 111 B.R. 268,
11   274 (9th Cir. BAP 1990)).
12        To obtain a denial of discharge under § 727(a)(4)(A), the
13   objector must show:    "(1) the debtor made a false oath in
14   connection with the case; (2) the oath related to a material fact;
15   (3) the oath was made knowingly; and (4) the oath was made
16   fraudulently."    In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1197.
17               a.    False oath
18        "A false statement or an omission in the debtor's bankruptcy
19   schedules or statement of financial affairs can constitute a false
20   oath."    Khalil v. Developers Sur. & Indem. Co. (In re Khalil),
21   379 B.R. 163, 172 (9th Cir. BAP 2007); see also In re Wills,
22   243 B.R. at 62.
23        The bankruptcy court began by noting that the "concealment"
24   of assets addressed under § 727(a)(2)(B) was largely relevant for
25   this claim as well.    The court found the evidence showed that
26   Debtor omitted numerous items from his originally filed bankruptcy
27   schedules — i.e., the Lien Claims; the counterclaims against
28   Murphy Land later asserted in litigation; his interests in various

                                       -23-
 1   business entities; the claims to proceeds from a crop insurance
 2   policy; the one-third property interest; the 2008 Chevy truck and
 3   the 2008 Arctic Cat ATV; and the mineral rights.   While Debtor
 4   eventually disclosed some of these items on amended schedules,
 5   those disclosures were only made after the omissions were
 6   discovered by creditors or Trustee.
 7        The bankruptcy court rejected Debtor's reliance-on-counsel
 8   defense as not asserted in good faith.   The court reasoned that
 9   Robinson had no apparent reason to know about the omission of
10   information; all information originated from Debtor.   In addition,
11   Debtor had the opportunity to see how his counsel characterized
12   the disclosed assets and information.    He was intimately involved
13   with the farming and the LLC's operations.   If Robinson or his
14   staff erred in preparing the documents, Debtor was required to see
15   that those mistakes were corrected before signing and filing.
16   Moreover, Debtor had signed the several declarations, verifying
17   under the penalty of perjury that the statements were true and
18   correct to the best of his knowledge and belief, but "[c]learly
19   they were not true and correct."   Mem. of Decision (Feb. 12, 2015)
20   at 28.   The court found Debtor's argument that he failed to read
21   the schedules and SOFAs well or thoroughly, or merely forgot or
22   overlooked assets, "lack[ed] credibility and persuasiveness."     Id.
23   at 29.   As a result, the court found that Debtor's statements,
24   made under oath, omitted assets and therefore constituted a false
25   oath under § 727(a)(4)(A).
26        Debtor does not appear to contest the bankruptcy court's
27   false oath finding, other than to suggest that his bookkeeper Epis
28   was responsible for providing Debtor's financial information to

                                     -24-
 1   Robinson to complete the original schedules and SOFA and clearly
 2   made mistakes in preparing them.      While Epis may have assisted
 3   Debtor in gathering his financial records for the purpose of
 4   filing for bankruptcy, as the bankruptcy court found, Debtor was
 5   ultimately responsible for the accuracy of the information
 6   presented in his schedules and SOFA, not Epis, Robinson or anyone
 7   else.
 8        The evidence in this case established that Debtor made a
 9   false oath.       Therefore, the bankruptcy court did not clearly err
10   in finding that Debtor made a false oath in his original schedules
11   and SOFA and his amended schedules and SOFA.
12                b.     Materiality
13        A fact is material "'if it bears a relationship to the
14   debtor's business transactions or estate, or concerns the
15   discovery of assets, business dealings, or the existence and
16   disposition of the debtor's property.'"      In re Khalil, 379 B.R. at
17   173 (quoting In re Wills, 243 B.R. at 62); see also In re Retz,
18   606 F.3d at 1198.      An omission or misstatement that "detrimentally
19   affects administration of the estate" is material.      In re Wills,
20   243 B.R. at 63 (citing 6 Lawrence P. King et al., Collier on
21   Bankruptcy    ¶ 727.04[1][b] (15th ed. rev. 1998)).
22        The bankruptcy court found that Debtor's omitted assets were
23   material.    Specifically, the court found that several of the
24   assets at issue, when finally disclosed in amended schedules,
25   showed potential value for creditors.      The one-third property
26   interest alone was listed on the amended Schedule A as worth
27   $42,000 with no secured debt against it.      In addition, the various
28   alleged claims and counterclaims against creditors were relevant

                                         -25-
 1   and material to the bankruptcy process and Trustee's investigation
 2   and administration independent of Debtor's suggested values.
 3        Certainly, the omitted assets bore a relationship to Debtor's
 4   business transactions and estate and concerned the discovery of
 5   assets and Debtor's business dealings.    The only argument Debtor
 6   makes here is that the bankruptcy court failed to address whether
 7   the two mineral rights were of material value.    Debtor contends
 8   these rights have no market value and, thus, were not material
 9   assets of the estate.    As the bankruptcy court noted, value and
10   equity are not required.    The fact that this undisclosed asset may
11   have lacked value, which contradicts the record before the
12   bankruptcy court at the time, is of no consequence for purposes of
13   § 727(a)(4)(A).    An omission may be material even if it does not
14   cause direct financial prejudice to creditors.    In re Wills,
15   243 B.R. at 63.    And a lack of realizable value for creditors
16   certainly does not negate a debtor's duty of full and candid
17   disclosure of his financial condition.    Palmer v. Downey
18   (In re Downey), 242 B.R. 5, 17 (Bankr. D. Idaho 1999).    Debtor was
19   obligated to disclose all assets in which he held an interest,
20   valuable or not.
21        The evidence in this case established that Debtor's false
22   oaths related to material facts.    We perceive no clear error with
23   the bankruptcy court's finding of materiality.
24             c.      Knowingly made and fraudulent intent
25        A debtor "'acts knowingly if he or she acts deliberately and
26   consciously.'"    In re Khalil, 379 B.R. at 173 (quoting Roberts v.
27   Erhard (In re Roberts), 331 B.R. 876, 883 (9th Cir. BAP 2005));
28   see also In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1198.    A debtor acts with

                                       -26-
 1   fraudulent intent when:   (1) the debtor makes a misrepresentation;
 2   (2) that at the time he or she knew was false; and (3) with the
 3   intention and purpose of deceiving creditors.   Id. at 1198-99.
 4   Fraudulent intent is typically proven by circumstantial evidence
 5   or by inferences drawn from the debtor's conduct.    Id. at 1199.
 6   Circumstantial evidence may include showing a reckless
 7   indifference or disregard for the truth.   In re Wills, 243 B.R. at
 8   64 (intent may be established by a pattern of falsity, debtor's
 9   reckless indifference, or disregard of the truth).
10         The bankruptcy court found that, after carefully considering
11   Debtor's testimony, Debtor knew his omissions were false and that
12   he acted with the intent and purpose of deceiving creditors and
13   Trustee.   The court gave "little weight" to Debtor's testimony
14   insofar as he attempted to lay the blame for errors and omissions
15   on his counsel or others.   Mem. of Decision (Feb. 12, 2015) at 31.
16   The court further found Debtor's credibility "tainted" not only
17   because some of his testimony was impeached by Trustee, "but by
18   the equivocations and qualifications Debtor attempted to overlay
19   on prior testimony once contrary information was highlighted."
20   Id.   The court found that Debtor knew of the assets and failed to
21   disclose them, and in fact "deliberately and consciously" signed
22   multiple sworn schedules without disclosing the assets when he had
23   ample opportunity throughout the chapter 12 process to do so.     Id.
24   The court considered, but rejected, Debtor's claim that he was
25   confused or uncertain, or that he simply made mistakes based on
26   lack of care, thought or time.   The court was not persuaded by
27   Debtor's "excuses" given the nature of the errors and omissions
28   and their importance to the attempted reorganization.    Id.

                                      -27-
 1        Debtor asserts essentially the same contentions on appeal as
 2   he did before the bankruptcy court:     that he had no intent to
 3   hinder, delay or defraud creditors, but only to pay them with crop
 4   proceeds; that while mistakes and oversights were made in the
 5   schedules and SOFAs, none were made knowingly or with a fraudulent
 6   purpose; that Trustee presented no evidence from the chapter 12
 7   trustee Hymas that Debtor committed any malfeasance in connection
 8   with his chapter 12 case; that once the omissions in the schedules
 9   were realized, Debtor worked diligently with his parent’s counsel
10   Mushlitz and his second bankruptcy attorney Gadda to correct any
11   errors; that Debtor's bad intent was negated because he disclosed
12   two real properties he owned free and clear of any debt; that he
13   had forgotten about his interest in the mineral rights because his
14   parents owned the parcels and paid the taxes on them; and that the
15   overall circumstances illustrate that at no point during his
16   bankruptcy case did he ever have the intent to defraud creditors.
17        It is clear from the record the bankruptcy court considered
18   all of Debtor's testimony regarding his intent, as well as his
19   conduct and the surrounding circumstances.    The court simply did
20   not believe Debtor.   Even if we were to conclude differently as
21   the finder of fact, we cannot say the court's choice between the
22   two views of the evidence here was clearly erroneous.    Anderson,
23   470 U.S. at 574.    This is particularly true because of the great
24   deference we must give the bankruptcy court's findings based on
25   its assessment of Debtor's credibility at trial.    In re Retz,
26   606 F.3d at 1196.   At a minimum, the record supports a finding
27   that Debtor's reckless indifference to or disregard for the truth
28   of his schedules and SOFAs provided sufficient circumstantial

                                      -28-
 1   evidence to prove fraudulent intent for purposes of
 2   § 727(a)(4)(A).   In re Wills, 243 B.R. at 64.     Thus, we see no
 3   clear error with the bankruptcy court's finding that Debtor's
 4   false oath was made knowingly and fraudulently.
 5        The bankruptcy court did not err in finding that Debtor made
 6   a false omission in his schedules and SOFAs, that his false
 7   omission related to material facts, and that he omitted the
 8   information knowingly and fraudulently.       Therefore, the bankruptcy
 9   court did not err in denying his discharge under § 727(a)(4)(A).
10        Because we conclude that the bankruptcy court did not err in
11   denying Debtor's discharge under § 727(a)(2)(B) and (a)(4)(A), we
12   need not determine whether it erred in denying his discharge under
13   § 727(a)(3) and (a)(6)(A).
14                                VI. CONCLUSION
15        For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM.
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

                                       -29-