Court Opinion

ID: 5132785
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-08 13:02:53.564106+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:31.772356
License: Public Domain

EFiled: Dec 06 2021 02:10PM EST
                                                       Transaction ID 67145311
                                                       Case No. 2021-0025-JRS
    IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

IN RE: EMISPHERE TECHNOLOGIES, ) CONSOLIDATED
INC. STOCKHOLDERS LITIGATION   ) C.A. No. 2021-0025-JRS

           ORDER ESTABLISHING LEADERSHIP STRUCTURE

      WHEREAS:

   A. On November 5, 2020, Novo Nordisk A/S entered into an agreement to

acquire Emisphere Technologies, Inc. (“Emisphere”) as well as the royalty rights

owned by MHR Fund Management LLC (with its affiliates, “MHR”) for a total of

$1.8 billion (the “Merger”).

   B. Two competing teams of Emisphere stockholders and their counsel seek to be

appointed to leadership roles in a consolidated action challenging the fairness of the

Merger on behalf of all stockholders of Emisphere who surrendered or sold their

Emisphere stock pursuant to the Merger, other than Defendants or their affiliates.

   C. Under one proposal, Robert K. Brennan, Michael Goldberg, M.D., Stephen

Brandenburg, Samuel Menasha and James DeVilliers (the “Long-Term

Stockholders”) would serve as co-lead plaintiffs. Robbins Geller Rudman & Dowd

LLP and Friedlander & Gorris, P.A. would serve as co-lead counsel and Johnson

Fistel, LLP would serve as additional plaintiffs’ counsel. This team of plaintiffs and

counsel shall be referred to collectively as the “LTS Group.”

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    D. Under the other proposal, IsZo Capital LP (“IsZo”) would serve as lead

plaintiff. Bernstein Litowitz Berger & Grossmann LLP and Olshan Frome Wolosky

LLP would serve as co-lead counsel, and Abraham, Fruchter & Twersky, LLP and

Friedman Oster & Tejtel PLLC would serve as additional counsel. This team of

litigants and counsel shall be referred to collectively as the “IsZo Group.”

    E. Nicolae Barbulescu, Kenneth Novick, Jack Barouh, and Eliot Houman

(collectively, the “Barbulescu Stockholders”) were Emisphere stockholders at the

time of the Merger. On January 11, 2021, the Barbulescu Stockholders filed the

Verified Stockholder Class Action Complaint in C.A. No. 2021-0025-JRS. George

Assad, Jr. (“Assad”) was also an Emisphere stockholder at the time of the Merger

and filed a Verified Class Action Complaint in C.A. No. 2021-0502-JRS on June 8,

2021. Both the Barbulescu Stockholders and Assad have filed joinders supporting

the IsZo Group.1      The IsZo Group has moved to appoint the Barbulescu

Stockholders and Assad as additional lead plaintiffs.

    F. When faced with a leadership dispute, the court’s task is to “establish a

leadership structure that will provide effective representation.”2 To that end, the

1 Barbulescu Stockholders’ Joinder in Support of IsZo Capital LP’s Motion for
Consolidation and Appointment of Lead Counsel (D.I. 3) (C.A. 2021-0497-JRS); George
Assad, Jr.’s Joinder in Support of IsZo Capital LP’s Motion for Consolidation and
Appointment of Lead Plaintiff and Co-Lead Counsel (D.I. 4).
2In re Del Monte Foods Co. S’holders Litig., 2010 WL 5550677, at *6 (Del. Ch. Dec. 31,
2010).

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court weighs the “Hirt factors,” so named after Hirt v. U.S. Timberlands Service

Company, LLC.3 The six factors can be paraphrased as follows:

         i. the quality of the pleading that appears best able to represent the interests
            of the shareholder class and derivative plaintiffs;

         ii. the relative economic stakes of the competing litigants in the outcome of
             the lawsuit;

         iii. the willingness and ability of all the contestants to litigate vigorously on
              behalf of an entire class of shareholders;

         iv. the absence of any conflict between larger, often institutional,
             stockholders, and smaller stockholders;

         v. the enthusiasm or vigor with which the various contestants have prosecuted
            the lawsuit; and

         vi. the competence of counsel and their access to the resources necessary to
             prosecute the claims at issue.4

      G. The Hirt factors provide guidance, but they are not a “scorecard.”5 “A

plaintiff’s firm does not ‘win’ the lead counsel spot by accumulating the most

‘points,’ as it might by demonstrating that its client owns the most shares or that it

has litigated the most [] cases [challenging mergers on the ground of fiduciary duty

3   2002 WL 1558342 (Del. Ch. July 3, 2002).
4   See id. at *2.
5   In re Delphi Fin. Gp. S’holder Litig., 2012 WL 424886, at *1 (Del. Ch. Feb. 7, 2012).

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breaches]. Instead, each factor is given weight only to the extent that it bears on the

ultimate question of what is in the best interests of the plaintiff class.”6

      H. For purposes of analysis, Delaware courts often group the Hirt factors into

categories based on whether they focus more closely on the proposed lead plaintiff

or the proposed lead counsel.7

          1. Factors (ii) and (iv) address attributes of the proposed lead plaintiff. Factor
             (ii) considers whether the economic stake of the proposed plaintiff is
             relatively significant, likely leading to meaningful monitoring and reduced
             agency costs. Factor (iv) asks whether any particular attributes of the
             proposed plaintiff, such as unique defenses or potentially divergent
             interests, could diminish the plaintiff’s effectiveness.

          2. Factors (i), (v), and (vi) address aspects of the proposed lead counsel’s
             ability to provide effective representation. Factors (i) and (v) look at two
             objective indicia of counsel’s ability based on their actions in the specific
             case—the pleading on which the law firm proposes to litigate and how
             counsel has acted in the case to date. Factor (vi) calls on the court to
             consider more generally which law firm is best qualified to handle the
             matter.

          3. Factor (iii) blends the consideration of the law firm and the proposed lead
             plaintiff by requiring the court to consider how the litigation is likely to
             unfold and whether the proposed leadership team will operate effectively.

          Upon applying the Hirt factors to the competing applications for leadership in

this case, it appears to the Court that:

6   Id.
7E.g., Del Monte Foods, 2010 WL 5550677, at *6 (noting that the factors are divided to
“examine both the proposed lead counsel and the proposed named plaintiff”).

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          1.    The LTS Group and the IsZo Group are closely matched. Both groups

are highly qualified and capable of litigating the case.

          2.    Lead plaintiff factor (ii) is neutral as between the two groups, and factor

(iv) slightly favors the LTS Group.

                a.    Factor (ii) asks the Court to consider the relative economic stakes

of the competing litigants in the lawsuit’s outcome. This court only accords “great

weight” to “substantial relative difference[s]” in the movants’ economic stakes; it

does not “simply add up the number of shares and select the [stockholder(s)] with

the largest absolute representation.”8 While “Hirt stands for the proposition that

relative economic stakes are given great weight, not simply economic stakes,”9

Delaware courts have also recognized that the “potential upside” of a large

stockholder is that it will typically “align its incentives with the rest of the class.”10

                b.    Here, when the Merger closed (the “Closing Date”), the Long-

Term Stockholders collectively owned over 2 million shares (worth nearly $16

million),11 and IsZo held almost 8 million shares (worth nearly $63 million)—

8   See Wiehl v. Eon Labs, 2005 WL 696764, at *3 (Del. Ch. Mar. 22, 2005).
9   Id.
10   Ryan v. Mindbody, Inc., 2019 WL 4805820, at *3 (Del. Ch. Oct. 1, 2019).
11   Verified Class Action Compl. (“LTS Compl.”) (D.I. 1) (C.A. 2021-0576-JRS) ¶¶ 16–20.

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making IsZo Emisphere’s largest unaffiliated stockholder.12 Although IsZo owns

roughly four times the shares owned by the Long-Term Stockholders, the Long-

Term Stockholders’ relative economic stake as a percentage of their portfolios far

exceeds IsZo’s. IsZo’s investment in Emisphere represents just over 20% of its

current funds under management, whereas three of the five Long-Term Stockholders

have over 90% of their net worth invested in Emisphere.13 On the other hand, IsZo’s

shares represent almost 20% of the potential class.14 Thus, from the perspective of

evaluating incentives to monitor and prosecute this action, it is difficult to

distinguish between the two groups by looking at their economic stake. Both groups

have strong economic incentives since both own “a sufficient stake” in Emisphere

to motivate them “to monitor counsel and play a meaningful role in conducting the

case.”15

                c.     Factor (iv) asks if there is any conflict between larger and smaller

stockholders. In evaluating a plaintiff’s adequacy, “courts generally accord the

12   Verified Class Action Compl. (“IsZo Compl.”) (D.I. 1) (C.A. 2021-0497-JRS) ¶24.
13LTS’s Br. in Opp’n to IsZo’s Mot. for Consolidation and Appointment of Lead Pl. and
Co-Lead Counsel (D.I. 27) (C.A. 2021-0497-JRS) at 14.
14IsZo’s Reply Br. in Support of its Mot. for Consolidation and Appointment of Lead Pl.
and Co-Lead Counsel (D.I. 35) (C.A. 2021-0497-JRS) at 6.
15   In re Revlon, Inc. S’holders Litig., 990 A.2d 940, 955 (Del. Ch. 2010).

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greatest weight to the presence or absence of conflicts of interest or economic

antagonism.”16 Both groups have alleged that the other is conflicted.

                     i.   The IsZo Group alleges the LTS Group “may needlessly

impose on the class distracting questions about potential conflicts, adequacy, and

typicality” for two reasons.17 First, the IsZo Group asserts that the LTS Group

consists of “five seemingly unrelated investors plucked by counsel from around the

country.”18 According to the IsZo Group, the lack of cohesiveness will result in the

inability to collaborate on the decision-making necessary to prosecute the case.19

This argument, however, ignores the fact that the Long-Term Stockholders have

been working cohesively and effectively through counsel for many months.20 Given

this history, and in the absence of evidence to the contrary, I am satisfied that the

Long-Term Stockholders will be able to work together in furtherance of the best

interests of the class.

16In re Celera Corp. S’holder Litig., 2012 WL 1020471, at *14 (Del. Ch. Mar. 23, 2012),
aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 59 A.3d 418 (Del. 2012).
17IsZo’s Answering Br. in Opp’n to LTS’s Mot. for Appointment of Lead Pls. and Co-
Lead Counsel (D.I. 28) (C.A. 2021-0576-JRS) at 9.
18   Id.
19   Id.
20LTS’s Reply Br. in Support of its Mot. for Appointment of Lead Pl. and Co-Lead
Counsel (“LTS RB”) (D.I. 35) (C.A. 2021-0576-JRS) at 13–14.

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         Second, the IsZo Group asserts that Dr. Goldberg is not qualified to be a lead

plaintiff.21 This assertion is based primarily on Dr. Goldberg’s conduct in unrelated

litigation over which I, coincidentally, presided.22 In that case, the Court found Dr.

Goldberg in contempt of court for violating a status quo order and then, after trial,

found that Dr. Goldberg had violated his fiduciary duty of loyalty.23 While the LTS

Group acknowledges these concerns, and has advised the Court that Dr. Goldberg

would withdraw his bid to be a lead plaintiff if the Court deemed that necessary,24

they also argue that Dr. Goldberg, as a former Emisphere CEO and significant

Emisphere stockholder, has much to offer the Emisphere stockholders by way of

insight and strategic input.

         If Dr. Goldberg stood alone as a proposed lead plaintiff, the concerns raised

by the IsZo Group likely would be disqualifying. But Dr. Goldberg is just one of

several stockholders in the LTS Group. And, after considering the record, I am

21At oral argument on Plaintiffs’ motions to appoint lead plaintiff and co-lead counsel,
IsZo’s counsel remarked “if I was here as an individual I would be saying: How can Dr.
Goldberg be an appropriate lead plaintiff. If he’s the only one, maybe. But if there’s
another choice, I can’t imagine the class wouldn’t prefer that alternative.” Oral Argument
Transcript (“OA Tr.”) (D.I. 55) (C.A. 2021-0576-JRS) at 55:5–8.
22   See Macrophage Therapeutics, Inc. v. Goldberg, C. A. No. 2019-0137 JRS.
23   Macrophage Therapeutics, Inc. v. Goldberg, 2021 WL 25829 (Del. Ch. June 23, 2021).
24LTS RB at 13 (noting that Dr. Goldberg “is prepared to withdraw if the Court deems that
necessary or appropriate to facilitate the appointment of the remaining Long-Term
Stockholders and their counsel.”).

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satisfied that the benefits he brings to the table outweigh the risk that he will

negatively affect the prosecution of the case, particularly given the strength and well-

demonstrated integrity of counsel for the LTS Group. Should any problems with Dr.

Goldberg’s involvement arise, the Court can make adjustments at that time, as

needed.25

                      ii.   For their part, the LTS Group identifies as a conflict IsZo’s

decision to sell more than two million Emisphere shares between September 2020

and the Closing Date for less than the Merger price.26 According to the LTS Group,

this significant post-announcement “dump” of Emisphere shares is problematic not

only because it allows an argument that IsZo was pleased with the Merger

consideration, but also because IsZo allegedly possessed material non-public

information regarding Emisphere at the time of the trades. Not surprisingly, IsZo

strongly disagrees that any conflict exists.

         On one hand, I agree with the IsZo Group that there is no credible basis in this

record to suspect that IsZo engaged in improper trading. On the other hand, I agree

with the LST Group that there is at least some risk Defendants will argue that IsZo’s

25See Ryan v. Mindbody, Inc., 2019 WL 4805820, at *3 (stating “[f]urther, the conflicts
surrounding settlement issues identified by Ryan are presently hypothetical only and can
be managed by counsel, and monitored by this Court, if they arise.”).
26   LTS RB, Ex. F.

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claim of unfair price would be undermined by evidence of IsZo’s sale of Emisphere

stock below the Merger price. This is an unnecessary risk and one that would be

eliminated if the Long-Term Stockholders were appointed co-lead plaintiffs.27

Accordingly, factor (iv) weighs in favor of the LTS Group, albeit only slightly.

       3.    The lead counsel factors do not materially favor either group when

viewed collectively but, here again, the LTS Group prevails. Factor (i) favors the

LTS Group; factor (v) slightly favors the IsZo Group, and factor (vi) does not

materially favor either group.

             a.     Factor (i) evaluates the quality of the pleading that appears best

able to represent the interests of the stockholder class and derivative plaintiffs. Both

groups filed comprehensive complaints. And, as is often the case in these difficult

cases, “[b]oth complaints reflect investigative effort and craftsmanship expected of

competent plaintiff’s counsel engaged in representative litigation of this Court.”28

             b.     In analyzing this factor, this court has often favored the movant

who has utilized Section 220 documents more effectively or provided more factual

27See In re Towers Watson & Co. Shareholder Litigation, 2018-0132-TMR, at 63 (Del.
Ch. June 5, 2018) (TRANSCRIPT) (“The only real distinction is the potential for conflicts.
While the potential conflicts raised here may well not amount to disabling conflicts, with
two such equally matched choices, I’m going to pick the counsel and the plaintiff that
minimizes the potential for distracting motion practice in the future.”).
28In re Investors Bancorp, Inc. S’holder Litig., 2016 WL 4257503, at *4 (Del. Ch. Aug. 12,
2016).

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fodder to support its claims.29 Here, however, both contestants have properly and

extensively utilized Section 220 documents and, in so doing, have revealed their

extensive investigative efforts in thoroughly pled complaints.

                 c.      The pleadings are approximately the same length but can be

distinguished by the claims asserted. IsZo brings the following three claims: (1) a

breach of fiduciary duty claim against MHR and its founder Mark Rachesky for

duties owed as controlling stockholders; (2) breach of fiduciary duty claims against

Emisphere’s directors, who allegedly were beholden to MHR (including Rachesky

himself) and/or turned a blind eye to MHR’s blatant diversion of merger

consideration; and (3) breach of fiduciary duty claims against Emisphere’s co-CEOs,

who received a $16 million payoff for approving the Merger at a price allegedly

unfair to the unaffiliated stockholders.30 The LTS Group brings nearly identical

claims but adds a dilution claim and a claim against the director defendants for

wrongfully impeding the stockholder franchise to lock up the Merger (the “Blasius

Claim”).31

29   See, e.g., id. at *4–5 (citing cases).
30   IsZo Compl. ¶¶ 231–53.
31 LTS Compl. ¶¶ 200–21. Counsel for the LTS Group has acknowledged that they will
likely need to amend their complaint to plead a derivative dilution claim in the wake of the
Supreme Court’s recent decision in Brookfield. See OA Tr. 27:9–13; Brookfield Asset
Mgt., Inc. v. Rosson, __ A.3d __, 2021 WL 4260639 (Del. Sept. 2021) (holding that stock
dilution claims are solely derivative).

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                d.    The IsZo Group is to be commended for its excellent complaint.

But, in my view, the LTS Group’s complaint is simply more comprehensive.

Although “[t]he bigger complaint is not always the better complaint,”32 the LTS

Group’s complaint provides more pathways to recovery. While it remains to be seen

whether any of the claims are well-pled, the LTS Group’s dilution and Blasius claims

are certainly not frivolous. Accordingly, I am satisfied the LTS Group’s complaint

provides Plaintiffs the best opportunity to succeed. Factor (i) weighs in their favor.

                e.    Factor (v) asks the Court to evaluate the enthusiasm or vigor with

which the various contestants have prosecuted the lawsuit. Both groups have

utilized Section 220 litigation to investigate their claims, but the IsZo Group’s

Section 220 efforts have more substantially benefited the entire class. IsZo, working

closely with its attorneys, negotiated six productions of nearly 2,700 pages, which

Emisphere provided to all of the other stockholders who sought Section 220

documents. Both groups have relied heavily on the documents produced as a result

of the IsZo Group’s investigative efforts. Accordingly, this factor weighs slightly in

favor of the IsZo Group.

                f.    Factor (vi) asks the Court to assess the competence of counsel

and their access to the resources necessary to prosecute the claims at issue. All

32   In re Investors Bancorp, 2016 WL 4257503, at 4.

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counsel involved in this dispute are highly competent, well-funded and very well

regarded by the Court. Indeed, they are among the very best lawyers who have

dedicated their practices to representing stockholders in corporate governance

disputes. Accordingly, factor (vi) does not tip the scale in favor of either group.

        4.    Factor (iii) asks the Court to examine the willingness and ability of the

contestants to litigate vigorously on behalf of the class of stockholders they seek to

represent.    Both contestants here (plaintiffs and counsel) have exhibited a

willingness to litigate this case fully and effectively. Like factor (vi), this factor is a

wash.

        5.    Although the competing applications for leadership present an

unusually close call, because the LTS Group’s pleading offers more pathways for

recovery, IsZo’s sale of shares after the Merger was announced presents at least a

risk of conflict, and both groups have more than sufficient stakes to motivate them

to prosecute the action, the LTS Group has presented the more compelling

application under Hirt and otherwise.33

33I have considered whether to order a “forced marriage” of these competing stockholder
groups. Ultimately, however, I am satisfied that forcing the contestants to work together,
in this case, would not advance the best interests of Emisphere stockholders. At the
conclusion of the hearing on the competing leadership applications, I noted that this case
presented a particularly close leadership call and urged counsel to return to the bargaining
table to work out a way for the competing teams to combine their significant strengths. OA
Tr. 78:7–12. Counsel reported back to the Court a week later that, despite best efforts, a
mutually satisfactory arrangement could not be reached. Under these circumstances, in my
view, a court-ordered marriage is not appropriate. See Mindbody, Inc., 2019 WL 4805820,

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       6.     The Long-Term Stockholders are hereby designated as Co-Lead

Plaintiffs.

       7.     The law firms of Robbins Geller Rudman & Dowd LLP and Friedlander

& Gorris, P.A. are hereby designated as Co-Lead Counsel.

       8.     The law firm of Johnson Fistel, LLP is designated as additional

plaintiffs’ counsel.

       9.     Co-Lead Counsel shall set policy for the prosecution of this litigation,

delegate and monitor the work performed to ensure there is no duplication of effort

or unnecessary expense and initiate and coordinate the activities of counsel.

       10.    Co-Lead Counsel shall have the power and responsibility to: coordinate

and direct the preparation of pleadings; coordinate and direct the briefing and

argument of motions; coordinate and direct the conduct of discovery and other

pretrial proceedings; conduct any and all settlement negotiations with counsel for

the Defendants; coordinate and direct the preparation for trial of this matter; delegate

work responsibilities to selected counsel as may be required; and coordinate and

direct any other matters concerning the prosecution or resolution of the consolidation

action.

at *4 (stating “[c]ognizant that forcing cooperation risks impairing team dynamics, this
Court has repeatedly declined to craft its own leadership structure in lieu of selecting a
team that the parties have formed themselves.”).

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      11.   The Long-Term Stockholder’s Complaint is deemed to be the operative

complaint in the consolidated action.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: December 6, 2021

                                                 /s/ Joseph R. Slights III
                                                       Vice Chancellor

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