Court Opinion

ID: 8190829
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 23:13:48.724956+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:40:32.032319
License: Public Domain

TimxiN, J.
(dissenting). The judgment appealed from was rendered in an. action at law tried before a jury pursuant to ch. 137, Stats., which authorizes the court in actions of this kind to award damages and also to' order the nuisance abated. Judgment was rendered against the defendant for $500 damages as authorized by sec. 3181 of that chapter. The circuit court certified that the abatement of the alleged nuisance was unnecessary. He added to this, however, a provision that the refusal to abate the same should be without prejudice to the right of the plaintiff to bring such action or actions as it may be advised for its damages by reason of the continuance of said nuisance, and also to abate the same if the city defendant should fail or neglect to either abate the nuisance or acquire by purchase or condemnation the rights of the plaintiff infringed by the continuance of said nuisance. The jury had by its verdict found that the difference in amount between the rental value of plaintiff’s premises with the bridge as it is, and that value if access thereto had remained as formerly for the period between September 1, 1908, and December 1, 1909, was $500. They further found that the value of plaintiff’s premises had been depreciated by the erection of the bridge in question to the *261extent that tbe difference in the fair market value of said premises before and after the construction of the bridge was ■ $1,000. In rendering said judgment the court necessarily found that the erection and maintenance of the bridge in question was a nuisance and that the nuisance was a continuing one.
The bridge in question spans the Kinnickinnic river at the crossing of that river by a city street known as Kinnickinnic avenue, and plaintiff’s land on its easterly side abuts on Kin-niekinnie avenue, and on its northerly side, where its dock was maintained, it forms the southerly bank of the Kinnic-kinnic river. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad-crosses Kinnickinnic avenue at an acute angle a short distance north of the northerly bank of the Kinnickinnic river, and, maintaining this angle of divergence, the railroad crosses the Kinnickinnic river a short distance westerly or up-stream from the bridge in question on a railroad bridge, and continuing southerly forms the westerly boundary of plaintiff’s land. Erom this it must be apparent that the farther north we move the northerly boundary of plaintiff’s land the shorter will be that boundary, reaching practical zero at the apex of the triangle formed by the crossing of Kinnickinnic avenue by the railroad a short distance north of the north bank of the Kin-nickinnic river. The Kinnickinnic river is a public highway and navigable. The common council of the city has power by ordinance to establish dock and wharf lines. City Charter, ch. IX. Dock lines had apparently been established in 1877, as admitted by pleadings and shown by several plats in evidence. The plaintiff’s dock did not extend out to this dock line at the westerly or up-stream end thereof, and it gained some in length thereby. The abutment upon which the old city bridge turned was placed about midway in the old channel, so that when the bridge was swung open there was a clear passage on the southerly side of the center *262abutment to plaintiff’s dock which was available for the use of small vessels carrying wood, etc., from different ports on the Great Lakes to Milwaukee.
Acting under ch. 97, Laws of 1905, the city undertook the improvement of the harbor, including the Kinnickinnic river at this point. This improvement included the making of a new channel for the Kinnickinnic river at the place in question northerly of and nearly parallel with the old channel. Plans of this improvement and of a new bascule bridge made necessary thereby were submitted to and approved by the secretary of war. These plans contemplated that the new city bridge in question spanning the Kinnickinnic river at its crossing by Kinnickinnic avenue should be changed into a bascule bridge and so moved to the north that the aprons of the lift would span the new channel, while the former or old channel was closed by an abutment or approach or solid part of the bridge, whichever it may be called, cutting off the former access to plaintiff’s dock from the down-stream side and through the old south channel. This left the only access to plaintiff’s dock through the new channel, where the railroad bridge and the city bridge were much nearer together, and from this channel no practical use of plaintiff’s dock could be made unless it extended its dock into the stream beyond the old dock line northerly to a point between these bridges at the bank of the new channel, which would leave it but a short and comparatively worthless dock property. The learned counsel for respondent sets forth the situation as he sees it in the following language:
“The alleged nuisance was primarily the south abutment of the new city bridge, which completely closed the channel through this south draw of the old city swing bridge and impaired its access to its dock lying immediately west of the abutment.”
Oh. 97, Laws of 1905, requires the city officers in charge of such public improvement to prepare without unreasonable delay and submit for the approval of the common council a *263plat covering the complete system of waterways, canals, slips, revetments, docks, and bridges intended to be constructed or improved, showing the exact location of all docks and bridges then built and encroachments upon the harbor lines, if any, and plainly indicating the changes and improvements which may be deemed necessary or advantageous in the interest of navigation or the community at large. Sec. 9 of eh. IX of the city charter also provides that whenever the common council shall order the construction of any bridge, plans with bids thereon may be called for, and the board of public works shall select such bid and plan as shall seem to them to be best for the interest of the city and report the same to the common council, together with all other plans and bids for such bridge, with their reasons for their choice. The council may approve or disapprove this selection and select any other plans and bids so reported. The plans in evidence in this case do not conform .in detail to the first mentioned requirements and no plans were submitted to the common council for approval. This last sufficiently appears from the evidence and is established by the judgment in favor of plaintiff by force of sec. 2858m, Stats.
The word “nuisance” represents a very general conception of legal wrong so vague in respect to bounds or definitions as to be almost useless in ascertaining and determining rights. True, many things might be specified which are in reason and by precedent clearly nuisances and other things which are not nuisances, but as said by Cooley: “It is very seldom indeed that even a definition of a nuisance has been attempted, for the reason that to make it sufficiently comprehensive it is necessary to make it so general that it is likely to define nothing.” Cooley, Torts (2d ed.) ch. 19. There must be some violation of law, public or private, some injury, and that is always included in the term ‘-‘nuisance.” When the illegal act offends only against law which exists for the protection of the public, it is damnum absque injuria as to all persons who only suffer loss therefrom common to all the affected public, *264but actionable in favor of any person whose loss or damage is special and peculiar as contradisting-uished from the damages accruing to the public generally. There is in that case, as to such latter persons, the combination of illegal act and consequent damages which gives rise to a right of action. The word “nuisance” has been sometimes used to describe an actionable wrong, where there is no trespass or other direct invasion of plaintiff’s legal rights but only such indirect injury as flows from some unnecessary use of defendant’s property or rights in such a way as to interfere with plaintiff’s enjoyment of his property or rights. We often read of private nuisances, bait these will turn out in most, if not in all, cases to be wrongful acts in violation of some recognized legal private right and causing damage. Each must so exercise and enjoy his legal rights as not to unnecessarily impair or destroy the rights of others; so what is termed a private nuisance may be lawful and permissible as to all the world except the plaintiff whose legal rights are invaded, particularly where the alleged private nuisance consists of the exercisé by the defendant of his legal right in an illegal manner. Sic utere tuo ut alienum non Icedas.
In the instant case, the requirements of navigation being satisfied by the approval of the secretary of war acting under law conferring that authority upon him, it could not be said that the bridge in question is a nuisance because it impairs and impedes navigation. That cannot be a nuisance which is authorized by a valid statute. It would also be an unnecessary and an unconscionable burden on the city to allow this judgment to stand in the form in which it is entered, declaring this bridge a perpetual and continuing nuisance and subjecting the city to many forms of liability arising in favor of persons whose rights are in no wise affected by the manner in which this bridge is constructed. The statute, ch. 137, Stats., permits a judgment in the form here given by the circuit court, but only in cases to which such form of judg*265ment is applicable. It is not applicable to cases where the wrong is strictly private and can be wholly redressed by a single award of damages, closing up the litigation and dispensing justice to both the parties litigant.
By force of the state constitution, neither the state nor any agency thereof can take the property of any person without compensation, but this does not forbid the infliction of damages when there is no taking. A municipal corporation making an improvement solely for the benefit of the public, under ample authority granted by the legislature and performing the work in a circumspect and careful manner, is not answerable for consequential damages produced thereby to property. in the vicinity of such improvement no part of which is taken or used therefor. Alexander v. Milwaukee, 16 Wis. 247; Weeks v. Milwaukee, 10 Wis. 242. Although Alexander v. Milwaukee is questioned in Arimond v. Green Bay & M. C. Co. 31 Wis. 316, it is reaffirmed in Cohn v. Wausau B. Co. 47 Wis. 314 (note), 2 N. W. 546. Colclough v. Milwaukee, 92 Wis. 182, 65 N. W. 1039; Northern Transp. Co. v. Chicago, 99 U. S. 635. Eor illustration: In the absence of statute giving such right the owner of abutting land has no right to recover from the city the damages he has sustained by reason of a change of the grade of the street in front of his premises. But if such work be negligently done (Smith v. Milwaukee, 18 Wis. 63), or if some condition upon which the legislature delegated the power to the city be unperformed (Crossett v. Janesville, 28 Wis. 420), the municipality will be liable for consequential damages. If the act be wholly ultra vires, in the sense that the city could by no compliance with statute do any such act, the city will not be liable for the acts of those pretending to represent it as officers or agents. Johnson v. Somerville, 195 Mass. 370, 81 N. E. 268.
It may be that the facts here in evidence would support a verdict finding that the south approach of the bridge in ques*266tion was negligently constructed in that it failed to provide an opening and bascule through which the plaintiff’s dock might be reached. That would be a reason for remanding the case for a new trial because the ease has not been tried upon that issue. But upon the second ground of liability last mentioned, judgment should be ordered for the plaintiff upon the verdict and undisputed evidence in this case for the sum of $1,000, interest and costs. Similar recoveries have been sustained in that form of action known as trespass on the case in Maxwell v. Bay City B. Co. 41 Mich. 453, 2 N. W. 639; S. C. 46 Mich. 278, 9 N. W. 410; and Garitee v. Baltimore, 53 Md. 422. See, also, Crossett v. Janesville, supra, and Holyoke W. P. Co. v. Connecticut River Co. 52 Conn. 570. The appellant cites Jenks v. Miller, 14 App. Div. 474, 43 N. Y. Supp. 927; Bond v. Wool, 107 N. C. 139, 12 S. E. 281; Clark v. Peckham, 10 R. I. 35; and Gould, Waters, § 153, to the effect that the right of access means access to the front of the property. This is true when confined to riparian rights, which are in themselves property which cannot be taken without compensation; but it is not true that the owner of property may be damaged by impairing his right of access from the direction from which or to which the river flows, where the builder of the bridge causing the obstruction has not complied with the law authorizing the construction of the bridge. Maxwell v. Bay City B. Co., supra, which has the weight of the supreme court of Michigan and the distinguished name of Judge Cooley in its support, is sufficient authority for this proposition unless there is a different rule of liability with reference to cities. I do not think there is in this state, as shown by cases hereinafter referred to. The submission for approval by the common council of the plans for the bridge and improvement in question was intended also for the protection of riparian proprietors and the owners of docks and wharves. Armed with the authority of the state, the city in the exercise of this public *267duty could without liability inflict upon such owners all dam■age to tbeir riparian property or docks not amounting to a taking of the whole or some part thereof, but, failing to exercise this great power in the manner provided by law, it lost' the protection of the principle announced in Alexander v. Milwaukee, 16 Wis. 247, and as to the person damaged became a wrongdoer. Holyoke W. P. Co. v. Connecticut River Co., supra; Crossett v. Janesville, supra. As to such person it proceeded without authority of law but within the general powers of the city.
No state has gone farther in vindication of this rule than this state; indeed it has gone farther than I would were the ■question a new one, and much farther than is required to support a judgment for plaintiff in the instant case. Crossett v. Janesville, supra, is unquestionably sound, but when we come to Dore v. Milwaukee, 42 Wis. 108; Meinzer v. Racine, 68 Wis. 241, 32 N. W. 139; S. C. 70 Wis. 561, 36 N. W. 260; and Jorgenson v. Superior, 111 Wis. 561, 87 N. W. 565, the step omitted was not a step preliminary to grading ■the streets nor a condition of the exercise of the power to .grade streets, but was a step preliminary to the power to assess the cost of such grading upon the property of the abutting owners. Nevertheless it was held or approved in these •cases and in subsequent cases that the omission of such step rendered the city liable for damages for change of grade, that is to say, for damages which were not recoverable at common law. The grading by the city of a lawfully dedicated and accepted street, where the public owns the paramount interest, could in no case be a trespass, 'and could not be an actionable wrong unless made so by the omission of the city to observe the requirements of the statute. There was thought to be in such cases the combination of unlawful act and resulting or consequential damage which gave rise to a common-law liability, although no such liability would have existed had it not been for the omission by the municipality of the particu*268lar step required by statute. In a case like this, where there is no doubt that the plaintiff is damaged and where there is ample warrant in law for holding the city liable, this court should take no backward steps. I think the judgment as entered should be reversed, but with directions to award judgment in favor of the plaintiff and against the city for the amount of permanent injury found by the jury.
Mr. Justice Kerwin authorizes me to say that he concurs in this dissent.
A motion for a rehearing was denied, with $25 costs, on February 18, 1913.