Court Opinion

ID: 4658147
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-05 23:03:28.032109+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:45.957519
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed
                                                                           by Reporter of
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                                  Supreme Court                            Date: 2021.02.05
                                                                           15:39:29 -06'00'

                 Johnson v. Department of State Police, 2020 IL 124213

Caption in Supreme    SHAWNA JOHNSON, Appellee, v. THE DEPARTMENT OF
Court:                STATE POLICE, Appellant.

Docket No.            124213

Filed                 January 24, 2020

Decision Under        Appeal from the Circuit Court of Wabash County, the Hon. Larry D.
Review                Dunn, Judge, presiding.

Judgment              Affirmed in part and vacated in part.

Counsel on            Kwame Raoul, Attorney General, of Springfield (Jane Elinor Notz,
Appeal                Solicitor General, and Katelin B. Buell, Assistant Attorney General,
                      of Chicago, of counsel), for appellant.

                      Rebecca M. Blakeslee, of Lawrenceville, and David D. Jensen, of
                      David Jensen PLLC, of New York, New York, for appellee.

Justices              JUSTICE THEIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                      Chief Justice Burke and Justices Thomas, Kilbride, Garman,
                      Karmeier, and Neville concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                               OPINION

¶1       This direct appeal involves the interplay of state and federal firearms laws. The Department
     of State Police (Department) revoked Shawna Johnson’s Firearm Owner’s Identification
     (FOID) card under the Firearm Owners Identification Card Act (FOID Card Act) (430 ILCS
     65/8(n) (West 2012)) due to her conviction for a misdemeanor crime involving domestic
     violence. That conviction prohibited her from possessing firearms under federal law. Johnson
     brought a petition in the circuit court of Wabash County seeking relief from the Department’s
     determination. The circuit court held that section 922(g)(9) of the federal Gun Control Act of
     1968 (Gun Control Act), as amended (18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9) (2006)), and several provisions
     of the FOID Card Act (430 ILCS 65/8(n), 10(b), 10(c)(4) (West 2012)), which incorporate that
     federal statute, were unconstitutional as applied to Johnson. The circuit court ordered the
     Department to reinstate and reissue Johnson’s FOID card. The Department appealed directly
     to this court as a matter of right. Ill. S. Ct. R. 302(a) (eff. Oct. 4, 2011). For the following
     reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court, albeit on different grounds, and we vacate
     the circuit court’s findings that the state and federal statutes are unconstitutional as applied to
     Johnson.

¶2                                        BACKGROUND
¶3       In June 2001, Johnson pleaded guilty to misdemeanor battery (720 ILCS 5/12-3(a)(1)
     (West 2000)) after striking her then-husband in the head, causing bodily harm. 1 She was
     sentenced to two days in jail (time served in pretrial detention), a fine, and a one-year term of
     conditional discharge.
¶4       In 2010, Johnson applied for and received a FOID card after answering “no” to the question
     of whether she had previously been convicted of a crime of domestic violence. She thought,
     based on advice from the local sheriff, that her conviction for misdemeanor battery did not
     qualify as a crime of domestic violence. Thereafter, she was denied the right to purchase a
     handgun because of her 2001 conviction.
¶5       The Department subsequently revoked Johnson’s FOID card pursuant to section 8(n) of
     the FOID Card Act (430 ILCS 65/8(n) (West 2012)), which authorizes the Department to
     revoke a FOID card where the person is “prohibited from acquiring or possessing firearms or
     firearm ammunition by *** federal law.” The Department informed Johnson that section
     922(g)(9) of the federal Gun Control Act was the basis for the federal prohibition. Johnson
     subsequently sought a pardon from the Governor in 2012, but that request was denied.
¶6       In August 2013, Johnson filed a petition in the circuit court seeking relief from the
     Department’s revocation of her FOID card under section 10 of the FOID Card Act. Thereafter,
     the Department filed a motion for summary judgment arguing, inter alia, that Johnson’s
     requested relief would be contrary to the public interest and would violate federal law and that
     the FOID Card Act prohibited the circuit court from ordering the issuance of a FOID card to
     anyone prohibited by federal law from acquiring or possessing firearms or ammunition. In
     response, Johnson argued, inter alia, that granting her relief under the FOID Card Act would

         Although the factual basis for the plea does not include the existence of a domestic relationship,
         1

     Johnson admits such a relationship for purposes of these proceedings.

                                                   -2-
       not be contrary to federal law because she was entitled to the “civil rights restored” exemption
       under federal law. The circuit court ultimately ruled that it could not grant Johnson relief by
       compelling the Department to issue her a card under the current construction of the FOID Card
       Act, but the court granted her leave to replead to assert her constitutional claims.
¶7         In her second amended petition, Johnson asserted that the perpetual ban on her ability to
       possess firearms under the current state law framework violated her second amendment right
       by permanently denying her firearms rights. She argued that she readily met the applicable
       standards set forth in sections 10(c)(1)-(3) of the FOID Card Act because the circumstances of
       her conviction, criminal history, and reputation indicate that she “will not be likely to act in a
       manner dangerous to public safety” and, further, that “relief would not be contrary to the public
       interest.” 430 ILCS 65/10(c)(1)-(3) (West 2012). She maintained that her ongoing inability to
       obtain relief due to the federal disability made the revocation of her FOID card unconstitutional
       as applied to her.
¶8         The case proceeded to an evidentiary hearing, at which the circuit court considered
       documentary evidence, various stipulations of fact, and testimony from multiple witnesses in
       support of Johnson’s petition. These witnesses included Johnson, her current husband, and
       several law enforcement personnel from the community who knew Johnson personally. The
       Department had an opportunity to cross-examine those witnesses.
¶9         After taking the matter under advisement, the circuit court granted Johnson relief. Initially,
       the court found that the statutory factors set forth under sections 10(c)(1)-(3) strongly
       supported granting Johnson’s petition and reinstating her FOID card. Specifically, the court
       found that Johnson had not committed a forcible felony within 20 years, that her criminal
       history and her reputation indicated that she was not likely to act in a manner dangerous to
       public safety, and that granting relief was not contrary to the public interest. But for her federal
       disability, as incorporated into section 10(c)(4) of the FOID Card Act, she would have been
       eligible to have her FOID card reinstated.
¶ 10       The circuit court ruled that substantial justice had not been done and that, due to the
       perpetual denial of Johnson’s right to possess and use firearms, section 922(g)(9) of the federal
       Gun Control Act; sections 8(n), 10(b), and (c)(4) of the FOID Card Act; and title 20, section
       1230.20, of the Illinois Administrative Code (20 Ill. Adm. Code 1230.20 (2013)) violated
       Johnson’s rights under the second and fourteenth amendments of the United States
       Constitution, as applied to the specific facts and circumstances of her case. Accordingly, the
       court ordered the Director of State Police to reinstate and reissue a FOID card to Johnson. The
       Department appealed the circuit court’s order directly to this court. Ill. S. Ct. R. 302(a) (eff.
       Oct. 4, 2011).

¶ 11                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 12        By all accounts Johnson’s FOID card would have been reinstated under Illinois law but for
       the provisions in the FOID Card Act that prohibit a court from granting relief when it would
       be contrary to federal law. 430 ILCS 65/10(b), (c)(4) (West 2012) (as amended by Pub. Act
       97-1131 (eff. Jan. 1, 2013) (adding 430 ILCS 65/10(c)(4))). Johnson contends that under a
       proper construction of the state and federal statutes the federal prohibition is no longer
       applicable. Specifically, she argues that the restoration of her right to keep and bear arms under
       Illinois’s regulatory scheme is a restoration of her “civil rights,” as that term is applied under

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       the federal Gun Control Act, so that she falls within the exception to the federal disability. And
       as a matter of constitutional avoidance, Johnson maintains that this court should first address
       this argument.
¶ 13       We are cognizant of the long-standing rule that “cases should be decided on
       nonconstitutional grounds whenever possible, reaching constitutional issues only as a last
       resort.” In re E.H., 224 Ill. 2d 172, 178 (2006). This principle has been applied even in cases
       where the court acquires jurisdiction because a constitutional question is involved. People v.
       Waid, 221 Ill. 2d 464, 473 (2006). Thus, we will look first to Johnson’s nonconstitutional claim
       as a basis for upholding the trial court’s judgment. Because questions related to the
       interpretation of a statute present issues of law, our review proceeds de novo. People v.
       Manning, 2018 IL 122081, ¶ 16.
¶ 14       We note that this court has not considered the precise issue that Johnson presents. In Coram
       v. State, 2013 IL 113867, this court interpreted the preamended version of the FOID Card Act.
       The lead opinion found that the prior version of the FOID Card Act permitted courts to override
       a federal disability, reasoning that a state’s ability to restore firearm rights was necessarily
       implied by Congress. Id. ¶ 69. The specially concurring opinion found that, under the prior
       version of the FOID Card Act, there was no statutory bar from granting relief under section
       10, which at that time did not incorporate federal law. Id. ¶¶ 100, 107 (Burke, J., specially
       concurring, joined by Freeman, J.).
¶ 15       To answer the question presented—whether granting Johnson relief would be contrary to
       federal law—we begin with a review of the state statutory framework and the interplay between
       state and federal law. We then consider whether Johnson’s civil rights have been restored under
       the relevant federal statute, triggering an exception to the federal law.

¶ 16                                          FOID Card Act
¶ 17        Since 1967, Illinois law has provided that an individual must obtain a FOID card in order
       to acquire or possess a firearm. 430 ILCS 65/2(a)(1) (West 2018); 1967 Ill. Laws 2599. Under
       section 8 of the FOID Card Act, the Department is authorized to deny an application for or
       revoke a card based on certain disqualifying criteria, including a Department finding that the
       person “is prohibited from acquiring or possessing firearms or firearm ammunition by any
       Illinois State statute or by federal law.” 430 ILCS 65/8(n) (West 2012). If not eligible,
       possessing a firearm without a FOID card is punishable as a Class 3 felony. Id. § 14. Thus,
       under Illinois law, certain disqualified individuals may lose their eligibility for a FOID card
       and, thereby, lose their right to acquire or possess a firearm.
¶ 18        Nevertheless, section 10 of the FOID Card Act provides a petitioner with an avenue to
       appeal and to seek an individualized hearing before the Director of State Police or the circuit
       court, depending on the nature of the prohibition, to restore eligibility for a FOID card. Id.
       § 10(a). Relevant here, the court is charged with determining whether “substantial justice has
       not been done.” Id. § 10(b). If not, the court is authorized to direct the Department to issue a
       card. But the court “shall not issue the order if the petitioner is otherwise prohibited from
       obtaining, possessing, or using a firearm under federal law.” Id.
¶ 19        To make the requisite showing for the court to grant relief, the applicant must establish
               “to the court’s *** satisfaction that:
                   ***

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                   (1) The applicant has not been convicted of a forcible felony under the laws of this
               State or any other jurisdiction within 20 years of the applicant’s application for a
               [FOID] Card, or at least 20 years have passed since the end of any period of
               imprisonment imposed in relation that conviction;
                   (2) the circumstances regarding a criminal conviction, where applicable, the
               applicant’s criminal history and his reputation are such that the applicant will not be
               likely to act in a manner dangerous to public safety;
                   (3) granting relief would not be contrary to the public interest; and
                   (4) granting relief would not be contrary to federal law.” 430 ILCS 65/10(c)(1)-(4)
               (West 2012).
       It is undisputed that Johnson satisfied the first three criteria for relief after an evidentiary
       hearing. Thus, the focus of our inquiry is on the last condition—whether “granting relief would
       not be contrary to federal law.” Id. § 10(c)(4). That condition was added to the FOID Card Act
       in 2013. See Pub. Act 97-1131, § 15 (eff. Jan. 1, 2013) (amending 430 ILCS 65/10(c)(4)).

¶ 20                                      Applicable Federal Law
¶ 21       The Gun Control Act prohibits the shipping, transport, possession, and receipt of firearms
       and ammunition by any person “who has been convicted in any court of a misdemeanor crime
       of domestic violence.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9) (2006). Congress enacted section 922(g)(9) in
       1996 after recognizing that existing felon-in-possession laws “were not keeping firearms out
       of the hands of domestic abusers, because ‘many people who engage in serious spousal or child
       abuse ultimately are not charged with or convicted of felonies.’ ” United States v. Hayes, 555
       U.S. 415, 426 (2009) (quoting 142 Cong. Rec. 22,985 (1996) (statement of Sen. Lautenberg)).
¶ 22       A “misdemeanor crime of domestic violence” is defined as an offense that “is a
       misdemeanor under *** State *** law” and “has, as an element, the use or attempted use of
       physical force, or the threatened use of a deadly weapon, committed by a current or former
       spouse, parent, or guardian of the victim.” 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(33)(A) (2006). Johnson’s guilty
       plea qualified as a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence. See Hayes, 555 U.S. at 421;
       United States v. Castleman, 572 U.S. 157, ___, 134 S. Ct. 1405, 1418-20 (2014); Voisine v.
       United States, 579 U.S. ___, ___. 136 S. Ct. 2272, 2278-80 (2016).
¶ 23       The Gun Control Act, however, defines a “conviction” in such a way as to exclude from
       its purview a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence where, as a matter of state law, “the
       conviction has been expunged or set aside” or where the misdemeanor was “an offense for
       which the person has been pardoned or has had civil rights restored (if the law of the applicable
       jurisdiction provides for the loss of civil rights under such an offense) unless the pardon,
       expungement, or restoration of civil rights expressly provides that the person may not ship,
       transport, possess, or receive firearms.” 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(33)(B)(ii) (2006). 2

           2
            The Gun Control Act also includes a “safety valve” that allows individuals to apply to the Attorney
       General for restoration of their firearm rights. 18 U.S.C. § 925 (2006). Under the statute, the prohibition
       may be removed on a case-by-case basis if the applicant sufficiently establishes “that the circumstances
       regarding the disability, and the applicant’s record and reputation, are such that the applicant will not
       be likely to act in a manner dangerous to public safety and that the granting of the relief would not be
       contrary to the public interest.” Id. Since 1992, however, Congress has not appropriated the funds to

                                                       -5-
¶ 24       Johnson’s conviction has not been expunged or set aside, and her pardon application was
       denied by the Governor. Accordingly, she may only obtain relief if her civil rights have been
       restored under section 921(a)(33)(B)(ii). Id.

¶ 25                                       Civil Rights Restoration
¶ 26       The “civil rights restored” provision uniformly has been described as “a measure by which
       the government relieves an offender of some or all of the consequences of his conviction” and
       “extend[s] to an offender a measure of forgiveness.” Logan v. United States, 552 U.S. 23, 26,
       32 (2007). The law of the convicting jurisdiction controls whether civil rights have been
       restored (Caron v. United States, 524 U.S. 308, 316 (1998)) because “Congress sought to
       accommodate a state’s judgment that a particular person *** is, despite a prior conviction,
       sufficiently trustworthy to possess firearms” (McGrath v. United States, 60 F.3d 1005, 1009
       (2d Cir. 1995)). See also United States v. Estrella, 104 F.3d 3, 6-7 (1st Cir. 1997) (“by
       reinvesting a person with core civic responsibilities, the state vouches for the trustworthiness
       of that person to possess firearms” unless that right is expressly withheld). Thus, the provision
       queries whether an offender’s legal status has been altered by a state’s dispensation of
       forgiveness. Logan, 552 U.S. at 26.
¶ 27       Illinois law provides a path to do exactly that—restore firearm rights under a specific
       restoration of rights provision. Sections 10(c)(1)-(3) of the FOID Card Act act as a mechanism
       to relieve an offender of some of the consequences of his conviction and extend a measure of
       forgiveness to certain qualified offenders. Specifically, the State has a process for determining,
       after an individualized hearing, that the individual is not likely to act in a manner dangerous to
       public safety and that it would not be against the public interest for the individual to possess
       firearms. 430 ILCS 65/10(c)(1)-(3) (West 2012). Thus, Illinois law indeed provides a status
       altering dispensation by restoring firearm rights.
¶ 28       Federal courts have not had occasion to recognize a state process like that of Illinois for
       restoration of firearm rights or to even consider whether firearm rights are “civil rights” as that
       term is applied under the federal statute. Historically, the relevant civil rights under section
       921(a)(33)(B)(ii) have been the right to vote, the right to hold office, and the right to serve on
       a jury. Logan, 552 U.S. at 28.
¶ 29       Johnson never lost those civil rights as a result of her conviction. In Illinois, a
       misdemeanant does not lose the right to hold office or serve on a jury and only loses the right
       to vote if sentenced to a term of confinement. Ill. Const. 1970, art. III, § 2 (“A person convicted
       of a felony, or otherwise under sentence in a correctional institution or jail, shall lose the right
       to vote, which right shall be restored not later than upon completion of his sentence.”); 730
       ILCS 5/5-5-5(c) (West 2000) (right to vote is automatically restored upon release from
       imprisonment). As Johnson was not “under sentence” in a correctional institution or jail, she
       did not lose her right to vote. Settled law instructs that “the words ‘civil rights restored,’ do not
       cover the case of an offender who lost no civil rights.” Logan, 552 U.S. at 37. Because Johnson
       cannot establish that she lost any of those identified civil rights, the Department maintains that
       she cannot avail herself of the restoration exception.

       investigate or act upon the applications, rendering the provision “inoperative.” Logan v. United States,
       552 U.S. 23, 28 n.1 (citing United States v. Bean, 537 U.S. 71, 74-75 (2002)).

                                                      -6-
¶ 30       We disagree. A limited “three rights” view is not sustainable, given Illinois’s mechanism
       for restoring civil rights and given the state of the law after District of Columbia v. Heller, 554
       U.S. 570 (2008), and McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 U.S. 742 (2010). We find that (1) the
       right to keep and bear arms is a “civil right,” (2) Illinois has a regulatory mechanism to restore
       those rights through an individualized determination, and (3) relief granted under section 10 of
       the FOID Card Act constitutes a sufficient restoration of civil rights as intended by section
       921(a)(33)(B)(ii).
¶ 31       When considering federal law, we generally look to the decisions of the United States
       Supreme Court and lower federal courts. State Bank of Cherry v. CGB Enterprises, Inc., 2013
       IL 113836, ¶ 33. Decisions of the Supreme Court that definitively answer the question
       presented are binding on this court. Id. In the absence of Supreme Court precedent, the weight
       we give to lower federal court interpretations of federal law depends on factors such as
       uniformity of law and the soundness of the decisions. Id.
¶ 32       Although the federal courts addressing the “civil rights restored” provision have adhered
       to the core three-rights construction, nothing in the language of the statute suggests that those
       three core civil rights were meant to be an exhaustive list. Nor have federal courts specifically
       considered Illinois’s regulatory scheme as a mechanism for restoring civil rights. And,
       significantly, none of the federal courts considered the question presented here post-Heller.
¶ 33       Logan is illustrative. In that case, the parties conceded the limited three-rights view. Logan,
       552 U.S. at 28 (“While [18 U.S.C.] § 921(a)(20) does not define the term ‘civil rights,’ courts
       have held, and petitioner agrees, that the civil rights relevant under the *** provision are the
       rights to vote, hold office, and serve on a jury.” (Emphasis added.)) The Court was not called
       upon to address Illinois’s regulatory scheme, as it was not relevant to its decision. Further, the
       Court relied on pre-Heller and pre-McDonald cases.
¶ 34       Prior to Heller and McDonald, courts excluded restoration of firearms rights from the
       category of pertinent civil rights within the purview of the statute. See, e.g., United States v.
       Cassidy, 899 F.2d 543, 549 & n.12 (6th Cir. 1990) (explaining that Congress used the term
       “ ‘civil rights,’ ” as opposed to “ ‘all rights and privileges,’ ” because “Congress intended to
       encompass those rights accorded to an individual by virtue of his citizenship in a particular
       state” and that “there is no individual right to possess a firearm”).
¶ 35       That approach was based on the Supreme Court’s 1939 decision in United States v. Miller,
       307 U.S. 174 (1939), which was understood for seven decades to have endorsed the view that
       the second amendment protected a collective right. In 2008, the Supreme Court revisited the
       issue and held for the first time that the second amendment protects an individual right of law-
       abiding citizens to keep and bear arms for self-defense. Heller, 554 U.S. at 595. And in
       McDonald, the Court subsequently held that the right extends to the states through the
       fourteenth amendment. McDonald, 561 U.S. at 750.
¶ 36       To the extent that federal courts have since continued to adhere to the three-rights view,
       again, those cases have not considered Illinois’s regulatory scheme and rely for their authority
       on pre-Heller decisions. See, e.g., United States v. Chovan, 735 F.3d 1127, 1132 (9th Cir.
       2013) (relying on a 2005 case); United States v. Thompson, 702 F.3d 604, 607 (11th Cir. 2012)
       (relying on a 2006 case); Buchmeier v. United States, 581 F.3d 561, 564 (7th Cir. 2009)
       (relying on a 1997 case); Walker v. United States, 800 F.3d 720, 723 (6th Cir. 2015) (where
       the parties conceded and the court relied on Cassidy and Logan). Accordingly, we find that,

                                                    -7-
       under these circumstances, the relevant rights encompassed in the term “civil rights” as that
       term is applied to section 921(a)(33)(B)(ii) is not a settled question under federal law and that
       Logan does not bind our consideration of the issue.
¶ 37       We conclude that “civil rights” includes firearm rights as that term is applied under section
       921(a)(33)(B)(ii). First, we consider the ordinary meaning of the term. See Federal
       Communications Comm’n v. AT&T Inc., 562 U.S. 397, 403 (2011). Webster’s Third New
       International Dictionary 413 (1993) defines the term “civil rights” as including “the rights
       secured to citizens of the U.S. by the *** 14th amendment[ ] to the constitution.” As explained,
       McDonald resolved that the second amendment right recognized in Heller is a personal liberty
       guaranteed by the United States Constitution and the fourteenth amendment. McDonald, 561
       U.S. at 791.
¶ 38       Notably, post-Heller and McDonald, the Supreme Court has included the right to bear arms
       as a “civil right” that may be lost because of a conviction and has equated it with the loss of
       the right to vote. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519, 573
       (2012) (noting that those who disobey a law passed under the commerce clause “may be
       subjected to criminal sanctions,” which “can include not only fines and imprisonment, but all
       the attendant consequences of being branded a criminal: deprivation of otherwise protected
       civil rights, such as the right to bear arms or vote in elections”). Other state courts have also
       referred to firearms rights as a “civil right.” See, e.g., DuPont v. Nashua Police Department,
       113 A.3d 239 (N.H. 2015) (specifically finding firearms rights to be civil rights under the
       federal Gun Control Act); Ferguson v. Perry, 740 S.E.2d 598, 604 (Ga. 2013) (noting cases in
       which courts have said “that the right to possess firearms is indeed a ‘civil right’ ”).
¶ 39       Furthermore, the statutory language supports our conclusion. In applying the usual canons
       of construction, we are mindful that “[w]ords in a list are generally known by the company
       they keep.” Logan, 552 U.S. at 31. The “civil rights restored” language appears “in the
       company of the words ‘expunged,’ ‘set aside,’ and ‘pardoned.’ ” Id. at 32. As explained, these
       terms all describe “a measure by which the government relieves an offender of some or all of
       the consequences of his conviction” and are all events that “extend to an offender a measure
       of forgiveness.” Id. at 26, 32. Thus, these terms are a recognition by Congress that an
       individual’s status may change.
¶ 40       Consistent with these terms, restoration of firearm rights, as provided for under sections
       10(c)(1)-(3) of the FOID Card Act (430 ILCS 65/10(c)(1)-(3) (West 2012)), similarly relieves
       an offender of some of the consequences of a conviction and extends a measure of forgiveness
       by finding, after an individualized hearing, that the offender no longer poses a risk to public
       safety.
¶ 41       Additionally, interpreting “civil rights restored” as including firearm rights aligns with the
       stated rationale and purpose of the statute. Standard Mutual Insurance Co. v. Lay, 2013 IL
       114617, ¶ 26 (explaining that we may consider the reason for the federal law, the problems
       sought to be remedied, and the purposes to be achieved). A state regulatory scheme that
       restores a person’s eligibility for firearm rights by affirmatively and expressly evaluating that
       person’s future dangerousness—through evidence, and not generalization—is entirely
       consistent with the trustworthiness rationale that underpins the “civil rights restored”
       provision. Indeed, such a scheme is a direct and relevant path for a state to show that a person
       is rehabilitated and can be trusted to possess firearms. It reflects a determination by the

                                                   -8-
       convicting jurisdiction that the particular consequence of the conviction should no longer be
       imposed.
¶ 42       By contrast, the State’s determination that an individual is worthy of restoring the civic
       responsibility to vote only bears indirectly on an individual’s fitness to possess a firearm—it
       is merely some evidence of forgiveness by the State. See United States v. Valerio, 441 F.3d
       837, 842 (9th Cir. 2006) (“By contrast to the right to vote, no civil right could be more relevant
       to a felon’s future dangerousness than the right to possess firearms.”).
¶ 43       Thus, to ignore the express and measured finding under a section 10 hearing that an
       individual no longer poses a risk to public safety would frustrate the very legislative purpose
       underlying the federal statute. Consequently, for these reasons, we find that the plain language
       of the statute is broad enough to include firearm rights as a relevant civil right for purposes of
       section 921(a)(33)(B)(ii) and that this construction is entirely consistent with Congress’s
       objective.
¶ 44       We recognize that some federal courts have insisted on a mechanical application, finding
       that “civil rights,” plural, must be restored. See, e.g., Walker v. United States, 800 F.3d 720,
       727 (6th Cir. 2015) (“having just one civil right restored is not functionally equivalent to having
       multiple restored”). This literal interpretation does not take into consideration variations in
       state law. Congress recognized that different states have different laws and procedures for
       restoring civil rights to people and, depending on the conviction, an offender may lose all,
       none, or some of those rights through different mechanisms.
¶ 45       Rather than focusing on a minimum quantitative analysis, most federal courts have
       interpreted “civil rights restored” to mean that all civil rights that have been lost must be
       restored for the exception to apply. See, e.g., United States v. Thompson, 702 F.3d 604, 608
       (11th Cir. 2012) (holding that restoration of only one of three rights lost was insufficient);
       United States v. Molina, 484 Fed. App’x 276, 281 (10th Cir. 2012) (holding that restoration of
       only two of three rights lost was insufficient); Buchmeier v. United States, 581 F.3d 561, 564-
       65 (7th Cir. 2009) (holding that, where the civil rights lost were restored and where the right
       to serve on a jury was retained, the defendant’s civil rights were sufficiently restored); United
       States v. Brown, 408 F.3d 1016, 1017 (8th Cir. 2005) (holding that restoration of only one of
       three rights lost was insufficient); United States v. Leuschen, 395 F.3d 155, 160 (3d Cir. 2005)
       (holding that restoration of only two out of three rights lost was insufficient); United States v.
       Caron, 77 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 1996) (holding that restoration of all of the rights which had been
       lost was sufficient).
¶ 46       Logan did not alter that construction. There, the Court merely explained that the civil rights
       restored language did not “cover the case of an offender who lost no civil rights.” (Emphasis
       added.) Logan, 552 U.S. at 37. An offender who merely retained civil rights “and whose legal
       status, postconviction, remained in all respects unaltered by any state dispensation” did not
       come within the exemption. Id. at 26. That individual is said to have received “no status-
       altering dispensation, no token of forgiveness from the government.” Id. at 32.
¶ 47       Here, Johnson meets the test—her lost rights were restored. Johnson was sentenced to a
       term of conditional discharge. As part of her sentence, she was statutorily required to “refrain
       from possessing a firearm or other dangerous weapon.” 730 ILCS 5/5-6-3(a)(3) (West 2000).
       Additionally, as a collateral consequence of a misdemeanor conviction for domestic violence,
       she lost her eligibility for a FOID card and, thereby in turn, lost her right to acquire and possess

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       firearms in Illinois. Her rights were restored under Illinois’s regulatory scheme (430 ILCS
       65/10(c)(1)-(3) (West 2012)), which affirmatively provided for a “status-altering
       dispensation.” Logan, 552 U.S. at 32.
¶ 48        We acknowledge that, post-Heller, one federal district court has declined to find that
       restoration of firearm rights was sufficient to trigger the exemption. See Enos v. Holder, 855
       F. Supp. 2d 1088 (E.D. Cal. 2012), aff’d, 585 Fed. App’x 447 (9th Cir. 2014). To the extent
       that the court in Enos was considering a California law that automatically restored firearm
       rights by operation of law, as opposed to the affirmative restoration in Illinois, we find the case
       distinguishable on its facts. Furthermore, as we have explained, after carefully analyzing the
       plain language and rationale and purpose of the statute, we find the decision in Enos not well
       reasoned.
¶ 49        Notably, the New Hampshire Supreme Court was similarly critical of the district court’s
       reasoning and declined to follow Enos. DuPont, 113 A.3d at 249-50. As in DuPont, we find
       Illinois’s affirmative rehabilitative process under section 10 of the FOID Card Act sufficiently
       fulfills Congress’s intent to “defer to a State’s dispensation relieving an offender from
       disabling effects of a conviction.” Logan, 552 U.S. at 37.

¶ 50                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 51        For the foregoing reasons, we hold that, under section 10 of the FOID Card Act, granting
       Johnson relief would not be contrary to federal law. 430 ILCS 65/10(c)(4) (West 2012).
       Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court directing the issuance of a FOID card
       to Johnson. Based on our holding, there is no need to address the constitutional basis for the
       trial court’s ruling. Accordingly, we vacate the circuit court’s holding that section 922(g)(9)
       and the provisions of the FOID Card Act (id. §§ 8(n), 10(b), 10(c)(4)), along with the relevant
       provisions of the Illinois Administrative Code, are unconstitutional as applied to Johnson.

¶ 52      Affirmed in part and vacated in part.

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