Court Opinion

ID: 9384968
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-05 17:07:37.235114+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:57.976346
License: Public Domain

J-A07035-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 AMERICAN MUSHROOM                :         IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 COOPERATIVE, F/D/B/A EASTERN     :              PENNSYLVANIA
 MUSHROOM MARKETING               :
 COOPERATIVE, INC, MONTEREY       :
 MUSHROOMS, INC., GIORGI          :
 MUSHROOM CO., GIORGIO FOODS,     :
 INC., JOHN PIA, BELLA MUSHROOM   :
 FARMS, BROWNSTONE MUSHROOM       :
 FARMERS, INC., TO-JO FRESH       :         No. 1780 EDA 2022
 MUSHROOMS, COUNTRY FRESH         :
 MUSHROOM CO., KAOLIN             :
 MUSHROOM FARMS, INC., MODERN     :
 MUSHROOM FARMS, INC., PHILLIPS   :
 MUSHROOM FARMS, INC., LOUIS M.   :
 MARSON, JR., INC., GALE FERANTO  :
 T/A BELLA MUSHROOM FARMS AND     :
 PETE FERANTO T/A BELLA           :
 MUSHROOM FARMS                   :
                                  :
                                  :
           v.                     :
                                  :
                                  :
 SAUL EWING ARNSTEIN & LEHR, LLP, :
 F/K/A SAUL EWING AND BERGER      :
 MONTAGUE, P.C.                   :
                                  :
                                  :
 APPEAL OF: GIORGI MUSHROOM       :
 COMPANY AND GIORGIO FOODS,       :
 INC.                             :

              Appeal from the Order Entered June 13, 2022
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                           No(s): 200302211

 AMERICAN MUSHROOM                     :    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 COOPERATIVE, F/D/B/A EASTERN          :         PENNSYLVANIA
 MUSHROOM MARKETING                    :
 COOPERATIVE, INC, MONTEREY            :
 MUSHROOMS, INC., GIORGI               :
 MUSHROOM CO., GIORGIO FOODS,          :
 INC., JOHN PIA, BELLA MUSHROOM        :
J-A07035-23

    FARMS, BROWNSTONE MUSHROOM                   :
    FARMERS, INC., TO-JO FRESH                   :   No. 1783 EDA 2022
    MUSHROOMS, COUNTRY FRESH                     :
    MUSHROOM CO., KAOLIN                         :
    MUSHROOM FARMS, INC., MODERN                 :
    MUSHROOM FARMS, INC., PHILLIPS               :
    MUSHROOM FARMS, INC., LOUIS M.               :
    MARSON, JR., INC., GALE FERANTO              :
    T/A BELLA MUSHROOM FARMS AND                 :
    PETE FERANTO T/A BELLA                       :
    MUSHROOM FARMS                               :
                                                 :
                                                 :
                v.                               :
                                                 :
                                                 :
    SAUL EWING ARNSTEIN & LEHR,                  :
    LLP, F/K/A SAUL EWING AND                    :
    BERGER MONTAGUE, P.C.                        :
                                                 :
                                                 :
    APPEAL OF: AMERICAN MUSHROOM                 :
    COOPERATIVE, ETC., ET AL.                    :

                Appeal from the Order Entered June 13, 2022
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                             No(s): 200302211

BEFORE:       DUBOW, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.:                                FILED APRIL 5, 2023

       In this legal malpractice matter, plaintiffs Giorgi Mushroom Company

and Giorgio Foods, Inc. (Giorgio), as well as American Mushroom Cooperative,

etc., et al. (AMC) (collectively, Appellants),1 appeal from the order entered in

____________________________________________

1 Giorgi and AMC are represented by different counsel and filed separate
notices of appeal. This Court consolidated their appeals, and they have
submitted a joint brief.

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the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, granting the motion for

judgment on the pleadings filed by defendant Saul Ewing Arnstein & Lehr, LLP,

f/k/a Saul Ewing (Appellee).2          The trial court found Appellants’ tort and

contract claims were barred by the statutes of limitations.3          On appeal,

Appellants avers the trial court erred in: (1) not granting their requests to

amend their pleadings in order to address an email exchange, which would

show Appellee’s deception and thus invoke equitable tolling doctrines; and (2)

finding their claims were time-barred, in part by considering exhibits

improperly attached to Appellee’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. We

affirm.

____________________________________________

2  Appellants’ complaint named two defendants: Appellee and the law firm
Berger Montague, P.C. (Berger Montague). Upon the parties’ stipulation, the
trial court severed and stayed all claims against Berger Montague until further
order. Order, 12/21/20.

      Although the underlying order disposed of only the claims against
Appellee, because the trial court had severed the claims against the second
defendant, we determine the order is final for appeal purposes. See Pa.R.A.P.
341(a) (an appeal may be taken as of right from a final order), (b)(1) (a final
order disposes of all claims and of all parties); Stevenson v. Gen. Motors
Corp., 521 A.2d 413, 419 (Pa. 1987) (a severance permits “one separate
cause of action [to be] fully disposed of while others remain independently
unresolved,” and “a severance of actions effects a splitting of them into one
or more independent actions for all purposes, including trial and appellate
procedure”). See also McCutcheon v. Phila. Elec. Co., 788 A.2d 345, 350
n.8 (Pa. 2002) (summarizing same).

3 See 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 5524(7) (action founded on negligent, intentional, or
otherwise tortious conduct must be commenced within two years), 5525(a)(1)
(action upon a contract must be commenced within four years).

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                                   I. Alleged Facts

        We glean the following undisputed facts from the trial court’s opinion

and the pleadings. Appellant AMC, formerly known as the Eastern Mushroom

Marketing Cooperative, “was formed in 2000 as an agricultural cooperative

under the purview of the federal Capper-Volstead Act[.]”4 See Trial Ct. Op.,

6/13/22, at 1-2. According to Appellants, the Act

        was intended to exempt farmers and direct producers of
        agricultural products from prohibitions against fixing prices[,]
        which is otherwise prohibited by the Sherman Antitrust Act.[5] . . .
        [T]he Capper-Volstead Act allows farmers of agricultural
        commodities to join together in associations, or cooperatives, to
        go to market and counterbalance the overwhelming market power
        of the buyers.”[ ]

Id., citing Appellants’ Complaint, 4/24/20, at ¶¶ 30-31. Appellant Giorgio is

a Pennsylvania corporation and was a member of AMC. Appellants’ Complaint

at ¶¶ 14-15. Appellee law firm began representing and advising AMC at its

formation.

        One of Appellants’ claims is that Appellee improperly advised and

approved “the inclusion of certain mushroom distributors as members of

____________________________________________

4 7 U.S.C.A. §§ 291-292. The 2004 complaint, by the United States
Department of Justice (DOJ) against AMC (discussed infra), described AMC
as “the nation’s largest mushroom cooperative” and stated AMC members
“accounted for” more than 60% of the nation’s mushroom sales “during the
2001-2002 growing season.” Complaint, U.S. v. E. Mushroom Mktg. Coop.,
Inc., Civil Action No. 04-CV-5829, 12/16/04, at 1, Exh. 13 to Appellee’s
Answer with New Matter, 7/30/20.

5   15 U.S.C. §§ 1-38.

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[AMC], when they were not mushroom ‘growers’ as required under [the strict

prerequisites6 of] the Capper-Volstead Act.”        Trial Ct. Op. at 3 (emphases

added). Appellants aver these improper membership approvals caused AMC

to be non-compliant with, and consequently ineligible for, the Act’s provisions.

Id. at 6.

        We also summarize that Appellee advised Appellants during their 2001-

2002 purchases or leases of six farms, located across the United States, in

connection with “a major mushroom producer[’s]” bankruptcy proceedings.

See Appellants’ Complaint at ¶¶ 46, 51.          Appellants then resold or leased

these properties with deed restrictions/leases that prohibited the new

owners/lessees from producing mushrooms on the properties.7 Id. at ¶ 51.

The parties and trial court have referred to this overall scheme as the “Supply

Control Program.” See Trial Ct. Op. at 3.

        In 2003, the DOJ began an approximately 18 month investigation of

AMC’s qualifications as a cooperative, as well as potential antitrust violations

____________________________________________

6   See Appellants’ Complaint at ¶ 39.

7 Appellants averred: “By limiting the capacity to grow and produce
mushrooms, [AMC] could better control the production, handling, and
marketing of mushrooms.” Appellants’ Complaint at ¶ 47. They also
explained they resold or sublet some of these properties at a loss. Id. at ¶ 51.

                                           -5-
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arising from the deed restrictions.8 On December 16, 2004, the DOJ filed an

antitrust complaint in the federal District Court for the Eastern District of

Pennsylvania.9 Four days later, AMC agreed to a consent decree, under which

it would not admit liability but agreed to nullify the deed restrictions and

“reverse and dismantle the Supply Control Program.” See Trial Ct. Op. at 3-

4; Appellants’ Complaint at ¶ 52.          Final judgment in this DOJ matter was

entered on September 9, 2005.10

        Subsequently,     direct    purchasers   of   mushrooms   (retailers   and

distribution outlets) filed lawsuits against AMC, challenging the prior deed

restrictions and Supply Control Program. See Trial Ct. Op. at 4; Appellants’

Complaint at ¶ 53.        “These cases were consolidated, and a Consolidated

Amended Class Action Complaint was filed in June 2006[,]” similarly in the

____________________________________________

8 See In re Mushroom Direct Purchaser Antitrust Litig., 621 F.Supp.2d
274, 280 (E.D.Pa. 2009) (Antitrust Litig.) (class action lawsuit, discussed
infra); Appellants’ Complaint at 4.

      While a subsequent federal court opinion stated the investigation was
18 months long, Antitrust Litig., 621 F.Supp.2d at 280, Appellee’s new
matter suggested the investigation lasted 20 months. See Answer with New
Matter at 61, 64 (stating Appellee confirmed there was a DOJ investigation on
February 4, 2003, and DOJ made settlement offer on October 15, 2004). For
ease of discussion, we will refer to this investigation as lasting 18 months.

9 The DOJ also averred AMC “conspire[d] to prevent independent, nonmember
farmers from competing with [AMC] or its members.” DOJ’s Complaint at 2.

10   Antitrust Litig., 621 F.Supp.2d at 280.

                                           -6-
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Eastern District of Pennsylvania.11 Trial Ct. Op. at 4. On March 26, 2009, the

federal court concluded, pertinently, that “the uncontested nature of” one AMC

member as a non-farmer rendered the entire AMC cooperative ineligible for

Capper-Volstead immunity.            Antitrust Litig., 621 F.Supp.2d at 284.

According to Appellants, AMC and its members have since entered into

settlements with class action plaintiffs, expending more than $50 million in

legal fees, litigation expenses, and damages. Appellants’ Complaint at 5 & ¶

76.

       Finally, we note the following relevant averments in AMC’s complaint

concerning Berger Montague, the second named defendant in this action.

Berger Montague began representing AMC in 2006 in the class action.

Appellants’ Complaint at ¶ 57. In May of 2007, Berger Montague put Appellee

“on notice of a potential [legal malpractice] claim against it” by Appellants.

Id. at ¶ 59.      Two years later, on May 7, 2009, Appellants and Appellee

executed a tolling agreement that was drafted by Berger Montague. Id. at

¶¶ 60, 97. This agreement generally provided that the time period, beginning

that same day, shall not be included in calculating statutes of limitations.

Tolling Agreement, 5/7/09, at 1, Exh. B to Appellants’ Complaint.

                               II. Procedural History

____________________________________________

11 The class action also claimed AMC illegally conspired with non-cooperatives
to fix prices. Antitrust Litig., 621 F.Supp.2d at 283.

                                           -7-
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       As stated above, Appellants and the other plaintiffs filed the underlying

complaint on April 24, 2020, raising claims of legal malpractice sounding in

both tort and contract.12       They averred Appellee: (1) improperly approved

non-mushroom growers to be members of the cooperative, resulting in the

federal court’s conclusion, in the DOJ matter, that AMC did not meet the

requirements of the Capper-Volstead Act; and (2) improperly advised the

Supply Control Program would be permissible under the Capper-Volstead

exemptions.13 Appellants’ Complaint at 4.

       Appellee filed an answer and new matter, asserting Appellants’ tort and

contract claims were time-barred under the statutes of limitations.14

Appellee’s Answer with New Matter at 42.         Appellee further contended the

____________________________________________

12One month earlier, on March 17, 2020, Appellants filed a praecipe to issue
a writ of summons.

13 Appellants also pleaded legal malpractice claims against Berger Montague,
in the alternative, should Appellants be found to be barred from recovering
against Appellee.     The complaint averred Berger Montague “repeatedly
assured” them their claims against Appellee would be protected by the tolling
agreement against any statute of limitations issue. Appellants’ Complaint at
¶ 61.

14 Appellee also averred: (1) it represented AMC only, and all other plaintiffs
lacked standing because they did not have an attorney-client relationship with
it; (2) Appellee did advise that all cooperative members must grow or produce
mushrooms, but AMC “did not follow [this] advice[;]” and (3) Appellee
similarly advised “that restrictive covenants and leases prohibiting mushroom
product carried potential antitrust risk,” but AMC accepted this risk “in
exchange for perceived economic benefit.” Appellee’s Answer with New Matter
to Appellants’ Complaint, 7/30/20, at 16-17, 41.

                                           -8-
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tolling agreement offered no relief, as the statutes of limitations expired before

it was executed in May of 2009. In support, Appellee maintained the class

action and DOJ complaints were filed, respectively, more than two and four

years earlier. Id. at 42, 68.

       Next, on August 16, 2021, Appellee filed the underlying motion for

judgment on the pleadings, reiterating its statutes of limitations defense.

Appellants filed answers and memoranda in support, both contending, inter

alia, that while their answers were sufficient to defeat Appellee’s motion, they

were also requesting, in the alternative, to amend their pleadings to raise

equitable tolling doctrines.15         Specifically, Appellants would address an

October 28, 2004, email exchange between AMC executives and Appellee’s

law partner, Michael Finio, Esquire (Attorney Finio), made approximately “two

weeks after [the] DOJ allegedly proposed the consent decree/judgment.[ ]”

See Appellants’ Brief at 29. Attorney Finio first wrote:

       As I have told Bill, I do not think (6) is needed, since it would just
       state the obvious and would delay getting this done. DOJ could
       of course in the future pursue any NEW activities, and this will
____________________________________________

15 See AMC’s Memorandum of Law in Support of Opposition to Motion of
Appellee for Judgment on the Pleadings, 9/21/21, at 27-28 n.9, 39; Giorgio’s
Response in Opposition to Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings of Appellee,
9/21/21, at 5 n.1.

      Appellants aver that after they filed their complaint and answer to
Appellee’s new matter, “hundreds of thousands of pages of documents were
produced in discovery.” Appellants’ Brief at 23. However, Appellants did not
address why the email exchange, which included AMC executives, would not
have already been in AMC’s possession.

                                           -9-
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      always remain the case. I trust you all understand that this
      conclusion is essentially a blessing of 99.99% of the legal
      advice given to you about the conduct of [AMC’s] affairs
      over the last few years. This is a tremendous outcome.

Email Exchanges, 10/28/04, Exh. A to Giorgio’s Response in Opposition to

Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings of Appellee (emphasis added). On that

same day, an individual named Dave Carroll replied:

      I vote to accept the proposal as amended and do not think we
      need to push the issue in number 6. It is a great outcome.

Id.   Appellants argued these emails would show: (1) Attorney Finio “sold

[AMC] on the Proposed Judgment,” by characterizing the DOJ action as a

“blessing” of Appellee’s legal advice; but (2) this advice contradicted

Appellee’s present argument, that the DOJ action was a “trigger that should

have alerted” Appellants to a potential legal malpractice claim.       Giorgio’s

Response in Opposition to Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings at 5 n.1.

      On December 15, 2021, the trial court granted in part Appellee’s motion

for judgment on the pleadings, finding some of Appellants’ claims — those

relating to the Supply Control Program — were time-barred.          The court,

however, denied Appellee’s remaining requested relief. Both Appellants and

Appellee filed motions for reconsideration. Appellants again argued, inter alia,

that they should be permitted to amend their pleadings to address Attorney

Finio’s October 28, 2004, email.

      On June 13, 2022, the trial court granted Appellee’s motion for

reconsideration, vacated the December 15, 2021, order, and granted

                                     - 10 -
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Appellee’s motion for judgment on the pleadings in full.           The court now

concluded all of the plaintiffs’ claims were time barred. Pertinently, the court

found Appellants’ argument concerning Attorney Finio’s 2004 email to be

“puffery,” where Appellants could not “overcome the cold hard fact that [AMC]

consented to a public judgment that overturned the entire Supply Control

Program, which was allegedly undertaken based on [Appellee’s] advice.” Trial

Ct. Op. at 8 n.22. The court thus entered judgment in favor of Appellee. Both

Appellants timely appealed.16

                    III. Statement of Questions Involved

       Appellants present two issues for our review:

       1. Did the trial court err in repeatedly failing to grant the requests
       [of Appellants] for leave to amend their pleadings, in order to
       clarify the existence of certain issues of fact concerning the
       application of equitable tolling doctrines?

       2. Even absent the requested amendment, in applying the
       standard of review for motions for judgment on the pleadings, did
       the trial court err in determining that the statute of limitations
       bars [Appellants’] claims, without recognizing existing issues of
       fact?

Appellants’ Brief at 5.

 IV. Standard of Review and General Law on Statute of Limitations

       We first consider the relevant guiding principles and standard of review:

       Entry of judgment on the pleadings is permitted under
       Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1034, which provides that
____________________________________________

16 The trial court did not direct Appellants to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement
of errors complained of on appeal.

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      “after the pleadings are closed, but within such time as not to
      unreasonably delay trial, any party may move for judgment on
      the pleadings.” Pa.R.C.P. 1034(a). A motion for judgment on the
      pleadings is similar to a demurrer. It may be entered when there
      are no disputed issues of fact and the moving party is entitled to
      judgment as a matter of law.

      Appellate review of an order granting a motion for judgment on
      the pleadings is plenary. The appellate court will apply the same
      standard employed by the trial court. A trial court must confine
      its consideration to the pleadings and relevant documents. The
      court must accept as true all well pleaded statements of fact,
      admissions, and any documents properly attached to the
      pleadings presented by the party against whom the motion is filed,
      considering only those facts which were specifically admitted.

      We will affirm the grant of such a motion only when the moving
      party’s right to succeed is certain and the case is so free from
      doubt that the trial would clearly be a fruitless exercise.

Coleman v. Duane Morris, LLP, 58 A.3d 833, 836 (Pa. Super. 2012)

(citations omitted).

      A claim of legal malpractice requires a plaintiff to establish:

      employment of the attorney or other basis for a duty; the failure
      of the attorney to exercise ordinary skill and knowledge; and that
      the attorney’s negligence was the proximate cause of damage to
      the plaintiff.

Communications Network Int’l v. Mullineaux, 187 A.3d 951, 960 (Pa.

Super. 2018) (citation & quotation marks omitted).

      As stated above, the statute of limitations for a negligence action is two

years, while an action upon a contract must be commenced within four years.

42 Pa.C.S. §§ 5524(7), 5525(a)(1). “Pennsylvania favors strict application of

the statutes of limitation.” Communications Network Int’l, 187 A.3d at

961 (citation omitted). “[T]he question of when a statute of limitations runs

                                     - 12 -
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is a matter typically decided by the trial judge as a matter of law . . . , unless

the issue involves a factual determination.”        Id. at 962 (citation omitted).

“[T]he trigger for the accrual of a legal malpractice action . . . is not the

realization of actual loss, but the occurrence of a breach of duty.” Id. at 960

(citation omitted).

      However, the equitable discovery rule provides an exception, where “the

injured party is unable, despite the exercise of due diligence, to know of the

injury or its cause.”   Communications Network Int’l, 187 A.3d at 961

(citation omitted). This rule

      “tolls the statute of limitations when an injury or its cause is not
      reasonably knowable.” The purpose of this rule is clear: to
      “ensure that persons who are reasonably unaware of an injury
      that is not immediately ascertainable have essentially the same
      rights as those who suffer an immediately ascertainable injury.”
      The plaintiff’s inability to know of the injury must be “despite the
      exercise of reasonable diligence[.]” . . .

Rice v. Diocese of Altoona-Johnstown, 255 A.3d 237, 247 (Pa. 2021)

(citations omitted).

      Furthermore, our Supreme Court has stated:

      The fraudulent concealment doctrine is a distinct but related
      theory. . . . Fraudulent concealment . . . is rooted in the
      recognition that fraud can prevent a plaintiff from even knowing
      that he or she has been defrauded. . . .

                                   *     *      *

           Where, “through fraud or concealment, the defendant
           causes the plaintiff to relax his vigilance or deviate from
           his right of inquiry,” the defendant is estopped from
           invoking the bar of the statute of limitations. Moreover,
           defendant’s conduct need not rise to fraud or

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            concealment in the strictest sense, that is, with an intent
            to deceive; unintentional fraud or concealment is
            sufficient. Mere mistake, misunderstanding or lack of
            knowledge is insufficient however, and the burden of
            proving such fraud or concealment, by evidence which is
            clear, precise and convincing, is upon the asserting party.

       [The fraudulent concealment doctrine asks] whether the fraud or
       concealment “cause[d] the plaintiff to relax his vigilance or deviate
       from his right of inquiry[.]” . . .

Rice, 255 A.3d at 247-48 (citations omitted).

                V. Attorney Finio’s October 28, 2004, Email

       In their first issue, Appellants assert the trial court erred in not granting

their “repeated requests to amend their pleadings.”17 Appellants’ Brief at 22.

Appellants reiterate their argument that Attorney Finio’s October 28, 2004,

email was deceptive and “induced [them] into agreeing to . . . the DOJ consent

decree . . . by representing that it was ‘a tremendous outcome’ and ‘[a]

blessing of 99.9% of [Appellee’s] legal advice.’” Id. at 30. Appellants claim

the email message “would have caused ‘reasonable minds’ to relax their

vigilance[.]” Id. They thus contend the email message presents an issue of

fact as to whether: (1) the DOJ action “should have awakened inquiry and

____________________________________________

17 Appellee suggests Appellants failed to “properly present[ ]” this issue to the
trial court, because they did not file a separate or standalone petition to
amend. Appellee’s Brief at 11. However, Appellees do not cite, and we have
not discovered, any authority requiring, on pain of waiver, a particular
procedure for seeking leave to amend pleadings. See Pa.R.C.P. 1033(a) (“A
party, either by filed consent of the adverse party or by leave of court, may
at any time . . . amend the pleading. . . . ”).

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caused [Appellants] to discover that they had been injured by” Appellee’s legal

malpractice; or alternatively (2) the “discovery rule” or doctrine of fraudulent

concealment should apply to toll the statutes of limitations. Id. at 25, 30-31.

With respect to the trial court’s reasoning, Appellants insist “[t]he pertinent

issue . . . is not whether the Finio email was ‘puffery,’ but whether,

intentionally deceptive or not, it . . . created a factual dispute as to whether

reasonable minds would be lulled into relaxing their vigilance[.]” Id. at 31.

Appellants conclude these questions of fact were for the jury, not the court,

to decide. Id. at 32. We conclude no relief is due.

      Appellants “claim that it was [Appellee’s] incorrect legal advice[, given

from 2000 through 2002,] that led to the improper Membership Approvals of

[mushroom] distributors, which caused [AMC] to lose its” protections under

the Capper-Volstead Act. Trial Ct. Op. at 6-7. We note Appellants do not

identify any particular date or occurrence on which they believe the statutes

of limitations should begin to run. Instead, they broadly concede that “without

the application of any . . . tolling doctrines, the limitations periods for their

malpractice claims would have expired prior to the May 7, 2009 Tolling

Agreement[.]” See Appellants’ Brief at 24.

      As stated above, the trial court concluded the statutes of limitations

began to run in December of 2004, when AMC agreed to enter the consent

decree with the DOJ, under which AMC “was ordered and directed” to nullify

the deed restrictions. Trial Ct. Op. at 8 (citation omitted). The court found

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that at this time, AMC “knew or should have known that it was injured by

[Appellee’s] previous, erroneous, antitrust advice regarding the legitimacy of

those deed restrictions and the Supply Control Program[.]” Id. The court

also pointed out AMC “necessarily incurred costs and attorneys’ fees in

connection with the [DOJ] investigation and the invalidation of the Supply

Control Program.” Id. at 4.

      The trial court addressed Appellants’ request to amend their pleadings

in order to add allegations that Appellee concealed information “or lulled them

into a false belief in order to dissuade them from filing suit against” Appellee.

Trial Ct. Op. at 8 n.22 (citation omitted).        The court rejected Appellants’

arguments    concerning     Attorney   Finio’s    email   as   “puffery,”   reasoning

Appellants “cannot overcome the cold hard fact that [AMC] consented to a

public judgment that overturned the entire Supply Control Program, which”

Appellants acknowledge they undertook based on Appellee’s advice. Id.

      The trial court acknowledged the costs and fees AMC later incurred, in

connection with the class action, were much greater than those related to the

DOJ investigation.      Trial Ct. Op. at 8.     Nevertheless, the court reasoned,

Appellants could not wait until their injuries became “overwhelming before

bringing suit.”   Id.   Furthermore, the class action, beginning in 2005 and

2006, ‘was premised in large part upon the same incorrect advice regarding

the Supply Control Program . . . so it does not reset the Statute of Limitations

clock on” Appellants’ claims. Id. at 9-10.

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      We agree with the trial court’s reasoning. Appellants isolate the October

28, 2004, email language — “a tremendous outcome” and a “blessing” — to

claim Attorney Finio deceived them into believing the DOJ’s investigation was

an endorsement or approval of Appellee’s legal advice. See Appellant’s Brief

at 30.   However, Appellants’ argument ignores that the DOJ’s proposal

followed 18 months of investigation for antitrust violations, and the consent

decree required AMC to nullify and “reverse and dismantle” the very activities

that were the subject of the investigation.         See Trial Ct. Op. at 4.

Notwithstanding Attorney Finio’s earlier email urging AMC to agree to the

consent decree, we agree with the trial court that “reasonable minds would

not differ in finding” that once AMC accepted the consent decree, Appellants

were aware of a potential breach of duty. See Communications Network

Int’l, 187 A.3d at 960; Trial Ct. Op. at 8. Accordingly, we do not disturb the

court’s conclusion that the statutes of limitations for Appellants’ tort claims

ran in December of 2006, and for their contract claims in December of 2008.

Appellants’ complaint, filed in April of 2020, is thus time-barred.

      Furthermore, we reject Appellants’ reliance on the tolling agreement.

As they aver in their own complaint, in May of 2007, Berger Montague

contacted Appellee on Appellants’ behalf “to place the firm on notice of a

potential claim against it.”    Appellants’ Complaint at ¶ 59.        The tolling

agreement was executed two years later, on May 7, 2009. Id. at ¶ 60. Where

the statute of limitations for a tort claim is two years, we agree with Appellee

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that Appellants cannot now claim that in 2007, they lacked “sufficient critical

facts to put [them] on notice” of a potential malpractice claim. See Appellee’s

Brief at 12 (citation omitted). For the above reasons, we conclude no relief is

due on Appellants’ contention that the trial court erred in not granting their

request to amend their pleadings. The trial court properly concluded there

were no disputed issues of fact and Appellee was entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. See Coleman, 58 A.3d at 836.

     VI. Appellee’s Reliance on Exhibits & Appellants’ Admissions

       In Appellants’ second issue, they again argue the trial court failed to

recognize issues of fact and thus erred in determining their claims were barred

by the statutes of limitations. In support, they allege Appellee’s motion for

judgment on the pleadings improperly relied on documents that were: (1) not

attached as exhibits by Appellants; or (2) not specifically admitted by

Appellants.18 Appellants’ Brief at 33. These documents include: (1) the DOJ’s

March 31, 2003, Civil Investigative Demands, which requested AMC to provide

certain documents and answer interrogatories, and the accompanying cover

letter from the DOJ; (2) a March 7, 2001, email from Attorney Finio, which

stated “‘there will likely not be any firm precedents’ for the use of restrictive

____________________________________________

18  See Coleman, 58 A.3d at 836 (in considering a motion for judgment on
the pleadings, a “court must accept as true . . . any documents properly
attached to the pleadings presented by the party against whom the motion is
filed, considering only those facts which were specifically admitted”).

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covenants” and thus purportedly showed Appellee’s uncertainty in their legal

advice; and (3) March 23, 2001, emails from Attorney Finio concerning a

request, from Appellant Giorgio, for an opinion letter on the validity of AMC’s

purchase of a mushroom farm.        Id. at 38-39, 46-47.     Indeed, Appellants

maintain, their admissions in their pleadings tended to show they were not

aware, due to Appellee’s legal advice to the contrary, that the Supply Control

Program was not protected by the Capper-Volstead Act.             Id. at 44-45.

Appellants also cite an undated “strategic planning meeting in Hershey,

Pennsylvania,” where one AMC member voiced concern as to whether the

deed restrictions would be permitted under the Capper-Volstead Act, and

Attorney Finio “shut down any further dialogue” by asking “where the hell did

[the AMC member] get [his] law degree.” Id. at 45 (citation omitted). We

conclude no relief is due.

      We incorporate our discussion above, especially the trial courts’ finding

that it was Appellants’ agreement, in December of 2004, to the DOJ’s

proposed consent decree, following an 18-month antitrust investigation, that

put Appellants on notice of a potential injury caused by Appellee’s deficient

legal representation. Appellants’ present reliance on emails sent and received

three years prior to that date, as well as their arguments concerning

admissions in the pleadings, is not persuasive.        The trial court properly

considered the undisputed averments in the pleadings: that the DOJ

investigated AMC, and then filed a lawsuit, for antitrust violations arising from,

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inter alia, the deed restrictions, and AMC agreed to a consent decree, entered

as a final judgment in federal court, under which it was required to nullify the

deed restrictions.   We find specious Appellants’ present argument — that

Appellee’s statements, in the face of a proposed settlement by the DOJ that

required Appellants to nullify the deed restrictions, led Appellants to believe

their activities were nevertheless protected under the Capper-Volstead Act.

Accordingly, no relief is due.

                                 VII. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the trial court granting

Appellee’s motion for judgment on the pleadings, on the ground that all of

Appellants’ negligence and contract claims, as against Appellee, are barred by

the statutes of limitations.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 4/05/2023

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