Court Opinion

ID: 2756769
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-03 00:02:27.102035+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:26:52.832952
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/2/14 Thornburg v. Faunce CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE

MICHELLE THORNBURG,

     Plaintiff and Appellant,                                          G050299

         v.                                                            (Super. Ct. No. RIC1104353)

EDWARD L. FAUNCE et al.,                                               OPINION

     Defendants and Respondents.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Riverside County, Daniel
A. Ottolia, Judge. Reversed.
                   Tetley Law Office and Frank O. Tetley for Plaintiff and Appellant.
                   Klinedinst PC, Heather L. Rosing, Leah A. Plaskin and Sarah H. Lanham
for Defendants and Respondents.
              Michelle Thornburg appeals from the summary judgment in favor of her
former lawyers, Faunce, Singer & Oatman, APC (the Faunce Law Firm) and individual
attorneys Edward L. Faunce, Mark Ellis Singer, and Jane H. Oatman (collectively
referred to as the Defendants) in this legal malpractice action. Thornburg was a police
officer for the City of Rialto (the City), and the Defendants represented Thornburg in her
unsuccessful application for disability retirement benefits. The trial court concluded any
alleged deficiency in the Defendants’ representation of Thornburg did not cause her any
harm because while her disability retirement application was pending she was fired for
cause for a reason unrelated to her medical condition, which as a matter of law precluded
her from receiving disability retirement benefits. We conclude the trial court erred and
reverse the summary judgment.
                                          FACTS
Undisputed Background Facts
              The City hired Thornburg as a police officer in 1994. In 1997, she was
suspended for 30 days without pay after being convicted of driving while under the
influence of alcohol (DUI).
              In November 1998, Thornburg injured her knee while on duty during
pursuit of an armed robber. She initially was cleared to return to work in January 1999,
but she soon felt unable to perform her required duties and was off work thereafter
receiving further treatment. By July 1999, her doctor released her to return to work on
modified duty. The City offered her a modified light duty position, which she accepted
and she returned to work in a desk position in August 1999. Her duties thereafter largely
involved driving to the courthouse, the district attorney’s office, and juvenile court.
              In November 1999, Thornburg prepared and submitted an application to the
California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS) for an industrial disability
retirement. The form CalPERS industrial disability retirement application specifically
directed that local safety members were not to describe the nature of their disability or

                                              2
how it occurred, and accordingly, Thornburg did not describe her disability. In
March 2000, Thornburg retained the Defendants to assist her with her disability
retirement claim.
              In July 2001, while she was driving on duty, Thornburg struck and killed an
82-year-old pedestrian. The victim apparently stepped in front of her car, and Thornburg
was unable to brake in time. He flew over the hood of the car and smashed through the
windshield in front of her. Thornburg received mental health treatment for emotional
trauma from the accident. Sometime after the accident, Thornburg had surgery on her
knee. Thereafter, she was taking numerous medications for pain and anxiety.
              Thornburg never returned to work for the City, but remained on the City
payroll for an additional year, receiving “4850 benefits.”1 During this time, Thornburg
made a claim to the City for psychological injury arising from the car accident,
specifically posttraumatic stress disorder that “manifested itself through shaking,
nightmares, night sweats, seizures, passing out, memory loss, blurred vision, and blurred
perception of reality.”
              On July 23, 2002, while still employed by the City and while her disability
retirement application was still pending, Thornburg was arrested for another DUI.
              On July 29, 2002, one of Thornburg’s mental health providers issued a
permanent and stationary report, stating she was a qualified injured worker. On
August 5, 2002, the City’s workers’ compensation adjusting agency, referencing the July
2001 accident and the mental health provider’s permanent and stationary report, advised
Thornburg the City did not have a modified or alternate job for her within her job
restrictions and invited her to participate in vocational rehabilitation services.
              On August 7, 2002, and again on September 16, 2002, Faunce Law Firm
attorney Oatman, wrote to the City demanding it make a decision on Thornburg’s

1            Labor Code section 4850 provides for police officers to receive leaves of
absence for up to one year for temporary disability.

                                               3
disability retirement application, which had now been pending for almost three years,
reminding the City that Thornburg had suffered two industrial injuries: a psychiatric
injury (from the July 2001 pedestrian fatality) and an orthopedic injury (from the
November 1998 knee injury).
              On September 25, 2002, the City’s designated independent psychological
evaluator sent the City his evaluation of Thornburg. The City’s evaluator identified
November 1998 (knee injury) and July 2001 (pedestrian fatality) as the dates of
Thornburg’s injuries. He described Thornburg’s fragile emotional state at the time of his
examination (September 2002) as including significant signs of clinical depression and
anxiety. She had significant ongoing traumatic problems as a result of the July 2001
pedestrian fatality, which were exacerbated by having recently been sued by the family of
the victim. She was unable to get the vision of the pedestrian smashing through her
windshield out of her mind. She had nightmares, a constant feeling of her skin crawling,
alternated between excessive sleep and inability to sleep, was easily provoked to tears
and sobbing, was often afraid to leave her house or answer her phone. She had been
placed on various antidepressants to no avail, and had two psychiatric hospitalizations.
              The City’s independent evaluator advised the City of his tentative opinion
that Thornburg suffered posttraumatic stress disorder which he attributed 60 percent to
the trauma of the July 2001 pedestrian fatality, 30 percent to the effects of now being
sued by the family of the victim; and 10 percent to her July 2002 DUI. Although
Thornburg was “NOT permanent and stationary,” the City’s evaluator opined she was
temporarily partially disabled on a psychiatric basis and was not capable of resuming any
work duties for the City, stating he doubted she would be ever able to work again for the
City due to the emotional trauma from the July 2001 car accident. He stated Thornburg’s
“psychiatric injury/illness is considered a compensable industrial psychiatric injury
resulting predominately from the effects of the [July 2001 pedestrian fatality]. I currently
see no basis for apportionment of any ultimate psychiatric disability.”

                                             4
              On November 14, 2002, the City notified Thornburg she was terminated for
cause effective November 15, 2002, due to her violations of the law (two DUI arrests),
and other “documented history of disobedience to the rules and regulations of this
department for which [she had] received progressive levels of discipline.” Thornburg
was represented by a different law firm and lawyer in her disciplinary proceedings, and
although she appealed her termination, she later withdrew that appeal.
              By April 2003, the City still had not acted on Thornburg’s disability
retirement application, and Thornburg filed a petition for writ of mandate to compel the
City to make a decision. On April 23, 2003, the city administrator denied Thornburg’s
petition for a industrial disability retirement. Although the letter referred to Thornburg’s
second industrial injury in July 2001 (i.e., her psychological injury due to the pedestrian
fatality), it stated Thornburg was not incapacitated for performance of her duties in the
position of police officer in a permanent modified light duty work position, she had been
returned to a permanent modified light duty alternative employment on August 25, 1999,
and was discharged for cause on November 15, 2002, for reasons unrelated to her
medical status.
              On April 29, 2003, Oatman filed an appeal of the city administrator’s
decision to CalPERS, again stating Thornburg had suffered two industrial injuries:
orthopedic and psychiatric. In September 2003, Oatman filed a second writ of mandate
to compel the City to issue a statement of issues so Thornburg’s appeal could proceed to
hearing before CalPERS.
              In November 2003, the City submitted its statement of issues reiterating its
position Thornburg was not incapacitated, had been offered modified light duty position
following her 1998 knee injury, and because she was discharged for cause she could not
receive a disability retirement. In December 2003, Oatman filed Thornburg’s reply to the
City’s statement of issues and requested a hearing before an administrative law judge
(ALJ). She reiterated that Thornburg’s disability retirement application was based on

                                             5
two injuries: the 1998 orthopedic injury and the psychiatric injury resulting from the
2001 pedestrian fatality. The City had never offered a modified duty that would address
both injuries, and it acknowledged in August 2002, it could not offer her modified duty
addressing both injuries.
              Thornburg’s appeal of the City’s denial of her industrial disability
retirement application was then derailed for several years, in part due to changes in
criteria for assessing peace officer industrial disability retirement applications imposed by
Nolan v. City of Anaheim (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 335 (Nolan), and subsequent legislative
efforts to address the appropriate criteria.2 Eventually, the appeal was heard by an ALJ
in August 2009, and Thornburg was represented at the hearing by Faunce. The ALJ’s
decision affirming the City’s denial of Thornburg’s disability retirement application was
issued in February 2010 and adopted by the City.
              In her decision, the ALJ mentioned the July 2001 pedestrian fatality and
Thornburg’s emotional injury resulting from that event. But she concluded Thornburg
filed her disability retirement application in November 1999 following her orthopedic
injury and never amended her application to include the 2001 injury or her mental
condition. Therefore, the issues were limited to deciding whether Thornburg was
permanently disabled or incapacitated when she filed her application for a disability
retirement in November 1999. The ALJ denied Thornburg’s industrial disability
retirement application concluding the medical evidence was insufficient to establish that
on November 8, 1999, the date Thornburg filed her application, her medical condition

2               Nolan, supra, 33 Cal. 4th 335, changed the criteria CalPERS historically
applied for determining disability retirement by requiring a CalPERS member show he or
she was substantially incapacitated from performing the usual duties of the position not
just for his current employer but for any CalPERS-covered employer. Subsequent
legislation confirmed CalPERS’ historical practice that a member would be eligible for
disability retirement provided he or she could show substantial incapacity to perform the
usual duties required of his or her current employer. (See Assem. Bill No. 2244 (2006
Reg. Sess.) § 10.)

                                             6
(i.e., her orthopedic injury) prevented her from performing the normal duties of a police
officer. The City had given her a modified duty assignment with the same salary, same
fringe benefits, and same promotional opportunities as other public safety employees.
The ALJ’s decision made no mention of the effect of Thornburg’s termination for cause
on her disability retirement application.
              On November 22, 2010, the Defendants filed a petition for writ of mandate
in the San Bernardino County Superior Court challenging denial of Thornburg’s
disability retirement application (hereafter the November 2010 Writ Petition). As will be
explained below, Thornburg claims she was not informed the November 2010
Writ Petition was being filed, and she was led to believe by Faunce the ALJ’s decision
was the end of the road for her disability retirement application. The Defendants dispute
this point.
              Sometime after the ALJ issued her ruling, Thornburg learned she could
withdraw her CalPERS contributions plus interest. On January 22, 2011, Thornburg filed
a refund election form with CalPERS. On February 11, 2011, Thornburg received a letter
from CalPERS, stating it could not process her refund request because she had also filed
an application for retirement and she must either cancel her refund request, or cancel her
application for retirement. The letter warned Thornburg her CalPERS membership
would terminate as soon as a refund check was mailed and her right to any future benefits
from CalPERS would terminate. Thornburg checked the box on the letter stating, “I wish
to withdraw my appeal and cancel my application for Industrial Disability Retirement[,]”
signed the letter, and returned it to CalPERS on February 14, 2011. On March 11, 2011,
Thornburg received a retirement contributions refund check for about $58,000.
              Thornburg did not consult with the Defendants before applying to withdraw
her CalPERS contributions. Because she withdrew her CalPERS contributions,
apparently, the November 2010 Writ Petition was dismissed.

                                             7
The Malpractice Complaint & Summary Judgment Motion
              Thornburg filed her malpractice action against the Defendants on March 8,
2011. The complaint contained a single cause of action for legal malpractice. It alleged
Thornburg retained the Defendants to represent her “for all matters pertaining to her
claim for an industrial disability retirement as a result of her inability to continue in her
employment for the City.” It alleged the Defendants failed to conform to the applicable
standard of care in rendering those legal services, and their negligence “consisted of, but
was not limited to” the failure to amend Thornburg’s industrial disability retirement
application to include her mental condition; and their failure to adequately prepare for
and present her evidence at the August 2009 hearing.
              The Defendants moved for summary judgment on the grounds Thornburg
could not prove damages for two reasons: (1) Thornburg’s termination for cause
precluded her from receiving disability retirement benefits; and (2) by withdrawing her
CalPERS contributions, Thornburg had waived any rights to disability retirement
benefits. The Defendants asserted but for the “insurmountable hurdles” posed by
Thornburg’s withdrawal of her CalPERS contributions and her termination for cause, she
would most likely have prevailed on the November 2010 Writ Petition because the ALJ
improperly limited Thornburg’s claim to her orthopedic injury and refused to consider
her emotional injury.
              The Defendants’ separate statement set forth the above undisputed facts
concerning filing the November 2010 Writ Petition and Thornburg’s application for a
refund of her CalPERS contributions. They asserted that when Thornburg withdrew her
CalPERS contributions, she was aware she could no longer pursue industrial disability
retirement benefits. They also asserted Thornburg understood that when she was
terminated for cause in November 2002, it rendered her ineligible for retirement benefits.
              The Defendants’ summary judgment motion was supported by declarations
from Oatman and Faunce detailing various communications with the City, putting the

                                               8
City on notice about Thornburg’s emotional injuries from the July 2001 pedestrian
fatality. Faunce declared he prepared and filed the November 2010 Writ Petition
challenging the ALJ’s decision. Both declared that although an employee’s termination
for cause “usually cuts off the right to retirement benefits, [the Defendants] continued to
represent Thornburg in her application because [they] believed [they] could make a good
faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of the existing law.” They
were not aware Thornburg intended to request a refund of her CalPERS contributions and
“withdraw her appeal,” and Thornburg never discussed those issues with them until after
February 14, 2011.
              The motion was also supported by excerpts from Faunce’s deposition.
Faunce testified at his deposition that after the ALJ’s decision was issued, he spoke to
Thornburg on the telephone, and she was crying—bordering on hysterical—during the
conversation. He told Thornburg there was nothing more he could do with respect to the
City, and they would have to seek relief in the superior court. He gathered from the
conversation that Thornburg wanted him to file a petition for writ of mandamus, but he
did not confirm the conversation in writing. He mailed Thornburg a retainer agreement
on April 15, 2010, for pursuing a petition for writ of mandate, but Thornburg never
returned it and he never followed up with her. Nonetheless, he filed the November 2010
Writ Petition to protect Thornburg’s rights. Faunce testified he spoke with Thornburg
after he heard she was going to withdraw her CalPERS contributions. He told her that if
she took her money out they could not pursue the petition for writ of mandate. She said
“that’s fine. She understood.”
              The Defendants also included excerpts from Thornburg’s deposition at
which she testified she was aware if she withdrew her CalPERS contributions she could
no longer pursue her disability retirement application. Moreover, Thornburg testified had
she known earlier she could have withdrawn her contributions, she would have because
of the extreme financial distress she was under. When asked if she ever intended to

                                             9
appeal she replied, “No.” Thornburg testified she never authorized the Defendants to file
the November 2010 Writ Petition. Thornburg testified she knew getting fired for cause
meant she would not be entitled to disability benefits, but what she did not know when
she was fired was that she could have obtained a refund of her contributions. “I didn’t
know that money was in there. I thought that when I got fired all the money was gone.”
              Thornburg acknowledged at her deposition that she received an April 15,
2010, letter from Faunce Law Firm attorney Singer with a retainer agreement referring to
a petition for writ of mandate, but because Faunce had already told her there was nothing
more that could be done, she figured it was a waste of time. She never followed up
because at that point she just did not want to go through it anymore. Thornburg testified
she finally talked to Singer on February 3, 2011, and he told her the Defendants had filed
the November 2010 Writ Petition. He sent her another retainer agreement. At first
Thornburg was really excited, but by the time she received the retainer agreement she
realized she had already sent her refund application and she knew withdrawing her
contributions would cut off her rights to any disability benefits so she did not sign the
new retainer agreement.
              Thornburg’s opposition to the summary judgment motion largely argued
there were material issues of fact as to causation. In short, Thornburg contended she had
been unaware of her right to a judicial challenge to the ALJ’s adverse determination, and
was unaware the November 2010 Writ Petition had been filed until after she withdrew
her CalPERS contributions. Thornburg also argued her termination for cause did not
make her ineligible for industrial disability retirement benefits as a matter of law because
she had a valid claim for benefits before she was fired.
              Thornburg’s opposition was supported by her declaration. She described
various retainer agreements with the Defendants, which covered different parts of the
disability retirement and workers’ compensation procedure, and which provided for
contingent fees based in part on the amount of retroactive monies awarded, with some

                                             10
fees being payable up front. After the City denied her benefits in 2003, Thornburg signed
a retainer agreement with the Defendants for the administrative appeal to the ALJ. The
retainer agreement called for payment of a $7,500 retainer fee that would be credited
towards a contingent fee based on her total recovery. Thornburg declared that after she
mailed the signed retainer agreement back to the Defendants, she received back a copy of
her credit card receipt for $8,000.3
              Thornburg described receiving a retainer agreement from the Defendants
dated April 15, 2010, and another dated February 3, 2011, both of which referred to filing
and pursuing a petition for writ of mandate in the superior court. Thornburg declared that
during the ALJ hearing, Faunce told her she would win, and she was devastated when she
lost. She declared Faunce called her and “said he was sorry, but that was all they could
do for me. [¶] He didn’t tell me about any appeal, let alone [that] we would win it
because of the mistake of the [ALJ].” She declared Faunce did not explain the appeal to
her. Attorney Singer called her in February 2011 and told her they had filed an appeal,
but she had already requested a refund of her CalPERS contributions.
              Thornburg’s opposition was also supported by a declaration from an expert
witness, attorney Brian C. Unitt. He opined the Defendants were negligent in failing to
adequately advise Thornburg about her right to challenge the unfavorable ruling by the
ALJ. Although Faunce testified at his deposition that he told Thornburg they could file a
petition for writ of mandate challenging the ALJ’s decision, there was no written
confirmation Thornburg was advised of that possibility. Thornburg testified Faunce said
the case was over and nothing more could be done, and Faunce conceded Thornburg was

3             The Defendants submitted a reply declaration of Faunce stating the only
payment Thornburg ever made to the Defendants was the initial $500 retainer fee, and
she never made a $8,000 payment. He attached billing invoices showing that in addition
to the $500 retainer fee, the only other compensation the Defendants received was a
payment of $3,284.50 from the City following the successful first petition for writ of
mandate in 2003.

                                            11
crying and bordering on hysterical during the conversation. Faunce did not inform
Thornburg he was filing a petition for writ of mandate on her behalf. Accordingly,
Thornburg was unaware of what she was giving up when she requested a refund of her
CalPERS contributions. Faunce never warned Thornburg about the consequences of
seeking a refund of her CalPERS contributions. Unitt also criticized the Defendants for
having continued to pursue Thornburg’s disability retirement application after she was
terminated for cause in view of their position that termination precluded her from
qualifying for any such benefits. Taking fees from a client to pursue a claim the lawyers
knew had no merit was a breach of their fiduciary duties. Finally, Unitt criticized the
Defendants for having created a conflict with Thornburg via the contingent fee agreement
based on retroactive monies awarded to her—i.e., the longer the industrial disability
retirement application process took, the higher those potential retroactive disability
payments.
              Two days after filing her opposition to the summary judgment motion,
Thornburg filed an ex parte application to shorten time to hear a motion to file an
amended complaint. The proposed amended complaint attached to the motion to shorten
time expanded the alleged negligent acts to include the Defendants’ failure to
appropriately advise Thornburg about the scope of their representation, that she should
not withdraw her CalPERS contributions, and that her termination for cause precluded an
award of disability retirement benefits. It also contained allegations the Defendants
failed to disclose the conflict created by the retainer agreements and that delay in
pursuing Thornburg’s disability retirement application could increase the fees payable to
the Defendants. The application to shorten time was denied. The register of actions
indicates Thornburg filed a motion for leave to amend the complaint on the day the
summary judgment motion was heard and hearing on the motion was subsequently
vacated.

                                             12
Ruling
              The trial court granted the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment,
finding that as a matter of law Thornburg’s termination for cause prior to her having
obtained “a matured right to a disability retirement benefit . . . precluded [her] from
receiving a disability retirement benefit from the City.” Accordingly, Thornburg could
not show causation, i.e., that she would have had a better result but for the Defendants’
alleged negligence. In view of that ruling, the trial court declined to decide if
Thornburg’s withdrawal of her CalPERS contributions also precluded her from proving
damages.
                                       DISCUSSION
A. Summary Judgment in a Legal Malpractice Case
              A motion for summary judgment is properly granted only when “all the
papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c,
subd. (c).) We review a grant of summary judgment de novo and decide independently
whether the undisputed facts warrant judgment for the moving party as a matter of law.
(Intel Corp. v. Hamidi (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 1342, 1348.)
              To state a cause of action for legal malpractice, a plaintiff must plead
“(1) the duty of the attorney to use such skill, prudence, and diligence as members of his
or her profession commonly possess and exercise; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) a
proximate causal connection between the breach and the resulting injury; and (4) actual
loss or damage resulting from the attorney’s negligence. [Citations.]” (Coscia v.
McKenna & Cuneo (2001) 25 Cal. 4th 1194, 1199-1200.)
              The sole basis on which the Defendants sought summary judgment was
Thornburg’s inability to prove their alleged negligence caused her any injury. To
establish causation in a legal malpractice action, the plaintiff is required to prove, but for
the defendants’ negligent acts or omissions, he or she “would have obtained a more

                                              13
favorable judgment or settlement in the action in which the malpractice allegedly
occurred.” (Viner v. Sweet (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 1232, 1241 (Viner).) This requirement,
intended to safeguard “against speculative and conjectural claims,” essentially requires a
“trial-within-a-trial” of the underlying case. (Mattco Forge, Inc. v. Arthur Young & Co.
(1997) 52 Cal. App. 4th 820, 834 (Mattco Forge) [trial-within-a-trial “is a standard of
proof designed to limit damages to those actually caused by a professional’s
malfeasance”]; accord, Viner, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 1241.) “The trial-within-a-trial
method does not ‘recreate what a particular judge or fact finder would have done.
Rather, the jury’s task is to determine what a reasonable judge or fact finder would have
done . . . . ’” (Mattco Forge, Inc., supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at p. 840.)
              “Causation is generally a question of fact for the jury, unless reasonable
minds could not dispute the absence of causation. [Citations.]” (Lombardo v.
Huysentruyt (2001) 91 Cal. App. 4th 656, 666; Kurinij v. Hanna & Morton (1997)
55 Cal. App. 4th 853, 864 [causation “is ordinarily a question of fact which cannot be
resolved on summary judgment” unless “under undisputed facts, there is no room for a
reasonable difference of opinion”].) However, causation is a question of law for the court
in a legal malpractice action if the issue hinges on a question of law that would have been
determined by the trial court in the underlying action. (Piscitelli v. Friedenberg (2001)
87 Cal. App. 4th 953, 970.)

B. Material Issues of Fact as to Whether Thornburg’s Termination for Cause Precluded
an Award of Disability Retirement Benefits
              Whether Thornburg’s termination for cause would have precluded a
reasonable trial judge from ruling in her favor on the November 2010 Writ Petition is the
central issue in this appeal. The trial court, agreeing with the Defendants, found that as a
matter of law Thornburg’s termination for cause precluded her from obtaining disability
retirement benefits and thus she could not prove the Defendants’ alleged negligence
caused her any damage. We conclude there are material issues of fact as to the effect of

                                             14
Thornburg’s termination for cause on her application for disability retirement and, thus,
on whether she suffered any harm as a result of the Defendants’ alleged negligence.
               We begin with the relevant statutes regarding a public safety employee’s
disability retirement benefits. A city may contract with CalPERS for purposes of
providing a retirement system. (Gov. Code, § 45345.)4 Section 21151, subdivision (a),
provides, “Any . . . local safety member incapacitated for the performance of duty as the
result of an industrial disability shall be retired for disability . . . regardless of age or
amount of service.”5 When a local safety member applies for disability retirement, the
governing board of the agency determines in the first instance whether the member is
incapacitated for the performance of duty (§ 21154), and is required to act on the
employee’s application within six months of receipt (§ 21157). The employee may
appeal the local agency’s decision to CalPERS and is entitled to an administrative
hearing before an ALJ. (§ 21156, subd. (b)(2).) The local agency then can take action on
the ALJ’s decision, such as adopting it, rejecting it, or modifying it (§ 11517,
subd. (c)(2)), and judicial review of the local agency’s final decision may be had via
administrative mandamus (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5; Gong v. City of Fremont (1967)
250 Cal. App. 2d 568, 572). A trial court would be required to exercise its independent
judgment in such a review. (Rodriguez v. City of Santa Cruz (2014) 227 Cal. App. 4th
1443, 1452 [independent judgment in reviewing city’s decision involving employee’s
“‘fundamental vested right to a disability retirement pension if he in fact was disabled’”];
see also Smith v. City of Napa (2004) 120 Cal. App. 4th 194, 198 (Smith) [agency decision

4            All further statutory references are to the Government Code, unless
otherwise indicated.

5              An “industrial disability” results from an “injury or disease arising out of
and in the course of [the employee’s] employment.” (§ 20046.) “Disability” means an
“inability to engage in any substantial gainful occupation by reason of any physical or
mental impairment.” (§ 20027.)

                                                15
denying disability retirement involves fundamental vested rights of employee requiring
independent review of administrative record to determine if weight of evidence supports
agency’s findings].)
               Section 21156, subdivision (a)(1), sets forth the requisite conditions for
approving a disability retirement. It provides in relevant part, “If the medical
examination and other available information show to the satisfaction of . . . the governing
body of the contracting agency employing the member, that the member . . . is
incapacitated physically or mentally for the performance of his or her duties and is
eligible to retire for disability, the board shall immediately retire him or her for
disability . . . .” (Italics added.)
               Section 21156, subdivision (a)(1)’s proviso that the member must be
“eligible to retire for disability” gives rise to the issue presented here because the statute
does not define what it means to be “eligible to retire for disability.” Haywood v.
American River Fire Protection Dist. (1998) 67 Cal. App. 4th 1292 (Haywood), and Smith,
supra, 120 Cal. App. 4th 194, the cases upon which the Defendants and the trial court
relied, guide the analysis.
               In Haywood, a firefighter who was frequently disciplined for failing to
follow directions applied for workers’ compensation benefits claiming “psychic injury”
resulted from his fear of constant scrutiny by supervisors in the fire district. (Haywood,
supra, 67 Cal.App.4th at p. 1299.) Doctors evaluated the firefighter. He was eventually
charged with jeopardizing the health and safety of the public and inexcusable neglect of
duty and was terminated from employment. Almost a year after being fired, the
firefighter applied for disability retirement and his application was denied by the fire
district—a decision that was upheld in an administrative hearing. (Ibid.) In the ensuing
administrative mandamus proceeding, the trial court found the firefighter was disabled
and directed the fire district to set aside its administrative decision denying his disability
retirement application. (Id. at pp. 1302, 1308.)

                                              16
              On appeal, the court in Haywood, supra, 67 Cal. App. 4th 1292, reversed the
trial court and held the firefighter was not eligible for disability retirement. (Id. at
pp. 1303, 1308.) Among the variety of reasons for its conclusion, the Haywood court
interpreted various statutes as requiring a person may only be eligible for disability
retirement if the person would be permitted to return to work if the disability were
alleviated. (Id. at p. 1305.) Because the firefighter was terminated for cause from his
job, there was no longer the potential of him being reinstated as a firefighter with the fire
district, and therefore his application for disability retirement must be denied. (Id. at
p. 1306.) Additionally, the Haywood court noted that awarding the firefighter “disability
retirement would interfere with the [fire district’s] authority to discipline recalcitrant
employees. Such an award in effect would compel the [fire district] to pension-off an
employee who has demonstrated unwillingness to faithfully perform his duties, and
would reward [the firefighter] with early retirement for his recalcitrance. [¶] In other
words, granting [the firefighter] disability retirement would override [his] termination for
cause despite his inability to set aside the termination through the grievance process.”
(Ibid.) Therefore, the court reasoned the firefighter’s disability retirement application
should be rejected so that the fire district’s authority to discipline was not overridden.
(Ibid.) In sum, the Haywood court “conclude[d] that where . . . an employee is fired for
cause and the discharge is neither the ultimate result of a disabling medical condition nor
preemptive of an otherwise valid claim for disability retirement, the termination of the
employment relationship renders the employee ineligible for disability retirement
regardless of whether a timely application is filed.” (Id. at p. 1307, italics added.)
              Several years later, the same court in Smith, supra, 120 Cal. App. 4th 194,
elaborated on Haywood. In Smith, a city firefighter suffered a back injury on the job for
which he had received a partial (15 percent) permanent disability rating, but over the next
nine years of employment he had ongoing disciplinary issues. (Smith, supra,
120 Cal.App.4th at p. 199.) As part of those disciplinary issues, he was required to

                                              17
complete various certification tests. (Id. at pp. 199-200.) After making critical errors
during one of the tests, the firefighter was terminated from employment. On the effective
date of his dismissal, the firefighter filed a claim for disability retirement. (Id. at p. 201.)
Relying on Haywood, the city concluded the firefighter was ineligible for disability
retirement due to his dismissal from his job, and its decision was affirmed in an
administrative hearing. (Smith, supra, 120 Cal.App.4th at pp. 201-202.)
              In affirming the trial court’s denial of the firefighter’s petition for writ of
administrative mandamus, Smith explained Haywood held that “if an applicant is no
longer eligible for [job] reinstatement because of a dismissal for cause, this also
disqualifies the applicant for a disability retirement. [Citation.]” (Smith, supra,
120 Cal.App.4th at p. 203.) However, the Smith court explained the Haywood “holding
would not apply where the cause for dismissal was the result of a disabling medical
condition, or where the dismissal would be ‘preemptive of an otherwise valid claim for
disability retirement.’ [Citation.]” (Smith, supra, 120 Cal.App.4th at p. 205, italics
added.) Smith explained, “even if an agency dismisses an employee solely for a cause
unrelated to a disabling medical condition, [such a dismissal] cannot result in the
forfeiture of a matured right to a pension absent express legislative direction to that
effect. [Citations.] Thus, if a plaintiff were able to prove that the right to a disability
retirement matured before the date of the event giving cause to dismiss, the dismissal
cannot preempt the right to receive a disability pension for the duration of the disability.
[Citation.] Conversely, the ‘right may be lost upon occurrence of a condition subsequent
such as lawful termination of employment before it matures . . . .’ [Citation.]” (Id. at
p. 206, third & fourth italics added.)
              Applying the Haywood rules, the Smith court concluded the key issue
before it was whether the firefighter’s right to a disability retirement had “matured”
before his termination. (Smith, supra, 120 Cal.App.4th at p. 206.) Smith concluded a
“vested right matures when there is an unconditional right to immediate payment.

                                               18
[Citations.]” (Ibid.) It concluded a duty to provide a disability pension payment only
arises once the pension board determines the employee is no longer capable of
performing his or her duties. In other words, a right to a pension payment is “matured”
once the pension board approves the employee’s disability retirement application. If a
plaintiff were able to prove the pension board determined he was no longer capable of
performing his duties before the date of the event giving cause to dismiss, then dismissal
could not preempt the right to receive a disability pension for the duration of the
disability. Accordingly, Smith concluded that because “a CalPERS determination of
eligibility did not antedate the unsuccessful certification [test, the firefighter’s] right to a
disability retirement was . . . immature, and his dismissal for cause defeated it.” (Ibid.)6
               Although Smith held the firefighter’s right to a disability retirement had not
matured before he was terminated for cause, it articulated exceptions to its holding.
(Smith, supra, 120 Cal.App.4th at pp. 206-207 [“there may be facts under which a court,
applying principles of equity, will deem an employee’ s right to a disability retirement to
be matured and thus survive a dismissal for cause”].) The first would be “if the plaintiff
had an impending ruling on a claim for a disability pension that was delayed, through no
fault of his own, until after his dismissal.” (Id. at p. 207.) However, that possible
exception was not implicated in Smith because the firefighter “did not even initiate the
process until after giving cause for his dismissal.” (Ibid.) The second exception would
be when “there [was] undisputed evidence that the plaintiff was eligible for a CalPERS
disability retirement, such that a favorable decision on his claim would have been a
foregone conclusion (as perhaps with a loss of limb).” (Ibid.) However, Smith concluded

6              Although Smith referred to the firefighter’s failing the certification test as
the critical event, in a footnote, it observed, “[n]either the facts nor the briefing in the
present case require us to decide whether the event extinguishing a right to a disability
retirement is the effective date of the dismissal, the date of the decision to dismiss the
employee, or the date of the underlying conduct giving cause for the dismissal.” (Smith,
supra, 120 Cal.App.4th at p. 206, fn. 11.)

                                               19
that equitable exception did not apply because the firefighter’s medical evidence was
equivocal. (Ibid.)
              We conclude there are material issues of fact as to whether Thornburg’s
termination for cause before her disability retirement application was acted on by the City
precluded her disability retirement claim. Accordingly, the trial court erred by
concluding as a matter of law Thornburg could not prove she was damaged by any
alleged negligence of the Defendants in representing her in the underlying disability
matter.
              There are facts from which a reasonable trial court on a petition for writ of
administrative mandamus could conclude the equitable exceptions articulated in Smith,
supra, 120 Cal. App. 4th 194, should apply in this case because there is evidence of both
inexplicable delay by the City on Thornburg’s long-pending disability retirement
application until after she was fired for cause and evidence a favorable decision on her
application would have been a foregone conclusion had she not been terminated for
cause.7 This is not a case like Haywood or Smith in which the employee’s disability
claim was in response to or in anticipation of a looming termination for cause.
Thornburg filed her disability retirement application in November 1999, following her
1998 work-related knee injury. In July 2001, she was involved in an on-duty car accident
in which an elderly man was killed, following which she never returned to work in large

7              In view of this conclusion, we need not consider Thornburg’s extensive
reliance on an ALJ decision issued June 12, 2003, in Plein v. Department of Corrections
(OAH No. N 2002060499), which predates Smith. In that case, an employee prison
guard’s disabling orthopedic injury (arm and elbow injured in altercation with an inmate)
occurred before his termination for cause (following arrest for being under the influence
of narcotics), and his disability application was filed after his termination. Nonetheless,
the ALJ concluded the employee had a valid claim for disability retirement because his
disabling injury preceded his termination.
               Nor do we consider Thornburg’s argument concerning whether the City
should have granted her a disability retirement based solely on her knee injury or whether
the City’s placing her on modified duty following that injury was appropriate.

                                            20
part due to the emotional trauma from that event. There is evidence from which a trial
court could find the City was fully apprised of Thornburg’s psychological condition, that
she was receiving psychological treatment and was on temporary disability as a result.
On July 29, 2002, just a few days after Thornburg’s DUI arrest, and several months
before her termination, the City received a permanent and stationary report from one of
Thornburg’s mental health provider stating she was a qualified injured worker. Within
days of that, the City’s workers’ compensation adjusting agency, specifically referencing
the July 2001 accident and the mental health provider’s permanent and stationary report,
advised Thornburg the City did not have a modified or alternate job for her within her job
restrictions and invited her to participate in vocational rehabilitation services. On
September 25, 2002, the City received its own independent psychological evaluation of
Thornburg opining she was disabled on a psychological basis and the psychiatrist stated
he doubted she would be ever able to work again for the City due to the emotional trauma
from the July 2001 car accident. The City did not terminate Thornburg until
November 15, 2002. And despite the statutory requirement a disability retirement
application be decided within six months (§ 21157), the City did not act on Thornburg’s
application until April 2003—and only then after the Defendants filed a petition for writ
of mandate to compel the City to make a decision. Moreover, the City’s finding
Thornburg was not disabled was apparently based only on her knee injury because even
though its denial letter referred to the July 2001 accident, it found she was not disabled
because she could and did return to modified light duty in August 1999—two years
earlier.
              The City’s delay in acting on Thornburg’s retirement application was then
compounded by inordinate delay—another six and one-half years—before she received
an administrative review hearing before the ALJ. Some of that delay was likely
attributable to the City (it took a second petition for writ of mandate to compel the City to
issue a statement of issues so Thornburg’s appeal could proceed to hearing before

                                             21
CalPERS); some of the delay was apparently attributable to a change in law effected by
Nolan, supra, 33 Cal. 4th 335, and subsequent legislative changes; and some of the delay
remains entirely unexplained.
              That Thornburg’s disability application was eventually heard and denied by
the ALJ does not alter the conclusion there is evidence from which a trial court exercising
its independent judgment on a petition for writ of mandate could have found the
exceptions articulated in Smith applied. Despite Thornburg’s statement of issues
specifically identifying emotional injuries resulting from her 2001 on the job accident as
one of her disabilities, the ALJ refused to consider those injuries in deciding if she was
disabled. The ALJ concluded Thornburg was required to amend her disability
application to specifically identify that injury for it to be considered, and failed to do so.
Thus the only issue was whether she was disabled on the date of her application, i.e.,
from her knee injury. As the Defendants specifically argued in their summary judgment
motion, the ALJ erred in refusing to consider Thornburg’s emotional injuries. The
disability application form specifically precludes a local safety member from specifying
their disability or how it occurred. Moreover, the issue is not what was on Thornburg’s
application, but what information the City had notice of when it acted on the application.
              For example, in Thompson v. City of San Diego (1987) 43 Cal. 3d 1033,
1039, the Supreme Court held a city violated a public safety employee’s due process
rights by denying him a hearing on his application for disability retirement on the
grounds the knee injury identified on his application occurred before the employee
became eligible for a disability retirement. The employee had a separate psychological
injury that occurred after he became a member of the retirement system. The city had
been kept fully apprised of both the employee’s physical and psychological conditions,
that he was under a psychiatrist’s care, and that he had applied for industrial/injury leave,
and the employee’s medical records and the reports of his treating psychiatrist were
reviewed by a psychiatric specialist at the city’s request. The Supreme Court held that

                                              22
even though the employee’s pension application did not identify psychological injury as a
cause of his disability, the application was not to be judged under the kinds of standards
applied to legal pleadings and “the city was sufficiently placed on notice of a separate
psychological basis for plaintiff’s disability retirement claim.” (Ibid.) Here, there is
abundant evidence the City was well aware of Thornburg’s emotional injury was a basis
for her disability claim long before it terminated her and long before it acted on her
disability retirement application.
              In sum, we conclude there are material issues of fact as to whether
Thornburg’s termination for cause precluded her from obtaining a disability retirement
because there are facts from which a trial court on a petition for writ of administrative
mandamus in the disability matter could find the exceptions articulated in Smith, supra,
120 Cal. App. 4th 194, applied. Accordingly, the trial court in this legal malpractice action
against her attorneys erred in concluding that as a matter of law, Thornburg could not
prove damages resulting from their alleged negligence in handling her case.
C. Effect of Thornburg’s Withdrawal of CalPERS Contributions on Causation
              The second ground for the Defendants’ summary judgment motion again
challenged causation. They argued that by withdrawing her CalPERS contributions,
instead of permitting them to pursue the November 2010 Writ Petition, Thornburg
waived her claim for CalPERS retirement benefits. And because Thornburg is now
precluded from obtaining disability retirement benefits, she cannot prove any damages
due to any negligence by the Defendants. The trial court declined to decide this issue.
              We conclude there are material issues of fact as to whether Thornburg’s
withdrawal of her CalPERS contributions precludes her from proving she was damaged
by the Defendants’ alleged negligence. Whether there has been waiver is a question of
fact. (Howell v. Courtesy Chevrolet, Inc. (1971) 16 Cal. App. 3d 391, 405.) A waiver
must be voluntary, knowing, and done with adequate awareness of the relevant

                                             23
circumstances and likely consequences. (Bauman v. Islay Investments (1973)
30 Cal. App. 3d 752, 758.)
              Thornburg’s complaint alleged the Defendants were retained to represent
her in “all matters pertaining to her claim for an industrial disability retirement,” which
reasonably included the administrative hearing proceeding and possible judicial
challenges to its result.8 Thornburg’s opposition to the Defendants’ summary judgment
motion included a declaration from an attorney expert witness opining the Defendants

8              Thornburg raises as a separate, somewhat confusing argument that “if”
summary judgment were granted because her complaint was insufficiently pleaded, then
she should have been permitted to amend her complaint. But the Defendants did not
move for summary judgment based on inadequacy of the pleadings. The Defendants
respond with the familiar rule that, “‘The pleadings delimit the issues to be considered on
a motion for summary judgment. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] Thus, a ‘defendant moving for
summary judgment need address only the issues raised by the complaint; the plaintiff
cannot bring up new, unpleaded issues in his or her opposing papers.’ [Citation.]”
(Laabs v. City of Victorville (2008) 163 Cal. App. 4th 1242, 1253.) We can only assume
the import of these arguments from the Defendants’ standpoint is that facts asserted in
Thornburg’s opposition to the summary judgment motion (and her expert’s declaration)
regarding the Defendants’ alleged failure to adequately advise her on or pursue judicial
review of the denial of disability retirement benefits, or to warn her about the
consequences of withdrawing her CalPERS contributions, were outside the scope of her
complaint. Thornburg’s complaint alleged she retained the Defendants to represent her
“for all matters pertaining to her claim for an industrial disability retirement as a result of
her inability to continue in her employment for the City” (italics added), and they failed
to conform to the requisite standard of care in rendering those legal services. She alleged
the negligence “consisted of, but was not limited to” the failure to amend Thornburg’s
industrial disability retirement application to include her mental condition; and their
failure to adequately prepare for and present her evidence at the August 2009 hearing
before the ALJ. Those allegations could reasonably encompass post-ALJ hearing
activities. (Sadlier v. Superior Court (1986) 184 Cal. App. 3d 1050, 1055 [“The function
of the pleadings in a motion for summary judgment is to delimit the scope of the issues:
the function of the affidavits or declarations is to disclose whether there is any triable
issue of fact within the issues delimited by the pleadings”].) But the issues before us now
are not whether the Defendants breached their duties. The sole ground for the
summary judgment motion was whether Thornburg could prove causation in view of her
termination for cause and her withdrawal of her CalPERS contributions.

                                              24
failed to adequately advise Thornburg about her right to mount a judicial challenge to the
unfavorable ruling from the ALJ and did not adequately inform her about the writ petition
they had filed on her behalf. Thus, Thornburg would not have understood what she was
giving up when she requested a refund of her CalPERS contributions.
              Thornburg declared that after the ALJ’s decision came out, Faunce called
her and “said he was sorry, but that was all they could do for me. [¶] He didn’t tell me
about any appeal, let alone [that] we would win it because of the mistake of the [ALJ].”
She declared Faunce did not explain her judicial review options to her. Although the
Defendants provided Thornburg’s deposition testimony to the effect that after she learned
of the ALJ’s decision, she did not want to appeal, but just wanted to be done with the
case, in view of evidence of her significant emotional distress a trier of fact could
conclude she did not understand her appeal rights. And her testimony that had she known
earlier she could have withdrawn her contributions, she would have done so because of
the financial distress she was under, does not compel the conclusion she understood her
judicial review options and knowingly gave them up. Thornburg admitted she received a
retainer agreement referring to a petition for writ of mandate two months after she spoke
with Faunce but did not understand what it referred to in view of Faunce’s statement the
matter was done. The Defendants provided Faunce’s contrary deposition
testimony—that he discussed filing a petition for writ of mandate with Thornburg—but
he agreed she was crying and bordered on hysterical during the conversation. He never
confirmed the conversation in writing, and although he mailed out a retainer agreement
on April 15, 2010, he never followed up on why Thornburg had not returned it.
              Thornburg declared it was not until she spoke to Singer on February 3,
2011, after she had applied for a refund of her CalPERS contributions, that she learned
the November 2010 Writ Petition had been filed. Faunce testified he spoke to Thornburg
on the phone after he learned she had completed the paperwork to withdraw her CalPERS
contributions and told her that if she took her money out she could not pursue a writ

                                             25
petition, and Thornburg said that was fine, but there is no indication as to whether at that
point, Thornburg could have halted the refund process. Although Thornburg signed the
second CalPERS letter, checking the box stating, “I wish to withdraw my appeal and
cancel my application for Industrial Disability Retirement[,]” after she learned from
Singer the November 2010 Writ Petition had been filed, it does not necessarily follow
that a layperson would understand “appeal” to mean dismissal of the November 2010
Writ Petition. In sum, we conclude there is a triable issue of fact as to whether
Thornburg understood her judicial review options after losing before the ALJ, and thus
whether she understood what she was giving up when she withdrew her CalPERS
contributions.
                                       DISPOSITION
                 The judgment is reversed. Appellant is awarded her costs on appeal.

                                                   O’LEARY, P. J.

WE CONCUR:

FYBEL, J.

IKOLA, J.

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