Court Opinion

ID: 9891447
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-18 16:10:30.815644+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:47:21.788464
License: Public Domain

J-S36003-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA             :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                          :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                          :
              v.                          :
                                          :
                                          :
 IRENA SHIE                               :
                                          :
                    Appellant             :   No. 2971 EDA 2022

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 18, 2022
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-23-SA-0000409-2022

BEFORE: BOWES, J., NICHOLS, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                          FILED OCTOBER 18, 2023

      Irena Shie appeals pro se from the judgment of sentence imposed

following her conviction of the summary offense of harassment. We affirm.

      In short, the facts of this case are as follows. Appellant was unhappy

with the accommodations Garnett Valley Elementary School provided to her

daughter related to her mental health diagnoses. She directed her displeasure

at the school’s principal, Katelyn Jones, sending dozens of emails to Ms. Jones

and various other members of the school’s staff about Ms. Jones’s purported

misdeeds, including being a bully, a child abuser, and a murderer. See N.T.

Trial, 10/18/22, at 14-15, 18, 25-28. After she was prohibited from coming

onto school grounds for any reason other to drop off or pick up her daughter,

Appellant lingered outside Ms. Jones’s office window on fifteen or twenty

occasions after the pick-up, making Ms. Jones feel uncomfortable. See N.T.
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Trial, 10/18/22, at 29. Appellant additionally posted about Ms. Jones online,

accusing her of being a mentally ill child abuser and murderer who “has no

hesitation to put children at risk, or even push children into committing

suicide[,] so long as she could protect her reputation, salary, and position.”

Commonwealth’s Exhibit 3.

      Based upon this conduct towards Ms. Jones, Appellant was charged with

one count of summary harassment pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(a)(3) (“A

person commits the crime of harassment when, with intent to harass, annoy

or alarm another, the person: . . . engages in a course of conduct or repeatedly

commits acts which serve no legitimate purpose[.]”). She was initially tried

and convicted by the magisterial district judge. At a de novo trial before the

court of common pleas, Appellant represented herself. As English is not her

first language, the trial court offered Appellant the services of a translator, but

she declined.    See N.T. Trial, 10/18/22, at 42.       Instead, Appellant, who

indicated that she has difficulty hearing and processing speech, proceeded

with a stenographer who utilized equipment that enabled Appellant to read

everything that was said in the courtroom. Id. at 3-4. When it came time for

her to testify, the trial court offered to give Appellant a continuance so that

she could write out her testimony and read it to the court, but Appellant

declined. Id. at 41-42.

      Appellant’s defense was, in essence, that the communications were

warranted because Ms. Jones harassed Appellant and her children, causing

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Appellant, her daughter, and her son to become suicidal. Id. at 62. The trial

court permitted Appellant to testify at length about her concerns with Ms.

Jones and the services her children received from the school. Id. at 42-82.

However, the trial court precluded Appellant’s son from offering: (1) hearsay

testimony about what a therapist said to Appellant, and (2) testimony it

deemed irrelevant concerning his experience at the district’s high school. Id.

at 59-61.

      Ultimately, the trial court found Ms. Jones to be credible and rejected

Appellant’s defense, concluding that “[n]o matter how upset and frustrated

Appellant may have been about her daughter’s situation,” that “did not justify

her unreasonable and threatening behavior towards Ms. Jones[.]” Trial Court

Opinion, 4/4/23, at 18.     Accordingly, it convicted Appellant of violating

§ 2709(a)(3) and sentenced her to a $300 fine.

      This timely appeal followed the trial court’s denial of Appellant’s motion

for reconsideration. The court ordered Appellant to file a concise statement

of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), Appellant

timely filed a statement, and the trial court authored a Rule 1925(a) opinion.

Therein, the court opined that Appellant arguably waived all of her appellate

issues by filing a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement that failed to properly identify

her claims of error. See Trial Court Opinion, 4/4/23, at 8. It contended that

it had to guess what issues Appellant was attempting to raise in authoring its

opinion, and advocated for a finding of waiver. Id. at 9 (citing, inter alia,

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Commonwealth v. Heggins, 809 A.2d 908, 912 (Pa.Super. 2002) (“Even if

the trial court correctly guessed the issues Appellant brings before this Court,

the vagueness of Appellant’s Concise Statement renders all issues raised

therein waived.”)).

      It is axiomatic that an appellant’s failure to comply with the dictates of

Rule 1925(b) will result in waiver. See, e.g., Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(ii) (“The

Statement shall concisely identify each error that the appellant intends to

assert with sufficient detail to identify the issue to be raised for the judge.”);

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii) (“Issues . . . not raised in accordance with the

provisions of this paragraph (b)(4) are waived.”). Accordingly, before we turn

to Appellant’s questions on appeal, we examine the sufficiency of Appellant’s

Rule 1925(b) statement. Therein, she alleged the following errors, which we

have re-ordered for ease of discussion:

      a.    The court erred, as a matter of law when the court rejected
            to provide a court appointed attorney considering that the
            Appellant suffered from a disability which impedes speech,
            hearing and communication overall. Appellant’s civil, legal,
            and human rights were violated because of which many
            aspects of the hearing from the appellant side were not
            carried out properly[.]

      b.    The court erred as a matter of law because Appellant wasn’t
            afforded the reasonable accommodations guaranteed by the
            Title II of American with Disabilities Act. As the result,
            Appellant could not participate meaningfully at the
            hearing[.]

      c.    Appellant was not in a position to accurately address any
            statements made against them due to their disability
            affecting their communication[.]

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       d.     The court erred as a matter of law when the court rejected
              [her] testimony as irrelevant before Appellant was able to
              finish the entire testimony to summarize relevancy
              considering their disability[.]

       e.     The court abused its discretion by letting a witness stay in
              the court room while it was known that witnesses would
              have to be sequestered while also aware of the Appellant’s
              disability[.]

       f.     The court abused its discretion for its failure to include
              incorporate [sic] common sense. Appellant has parental
              rights that were violated by [Ms. Jones1] and the Garnet
              Valley School District and there is legitimate reason for
              every and each Appellant’s communication with and conduct
              at the Garnet Valley School District.          [Ms. Jones]’s
              unceasing, unwanted and unwelcomed harassment and
              abuse against children with disabilities and their family
              despite multiple cease and desist letters issued by Appellant
              against defendant could eventually result in tragedy where
              children might commit suicide.

       g.     Appellant felt that there was a hostile environment being
              created for them to provide their statements and felt
              unsafe[.]

Concise Statement, 11/29/22, at unnumbered 1-2 (cleaned up).

       We agree with the trial court that the final issue (g) is too vague to alert

the trial court to the nature of the alleged error.2 However, as for the rest,

we do not find the articulated errors to be so defective that all issues stated

____________________________________________

1 Appellant here referred to Ms. Jones as “the defendant,” as if Appellant were

litigating one of her civil claims against the school, rather than defending a
criminal prosecution. See N.T. Trial, 10/18/22, at 10-11 (Ms. Jones indicating
that Appellant has filed discrimination claims against the district “in multiple
settings”).

2 In any event, Appellant appears to have abandoned this issue on appeal.

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therein are waived. Instead, we shall compare the issue included in the Rule

1925(b) statement with the questions presented on appeal to ascertain

whether the claims of error were preserved in the latter, and thereafter decide

waiver on an issue-by-issue basis.3

       The questions presented in Appellant’s brief in this Court, which we also

have opted to re-order, are as follows:

       [1].   Whether the Appellant’s rights were violated where the trial
              court imposed [a] fine on the Appellant without providing an
              opportunity to the Appellant for appointing an interpreter as
              English is not first language of the Appellant, without taking
              into consideration all and entire evidence while deciding the
              fate of the matter and without giving the opportunity to the
              Appellant to be represented by an attorney during the trial
              and hearings?

       [2].   Was the disability accommodation provided in the trial
              sufficient for Appellant to meaningfully participate in the
              hearing?

       [3].   Did the trial court err and abuse its discretion by refusing
              Appellant to continue testifying due to the judge’s
              inaccurate perception of being irrelevant?

       [4].   Did the trial court erred [sic] by not taking into consideration
              cogent and sufficient evidence produced by the Appellant[?]

       [5].   Did the trial court fall in [sic] erred and abused its discretion
              by not letting the witness testify?

____________________________________________

3  The Commonwealth advocates for dismissal of this appeal based upon
defects in Appellant’s brief, asserting that she has opted “to use her brief as
an outlet for personal grievances as opposed to an opportunity to develop
substantive legal arguments[.]” Commonwealth’s brief at 11. As with the
trial court’s assertion of complete waiver, we decline to render a wholesale
rejection of Appellant’s questions, but rather will adjudge waiver issue by
issue.

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      [6].    Did the trial court abuse its discretion by placing reliance on
              false testimony and hearsay of the witness [Ms.] Jones . . .
              and without corroborating such testimony[?]

      [7].    Did the court abuse its discretion and err for harassment
              conviction based on emails which [Ms. Jones] was not the
              recipients and a social media post that was asking for help
              against unceasing harassment, child abuse and murder
              attempts by [Ms. Jones]?     Moreover, it was [Ms. Jones]
              stalking social media that was not shared with her.

Appellant’s brief at 6-7 (cleaned up).

      We first address Appellant’s contention that her right to counsel was

violated.    The docket reflects that Appellant was represented by different

privately-retained attorneys during the course of the litigation. However, by

the time of the de novo trial, she was proceeding pro se “because there was

not an attorney that w[as] willing to go against the School District.” N.T. Trial,

10/18/22, at 42.

      While this issue was preserved in Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement,

and is included in Appellant’s statement of questions and statement of the

scope and standard of review, she fails to develop it with argument and

citation to pertinent authorities elsewhere in her brief. In any event, as the

trial court noted, Appellant neither made a request for appointed counsel at

trial, nor was she entitled to such appointment because the court determined

prior to commencing trial that Appellant did not face imprisonment. See Trial

Court Opinion, 4/4/23, at 13-14 (citing Commonwealth v. Blackham, 909

A.2d 315, 318 (Pa.Super. 2006)).             See also Pa.R.Crim.P. 122(A)(1)

(providing that counsel shall be appointed “in all summary cases, for all

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defendants who are without financial resources or who are otherwise unable

to employ counsel when there is a likelihood that imprisonment will be

imposed”).

      Since Appellant did not face imprisonment and she was not in fact

sentenced to confinement, the issue would merit no relief even if it were

properly presented. Cf. Commonwealth v. Soder, 905 A.2d 502, 504

(Pa.Super. 2006) (vacating and remanding for a new trial because the

defendant received a sentence of imprisonment following a trial that took

place without the court first determining whether the defendant was indigent

or otherwise unable to employ counsel).

      Appellant also contends that her rights were violated because the trial

court did not appoint an interpreter for her. That issue is not included in her

Rule 1925(b) statement and is therefore waived. We note, however, that the

trial court, before starting the trial, expressly asked Appellant whether she

spoke English or needed a translator.       See N.T. Trial, 10/18/22, at 3.

Appellant declined the translator and thereafter participated in the trial in

fluent English. Accordingly, the absence of a translator gives us no cause to

disturb her conviction or sentence. See In re Garcia, 984 A.2d 506, 511–12

(Pa.Super. 2009) (affirming decision to proceed without an interpreter where

the defendant did not request one and the court had no reason to believe he

had difficulty understanding English).

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      Appellant’s second question, and the remaining portion of her first one,

assail the sufficiency of disability accommodations provided to her at trial.

These issues were preserved in Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement and are

argued in her brief. In particular, Appellant maintains that she suffers from

hearing impairment as well as an autism spectrum disorder (“ASD”), and that

the trial court did not follow proper procedures for accommodating her

disabilities, in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”). See

Appellant’s brief at 64-75.

      Pursuant to the ADA, “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by

reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the

benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be

subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. However,

the ADA “does not require States to employ any and all means to make judicial

services accessible or to compromise essential eligibility criteria for public

programs.” Tennessee v. Lane, 541 U.S. 509, 531-32 (2004). “It requires

only ‘reasonable modifications’ that would not fundamentally alter the nature

of the service provided, and only when the individual seeking modification is

otherwise eligible for the service.” Id. at 532.

      As for the portion of Appellant’s claims that the trial court violated her

rights under the ADA, concerning her purported ASD, our review of the record

reveals that the first time Appellant asserted that she suffers from ASD was

in her post-sentence motion for reconsideration. At trial, Appellant indicated

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that her son has autism, and asserted that children who have autism are at

increased risk of suicide. See N.T. Trial, 10/18/22, at 57, 64. However, the

only disabilities she claimed for herself were ADHD, hearing impairment, and

that she processes auditory information slowly. Id. at 3, 41-42. The trial

court cannot be expected to accommodate a disability of which it has no

reason to be aware. Accord Stultz v. Reese Bros., Inc., 835 A.2d 754, 761

(Pa.Super. 2003) (“To trigger an employer’s duty to participate in the

interactive process, the disabled individual must put the employer on notice

that he/she has a disability and, based on such notice, the employer must be

able to reasonably deduce a request for accommodation has been made.”);

Sharnese v. California, 547 Fed.Appx. 820, 823 (9th Cir. 2013) (“Because

he cannot show that any court employee took actions ‘by reason of’ a disability

of which they were unaware, the ADA claim was properly dismissed.”).

      The trial court addressed its accommodations of Appellant’s expressed

disabilities at the October 18, 2022 trial as follows, which we have confirmed

is fully supported by the certified record:

             1) At the start of the hearing, the trial court asked Appellant
      if she speaks English and if she requires a translator in which she
      responded that she does speak English and does not need a
      translator.

           2) A stenographer was requested for the hearing to sit next
      to Appellant and type every spoken word so that Appellant may
      view everything being said in court through a closed-caption
      (CART) system.

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           3) Upon Appellant taking the stand to testify, while she was
     appreciative for the accommodations made, she specked that she
     has difficulty hearing and prefers to communicate in writing.

            4) In response, the trial court asked Appellant if she would
     like a continuance of the hearing in order to write out what she
     would like to say and her side of the story, so she can come back
     another day and read what she wrote.

           5) After Appellant rejected the idea of a continuance, the
     court again explained that she would be able to write out anything
     that she would like to say in advance to testifying and further
     advised Appellant that if she does agree to go forward today then
     she is waiving any right that she would have to appeal this issue.

           6) The court informed Appellant that she was being offered
     the opportunity to cure the defect being alleged.

           7) Appellant responded that this option was difficult because
     her son was present to testify at the hearing.

            8) The trial court then offered that Appellant’s son could still
     testify at the October 18, 2022 hearing while he is present, and
     Appellant could come back on a later date to read her writing of
     her side of the story.

           9) Appellant responded that she has prepared some written
     statements, so she could read them at the October 18, 2022
     hearing.

           10) Before proceeding with Appellant’s testimony, the trial
     court reminded Appellant that if she chooses to proceed with her
     testimony in the hearing, Appellant would not be able to later
     allege that she was denied the opportunity for a continuance.

           11) Appellant affirmed that she understood and accepted
     before proceeding with her testimony.

           The trial court properly afforded Appellant a meaningful
     opportunity to be heard as to the charge of harassment and
     provided her with ample opportunities to cure the alleged defects.

Trial Court Opinion, 4/4/23, at 10-11 (cleaned up).

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       Appellant provides no authority to suggest that the trial court’s

accommodations were legally insufficient to address her stated disabilities.

Instead, she baldly claims that it failed to follow the proper procedures, laws,

and rules without specifying any desired accommodation that should have

been provided but was not. See Appellant’s brief at 69-71. She then supplies

brief descriptions of non-existent decisions without even explaining how the

fictional authorities entitled her to more than what she received.            See

Appellant’s brief at 71-74.4        The trial court provided the accommodations

Appellant requested, and even offered her more.5 No relief is warranted on

this baseless claim.

       In her two next issues, Appellant challenges evidentiary rulings made at

trial. In this vein, we note that the admissibility of evidence “is committed to

the sound discretion of the trial court, and a trial court’s ruling regarding the

admission of evidence will not be disturbed on appeal unless that ruling

reflects manifest unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or

____________________________________________

4 We have searched Westlaw using both the case names and citations
proffered by Appellant and determined that either no case by the proffered
caption exists or that a case by the listed name exist but did not hold as
Appellant represents in her brief.

5 We further observe that after allowing Appellant to read her testimony into

evidence, the trial court denied the Commonwealth’s request to cross-
examine Appellant. See N.T. Trial, 10/18/22, at 82. Hence, Appellant was
not required to provide oral answers to adverse questioning.

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such lack of support to be clearly erroneous.” Commonwealth v. Ivy, 146

A.3d 241, 250 (Pa.Super. 2016) (cleaned up).

      Appellant first contends that the trial court improperly truncated her

testimony upon deeming it irrelevant.         Appellant has not identified by

reference to the certified record at what point she was wrongfully precluded

from offering relevant testimony.      Nor has she provided any meaningful

development of this claim. Consequently, we agree with the trial court that

this vague and overbroad claim of error is waived. See Trial Court Opinion,

4/4/23, at 12.

      Moreover, from our review of the trial transcript, the trial court liberally

allowed Appellant to present evidence supporting her defense that the

communications underlying the Commonwealth’s charges were intended to

advocate for her daughter rather than to harass or annoy Ms. Jones. The

court on more than one occasion overruled the Commonwealth’s objections to

the relevance of such evidence, indicating that it was for the court to decide

whether Appellant’s actions were appropriate “in light of what’s going on with

her daughter.” N.T. Trial, 10/18/22, at 52. Rather than stymie Appellant’s

efforts to prove her defense, the court repeatedly permitted her to testify at

length about the harassment she believed Ms. Jones had inflicted upon her,

and repeatedly inquired as to whether Appellant had anything else she wished

to say before it concluded the trial, without subjecting Appellant to cross-

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examination. Id. at 45, 48, 50, 51, 52, 64, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81. We

discern no abuse of discretion.

      Appellant next asserts that the trial court erred in failing to allow her

son to testify. The trial court addressed this claim as follows:

            In addressing the proposed testimony of Appellant’s son as
      a witness, the trial court found that the testimony will be violative
      of the rule against hearsay. The following dialogue occurred
      between [Appellant] and the [trial] court at the October 18, 2022
      hearing:

                 THE COURT:        So, [Appellant], that would
            mean that you have to tell me what it is that your son
            would testify to that would be relevant to the
            harassment charge.

                 [APPELLANT]:       He will testify to Ms.
            Jones[’s] contacts with some of my private
            independent mental health providers. And that was
            the reason why I needed to write those emails
            because she wouldn’t stop.

                   THE COURT:      All right. So that is the clear
            definition of hearsay. Because how would your son
            know what Ms. Jones allegedly said to a therapist.

                 [APPELLANT]:      Because my son was there
            when one of the therapists came to our house and told
            us Ms. Jones called them for the reason —

                  THE COURT:       So that’s hearsay on hearsay.
            That’s double hearsay.

            Appellant sought to have her son testify to the therapist’s
      out-of-court statement, which was being offered to prove the truth
      of his/her statement, that Ms. Jones contacted Appellant’s
      therapists.

             Additionally, Appellant argued that her son would testify as
      to his experience as a student at Garnet Valley High School. She
      offered that he could testify that the high school would not provide

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       him with transportation via school bus for months, and he had to
       take Uber to get to and from school. The trial court properly found
       this proposed testimony to be irrelevant to the charge of
       harassment. Appellant argued that her son could testify as to how
       she was removed from their home and taken to the hospital, and
       he had to take care of his siblings, which caused emotional
       distress. These allegations are not of consequence in determining
       Appellant’s harassment charge.

Trial Court Opinion, 4/4/23, at 12-13 (cleaned up). We discern no error of

law or abuse of discretion by the trial court in precluding the irrelevant and

hearsay testimony of Appellant’s son.              Hence, Appellant’s evidentiary

challenges fail.

       In her remaining issues, Appellant appears to unartfully challenge the

sufficiency and/or the weight of the evidence. She both (1) asserts that the

trial court should have credited her testimony and rejected the uncorroborated

testimony of Ms. Jones, and (2) seems to suggest that the verdict was faulty

because the harassing emails were not sent to Ms. Jones directly. 6          See

Appellant’s brief at 75-76. Neither challenge is valid.7

       First, our standards of review for both sufficiency and weight challenges

prohibit this Court from disturbing the fact-finder’s credibility determinations

____________________________________________

6 To the extent that Appellant also claims that the court should not have relied

upon hearsay testimony given by Ms. Jones, that claim of error was not
included in her Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, and is therefore waived.

7 Appellant supplies summaries for cases that she contends support these
arguments on pages 76 to 78 of her brief. As with her ADA cases discussed
earlier, not a single one of her citations is legitimate. This Court is left to
guess whether this counterfeit authority is the product of a chatbot, or if there
is a more nefarious explanation for the misinformation.

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and reweighing the evidence. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Haahs, 289

A.3d 100, 104 n.2 (Pa.Super. 2022) (sufficiency standard of review);

Commonwealth v. Arias, 286 A.3d 341, 352 (Pa.Super. 2022) (weight

standard of review).    Second, “the uncorroborated testimony of a single

witness is sufficient to sustain a conviction for a criminal offense, so long as

that testimony can address and, in fact, addresses, every element of the

charged crime.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 180 A.3d 474, 481 (Pa.Super.

2018). Here, Ms. Jones’s testimony, credited by the trial court, was sufficient

to prove that Appellant, with the “intent to harass, annoy or alarm” Ms. Jones,

“engage[d] in a course of conduct or repeatedly commit[ed] acts which

serve[d] no legitimate purpose[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(a)(3). As the trial court

explained:

            The credible evidence presented at the hearing proved
      beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant committed the offense
      of harassment. It is undeniable that public social media posts
      unreasonably accusing another individual, specifically an
      elementary school principal, of abusing and murdering children is
      harassing behavior. . . . Despite Appellant’s belief that her child
      was not being treated fairly by the school district, Appellant’s
      behavior was unacceptable and inappropriate.          The credible
      evidence presented satisfied the elements of harassment and
      proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant committed
      harassment.

Trial Court Opinion, 4/4/23, at 18-19 (cleaned up). Moreover, the harassment

statute does not require direct communication of the offending statements to

the target of the harassment. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Cox, 72 A.3d

719, 722 (Pa.Super. 2013) (finding evidence established harassment where

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Facebook posts defaming victim were made available to the defendant’s

friends and friends of friends).

      Finally, Appellant waived her weight claim by not clearly asserting a

challenge to the weight of the evidence in the trial court. Consequently, the

court did not have cause to provide this Court with the assessment necessary

for our review of such a claim. See Arias, supra at 352 (explaining that

appellate review of a weight claim examines the trial court’s exercise of

discretion in rejecting the claim in the first instance, not the underlying

question of whether the verdict was against the weight of the evidence).

      In sum, Appellant’s issues are all either waived, meritless, or both.

Therefore, we have no cause to disturb her judgment of sentence.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Date: October 18, 2023

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