Court Opinion

ID: 4541684
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-16 16:00:25.776586+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:49:32.123161
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                         June 16, 2020
                         _________________________________
                                                                       Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                           Clerk of Court
 TERESITA REYES,

       Plaintiff - Appellant,

 v.                                                         No. 19-1283
                                               (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-00860-MSK-STV)
 COLORADO DIVISION OF                                        (D. Colo.)
 RECLAMATION MINING AND
 SAFETY; JEFF FUGATE; CHARLES
 KOOYMAN; CAMILLE MOJAR; KNOX
 PIT HEARING BOARD CHAIRMAN;
 LARIMER COUNTY COMMUNITY
 DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
 SERVICES DEPARTMENT; OFFICE OF
 SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION
 AND ENFORCEMENT - WESTERN
 DIVISION,

       Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, LUCERO, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      Teresita Reyes, appearing pro se, appeals the district court’s judgment in favor

of defendants on her claim under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act

(“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12132, and her due process claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                           I

      This action stems from a cement company’s application for a “112c permit” to

conduct mining activities at a site in LaPorte, Colorado, known as the Knox Pit. As

required under state regulations, see Colo. Code Regs. §§ 407-4:1.6.2(1)(d),

407-4:1.6.5(1), the cement company published a notice in a local newspaper of the

proposed mining activity and the procedure for objections. Consistent with those

regulations, the notice informed the public that Colorado’s Division of Reclamation,

Mining and Safety (“DRMS”) must receive any public comments or protests not

more than twenty calendar days after the last newspaper publication, which was

October 19, 2017. See id. § 407-4:1.7.1(2)(a). For the Knox Pit, that comment

deadline was November 8, 2017.

      Reyes did not become aware of the November 8 deadline until November 6.

She mailed a comment letter to DRMS on November 7 by regular United States mail.

DRMS received her comments on November 9, one day after the deadline. Because

DRMS did not receive Reyes’ comments by the deadline, she was not entitled to

“party status,” which would have afforded her certain rights under state regulations,

including the right to present evidence at a hearing on the permit. See Colo. Code

Regs. §§ 407-4:2.7.3(1), 407-4:2.8.1(1).

                                           2
      The Mined Land Reclamation Board (“Board”), which has the duty to

“approve or deny reclamation permits,” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 34-32.5-106, scheduled a

public hearing in Denver on the Knox Pit application. Reyes asked that the hearing

be moved to Fort Collins, where Reyes lives and which is close to Laporte, because

she is “elderly and disabled” and subject to a “mobility impairment.” The Board

unanimously denied that request because there were many other hearings scheduled

for the same day in Denver, but it offered Reyes the opportunity to participate by

telephone and informed her she could stream the hearing live from the DRMS

website.

      Reyes also explained her disability to defendant Jeff Fugate, a Colorado First

Assistant Attorney General, and asked that DRMS overlook the untimeliness of her

comment letter and recognize her as a party at the hearing. Fugate explained why her

comment letter was untimely and told Reyes she could send a request for party status

to the Board’s attorney, defendant Charles Kooyman, and its secretary, defendant

Camille Mojar. Reyes sent a request for party status by email to Kooyman and Mojar

and was informed that the Board would take up her request at the hearing.

      Ultimately, Reyes attended the Denver hearing in person. At the outset, the

Board considered Reyes’ requests for party status and to present testimony. She told

the Board she thought mailing her comment before the deadline was sufficient to

make it timely. After some debate, the Board denied Reyes party status but permitted

her to testify for at least five minutes during the twenty-minute period allotted for

nonparty testimony. Reyes testified. The Board later approved the Knox Pit permit.

                                            3
      Reyes then filed this pro se action, raising a claim under Title II of the ADA1

and a due process claim.2 Screening for legal frivolousness, see 28 U.S.C.

§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(i), the district court dismissed several of Reyes’ claims. It dismissed

with prejudice the ADA claim against DRMS, Fugate, Kooyman, Mojar, and the

unidentified Board hearing chairman. It concluded that Reyes alleged no facts

indicating that either their alleged failure to notify her of the comment deadline or

their treatment of her comment letter as late was because of her disability. See

Robertson v. Las Animas Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 500 F.3d 1185, 1193 (10th Cir. 2007)

(explaining that one element of a Title II ADA claim is that an “exclusion, denial of

benefits, or discrimination was by reason of a disability”). The court also dismissed

with prejudice the ADA claim against the Larimer County Community Development

Planning Services Department (“Larimer County”) because Reyes did not allege that

Larimer County failed to send her preliminary notices because of her disability. The

court allowed the ADA claim to proceed only against DRMS and limited the claim to

DRMS’s denial of Reyes’ request to move the hearing to Fort Collins.

      1
        Under Title II, “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of
such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the
services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination
by any such entity.” § 12132. See also Guttman v. Khalsa, 669 F.3d 1101, 1113
(10th Cir. 2012) (Title II prohibits “disability discrimination in the provision of state
services or programs.”).
      2
       Reyes’ § 1983 claim also referred to 5 U.S.C. § 554(c)(1) (Administrative
Procedure Act) and 5 U.S.C. § 301 (Federal Housekeeping Statute).
                                            4
      The district court dismissed the § 1983 due process claim against DRMS,

Fugate, Kooyman, Mojar, and the Board hearing chairman in their official capacities

based on Eleventh Amendment immunity. See Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police,

491 U.S. 58, 66 (1989) (Eleventh Amendment bars claims against states absent

waiver of immunity); Peterson v. Martinez, 707 F.3d 1197, 1205 (10th Cir. 2013)

(Eleventh Amendment bars official-capacity claims against state officers); see also

Ellis v. Univ. of Kan. Med. Ctr., 163 F.3d 1186, 1196 (10th Cir. 1998) (§ 1983 did

not abrogate Eleventh Amendment immunity); Griess v. Colorado, 841 F.2d 1042,

1044 (10th Cir. 1988) (Colorado has not waived Eleventh Amendment immunity).3

The court dismissed the § 1983 claim against Larimer County based on Reyes’

failure to make any of the factual allegations required for municipal liability under

Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978), and its progeny. The district

court allowed Reyes’ due process claim to proceed against Fugate, Kooyman, Mojar,

and the Board hearing chairman as individual-capacity claims regarding the adequacy

of the notice of the comment deadline, the treatment of her comment as late, and the

denial of her requests to waive the deadline and afford her party status.4

      3
        The district court noted that although the Eleventh Amendment does not bar
claims for prospective injunctive relief, Reyes sought only damages.
      4
       The court dismissed both claims against the Federal Office of Surface Mining
Reclamation and Enforcement, and it dismissed claims Reyes raised under the
Administrative Procedure Act and the Federal Housekeeping Statute against all
defendants. We do not describe those dismissals because Reyes’ appellate briefs do
not implicate them.
                                           5
      Defendants then filed a motion to dismiss the remaining claims or for

summary judgment. After Reyes responded, the district court converted the motion

to one for summary judgment, allowed the parties to submit additional evidence, and

granted the motion. The court determined that because Reyes appeared in person at

the hearing in Denver, any potential ADA violations regarding DRMS’s refusal to

move the hearing to Fort Collins and its proposed telephone and streaming

accommodations were moot.

      The court proceeded to examine whether two other adverse actions violated the

ADA: DRMS’s treatment of Reyes’ written comment as untimely and the Board’s

refusal at the hearing to grant her party status. It concluded there was no evidence

that DRMS’s treatment of Reyes’ written comment as untimely was related to her

disability. To the contrary, the record was clear that DRMS treated the letter as

untimely because it was received after the deadline, and under Colo. Code Regs.

§ 407-4:1.7.1(2)(a), timeliness is based on the date of receipt, not mailing. The court

further noted evidence that by using Priority Express Mail, another commenter was

able to submit a timely comment by mailing it on the same day as Reyes. That

evidence showed it was not Reyes’ disability that caused her comment to be late but

her use of a slower mail service at a time when she knew the deadline was looming.

And because the untimeliness of her comment was unrelated to her disability, she

was not eligible for party status and therefore not entitled to present testimony and

exhibits at the hearing. Further, there was no record evidence that the Board denied

her request for party status at the hearing because of her disability; instead, the Board

                                            6
adopted a procedure that allowed Reyes the same opportunity to participate as any

nondisabled person who also failed to file a timely comment. Consequently, the

court concluded that her ADA claim failed as a matter of law.

      Turning to the § 1983 claim, the district court concluded there was no

evidence that any of the four remaining defendants—Fugate, Kooyman, Mojar, and

the Board hearing chairman—personally participated in any denial of Reyes’ due

process rights. See Foote v. Spiegel, 118 F.3d 1416, 1423 (10th Cir. 1997)

(“Individual liability under § 1983 must be based on personal involvement in the

alleged constitutional violation.”). In particular, the court noted the lack of evidence

that any of them had any personal involvement in the process of notifying Reyes or

others about the Knox Pit application, including issuing notice of the application,

drafting or publishing the newspaper notice,5 or verifying the correctness of that

notice. The court also observed that there was no evidence that the notice’s omission

of a specific response deadline prejudiced Reyes because she ultimately learned of

the deadline and mistakenly believed that mailing her comment prior to the deadline

made it timely.

                                           II

      We generally review a district court’s § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) dismissal for

frivolousness for abuse of discretion, but “where the frivolousness determination

turns on an issue of law, we review the determination de novo.” Fogle v. Pierson,

      5
        The court noted that the cement company, not DRMS, was responsible for
publishing the newspaper notice.
                                           7
435 F.3d 1252, 1259 (10th Cir. 2006). Our review of an order granting summary

judgment is also “de novo, applying the same standards that the district court should

have applied.” Fields v. City of Tulsa, 753 F.3d 1000, 1008 (10th Cir. 2014)

(quotation omitted). A “court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows

that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In reviewing a grant of

summary judgment, “we examine the record and all reasonable inferences that might

be drawn from it in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Fields,
753 F.3d at 1009 (alteration and quotation omitted).

      Because Reyes is pro se, we liberally construe her filings but do not act as her

advocate. See Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925, 927 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008). But even

liberally construed, Reyes does not specifically challenge any of the district court’s

rationales for either its preliminary dismissal of some claims or its grant of summary

judgment on others. We have “repeatedly insisted that pro se parties follow the same

rules of procedure that govern other litigants.” Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux &

Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). This includes Federal

Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(a), which requires an appellant to include in his or

her brief “appellant’s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the

authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant relies.” Fed. R. App.

P. 28(a)(8)(A). Consistent with Rule 28(a)(8)(A)’s requirements, which apply

“equally to pro se litigants,” “[i]ssues will be deemed waived if they are not

adequately briefed.” Garrett, 425 F.3d at 841 (quotation omitted). “When a pro se

                                           8
litigant fails to comply with [Rule 28(a)(8)(A)], we cannot fill the void by crafting

arguments and performing the necessary legal research.” Id. (alteration and

quotation omitted).

      Reyes’ appellate briefs wholly fail to meet these requirements. They instead

consist of a variety of factual allegations concerning the Knox Pit permitting process,

the sufficiency of the notices by the cement company and Larimer County, and

DRMS’s alleged violation of procedural rules concerning the permit and objection

process. Reyes also argues that the individual defendants are not entitled to qualified

immunity.6 She provides no record citations, cites no case law, and fails to address

key dispositive points in the district court’s decisions, including that the Eleventh

Amendment bars the § 1983 claim against DRMS.

      Based on our review of the record, we discern no error in the district court’s

partial dismissal of the claims on screening, and we affirm as to those claims. We

      6
         Reyes also advances a number of arguments she did not present to the district
court, including that DRMS had the responsibility to ensure the cement company sent
notices to aggrieved landowners (including Reyes), that her comment letter was late
because she could not afford express mailing, and that she was denied a grievance
procedure and assistance from an ADA coordinator. She also appears to broach a
new § 1983 theory—that treating her comment letter as late violated her
constitutional right to equal protection. Because Reyes has not argued for plain-error
review, we decline to consider these newly-minted arguments and theories. See
United States v. Leffler, 942 F.3d 1192, 1196 (10th Cir. 2019) (explaining that in the
absence of a plain-error argument on appeal, we generally refuse to consider
arguments and theories that were not first presented to the district court);
Tele-Commc’ns, Inc. v. Comm’r, 104 F.3d 1229, 1232 (10th Cir. 1997) (appellate
courts generally do not consider issues raised for first time on appeal, especially
“when dealing with an appeal from a grant of summary judgment”).

                                            9
also affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Reyes’ ADA claim

against DRMS. Reyes has not identified, nor have we uncovered, any evidence

suggesting that any of the actions she complained of were taken because of her

disability. The district court correctly determined there is no evidence that DRMS’s

treatment of Reyes’ written comment as untimely was in any way related to her

disability. And it was the Board, not DRMS, that declined to relocate the hearing to

Fort Collins and to grant her party status at the hearing. The Board is not a party to

this action, so these aspects of Reyes’ ADA claim fail; further, there is no evidence

linking the Board’s decisions to her disability.7

      We also affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Reyes’

§ 1983 due process claim against Fugate, Kooyman, Mojar, and the Board chairman.

The state regulations make clear that the cement company, not any of the defendants,

was responsible for providing notice to the public of the Knox Pit application and the

deadline for comments. Moreover, none of those four defendants could have

personally participated in any violation of Reyes’ due process rights by refusing to

treat her comment as timely, to grant her party status, or to allow her to present

evidence or testimony at the hearing. Those decisions are among the Board’s duties.

See Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 34-32.5-104 (“[The Office of Mined Land Reclamation] and

      7
         Defendants argue they are entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity on the
Title II ADA claim. We need not decide that issue because Reyes has not
demonstrated entitlement to relief under Title II. See United States v. Georgia,
546 U.S. 151, 159 (2006) (explaining that before resolving an Eleventh Amendment
question in a Title II case, courts must “determine in the first instance . . . which
aspects of the State’s alleged conduct violated Title II”).
                                           10
the board have the full power and authority to carry out and administer the provisions

of [the Colorado Land Reclamation Act for the Extraction of Construction

Materials].”), 34-32-105(4) (“The board shall have jurisdiction and authority over all

persons and property, public and private, necessary to enforce the provisions of [the

Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act].”). Although the Board chairman was a

member of the Board, the Board debated the matter and voted unanimously to deny

Reyes party status. It was the Board that made the decision, not the chairman. And

even if Reyes had named the Board as a defendant, it would have been entitled to

Eleventh Amendment immunity for the same reasons explained above with respect to

DRMS. Finally, our review of the record shows that Reyes was afforded adequate

process at the hearing.8

                                          III

      AFFIRMED.

                                           Entered for the Court

                                           Carlos F. Lucero
                                           Circuit Judge

      8
        Fugate, Kooyman, Mojar, and the Board chairman argue they are entitled to
qualified immunity on the § 1983 claim. The district court did not address this issue.
We conclude that because Reyes has not demonstrated a constitutional violation, the
defendants would be entitled to qualified immunity. See Martinez v. Beggs, 563 F.3d
1082, 1088 (10th Cir. 2009) (“When a defendant asserts qualified immunity at
summary judgment, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that: (1) the defendant
violated a constitutional right and (2) the constitutional right was clearly
established.”).
                                          11