Court Opinion

ID: 1064575
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 19:18:06.192614+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:05:20.463604
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judge Haley and Senior Judge Coleman

DUDLEY A. CASH
                                                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION *
v.     Record No. 0170-07-3                                          PER CURIAM
                                                                   NOVEMBER 13, 2007
BARBARA CLARK, F/K/A
 BARBARA C. CASH

                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY
                                Michael S. Irvine, Judge

                 (Linda J. Woods; Woods & Christensen, P.C., on brief), for
                 appellant.

                 (Thomas W. Dixon, Jr.; Nelson, McPherson, Summers & Santos,
                 L.C., on brief), for appellee.

       Dudley A. Cash appeals from the circuit court’s December 19, 2006 order finding a change

in circumstances warranted a reduction in the spousal support he owed Barbara Clark. On appeal,

Cash lists twenty-three questions presented, but appears to contend only that the trial court erred in

(1) employing an incorrect standard of review, (2) imputing income to him, (3) making certain

evidentiary rulings, (4) determining the parties’ incomes, and (5) “declining to consider” findings of

the Social Security Administration regarding his disability. Upon reviewing the record and briefs,

we conclude that this appeal is without merit. We summarily affirm the decision of the trial court in

part, see Rule 5A:27, and we dismiss the appeal in part.

       *
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                          BACKGROUND

       “On appeal, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to [Clark], the

prevailing party below, granting to [her] evidence all reasonable inferences fairly deducible

therefrom.” Donnell v. Donnell, 20 Va. App. 37, 39, 455 S.E.2d 256, 257 (1995).

       The parties were divorced by final decree dated March 27, 2002. The decree ordered Cash

to pay Clark $1,400 in monthly spousal support and an additional $10,750 annually as her share of

Cash’s annual lottery payment.

       On August 14, 2003, Cash sought a reduction in his spousal support obligation, alleging he

had a “substantial decrease” in his income. Finding Cash was voluntarily unemployed, the court

denied the motion.

       In February 2004, Cash again petitioned the court for a reduction of spousal support, arguing

a shoulder injury prevented him from working. After a series of continuances, a non-suit, and the

re-filing of his request for a change in support, the court heard evidence on the matter. In a

December 19, 2006 final order, the trial court reduced Cash’s monthly spousal support obligation to

$750. The court also denied Cash’s motion for reconsideration. This appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

                                         Standard of Review

       Cash argues the trial court “erred in its standard of review of a motion to reduce spousal

support.”

       Code § 20-109 provides that “[u]pon [the] petition of either party the court may increase,

decrease, or terminate . . . spousal support and maintenance . . . as the circumstances may make

proper.” “The party moving for a modification of support payments must prove ‘both a material

change in circumstances and that this change warrants a modification of support.’” Furr v. Furr,

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13 Va. App. 479, 481, 413 S.E.2d 72, 73 (1992) (quoting Schoenwetter v. Schoenwetter, 8
Va. App. 601, 605, 383 S.E.2d 28, 30 (1989)).

       Cash fails to explain how the court misapplied the standard of review, and instead

appears to challenge the court’s conclusions. In fact, the court noted in its order that it found a

change in circumstances which warranted a reduction in husband’s spousal support obligation

and reduced spousal support to $750 monthly. The record indicates the court applied the proper

standard. The trial court considered the evidence and the relevant statutory factors in its finding.

                                        Imputation of Income

       Cash challenges the court’s finding that he is voluntarily unemployed and its imputation of

income to him in the amount of $2,000 per month.

       “[A] court may impute income to a party who is voluntarily unemployed or

underemployed. Imputation of income is based on the principle that a spouse should not be

allowed to choose a low paying position that penalizes the other spouse . . . .” Calvert v. Calvert,

18 Va. App. 781, 784-85, 447 S.E.2d 875, 876-77 (1994) (citations omitted).

                  Whether a person is voluntarily unemployed or underemployed
               is a factual determination. In evaluating a request to impute
               income, the trial court must “consider the [parties’] earning
               capacity, financial resources, education and training, ability to
               secure such education and training, and other factors relevant to
               the equities of the parents and the children.”

Blackburn v. Michael, 30 Va. App. 95, 102, 515 S.E.2d 780, 784 (1999) (citation omitted).

“Imputation of income is within the trial [court]’s discretion . . . .” Sargent v. Sargent, 20
Va. App. 694, 704, 460 S.E.2d 596, 601 (1995).

       The evidence demonstrated that although Cash suffered shoulder and back injuries, he

was physically capable of performing “light duty work.” Nevertheless, Cash has failed to seek

any employment whatsoever. Relying on Cash’s prior employment, the medical evidence

concerning the extent of his injuries, testimony regarding Cash’s skills, and Cash’s demonstrated
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ability to perform certain work-related activities, the court permissibly concluded appellant was

voluntarily unemployed.

       The court’s imputation of $2,000 monthly income was likewise within the court’s

discretion and supported by the evidence of Cash’s past employment and experience. The

evidence must be sufficient to “enable the trial judge reasonably to project what amount could be

anticipated.” Hur v. Virginia Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 13 Va. App. 54, 61, 409 S.E.2d 454, 459

(1991). Considering the medical testimony, Cash’s evidence of his physical limitations, his

recent earning capacity, and the demonstration of his work-related skills, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by imputing $2,000 in monthly income to Cash.

       In modifying a spousal support order, Code § 20-109 instructs the trial court to consider

the factors set forth in subsection (E) of Code § 20-107.1. These include earning capacity,

education, skills, training, and age. See Code § 20-107.1. The evidence was sufficient for the

trial court, by applying the factors of Code § 20-107.1 to impute $2,000 of income to Cash.

       Furthermore, “[t]he determination whether a spouse is entitled to support, and if so how

much, is a matter within the discretion of the court and will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is

clear that some injustice has been done.” Dukelow v. Dukelow, 2 Va. App. 21, 27, 341 S.E.2d
208, 211 (1986). Moreover, “‘[w]here, as here, the court hears the evidence ore tenus, its finding

is entitled to great weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without

evidence to support it.’” Pommerenke v. Pommerenke, 7 Va. App. 241, 244, 372 S.E.2d 630,

631 (1988) (quoting Martin v. Pittsylvania County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 20, 348
S.E.2d 13, 16 (1986)). The record supports the court’s spousal support award.

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                                         Evidentiary Rulings

       Cash asserts the trial court erred “in not allowing Dr. Grice, expert witness, to testify

regarding his knowledge of the availability of ‘light duty’ jobs in the area where Mr. Cash lived.”

He also contends the “court erred when it sustained objections 2 & 3 in the motion in limine by

finding they were leading questions.”

       Rule 5A:20(e) mandates that the opening brief include “[t]he principles of law, the

argument, and the authorities relating to each question presented . . . .”

       Cash has the burden of showing that reversible error was committed. See Lutes v.

Alexander, 14 Va. App. 1075, 1077, 421 S.E.2d 857, 859 (1992). Mere unsupported assertions

of error “do not merit appellate consideration.” Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415
S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992). Furthermore this Court “will not search the record for errors in order to

interpret the appellant’s contention and correct deficiencies in a brief.” Id. Nor is it this Court’s

“function to comb through the record . . . in order to ferret-out for ourselves the validity of

[appellant’s] claims.” Fitzgerald v. Bass, 6 Va. App. 38, 56 n.7, 366 S.E.2d 615, 625 n.7 (1988)

(en banc).

       Here, Cash did not comply with Rule 5A:20(e); the opening brief does not contain

sufficient principles of law, argument, or citation to legal authorities or the record to fully

develop Cash’s arguments. Thus, we need not consider Cash’s arguments, Theisman v.

Theisman, 22 Va. App. 557, 572, 471 S.E.2d 809, 816, aff’d on reh’g en banc, 23 Va. App. 697,

479 S.E.2d 534 (1996), and dismiss the appeal as to these issues.

                                           Clark’s Income

       Cash asserts the trial court incorrectly determined Clark’s income. Specifically, he

contends the court erred in computing her income based on a thirty-six-hour-work week instead

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of a forty-hour work week and by failing to include as income money Clark received from

selling her stock.

        In its ruling, the trial court noted that Clark currently works approximately thirty hours

per week. The court had previously opined that Clark could work forty hours per week, but

accepted Clark’s testimony that her current job is more strenuous than her previous employment

and calculated her salary based on a thirty-six-hour work week, thus imputing income to her.

        As noted above, the decision to impute income is within the sound discretion of the trial

court. See Saleem v. Saleem, 26 Va. App. 384, 393, 494 S.E.2d 883, 887 (1998). Employing

the most deferential standard of appellate review, we reverse such findings “only if plainly

wrong or not supported by credible evidence.” Budnick v. Budnick, 42 Va. App. 823, 841, 595
S.E.2d 50, 59 (2004). Clark’s testimony regarding the change in the type of work she performs

supports the court’s decision to calculate her employment income based on working only

thirty-six hours per week.

        Cash asserts Clark withdrew $20,000 from her stock portfolio in 2003 and an additional

$22,000 in 2004. He contends that “[w]hile the stock themselves should not be calculated as her

income, once they are liquidated and used with her general income, they should be considered

the same way interest is calculated . . . .”

        Earnings on assets received in equitable distribution must be considered in determining

spousal support, but it is error to consider assets themselves as income. See Barker v. Barker, 27
Va. App. 519, 529-30, 500 S.E.2d 240, 245 (1998). Here, the trial court specifically found there

was no evidence suggesting Clark sold the stock for a profit, and Cash does not contest that

finding. That Clark may have used the money to meet her living expenses does not alter the fact

that she merely liquidated an asset. Credible evidence supports the court’s finding, and we find

no abuse of discretion in its refusal to include the figures in the calculation of her income.

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                                           Cash’s Income

       Cash challenges the court’s determination of his income. He first argues the trial court

incorrectly included the gross amount of the full $50,000 of his annual lottery award as his income.

Cash reasons that because “the lottery funds were considered a property settlement with Mr. Cash

paying to Ms. Clark a net payment of $10,750.00 per year,” the entire amount of the award should

not be counted as his income.

       In determining the amount of Cash’s spousal support obligation, the trial court specifically

noted that it considered the annual payment of $10,750 Cash made to Clark and factored into the

support amount the tax benefits Clark received by the fact that Cash paid the taxes on the full

amount of the annual lottery payout. The record supports the court’s ruling.

       Citing only Code § 20-108.2, the guidelines for the determination of child support, Cash

asserts the trial court improperly considered as his income $650 he receives in monthly rent on

property he owns. Without citation to the appendix, he asserts the evidence proved his mortgage

obligation on the property is over $900 monthly and that, therefore, the court should not have

calculated the rental payments as his income. “‘Statements unsupported by argument, authority,

or citations to the record do not merit appellate consideration.’” Budnick, 42 Va. App. at 833,

595 S.E.2d at 55 (quoting Roberts v. Roberts, 41 Va. App. 513, 527, 586 S.E.2d 290, 297

(2003)); see Rule 5A:20 (requiring appellants to brief the “principles of law, the argument, and

the authorities relating to each question presented”). Because Cash has failed to properly

develop this argument with pertinent authority, we decline to address it, and dismiss the appeal

as to that issue. See Rule 5A:20(e).

                                           Spousal Support

       Cash asserts the trial court erred by increasing the initial amount of spousal support from

$675 to $750 after Clark alerted the court to an error in the calculation of her income, “in not giving

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a rationale for granting” Clark support, and “utilizing gross income for Mr. Cash while utilizing net

income for Ms. Clark . . . .”

           Again, as Cash presented no authority to support these claims, we need not address them

and dismiss the appeal as to those issues. See Rule 5A:20(e).

                                 Social Security Administration Evidence

           Cash argues the trial court erred by refusing to allow the admission of new evidence at the

hearing on the motion to reconsider. Specifically, Cash sought to present evidence that the Social

Security Administration found he was disabled and approved his disability claim.

           In its opinion letter, denying Cash’s reconsideration motion, the court noted simply that the

Social Security approval was “not before the court when the court heard the case in October of

2005.”

           “Motions to reopen a hearing to take further evidence are matters within the [trial

judge’s] discretion.” Shooltz v. Shooltz, 27 Va. App. 264, 269, 498 S.E.2d 437, 439 (1998). At

the time Cash filed his motion, he did not know the amount of his projected disability payment,

although he asserted he believed it would be less than the $2,000 a month the court imputed to

him. As the evidence Cash submitted was incomplete, referred to events occurring well after the

court’s ruling, and would not necessarily require the court to alter its ruling, we cannot say the

trial judge abused his discretion. No evidence in the record indicates that this finding was

plainly wrong.

           Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is summarily affirmed in part and dismissed

in part.

                                                          Affirmed in part and dismissed in part.

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