Court Opinion

ID: 6585277
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 19:42:29.383047+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:57:26.658540
License: Public Domain

Start, J.
The action is case for the recovery of damages alleged to have been caused by the defendants’ negligence. At the close of the evidence, the defendants moved for a verdict, for that the plaintiff’s negligence contributed to the injury, and because no negligence on the part of the defendants was shown. The motion was denied, and the defendants excepted. The plaintiff, when eighteen years of age, was employed by the defendants to work in their pulp mill. After Working two nights, he received the injury complained of, by having his hand caught between two revolving cog-wheels while attempting to oil a pump.
From the evidence, it is considered that the plaintiff knew that there were revolving wheels attached to the pumps, and that contact with them would be dangerous. It is also considered that the evidence tended to show he did not know how to,oil the pumps without exposure to this danger; that this want of knowledge was not due to> his failure to exercise ordinary care; that there was a reasonably safe way, known to the defendants, by which this work could be done without exposure to the particular danger to which the plaintiff was subjected; and that he did not know of this way, and, in this particular, was in need of instruction. The plaintiff had worked in the mill only two nights when he received the injury-complained of. His evidence tended to show that, under his employment, it Was his duty to oil the pumps; and that the reason he did not go on the other side of the pump, instead of reaching over the wheels as he did, was because he did not consider there was a good chance to get around there, with all of the wheels turning. In view of the noise and confusion attending the operation of machinery, the fact that the plaintiff had never attempted to do this kind of work before, and all of the circumstances, conditions and surroundings disclosed by the evidence, we cannot say, as a matter of law, that *135a prudent person', in like circumstances, would not have so considered, and not have attemped to oil the pump by reaching over as the plaintiff did.
This brings us to the consideration of the question of whether the plaintiff, while reaching over to. oil the pumps, omitted to take any precautions for his safety that a prudent person, in like circumstances, would have taken. The plaintiff’s evidence tended to show that he had never seen pumps of this kind before; that both pumps were working; that they were very near together; that he was suddenly ordered by the foreman to oil them; and that, in doing so, he was required to work about rapidly moving machinery. From' this evidence, and the description of the machinery about the pumps and their location, the jury might fairly find that there was danger in reaching over the revolving wheels, that a prudent man, acting without previous experience or instruction, would not have fully comprehended and guarded against. We cannot say, as a matter of law, that the plaintiff did not encounter such danger, nor that he did or omitted to: do anything that a prudent person, in like circumstances., would have done or omitted. We cannot say that a prudent person, in like circumstances, would not have reached out his hand, with a view of resting it upon the capping on the opposite side of the pump, in order to make his position more secure, and, in doing so, encountered a danger that had not been foreseen and comprehended by him. In 7 Am, & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.), 378, numerous cases are cited in support of the rule, that there has been no want of ordinary care when, under all the circumstances and surroundings of the case, the person injured, or those whose negligence is imputable fi> him, did or omitted nothing which an ordinarily careful and prudent person, similarly situated, would not have done or omitted; and, conversely, that there has been a want of ordinary care when-, under all *136the circumstances arad surroundings of the case, something has been done or omitted that an ordinarily careful and prudent person, so situated, would not have done or omitted to do.
The fact that the plaintiff knew that there were revolving wheels attached to the pump, anid that contact with them would be dangerous, is not, as a matter of law, controlling. The fact that danger is knowingly incurred in the performance of necessary work is not always decisive upon the question of contributory negligence. While an employee is held to assume the ordinary risks incident to bis employment, and know;n dangers, if he is forced into a place of danger by the command of a superior and encounters a danger, known to the master and unknown to him, which he could not reasonably have foreseen as one of the hazards of the place, and an injury results to him by the negligence of the master, he is not, as a matter of law, disentitled to recover. In such an instance, the injury results, not from a known danger, the risk of which was assumed, but from an extraneous cause; and when the evidence tends to show that the injury was received under such circumstances, the issue of contributory negligence is for the jury. Dumas v. Stone, 65 Vt. 442, 25 Atl. 1097; Reynolds v. Boston & Maine R. R. Co., 64 Vt. 66, 24 Atl. 134, 33 Am. St. Rep. 908; 7 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.), 396, 397, 423; Gray & Bell v. Scott, 66 Penn. St. 345, 5 Am. Rep. 371. In Cook v. St. Paul R. R. Co., 34 Minn. 45, 24 N. W. 311, it is held, that, while the servant assumes the ordinary risks of his employment and, as a general rule, such extraordinary risks as he may knowingly and voluntarily see fit to encounter, he does not stand upon the same footing as the master as respects the matter of care in inspecting and investigating the risk to which he may be exposed. He has the right to presume that the master will do his duty ini that respect, so that, when directed by proper authority to perform certain ser*137vices, or to perform them in a certain place, he will ordinarily be justified in obeying orders without being chargeable with contributory negligence, or the assumption of the risk of so doing; but he must not rashly and deliberately expose himself to unnecessary and unreasonable risks, which he knew and appreciated. In 7 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.), 392, many cases are cited in support of the rule, that even though the person injured knew of the danger or had reason to apprehend it, yet it does not necessarily follow that he has been guilty of contributory negligence. Notwithstanding his knowledge of or reason to apprehend danger, he may have been in the exercise of ordinary care to avoid injury; and in such event, his injury may be solely due to the negligence of another. Thus one may voluntarily and unnecessarily expose himself or his property to a known danger without being guilty of contributory negligence, as a matter of law; and while, in so doing, he is held to assume all risks of injury which a careful and prudent person would apprehend as likely to flow from his conduct, yet, if injured by the negligence of another, without any negligence upon his own part proximately contributing to the injury, he may recover.
VThe statement of the plaintiff immediately after the accident, that he was careless and he alone to blame, was not conclusive proof of contributory negligence, but was open to neutralization by showing that, on reflection and consideration, he had come to think otherwise^ This is the holding in Stowe v. Bishop, 58 Vt. 498, 3 Atl. 494, 56 Am. Rep. 569. The testimony tending to show that the plaintiff on the former trial testified that he did not know what he was doing with his left hand when he was oiling the machinery with his right, was not controlling, as a matter of law, upon this question. If the testimony given by the plaintiff on this trial, without the testimony tending to show different statements on the former trial, *138presented a case proper for the consideration of the jury, the question was for the jury with this testimony. The source from which the evidence came, and its nature, did not change the question of fact to one of law. The evidence tending to show wihat the plaintiff stated on the former trial was impeaching evidence; also evidence tending to show how the accident occurred, and upon the question of contributory negligence,— but was not controlling. It was for the jury, from all the evidence before them,to' say how far the plaintiff was impeached by this evidence, and how the accident occurred. Herrick v. McCawley, 72 Vt. 240, 47 Atl. 784.
It is also considered that the plaintiff’s evidence tended to show negligence on the part of the defendants in not giving him needed instruction as to the manner of ailing the pumps and its attending danger. The evidence tends to show, that the plaintiff was eighteen years of age; that the defendants had known him since he was six years of age; that, at the time he was employed, the defendants asked him if he had ever worked in a mill, and he told them he had worked around a saw-mill; that the plaintiff was ignorant of machinery; that he had never before seen pumps of the kinid used in the defendants’ mill; that the wheels were revolving so rapidly that he could not see the cogs on them, and did not know they were there; that he had worked in the mill only two nights; that there were dangers connected with the oiling of the pumps that an inexperienced workman might fail to perceive; that this was or ought to have been known to the defendants; and that he was suddenly called upon to perform this service, without any instruction as to the manner of doing it, or caution respecting its danger. The defendants’ evidence tended to show that there was a way to oil the pumps that was reasonably safe. This was known to the defendants, and, as the plaintiff claims, unknown to him. In view of the facts that the evidence tends *139to show, and the character of the machinery and its location as shown by the evidence, it cannot be said, as a matter of law, that the plaintiff did not need caution and instruction; nor can it be held that the defendants did mot know they were necessary. It was for the jury to say whether, under all the circumstances, the plaintiff needed instruction and caution, and whether the defendants omitted to give them; and, if so, whether such omission was negligence. The fact that the plaintiff knew of the presence of the wheels, and, in a general way, of their movement, and the effect they would have upon him if caught in them, raises no inference of law that he so understood and comprehended the danger connected with the particular service he was suddenly called upon to perform, that caution and instruction would have been of no benefit to him. Reynolds v. Boston & Maine R. R. Co., 64 Vt. 66, 24 Atl. 134, 33 Am. St. Rep. 908; Hayes v. Colchester Mills, 69 Vt. 1, 37 Atl. 269, 60 Am. St. Rep. 915. It is, therefore, held that the questions of negligence and of contributory negligence were for the consideration of the jury, and that the defendants’ motion for a verdict was rightfully denied.
The defendants objected to any testimony tending to show negligence on their part, except the failure box the machinery, on the ground that no other negligence is alleged in the declaration. Without considering in this connection whether the declaration is so framed as to permit a recovery on the ground of a failure to give needed instruction, we hold that it was competent to show the plaintiff’s inexperience, his need of instruction, that none was given, and the circumstances and conditions under which the accident happened, although these were not set forth in the declaration. Clark v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Co., 72 Vt. 458, 48 Atl. 639. The plaintiff was allowed to testify, subject to the defendants’ exception, that no one told him that there was danger in oiling the pumps, *140and that he did not know that there was danger in so doing. Upon the issue of contributory negligence and the defendants’ duty to instruct the plaintiff, it was competent for the plaintiff to show that he did not know of the danger to which he was exposed. This evidence tended to show that fact and was admissible.
The defendants introduced testimony tending to show, that, on the former trial of this case, the plaintiff gave testimony that was materially different from that given on this trial; and, in this connection, the plaintiff was allowed to show, subject to the defendants’ exception, how long he was under cross-examination, and -how many pages of testimony he gave. The defendants’ testimony tended to impeach the plaintiff, and, as bearing upon the force and weight to be given to the claimed contradictory statements, it was competent for the plaintiff to show the circumstances and conditions under which they were made. It was permissible for him to show that he was excited, embarrassed, or trader a pressure that would naturally affect his understanding and recollection; and, for this purpose, the evidence was admissible.
The plaintiff, before he rested his case, improved J. S. Shepley, one of the defendants; and, while he was being cross-examined, the defendants’ counsel offered to show by him that a person exercising ordinary care would be in no> danger in oiling the pumps. This offer was objected to and excluded, to which the defendants excepted. At the conclusion of the testimony of the witness who followed Mr. Shepley, and while Mr. Shepley was in court, the plaintiff withdrew the objection. If it was error to exclude the offer at the time it was made— which we do not decide — the error was rendered harmless by the seasonable withdrawal of the objection. The witness was one of the defendants. The objection was withdrawn before the plaintiff had rested his case, and it does not appear that the *141defendants were in any way prejudiced by not being allowed to take the answer at the precise time the question was asked. The other question propounded to Mr. Shepley was not accompanied with an offer to show any fact by him; nor does it appear what his answer would have been. Therefore, error does not appear. The witness was one of the defendants, and the examiner was bis counsel. Therefore, the examiner was supposed to know what the witness would testify to and should have made an offer, stating the testimony the witness would give if permitted to answer the question. State v. Noakes, 70 Vt. 247, 40 Atl. 249.
Mr. Chappel, a witness improved by the plaintiff in the opening of his case, after testifying that he worked for the defendants for a year ending May, 1889, that the pumps and grinders were operated in the same way as at the time of the accident, that he had worked in a pulp mill before and since, that he had run grinders and been foreman, anld that the power for the pumps came from the grinder shaft, was allowed to testify, subject to the defendants’ exception, that the speed of the pumps would vary, and to give the reason therefor. The only objection now made by counsel to the admissibility of this evidence, is that these facts should be proved by a witness who knew how the pumps were running about the time of the accident. We think the testimony tended to show that the witness had such knowledge, and that the’ testimony that was taken subject to this objection was properly received.
While cross-examining one of the defendants, the plaintiff’s counsel asked the following question: “As a part of the wood boy job, was it not the duty of the wood boy’s job, and had it not been all the time before, to oil the pumps ?” To this question, a general objection was made. The objection was overruled, and the defendants excepted. The question was not answered. Therefore, error does not appear. The defend*142ants now insist that it was error to permit counsel to characterize any work as “wood boy’s job.” The question not having been answered, the objection now urged is regarded as an objection to language used by counsel in the presence of the jury, and one that should have been brought to the attention of the trial court. It not having been done, the objection, now urged for the first time, will not be entertained by this court. State v. Preston, 48 Vt. 12; Miles v. Albany, 59 Vt. 79, 7 Atl. 601.
Charles Brown, a witness improved by the defendants, after having testified that he was foreman in the defendants' mill before and at the time the plaintiff worked there, was asked on cross-examination the following question: “While you were foreman in that mill, did the wood boy, to your knowledge, as a part of his duties from day to day, attend to the oiling of the pumps?” The defendants objected to this question, the objection was overruled, and the defendants excepted. The plaintiff claimed and testified that, when the defendants employed him, they told him- that he would have to oil the pumps; and that he was ordered to do SO'. Also*, his testimony tended to show that, under his employment, it was his duty to wheel wood to the grinders. The defendants’ testimony tended to show that the plaintiff was not employed to oil the pumps, and that he was never told bo do so. Upon the issues thus presented, the fact, if proved, that the boy who wheeled the wood while Mr. Brown was foreman had from day to day attended to oiling the pumps, as a part of his duties, would render the plaintiff’s claim more probable; and, for this purpose, the testimony was admissible. Armstrong v. Noble, 55 Vt. 507.
The defendants improved one Rice and showed by him what occurred shortly after the plaintiff was hurt. After testifying that the plaintiff did not state on whose part the care*143lessness was, he was asked the following question: “Did he say anything to indicate that it was the carelessness of Mr. Shepley and son?” This question was excluded, and the defendants excepted. In excluding the question, the court told the defendants’ counsel that he might show all that the plaintiff said. In view of this ruling and the fact that the witness had testified that the plaintiff did not state who was careless, it is clear that the defendants were not prejudiced by the ruling.
The defendants, by their second request, asked for an instruction that if, by the exercise of ordinary care and prudence upon the part of the plaintiff, he would not have been injured, he cannot recover. The court instructed the jury, that, if the plaintiff’s want of ordinary care or his negligence contributed in any material degree to the happening of the accident, he is not entitled to recover, even though the defendants were negligent. This was in accordance with the rule as it has sometimes been stated by this court. In Magoon v. Boston & Maine R. R. Co., 67 Vt. 184, 31 Atl. 156, and in Hill v. New Haven, 37 Vt. 507, 88 Am. Dec. 613, it is said that, if the negligence or carelessness of the person injured contributes in any material degree to the production of the injury complained of, he cannot recover; but in Reynolds v. Boston & Maine R. R. Co., 64 Vt. 66, 24 Atl. 134, 33 Am. St. Rep. 908, the holding is that, if the negligence of the plaintiff contributes in the least degree to the accident, there can be no¡ recovery. We think this is the correct rule, and that the instruction should have conformed to it. The use of the word “material” left the jury at liberty to consider the degree of the plaintiff’s negligence, which is not considered permissible in jurisdictions where the doctrine of contributory negligence prevails. To allow jurors to consider so-called degrees of negligence would, in effect, nullify this doctrine. 7 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed), 379.
*144The defendants, by their third and fourth requests, asked for an instruction, that it was the duty of the plaintiff to exercise ordinary care and prudence in regard to his left hand, and, if he did not do so, he cannot recover; and, if the plaintiff in- , voluntarily put his left hand between the cogs-, when, by the exercise of ordinary care and prudence, he could have kept it out, he cannot recover. The court instructed the jury that the law required the plaintiff to use ordinary care; a care that was proportionate to tire danger that he knew and understood in the work he was attempting toi do; to have proper care of his person, and all the limbs of his body, — his hands and his feet, and his whole person, — that is, to use reasonable care in the circumstances. This instruction defined the duty of the plaintiff that was called to the attention of the court by the requests, and the omission to repeat that duty with reference to a particular part of the plaintiff’s person was not error; but the jury should have been told the effect of an omission of duty on the part of the plaintiff. The court undertook to do this by a general instruction, which would have been sufficient but for the error shown in the last point considered. In the absence of such instruction, there was not a sufficient compliance with the requests ; and, in this respect, there was a failure to comply with the eighth, tenth, eleventh and sixteenth requests.
The eighth, sixteenth and seventeenth requests called for an instruction, that, if the danger was apparent, and ought to have been seen and understood by the plaintiff, he cannot recover; that, if the jury find that the plaintiff was injured by an ordinary incident of his service,of which he was- aware or ought to have been aware, he cannot recover; and that the plaintiff assumed the risk, not only of the danger of which he had knowledge, but also that of which he reasonably ought to have known. The court instructed the jury, that, if they found that the defendants were short of their legal duty to the *145plaintiff in not informing him about the danger, and if they should also find that the plaintiff was not wanting in ordinary care, then the plaintiff is .entitled to recover, and not otherwise. By this instruction, the right of recovery, in so far as it depended upon the defendants’ negligence, was made to depend upon whether they were negligent in not informing the plaintiff of the danger to which he was exposed. In addition to- the instructions hereinbefore mentioned, the co-urt to-ld the jury that where an employee enters into an employment, the dangers of which are visible and apparent to him, or when1 in the exercise of ordinary care, he would see and understand the danger, there is no occasion for the employer to explain the danger; that when a manufacturer hires, a man, young or old, to go into his factory to wo-rk, and sets him to Work at a particular wheel or machine, if the danger of working at the machine is apparent, so that the employee sees it and understands it, there is no need of its being explained to him; and that there is no need of telling him of the danger that he can see and understand, that he does see and understand, or that in the use of his faculties, he could understand. The jury were further told that when the plaintiff entered the employment of the defendants, he undertook the usual and ordinary risks of the employment. These and other instructions shown by the record were all that the case called for upon the subject of the requests, and were a sufficient compliance with them, except as to the eighth and sixteenth in the respects shown hereinbefore. The nineteenth and twentieth requests were sufficiently complied with, in so far as the case called for instruction upon the subjects mentioned therein, by the general instruction herein referred to.
■ The court having limited the right of recovery, in so far as it depended upon the defendants’ wanit of ordinary care, to *146the question of whether they were wanting in such care in not instructing the plaintiff in regard to the danger attending the oiling of the pumps, the instruction asked for by the twelfth, thirteenth and fifteenth requests was unnecessary; and it was not error to omit to comply with them.
The eighteenth request called for an instruction that, if the jury find that the witness Grow gave the plaintiff the instructions he testified to, no other instructions were necessary under any circumstances developed in the case. Upon the subject of this request, the court instructed the jury, that, if the plaintiff was informed by Grow or any one else, just before he undertook to oil the pumps, what the danger was, and shown how to do it, then he was informed and noi further instruction, perhaps, would be required. To the refusal of the court to charge as requested, and to the charge as given upon this subject, the defendants excepted. The use of the word “perhaps” was error. The defendants’ testimony tended to show that Grow instructed the plaintiff how to oil the pumps with reasonable safety. If the plaintiff was informed of the danger, and how to avoid it, the defendants had performed their full duty, had done all that was required of them, and were not liable for failure to give warning and instruction; and the court, in instructing the jury upon this subject, instead of leaving the matter in doubt, should have told them that, if they found that the plaintiff was informed of the danger, and shown how to avoid it, no further instruction would be required. The instruction was upon a vital issue, — one that controlled the right of action, in so far as it depended upon a shortage of duty on the part of the defendants, and, under it, the jury might find the defendants liable for a failure to exercise a higher degree of care than the law requires. They were at liberty to do so.

Judgment reversed and cause rema'nded.