Court Opinion

ID: 8421801
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-03 22:01:39.447563+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:48:25.964387
License: Public Domain

Filed 11/3/22
                     CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

       IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                        FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                DIVISION TWO

 AMIODARONE CASES.
                                              A161023, A161762

                                              (Alameda County
                                              Super. Ct. No. JCCP004956)

       In the coordinated cases underlying these consolidated appeals,
plaintiffs allege that they suffered serious side effects as a result of taking
the prescription drug amiodarone, which their physicians prescribed for them
“off-label”—that is, for uses not approved by the United States Food and
Drug Administration (FDA). Plaintiffs sued the companies that promoted,
distributed, and sold amiodarone, alleging that the companies failed to warn
them about the dangers of the drug and promoted the drug aggressively and
unlawfully for unapproved uses. The trial court sustained defendants’
demurrers without leave to amend. Plaintiffs appeal, making two
arguments: (1) as to all defendants, that it was error to dismiss as preempted
their claims that defendants failed to warn them about the dangers of
amiodarone because defendants did not ensure that they received the content
of the FDA-required Medication Guide for the drug; and (2) as to one
defendant, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Wyeth), that it was error to dismiss
common law fraud claims and statutory claims arising from Wyeth’s

                                        1
allegedly unlawful promotion of the drug. We reject the arguments and we
affirm.
              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The General Setting
        The drug amiodarone was developed in Belgium in the 1960’s for the
treatment of angina, and about that time was released for marketing in most
countries other than the United States. Amiodarone is associated with
serious side effects, including pulmonary fibrosis, blindness, thyroid cancer,
and death. In the 1970’s, U.S. physicians began obtaining amiodarone from
other countries for use in patients with life-threatening ventricular
fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia who did not respond to other drugs.
The FDA allowed this activity, but did not approve or test the drug.
        In 1985, foreign manufacturers of the drug threatened to cut off the
supply to U.S. patients unless the FDA allowed the drug to be sold in the
United States, and that year the FDA approved Wyeth’s formulation of
amiodarone, called Cordarone, as a drug of last resort for patients suffering
from documented recurring life-threatening ventricular fibrillation and
ventricular tachycardia when those conditions would not respond to other
drugs and therapies. The FDA approval of amiodarone was, and remains, a
“special needs” approval, issued without randomized clinical trials of the
drug.
        In December 1989, the FDA sent a letter to Wyeth’s chairman
describing Wyeth’s current promotional activities and characterizing them as
“false and misleading.” Among other things, the letter stated that by
claiming “ ‘an early decision for Cordarone can improve the odds,’ ” Wyeth
was promoting an unapproved use of the drug, failing to “recognize the drug’s
unique role as a drug of last resort.” The letter concluded that Wyeth was

                                        2
“promot[ing] Cordarone, an extraordinarily hazardous drug, in a manner we
consider clearly misrepresentative of its known hazards.”
      In December 1990, Senator Ted Kennedy issued a press release
claiming that Wyeth’s promotional campaign for Cordarone was intended “to
promote the drug’s use for a large population of patients that could generate
higher revenues, [and] to push a product beyond the limits of its scientific
data, even if the company is putting patients at risk.”
      In February 1992, the FDA sent a letter to a Wyeth assistant vice
present for regulatory affairs objecting that several promotional labeling
pieces for Cordarone “present[ed] an unbalanced view of Cordarone’s benefits
as opposed to its risks,” and explaining its concerns about specific statements
in the labeling.
      Various other manufacturers began developing generic amiodarone,
which has been available since 1998.
Trial Court Proceedings
      Several hundred individuals filed lawsuits in California superior courts
alleging that they suffered unnecessary and serious side effects when they
took amiodarone, as prescribed by their doctors, for off-label use to treat
atrial fibrillation, a more common—and less serious—condition than
ventricular fibrillation.1 The FDA never approved amiodarone for the
treatment of atrial fibrillation, even on a special-needs basis.2

      1Some plaintiffs allege that their spouses or decedents used
amiodarone. Like the parties, we use the term “plaintiffs” to refer to the
patients who used amiodarone.
      2A physician may legally prescribe a drug for a purpose other than that
for which it has been approved by the FDA. (T.H. v. Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corp. (2017) 4 Cal.5th 145, 158, fn. 1 (T.H.).)

                                        3
      The plaintiffs, who were prescribed amiodarone between 2005 and
2017, alleged that their physicians prescribed amiodarone for them as a
result of aggressive campaigns by Wyeth and others that promoted the drug
to physicians as a first-line treatment for atrial fibrillation and failed to
disclose the dangers of the drug.3 Plaintiffs alleged these promotional efforts
“would have materially affected” their physicians’ decisions to prescribe
amiodarone for off-label use. Plaintiffs also alleged that they would not have
taken amiodarone if they had received a “Medication Guide,” which contains
warnings about the drug and which the FDA requires be provided to
pharmacies for distribution to patients.4
      In March 2018, the cases were coordinated for pretrial proceedings in
the Alameda County Superior Court, where they were assigned to the
Honorable Brad Seligman. In May 2018, plaintiffs filed a Master
Administrative Complaint (MAC) that combined the allegations of the
underlying lawsuits.5 The MAC asserted multiple causes of action against
Wyeth, 10 manufacturers of generic amiodarone, and McKesson Corporation,

      3  The record before us does not reveal when the underlying lawsuits
were filed. Of the two individual plaintiffs named in the complaint, one
allegedly started taking amiodarone in 2005 and began experiencing adverse
effects from the drug in October 2015, after his doctor doubled the dose. The
other plaintiff allegedly started taking amiodarone in December 2015 and
began experiencing adverse effects in May 2016.
      4   We provide background on Medication Guides in the “Discussion,”
below.
      5 Among the original plaintiffs named in the MAC were some from
states other than California. In July 2020 this court affirmed the trial court’s
dismissal of those plaintiffs’ claims for lack of personal jurisdiction in In re
Amiodarone Cases (July 30, 2020, A157035, A158160, A159522) (nonpub.
opn.).

                                         4
which was alleged to be the primary distributor of amiodarone.6 We refer to
these parties collectively as “defendants.”
      As relevant here, the MAC alleged claims against all defendants for
fraud, violation of California’s unfair competition law (Bus. & Prof. Code,
§ 17200 et seq., UCL), and violation of California’s Consumers Legal Remedy
Act (Civ. Code, § 1750 et seq. CLRA), arising from defendants’ allegedly
misleading promotion of off-label uses of amiodarone. Plaintiffs also alleged
claims for failure to warn against all defendants under theories of strict
liability and negligence arising from defendants’ alleged failure to ensure
that consumers were provided with FDA-required Medication Guides.
      In response to defendants’ demurrer to the Second Amended MAC, the
trial court struck the Medication Guide claims against all defendants without
leave to amend on the ground that the claims were preempted by federal law
and lacked any independent basis in state law. The court gave plaintiffs
leave to amend their off-label promotion claims, and plaintiffs did so in their
Third Amended MAC.
      Defendants demurred to the Third Amended MAC. The court gave
plaintiffs leave to amend their off-label promotion claims as to one of the
defendants, Wyeth. The court dismissed the off-label promotion claims

      6The generic manufacturers are Sandoz, Inc.; Eon Labs, Inc.; Teva
Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.; Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. and/or Par
Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. (plaintiffs use both names, and we refer to
these companies collectively as the Par defendants); Zydus Pharmaceuticals
(USA), Inc.; Taro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.; Upsher-Smith Laboratories,
Inc. (Upsher-Smith); Barr Pharmaceuticals, LLC; Mayne Pharma, Inc.
(Mayne); and Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc. Plaintiffs’ briefs contain no
challenge to the trial court’s dismissal of their claims against the Par
defendants, Upsher-Smith, and Mayne. We have granted plaintiffs’
unopposed request to dismiss the consolidated appeals as to the Par
defendants.

                                       5
against the other defendants without leave to amend. Those defendants were
dismissed from the case and plaintiffs timely appealed as to them.
      Plaintiffs filed a Fourth Amended MAC alleging their off-label
promotion claims as to Wyeth. In response to Wyeth’s demurrer, the court
dismissed the off-label promotion claims against it without leave to amend.
The court noted that plaintiffs’ fraud claims against Wyeth arose both from
Wyeth’s promotional activities and from statements made by third parties.
The court then concluded that Wyeth’s promotional activities did not support
claims for fraud because the activities had not been alleged in sufficient
particularity and were too remote in time from plaintiffs’ injuries, and that
the third-party statements did not support claims for fraud because plaintiffs
failed to allege facts allowing a reasonable inference that Wyeth had control
over the statements. The court further concluded that plaintiffs’ UCL and
CLRA claims were derivative of the fraud claims and failed for the same
reasons, even under the lower pleading requirements that apply to the
statutory claims. Wyeth was dismissed as a defendant. Plaintiffs timely
appealed this as well, and the two appeals were consolidated.
                                DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
      Our standard of review is well-established. We accept as true the well-
pleaded allegations in the operative complaint. (Chiatello v. City and County
of San Francisco (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 472, 480.) “ ‘ “ ‘We treat the
demurrer as admitting all material facts properly pleaded, but not
contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or law. [Citation.] We also
consider matters which may be judicially noticed.’ [Citations.] Further, we
give the complaint a reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole and its
parts in their context. [Citation.]” ’ [Citation.] We likewise accept facts that

                                       6
are reasonably implied or may be inferred from the complaint’s express
allegations. [Citations.] ‘ “ ‘A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of the
complaint . . . .’ [Citations.] On appeal from a dismissal after an order
sustaining a demurrer, we review the order de novo, exercising our
independent judgment about whether the complaint states a cause of action
as a matter of law. [Citations.]” ’ ” (Ibid.)
      Although our review is de novo, it is plaintiffs’ burden to affirmatively
demonstrate that the demurrer was erroneously sustained as a matter of law,
which means that plaintiffs must show that they pleaded facts sufficient to
establish each element of each cause of action. (Intengan v. BAC Home Loans
Servicing LP (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1047, 1052.)
Plaintiffs’ Appeal Against All Defendants Has No Merit
      As noted, as to all defendants, plaintiffs challenge the dismissal of their
failure-to-warn claims, which claims rest upon their allegations that
defendants “fail[ed] to convey directly to the consumer the [FDA-required]
Medication Guide or the content of the Medication Guide.” We conclude that
because plaintiffs seek to enforce FDA regulations, the claims are preempted
as attempts to privately enforce the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FDCA, 21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq.). And in doing so, we reject plaintiffs’
arguments that their claims have an independent basis in state law,
concluding that plaintiffs fail to state such a claim.
      Preemption of Private Actions to Enforce FDA Medication
      Guide Regulations
      Federal law preempts conflicting state law. (U.S. Const., art. VI, cl. 2.)
Preemption is not limited to express conflicts between state and federal law,
which occur when Congress “ ‘define[s] explicitly the extent to which its
enactments pre-empt state law.’ ” (Glennen v. Allergan, Inc. (2016) 247
Cal.App.4th 1, 9 (Glennen).) Beyond that, state law is impliedly preempted

                                         7
where it “ ‘ “stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the
full purposes and objectives of Congress.” ’ ” (Ibid.) A claim is “impliedly
preempted if it conflicts with the FDCA’s enforcement scheme.” (Id. at p. 10.)
Federal preemption presents a question of law that we review de novo.
(Farm Raised Salmon Cases (2008) 42 Cal.4th 1077, 1089, fn. 10 (Salmon
Cases).)
      We begin our analysis by considering the federal regulations governing
Medication Guides. A “Medication Guide” is a form of FDA-approved patient
labeling for drug products. (21 C.F.R. § 208.3(h).) Patient labeling is
required when the FDA determines that such labeling is necessary to
patients’ safe and effective use of drug products because it could help prevent
serious adverse side effects from the drug, or because the drug has serious
risks relative to benefits of which patients should be made aware, or because
the drug is important to health and adherence to directions for use is crucial
to the drug’s effectiveness. (21 C.F.R. § 208.1(b) & (c).) According to the FDA
website, “Medication Guides are paper handouts that come with many
prescription medicines. The guides address issues that are specific to specific
drugs and drug classes, and they contain FDA-approved information that can
help patients avoid serious adverse events.” (FDA, Medication Guides:
Providing information on proper drug use, safety, and storage,

[content current as of Nov. 3, 2022].) Manufacturers are “responsible for
ensuring that Medication Guides are available for distribution to patients” by
providing Medication Guides, or the means to produce them, in sufficient
numbers to permit “authorized dispensers,” such as pharmacies, to provide a
guide to each patient who receives a prescription for the drug. (21 C.F.R.
§ 208.24(b).) Likewise, distributors are required to provide Medication

                                       8
Guides or the means to produce them to authorized dispensers.7 (Id.,
§ 208.24(c).)
       The FDCA’s enforcement scheme is set forth in the FDCA itself, which
“leaves no doubt that it is the Federal Government rather than private
litigants who are authorized to file suit for noncompliance . . . : ‘[A]ll such
proceedings for the enforcement, or to restrain violations, of this chapter
shall be by and in the name of the United States.’ 21 U.S.C. § 337(a).”
(Buckman Co. v. Plaintiffs’ Legal Committee (2001) 531 U.S. 341, 349, fn. 4.)
“ ‘Although citizens may petition the FDA to take administrative action,
[citation], private enforcement of the statute is barred.’ ” (Glennen, supra,
247 Cal.App.4th at p. 11.) So, to avoid preemption, a claim alleging conduct
that violates the FDCA must be a state-law claim that is not based solely on
the FDCA: the claim must be premised on conduct that “ ‘ “ ‘would give rise
to a recovery under state law even in the absence of the FDCA.’ ” ’ ” (Id. at p.
12.)
       Plaintiffs’ claims for strict-liability and negligent failure to warn
amount to attempts by them to enforce the FDA’s regulatory requirements.
And as such, they are preempted.

       7Thus, Medication Guides are directed to patients. In contrast, so-
called “package inserts” are directed to physicians. (See Hardin v. PDX, Inc.
(2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 159, 162 [contrasting “physician package inserts”
with “patient medication guides”]; FDA, The FDA Announces New
Prescription Drug Information Format,  (as of Nov.
3, 2022) [describing the role of the package insert as of Dec. 4, 2015].)
Plaintiffs do not challenge the contents of the Medication Guide or package
insert; instead, plaintiffs’ failure to warn claim rests upon defendants’ alleged
failure to provide Medication Guides to consumers.

                                         9
      Failure to Provide Medication Guides as a State Law Tort
      Claim
      Plaintiffs insist they do not seek to enforce FDA regulations. They
argue that their failure to warn claims rest on state law requirements that
are parallel to federal requirements (and therefore do not conflict with the
FDCA) and based on established state tort law and statutory law (and
therefore do not seek to enforce the FDCA). Specifically, plaintiffs argue that
defendants’ alleged failure to provide distributors or pharmacies with
sufficient Medication Guides or the means to produce them, as required by
federal law, constitutes a violation of defendants’ California common law
duty to provide an adequate warning. The argument fails because California
has adopted the “learned intermediary doctrine,” which applies where drugs
are “supplied in the context of the doctor-patient relationship.” (Webb v.
Special Electric Co. (2016) 63 Cal.4th 167, 187, fn. 10.)
      Manufacturers and distributors of prescription drugs have no common-
law duty in California to provide warnings about those drugs directly to
patients. (Carlin v. Superior Court (1996) 13 Cal.4th 1104, 1116 [stating that
“the duty to warn runs to the physician, not to the patient,” and noting that
Davis v. Wyeth Laboratories, Inc. (9th Cir. 1968) 399 F.2d 121,131, recognizes
an exception where a prescription drug is “ ‘not dispensed as such,’ but
administered in [a] mass immunization program”].) That is because for
prescription drugs like amiodarone the physician “stands in the shoes of the
product’s ordinary user.” (Gall v. Smith & Nephew, Inc. (2021) 71
Cal.App.5th 117, 122.) The “patient learns of the properties and proper use
of the drug . . . from the physician. In these cases, the manufacturer’s duty to
warn runs to the physician and not to the patient.” (Ibid.) In short, under
the learned intermediary doctrine, any state law duty on the part of
manufacturers and distributors to provide the information included in

                                       10
Medication Guides runs to the physician, not to the patient directly, and
therefore plaintiffs cannot state a claim for failure to warn based on
defendants’ alleged failure to provide distributors or pharmacies with
sufficient FDA-required Medication Guides for distribution to plaintiffs.
      Notably, when the FDA promulgated the medication guide regulation,
it recognized that was creating new patient labeling requirements. (See 63
Fed. Reg. 66378 (Dec. 1, 1998) [rule “establishes a patient medication
information program under which Medication Guides will be required”].)
And the FDA understood that the Medication Guide requirement was a
federal law requirement distinct from state law, as reflected in its rejection of
the claim that the requirement would abrogate the learned intermediary
doctrine—and its recognition that “the written patient medication
information provided [in the Medication Guide] does not alter the duty, or set
the standard of care for manufacturers, physicians, pharmacists, and other
dispensers.” (Id. at pp. 66383-66384.)
      Plaintiffs make two arguments that the learned intermediary doctrine
does not bar their claims. First, they argue that the doctrine is an
affirmative defense that does not appear on the face of the complaint and
therefore cannot be the basis for the sustaining of a demurrer. (See
Casterson v. Superior Court (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 177, 183 [“demurrer
based on an affirmative defense [is] sustained only where the face of the
complaint discloses that the action is necessarily barred by the defense”].)
Second, they argue that “the Medication Guide is an exception to the learned
intermediary doctrine.”
      Plaintiffs’ first argument rests on their contention that the learned
intermediary doctrine is an affirmative defense that requires defendants to
plead and prove that they provided adequate warnings to plaintiffs’

                                       11
prescribing physicians. In claimed support, plaintiffs rely on two
unpublished orders in which federal district courts rejected defendants’
claims of fraudulent joinder and remanded cases to state court: Riemer v.
Johnson & Johnson (N.D.Cal. 2006) 2006 WL 8459718 and W.W. v.
McKesson Corp. (C.D.Cal. 2014) 2014 WL 12577143. Claiming they are
applying California law, the orders in those cases assert that the learned
intermediary doctrine is an affirmative defense, but they cite nothing in
support of the assertion and offer no analysis of the issue. (Riemer, supra, at
pp. *2, *3; McKesson, supra, at pp. *2, *3.)
      We are not aware of any California decision that characterizes the
learned intermediary doctrine as an affirmative defense. To the contrary, it
has long been the law in California that the learned intermediary doctrine
defines the scope of a manufacturer’s duty to warn in the context of
prescription drugs. As our Supreme Court put it, “It is well established that
a manufacturer fulfills its duty to warn if it provides adequate warning to the
physician.” (Brown v. Superior Court (1988) 44 Cal.3d 1049, 1062, fn. 9.)
“While the ‘ordinary consumer’ may have a reasonable expectation that a
product such as a machine he purchases will operate safely when used as
intended, a patient’s expectations regarding the effects of [a prescription]
drug are those related to him by his physician, to whom the manufacturer
directs the warnings regarding the drug’s properties.” (Id. at pp. 1061-1062.)
“ ‘In the case of prescription drugs and implants, the physician stands in the
shoes of the ‘ordinary user’ because it is through the physician that a patient
learns of the properties and proper use of the drug or implant. Thus, the
duty to warn in these cases runs to the physician, not the patient.’ ” (Bigler-
Engler v. Breg, Inc. (2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 276, 319 (Bigler-Engler), quoting

                                       12
Valentine v. Baxter Healthcare Corp. (1999) 68 Cal.App.4th 1467, 1483, and
adding italics.)
      Because the duty to warn is an essential element of plaintiffs’ claims,
and the learned intermediary doctrine sets the scope of the duty with respect
to the prescription drug amiodarone, it is plaintiffs’ burden to plead and
prove that defendants failed to adequately warn the prescribing physician of
the potential risks. (See CACI No. 1205, “Strict Liability – Failure to Warn –
Essential Factual Elements” [in the prescription drug product cases, plaintiff
must prove that defendant failed to adequately warn the prescribing
physician of the potential risks, citing Bigler Engler, supra, 7 Cal.App.5th at
p. 319 in “Directions for Use”]; see also CACI No. 1222 “Negligence –
Manufacturer or Supplier – Duty to Warn – Essential Factual Elements” [for
prescription drug, warning must be given to prescribing physician].) Under
the learned intermediary doctrine, prescription drug manufacturers satisfy
their duty to warn if they provide adequate warnings to prescribing
physicians. Warnings directly to patients do not enter the picture.
      Plaintiffs’ second argument is that even if the learned intermediary
doctrine is not an affirmative defense, it does not apply to this case.
Plaintiffs argue that there are no allegations in the complaint from which it
can be inferred that their physicians were adequately warned; that, to the
contrary, the complaint alleges that defendants misled the prescribing
physicians rather than adequately warning them; and therefore that they
have adequately alleged that the learned intermediary doctrine does not
apply and defendants’ duty is to warn the patients directly. As plaintiffs put
it, “because manufacturers do not adequately warn doctors, they must warn
patients.”

                                       13
      In support of their position, plaintiffs point to language in Stevens v.
Parke, Davis & Co. (1973) 9 Cal.3d 51 (Stevens), a case in which our Supreme
Court discussed the operation of the learned intermediary doctrine, saying
this: “[i]n the case of medical prescriptions, ‘if adequate warning of potential
dangers of a drug has been given to doctors, there is no duty by the drug
manufacturer to insure that the warning reaches the doctor’s patient for
whom the drug is prescribed.’ ” (Id. at p. 65.) We do not read Stevens as
holding that the manufacturer has a duty to warn the patient in the absence
of an adequate warning to the doctor. We are not aware of any California
case that so holds. And certainly plaintiffs have not cited any.
      Stevens was a wrongful death case in which plaintiffs sued a drug
manufacturer and the prescribing physician, alleging that a patient’s death
was caused by the administration of an antibiotic drug. (Stevens, supra, 9
Cal.3d at pp. 56-57.) The jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiffs on
claims that the drug company was negligent in overpromoting the drug and
the physician negligent in prescribing it. (Id. at pp. 58-59.) In affirming the
judgment against the drug company, the Supreme Court observed that an
apparently adequate warning to a physician “may be eroded or even nullified
by overpromotion of the drug,” (id. at p. 65), and concluded that the record
supported an inference by the jury that the drug company “negligently failed
to provide an adequate warning as to the dangers of [the drug] by so
‘watering down’ its warnings and so overpromoting such drug that members
of the medical profession, including [patient’s physician], were caused to
prescribe it when it was not justified.”8 (Id. at p. 66.) Stevens is not a case in

      8The court rejected the drug company’s argument that even if it had
overpromoted the drug, the negligence of the prescribing physician was an

                                        14
which the learned intermediary doctrine did not apply; it is a case in which
non-compliance with the duty imposed by the doctrine supported a finding of
liability. Stevens says nothing about a duty to warn the patient.
      Thus, even when a plaintiff alleges that warnings to a physician were
inadequate, under California law the learned intermediary doctrine applies,
and a manufacturer’s duty is to warn the prescribing physician about
dangers associated with the drug. (See Sanchez v. Boston Scientific Corp.
(S.D.W.V. 2014) 38 F.Supp.3d 727, 734-735 [discussing California cases].)
Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that the learned intermediary doctrine
somehow does not apply when plaintiffs allege that the warnings to
physicians are inadequate. Nor that the absence of an adequate warning
about a prescription drug to a physician somehow results in a duty to provide
a warning to the patient.
      In arguing that the learned intermediary doctrine does not apply,
plaintiffs cite two cases in addition to Stevens: Bigler-Engler, supra, 7
Cal.App.5th 276 and Coleman v. Medtronic, Inc. (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 413
(Coleman). Neither case helps them. Bigler-Engler recognized that the
learned intermediary doctrine applied in California to prescription drugs and
implantable medical devices, and declined to extend the doctrine to medical
devices that patients use and apply themselves. (Bigler-Engler, supra, 7
Cal.App.5th at pp. 318-319.) Coleman recognized that under the learned
intermediary doctrine the duty to warn can include a duty to file adverse
event reports with the FDA, as required by federal law; and that to prevail in
their claims, plaintiffs would have had to prove that if the defendant had
made the required reports, the “ ‘information would have reached [their]

intervening cause that exonerated the company from liability. (Stevens,
supra, 9 Cal.3d at p. 67.)

                                       15
doctors in time to prevent’ ” the injuries at issue. (Coleman, supra, 223
Cal.App.4th at pp. 429-430, italics added.) Neither case suggests that
manufacturers have a common law duty in California to provide patients (as
opposed to physicians) warnings about the risks of prescription drugs.
      Plaintiffs’ final argument is that their failure to warn claim is saved
from preemption because it is based on California’s Sherman Food, Drug, and
Cosmetics Law (Sherman Law, Health & Saf. Code, § 109875 et seq.)
      Plaintiffs contend that defendants violated the Sherman Law by
“failing to take reasonable steps to ensure that [p]laintiffs received
Medication Guides.” Plaintiffs rely on section 111375 of the Sherman Law,
which provides that “[a]ny drug or device is misbranded unless its labeling
bears . . . [¶] (c) [a]dequate warning against unsafe dosage or methods or
duration of administration or application” (Health & Saf. Code, § 111375,
subd. (c); see id. § 111440 [manufacture or sale of any misbranded drug or
device is unlawful]), which warning “shall be in a manner and form as are
necessary for the protection of users.” (Id., § 111375, subd. (c).)
      Plaintiffs argue that a Medication Guide is exactly the type of warning
required by the Sherman Law, because when a Medication Guide is required,
the FDA has determined that patient labeling is necessary for the safe use of
a drug. (See 21 C.F.R. § 208.1(b) [purpose of Medication Guides is “to provide
information when the FDA determines in writing that it is necessary to
patients’ safe and effective use of drug products”].) This argument fails
because section 111480 of the Health and Safety Code expressly exempts
prescription drugs from the requirements of section 111375.9

      9  Section 111480 of the Health and Safety Code provides that “[a]ny
drug . . . sold by filling or refilling a written or oral prescription of a
practitioner licensed to prescribe the drug . . . shall be exempt from the
labeling requirements of Section[ ] 111375, . . . if the drug . . . bears a label

                                         16
      Plaintiffs contend that the exemption is inapplicable, arguing that the
exemption applies only if the drug “bears a label displaying . . . [¶] [t]he
directions for the use of the drug” (Health & Saf. Code, § 111480, subd. (b));
that the Medication Guide is part of the directions for the use of amiodarone;
and that because they allege they did not receive Medication Guides,
defendants cannot rely on the exemption for prescription drugs. We disagree.
      Plaintiffs’ argument on this point presents an issue of statutory
interpretation, which is subject to de novo review. (Lopez v. Ledesma (2022)
12 Cal.5th 848, 857.) We must “ ‘determine the Legislature’s intent so as to
effectuate the law’s purpose.’ ” (Skidgel v. California Unemployment Ins.
Appeals Bd. (2021) 12 Cal.5th 1, 14.) “ ‘We begin by examining the statutory
language, giving it a plain and commonsense meaning. [Citation.] We do
not, however, consider the statutory language in isolation; rather we look to
the entire substance of the statutes in order to determine their scope and
purposes. [Citation.] That is, we construe the words in question in context,
keeping in mind the statutes’ nature and obvious purposes. [Citation.] We
must harmonize the various parts of enactments by considering them in the
context of the statutory framework as a whole. [Citation.]’ ” (Ibid.)
      We conclude that the Medication Guide is not part of a drug’s
“directions for use” for purposes of the Sherman Law, and therefore the
exemption applies. In arguing otherwise, plaintiffs fail to take into account

displaying all the following: [¶] (a) . . . [E]ither the manufacturer’s trade
name of the drug, or the generic name and the name of the manufacturer. . . .
[¶] (b) The directions for the use of the drug or device. [¶] (c) The name of the
patient(s). [¶] (d) The name of the prescriber. [¶] (e) The date of issue. [¶] (f)
The name, address of the furnisher, and prescription number or other means
of identifying the prescription. [¶] (g) The strength of the drug or drugs
dispensed. [¶] (h) The quantity of the drug or drugs dispensed. [¶] (i) The
expiration date of the effectiveness of the drug . . . .”

                                        17
the definition of “label” and the distinction between warnings and “directions
for use” in the Sherman Law. A “[l]abel” is “a display of written, printed, or
graphic matter upon a . . . drug . . . or upon its immediate container.” (Health
& Saf. Code, § 109955, italics added; compare id., § 109960 [defining
“[l]abeling” more broadly to mean “any label or other written, printed, or
graphic matter upon a . . . drug . . . or upon its container or wrapper, or that
accompanies any . . . drug”].) (Id., § 109960.) The “label” must include the
name of the drug, the name of the manufacturer, the directions for use, the
name of the patient, the name of the prescriber, the date of issue, the name
and address of the pharmacy, a prescription number, the strength of the
drug, the quantity dispensed, and the expiration date. (Id., § 111480.)
Notably, a prescription drug “label” need not include warnings for the drug to
qualify for an exemption. (Ibid.; see id., § 111375 [distinguishing “directions
for use” in subdivision (a) from “adequate warning” in subdivision (c)].) In
the context of a Sherman Law prescription drug label on a drug’s “immediate
container” (id., § 109955), information about the “directions for use” must
necessarily be brief. By contrast, the Medication Guide, which is more than
two single-spaced pages long, includes information beyond directions for use,
a fact plaintiffs effectively concede when they allege that the Medication
Guide provides “warnings” and also includes “things a consumer must know
in order to make an informed decision to actually take or continue taking the
drug.”10

      10As of November 3, 2022, the Medication Guide for Cordarone
(Wyeth’s brand name for amiodarone), last revised 10/2018, is available at
 on
pages 13 through 15.

                                       18
      Because the requirements imposed by the Sherman Law are different
from those imposed by the FDA’s regulations, this is not a case like Salmon
Cases, supra, 42 Cal.4th 1077, where plaintiffs’ claims were saved from
preemption by the existence of a California statute creating obligations
identical to those imposed by the FDCA. In Salmon Cases, plaintiffs alleged
that grocery stores violated state law by selling artificially colored farmed
salmon without disclosing the use of color additives. (Id. at pp. 1082-1083.)
The alleged conduct violated both the FDCA and the Sherman Law, which
included substantially identical provisions prohibiting the sale of food
containing artificial coloring unless the food’s labeling stated that fact. (Id.
at pp. 1085-1086.) Our Supreme Court rejected the argument that the
plaintiffs’ claims were impliedly preempted under section 337 of the FDCA as
attempts to privately enforce it. (Id. at p. 1095.) The court explained that
section 337 “by its very terms, only implicates efforts to enforce federal law,”
and therefore did not affect plaintiffs’ claims, which were “predicated on
violations of obligations imposed by the Sherman Law, something that state
law undisputedly allows.” (Ibid.) The fact that the obligations under the
FDCA and Sherman Law were identical did not “substantively transform
plaintiffs’ action into one seeking to enforce federal law.” (Ibid.) Instead,
because the plaintiffs’ claims were based on California law and could be
“resolved with reference to state law alone” they were not preempted. (Id. at
pp. 1097-1098.) That is simply not the situation here, where plaintiffs do not
identify any state law that is parallel to the regulations concerning
Medication Guides.
Plaintiffs’ Appeal Against Wyeth Has No Merit
      Plaintiffs argue that they have adequately alleged claims for fraud and
claims under the UCL and CLRA arising from Wyeth’s marketing and

                                        19
promoting of amiodarone for off-label uses, which “misled [their] doctors into
prescribing [a]miodarone for atrial fibrillations, which is an unreasonably
dangerous use.”
      Fraud
      To plead a cause of action for fraud, plaintiffs must allege “ ‘(a)
misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (b)
knowledge of falsity (or “scienter”); (c) intent to defraud, i.e., to induce
reliance; (d) justifiable reliance; and (e) resulting damage.’ ” (Lazar v.
Superior Court (1996) 12 Cal.4th 631, 638; see CACI Nos. 1900 “Intentional
Misrepresentation” & 1901 “Concealment” [listing elements to be proved].)
Each element “must be pled specifically; general and conclusory allegations
do not suffice.” (Lazar, supra, 12 Cal.4th p. 645.) Accordingly, plaintiffs
must plead “ ‘facts which “show how, when, where, to whom, and by what
means the representations were tendered.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
      Plaintiffs argue they alleged two types of specific misrepresentations,
that (1) Wyeth disseminated to physicians false and misleading
advertisements promoting off-label use of amiodarone, and (2) Wyeth is
responsible for misleading statements made by third parties that, plaintiffs
claim, Wyeth had funded.
      Wyeth’s Promotion of Amiodarone
      With respect to misleading advertisements, plaintiffs rely primarily on
the December 1989 and February 1992 letters from the FDA mentioned
above. The letters identify advertisements, brochures, and “promotional
labeling pieces” that were directed to physicians and minimized the dangers
of the drug. The 1989 letter addresses Wyeth’s “Current Promotional
Activities.” According to the FDA, an advertisement published in a journal
was misleadingly “intended to minimize the hazards of the drug and

                                         20
emphasize the drug’s efficacy”; a brochure with the “statement that ‘an early
decision for Cordarone can improve the odds,’ clearly fails to recognize the
drug’s unique role as a drug of last resort” and minimizes hazards associated
with the drug by suggesting the drug can be administered in such a way as to
eliminate the need for concern over the hazards; and another brochure fails
to describe the drug as one of last resort and presents a single case study
“which suggests that Cordarone is readily tolerable.”
      The 1992 letter quotes multiple specific statements by Wyeth that the
FDA characterized as misleading, including several unsubstantiated
statements: “ ‘Unprecedented antiarrhythmic efficacy;’ ‘The most effective
antiarrhythmic you can prescribe;’ ‘Unparalleled efficacy.’ ” And the letter
characterizes Wyeth’s statement, “ ‘Decreased dosage may decrease the
incidence of pulmonary toxicity,’ ” as “promotion of . . . unproven data.” The
FDA also provided examples of the presentation of information about risks
and side effects that it considered misleading, and identified adverse
reactions that should have been, but were not, included in the material.
      In addition to the FDA letters, plaintiffs rely on Senator Kennedy’s
December 1990 press release, which mentioned the FDA warning to Wyeth
about distributing “information about how well Cordarone was tolerated
based on one individual case history in the company files” and “brochures
advising doctors to ‘make an early decision for Cordarone’—a highly unusual
promotional message for a drug of last resort.” Senator Kennedy also
mentioned Wyeth’s subsequent alleged promotion of Cordarone “to non-
specialists, who would have no understanding of the appropriate treatments
for the life-threatening condition for which the drug was approved.”
      Notably, none of the specific statements allegedly made by Wyeth and
directed toward physicians state that amiodarone should be prescribed for

                                      21
any condition other than ventricular arrhythmia, nothing that concerns the
use of amiodarone for atrial fibrillation. Further, the most recent of Wyeth’s
alleged misrepresentations to physicians dates from the early 1990’s.11
      Because this case comes to us on a demurrer, we assume the truth of
plaintiffs’ allegations that Wyeth made the statements described by the FDA
and Senator Kennedy; that the statements are false or misleading; that
Wyeth was aware that the statements were misleading; and that Wyeth
intended physicians to rely on the statements in prescribing amiodarone.
Plaintiffs do not allege that any of their physicians saw Wyeth’s advertising,
but they need not “prove that [their physicians] saw or heard any specific
misrepresentations of fact . . . or that [they] heard them directly from [Wyeth]
or [its] agents,” as long as the misrepresentations were “heard by or passed
on” to them. (Whiteley v. Philip Morris Inc. (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 635, 680-
682 (Whiteley).)
      Even so, plaintiffs’ allegations lack the required specificity to survive
demurrer. The Fourth Amended MAC includes details about the claims of
two individual patients, but provides no specifics about when or how their
physicians were allegedly influenced by Wyeth’s advertising from the 1980’s
and early 1990’s. One of the two individual plaintiffs for whom factual
allegations are included in the complaint alleges generally that his doctor
was “apparently a victim of . . . Wyeth’s long term and successful brand

      11 We disregard plaintiffs’ allegations concerning a promotional
magazine that Wyeth distributed at a meeting of pharmacists in 1998.
Although plaintiffs allege that an article in the magazine addressed “ ‘An
Aggressive Treatment Strategy for Atrial Fibrillation,’ ” plaintiffs do not
specify any misleading statements that were made in that magazine (except
to allege that several of the articles in it “appear to soften, downplay, or
minimize” (italics added) the side effects of amiodarone). Nor do plaintiffs
allege that the material was aimed at or reached physicians.

                                       22
innovator promotional efforts . . . that failed to disclose the details and
dangers of Amiodarone toxicity related to its use for treating congestive heart
failure and irregular heart rhythm, which would have materially affected his
decision to prescribe [a]miodarone.” (Italics added.) The other plaintiff
alleges the same thing, but omits the word “apparently” and refers to
treatment for atrial fibrillation. In the absence of any other allegations about
their physicians, these conclusory allegations do not suffice to state claims for
fraud.
      Further, plaintiffs must plead that their physicians justifiably relied on
the alleged misrepresentations, even if those misrepresentations were heard
only indirectly (Mirkin v. Wasserman (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1082, 1096), and that
their physicians’ justifiable reliance on Wyeth’s advertisements caused their
injuries. On the facts alleged here—where the most recent alleged
misrepresentation by Wyeth appeared in advertising material more than a
decade before amiodarone was prescribed for any of the plaintiffs—as a
matter of law the necessary justifiable reliance and causation cannot be
established.
      Justifiable reliance is ordinarily a question of fact that is not properly
determined on demurrer, but “whether a party’s reliance was justified may be
decided as a matter of law if reasonable minds can come to only one
conclusion based on the facts,” which facts include consideration of “the
knowledge, education and experience” of the person whose reliance is at
issue. (Guido v. Koopman (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 837, 843-844.) No rational
trier of fact could conclude that a physician would justifiably rely on
promotional material that was more than 10 years old in prescribing
medication for a patient, particularly here, where plaintiffs concede that
there was nothing invalid or improper about the warnings that had long been

                                        23
included in FDA-approved amiodarone labeling. (See Lyman v. Pfizer, Inc.
(D.Ver. 2012) 2012 WL 2970627, *18 (Lyman) [concluding that “[b]etween
September 2003 and January 2007, any prescriber’s reliance on [promotional]
statements made by Wyeth before 2002 . . . was not justifiable”; noting that
review of current prescribing information would have revealed relevant
warnings concerning use of the drug].)
      This is not a case like Stevens, where the court rejected defendant’s
argument that as a matter of law the provision of warnings defeated the
inference that a prescribing physician was influenced by overpromotion of a
drug that continued through the time covered by the case. (Stevens, supra, 9
Cal.3d at pp. 58, 67.) Here, plaintiffs concede that the FDA-approved
labeling of the drug is not invalid or improper, and they do not allege any
current or recent overpromotion. In these circumstances, plaintiffs have not
alleged facts sufficient to show that their physicians justifiably relied on
Wyeth’s advertising materials when they prescribed amiodarone for
plaintiffs’ conditions.
      More generally, we conclude that as a matter of law plaintiffs have not
alleged facts to show that Wyeth’s promotion is a proximate cause of their
injuries. “ ‘Ordinarily, proximate cause is a question of fact which cannot be
decided as a matter of law from the allegations of a complaint. . . .
Nevertheless, where the facts are such that the only reasonable conclusion is
an absence of causation, the question is one of law, not of fact.’ ” (State Dept.
of State Hospitals v. Superior Court (2015) 61 Cal.4th 339, 353, quoting
Weissich v. County of Marin (1990) 224 Cal.App.3d 1069, 1084 (Weissich); see
6 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (11th ed. 2017) Torts, § 1333, p. 630 [on
undisputed facts courts regard proximate cause as a question of law]; see also
T.H., supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 198, fn. 9 [citing Lyman and acknowledging the

                                       24
possibility that the passage of time between the alleged conduct of a drug
manufacturer and a plaintiff’s exposure to the drug could preclude a finding
of proximate cause].) Accordingly, in State Hospitals, our Supreme Court
concluded that proximate cause was “absent as a matter of law” from the
plaintiff’s complaint because the facts that were pleaded were “legally
insufficient to connect the breach of . . . duty with the injury.” (State
Hospitals, supra, 61 Cal.4th at pp. 355, 357.)
      Among the factors to be considered in determining the existence of
proximate cause is the length of time between the alleged misconduct and the
harm. (Weissich, supra, 224 Cal.App.3d at p. 1084, citing Rest. 2d Torts,
§ 434.) In Weissich, Division Three of this court affirmed a judgment for
defendant based on an order sustaining without leave to amend a demurrer
to a claim of negligent misrepresentation where plaintiffs’ allegations of
misrepresentation and reasonable reliance were deficient, and therefore
declined to resolve the question of proximate cause. But the court
nevertheless noted that because more than 11 years had passed between the
alleged negligent misrepresentation and the harm at issue, the case “may
well be that exceptional case where the absence of proximate cause can be
determined as a matter of law.” (Ibid.) Here, where plaintiffs do not allege
statements made by Wyeth to physicians urging the use of amiodarone for
atrial fibrillation, and where the allegedly misleading promotional activity
engaged in by Wyeth and directed toward physicians occurred more than a
decade before amiodarone was first prescribed for any plaintiff, we conclude
that a rational trier of fact cannot from the facts alleged conclude that
plaintiffs’ injuries were caused by Wyeth.

                                        25
      Statements by Third Parties
      Besides alleging that Wyeth’s advertising to physicians was
misleading, plaintiffs allege that Wyeth misled their doctors into prescribing
amiodarone for atrial fibrillation “by funding and conducting medical
research into [a]miodarone that encourages this improper use [and
downplays] [a]miodarone’s dangerous side effects.” To support this
allegation, plaintiffs identify several articles that were published in medical
journals from 1997 through 2007, and that allegedly “advocat[e] the use of
[a]miodarone in the treatment of atrial fibrillation [by focusing] solely on the
efficacy of [a]miodarone in treating [atrial fibrillation], while ignoring the
safety of the drug.”
      Specifically, plaintiffs identify allegedly misleading statements or
conclusions in a 1997 article by a doctor who was “supported in part by a
grant” from Wyeth; a 1999 article by a doctor who had been hired as a
speaker for Wyeth; a 2005 article “authored in part” by a doctor whose efforts
were supported by unrestricted grants from Wyeth and who reported “having
acted in an advisory capacity and as a speaker” for Wyeth; and a 2007 article
where one of the authors was a doctor who had received research grants from
Wyeth. Plaintiffs further allege that the author of the 1999 article was the
“guest editor” of a 2020 article that cited the 1997 article, but do not allege
that the 2020 article itself contained any misleading statements.
      Plaintiffs also allege that the false statement “that Amiodarone has
‘US/FDA Approved Indications: Heart Rate Control and Heart Rhythm
Control for Atrial Fibrillation’ ” appeared as recently as 2020 on the website
of the American College of Cardiology (ACC), which is allegedly “one of the
leading sources of information for [p]laintiffs’ physicians.” Plaintiffs allege
that the ACC website cited guidelines published in 2006 for the management

                                        26
of patients with atrial fibrillation. Finally, plaintiffs allege that the
guidelines were prepared by the ACC, the American Heart Association, and
the European Society of Cardiology, and that a peer reviewer and author of
the guidelines, which contain allegedly misleading information, was a doctor
who “listed Wyeth as one of the companies for which he worked at the time as
a ‘Consultant/Advisory Member.’ ”
      Plaintiffs argue that Wyeth is responsible for these misstatements
because its agents wrote the articles. As evidence, plaintiffs cite not only the
financial connections they allege between Wyeth and some of the authors, but
also assert that “the articles were influenced and caused by Wyeth’s earlier
advertising,” based on their allegations that some of the claims in the 1999,
2005, and 2007 articles “echo” statements made by Wyeth in advertisements
to which the FDA had objected years before.
      “ ‘ “Agency is the relationship which results from the manifestation of
consent by one person to another that the other shall act on his behalf and
subject to his control, and consent by the other so to act.” ’ ” (Gordon v. ARC
Manufacturing, Inc. (2019) 43 Cal.App.5th 705, 718.) And plaintiffs have not
alleged any facts to support a non-speculative inference that any of the
authors who made the statements at issue did so as an agent of Wyeth—no
facts showing that Wyeth controlled the research, conclusions, or statements
of the authors here. As the trial court aptly observed, “A finder of fact might
reasonably infer from [plaintiffs’] allegations that Wyeth’s funding had an
impact on the subjects and conclusions of the researchers, but that is not
enough to make their statements attributable to Wyeth under the law of
agency. . . . Such financial entanglements may require ethical disclosures or
even undermine the credibility of the resulting research, but they do not
mean that the researcher’s statements are legally attributable to Wyeth.”

                                        27
      Plaintiffs suggest that California law supports their view that the
statements in third-party articles can be viewed as statements made by
Wyeth. But the cases they cite do not help them.
      This is not a case like Eidson v. Medtronic, Inc. (N.D. Cal. 2014) 40
F.Supp.3d 1202, where plaintiffs alleged that defendants marketed their
product misleadingly “by bankrolling falsified medical studies and articles.”
(Id. at p. 1226.) Plaintiffs here do not allege that Wyeth was the sole, or even
primary, source of support for any of the third-party articles here, nor that
the studies on which the articles reported or articles themselves were
“falsified.” And the facts alleged here are nothing like those in Whiteley,
where the tobacco industry created a supposedly “independent ‘research
institute’ . . . to find the truth about smoking and health.” The institute,
however, allocated little money to research: its true purpose was public
relations, and its governing committee was made up of tobacco executives.
And its so-called “Scientific Advisory Board” was not independent, as the
institute claimed: tobacco companies “packed the board with industry-
friendly scientists, requiring that members have no ‘opinion’ that the studies
linking smoking and lung cancer were valid.” (Whiteley, supra, 117
Cal.App.4th at p. 645.) The allegations in this case, that Wyeth provided
some financial support to some of the authors of scientific articles, and that
some of the articles made points that Wyeth had made in its previous
promotions, simply do not rise to the level that would support a reasonable
inference that Wyeth controlled the articles’ contents.
      Statutory Claims
      Plaintiffs’ claims under the UCL and the CLRA are subject to a more
lenient standard for pleading than their fraud claims. (Gutierrez v. Carmax
Auto Superstores California (2018) 19 Cal.App.5th 1234, 1261 [statutory

                                       28
claims “must be stated with reasonable particularity,” rather than the
specificity required for claims of fraud].) Even so, we conclude that plaintiffs’
allegations here concerning Wyeth’s off-label promotion of amiodarone not
only lack the specificity required to plead claims for fraud, they also lack the
reasonable particularity required to plead claims under the UCL and CLRA.
      Unfair Competition Law
      The UCL defines unfair competition to include “any unlawful, unfair or
fraudulent business act or practice and unfair, deceptive, untrue or
misleading advertising.” (Bus. & Prof Code., § 17200.) In general, the UCL
requires plaintiffs to show that the advertising or promotional practices at
issue are likely to deceive a “ ‘reasonable consumer,’—that is, the ‘ordinary
consumer acting reasonably under the circumstances’ ” is likely to be
deceived by the advertising or promotional practices at issue. (Shaeffer v.
Califia Farms, LLC (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 1125, 1135 (Shaeffer).) But where,
as here, “ ‘the advertising or practice is targeted to a particular group or type
of consumers, . . . the question whether it is misleading to the public will be
viewed from the vantage point of the members of the targeted group, not
others to whom it is not primarily directed.’ ” (In re Vioxx Class Cases (2009)
180 Cal.App.4th 116, 130.)
      Plaintiffs allege that Wyeth’s off-label promotional activities
constituted unlawful business practices because they were likely to mislead
plaintiffs, their physicians, and the general public. With respect to the
likelihood of misleading plaintiffs and the general public, plaintiffs’ claims do
not survive demurrer because plaintiffs have not alleged promotional
activities aimed at, or likely to mislead, plaintiffs themselves or the general
public. The only promotional activities that plaintiffs allege with any
particularity concern Wyeth’s advertising, which plaintiffs allege was

                                       29
intended for physicians, and Wyeth’s support of research that was ultimately
published in professional journals.
      As we have explained, plaintiffs have not alleged facts supporting a
reasonable inference that Wyeth is responsible for the statements in third-
party publications. Therefore, plaintiffs’ UCL claims rest on their allegations
concerning Wyeth’s own advertising. To allege claims under the UCL,
plaintiffs must allege they have “suffered injury in fact and [have] lost money
or property as a result of the unfair competition.” (Bus. & Prof. Code,
§ 17204.) This is a causation requirement, and plaintiffs’ allegations fall
short in this respect for two reasons. First, even if Wyeth’s promotion was
likely to mislead a reasonable physician, plaintiffs do not allege with any
particularity that Wyeth’s advertising influenced their physician’s decisions
to prescribe amiodarone for them. Second, as explained above, Wyeth’s
conduct in promoting amiodarone to physicians is too remote from plaintiffs’
use of amiodarone to have caused their injuries from taking a drug that was
prescribed for them more than 10 years after the last of the alleged
promotions.
      Consumers Legal Remedy Act
      The CLRA defines as unlawful certain “unfair methods of competition
and unfair or deceptive acts . . . undertaken by any person in a transaction
intended to result or that results in the sale . . . of goods or services to any
consumer.” (Civ. Code, § 1770, subd. (a).) Plaintiffs argue that their
allegations of Wyeth’s off-label promotion support claims that Wyeth
“[m]isrepresent[ed] the source, sponsorship, approval, or certification” of
amiodarone (id., subd. (a)(2)) and “represent[ed] that [amiodarone has]
sponsorship, approval, characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits, or
quantities that [it does] not have” (id., subd. (a)(5)); “represent[ed] that

                                        30
[amiodarone is] of a particular standard, quality, or grade” when it was of
another (id., subd. (a)(7)); “represent[ed] that a transaction . . . involves
rights, remedies, or obligations . . . that are prohibited by law” (id., subd.
(a)(14)); and “represent[ed] that [amiodarone] has been supplied in
accordance with a previous representation when it has not” (id., subd.
(a)(16).) The CLRA, like the URL “views representations through the eyes of
‘the reasonable consumer.’ ” (Shaeffer, supra, 44 Cal.App.5th at p. 1136.)
         The allegations concerning subdivisions (a)(7), (14), and (16) of Civil
Code section 1770 are mere conclusions of law that do not survive demurrer:
plaintiffs simply restate the statutory provisions in their complaint, and
provide no supporting allegations concerning the supposed representations at
issue.
         With respect to subdivisions (a)(2) and (5) of Civil Code section 1770,
plaintiffs rely on their allegations that Wyeth downplayed the dangers of
amiodarone, falsely promoted it as a safe treatment for atrial fibrillation, and
did not reveal that amiodarone had not been approved by the FDA for the
treatment of atrial fibrillation. But as we have discussed, the only deceptive
or misleading conduct by Wyeth alleged in the complaint is Wyeth’s
advertising to physicians in the 1980’s and early 1990’s, which does not
appear to address the use of amiodarone for atrial fibrillation.12 In any event,
even if we assume that the advertising would have been misleading to a

         We disregard plaintiffs’ argument that their allegations concerning
         12

the lack of disclosures to plaintiffs support a claim under the CLRA. In that
respect, plaintiffs are apparently relying on their allegations and claims
concerning the Medication Guide, which are preempted, as discussed above.
We also disregard plaintiffs’ allegations that a CLRA claim arises from
promotional programs geared to pharmacists, because plaintiffs do not allege
that their purchases of amiodarone had any connection to disclosures made
or not made to their pharmacists.

                                          31
reasonable physician, we conclude that it is too remote in time from the
prescribing of the drug to plaintiffs and their ensuing purchase of the drug.
Just as we concluded that Wyeth’s conduct in promoting amiodarone to
physicians is, as a matter of law, too remote from plaintiffs’ use of
amiodarone to have caused their injuries from taking a drug prescribed for
them more than 10 years later, we conclude it is too remote from plaintiffs’
purchase of the drug to have resulted in the sales of amiodarone that are at
issue. (See Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (2002) 97
Cal.App.4th 1282, 1292 [CLRA action requires plaintiffs to “show not only
that a defendant’s conduct was deceptive but that the deception caused them
harm”].)
                                DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed. Defendants shall recover their costs on
appeal.

                                       32
                                          _________________________
                                          Richman, Acting P.J.

WE CONCUR:

_________________________
Stewart, J.

_________________________
Van Aken, J.*

A161023, A161762, Amiodarone Cases

      *Judge of the San Francisco Superior Court, assigned by the Chief
Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                     33
Court: Alameda County Superior Court

Trial Judge: Hon. Brad Seligman

Consumer Law Group of California, Alan Mansfield; Doyle APC, Chris W.
Cantrell; Wood Law Firm, E. Kirk Wood; Cole Legal Services, Samuel C.
Cole, for Plaintiffs and Appellants

Goodwin Proctor, April Sun, Jaime A. Santos; Greenberg Traurig, Glenn S.
Kerner, for Defendants and Respondents Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.
and Barr Pharmaceuticals, LLC

DLA Piper, George Gigounas, Jeanette Barzelay; Bradley Arant Boult
Cummings, Lindsey C. Boney IV, for Defendant and Respondent Wyeth
Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Haight Brown & Bonesteel, Stephen J. Squillario, for Defendants and
Respondents Zydus Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. and Taro Pharmaceuticals
USA, Inc.

Shook Hardy & Bacon, Amir Nassihi for Defendant and Respondent Upsher-
Smith Laboratories, LLC

WFBM, Lisa M. Rice, Katie A. Stricklin, Amrit K. Dhaliwal, for Defendant
and Respondent Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.

Greenberg Taurig, Karen L. Bohmholdt, Richard R. Tabura, for Defendants
and Respondents Sandoz Inc. and Eon Labs

Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, Pamela M. Ferguson for Defendant and
Respondent Mayne Pharma Inc.

Goodman Neuman Hamilton, Farley J. Neuman, Tom Prountzos for
Defendant and Respondent McKesson Corporation

Gordon Rees Scully Mansukhani, J. Dominic Campodonico for Defendants
and Respondents Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. and Par
Pharmaceutical, Inc.

                                    34