Court Opinion

ID: 9409410
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-18 12:06:33.674053+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:32.995921
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                            No. COA22-664

                                          Filed 18 July 2023

Randolph County, Nos. 18CRS52296-99; 18CRS52424-25; 19CRS55461-62

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

                  v.
OEUN SAN

          Appeal by Defendant from Judgment entered 11 January 2022 by Judge James

M. Webb in Randolph County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 24

January 2023.

          Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Kelly A. Moore
          and Special Deputy Attorney General Martin T. McCracken, for the State.

          Benjamin J. Kull for Defendant-Appellant.

          HAMPSON, Judge.

                            Factual and Procedural Background

          Oeun San (Defendant) appeals from the denial of a Motion to Suppress and a

subsequent Judgment entered upon Defendant’s Alford1 plea to Trafficking in

Methamphetamine, Selling or Delivering a Schedule II Controlled Substance, and

two counts of Possession of a Firearm by a Felon. As part of the plea agreement, the

1   See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S.Ct. 160, 27 L. Ed. 2d 162 (1970).
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                                  Opinion of the Court

State agreed to dismiss a number of other charges. Relevant to this appeal, the

Record before us tends to reflect the following:

      Defendant was charged with thirteen separate counts arising from four

separate alleged offense dates. The first offense date was 15 May 2018, stemming

from a traffic stop. As a result of this stop, Defendant was charged with Trafficking

Methamphetamine by Possession, Trafficking Methamphetamine by Transportation,

Conspiracy to Trafficking Methamphetamine by Possession, Conspiracy to

Trafficking Methamphetamine by Transportation, Possession of a Firearm by a

Felon, and Possession with Intent to Sell or Deliver Methamphetamine. The second

offense date was the following day, 16 May 2018, as a result of a search warrant-

based search of Defendant’s home. This search resulted in Defendant being charged

with Trafficking Methamphetamine by Possession, Conspiracy to Trafficking

Methamphetamine       by    Possession,    Keeping/Maintaining    a   Dwelling    for

Keeping/Selling a Controlled Substance, and Possession with Intent to Sell or Deliver

Methamphetamine.        The final two offense dates were 22 October 2019, when

Defendant was charged with Selling/Delivering Methamphetamine and Conspiracy

to Sell Methamphetamine, and 23 October 2019, when Defendant was charged with

an additional count of Possession of a Firearm by a Felon. The State subsequently

dismissed the charge of Keeping/Maintaining a Dwelling for Keeping/Selling a

Controlled Substance.

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                                  Opinion of the Court

      On 30 April 2019, Defendant filed a Motion to Suppress alleging the search of

the vehicle during the 15 May 2018 traffic stop and the 16 May 2018 search of his

residence were in violation of both the United States and North Carolina

Constitutions. Defendant’s Motion to Suppress was heard on 26 July 2021. At the

outset of the hearing, the State announced it consented to the suppression of evidence

of drugs seized from Defendant’s home resulting from the 16 May 2018 search

warrant. As a result, the parties proceeded only on the issue of whether evidence

seized as a result of the 15 May 2018 traffic stop should be suppressed. Defendant

contended the traffic stop was impermissibly prolonged beyond the mission of the

traffic stop without reasonable suspicion or consent. At the conclusion of the hearing,

the trial court took the matter under advisement. Defendant provided notice that in

the event the Motion to Suppress was denied, he intended to appeal the denial.

      On 24 September 2021, the trial court entered its written Order denying the

Motion to Suppress the evidence seized at the 15 May 2018 traffic stop. The trial

court made the following—largely unchallenged—Findings of Fact:

          1. That on May 15, 2018 Detective Richard Linthicum with the
          vice narcotics unit of the Randolph County Sheriff’s Department
          (“Linthicum”) received information that the [D]efendant was in
          possession of a large amount of methamphetamine. Linthicum
          described the provider of the information as a confidential and
          reliable informant; however, the Court heard no evidence as to
          this person’s reliability, and no evidence corroborating the
          information.

          2. That after receiving the information, Linthicum and other
          officers attempted to locate [D]efendant and conduct surveillance.

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                         Opinion of the Court

Linthicum located [D]efendant and a female, later identified as
Jamie Little, driving a Ford Edge at the Dixie Suds Laundry . . . .

3. Linthicum and Detective Hammer were in an unmarked Ford
150 [sic] truck parked at the Midtown Dixie gas station, and
Linthicum noticed the Ford Edge parked next to a wall at the
laundry. He noticed [D]efendant and Ms. Little going back and
forth from the vehicle to the laundry.

4. The Ford Edge left the laundry and parked beside Linthicum’s
truck at the gas station, Ms. Little attempted to go in the gas
station but it was closed.

5. The Ford Edge left the gas station and Linthicum followed
them . . . .

6. That Linthicum noticed the Ford Edge cross the double center
line when the vehicle turned left off of Highway 311 onto Stout
Road, and he radioed this information to [Deputy] Kyle Cox
(“Cox”), also with the Randolph County Sheriff's Department,
who was driving a marked patrol vehicle, to conduct a traffic stop
on the vehicle. Linthicum pulled over on the side of the road to
allow Cox to pass him to make the traffic stop. Linthicum saw
Cox initiate the stop and the Ford Edge stopped, and then
Linthicum continued traveling on Stout Road and waited for
further instructions.

7. That Cox initiated the traffic stop on the Ford Edge, the
vehicle stopped[,] and Cox went to the driver’s side of the vehicle,
and told Ms. Little the reason he stopped her and asked for her
driver’s license and registration. Ms. Little gave her driver’s
license and registration to Cox.

8. That Cox went to his patrol vehicle, and ran a records check
on Ms. Little and the vehicle, which took three to four minutes.
Cox recognized [D]efendant as the passenger in the vehicle.

9. That Cox then requested Ms. Little exit the vehicle so he could
explain the warning citation to her, which is Cox’s routine
procedure. Cox and Ms. Little walked behind the Ford Edge and
in front of Cox’s patrol vehicle. Cox explained to Ms. Little the

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                         Opinion of the Court

warning citation while standing in front of the patrol vehicle, and
asked Ms. Little if she had any questions. After Cox returned Ms.
Little’s documents, he then asked Ms. Little if there was anything
in the vehicle that he needed to know about including guns, drugs,
bombs, large amounts of U.S. currency or any other weapons.
That Ms. Little said she had a gun on the seat. However, based
on testimony from the other officers involved, they were not aware
of this information until after the search of the vehicle.

10. That Detective Joshua Santiago and Detective John Lamb[e]
with the Randolph County Sheriff’s Department, Vice Narcotics
Unit (“Santiago” and “Lamb[e]”), also arrived on scene. Santiago
and Lamb[e] had previously been informed of the information
that [D]efendant had a large amount of methamphetamine.
Santiago is a certified K-9 handler of K-9, Lizzy. Lizzy was
certified on cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin and marijuana.

11. That Santiago noticed Ms. Little sitting in the driver’s seat of
the Ford Edge when he and Lamb[e] arrived on scene. He then
spoke to Cox, and Cox informed Santiago he was writing Ms.
Little a warning ticket and he was going to get Ms. Little out of
the vehicle to explain the warning ticket to her.

12. When Cox got Ms. Little out of the vehicle, Santiago asked
Lamb[e] to get [D]efendant out of the vehicle due to Santiago
readying to deploy Lizzy. While Cox and Ms. Little were in front
of Cox’s patrol vehicle, Santiago deployed Lizzy to complete an
open air sniff around the vehicle.

13. That although Cox asked Ms. Little a question about whether
she had anything in the vehicle he needed to know about after he
returned her driver’s license and registration and gave her the
warning ticket, this open air sniff around the vehicle started
simultaneously to Cox asking Ms. Little to exit her vehicle and
explaining the warning ticket to her.

14. Lizzy sat, which is a passive alert, at the area of the front
passenger door.

15. Based on Lizzy’s alert, the vehicle and containers within the
vehicle were searched.

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                                  Opinion of the Court

The trial court then concluded: “Based upon a totality of the circumstances the [c]ourt

concludes that the Defendant’s [M]otion to [S]uppress for lack of probable cause

should be denied.”

      On 11 January 2022, Defendant and the State entered a plea arrangement.

Defendant entered an Alford plea to: Trafficking Methamphetamine by Possession

and Possession of a Firearm by a Felon both arising from the 15 May 2018 offense

date; Selling/Delivering Methamphetamine from the 22 October 2019 offense date;

and Possession of a Firearm by a Felon from the 23 October 2019 offense date. The

State agreed to dismiss all other pending charges. The trial court consolidated the

four charges into a single judgment and sentenced Defendant to an active prison term

of 70 to 93 months and imposed a $50,000 fine. Defendant’s trial counsel announced

in open court: “We had a motion to suppress. I gave notice in advance that if the

motion was denied, we intend to give notice of appeal to the Court of Appeals. It was

denied on September 24th of 2021, therefore we’re giving notice of appeal for denial

of that motion to the Court of Appeals.”

                              Appellate Jurisdiction

      As an initial matter, Defendant filed a Petition for Writ of Certiorari in this

Court in the event we deem his oral Notice of Appeal insufficient to preserve his

appeal from the trial court’s Judgment. “An order . . . denying a motion to suppress

evidence may be reviewed upon an appeal from . . . a judgment entered upon a plea

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                                   Opinion of the Court

of guilty.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-979(b) (2021). However, a defendant must (1) notify

the prosecutor and the trial court of his intention to appeal during plea negotiations

and (2) provide notice of appeal from the final judgment. State v. McBride, 120 N.C.

App. 623, 625-26, 463 S.E.2d 403, 404-05 (1995), aff’d per curiam, 344 N.C. 623, 476

S.E.2d 106 (1996).

      Here, Defendant, through trial counsel, complied with only one of the two

required steps to preserve his appeal from his guilty plea. Defendant complied with

step 1 by notifying the prosecutor and trial court of his intent to appeal the denial of

the Motion to Suppress prior to his plea being accepted. However, after Judgment

was entered, trial counsel gave oral Notice of Appeal but specified the appeal was

from the denial of the Motion to Suppress and failed to state the appeal was from the

Judgment rendered by the trial court. As such, Defendant has lost his right to appeal

from the Judgment entered by the trial court. See State v. Miller, 205 N.C. App. 724,

725, 696 S.E.2d 542, 542 (2010) (dismissing appeal where defendant gave written

notice of appeal “from the denial of Defendant’s motion to suppress,” but did not

specify the judgment itself).

      Nevertheless, in the context of this case, we discern Defendant’s intent to

appeal from both the Motion to Suppress and the Judgment. Indeed, for its part, the

State contends Certiorari is unnecessary as the State does not seek dismissal of the

appeal. In our discretion, and in aid of our jurisdiction, we allow Defendant’s Petition

and issue our Writ of Certiorari. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-32(c) (2021).

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                                    Opinion of the Court

                                         Issues

        The issues on appeal are whether: (I) Finding of Fact 13, that “the open air

sniff around the vehicle started simultaneously to Cox asking Ms. Little to exit her

vehicle and explaining the warning ticket to her,” is supported by competent evidence

in the Record; and (II) the trial court’s Findings of Fact support its Conclusion: “Based

upon a totality of the circumstances . . . Defendant’s [M]otion to [S]uppress for lack

of probable cause should be denied.”

                                        Analysis

        “Our review of a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress is strictly limited

to a determination of whether [the trial court’s] findings are supported by competent

evidence, and in turn, whether the findings support the trial court’s ultimate

conclusion.” State v. Reynolds, 161 N.C. App. 144, 146-47, 587 S.E.2d 456, 458 (2003)

(citation and quotation marks omitted). The trial court’s conclusions of law, however,

are reviewed de novo. See State v. Fernandez, 346 N.C. 1, 11, 484 S.E.2d 350, 357

(1997) (citation omitted).    “In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we

examine the evidence introduced at trial in the light most favorable to the State[.]”

State v. Moore, 152 N.C. App. 156, 159, 566 S.E.2d 713, 715 (2002) (citations omitted).

   I.      Finding of Fact 13

        Defendant challenges only one of the trial court’s Findings of Fact: Finding 13.

In Finding of Fact 13, the trial court found:

           That although Cox asked Ms. Little a question about whether she

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                                   Opinion of the Court

            had anything in the vehicle he needed to know about after he
            returned her driver’s license and registration and gave her the
            warning ticket, this open air sniff around the vehicle started
            simultaneously to Cox asking Ms. Little to exit her vehicle and
            explaining the warning ticket to her.

In particular, Defendant contends the portion of the Finding that “this open air sniff

around the vehicle started simultaneously to Cox asking Ms. Little to exit her vehicle

and explaining the warning ticket to her” is unsupported by the evidence, self-

contradictory and illogical, and further contradicted by Finding of Fact 12.      We

disagree.

      First, there is competent evidence in the Record to support the trial court’s

Finding. Defendant focuses exclusively on Deputy Cox’s written report. This report

on its face indicates Deputy Cox had concluded the stop by issuing a warning ticket

and asked Ms. Little if there was anything in the car Deputy Cox should know about

like weapons, contraband, or large sums of currency. The Report further states

“Detective Santiago then deployed his canine Lizzy . . . [.]” However, Defendant’s

reliance on Deputy Cox’s report ignores other testimony and evidence, including

Detective Santiago’s testimony. Detective Santiago testified when he arrived on the

scene to handle Lizzy while she conducted the open-air sniff, Deputy Cox was in the

process of issuing the warning ticket and told Detective Santiago he was going to ask

Ms. Little to step out of the car so he could explain the warning ticket to her. Once

Deputy Cox asked Ms. Little to step out of the car to explain the warning ticket,

Detective Santiago asked Detective Lambe to remove Defendant from the car, so

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                                    Opinion of the Court

Lizzy could be deployed. Detective Santiago also testified that as he went to retrieve

and deploy Lizzy, he briefly overheard the conversation between Deputy Cox and Ms.

Little when Deputy Cox was still explaining the warning ticket. Lizzy conducted her

open-air sniff while Deputy Cox and Ms. Little were still having their conversation.

Detective Santiago’s testimony was also consistent with his written report. Further,

Detective Lambe testified when Deputy Cox asked Ms. Little to step out of the car,

Detective Santiago asked Detective Lambe to remove Defendant from the car also, so

Lizzy could be deployed. Detective Lambe’s written report reflects “Deputy Cox had

[Ms.] Little whom was driving the vehicle step out to explain the warning citation

while Detective Santiago deployed K9. Before doing so I asked the male passenger

to step out of the vehicle . . . .” This evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the

State on appellate review, supports the finding “this open air sniff around the vehicle

started simultaneously to Cox asking Ms. Little to exit her vehicle and explaining the

warning ticket to her.” See State v. Williams, 366 N.C. 110, 114, 726 S.E.2d 161, 165

(2012) (“The trial court’s findings of fact on a motion to suppress are conclusive on

appeal if supported by competent evidence, even if the evidence is conflicting.”

(citations and quotation marks omitted)).

      Second, Finding of Fact 13 is not illogical or internally inconsistent. Defendant

argues it is logically impossible for the open-air sniff to have started precisely

simultaneously to both Ms. Little being asked to exit the vehicle and the warning

ticket being explained to her—as those were two separate occurrences. Defendant

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                                  Opinion of the Court

reads the Finding too narrowly. Rather, when read in context, it is apparent that the

trial court, in this Finding, is acknowledging the evidence that after Deputy Cox

finished his explanation, handed over the warning citation, and returned Little’s

license and registration, he then asked about items in the car—which could be seen

as extending the traffic stop after its mission was completed.        The trial court,

however, goes on to clarify that the open-air sniff was initiated prior to Deputy Cox’s

inquiry. In other words, the open-air sniff was occurring prior to the stop arguably

being extended beyond its mission.

      Third, Defendant contends Finding of Fact 13 is contradicted by Finding of

Fact 12. To the contrary, Finding of Fact 13 is perfectly consistent with Finding of

Fact 12. Finding of Fact 12 states: “When Cox got Ms. Little out of the vehicle,

Santiago asked Lamb[e] to get [D]efendant out of the vehicle due to Santiago readying

to deploy Lizzy. While Cox and Ms. Little were in front of Cox’s patrol vehicle,

Santiago deployed Lizzy to complete an open air sniff around the vehicle.”

Defendant’s argument, again, rests on an overly narrow focus on the trial court’s use

of the term “simultaneously” in Finding of Fact 13. However, Finding 12 reflects that

Santiago began the process of deploying Lizzy when Ms. Little got out of the vehicle

and Detective Lambe removed Defendant; Lizzy then performed the sniff while

Deputy Cox and Ms. Little were in front of the patrol vehicle.

      Thus, the trial court’s Findings, read together, reflect that the sniff was, in

fact, undertaken during the same time frame as Ms. Little getting out of the car and

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                                        Opinion of the Court

Deputy Cox explaining the warning citation to her. Therefore, Finding of Fact 13 is

supported by evidence in the Record and is consistent with itself and the trial court’s

other Findings. Consequently, Finding of Fact 13 may, in turn, also be relied on to

support the trial court’s Conclusions.

    II.      The Trial Court’s Conclusion of Law

          Defendant further challenges the trial court’s Conclusion of Law: “Based upon

a totality of the circumstances, the [c]ourt concludes that the Defendant’s [M]otion to

[S]uppress for lack of probable cause should be denied.” Defendant contends the trial

court’s Conclusion fails to articulate any rationale for its decision to deny the Motion

to Suppress.      Defendant further argues the trial court misapprehended the law

applicable to traffic stops and warrantless dog-sniffs by relying on “a probable cause”

standard. Finally, Defendant—relying on Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. 348,

135 S.Ct. 1609, 191 L. Ed. 2d 492 (2015)—contends, even applying the correct

standard, the trial court’s Findings of Fact do not support its Conclusion of Law.

          First, Defendant contends the trial court’s Conclusion of Law is insufficient for

appellate review because it fails “to provide the trial court’s rationale regarding why”

it denied the Motion to Suppress. 2 When ruling on a motion to suppress following a

hearing, a judge “must set forth in the record his findings of facts and conclusions of

2 Defendant actually raises this argument as an argument in the alternative should we reject his other
arguments. For our purposes, however, we first review whether the trial court made a conclusion of
law adequate for appellate review before reaching Defendant’s more substantive arguments.

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                                      Opinion of the Court

law.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-977(f) (2021).            As Defendant notes, our Court has

observed:

             When a trial court fails to make all the necessary determinations,
             i.e., findings of fact resolving disputed issues of fact and
             conclusions of law applying the legal principles to the facts found,
             “[r]emand is necessary because it is the trial court that is
             entrusted with the duty to hear testimony, weigh and resolve any
             conflicts in the evidence, find the facts, and, then based upon those
             findings, render a legal decision, in the first instance, as to
             whether or not a constitutional violation of some kind has
             occurred.”

State v. Faulk, 256 N.C. App. 255, 263, 807 S.E.2d 623, 629 (2017) (emphasis added)

(quoting State v. Baskins, 247 N.C. App. 603, 610, 786 S.E.2d 94, 99 (2016) (citations

and quotation marks omitted)).          Here, however, the trial court made generally

unchallenged Findings of Fact and “based on those findings” did “render a legal

decision.” Id. Indeed, in State v. Aguilar, we recently concluded a substantively

identical conclusion of law was reviewable, particularly when taken in context of the

findings of fact and prior trial court proceedings, “because the trial court here

explained that probable cause supported the search based upon the totality of the

circumstances in the findings.” State v. Aguilar, 2022-NCCOA-903, ¶ 28, 882 S.E.2d

411, 423. Here, the trial court was tasked with ultimately determining whether law

enforcement officers had probable cause to search the vehicle as a result of a valid

dog-sniff.     This is clear from the trial court’s Findings of Fact as well as the

proceedings reflected in the hearing transcript.             While additional conclusions

outlining the analytical steps undertaken by the trial court would certainly be more

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                                         Opinion of the Court

helpful in our review, here, we are able to discern the basis of the trial court’s ruling

and conduct our review.

       Relatedly, Defendant further argues the trial court’s Conclusion of Law

constitutes a misapprehension or misapplication of the law, because—Defendant

asserts—the real issue is not whether the dog-sniff provided probable cause to search

the vehicle without a warrant but rather whether the dog-sniff itself was permissible

as part of the traffic stop. As such, Defendant contends the trial court erred in

applying a “probable cause” legal standard in its Conclusion rather than analyzing

whether the dog-sniff occurred during the original mission of the traffic stop or was

otherwise supported by reasonable suspicion of other criminal activity under U.S. v.

Rodriguez.3 While we agree with Defendant that the underlying issue is whether the

dog-sniff—which led to the warrantless search—was validly conducted in the course

of the traffic stop, we disagree the trial court’s Conclusion of Law reflects a

misapprehension of law.

       To the contrary, the ultimate question for the trial court was whether there

was probable cause to conduct the warrantless search of the vehicle primarily based

on the positive alert from the dog-sniff, which necessarily required the trial court to

3 For its part, the State contends there was probable cause to initiate the search based on the totality
of the circumstances including a tip from a confidential, reliable informant, knowledge of the firearm
in the vehicle, and knowledge of Defendant’s prior criminal history. None of these circumstances,
however, are supported by the trial court’s Findings. To the contrary, the trial court expressly made
no findings about the reliability of the informant; the officers conducting the search were not aware of
the firearm until after the search; and there is no finding regarding Defendant’s prior history.

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                                        Opinion of the Court

first consider the validity of the dog-sniff.4 Nevertheless, “[a]ssuming arguendo that

the trial court’s reasoning for denying defendant’s motion to suppress was incorrect,

we are not required on this basis alone to determine that the ruling was erroneous.”

State v. Austin, 320 N.C. 276, 290, 357 S.E.2d 641, 650 (1987) (citing State v. Gardner,

316 N.C. 605, 342 S.E.2d 872 (1986)). “A correct decision of a lower court will not be

disturbed on review simply because an insufficient or superfluous reason is assigned.

The question for review is whether the ruling of the trial court was correct and not

whether the reason given therefor is sound or tenable.” Id. (citing State v. Blackwell,

246 N.C. 642, 644, 99 S.E.2d 867, 869 (1957)). “The crucial inquiry for this Court is

admissibility and whether the ultimate ruling was supported by the evidence.” Id.

       Ultimately, Defendant argues the trial court’s Findings cannot support a

determination the dog-sniff was validly conducted during the traffic stop consistent

with Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.                    Specifically, pointing to Rodriguez,

Defendant contends the Findings—and in the absence of any finding of reasonable

suspicion of other criminal activity—do not support a conclusion the dog-sniff was

conducted prior to the completion of the original mission of the stop.                    As such,

Defendant asserts the trial court’s denial of the Motion to Suppress should be

reversed and the trial court’s Judgment vacated.

4 In the absence of a valid dog-sniff, the trial court may well have determined there was no probable
cause to perform a warrantless search of the vehicle on the facts before it.

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                                    Opinion of the Court

      The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution provides the right of the people to

be secure in their persons and protects citizens from unreasonable searches and

seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV.; see also N.C. Const. art. I, § 20; State v. Garner,

331 N.C. 491, 506-07, 417 S.E.2d 502, 510 (1992). These protections apply to “seizures

of the person, including brief investigatory detentions such as those involved in the

stopping of a vehicle.” State v. Watkins, 337 N.C. 437, 441, 446 S.E.2d 67, 69-70

(1994) (citation omitted).    “Thus, a traffic stop is subject to the reasonableness

requirement of the Fourth Amendment.” State v. Reed, 373 N.C. 498, 507, 838 S.E.2d

414, 421-22 (2020). “A traffic stop may become ‘unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the

time reasonably required to complete [its] mission.’ ” Id. at 508, 838 S.E.2d at 422

(alteration in original) (quoting Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407, 125 S.Ct. 834,

837, 160 L. Ed. 2d 842, 846 (2005)).

      In Rodriguez, the Supreme Court of the United States clarified:

          [a] seizure for a traffic violation justifies a police investigation of
          that violation. . . . [T]he tolerable duration of police inquiries in
          the traffic-stop context is determined by the seizure’s “mission”—
          to address the traffic violation that warranted the stop, and
          attend to related safety concerns. Because addressing the
          infraction is the purpose of the stop, it may last no longer than is
          necessary to effectuate that purpose. Authority for the seizure
          thus ends when tasks tied to the traffic infraction are—or
          reasonably should have been—completed.

575 U.S. 348, 354, 135 S.Ct. 1609, 1614, 191 L. Ed. 2d 492, 498 (2015) (citations and

quotation marks omitted).

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                                   Opinion of the Court

      However, the Rodriguez Court also acknowledged: “the Fourth Amendment

tolerated certain unrelated investigations that did not lengthen the roadside

detention.” Id. Nevertheless, a traffic stop “ ‘can become unlawful if it is prolonged

beyond the time reasonably required to complete th[e] mission’ of issuing a warning

ticket.” Id. (quoting Caballes, 543 U.S. at 407, 125 S.Ct. at 837). “The seizure remains

lawful only ‘so long as [unrelated] inquiries do not measurably extend the duration of

the stop.’ ” Id. at 355, 135 S.Ct. at 1615 (quoting Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323,

333, 129 S.Ct. 781, 788, 172 L. Ed. 2d 694, 704 (2009)). “An officer, in other words,

may conduct certain unrelated checks during an otherwise lawful traffic stop.

But . . . he may not do so in a way that prolongs the stop, absent the reasonable

suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an individual.” Id.

      Applying Rodriguez, the North Carolina Supreme Court recognizes: “Beyond

determining whether to issue a traffic ticket, an officer’s mission includes ordinary

inquiries incident to [the traffic] stop.” State v. Bullock, 370 N.C. 256, 257, 805 S.E.2d

671, 673 (2017) (citation and quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original).

“These inquiries include checking the driver’s license, determining whether there are

outstanding warrants against the driver, and inspecting the automobile’s registration

and proof of insurance.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). “In addition, ‘an

officer may need to take certain negligibly burdensome precautions in order to

complete his mission safely[,]’ ” including conducting criminal history checks. Id. at

258, 805 S.E.2d at 673-74 (citations omitted). Officer safety “stems from the mission

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                                    Opinion of the Court

of the traffic stop”; thus, “time devoted to officer safety is time that is reasonably

required to complete that mission.” Id. at 262, 805 S.E.2d at 676. “On-scene

investigation into other crimes, however, detours from that mission.” Rodriguez, 575

U.S. at 356, 135 S.Ct. at 1616. Moreover, “traffic stops remain[ ] lawful only so long

as [unrelated] inquiries do not measurably extend the duration of the stop.” Bullock,

370 N.C. at 262, 805 S.E.2d at 676 (alterations and emphasis in original) (citation

and quotation marks omitted).

      Relevant to this case, this Court, applying Rodriguez, has recognized: “The

[Rodriguez] Court specifically held that the performance of a dog sniff is not a type of

check which is related to an officer’s traffic mission.” State v. Warren, 242 N.C. App.

496, 499, 775 S.E.2d 362, 365 (2015), aff’d per curiam, 368 N.C. 756, 782 S.E.2d 509

(2016). “Therefore, under Rodriguez, an officer who lawfully stops a vehicle for a

traffic violation but who otherwise does not have reasonable suspicion that any crime

is afoot beyond a traffic violation may execute a dog sniff only if the check does not

prolong the traffic stop.”    Id.   Indeed, the United States Supreme Court had

previously concluded “conducting a dog sniff would not change the character of a

traffic stop that is lawful at its inception and otherwise executed in a reasonable

manner, unless the dog sniff itself infringed respondent’s constitutionally protected

interest in privacy. Our cases hold that it did not.” Caballes, 543 U.S. at 408, 125

S.Ct. at 837.

                                           - 18 -
                                        STATE V. SAN

                                      Opinion of the Court

       In this case, the trial court’s Findings demonstrate the dog-sniff was

undertaken prior to the completion of the mission of the traffic stop. In particular,

the trial court found:

             11. That Santiago noticed Ms. Little sitting in the driver’s seat of
             the Ford Edge when he and Lamb[e] arrived on scene. He then
             spoke to Cox, and Cox informed Santiago he was writing Ms.
             Little a warning ticket and he was going to get Ms. Little out of
             the vehicle to explain the warning ticket to her.

             12. When Cox got Ms. Little out of the vehicle, Santiago asked
             Lamb[e] to get [D]efendant out of the vehicle due to Santiago
             readying to deploy Lizzy. While Cox and Ms. Little were in front
             of Cox’s patrol vehicle, Santiago deployed Lizzy to complete an
             open air sniff around the vehicle.

             13. That although Cox asked Ms. Little a question about whether
             she had anything in the vehicle he needed to know about after he
             returned her driver’s license and registration and gave her the
             warning ticket, this open air sniff around the vehicle started
             simultaneously to Cox asking Ms. Little to exit her vehicle and
             explaining the warning ticket to her.

Crucially, these Findings tend to establish the dog-sniff was undertaken during the

process of Cox explaining the warning ticket to Ms. Little and prior to Cox asking the

question potentially unrelated to the mission of the stop. As such, the trial court’s

Findings support a determination the traffic stop was not prolonged by, or for, the

dog-sniff.

       Thus, the trial court’s Findings support a determination the dog-sniff which

led to the search of the vehicle was validly conducted during the time reasonably

required to complete the mission of the traffic stop. See Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 354,

                                             - 19 -
                                     STATE V. SAN

                                   Opinion of the Court

135 S.Ct. at 1609. Therefore, the trial court properly concluded “Based upon a totality

of the circumstances”—including the validly conducted dog-sniff—“the Defendant’s

[M]otion to [S]uppress should be denied.” Consequently, the trial court did not err in

denying Defendant’s Motion to Suppress.

                                     Conclusion

        Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, we affirm both the trial court’s Order

denying the Motion to Suppress and the Judgment entered upon Defendant’s Alford

plea.

        AFFIRMED.

        Judges ZACHARY and GRIFFIN concur.

                                          - 20 -