Court Opinion

ID: 1032738
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-09 19:01:53.85537+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:22:20.075232
License: Public Domain

his children to stay out of the water. That witness testified that he

                observed the yellow jet ski slow down as it came into the no wake zone

                when Maldonado-Mejia hit the victim at a high rate of speed on the port

                side of the yellow jet ski. The witness testified that the victim tried to

                turn to the right to avoid the impact but Maldonado-Mejia was going too

                fast. A third witness testified that the two jet skis were heading directly

                towards each other when he saw the victim's jet ski stop briefly and then

                accelerate just before impact.

                            An officer from the Nevada Department of Wildlife testified

                that he arrived on scene shortly after the accident while the victim was

                being treated by an off-duty nurse and emergency medical technician and

                saw severe bruising on the victim's lower left chest and abdomen. The

                victim died a short time later. When the officer spoke with Maldonado-

                Mejia, he noticed that Maldonado-Mejia smelled of alcohol and had

                bloodshot watery eyes and an unsteady gait. The officer performed six

                field sobriety tests for impairment on his boat and Maldonado-Mejia

                showed signs of impairment in all six tests. Later, the officer attended the

                victim's autopsy and observed that the measurements of the victim's

                injuries were consistent with the design of the bow of Maldonado-Mejia's

                jet ski. The officer also testified that the watercraft navigation rules

                require a vessel which is approaching another vessel's port side to give-

                way by stopping or getting out of the way.

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                            We conclude that a rational juror could infer from these

                circumstances that Maldonado-Mejia was operating his jet ski under the

                influence of intoxicating liquor and crashed into the victim causing

                substantial bodily injury and death because he failed to maintain a proper

                lookout, observe the victim on his starboard side and give-way, and/or

                maintain the proper speed and distance.          See NRS 488.420(1); NRS

                488.540(1), (3); NRS 488.580(2)(a); NAC 488.430; Inland Navigational

                Rules, Rules 14-15, 33 U.S.C. §§ 2014-2015 (head-on situation and

                crossing situation), repealed and recodified as 33 C.F.R. §§ 83.14-15 by

                Pub. L. 108-293 (Aug. 9, 2004) (eff. May 17, 2010). The jury's verdict will

                not be disturbed on appeal where, as here, substantial evidence supports

                the conviction. Bolden v. State, 97 Nev. 71, 73, 624 P.2d 20, 20 (1981); see

                also Hernandez v. State, 118 Nev. 513, 531, 50 P.3d 1100, 1112 (2002)

                ("[C]ircumstantial evidence alone may support a conviction."); McNair,

                108 Nev. at 56, 825 P.2d at 573 ("[I]t is the jury's function, not that of the

                court, to assess the weight of the evidence and determine the credibility of

                witnesses.").

                            Second, Maldonado-Mejia contends that the district court

                violated the Confrontation Clause by permitting a medical examiner to

                testify to the victim's manner of death and the results of a toxicology

                report because the medical examiner did not actually perform the autopsy

                or the toxicology test. The autopsy report and the toxicology report were

                both admitted into evidence. Because Maldonado-Mejia failed to object to
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                     the medical examiner's testimony, we review for plain error. NRS

                     178.602; Green v. State, 119 Nev. 542, 545, 80 P.3d 93, 95 (2003). "In

                     conducting plain error review, we must examine whether there was 'error,'

                     whether the error was 'plain' or clear, and whether the error affected the

                     defendant's substantial rights." Green, 119 Nev. at 545, 80 P.3d at 95.

                                 The Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause provides that

                     "[in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to . . . be

                     confronted with the witnesses against him." U.S. Const. amend. VI.

                     Although the lab technician who concluded that the victim's blood alcohol

                     content was above the legal limit when he was struck by Maldonado-Mejia

                     was not subject to cross-examination, we conclude that the medical

                     examiner's testimony about the lab technician's conclusions did not violate

                     Maldonado-Mejia's rights under the Confrontation Clause because this

                     testimony was not "against him."      Id.   In fact, this evidence supported

                     Maldonado-Mejia's theory of defense that the victim's actions caused the

                     accident. Therefore, we conclude that the district court did not commit

                     plain error by allowing the medical examiner to testify about the result in

                     the toxicology report.

                                 As to Maldonado-Mejia's contention that the medical

                     examiner's testimony about the results of an autopsy performed by

                     another examiner violated the Confrontation Clause, Maldonado-Mejia

                     fails to identify which statements are testimonial. The medical examiner

                     testified that her opinion was based upon the autopsy report and the
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                photographs taken during the autopsy. We have never held that the

                Confrontation Clause prohibits the testimony of an expert witness which

                is based upon autopsy photographs. CI Vega v. State, 126 Nev.          ,

                236 F'.3d 632, 638 (2010) (holding that an independent opinion based on a

                video recording does not violate the Confrontation Clause because expert's

                judgment, proficiency and methodology are subject to cross-examination).

                Because Maldonado-Mejia has not identified the offending testimony with

                specificity, we cannot determine whether there was error or whether the

                error was clear. Even if the medical examiner's testimony was clear error,

                the independent testimony of the officer and other witnesses was sufficient

                to establish that Maldonado-Mejia's jet ski caused substantial injury and

                death to the victim. Therefore, Maldonado-Mejia cannot show that the

                medical examiner's testimony "(1) had a prejudicial impact on the verdict

                when viewed in context of the trial as a whole, or (2) seriously affects the

                integrity or public reputation of the judicial proceedings." Libby v. State,

                109 Nev. 905, 911, 859 P.2d 1050, 1054 (1993), vacated on other grounds,

                516 U.S. 1037 (1996). Thus, Maldonado-Mejia is not entitled to relief on

                this claim.

                              Third, Maldonado-Mejia contends that the district court erred

                by instructing the jury that "[title contributory negligence of another does

                not exonerate the defendant unless the other's negligence was the sole

                cause of injury." Maldonado-Mejia argues that this part of the proximate

                cause jury instruction shifted the burden of proof by requiring him to
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                prove that he bore no fault for the accident. Maldonado-Mejia is mistaken.

                When read within the context of the jury instruction as a whole, this

                sentence merely explains to the jury that, if they find that Maldonado-

                Mejia was the proximate cause of the victim's injury, the contributing

                fault of the victim does not necessarily negate that finding. See Williams

                v. State, 118 Nev. 536, 550, 50 P.3d 1116, 1125 (2002) (approving the same

                proximate cause instruction because "an intervening cause must be a

                superseding cause or the sole cause in order to completely excuse the prior

                act" (internal quotation marks omitted)); Taylor v. Silva, 96 Nev. 738, 741,

                615 P.2d 970, 971 (1980) (explaining that contributing fault of the injured

                party does not negate a finding that defendant's negligence was a

                proximate cause of her injuries); see also 1 Charles E. Torcia, Wharton's

                Criminal Law § 47 (15th ed. 2012) (collecting cases). Therefore, the

                district court did not err by giving this instruction.

                            Fourth, Maldonado-Mejia contends that the district court

                erred by permitting two officers to testify to their conclusions about who

                was at fault for the accident because this testimony invaded the province

                of the jury. Maldonado-Mejia is mistaken. See David H. Kaye, David E.

                Bernstein, & Jennifer L. Mnookin, The New Wigmore: Expert Evidence §

                2.2.1 (2d ed. 2013) (explaining why leading evidence scholars disagree). In

                Nevada, "[t] estimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise

                admissible is not objectionable because it embraces an ultimate issue to be

                decided by the trier of fact." NRS 50.295. To the extent Maldonado-Mejia
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                relies on this court's opinion in Frias v. Valle, 101 Nev. 219, 221, 698 P.2d

                875, 876 (1985), a personal injury case, his case is distinguishable. In

                Valle, we held that an officer's opinion, as contained in his admitted

                accident report, was unreliable because it was based upon a cursory

                inspection of the scene. Id.   Here, the officers' opinion was based on a

                thorough investigation conducted over a period of two weeks, including an

                examination of the damage to the vessel, the angle of impact, transfer

                marks, and a reconstruction of the accident. We conclude that the district

                court did not err by admitting the testimony of the officers.

                            Fifth, Maldonado-Mejia contends that the district court erred

                by failing to exclude the results of two blood tests taken more than two

                hours after the accident indicating that his blood alcohol level was .112

                two hours and fifteen minutes after the accident and .095 an hour and two

                minutes later. Maldonado-Mejia failed to object to the admission of these

                results and we review for plain error. See Green, 119 Nev. at 545, 80 P.3d

                at 95. When asked on direct examination if she could form an opinion

                about Maldonado-Mejia's blood alcohol level at the time of the accident

                based on the test results, the forensic scientist testified that she could not

                form an opinion because there were too many variables. In light of this

                testimony, we agree with Maldonado-Mejia that the probative value of this

                evidence may have been outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See

                State v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court (Armstrong), 127 Nev. „ 267

                P.3d 777, 781-82 (2011). However, Maldonado-Mejia has not met his
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                burden of showing that this testimony affected his substantial rights.

                The forensic scientist repeatedly stated on direct and cross-examination

                that she could not draw any conclusions from these results about

                Maldonado-Mejia's blood alcohol content at the time of the accident

                thereby diminishing the possibility that the jury might have declared him

                guilty based solely on a reaction to his blood alcohol level several hours

                later. See id. Moreover, an officer testified that Maldonado-Mejia showed

                signs of impairment in all six of the field sobriety tests which were

                performed immediately after the accident. This independent evidence

                strongly supported the conclusion that Maldonado-Mejia was "under the

                influence of intoxicating liquor." NRS 488.420(1)(a). Therefore, we

                conclude that Maldonado-Mejia has not established plain error and is not

                entitled to relief on this claim.

                             Sixth, Maldonado-Mejia contends that his due process rights

                were violated because the officer did not conduct the field sobriety tests in

                Spanish. Maldonado-Mejia failed to object to this testimony and we

                review for plain error.      See Green, 119 Nev. at 545, 80 P.3d at 95.

                Maldonado-Mejia admits that he could not find any case law on point but

                asks this court to consider this issue despite his failure to make any

                attempt to analogize his case to any other due process case. We conclude

                that Maldonado-Mejia has failed to demonstrate plain error.

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                            Seventh, Maldonado-Mejia contends that cumulative error

                warrants reversal of his convictions. "One error is not cumulative error."

                U.S. v. Sager, 227 F.3d 1138, 1149 (9th Cir. 2000).

                            Having considered Maldonado-Mejia's contentions and

                concluded that they lack merit, we

                            ORDER the judgment of conviction AFFIRMED.

                                                          Saitta

                cc: Hon. James M. Bixler, District Judge
                     Christopher R. Oram
                     Attorney General/Carson City
                     Clark County District Attorney
                     Eighth District Court Clerk

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