Court Opinion

ID: 2680476
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-06-25 18:01:17.147854+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:14:55.904648
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/25/14 Mohamed v. Anatolia Units 1 et al. CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (Sacramento)
                                                            ----

JOSEPH MOHAMED, SR.,                                                                      C073868

                   Plaintiff and Appellant,                                       (Super. Ct. No.
                                                                            34201200117582CUBCGDS)
         v.

ANATOLIA UNITS 1, 2 AND 4 MASTER
ASSOCIATION,

                   Defendant and Respondent.

         This action for declaratory relief, breach of contract, and unjust enrichment
involves the right to use certain recreational facilities, known as The Clubhouse (or club)
at Anatolia (the club), at a common interest development in Rancho Cordova known as
Anatolia Units 1, 2 and 4 (Anatolia). Plaintiff Joseph Mohamed, who owns 102 vacant
lots in Anatolia, contends that the homeowners’ association for the development --
defendant Anatolia Units 1, 2 and 4 Master Association (the association) -- has
wrongfully refused to issue him club membership cards for each of his 102 vacant lots.

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On demurrer, the trial court concluded that Mohamed is not entitled to membership cards
for his vacant lots. On Mohamed’s appeal from the judgment of dismissal, we agree. As
we will explain, Mohamed is entitled to use the club, but he is not entitled to (nor does he
need) a membership card to do so. Accordingly, we affirm.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       We take the following facts from the allegations in Mohamed’s first amended
complaint and the attached exhibits:
       In or about August 2009, Mohamed purchased 106 lots (homesites) in Anatolia.
He subsequently developed four of those lots, which he uses as rental properties. The
remaining 102 lots are undeveloped.
       Under the master declaration of establishment of conditions, covenants and
restrictions for Anatolia units 1, 2 and 4 (the CC&R’s), all owners of homesites and
condominiums in Anatolia are members of the club. Under the CC&Rs, the owner of a
homesite is the record holder of fee simple title to the homesite. This includes merchant
builders, which is anyone who has acquired property within the community to develop
and sell to members of the general public.
       As owner of the 102 vacant lots, Mohamed has been assessed $86 in club charges
each month for each lot since he purchased them for mandatory membership in the club
and for the right to use the facilities and amenities of the club. Mohamed has requested
that the association issue him club membership cards for each of the 102 vacant lots he
owns, but the association has refused.
       As a result of this refusal, in January 2012 Mohamed commenced this action
against the association. The association demurred, and the trial court sustained the
demurrer with leave to amend. Thereafter, Mohamed filed his amended complaint,
setting forth causes of action for declaratory relief, breach of contract, and unjust
enrichment. Mohamed sought a judicial declaration that he is entitled to a membership
card for each of his 102 vacant lots and as to the reasonableness of the association’s

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interpretation of the CC&R’s under former Civil Code section 1354 (now Civil Code
section 5975). Mohamed further claimed that the association’s refusal to issue him 102
club membership cards amounted to a breach of contract and unjust enrichment.
        The association demurred again, asserting that the CC&R’s do not give Mohamed
the right to a club membership card for each of his 102 vacant lots, and that Mohamed
failed to show that the CC&R’s were unreasonable. The trial court agreed, concluding
that “[t]he CC&Rs do not provide for membership cards for lots owned by plaintiff
unless someone is residing on the lot” and that the CC&R’s were not unreasonable.
Denying Mohamed further leave to amend, the court entered a judgment of dismissal in
favor of the association, and Mohamed timely appealed.
                                       DISCUSSION
        This is a strange case. The gist of Mohamed’s complaint is that the association is
wrongfully denying him access to the club because the association has refused to issue
him a club membership card for each of his vacant lots. The association, however,
concedes Mohamed’s right to use the club; the association simply contends that he is not
entitled to a membership card for each of his vacant lots. In other words, it is the
association’s position that Mohamed has the right to use the club and he does not have to
present a membership card to do so. Notwithstanding the association’s concession that
he is entitled to use the club without a membership card, Mohamed nonetheless insists
that a membership card is an absolute requirement for club use under the rules and
regulations for the club (the rules) and thus the association’s refusal to issue him a
membership card for each of his vacant lots is tantamount to refusing him access to the
club.
        In light of the parties’ positions, the question on appeal is whether the CC&R’s
and/or the rules can be reasonably construed as requiring a merchant builder to have a
membership card to exercise his or her right to use the club. If such a construction is
reasonable, then it was error for the trial court to rule against Mohamed on demurrer.

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(See Aragon-Haas v. Family Security Ins. Services, Inc. (1991) 231 Cal. App. 3d 232, 239
[in passing on the sufficiency of a complaint, a court must accept the plaintiff’s
construction of a written agreement as long the pleading does not place a clearly
erroneous construction on the agreement].) We conclude, however, that Mohamed’s
construction of the CC&R’s and the rules is not reasonable. The CC&R’s say nothing
about membership cards at all, and while the rules do contain provisions stating that a
membership card is necessary to use the club, we agree with the association that those
provisions were not intended to apply to merchant builders like Mohamed, who are thus
entitled to use the club even without a membership card.
       We begin our analysis by setting forth the governing legal principles. “The
CC&R’s are interpreted according to the standard canons for interpreting written
instruments.” (14859 Moorpark Homeowner’s Assn. v. VRT Corp. (1998) 63
Cal. App. 4th 1396, 1410.) Some of those canons are as follows: “In construing a contract
the court should strive to ascertain its object as reflected in the provisions thereof; should
be guided by the intention of the parties as disclosed by those provisions [citations];
should endeavor to effect the intention and object thus ascertained [citation]; should
adopt that construction which will make the contract reasonable, fair and just [citations];
[and] should avoid an interpretation which will make the contract unusual, extraordinary,
harsh, unjust or inequitable . . . .” (Harris v. Klure (1962) 205 Cal. App. 2d 574, 577-578.)
“The whole of a contract is to be taken together, so as to give effect to every part, if
reasonably practicable, each clause helping to interpret the other.” (Civ. Code, § 1641.)
While “the language of the agreement, if clear and explicit and not conducive to an
absurd result, must govern its interpretation,” “this does not mean that a portion only of a
written instrument, although it is clear and explicit, may be selected as furnishing
conclusive evidence of the intentions of the parties.” (Universal Sales Corp. v. Cal. etc.
Mfg. Co. (1942) 20 Cal. 2d 751, 760.) “The character of a contract is not to be determined
by isolating any single clause . . . .” (Transportation Guar. Co. v. Jellins (1946) 29

                                              4
Cal. 2d 242, 247.) If it is impossible to give effect to all the provisions in an agreement, “
‘an interpretation which gives effect to the main apparent purpose of the contract will be
favored.’ ” (McNeil v. Graner (1949) 91 Cal. App. 2d 858, 864.) Thus, “Particular
clauses of a contract are subordinate to its general intent.” (Civ. Code, § 1650.)
       With these principles in mind, we turn to the relevant provisions from the
CC&R’s. Under the CC&R’s, the club consists of certain real property, buildings, and
improvements that were to be owned by the original developer of Anatolia (Sunridge-
Anatolia, LLC, referred to in the CC&R’s as “Declarant”) and leased to the association
until acquired by the association in fee. Section 1.1.7 of the CC&R’s provides that
“[m]embership in The Club and payment of Club Charges are mandatory for all Owners
of Homesites and Condominiums within the Community.” Section 1.1.8 of the CC&R’s
provides that “Club Charges are payable monthly by Owners of Homesites and
Condominiums for mandatory membership in The Club and for the right to use the
facilities and amenities of The Club.” Section 2.7 of the CC&R’s provides that “[a]fter
the . . . Association acquires fee title to The Club and it becomes part of the Master
Common Area, Declarant and the Merchant Builders shall still have the right to use of
The Club facilities and services for and in connection with marketing of Homesites and
Condominiums in the Community, promotion and advertising of the Community, public
relations, and generally creating an interest among potential residents in becoming an
Owner, and for purposes unrelated to the Community; provided, however, that such use
shall not unreasonably interfere with the rights of Owners and their guests to use such
facilities and to receive such services.” Finally, section 4.1.6 of the CC&R’s provides
that the association “shall adopt rules and regulations . . . not inconsistent with the
provisions of [these CC&R’s], including, but not limited to, Rules and Regulations
relating to the use of the Master Common Area and of the Community.”
       The foregoing provisions make clear that all owners, including merchant builders
like Mohamed, are entitled to use the club in exchange for paying the mandatory monthly

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club charges. There is no provision in the CC&R’s for membership cards. As will be
seen, there are provisions for membership cards in the rules governing the club, but as we
have seen any rules and regulations adopted by the association must be consistent with
the CC&R’s. Thus, in turning to the relevant provisions in the rules for the club, we
necessarily construe them consistently with the CC&R’s.
       Section 1.2 of the rules specifies that “[t]he Club is intended primarily for the use
and enjoyment of the people living in the single family homes in Anatolia” but also
makes clear that “[t]he Declarant and homebuilders (‘Merchant Builders’) are also
entitled to use the Club.” Immediately thereafter, section 1.2 of the rules provides that
“[a]ccess to The Club shall be by Membership Card only, as provided in Section 1.8.”
Section 1.8 of the rules specifies as follows:
       “Membership Cards. Access to The Club shall be by membership card
(‘Membership Card’) issued by The Operator between the hours of 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
during certain days of the week. Ordinarily, Membership Cards shall be issued to each
member of the household who is fourteen (14) years or older . . . .”
       Section 1.8.1 of the rules provides that “[m]embership cards must be presented
when signing in for use of The Club Facilities.” Section 1.8.2 of the rules provides that
membership cards are not transferable. Section 1.8.3 of the rules governs lost cards.
       Next, Section 1.9 of the rules provides as follows:
       “Use By Declarant and Merchant Builders. The Declarant, and the Merchant
Builders owning Homesites in Anatolia, shall still have the right to use of The Club
facilities and services for and in connection with marketing of Homesites and
Condominiums in Anatolia, promotion and advertising of Anatolia, public relations, and
generally creating an interest among potential residents in becoming an Owner, and for
purposes unrelated to Anatolia. These use rights shall not unreasonably interfere with the
rights of Members and their Guests to use The Club Facilities and to receive The Club
services, as determined by The Operator.”

                                                 6
       A few other provisions in the rules will be relevant to our analysis, and we will
mention those provisions hereafter; for now, however, it is sufficient to proceed based on
the foregoing rules.
       If read in isolation from the rest of the rules, part of section 1.2, the first sentence
in section 1.8, and all of section 1.8.1 of the rules support Mohamed’s arguments here,
inasmuch as those provisions provide that “[a]ccess to The Club shall be by Membership
Card only,” “[a]ccess to The Club shall be by membership card,” and “[m]embership
cards must be presented when signing in for use of The Club Facilities.” Under these
provisions, read by themselves, denial of a membership card is tantamount to denial of
access to the club. As we have explained already, however, “[t]he character of a contract
is not to be determined by isolating any single clause . . . .” (Transportation Guar. Co. v.
Jellins, supra, 29 Cal.2d at p. 247.) Our task is to determine whether the rules, read as a
whole, can reasonably be construed as requiring a merchant builder to have a membership
card to exercise his or her right to use the club. As we will explain, we agree with the
association that the rules cannot reasonably be read in that manner.
       First of all, so far as possible, we must construe the rules consistently with the
CC&R’s (because the association does not have the power to adopt rules inconsistent
with the CC&R’s), and the CC&R’s clearly and unequivocally establish the right of
merchant builders like Mohamed to use the club. Any reading of the rules that would
inhibit that right would render the rules inconsistent with the CC&R’s. Thus, unless there
is no other possible reading of the rules, we must construe them in a manner that
facilitates the permitted use of the club by merchant builders. Such a construction is
possible if the rules are construed to provide that membership cards are necessary only
for those persons entitled to use the club who reside in homes or condominiums within
Anatolia and that such cards are not necessary for merchant builders. As will be shown
this is a reasonable construction -- indeed, the only reasonable construction -- of the rules
consistent with the CC&R’s.

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       Returning to section 1.2 of the rules, we see that immediately after acknowledging
that “[t]he Declarant and homebuilders (‘Merchant Builders’) are also entitled to use The
Club,” that section provides that “[a]ccess to The Club shall be by Membership Card
only, as provided in Section 1.8.” (Italics added.) Section 1.8 of the rules provides in
pertinent part that “[o]rdinarily, Membership Cards shall be issued to each member of the
household who is fourteen (14) years or older.” The reference in this section to “the
household” illustrates how the rules connect membership cards with occupancy. This
connection is further developed in sections 1.3.1, 1.3.2, 1.3.3, 1.4, and 1.4.1 of the rules.
These sections provide in relevant part as follows:
       1) “Each Owner must submit an information sheet to The Operator, identifying the
Owner(s) and the identity and relationship of the persons living in the home with the
Owner for whom the Owner would like Membership Cards. Ordinarily, the Owner, his
or her spouse, and all unmarried children living full-time in the Homesite or
Condominium, between the ages of fourteen (14) and twenty-two (22), will be entitled to
Membership Cards. If the Owner is unmarried, the Owner may designate one additional
person who is living with such Owner in the Homesite or Condominium in addition to
children of the Owner as an adult resident entitled to a Membership Card.” (Rules,
§ 1.3.1, italics added.)
       2) “Ordinarily, Membership Cards will be available only to the persons identified
in Paragraphs [sic] 1.3.1. The Operator shall have the discretion, however, to issue
Membership Cards to a Member’s children who live part-time with the Member as a
result of shared custody arrangements, absence during the college school year, and
similar circumstances, and to adult parents and adult children over twenty-two (22) years
of age of the Member or his spouse who reside with the Member. . . . Proof of residency
may be established by a driver’s license, car registration, bank statement showing the
home address, university identification card, or other evidence satisfactory to The
Operator.” (Rules, § 1.3.2, italics added.)

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       3) “When an Owner is a corporation or partnership, the corporate or partnership
Owner must complete the information sheet with the names and relationship to the
corporation or partnership of the persons who are living in the Homesite or
Condominium. The persons named on the information sheet, and living in the Homesite
or Condominium will be deemed to be the ‘family’ for purposes of issuance of
Membership Cards. The corporation or partnership shall update its information sheet
annually, or sooner if the persons living in the Homesite or Condominium change.”
(Rules, § 1.3.3, italics added.)
       4) “Any Owner may delegate his or her rights of enjoyment to The Club to the
persons occupying his or her Homesite or Condominium under a lease (a ‘Tenant’) or a
contract to purchase (a ‘Contract Purchaser’).” (Rules, § 1.4, italics added.)
       5) “The Owner must provide The Operator with a copy of the written document
delegating the use rights to the Tenant or Contract Purchaser; and, the Tenant or Contract
Purchaser, shall submit an application identifying the Tenant or Contract Purchaser and
the identity and relationship of the persons living in the home with the Tenant or Contract
Purchaser for whom the Tenant or Contract Purchaser would like Membership Cards.”
(Rules, § 1.4.1, italics added.)
       The foregoing provisions illustrate that, under the rules, membership cards are for
persons who are entitled to use the club by virtue of their occupancy of homes within
Anatolia. However, because the rules also expressly recognize -- consistent with the
CC&R’s -- the right of nonoccupant merchant builders like Mohamed to use the club (see
section 1.9 of the rules, ante), it necessarily follows that the right of a merchant builder
can be exercised without a membership card. Nothing in the rules precludes such use --
nothing, that is, except reading (as Mohamed does) part of section 1.2, the first sentence
in section 1.8, and all of section 1.8.1 of the rules in isolation from the rest of the rules.
Such a reading, however, is inconsistent with the standard canons for interpreting written
instruments that we have set forth above. Accordingly, that reading is not reasonable,

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and we are not bound by it in determining the sufficiency of Mohamed’s complaint.
Instead, like the trial court, we construe the rules as permitting merchant builders, like
Mohamed, to use the club even without a membership card.
       With this understanding of the rules in mind, we can readily see that Mohamed’s
first amended complaint fails to state a cause of action, nor could any amendment cure
the defect. In his breach of contract cause of action, Mohamed alleges that by failing to
issue him a membership card for each of his 102 vacant lots, the association has infringed
on his contractual right to use the club. As we have shown, however, Mohamed has the
right to use the club even without a membership card, so there is no infringement on his
contractual rights.
       In his unjust enrichment cause of action, Mohamed alleges that the association has
been unjustly enriched because the association has collected club charges from Mohamed
but has denied him the reciprocal benefit of club use by refusing to issue him
membership cards for his vacant lots. Again, however, Mohamed is entitled to use the
club without a membership card, so there has been no unjust enrichment.
       Mohamed’s cause of action for declaratory relief requires a little more discussion.
To the extent that cause of action seeks “a declaration that the CC&Rs and Rules &
Regulations require issuance to Mohamed of a membership card for each of his 102
undeveloped lots,” the cause of action is essentially duplicative of his causes of action
for breach of contract and unjust enrichment. “The declaratory relief statute should not
be used for the purpose of . . . determining an issue which can be determined in the main
action. The object of the statute is to afford a new form of relief where needed and not to
furnish a litigant with a second cause of action for the determination of identical issues.”
(General of America Ins. Co. v. Lilly (1968) 258 Cal. App. 2d 465, 470.) In any event,
even if Mohamed was entitled to a declaration of his rights from the trial court with
respect to membership cards for his vacant lots, given our previous conclusion about the
only reasonable construction of the CC&R’s and the rules, no benefit would be served by

                                             10
reversal and remand to the trial court for entry of a judgment declaring that Mohamed has
the right to use the club without a membership card, and therefore this opinion shall serve
as a declaration of rights and duties. (See Farmers Ins. Exchange v. Zerin (1997) 53
Cal. App. 4th 445, 461.)
       To the extent Mohamed’s cause of action for declaratory relief sought a
declaration “that the Association’s application of the CC&Rs and Rules & Regulations is
unreasonable pursuant to [former] Civil Code section 1354,” a slightly different analysis
is required, but the result is the same. Former Civil Code section 1354 (now Civil Code
section 5975), which applies to common interest developments like Anatolia, provides in
relevant part as follows:
       “(a) The covenants and restrictions in the declaration shall be enforceable
equitable servitudes, unless unreasonable, and shall inure to the benefit of and bind all
owners of separate interests in the development. Unless the declaration states otherwise,
these servitudes may be enforced by any owner of a separate interest or by the
association, or by both.” (Italics added.)
       As we understand it, Mohamed sought a judicial declaration that the CC&R’s (and
the rules) at issue here are “unreasonable” within the meaning of former section 1354
(and thus unenforceable) because they require Mohamed to pay club charges for his lot
but do not give him any reciprocal benefit because he is denied the right of club use by
the denial of any membership card. The answer to that argument is this: First, there is
nothing at all unreasonable about the CC&R’s because they do not mention membership
cards at all. As we have explained, the CC&R’s require the payment of club charges but
also recognize the right of merchant builders like Mohamed to use the club. Second,
even assuming arguendo that the rules (as distinct from the CC&R’s) fall within the
ambit of former Civil Code section 1354, there is nothing unreasonable about the rules
either, because, as we have construed them, Mohamed is entitled to use the club even
without a membership card. Thus, he has not been denied any reciprocal benefit for his

                                             11
payment of club charges. To the extent Mohamed was entitled to a judicial declaration
on this point, this opinion shall serve as a declaration of rights and duties.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed. The association shall recover its costs on appeal. (Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a).)

                                                          ROBIE                  , J.

We concur:

      RAYE                   , P. J.

      NICHOLSON              , J.

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