Court Opinion

ID: 219075
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-06-17 20:11:28+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:28:39.255169
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                              _____________

                                   No. 10-3351
                                  _____________

                        SANDRA BROWN-BAUMBACH,
                                 Appellant

                                        v.

                           B&B AUTOMOTIVE, INC.
                               ______________

        APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
             THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                     (D.C. Civ. Action No. 09-cv-3962)
                District Judge: Honorable R. Barclay Surrick
                              ______________

                    Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 April 28, 2011
                                ______________

        Before: SLOVITER, GREENAWAY, JR., and ROTH, Circuit Judges

                          (Opinion Filed: June 17, 2011)

                                 ______________

                                    OPINION
                                 ______________

GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judge

     Sandra Brown-Baumbach (“Plaintiff”) appeals from the District Court‟s grant of

                                         1
summary judgment in favor of B&B Automotive, Inc. (“Defendant” or “B&B”) on her

claims of sexual harassment based on a hostile work environment, gender discrimination,

and retaliation. For the reasons set forth below, we will affirm the District Court‟s

decision on the gender discrimination and retaliation claims, and reverse and remand for

further proceedings on the hostile work environment claim. We conclude that Plaintiff

has demonstrated that genuine issues as to material facts exist on the hostile environment

claim, precluding the grant of summary judgment.

                                     I. Background Facts

         We write primarily for the benefit of the parties and recount only the essential

facts.

         Plaintiff was hired by B&B in May 2008 as an assistant business manager,

responsible for loan financing. Plaintiff was supervised by Frank Beyer, as well as

Michael Brill, the owner of B&B. (App. 82.) B&B is a used car sales lot, located in a

former gas station. According to Plaintiff‟s deposition testimony, she sometimes worked

from a cubicle by herself, and sometimes shared a desk with Mr. Beyer. (App. 84.)

         As set forth in detail in the District Court‟s opinion, Plaintiff‟s complaint is based

on a series of events that occurred during her four month tenure with B&B. These events

included jokes with sexual overtones made about Ms. Brown-Baumbach; comments

made in Ms. Brown-Baumbach‟s presence that had a sexual connotation; comments made

about Ms. Brown-Baumbach that were sexual in nature; rumors about Ms. Brown-

Baumbach of a sexual nature; berating and insulting remarks directed at Ms. Brown-
                                                2
Baumbach and other women based on their gender; and rude conduct by another female

employee directed at Ms. Brown-Baumbach, allegedly based on Ms. Brown-Baumbach‟s

gender.

Sexual jokes about Plaintiff

       The jokes included an incident involving ice cream being spilled on her clothes,

resulting in a male co-worker joking that he had made her so excited, “she creamed her

pants.” 1 (App. 109.) Plaintiff referenced a secretary‟s comment about Ms. Brown-

Baumbach and her supervisor “getting busy”2 as another example of co-workers making

sexual jokes at her expense. (App. 111.)

Remarks with a sexual connotation

       Ms. Brown-Baumbach alleged that, in her presence, Larry Knorr, a co-worker,

commented to a female customer that he wanted to take her dancing and that “he swung

both ways.” (App. 94.) Ms. Brown-Baumbach also commented that Mr. Knorr “talked

dirty” to female customers.3 (App. 101.) Additionally, she cited a suggestion by a

       1
        The definition in Urban Dictionary for “creamed my pants” is “[t]o have a
spontaneous orgasm upon viewing something of exceptional awesomeness.”
Urban Dictionary,
http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=to+cream+my+pants (last visited June
7, 2011).
       2
         The definition in Urban Dictionary for “to get busy” is “to have sex.” Urban
Dictionary, http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=get+busy (last visited June
7, 2011.
       3
         The record is clear that Ms. Brown-Baumbach was in the room with Mr. Knorr
and the female customer to whom he made the dancing comment. With regard to the
                                            3
supervisor that if Ms. Brown-Baumbach‟s cousin wore heels and dressed attractively for

her upcoming job interview, she would automatically be hired. (App. 113.) On another

occasion, when a stripper entered the dealership to purchase a car, Ms. Brown-

Baumbach‟s supervisor stated to Ms. Brown-Baumbach that “Heels really turn me on.

What do you think she has in the trunk?” (App. 114.) When the stripper purchased a

new car, the supervisor assisted in moving her belongings from the old car to the new car.

While doing this, her supervisor found a pair of “stripper heels” in the back seat. (Id.)

He held them up to the window to show them to Ms. Brown-Baumbach, saying “Sandy,

look, these are what turn me on.” (Id.)

Sexual comments about Plaintiff

       Examples of sexual comments made about Ms. Brown-Baumbach include a text

message sent by Ms. Brown-Baumbach‟s supervisor to a co-worker asking if Ms. Brown-

Baumbach was wearing underwear one day,4 and a suggestion made directly to her by

another supervisor that she come work for him since he “needed an attractive woman” at

his location. (App. 112.)

Sexual rumors

       Ms. Brown-Baumbach referenced a rumor that began circulating throughout the

entire office indicating Ms. Brown-Baumbach and a co-worker, Joe Nasito, were sleeping

other occasions when Mr. Knorr allegedly “talked dirty” to female customers, it appears
that Ms. Brown-Baumbach was nearby when these comments were made.
       4
           Ms. Brown-Baumbach learned of the text message when the recipient of the text
                                             4
together. (App. 104.) Ms. Brown-Baumbach denied that they had a romantic

relationship, but said they commuted together and talked about their respective

relationship problems. (App. 105.)

Berating and insulting remarks

       When Ms. Brown-Baumbach complained to Michael Brill, the owner of B&B,

about the rumor involving her and Mr. Nasito, Mr. Brill responded that “perception is

everything,” (App. 105), and stated that he would be concerned what people thought of

his daughter if she gave a male co-worker a ride to work (App. 104). On other occasions,

Mr. Brill called Ms. Brown-Baumbach a “mother fucking bitch,” (App. 99), told her that

she was saying “fucking nonsense,” (App. 98), told her to pack up her “fucking shit and

leave,” (App. 119), and to “get the fuck out of his office” (App. 98). Additionally, Ms.

Brown-Baumbach stated that, on another day, Mr. Brill said “that if any of us women

shed a tear in his office, consider us automatically terminated.” (App. 120.)

Rude conduct by other women

       Ms. Brown-Baumbach testified that Theresa Martin, a female co-worker, had

allegedly gotten other female employees fired, and that Ms. Martin treated her and other

female employees rudely. (App. 95.) For example, Ms. Brown-Baumbach stated that

Ms. Martin would throw her paperwork on the floor. (App. 96.) Ms. Brown-Baumbach

asserted that Ms. Martin did not treat her male coworkers in a similarly rude,

disrespectful, or hostile manner. (App. 96.)

message showed it to her.
                                               5
                        II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

       The District Court had jurisdiction, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have

jurisdiction, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

       Our standard of review applicable to an order granting summary judgment is

plenary. Huston v. Proctor & Gamble Paper Products Corp., 568 F.3d 100, 104 (3d Cir.

2009) (citing Knabe v. Boury Corp., 114 F.3d 407, 410 n.4 (3d Cir. 1997)). “We may

affirm the order when the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, with

the facts viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Further, „[w]e may

affirm the District Court on any grounds supported by the record.‟” Kossler v. Crisanti,

564 F.3d 181, 186 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting Nicini v. Morra, 212 F.3d 798, 805-06 (3d Cir.

2000) (en banc)). “Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a reasonable trier of

fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no „genuine issue for trial.‟” Matsushita

Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (citation omitted).

                                       IV. Analysis

A. Hostile Work Environment

       To establish a hostile work environment claim against an employer, a plaintiff

must prove the following: “(1) the employee suffered intentional discrimination because

of [his or her] sex, (2) the discrimination was pervasive and regular, (3) the

discrimination detrimentally affected the plaintiff, (4) the discrimination would

detrimentally affect a reasonable person of the same sex in that position, and (5) the
                                              6
existence of respondeat superior liability.”5 Weston v. Pennsylvania, 251 F.3d 420, 426

(3d Cir. 2001) (quoting Andrews v. City of Phila., 895 F.2d 1469, 1482 (3d Cir. 1990)).

       In assessing the evidence presented, we must consider the totality of the

circumstances, including “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity;

whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and

whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee‟s work performance. The effect on

the employee‟s psychological well-being is, of course, relevant to determining whether

the plaintiff actually found the environment abusive. But while psychological harm, like

any other relevant factor, may be taken into account, no single factor is required.” Harris

v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993); see also Caver v. City of Trenton, 420 F.3d

243, 262 (3d Cir. 2005) (“In determining whether the conduct at issue is sufficiently

extreme, we consider the „totality of the circumstances.‟” (quoting Andrews, 895 F.2d at

1482)).

       However, not every sexual comment, action or joke creates a hostile work

environment. That is, “[t]he mere utterance of an epithet, joke, or inappropriate taunt that

       5
         “We have often stated that discriminatory harassment must be „pervasive and
regular.‟ But the Supreme Court‟s standard is „severe or pervasive.‟ The difference is
meaningful, and the Supreme Court‟s word controls, so we use the severe or pervasive
standard here.” Jensen v. Potter, 435 F.3d 444, 449 (3d Cir. 2006) (internal citations
omitted), overruled in part on other grounds by Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v.
White, 548 U.S. 53 (2006). See also 2 Charles A. Sullivan & Lauren M. Walter,
Employment Discrimination Law and Practice § 7.07[A] (4th ed. 2009) (“The more
objectionable the conduct, the less of it will suffice to be actionable; the more innocuous
the conduct, the more is required to „contaminate‟ the work environment.”).

                                             7
may cause offense does not sufficiently affect the conditions of employment to implicate

Title VII liability.” Weston v. Pennsylvania, 251 F.3d 420, 428 (3d Cir. 2001). The

Supreme Court has noted that “„simple teasing,‟ offhand comments, and isolated

incidents (unless extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the

„terms and conditions of employment.‟” Faragher v. Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788

(1998) (quoting Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Serv., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 82 (1998))

       Here, the District Court analyzed the ten incidents upon which Plaintiff‟s case is

based by considering whether the conduct was “targeted at Plaintiff because she was a

woman.” (App. 14.) According to the District Court, “[a]t all times, „„[t]he critical issue‟

that remains is „whether members of one sex are exposed to disadvantageous terms or

conditions of employment to which members of the other sex are not exposed.‟‟” (App.

14-15 (quoting Oncale, 523 U.S. at 80).) While these standards are correct, the District

Court‟s application of them to the facts of this case is flawed. For example, the District

Court reasoned that the impact of the rumors about Plaintiff sleeping with a co-worker

were equally offensive to both Plaintiff and the male co-worker. This conclusion

disregards the reality that “traditional negative stereotypes regarding the relationship

between the advancement of women in the workplace and their sexual behavior

stubbornly persist in our society.” Spain v. Gallegos, 26 F.3d 439, 448 (3d Cir. 1994).

       Although the rumors in the present case do not implicate the stereotype of a

woman using her sexuality to gain favor with a supervisor, as occurred in Spain v.

Gallegos, the present rumors nonetheless contribute to the full panoply of events that
                                              8
could be considered as contributing to the hostile work environment. In fact, the rumors

constitute only one of at least ten incidents cited by Plaintiff in support of her claim.

       Mr. Brill‟s reaction to Plaintiff‟s complaint to him about the rumors and their

impact on her supports the inference that Plaintiff was being treated differently based on

her gender. Upon hearing Plaintiff‟s complaint, he chastised her for commuting with a

man. Specifically, he noted “perception is everything” and that he would worry about

what people would say if his daughter drove a male co-worker to work. (App. 104-05.)

“[H]ostile or paternalistic acts based on perceptions about womanhood or manhood are

sex-based or „gender-based.‟” Durham, 166 F.3d at 148.

       Additionally, the District Court parsed out each event, explaining how and why

the separate incidents did not demonstrate that a hostile work environment existed.6 The

District Court concluded that the various incidents, viewed separately, amounted to

nothing more than “mere offensive utterances” that were “sporadic” and essentially

amounted to nothing more than “the ordinary tribulations of the workplace.” (App. 17

(quoting Harris, 510 U.S at 23 and Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788).) We do not agree.

       “The facially neutral mistreatment plus the overt sex discrimination, both sexual

and non-sexual, in sum constituted the hostile work environment.” Durham, 166 F.3d at

148. Here, the comments and conduct similarly ranged from the offensive (the

       6
        Parsing out the incidents is contrary to both Supreme Court and our precedent
which require that the events be viewed in their totality. Harris, 510 U.S. at 23; Caver,
420 F.3d at 262-63; Cardenas, 269 F.3d at 260-61.

                                               9
underwear text message, the “cream her pants” comment, and the reference to Plaintiff as

a “mother fucking bitch”) to the facially neutral (Theresa Martin throwing Plaintiff‟s

paper work on the floor).

       Considering this range of incidents, combined with their frequency over a span of

only four months,7 we are unable to conclude, as a matter of law, that they simply

constitute “ordinary tribulations of the workplace.” Rather, we conclude that sufficient

evidence exists to create genuine issues as to material facts, thus precluding the grant of

summary judgment.

B. Gender Discrimination

       In order to establish a prima facie case of gender discrimination, a plaintiff must

show that (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she is qualified for the position in

question; (3) she suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) circumstances exist that

give rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination in that similarly situated male

employees were treated more favorably. See Texas Dep‟t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine,

450 U.S. 248, 253 (1981); Scheidemantle v. Slippery Rock Univ. State Sys. of Higher

Educ., 470 F.3d 535, 539 (3d Cir. 2006). Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case,

the familiar burden-shifting analysis of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792

       7
         Establishing the exact frequency of these incidents is difficult to discern from
the record before us. However, it appears that the incidents started in June, and continued
until August. Given the number of incidents described by Ms. Brown-Baumbach, it
seems that she was exposed to some form of sexually offensive conduct on at least a
weekly basis.

                                             10
(1973) comes into play, and the defendant would be required to offer a non-

discriminatory reason for its adverse action.

       Here, Plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie case of gender discrimination.

Assuming, arguendo, that she satisfied the first three elements of the prima facie case,

Plaintiff failed to present any evidence that similarly situated males were treated more

favorably than she was. Therefore, we will affirm the District Court‟s decision to grant

summary judgment on this claim.

C. Retaliation

       In order to establish “a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must show that:

(1) the employee engaged in a protected employee activity; (2) the employer took an

adverse employment action after or contemporaneous with the employee‟s protected

activity; and (3) a causal link exists between the employee‟s protected activity and the

employer‟s adverse action.” Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271, 279 (3d

Cir. 2000). As explained in the District Court‟s opinion, Plaintiff did not establish a

causal link between her alleged constructive discharge and her reporting of the alleged

discrimination to her superiors. We find that Plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie

case of retaliation. We will affirm the District Court‟s grant of summary judgment on

this claim.

                                      V. Conclusion

       For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that genuine issues as to material

facts exist regarding the claim of sexual harassment based on a hostile work environment,
                                                11
thus precluding the grant of summary judgment. We will reverse and remand the District

Court‟s decision on that claim. On the other hand, we will affirm the District Court‟s

decision on the claims of gender discrimination and retaliation.

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