Court Opinion

ID: 4049111
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 00:51:48.603888+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:40:53.378145
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                                          06-14-00148-CR
                                                                               SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                     TEXARKANA, TEXAS
                                                                                     6/17/2015 8:04:53 PM
                           No. 06-14-00148-CR                                            DEBBIE AUTREY
                        Trial Court No. 10F484-005                                                 CLERK

                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
            FOR THE SIXTH SUPREME JUDICIAL DISTRICT FILED IN
                                                6th COURT OF APPEALS
                     AT TEXARKANA, TEXAS          TEXARKANA, TEXAS
                                                                  6/18/2015 8:43:00 AM
Kevin Fahrni,                                                        DEBBIE   AUTREY
                                                                            Appellant
                                                                          Clerk

v.

The State of Texas,                                                             State
                  Appealed from the 5th Judicial District Court
                             Bowie County, Texas

                       BRIEF FOR THE STATE
                  The State Does Not Request Oral Argument

                                            Respectfully submitted:

                                            Jerry D. Rochelle
                                            Criminal District Attorney
                                            Bowie County, Texas
                                            601 Main Street
                                            Texarkana, Texas 75501
                                    By:     Lauren N. Sutton
                                            Assistant District Attorney
                                            601 Main Street
                                            Texarkana, Texas 75501
                                            Texas Bar No. 24079421
                                            Attorneys for the State
                              In The Court of Appeals
                       For the Sixth Supreme Judicial District
                                At Texarkana, Texas

Kevin Fahrni,                               §
           Appellant                        §
                                            §              No. 06-14-00148-CR
v.                                          §
                                            §
The State of Texas,                         §               BRIEF FOR THE STATE
             State                          §
                                            §

                                Identity of the Parties

        The following is a complete list of all the parties to the trial court’s judgment

as required by the provisions of Rule 38.2(a) of the Texas Rules of Appellate

Procedure:

     1. Defendant and Appellant:

        Kevin Fahrni

     2. Attorneys for Appellant on appeal:

        Alwin A. Smith
        Attorney at Law
        Texas Bar No. 18532200
        602 Pine Street
        Texarkana, Texas 75501

     3. Attorneys for Appellant at trial:

        Shorty C. Barrett
        Texas Bar No. 24057754
        Joseph T. Tyler
        Texas Bar No. 24053528
                                                i
   Wesley “Grant” Dubois
   Texas Bar No. 24090083
   Barrett & Tyler, LLP
   611 Pecan Street
   Texarkana, Arkansas 71854

4. Attorney for the State of Texas at trial:

   Samantha Oglesby
   Kelley Crisp
   Assistant District Attorneys
   Bowie County, Texas
   601 Main Street
   Texarkana, Texas 75501

5. Attorney for the State of Texas on appeal:

   Lauren N. Richards
   Assistant District Attorney
   Texas Bar No. 24079421
   601 Main Street
   Texarkana, Texas 75501

6. Presiding Judge at trial:

   The Honorable Ralph Burgess
   District Court Judge
   5th Judicial District
   Bowie County, Texas
   Bi-State Justice Building
   100 North State Line Avenue
   Texarkana, Texas 75501

                                       ii
                                               Table of Contents

Identity of the Parties and Counsel ......................................................................... i-ii

Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... iii

Index of Authorities ............................................................................................. iv-vi

Statement of the Case................................................................................................. 1

Reply to Points of Error ............................................................................................. 2

Summary of the Argument..................................................................................... 3-5

Argument.............................................................................................................. 7-30

                  Reply to Point of Error Number One ................................................ 7-9
                  The trial court did not err in allowing testimony of extraneous
                  offenses under Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article
                  38.37.

                  Reply to Point of Error Number Two ............................................. 9-12
                  The date of offense in the indictment was properly amended and
                  therefore it was not error to charge the jury that the offense had
                  been committed on or about July 1, 2008.

                  Reply to Point of Error Number Three ......................................... 12-20
                  The trial court did not err by allowing the introduction of
                  statements made for the purpose of medical diagnosis or
                  treatment. Furthermore, any error, if it was error, was
                  harmless.

                                                            iii
                   Reply to Point of Error Number Four ........................................... 20-26
                   The trial court did not err by sustaining the State’s objection to
                   Appellant’s cross examination of the State’s witness. In
                   addition, any error, if it was error, was harmless.

                   Reply to Point of Error Number Five ............................................ 27-29
                   The trial court did not err in overruling Appellant’s objections
                   to the State’s closing argument. In addition, any error, if it was
                   error, was harmless.

Prayer for Relief ....................................................................................................... 30

Certificate of Compliance ........................................................................................ 31

Certificate of Service ............................................................................................... 32

                                                            iv
                                                Index of Authorities

Cases

Beheler v. State, 3 S.W.3d 182 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet. ref’d)........13,14

Burns v. State, 122 S.W.3d 434 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet.

ref’d) ......................................................................................................................... 14

De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)................................. 13

Franklin v. State, ___ S.W.3d ___, 2015 WL 1043804 (Tex. App.—Texarkana,

2015) ........................................................................................................................ 15

Gentry v. State, 2008 WL 5245722 (Tex. App.—Texarkana, 2008, pet. ref’d) ...... 23

Goodwin v. State, 91 S.W.3d 912 (Tex. App—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.) ............. 13

Howland v. State, 990 S.W.2d 274 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) ..................................... 9

Jackson v. State, 17 S.W.3d 664 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) ....................................... 26

Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) ....................................18

Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) ........................................ 19

Lemon v. State, 298 S.W.3d 705 (Tex. App.—San Antonio, 2009, pet. ref’d) ....... 26

Lincicome v. State, 3 S.W.3d 644 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1999, no pet.)................ 12

Love v. State, 861 S.W.2d 899 (Tex. Crim. App.1993) ........................................... 20

Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) ................................ 7,12

Matz v. State, 21 S.W.3d 911 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000) ................................ 18

Mayes v. State, 816 S.W.2d 79 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) ......................................... 19

                                                                v
Mays v. State, 285 S.W.3d 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) ......................................... 21

Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372 (Tex. Crim. App.1990) (op. on reh'g) ..12,22

Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) ......................................18

Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) ...................................... 27

Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) ........................................ 18

Munoz v. State, 288 S.W.3d 55 (Tex. App.—Houston[1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.) ..... 14

Phelps v. State, 999 S.W.2d 512 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1999, pet. ref’d) .............. 12

Puderbaugh v. State, 31 S.W.3d 683 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, pet. ref’d) ..... 13

Robbins v. State, 88 S.W.3d 256 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) ...................................... 12

Robinson v. State, 35 S.W.3d 257 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, pet. ref’d) ......... 12

Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) ....................................... 22

Shugart v. State, 32 S.W.3d 355 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. ref’d) ................... 18
Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) ....................................... 15
Taylor v. State, 93 S.W.3d 487 (Tex. App—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d.) ............. 14

Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)............................12,13

Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).................................... 18

Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) .................................13,22

Wilder v. State, 111 S.W.3d 249 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. ref’d) ........... 12
Will. v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) ..................................... 7

                                                vi
Rules of Appellate Procedure

Tex. R. App. Proc. 44.2(b) ....................................................................................... 17

Rules of Evidence

Tex. R. Evid. 801(d)................................................................................................. 13

Tex. R. Evid. 802 ..................................................................................................... 13

Tex. R. Evid. 803(4)................................................................................................. 13

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 28.10 ............................................................................. 10

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.37, § 2(b) ................................................................... 7

Legislative Acts

Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., ch. 1 (S.B. 24), §§ 7.01-7.02, eff. Sept. 1, 2011 ................... 8

Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., ch. 387 (S.B. 12), § 2, eff. Sept. 1, 2013................................ 8

                                                           vii
                            Statement of the Case

         Appellant, Kevin Fahrni, was convicted by a jury of aggravated sexual

assault of a child in the 5th Judicial District Court of Bowie County, Texas, the

Honorable Ralph Burgess presiding. The jury assessed punishment at fifty (50)

years in the Institutional Division of the Department of Criminal Justice, and the

Judge sentenced the Appellant accordingly. Appellant then perfected appeal to this

Honorable Court. He now appeals the verdict of the trial court on five points of

error.

                                        1
                           Reply to Points of Error

                     REPLY TO POINT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE:

The trial court did not err in allowing testimony of extraneous offenses under
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.37.

                     REPLY TO POINT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO:

The date of offense in the indictment was properly amended and therefore it was
not error to charge the jury that the offense had been committed on or about July
1, 2008.

                    REPLY TO POINT OF ERROR NUMBER THREE:

The trial court did not err by allowing the introduction of statements made for the
purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment. Furthermore, any error, if it was error,
was harmless.

                     REPLY TO POINT OF ERROR NUMBER FOUR:

The trial court did not err by sustaining the State’s objection to Appellant’s cross
examination of the State’s witness. In addition, any error, if it was error, was
harmless.

                     REPLY TO POINT OF ERROR NUMBER FIVE:

The trial court did not err by allowing the introduction of statements made for the
purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment. Furthermore, any error, if it was error,
was harmless.

                                          2
                          Summary of the Argument

                     REPLY TO POINT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE:

The trial court did not err in allowing testimony of extraneous offenses under
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.37.

      The 2012 Amendment, and not the 2011 Amendmnet, to Article 38.37 was

applicable to the Appellant’s trial and allows for the introduction of the extraneous

offense evidence complained of by Appellant. Therefore, it was not an abuse of

discretion for the trial court to allow the introduction of the extraneous offense

evidence.

                     REPLY TO POINT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO:

The date of offense in the indictment was properly amended and therefore it was
not error to charge the jury that the offense had been committed on or about July
1, 2008.

      The date of offense in the indictment was amended before the date of trial,

the defendant made no objections, and the defendant waived arraignment on the

changes. Because the date was properly amended, it was not error for the trial court

to charge the jury using the date of July 1, 2008. Additionally, the evidence

presented at trial was sufficient to support the offense date of July 1, 2008.

                                           3
                    REPLY TO POINT OF ERROR NUMBER THREE:

The trial court did not err by allowing the introduction of statements made for the
purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment. Furthermore, any error, if it was error,
was harmless.

      A review of the entire record indicates the evidence is sufficient to support a

finding that the child victim understood the need to be truthful during Lach’s

medical examination. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

finding that the statements in the report were admissible under Rule 803(4). In

addition, any error in the introduction of the evidence was harmless. The similar

evidence was introduced into evidence at other points during the trial, without

objection.

                    REPLY TO POINT OF ERROR NUMBER FOUR:

The trial court did not err by sustaining the State’s objection to Appellant’s cross
examination of the State’s witness. In addition, any error, if it was error, was
harmless.

      The Appellant failed to make a proper offer of proof to preserve this point of

error for appellate review. Additionally, trial court clearly made its decision to

sustain the objection based on guiding rules and principles and did not act in an

arbitrary or capricious manner. Any error in the exclusion of the evidence was

harmless because the Appellant’s substantial rights were not affected.

                                         4
                    REPLY TO POINT OF ERROR NUMBER FIVE:

The trial court did not err in overruling Appellant’s objections to the State’s
closing argument.

      The statement made by the State was proper closing argument. It was both a

summation of the evidence presented and a reasonable deduction drawn from that

evidence. The statement, as stated by the trial court, could not be interpreted as

changing the burden of proof. Any error in allowing the State’s comment was

harmless error.

                                        5
6
                                            Argument

                              Reply to Point of Error One

       The trial court did not err in allowing testimony of extraneous
       offenses under Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.37.

                               Argument and Authorities

A. Standard of Review

       A trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of extraneous offenses is reviewed

under and abuse of discretion standard.1 The trial court does not abuse its

discretion unless its determination lies outside the zone of reasonable

disagreement.2

B. Application of Law to Facts

       Appellant argues the trial court committed error in allowing testimony of

extraneous offenses under Article 38.27 § 2(b) because the evidence was not

allowed under the Statute at the time the Appellant was accused of committing the

indicted offense. However, the testimony is admissible under Article 38.37, as

character conformity and propensity evidence.3

       Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.37, section 2(b) provides that,

notwithstanding Rule 404 and 405, “evidence that the defendant has committed a

1
Will. v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
2
  Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
3
  Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 38.37, § 2(b).
                                              7
separate offense may be admitted in the trial … for any bearing [it] has on relevant

matters, including the character of the defendant and acts performed in conformity

with the character of the defendant.4

       On appeal, Fahrni has raises the issue that the evidence should have been

excluded because the 2011 Amendment to Article 38.37 specifically states, “[t]he

change in law made by this Act applies only to an offense committed on or after

the effective date of this offense ... [t]his Act takes effect September 1, 2011.”5

       However, the extraneous offense evidence admitted at trial was not the

subject of the 2011 Amendment. Article 38.37, at the time of the 2011

Amendment, addressed only similar offenses against the same complainant were

admissible to show the defendant’s propensity to commit the act or to show

conformity to character. The 2011 Amendment did not expand the use of

extraneous offense evidence to include the specific type of extraneous offense

evidence used at Appellant’s trial. It was not until the 2012 Amendment that

Article 38.37 was expanded with Section 2(b), which provides for the introduction

of “evidence that the defendant has committed a separate offense…for any bearing

the evidence has on relevant matters, including the character of the defendant and

acts performed in conformity with the character of the defendant.”6

4
  Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.37, §2 (b).
5
  Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., ch. 1 (S.B. 24), §§ 7.01-7.02, eff. Sept. 1, 2011
6
  Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., ch. 387 (S.B. 12), § 2, eff. Sept. 1, 2013.
                                                 8
         The extraneous offense evidence introduced at trial wasn’t a similar offense

against the same complainant. Instead, it was evidence that the Appellant

complains of was that he had committed extraneous offenses against other victims,

which falls squarely under Section 2(b) of article 38.37, created by the 2012

Amendment.

         As conceded by the Appellant in his brief, based on the holding of the Texas

Court of Criminal Appeals in Howland v. State7, the 2012 Amendment to the

statute was applicable to the Appellant’s trial and allows the introduction of the

extraneous offense evidence complained of by Appellant. Therefore, it was not an

abuse of discretion for the trial court to allow the introduction of the extraneous

offense evidence.

         For these reasons, Appellant’s first point of error should be overruled.

                               Reply to Point of Error Two

         The date of offense in the indictment was properly amended and
         therefore it was not error to charge the jury that the offense had been
         committed on or about July 1, 2008.

                                Argument and Authorities

         In point of error number two, the Appellant argues the indictment was not

properly amended. He contends that because there was no motion to amend the

7
    990 S.W.2d 274 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
                                             9
indictment on file, nor an indictment filed with the correct language, there was no

amendment actually made and that the original indictment which reflects an

offense date of November 1, 2008 is the indictment used at trial. However, a

supplemental clerk’s record reveals that the offense date on the indictment was

properly amended to July 1, 2008. Therefore, the indictment under which the

Appellant was tried reflected the correct offense date and it was not error to charge

the jury using that date, which was July 1, 2008.

A. Application of Law to Facts

      The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 28.10 provides for an

amendment to the form or substance of an indictment at any time before the date of

trial. The court shall allow the defendant, if he so requests, not less than 10 days to

respond to the amended indictment.

      At the April 23, 2012 pretrial hearing, the following exchange occurred

between the prosecutor, defense attorney, and the court:

      STATE:        Judge, the state asked for this setting because at this time we

move to amend the indictment to reflect the date of July 1, 2008 as opposed to

November 1, 2008.

      DEFENSE: Your Honor, we have no objection to that amendment and

again, if it’s necessary we would re-waive the reading of the formal indictment in

this case.

                                          10
      COURT:       Okay. So it’s July 1, 2008?

      STATE:       Yes, sir.

      COURT:       All right, I will grant the state’s motion and note that on the

face of the indictment.

      …

      (R.R. Supplemental Vol. p. 4).

      On April 22, 2015, the First Supplemental Clerks Record was filed, which

includes on page 15 a docket entry from April 23, 2012 indicating: “State moved to

Amend Indictment, No objection to amendment and Def. waived arraignment.”

Additionally, the Supplemental Record contains on page 20, a copy of the original

indictment, with the Judge Ralph Burgess’ notation of the amendment to the date.

The change was initialed and dated by the judge.

      Because the date was amended before the date of trial, the defendant made

no objections, and the defendant waived arraignment on the changes, the date in

the indictment was properly amended. Because the date was properly amended, it

was not error for the trial court to charge the jury using the date of July 1, 2008.

Additionally, the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to support the offense

date of July 1, 2008.

      For these reasons, Appellant’s second point of error should be overruled.

                                        11
                             Reply to Point of Error Three

       The trial court did not err by allowing the introduction of statements
       made for the purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment. Furthermore,
       any error, if it was error, was harmless.

                               Argument and Authorities

A. Standard of Review

       The trial court has wide discretion in deciding whether to admit or exclude

evidence.8 When considering whether a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude

evidence is error, an appellate court must determine whether the trial court abused

that discretion.9 This inquiry depends on the facts of each case.10

       When reviewing a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence, an

appellate court must afford great deference to the trial court’s balancing

determination and should reverse a trial court “rarely and only after a clear abuse

of discretion.”11 An abuse of discretion occurs only when the trial court acts

arbitrarily or unreasonably without reference to any guiding rules or principles.12

Even if the reviewing court might have reached a different result, the court must

uphold the trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence if it was within the

8
  Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 379 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Wilder v. State, 111
S.W.3d 249, 255 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. ref’d).
9
  Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Robinson v. State, 35 S.W.3d
257, 263 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, pet. ref’d).
10
   Martinez, 327 S.W.3d at 736.
11
   Robbins v. State, 88 S.W.3d 256, 262 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
12
   Lincicome v. State, 3 S.W.3d 644, 646 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1999, no pet.); Phelps v. State,
999 S.W.2d 512 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1999, pet. ref’d); see Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 372.
                                             12
“zone of reasonable disagreement.”13 A trial court’s evidentiary ruling must be

upheld if it was correct under any theory of law applicable to the case.14

C. Application of Law to Facts

       Hearsay—a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying

at trial, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted—is generally

inadmissible at trial.15 However, “[s]tatements made for the purposes of medical

diagnosis or treatment and describing medical history, or past or present

symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inception or general character of the cause or

external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment”

are admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule.16 This exception has been

interpreted to include statements by victims of child abuse as to the source of their

injuries.17

       Rule 803(4) is premised on the declarants desire to receive an appropriate

medical diagnosis or treatment, and the assumption that the declarant appreciates

that the effectiveness of the diagnosis or treatment may depend on the accuracy of

13
   Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879, 888 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing Montgomery, 810
S.W.2d at 391); Weatherred, 15 S.W.3d at 542; Taylor v. State, 93 S.W.3d 487, 505-506 (Tex.
App—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d.); Goodwin v. State, 91 S.W.3d 912, 917 (Tex. App—Fort
Worth 2002, no pet.).
14
   De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
15
   Tex. R. Evid. 801(d), 802.
16
   Tex. R. Evid. 803(4).
17
   see Puderbaugh v. State, 31 S.W.3d 683, 685 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, pet. ref’d);
Beheler v. State, 3 S.W.3d 182, 189 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet. ref’d).
                                             13
the information provided.18 The proponent of the evidence must show that: 1) the

out-of-court declarant was aware that the statements were made for the purpose of

medical diagnosis or treatment and that proper diagnosis or treatment depends on

the veracity of such statements; and 2) the particular statement proffered is

pertinent to diagnosis or treatment.19 The witness need not expressly state that the

hearsay declarant recognized the need to be truthful in her statements for the

medical treatment exception to apply.20 Instead, the reviewing court must

determine whether the record supports a conclusion that the declarant understood

the importance of honesty in the context of medical diagnosis or treatment. 21

       In the present case, the State offered the reports of Kathy Lach, a sexual

assault nurse examiner (SANE). (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 162). The reports contained the

findings of the SANE examinations performed on the child victim and a statement

concerning the act of sexual abuse. The Appellant objected that the document

contained hearsay and further objected that the child did not make the statement for

the purposes of medical treatment. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 162-63). The trial court

overruled the objection and admitted the report into evidence as State’s Exhibit 1

(R.R. Vol. 4, p. 163).

18
   Burns v. State, 122 S.W.3d 434, 438 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d).
19
Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571, 589-91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
20
   Munoz v. State, 288 S.W.3d 55, 58 (Tex. App.—Houston[1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.)(citing
Wright v. State, 154 S.W.3d 235, 241 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d).
21
   Beheler, 3 S.W.3d at 188-89.
                                              14
       On appeal, the Appellant claims the statement does not meet the medical

diagnosis or treatment exception to the hearsay rule. Relying on Taylor v. State22,

Appellant claims the testimony of Kathy Lach did not show the statement was

made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment nor that proper diagnosis or

treatment depend on the veracity of the statement, and therefore the statement does

not fall within the exception to the hearsay rule. The Appellant argues there is

nothing in the record from which this Court can infer the statement given by the

child was for medical diagnosis, or that the child understood the importance of

giving the witness truthful information.

       To determine whether a child understands the importance of truthfulness

when speaking to medical personnel, the reviewing court looks to the entire

record.23 “Unlike statements made to non-medical professionals, which require

affirmative evidence in the record on the issue of veracity, courts can infer from

the record that the victim knew it was important to tell a SANE the truth in order to

obtain medical treatment or diagnosis.”24

       Although the record indicates no specific inquiry was made in this case to

determine whether the child appreciated the need to be truthful in their statements

to Lach, the record is sufficient to support this conclusion. Lach did testify that the

22
268 S.W.3d at 578-89.
23
   Franklin v. State, ___ S.W.3d ___, 2015 WL 1043804, *5, (Tex. App.—Texarkana, 2015)
(citing Green v. State, 191 S.W.3d 888, 896 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist] 2006, pet. ref’d).
24
   Franklin, 2015 WL 1043804 at *5.
                                              15
purpose of taking the verbal history, of which the Appellant complains is hearsay,

was for medical treatment and diagnosis. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 158). The SANE

examination consisted of a head-to-toe assessment, a medical history interview,

and a detailed genital exam. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 159). Prior to taking the patient

history, Lach explained to the victim who she is, the purpose of the exam, and then

Lach writes down verbatim what the child told her. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 160). The State

futher questioned,

      STATE:         And why is it so important, ma’am that you write down word

for word what the child tells you?

      WITNESS: Because if it were to be going to court, I don’t know if it would

or how long it would be from then, and there may be no way I would remember, so

that way I can remember exactly what the child told me and it wouldn’t be, you

know, any speculation on my part.

      STATE:         And when you ask these questions of the child to get the verbal

history, is that to evaluate the medical needs of the child at that time?

      WITNESS: Correct.

      STATE:         Now, when you’re, when you take a verbal history from a child,

do these children have an interest in receiving proper medical treatment?

      WITNESS: Yes.

                                          16
          STATE:        All right. Now, when you go on to ask the, particularly the child

in this case, when you asked about the sort of trauma, what kind of trauma did she

indicate—pardon me, assault. What kind of assault did she indicate had occurred.

          WITNESS: Will, I wouldn’t ask what kind of assault.

          STATE:        Sure.

          WITNESS: I’d just ask her why she was here, and then I write down

exactly what she will tell me.

          (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 160-61).

          A review of the entire record indicates the evidence is sufficient to support a

finding that the child victim understood the need to be truthful during Lach’s

medical examination. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

finding that the statements in the report were admissible under Rule 803(4).

C. Harm Analysis

          Should this Court find that the trial court erred by allowing introduction of

the SANE reports, such error does not constitute reversible error.

          Under Rule 44.2(b) non-constitutional error must be disregarded if it does

not affect the appellant’s substantial rights.25 A substantial right is affected when

the error had a “substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the

25
     Tex. R. App. Proc. 44.2(b)
                                             17
jury’s verdict.”26 To assess the likelihood that the jury's decision was adversely

affected by the erroneous admission of evidence, the reviewing court considers the

entire record, including the other evidence admitted, the nature of the evidence

supporting the verdict, and the character of the error in light of the other evidence

in the case.27 In a harm analysis under Rule 44.2(a), “the presence of

overwhelming evidence supporting the finding in question can be a factor in the

evaluation of harmless error.”28         The reviewing court will also consider the

arguments of counsel and the extent to which the State emphasized the improper

evidence.29

       In the instant case, a review of the record as a whole reflects ample evidence

of Appellant’s guilt. Lieutenant Charles Green testified that he took the report

when the victim’s grandmother went to the Wake Village Police Station to report

the assault. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 91-92). The grandmother told Green that the Appellant

had touched her granddaughter. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 91). Kandice Kimmel testified as

an expert that she was the forensic interviewer who interviewed the victim at the

Texarkana Children’s Advocacy Center, after the assault was reported. (R.R. Vol.

4, p. 133). During the interview, Kimmel did not observe signs that the victim had

26
   Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d
410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Shugart v. State, 32 S.W.3d 355, 363 (Tex. App.—Waco
2000, pet. ref’d); Matz v. State, 21 S.W.3d 911, 912(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000).
27
   See Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 357-58 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
28
   Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 119 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
29
   See Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d at 357.
                                             18
been coached. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 136). Kimmel testified the victim and her brother

both used appropriate sensory details during the interview. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 137).

The victim gave testimony about the time the Appellant touched her between the

legs, and other instances of inappropriate behavior. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 200).

       In addition to the evidence of Appellant’s guilt, similar testimony was

admitted at trial. Error in the admission of evidence may be rendered harmless

when “substantially the same evidence” is admitted elsewhere without objection

either before or after the complained of ruling.30

       Here, the victim testified that she and Fahrni were watching TV at night and

she was laying on the floor. The victim felt Fahrni touch her between the legs and

when she looked up at him, he said that he thought she was asleep. (R.R. Vol. 4, p.

200). In addition, Adelia Reyes, the victim’s grandmother, testified that the victim

told her that Fahrni put his fingers inside of her while she was watching TV in the

living room and that Fahrni told the victim he thought she was sleeping. (R. R.

Vol. 4, p. 68-69). Because the evidence admitted without objection was

substantially the same as the statements included in the SANE reports, any impact

on the jury was slight.

       In the instant case, a review of the record as a whole assures this Court that

the erroneous admission of extraneous offense evidence, if it was error, did not

30
  Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713, 718(Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Mayes v. State, 816 S.W.2d 79,
88 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
                                             19
influence the jury in its determination of Appellant’s guilt, or had but a slight

effect.

          For these reasons, Appellant’s third point of error should be overruled.

                              Reply to Point of Error Four

          The trial court did not err by sustaining the State’s objection to
          Appellant’s cross examination of the State’s witness. In addition, any
          error, if it was error, was harmless.

                               Argument and Authorities

A. Preservation of Error

          Appellant challenges the trial court's ruling on its attempted improper cross-

examination of the State’s expert, arguing that defense counsel sought to elicit

relevant and admissible testimony not prohibited by an established evidentiary

rule. Although Appellant mentions in his argument summary it was a violation of

his right to confront witnesses, and briefs this issue with a focus on his

constitutional right to cross-examination, it should be interpreted his complaint as

alleged error in the exclusion of evidence.31

          In order to preserve error regarding a trial court's decision to

exclude evidence, the complaining party must comply with Texas Rule of

31
  See Love v. State, 861 S.W.2d 899, 903 (Tex.Crim.App.1993)(interpreting complaint that trial
court refused to allow defense counsel to recall witness for further cross-examination as being
predicated on exclusion of evidence).
                                              20
Evidence 103 by making an “offer of proof” which sets forth the substance of the

proffered evidence.32 The offer of proof may consist of a concise statement by

counsel, or it may be in question and answer form.33 If in the form of a statement,

the proffer “must include a reasonably specific summary of the evidence offered

and must state the relevance of the evidence unless the relevance is apparent, so

that the court can determine whether the evidence is relevant and admissible.”34 A

summary in most general and cursory terms, without any of the substance of the

actual evidence will not suffice to preserve error.35

       Appellant stated to the trial court that he wished to read to Kimmel a

statement from the transcript of the forensic interview, which was made by the

victim. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 145-46). It was the Appellant’s position that the statement

was a sign of coaching. After the trial court sustained the State’s Rule 403

objection to that evidence, the defense failed to request to make an offer of proof

as to the testimony it wanted admitted.

       On appeal, the Appellant complains he was unable to properly cross-

examine the expert witness Kimmel as to the underlying data upon which she

based her opinion. It is not apparent from the context of the question asked, what

the substance of the testimony was that the Appellant sought to introduce.

32
   Mays v. State, 285 S.W.3d 884, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
33
   Id.
34
   Id. at 889-90(quoting Warner v. State, 969 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)(per curiam)).
35
   Id. at 891.
                                              21
Appellant gave only a general statement as to what his opinion was of how the

statement should be interpreted, based on his trial strategy that the victim had been

coached and put up to making up the allegations. Without a proper offer of proof

as to the substance of the testimony, it would be mere speculation as to the nature

of the excluded testimony. For these reasons, the Appellant has not preserved this

point of error for review.

B. Standard of Review

        Should this Court find error was properly preserved, evidentiary rulings are

reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.36 The trial court abuses its

discretion when it acts without reference to any guiding rules and principles, or

acts in an arbitrary or capricious manner.37 A trial court does not abuse its

discretion if its ruling is at least within the zone of reasonable disagreement.38

C. Application of Law to Facts

     The Appellant cites to Wheeler v. State for the proposition that “[t]he opposing

party is always entitled to cross-examine an expert witness concerning the facts

and data upon which that expert relied informing her conclusion or opinion.” 39 In

Wheeler, the Court of Criminal Appeals found the trial court had the discretion to

allow cross-examination of the expert witness because the Appellant had “opened

36
   Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141, 153–54 (Tex.Crim.App.2001).
37
   Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex.Crim.App.1990) (op. on reh'g).
38
   Salazar, 38 S.W.3d at 153–54.
39
   67 S.W.3d 879, 883 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
                                             22
the door” to the evidence. The situation in the present case is not analogous the that

presented in Wheeler.

      In the present case, the question to be decided is whether the trial court had the

discretion to refuse to allow the cross-examination because of the danger of unfair

prejudice or confusion of issues. This Court addressed a similar situation in its

unpublished opinion in Gentry v. State40 and concluded the trial court did have

such discretion. In Gentry, the complaint on appeal was that the trial court had

violated the defendant’s cross-examination and confrontation rights by refusing to

allow him to cross-examine the State’s expert on whether she was aware that the

victim had made previous statements, which were possible fabrications. The trial

court stated: “The fact that an expert may have and review the Ranger’s report

doesn’t necessarily mean that everything in the report then becomes admissible

into evidence and subject to cross examination of the expert.” The trial court

restricted the defense’s cross examination of the State’s expert and this Court

recognized that the trial court did not abuse it’s discretion in doing so.

      In the present case, Appellant’s counsel cross-examined the State’s expert,

Kandice Kimmel, about her interview with the victim. Counsel questioned her on

whether she asked the victim if the victim knew why she was being interviewed by

Kimmel. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 141). The witness stated she did not recall the victim’s

40
     2008 WL 5245722, (Tex. App.—Texarkana, 2008, pet ref’d).
                                              23
response to the question, and defense counsel attempted to use a transcript of the

interview to ‘refresh’ her memory. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 141.). The State objected that

the question as to what the victim’s response was called for hearsay and a bench

conference was held. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 141). Defense argued that the statement was

not being offered for the truth of the matter asserted and therefore was not hearsay.

(R.R. Vol. 4, p. 141). It became clear that the Defense was not seeking to merely

refresh the memory of the witness about the interview, but wanted to introduce the

actual statement the victim made to Kimmel. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 141-43). After a

recess and further discussion, the trial court eventually overruled the hearsay

objection of the State as to the cross-examination of Miss Kimmell. (R.R. Vol. 4,

p. 149). The State then raised an objection under Rule 403 that the evidence was

more prejudicial than probative. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 149). That objection was sustained

by the trial court:

   “As a general proposition, you can cross examine a witness with their own
   statement, not with somebody else’s statement. You have the statement. You
   can cross examine the victim when she testifies about the statement. This
   witness has already identified what the signs of coaching are. You can ask the
   victim about the statement and you can make the argument to the jury. But to
   do it through this witness is going to create a confusion of the issues and we’re
   going to have – we’re just going to have a trial within a trial about the issue. I
   will also note that no one is permitted to get up and give an opinion, yea or nay,
   that a witness in a case has lied or is telling the truth. That’s the jury’s decision.
   And so this witness has not given an opinion about coaching, she’s said she’s
   seen no signs about that. You want to introduce that there are signs of coaching
   so that the jury can make their own opinion about whether or not there was
   coaching or not coaching. What I’m saying is you can do that through the

                                           24
   victim. You can’t do that through this witness. So that’s my ruling. Under 403,
   the objection is sustained.”
   (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 151-52).

   The trial court clearly made its decision to sustain the objection based on

guiding rules and principles and did not act in an arbitrary or capricious manner.

D. Harm Analysis

      Assuming, arguendo, this Court finds it was error to limit the Appellant’s

cross-examination, this Court can conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that any

error was harmless and did not contribute to the conviction or affect the

Appellant’s substantial rights. The Appellant’s attorney cross-examined the victim

about the same statement she made to Kimmel. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 225-26). Defense

counsel read the statement out loud and asked the victim if she recalled making the

statement. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 226). Counsel was allowed to question the victim about

that statement, therefore they were able to get their defensive theory in front of the

jury that the victim had been coached to fabricate the allegations. Therefore, any

error in excluding the cross-examination of Kimmel regarding the same statement

was harmless and did not affect the Appellant’s substantial rights.

      For these reasons, Appellant’s fourth point of error should be overruled.

                                         25
                                Reply to Point of Error Five

         The trial court did not err in overruling Appellant’s objections to the
         State’s closing argument.

                                 Argument and Authorities

A. Standard of Review

         A trial court’s ruling on an objection to a jury argument is reviewed for

abuse of discretion.41

B. Application of Law to Facts

         Proper areas of jury argument include: 1) summation of the evidence

presented at trial; 2) a reasonable deduction drawn from that evidence; 3) an

answer to opposing counsel’s argument; or 4) a plea for law enforcement.42

         Appellant complains of the following statement made during the State’s jury

argument:

         “… in order for you to find Kevin Fahrni not guilty, you would have to

believe the defense’s theory, and the defense’s theory is that in 2005 after Ashley

Pertell’s mother had been broken up with Kevin Fahrni for a number of years, after

they had left the state and moved back home to Pennsylvania and they had no

contact with him, that her mother was so terribly upset and distraught over the

breakup that had occurred years before--” (R.R. Vol. 5, p. 106).

41
     Lemon v. State, 298 S.W.3d 705, 707 (Tex. App.—San Antonio, 2009, pet. ref’d).
42
     Jackson v. State, 17 S.W.3d 664, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
                                               26
         Appellant’s objection to the statement was interpreted by the court that it

changed the burden of proof, and the court overruled that objection stating, “I think

it’s argument. I don’t think her argument could be interpreted as that it changes the

burden of proof…” (R.R. Vol. 5, p. 107).

         The statement made by the State was a summation of the evidence presented

and a reasonable deduction drawn from that evidence. Throughout trial, the

defense had put for their theory that the allegations were a frame-up job

orchestrated by the victim’s family and another ex-girlfriend of the Appellant’s.

The State was pointing out how far-fetched such a theory was. The statement, as

stated by the trial court, could not be interpreted as changing the burden of proof.

C. Harm Analysis

         Assuming, arguendo, that it was error to overrule the Appellant’s objections,

this Court can conclude the State’s argument was harmless. Three factors to

consider when making the determination on harm of an improper jury argument

are 1) severity of the misconduct; 2) measures adopted to cure the misconduct; and

3) the certainty of conviction absent the misconduct.43

         The severity of the misconduct as measured by the prejudicial effect of the

remark is slight. The comment consisted of a few sentences that demonstrated how

43
     Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
                                                27
implausible it was that the two separate families got together and cooked up false

allegations against the Appellant. (R.R. Vol. 5, p. 106-07).

      The measures which corrected any misconduct include the jury instructions

given by the Judge that the burden of proof is on the State throughout the entire

trial. (R.R. Vol. 5, p. 102; C.R. p. 197). The State also reiterated the burden of

proof during closing arguments. (R.R. Vol. 5, p. 108). This factor weights in favor

of a finding of harmless error.

      In addition, the evidence supporting conviction was strong. Lieutenant

Charles Green testified that he took the report when the victim’s grandmother went

to the Wake Village Police Station to report the assault. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 91-92).

The grandmother told Green that the Appellant had touched her granddaughter.

(R.R. Vol. 4, p. 91). Kandice Kimmel testified as an expert that she was the

forensic interviewer who interviewed the victim at the Texarkana Children’s

Advocacy Center, after the assault was reported. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 133). During the

interview, Kimmel did not observe signs that the victim had been coached. (R.R.

Vol. 4, p. 136). Kimmel testified the victim and her brother both used appropriate

sensory details during the interview. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 137). The victim gave

testimony about the time the Appellant touched her between the legs, and other

instances of inappropriate behavior. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 200). Ashley Pertell also

testified that the Appellant had committed identical assaults against her when she

                                         28
and her mother were living with the Appellant. (R.R. Vol. 5, p. 23-24). This factor

also weighs in favor of a harmless error finding.

      Examining all three factors, this Court can have fair assurance that the

State’s comments has little or no effect.

      For these reasons, Appellant’s fifth point of error should be overruled.

                                            29
                                  Prayer for Relief

      WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, there being legal and

competent evidence sufficient to justify the conviction and punishment assessed in

this case and no reversible error appearing in the record of the trial of the case, the

State of Texas respectfully prays that this Honorable Court affirm the judgment

and sentence of the trial court below.

                                               Respectfully Submitted:

                                               Jerry D. Rochelle
                                               Criminal District Attorney
                                               Bowie County, Texas
                                               601 Main Street
                                               Texarkana, Texas 75501
                                               Phone: (903) 735-4800
                                               Fax: (903) 735-4819

                                               __/s/Lauren N. Sutton____________
                                         By:   Lauren N. Sutton
                                               Assistant District Attorney
                                               601 Main Street
                                               Texarkana, Texas 75501
                                               Phone: (903) 735-4800
                                               Fax: (903) 735-4819

                                               Attorneys for the State

                                          30
                             Certificate of Compliance

      I, Lauren N. Sutton, certify that, pursuant to Rule 9 of the Texas Rules of

Appellate Procedure, Appellee’s Brief contains 5,827 words, exclusive of the

caption, identity of parties and counsel, statement regarding oral argument, table of

contents, index of authorities, statement of the case, statement of issues presented,

statement of jurisdiction, statement of procedural history, signature, proof of

service, certification, certificate of compliance, and appendix.

                                               __/s/Lauren N. Sutton__________________
                                               Lauren N. Sutton

                                          31
                              Certificate of Service

      I, Lauren N. Sutton, certify that I have served a true and correct copy of the

foregoing Brief for the State upon Mr. Al Smith, Attorney for Appellant, on this

the 17th day of June, 2015.

                                             __/s/Lauren N. Sutton___________
                                             Lauren N. Sutton

                                        32