Court Opinion

ID: 8835131
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 16:19:29.39402+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:05:02.380795
License: Public Domain

ROGERS, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). This is a suit for the infringement of a trade-mark. The plaintiff has sought and obtained an injunction pendente lite restraining the defendant from using the name “Goldwyn” on. any moving picture films, advertisements, or other displays to be shown to the public, unless in all cases it be followed by the words “not now connected with Goldwyn Pictures.” And it is added that s-Uch suffix is “to be in as large and of as prominent type and of the same color as the word ‘Goldwyn,’ and tcvbe so-spaced and spread as to be as noticeable as that word.” The,injunction granted falls short of what the plaintiff sought, as he prayed the court to restrain the defendant from in any manner using or permitting others to use the name “Goldwyn,” or any term or phrase embodying- it in any business which may be confused with that of the plaintiff. The plaintiff, therefore, is not satisfied with the injunction in the form in which it was granted, and asks this court to remand the case with di'rections to grant a preliminary injunction as prayed. The defendant has not appealed. .
The plaintiff is engaged in the production of motion pictures, and as such has an established reputation with the public throughout the United States. It and its predecessor in title have produced pictures representing an investment of more than $20,000,000. The defendant has been engaged in the motion picture business since 1913, whén the business was in its infancy. He was connected, not only with the plaintiff, but with its predecessor in title, and has been closely identified with the largest producing organization of moving pictures in the world. So valuable were his services considered to be that for several years he was paid a salary of $52,000 annually as president of the plaintiff corporatipn. His name is perhaps as well known in the motion picture business as that of any «other man. Since he severed his official connection with the plaintiff, he has been engaged in the production of motion pictures on his own account, and has used his own name in connection therewith. The plaintiff is objecting to the use of his name in connection with the pictures which he produces, and claims that he is. without right to do so, and that his conduct in doing so will create •the most widespread confusion in the minds of the public, and the most disastrous and damaging consequences to the plaintiff, which advertises its pictures as “Goldwyn Pictures.” It alleges that the defendant’s use of his name makes it easy for persons intending so to do to pass off defendant’s business as and for plaintiff’s business, and defendant’s pictures as and for plaintiff’s pictures, and misleads and deceives persons having no intent or purpose to confuse the two into so doing.
The defendant, in an answering affidavit submitted to the District Court, says:
“I am just as anxious to prevent any one from thinking that my pictures Were produced by the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation as the plaintiff in this •action can possibly he. I do, however, regard it as vitally important to me to be allowed to use my own name, if I am to continue in the motion picture business with any prospect of success. If I cannot hold myself out as the person engaged in the business,'and make my own contracts with actors, authors, directors, and o'thers, registelc copyrights in my own name, make contracts for distribution, and make such legitimate use .upon the screen and in *397advertising and other publicity of the fact that the person carrying on the business and making the pictures is myself, Samuel Goldwyn, it will be almost impossible for me to conduct my business, and, if I succeed in carrying it on, I will be greatly hampered and financially embarrassed. _ This is particularly true because my plan of business involves the production of a small number of photoplays of extremely high grade, all of which are to receive my personal attention, and it is necessary to make that fact clearly appear at all times.”
It has sometimes been said that the right of a man to use his own name in his own business is one of his natural and inalienable rights. Thus in Hilton v. Hilton, 89 N. J. Eq. 182, 104 Atl. 375, L. R. A. 1918F, 1174, the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals, in 1918, said that:
“The right» of a man to use his own name in his own business is part of the natural and inalienable rights guaranteed by the very first clause of our Constitution, without which the right to acquire, possess, and protect property would be of little worth. Although the right is not safeguarded in England by any constitutional guaranty, it has found careful protection in the courts of justice.”
And it was said:
“The right to make known that one is in business by advertising addressed to the public generally is a necessary concomitant of the right to do business, without which that right would be hardly more than nominal.”
In the above case the court held that an injunction should be modified which enjoined the defendant from using his name, “Hilton,” either alone or in association with other words in any clothing business competitive with the clothing business conducted by the complainant trading under the name of “the Hilton Company.” The plaintiff and defendant had the same surname, and had been partners in the clothing business, but had dissolved-the partnership. The defendant had retired from the partnership, and had transferred to the complainant “all the name and good will” of the business, and it was held that this did not in itself prevent the defendant from engaging in business in competition with the plaintiff.
We have no doubt that one by contract may, deprive himself of his exclusive right to use his name in industry. In Brown Chemical Co. v. Meyer, 139 U. S. 540, 542, 11 Sup. Ct. 625, 626 (35 L. Ed. 247), Mr. Justice Brown, writing for the court, calls attention to the fact that “cases are not wanting of injunctions issued to restrain the use even of one’s own name, where a fraud upon another is manifestly intended, or where he has assigned or parted with his right to use it.” And we do not understand that in Hilton v. Hilton it was intended to assert that one might not bj’' contract part with his right to use his own name in a competitive business. In the instant case the plaintiff and defendant entered into a contract or agreement dated October 22, 1920, which contained the following provision:
“Tbe party of tbe second part [tbe defendant] recognizes and confirms to the party of the first part the exclusive right to use the name ‘Goldwyn,’ and agrees that he will not use or permit the use of ‘Goldwyn,’ either directly or indirectly, neither alone nor in connection with or as part of any name or title, in any motion picture enterprise, or in any manner competitive to the corporation, or in the manufacture, exploitation, or presentation of motion pictures.”
*398The plaintiff claims that because of this agreement the defendant has' no right to the use of his own name, Samuel Goldwyn, in connection with any motion picture or motion picture enterprise, or in any manner competitive to the plaintiff. But it is claimed that this agreement of October 22, 19.20, is not supported by a consideration, and it is also claimed that even if the agreement be valid the restrictive covenant does not extend beyond the term of the contract, and that it came to an end on October 10, 1922.
It appears that after October 10, 1922, and in the spring of 1923, the defendant entered into a contract with the Associated First National Pictures, Inc., a corporation also organized under the laws of Delaware, for the distribution of pictures to be manufactured by him. It is one of the largest motion picture distributing concerns in the United States, and its stockholders are owners of motion picture houses in what are known as the key cities of the United States. The defendant is not an officer of that corporation and holds none of its stock. By virtue of his contract the defendant is to lease to that corporation two complete negatives and two sample positive prints of a picture he has manufactured or produced known as “Potash and Perl-mutter,” upon the payment by that company of the actual cost of production, not exceeding $250,000, as an advance payment on account of the defendant’s share of the gross receipts to be derived through such motion pictures. The contract provides for the apportionment between the company and the defendant of the gross receipts arising from the exhibition of the picture. The contract gives to the company “the exclusive, sole, and complete right, without let or interference by the defendant or any third party, to distribute the picture throughout all the countries and parts of the faorld for seven years,” and the company agreed so to distribute such picture. It agreed to announce the defendant as the manufacturer or producer of the picture and that it was First National Picture, and upon the film in all printing, advertising, publicity, and billing matter should be, in the form-stated, “Samuel Goldwyn Presents ‘Potash and Perlmutter,’ * * * a First National Picture.”
It is the above agreement which the defendant has made with the First National Pictures, Inc., which led to the bringing of this suit by the plaintiff and its application for the injunction it now seeks. The plaintiff, in bringing this case here on appeal, has assigned 18 errors, the first two of which are as follows:
“(1) The court erred in refusing to grant a preliminary injunction against any use of the name ‘Goldwyn’ by defendant in the moving picture business as prayed in the bill of complaint.
“(2) The court erred in finding and holding that there was no consideration for defendant’s undertakings contained in paragraph marked T of the agreement of October 22, 1920.”
In order that the plaintiff may have a right to restrain the defendant from the use of his own name in connection with the motion picture business because of a contract, that contract must be supported by a valid consideration. If that so-called contract was without valid consideration, a right based upon it fails. The District Judge, in his opinion, referring to the consideration for this contract, said:
*399“That question can be finally decided only after a hearing, but on this motion I must take all disputed issues in the defendant’s favor. It is agreed that on September 2, 1920, the defendant resigned as president of the plaintiff, a position which for the last 11 months he had held under the contract of October 10, 1919. That contract did not, it is true, expressly give him the position — he was engaged only as ‘an executive’ — but I think the construction of the parties very clearly indicates in what sense the word was used. The contract imposed upon him the duties, and gave him the powers, usually pertaining to the office. Goldwyn’s version is that he resigned because negotiations were on foot with Du Pont, who whs to advance new money and who would not have him president if he did. I can find no suggestion that his resignation was made subject to his right to resume his position later. Therefore he released the plaintiff from one of its obligations and himself from the duties which it involved. The negotiations with Du Pont fell through, and, as he says, the directors appealed to him to raise the money elsewhere. In this he succeeded, and it was at a conclusion of his efforts that the contract of October 22, 1920, was signed. He was then re-elected as president.
“It is quite apparent that if the contract was made in consideration of his getting back his position, there was a valid consideration, because, even though the directors remained free to impose on him all those duties which he had formerly discharged, it was a legal detriment to the plaintiff to restore him to his office, because the plaintiff was not then legally bound to do so. Moreover, the enjoyment of the title may well, have had other than pecuniary attractions to the defendant. However, in his affidavit of October 3. 1923, he denies that his re-election was made on condition that'he sign the contract of October 22, 1920. He says that, on the contrary, it was agreed to make him president because that was a condition imposed by those who promised to furnish the new money. There had been no question raised of the use of his own name in an independent business up to that time.
“If these he the facts, I think it very difficult to find any consideration for the restrictive covenant, assuming, as I do, that he is charged with notice of it. If he were once unconditionally installed as president under the old terms, the plaintiff suffered no detriment in executing the contract of October 22, 1920/ It is true under this second contract he was not necessarily subject to all the duties he had assumed before, hut that depended upon the will of the directors, who reserved to themselves the right to call upon him to perform any duties ‘as shall be appropriately assigned to him’ by them. This means that they could have required of him all that he was bound to do under the contract of October 10, 1919. In other respects the contract was the same as before, including the time of its duration. The plaintiff has not pointed out to me any detriment which it assumed, if this version be true. So much for the original affidavits.
“The new affidavits do not change" the situation. Whatever may in the end prove to he the force of the evidence they contain, the defendant’s denials are repeated, and still go to the critical issue of the case. It is clear that the issue is not so plain as to be taken against the defendant on a motion of this kind, and it must be disposed of on the supposition that the covenant, which would otherwise have entitled the plaintiff to an absolute injunction, was nudum pactum.”
The issuance of a preliminary injunction, which puts restraints upon the defendant before the rights of the parties have been fully investigated and determined, rests solely in the sound discretion of the chancellor, and unless he abuses his discretion in granting or denying it his action as a rule will not be reviewed on appeal. Clark v. Wooster, 119 U. S. 322, 325, 7 Sup. Ct. 217, 30 L. Ed. 392; Buffington v. Harvey, 95 U. S. 99, 100, 24 L. Ed. 381; New York Grape Sugar Co. v. American Grape Sugar Co., 10 Fed. 835, 20 Blatchf. 386; Edison Electric Light Co. v. Buckeye Electric Co. (C. C.) 64 Fed. 225.
*400Formerly the granting of an injunction was in the absolute discretion! of the primary court, and its action was not reviewable by appeal. Kerr v. City of New Orleans, 126 Fed. 920, 924, 61 C. C. A. 450. But the Act of March 3, 1891, allowed an appeal from such a decree. 26 Stat. 826, § 7. It was amended by the Act of June 6, 1900, c. 803, 31 Stat. 660 (Comp. St. § 1121). But since the passage of the act the courts have held that the granting of an injunction pendente lite is in the sound judicial discretion of the trial court, and will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is violative of the rules of equity established for the guidance of its discretion. The same thing is sometimes expressed in another way by saying that the action of the trial court will not be reversed, unless there has been an abuse of discretion. And it is sometimes said that such action will not be reversed, unless it clearly appears that the injunction was improvidently allowed. In Meccano, Limited, v. John Wanamaker, 253 U. S. 136, 141, 40 Sup. Ct. 463, 465 (64 L. Ed. 822), the Supreme Court declared:
“The correct general doctrine is that whether a preliminary injunction shall be awarded rests in the sound discretion of the trial court.. Upon appeal, an order granting or denying such an injunction will not be disturbed, unless contrary to some rule of equity, or the result of improvident exercise of judicial discretion.”
See City of Amarillo v. Southwestern Telegraph & Telephone Co., 253 Fed. 638, 165 C. C. A. 264.
It seems to us too plain for argument that, so far as the right to an injunction in this case rests upon the so-called contract of October 22, 1920, there has been no such abuse of the trial court’s discretion in denying the injunction in the form asked for, in so far as the right to it depended upon the agreement above referred to. The court, in granting the motion for the preliminary injunction, did so to ,the following extent, and not otherwise:
“ * * * The defendant, until further order of this court, is hereby enjoined from using the name ‘Goldwyn’ on any moving picture films, advertisements, or other displays which are to be shown to the public, unless in all cases it be followed by the words ‘not now connected with Goldwyn Pictures’; such suffix to be in as large and of as prominent type and of the same color as the word ‘Goldwyn’ and to be so spaced and spread as to be as noticeable as that word.”
And the court in its order stated that the preliminary injunction was granted upon plaintiff filing a bond in the sum of $5,000. The court further stated:
“In all other respects the said motion [for the temporary injunction] is hereby overruled.”
The prayer of .the amended bill of complaint was as follows:
“That an injunction issue herein, during the pendency of this suit and perpetually thereafter, restraining and enjoining the defendant, his agents, distributors, associates, representatives, and employees, and all those in privity with him, from in any manner using or permitting others to use the name ‘Goldwyn,’ or any colorable imitation thereof, or any term or phrase embodying the said name, or any name colorably similar thereto, in connection with the manufacture, advertising, exploitation, distribution, or presentation of motion pictures, films, or in any business which may be confused with that of plaintiff, to its damage through the confusion of the public.”
*401The court, it will be observed, declined to restrain the defendant from in any manner using or permitting others to use the name “Goldwyn,” or any colorable imitation thereof, or any term or phrase embodying the same name, or any name colorably similar thereto, in connection with motion pictures in the manner and to the extent which the plaintiff asked. In other words, the court in effect has declined at this stage of the proceeding to recognize that a right exists in the plaintiff, based upon the alleged contract, to restrain the defendant absolutely from using his own name in any manner in connection with the motion picture business. If this was error at all, it was not so clearly error as to justify this court at this time in reversing the court below.
This brings us to a consideration of the trade-mark which the plaintiff claims, because of its registration of the term “Goldwyn” in the United States Patent Office. The argument in this court was in the main based upon the alleged contract right — although it was asserted that the plaintiff has a valid and subsisting trade-mark, which the. defendant is infringing; and it is said that the plaintiff’s right in its trade-mark rests upon section 5 of the Trade-Mark Act of February 20, 1905, c. 592, 33 Stat. 724 (Comp. St § 9490). That provided that:
“No mark which consists merely in the name of an individual, firm, corporation, or association * * * shall be registered under the terms of this act: Provided, further, * * * that nothing herein shall prevent the registration of any mark used by the applicant or his-predecessors, or by those from whom title to the mark is derived, in commerce with foreign nations or among the several states,-or with Indian tribes, which was in actual and exclusive use as a trade-mark of the applicant or his predecessors from whom he drived title for ten years next preceding the passage of this act.”
The plaintiff’s predecessor in title was organized in 1916, and prior to that time the word “Goldwyn” is thought not to have existed, so that the 10-years clause above quoted has no application to his trademark, which was used as such until after the act was passed. The registration of the word “Goldwyn” as a trade-mark was not discussed in the opinion by the District Judge, and we see no reason to discuss it in this court at this time. '
The plaintiff also relies upon unfair competition. One who has no valid trade-mark may nevertheless complain of another who attempts to pass off his own goods as the goods of his rival. Fraud is the basis of his complaint in such cases. The court acts to promote honesty and 'fair dealing, and because no one has a right to sell his own goods as the goods of another. The court seeks to protect'the purchasing public from deception and also the property rights of the complainant. It protects the owner of a business from a fraudulent invasion of his business by somebody - else. No person has the right through unfairness, artifice, misrepresentation, or fraud to injure the business of another. The defendant must so use his name in' connection with his business as will give notice to the public that the pictures he produces and sells or exhibits are not those of the plaintiff; and it does not appear to us, at least upon the present state of the record, that the preliminary injunction which has been issued does not afford to the plaintiff all the protection to which it is entitled at. this stage of the case. It is not an unusual thing for a plaintiff in suits of this nature to *402attempt to obtain by a preliminary injunction the relief to which he is entitled only after a full hearing on the merits. This court does not look with favor upon attempts of this nature.
Before concluding this opinion, it may be proper to say that the record now before us does not disclose that the defendant, in changing his name from Goldfish to Goldwyn, was actuated by any fraudulent intent. The defendant in his affidavit states:
“In 1918 the Selwyns [associated with him in the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation] suggested to me that for several reasons it would, be advisable in the interest of the corporation that I change my name to Samuel Goldwyn; that, because of the war, a name indicating Teutonic origin was a detriment; that a good many people already thought my name was Goldwyn, and considerable mail was being received by the company addressed to Samuel Goldwyn ; that I had a reputation in the industry, and. was identified in the trade and with the public as a successful producer of high-class motion pictures ; and that the value of my reputation and my name to the corporation would be increased by making the change in my name as suggested. I stated, in effect, that it would be a sacrifice for me to give up a name which I had established and made well known, and that I did not care to submerge my identity in that of. the corporation. They suggested, however, that if the Goldwyn Company followed the same form of advertisement that had been used in. the past by announcing the. name of its president my identity would not be lost, and that at the same time the corporation would be benefited. Accordingly I decided to carry out Mr. Selwyn’s suggestion, and applied for and received from the court on order changing my name to Samuel Goldwyn. All of the things which I was required by that order to do as conditions of the change in name were duly performed, and the change in my name has been in full effect as provided in that order since January, 1919.”
The affidavit of the two Selwyns, who with the defendant organized the New York corporation of the Goldwy-n Pictures Corporation, the plaintiff’s .predecessor in title, amply sustain Goldwyn’s statements as to the reason for the change that was made. Edgar Selwyn in his affidavit states that he and his brother made the suggestion to the defendant to make the change and he states their reasons for doing so. He says:
“My brother and I suggested to Goldfish that he change his name and] advertise it broadly throughout the country.”
He adds:
“There never was any intention at any time on the part of any of us that Samuel Goldwyn should be deprived of the use of his name, and it was only because we urged upon him the necessity of taking the name of Samuel Goldwyn rather than Samuel Goldfish that the latter consented so to do.”
And Archibald Selwyn in his affidavit says:
“ * * * In the latter part of 1918 I discussed the advisability of having Mr. Goldwyn change his name. In view of the large business that the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation was doing with the allied countries, we came to the conclusion that it would be advisable for Mr. Goldwyn to give up the name Goldfish and adopt legally the name Goldwyn. My brother and I urged Mr. Goldwyn so to do. There was no intention or understanding oh the part of any of us that Mr. Goldwyn was not to have the right to use the name Samuel Goldwyn, if at any time he should sever his connections with that corporation. Üpon' the strength of our suggestion and advice to him, Mr. Goldwyn changed his name.”
*403There is a general rule that every one has the absolute right to use his own name honestly in his own business for the purpose of advertising it, even though he may thereby incidentally interfere with and injure the business of another having the same or a somewhat similar name. In such cases, as was said in Russia Cement Company v. Le Page, 147 Mass. 206, 209, the inconvenience or loss to which those having a common right to it are subjected is damnum absque injuria. But, as we have already said, one may by contract- surrender his right to use his name in connection with his business. The question whether this defendant has surrendered this right has not been determined in the court below, and is not before us at this time.
Order affirmed.