Court Opinion

ID: 9396198
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-19 20:03:33.410317+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:14.806821
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/19/23
                     CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

       IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                      SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                               DIVISION FOUR

 ROBERT DIAZ et al.,                         B318131

        Plaintiffs and Appellants,           (Los Angeles County
                                              Super. Ct. No. 19STPB02264)
        v.

 MARISELA ZUNIGA,

        Defendant and Respondent.

       APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Brenda J. Penny, Judge. Affirmed.
       Law Office of Timothy G. Mishler and Timothy G. Mishler for Plaintiffs
and Appellants.
       Law Office of Robert Mills and Robert Mills for Defendant and
Respondent.
      We must decide which of two provisions governs a settlor’s purported
                                                               1
amendment of a revocable trust—Probate Code section 15402 or the terms of
the trust—when the trust instrument specifies how the trust may be modified
but does not state that the specified modification method is exclusive. Courts
are divided on this issue, which is currently pending before the California
Supreme Court. (Compare Balistreri v. Balistreri (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 511
(Balistreri), review granted, May 11, 2022, S273909; King v. Lynch (2012) 204
Cal.App.4th 1186, 1192, 1193 (King) [trust terms govern] with Haggerty v.
Thornton (2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 1003, 1010–1012 (Haggerty), review granted,
                           2
Dec. 22, 2021, S271483.)
      We conclude the trust terms governing amendments control and apply
the reasoning of the courts in Balistreri and King. The settlor’s purported
amendment in this case did not conform to the trust terms and is invalid. We
therefore affirm the judgment invalidating the purported amendment.

1
      All further statutory references are to the Probate Code.

2
       In its order granting review of Haggerty, the Supreme Court stated:
“Pending review, the opinion of the Court of Appeal . . . may be cited, not only
for its persuasive value, but also for the limited purpose of establishing the
existence of a conflict in authority that would in turn allow trial courts to
exercise discretion under Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57
Cal.2d 450, 456, to choose between sides of any such conflict.” (Haggerty,
supra, S271483.) In its order granting review of Balistreri, the Supreme
Court stated: “Further action in this matter is deferred pending
consideration and disposition of a related issue in Haggerty v. Thornton,
S271483.” (Balistreri, supra, S273909.)

                                       2
                                   BACKGROUND
      A settlor purports to amend his revokable trust. He is both the trustor
and trustee. The trust document (the Trust) provides that to amend the
Trust he must send the document by certified mail to the trustee. This he did
not do. Here we decide his purported amendment did not conform to the
trust terms and is invalid. The Trust became irrevocable upon the death of
the settlor, Mateo Diaz (Mateo), on May 6, 2018. Soon after Mateo’s death, a
purported trust amendment dated in 2007 was found in an envelope among
papers in a container kept in Mateo’s bedroom closet. The stamped envelope
was addressed to his attorney. There is no evidence in the record to indicate
Mateo discussed the 2007 document with anyone or that he mailed it to his
lawyer.
      Article X of the Trust governs trust amendments. It states in relevant
part: “The Trustor may at any time during Trustor’s lifetime amend any of
the terms of this instrument by an instrument in writing signed by the
Trustor and delivered by certified mail to the Trustee.”
      Article IX of the Trust governs revocations and states in relevant part
that “[t]his Trust may be revoked in whole or in part by the Trustor during
Trustor’s lifetime.”

The Parties
      Appellants Robert Diaz (Robert), Jessie Diaz, Alex Diaz, Carmen
Ortega, Gloria Redondo, Linda Johnson, Annette Roberts, and Salvador Diaz
(collectively appellants) are beneficiaries of the Trust. Robert is also a co-
trustee of the Trust. Respondent Marisela Zuniga (Marisela) is also a co-
trustee and beneficiary of the Trust.

                                        3
Significance of the Trust Amendment
      The 2007 document purported to alter the distribution of certain Trust
assets upon Mateo’s death, substantially reallocating the value of the
distributions among the various beneficiaries. The Trust assets include two
real property parcels located in Montclair and Temple City.
      In the original Trust declaration, the Montclair property was to be
distributed equally to all of Mateo’s seven siblings; and the Temple City
property was to be distributed solely to Marisela, with the exception of the
sum of $100,000, which was to be distributed solely to Annette Louise
Roberts Diaz. In the 2007 document, the Montclair property is to be
distributed equally to only two of Mateo’s siblings, and the Temple City
property is to be distributed 10 percent to Marisela, 20 percent to Annette
Louise Roberts Diaz, and 10 percent to each of Mateo’s seven siblings.

The Trial and Judgment
      Robert and Marisela, in their respective capacities as co-trustees of the
Trust, filed separate petitions requesting instructions as to whether the 2007
document should be treated as a valid Trust amendment. The parties
submitted a joint trial statement and a joint statement of stipulated facts and
agreed to the admission of certain documents. The matter was tried on April
28, 2021.
      On June 30, 2021, the trial court issued a final statement of decision
ruling that the 2007 document did not constitute a valid amendment to the
Trust because Mateo did not deliver the 2007 document to himself as trustee
by certified mail, as specified in Article X of the Trust.

                                         4
        A judgment decreeing that the 2007 document did not constitute a valid
amendment to the Trust was entered on January 4, 2022. This appeal
followed.

                                 DISCUSSION
   A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
        The de novo standard of review “applies to questions of statutory
construction [citation] and to the interpretation of written instruments,
including a trust instrument, unless the interpretation depends on the
competence or credibility of extrinsic evidence or a conflict in that evidence.”
(Pena v. Day (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 546, 551 (Pena).) “The paramount rule in
construing [a trust] instrument is to determine intent from the instrument
itself and in accordance with applicable law.” (Brown v. Labow (2007) 157
Cal.App.4th 795, 812.) When determining the trustor’s intent, courts must
“look first to the terms of [the] trust.” (Burch v. George (1994) 7 Cal.4th 246,
256.)

   B. Probate Code Sections 15401 and 15402
        The Probate Code governs modification and revocation of a trust.
Section 15401, subdivision (a) sets forth alternative methods for revocation.
Under the first method, a trust may be revoked by “compliance with any
method of revocation provided in the trust instrument.” (§ 15401, subd.
(a)(1).) Under the second method, a trust may be revoked in “a writing, other
than a will, signed by the settlor . . . and delivered to the trustee during the
lifetime of the settlor.” (Id. subd. (a)(2).) The statute states, however, that if
“the trust instrument explicitly makes the method of revocation provided in
the trust instrument the exclusive method of revocation,” that method must

                                         5
be used. (Ibid.; Pena, supra, 39 Cal.App.5th at pp. 551, 552.) For the trust
revocation terms to override the statutory revocation provisions, the trust
must contain “an explicit statement that the trust’s revocation method is
exclusive.” (Cundall v. Mitchell-Clyde (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 571, 581.)
Section 15401, subdivision (a)(2) accordingly “‘provides a default method of
revocation where the trust is silent on revocation or does not explicitly
provide the exclusive method.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 587, italics omitted.)
      Section 15402 governs modification of a trust. That statute states:
“Unless the trust instrument provides otherwise, if a trust is revocable by the
settlor, the settlor may modify the trust by the procedure for revocation.”
(§ 15402.) Under section 15402, when “the trust instrument is silent on
modification, the trust may be modified in the same manner in which it could
be revoked, either statutorily or as provided in the trust instrument.” (King,
supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 1192.)

C. California’s Divided Case Authority
      California courts are divided as to what happens when the trust
instrument specifies how the trust may be modified but does not state that
the specified modification method is exclusive. In one line of cases, courts
have held that when the trust instrument “specifies how the trust is to be
modified,” then “that method must be used to amend the trust.” (King, supra,
204 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1192, 1193; Conservatorship of Irvine (1995) 40
Cal.App.4th 1334, 1343–1345; Balistreri, supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at p. 518.)
      In contrast, the court in Haggerty and the dissent in King concluded
that unless the trust terms expressly preclude the settlor from using
alternative statutory methods to modify the trust instrument, the
modification procedures set forth in section 15402 may be used. (Haggerty,

                                        6
supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1011–1012; King, supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at pp.
1195–1198 (dis. opn. of Detjen, J.).)

      1. King and Balistreri
      The majority in King and the court in Balistreri reasoned that sections
15401 and 15402 impose different rules for modifying and revoking a trust.
Section 15401, subdivision (a)(2) states that a trust may be revoked by a
writing signed by the settlor and delivered to the trustee during the settlor’s
lifetime. (§ 15401, subd. (a)(2).) That statute further states however, that
“[i]f the trust instrument explicitly makes the method of revocation provided
in the trust instrument the exclusive method of revocation, the trust may not
be revoked pursuant to this paragraph.” (§ 15401, subd. (a)(2), italics added.)
      Section 15402, in contrast, states that “[u]nless the trust instrument
provides otherwise,” a settlor may modify the terms of a revocable trust by
the procedure for revocation set forth in section 15401. (§ 15402.) The
qualifying language “[u]nless the trust instrument provides otherwise,” the
majority in King held, means that the trust terms control the procedure for
modifying the trust. (King, supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 1193.) Thus,
“‘section 15402 recognizes a trustor may bind himself or herself to a specific
method of modification or amendment of a trust by including that specific
method in the trust agreement.’” (Ibid., quoting Conservatorship of Irvine,
supra, 40 Cal.App.4th at p. 1344.) The King majority noted that before 1986,
courts applied the rules governing trust revocations to trust modifications,
but “when the Legislature enacted sections 15401 and 15402, it differentiated
between trust revocations and modifications,” indicating “that the
Legislature no longer intended the same rules to apply to both revocation and
modification.” (King, at p. 1193.)

                                        7
      The court in Balistreri agreed, noting that “[h]ad the Legislature
intended for section 15402 to require an explicit statement of exclusivity for
modification procedures, it could have so stated, as it did in section 15401.”
(Balistreri, supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at p. 519.)

      2. Haggerty and the King Dissent
      The court in Haggerty, supra, 68 Cal.App.5th 1003 reached a different
result. In that case, the trust provided that the settlor reserved “‘[t]he right
by an acknowledged instrument in writing to revoke or amend this
Agreement or any trust hereunder.’” (Id. at p. 1006.) The settlor drafted and
signed an amendment but did not have the amendment notarized. (Ibid.)
Although the amendment was not “acknowledged” as specified in the trust,
the court in Haggerty concluded the settlor nevertheless could amend the
trust pursuant to the revocation procedure set forth in section 15401. (Id. at
p. 1012.)
      The court in Haggerty construed the statutory language “[u]nless the
trust instrument provides otherwise” in section 15401 as meaning “unless the
trust instrument distinguishes between revocation and modification.”
(Haggerty, supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at p. 1011.) Because the trust instrument
                                                                    3
at issue did not distinguish between revocation and modification, the court
in Haggerty concluded that it did not “‘provide otherwise’” within the
meaning of section 15401 and could be modified by any valid method of

3
      The trust instrument in Haggerty contained a single provision
governing both revocation and modification in the following reservation of
rights by the settlor: “‘The right by an acknowledged instrument in writing
to revoke or amend this Agreement or any trust hereunder.’” (Haggerty,
supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at p. 1006.)
                                        8
revocation specified in section 15402. (Haggerty, supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at p.
1012.) Citing the King dissent, the Haggerty court reasoned: “Section 15402
cannot be read in a vacuum. It does not establish an independent rule
regarding modification. It recognizes the existing principle that ‘a power of
revocation implies the power of modification.’ [Citation.] The method of
modification is therefore the same as the method of revocation.” (Haggerty,
at p. 1011.)
      The King dissent, on which the Haggerty court relied, cited as support
for its interpretation the California Law Revision Commission’s 1986
recommendations concerning then proposed sections 15401 and 15402.
According to the King dissent, the proposed statutory revisions “reflected a
clear legislative choice to change the existing law in favor of permitting
greater flexibility for the settlor, and rejecting the rule . . . which would
designate a method of modification as exclusive simply because it has been
set forth in the trust instrument.” (King, supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 1196,
dis. opn. of Detjen, J.).) The King dissent focused on the following California
Law Revision Commission comment: “‘Under general principles the settlor,
or other person holding the power to revoke, may modify as well as terminate
a revocable trust. The proposed law codifies this rule and also makes clear
that the method of modification is the same as the method of termination,
barring a contrary provision in the trust.’” (Ibid., quoting Selected 1986
Trust and Probate Legislation (Sept. 1986) 18 Cal. Law Revision Com. Rep.
(1986), p. 1271.) Because the trust instrument at issue in King “did not
explicitly exclude use of the alternative statutory method for modification or
revision,” the dissent argued that the statutory method was available. (King,
supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 1198, dis. opn. of Detjen, J.)

                                         9
      The court in Haggerty found that “the King dissent more accurately
captures the meaning of section 15402 than the majority opinion.” (Haggerty,
supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at p. 1011.)

D. The Trust Modification Terms Control Here
      We find the reasoning of the courts in Balistreri and the King majority
more persuasive than that in Haggerty and the King dissent. The plain
language of section 15402 states that a settlor may modify the trust by the
procedure for revocation set forth in section 15401 “[u]nless the trust
instrument provides otherwise.” That qualifying statutory language is clear
                                                                          4
and unambiguous, particularly when read together with section 15401.
Unlike section 15401, section 15402 does not require the trust instrument to
“explicitly” state that the method of revocation provided in the trust
instrument is the “exclusive” method of modification for the trust terms to
displace the statutory modification provisions.
      The King dissent’s reliance on the California Law Revision
Commission’s comment as support for the court’s interpretation of section

4
      Although we disagree with the Haggerty court’s interpretation of the
qualifying language “unless the trust instrument provides otherwise” in
section 15402 as meaning “unless the trust instrument distinguishes between
revocation and modification,” our holding is consistent with that
interpretation. The trust instrument in this case distinguishes between
revocation and modification. Article IX addresses revocation and includes no
specific procedure for doing so. It simply states: “This Trust may be revoked
in whole or in part by the Trustor during Trustor’s lifetime.” Article X, in
contrast, includes a specific procedure for trust modification. It states that
the Trustor may “amend any of the terms of this instrument by an
instrument in writing signed by the Trustor and delivered by certified mail to
the Trustee.”
                                       10
15402 is unpersuasive. As the court in Balistreri noted, the Legislative
Counsel’s summary digest accompanying the Legislature’s enactment of
sections 15401 and 15402 reflects a contrary intent. The Legislative
Counsel’s Digest explains that section 15402 would “‘allow the modification of
the trust, unless the instrument provides otherwise, by the same revised
procedure for revocation if the trust is revocable by the settlor.’” (Balistreri,
supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at p. 521, quoting Legis. Counsel’s Dig., Assem. Bill
No. 2652 (1985-1986 Reg. Sess.), italics added.)
      We reject appellants’ argument that delivery by certified mail and
personal delivery are not meaningfully different and that distinguishing
between the two would cause an absurd result in this case. The cases
appellants cite do not support their position. (See, e.g., Pena, supra, 39
Cal.App.5th 546, Masry v. Masry (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 738 (Masry) and
Gardenhire v. Superior Court (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 882 (Gardenhire).) The
trust provisions at issue in Pena and Gardenhire did not require delivery by
certified mail but provided that any amendment or revocation be made in
writing signed by the settlor and simply “‘delivered to the trustee.’” (Pena, at
p. 549; Gardenhire, at p. 886.) Masry concerned revocation, not amendment
of a trust, and is inapposite. (Masry, at pp. 739–740.)
      Mateo’s decision to require amendments to the Trust to be in writing,
signed by the trustor and delivered to the trustee by certified mail—a
substantially more detailed and cumbersome procedure than that for
revocation in Article IX of the Trust—evidences an intent to ensure the bona
fides of any such amendments. As one appellate court has noted,
“‘[p]rovisions like these are designed to protect settlors from possible undue
influence of people who would like to benefit from the trust assets.’
[Citation.]” (Conservatorship of Irvine, supra, 40 Cal.App.4th at p. 1343.)

                                        11
      Had Mateo followed the amendment procedures set forth in Article X of
the trust, his intention to modify the trust terms would not be in doubt. On
the facts presented here, Mateo’s intentions are unclear. After drafting and
signing the 2007 document, Mateo may have placed the document in his
closet in order to reflect on the proposed changes before finalizing them. That
he did not do so by sending the document to himself by certified mail may
indicate that he decided against the modifications.
      Section 15402 does not apply here because Article X of the Trust
provides a specific procedure for modification of the trust terms. Article X
therefore displaces the alternative statutory modification procedures under
sections 15401 and 15402. A contrary result would frustrate the intent of the
trustor, Mateo, who chose a specific method for amending the Trust terms.
(King, supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 1193.) The 2007 document does not
conform to that method and does not constitute a valid amendment of the
Trust. The trial court did not err in reaching this conclusion.
      That Article X of the Trust uses permissive, rather than mandatory
language, stating that the trustor “may” amend the Trust terms, does not
make the alternative statutory procedures available. Article X sets forth a
specific method for amending the Trust terms—“by an instrument in writing
signed by the Trustor and delivered by certified mail to the Trustee.” Trust
amendments may be made only by this method. (King, supra, 204
Cal.App.4th at pp. 1192, 1193.)
      We reject appellants’ argument that the 2007 document is relevant to
determining Mateo’s intent with regard to Trust amendments. The relevant
and operative document is the Trust instrument itself. (Burch v. George,
supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 256; Brown v. Labow, supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 812.)

                                      12
Mateo’s intent as trustor is evident in Article X, which sets forth a specific
method for amending the Trust terms.

                                DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed. Marisela shall recover her costs on appeal.
      CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                                            ZUKIN, J.*
      WE CONCUR:

      CURREY, Acting P. J.

      MORI, J.

*Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief
Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
                                       13