Court Opinion

ID: 9913953
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-29 06:05:37.642472+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:09:43.141469
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                  December 28, 2023
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                 No. 361117
                                                                  Bay Circuit Court
BRANDON MICHAEL DUPUIS,                                           LC No. 19-010443-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                 No. 361119
                                                                  Bay Circuit Court
DEVON JOVELL KNIGHTS,                                             LC No. 19-010461-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and SWARTZLE and PATEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In Docket No. 361117, defendant Brandon Michael Dupuis appeals as of right his
convictions by a jury of first-degree murder under theories of premeditation and felony murder,
MCL 750.316(1)(a) and (b); first-degree home invasion, MCL 750.110a(2); conspiracy to commit
first-degree home invasion, MCL 750.110a(2) and MCL 750.157a; armed robbery, MCL 750.529;
conspiracy to commit armed robbery, MCL 750.529 and MCL 750.157a; felon in possession of a
firearm (felon-in-possession), MCL 750.224f; and four counts1 of commission of a felony while

1
  The jury actually convicted Dupuis of five counts of felony-firearm, but Dupuis was sentenced
for only four of them because two of the counts pertained to both theories underlying the first-
degree murder conviction.

                                              -1-
in possession of a firearm (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. The trial court sentenced him as a
second-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.10, to imprisonment for life without the possibility of
parole for murder; two terms of 200 to 360 months in prison for first-degree home invasion and
the accompanying conspiracy; 468 to 720 months in prison for armed robbery; to 468 to 750
months in prison for conspiracy to commit armed robbery; to 47 to 90 months in prison for felon-
in-possession; and four terms of 24 months in prison for the felony-firearm convictions. In Docket
No. 361119, defendant Devon Jovell Knights appeals as of right his convictions by a separate jury
of felony murder, first-degree home invasion, conspiracy to commit first-degree home invasion,
and armed robbery. The trial court sentenced him, also as a second-offense habitual offender, to
life in prison without the possibility of parole for murder; two terms of 200 to 360 months in prison
for first-degree home invasion and the accompanying conspiracy; and 360 to 720 months in prison
for armed robbery.

         On appeal, Dupuis contends that the trial court erred by disallowing jury instructions on
certain lesser offenses and by admitting certain video footage and telephone records into evidence.
Knights contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with plea
discussions and that the trial court erred by admitting other-acts evidence. For the reasons set forth
in this opinion, we affirm in both cases.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       The convictions arose from a home invasion by Dupuis, Knights, and a man named
Brandon Miller. The prosecutor produced evidence, including surveillance-camera video footage,
that Dupuis entered a home in Bay City through a window, let Knights and Miller inside, took a
gun and money from a kitchen drawer, and shot and killed Tyler Gruber (Tyler), who lived in the
home, when Tyler confronted Miller. Miller was also hit by a bullet. The residence housed a
marijuana grow operation. Knights’ jury was given instructions on aiding and abetting.
Defendants were convicted and sentenced as previously stated, and they now appeal as of right.
Their appeals were consolidated in this Court.2

                                     II. DOCKET NO. 361117

                     A. LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE INSTRUCTIONS

        Dupuis argues that the court erred by failing to instruct the jury on the necessarily included
lesser offenses of (1) voluntary manslaughter for the open-murder and felony-murder charges, (2)
breaking and entering without permission for the charge of first-degree home invasion, and (3)
larceny from a person in connection with the armed-robbery charge.3

2
 People v Dupuis, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 13, 2022 (Docket No.
361117); People v Knights, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 13, 2022
(Docket No. 361119).
3
 Dupuis asserts that the trial court also erred by declining to give other lesser offense instructions,
but Dupuis does not develop any argument regarding these other offenses. Therefore, to the extent

                                                 -2-
        Questions of law presented by claims of instructional error are reviewed de novo on appeal,
but “a circuit court’s decision as to whether a requested lesser-included-offense instruction is
applicable under the facts of a particular case will only be reversed upon a finding of an abuse of
discretion.” People v Jones, 497 Mich 155, 161; 860 NW2d 112 (2014). “An abuse of discretion
occurs when the circuit court chooses an outcome that falls outside the range of principled
outcomes.” Id.

        An “inferior-offense instruction is appropriate only if the lesser offense is necessarily
included in the greater offense, meaning, all the elements of the lesser offense are included in the
greater offense, and a rational view of the evidence would support such an instruction.” People v
Mendoza, 468 Mich 527, 533; 664 NW2d 685 (2003). A defendant is not entitled to an instruction
on a necessarily lesser included offense unless “a rational view of the evidence supports a
conviction for the lesser offense.” Id. at 545. As specifically relevant to this case, our Supreme
Court has held that voluntary manslaughter is a necessarily included lesser offense of murder and
that a defendant charged with murder is therefore entitled to an instruction on voluntary
manslaughter if a rational view of the evidence supports it. People v Yeager, 511 Mich 478, 490;
___ NW2d ___ (2023), citing Mendoza, 468 Mich at 541. Thus, the question here becomes
whether a rational view of the evidence at trial would have supported a conviction for voluntary
manslaughter. See Mendoza, 468 Mich at 533.

         “Both murder and voluntary manslaughter ‘require a death, caused by defendant, with
either an intent to kill, an intent to commit great bodily harm, or an intent to create a very high risk
of death or great bodily harm with knowledge that death or great bodily harm was the probable
result.’ ” Yeager, 511 Mich at 489, quoting Mendoza, 468 Mich at 540. Murder, however, requires
“malice,” which is the only distinguishing element between murder and manslaughter. Mendoza,
468 Mich at 533-535, 540. Voluntary manslaughter “differs from murder because it is provoked.”
People v Reese, 491 Mich 127, 143; 815 NW2d 85 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Although it “is not justifiable to take life under provocation,” the provocation nonetheless “may
be serious enough to deprive the intentional killing of its malicious character, so that it is neither
murder on the one hand nor justifiable or excusable on the other.” Id. (quotation marks and citation
omitted).

       Our Supreme Court has explained the elements of voluntary manslaughter as follows:

he attempted to raise these additional lesser offense instruction issues, he abandoned them. As
stated in People v Henry, 315 Mich App 130, 148-149; 889 NW2d 1 (2016),

       [a]n appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this Court to
       discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give only cursory
       treatment with little or no citation of supporting authority. The appellant himself
       must first adequately prime the pump; only then does the appellate well begin to
       flow. Failure to brief a question on appeal is tantamount to abandoning it.
       [Quotation marks and citations omitted.]

                                                  -3-
          Thus, to show voluntary manslaughter, one must show that the defendant killed in
          the heat of passion, the passion was caused by adequate provocation, and there was
          not a lapse of time during which a reasonable person could control his passions.
          Significantly, provocation is not an element of voluntary manslaughter. Rather,
          provocation is the circumstance that negates the presence of malice. [Mendoza,
          468 Mich at 535-536 (citations omitted).]

       “The provocation necessary to mitigate a homicide from murder to manslaughter is that
which causes the defendant to act out of passion rather than reason.” People v Pouncey, 437 Mich
382, 389; 471 NW2d 346 (1991). In Pouncey, the Court explained:

                  In addition, the provocation must be adequate, namely, that which would
          cause the reasonable person to lose control. Not every hot-tempered individual who
          flies into a rage at the slightest insult can claim manslaughter. The law cannot
          countenance the loss of self-control; rather, it must encourage people to control
          their passions.

                  The determination of what is reasonable provocation is a question of fact
          for the factfinder. However, the judge does play a substantial role. The judge
          furnishes the standard of what constitutes adequate provocation, i.e., that
          provocation which would cause a reasonable person to act out of passion rather than
          reason. When, as a matter of law, no reasonable jury could find that the provocation
          was adequate, the judge may exclude evidence of the provocation. [Id. at 389-390
          (citations omitted).]

        Here, Dupuis argues that a rational view of the evidence provided support for a voluntary
manslaughter instruction because the fatal gunshots were fired in response to observing the victim
struggling with Miller in the house. Dupuis appears to argue that observing the struggle between
the victim and Miller necessarily caused the homicide to have been committed under the heat of
passion to defend Miller. The argument advanced by Dupuis on appeal ignores his trial testimony
during which he denied being present in the home that night and denied that he was the person
shown on the video firing the gun.4

        Evidence that a homicide was committed in response to a prolonged physical and verbal
assault may justify a voluntary manslaughter instruction. In Yeager, the Supreme Court reasoned:

          [A] review of the facts of this case demonstrates that the voluntary manslaughter
          instruction would have been supported by the evidence presented. The testimony
          presented at trial reflected that defendant’s shooting of Brooks was the culmination
          of a series of events during which Brooks physically assaulted defendant, took her
          car and used it to attempt to run her over, and repeatedly threatened to kill defendant
          and Borom, the neighbor who assisted her. Defendant testified that she feared for
          her life. At the . . . hearing [regarding ineffective assistance of counsel], when
          asked about the moments leading up to the shooting, she explained, “I just

4
    Other trial witnesses identified Dupuis in the video.

                                                   -4-
       remembered bein’ scared. I don’t remember details, like, walkin’ towards him, or
       anything like that. And when I seen the video, I didn’t even see myself, or
       remember shootin’ as many times as they say I did.” Borom also testified that
       defendant was hysterical and crying when she returned to his vehicle after the
       shooting. A jury could reasonably conclude that the combination of physical and
       verbal threats from Brooks throughout this unbroken chain of events stoked
       defendant’s passions so that she acted out of heightened emotion rather than reason
       in shooting Brooks. [Yeager, 511 Mich at 491-492 (emphasis added).]

         Nonetheless, the record in this case does not contain evidence of the type of prolonged
physical and verbal altercation that was present in Yeager. Instead, this case involves evidence of
a brief, non-life-threatening altercation between the victim and Miller that was met with Dupuis’s
decision to fatally shoot the victim. Review of the record leads us to conclude that at trial, Dupuis
did not introduce any evidence of his mental state from which a jury could conclude that he acted
out of passion, or heightened emotion, rather than reason. Pouncey, 437 Mich at 389-390; Yeager,
511 Mich at 491-492.

        Accordingly, on this record, as a matter of law, no reasonable jury could find there was
adequate provocation to negate the element of malice and mitigate this murder to manslaughter.
Pouncey, 437 Mich at 389-392 (holding that the trial court was “absolutely correct in ruling that
as a matter of law there was insufficient evidence to establish an adequate provocation” where
there was no evidence that the defendant was in a highly inflamed state of mind or that his ability
to reason was clouded by passion and the alleged provocation only involved a “verbal fracas”). A
brief, physical confrontation with the unarmed resident of a dwelling while stealing from the
dwelling, without more, is not adequate provocation for purposes of voluntary manslaughter as a
matter of law. This is especially true when, as occurred here, the defendant affirmatively asserted
that he was not even present at the scene of the murder and did not even claim that he acted out of
passion rather than reason. We thus conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
declining to give an instruction on voluntary manslaughter.

       Dupuis next contends that an instruction on breaking and entering was warranted as a lesser
included offense of first-degree home invasion. First-degree home invasion is defined in MCL
750.110a(2), which states:

               (2) A person who breaks and enters a dwelling with intent to commit a
       felony, larceny, or assault in the dwelling, a person who enters a dwelling without
       permission with intent to commit a felony, larceny, or assault in the dwelling, or a
       person who breaks and enters a dwelling or enters a dwelling without permission
       and, at any time while he or she is entering, present in, or exiting the dwelling,
       commits a felony, larceny, or assault is guilty of home invasion in the first degree
       if at any time while the person is entering, present in, or exiting the dwelling either
       of the following circumstances exists:

               (a) The person is armed with a dangerous weapon.

               (b) Another person is lawfully present in the dwelling.

                                                -5-
       Breaking and entering is defined in MCL 750.115(1), which provides:

               (1) Any person who breaks and enters or enters without breaking, any
       dwelling, house, tent, hotel, office, store, shop, warehouse, barn, granary, factory
       or other building, boat, ship, railroad car or structure used or kept for public or
       private use, or any private apartment therein, or any cottage, clubhouse, boat house,
       hunting or fishing lodge, garage or the out-buildings belonging thereto, any ice
       shanty with a value of $100.00 or more, or any other structure, whether occupied
       or unoccupied, without first obtaining permission to enter from the owner or
       occupant, agent, or person having immediate control thereof, is guilty of a
       misdemeanor.

     As stated in People v Silver, 466 Mich 386, 392; 646 NW2d 150 (2002) (opinion by
TAYLOR, J.),

       breaking and entering without permission is a necessarily included lesser offense
       of first-degree home invasion. Breaking and entering without permission requires
       (1) breaking and entering or (2) entering the building (3) without the owner’s
       permission. It is impossible to commit the first-degree home invasion without first
       committing a breaking and entering without permission.

        Here, a rational juror could not conclude that Dupuis committed breaking and entering but
not first-degree home invasion. The evidence showed that he was armed with a gun, that another
person was lawfully present in the dwelling, and that he committed a larceny (stealing the gun and
money), an assault (shooting Tyler), and a felony (killing Tyler). MCL 750.110a(2). In other
words, if the juror believed that it was Dupuis on the video footage, then first-degree home
invasion, not breaking and entering, was the only rational choice.

        Dupuis’s argument on appeal that the evidence supported an instruction on the lesser
offense of breaking and entering because the “video footage disputes that Defendant-Appellant
intended to commit an assault” ignores the statutory language in MCL 750.110a(2) that a person
commits first-degree home invasion so long as a felony, larceny, or assault is committed while in
the dwelling. There is no requirement in the statute that the intent to commit one of those acts
must exist before entering the dwelling. See People v Baker, 288 Mich App 378, 385; 792 NW2d
420 (2010) (“Accordingly, intending to commit a felony, larceny, or assault, and actually
committing a felony, larceny, or assault simply constitute two different methods of establishing
the same element of first-degree home invasion.”). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by declining to give an instruction on breaking and entering.

       Dupuis next contends that the trial court should have given an instruction on larceny from
a person as a necessarily included lesser offense of armed robbery.

        MCL 750.357 states, “Any person who shall commit the offense of larceny by stealing
from the person of another shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state
prison not more than 10 years.” Under MCL 750.529(1), a person is guilty of armed robbery if
the person “engages in conduct proscribed under section 530 and who in the course of engaging
in that conduct . . . [either] (a) Possesses a dangerous weapon[,] (b) Possesses an article used or

                                                -6-
fashioned in a manner that would cause a reasonable person to believe the article is a dangerous
weapon[, or] (c) Represents orally or otherwise that he or she possesses a dangerous weapon.”
Section 530, in turn, provides as follows:

               (1) A person who, in the course of committing a larceny of any money or
       other property that may be the subject of larceny, uses force or violence against any
       person who is present, or who assaults or puts the person in fear, is guilty of a felony
       punishable by imprisonment for not more than 15 years.

               (2) As used in this section, “in the course of committing a larceny” includes
       acts that occur in an attempt to commit the larceny, or during commission of the
       larceny, or in flight or attempted flight after the commission of the larceny, or in an
       attempt to retain possession of the property. [MCL 750.530.]

       In People v Smith-Anthony, 494 Mich 669, 672; 837 NW2d 415 (2013), our Supreme Court
held that “Michigan law requires a defendant to take property from the physical person or
immediate presence of a victim to commit a larceny from the person.” Relevant to the argument
advanced on appeal in the present case, our Supreme Court in Smith-Anthony also held as follows:

       Under MCL 750.530(2), a defendant who uses force in fleeing a larceny is guilty
       of robbery. Therefore, robbery does not require that the taking have been made in
       the “immediate presence” of the victim. As a result, larceny-from-the-person is no
       longer a necessarily included lesser offense of robbery. [Id. at 687 n 53 (emphasis
       added).]

        Here, we conclude that the premise of Dupuis’s appellate argument is faulty. Dupuis
argues that “[t]here was no evidence of intent to use the gun to gain money or anything else as the
gun and the money in the drawer were taken at the same time.” However, this argument fails to
acknowledge that armed robbery can include using a gun to flee with property or money. See
MCL 750.529(1) and MCL 750.530(2). Additionally, we have previously explained that larceny
from a person is not a necessarily included lesser offense of armed robbery, Mendoza, 468 Mich
at 53, and viewing the evidence presented in this case, we conclude that no rational juror could
find that Dupuis engaged in a larceny from a person, but not an armed robbery. Accordingly, no
error is apparent in connection with the trial court’s failure to instruct on larceny from a person
and defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                   B. EVIDENTIARY ISSUES

       Dupuis additionally contends that the surveillance footage from Tyler’s home-security
system called “Arlo” and certain text messages5 from Dupuis’s telephone should not have been
admitted into evidence because they were not authenticated and the text messages constituted
inadmissible hearsay.

5
 Some of the messages were not technically “text messages” but were apparently made by way of
Facebook; for ease of reference, this opinion uses the terms “texts” or “text messages.”

                                                 -7-
       As stated in People v Duenaz, 306 Mich App 85, 90; 854 NW2d 531 (2014):

               This Court reviews de novo both constitutional claims and preliminary
       questions of law regarding admissibility of evidence. We review the trial court’s
       ultimate decision regarding admissibility of evidence for an abuse of discretion. An
       abuse of discretion occurs when trial court’s decision is outside the range of
       principled outcomes. [Citations omitted.]

        Dupuis preserved his challenges to the authentication of the video and text messages by
objecting on this ground in the trial court. People v Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App
376, 382; 741 NW2d 61 (2007) (“For an issue to be preserved for appellate review, it must be
raised, addressed, and decided by the lower court.”). However, the hearsay arguments advanced
on appeal are not preserved because Dupuis did not object to the admission of this evidence on
these grounds in the trial court. “An objection based on one ground at trial is insufficient to
preserve an appellate attack based on a different ground.” People v Stimage, 202 Mich App 28,
30; 507 NW2d 778 (1993).

       This Court reviews unpreserved issues for plain error affecting substantial rights. People
v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999), mod on other grounds by People v King,
___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket No. 162327). On plain-error review, reversal is
warranted if a “clear or obvious” error occurred that “affected the outcome of the lower court
proceedings.” Carines, 460 Mich at 763. And even if this standard is satisfied,

       an appellate court must exercise its discretion in deciding whether to reverse.
       Reversal is warranted only when the plain, forfeited error resulted in the conviction
       of an actually innocent defendant or when an error seriously affected the fairness,
       integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings independent of the defendant’s
       innocence. [Id. at 763-764 (citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).]

       Tyler’s home security system captured his murder on video. Dupuis contends that this
video footage obtained from Arlo was not admissible because the prosecutor did not properly
authenticate it through the testimony of an Arlo representative.

       MRE 9016 states in relevant part:

              (a) General Provision. The requirement of authentication or identification
       as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to
       support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.

               (b) Illustrations. By way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation,
       the following are examples of authentication or identification conforming with the
       requirements of this rule:

6
 There will be some changes to this rule, and other rules of evidence mentioned in this opinion,
going into effect on January 1, 2024.

                                               -8-
                (1) Testimony of Witness With Knowledge. Testimony that a matter is what
       it is claimed to be.

                                                   * * *

               (4) Distinctive Characteristics and the Like. Appearance, contents,
       substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics, taken in conjunction
       with circumstances.

                                               * * *

               (6) Telephone Conversations. Telephone conversations, by evidence that a
       call was made to the number assigned at the time by the telephone company to a
       particular person or business, if (A) in the case of a person, circumstances,
       including self-identification, show the person answering to be the one called, or (B)
       in the case of a business, the call was made to a place of business and the
       conversation related to business reasonably transacted over the telephone.

                                               * * *

              (9) Process or System. Evidence describing a process or system used to
       produce a result and showing that the process or system produces an accurate result.

       In People v Berkey, 437 Mich 40, 52; 467 NW2d 6 (1991), our Supreme Court stated:

       It is axiomatic that proposed evidence need not tell the whole story of a case, nor
       need it be free of weakness or doubt. It need only meet the minimum requirements
       for admissibility. Beyond that, our system trusts the finder of fact to sift through
       the evidence and weigh it properly.

              If a tape, or any other proposed exhibit that is subject to the MRE 901
       requirement of authentication, is shown to be “what its proponent claims,” then it
       has been authenticated sufficiently. [Citations omitted.]

        Here, Detective Bradley Lewis with the Bay City Department of Public Safety testified
about the Arlo camera system in Tyler’s residence. When Lewis went to the residence as part of
his investigation of the homicide, he observed the cameras installed in multiple locations of the
residence. According to Lewis, the cameras record video that is transmitted wirelessly to be stored
“in the cloud.” There is no on-site video storage, and the video footage can be viewed from the
owner’s cellular telephone.

        Lewis testified that he initially looked at video from the cameras by using Tyler’s cellular
telephone. He had to go to the morgue and use Tyler’s “right index fingerprint” to access the
phone. The detective saw some videos from “the time around the homicide” and obtained a search
warrant for the stored video footage from the residence. Detective Lewis stated that he sent a
“preservation request” to Arlo while the search warrant was being prepared. In response to the
search warrant, he received “a thumb drive from the company, Arlo, in the mail.” The prosecutor
asked, “And, when you looked at the footage that was contained on that, was it the same as what

                                                 -9-
you were—probably similar to, but with more detail, what you looked at when you were looking
at [Tyler’s] phone?” The detective replied:

              Correct. The videos that I looked at on [Tyler’s] phone that day were the
       same videos that Arlo had sent me. However, Arlo sent me more footage from
       other days, and more from that same day. It was just more files.

        The detective said that the telephone and the thumb drive showed Tyler’s homicide but that
the thumb drive contained more footage from before and after the homicide. In response to the
objection of Dupuis’s counsel, the trial court ruled that an adequate foundation had been laid for
admission of the footage. It said, “But in terms of it being reliable, in terms of it not being altered,
those are all questions for the jury, the finder of fact. I think that the foundation has been laid in
this case.”

        The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the video footage into evidence.
The prosecutor, by way of the detective’s testimony about using Tyler’s fingerprint to access the
phone, viewing the video on the phone, requesting further footage from Arlo, and the
correspondence between the two sets of video footage provided “evidence sufficient to support a
finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” MRE 901(a). The additional
footage from Arlo and the footage that the detective viewed on Tyler’s telephone had distinctive
characteristics (i.e., it all showed a continuous time sequence), and the circumstances indicated
that the footage was, in fact, the actual footage from the night in question. See MRE 901(b)(4).

        When assessing whether evidence has been authenticated under MRE 901(a), “the trial
court must determine whether the proponent of the evidence has made a prima facie showing that
a reasonable juror might conclude that the proffered evidence is what the proponent claims it to
be.” People v Smith, 336 Mich App 79, 106; 969 NW2d 548 (2021) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). “The judge should permit the evidence to go to the jury unless the showing as to
authenticity is so weak that no reasonable juror could consider the evidence to be what its
proponent claims it to be.” Id. at 107 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Because a reasonable
juror could conclude from the evidence that the video was what the prosecution claimed it was,
the video was properly authenticated. It was up to the jury to weigh the evidence. Berkey, 437
Mich at 52; see also Smith, 336 Mich App at 107 (stating that once evidence has been properly
authenticated under MRE 901(a), “the jury remains the ultimate fact-finder, and the jury decides
whether the evidence is reliable and what weight to give the evidence, if any”).

       Dupuis also argues that certain text messages that were allegedly exchanged between
Dupuis and other individuals should have been excluded. He argues that the text messages were
not properly authenticated because nobody saw Dupuis write the text messages and it was therefore
not shown that he had actually used the phone to write and send the messages.

       MRE 901(a) states, “The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition
precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in
question is what its proponent claims.” Proposed evidence must only meet the minimum
requirements for admissibility. Berkey, 437 Mich at 52; Smith, 336 Mich App at 106-107; People
v McDade, 301 Mich App 343, 353; 836 NW2d 266 (2013). Regarding written messages, courts
can evaluate the messages’ distinctive characteristics, their contents, and the circumstances

                                                 -10-
surrounding the writings to determine whether the messages are sufficiently genuine. See,
generally, People v Ford, 262 Mich App 443, 461-462; 687 NW2d 119 (2004).

        Here, Bay City Police Officer Robert James Querback II testified about getting the text
messages from a cellular telephone that was seized from Dupuis when he was arrested. Querback
extracted the information from this phone pursuant to a search warrant, and he located messages
exchanged through Facebook Messenger. In the Facebook Messenger application, the owner of
the phone was listed as “Brandon Dupuis.” These text messages included messages exchanged
between the phone that was seized from Dupuis and a device associated with Knights, as well as
messages exchanged between Dupuis’s phone and a device associated with his girlfriend. A
reasonable juror could conclude from this circumstantial evidence that the messages were sent and
received by Dupuis; the prosecution’s showing of authenticity was not “so weak that no reasonable
juror could consider the evidence to be what its proponent claim[ed] it to be.” Smith, 336 Mich
App at 106-107.

       Additionally, Dupuis admitted during his trial testimony to sending at least some of the
messages, including messages to Knights and other messages seeking a ride during the early
morning hours immediately following the murder. Dupuis claimed these messages had nothing to
do with a home invasion or murder, however, from this record, we conclude that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion by admitting the text message evidence. Id.

        With respect to Dupuis’s hearsay argument, he argues that the text messages were
inadmissible hearsay because there was insufficient evidence that Dupuis wrote them and the texts
therefore could not be admissions of a party opponent, see MRE 801(d)(2). However, as further
explained above, Dupuis has failed to establish the premise of his argument. He thus has failed to
establish plain error. Carines, 460 Mich at 763. To the extent Dupuis asserts that there was an
issue of inadmissible hearsay related to the video footage, he has failed to provide any argument
explaining his assertion. By failing to properly develop this argument, he has abandoned it. People
v Henry, 315 Mich App 130, 148-149; 889 NW2d 1 (2016).

                                   III. DOCKET NO. 361119

                       A. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

       In Docket No. 361119, Knights first contends that he received ineffective assistance of
counsel because his attorney told him there was no way he would be convicted of first-degree
murder. He contends that if he had been given proper advice regarding liability under an aiding
and abetting theory, he would have entered a plea for second-degree murder.

        “Whether a person has been denied effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of
fact and constitutional law. A judge must first find the facts, and then must decide whether those
facts constitute a violation of the defendant’s constitutional right to effective assistance of
counsel.” People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). A court’s findings of
fact are reviewed for clear error, and questions of constitutional law are reviewed de novo. Id.

        To obtain relief on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant “must show
that counsel’s performance fell short of [an] objective standard of reasonableness and that, but for
counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of [the

                                               -11-
defendant’s trial] would have been different.” People v Ackley, 497 Mich 381, 389; 870 NW2d
858 (2015) (quotation marks and citation; second alteration in original). “A reasonable probability
is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. (quotation marks and
citation omitted).

         On December 27, 2022, a Ginther7 hearing took place regarding Knights’s claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel. Knights claimed that his trial attorney, Alan Crawford, told him
before trial that the prosecution was considering a plea offer of second-degree murder. Knights
claimed that Crawford said “to not worry about it because . . . I wasn’t gonna get found guilty
of . . . murder ‘cause I didn’t murder anybody.” Knights claimed that he and Crawford never
discussed aider-and-abettor liability. He said that if he had understood this type of liability, he
“would have tried to negotiate something.”

        Crawford testified that before trial, the prosecution was considering a plea agreement for
second-degree murder and that he tried to get Knights to agree to such a plea deal. Crawford said
that he “tried several times to convince him.” Crawford said that he spoke with Knights and
informed him that, in light of the video evidence, the possibility of a conviction of felony murder
was high. He testified that Knights “just continued to say that it was [sic] no way he was gonna
be found guilty because he didn’t pull the trigger.” Crawford indicated that he gave Knights the
jury instructions for aiding and abetting and that Knights “was well aware of what aiding and
abetting entailed.” Furthermore, Crawford explained that Knights had “all the literature, multiple
cases dealing with felony murder, and home invasion,” as well as the jury instructions for all of
the charged crimes. Crawford testified that he explained aider-and-abettor liability “very
specifically” to Knights and that he informed Knights that if the jury believed Knights acted as an
aider and abettor, Knights could be just as culpable as the shooter. Crawford denied ever telling
Knights that he would not be convicted of first-degree murder, and Crawford denied Knights’
allegation that they never discussed aider-and-abettor liability.

         The trial court denied Knights’ motion for a new trial. The court specifically found that
Crawford was credible, stating that it “be1ieve[d] Mr. Crawford when he testified that he
thoroughly explained aider and abettor liability to Mr. Knights.” The trial court also found
believable Crawford’s testimony that “that he made no recommendation that a plea bargain not be
pursued because Mr. Knights would be likely acquitted of murder one.” Further, the court found
that it was Knights’ decision not to engage in plea negotiations, despite Crawford’s advice.

        The trial court did not clearly err by accepting Crawford’s version of the facts. LeBlanc,
465 Mich at 579. And this Court “defer[s] to the trial court’s assessment of witnesses’ credibilities,
to the extent such assessments are relevant, even where the applicable standard of review is
otherwise de novo.” People v Ziegler (On Remand), 343 Mich App 406, 411; ___ NW2d ___
(2022) (Docket No. 355697). Knights has failed to establish the premises of his ineffective-
assistance claim that he was told he could not be convicted of first-degree murder and was not
advised on aider-and-abettor liability before trial and related to possible plea negotiations. Indeed,
Knights intends for this Court to accept his version of the facts. Because Knights has not

7
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).

                                                -12-
established either prong of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, reversal on this basis is
unwarranted.8 Ackley, 497 Mich at 389.

                                  B. OTHER-ACTS EVIDENCE

       Knights next contends that the trial court improperly admitted into evidence text messages
between Dupuis and Knights in which they discuss a possible home invasion at a location other
than the one at issue in the present case. He contends that the evidence was inadmissible under
MRE 404(b) and was overly prejudicial.

          As previously stated, we review de novo preliminary questions of law regarding the
admissibility of evidence, and we review for an abuse of discretion the trial court’s ultimate ruling
on admissibility. Duenaz, 306 Mich App at 90. However, an “objection based on one ground at
trial is insufficient to preserve an appellate attack based on a different ground,” Stimage, 202 Mich
App at 30, and this Court reviews unpreserved issues for plain error affecting substantial rights,
Carines, 460 Mich at 763.

       The evidence challenged by Knights on appeal consists of a text message conversation
between Knights and Dupuis allegedly involving earlier plans to commit a different home
invasion. On cross-examination of Detective Lewis during Knights’ trial, defense counsel elicited
testimony that during the search of Dupuis’s cell phone, text messages were discovered indicating
that Dupuis was involved in illegally selling and using prescription medications. On redirect, the
prosecution sought to introduce text messages between Knights and Dupuis from approximately
two weeks before the incident at issue in this case. In those text messages, the prosecution argued
that Knights was “seeking out Brandon Dupuis to be involved in what . . . could be argued as
another home invasion.” The prosecution argued that defense counsel’s questioning had “opened
the door into getting into this other discussion . . . .” Defense counsel objected, arguing as follows:

       I believe . . . my questions were limited to Brandon Dupuis’s drug use and drug
       selling. Particularly talked about weights, prices, talked about his alcohol use,
       while questioning the detective I did not necessarily go into any other crimes
       involving my client. How that opens the door, I don’t see that, your Honor. The
       main focus here was Brandon Dupuis and selling drugs. We’re dealing with a case
       involving an alleged well, from the prosecution’s theory, an alleged theft of drugs.
       And I was indicating to the jury that Brandon Dupuis was already involved in the
       selling of narcotics. I did not open the door to anything as pertaining to my client,
       any type of home invasions, there’s no proof of any home invasions with my client

8
 Knights refers to a letter in which Crawford writes about disagreeing with the verdict. This letter,
attached to Knights’s brief on appeal, adds nothing to Knights’ appellate argument because
counsel’s expression of disagreement with the verdict is not evidence that trial counsel failed to
advise Knights on aiding and abetting before trial and in connection with plea negotiations.
Moreover, it appears that Knights is attempting to impermissibly expand the record on appeal by
attaching this letter to his brief. People v Powell, 235 Mich App 557, 561 n 4; 599 NW2d 499
(1999).

                                                 -13-
         being involved in any home invasions. I believe this evidence would be prejudicial
         as well as misleading.

       In response to defense counsel’s argument, the prosecutor argued that Knights’ defense
throughout the case had been that Dupuis was the instigator of the criminal activity and that
Knights was “an unwitting participant in this.” The prosecutor further argued that the text
messages from two weeks earlier showed Knights as the initial and primary planner of that
proposed home invasion, which rebutted the defense theory as to the home invasion and other
accompanying criminal activity at issue in the trial. The trial court ruled as follows:

                I think the introduction of criminal activity on the part of Mr. Dupuis, even
         though [defense counsel’s] question didn’t go into anything other than drugs, does
         open the door to criminal activity on the part of Mr. Knights, and the fact that they
         were associated perhaps in criminal activity makes it relevant.

                I do agree there’s some prejudice to it . . . but I think that the probative value
         outweighs the prejudice, and I will allow this into evidence.

       The prosecutor then introduced this short text conversation between Knights and Dupuis,
in which Knights stated that “she”9 had been “doing research with t-h-r, old lady past couple days”
and that “[s]he say these one people come every Tuesday, just cut grass to make it look like
somebody there, but ain’t nobody there.”

        On appeal, Knights argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting this other-
acts evidence because “questions about Mr. Dupuis [did] not open the door to other acts evidence
about [Knights]” and the evidence was relevant “only . . . to propensity,” as well as “substantially
more prejudicial than it [was] probative to any material fact.” Knights contends that this evidence
was admitted in violation of MRE 404(b), which provides in relevant part:

                  (1) Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
         character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may,
         however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
         intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or
         absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other
         crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the
         conduct at issue in the case.

        In the trial court, there was no discussion of any specific rule of evidence on which
admission of the evidence was predicated. Defense counsel did not specifically cite MRE 404(b).
Defense counsel argued that he had not “opened the door” to admission of this evidence and that
the evidence would be prejudicial and misleading.

       Defense counsel’s argument that the evidence was prejudicial and misleading appears to
implicate MRE 403, which provides that “[a]lthough relevant, evidence may be excluded if its

9
    This third person was not identified by name.

                                                   -14-
probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence.” On appeal, however, Knights does not seriously raise any
argument based on MRE 403. To the extent he asserts that the evidence was substantially more
prejudicial than probative of any material fact, without providing any further development or
discussion of relevant legal authority, he has abandoned any potential argument on this ground.
“An appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this Court to discover and
rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give only cursory treatment with little or no citation
of supporting authority.” Henry, 315 Mich App at 148 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        The discussion in the trial court regarding whether defendant had “opened the door” to the
introduction of this evidence may have been a reference to MRE 404(a)(1), even though the rule
does not use the phrase “opened the door.” See People v Lukity, 460 Mich 484, 497-499; 596
NW2d 607 (1999) (concluding, in a case involving charges that the defendant sexually assaulted
his daughter, that the defendant’s testimony about his own pertinent character trait of only
engaging in “appropriate” activities with his children “opened the door” under MRE 404(a)(1) and
MRE 405(a) to inquiry by the prosecution on cross-examination into specific instances of
uncharged inappropriate conduct with his children, such as smoking marijuana with his son). MRE
404(a)(1) provides in relevant part that “[e]vidence of a person’s character or a trait of character is
not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion,
except . . . [e]vidence of a pertinent trait of character offered by an accused, or by the prosecution
to rebut the same . . . .”10

       Here, in light of the manner in which the issue was framed in the trial court, especially
given the complete lack of any discussion or ruling involving MRE 404(b), Knights’ attempt to
recharacterize the admission of the evidence as a violation of MRE 404(b) presents this Court with
an issue for which it is difficult to provide any meaningful form of appellate review. In Lukity,
460 Mich at 499-500 our Supreme Court stated that:

          the prosecutor did not attempt to introduce evidence that defendant smoked
          marijuana with his son to prove that defendant had acted in conformity with his
          character for marijuana use. Rather, he merely cross-examined defendant regarding
          this issue, as permitted by MRE 405(a), in response to defendant’s testimony, under
          MRE 404(a)(1), that he was a father who only engaged in appropriate activities
          with his children. This cross-examination under MRE 405(a) simply did not
          implicate MRE 404(b). Thus, the prosecutor was not obligated, under MRE 404(b),
          to demonstrate a purpose under which such evidence would be admissible or to
          provide notice.

The Court in Lukity concluded that it was thus improper to frame this issue “as whether this ‘bad
act’ evidence was admissible under MRE 404(b),” and the Court held that reversal of the
defendant’s conviction was not warranted on this basis. Id. at 499-500.

10
     The other exceptions in MRE 404(a) are not at issue in this case.

                                                 -15-
         Here, Knights did not object to the admission of this evidence on the basis of MRE 404(b)
and thus failed to preserve this issue for appeal. Stimage, 202 Mich App at 30. Knights’ attempt
to reframe the issue by arguing that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence
in violation of MRE 404(b) when the evidence was actually admitted for a purpose that did not
seem to implicate MRE 404(b), see id., does not establish that a plain error occurred—especially
where he also fails to develop an argument directed at showing error in the actual reasoning for
admission employed by the trial court. Carines, 460 Mich at 763. Moreover, even if Knights had
successfully established the existence of a plain error, he has failed to provide any argument
explaining how the admission of this minimally probative evidence prejudiced him in light of the
other trial evidence. As Knights admits, he was identified at trial on the security camera footage
that depicted the events at issue in this case. This footage showed three individuals entering
Tyler’s residence, as well as the shooting that killed Tyler. There was also DNA evidence admitted
at trial tying Knights to the scene. It is a defendant’s burden to establish prejudice by showing
“that the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings,” id., and Knights has not
carried this burden in this case on this claim of error.

       Affirmed in both Docket No. 361117 and Docket No. 361119.

                                                             /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                             /s/ Brock A. Swartzle
                                                             /s/ Sima G. Patel

                                               -16-