Court Opinion

ID: 931661
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-06-26 00:02:11.514596+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:19:41.214485
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/25/13 Majeske v. DRS Technologies CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN

STEVEN MAJESKE,                                                      B236760

         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                    (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BC429031)
         v.
                                                               ORDER MODIFYING OPINION
DRS TECHNOLOGIES, INC., et al.,                                NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT

         Defendants and Respondents.

THE COURT:

         It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on June 3, 2013, and not certified for
publication, be modified as follows:
         1. On page 8, line 7, after the numeral (3), delete “DRS” and insert “STS.”
         2. On page 9, first line, delete the word “corporate” and insert the word
“divisional.” On the second line, delete the word “divisional” and insert the word
“corporate.”
         3. On pages 10-11, the third paragraph reads as follows:
         “Even assuming DRS had knowledge of the problems with the SRP and its effect
on future employee transfers and assuming it had the duty to disclose that information,
there is still the question of reliance. Majeske failed to establish that had he known of the
method of accounting, he would have opted for the Hughes plan. He admitted he did not
understand the fine points of accounting. He also stated he received a $30,000 retention
bonus for staying at DRS and actually liked the program. He did not establish that the
Hughes Plan would have allowed him to transfer between divisions at Raytheon. He
could not prove that the only reason he stayed at DRS was because of the SRP.
Moreover, Majeske did not establish that the inability to transfer was the reason hindering
his employment at DRS and thus his ability to stay in the SRP. Majeske was not ordered
to transfer divisions. He viewed transferring as the only way around his conflict with
Viviano. A trier of fact could reasonably infer that in a different economic climate, the
costs of the SRP might not have affected Majeske’s ability to transfer. Certainly there
was the possibility that at the time of the SRP presentation, Majeske would not have
cared at all about the way the costs of the SRP were expensed and would have made his
decision to enroll in the SRP even if the disclosure had been made. Majeske failed to
present substantial responsive evidence of misrepresentation, constructive fraud or
fraud.”
       It should read:
       “Even assuming DRS had knowledge of the problems with the SRP and its effect
on future employee transfers and assuming it had the duty to disclose that information,
there is still the question of reliance. Majeske did not demonstrate that there was a triable
issue of fact that had he known of the method of accounting, he would have opted for the
Hughes plan. He admitted he did not understand the fine points of accounting. He also
stated he received a $30,000 retention bonus for staying at DRS and actually liked the
program. He did not produce evidence that the Hughes Plan would have allowed him to
transfer between divisions at Raytheon. He did not place evidence in the record relevant
to the issue that the only reason he stayed at DRS was because of the SRP. Moreover,
there was no evidence that Majeske’s inability to transfer was the reason hindering his
employment at DRS and thus his ability to stay in the SRP. Majeske was not ordered to
transfer divisions. He viewed transferring as the only way around his conflict with
Viviano. Majeske failed to present substantial responsive evidence of misrepresentation,
constructive fraud or fraud to demonstrate the existence of a triable issue of material
fact.”
         Appellant’s petition for rehearing is denied. The foregoing does not change the
judgment.

PERLUSS, P. J.                       WOODS, J.                                 ZELON, J.
Filed 6/3/13 (unmodified version)
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN

STEVEN MAJESKE,                                                      B236760

         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                    (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BC429031)
         v.

DRS TECHNOLOGIES, INC., et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.

                   APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
David L. Minning, Judge. Affirmed.

                   Fersguson Case Orr Paterson, Wendy C. Lascher and Meghan B. Clark;
Law Office of Vida M. Holguin and Vida M. Holguin for Plaintiff and Appellant.

                   Gordon & Rees San Francisco and Don Willenburg; Gordon & Rees Los
Angeles, Stephen E. Ronk, Anthony J. Bellone and Jennifer L. Ghozland for Defendants
and Respondents.
                                  ________________________________
       In 2009, appellant Steven Majeske (Majeske) was terminated from his
employment at DRS Sensors and Targeting Systems, Inc., (hereinafter STS) a subsidiary
of DRS Technologies, Inc. (DRS, collectively referred to as respondents). He filed an
action for wrongful termination and several other causes of action against respondents.
Respondents filed a motion for summary judgment and the trial court granted summary
adjudication on five causes of action. The case proceeded to a jury trial on the remaining
two causes of action (age discrimination and wrongful termination). The court granted a
motion for directed verdict on those two causes of action and entered judgment in favor
of respondents.
       Majeske appeals and we affirm.
                      FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       The following facts are taken from the papers submitted in support of the motion
for summary judgment.
       In 1980, Majeske was hired as a systems engineer at Hughes Aircraft. Hughes
paid for him to enroll in a Master’s in Business Administration from Pepperdine
University. In 1988, Majeske enrolled in the pension plan offered by Hughes.
       In 1997, Raytheon purchased Hughes and took over the administration of the
pension plan (hereinafter referred to as the Hughes Plan). As condition of the Hughes
acquisition, the Department of Justice ordered Raytheon to stop doing business on certain
infrared military technology. In addition, Majeske and other former Hughes engineers
were banned from working for Raytheon for three years. Raytheon then sold its infrared
technology group to DRS and Majeske was given the option of going to work for DRS.
Majeske accepted a job with DRS in October 1998. He was given the option of returning
to Raytheon after the three-year period, but had to do so before the expiration of five
years (in 2003), in order to “bridge back,” i.e. return to participation, in the Hughes Plan.
He did not sign a written contract of employment with DRS.
       Near the end of the three-year period, in 1991, DRS wanted to retain Majeske and
the other former Hughes employees, so to induce them to stay it created a retirement plan

                                              5
(the SRP) which was designed to “make employees whole” and “mirror” the benefit
calculations and features of the Hughes Plan.
       In September 2001, DRS representatives met with certain former Hughes
employees and explained the SRP to them. They were given a written summary of the
SRP.
       Andrea Mandel, the DRS vice-president of Human Resources, told them the SRP
was a “nonqualified unfunded plan,” which would be paid from the general assets of the
company. She also told them that if DRS entered bankruptcy proceedings, they would be
treated like any other creditors. She did not discuss how the plan expenses would be
borne by DRS. She knew that all other employee benefit plans were allocated out to the
individual’s organizations, and assumed the SRP would be expensed the same way, but it
was never discussed at that meeting. Majeske admitted that if she did say that the SRP
was payable out of the general assets of DRS, he did not know accounting “to that level.”
Majeske understood that the DRS board of directors could terminate the plan. He did not
know if the Hughes plan could be terminated.
       Close to the end of the five-year term in which Majeske could choose to reenroll
in the Hughes plan, Majeske compared his retirement benefits in the SRP. He applied for
and received a job offer from Raytheon. He told his supervisor at DRS that he was
concerned because he would receive less from SRP than the Hughes Plan. His
supervisor, Bob Duvall, assured him that DRS would fix the issue. In September 2003,
Majeske and other participants in the SRP received a memorandum from Fred Marion,
President of the DRS Electro Optical Systems Group, stating that DRS intended to
provide a supplemental retirement benefit that would make the participants “whole” if
they did not re-enroll in the Hughes plan. DRS then amended the SRP.
       DRS also offered Majeske a $30,000 retention bonus and Majeske enjoyed
working at DRS. Majeske elected to remain at DRS. In 2004, he was given the position
of “Project Manager 5.”

                                            6
       Under the SRP, a participant could retire and receive benefits at age 65 or anytime
after 55, when the sum of the employee’s age plus years of service equaled 75 (the Magic
75).
       During the period from 1998 through October 2004, Majeske received written
performance reviews from DRS with ratings of “5” for “outstanding,” and “4” for
“exceeds expectations.” His supervisors at the time were Robert Duvall and James Neu.
       In 2004, Neu assigned Majeske to take over a troubled program called CETS. Neu
gave Majeske the highest performance rating for 2004.
       In October 2004, Neu was replaced by Robert Viviano.
       In 2005, Majeske received a performance review of “3” for “meets expectations.”
He did not receive any performance reviews after 2005.
       In 2005, Viviano removed Majeske from CETS. In 2005 or 2006, he placed
Majeske on the Tank Urban Survivability Kit (TUSK) program. Viviano then placed
Majeske on the Crosshairs program in 2006.
       DRS lost the Crosshairs program to another company. Majeske admitted he had
some responsibility for the loss of the Crosshairs program.
       Around this time, Viviano stopped assigning work to Majeske. Viviano said he
was not qualified to be a program manager, but admitted that Majeske was an “above
average” proposal writer. Viviano told Majeske he had no work for him. Majeske did
not receive any pay raises and was told that his salary was higher than the Project
Manager 5 band.
       Certain STS supervisors told Majeske that Viviano did not like him, so Majeske
sought advice from Viviano’s supervisor, Jimmy Baird. Baird advised Majeske to
transfer out of Viviano’s division.
       Majeske was able to secure a transfer to the Homeland Security Solutions (HSS)
division of DRS. HSS discovered that because the cost of the SRP plan was borne by the
employee’s division and not at the corporate level, it could not hire Majeske. Prior to this
time, Majeske had never heard that the SRP adversely affected his ability to transfer. Nor
had anyone ever discussed with him the cost of the SRP before.

                                             7
      In 2008, Michael Tortorella, also a former Hughes employee who was enrolled in
the SRP, sought a transfer to another division and was told that the SRP made him
“unaffordable” and prevented him and Majeske from transferring.
      Rosarie Holland, Human Resources Manager for STS, said Viviano mentioned on
more than one occasion that he wanted to get rid of the “Torrance employees” which
included Majeske’s group from Hughes.
      In 2007, Majeske was 50 years old, had 27 years of employment, and thus was less
than five years away from the Magic 75.
      In August 2008, Mandel told Majeske and the other SRP participants that DRS
was going to freeze the SRP benefits because it was too expensive. Majeske and
Tortorella wrote to the CEO of DRS, Mark Newman, about the situation. Newman
reinstated the SRP in September 2008, and said to Mandel and COO of DRS, Bob
Mehmel, that the cost of SRP should not be an impediment for employees to transfer
within DRS. Viviano expressed concern to other DRS managers about the costs of the
SRP. Other managers also discussed the pension liabilities of the former Hughes
employees.
      In 2008, DRS hired another project manager Jennifer Ferrario, as a Project
Manager 4. Ferrario was over ten years younger than Majeske.
      In 2009, DRS hired Kwang Lee, who was younger than Majeske, as a Project
Manager 5.
      In July 2009, the Department of Defense cancelled the Future Combat Systems
Program (FCS) at STS. Majeske had not worked for FCS in 2009.
      On July 23, 2009, 19 employees, including Majeske and Tortorella, were
terminated from employment at DRS. Majeske and Tortorella were the only ones not
working full-time on FCS. Two employees who were still enrolled in SRP remained.
Majeske’s compensation at that time was $167,000. Carolyn Rose, Director of Human
Resources for DRS, performed a “disparate impact analysis” prior to the layoff and
determined there was no disparate impact with respect to age.

                                           8
       The DRS layoff justification form stated that there was “insufficient work” for
Majeske and that he did not have the “required skills or background.” It compared him
with Kwang Lee and Richard Willis, both Project Manager 5s. DRS claimed Lee was
fluent in Korean, which was needed for the position and Willis had space flight
experience that Majeske did not have. Majeske did in fact have experience with space
flight instruments.
       In December 2009, Majeske filed a complaint for age discrimination, wrongful
termination, fraud and intentional deceit, constructive fraud, negligent misrepresentation
and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing against respondents.
The complaint was later amended to add a cause of action for unfair competition.
       This case was found to be related to Tortorella’s wrongful termination lawsuit,
Tortorella v. DRS and STS, Los Angeles County Superior Court Case No. BC431080,
which raised similar claims. Majeske’s case was designated as the lead case.
       Respondents filed a motion for summary judgment, or in the alternative, summary
adjudication. On May 23, 2011, the trial court granted summary adjudication of the third
(fraud and intentional deceit), fourth (constructive fraud), fifth (negligent
misrepresentation), sixth (breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing) and
seventh (unfair competition) causes of action. On July 11, 2011, a jury trial commenced
on the two remaining claims of age discrimination and wrongful termination. After both
sides had rested, Majeske filed a motion to amend the complaint to add allegations of
retaliation to his cause of action for wrongful termination and to include a cause of action
for interference with prospective economic advantage. The court denied the motion.
Respondents moved for nonsuit on the two causes of action, and the court instead,
granted judgment by directed verdict in respondents’ favor.
                               CONTENTIONS ON APPEAL
       Majeske appealed. He contends: (1) the trial court erred in granting summary
adjudication on the fraud, constructive fraud, negligent misrepresentation and unfair
competition causes of action; (2) the trial court erred by directing a verdict at the trial of

                                               9
the age discrimination and wrongful termination causes of action; and (3) the trial court
erred in denying the motion to amend the complaint to add a retaliation cause of action.1
                                       DISCUSSION
1. Summary adjudication
       We review the grant of a motion for summary judgment de novo, considering all
the evidence set forth in the pleadings except that to which successful objections have
been made. (Guz v. Bechtel National Inc. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 317, 334.) Accordingly we
go through the same three-step process required of the trial court, that is, we (1) identify
the issues framed by the complaint, (2) determine whether the moving party has made an
adequate showing negating the opponent’s claim, and (3) determine whether the opposing
party has raised a triable issue of material fact, resolving any doubts in favor of the
opponent. (Barber v. Marina Sailing, Inc. (1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 558, 562.) The moving
party must make a prima facie showing of the nonexistence of a triable issue of fact, and
if this burden is met, the burden shifts to the opponent to show the existence of a triable
issue. (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850.)
       In their motion for summary judgment, respondents contended that the DRS
representatives explained to Majeske and other former Hughes employees in 2001 that
SRP was an unfunded, nonqualified plan to be paid out of DRS’s general assets. No one
discussed about how DRS would account for the plan and Mandel said she was not even
aware of where the expense of the plan would be borne or of the accounting logistics.
Majeske was given a summary plan description. Later the plan was adjusted to meet
concerns of those employees and Majeske was given another summary plan description.
Respondents contend that there were no misrepresentations or fraudulent statements
made to Majeske, nor did he ask. They contend that he was terminated because of the

1      Majeske did not appeal the ruling on the breach of implied covenant of good faith
and fair dealing.

                                             10
loss of the FCS contract and because he had less than stellar performance reviews in his
later years of employment.
       In his opposition to the summary judgment motion, Majeske contended: (1) the
motion for summary judgment should have been taken off calendar because respondents
failed to produce computer-organized discovery (“metadata”2) as requested; (2) he
established a prima facie case of age discrimination and wrongful termination; (3)
respondents failed to disclose the fact that DRS was financially responsible for the SRP;
(4) Mandel knew how the SRP costs were expensed and did not tell Majeske or the other
Hughes employees; (5) Majeske’s reliance on the representations about the SRP caused
him to lose his lucrative benefits under the Hughes-Raytheon plan and his inability to
transfer employment within DRS removed him from career advancement opportunities,
setting him up for termination; (6) respondents did not abide by their promises regarding
the SRP, did not follow its policies regarding transfer and layoff and essentially
terminated Majeske to avoid paying SRP costs; and (7) DRS’s misrepresentations
constituted unfair business practices. Majeske stated in his memorandum of points and
authorities: “The misrepresentation that forms the backbone of [Majeske’s] fraud claim is
[respondents’] failure to disclose a material fact—that the SRP was expensed like all
DRS benefits, at the divisional level. . . . Concomitant with the concealment of this
material fact, [respondents] were representing affirmatively that the SRP would mirror
the Hughes Plan and that it would make up for all losses by not bridging back into the
Hughes Plan. This was not true because under the Hughes Plan, Hughes employees
could transfer freely as the Hughes Plan was supported at the corporate level.”
       Majeske contends that the court erred in granting the motion for summary
adjudication because DRS misrepresented SRP would mirror the Hughes plan and make
up for what the participants lost when they left Hughes. He argues that DRS did not

2      Majeske uses the term “metadata” to describe information describing the history
or tracking of an electronic document. He sought to obtain information about how and
when his online performance reviews were accessed.

                                             11
inform him and the others that the expenses of SRP would be handled at the corporate
level, not the divisional level, thus making it impossible for him to transfer to another
division, and because of these representations, Majeske did not return to Raytheon, and
thus lost his chance to return to the Hughes plan.
       a. Misrepresentation and Fraud
       The trial court was correct in finding that Majeske could not show a triable issue
of fact as to the causes of action for misrepresentation, constructive fraud and fraud.
       The elements of fraudulent deceit are: (a) misrepresentation (false representation,
concealment, or nondisclosure); (b) knowledge of falsity; (c) intent to induce reliance;
(d) justifiable reliance; and (e) resulting damage. (Lazar v. Superior Court (1996) 12
Cal.4th 631, 638; Civ. Code, § 1709 .) Reliance is an essential element. (Mirkin v.
Wasserman (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1082, 1110.)
       The elements for fraudulent concealment are: (1) concealment or suppression of a
material fact, (2) duty to disclose the fact, (3) intent to conceal or suppress with intent to
defraud, (4) plaintiff must have been unaware of the fact and would not have acted as he
did if he had known of the concealment or suppression, and (5) resulting damage. (Jones
v. Conoco Phillips (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 1187, 1198; Marketing West, Inc. v. Sanyo
Fisher (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 603, 612-613.)
       Negligent misrepresentation is a form of deceit and its elements are: (1)
misrepresentation of a material fact, (2) no reasonable grounds for believing it to be true,
(3) intent to induce reliance, (4) plaintiff’s ignorance of the truth and reliance thereon,
and (5) damages. (Fox v. Pollack (1986) 181 Cal.App.3d 954, 962.) It does not require
intent to defraud. (Small v. Fritz Companies Inc. (2003) 30 Cal.4th167, 173-174.)
       “Actual reliance occurs when the defendant’s misrepresentation is an immediate
cause of the plaintiff’s conduct, altering his legal relations, and when, absent such
representation, the plaintiff would not, in all reasonable probability, have entered into the
transaction. (Engalla v. Permanente Medical Group, Inc. (1997) 15 Cal.4th 951, 976.)”
(Cadlo v. Owens-Illinois, Inc. (2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 513, 519.)

                                              12
       Constructive fraud occurs when someone in a confidential or fiduciary relationship
to another induces justifiable reliance to the prejudice of the other. (Civ. Code § 1573;
Odorizzi v. Bloomfield School Dist. (1966) 246 Cal.App.2d 123, 129.) If there is no
fiduciary relationship, the duty to disclose exists when the defendant has control over
material facts which were not disclosed, either if it has exclusive knowledge of material
facts, if it actively conceals a material fact, or when it makes partial representations of
material facts but also suppresses some. (Jones, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at p. 1199.)
       Majeske contends that DRS knew that the SRP was expensed to the individual
divisions and thus had a duty to disclose that the method of accounting would have an
effect on his ability to transfer. The potential for problems with transferring directly
affected his ability to reap the benefits of the SRP and thus was a crucial factor in his
decision to participate in the plan and not to bridge back to the Hughes Plan. DRS’
failure to inform him is the basis of his claims for fraud and negligent misrepresentation.
       Even assuming DRS had knowledge of the problems with the SRP and its effect
on future employee transfers and assuming it had the duty to disclose that information,
there is still the question of reliance. Majeske failed to establish that had he known of the
method of accounting, he would have opted for the Hughes plan. He admitted he did not
understand the fine points of accounting. He also stated he received a $30,000 retention
bonus for staying at DRS and actually liked the program. He did not establish that the
Hughes Plan would have allowed him to transfer between divisions at Raytheon. He
could not prove that the only reason he stayed at DRS was because of the SRP.
Moreover, Majeske did not establish that the inability to transfer was the reason hindering
his employment at DRS and thus his ability to stay in the SRP. Majeske was not ordered
to transfer divisions. He viewed transferring as the only way around his conflict with
Viviano. A trier of fact could reasonably infer that in a different economic climate, the
costs of the SRP might not have affected Majeske’s ability to transfer. Certainly there
was the possibility that at the time of the SRP presentation, Majeske would not have
cared at all about the way the costs of the SRP were expensed and would have made his

                                              13
decision to enroll in the SRP even if the disclosure had been made. Majeske failed to
present substantial responsive evidence of misrepresentation, constructive fraud or fraud.
       b. Unfair competition.
       In his complaint, Majeske alleged that the unfair competition claim was based on
the same alleged misrepresentations about the SRP and that they were unfair or
fraudulent claims in violation of Business and Professions Code sections 17200 et seq. In
opposition to respondents’ summary judgment motion, Majeske claims that the
representations that the SRP plan was a “DRS plan” was likely to deceive him and thus
constituted an unfair business practice. On appeal, however, Majeske contends that the
unfair competition claim is based on his claim for age discrimination in violation of the
Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) (Gov. Code, § 12900 et seq.). He argues that
because the cause of action was not based on fraud and misrepresentation, summary
adjudication should not have been granted and that the unfair competition cause of action
should have proceeded to trial along with the age discrimination cause of action.
       At the time of the summary judgment motion, there was no indication that
Majeske was pursuing the theory based on age discrimination. Majeske stated that the
basis of the unfair competition was that DRS was misrepresenting employee benefits in
order to gain an advantage over other employers. He may not raise that claim for the first
time on appeal. (City of San Diego v. D.R. Horton (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 668, 685.)
There is no evidence that DRS sought to unfairly compete by driving down its costs by
hiring only younger employees. Summary adjudication was properly granted on this
cause of action.3

3       In their reply to the summary judgment motion, respondents argued that Majeske’s
claims were preempted by ERISA (Employee Retirement Security Act of 1974, 88 Stat.
829 as amended, 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq.). The trial court did not address preemption in
its order granting summary adjudication. Since we have found summary adjudication
was properly granted on other grounds we do not address the preemption issue in this
opinion.

                                            14
2. Directed verdict
       After the trial, respondents moved for nonsuit or partial nonsuit after the close of
evidence on the ground that Majeske failed to introduce sufficient evidence as a matter of
law to prove his claims for age discrimination and wrongful termination. Respondents
alleged that Majeske did not demonstrate that his age was a motivating factor for his
termination under a disparate treatment analysis, nor that their decision to terminate him
had a disparate impact on the workforce as a group.
       Code of Civil Procedure section 581c authorizes a motion of nonsuit after the
plaintiff has presented his or her evidence in a jury trial. Here, since the motion was
made after the presentation of both sides’ evidence, the court treated it as a motion for a
directed verdict.
       A directed verdict may be granted when the court determines there is no
substantial evidence to support the claim of the party opposing the motion or a verdict in
its favor. The trial court gives the evidence of the opposing party all the value to which it
is legally entitled and gives every legitimate inference from that evidence in favor of the
party opposing the motion. (Newing v. Cheatham (1975) 15 Cal.3d 351, 358; Magic
Kitchen v. Good Things International Ltd. (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1144, 1154.) On
appeal of an order granting a defendant’s motion for a directed verdict in its favor, we
review the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, resolving all conflicts and
drawing all inferences in its favor and disregarding conflicting evidence. We reverse the
judgment if there is substantial evidence that would tend to prove each of the elements of
the plaintiff’s case. (Wolf v. Walt Disney Pictures and Television (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th
1107, 1119.)
       At trial, Mandel testified that she discussed the SRP with 22 former Hughes
engineers in order to retain them, and told them it was an unqualified pension plan which
was unfunded. She told them it would be equal to the Hughes plan and that the payments
would come out of DRS’ general assets. The issue of transferring to another division did
not come up with Majeske until 2007.

                                             15
       Mandel admitted that retirement cost was a factor in transferring between
divisions. But the cost of the SRP did not become an issue until long after 2003, the year
in which the employees could bridge back to the Hughes Plan.
       Majeske and Tortorella were on the layoff list because of the cancellation of a
contract and not to retaliate against them. In 2009, after she received the layoff list, she
had heard comments that Majeske did not have a good reputation and that he would not
receive good references. No one suggested to Mandel that Majeske was laid off because
of his age. Majeske was laid off because of insufficient work.
       She also testified about the statistics regarding age and participation in the SRP.
One other person who was 16 days younger than Majeske and who was enrolled in the
SRP was not laid off. Majeske was the oldest SRP participant who had not reached
retirement age. There were still SRP participants working at DRS at the time of trial.
The average age of DRS employees before the layoff –48 – was the same as it was after
the layoff. Mandel and Rose Holland are older than Majeske.
       Viviano, the Vice President and General Manager of DRS, testified he did not
recall if he looked at Majeske’s performance reviews prior to the layoff and did not
personally give him reviews. In 2007 and 2008, other supervisors were not assigning
Majeske work. Viviano was not his supervisor during those years.
       In 2008, Majeske was working for the RSTA division on a part-time basis. RSTA
did not have enough work for Majeske or Tortorella. No one was willing to give
Majeske assignments in 2008 because of his prior poor performance.
       Majeske overran the costs on the Crosshairs program and received a bad
performance review. There were cost overruns and delays on both the CETS and TUSK
programs, which Majeske worked on. Majeske got a 2.5 rating for performance while
working on the Tusk program. Majeske was an “adequate” proposal writer, but he
performed unsatisfactorily on three programs. He had a lower “direct realization” score
than other managers, that is, he spent less time on contracts resulting in payments to
DRS.

                                             16
         Viviano said he never thought about how expensive Majeske was. The first time
he heard of SRP costs was in 2008. He thought it was “a very disproportionate benefit”
for only a few employees. He admitted having a conversation with Mandel expressing
his displeasure about the SRP and did not remember saying he was happy to be rid of
Majeske and his overhead.
         Viviano testified the freeze of the SRP in 2008 made the division better able to
compete in the marketplace but when the SRP was unfrozen, he felt the cost “wasn’t
going to bankrupt the division.” He was concerned about losing people in the SRP
program to other companies offering similar pension plans.
         The loss of the FCS project resulted in a 20 percent revenue loss to DRS. Not
only FCS employees were laid off. Nineteen people were laid off as a direct result of the
loss of the FCS contract. Nine of the 19 individuals had a pension plan. There were
eight people still at DRS who were enrolled in the SRP plan.
         In his complaint, Majeske alleged age discrimination and disparate treatment in
the form of the failure to increase his wages and termination of his employment. His
wrongful termination cause of action was based on age discrimination.
         The court indicated in its ruling for directed verdict that there was no evidence of a
disparate impact on employees over 40 years old from the transfer policy and no evidence
that the average age of the employees changed materially after the layoff. Then after the
court stated it granted the motion, Majeske’s attorney asked, “The motion as to which
part because there w[ere] two parts to this motion for nonsuit? There was disparate
impact and disparate treatment.” The court responded. “It is the treatment. This is over
with.”
         “‘Disparate treatment’ is intentional discrimination against one or more persons on
prohibited grounds. [Citations.] Prohibited discrimination may also be found on a theory
of ‘disparate impact,’ i.e. that regardless of motive, a facially neutral employer practice
or policy, bearing no manifest relationship to job requirements, in fact had a
disproportionate adverse effect on members of the protected class.” (Guz v. Bechtel
National Inc., supra, 24 Cal.4th 317, 354, fn. 20; italics in original.)

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       Majeske did not prove a disproportionate effect of the layoff on older workers.
Not all members of the group who were laid off were over 40 or SRP participants.
(Carter v. CB Richard Ellis (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1313, 1326.) There was no impact
on the average age of the company and no evidence that only older workers were laid off.
All he was able to show was that he and Tortorella, both over 40 and both SRP
participants, were laid off. This is not enough evidence of disparate impact.
       As far as his theory of disparate treatment, he did not show any intentional
discrimination. Mandel and Viviano were able to show numerous reasons for his layoff;
his performance reviews, the lack of available work, the loss of the FCS contract, and his
direct realization scores. In addition, the statistical evidence did not support any claim of
intentional discrimination against older employees. There was evidence that the
employees who were retained had unique skills and no evidence that the employees who
were not laid off were only those younger than 40. The evidence that Majeske presented
of animosity by Viviano was evidence of concern of costs over the retirement plan and
not about his age.
3. Discovery of metadata
       Prior to the order granting summary adjudication, Majeske sought discovery of
computer data on his performance reviews. He contends that this “metadata” would
show that he had not received his performance reviews through DRS’ online review
process. The trial court denied the motion.
       A motion to compel discovery is reviewed for abuse of discretion. (Costco
Wholesale Corp. v. Superior Court (2009) 47 Cal.4th 725, 733.) When the facts asserted
by the parties conflict, the trial court’s factual findings will be upheld if they are
supported by substantial evidence. (Ibid.)
       However, even assuming that Majeske did not see his below average or negative
reviews, he could not prove his case. It was not disputed that DRS lost an important
contract prior to Majeske’s termination, and Majeske acknowledged that he was
responsible for the loss of the Crosshairs program and that Viviano did not like him. Any
evidence of whether he saw his performance reviews would have been cumulative.

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4. Denial of motion to amend
       At the close of evidence, Majeske moved to amend his complaint to add retaliation
as a basis for wrongful termination in his second cause of action, and to add a cause of
action for intentional interfere with prospective economic advantage. The trial court
denied the motion.
       On appeal, he contends that evidence to support those amendments had already
been presented at trial and thus there was no prejudice to respondents.
       Code of Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (a)(1) gives the court discretion
to allow a party to amend a pleading in furtherance of justice.
       Respondents contend that Majeske waited too long before making his motion to
amend and had no good cause for the delay since he filed his complaint on December 30,
2009, and did not move to amend until July 26, 2011, after trial had essentially ended. In
addition, respondents contend that the motion did not seek to allege any new facts, which
Majeske himself admitted. Finally, respondents contends that the cause of action for
retaliation was time-barred and meritless. Government Code section 12965 required him
to commence his civil action on a FEHA-based claim within one year after his right to
sue notice was issued by the DFEH. No protected activity under FEHA was alleged.
       We review a denial of a motion to amend for abuse of discretion. (Leader v.
Health Industries of America, Inc. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 603, 612.) Although a court is
allowed great liberality in permitting amendments (Atkinson v. Elk (2003) 109
Cal.App.4th 739, 761), the trial court must consider a number of factors, including the
timing of the presentation of the amendment. (Id. at p. 613.) Unwarranted delay in
presenting an otherwise valid amendment may justify a denial of a motion for leave to
amend. (P & D Consultants, Inc v. City of Carlsbad (2011) 190 Cal.App.4th 1332, 1345
– amendment sought after trial readiness conference.) Majeske did not allege any new
facts which would justify the delay in bringing the motion. The trial court did not abuse
its discretion in denying the motion to amend.

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                                     DISPOSITION

      The judgment (order granting summary judgment and order directing verdict) in
favor of respondents is affirmed. Respondents shall recover costs on appeal.

                                                                    WOODS, J.

We concur:

             PERLUSS, P. J.

             ZELON, J.

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