Court Opinion

ID: 2974072
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:12:22.060216+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:32:42.189664
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 06a0621n.06
                            Filed: August 23, 2006

                                             No. 04-4383

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

BURNSHIRE DEVELOPMENT, LLC,                        )
                                                   )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                        )
                                                   )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                 )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                   )    THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
CLIFFS REDUCED IRON                                )    OHIO
CORPORATION; LURGI                                 )
METALLURGIE GMBH,                                  )
                                                   )
       Defendants-Appellees.

Before: BOGGS, Chief Judge; GIBBONS and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-appellant Burnshire Development

(“Burnshire”) sued defendants Cliffs Reduced Iron Corp. (“Cliffs”) and Lurgi Metallurgie GmbH

(“Lurgi”), who together own all of the stock in Cliffs and Associates, Limited (“CAL”). Burnshire

entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) with Lurgi and Cliffs giving Burnshire the right

to purchase all of the CAL stock. Lurgi and Cliffs terminated the agreement before closing occurred

and Burnshire now claims that this termination violated the SPA. The district court granted Lurgi’s

motion for dismissal pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2) due to lack of specific personal jurisdiction.

The court separately granted Cliffs’s motion for summary judgment, holding that the termination

was effective under the terms of the SPA. Burnshire appeals both the district court’s jurisdictional

and merits holdings. For the following reasons, we affirm both orders.

                                                   1
                                                  I.

       Cliffs, an Ohio-based, wholly-owned subsidiary of Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc., and Lurgi, a

German company, established CAL to use Lurgi’s production technology, Circored, to build and

operate a hot briquetted iron production facility in Trinidad. Cliffs owned 82 percent of the CAL

shares, and Lurgi owned the remainder. CAL completed the facility in 1998 and operated it

intermittently until October 2001, when the facility was closed down.

       Cliffs and Lurgi sought to sell CAL in January 2003. CAL created a data room to contain

corporate documents in Cleveland in connection with the sale; it is unclear whether Lurgi played

any role in the creation of the room. Several potential buyers visited the data room, including

representatives from Kinder Morgan CO2, a firm based in Texas. After Kinder Morgan declined

to purchase CAL, James Wuerth, a Kinder Morgan employee, founded Burnshire in order to attempt

to purchase CAL. In July 2003, Burnshire, Lurgi, and Cliffs entered into the SPA, which provided

that, after all preconditions to closing were met, Burnshire would purchase all outstanding CAL

shares in exchange for $10,389.00, continued royalty payments, and payments for carrying costs

between the signing of the SPA and the closing. Section 3.1 of the SPA provided:

       [T]he closing of the transactions contemplated hereby (the “Closing”) will take place at the
       offices of Jones Day, . . . Cleveland, Ohio on the second Business Day following the
       satisfaction or waiver of each of the conditions set forth in Article VIII (other than those
       conditions that are to be satisfied at the Closing), or on such other date or at such other time
       and place as the parties mutually agree in writing (the “Closing Date”).”

The remainder of Article III noted the deliveries required to be made at closing. Among these

deliveries were a Licensing Agreement between Lurgi and Burnshire for Burnshire’s global use of

Circored technology, §§ 3.2(l), 3.3(c), and a Technical Services Agreement (“TSA”), §§ 3.2(m),

3.3(b), spelling out Burnshire’s continued royalty obligations related to the operation of the Trinidad

                                                  2
facility.

        Article VIII established the conditions to closing for each party. In addition to various

conditions that could be satisfied “at or prior to” closing (including third-party consents or waivers

and evidence of Burnshire’s ability to finance $2.5 million of the funds required to restart the CAL

facility), sections 8.2(b) and 8.3(b) required the parties to perform “[e]ach of the agreements and

covenants” required by the contract to be performed “prior to the Closing Date.” One precondition

to closing is especially relevant to this appeal: the SPA incorporated a draft TSA that required that

the parties enter into a final TSA “prior to the Closing Date.” Finalization of the License Agreement

between Lurgi and Burnshire was also contemplated prior to closing, but unlike the TSA, no draft

of the licensing agreement was incorporated into the SPA.

        The SPA was terminable according to Section 9.1, which provided:

        [T]his agreement may be terminated at any time prior to the Closing Date:
        ***
        (b) by buyer or the Stockholders, upon written notice to the other party, if the transactions
        contemplated by this Agreement have not been consummated on or prior to July 31, 2003.

The parties did not close by July 31, due at least in part to Burnshire’s difficulty in obtaining the

financing necessary to restart the CAL facility. Burnshire provides evidence via affidavit that it

could meet the requirement of $2.5 million available financing but has conceded that $2.5 million

was insufficient to restart the facility and that it had difficulty obtaining the $10 million that it

deemed actually necessary to reopen the facility. Other potential buyers resurfaced in October 2003,

and Wuerth responded by notifying Cliffs and Lurgi during a conference call on November 14,

2003, that Burnshire was “ready, willing, and able” to close. In a November 21, 2003, letter

referencing the other potential purchasers, Wuerth reaffirmed Burnshire’s readiness to close in early

December. Lurgi and Cliffs initially agreed that closing could be effected by December 5, 2003.

                                                  3
On November 26, however, Cliffs discovered that, for tax reasons, the transaction as structured in

the SPA would result in a multimillion dollar loss to Cleveland-Cliffs, Cliffs’s corporate parent. As

a result, both Cliffs and Lurgi (via its attorney-in-fact, Charles Banino) signed a written termination

notice on the same day and transmitted it by facsimile to Wuerth. The parties thereafter began

negotiating an asset sale in lieu of an SPA. The asset sale, however, was not concluded, and the

CAL facility was sold to another company, International Steel Group.

       Burnshire then sued Cliffs and Lurgi in United States District Court for the Northern District

of Ohio, alleging breach of the SPA and seeking specific performance of the contract, a preliminary

injunction to foreclose sale to International Steel Group, and damages. On February 20, 2004, the

court denied Burnshire’s motion for a preliminary injunction because Burnshire could not show a

sufficient likelihood of success on the merits. It subsequently denied Burnshire’s motion to

reconsider or to certify an interlocutory appeal.

       The court then turned to the dispositive motions. Arguing that it lacked the minimum

contacts necessary to permit personal jurisdiction in Ohio, Lurgi moved for dismissal pursuant to

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2).1 Without holding an evidentiary hearing, the court granted the motion on

July 24, 2004, holding that neither the Ohio long-arm statute nor the United States Constitution

permitted it to assert personal jurisdiction over Lurgi.

       Cliffs moved for summary judgment pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. The court granted the

motion on September 29, 2004, holding that Cliffs was within its contractual rights to terminate the

       1
         Lurgi’s motion also requested dismissal for insufficient process under Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(4) and insufficient service of process pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(5). Lurgi concedes
that Burnshire has cured its objections on these issues. As a result, we need not consider
whether Burnshire improperly served process on Lurgi.

                                                    4
SPA because the preconditions for closing were not met at the time of termination. It also found that

the notice of termination was adequate to effect termination of the SPA and that Cliffs did not waive

termination either by continuing to negotiate with Burnshire after termination or by mistakenly

billing Burnshire for carrying costs for four days after termination.

       Burnshire now appeals both the district court’s dismissal of Lurgi and its grant of summary

judgment in favor of Cliffs.

                                             II. LURGI

       The district court determined that it lacked personal jurisdiction over Lurgi. A district

court’s dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure is reviewed de novo. Brunner v. Hampson, 441 F.3d 457, 462 (6th Cir. 2006).

Burnshire bears the burden of showing that the court has personal jurisdiction over Lurgi. Id. (citing

CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson, 89 F.3d 1257, 1261-62 (1996)). “When, however, a district court

rules on a jurisdictional motion to dismiss . . . without conducting an evidentiary hearing, the court

must consider the pleadings and affidavits in a light most favorable to the plaintiff . . . . To defeat

such a motion, . . . [the plaintiff] need only make a prima facie showing of jurisdiction.”

CompuServe, Inc., 89 F.3d at 1262. “Furthermore, a court disposing of a 12(b)(2) motion does not

weigh the controverting assertions of the party seeking dismissal . . . because we want to prevent

non-resident defendants from regularly avoiding personal jurisdiction simply by filing an affidavit

denying all jurisdictional facts.” Id. (quotation marks, citation, and emphasis omitted).

                                                  A.

       In a diversity case, we examine the law of the forum state to determine whether personal

jurisdiction exists. Calphalon Corp. v. Rowlette, 228 F.3d 718, 721 (6th Cir. 2000). We must apply

                                                  5
a two-step test to determine whether the district court properly determined that it lacked personal

jurisdiction as to Lurgi. First, we must determine whether Ohio law authorizes jurisdiction.

Brunner, 441 F.3d at 463. If so, we must determine whether that authorization comports with the

Due Process Clause of the Constitution. Id. The Ohio courts apply the same two-step test described

by the Sixth Circuit to determine whether specific personal jurisdiction is appropriate. Fallang v.

Hickey, 532 N.E.2d 117, 118 (Ohio 1988).

        Jurisdiction over nonresidents in Ohio is governed by the state long-arm statute. Ohio Rev.

Code § 2307.382. The statute permits state courts to exercise specific personal jurisdiction over

claims “arising from,” inter alia, a person’s “transacting any business in [Ohio]” either directly or

through an agent. Id. § 2307.382(A)(1). Where jurisdiction is based solely on the long-arm statute,

“only a cause of action arising from acts enumerated in [§ 2307.382] may be asserted against [a

defendant].” Id. § 2307.382(C). “[T]he [long-arm] statute and rule have engendered cases which

have been resolved on highly particularized fact situations, [] rendering any generalization

unwarranted.” Goldstein v. Christiansen, 638 N.E.2d 541, 544 (Ohio 1994) (alterations and

quotation marks omitted).

        Under a constitutional analysis, our central inquiry is “whether minimum contacts are

satisfied so as not to offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Calphalon

Corp., 228 F.3d at 721 (quotation marks omitted). In Southern Machine Co. v. Mohasco Industries,

Inc., our court established a three-part test for determining jurisdiction under this standard. 401 F.2d
374, 381 (6th Cir. 1968). “First, the defendant must purposefully avail himself of the privilege of

acting in the forum state or causing a consequence in the forum state. Second, the cause of action

must arise from the defendant’s activities there. Finally, the acts of the defendant or consequences

                                                   6
caused by the defendant must have a substantial enough connection with the forum state to make

the exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant reasonable.” Id.

        The Ohio Supreme Court has determined that the long-arm statute is not fully coextensive

with the jurisdictional demands of the Due Process Clause. Goldstein, 638 N.E.2d at 545 n.1 (noting

that if the long-arm statute was coextensive with the bounds of the Due Process clause that the two-

step analysis would be rendered nugatory); see also Brunner, 441 F.3d at 465 (recognizing the

limitation imposed in Goldstein). Thus, our analysis is a bit convoluted. Moreover, the Ohio courts

have not clarified the differences between state-law and constitutional analysis, and there are several

ways in which the long-arm statute could differ from constitutional analysis.

        One distinction between the long-arm statute and the United States Constitution is rooted in

the “arising from” clause of § 2307.382(C), which requires that the defendant’s actions in the state

must be the proximate cause of the injury complained of; a “but-for” relationship is insufficient

under Ohio law, though the latter standard satisfies the Constitution. Brunner, 441 F.3d at 466-67.

By contrast, our court has suggested that the “transacting any business” standard does extend to the

limits of the Due Process clause. Brunner, 441 F.3d at 465-66. Brunner did not explicitly determine

the issue, however, as its holding relied solely upon its restrictive interpretation of the “arising from”

clause. Id. at 466-67. We agree, however, that the “transacting any business” standard is

coextensive with the Due Process Clause in that it requires both that the defendant have purposefully

availed itself of the privilege of acting in Ohio or have caused a consequence in Ohio and that the

act or consequence in Ohio be sufficiently substantial to support jurisdiction.

        As to the latter prong, that is, the requirement that the act or consequence in Ohio is

sufficiently substantial to support jurisdiction, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that, just as under

                                                    7
a constitutional analysis, “a nonresident’s ties must ‘create a substantial connection with the forum

State’” in order to support jurisdiction under the “transacting any business” clause. U.S. Sprint

Commc’ns Co. v. Mr. K’s Foods, Inc., 624 N.E.2d 1048, 1052 (Ohio 1994) (quoting Burger King

v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475 (1985)).

       With reference to the first prong, purposeful availment, the Ohio courts have not explicitly

established their state’s standard as being equivalent to the full reach of the federal Constitution.

The purposeful availment prong is “essential” to a personal jurisdiction determination under the

Constitution. LAK, Inc. v. Deer Creek Enters., 885 F.2d 1293, 1300 (6th Cir. 1989). “Even in a case

where the cause of action arose in the plaintiff’s home state, that state may not exercise in personam

jurisdiction if the defendant has not purposefuly [sic] entered into a connection with it ‘such that he

should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.’” Id. (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen

v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980)). Under the purposeful availment prong, defendants cannot

be sued “solely as a result of random, fortuitous or attenuated contacts” in a state. Id. (quotation

marks omitted) (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475). Parties, rather, are subject to jurisdiction only

when they seek the benefit of operating in a state:

       There is a difference between what World-Wide Volkswagen calls a mere “collateral
       relation to the forum State,” and the kind of substantial relationship with the forum
       state that invokes, by design, “the benefits and protections of its laws.” . . . The
       Supreme Court has emphasized, with respect to interstate contractual obligations,
       that parties who reach out beyond one state and create continuing relationships and
       obligations with citizens of another state are subject to regulation and sanctions in
       the other State for the consequence of their activities.

Calphalon Corp., 228 F.3d at 722.

       Rather than rely on the mere existence of contacts with the forum state in determining

purposeful availment, courts have inquired into the quality of those contacts. Id. (citing LAK, Inc.,

                                                  8
885 F.2d at 1301). Thus, the Supreme Court has “emphasized the need for a highly realistic

approach that recognizes that a contract is ordinarily but an intermediate step serving to tie up prior

business negotiations with future consequences which themselves are the real object of the business

transaction. It is these factors – prior negotiations and contemplated future consequences, along

with the terms of the contract and the parties’ actual course of dealing – that must be evaluated in

determining whether the defendant purposefully established minimum contacts within the forum.”

Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 479 (internal quotation and citation omitted); see also Nationwide

Mut. Ins. Co. v. Tryg Int’l Ins. Co., 91 F.3d 790, 795-96 (6th Cir. 1996) (noting that it is imperative

to focus on the defendant’s actions, not those of unrelated entities).

       The Ohio courts have construed the “transacting any business” clause broadly, see Ricker

v. Fraza/Forklifts of Detroit, 828 N.E.2d 205, 209 (Ohio Ct. App. 2005) (citing Ky. Oaks Mall Co.

v. Mitchell’s Formal Wear, Inc., 559 N.E.2d 477, 480 (Ohio 1990)), lending credence to Brunner’s

conclusion that the clause is coextensive with the parameters of due process. “Transact . . . means

to prosecute negotiations; to carry on business; to have dealings. The word embraces in its meaning

the carrying on or prosecution of business negotiations but it is a broader term than the word

‘contract’ and may involve business negotiations which have been either wholly or partly brought

to a conclusion.” Ky. Oaks Mall Co., 559 N.E.2d at 480 (alterations and emphasis omitted) (quoting

Black’s Law Dictionary 1341 (5th ed. 1979)); see also Goldstein, 638 N.E.2d at 544. This definition

comports with Sixth Circuit’s view of contracting as purposeful availment; in Calphalon Corp., we

agreed that, as under Ohio law, the mere existence of a contract is insufficient to support

jurisdiction. 228 F.3d at 722. Similarly, as under the Constitution, mere solicitation of business in

Ohio is insufficient to create jurisdiction, U.S. Sprint Comm. Co., 624 N.E.2d at 1052, as is activity

                                                  9
having a mere impact on commerce in Ohio, Ucker v. Taylor, 596 N.E.2d 507, 508 (Ohio Ct. App.

1991) (citing Ohio State Tie & Timber, Inc. v. Paris Lumber Co., 456 N.E.2d 1309, 1312 (Ohio Ct.

App. 1982)). These holdings are in complete agreement with constitutional holdings disallowing

reliance on random, fortuitous, and attenuated contacts and instead emphasizing the importance of

ongoing, substantive contacts in the forum state. As a result, we conclude that the Ohio “transacting

any business” standard is coextensive with the purposeful availment prong of constitutional analysis.

       Based on the identical standards used to interpret the “transacting any business” standard and

the “purposeful availment” and “substantial connection with the forum state” prongs of our Southern

Machines test, we now expressly adopt Brunner’s suggestion that “transacting any business” is

coextensive with the Due Process clause. As a result, after determining which of Lurgi’s contacts

with Ohio apply under the long-arm statute for purposes of the “arising from” standard, we apply

the remaining prongs of the constitutional analysis.2

                                                 B.

       Burnshire alleges that Lurgi injured it by terminating the SPA and selling its CAL shares to

another entity. In order for this injury to permit jurisdiction over Lurgi in Ohio, Lurgi’s Ohio

contacts must have been proximately related to the termination. Burnshire purports to identify

several contacts by Lurgi in Ohio in connection with the SPA. First, the SPA itself identifies an

Ohio location for the closing. Second, Lurgi’s representative, John Bonestell, allegedly visited

Cleveland to market CAL to Burnshire. Third, Lurgi allegedly invited Burnshire’s president, James

       2
         The requirement that contacts be the proximate cause of the asserted harm to satisfy the
long-arm statute is necessarily more restrictive than the but-for “arising from” standard
applicable in the due process context. As a result, we need not apply the constitutional analysis
to the “arising from” prong of the Southern Machines test.

                                                 10
Wuerth, to Cleveland to discuss the sale. Finally, the CAL data room was located in Cleveland.

Burnshire has conceded that general personal jurisdiction will not lie against Lurgi, meaning that

Lurgi’s other Ohio contacts, such as unrelated contacts between Lurgi and Cliffs, cannot support

jurisdiction. Ohio Rev. Code § 2307.382(C). It is therefore immaterial that Lurgi continues to

market technology in Cleveland, that CAL was formed in Cleveland, or that CAL board meetings

occurred in Cleveland.

       As the district court noted, several of Burnshire’s allegations are not supported by any

record evidence despite Burnshire’s ample opportunity to conduct discovery on the issue. Though

we must view the evidence in a light most favorable to Burnshire, Calphalon Corp., 228 F.3d at 721,

it is not required to accept allegations that are completely unsupported by the evidence. In this case,

most of Burnshire’s allegations of contacts with Lurgi in Ohio in connection with the SPA are

unsupported. Burnshire cites solely Bonestell’s deposition in support of its claims that Bonestell

and Wuerth met in Cleveland. That deposition, however, contains no indication that Bonestell and

any Burnshire representative were in Cleveland at the same time. Instead, the deposition notes only

that Bonestell traveled to Houston with a Burnshire representative, Britt Gilbert, in connection with

a different, proposed application of Circored technology with Kinder Morgan and that Gilbert

traveled to Germany in connection with the SPA. Other evidence indicates that Wuerth did travel

to Cleveland, but he did so not in connection with the sale to Burnshire, but rather in connection

with his employment by Kinder Morgan. Even assuming arguendo that Wuerth met with Bonestell

during this visit, Burnshire would be unable to rely upon this connection because this contact with

Lurgi was made on behalf of Kinder Morgan, not Burnshire. Under the Ohio long-arm statute, Ohio

Rev. Code § 2307.382(C), this contact cannot serve as the nexus for Burnshire’s assertion of

                                                  11
jurisdiction because it is not proximately related to Burnshire’s injuries. Brunner, 441 F.3d at 466-

67. As a result, the only two contacts that satisfy the “arising from” standard are the contractual

language regarding closing and the fact that the data room was located in Cleveland.3

        We next consider whether these contacts are sufficient to support the conclusion that Lurgi

purposefully availed itself of the privilege of acting in Ohio or had a substantial connection with

Ohio. We conclude that Lurgi’s contacts with Ohio are too attenuated and fortuitous to support

jurisdiction in this case. First, Lurgi agreed to close the SPA in Ohio,4 but did so only as a small part

of its agreement with a Texas firm (Burnshire) to sell shares in a Trinidadian corporation pursuant

to a contract to be interpreted under New York law. If a contract with a citizen of the forum state

is insufficient on its own to satisfy the demands of due process, see Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at

478, a single provision in a contract with an out-of-state resident surely cannot alone support

jurisdiction. More importantly, the SPA envisioned no ongoing relationship between Lurgi and

Ohio. Its agreement to close in Ohio, rather, was a result of Cliffs’s location in the state, and its

ongoing contacts with Ohio were nonexistent. This case is thus distinguishable from cases such as

Burger King, wherein the Supreme Court, in finding jurisdiction, noted the ongoing nature of the

defendant franchisor’s contractual relationship with its corporate parent. 471 U.S. at 479. As a

result, neither the SPA itself or the contacts envisioned by that contract establishes a “substantial

        3
          The data room was established in a generalized attempt to sell CAL – not in connection
with the SPA – and is thus arguably not a proximate cause of Burnshire’s specific asserted
injuries. We assume arguendo, however, that the creation of the data room is proximately
related to the transaction at issue.
        4
         Contrary to the district court’s assertion, Lurgi’s connection with Ohio need not be
physical. “[P]ersonal jurisdiction does not require physical presence in the forum state.”
Goldstein, 638 N.E.2d at 544; see also CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson, 89 F.3d at 1264.

                                                   12
connection” with Ohio. Id.5

       It is also important to note that Lurgi’s agreement to close the SPA in Cleveland was largely

due to the fact that Cliffs – CAL’s majority shareholder – was headquartered in Cleveland. Closing

must happen somewhere, and to hold that Lurgi could be haled into court on the basis of the closing

location would hold firms hostage to their co-contractors while ignoring the real relations of the

parties. This court held in International Technologies Consultants, Inc. v. Euroglas S.A. that the

Swiss defendant lacked the minimum contacts necessary to support jurisdiction in Michigan

notwithstanding several forms of communication with the Michigan plaintiff. 107 F.3d 386 (6th Cir.

1997). We explained:

       [T]he only reason the communications . . . were directed to Michigan was that . . .
       [the plaintiff] found it convenient to be present there. . . . [The defendant] was not
       attempting to exploit any market for its products in Michigan, and the company
       presumably would have been pleased to communicate with . . . [the plaintiff]
       wherever the latter wished. . . . From the perspective of . . . [the defendant], it was
       purely fortuitous that . . . [the plaintiff] happened to have a Michigan address.

Id. at 395. As in Euroglas, Lurgi’s connections with Ohio were a matter of convenience. Indeed,

this case is even more attenuated than Euroglas, as Lurgi dealt in Ohio because co-defendant Cliffs –

not plaintiff Burnshire – was located there. Lurgi’s contacts with Ohio are too fortuitous to support

jurisdiction here.

       The location of CAL’s data room is similarly fortuitous, dependent as it was on the

convenience of having CAL’s corporate records close at hand. As a result, even if Lurgi aided CAL

in establishing the data room (an assertion without evidentiary support), it would be insufficient to

       5
        It is similarly obvious that the termination of the SPA caused no consequences to
Burnshire within the state of Ohio. As a result, the “causing a consequence” language of the
Southern Machine test, 401 F.2d at 381, is inapposite in this case.

                                                 13
support jurisdiction. Moreover, the location of the room is largely immaterial to Lurgi’s presence

in Ohio because CAL is not the subject of the suit. See Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A.

v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 417 (1984) (quoting Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958) (“The

unilateral activity of those who claim some relationship with a non-resident defendant cannot satisfy

the requirement of contact with the forum State.”).

                                                 C.

        Burnshire makes the final argument that it should have been allowed discovery to determine

Lurgi’s personal jurisdiction. Additional discovery would serve no purpose, as Burnshire has

already deposed Lurgi’s representative and its own employees and thus had ample opportunity to

uncover any facts that would have aided its jurisdiction argument. Further, the decision whether to

grant discovery or an evidentiary hearing before ruling on a 12(b)(2) motion is discretionary. Intera

Corp. v. Henderson, 428 F.3d 605, 614 n.7 (6th Cir. 2005). As was the case in Intera Corp.,

Burnshire makes no argument that this determination was an abuse of discretion, nor could it

succeed had it done so. Under these facts, we decline to remand for further discovery on the

jurisdictional issues.

        Burnshire has failed to show that Lurgi had substantial connections with Ohio sufficient to

satisfy either the Ohio long-arm statute or the demands of due process. As a result, we affirm the

district court’s July 24, 2004, order dismissing the claims against Lurgi.

                                            III. CLIFFS

        We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. TriHealth, Inc. v. Bd. of

Comm’rs, Hamilton County, 430 F.3d 783, 787 (6th Cir. 2005). This case presents questions of

contractual interpretation under New York law. “The threshold issue in matters of contract

                                                 14
interpretation is whether, on its face and without reference to extrinsic evidence, the contract is

reasonably susceptible of more than one interpretation. Resolution of this issue presents a question

of law for the court. If the contract is determined to be unambiguous on its face, absent the presence

of any colorable defenses to its enforcement, it will be upheld according to its terms.” Beltrone

Const. Co. v. State, 592 N.Y.S.2d 832, 834 (N.Y. App. Div. 1993) (internal citations omitted).

       The district court granted Cliffs’s motion for summary judgment because it found Cliffs’s

termination to be valid based on the unambiguous terms of the SPA. On appeal, Burnshire raises

two arguments. First, it argues that the contractual language does not permit termination after the

“Closing Date,” which under its interpretation of the SPA occurred on November 14, 2003. Second,

it argues that the termination notice itself was either invalid because improperly delivered or waived

when Cliffs accepted carrying costs from Burnshire for four days after the termination.

       Burnshire expends considerable effort in arguing that, under § 9.1(b), Cliffs could not

effectively terminate the agreement more than two business days after the satisfaction of all

conditions precedent to closing (i.e., after the “Closing Date” as defined in § 3.1) unless the parties

agreed on a different Closing Date.6 Assuming arguendo that this analysis is correct as a matter of

law,7 the determinative question in the case is whether the parties satisfied all conditions precedent

to closing on November 14, 2003, as Burnshire claims. If not, Wuerth’s notice that Burnshire was

       6
           Though there is no joint writing adopting a particular Closing Date other than the SPA
default, it is clear that Burnshire itself did not anticipate closing before December 2003,
communicating to Cliffs that “we would plan to close on Monday December 1, 2003.” As noted
infra, it is unnecessary to determine whether Burnshire’s actions – seemingly contradictory to its
contentions before this court – would alter the Closing Date, as there are independent,
uncontroverted reasons why the SPA could not close in November 2003.
       7
       This reading is consistent with the plain language of the contract, and Cliffs raises no
argument regarding the interpretation.

                                                  15
“ready, willing, and able” to close on that date was not effective, and Cliffs’s notice of termination

was timely under the SPA.

        Burnshire argues that the language in Article VIII allowed it to satisfy all preconditions to

closing “at or prior to closing,” so that its determination, after examining the facility, that it desired

to consummate the sale was sufficient to create a Closing Date. Though Burnshire is certainly

correct that it could satisfy most of conditions at closing rather than prior to closing, it ignores

language specifically requiring finalization of the TSA prior to closing, the need to create the

Licensing Agreement before closing, and the requirement that Burnshire “shall have” provided

Cliffs with both third-party consents or waivers and evidence of its ability to finance $2.5 million

before closing. It is undisputed that the parties had not finalized the TSA or the Licensing

Agreement on November 14, 2003, nor had Burnshire provided evidence of its ability to finance by

that date.

        The failure to satisfy these preconditions to closing vitiates Burnshire’s argument and is

dispositive of this issue. The TSA was arguably the most important component of the deal from

Cliffs’s perspective – far more so than the $10,389.00 purchase price – because it established

Burnshire’s ongoing obligations to pay Cliffs a percentage of the revenue from the operation of the

CAL facility. Without an agreement on this highly material issue, a determination that the SPA

could close would be incorrect as a matter of both common sense and contractual interpretation.

The Licensing Agreement was similarly a material precondition to closing, as it was to determine

Burnshire’s ongoing right to use Circored technology, both at the Trinidad facility and elsewhere.

Burnsire has failed to produce even a draft Licensing Agreement, lending further credence to Cliffs’s

argument that the deal could not close on November 14.

                                                   16
       The language in §§ 8.2(d)-(e) similarly required action by Burnshire before closing could

occur. Those sections respectively provide that Cliffs “shall have received” from Burnshire or the

appropriate third party both: (1) “the consents or waivers set forth on Schedule 8.2(d); and (2)

“evidence of Buyer’s ability to finance at least $2.5 million of the funds required by [Burnshire] to

fulfill its obligation.” The “shall have received” language modifies the general language that

Burnshire’s performance may occur “at or prior to” closing to require delivery of these items prior

to closing. Burnshire never produced the required third-party consents, and though it introduced

evidence into the record that it had $2.5 million in financing available, it never notified Cliffs that

this funding source was available, as required by the SPA. As a result, Burnshire failed to meet the

preconditions to closing listed in sections 8.2(d)-(e) of the SPA.

       Whether or not Burnshire could unilaterally effect closing, it certainly could not do so merely

by indicating that it was ready to close when substantial preconditions to closing remained

unfulfilled. As several material preconditions in fact remained unsettled, Burnshire’s claim that the

Closing Date preceded the termination in this case is incorrect as a matter of law.

       Burnshire argues that, even if termination was not barred by the passage of the closing date,

the court should not enforce a unilateral termination of an unambiguous contract between

sophisticated parties because the contract required Cliffs to sell the stock. This argument is not

compelling. Burnshire negotiated for unilateral termination and had the same termination rights as

Cliffs, so it cannot now escape its bargained-for terms by referring to mandatory language in the

sales provision of the contract while ignoring the conditions to that mandatory sale imposed in other

                                                  17
provisions.8 Contrary to Burnshire’s contention, courts applying New York law have been willing

to enforce clauses reserving the power to terminate contracts without notice where such a provision

is the result of an understanding of the parties to the contract, regardless of the reasons for

termination. See Red Apple Child Dev. Ctr. v. Cmty. Sch. Dists. Two, 756 N.Y.S.2d 527, 529 (N.Y.

App. Div. 2003) (“It is a well-established principle of law that when a contract affords a party the

unqualified right to limit its life by notice of termination that right is absolute and will be upheld in

accordance with its clear and unambiguous terms.”); A.J. Temple Marble & Tile, Inc. v. Long Island

R.R., 682 N.Y.S.2d 422, 423 (N.Y. App. Div. 1998); see also Gray v. American Exp. Co., 743 F.2d
10, 18-19 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (applying New York law in overturning termination without notice where

termination clause allowed credit card issuer to “refuse to honor charges long since incurred” but

noting the enforceability of unilateral termination generally). The contractual language in this case

clearly and unambiguously grants either party the right to terminate the agreement, and we honor

the agreement of the parties on this issue.9

        We thus conclude that Cliffs was within its legally-enforceable contractual rights to

        8
         For the same reason, the termination provision does not, as Burnshire contends, render
the contract illusory. When the other mandatory conditions are considered, the contract is
clearly more than illusory. Perhaps most obviously, the contract did not allow unilateral
termination until July 31, 2003; before that date, both parties were required to agree on
termination. The contract thus bound the parties to each other for a limited time before allowing
unilateral termination.
        9
         Burnshire cites some precedent indicating that courts should strictly construe forfeiture
clauses, see, e.g., Luxottica Group S.P.A. v. Bausch & Lomb Inc., 160 F. Supp. 2d 545, 550
(S.D.N.Y. 2001); Lurzer GmbH v. American Showcase, Inc., 75 F. Supp. 2d 98, 102 (S.D.N.Y.
1998), but as the district court noted, these cases are irrelevant because forfeiture requires the
acquisition of a property right in the thing forfeited, which is not the case here.

                                                   18
terminate the SPA because Burnshire failed to comply with conditions precedent to closing.10

       Burnshire’s second argument is that Cliffs’s notice of termination was insufficient because

it was delivered improperly and was waived by the acceptance of payment for carrying costs for the

four days in November 2003, after the termination of the SPA. Section 11.6 of the SPA required

notice to be provided “in writing, and sent by facsimile transmission (electronically confirmed),

delivered in person, mailed by first class registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, or sent by

Federal Express or other overnight courier of national reputation.” Notice was to be sent to

Burnshire and to its counsel.

       It is undisputed that Cliffs sent notice to Burnshire’s attorney; on learning that Wuerth was

at the attorney’s office and at Wuerth’s direction, it then sent a second notice to Wuerth at that

location rather than at its office. The notice to Wuerth was thus technically incorrect. The district

court properly held, however, that this defect is insufficient to overcome the notice. Relying on

several forfeiture cases, Burnshire claims that any defect in a notice of termination will defeat the

termination. See Luxottica Group S.P.A. v. Bausch & Lomb, Inc., 160 F. Supp. 2d 545, 550

(S.D.N.Y. 2001); Lurzer GmbH v. American Showcase, Inc., 75 F. Supp. 2d 98, 102 (S.D.N.Y.

1998). These cases are no more relevant here than they were in the context of the legal adequacy

of the termination notice, since Burnshire acquired no property interest as required by forfeiture law.

       10
          Cliffs raises additional defenses, including that Burnshire’s statement in the original
complaint that the parties were “to close the sale on December 5, 2003” was a concession that
the Closing Date was not November 14; that Cliffs did not waive its right to terminate the SPA
by agreeing not to sell CAL to another party before December 5; that Burnshire was required to
show evidence of financing, have completed a licensing agreement with Lurgi, and have
obtained consents or waivers from third parties as described on Schedule 8.2(d) prior to closing
and did not do so; and that a Closing Date cannot occur, under the terms of the agreement,
without a closing. As the existence of multiple unfulfilled preconditions to closing is dispositive
of the “Closing Date” issue, we do not consider these arguments in detail.

                                                  19
Moreover, relevant New York precedent holds that technical deficiencies in termination notice do

not defeat the notice when the intended recipient received the notice and failed to object. See, e.g.,

Dean v. Tappan Wire & Cable, Inc., No. 2001-1058, 2002 WL 2008229, at *1 (N.Y. App. Div. June

7, 2002); Rower v. West Chamson Corp., 619 N.Y.S.2d 40, 40-41 (N.Y. App. Div. 1994) (citing

Caro v. City of New York, 222 N.Y.S.2d 927 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1961)).

        Here, Wuerth requested that the notice be sent to him at his attorney’s office, received the

transmission there, and failed to object to the adequacy of the notice until trial. As a result, though

Burnshire is correct that it cannot be construed to have waived notice under the SPA without a

writing to that effect, it is nonetheless estopped from raising the insufficiency of notice for the first

time at trial. To allow Burnshire to prevail on such a technical issue would elevate form over

substance; even in a case such as this one involving a technical contract, Wuerth’s behavior in

challenging the sufficiency of notice after personally directing Cliffs to send the termination notice

to the attorney’s office precludes finding that the resulting insufficient notice is dispositive. We

therefore uphold the notice despite its technical deficiency.

        Finally, Burnshire argues that Cliffs waived its right to terminate by requesting and receiving

payment for several days after the notice of termination. Under New York law, waiver is a

“voluntary and intentional abandonment of a known right which, but for the waiver, would have

been enforceable.” Nassau Trust Co. v. Montrose Concrete Prods. Corp., 436 N.E.2d 1265, 1269-

70 (N.Y. 1982); see also Won’s Cards, Inc. v. Samsondale/Haverstraw Equities, Ltd., 566 N.Y.S.2d
412, 416 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991). It cannot be “created by negligence, oversight, or thoughtlessness,

and cannot be inferred from mere silence.” Peck v. Peck, 649 N.Y.S.2d 22, 23 (N.Y. App. Div.

1996). Knowledge and intent may, however, be inferred from a party’s actions, at least in landlord-

                                                   20
tenant law. See South Park Assoc. v. Renzulli, 94 F. Supp. 2d 460, 464 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (holding

that acceptance of a full month’s rent waives notice of lease termination).

       There is no indication from the evidence in this case that Cliffs intended to waive its

termination right; to the contrary, the cover letter accompanying the invoice reaffirms that the SPA

was “cancelled on November 26, 2003.” Burnshire relies for this argument on deposition testimony

by James Trethewey, a Cliffs employee, who stated that since Cliffs excluded potential buyers other

than Burnshire from the CAL property until December 5, 2003, Burnshire should have paid carrying

costs until that date. This evidence is conjectural and unrelated to the actual decision to bill

Burnshire for the entire month, as Trethewey was in no way involved with the billing at issue.

Further, Wuerth agreed to continue paying carrying costs after termination of the SPA without a

contract while asset sale negotiations were ongoing, with the understanding that those payments

would be refunded if no asset sale was completed.

       Burnshire has raised no genuine issue of material fact as to the question of whether Cliffs’s

actions were sufficient to cancel the notice of termination. The letter attached to the invoice at issue

explicitly declines to do so, and Wuerth understood that any overages would be refunded if the asset

sale negotiations failed. Burnshire cannot argue that it reasonably relied on the continuation in force

of the SPA after acknowledging that Cliffs had terminated the SPA. As a result, we find that Cliffs

did not waive its termination by charging Burnshire for four days’ worth of carrying costs after

termination.

                                                  IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM both the district court’s July 24, 2004 order

dismissing Lurgi for lack of personal jurisdiction and its September 29, 2004 order granting Cliffs’s

                                                  21
motion for summary judgment.

                               22