Court Opinion

ID: 2701267
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 19:31:14.028075+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:52:35.752373
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Evangelista v. Horton, 2011-Ohio-1472.]
                           STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY

                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                       SEVENTH DISTRICT

LISA EVANGELISTA                                   )   CASE NO. 08 MA 244
                                                   )
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT                        )
                                                   )
VS.                                                )   OPINION
                                                   )
RANDY HORTON                                       )
                                                   )
        DEFENDANT-APPELLEE                         )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                              Civil Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                       Pleas, Juvenile Division, of Mahoning
                                                       County, Ohio
                                                       Case No. 07 JI 615

JUDGMENT:                                              Modified and Affirmed in part.
                                                       Reversed and Remanded in part.

APPEARANCES:

For Appellant:                                         Atty. Albert A. Palombaro
                                                       1032 Boardman-Canfield Road
                                                       Boardman, Ohio 44512

                                                       Atty. Bruce M. Broyles
                                                       164 Griswold Drive
                                                       Boardman, Ohio 44512

For Appellee:                                          Atty. Matthew C. Giannini
                                                       1040 S. Commons Place, Suite 200
                                                       Youngstown, Ohio 44514

JUDGES:

Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
                                                       Dated: March 22, 2011
                                                                                      -2-

WAITE, P.J.

       {1}     This case arose as a parentage action in the Mahoning County Court of

Common Pleas, Juvenile Division. This appeal arises out of the trial court’s judgment

regarding visitation, child support, a change in the minor child’s surname, and the

allocation of the child dependency tax exemption. Appellant was designated as the

residential parent, and she contends that the trial court had no basis for deviating

from the standard order of visitation when granting visitation rights to Appellee. The

trial court possesses broad discretion in determining visitation, and no abuse of

discretion is indicated in the record of this case as to the visitation order. Appellant

contends that the court should not have made an adjustment to Appellee’s child

support order to take into account that Appellee had custody of their minor child 56

days more than the standard visitation order. The amount of time each party has

custody of the child is a factor in determining child support, and the court was again

within its discretion to adjust child support accordingly. Appellant also argues that the

court should not have changed the child’s surname to Appellee’s name without

considering the best interests of the child, and she is correct that the court failed to

apply the proper factors or determine the best interests of the child in making this

change. Appellant’s final objection is that she should have been awarded the federal

child dependency tax exemption. There is a presumption that the tax exemption will

be awarded to the residential parent, and Appellee did not overcome this

presumption. Therefore, the court should have awarded the full tax exemption to

Appellant.    Appellant’s third and fourth assignments of error are sustained. The
                                                                                   -3-

judgment is modified to reflect that Appellant may claim her child as a dependent for

tax purposes, and the case is remanded to determine whether the child’s surname

should be changed is in the best interests of the child.

                                     Case History

       {2}    The parties’ minor child was born on April 3, 2007. Appellee’s paternity

was confirmed by genetic testing on June 6, 2007. The Mahoning County Court of

Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, adopted the paternity confirmation in a judgment

entry filed June 21, 2007. On July 6, 2007, Appellee moved for shared parenting,

requested an order changing the minor child’s last name, and asked the court for the

right to claim the minor child for federal and state income tax purposes. The trial

court then issued a series of pre-trial orders granting child support to Appellant and

awarding visitation rights to Appellee.

       {3}    A trial in the matter was held on September 11, 2008. On October 27,

2008, the trial court issued its judgment entry. The trial court designated Appellant

Lisa Evangelista as the residential parent and Appellee Randy Horton as the non-

residential parent.   Appellee was granted visitation on alternating weekends and

alternating midweek periods.       This visitation was considerably more than the

standard visitation order in that visitation extended from Thursday to Monday instead

of Friday to Sunday, and the midweek visitation period was also longer than that of

the standard visitation order. The minor child’s birth certificate was changed to name

Appellee as father and the minor child’s surname was also changed to Appellee’s

surname. Because the visitation granted to Appellee exceeded the standard order of
                                                                                    -4-

visitation, the trial court scheduled a child support hearing for January 7, 2009 to

determine whether the excess visitation would require a modification of Appellee’s

child support obligations. The right to claim the minor child for federal and state

income tax purposes was also to be decided at this future hearing.

      {4}    On December 3, 2008, Appellant filed her notice of appeal. The appeal

was held in abeyance until the trial court could address the outstanding child support

and tax exemption issues. These issues were ultimately adjudicated by a judgment

entry filed on June 3, 2009. The trial court explained that child support obligations

were originally calculated using the court’s standard order of visitation, but the fact

that Appellee enjoyed additional visitation above the standard order meant that his

child support obligation required a downward deviation. The tax exemption for the

minor child was awarded equally between the parties. Appellant would receive the

exemption in odd-numbered years and Appellee would receive the exemption in

even-numbered years.

      {5}    Appellant filed an amended brief after the remaining support issues

were resolved, and Appellee filed a corresponding answer brief.

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1

      {6}    “THE    TRIAL     COURT      ERRED      IN   GRANTING       ADDITIONAL

VISITATION TIME TO APPELLEE MR. HORTON WHEN THERE WAS NO

EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A DEVIATION FROM THE STANDARD VISITATION

ORDER.”
                                                                                      -5-

       {7}    The abuse of discretion standard is used to review a trial court's

decision to grant visitation. See Booth v. Booth (1988), 44 Ohio St.3d 142, 144, 541

N.E.2d 1028.      A court abuses its discretion when it makes a decision that is

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore (1983), 5 Ohio

St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140. Appellant contends that the trial court abused its

discretion by granting additional visitation to Appellee above the court’s standard

order. Additionally, Appellant appears to suggest two other potential errors by the

court. Appellant asserts the court did not demonstrate consideration of the factors

listed in R.C. 3109.051(D).     Appellant also argues that the trial court’s grant of

visitation stemmed from a desire to account for previous visitation withheld from

Appellee.

       {8}    When the parents of a minor child are unmarried and the father seeks

visitation with the child, R.C. 3109.12 is the relevant statute. R.C. 3109.12 reads, in

pertinent part:

       {9}    “(A) * * * If a child is born to an unmarried woman and if the father of the

child has acknowledged the child * * *.

       {10}   “(B) The court may grant the parenting time rights or companionship or

visitation rights requested under division (A) of this section, if it determines that the

granting of the parenting time rights or companionship or visitation rights is in the best

interest of the child. In determining whether to grant reasonable parenting time rights

or reasonable companionship or visitation rights with respect to any child, the court
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shall consider all relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the factors set forth in

division (D) of section 3109.051 of the Revised Code.”

       {11}    Appellant’s contention that the trial court abused its discretion by

deviating from the standard order of visitation is without merit. A court’s standard

order of visitation is discussed by R.C. 3109.051(F)(2), which reads:

       {12}    “On or before July 1, 1991, each court of common pleas, by rule, shall

adopt standard parenting time guidelines. A court shall have discretion to deviate

from its standard parenting time guidelines based upon factors set forth in division (D)

of this section.”

       {13}    While trial courts often utilize a standard order of visitation, the statute

clearly states that the court retains the discretion to deviate from standard parenting

guidelines using the factors in division (D).

       {14}    Appellant suggests that the court’s failure to demonstrate consideration

of the R.C. 3109.051 division (D) factors constitutes an abuse of discretion. R.C.

3109.051(D) reads:

       {15}    “(1) The prior interaction and interrelationships of the child with the

child’s parents, siblings, and other persons related by consanguinity or affinity, and

with the person who requested companionship or visitation if that person is not a

parent, sibling, or relative of the child;

       {16}    “(2) The geographical location of the residence of each parent and the

distance between those residences, and if the person is not a parent, the
                                                                                      -7-

geographical location of that person’s residence and the distance between that

person’s residence and the child’s residence;

       {17}   “(3) The child’s and parents’ available time, including, but not limited to,

each parent’s employment schedule, the child’s school schedule, and the child’s and

the parents’ holiday and vacation schedule;

       {18}   “(4) The age of the child;

       {19}   “(5) The child’s adjustment to home, school, and community;

       {20}   “(6) If the court has interviewed the child in chambers, pursuant to

division (C) of this section, regarding the wishes and concerns of the child as to

parenting time by the parent who is not the residential parent or companionship or

visitation by the grandparent, relative, or other person who requested companionship

or visitation, as to a specific parenting time or visitation schedule, or as to other

parenting time or visitation matters, the wishes and concerns of the child, as

expressed to the court;

       {21}   “(7) The health and safety of the child;

       {22}   “(8) The amount of time that will be available for the child to spend with

siblings;

       {23}   “(9) The mental and physical health of all parties;

       {24}   “(10) Each parent’s willingness to reschedule missed parenting time

and to facilitate the other parent’s parenting time rights, and with respect to a person

who requested companionship or visitation, the willingness of that person to

reschedule missed visitation;
                                                                                     -8-

       {25}   “(11) In relation to parenting time, whether either parent previously has

been convicted of or pleaded guilty to any criminal offense involving any act that

resulted in a child being an abused child or a neglected child; whether either parent,

in a case in which a child has been adjudicated an abused child or a neglected child,

previously has been determined to be the perpetrator of the abusive or neglectful act

that is the basis of the adjudication; and whether there is reason to believe that either

parent has acted in a manner resulting in a child being an abused child or a

neglected child;

       {26}   “(12) In relation to requested companionship or visitation by a person

other than a parent, whether the person previously has been convicted of or pleaded

guilty to any criminal offense involving any act that resulted in a child being an

abused child or a neglected child; whether the person, in a case in which a child has

been adjudicated an abused child or a neglected child, previously has been

determined to be the perpetrator of the abusive or neglectful act that is the basis of

the adjudication; whether either parent previously has been convicted of or pleaded

guilty to a violation of section 2919.25 of the Revised Code involving a victim who at

the time of the commission of the offense was a member of the family or household

that is the subject of the current proceeding; whether either parent previously has

been convicted of an offense involving a victim who at the time of the commission of

the offense was a member of the family or household that is the subject of the current

proceeding and caused physical harm to the victim in the commission of the offense;
                                                                                        -9-

and whether there is reason to believe that the person has acted in a manner

resulting in a child being an abused child or a neglected child;

       {27}   “(13) Whether the residential parent or one of the parents subject to a

shared parenting decree has continuously and willfully denied the other parent’s right

to parenting time in accordance with an order of the court;

       {28}   “(14) Whether either parent has established a residence or is planning

to establish a residence outside this state;

       {29}   “(15) In relation to requested companionship or visitation by a person

other than a parent, the wishes and concerns of the child’s parents, as expressed by

them to the court;

       {30}   “(16) Any other factor in the best interest of the child.”

       {31}   The catchall provision, R.C. 3109.051(D)(16), allows the trial court to

consider any relevant factor in making its determination, and to give as much weight

to that factor as the court sees fit. The court is not limited to considering only the

specifically enumerated factors in the statute.

       {32}   The central focus of any visitation order is the best interests of the

children. Kelm v. Kelm (2001), 92 Ohio St.3d 223, 226, 749 N.E.2d 299. “A trial

court may limit or restrict visiting rights of a party in order to further the child's best

interest.” Callender v. Callender, 7th Dist. No. 03-CA-790, 2004-Ohio-1382, at ¶31.

The court has the “power to restrict the time and place of visitation, to determine the

conditions under which visitation will take place and to deny visitation rights

altogether if visitation would not be in the best interests of the child.” Id., quoting
                                                                                       -10-

Anderson v. Anderson, 147 Ohio App.3d 513, 2002-Ohio-1156, 771 N.E.2d 303, at

¶18, and Jannetti v. Nichol (May 12, 2000), 7th Dist. No. 97 CA 239.

         {33}   If it is clear from the record that the court considered the factors in R.C.

3109.051, even if the statute or the factors are not specifically referenced, we will not

find an abuse of discretion. Troyer v. Troyer, 7th Dist. No. 09 JE 5, 2010-Ohio-3276,

at ¶36. “[I]t is not an abuse of discretion when it appears from the journal entry that

some of the factors under that section were addressed.” Bernard v. Bernard (Jan.

30, 2002), 7th Dist. No. 00 CO 25. Even when the trial court cites the wrong statute

as the basis of the factors it is considering, if the record reveals that the proper

factors were considered, the trial court’s judgment regarding visitation will be

affirmed. Campana v. Campana, 7th Dist. No. 08 MA 88, 2009-Ohio-796, ¶51; see

also, Troyer, supra, at ¶36.

         {34}   Here, the trial court does not explicitly refer to the R.C. 3109.051(D)

factors in its judgment entry. Although a portion of the trial included discussion of the

factors to be considered when allocating custody of a minor child, no similar

discussion centered on the R.C. 3109.051(D) factors used when granting visitation.

At trial, when visitation concerns were discussed, the arguments focused almost

exclusively on Appellant’s position regarding the imposition of the court’s standard

visitation order.

         {35}   In its judgment entry, the trial court states that R.C. 3109.401 governs

the dispute. R.C. 3109.401(A), the portion of the statute quoted by the trial court

reads:
                                                                                   -11-

       {36}     “The general assembly finds the following:

       {37}     “1. That the parent and child relationship is of fundamental importance

to the welfare of a child, and that the relationship between a child and each parent

should be fostered unless inconsistent with the child’s best interests;

       {38}     “2. That the parents have the responsibility to make decisions and

perform other parenting functions necessary for the care and growth of their children;

       {39}     “3.    That the Courts, when allocating parenting functions and

responsibilities with respect to the child in a divorce, dissolution of marriage, legal

separation, annulment, or any other proceeding addressing the allocation of parental

rights and responsibilities, must determine the child’s best interests;

       {40}     “4    That the Courts and parents must take into consideration the

following general principles when allocating parental rights and responsibilities and

developing appropriate terms of parenting plans:

       {41}     “a. Children are served by a parenting arrangement that best provides

for a child’s safety, emotional growth, health, stability, and physical care.

       {42}     “b.   Exposure of the child to harmful parental conflict should be

minimized as much as possible.

       {43}     “c. Whenever appropriate, parents should be encouraged to meet their

responsibilities to their children through agreements rather than by relying on judicial

intervention.

       {44}     “d.   When a parenting plan provides for mutual decision-making

responsibility by the parents but they are unable to make decisions mutually, they
                                                                                 -12-

should make a good faith effort to utilize the mediation process as required by the

parenting plan.

      {45}   “e.   In apportioning between the parents the daily physical living

arrangements of the child and the child’s location during legal and school holidays,

vacations, and days of special importance, a Court should not impose any type of

standard schedule unless a standard schedule meets the needs of the child better

than any proposed alternative parenting plan.” (10/27/09 J.E., pp. 3-4.)

      {46}   Although R.C. 3019.401(A) contains many fine principles that can be

applied to a visitation order, it is not the correct statute to use in determining

visitation. That statute is R.C. 3109.051(D). There are a number of indications in

both the judgment entry and the trial transcript that the trial court considered the

relevant R.C. 3109.051(D) factors, even though it did not use the statute per se. The

judgment entry discussed the familial situations of each parent.           See R.C.

3109.051(D)(1).     The locations of each parent’s place of residence were

acknowledged. See R.C. 3109.051(D)(2). Neither parent indicated that he or she

intended to relocate. See R.C. 3109.051(D)(14). The parent’s work schedules were

noted. See R.C. 3109.051(D)(3). The child’s age was noted and discussed. See

R.C. 3109.051(D)(4). The trial court noted that the minor child had no special health

concerns and that both homes were suitable environments for the child.           R.C.

3109.051(D)(7). The minor child’s ability to interact with her siblings was discussed.

R.C. 3109.051(D)(8). The mental and physical health of both parents was discussed.

R.C. 3109.051(D)(9). Testimony at trial indicated there were no problems with the
                                                                                   -13-

child’s adjustment at home and the community. R.C. 3109.051(D)(5). Appellant’s

willingness to schedule previously missed parenting time was also discussed at trial.

R.C. 3109.051(D)(10).

      {47}   While the trial court did not explicitly link these considerations to the

factors found in R.C. 3109.051(D), it does appear that the trial court contemplated the

same underlying concepts. Therefore, the trial court’s failure to explicitly cite to the

R.C. 3109.051(D) factors does not appear unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable

and thus does not constitute an abuse of discretion.

      {48}   Appellant’s third contention that the trial court abused its discretion by

awarding extra visitation in an attempt to make up for previously denied visitation is

also meritless. Appellant cites to the trial court’s statement at trial questioning how

Appellant would make up visitation time previously denied to Appellee. Appellant

claims that the trial court’s visitation determination was based on such a desire.

Outside of the lone citation to the transcript Appellant makes in her argument, no

other evidence in the record supports her assertion. Moreover, as noted above, the

willingness of one parent to make up missed visitation time is a valid consideration of

R.C. 3109.051(D).       See R.C. 3109.051(D)(10).      The trial court was certainly

warranted in asking Appellant the question. Therefore, even if the trial court had

based its visitation decision in part on Appellant’s previous unwillingness to

reschedule missed parenting time, it would not have abused its discretion. Here,

beyond Appellant’s own opinion, there is no evidence of such an action. Therefore,
                                                                                   -14-

the trial court did not abuse its discretion. Appellant’s first assignment of error is

overruled.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2

      {49}     “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING A DEVIATION FROM

CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES BASED UPON APPELLEE BEING GRANTED

ADDITIONAL VISITATION BEYOND THE STANDARD ORDER OF VISITATION.”

      {50}     Appellate courts review child support matters for an abuse of discretion.

Booth, 44 Ohio St.3d at 144, 541 N.E.2d 1028. An abuse of discretion connotes

more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the trial court's action was

unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d at 219, 450

N.E.2d 1140.

      {51}     Generally, the amount of child support that would be payable under a

child support order, as calculated pursuant to the basic child support schedule and

applicable worksheet through the line establishing the actual annual obligation, is

rebuttably presumed to be the correct amount of child support due. R.C. 3119.03.

However, R.C. 3119.022, which is the statutory child support worksheet, authorizes

the court to order an amount of child support that deviates from the amount

determined from the child support schedule and worksheet if, upon considering the

factors set forth in R.C. 3119.023, the court determines that the calculated amount

“’would be unjust or inappropriate and would not be in the best interest of the child.’”

Carpenter v. Reis (1996), 109 Ohio App.3d 499, 504, 672 N.E.2d 702.
                                                                                      -15-

       {52}   In the instant case, the trial court found that Appellee was entitled to a

deviation from his child support obligation because he had custody of the child above

that provided for in the standard order of visitation. The trial court explained that child

support is initially calculated on the standard order of visitation. The court, however,

awarded Appellee 56 extra days above the standard order. Thus, the trial court

determined it would be unfair to order Appellee to pay child support as if visitation

was operating under a standard order.

       {53}   Appellant asserts that such reasoning is improper, citing Gordon v.

Gordon (Mar. 31, 2000), 7th Dist. No. 97-JE-31. She argues that we have previously

found a deviation based on such reasoning to amount to an abuse of discretion.

Appellant misreads our Gordon decision.

       {54}   In Gordon, a mother had been designated the residential parent of her

three minor children. The father was granted visitation and was ordered to pay child

support. The father’s visitation included eight weeks of visitation in the summer. The

father requested the trial court to reduce his support obligation while the children

resided with him in the summer. Though the trial court did not reduce his obligation

outright, it ordered the minor children’s mother to reimburse the father half of the

payment she received during the summer period.            We reversed the trial court’s

decision stating it “violate[d] the purpose and intent of the statute governing child

support.” Id. at *3.

       {55}   Appellant claims that Gordon forbade the trial court from granting

deviations in the child support obligation based on visitation. Gordon, however, dealt
                                                                                   -16-

with a situation in which a father had been awarded a standard grant of summer

visitation, but then did not wish to pay child support during an extended period of that

standard visitation. This is prohibited by the child support statutes: “(D) A parent

ordered to pay support under a child support order shall continue to pay support

under the order, including during seasonal vacation periods, until the order

terminates.” R.C. 3119.86.

       {56}   The instant case presents a very different situation than that in Gordon.

Here, the court was not dealing with a request to adjust child support based on a

standard visitation order, but rather, an adjustment pursuant to a visitation order in

which Appellee, the non-residential parent and obligor of child support, has custody

of the child 56 days more than set forth in a standard visitation order.

       {57}   R.C. 3119.22 provides that a court may deviate from the standard child

support schedule. R.C. 3119.22 reads, in pertinent part:

       {58}   “The court may order an amount of child support that deviates from the

amount of child support that would otherwise result from the use of the basic child

support schedule and the applicable worksheet, through the line establishing the

actual annual obligation, if, after considering the factors and criteria set forth in

section 3119.23 of the Revised Code, the court determines that the amount

calculated pursuant to the basic child support schedule and the applicable

worksheet, through the line establishing the actual annual obligation, would be unjust

or inappropriate and would not be in the best interest of the child.”       (Emphasis

added.)
                                                                                  -17-

      {59}   R.C. 3119.22 directs a court to consider the factors enumerated in R.C.

3119.23. Among these factors, a court is instructed to consider:

      {60}   “Extended parenting time or extraordinary costs associated with

parenting time, provided that this division does not authorize and shall not be

construed as authorizing any deviation from the schedule and the applicable

worksheet, through the line establishing the actual annual obligation, or any

escrowing, impoundment, or withholding of child support because of a denial of or

interference with a right of parenting time granted by court order.” (Emphasis added.)

R.C. 3119.23(D).

      {61}   Here, the trial court explained that it modified the child support

obligation of Appellee because of the additional visitation time he had been awarded.

This decision is clearly permitted by the child support statutes. Appellant has not

raised any aspect of the trial court’s decision that was unjust, inappropriate or could

be found not in the best interest of the child. Neither does Appellant indicate how the

court’s decision was unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. Since the court was

permitted to deviate from the child support worksheet based on the facts and

circumstances of this case, and there was no abuse of discretion, Appellant’s second

assignment of error is overruled.

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3

      {62}   “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ORDERING THAT THE MINOR

CHILD’S LAST NAME BE CHANGED TO THAT OF APPELLEE’S LAST NAME.”
                                                                                     -18-

       {63}    A trial court’s decision to change the last name of a minor child is

reviewed according to the abuse of discretion standard.         An abuse of discretion

connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the trial court's action

was unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.         Blakemore, supra, at 219, 450

N.E.2d 1140.

       {64}    Appellant argues that the trial court failed to determine the best

interests of the child in ordering the child’s surname to be changed to Appellee’s

surname. There are two Ohio Supreme Court decisions that set the framework for

reviewing surname changes as part of child custody or parentage actions; Bobo v.

Jewell (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 330, 528 N.E.2d 180, and In re Willhite (1999), 85 Ohio

St.3d 28, 706 N.E.2d 778.

       {65}    “In Ohio, name changes for minors and adults are governed by R.C.

2717.01(A). R.C. 2717.01(B), which governs name changes for minors, provides that

‘[a]n application for change of name may be made on behalf of a minor by either of

the minor's parents * * *. [I]n addition to the notice and proof required pursuant to

division (A) of this section, the consent of both living, legal parents of the minor shall

be filed, or notice of the hearing shall be given to the parent or parents not

consenting * * * .’ ” Id. at 30, 706 N.E.2d 778.

       {66}    “Further, the standard for deciding whether to permit a name change is

‘proof that * * * the facts set forth in the application show reasonable and proper

cause for changing the name of the applicant.’ ” Id., quoting R.C. 2717.01(A). When
                                                                                        -19-

the name change involves a minor child, the court must consider the best interests of

the child in making its determination. Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus.

       {67}   To determine whether a change of a child's surname is in that child's

best interest, the trial court is to consider the following factors: “the effect of the

change on the preservation and development of the child's relationship with each

parent; the identification of the child as part of a family unit; the length of time that the

child has used a surname; the preference of the child if the child is of sufficient

maturity to express a meaningful preference; whether the child's surname is different

from the surname of the child's residential parent; the embarrassment, discomfort, or

inconvenience that may result when a child bears a surname different from the

residential parent's; parental failure to maintain contact with and support of the child;

and any other factor relevant to the child's best interest.” Id. at paragraph two of the

syllabus, citing Bobo, supra, paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {68}   In Bobo, the Ohio Supreme Court warned against giving undue weight

to the father's interest because of custom or tradition.         “We caution the courts,

however, to refrain from defining the best-interest-of-the-child test as purporting to

give primary or greater weight to the father's interest in having the child bear the

paternal surname. While it may be a custom to name a child after the father, giving

greater weight to the father's interest fails to consider that, where the parents have

never been married, the mother has at least an equal interest in having the child bear

the maternal surname. In these times of parental equality, arguing that the child of

unmarried parents should bear the paternal surname based on custom is another
                                                                                  -20-

way of arguing that it is permissible to discriminate because the discrimination has

endured for many years.” Id. at 334, 528 N.E.2d 180.

       {69}   Here, the trial court’s decision to change the name of the minor child

does not reflect any consideration of the factors listed in Bobo and Willhite, and

makes no mention of the best interests of the child. The judgment entry simply

states, “[i]n addition, Child’s birth certificate shall read Randy Horton as the father

and the child’s name shall be changed to reflect same.” (10/27/08 J.E., p. 8.) No

further discussion regarding the change is present in the entry or appears in the trial

transcript. Although there are certain facts that were established at trial that may

have entered into the court’s consideration, such as the length of time the child used

the mother’s surname, there is no indication that the trial court actually considered

these facts or made any best interests determination. Therefore, Appellant’s third

assignment of error is sustained and the issue is remanded to the trial court for

further consideration.

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4

       {70}   “THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN AWARDING THE

TAX EXEMPTION TO THE NON-CUSTODIAL PARENT IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY

EVIDENCE DEMONSTRATING THAT THERE WOULD BE A TAX SAVINGS.”

       {71}   Appellant argues that the tax exemption associated with a dependant

child is presumptively awarded to the residential parent, and that Appellee did not

overcome this presumption and should not have been awarded one-half of the tax

exemption. The trial court awarded the exemption to Appellant in odd-numbered
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years and to Appellee in even-numbered years. Appellant is correct, and the court

should have awarded her the full tax exemption.

       {72}   The Ohio Supreme Court in Singer v. Dickinson (1992), 63 Ohio St.3d

408, 415, 588 N.E.2d 806, set forth the presumption that a dependency tax

exemption belongs to the residential parent.          We have also held that:        “the

dependency tax exemption may be awarded to the non-residential parent when such

allocation would produce a net tax savings for the parents, thereby furthering the best

interest of the child. A net tax savings would occur when allocating the dependency

tax exemption to the non-residential parent only if said parent's income fell into a

higher tax bracket than that of the residential parent.” Smith v. Smith (Aug. 8, 1997),

7th Dist. No. 94-B-55, at *3.

       {73}   R.C. 3119.82 requires a trial court to designate which parent may claim

a child who is subject to a child support order as a dependent for federal tax

purposes. If the parents do not agree as to which parent may claim the dependency

deduction, “the court, in its order, may permit the parent who is not the residential

parent and legal custodian to claim the children as dependents for federal income tax

purposes only if the court determines that this furthers the best interest of the children

and, with respect to orders the court modifies, reviews, or reconsiders, the payments

for child support are substantially current as ordered by the court for the year in which

the children will be claimed as dependents. In cases in which the parties do not

agree which parent may claim the children as dependents, the court shall consider, in

making its determination, any net tax savings, the relative financial circumstances
                                                                                     -22-

and needs of the parents and children, the amount of time the children spend with

each parent, the eligibility of either or both parents for the federal earned income tax

credit or other state or federal tax credit, and any other relevant factor concerning the

best interest of the children.”

       {74}   Although the parties introduced their tax returns into the record, there is

no particular mention of the tax brackets that applied to either party, so the trial court

could not have based its decision on the tax brackets of the parties. Obviously there

are many other factors that determine a person’s final tax liability other than tax

bracket, but we have made this factor determinative in awarding the dependency

exemption. Because Appellee did not present any evidence regarding this issue, we

cannot conclude that he overcome the presumption in favor of awarding the

dependency exemption to Appellant.

       {75}   Further, in examining the tax records, the trial court specifically

concluded that the “parties equally benefit” from the dependency exemption. (6/3/09

J.E., p. 2.) The court found that Appellant would receive a tax benefit of $1,378 by

taking the deduction, and Appellee would receive a benefit of $1,698. The court

determined that these amounts “are more equal than not” and the difference did not

weigh in favor of either party. Since the trial court concluded that any difference in

taxes would be de minimus, the trial court should have relied on the presumption that

Appellant, as the residential parent, was entitled to claim the federal tax exemption

for a child dependent. Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is sustained and the

judgment of the trial court reversed on this issue.
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                                      Conclusion

       {76}   Appellant presented four assignments of error for review. Appellant did

not establish any abuse of discretion in the trial court’s visitation order, or in the

adjustment the court made to child support based on its deviation from standard

visitation. Appellant did establish two other errors. The trial court failed to determine

the best interests of the child in changing the child’s surname from Appellant’s to

Appellee’s. The court also improperly awarded part of the federal tax exemption for a

child dependent to Appellee when there is a presumption in favor of awarding the

exemption to the residential parent, and Appellee did not overcome this presumption.

Appellant’s first and second assignments of error are overruled. Appellant’s third

assignment of error is sustained and the case remanded for a redetermination of

whether the child’s surname should be changed. Appellant’s fourth assignment of

error is sustained and the judgment of the trial court is modified to reflect that

Appellant is awarded the entire child dependency exemption rather than splitting the

exemption between the parties.

Donofrio, J., concurs.

DeGenaro, J., concurs.