Court Opinion

ID: 4586767
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-17 04:00:43.718834+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:48:47.965017
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                              )
ORLANDO CORDIA HALL,                          )
                                              )
              Plaintiff,                      )
                                              )
      v.                                      )       Civil Action No. 20-cv-3184 (TSC)
                                              )
                                              )
WILLIAM P. BARR, et al.,                      )
                                              )
                                              )
              Defendants.                     )
                                              )

                                MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Orlando Cordia Hall, an inmate on federal death row, has filed this action to

delay his November 19, 2020 execution. Though he was sentenced to death in 1995, this court

enjoined his execution pending resolution of challenges brought by several federal death row

inmates to an earlier version of the Bureau of Prisons’ (BOP) execution protocol. Having found

those claims obsolete given the BOP’s adoption of a new protocol in 2019 (the 2019 Execution

Protocol or the Protocol), the court vacated the injunction barring Plaintiff’s execution on

September 20, 2020. Ten days later, BOP noticed Plaintiff’s execution for November 19, 2020,

thus providing him fifty days’ notice.

       Plaintiff argues that the timing of his execution, particularly given the COVID-19

pandemic, deprives him of meaningful access to, and representation in, the clemency process in

violation of his rights under the Due Process Clause and 18 U.S.C. § 3599. He further contends

that the fifty-day notice violates his rights under the Due Process Clause, the Ex Post Facto

Clause, and the Equal Protection Clause. He also alleges that the 2019 Execution Protocol

                                                  1
constitutes ultra vires agency action in violation of the Federal Death Penalty Act (FDPA), a

claim the court has already addressed and dismissed in the Execution Protocol Cases litigation.

       Before the court are Plaintiff’s motion for a temporary restraining order and/or

preliminary injunction, (ECF No. 3), and Plaintiff’s emergency motion for a hearing, (ECF No.

14). For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiff’s motions will be DENIED.

                                     I.   BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff was sentenced to death by the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of

Texas in October 1995 and is currently incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary, Terre

Haute. His conviction and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal, and his motion to vacate his

sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 was denied by both the District Court and the U.S. Court of

Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. Several years later, based on intervening Supreme Court decisions,

Plaintiff sought permission to file a successive § 2255 petition to challenge his firearm

conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). The Fifth Circuit rejected that request late last month. See

In re Hall, 2020 WL 6375718 (5th Cir. Oct. 30, 2020).

       After Plaintiff’s initial unsuccessful § 2255 challenge in 2007, he intervened in a pending

civil action brought in this court by other federal death row prisoners challenging the BOP’s

lethal injection protocol. (Roane v. Gonzales, No. 05-cv-2337 (D.D.C.), ECF No. 38.) The court

thereafter entered a preliminary injunction barring Plaintiff’s execution and consolidated that

case along with similar cases brought by other federal death row prisoners into a single action.

(See generally Execution Protocol Cases, No. 1:19-mc-145.) The injunction remained in place

from June 11, 2007 until September 20, 2020. (Execution Protocol Cases, ECF No. 266.)

       On October 30, 2020, thirty days after BOP noticed Plaintiff’s execution date, Plaintiff’s

counsel emailed the Office of the Pardon Attorney and the White House Counsel’s office,

                                                 2
detailing the need for an investigation and requesting additional time to prepare Plaintiff’s

clemency application given the extraordinary conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic.

(Compl. ¶ 118; Compl. Ex. 11.) On November 2, 2020, a staff member from the Office of the

Pardon Attorney at the Department of Justice advised Plaintiff’s counsel that the office lacked

the authority to reprieve, withdraw, or reschedule an execution date. (Compl. ¶ 120).

Nevertheless, the staff member indicated that the October 30 email could be construed as a

petition for commutation and that the Pardon Attorney would be willing to hold a telephonic

hearing during the week of November 2. (See Compl. Ex. 13.) Counsel for Plaintiff informed

the Office of the Pardon Attorney that such a request could not be properly construed as a

petition for commutation and that agreeing to treat the request for an extension as a clemency

petition may constitute a violation of counsel’s professional obligations to Plaintiff. (Compl.

Ex. 12.) Accordingly, Plaintiff did not file a clemency petition.

       On November 3, 2020, Plaintiff filed a complaint and motion for a temporary restraining

order and/or a preliminary injunction with this court.

                                       II.   DISCUSSION

       The standards for a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction are identical.

See Wash. Metro. Area Transit Comm’n v. Holiday Tours, Inc., 559 F.2d 841, 843 (D.C. Cir.

1977). In considering whether to grant the “extraordinary remedy” afforded by injunctive relief,

courts assess four factors: (1) the likelihood of the plaintiff’s success on the merits, (2) the threat

of irreparable harm to the plaintiff absent an injunction, (3) the balance of equities, and (4) the

public interest. Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20, 24 (2008) (citations

omitted); John Doe Co. v. Consumer Fin. Prot. Bureau, 849 F.3d 1129, 1131 (D.C. Cir. 2017).

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has traditionally evaluated claims

                                                   3
for injunctive relief on a sliding scale, such that “a strong showing on one factor could make up

for a weaker showing on another.” Sherley v. Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 392 (D.C. Cir. 2011). It

has been suggested, however, that a movant’s showing regarding success on the merits “is an

independent, free-standing requirement for a preliminary injunction.” Id. at 393 (quoting Davis

v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 571 F.3d 1288, 1296 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (Kavanaugh, J.,

concurring)).

A.     Inexcusable Delay

       Defendants first argue that Plaintiff’s motion is inexcusably delayed and could be denied

on that basis alone. (See ECF No. 15, Def. Opp’n at 3–4.) The argument is not without merit.

As the Supreme Court has made abundantly clear, particularly in the death penalty context, the

“‘last-minute nature of an application’ that ‘could have been brought’ earlier . . . ‘may be

grounds for denial of a stay’” or other equitable relief. Bucklew v. Precythe, 139 S. Ct. 1112,

1134 (2019) (quoting Hill v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 573, 584 (2006)). Plaintiff was notified of

his execution on September 30, but waited until November 3—a little more than two weeks

before his execution—to file suit. Nevertheless, the court is unwilling to deny Plaintiff’s motion

on this basis. While the delay has certainly put the parties and the court on a tight timeline to

resolve the motion, taking thirty days to file a new complaint and accompanying motion for

relief is not per se unreasonable. Furthermore, many of the events described in the Complaint

occurred several days before it was filed. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 118–21 (describing events

occurring between October 30, 2020 and November 2, 2020).)

B.     Likelihood of Success on the Merits

       Plaintiff first contends that the timing of his November 19 execution deprives him of

clemency representation and access to the clemency process in violation of his Fifth Amendment

                                                 4
procedural due process rights (Counts I and II), and his statutory right to clemency representation

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3599 (Count III) (“the clemency claims”). Next, he argues that the fifty-

day execution notice violates his Fifth Amendment substantive due process rights (Count IV),

and inflicts a greater punishment in violation of the Ex Post Facto Clause (Count V) (“the notice

claims”). Plaintiff also alleges that, in providing only fifty days’ notice, Defendants arbitrarily

treated him differently from other similarly situated inmates in violation of the Equal Protection

Clause (Count VII). Finally, Plaintiff recycles an argument made in the Execution Protocol

Cases litigation, arguing that the 2019 Protocol violates the FDPA (Count VI). Based on the

record before it, including the Supreme Court’s rulings in other challenges to the 2019 Protocol,

the court finds that Plaintiff is unable to show a likelihood of success on any of these claims.

               1.      Clemency Claims

       Plaintiff alleges that Defendants are violating his procedural due process and statutory

rights by executing him in the middle of a pandemic, which has made it impossible to

meaningfully pursue clemency. The argument raises issues that the court finds troubling, but,

ultimately, unlikely to succeed.

                       i.      Procedural Due Process

       “The Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause protects individuals from deprivations of

‘life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.’” Atherton v. D.C. Office of Mayor, 567
F.3d 672, 689 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (citing U.S. Const. amend. V). A procedural due

process violation “occurs when an official deprives an individual of a liberty or property interest

without providing appropriate procedural protections. Liberty interests arise out of the

Constitution itself or ‘may arise from an expectation or interest created by state laws or

policies.’” Id. (quoting Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 221 (2005)).

                                                  5
       At issue here is Plaintiff’s continued interest in life, which he claims is burdened by his

inability to have meaningful access to the clemency process. (See ECF No. 3-1, Pl. Mem. at 16–

17.) Notwithstanding an impending execution, a death row inmate “maintains a residual life

interest, e.g., in not being summarily executed by prison guards.” Ohio Adult Parole Auth. v.

Woodard, 523 U.S. 272, 281 (1998) (plurality opinion) (Rehnquist, C.J.). Indeed, “[w]hen a

person has been fairly convicted and sentenced, his liberty interest, in being free from such

confinement has been extinguished. But it is incorrect . . . to say that a prisoner has been

deprived of all interest in his life before his execution.” Id. at 289 (O’Connor, J., concurring in

part); see also id. at 291 (Stevens, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“There is [] no

room for legitimate debate about whether a living person has a constitutionally protected interest

in life. He obviously does.”). Defendants do not appear to contest this point. Thus, the question

is whether Defendants have provided adequate procedural safeguards for Plaintiff’s clemency

proceedings. 1

       The procedures required for federal clemency proceedings are limited. This is because

“[f]ederal clemency is exclusively executive: Only the President has the power to grant clemency

for offenses under federal law.” Harbison v. Bell, 556 U.S. 180, 187 (2009) (citing U.S. Const.

art. II, § 2, cl. 1 (setting forth the president’s clemency power)). It is “a matter of grace, over

which courts have no review.” United States v. Pollard, 416 F.3d 48, 57 (D.C. Cir. 2005)

(quoting United States ex. Rel. Kaloudis v. Shaughnessy, 180 F.2d 489, 491 (2d Cir. 1950)).

Nevertheless, controlling Supreme Court precedent holds that “some minimal procedural

safeguards apply to clemency proceedings.” Woodard, 523 U.S. at 289 (O’Connor, Souter,

1
  It is unclear whether Plaintiff alleges that access to clemency itself is an independent liberty
interest. While this might alter the court’s procedural due process analysis, the conclusion is the
same—for the reasons discussed, Plaintiff has not stated a viable procedural due process claim.
                                                   6
Ginsburg, & Breyer, JJ., concurring in part); id. at 292 (Stevens, J., concurring in part and

dissenting in part) (“[E]ven if due process is required in clemency proceedings, only the most

basic elements of fair procedure are required.”) At a minimum, these procedures appear to be

adequate notice and an opportunity to be heard. See id. at 290 (O’Connor, J.).

       Plaintiff argues that he has not been afforded these minimal procedural safeguards for his

clemency proceedings in two key respects. First, that given the timing of his execution, he did

not have an adequate opportunity to prepare his clemency petition in accordance with the federal

clemency regulations set forth at 28 C.F.R. §§ 1.10–.11. Second, that the ongoing COVID-19

pandemic has effectively made it impossible to participate in a meaningful clemency process in

such a short time. However, the court finds that, under Supreme Court precedent, the procedures

afforded to Plaintiff—of which he chose not to avail himself—were adequate.

       Federal clemency regulations provide that “[n]o petition for reprieve or commutation of a

death sentence should be filed before proceedings on the [inmate’s] direct appeal of the judgment

of conviction and first petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 have terminated.” 28 C.F.R. § 1.10(b).

To leave time for adequate review, a petition “should be filed no later than 30 days after the

petitioner has received notification from the Bureau of Prisons of the scheduled date of

execution” and “[a]ll papers in support of a petition . . . should be filed no later than 15 days after

the filing of the petition itself.” Id. Furthermore, clemency counsel “may request to make an

oral presentation of reasonable duration to the Office of the Pardon Attorney in support of the

clemency petition.” Id. § 1.10(c).

       Despite his arguments to the contrary, Plaintiff had meaningful access to all these

procedures. First, he was permitted to file a clemency application within thirty days of receiving

his execution notice. It was only on the very last day of the application period that Plaintiff’s

                                                  7
counsel, having not yet filed a petition, sought an extension from the Office of the Pardon

Attorney. Notwithstanding that that office did not have the authority to grant an extension, it

nevertheless offered to construe Plaintiff’s request as a petition in order to preserve Plaintiff’s

access to the clemency process. (See ECF No. 15-1, Gillespie Decl. ¶¶ 8–9.) The Office of the

Pardon Attorney also offered to arrange for a hearing via telephone given Plaintiff’s stated

concerns about the pandemic. (Id. ¶ 9.) Plaintiff’s counsel rejected these offers and chose not to

file a clemency petition.

        Plaintiff next points out that, had he followed the federal clemency regulations, the Office

of the Pardon Attorney would have had only five days in which to consider his application. But

Defendants have submitted an affidavit from the Office of the Pardon Attorney representing that

this would have been sufficient time to consider the application and make a recommendation.

(Id. ¶ 11.)

        Even assuming five days were insufficient for meaningful review of his petition, that

compressed schedule was largely caused by Plaintiff’s delay in filing for clemency. The federal

clemency regulations provide that a death row inmate may not file an application “before

proceedings on the [inmate’s] direct appeal of the judgment of conviction and first petition under

28 U.S.C § 2255 have terminated.” 28 C.F.R. § 1.10(b). Plaintiff’s appeal of his sentence ended

in 1998 when the Supreme Court declined to hear his case, Hall v. United States, 526 U.S. 1117

(1998), and his first § 2255 petition was terminated in 2007, Hall v. United States, 549 U.S. 1343

(2007). Thus, Plaintiff had thirteen years to file a clemency petition, notwithstanding that his

execution had not yet been scheduled. While the regulations also require an applicant to file his

clemency petition “no later than 30 days after the [applicant] has received notification . . . of the

scheduled date of execution,” see 28 C.F.R. § 1.10(b), there was nothing to prevent Plaintiff

                                                  8
from filing the application sooner, especially after the BOP gave notice in June 2019 that it was

resuming executions under the new Protocol, and after the BOP conducted its first execution in

July of this year.

        For these reasons, the court is not persuaded that the COVID-19 pandemic has denied

Plaintiff access to the clemency process. The government has shown that sufficient procedures

are in place to ensure timely processing of Plaintiff’s clemency petition, notwithstanding his

delayed filing. The Office of the Pardon Attorney offered Plaintiff the opportunity to present his

case during a telephone hearing no later than November 6, which would have left more than a

week for review. (Gillespie Decl. ¶ 9.) Moreover, courts across the country have declined to

delay executions for pandemic-related reasons. See, e.g., LeCroy v. United States, 975 F.3d
1192, 1197 (11th Cir. 2020) (rejecting request to stay execution due to counsel’s inability to

meet with the plaintiff in person); Peterson v. Barr, 965 F.3d 549, 551–53 (7th Cir. 2020)

(denying motion to stay execution filed by members of victim’s family citing COVID-19

concerns). The court finds no basis on which to do so here.

        Finally, Plaintiff repeatedly relies on Justice O’Connor’s concurrence in Woodard to

advance his due process claims (both related to clemency and notice), but he omits key language

from that opinion. In emphasizing the minimal process required in clemency procedures, Justice

O’Connor posited that “[j]udicial intervention might, for example, be warranted in the face of a

scheme whereby a state official flipped a coin to determine whether to grant clemency, or in a

case where the State arbitrarily denied a prisoner any access to its clemency process.” Woodard,
523 U.S. at 289 (O’Connor, J., concurring in part). Plaintiff has presented no such arbitrary

scenario here. Woodard involved an inmate who received a mere ten-day notice of his hearing,

whose counsel was unable to attend the hearing, and who was unable to testify or submit

                                                 9
documentary evidence at the hearing. Despite these limitations, Justice O’Connor found that the

inmate did not present a viable due process claim. See id. at 289–90.

       For the reasons stated above, Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate a likelihood of success on

the merits of his due process claims.

                       ii.     Statutory Claim

       Plaintiff claims that he has been deprived of the right to counsel set forth in 18 U.S.C.

§ 3599 because his attorneys are unable to assist him with preparing his clemency application

due to the pandemic. Section 3599 provides that each attorney appointed to represent an indigent

client must “represent the defendant throughout every subsequent stage of available judicial

proceedings . . . and proceedings for executive or other clemency as may be available to the

defendant.” Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate how the pandemic burdens that right, especially

since he could have prepared and filed a clemency application at any point over the past thirteen

years, and at least since June 2019, when BOP announced the resumption of executions using the

2019 Protocol. While he may not be able to meet with his attorneys in person, he may

communicate with them through other means. See Lecroy, 975 F.3d at 1197.

               2.      Notice Claims

       The gravamen of Plaintiff’s notice claims is that the Due Process Clause and the Ex Post

Facto Clause entitle him to at least ninety days’ notice of his execution. This is so, Plaintiff

argues, because every version of the BOP’s Execution Protocol from at least 1993 to July 31,

2020 provided that death row inmates would receive a ninety-day notice prior to their

executions. The 2019 Protocol was changed on July 31, 2020 to provide only fifty days’ notice.

                                                 10
                       i.      Due Process

       Plaintiff’s substantive due process claim is not a model of clarity. It appears as a

procedural due process claim in the complaint (Count IV) but seems to transform into a

substantive due process claim in subsequent filings. Moreover, his substantive due process claim

relies on cases involving procedural due process violations. (See Pl. Mem. at 21 (citing

Wilkinson, 545 U.S. at 221 (adjudicating procedural due process claim regarding placement in a

supermax prison); Sandlin v. Connor, 515 U.S. 472, 483–84 (1995) (adjudicating procedural due

process claim involving prison disciplinary procedures); Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 557

(1974) (same)).) Nonetheless, analyzed under both a procedural and substantive due process

framework, the claim does not entitle Plaintiff to injunctive relief.

       As discussed above, a plaintiff alleging a procedural due process violation must identify a

cognizable liberty interest arising from the Constitution or “an expectation or interest created by

state laws or policies.” See, e.g., Doe v. District of Columbia, 206 F. Supp. 3d 583, 621 (D.D.C.

2016) (distinguishing procedural from substantive due process claims). Here, Plaintiff argues

that earlier versions of the Execution Protocol created an expectation that death row inmates

would be notified ninety days before their executions. Thus, having only received a fifty days’

notice, he will be deprived of forty days of life.

       As the court has already held in the Execution Protocol Cases litigation, there is no

enforceable notice requirement set forth in the Execution Protocol. The Protocol “explains[]

internal government procedures.” (Compl. Ex. 2, Execution Protocol at 19.) While those

procedures “should be observed and followed as written unless deviation or adjustment is

required,” the Protocol expressly cautions that it “does not create any legally enforceable rights

or obligations.” (Id.) Accordingly, the D.C. Circuit concluded that the Execution Protocol was a

                                                     11
“procedural rule” that “contains no rights-creating language.” In re Fed. Bureau of Prisons’

Execution Protocol Cases, 955 F.3d 106, 125–26 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (Katsas, J., concurring); see
id. at 145 (Rao, J., concurring) (finding that the protocol “possesses the essential features of a

procedural rule”); see also Nat’l Mining Ass’n v. McCarthy, 758 F.3d 243, 250 (D.C. Cir. 2014)

(explaining that procedural rules “do not themselves alter the rights or interests of parties”).

Thus, as the court has already held, the Execution Protocol does not entitle Plaintiff to notice

ninety days before his execution.

       Thus, to the extent Plaintiff intended to present the claim in Count IV as a procedural due

process violation, he has failed to demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits.

       *               *               *               *               *               *

       Plaintiff’s substantive due process claim meets a similar fate. The Due Process Clause of

the Fifth Amendment “guarantees more than fair process.” Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S.
702, 719 (1997). It “provides heightened protection against government inference with certain

fundamental rights and liberty interests . . . [such as] the rights to marry, to have children, to

direct the education and upbringing of one’s children, to marital privacy, to use contraception, to

bodily integrity and to abortion.” Id. at 720 (citations omitted). Because these rights “are not set

forth in the language of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has cautioned against expanding the

substantive rights protected by the Due Process Clause.” Abigail All. for Better Access to

Developmental Drugs v. von Eschenbach, 495 F.3d 695, 702 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Accordingly,

courts must “exercise the utmost care whenever [] asked to break new ground in this field.”

Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 720.

       A substantive due process analysis has “two primary features.” Id. First, the alleged

right must be “objectively, deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradition and implicit in the

                                                  12
concept of ordered liberty, such that neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were

sacrificed.” Id. at 720–21 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Second, the

individual asserting the substantive right must supply “a careful description of the asserted

fundamental liberty interest.” Id.

       Mindful of the Supreme Court’s directive to proceed cautiously, the court finds that

Plaintiff has failed to identify a substantive due process right. The liberty interest at issue here is

a narrow one—the right to ninety days’ notice before execution. (See Pl. Mem. at 21.) While

individuals sentenced to death are undoubtedly entitled to some notice before an execution is

carried out (to at least provide sufficient time to challenge the sentence), there is certainly no

“deeply rooted” history or tradition that they are entitled to ninety days or some other specified

period. As far as the court is aware, the practice of providing federal death row inmates with

ninety days’ notice of execution began in 1993. Since then, the federal government has only

executed ten individuals, three of whom received less than ninety days’ notice. Furthermore, as

discussed above, the Execution Protocol creates no enforceable rights. The only law expressly

providing Plaintiff a right to notice of his execution is a 1993 regulation that requires only twenty

days’ notice. See 28 C.F.R. § 26.4(a).

       Plaintiff has failed to show that a ninety-day notice is a “deeply rooted” historical

practice in this nation’s history, and therefore his substantive due process claim fails.

                       ii.     Ex Post Facto Clause

       The Ex Post Facto Clause prohibits the retroactive application of a “law that changes the

punishment, and inflicts greater punishment, than the law annexed to the crime when

committed.” Peugh v. United States, 569 U.S. 530, 532–33 (2013) (discussing U.S. Const. art I,

                                                  13
§ 9, cl. 3). This prohibition applies with equal force to changes in legislation, regulations, and

guidelines. See Bailey v. Fulwood, 793 F.3d 127, 134 (D.C. Cir. 2015).

       Here again, Plaintiff relies on earlier versions of the Execution Protocol providing ninety

days’ notice. In his view, the change from ninety to fifty days’ notice inflicts greater punishment

because “it will shorten his life by a minimum of 40 days.” (Pl. Mem. at 25.) The court

understands that every day of life is precious to someone facing imminent death. However, it is

not clear how forty fewer days of life inflicts a greater punishment on an individual who was

sentenced to death twenty-five years ago and who has long since exhausted his appeals.

Plaintiff’s death sentence will remain the same whether he is given fifty or ninety days’ notice of

his execution.

       In support of his argument that a shortened notice period inflicts a greater punishment,

Plaintiff relies on two cases which are more than a century old. In Rooney v. North Dakota, the

Supreme Court found that a statute which increased the required time between conviction and the

implementation of a death sentence was not an ex post facto punishment because it benefitted the

prisoner. 196 U.S. 319, 266 (1905). And in In re Tyson, 22 P. 810, 812 (Colo. 1889), the

Colorado Supreme Court stated, in dicta, that executing a defendant before the expiration of the

minimum time required between conviction and execution would constitute an ex post facto

punishment.

       The court does not share Plaintiff’s broad interpretation of these cases. Neither addresses

whether reducing the notice period given to an individual already awaiting execution inflicts a

greater punishment. Cf. Peterson, 965 F.3d at 552–53 (“[I]f a prisoner sued for inadequate

notice of an execution date, a court could review that decision. But if the BOP observed the

minimal requirements in the regulations . . . then it has the unconstrained discretion to choose a

                                                 14
date for the execution.”). Rather, Rooney and Tyson involved minimum time limits prescribed

by statute between judgment and execution. Indeed, an analogous federal law prohibits the

execution of a death row inmate less than sixty days after the entry of the judgment of death. See

28 C.F.R. § 26.3(a)(1).

          As mentioned above, the court does not reach this conclusion lightly—Plaintiff is

undoubtedly correct that “[j]ust a few more days of life is of inestimable value to a man who is to

be executed.” (Pl. Mem. at 24 (quoting In re Petition of Ellisor, 140 F. Supp. 720, 727 (S.D.

Tex. 1956)).) Nevertheless, Plaintiff has failed to establish that deviation from an unenforceable

agency practice inflicts greater punishment on an individual who received the notice to which he

was entitled—twenty days’ notice in accordance with 28 C.F.R. § 26.4(a) and sixty days between

judgment and execution in accordance with 28 C.F.R. § 26.3(a)(1)—and who was sentenced to

death more than two decades ago.

                 3.     Equal Protection

          Plaintiff alleges that he has been “denied equal protection under the Fifth Amendment as

he has not received the same process that other death row prisoners have been afforded to pursue

clemency.” (Compl. ¶ 184.) The basis of his claim is that Defendants shortened the notice

period “affording significantly more process to those scheduled for execution prior to the

COVID-19 pandemic than those scheduled for execution during the COVID-19 pandemic.” (Id.

¶ 180.)

          The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits a state from denying “any person within its

jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. The Equal

Protection Clause applies to the federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth

Amendment. Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S 497 (1954). Thus, the “[e]qual protection analysis in

                                                 15
the Fifth Amendment area is the same as that under the Fourteenth Amendment.” Buckley v.

Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 93 (1976).

        To succeed on an equal protection claim, a plaintiff must “demonstrate that he was

treated differently than similarly situated individuals and that [the government’s] explanation

does not satisfy the relevant level of scrutiny.” Settles v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 429 F.3d 1098,

1123 (D.C. Cir. 2005). Where, as here, an equal protection claim does not involve a suspect

class, the court applies rational basis scrutiny. See FCC v. Beach Commc’ns., Inc., 508 U.S. 307,

313 (1993) (nothing that the government action “must be upheld against equal protection

challenge if any reasonably conceivable state of facts could provide a rational basis for the

classification”). “Review of an equal protection claim in the context of agency action is similar

to that under the APA . . . [that is,] the only question is whether . . . treatment of [the plaintiff]

was rational (i.e., not arbitrary and capricious).” Nazareth Hosp. v. Sec’y. U.S. Dep’t of Health

and Hum. Servs., 747 F.3d 172, 180 (3d Cir. 2014); see also Cooper Hosp. / Univ. Med. Ctr. v.

Burwell, 179 F. Supp. 3d 31, 47 (D.D.C. 2016).

        The court finds that Plaintiff is unlikely to succeed on his equal protection claim for the

same reason his other constitutional claims fail: the Execution Protocol does not bestow

enforceable rights on death row inmates. The D.C. Circuit has made it clear that the Protocol is a

statement of agency policy. Execution Protocol Cases, 955 F.3d at 125–26 (Katsas, J.,

concurring); see id. at 145 (Rao, J., concurring). Accordingly, it is not subject to review under

the APA analysis. See, e.g., Ctr. for Auto Safety v. Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 452
F.3d 798, 806 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (explaining that an agency’s statement of policy is

unreviewable); Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Fed. Power Comm’n, 506 F.2d 33, 39 (D.C. Cir. 1974)

(“A general statement of policy . . . does not establish a binding norm. It is not finally

                                                   16
determinative of the issues or rights to which it is addressed.” (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted)); Fed. Law Enf’t Officers Ass’n v. Rigas, 2020 WL 4903843, at *7 (D.D.C.

Aug. 20, 2020) (same).

       Ultimately, the law provides that all inmates executed under the 2019 Execution Protocol

be given at least twenty days’ notice of their executions, and Defendants have complied with that

law.

               4.      Ultra Vires Agency Action

       Plaintiff also argues that the 2019 Execution Protocol conflicts with the FDPA, 18 U.S.C.

§ 3596, by purportedly displacing the U.S. Marshal Service from its statutorily assigned role to

“supervise implementation” of a federal death sentence. (See Compl. ¶¶ 173–78.) The court has

already rejected this claim in the Execution Protocol Cases litigation.

       Section 3596 of the FDPA requires that in carrying out a death sentence, “the Attorney

General shall release the person sentenced to death to the custody of a United States marshal,

who shall supervise implementation of the sentence in the manner prescribed by the law of the

State in which the sentence is imposed.” 18 U.S.C. § 3596(a). The critical word here is

“supervise,” 2 which is undefined in the statute. The court must therefore rely on its plain

meaning. “To ‘supervise’ is to ‘superintend’ or ‘oversee,’” but not to “formulate,” “determine,”

or “select” the manner of federal execution. Execution Protocol Cases, 955 F.3d at 134 (Rao, J.,

concurring) (citing Supervise, Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed. 2014)).

       The legislative history of the federal death penalty indicates that “supervise” does not

mean the U.S. Marshal has the exclusive authority to carry out federal executions or to institute

2
 As Judge Rao explained in her concurrence, “[t]he ordinary meaning of ‘implementation of the
sentence’ includes more than ‘inflicting the punishment of death.’” Execution Protocol Cases,
955 F.3d at 133 (Rao, J., concurring).

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procedures for doing so. In prior federal death penalty statutes, Congress used more expansive

language to describe the U.S. Marshal’s duties during an execution. For instance, in the 1937

version, Congress provided that the U.S. Marshal was “charged with the execution of the

sentence.” See 50 Stat. at 304.

       The 2019 Protocol does not divest the U.S. Marshal of this supervisory authority. In fact,

it mandates that the U.S. Marshal “oversee the execution and to direct which other personnel

may be present at it.” Execution Protocol Cases, 955 F.3d at 124 (Katsas, J.). The execution

cannot begin without the Marshal’s approval, and it is the Marshal who certifies that the

execution has been carried out. Id. The court therefore concludes that the U.S. Marshal

supervises—i.e., oversees and superintends over—the execution.

       Furthermore, the fact that the U.S. Marshal must supervise an execution does not

preclude other DOJ components from participating. Indeed “all functions of agencies and

employees of the Department of Justice”—of which both the Marshal Service and the BOP are

parts—“are vested in the Attorney General.” Thus, any authority inherent in the Attorney

General’s power to enforce a death sentence that has not been specifically assigned to a DOJ

component may be delegated. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 509, 510; United States v. Giordano, 416 U.S.
505, 514 (1974) (finding unexceptional the proposition that the Attorney General may freely

delegated his power where Congress does not say otherwise).

       The 2019 Protocol, as written, still provides the U.S. Marshal the power to supervise the

implementation of a death sentence. Therefore, the court finds that the 2019 Protocol does not

improperly delegate authority to the BOP.

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C.     Remaining Factors for Injunctive Relief

       Having concluded that none of Plaintiff’s claims are likely to succeed on the merits, the

court need not balance the remaining factors. See Greater New Orleans Fair Hous. Action

Center v. U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev., 639 F.3d 1078, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (noting that

a substantial likelihood of success the merits is often dispositive); Toxco Inc. v. Chu, 724 F.

Supp. 2d 16, 29 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quoting Am. Bankers Ass’n v. Nat’l Credit Union Admin., 38
F. Supp. 2d 114, 140 (D.D.C. 1999)) (“[A]bsent a ‘substantial indication’ of likely success on the

merits, ‘there would be no justification for the court’s intrusion into the ordinary processes of

administration and judicial review.’”). Plaintiff is not entitled to the injunctive relief sought.

D.     Emergency Motion for a Hearing

       Plaintiff has also filed an emergency motion for a hearing. (ECF No. 14.) The court

finds that such a hearing is not necessary given that Plaintiff has presented no disputed issues of

fact that need be resolved. See Cobell v. Norton, 391 F.3d 251, 261 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (“[I]f there

are genuine issues of material fact raised in opposition to a motion for a preliminary injunction,

an evidentiary hearing is required.”); see also LCvR 65.1(d) (“[A] hearing on an application for

preliminary injunction shall be set by the Court no later than 21 days after its filing, unless the

Court decides the motion on the papers”). Thus, Plaintiff’s emergency motion for a hearing will

be denied.

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                                  III.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s motion for a temporary restraining

order/preliminary injunction and emergency motion for a hearing must be DENIED. The court

will issue an accompanying order accordingly.

Date: November 16, 2020

                                            Tanya S. Chutkan
                                            TANYA S. CHUTKAN
                                            United States District Judge

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