Court Opinion

ID: 4120463
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-27 22:47:45.572556+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:49.550479
License: Public Domain

O ctober 14, 1977

77-58      MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE
           GENERAL COUNSEL, NATIONAL OCEANIC
           AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
           Personal Tort Liability of Regional Fishery
           Management Council Members and Staff

   The Deputy General Counsel of the Department of Commerce has
requested this Department’s review of your memorandum to determine
whether we concur with its conclusions. The memorandum addresses
the subject whether members of Regional Fishery Management Coun­
cils may be personally liable in tort as a result of their official participa­
tion in the Councils. We have reviewed the memorandum and the
applicable case law, and believe its conclusions reached are sound.
   Regional Fishery Management Councils were created by the Fishery
Conservation and Management A ct of 1976.1 They were created to
prepare, monitor, and revise regional management plans for the various
fisheries falling within their respective jurisdictions. The precise ques­
tion is whether a federally created and maintained entity whose purpose
is to assist in implementation o f a national program is an “independent
establishment of the United States . . . ,” and thereby a “Federal
Agency” under the umbrella o f the Federal T ort Claims Act.2 A body
of law has developed concerning the question whether an entity is a
“Federal Agency.” It stresses the source of funding for the entity and
the functions of the entity as two important factors. The funding factor
was substantially deflated in importance by the recent Supreme Court
decision in United States v. Orleans.3 In Orleans the Court held that a
“community action agency,” although subject to numerous Office of
Economic Opportunity rules and regulations and funded largely by
Federal funds, was not an entity that could properly be viewed as a
“Federal Agency” for the purpose o f the Federal T ort Claims Act.
Although legal analysis in that case is interesting, it does not relate
directly to the problem of Regional Fishery Council members and their

 ■ 16 U.S.C. § 1801, et seq.
 * 28 U.S.C. §2671.
 >425 U.S. 807, (1976).

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staff, because the Councils were established to execute a Federal func­
 tion while utilizing “national standards.” 4 Their function is to assist the
 Secretary of Commerce in his official endeavors.5
    The community action agency discussed in Orleans was a nonprofit
private corporation and as such was held by the Court to have the
status o f a “contractor.” 6 In the present matter we do not think the
traditional distinction between “government agency” and “contractor”
applies.7 Rather, the Councils come within the concept of an entity
which is an “integral part” of a Federal agency. If being an integral
part of a “Federal Agency” means facilitating the accomplishment of
an agency’s mission, then the Councils are indeed “Federal Agencies”
under the Federal Tort Claims Act. They are indispenable elements in
the statutory scheme of the 1976 Act, and are an integral part of the
Departm ent o f Commerce’s statutory mission under that Act.8
    In United States v. Holcombe,9 where property was allegedly dam­
aged through the negligence of a civilian employee of the commis­
sioned .officers’ mess, the Sixth Circuit held that the mess was an
“integral part” o f the military establishment and thus an Agency of the
G overnm ent under the Federal T ort Claims Act. This ruling was issued
despite the fact that the mess was a “nonappropriated fund instrumen­
tality,” Le., an entity not supported by appropriations out of the Nation­
al Treasury. The Councils were created by Federal statute and vested
with a statutory delineation of their functions. We think this militates
toward a finding that they are “Federal Agencies” under the Federal
T ort Claims A ct and are protected by that degree of immunity the
Constitution and Federal statutes provide Federal agencies.10
   Finally, the issue of State employees serving as Council members is
no more complex than the threshold issue whether the Councils are
Federal Agencies. It has been recognized that an employee of a local
government may be “loaned” by that government to the Federal G ov­
ernment so as to become a Federal employee for purposes of the
  4 See, e.g., 16 U.S.C. §§ 1801(a)(6)-(7) and 1853(a)(1)(c).
  11 In Orleans, the Court focused, inter alia, on the local nature o f the community action
agency. See 16 U.S.C. § 1852(h).
  * “A critical element in distinguishing an agency from a contractor is the pow er of the
Federal Governm ent ‘to control the detailed physical performance of the contractor.’ ”
Orleans, 425 U.S. at 814 quoting from Logue v. United States, 412 U.S. 521, 528 (1973).
  7 This distinction seems to apply where the entity whose status is in issue is engaged in
an undertaking w hich has private as opposed to governmental overtones. C f, Strangi v.
United States, 211 F. 2d 305 (5th C ir. 1954), and Hopson v. United States, 136 F. Supp. 804
(D. Ark. 1956).
  0 Standard Oil Co. o f California v. Johnson, 316 U.S. 481 (1942), was one o f the first
cases that adopted the “integral p a rt” test. There a U.S. Army Post Exchange (PX) was
the entity involved and, the Court held:
     W e conclude that post exchanges as now operated are arms o f the Government
     deemed by it essential for th e performance of Governmental functions. They are
     integral parts o f the War Department, share in fulfilling the duties entrusted to it, and
     partake of w hatever immunities it may have under the Constitution and federal
     statutes. Id. at 485.
  • 277 F. 2d 143 (4th Cir. 1960).
  10 See note 2, supra.

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Federal Tort Claims A ct.11 The fact that his salary comes from a
source other than the Federal Government does not alter his Federal
status.12
                                                        L eon U lm a n
                                       Deputy Assistant Attorney General
                                                      Office o f Legal Counsel

 “ See, Fries v. United States. 170 F. 2d 726, 731 (6th Cir. 1948).
 11 See, United States v. Holcombe, 277 F. 2d at 144-146, supra, note 9, and Martalano v.
United States, 231 F. Supp. 805 (D. Nev. 1964).