Court Opinion

ID: 6336147
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-28 19:02:44.110498+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:07.056481
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 22a0179n.06

                                           No. 21-5447

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                       FILED
                                                                                  Apr 28, 2022
                                                 )
 JO ANN BARNARD,                                 )                           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
        Plaintiff-Appellant,                     )
                                                 )         ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
 v.                                              )         STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                 )         THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
 POWELL VALLEY             ELECTRIC              )         TENNESSEE
 COOPERATIVE,                                    )
                                                 )                                      OPINION
        Defendant-Appellee.                      )
                                                 )

Before: GILMAN, STRANCH, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Jo Ann Barnard, the Director of Finance and

Accounting at Powell Valley Electric Cooperative (PVEC), brought claims against her employer,

alleging wage discrimination under the Equal Pay Act (EPA) and the Tennessee Human Rights

Act (THRA), and retaliation for her engagement in protected activity under the EPA, THRA, and

the Tennessee Public Protection Act (TPPA). The district court granted summary judgment to

PVEC. Based on our analysis herein, we AFFIRM.

                                     I.   BACKGROUND

        A. Factual Background

       PVEC is a consumer/member-owned rural electric cooperative, headquartered in New

Tazewell, Tennessee. In 1991, PVEC hired Barnard as its Director of Finance and Accounting, a

position that she held for 25 years until her termination on January 6, 2017. In that role, Barnard

reported to the General Manager, Randall Meyers, and Meyers reported to PVEC’s Board of
No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

Directors and the Company’s President, Roger Ball. Her “job objective” in that role was “[t]o

plan, organize, direct, coordinate, and control the total accounting and financial functions of

[PVEC].”

       PVEC pays its employees pursuant to a Wage and Salary Plan, which establishes grades

for each position in the organization and a corresponding set of merit steps, ranging from 1 to 7,

for each job grade. Barnard was hired at step 5 of pay grade 13, amounting to an hourly wage of

$19.13 or approximately $40,000 per year. She does not dispute that this initial placement was

not discriminatory. By 1993, Barnard had received two step increases, bringing her to step 7 of

pay grade 13. She claims that prior to 1993, however, Meyers sexually harassed her, and she

received those raises while that conduct persisted. But in late 1993, when Barnard put an end to

that conduct, her merit raises ceased, and for the next 23 years, she did not receive a single merit-

based raise. Barnard did receive cost of living adjustments each year for the remainder of her

career, that she believed to be “generous.”

       As PVEC’s Director of Finance and Accounting, Barnard was part of the core management

and executive team. The other members of that team were the General Manager, Randell Meyers,

and Director of Special Projects, Gary Hatfield. Hatfield, like Barnard, was also in pay grade 13

in 1991, but he had already reached step 7—by 1993, both were at pay grade 13, step 7 with

identical compensation.

       In her litigation, Barnard pointed to two other PVEC employees who were paid more than

she was at the time of her termination and also reported directly to Randell Meyers: Ronnie

Williams and Bo Goodin. Williams was hired in 1974, and rose to the position of Crew Leader

before being promoted to Area Supervisor in 1993. In that capacity, Williams was responsible for

“supervising and coordinating all activities relating to the construction, operations, and

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

management of [PVEC]’s electrical system within the Tazwell district, which serves

approximately one half of [PVEC]’s members.” By the time of Barnard’s termination, Williams

was paid at grade 14, step 7. Throughout the time frame that Barnard received no merit increases,

Williams received seven raises. Goodin was hired as an entry-level Staking Engineer and

ultimately was promoted to Assistant General Manager. Barnard admits that she did not know

what Goodin does on a day-to-day basis. But the record showed that Goodin’s job required

“background and experience of working with equipment for an electrical distribution system.”

       On November 8, 2016, Barnard made a request to Meyers to re-grade her job to a higher

grade on the Wage and Salary Plan. She met with him on November 11 to discuss her concerns

that she had not received a merit-based pay since 1993 and to inquire about the status of her request

to re-grade her job. During that conversation, which Barnard privately recorded, she raised

concerns regarding pay disparities between herself and other male managers, systemic sex

discrimination in pay involving herself and other coworkers, and concerns about practices she

reported to an external auditor earlier that year, which she said were ignored. Barnard described

Meyers’s demeanor as “defensive and agitated,” but Meyer ultimately explained that her request

required Board approval. To that end, he coordinated a meeting for Barnard and the Audit

Committee of the Board of Directors, which was scheduled to take place on November 28.

       That morning before the meeting, Barnard sent an e-mail to President Ball, with copies to

PVEC’s outside counsel, David Stanifer, and PVEC’s outside labor and employment counsel, Britt

Smith. It had several attachments, for presentation to the Audit Committee, including a news

article about a scandal involving a different company; a document titled “Personal Problems with

Randell” that summarized her claims of sex discrimination and pay discrimination; and a document

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

titled “PVEC Items of Concern,” which summarized multiple instances of suspected illegal activity

by company executives.

       Later that day, Barnard met with the committee. Roger Ball, David Stanifer, and the PVEC

Board Vice President David Kindle also attended the meeting, though they did not serve on the

committee. Barnard provided each member with the documents she attached to her e-mail, and

then presented the materials and expressed her concerns that PVEC was engaged in fraudulent

activities. She also claimed that Meyers had sexually harassed her during her employment and

sexually assaulted her 23 years ago.

       That same day, the full PVEC Board of Directors met for their scheduled meeting. The

Board discussed Barnard’s presentation to the Audit Committee at length. The Board then voted

to place Barnard on “paid administrative leave with full benefits” while “the information she

provided could be properly reviewed and considered.” The next day, Stanifer communicated that

information to Barnard.

       On December 9, PVEC’s counsel met with Barnard to discuss the possibility of settling her

complaint. During their conversation, PVEC’s counsel suggested that early retirement could be

an option. In an effort to resolve the complaints, Barnard indicated that she was amenable to

meeting with the Audit Committee again. A meeting was scheduled for December 15, but Barnard

ultimately canceled that meeting.

       On December 19, Barnard met with Stanifer and Smith before the Board met for its

regularly scheduled meeting. Her meeting lasted three hours, during which Barnard rehashed

many of her complaints. In response, Smith stated:

       And here’s what I really want to talk to you about today. Okay. I’m afraid, and I
       can’t tell you that I know this, but I mentioned it to you on the phone a little bit,
       I’m afraid that there’s been some damage done to people over at the coop by things
       that you’ve said. It includes a number of people other than just Randell. I’m afraid,

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

        but I don’t know that, that the Board is not going to be willing to let you come back
        to work.

(R. 55, Recording of Meeting, at 35:19)

        Smith also clarified:

        What I’m trying to say is, can you think of anything that you could accept that
        would not involve you coming back, in other words early retirement, and if the
        Board would agree to go along with something like, then I would try to get NRECA
        looking at a supplemental early retirement plan.

(Id. at 36:44)

        Finally, Smith opined:

        What I would love to see is that you retire and that they pay you something that
        will, if not completely at least partially, for what you feel like you have been
        cheated out of.

(Id. at 46:31)

        Barnard left the meeting with the understanding that Stanifer and Smith would meet with

the Board later that evening to discuss the next steps and then circle back to Barnard.

        Following the Board meeting, Smith contacted Barnard and stated:

        About the Board’s action Monday night [i.e., 12/19/2016] and I know this is not
        going to be what you expect, and I know some of it’s going to be hard for you. But
        basically, they determined that they just couldn’t see any way that they could bring
        you back. There’s too much damage done and too many things hurt. It really goes
        beyond that. It’s not only Randell, you know, but it is employees. Your subordinates
        just don’t feel that the relationship is very good. I know that’s hard to hear, but
        that’s the bottom line and that’s what we are trying to deal with. I’m going to ask
        you now to assume that you can’t come back to work. What can we do that it’s
        going to take to make this easier for you? So, what I asked them to do, first of all,
        and that’s why I didn’t get you yesterday, was to give me some kind idea on what

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

       your current sick leave payout would be and what your vacation hours payout
       would be. Can you write down numbers and things as we talk?

(R. 55, Call with Brit Smith, 0:00 to 1:23) The call concluded with Smith offering Barnard a

settlement package. For the next few weeks, Barnard and Smith exchanged several e-mails until

January 5, 2017.

       While the email exchanges were underway and while she was on administrative leave, on

December 28, 2016, Barnard went to the home of her friend and subordinate employee, Lisa

Tarver. Barnard told Tarver about her ongoing dispute with PVEC and PVEC’s response to her

complaint. Barnard asked Tarver to retrieve files from Barnard’s work computer that she had been

unable to retrieve when she was placed on administrative leave. Barnard contends that the only

documents she sought were a compilation of TVA Retail Rate data that she saved on her computer.

But Tarver testified that Barnard handed her a flash drive, requested “all communications with

TVA and all retail and wholesale rate data,” and instructed Tarver to copy those documents and

meet Barnard’s husband the next day to give him the flash drive. Tarver agreed to do so, but

testified that it was “just so [she] could get [Barnard] out of [her] house.” Barnard’s supervisors

found out about the incident when Tarver reported it to Meyers the next day.

       On January 6, 2017, Barnard’s employment was officially terminated. The letter says that

PVEC discovered issues with Barnard’s employment while investigating her complaint, and states

the following:

       Such Conduct includes among other issues, (i) pressuring PVEC employees to
       sneak copies of PVEC’s confidential business records to you for your own personal
       use, (ii) pressuring one of your subordinate employees to copy records after being
       told by the employee it would violate company directives to do so, (iii) asserting
       your desire to “take down” the cooperative.

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

        You also stated to your subordinate employee that you have considered shooting
        me, the Board Chairman, and other PVEC employees.

(R. 39-26, Termination Letter, PageID 842) In an interrogatory response, PVEC originally

claimed that Barnard was fired during the executive meeting of the Board of Directors, but later

amended its response to state that when Ball learned of Barnard’s conduct, he consulted with

executive members, “obtained consensus for termination,” and approved the letter.

        Following her termination, Barnard continued to contact her supervisors. On March 13,

2017, Barnard and her father confronted President Ball in the PVEC parking lot, parking directly

behind him so that he could not leave. Barnard sought to be reinstated, and over the course of the

conversation, the two stated:

        Barnard: I mean I’ve worked my butt of [f]or Powell Valley, granted the last 2 years
        I’ve done a lot at WaFloy, but I’ve got my one-time stuff done there. And my heart
        and soul is with Powell Valley, I don’t want to cause them any harm and whoever
        said that I was trying to take it down was lying.

        Ball: Well, I never heard any of that. But you know . . . the biggest thing I know is
        all the stuff that you’ve handed me.

(R. 57-1 at 18; R. 55, Ball Conversation, 1:40-2:10) Following the conversation, Barnard brought

suit.

        B. Procedural Background

        Barnard sued PVEC, bringing claims of unequal pay in violation of the Equal Pay Act and

the Tennessee Human Rights Act (THRA), and alleging that her termination was illegal retaliation

under the Equal Pay Act, the THRA, and the Tennessee Public Protection Act (TPPA). PVEC

moved for summary judgment before the district court, contending that Barnard could not prove

she was paid differently for equal work; that her complaint was not protected activity under the

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

relevant statutes to establish retaliation; and that it had a valid, nondiscriminatory reason to

terminate her.

       The district court granted summary judgment to PVEC on all counts. As to the wage

discrimination claim under the Equal Pay Act, Barnard claimed that Goodin and Williams were

appropriate comparators because they were also on the management team. The district court began

its review with an analysis of the alleged comparators’ job descriptions. It explained that

Williams’s job required technical knowledge of electric utility construction, operations and

maintenance; knowledge of and expertise in the National Electric Safety Code and Occupational

Health and Safety Administration; performance of duties on a 24/7 basis in adverse weather

conditions. Goodin’s position required “background and experience working with equipment for

an electrical distribution company,” and Barnard admitted she does not “have detailed knowledge

about what the assistant general manager does.” In light of these facts, the district court found that

the two men were not viable comparators for her accounting and finance job and thus did not

support her equal pay claim.

       The district court also concluded that Barnard’s claim that “other employees received more

raises than she did” could not amount to an Equal Pay Act claim. Relying on the language of the

statute, the court concluded that the scope of such claim is limited to “an examination of total

salary, not wage growth.” And because her THRA claim relied on the same basis of facts, the

district court granted summary judgment on that claim, too.

       Regarding Barnard’s retaliation claims, the district court found that Barnard’s several

complaints and colloquies with the Board constituted protected activity. But, focusing primarily

on Barnard’s efforts to obtain confidential company documents from PVEC while on

administrative leave, the court found that such conduct constituted a valid, non-discriminatory

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

reason for her termination. The district court concluded that the reason stated for the discharge

was uncontradicted and was consistent with the employer’s actions and that Barnard failed to show

the proffered reason was pretextual. Accordingly, it granted summary judgment to PVEC on her

retaliation claims.

       Barnard timely appealed. On appeal, Barnard contests only the district court’s grant of

summary judgment concerning the THRA equal pay claim and the retaliation claims.

                                       II.   ANALYSIS

       We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. See Kalich v. AT&T

Mobility, LLC, 679 F.3d 464, 469 (6th Cir. 2012). Summary judgment is appropriate when the

record, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, reveals that there is no genuine

issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Fed.

R. Civ. P. 56(a). In conducting this analysis, we do not judge credibility or weigh conflicting

evidence; instead, we believe the evidence of the nonmoving party, and draw “all justifiable

inferences” in her favor. Id. at 255; Rachells v. Cingular Wireless Emp. Servs., LLC, 732 F.3d

652, 660 (6th Cir. 2013).

       A.      Wage Discrimination Claim

       Barnard contends on appeal that the district court “erred by requiring [her] to prove she

was paid less for equal work under the Tennessee Human Rights Act.” She argues that the district

court should have focused on the evidence showing that her merit-based increases ceased after she

“put an end” to the sexual advances from her supervisor. PVEC contends that Barnard’s THRA

claim fails as a matter of law because she conceded that she has no viable claim under the Equal

Pay Act. In the alternative, PVEC contends that her THRA claim fails because Barnard failed to

establish a prima facie claim and failed to show pretext.

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

       We begin with the interplay between the THRA claim—which is evaluated “similarly, if

not identically to Title VII,” see Ferguson v. Middle Tenn. State Uni., 451 S.W.3d 375, 381 (Tenn.

2014)—and the Equal Pay Act. “[W]hen an Equal Pay Act claim and a Title VII claim arise out

of the same set of underlying facts, both stating a charge of wage discrimination, ‘the standards of

liability under the two statutes are sufficiently similar,’ that the disposition with respect to the two

claims should be the same.” Clark v. Johnson & Higgins, No. 97-4233, 1999 U.S. App. LEXIS

11350, at *8 (6th Cir. May 28, 1999) (quoting Korte v. Diemer, 909 F.2d 954, 957 (6th Cir. 1990)).

But that does not mean that the analysis is “coterminous.” Briggs v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 11 F.4th

498, 509 n.2 (6th Cir. 2021). In Briggs, this court explained,

       Because the burdens of production and persuasion are allocated differently in the
       two types of claims, a defendant’s evidentiary showing that falls short of proof at
       the second step has a different impact for each claim: In an EPA claim, summary
       judgment will be denied, whereas in a Title VII claim, the burden then shifts to the
       plaintiff to produce evidence supporting pretext.
Id.

       In some cases, the theory of liability behind the wage discrimination claim is entirely

different under Title VII (or an anti-discrimination statute) than it would be under the EPA. In

rejecting the argument that EPA claims necessarily swallow related Title VII claims, the Supreme

Court noted that such an interpretation would mean “that a woman who is discriminatorily

underpaid could obtain no relief—no matter how egregious the discrimination might be—unless

her employer also employed a man in an equal job in the same establishment, at a higher rate of

pay.” County of Washington v. Gunther, 452 U.S. 161, 178 (1981). The Court further explained,

       [I]f an employer hired a woman for a unique position in the company and then
       admitted that her salary would have been higher had she been male, the woman
       would be unable to obtain legal redress under petitioners’ interpretation. Similarly,
       if an employer used a transparently sex-biased system for wage determination,
       women holding jobs not equal to those held by men would be denied the right to
       prove that the system is a pretext for discrimination.

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

Id. Thus, wage discrimination claims under anti-discrimination statutes, like THRA and Title VII,

can involve a different, broader question than the one posed under claims that arise under the EPA

(and which may overlap with Title VII): whether “intentional gender discrimination was a

substantial factor in the pay equation.” Smith v. Ky. State Univ., 97 F. App’x 22, 24 (6th Cir.

2004); see also Briggs, 11 F.4th at 509 (“[W]ith respect to the EPA, we ask whether [the employer]

has proven that the wage differential was based on a factor other than sex that was applied for a

legitimate business reason; with respect to Title VII, we ask only whether [the employer] has

produced evidence from which a reasonable jury could infer it had a legitimate, non-discriminatory

reason for its actions.”)

        Barnard contends that the sexual harassment by her supervisor, which she put an end to in

1993, caused her to be deprived of merit-based increases.            This argument—that direct

discrimination caused her wage deprivation—is precisely the type described in Gunther that would

divorce Barnard’s THRA claim from her EPA-type claim. Accordingly, Barnard’s claim does not

fail simply because she is no longer pursuing her EPA claim.

        We now turn to the merits of Barnard’s wage discrimination claim. In evaluating wage

discrimination claims under Title VII or related state anti-discrimination statutes, the three-step

framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), applies. See

Briggs, 11 F.4th at 508–09. “On a motion for summary judgment, a district court considers

whether there is sufficient evidence to create a genuine dispute at each stage of the McDonnell

Douglas inquiry.” Risch v. Royal Oak Police Dep’t, 581 F.3d 383, 390 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting

Blair v. Henry Filters, Inc., 505 F.3d 517, 524 (6th Cir. 2007)). The district court here did not

apply the McDonell Douglas framework, instead it granted summary judgment because the EPA

claim failed. The district court erred in this regard.

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

        We apply the McDonnell Douglas burden shifting framework. The plaintiff bears the

initial burden to establish her prima facie case by demonstrating that “(1) he or she was a member

of a protected class; (2) he or she suffered an adverse employment action; (3) he or she was

qualified for the position; and (4) he or she was . . . treated differently than similarly-situated, non-

protected employees.” Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc., 455 F.3d 702, 707 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting

DiCarlo v. Potter, 358 F.3d 408, 415 (6th Cir. 2004)). The employee’s burden at the prima facie

stage is “not onerous” and “poses a burden easily met.” Provenzano v. LCI Holdings, Inc.,

663 F.3d 806, 813 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Cline v. Cath. Diocese of Toledo, 206 F.3d 651, 660

(6th Cir. 2000)). Second, the burden then shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate, non-

discriminatory reason for its actions. Id. at 814. And finally, the employee has the burden of

proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the employer’s proffered reasons were a mere

pretext for discrimination. Russell v. University of Toledo, 537 F.3d 596, 604 (6th Cir. 2008);

Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252–53 (1981). At this third stage,

“although [the employee] must come forward with evidence that the [employer’s] reason for the

employment action is false, [s]he need not present independent evidence that the proffered reason

is pretext for [the alleged] discrimination.” Sutherland v. Michigan Dep’t of Treasury, 344 F.3d

603, 615 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 148

(2000) (“[A] plaintiff’s prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to find that the

employer’s asserted justification is false, may permit the trier of fact to conclude that the employer

unlawfully discriminated.”)). Importantly, the employer bears the burden of production at the

second stage, but the employee bears the ultimate burden of production and persuasion. St. Mary’s

Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 507–08 (1993).

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

       As to the first stage, there is no dispute that Barnard has satisfied the first three elements

of the prima facie stage; the parties instead quarrel over whether Barnard has satisfied the fourth

element. Barnard points to two ways that she was treated differently than similarly-situated, non-

protected employees. First, she points to the cessation of her merit-based pay raises, arguing that

she received raises while she experienced sexual harassment from the decisionmaker, but as soon

as she put an end to her supervisor’s unwelcome behavior, she stopped receiving the raises.

Second, she contends that other similarly-situated male employees during that same time period

continued to receive merit-based pay raises. PVEC addresses only Barnard’s second argument,

contending that Barnard does not establish a prima facie case because her comparators are not

similarly situated—their job titles, duties, and skills are sufficiently different to render them

inapposite comparators.

       To satisfy the fourth element of the prima facie case, the plaintiff need only show

“circumstances which give rise to an inference of discrimination.” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 253. Our

cases have drawn that inference in many ways, including from disparate treatment of similarly

situated employees who lack the protected characteristic (known as comparators) or to some

factual circumstances that raise reasonable suspicion of an employer’s discriminatory motivation

behind the adverse employment action. See Mickey v. Zeidler Tool & Die Co., 516 F.3d 516, 521–

22 (6th Cir. 2008); see also Loyd v. Phillip Bros., 25 F.3d 518, 522 (7th Cir. 1994) (cataloguing

various methods of establishing an inference of discrimination including: “suspicious timing,”

“inappropriate remarks,” and “comparative evidence of systematically more favorable treatment

toward similarly-situated employees not sharing the protected characteristic.”). In any case, “[t]he

key question is always whether, under the particular facts and context of the case at hand, the

plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence that he or she suffered an adverse employment action

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

under circumstances which give rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination.” Clay v. United

Parcel Serv., Inc., 501 F.3d 695, 703 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Macy v. Hopkins County Sch. Bd. of

Educ., 484 F.3d 357, 365 (6th Cir. 2007)).

       The suspicious circumstances to which Barnard directs the court are sufficient to raise an

inference of discrimination. PVEC does not dispute that Barnard had not received a pay raise since

1993, nor does it provide evidence to controvert or oppose her claims that the decisionmaker

sexually harassed her until she refused his actions in 1993. This suspicious timing—the coinciding

of the end of the unwanted sexual harassment and the end of her merit-based raises—is enough to

meet the “not onerous” and low bar posed by the fourth element at this stage in the analysis.

Provenzano, 663 F.3d at 813.

       We therefore move to the next stage of the McDonnell Douglas framework: whether the

employer has articulated a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment

action. White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 533 F.3d 381, 391 (6th Cir. 2008). PVEC has

articulated such a reason for Barnard’s cessation of merit-based increases: it was following its

own Wage and Salary Plan. For the last stage, Barnard “must identify evidence from which a

reasonable jury could conclude that the proffered reason is actually a pretext for unlawful

discrimination.” Provenzano, 663 F.3d at 812.

       Barnard argues that she has met her burden by showing that PVEC was not following the

terms of its Plan. Under the Plan, each job role is assigned a “grade” based on PVEC’s

determination of the salary range for a position. Each grade has a minimum and maximum salary

range, which are distributed over the course of seven steps through which employees progress.

Critically, the seventh step represents a maximum salary threshold—the only way an employee

can receive higher wages is if the employee is hired into a different job or her existing job is “re-

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

graded.” Re-grading is appropriate only “[w]hen the duties of a position are substantially changed”

and by recommendation of the General Manager.

       Barnard was hired in 1991 as the new Director of Accounting and Finance, and she began

her career at step 5 on the M-13 pay grade. She does not claim that this placement was

discriminatory. Over the next two years, she received two merit-based increases, moving her to

step 7, the highest step on the M-13 pay grade, by 1993. Barnard has not demonstrated how the

sexual harassment she alleges altered the terms of the Plan. Instead, she contends that other male

employees who also reported to her supervisor received many merit-based increases over the same

period of time.

       One crucial detail explains the disparity in merit-based increases that Barnard alleges:

neither Goodin nor Williams—the employees to which she points—remained in the same job.

Williams was hired in 1991 as a crew leader, he was later promoted to Area 3 Supervisor in 1993,

and over the course of that time, he advanced to step 7. Later, the Board of Directors re-graded

his position from M-12 to M-14, and he reached step 7 of M-14 in 2014, where his compensation

has remained. Goodin began as a staking engineer at M-9, step 1, and he advanced several steps

before being promoted to Director of Engineering in 2008. When he was promoted again to the

job of Assistant General Manager, a role in a higher grade in 2012, he was placed at step 7, where

he too has remained since. So, the merit-based increases that the proposed comparators received

are attributable to job promotions and are in accordance with PVEC’s Wage and Salary Plan.

Based on this record, PVEC was operating according to its Plan’s standard protocol. Barnard has

not pointed to any evidence in the record to show discriminatory animus.

       In any case, neither Goodin nor Williams are proper comparators. The district court initially

focused on whether the positions are fungible, stating that courts often “require” a showing of

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

fungibility, but that statement is inaccurate. Fungibility is simply one way in which compared

positions “can support a prima facie case.” Beck-Wilson v. Principi, 441 F.3d 353, 361 (6th Cir.

2006). Most cases, however, require a detailed analysis of whether the employees performed

substantially equal job duties. See, e.g., Briggs, 11 F.4th at 511. Such is the case here. Barnard

points to one similarity between herself, Williams, and Goodin: they all report to the same

supervisor. That aside, the jobs of both men varied markedly from Barnard’s. Indeed, Goodin

was in a higher position on the organizational charge, and his job required “background and

experience of working with equipment for an electrical distribution system.” Williams’s job

required knowledge of electrical utility construction, operations, and maintenance, expertise in the

National Electric Safety Code and Occupational Health and Safety regulations, and he was often

required to work irregular hours and to respond on a 24/7 basis. Barnard’s job as Director of

Finance and Accounting, by contrast, requires an entirely different set of skills—“[t]o plan,

organize, direct, coordinate and control total accounting and financial functions of the

Cooperative,” oversee the accounting staff, and generate financial reports. Goodin and Williams

had entirely different jobs and duties, requiring different skills from Barnard’s, that make them

inappropriate for the purposes of comparing compensation in her wage discrimination claim.

       For the reasons explained herein, it was proper to grant summary judgment to PVEC on

the THRA wage discrimination claim.

       B.      Retaliation Claim

       Barnard also brought claims under the EPA, THRA, and TPA, arguing that she was

terminated in retaliation for her complaints of wage discrimination and other protected activities.

Claims of unlawful retaliation under the EPA and the state statutes all follow the same three-stage,

burden-shifting framework employed under Title VII and discussed in the preceding section.

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

See Briggs, 11 F.4th at 514. To summarize, the framework begins with the establishment of a

prima facie case; the burden then shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason; and finally, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the proffered reason is

pretextual. Id. at 514–15.

       The district court concluded that Barnard established a prima facie case: her detailed letter

and presentation to the Board regarding sexual harassment and wage discrimination constituted

protected activity, and she was quickly terminated. Shifting the burden to PVEC to articulate a

legitimate, non-discriminatory reason, PVEC pointed to the reasons it stated in the termination

letter—that Barnard attempted to steal company records and threatened her supervisors. The

parties do not contest those conclusions, so the main issue on appeal is the last step of the analysis:

whether Barnard demonstrated that the reasons proffered by her employer for her termination were

pretextual.

       Plaintiffs may show pretext a number of ways: “by showing that the proffered reason[]

(1) had no basis in fact; (2) was insufficient motivation for the employment action; or (3) did not

actually motivate the adverse employment action.” Joostberns v. United Parcel Servs., Inc., 166

F. App’x 783, 790–91 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing Smith v. Chrysler Corp., 155 F.3d 799, 805-06 (6th

Cir. 1998). Where, as here, the employer proffers multiple reasons for the termination, the

employee generally must show that each of the reasons proffered were pretextual. See Jones v. St.

Jude Med. S.C., Inc., 504 F. App’x 473, 478 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing Smith, 155 F.3d at 805). But

“an employer’s strategy of simply tossing out a number of reasons to support its employment

action in the hope that one of them will ‘stick’ could easily backfire.” Smith, 155 F.3d at 809.

“There may be cases in which the multiple grounds offered by the [employer] for the adverse

action of which the plaintiff complains are so intertwined, or the pretextual character of one of

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

them so suspicious, that the plaintiff could withstand summary judgment.” Id. (quoting Russell v.

Acme-Evans Co., 51 F.3d 64, 70 (7th Cir. 1995)). And “a multitude of suspicious explanations

may itself suggest that the employer’s investigatory process was . . . questionable.” Id.

       Here, PVEC offered three reasons in the letter explaining its termination of Barnard’s

employment: “(i) pressuring PVEC employees to sneak copies of PVEC’s confidential business

records to [Barnard] for [her] own personal use; (ii) pressuring one of [her] subordinate employees

to copy records after being told by the employee that it would violate company directives to do so;

and (iii) asserting [her] desire to ‘take down’ the cooperative.” Separate from the three reasons,

the letter also states that Barnard was “considering shooting . . . the Board Chairmen, and other

PVEC employees.” The district court focused primarily on the first reason for termination, finding

that Barnard admitted she attempted to take documents and that she knew PVEC did not want her

to have those documents; it declined to analyze the remaining proffered reasons.

       Focusing on that same reason, Barnard contends that the district court erred because a

reasonable jury could conclude that PVEC had already decided to terminate Barnard as early as

December 19, 2016. Barnard’s admitted actions on December 28, 2016, however, constituted an

independent, terminable act that was severable from her protected conduct. Barnard attempts to

quell concerns about her request by claiming the documents were relevant to her complaints and

were not sensitive or confidential documents. But at that time, there is no dispute that she was on

a paid administrative leave that prevented her from accessing documents in PVEC’s internal

database. Barnard was aware that she could not access or go to the work site to access the

documents for herself, an understanding reinforced when she asked her employee to do so and was

told that taking the documents would violate PVEC’s policies. We have held that an employer

may terminate an employee for surreptitiously taking company documents without company

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No. 21-5447, Barnard v. Powell Valley Electric Cooperative

permission, even when those documents may be relevant to a discrimination claim. See Niswander

v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 529 F.3d 714, 727 (6th Cir. 2008). The reason for Barnard’s termination

was severable from and unrelated to her protected activity. Based on this independent, legitimate,

nondiscriminatory ground for termination, Barnard cannot meet her burden to show that the

proffered reason was pretextual. We therefore need not evaluate the remaining reasons and affirm

the grant of summary judgment to PVEC regarding the retaliation claims on this ground alone.

                                   III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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