Court Opinion

ID: 2975054
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:28:09.503221+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:37:41.652142
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT-PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 07a0245n.06
                             Filed: April 3, 2007

                                              No. 05-1948
                                              No. 05-2642
                                              No. 06-1122
                                              No. 06-1652

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

MARY SCOTT,                                   )
                                              )
        Plaintiff-Appellant,                  )
                                              )
                v.                            )                      ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                              )                      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
METROPOLITAN HEALTH CORPORATION, )                                   COURT FOR THE WESTERN
d/b/a METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL, a Michigan )                            DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
corporation, and MICHAEL FAAS, an individual, )
jointly and severally,                        )
                                              )
        Defendants-Appellees.                 )
                                              )
________________________________________

BEFORE: GUY, SUHRHEINRICH, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

        GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

        Plaintiff Mary Scott timely appeals five orders of the district court: the grant of summary

judgment; the imposition of sanctions; the calculation of the amount of sanctions; the district judge’s

refusal to recuse himself; and the refusal to reconsider the recusal ruling. For the reasons that follow,

we affirm the orders of the district court.

                                                   I.

                                                  --1--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

        The district court had jurisdiction over Scott’s discharge claim pursuant to the general federal

question statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and venue was proper in the Western District of Michigan under

the FCA, 31 U.S.C. § 3732(a). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                                   II.

        We review the entry of summary judgment de novo. Brainard v. Am. Skandia Life Assur.

Corp., 432 F.3d 655, 660 (6th Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is proper where no genuine issue of

material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Moross Ltd.

P’ship v. Fleckenstein Capital, Inc., 466 F.3d 508, 515 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing FED . R. CIV . P. 56(c)).

We construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant and draw all reasonable

inferences in her favor. Id. The central issue is whether the evidence presents sufficient

disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail

as a matter of law. Id. “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of [non-movant]’s

position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the

plaintiff.” Id.

        In imposing sanctions against Scott, the district court invoked Rules 26(g) and 56(g) and the

court’s inherent authority. We review both a decision to impose sanctions and the determination of

the amount of sanctions for abuse of discretion. Jordan v. City of Cleveland, 464 F.3d 584, 600 (6th

Cir. 2006); First Bank of Marietta v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., 307 F.3d 501 (6th Cir. 2002).

We will find an abuse of discretion only if the district court “based its ruling on an erroneous view

of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp.,

496 U.S. 384, 405 (1990); Salkil v. Mt. Sterling Twp. Police Dep’t, 458 F.3d 520, 527-28 (6th Cir.

                                                  --2--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

2006). We will find an abuse of discretion only when we are left with “the definite and firm

conviction that the court below committed a clear error of judgment . . . .” Sako v. Gonzales, 434
F.3d 857, 863 (6th Cir. 2006).

       Finally, we review the judge’s refusal to recuse himself for abuse of discretion. United States

v. Jamieson, 427 F.3d 394, 405 (6th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, – U.S. –, 126 S. Ct. 2909 (2006). We

likewise apply abuse-of-discretion review to the district court’s denial of Scott’s motion to

reconsider the recusal decision. United States v. Brown, 449 F.3d 741, 750 (6th Cir. 2006).

                                                  III.

       Scott asserts a claim under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h), which provides, in pertinent part,

       Any employee who is discharged . . . or in any other manner discriminated against
       in the terms and conditions of employment by his or her employer because of lawful
       acts done by the employee on behalf of the employee or others in furtherance of an
       action under this section, including investigation for, initiation of, testimony for, or
       assistance in an action filed or to be filed under this section, shall be entitled to all
       relief necessary to make the employee whole.

       The familiar McDonnell-Douglas burden-shifting framework applies to retaliation claims.

To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, Scott had to show that (1) she engaged in protected

activity, (2) defendant Metropolitan Health Corporation (“Metro”) knew of this exercise of her

protected rights, (3) Metro took an employment action adverse to her, and (4) there was a causal

connection between the protected activity and the adverse action. Balmer v. HCA, Inc., 423 F.3d
606, 613-14 (6th Cir. 2005).

       If Scott establishes a prima facie case of retaliation, a presumption of retaliation arises; Metro

may rebut that presumption by asserting a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the adverse actions.

                                                 --3--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

Balmer, 423 F.3d at 614. The burden then shifts back to Scott to show by a preponderance of the

evidence that Metro’s stated lawful reason was a pretext for retaliation. Id. Scott must then produce

sufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably reject Metro’s explanation and infer that

Metro intentionally discriminated against her because of protected activity. Id.

       To show pretext, Scott “must submit evidence demonstrating that the employer did not

‘honestly believe’ in the proffered non-discriminatory reason for its adverse employment action.”

Id. To inquire into the defendant’s honest belief, the court looks to whether the employer can

establish “reasonable reliance” on the particularized facts that were before the employer when the

decision was made. Id. The key inquiry is whether the employer made a reasonably informed and

considered decision before taking adverse action. Id.

       As this court recently stated:

       If there is no reasonable dispute that the employer made a “reasonably informed and
       considered decision” that demonstrates an “honest belief” in the proffered reason for
       the adverse employment action, the case should be dismissed since no reasonable
       juror could find that the employer’s adverse employment action was pretextual.

Id. Likewise, the Supreme Court has held that there are cases where a defendant is entitled to

summary judgment, despite the plaintiff’s success in making out a prima facie case:

       [A] plaintiff’s prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to find that the
       employer’s asserted justification is false, may permit the trier of fact to conclude that
       the employer unlawfully discriminated.

       This is not to say that such a showing by the plaintiff will always be adequate to
       sustain a jury’s finding of liability. Certainly there will be instances where, although
       the plaintiff has established a prima facie case and set forth sufficient evidence to
       reject the defendant’s explanation, no rational factfinder could conclude that the
       action was discriminatory. For instance, an employer would be entitled to judgment
       as a matter of law if the record conclusively revealed some other, nondiscriminatory

                                                 --4--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

       reason for the employer’s decision, or if the plaintiff created only a weak issue of fact
       as to whether the employer’s reason was untrue and there was abundant and
       uncontroverted independent evidence that no discrimination had occurred.

Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 148 (2000) (emphasis added).

       In determining whether Scott made out a prima facie case, the district court considered

whether Metro’s Board had sufficient notice of Scott’s protected activity when it terminated her in

January 2003. First, the district court had to decide what is required, as a matter of law, to place an

employer on sufficient notice of FCA protected activity in such a situation. The court held that Scott

had to give heightened notice to Metro because her responsibilities included legal compliance. The

court then considered each instance of alleged protected activity proffered by Scott and found that

none was sufficient to give Metro the requisite notice. The court refused to consider Scott’s claim

that she met with Faas in secret to express concerns about possibly illegal vascular-study

compensation, because that claim contradicted her deposition testimony. The court determined that

Scott did not give adequate notice of her possible intent to bring an FCA qui tam action until April

2002, when Scott reacted to notice of her reassignment by going to the Executive Committee with

compliance issues. The court reasoned, “on Scott’s own theory, Faas had already determined to

terminate her before April 2002,” so Faas’s initial decision to terminate could not have been

motivated by a desire to retaliate for FCA protected activity. See United States v. Metro. Health

Corp., 375 F. Supp. 2d 626, 646 (W.D. Mich. 2005).

       The district court concluded its analysis of Scott’s prima facie case by noting the implications

of the undisputed fact that Faas was replaced as her superior and decisionmaker as soon as she raised

compliance issues on April 17, 2002. The district court reasoned:

                                                 --5--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

       Furthermore, there is an even more basic causal problem for Scott’s theory of
       liability. The causal chain between the “protected activity” and discharge was broken
       asunder when she brought her protected activity to the attention of [Metro’s outside
       employment-law counsel Jeff] Fraser in April 2002. This act saved her from
       termination by Faas [because it caused the Board to rescind her just-announced
       reassignment to the dead-end, temporary Borgess project] and essentially[1] gave her
       new supervisors – the Board and Fraser.

United States v. Metro. Health Corp., 375 F. Supp. 2d 626, 646 (W.D. Mich. 2005).

       The court concluded by stating that, even if Scott could make out a prima facie case,

defendants are entitled to summary judgment. Even putting aside all other complaints about Scott’s

conduct, Metro indisputably knew, before it terminated her, that she surreptitiously altered board

minutes and presented them as the true minutes. The court also determined that Scott had not shown

a genuine issue as to whether the board terminated her because it honestly believed the complaints:

       Plaintiff has admitted facts which establish beyond any genuine issue of material fact
       that she wrongly altered corporate records . . . .[2]

                                                 * * *

       Finally . . . Plaintiff also fails to make a showing to establish that the [stated] reasons
       for termination were pretextual. In this case, the decision makers were the Board and
       Fraser, independent of Faas. There is no evidence raising a serious doubt that the
       Board [had] a “reasonable belief” as to the manifold reasons for discharging
       Plaintiff – i.e., . . . insubordination as to Fraser, refusal to obey the protocol,
       inappropriate conduct as to management assessment [the OCI evaluations], verbal
       abuse of colleagues, efforts to manipulate management assessments, disparaging

       1
        The district court should not have said that Scott “essentially” got new supervisors in April
2002; she literally and entirely got new supervisors. Scott has not disputed that from mid-April
onward, she reported not to Faas but only to the Board and Fraser.
       2
        The district court also stated that Scott “withheld from the corporation tapes evidencing
corporate minutes.” United States v. Metro. Health Corp., 375 F. Supp. 2d 626, 646 (W.D. Mich.
2005). However, unlike the alteration of the minutes, Scott did not expressly admit withholding the
tapes.

                                                  --6--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

          fellow officers [in front of her subordinates], and threatening to retaliate against
          staff to name a few reasons. This is a mountain not a mole hill.

United States v. Metro. Health Corp., 375 F. Supp. 2d 626, 646, 647 (W.D. Mich. 2005) (emphasis

added).

          Metro points out that as soon as Scott made her compliance and employment complaints to

the Executive Committee (in meetings on April 19, 20, and 22, 2002), it rescinded Scott’s planned

reassignment and hired law firms to investigate her allegations. Both firms reported to the Board

that Scott had interfered with their investigations by creating and submitting false evidence (the

doctored minutes), hiding evidence (the tapes), and attempting to influence or intimidate her staff

away from honestly cooperating with the investigation. In addition, the Board had numerous reports

of Scott’s bizarre, disruptive, distracting, rude, threatening, and unprofessional conduct towards

superiors, fellow managers, and staff. Thus, Metro contends that there is no genuine issue that the

Board honestly believed that these reports were true and that they warranted Scott’s termination.

          On April 17, CPO Sefton told Scott that Metro was going to change her role so that she

would have no direct reports and would manage only the Borgess relationship. However, the

reassignment never took place. Scott immediately contacted her lawyer and Fraser, who scheduled

meetings for the 19th, 20th, and 22nd before the Executive Committee. That same day, as soon as

Fraser told Faas about Scott’s presentation of compliance and employment law concerns to the

Executive Committee, Faas rescinded the planned reassignment.

          It is undisputed that Metro never implemented the reassignment. Accordingly, Scott suffered

no tangible harm as a result of the immediately-rescinded reassignment announcement. The law in

                                                 --7--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

our circuit is that actions that are not implemented are not adverse employment actions. See Mitchell

v. Vanderbilt Univ., 389 F.3d 177, 182 (6th Cir. 2004) (“Graham’s proposals to reduce Mitchell’s

pay, alter his employment status, and reassign him . . . were never implemented and therefore not

adverse employment actions.”).

       About two months after the aborted reassignment, Metro placed Scott on paid leave pending

investigation. In our circuit, “‘a suspension with pay and full benefits pending a timely investigation

into suspected wrongdoing is not an adverse employment action.’” Peltier v. United States, 388 F.3d
984, 988 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting White v. Burlington No. & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 364 F.3d 789, 803

(6th Cir. 2004) (en banc), aff’d o.g., – U.S. –, 126 S. Ct. 2405 (2006)).

       Because the unimplemented April 2002 reassignment and the June 2002 paid leave were not

materially adverse actions, they cannot serve as the basis for an FCA retaliation claim. That leaves

only one materially adverse action: Scott’s termination in January 2003.

       Even assuming arguendo that Scott could make out a prima facie case of FCA retaliation

with regard to her January 2003 termination, Metro was still entitled to summary judgment because

Metro’s stated reasons for the termination were not pretexts for FCA retaliation. Scott fails to show

a reasonable dispute as to whether Metro made a “reasonably informed and considered decision” that

demonstrates an “honest belief” in the proffered reasons.

       On summary judgment, the question is not whether the complaints about Scott were “true”

or made in good faith. Likewise, the question is not whether Scott’s asserted reasons for altering the

minutes are sincere, credible, or legitimate. The question is whether Scott has established a genuine

issue as to whether Metro honestly believed that the complaints were true and warranted her

                                                 --8--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

termination. Scott has not done so. Cf. Balmer, 423 F.3d at 615 (affirming summary judgment for

employer on retaliation claim and stating, “Even if a genuine issue of material fact remains as to

whether Plaintiff improperly used HCI’s funds to pay for personal legal research, Plaintiff has put

forth no evidence suggesting that [the person ] who ultimately made the decision to end Plaintiff’s

employment, did not ‘honestly believe’ that Plaintiff had misused HCI’s funds.”).

       It cannot be said that Metro’s decision to terminate Scott was not “reasonably informed and

considered.” First, Metro did not reach that decision early on in Scott’s employment, without giving

her an opportunity to acclimate to the organization and develop a record and reputation. For

instance, if Scott had started working for Metro in 2000 or 2001 and started raising compliance

concerns immediately or shortly thereafter, a reasonable jury might suspect that Metro took umbrage

at her FCA protected activity and thus decided not to give her a chance. Scott began working for

Metro around January 1, 1998, and even her version of events alleges that Faas did not decide to

terminate her until over four years later, shortly before the aborted April 2002 reassignment. After

the Executive Committee and Fraser replaced Faas as Scott’s direct superior in April 2002, the

committee did not decide to terminate Scott until sometime late in 2002.

       Second, Metro’s decision to terminate Scott was supported by widespread complaints about

Scott’s conduct. If Metro had terminated Scott after receiving only one or two complaints, one might

argue that the complaints stemmed merely from the kind of routine personality clashes and everyday

disagreements that can develop in the workplace, even when the participants are not unstable,

uncooperative, or belligerent – just a person or two whom Scott “rubbed the wrong way” and vice

versa. In that situation, a reasonable jury might believe that Metro was seizing upon the first

                                               --9--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

complaints to come along as convenient pretexts to get rid of her and stop her compliance

complaints. But here, it is undisputed that Metro received complaints from a large and diverse group

of people over a period of years. There is no basis for Scott’s assertion that Metro had to dig through

“five years of performance, thousands of e-mails, reports, interactions, etc. in order to extract only

a handful of ‘negative’ interactions . . . .”

        Third, Metro does not justify its decision to terminate Scott only by reference to complaints

that came from other senior managers. If Metro had done so, a reasonable jury might conclude that

the complaints were merely the result of the “turf wars” that can occur between officers who have

substantial authority within a corporation and compete with each other for influence and a wide

portfolio of job duties. Examples might be the allegations that Scott attempted to undermine CFO

Smedes and prevent him from assuming powers that she believed should be her own; or that Scott

infringed on the role of Christine Lawrence with respect to the sexual harassment matter at one of

Metro’s off-campus clinics. But, it is undisputed that Metro received complaints from people who

were not fellow managers and therefore Scott’s direct potential rivals.

        Fourth, Metro does not justify its decision to terminate Scott based only on complaints from

her subordinates, particularly subordinates who Scott could show had poor work records or were

eventually fired or encouraged to leave Metro. If those were the only complaints Metro received,

a reasonable jury might conclude that Metro did not honestly believe the problem was Scott rather

than the underperforming employees. In other words, a jury might conclude that Metro knew the

complainers simply resented Scott for requiring them to work hard, giving them negative

                                                --10--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

evaluations, or recommending action against them based on their performance or attitude. Rather,

it is undisputed that Metro received complaints from people who were never Scott’s subordinates.

       Fifth, Metro had no reason to believe that any of the grounds for terminating her were

improving. As to Scott’s alleged conflicts with coworkers and mistreatment of subordinates, Scott

presents no evidence that the complaints tapered off in number or severity. Nor does she allege that

she tried to address the gravamen of the complaints and change how she came across to a wide range

of colleagues and subordinates – rather than merely attacking the complainants.

       With regard to Scott’s admitted alteration of the minutes, there is no evidence that she ever

apologized and began to behave ethically and cooperate with her superiors and with Metro’s counsel.

Instead, Metro had reason to believe that Scott continued to engage in unethical and untrustworthy

conduct: in June and July 2002, she first claimed not to have any tapes of the Board meeting, then

“found” one tape, then produced that tape with a portion apparently erased (the very portion that

would have matched the original minutes and contradicted her alterations).

       Metro also had reason to believe that Scott continued to be uncooperative and disobedient:

after signing the April 29, 2002, agreement promising to keep the situation confidential, she told

subordinates that she was no longer reporting to Faas. After attorneys Fraser and Valiant repeatedly

instructed Scott not to gather documents that were not in her possession (and not to have her staff

do so), Scott’s subordinates reported that she continued to do so anyway.

       In summary, Metro had good reason to believe that Scott showed no signs of ceasing her

objectionable behavior.

                                               --11--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

       Sixth, and significant for a retaliation case, Metro did not claim to have received complaints

about Scott only after she went to the Executive Committee with her compliance complaints in April

2002. If Metro had done so, a reasonable jury might suspect that the complaints were not legitimate

in the sense of being independently made by the complaining parties. In other words, a jury might

conclude from the timing of the complaints that Metro had encouraged such complaints in order to

build a case for firing Scott, when its real motive was to retaliate for her FCA activity. But it is

undisputed that Metro received complaints about Scott long before she went to the committee in

April 2002.

       Seventh, and perhaps most significant, Metro did not merely accept complaints about Scott

at face value without taking the time to let events unfold and give Scott a fair chance. By waiting

as long as it did to terminate Scott, Metro took the time to see whether the complaints evinced a

pattern of behavior by Scott that it could not tolerate. On this extreme and voluminous record, Metro

can honestly say that it acted only after pressed to do so by the sheer number of complaints, the

length of time and different contexts covered by the complaints, and the diversity of sources for the

complaints. Moreover, Fraser interviewed Scott’s subordinates in April-May 2002 – and Scott

cannot deny that Fraser did so, nor complain that Metro deliberately chose interviewees whom it

knew disliked Scott, because Scott herself urged Fraser to meet with her subordinates and even

identified the people with whom she wanted him to speak. Thus, it is untenable for Scott to charge

that Metro “merely rubber-stamped” the complaints with “no independent investigation” of its own.

       So far we have focused on the complaints against Scott and her relationship with her

superiors, peers, and subordinates. This is appropriate, because such evidence constitutes so much

                                               --12--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

of the enormous record in this case and Scott cannot convince a reasonable jury that Metro did not

believe that the complaints were true and serious enough to warrant her termination. But there is

another, independent reason to affirm summary judgment. Scott cannot convince a reasonable jury

that Metro did not believe that she secretly altered the minutes of a Board meeting, withheld tapes

of that meeting, and disobeyed repeated instruction to stop gathering documents not in her

possession – and that such conduct warranted termination as well.

       Finally, in an attempt to show that her termination was not a “reasonably informed and

considered” decision (which Metro needs for its “honest belief” defense), Scott complains that the

Board should have investigated her alteration of the minutes. This contention is untenable to the

point of absurdity. Under the unusual circumstances of this case, further “investigation” into Scott’s

alteration of the minutes was unnecessary and pointless.

       Scott expressly admitted that she secretly altered the corporate minutes. That alone was

sufficient to warrant Scott’s discharge. Scott did not contact her superiors or other participants in

the meeting to express her view that Wiest’s minutes needed to be corrected. If she had done so and

the Board cited her proposal to revise the minutes as a reason for termination without investigating,

Metro might not have an “honest belief” defense to pretext.

       But Scott did not proceed in an honest, ethical fashion with regard to the minutes. Rather,

she unilaterally and by stealth altered the minutes and got caught trying to pass off her version as

the original by “returning” the altered version to her secretary, Wiest, and by presenting the altered

version to Metro’s outside counsel without acknowledging the unauthorized alterations. Even

                                                --13--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

assuming arguendo that Scott’s alterations accurately reflected what happened at the meeting, that

would not change the underhanded nature of what she did.

        Scott’s attempts to justify her secret alteration of the minutes is irrelevant because they do

not negate the fact that Metro legitimately perceived her to be untrustworthy because of the

alteration.

        In short, Metro formed an honest belief in the complaints against Scott, which were

sufficiently corroborated and investigated, and it did not need to investigate her admitted

unauthorized alteration of the minutes. See Smith v. Chrysler, 155 F.3d 799, 807 (6th Cir. 1998).

Therefore, there is no genuine issue that the committee’s decision to terminate Scott was a

reasonably informed and considered one, and Scott cannot prove pretext to a reasonable factfinder.

This entitles Metro and Faas to summary judgment.

        In view of our disposition, we need not address whether Scott made out a prima facie case

of retaliation.

                                                 IV.

        We turn now to Scott’s recusal motion, which the district court denied in United States v.

Metro. Health Corp., No. 1:02-CV-485, 2006 WL 763180 (W.D. Mich. Feb. 23, 2006).

        Preliminarily, we note that a judge is presumed to be impartial, and the party seeking

disqualification “bears the substantial burden of proving otherwise.” United States v. Denton, 434
F.3d 1104, 1111 (8th Cir. 2006). The burden is not on the judge to prove that he is impartial. In re

McCarthey, 368 F.3d 1266, 1269 (10th Cir. 1004).

        Title 28 U.S.C. § 144, entitled Bias or prejudice of judge, provides as follows:

                                                --14--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

         Whenever a party to any proceeding in a district court makes and files a timely and
         sufficient affidavit that the judge before whom the matter is pending has a personal
         bias or prejudice either against him or in favor of any adverse party, such judge shall
         proceed no further therein . . . .

         The affidavit shall state the facts and the reasons for the belief that bias or prejudice
         exists, and shall be filed not less than ten days before the beginning of the term at
         which the proceeding is to be heard, or good cause shall be shown for failure to file
         it within such time. A party may file only one such affidavit in any case. It shall be
         accompanied by a certificate of counsel of record stating that it is made in good faith.

Recusal is mandatory under § 144 once a party submits a timely, sufficient affidavit and her counsel

certifies that the affidavit is made in good faith. United States v. Sykes, 7 F.3d 1331, 1339 (7th Cir.

1993).

         A § 144 affidavit is timely if it is submitted “at the earliest moment after the movant acquires

knowledge of the facts demonstrating the basis for such disqualification.” Id. For purposes of § 144,

a district court is required to accept as true the factual allegations of the movant’s affidavit, but the

court “may only credit facts that are sufficiently definite and particular to convince a reasonable

person that bias exists; simple conclusions, opinions, or rumors are insufficient.” Hoffman v.

Caterpillar, Inc., 368 F.3d 709, 718 (7th Cir. 2004). The § 144 affidavit must state factual

averments with particularity as to time, person, place, and circumstances. Tezak v. United States,

256 F.3d 702, 717 (7th Cir. 2001). For purposes of § 144, a district court must treat properly

presented factual allegations as true, even if it knows or believes them to be false, but it is not bound

to accept the conclusions that the movant would draw from those facts. Id.

         Here, we need not consider whether Scott’s recusal affidavit was timely and sufficient for

purposes of § 144 because Scott does not contest Metro’s statement that she failed to file the

                                                  --15--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

certificate of counsel required by that section. Accordingly, Scott never placed a § 144 recusal

motion properly before the district court. The requirements of § 144 are strictly construed to prevent

abuse because the statute is heavily weighted in favor of recusal. Hoffman, 368 F.3d at 718. See,

e.g., United States v. Occhipinti, 851 F. Supp. 523 (S.D. N.Y. 1993), which reasoned correctly that

       a careful reading of § 144 clearly shows that a motion for recusal should be
       accompanied by both a factual affidavit and a separate certificate that the affidavit
       was made in good faith. Totally disregarding the statute, petitioner offers a single
       “Certification” which purports to satisfy the requirements of § 144. Moreover, while
       petitioner’s counsel states that the allegations which he has raised are true and
       acknowledges that if they are “willfully false, [he] is subject to punishment,” this
       blanket statement does not satisfy the statutory requirement that counsel certify that
       the motion is made in good faith.

Id. at 527 (record citation omitted).

       Because Scott did not properly raise the § 144 recusal issue below, we decline to consider

whether recusal might have been required on a proper motion under that section. See Perez v.

Oakland Cty., 466 F.3d 416, 430 (6th Cir. 2006) (“We do not consider an argument raised for the

first time on appeal unless the party shows that refusal to consider the argument would result in a

miscarriage of justice.”).

       Scott’s recusal motion also invoked another statutory provision, however, which did not

require her to file a certification of counsel. This latter provision addresses the perception of

impartiality generally, and financial conflict of interest in particular, and provides as follows:

       (a)     Any justice, judge, or magistrate judge of the United States shall disqualify
       himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.

       (b)     He shall also disqualify himself in the following circumstances:

       (1)     Where he has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party . . . ;

                                                --16--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

                                                  * * *
        (4)    He knows that he, individually or as a fiduciary, or his spouse . . . has a
        financial interest in the subject matter in controversy or in a party to the proceeding,
        or any other interest that could be substantially affected by the outcome of the
        proceeding;

        (5)    He or his spouse, or a person within the third degree of relationship to either
        of them, or the spouse of such a person:

        (i)     Is a party to the proceeding, or an officer, director, or trustee of a party;

        (ii)    Is acting as a lawyer in the proceeding;

        (iii)   Is known by the judge to have an interest that could be substantially affected
        by the outcome of the proceeding;

        (iv)    Is to the judge’s knowledge likely to be a material witness in the proceeding.

28 U.S.C. §§ 455(a) & (b) (emphasis added). The statute defines “financial interest” as “ownership

of a legal or equitable interest, however small, or a relationship as a director, adviser, or other active

participant in the affairs of a party,” with exceptions not relevant here. 28 U.S.C. § 455(d)(4).

        Because those safeguards (§ 144’s affidavit and certification-of-counsel requirements) are

lacking, § 455 does not require the judge to “accept as true the allegations made by the party seeking

recusal.” In re Martinez-Catala, 129 F.3d 213, 220 (1st Cir. 1997). Rather, the district court may

make the necessary factual findings and decide whether the facts warrant disqualification. Id. When

considering a § 455 recusal request, “the judge is free to make credibility determinations, assign to

the evidence what he believes to be its proper weight, and to contradict the evidence with facts drawn

from his personal knowledge.” United States v. Balistrieri, 779 F.2d 1191, 1202 (7th Cir. 1985).

        Section 455 is designed “‘to promote confidence in the judiciary by avoiding even the

appearance of impropriety whenever possible.’” Union Planters Bank v. L&J Dev. Co., Inc., 115

                                                  --17--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

F.3d 378, 383 (6th Cir. 1997) (quoting Liljeberg v. Health Servs. Acquisition Corp., 486 U.S. 847,

865 (1988)). Under § 455, the ultimate question is whether “a reasonable, objective person, knowing

all of the circumstances, would have questioned the judge’s impartiality.” United States v. Hartsel,

199 F.3d 812, 820 (6th Cir. 1999). Because the standard is objective, the judge need not recuse

himself based on the subjective view of a party. United States v. Sammons, 918 F.2d 592, 599 (6th

Cir. 1990).

       When the objective appearance-of-partiality standard presents a close question,“‘the judge

must recuse himself.’” Union Planters Bank, 115 F.3d at 383 (quoting United States v. Dandy, 998
F.2d 1344, 1349 (6th Cir. 1993)). Nonetheless, as the late Chief Justice Rehnquist noted, “a federal

judge has a duty to sit where not disqualified which is equally as strong as the duty to not sit where

disqualified.” Laird v. Tatum, 409 U.S. 824, 837 (1972) (emphasis omitted).

       Scott’s first ground for recusal is that the “Judge had, through his wife, an ongoing financial

interest, within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. §§ 144, 455 and the case law thereunder, in this case

resolving favorably to defendant . . . .” We consider Scott’s first ground as a claim under §

455(b)(4), which requires a judge to recuse himself when “his spouse . . . has a financial interest in

the subject matter in controversy or in a party to the proceeding, or any other interest that could be

substantially affected by the outcome of the proceeding.”

       The judge’s wife is employed by the law firm Miller Canfield. While the judge’s wife was

an attorney at Miller Canfield’s Kalamazoo office, attorneys in that firm’s Ann Arbor office

represented UBS Financial Services, Inc. (“UBS”) in connection with UBS’s underwriting of $165

million in bonds issued by Metro to finance construction of a new hospital complex.

                                                --18--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

       Scott alleged that her qui tam action, and the government’s November 2003 intervention in

a portion of the action, generated adverse publicity that delayed Metro’s bond sale several months

past its scheduled date in December 2003. While Metro denies that Scott’s qui tam action was

responsible for the delay, we assume arguendo that it was.

       Scott emphasizes that Metro settled the qui tam claims in December 2003, just days before

the bonds were to be sold. Metro settled the fraud claims by agreeing to pay the government about

$6.25 million in FCA damages. Scott quotes a Metro spokesman’s contemporaneous statement,

“The bond marketplace likes certainty. If we had decided to litigate [the qui tam claims], we would

have had a problem selling the bonds.”

       Scott charged that the judge’s wife, and therefore the judge, stood to gain if Scott’s qui tam

action were resolved in favor of Metro:

       When the bond sale was halted in December 2003, the bond underwriter, UBS . . .
       had already invested significant resources into this plan. Thus, there was a huge
       financial incentive, not only for [Metro], but also for UBS, to make the bond sale a
       reality . . . . Importantly, Pamela Enslen had just recently rejoined Miller Canfield
       as Senior Counsel . . . (UBS’s legal counsel on the bond sale) at that time. It is
       reasonable to conclude that failure of the bond sale would have constituted a big loss
       to UBS and Miller Canfield and that these entities clearly benefitted from making the
       Mary Scott [qui tam] case go away so as to get the bond sale back on track.

       But Scott fails to tie the judge’s alleged financial stake (through his wife’s firm’s stake in the

success of its client UBS, which underwrote Metro’s bond issue) with the judge’s rulings in this

action. As the district court observed, Metro’s summary judgment motion could not affect Metro’s

bond sale one way or the other: the bonds were successfully issued and sold well before the district

court ruled on the retaliatory-discharge claim. Whatever benefit Miller Canfield derived from the

                                                --19--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

success of the bond sale on which it advised UBS, it had already derived before the district court

ruled. Thus, whatever benefit the judge’s wife allegedly derived indirectly from the success of the

bond sale on which her employer advised UBS, she derived it before the court ruled.

       Scott tries to get around this inconvenient fact by implying that the judge made up his mind,

before the Metro bond sale, about how he would rule on summary judgment, and “telegraphed” his

prejudice to the underwriter (UBS) and other parties interested in the bond sale. Scott writes:

       Appellees attempt to make much of the fact that the bond sale was ultimately
       completed before [the judge] actually entered his order dismissing the Mary Scott
       litigation. So what? The fact that the sale went through several months before the
       decision actually was issued is not in and of itself dispositive of anything.

                                               * * *

       [T]he fact that the bond sale was completed in the Spring of 2005 and the final
       decision of [the judge] in this case was not issued until Summer of 2005 does not in
       and of itself mean that there was no connection between the two events. If the final
       decision of [the judge] was in fact made to benefit clients of his wife’s law firm, then
       certainly it is not inconceivable that his wife (and thus her law firm’s clients) might
       have known of the impending decision before it was issued.

Scott admits, as she must, that this serious charge is nothing more than speculation: “Again, Mary

Scott does not make such a statement in order to say that is in fact what happened. * * * [S]he

simply does not know, and has no way of knowing, if that is what happened.” But it is not enough

for Scott to throw out charges and then maintain that they cast a pall over the proceedings because

they are “not inconceivable.” The judge is presumed to be impartial, and Scott “bears the substantial

burden of proving otherwise.” Denton, 434 F.3d at 1111. It is not the burden of the judge, or the

prevailing party, to disprove or rule out any “conceivable” chain of events the movant can dream up.

                                                --20--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

Scott offers nothing that would lead a reasonable, objective observer to suspect that the judge told

anyone in advance how the case would turn out.

       In addition, Scott does not allege that the judge’s wife was involved in Miller Canfield’s

representation of UBS on the Metro bond sale. Indeed, Scott does not allege that the judge’s wife

even represented Metro or UBS on matters other than the bond sale. Contrast In re Aetna Cas. &

Surety Co., 919 F.2d 1136 (6th Cir. 1990) (recusal was required because, inter alia, the judge’s

daughter had been employed by a firm that represented a party in that very case and she had

participated in depositions therein, even though she had since resigned from the firm and her now-

former firm was not involved in all the consolidated cases).

       Going a step further back in the “chain,” Scott failed to present any evidence that the failure

or further delay of the bond sale would have affected Miller Canfield substantially in the first place.

For example, Scott did not present evidence that Miller Canfield’s fees from UBS were contingent

upon the success of the bond sale. Nor did Scott present evidence that the damage to Miller

Canfield’s revenues from the failure of the bond sale would have represented a substantial portion

of its revenues.

       Moreover, given that the judge’s wife is not a partner at Miller Canfield and has no equity,

ownership, or profit-sharing interest in the firm, Scott failed to explain how she would reap any

discernible financial benefit from the later grant of summary judgment to Metro. Scott presents no

evidence that the judge’s wife’s compensation was formally or informally tied to the success of the

firm’s representation of UBS, the success of the UBS underwritten bond sale, or the firm’s revenues

or profits generally. See United States v. McDonald, Nos. 97-5187, 97-5196, 97-5338, 97-5339, &

                                                --21--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

97-5556, 173 F.3d 430, 1999 WL 149658, at *13 (6th Cir. Mar. 1, 1999) (judge not required to

recuse herself due to husband’s employment with law firm that had represented one of the defendants

in an unrelated civil matter; “[t]he law firm was not involved in the present action, and there was no

way that the judge could have financially benefitted from the law firm’s representation of [the

defendant], due to the law firm’s fee structuring arrangement.”). Accord In re Kansas Pub.

Employees Ret. Sys., 85 F.3d 1353, 1364 (8th Cir. 1996) (judge’s daughter’s acceptance of job with

defense counsel did not require recusal; among other things, the daughter “was to be a salaried

employee . . . , not a partner whose income is directly related to the profit margin of the firm and

could be substantially affected by the outcome of this case”).

        One might assume that an attorney is better off if his firm’s clients prosper, in the general

sense that the firm needs clients in order to earn enough revenue to cover its expenses (including

salaries and benefits) and avoid eventual pay cuts, layoffs, or dissolution. But any postulated long-

term general financial “benefit” to the judge’s wife from her employer’s client’s success is not

verifiable, let alone quantifiable, so Mrs. Enslen’s supposed stake in the success of UBS’s Metro

bond sale is far too attenuated and speculative as a matter of law. See IQ Prods. Co. v. Pennzoil

Prods. Co., 305 F.3d at 368, 378 (5th Cir. 2002) (“An associate’s continued employment or the

amount of his bonus may depend on the financial success of the firm. However, this is an

insufficient interest to require disqualification . . . .”). Similarly, in Sensley v. Albritton, 385 F.3d
591 (5th Cir. 2004), the Fifth Circuit held that recusal was not required due to the judge’s wife’s

employment with the same D.A.’s office that represented defendant in the case sub judice. The Fifth

Circuit explained that the parties seeking recusal

                                                 --22--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

        are only able to make this argument by layering several speculative premises on top
        of one another to reach a speculative conclusion: if District Attorney Levy loses this
        case, it might adversely affect his political popularity; and if it adversely affects his
        political popularity, he might lose his next election; and if he loses his next election,
        [the judge’s wife] might lose her job if the new district attorney chose not to retain
        her. This edifice of conjecture will not support an objective conclusion that [the
        district judge] has a financial interest in the outcome of this case.

Id. at 600.

        Next, Scott suggests that even if Miller Canfield would have suffered no substantial financial

harm from the failure of the Metro bond sale, it would have suffered substantial non-financial harms.

Scott reasons,

        [T]he financial position and outlook of the clients of the Miller Canfield law firm
        improved dramatically upon the dismissal of Mary Scott’s claims . . . . [It] would not
        be illogical for a reasonable person to conclude that Miller Canfield would – and did
        – benefit from its clients’ good fortune, if not in a pecuniary fashion, then at the very
        least in terms of the reputation and goodwill associated with the firm.

But even if we accept this argument, it is again impossible to do more than speculate that the judge’s

wife might someday reap a benefit as an indirect result of the success of one or more of her

employer’s clients on a particular transaction.

        The Eighth Circuit rejected an argument similar to Scott’s in United States v. Tierney, 947
F.2d 854 (8th Cir. 1991), a prosecution for tax offenses and fraud against the United States. The

defendant moved to recuse the prosecutor under 18 U.S.C. § 208(a), which prohibits a federal

employee from participating in a matter in which his spouse has a financial interest, and under a

regulation that prohibited a Department of Justice employee from participating in a prosecution if

he has a personal relationship with anyone who has a “specific and substantial interest that would

be directly affected by the outcome of the investigation or prosecution.” Tierney, 947 F.2d at 864.

                                                  --23--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

The prosecutor’s husband was a partner in a firm that represented an insurer that had sued for

declaratory judgment rescinding the defendant’s insurance policy. Id. at 864-65. The Eighth Circuit

held that the prosecutor and her husband did not have an interest sufficient to require recusal:

       Although the prosecutor’s husband did not participate in the case, defendant
       nevertheless reasons that because defendant’s alleged dishonesty might bar recovery
       under the insurance policy, the insurer and its law firm would benefit from a guilty
       verdict. The district court agreed that the insurer would benefit, but found that
       because the husband’s law firm was paid on an hourly basis, it would not benefit
       from a guilty verdict, and the husband’s interest as a partner in the firm was therefore
       too “remote and speculative” to implicate either [18 U.S.C.] § 208 or Justice
       Department regulations. * * *

       [D]efendant argues that even partners in a firm which bills clients by the hour have
       an interest in winning a suit, because the firm’s reputation (and thus each partner’s
       income) benefits from victory. Although such partners may have an interest in
       prevailing, we believe that this interest is simply too insubstantial to require
       disqualification of a partner’s spouse [even] in related litigation.

Id. at 865. Like the Eighth Circuit in Tierney, we hold that “disqualification is not required on the

basis of [such] remote, contingent, indirect or speculative interests.” United States v. Bayless, 201
F.3d 116, 127 (2d Cir. 2000).

       Finally, Scott’s reasoning tends to support the notion that the judge’s wife had an interest in

the qui tam claims being resolved in favor of Metro so that the Metro bond sale could go forward.

Scott’s argument does not show that the judge’s wife had an interest in Scott’s discharge claim being

resolved in Metro’s favor. As mentioned above, the bond sale took place after Metro settled the qui

tam claims (March 2005 compared to December 2003), but before the district court ruled on the

discharge claim (summer 2005). Thus, any adverse publicity or perceived financial uncertainty

attributable to the pendency of the discharge claim did not, in fact, thwart the bond sale.

                                                --24--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

       Conversely, once the Metro bonds issued, underwriter UBS could not have any interest in

the discharge claim being removed as an obstacle to the sale. Therefore UBS’s counsel (Miller

Canfield) and its counsel’s employees (the judge’s wife) could not have any derivative or “down-the-

line” interest in removing the discharge claim as a possible obstacle to the sale.

       We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that a reasonable,

objective person knowing all the circumstances would not question the judge’s impartiality based

on his wife’s employment with Miller Canfield. Cf. In re Drexel Burnham Lambert, Inc., 869 F.2d
116, 118 (2d Cir. 1989) (Miner, J., concurring in denial of reh’g en banc, joined by Meskill,

Cardamone, and Pierce, JJ.) (recusal not warranted by judge’s wife’s sale of stock to a buyer whose

purchase was financed by Drexel Burnham, which was a party to the action).

       Scott’s second ground for recusal is that the judge’s wife serves on a Michigan Bar

committee with then-District Judge McKeague, who had a law clerk whose uncle, Bruce Neckers,

is lead counsel for Metro in this matter. This argument is difficult to comprehend. Defense

counsel’s nephew clerked for Judge McKeague, not the district judge presiding over the instant case,

so the nephew could not work on the instant case.

       Perhaps Scott is theorizing that the judge had an incentive to resolve her discharge claim

favorably to Neckers’ client, in order to benefit Neckers, in order to benefit (in an unspecified

manner) Neckers’ nephew, in order to please the nephew’s former employer Judge McKeague, in

order to ensure pleasant interaction between Judge McKeague and the judge’s wife on the state bar

committee. As a matter of law, such a connection is too attenuated to lead a reasonable, objective

observer to question the judge’s impartiality.

                                                 --25--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

        In any event, Scott herself “readily concedes that this type [of] relationship in and of itself

would not be sufficient to warrant recusal of a federal judge” and that “if this were the only conflict

. . . that she had discovered relative to the trial judge and this litigation, she would never have

requested that the trial judge recuse himself . . . .” See generally Comfort v. Lynn Sch. Comm., 418
F.3d 1, 26 (1st Cir.) (“Every judge comes to the bench with a lifetime of background experiences,

a roster of associations, and a myriad of views. This past history, in and of itself, is seldom sufficient

to require recusal.”), cert. denied, – U.S. –, 126 S. Ct. 798 (2005).

        Scott contends, however, that “when viewed in light of all of the other items . . . the

relationship between attorney Bruce Neckers and the trial court does nothing to reduce the

appearance of partiality.” As discussed above, the “other item” – the judge’s wife’s employment

with Miller Canfield – would not lead a reasonable objective observer to question the judge’s

partiality. Thus, there is nothing to view the McKeague clerk connection “in light of.” It must stand

on its own merits – and it does not.

        Scott’s third ground for recusal is that the judge’s rulings granting summary judgment and

imposing sanctions, and his opinions explaining the rulings, demonstrate palpable bias against Scott.

To prevail on a recusal motion on this basis, Scott had to show either extrajudicial bias or a deep-

seated unequivocal antagonism toward the petitioner. Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 554-55

(1994) (Scalia, J.). The Supreme Court cautions that

        remarks during the course of a trial that are critical or disapproving of, or even hostile
        to, counsel, the parties, or their cases, ordinarily do not support a bias or partiality
        challenge . . . . Not establishing bias or partiality . . . are expressions of impatience,
        dissatisfaction, annoyance, and even anger that are within the bounds of what

                                                  --26--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

        imperfect men and women, even after having been confirmed as federal judges,
        sometimes display.

Id. at 555-56.

        With regard to the judge’s rulings against Scott, “[b]ias cannot be inferred from a mere

pattern of rulings by a judicial officer, but requires evidence that the officer had it ‘in’ for the party

for reasons unrelated to the officer’s view of the law, erroneous as that view might be.” McLaughlin

v. Union Oil Co. of Calif., 869 F.2d 1039, 1047 (7th Cir. 1989). This principle is well-established

in our circuit. See Woodruff v. Tomlin, 593 F.2d 33, 44 (6th Cir. 1979) (“Such recusal [under 28

U.S.C. § 455(a)] cannot be based on decisions or rulings of a judge.”) (citing Oliver v. Mich. State

Bd. of Educ., 508 F.2d 178 (6th Cir. 1974)), on reh’g o.g., 616 F.2d 924 (6th Cir. 1980).

        As evidence of the judge’s bias, Scott complains that the judge ruled on significant motions

without hearing oral argument, including Metro’s motion for summary judgment on her discharge

claim. Scott fails to acknowledge, however, that dispositive motions are routinely decided on papers

filed by the parties, without oral arguments, just as this court often hears and determines appeals

without oral argument. Commodities Export Co. v. United States Customs Serv., 888 F.2d 431, 439

(6th Cir. 1989) (Nelson, J., concurring in part & dissenting in part o.g.). Indeed, the district’s local

rules provide, “In its discretion, the Court may schedule oral argument or may dispose of the motion

without argument at the end of the briefing schedule.” W.D. MICH . L.CIV .R. 7.2(d). Scott fails to

mention that Metro also requested oral argument on its summary judgment motion, and the district

court denied that request, too.

                                                  --27--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

       Scott’s recusal motion also asserted that the district judge sua sponte raised and resolved

unbriefed issues against her. However, Scott’s recusal motion failed to give any example of an

unbriefed issue raised on the judge’s own initiative. Her appellate recusal brief likewise fails to

specify the unbriefed issues allegedly raised sua sponte by the judge.

       As further evidence of the judge’s alleged bias against her, Scott points to “the granting of

the extraordinarily high and unjustified sanctions against her . . . which, when examined through the

lens of the undisclosed relationships recently discovered, clearly give the appearance that such

relationships improperly affected the outcome of this case.” As discussed above, however, neither

the judge’s wife’s employment nor defense counsel’s nephew’s former clerkship comes close to

constituting persuasive evidence of bias, conflict of interest, or even a realistic appearance of bias

or conflict of interest. Thus, the sanctions awarded against Scott are not properly viewed “through

the lens” of those relationships, but on their own merits. As discussed below, neither the imposition

of sanctions, nor the determination of the amount of the sanctions, constituted an abuse of discretion.

Therefore, the sanctions orders cannot support Scott’s allegations of judicial bias.

       Scott next contends that a reasonable person could infer bias from the fact that the judge

issued opinions that “were harshly and critically written so as to vilify and castigate Mary Scott on

a personal level.” Scott points to three instances where the judge allegedly “interject[ed] his own

personal predilections about her . . . .” First, in the opinion granting summary judgment to Metro,

the judge’s discussion of Scott’s alleged protected activities began as follows: “Against this

background, there is the portrait that Scott has painted of herself as the corporate/FCA avenger.”

Second, the next sentence of the opinion read, “To her credit, her personnel file per se was kept

                                                --28--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

squeaky clean and free from reprimands, discipline and the like.” Third, the summary judgment

opinion’s Background section states,

       In any event, the record is murky as to whether, when Scott was assigned the
       additional responsibility of managing Metropolitan’s White and White [medical
       supply] subsidiary in January 2000, this was because of technical excellence
       (Plaintiff’s view), because she was “kicked upstairs” to avoid an area of
       incompetence – i.e., interpersonal relations (Defendants’ view), or for both reasons.

United States v. Metro. Health Corp., 375 F. Supp. 2d 626, 630 (W.D. Mich. 2005) (footnote

omitted). As a result of the judge’s characterizations of Scott, she claims the press began to portray

“the once lauded whistleblower . . . as a criminal and immoral wrongdoer, while Metropolitan’s

image was sanitized.”

       As to the judge’s tone and his comments about Scott’s conduct and character, Scott contends

that the judge “engaged in excessively hostile and unjustified personal attacks against Mary Scott

(which have been amply evidenced by, among other things, the trial judge’s excessive choice of

language, including mocking her as the ‘FCA avenger’”). Scott’s appellate briefs, however, do not

cite to the record for proof that the judge made this comment. If the judge made the comment at a

hearing, Scott could present either a transcript or recording of the hearing, or a statement that the

hearing was not transcribed or recorded; she has done neither, so we cannot simply accept her

assertion that the judge made the “avenger” comment.

       First, there is no reason to believe that the judge’s apparently negative opinion of Scott

stemmed from extrajudicial experiences or sources. A reasonable observer would conclude merely

that the judge formed a negative opinion of Scott from the voluminous evidence in the case, and

from the parties’ conduct in the litigation. The evidence showed that Scott was terminated due to

                                                --29--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

misconduct (warranting summary judgment on her discharge claim) and altered and withheld

evidence (warranting sanctions).

       Our decisions formerly held that “[t]he judge’s impressions o[r] perceptions based upon

information gained during the trial cannot be the basis of an allegation of bias.” Liberis v. Craig,

No. 87-5321, 845 F.2d 326, 1988 WL 37450, at *4 (6th Cir. Apr. 25, 1988) (citations omitted). The

rule now, however, is that “[o]pinions formed by the judge on the basis of facts introduced or events

occurring in the course of the current proceedings, or of prior proceedings, do not constitute a basis

for a bias or partiality motion unless they display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would

make fair judgment impossible.” Alley v. Bell, 307 F.3d 380, 388 (6th Cir. 2002) (emphasis added)

(quoting Liteky, 510 U.S. at 555).

       It is immaterial whether the judge’s comments, such as the comment about the potentially

criminal nature of Scott’s spoliation, were legally “correct.” What matters is that the comments

stemmed from the judge’s experience with the parties’ conduct and his review of their evidence and

arguments. Again, as the Supreme Court has explained,

       The judge who presides at a trial may, upon completion of the evidence, be
       exceedingly ill disposed towards [a party], who has been shown to be a thoroughly
       reprehensible person. But the judge is not thereby recusable for bias or prejudice,
       since his knowledge and the opinion it produced were properly and necessarily
       acquired in the course of the proceedings . . . .

Liteky, 510 U.S. at 550-51. Viewing the comments in this context, they do not betray a “deep-seated

favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible,” Alley, 307 F.3d at 388.

       Scott further charges:

                                                --30--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

        The trial judge consistently turned a blind eye to the fraudulent and underhanded
        actions of Appellees in all areas, from securing the certificate of need [for a new
        hospital] by “rigging the numbers,” to sabotaging Mary Scott in her relationship with
        her peers and subordinates.

This argument misses the mark as well. First, whether Metro submitted false information to the

State to secure the certificate required for its new facility has no bearing on whether Scott’s discharge

claim should survive summary judgment, or on whether Scott should pay sanctions for her

misconduct. Therefore, it would have been unnecessary and inappropriate for the district judge to

address the certificate-of-need allegation. Second, Scott fails to explain how Metro sabotaged her

relationship with peers and subordinates, and she does not explain why the district judge should have

considered that alleged sabotage.

        Scott further charges, “The trial judge unjustifiably castigated Mary Scott for legally taping

conversations to which she was a party . . . .” (Emphasis omitted.) Specifically, the court wrote,

        Plaintiff . . . dispute[s] Faas’ rationale for withholding the bonus [in 2001] – arguing
        that it was explained to her in a meeting with Faas that the “in fighting” issue was not
        confined to her and [Metro’s Chief Operations Officer Tim] Crowley, but was an
        issue for all Board members. Plaintiff also made a secret recording of portions of her
        meeting with Faas, . . . portions [of which] purport to support the above claim. At
        that time, and beforehand, Plaintiff was in the habit of making secret tape recordings
        of conversations she had with management and Metropolitan’s legal counsel, Jeff
        Fraser, according to her former assistant . . . . The circumstances of the recording of
        these tapes by Plaintiff – including that the recordings are selective and possibly
        incomplete, and that portions of the tapes are inaudible – when combined with the
        furtive and suspicious nature of the taping, and the “accidental” loss of some
        documented tape recordings, makes those recordings suspect evidence indeed.
        Nevertheless, the Court will consider such evidence in the context of the present
        summary judgment motion.

        What is clear from Plaintiff’s admissions[,] though, as well as the fact that she felt
        a need to make secret and selective tape recordings of others, is that she was unhappy
        with her employment situation with Metropolitan in the fall of 2001.

                                                 --31--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

United States v. Metro. Health Corp., 375 F. Supp. 2d 626, 630-31 (W.D. Mich. 2005). We find

nothing suggestive of personal bias in the judge’s comments about Scott’s tapes.                  The

characterization of Scott’s recordings as “secret” and “furtive” are indisputably accurate; Scott does

not claim she made the recordings with the knowledge of those recorded. Likewise, Scott does not

deny that portions of the tapes are inaudible, that some of her tapes omit portions of the

conversations in question, and that she failed to produce some tapes that she claimed she made.

Thus, there is nothing inaccurate, let alone biased, about the judge calling the tapes “selective” and

“possibly incomplete” and concluding that these concerns undermined the trustworthiness and

probative value of the excerpts Scott chose to introduce.

        Scott also sees bias in the judge’s statement that it would have been inclined to grant Metro’s

motion to exclude the tapes at trial. Specifically, the district court stated,

        Though the Court has elected to review such evidence, the parties should be advised
        that the Court is of the view that Defendants’ Motion in Limine Regarding Tape
        Recordings and Transcripts is well received and would justify the preclusion of the
        tapes and transcripts were this matter tried[,] given the provisions of Federal Rules
        of Evidence 403, 1002, 1003, and 1004 and case law pertaining to the common law
        doctrine of spoliation . . . .

United States v. Metro. Health Corp., 375 F. Supp. 2d 626, 631 n.5 (W.D. Mich. 2005). While it

was unnecessary for the court to telegraph how it would have ruled on the motion in limine, there

was nothing suggestive of personal bias about doing so. Moreover, because the court granted

summary judgment to Metro, Metro’s motion in limine became moot.

        Scott complains that the judge “labeled [her] a criminal for making corrections to draft

minutes without taking any evidence on the substantive accuracy of the corrections of Appellee

                                                 --32--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

Faas’s statements on the physician compensation model (which, despite what was allegedly said at

the meeting, were not historically accurate).” (Emphasis omitted.) Specifically, the judge wrote,

       In this case, Plaintiff has admitted facts which establish beyond any genuine issue of
       material fact that she wrongly altered corporate records and that she withheld from
       the corporation tapes evidencing corporate minutes. The withholding of the tapes
       was not “protected conduct” as argued by her counsel since she and her counsel were
       free to make arrangements with independent counsel for the safeguarding and/or
       copying of the tapes so as to protect her legitimate interests in the evidence.
       Moreover, the alteration of the corporate minutes was not only bad conduct, it was
       a crime under Michigan and common law.

       Michigan law provides:

               An officer or agent of a corporation who knowingly falsifies or
               wrongfully alters the books, records, or accounts of a corporation is
               guilty of a misdemeanor and is subject to a fine of [sic] not to exceed
               $1,000.00 for each such offense.

       MICH . COMP. LAWS § 450.1932(2).

                                               ***

       Plaintiff’s own admissions – that she altered the minutes to make them true in some
       sense to a prior meeting – does not establish even a legal defense to a criminal
       charge. Under Michigan law, proof that a criminal defendant acted knowingly is
       sufficient evidence to convict of a criminal offense requiring a scienter element of
       “knowing” conduct; the fact that a defendant may have been motivated by an
       altruistic or pure motive is irrelevant. See People v. Medlyn, 544 N.W.2d 759, 761
       (Mich. Ct. App. 1996); People v. Harrell, 221 N.W.2d 411, 416 (Mich. Ct. App.
       1974).

United States v. Metro. Health Corp., 375 F. Supp. 2d 626, 646-47 (W.D. Mich. 2005). Scott

implies misleadingly that the district judge merely tossed the epithet “criminal” at her due to his

personal animosity against her. Rather, as the quoted portion of the opinion shows, the judge quoted

a Michigan criminal statute that covers conduct such as that admitted by Scott, and explained why

                                               --33--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

her asserted good motive in secretly altering corporate minutes would not be a defense, on the

authority of published decisions of the Michigan appellate courts. Scott continues to maintain that

the original draft minutes “were not historically accurate,” but she does not deny that she (1) furtively

tried to locate the minutes from her assistant’s desk, (2) altered the minutes, (3) failed to tell her

employer that she altered the minutes, and (4) introduced the altered minutes without providing the

original version or honestly notifying anyone that she had altered the minutes.

        It is also noteworthy that Scott does not try to identify any shortcoming in the judge’s analysis

of Michigan law. The evidence that was available to the judge tends to support the conclusion that

Scott could be held criminally liable in Michigan for her admitted alteration of corporate minutes,

and she offers nothing to undermine that conclusion. There is no reason to believe that the judge’s

discussion of Michigan criminal law as applied to Scott was inaccurate, let alone motivated by bias.

        Scott sees bias in the judge’s “[m]aking findings of fact based on his total acceptance of

affidavits from Appellees and rejection of affidavits of Mary Scott as not credible.” In a variety of

contexts, assessments of credibility (or determinations that rest in part on such assessments) are

committed to the sound discretion of the lower tribunal; we do not disturb those assessments unless

the aggrieved party demonstrates an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Crumb, 187 F. App’x

532, 536 (6th Cir. 2006) (when a defendant makes a FED . R. CRIM . P. 33 motion to set aside a verdict

as against the manifest weight of the evidence and set a new trial, “the district court may assess

witness credibility and we review for abuse of discretion . . . .”); Huff v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 675
F.2d 119, 123 (6th Cir. 1982) (affirming denial of motion for reconsideration of summary judgment

because “we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s determination that the evidence would

                                                 --34--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

not be considered because it was not newly discovered and its credibility was doubtful”). Scott

makes no attempt to show that the district court abused its discretion by finding Metro’s affidavits

to be more credible than hers.

       The judge’s credibility assessment is most simply and logically explained by the evidence

in the record, not by speculation about otherwise unproven bias. Most significant, Scott proved

herself to be untrustworthy and untruthful when she (1) surreptitiously altered minutes of the

February 7, 2002, board meeting; (2) took tapes of that meeting from her assistant in April 2002 and

refused requests to return them, removing the most direct, objective means of verifying what was

said at the meeting; (3) said she intended to review the tapes to make sure her unauthorized alteration

(“correction”) of the draft minutes was accurate, but somehow never found the tapes in order to

perform that check; (4) admittedly found one of the tapes, which contained part of the meeting, in

June 2002, but withheld it; and (5) later in this litigation, by “sheer luck,” found all three tapes of

the meeting. On this record, the judge did not need personal bias to conclude that Scott was less

credible than Metro as to her conduct and the cause of her discharge.

       Scott complains that the district court accused her of “actively [seeking] legal counsel to find

a way to sue” Metro. However, in the passage of the summary judgment opinion cited by Scott, the

district court accurately recounts communication between Scott and her attorney showing that by

February 25, 2002– nearly two months before Scott’s April 17, 2002, reassignment – Scott and her

attorney had discussed possibly filing a claim for sex discrimination, apparently before even

discussing a whistleblower retaliation claim. In addition, Scott’s own writings show that she first

contacted the same attorney in May 1999, nearly three years before her reassignment, regarding her

                                                --35--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

perception that Metro was discriminating against her, apparently on the basis of sex and age. The

record supports a characterization of Scott as looking “early and often” (our words, not the district

judge’s) for grounds on which to sue Metro, even before her reassignment. The judge did not imply,

let alone state, that there was anything illegal or unethical about Scott contacting an attorney

repeatedly over the course of the years and harboring many grievances against Metro. A reasonable,

objective observer would not question the judge’s impartiality based on these limited, accurate

comments.

       Scott also charges that the district court displayed bias by

       [m]aking a myriad of factual findings that totally lack objectivity and ignore what is
       in the record as fact, i.e. [sic, she means e.g.], finding that reports to Appellee Faas
       lacked specificity and did not rise to [the level of] allegations of fraud or fault,
       ignoring that the United States government ultimately pursued said fraud in the
       amount of $40,000,000.

(Record citations omitted.) Scott does not identify any other of these “myriad” of factual findings.

Most of the portion of the summary judgment opinion cited by Scott has nothing to do with the

specificity of reports to defendant Faas. As to the portion of the opinion that may be relevant to

Scott’s charge, she fails to explain which of the statements display a bias and how, so she has

abandoned the argument.

       Scott’s penultimate complaint about personal bias concerns the judge’s remark that because

Scott’s affidavit made an allegation that she had never made before, “caution must be had.” The

portion of the opinion cited by Scott does not contain the “caution must be had” language, but she

is presumably referring to this statement earlier in the opinion:

                                                --36--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

       Plaintiff’s testimony about her top secret, undocumented meetings with Faas relating
       to her unfinished memos is interesting for reasons other than its sheer unlikeliness
       . . . . Because the testimony presents for the first time specific testimony about prior
       meetings in a case in which neither discovery, deposition testimony [n]or extensive
       prior court filings have previously disclosed these matters, caution must be had.
       Plaintiff stated in a document filed on May 13, 2005 that Plaintiff’s protected activity
       consisted of memorandums to Faas relating to Revenue Cycle. Indeed, Defendants
       took Plaintiff’s deposition and specifically asked whether she had any meetings with
       Faas about vascular studies. She said “she did not . . .” (Scott Dep. at 523, Reply
       Mem., Ex. B) * * *

United States v. Metro. Health Corp., 375 F. Supp. 2d 626, 641-42 (W.D. Mich. 2005). Scott

conveniently omits the discussion preceding and following the judge’s “caution must be had”

statement. It was eminently reasonable for the judge to look skeptically at Scott’s claim that she met

with Faas about vascular study payments and lack of written orders, given that the claim contradicted

her deposition testimony. The “caution must be had” comment does not evince personal bias.

       Finally, Scott alleges bias in the judge’s statement that she had “a history of litigation

shenanigans, including repeatedly hiding discoverable evidence. As such, the newly-minted

evidence [Scott’s affidavit claiming, contrary to her deposition, that she had secret meetings with

Faas about vascular study overcompensation and lack of written orders] will be excluded from

consideration.” United States v. Metro. Health Corp., 375 F. Supp. 2d 626, 643 (W.D. Mich. 2005)

(footnotes omitted). As discussed above, Scott’s affidavit claim about secret meetings with Faas did

contradict her deposition testimony.3 Moreover, she did hide discoverable information; she admitted

       3
        As the district court noted, a party cannot create a genuine issue of material fact by
submitting an affidavit that contradicts her earlier deposition testimony. In addition to the decisions
cited by the district court, see Moore v. Lafayette Life Ins. Co., 458 F.3d 416, 433 (6th Cir. 2006);
Lanier v. Bryant, 332 F.3d 999, 1004 (6th Cir. 2003). Scott’s affidavit did not merely “clarify” and
“elaborate on” her deposition testimony, as she asserts.

                                                --37--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

that she found one of the tapes of the meeting whose minutes she altered and that she nonetheless

did not turn that tape over to Metro. The judge’s choice of the word “shenanigans” was, if anything,

charitable, and no reasonable, objective observer would suspect that it stemmed from personal bias.

         We conclude that “a reasonable, objective person, knowing all of the circumstances,” would

not have questioned the judge’s impartiality based on the substance or tone of his opinions or in-

court statements. See Hartsel, 199 F.3d at 820; cf. Blanche Road Corp. v. Bensalem Twp., 57 F.3d
253, 266 (3d Cir. 1995) (“Although it is true that at times the judge criticized plaintiffs for

attempting to mislead the jury and became short-tempered with plaintiffs’ counsel, these comments

appear to arise from the judge’s impatience and frustration with the manner in which plaintiffs were

trying their case, rather than any partiality for defendants.”).

         In short, none of Scott’s grounds for recusal present a close question. Requiring this district

judge to recuse himself would encourage litigants to present “speculative and ethereal arguments for

recusal and thus arrogat[e] to themselves a veto power over the assignment of judges.” Draper v.

Reynolds, 369 F.3d 1270, 1280 (11th Cir. 2004). The district judge did not abuse his discretion in

denying the recusal motion, so we affirm the February 23, 2006, order appealed in No. 06-1562.

         Because it was not an abuse of discretion to reject Scott’s recusal motion on the merits, we

can assume arguendo that Scott’s recusal motion was timely.

                                                   V.

         Scott filed a motion to reconsider the order denying recusal, which the district court denied

in United States v. Metro. Health Corp., No. 1:02-CV-485, 2006 WL 763181 (W.D. Mich. Mar. 24,

2006).

                                                 --38--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

       A district court may grant a motion for reconsideration – a motion to alter or amend judgment

under FED . R. CIV . P. 59(e) – only if the movant shows (1) a clear error of law, (2) newly discovered

evidence, (3) an intervening change in controlling law, or (4) a need to prevent manifest injustice.

Henderson v. Walled Lake Consol. Schs., 469 F.3d 479, 496 (6th Cir. 2006). Scott does not claim

there was a change in the controlling law after she filed her recusal motion, but she essentially

invoked the other three grounds for reconsideration: clear error of law, new evidence, and a need

to prevent manifest injustice.

       As to newly discovered evidence, Scott argued as follows:

       [N]ew evidence has come to light which the Court should consider in re-evaluating
       its decision regarding an appearance of impropriety in this matter. Miller Canfield
       (where [the judge’s wife] is employed) was counsel for not just one, but two, and
       possibly even three entities that have a direct financial interest in the outcome of
       Plaintiff’s case. Specifically, in addition to Miller Canfield representing UBS, the
       underwriter for Metropolitan’s bond issue, Miller Canfield also represents Standard
       Federal Bank . . . as the issuer of a direct pay irrevocable line of credit for the
       $30,000,000 Series B portion of Metropolitan’s bond issue. Additionally, Standard
       Federal Corporate and Institutional Trust . . . serves as the Bond Trustee for the entire
       $165,000,000 Metropolitan bond issue.

       * * * It is objectively reasonable to infer that, in the discharge of its duties as counsel
       for both [UBS and Standard Federal], Miller Canfield . . . not only assessed the
       validity, risk and potential outcome of the Mary Scott retaliation case . . . , but had
       an interest in the outcome of said case given its fiduciary role with UBS and Standard
       Federal.

       For two reasons, this argument is of no avail to Scott. First, Scott does not explain why she

did not learn of Miller Canfield’s representation of these other entities, whether through discovery

or otherwise, before filing her recusal motion, and included it in that motion. As with other rules

of civil and criminal procedure, Rule 59(e)’s new-evidence prong required Scott to show that due

                                                 --39--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

diligence would not have uncovered this evidence before the court ruled on her recusal motion; Scott

makes no attempt at such a showing.

       Even if we treated Miller Canfield’s representation of bond issuer Standard Federal and bond

trustee Standard Federal Corporate and Institutional Trust as newly discovered evidence, it does not

support Scott’s recusal argument. Whatever stake Miller Canfield had in the success of the bond sale

was vindicated when the bonds were sold – which took place before the court ruled on summary

judgment.

       Scott’s reconsideration motion seemed to further theorize that if her discharge claim were

resolved against Metro, the following sequence of events could occur: (1) the bondholders would

demand payment on the bonds, (2) Standard Federal (which was represented by the judge’s wife’s

employer) would have to pay the bondholders, (3) Standard Federal would seek reimbursement from

Metro, and (4) Metro’s payment of damages on Scott’s retaliatory-discharge claim would not leave

sufficient resources to reimburse Standard Federal.

       Even parsing this convoluted and implausible scenario from Scott’s confusing

reconsideration motion, it is still not clear how that sequence of events is supposed to tangibly harm

Miller Canfield, let alone the judge’s wife (who, again, did not own an interest in the law firm) and

thus the judge. Scott alludes, without explanation, to Miller Canfield’s “fiduciary role” with UBS

and Standard, but does not elaborate. Finally, Scott speculates that this sequence of events would

seriously impact these three clients of Miller Canfield, but she does not say what significance we

should attach to that possibility. Apparently Scott is implying that Metro, UBS, and Standard

Federal would suffer such losses as to be unable to pay Miller Canfield as much for future

                                                --40--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

representation. Even then, the connection to the judge’s wife is at best extremely attenuated, as she

does not have an ownership interest in Miller Canfield. In summary, such far-reaching speculation

about unpredictable events affecting parties several times removed from the judge’s wife’s employer

could not lead a reasonable person to perceive any impropriety on the part of the judge.

       Having concluded that Scott was not entitled to reconsideration of recusal due to newly

discovered evidence, we consider whether the order denying recusal contained a clear error of law

or worked a manifest injustice. We conclude that Scott was not entitled to reconsideration on these

grounds either. Other than the reconsideration arguments addressed above, Scott complains only that

the judge’s orders and opinions “have been peppered with unnecessary personal statements about

the plaintiff and [the] case (such as, “May God forgive us all that we have spent valuable moments

of our lives with such piddling disagreements” or “This is the fag end of a long and bitter suit. What

is left is to exact a measure of justice according to what has come before”). This argument does not

merit reconsideration, either.

       First, Scott could and should have cited these two comments in her recusal motion. A Rule

59(e) motion is not the proper vehicle to raise arguments that should have been made before

judgment. GenCorp, Inc. v. Am. Int’l Underwriters, 178 F.3d 804, 834 (6th Cir. 1999).

       Second, Scott conveniently omits the language that accompanied the “God forgive us”

statement.   The district court was not calling the retaliatory discharge claim a “piddling

disagreement.” Here is the entirety of the footnote in which that statement appeared:

       Plaintiff has disagreed with [Metro counsel] Fraser’s characterization that the
       Monday meeting was the “first” meeting between Plaintiff, Varnum attorneys and the
       Executive Committee. This disagreement, like much of this record, is insignificant.

                                                --41--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

       What Mary Scott is referring to is that one Varnum attorney, Jackie Scott, was with
       Fraser at the April 19-20, 2002 meetings and identified herself then as a Board
       Member (which she was); the parties do not disagree apparently that other members
       of the Executive Committee besides Jackie Scott attended the first such meeting on
       April 22, 2002. May God forgive us all that we have spent valuable moments of our
       lives with such piddling disagreements.

US ex rel. Scott v. Metro. Health Corp., 375 F. Supp. 2d 626, 635 n.12 (W.D. Mich. 2005). This

comment would not cause a reasonable, objective observer to suspect that the judge harbored

personal bias against Scott that prevented fair judgment.

       The March 24, 2006, order appealed in No. 06-1562 is also affirmed.

                                                 VI.

       The district court’s explanation of its sanctions decision adequately justifies its decision to

find Scott liable for sanctions. The sanction amounts requested by defendants and awarded by the

district court were well documented and close to the sum plaintiff admits incurring in this litigation.

In this regard, we find no abuse of discretion and affirm for the reasons stated by the district court.

       Based on Scott’s conduct as described herein, and by the opinion below, the district court

properly invoked Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 as authority for imposing sanctions on Scott.

       In addition, Scott’s conduct as described herein, and by the opinion below, justified the

district court’s decision to invoke Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(g) as authority for imposing

sanctions on Scott.

       The district court did not clearly err in finding that Scott submitted discovery filings that

falsely certified that they were believed to be complete and accurate, in violation of Rule 26(g)(1)

and (2). Nobody could know better than Scott whether she had all three tapes of the meeting. That

                                                --42--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

was flatly within her knowledge, and it was not clear error to find that Scott knew she was lying

when her initial disclosures and later responses certified that she had not “found” all of them.

        Once the court found that Scott violated Rule 26, it was obligated to impose sanctions under

Rule 26(g)(3). Malautea v. Suzuki Motor Co., 987 F.2d 1536, 1545 (11th Cir. 1993).

        Nor did the district court clearly err in finding that Scott submitted affidavits that she knew

were not truthful, and that therefore she presented the affidavits in bad faith, in violation of Rule 56.

Scott obviously knew whether, as alleged in her affidavit, she developed her version of the minutes

based on her honest recollection of what happened, rather than fabricating a version of events that

she knew never occurred or inserting material to reflect what allegedly was said at a prior meeting.

        Once the court found that Scott submitted an affidavit in bad faith, it was obligated to impose

sanctions under Rule 56(g).

        Finally, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion by invoking its inherent

authority as an additional source of authority for the sanctions against Scott. In its opinion

determining the amount of sanctions, the district court wrote persuasively,

        As noted in the Court’s Opinion and Order of September 29, 2005, there are three
        bases for assessing liability against Plaintiff Mary Scott: inherent authority, Federal
        Rule of Civil Procedure 26(g) and Rule 56(g). Of these, inherent authority is
        obviously the most important because it touches all of Plaintiff’s bad faith conduct
        during the litigation. A limited award under Rules 26 and 56 would not do justice
        to the magnitude of the offense.

                                                 * * *

        As indicated above, this Court has previously found Plaintiff’s litigation conduct in
        this suit to have been in “bad faith” due to her pursuit of the factually baseless
        retaliation claim as part of a multi-million dollar lawsuit, the intentional concealment
        of multiple tape recordings, including the crucial minutes tapes, and the filing of

                                                 --43--
Case Nos. 05-1948, 05-2642, 06-1122, and 06-1652
Scott v. Metro. Health Corp. & Michael Faas

       intentionally false affidavits on the minutes issue. The filing and litigation of the
       retaliation claim was, in light of this record, motivated by an “improper purpose” to
       harass and extort Plaintiff’s former employer. See First Bank of Marietta, 307 F.3d
       at 524 (citing Big Yank Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 125 F.3d 308, 314 (6th
       Cir. 1997)). In short, this was a case, like Chambers and First Bank of Marietta, that
       was long brewed and fermented in the liquor of “bad faith.”

Scott v. Metro. Health Corp., No. 1:02-CV-485, 2005 WL 3434830, at *3 and *6 (W.D. Mich.

Dec. 13, 2005). We agree with the district court’s reasoning.

                                               VII.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the orders of the district court.

                                               --44--