Court Opinion

ID: 5141837
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-30 20:14:21.114434+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:31.177789
License: Public Domain

[Cite as JG City L.L.C. v. State Pharmacy Bd., 2021-Ohio-4624.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 JG City LLC,                                          :

                  Appellant-Appellant,                 :               No. 21AP-38
                                                                   (C.P.C. No. 20CV-2443)
 v.                                                    :
                                                                  (REGULAR CALENDAR)
 State of Ohio Board of Pharmacy,                      :

                  Appellee-Appellee.                   :

                                         D E C I S I O N

                                  Rendered on December 30, 2021

                On brief: Loevy & Loevy, Frank Newell and Michael
                Kanovitz, and Law Office of Michele Berry, Michele Berry for
                appellant. Argued: Michael Kanovitz.

                On brief: Dave Yost, Attorney General and Henry G. Appel,
                for appellee. Argued: Henry G. Appel.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
SADLER, J.
        {¶ 1} Appellant-appellant, JG City LLC, appeals from a judgment of the Franklin
County Court of Common Pleas affirming an order issued by appellee-appellee, Ohio Board
of Pharmacy (the "Board"), denying JG City's application for a license to operate a retail
medical marijuana dispensary.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
        {¶ 2} The General Assembly enacted House Bill 523 in 2016, creating the Ohio
Medical Marijuana Control Program. 2016 Sub.H.B. No. 523; R.C. 3796.02. The Board
and the Ohio Department of Commerce administer the Ohio Medical Marijuana Control
Program. R.C. 3796.02. The Board's duties include licensing retail medical marijuana
No. 21AP-38                                                                                              2

dispensaries. Id. The Board has promulgated rules, contained in Ohio Adm.Code Chapter
3796:6, to govern the licensure and operations of dispensaries.
        {¶ 3} The Board was authorized to issue up to 60 dispensary licenses during the
initial licensure period. Ohio Adm.Code. 3796:6-2-05(A). The Board divided the state into
31 dispensary districts and determined the maximum number of licenses to be issued in
each dispensary district. The Board's rules provided that no owner could be issued more
than 5 dispensary licenses statewide nor more than 66 percent of the licenses available
within a multi-license district. Ohio Adm.Code. 3796:6-2-04(C)(1)(b)-(c).
        {¶ 4} The Board issued its first request for applications ("RFA") for dispensary
licenses in September 2017.             The Board also issued instructions explaining how
applications would be evaluated and scored. JG City applied for a license to operate a
dispensary in Toledo, Ohio, which is in the Northwest-3 district. A maximum of two
licenses were available in Northwest-3. Once the review and scoring of applications was
completed, JG City's application received the third-highest score among the applicants in
Northwest-3.1 Because JG City's score was not high enough to qualify for a license in
Northwest-3, the Board issued a notice of intent to deny JG City's application.
        {¶ 5} JG City requested an administrative hearing, which was held on October 7,
2019. The Board argued it substantially complied with the RFA in scoring the applications.
JG City argued the scoring system the Board used could not reliably distinguish between
applications receiving scores as close as those given to JG City and its next closest
competitor. JG City further argued the Board failed to adhere to the scoring system
published in the RFA instructions and allowed evaluators to give scores for which there was
no published guidance. The Board presented testimony from Erin Reed ("Reed"), its
Director of Medical Marijuana, and Thomas Williams ("Williams"), a compliance
enforcement agent for the Medical Marijuana Control Program and evaluator for
dispensary license applications. JG City presented testimony from Jenni Wai ("Wai"), the
Board's Chief Pharmacist, who also served as an evaluator for dispensary license
applications.

1 Under the Board's scoring system, JG City's application received an aggregate score of 180.642849. The

licenses for the Northwest-3 district were issued to 127 OH, LLC, which received a score of 189.380942, and
GTI Ohio, LLC, which received a score of 183.59523.
No. 21AP-38                                                                                 3

       {¶ 6} The Hearing Examiner issued a report and recommendation finding the
Board met its burden of proof in showing substantial compliance with the RFA and that JG
City did not score high enough to receive a license. She further found the burden shifted to
JG City to prove bad faith or abuse of discretion by the Board, and that JG City failed to
meet that burden. The Hearing Examiner recommended that the Board affirm the notice
of intent and deny JG City's application for a dispensary license.
       {¶ 7} JG City filed objections to the Hearing Examiner's report and
recommendation, arguing the Board failed to comply with its rules because it did not follow
the scoring system published in the RFA instructions. JG City also argued, for the first time,
that the Board unconstitutionally discriminated against JG City based on a statutory
provision requiring at least 15 percent of dispensary licenses to be issued to entities owned
and controlled by members of certain economically disadvantaged groups ("EDG"). JG
City's objections were considered at a meeting of the Board on March 3, 2020. On March
11, 2020, the Board issued an order confirming and approving the Hearing Examiner's
report and recommendation, and denying JG City's application for a dispensary license.
       {¶ 8} JG City appealed the Board's order to the Franklin County Court of Common
Pleas, pursuant to R.C. 119.12. JG City argued the Board's order was not supported by
reliable, probative, and substantial evidence, and was not in accordance with law, because
the Board failed to adhere to the scoring system contained in the RFA instructions. JG City
also argued the Board violated its constitutional rights by awarding licenses to lower scoring
EDG-owned applicants. The Board argued it substantially complied with the terms of the
RFA, that JG City failed to exhaust its administrative remedies by not raising the
constitutional claim before the Hearing Examiner, and that JG City failed to demonstrate
prejudice from EDG license provision.
       {¶ 9} The trial court affirmed the Board's March 11, 2020 order denying JG City's
application, concluding there was "overwhelming evidence that the Board complied with
its application process." (Decision & Entry at 5.) The court also found JG City failed to
show it was prejudiced by the scoring system the Board used to evaluate applications.
Regarding JG City's constitutional claim, the trial court held JG City waived an as-applied
challenge to the statute by failing to raise it before the Hearing Examiner; the court further
concluded the challenged statutory provision was not facially unconstitutional or
No. 21AP-38                                                                                                      4

unconstitutional as applied to the facts of the case. JG City timely appealed the trial court's
judgment.
II. PRELIMINARY MATTERS
        {¶ 10} We begin with two preliminary matters before considering JG City's
assignments of error. First, the Board asserts we lack subject-matter jurisdiction over this
appeal. Second, the Board has moved to strike a filing made by JG City following oral
argument.
        A. Subject-matter jurisdiction over JG City's appeal
        {¶ 11} The Board moved to dismiss JG City's appeal to the common pleas court,
arguing the court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the appeal. The Board argued JG
City was required to file its action in Hamilton County, because it listed a Cincinnati
location as its business address on its dispensary application and its statutory agent was
located in Cincinnati, or in Lucas County, because it applied to operate a dispensary in
Toledo. JG City opposed the motion to dismiss, asserting the appeal was properly filed in
Franklin County because it was a resident of Illinois and had no place of business in Lucas
County. The trial court denied the Board's motion, concluding it had subject-matter
jurisdiction over the appeal under R.C. 119.12(A)(3) because JG City had not received a
license to operate a dispensary or otherwise conducted business in Lucas County and was
not a resident of Hamilton County, where its registered agent was located. 2
        {¶ 12} The Board did not cross-appeal the trial court's denial of its motion to dismiss
nor has it moved to dismiss the appeal in this court; however, in its brief on appeal, the
Board asserts we lack subject-matter jurisdiction over the appeal. We have previously held
"the filing of a cross-appeal is not a prerequisite to challenging a court's subject-matter
jurisdiction, as subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived and may be raised at any
time." Cabot III-OH1M02, LLC v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Revision, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-232,

2In support of its ruling, the trial court noted R.C. 119.12(A)(1) refers to the place of business or the residence
of the licensee, but the term licensee is not used in R.C. 119.12(A)(3). The trial court reasoned JG City was
never a licensee because its application for a license had been denied and found this supported JG City's
assertion it was entitled to file its appeal in Franklin County under R.C. 119.12(A)(3). The Supreme Court of
Ohio has rejected this reading of the statute, holding that "in order to give meaning to all its provisions, [R.C.
119.12] must be interpreted as if the word 'licensee,' is interchangeable with the words, 'such party,' where it
relates to place of business or residence." Welsh v. Ohio State Med. Bd., 168 Ohio St. 520, 522 (1959).
No. 21AP-38                                                                                  5

2013-Ohio-5301, ¶ 13. Accordingly, we must determine whether we have subject-matter
jurisdiction over JG City's appeal.
       {¶ 13} "Except as provided in [R.C. 119.12(A)(2) or (3)], any party adversely affected
by any order * * * denying the issuance or renewal of a license * * * may appeal from the
order of the agency to the court of common pleas of the county in which the place of
business of the licensee is located or the county in which the licensee is a resident." R.C.
119.12(A)(1). The first exception, R.C. 119.12(A)(2), governs appeals from certain specified
agencies and does not apply to JG City's appeal because the Board is not one of the specified
agencies. The second exception, R.C. 119.12(A)(3), functions as a catch-all provision,
specifying "[i]f any party appealing from an order described in [R.C. 119.12(A)(1)] is not a
resident of and has no place of business in this state, the party may appeal" to the Franklin
County Court of Common Pleas.
       {¶ 14} Throughout the proceedings, JG City has maintained it is a resident of
Chicago, Illinois. JG City is registered with the Ohio Secretary of State as a domestic for-
profit limited liability company. The articles of organization were filed by Loevy & Loevy of
Chicago, Illinois, and named Incorp Services, Inc., of Cincinnati, Ohio, as JG City's
statutory agent. Other than naming a registered agent located in Cincinnati, there is no
evidence in the record establishing JG City conducted business or had any other contact
with Hamilton County. With respect to activities in Lucas County, JG City's application to
operate a dispensary in Toledo was denied and, other than signing a letter of intent to lease
the location for that dispensary, there is no evidence in the record showing JG City
conducted any business in Lucas County. In response to the Board's motion to dismiss in
the common pleas court, JG City submitted an affidavit from its registered agent averring
JG City never had any business operations in Toledo or anywhere else in Lucas County. The
agent further averred that since the receiving the notice of intent to deny its application, JG
City's activity in Ohio had been limited to pursuing the administrative process in Columbus.
       {¶ 15} Under these circumstances, we conclude JG City was not a resident of and
had no place of business in Ohio. Therefore, JG City's appeal was properly filed in the
Franklin County Court of Common Pleas pursuant to R.C. 119.12(A)(3). Because the appeal
was properly filed in the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, we have jurisdiction over
JG City's appeal from that court's judgment. See R.C. 119.12(N) ("The judgment of the court
No. 21AP-38                                                                                     6

[of common pleas] shall be final and conclusive unless reversed, vacated, or modified on
appeal."); R.C. 2501.02 ("[T]he court [of appeals] shall have jurisdiction upon an appeal
upon questions of law to review, affirm, modify, set aside, or reverse judgments or final
orders of courts of record inferior to the court of appeals within the district.").
       B. Motion to strike JG City's response to the Board's notice of
          supplemental authority
       {¶ 16} After oral argument, the Board filed a notice of supplemental authority
providing citations for two decisions its counsel referred to during oral argument. The
following day, JG City filed a response to the notice of supplemental authority, asserting
the two cited decisions were distinguishable and arguing we should apply a different
standard of review than that employed in the two cited decisions. The Board then moved
to strike JG City's response, alleging it was effectively an additional reply brief. JG City filed
a further response, arguing the motion to strike should be denied because it was entitled to
respond to the Board's notice of supplemental authority.
       {¶ 17} App.R. 21(I) provides for citation of additional authorities presented at oral
argument but not cited in a party's brief. Generally, such authorities should be presented
to the court and opposing counsel "at least five days prior to oral argument," but the rule
further acknowledges there may be "good cause for a later presentment." App.R. 21(I).
Here, the Board's notice of supplemental authority provided the Court with citations for
two decisions that were briefly discussed at oral argument but had not been cited in the
Board's brief. The notice of supplemental authority did not contain any argument related
to those decisions. Additionally, there is no indication the Board attempted to obfuscate by
failing to cite the decisions in its brief. The Board's brief clearly set forth its argument that
it had substantially complied with the conditions of its RFA. The Board's counsel made a
passing reference to the two decisions at oral argument, consisting of less than 30 seconds,
as examples of cases where substantial compliance did not occur. Although JG City may
not have been aware the Board would refer to those specific decisions, it was on notice of
the legal principles underlying the Board's argument. Under these circumstances, because
the two decisions were mentioned at oral argument but had not been cited in the Board's
brief, the Board complied with App.R. 21(I) by filing a notice of supplemental authority
after oral argument.
No. 21AP-38                                                                                  7

       {¶ 18} The Board asserts JG City's response to the notice of supplemental authority
should be struck because it is an improper reply brief. "A 'brief' is '[a] written statement
setting out the legal contentions of a party in litigation, esp[ecially] on appeal; a document
prepared by counsel as the basis for arguing a case, consisting of legal and factual
arguments and the authorities in support of them.' " Slats & Nails Pallets, Inc. v. Ohio Dept.
of Job & Family Servs., 10th Dist. No. 14AP-690, 2015-Ohio-1238, ¶ 14, quoting Black's
Law Dictionary 230 (10th Ed.2014). App.R. 16(C) states an appellant may file a brief in
reply to the appellee's brief and, where there is a cross-appeal, the appellee may file a brief
in reply to the appellant's brief in response to the cross-appeal. The rule further provides
that "[n]o further briefs may be filed except with leave of court." App.R. 16(C).
       {¶ 19} We construe JG City's "response" to the Board's notice of supplemental
authority to be a brief because it contained JG City's "legal and factual arguments" seeking
to distinguish the cases cited in the notice of supplemental authority. Slats & Nails at ¶ 14.
JG City previously submitted a reply brief in response to the Board's brief. Under App.R.
16(C), no further brief beyond a reply brief is permitted without leave of court. JG City did
not seek leave of court to file its response to the Board's notice of supplemental appeal.
Accordingly, we grant the Board's motion to strike JG City's response to the Board's notice
of supplemental authority and will not consider the arguments contained in that response.
See In re L.M., 2d Dist. No. 2010-CA-76, 2011-Ohio-3285, ¶ 13 n. 1 (refusing to consider a
response brief filed by a party because it was a surreply brief to another party's reply brief
and leave had not been sought to file the response brief); McIntyre v. McIntyre, 7th Dist.
No. 03 CO 63, 2005-Ohio-7083, ¶ 14 (refusing to consider supplemental brief and
attachments because "the rules of appellate procedure do not allow any additional briefs
without leave of court, and none was requested in the instant cause").
III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       {¶ 20} JG City assigns the following as trial court error:
              [1.] The Common Pleas Court erred in ruling that the Ohio
              Board of Pharmacy ("Board") met its burden under R.C.
              119.12 to show reliable evidence for its order denying
              Appellant's application for a marijuana license where the
              application graders failed to follow the Board's published
              grading procedure and there was no evidence that the ad hoc
              system they used could reliably distinguish a 1.6% difference
No. 21AP-38                                                                                  8

              between Appellant and the next highest scorer to whom the
              Board awarded the license.
              [2.] The Common Pleas Court erred in ruling that Board met
              its burden under R.C. 119.12 to show that its order conformed
              to the law where the graders violated the Board's published
              rules and used ad hoc scores for which no criteria were
              provided.
              [3.] The Common Pleas Court erred in requiring Appellant to
              demonstrate prejudice from the use of an ad hoc grading
              process that was not in accordance with the law.
              [4.] The Common Pleas Court erred in ruling that Appellant
              failed to demonstrate sufficient prejudice to require reversal.
              [5.] The Common Pleas Court erred in ruling that Appellant
              waived its Equal Protection challenge by presenting it to the
              Ohio Board of Pharmacy in the first instance without prior
              presentation to a hearing examiner and in holding that the
              statute is not facially unconstitutional, regardless.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
       {¶ 21} When reviewing an order of an administrative agency under R.C. 119.12, a
common pleas court must consider the entire record to determine whether the agency's
order is supported by reliable, probative, and substantial evidence, and whether the order
is in accordance with law. Seman v. State Med. Bd. of Ohio, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-613, 2020-
Ohio-3342, ¶ 15, citing Univ. of Cincinnati v. Conrad, 63 Ohio St.2d 108, 110-11 (1980).
Evidence is reliable when there is " 'a reasonable probability that the evidence is true,' "
probative when it " 'tends to prove the issue in question,' " and substantial when it has
" 'importance and value.' " Id., quoting Our Place, Inc. v. Ohio Liquor Control Comm., 63
Ohio St.3d 570, 571 (1992). The common pleas court conducts " 'a hybrid review in which
[it] "must appraise all the evidence as to the credibility of the witnesses, the probative
character of the evidence, and the weight thereof." ' " Id. at ¶ 16, quoting Lies v. Veterinary
Med. Bd., 2 Ohio App.3d 204, 207 (1st Dist.1981), quoting Andrews v. Bd. of Liquor
Control, 164 Ohio St. 275, 280 (1955). The court must give deference to the agency's
resolution of evidentiary conflicts, but the agency's findings are not conclusive. Id. In
determining whether an agency order is in accordance with law, the common pleas court
undertakes a de novo review and exercises its independent judgment. Id.
No. 21AP-38                                                                                  9

       {¶ 22} Appellate review of a common pleas court's decision in an appeal from an
administrative agency is more limited. Id. at ¶ 17. We "determine only whether the
common pleas court abused its discretion." Id. " 'The term "abuse of discretion" connotes
more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court's attitude is unreasonable,
arbitrary, or unconscionable.' " Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983),
quoting State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157 (1980). On purely legal questions, however,
we exercise de novo review. Smith v. Ohio Casino Control Comm., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-
237, 2019-Ohio-4870, ¶ 15.
V. LEGAL ANALYSIS
       A. Whether the Board's order was supported by reliable, probative, and
          substantial evidence and in accordance with law
       {¶ 23} JG City's first assignment of error challenges the trial court's conclusion that
the Board's order was supported by reliable evidence. Its second assignment of error
challenges the trial court's conclusion that the Board's order was in accordance with law.
Because these assignments of error are interrelated, we will consider them together.
       {¶ 24} JG City's primary challenge to the Board's order is contained in its second
assignment of error, in which it argues the Board failed to comply with the law when it
allowed application evaluators to award odd-number scores rather than limiting them to
the even-number scores shown in the RFA instructions. JG City argues this resulted in an
11-point grading scale (i.e., all whole numbers from zero through ten), rather than a 6-point
grading scale (i.e., all even numbers from zero through ten). JG City further asserts
application evaluators were not given criteria for awarding odd-number scores. JG City
claims allowing odd numbers in the scoring system violated Ohio Adm.Code 3796:6-2-04
and, therefore, the Board's order denying JG City's application based on the score it
received under that system was not in accordance with law.
       {¶ 25} In the context of a 'disappointed bidder' for a public contract, the Supreme
Court of Ohio has held that a public entity is "bound to follow the conditions it ha[s] set for
itself in the [request for proposal] document." Danis Clarkco Landfill Co. v. Clark Cty.
Solid Waste Mgt. Dist., 73 Ohio St.3d 590, 604 (1995). In Danis, a solid waste management
district issued a request for proposals for design, construction, and operation of waste
management facilities. Id. at 591-92. The request for proposals did not involve execution
of a contract on simple acceptance by the district; rather, it contemplated an award of the
No. 21AP-38                                                                                  10

opportunity to further negotiate a possible contract. Id. at 599. One of the unsuccessful
bidders claimed this violated competitive bidding requirements. Id. at 594.
       {¶ 26} On appeal, the Supreme Court found the district was not required by statute
to engage in competitive bidding. Id. at 603. The court further noted the district had
incorporated several components of the statutory competitive bidding process, such as
sealed bids, performance bonds, and public opening of bids, into its request for proposals.
Id. Although the district was not bound to follow all aspects of the competitive bidding
process, it was required to comply with the components it had voluntarily incorporated in
the request for proposals. The court held a public entity "may by its actions commit itself
to follow rules it has itself established, including rules governing the evaluation of proposals
where statutory competitive bidding is not required." Id. Under the facts in Danis, the
court found an injunction was not warranted because the district had "substantially
complied with the procedures it had announced in its RFP." Id. at 604. See also AIDS
Taskforce of Greater Cleveland v. Ohio Dept. of Health, 8th Dist. No. 105971, 2018-Ohio-
2727, ¶ 24 (holding that an "agency's substantial compliance with [its] RFP is sufficient");
Aetna Better Health, Inc. v. Colbert, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-720, 2012-Ohio-6206, ¶ 32
("What is required is that ODJFS deal in good faith with bidders and comply with the terms
of the RFA.").
       {¶ 27} Generally, public entities have wide discretion in determining the best bidder
for a public works contract. State ex rel. Associated Builders v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of
Commrs., 125 Ohio St.3d 112, 2010-Ohio-1199, ¶ 22-24. Similarly, the Board is vested with
broad authority under the Ohio Medical Marijuana Control Program. See R.C. 3796.02 and
3796.14(B); State ex rel. CannAscend Ohio, L.L.C. v. Williams, 10th Dist. No. 18AP-820,
2020-Ohio-359, ¶ 41. Thus, although Danis involved a request for injunctive relief to
prevent the awarding of a contract, rather than an appeal under R.C. 119.12, the general
principle that a public entity must substantially comply with the conditions it sets for itself
in a request for proposals or request for applications applies equally in this case. Just as
the waste management district in Danis was bound to follow the conditions in its request
for proposals, here the Board was required to follow the criteria set forth in its RFA. If the
Board substantially complied with those criteria, its denial of JG City's application was in
accordance with law.
No. 21AP-38                                                                                  11

          {¶ 28} At the time of JG City's application, Ohio Adm.Code 3796:6-2-04(A) required
the Board to "evaluate each complete application submitted in accordance with [Ohio
Adm.Code 3796:6-2-01] and award dispensary licenses on a competitive basis using the
criteria set out in the notice for applications."3 As relevant to this appeal, at the time of JG
City's application, Ohio Adm.Code 3796:6-2-01(B)(1) required the Board's RFA to include
"[t]he scoring procedure that will be used to evaluate completed applications, including
point values that will be allocated to each applicable portion of the application."4
          {¶ 29} The RFA instructions issued by the Board stated that all applications meeting
certain minimum threshold requirements would be scored by an evaluation team. The
evaluated questions included both pass/fail questions and "scorable" questions. There
were 23 scorable questions related to an applicant's business plan, operations plan, and
patient care plan. Each scorable question would be given equal weight in determining the
total application score. The RFA instructions stated "[s]corable question responses will be
evaluated using a standard 0-10 scoring framework as illustrated in the table below along
with the evaluation criteria used to assign each score." (Ohio Medical Marijuana Control
Program Dispensary Application Instructions, Board's Hearing Ex. 3, at 12.) The table
appeared in the instructions as shown here:

3   Ohio Adm.Code 3796:6-2-04 was subsequently amended, effective September 10, 2021.
4   Ohio Adm.Code 3796:6-2-01 was subsequently amended, effective September 10, 2021.
No. 21AP-38                                                                                 12

(Ohio Medical Marijuana Control Program Dispensary Application Instructions, Board's
Hearing Ex. 3, at 13.)
       {¶ 30} Once dispensary applications were received, they were evaluated by four
teams of "subject matter experts" retained by the Board. (Oct. 7, 2019 Tr. at 21.) When
reviewing the applications, evaluators were permitted to award a score of any whole
number between zero and ten, including odd numbers, to the scorable questions.
Regarding the use of odd numbers in scoring applications, Reed testified the Board decided
to permit evaluators to use odd numbers "before we published the application." (Oct. 7,
2019 Tr. at 52.) When asked why the table included in the RFA instructions did not include
odd numbers, Reed explained this was based on an assessment of best practices:
               We looked at best practices in the State when, and in
               procurement from around the country and they don't all, they
               don't provide that level of specificity for those intermediate
               numbers in those cases.

               And so we tried to follow those best practices and those best
               practices allowed for that discretion for somebody who's
               evaluating a particular set of facts that their scoreable response
               to assess whether they need some type of intermediate score
               between what was assigned and the instructions.

(Oct. 7, 2019 Tr. at 53.)
Reed explained "odd scores were the equivalent of our decimal, they were our half point in
this case." (Oct. 7, 2019 Tr. at 54.) Reed admitted evaluators were not given specific criteria
for when to award an odd number, but were told, for example, "if you think that this is a
very good answer but it's not quite the [best] answer, there's some room for improvement,
so it's not a 10 but you think it's better than an 8, then they could give a score of 9 in that
case." (Oct. 7, 2019 Tr. at 55.) Reed further testified the phrase "standard 0 to 10" in the
RFA instructions was meant to inform applicants "we were using numbers 0 to 10, whole
numbers 0 to 10," with the intention that would include odd numbers. (Oct. 7, 2019 Tr. at
74.) Both Williams and Wai testified they were instructed they could award odd numbers
to scorable questions.
       {¶ 31} JG City argues the RFA instructions expressly forbade the use of odd-number
scores because the table only included the criteria that would be used to award even-
number scores. We reject JG City's interpretation of the scoring description. As explained
No. 21AP-38                                                                                   13

above, the RFA instructions provided that scorable questions would be evaluated "using a
standard 0-10 scoring framework." (Ohio Medical Marijuana Control Program Dispensary
Application Instructions, Board's Hearing Ex. 3, at 12.) The instructions further provided
that the scoring framework was "illustrated" by the table that followed it. To "illustrate"
can be defined as "to make clear by giving examples or instances." Webster's Third New
International Dictionary 1127 (1966). Consistent with this meaning, a list intended to
illustrate a topic may not be an exhaustive recitation of all aspects of that topic; for example,
Evid.R. 901 "provides a non-exhaustive list of illustrations as examples of authentication
conforming with the rule." (Emphasis added.) State v. Ollison, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-95,
2016-Ohio-8269, ¶ 47. Therefore, providing a list of the criteria for even-number scores to
illustrate how a "standard 0-10 scoring framework" would be applied did not preclude the
Board from allowing evaluators to award odd numbers to responses that exceeded the
criteria for one even-number score but failed to satisfy the criteria for the next even-number
score.
          {¶ 32} Moreover, considering the evaluation process in its entirety, we conclude the
Board substantially complied with the criteria and scoring procedure set forth in the RFA
instructions. As specified in the instructions, evaluators awarded scores to 23 questions
pertaining to the applicant's business, operations, and patient care plans. The response to
each question was awarded a whole number score ranging from zero to ten. The individual
evaluators' scores were averaged, and the averages were combined to compute the total
score for the application. Based on the results of the scoring, the Board then granted
licenses to the highest scoring applicants in each district, subject to the limits on the
number of licenses that could be awarded to a single entity. When an applicant was
ineligible for a license due to those limits, the Board granted the license to the next highest
scoring applicant. Considered as a whole, this process satisfied the Board's obligation
under Ohio Adm.Code 3796:6-2-04(A) to "award dispensary licenses on a competitive basis
using the criteria set out in the notice for applications."5 Under these circumstances, the
Board evaluated dispensary applications in accordance with law and JG City's application
finished third highest in a district where only two licenses were available. Therefore, the
Board's order denying JG City's application was in accordance with law.

5   Ohio Adm.Code 3796:6-2-04 was subsequently amended, effective September 10, 2021.
No. 21AP-38                                                                               14

       {¶ 33} JG City also claims the Board's decision was not supported by reliable
evidence, effectively arguing the Board failed to establish the evaluators correctly
determined its application merited a lower score than the score given to the next best
application, submitted by GTI Ohio. JG City notes the total score for its application was
1.6 percent lower than GTI Ohio's score and claims "there was no showing of any kind that
the graders could reliably discern a 1.6 percent difference using the ad hoc 11-point scale."
(Appellant's Br. at 22.) JG City suggests this is analogous to a vehicle speeding case, where
the reliability of a speed-measuring device is disputed. This analogy is inapt. Unlike a
moving vehicle, where the speed of travel is an objective fact that can be measured, the
Board's process for scoring applications for dispensary licenses necessarily involved
subjective determinations because it required evaluators to assign numerical scores to
narrative responses. For example, when deciding between a score of six or eight for an
answer, the evaluator was required to determine whether the answer demonstrated
"limited additional value" or "some additional value." Moreover, although JG City argues
the Board failed to show the evaluators could reliably discern a 1.6 percent difference
between its application and GTI Ohio's application, JG City has not claimed it received an
incorrect score on any specific question. Compare Buckeye Relief, L.L.C. v. State Bd. of
Pharmacy, 8th Dist. No. 109050, 2020-Ohio-4916, ¶ 21 ("There clearly is evidence that the
evaluators did not fully understand the nature of Buckeye Relief's pledged capital. The
scores given Buckeye Relief by three evaluators on question C-5.5 were demonstratively
wrong and against the board's own evaluation criteria."). In this case, there was testimony
from Reed explaining the scoring system generally, and testimony from Williams and Wai
explaining how they applied the scoring system in evaluating applications. Under these
circumstances, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding that the Board's order
was supported by reliable evidence.
       {¶ 34} Accordingly, we overrule JG City's first and second assignments of error.
       {¶ 35} JG City's third and fourth assignments of error argue the trial court erred by
requiring JG City to establish it was prejudiced by the Board's scoring system and finding
it failed to demonstrate sufficient prejudice. Having concluded the trial court properly
affirmed the Board's order because it was based on reliable, probative, and substantial
evidence and was in accordance with law, the question of whether JG City suffered
No. 21AP-38                                                                                15

prejudice due to the Board's scoring system is rendered moot. Accordingly, JG City's third
and fourth assignments of error are moot due to our resolution of the first and second
assignments of error.
       B. JG City's challenge to the Economically Disadvantaged Group license
          requirement
       {¶ 36} Finally, JG City's fifth assignment of error challenges the trial court's
conclusion that JG City waived its constitutional challenge to R.C. 3796.10(C) by failing to
raise it before the Hearing Examiner and the court's further conclusion that the statutory
provision was not facially unconstitutional. In its objections to the Hearing Examiner's
report and recommendation and in its appeal to the common pleas court, JG City
challenged the constitutionality of R.C. 3796.10(C), which required the Board to "issue not
less than fifteen per cent of retail dispensary licenses to entities that are owned and
controlled by United States citizens who are residents of this state and are members of * * *
economically disadvantaged groups" defined in the statute. R.C. 3796.10(C).
       {¶ 37} "A preliminary inquiry in all legal claims is the issue of standing." Cuyahoga
Cty. Bd. of Commrs. v. State, 112 Ohio St.3d 59, 2006-Ohio-6499, ¶ 22. "In Ohio, it is well
established that standing to attack the constitutionality of a legislative enactment exists
only where a litigant 'has suffered or is threatened with direct and concrete injury in a
manner or degree different from that suffered by the public in general, that the law in
question has caused the injury, and that the relief requested will redress the injury.' " Id.,
quoting State ex rel. Ohio Academy of Trial Lawyers v. Sheward, 86 Ohio St.3d 451, 469-
70 (1999). "These three factors—injury, causation, and redressability—constitute 'the
irreducible constitutional minimum of standing.' " Moore v. City of Middletown, 133 Ohio
St.3d 55, 2012-Ohio-3897, ¶ 22, quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560
(1992). Whether the facts establish standing to assert a claim is a question of law, which
we review de novo. Cuyahoga Cty. at ¶ 23.
       {¶ 38} The Board acknowledges that in one instance, in the Southwest-7 district, the
highest-scoring applicant was "displaced," and a license was awarded to a lower-scoring
application submitted by an EDG-owned entity, to comply with R.C. 3796.10(C). JG City's
application was not displaced in favor of an EDG-owned entity. Instead, it simply received
the third-highest score in a district with only two licenses available.
No. 21AP-38                                                                                  16

       {¶ 39} In support of this constitutional claim, JG City offers a convoluted theory
involving the interaction of R.C. 3796.10(C) and Ohio Adm.Code 3796:6-2-04(C)(1)(b),
which provides that no entity could be issued more than five dispensary licenses statewide.
The two applications that scored higher than JG City in Northwest-3 were submitted by 127
OH and GTI Ohio. Those entities also submitted applications in multiple other districts
across the state. JG City claims applications submitted by 127 OH and GTI Ohio in other
districts were displaced in favor of applications submitted by EDG-owned entities. JG City
further asserts that if those other applications had not been displaced to comply with R.C.
3796.10(C), 127 OH or GTI Ohio would have reached the five-license limit before being
awarded licenses in Northwest-3. Therefore, JG City claims, it would have been awarded a
license in Northwest-3 as the next eligible applicant.
       {¶ 40} Assuming without deciding that JG City's "cascading displacement" theory
could establish a sufficient direct and concrete injury to sustain a constitutional challenge,
the record fails to support that theory. The administrative record before us indicates none
of 127 OH or GTI Ohio's applications were displaced in favor of applications from EDG-
owned entities to meet the requirements of R.C. 3796.10(C). 127 OH submitted seven
applications to operate dispensaries in seven different districts. Each of 127 OH's seven
applications received a score placing it first or second within its respective district, but 127
OH was only awarded five licenses. The two unsuccessful 127 OH applications were
designated by the Board as "license limited" – i.e., despite receiving sufficient scores to win
licenses, those licenses were not granted because 127 OH had reached the five-license limit
under Ohio Adm.Code 3796:6-2-04(C)(1)(b).            Similarly, GTI Ohio submitted twelve
applications to operate dispensaries in four different districts. GTI Ohio's applications
received scores ranging from first to ninth place within their respective districts, but GTI
Ohio was only awarded five licenses. Two of the unsuccessful GTI Ohio applications were
disqualified; the other five were designated by the Board as "license limited" or "license and
district limited," the latter meaning GTI Ohio had reached the five-license limit and the 66
percent limitation under Ohio Adm.Code 3796:6-2-04(C)(1)(c). Thus, the record indicates
that where an otherwise eligible application from 127 OH or GTI Ohio was denied, it was
due to the limits under Ohio Adm.Code 3796:6-2-04(C)(1)(b) and (c), not because of the
EDG-owned requirements under R.C. 3796.10(C). JG City has failed to demonstrate R.C.
No. 21AP-38                                                                              17

3796.10(C) caused the denial of its application for a dispensary license; therefore, JG City
cannot establish standing to challenge the constitutionality of the statute.
       {¶ 41} Accordingly, we overrule JG City's fifth assignment of error.
VI. CONCLUSION
       {¶ 42} For the foregoing reasons, we grant the Board's motion to strike JG City's
response to the Board's notice of supplemental authority, and overrule JG City's first,
second, and fifth assignments of error, and its third and fourth assignments of error are
rendered moot. We affirm the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
                                                                      Judgment affirmed;
                                                                  motion to strike granted.

                                 KLATT, J., concurs.
                           JAMISON, J., concurs in judgment.
                                 _____________

JAMISON, J., concurring in judgment.
       {¶ 43} I concur in judgment and decision of the majority except I would not permit
the Board to file a notice of supplemental authority.
       {¶ 44} During oral argument, the Board introduced two cases that had not been
cited in the brief nor disclosed to JG City prior to oral argument. Subsequently after the
oral argument, the Board filed a notice of supplemental authority. JG City filed a response
to the notice of supplemental authority attempting to distinguish the two additional cases.
The Board then moved to strike JG City's response alleging the response was an additional
brief. The majority decision rules upon the Board's motion to strike JG City's response to
the Board's notice of supplemental authority.
       {¶ 45} Ohio App.R. 21(I) reads in pertinent part:
              Citation of Additional Authorities: If counsel on oral argument
              intends to present authorities not cited in the brief, counsel
              shall, at least five days prior to oral argument, present in
              writing such authorities to the court and to opposing counsel,
              unless there is good cause shown for later presentment.
       {¶ 46} The majority makes the finding that there was good cause for the
presentment of these cases during oral argument without any examples of good cause given
by the Board. The majority opinion admits that "JG City may not have been aware the
No. 21AP-38                                                                                 18

Board would refer to those specific decisions," the Board never addressed the failure to
present in writing these authorities to JG City five days prior to oral argument for this court
to determine whether there was good cause for later presentment. (Majority Decision at
¶ 17.) Because the Board made no argument that there was good cause for the presentment
of the cases during oral argument not five days prior to oral argument, as the rule requires,
I respectfully disagree with this court accepting the notice of supplemental authority. This
court should not determine that there is good cause, where the party has not argued good
cause for its failure. I would strike the Board's notice of supplemental authority.
       {¶ 47} Next, I considered the Board's request to strike the response to supplemental
authority.
       {¶ 48} Ohio App.R. 16(C) reads in pertinent part:
               Reply brief: The appellant may file a brief in reply to the brief
               of the appellee, and, if the appellee has cross-appealed, the
               appellee may file a brief in reply to the response of the appellant
               to the assignments of errors presented by the cross-appeal. No
               further briefs may be filed except with leave of court.
       {¶ 49} The record is clear that JG City failed to request leave of this court prior to
filing their reply. I agree with the majority opinion that JG City did file a brief with legal
and factual arguments seeking to distinguish the two cases. Although I understand the
argument of JG City that they should have been allowed the opportunity to reply to the
notice of supplemental authority and attempt to differentiate these two cases for the court's
consideration, I would strike JG City's response to the notice of supplemental authority for
failure to request leave of the court before filing.
       {¶ 50} For the foregoing, I concur in judgment of the court.