Court Opinion

ID: 2991387
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-23 03:55:55.879498+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:38:36.117508
License: Public Domain

Affirmed in Part, Reversed and Remanded in Part, and Memorandum Opinion filed
October 13, 2011.

                                         In The

                      Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                                 NO. 14-10-00780-CV

                             JOHN GIRALDO, Appellant

                                           V.

                        JUAN J. JIMENEZ PAVIA, Appellee

                On Appeal from the County Civil Court at Law No. 3
                              Harris County, Texas
                          Trial Court Cause No. 950135

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

      John Giraldo brings this restricted appeal from the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment favoring Juan J. Jimenez Pavia.        Pavia sued Giraldo based primarily on
Giraldo’s failure to return a security deposit on rental property. In its summary judgment
order, the trial court awarded Pavia damages and attorney’s fees. On appeal, Giraldo
contends that the court below erred in granting summary judgment and in awarding
attorney’s fees. We reverse and remand the portion of the judgment awarding attorney’s
fees to Pavia and affirm the remainder of the judgment.
                                      I. Background

       The parties agree that they entered into a one-year lease agreement around the end
of April or beginning of May 2008. Giraldo was the landlord and Pavia was the tenant.
At some point, Pavia informed Giraldo that he would not be renewing the lease at the end
of the term; Pavia then subsequently moved out, but Giraldo never returned Pavia’s
security deposit.

       In October 2009, Pavia filed suit, alleging Giraldo wrongfully withheld the
security deposit in violation of the Texas Property Code. Pavia further alleged that
Giraldo breached the lease agreement by failing to return the security deposit. Pavia
sought damages, attorney’s fees, and costs.

       On November 19, 2009, the trial court received a letter from Giraldo stating that
he disputed Pavia’s allegations and that he had a policy that all pet owners had to agree to
a ―pet agreement‖ and post a ―pet deposit.‖ He further indicated that such requirements
were in the lease agreement and that Pavia had been informed of them. He stated that
fees and penalties were assessed against Pavia and that he (Giraldo) currently lived in
Florida, making it hard to travel to Houston for court. The word ―Answer‖ is handwritten
on the letter, and the parties appear to agree that the court treated the letter as Giraldo’s
answer in the lawsuit.

       On March 10, 2010, Pavia filed a motion for summary judgment. In the motion,
he pointed out that under section 92.109 of the Property Code, a landlord who in bad faith
retains a security deposit, in violation of that subchapter of the code, is liable for (1)
$100, (2) three times the amount of the deposit wrongfully withheld, and (3) reasonable
attorney’s fees. As grounds for judgment, Pavia asserted that there were no genuine
issues of material fact remaining in the case. In support of this claim, Pavia referenced
his own affidavit and a set of deemed admissions, i.e., requests for admissions that were
duly served but for which Giraldo failed to offer a response. Giraldo did not respond in
any fashion to the motion for summary judgment.
                                              2
       In his affidavit, Pavia asserted that on May 1, 2009, he signed a one-year lease
agreement with Giraldo. On March 15, 2009, he received a lease renewal notice from
Giraldo, and on March 24, 2009, he mailed back his notice of nonrenewal of the lease
and provided a forwarding address. By April 30, he had cleaned the property to the same
condition as when he moved in and vacated the premises. During early May, he made
repeated calls to Giraldo but failed to get a return call. Sometime around the second
week in May, Pavia spoke with Monica Liloy, Giraldo’s wife, and she told him that the
apartment was fine and the deposit would be returned after June 1. Several weeks into
June, Pavia left more messages for Giraldo and was eventually told that the check was in
the mail (although he does not indicate who told him that). Pavia subsequently sent a
notice of wrongful withholding and thereafter received a demand letter from Giraldo
alleging a $2,520 penalty for having had a pet on the premises for 242 days without
having paid a pet deposit.

       The request for admissions sought admission that Giraldo was the landlord for the
property in question and entered into a lease agreement with Pavia. In the request, Pavia
further sought to establish that he paid a security deposit of $1,100, gave notice of non-
renewal, left the property in the same or better condition, and surrendered the property by
April 30, 2009. Additionally, in the request, Pavia sought admissions that Giraldo or his
agent had inspected the property, discovered no problems, and told Pavia on the phone
that he would be receiving his security deposit. Lastly, the request sought admissions
that Giraldo owed Pavia a refund of $1,100, was liable for treble damages for failing to
timely refund the money, and acted in bad faith in failing to do so.

       Also attached to the motion was an affidavit from Pavia’s attorney stating that
reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees in the case amounted to $8,500 and that
specified other amounts would be necessary if a writ of execution became required for
collection of the judgment or if Giraldo were to unsuccessfully appeal the judgment.
This affidavit, however, was not notarized.

                                              3
        In its judgment, signed April 20, 2010, the trial court stated that there were no
genuine issues of material fact remaining on Pavia’s cause of action for wrongfully
withholding a security deposit in violation of Property Code sections 91.001, 92.103,
92.104, and 92.109. The court also noted the deemed admissions and awarded Pavia
$3,400 in damages, along with $8,500 in attorney’s fees, pre- and post-judgment interest
and court costs, and additional attorney’s fees for collection and in the event an appeal
was unsuccessfully pursued by Giraldo.1

        On August 4, 2010, Giraldo filed a notice of restricted appeal under Texas Rule of
Appellate Procedure 30. In the notice, he acknowledged that he did not participate in the
summary judgment proceedings and failed to file any post-judgment motions or a timely
notice of appeal. In his appellate brief, Giraldo contends that (1) genuine issues of fact
exist which preclude affirming the summary judgment, (2) the trial court erred in granting
attorney’s fees to Pavia because Pavia’s attorney’s affidavit was not notarized and the
fees were excessive, and (3) summary judgment was improvidently granted because
Pavia and his attorney acted in bad faith in pursuing the lawsuit. In a reply brief,
appellant additionally argues that he never received the requests for admissions which the
trial court deemed admitted. We will address each argument in turn.

                              II. Genuine Issues of Material Fact

        In his first issue, Giraldo contends that genuine issues of material fact exist
regarding Pavia’s claim for recovery of the security deposit; thus, the trial court erred in
granting summary judgment favoring Pavia. Because Giraldo brings a restricted appeal

        1
         Although the trial court’s judgment does not explicitly address Pavia’s breach of contract claim,
Pavia expressly waived any causes of action or relief not addressed in his motion for summary judgment.
Furthermore, the judgment contains unequivocal language of finality. See In re Burlington Coat Factory
Warehouse of McAllen, Inc., 167 S.W.3d 827, 830 (Tex. 2005).
                                                    4
under Rule 30, he can prevail only if he demonstrates that error exists on the face of the
record. Alexander v. Lynda’s Boutique, 134 S.W.3d 845, 848 (Tex. 2004).2

        In proceedings on a traditional motion for summary judgment, such as that filed by
Pavia, the movant has the burden to show that there is no genuine issue of material fact
and he or she is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt.
Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex. 1985). In determining whether a fact issue exists
precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the non-movant is taken as true,
and all reasonable inferences are carried in the non-movant’s favor. Id. at 548–49. If
there is no genuine issue of material fact, summary judgment should issue as a matter of
law. Haase v. Glazner, 62 S.W.3d 795, 797 (Tex. 2001). We review a trial court’s
summary judgment de novo. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661
(Tex. 2005).

        Pavia’s cause of action is governed by section 92.109 of the Texas Property Code,
which reads as follows:

        (a) A landlord who in bad faith retains a security deposit in violation of this
        subchapter is liable for an amount equal to the sum of $100, three times the
        portion of the deposit wrongfully withheld, and the tenant’s reasonable
        attorney’s fees in a suit to recover the deposit.

        (b) A landlord who in bad faith does not provide a written description and
        itemized list of damages and charges in violation of this subchapter:

                (1) forfeits the right to withhold any portion of the security deposit
                or to bring suit against the tenant for damages to the premises; and

                (2) is liable for the tenant’s reasonable attorney’s fees in a suit to
                recover the deposit.

        (c) In an action brought by a tenant under this subchapter, the landlord has
        the burden of proving that the retention of any portion of the security
        deposit was reasonable.

        2
         There are other requirements for a restricted appeal, but they are not at issue in the present case.
See Alexander, 134 S.W.3d at 848.
                                                     5
       (d) A landlord who fails either to return a security deposit or to provide a
       written description and itemization of deductions on or before the 30th day
       after the date the tenant surrenders possession is presumed to have acted in
       bad faith.

Tex. Prop. Code § 92.109. The statute provides different consequences depending on the
conduct of the landlord. Under subsection (a), if a landlord retains a security deposit in
bad faith and in violation of the subchapter, that landlord will be liable for $100, three
times the amount wrongfully withheld, and the tenant's reasonable attorney’s fees. Tex.
Prop. Code § 92.109(a). Under subsection (b), if the landlord in bad faith fails to provide
a written description and itemized list of damages and charges in violation of the
subchapter, that landlord will forfeit the right to withhold any amount or to bring suit for
damages to the premises and will be liable for the tenant's reasonable attorney’s fees in a
suit to recover the deposit. Id. § 92.109(b). Here, the trial court’s judgment was clearly
based on subsection (a) because the court awarded damages consistent with that section.

       Other sections of the Property Code outline the rules governing the return of
security deposits. Under section 92.103, a landlord is required to refund a security
deposit within 30 days from the date the tenant surrenders the property, provided the
tenant has provided a forwarding address, as stated in section 92.107. Tex. Prop. Code
§§ 92.103(a), 92.107(a). Section 92.104 permits a landlord to deduct from a security
deposit damages and charges for which the tenant is legally liable. Id. § 92.104(a). That
section also requires a landlord to provide a written description and an itemized list of all
such deductions. Id. §92.104(c).

       Under subsection 92.109(d), a landlord is presumed to have acted in bad faith if
the landlord either fails to return a deposit or provide an itemized list of deductions
within 30 days of surrender of possession. Id. § 92.109(d). Accordingly, a tenant can
establish a prima facie case of bad faith retention by demonstrating that the landlord
failed to return the deposit or provide the itemized list within 30 days of the tenant’s
surrender. Hardy v. 11702 Mem’l, Ltd., 176 S.W.3d 266, 271 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

                                             6
Dist.] 2004, no pet.). A landlord can rebut the presumption of bad faith by presenting
evidence of his good faith, i.e., honesty in fact in the conduct or transaction. Id. In the
absence of rebutting evidence, a tenant’s prima facie case of bad faith retention compels a
finding that the landlord acted in bad faith. See id.

       In support of his motion for summary judgment, Pavia provided his own affidavit
and a set of deemed admissions. Pavia’s affidavit was clear, positive, direct, free from
contradictions and inconsistencies, and could have been readily controverted. See Tex.
R. Civ. P. 166a (authorizing use of testimonial evidence by interested party if certain
conditions are met).     Unanswered requests for admission are automatically deemed
admitted unless the court permits withdrawal or amendment. Tex. R. Civ. P. 198.2;
Marshall v. Vise, 767 S.W.2d 699, 700 (Tex. 1989) (discussing former Rule 169). Once
an admission is admitted or deemed admitted, it becomes a judicial admission, and a
party may not introduce evidence to contradict it. Marshall, 767 S.W.2d at 700; Sherman
Acquisition II LP v. Garcia, 229 S.W.3d 802, 812 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, no pet.);
Beasley v. Burns, 7 S.W.3d 768, 769-70 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, pet. denied).
Deemed admissions are competent as summary judgment evidence. Acevedo v. Comm’n
for Lawyer Discipline, 131 S.W.3d 99, 105 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, pet. denied);
Rowlands v. Unifund CCR, No. 14-05-01122-CV, 2007 WL 1395101, at *3 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] March 27, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.).

       Based on the affidavit and deemed admissions, Pavia demonstrated that (1) he and
Giraldo entered into a lease agreement under which he paid Giraldo a security deposit of
$1,100; (2) on March 24, 2009, Pavia gave Giraldo written notice of his forwarding
address; (3) on April 30, 2009, Pavia surrendered possession of the leased premises; and
(4) Giraldo failed to either return the deposit or provide a written description and
itemized list of deductions within 30 days of Pavia’s surrender of the premises. Thus,
Pavia established a prima facie case of bad faith retention. The burden therefore shifted
to Giraldo to present evidence rebutting the presumption. See Hardy, 176 S.W.3d at 272-

                                              7
73. Giraldo, however, failed to file either responsive argument to Pavia’s motion for
summary judgment or any evidence to rebut Pavia’s prima facie case.

       On appeal, Giraldo argues that the trial court should have considered a defense
that he allegedly raised in his letter to the trial court, which the court treated as an answer.
In the letter, Giraldo suggested that he had a right to retain the security deposit because
Pavia owed fees and penalties based on his violation of pet policies contained in the
lease. However, Giraldo’s answer is not summary judgment evidence and cannot raise a
fact issue precluding summary judgment. See City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin
Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678 (Tex. 1979) (stating that pleadings are not summary
judgment evidence and should not be considered in determining whether the summary
judgment evidence raises a genuine issue of material fact).

       Also. in his briefing, Giraldo cites to the lease agreement, attached as an appendix
to his initial brief, and to a statement in Pavia’s motion for summary judgment, asserting
that at one point (after 30 days from surrender of the premises) Pavia received a letter
from Giraldo regarding a $2,520 penalty for having a pet without paying a pet deposit.
Although not cited by Giraldo, Pavia’s affidavit also mentions that he received such a
letter. None of these items, however, constituted summary judgment evidence sufficient
to rebut Pavia’s prima facie case of bad faith retention. The lease agreement was not
presented to the trial court as summary judgment evidence. See, e.g., Young v. Gumfory,
322 S.W.3d 731, 738 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) (explaining that appellate review
of summary judgment is limited to the evidence before the trial court when it granted
judgment). Pavia’s statements in his pleading and affidavit only acknowledge receipt of
a letter, not that Giraldo had any meritorious basis for retaining the security deposit. The
summary judgment evidence showed that Pavia received this letter more than 30 days
after Pavia surrendered possession of the leased premises. These documents do not create
a fact issue in response to the statements in Pavia’s affidavit and the deemed admissions
establishing a prima facie case of bad faith retention.

                                               8
       In light of the fact that Pavia established a prima facie case of bad faith retention
and Giraldo failed to bring forth rebutting evidence, the trial court did not err in granting
summary judgment for Pavia. We overrule Giraldo’s first issue.

                                       III. Attorney’s Fees

       In his second issue, Giraldo contends that the trial court erred in awarding
attorney’s fees to Pavia because there was no evidence to support the award. In his third
issue, Giraldo challenges the trial court’s prospective award of attorney’s fees should
there be a need for post-judgment discovery or writ of execution or an appeal. In his
appellate briefing, Pavia concedes that these awards were not supported by competent
evidence. And we concur. The affidavit submitted by Pavia in support of attorney’s fees
was not notarized and thus was not competent summary judgment evidence.                            See
Medford v. Medford, 68 S.W.3d 242, 246-47 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.);
Coastal Cement Sand Inc. v. First Interstate Credit Alliance, Inc., 956 S.W.2d 562, 567
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. denied).3 Because this is a substantive
defect, Giraldo’s failure to object to this defect in the trial court does not prevent Giraldo
from raising this defect on appeal. See Trimble v. Gulf Paint & Battery, Inc., 728 S.W.2d
887, 889 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, no writ). Consequently, as Pavia did
not conclusively prove the amount of his reasonable attorney fees, we sustain Giraldo’s
second and third issues.

                            IV. Bad Faith or Harassing Litigation

       In his fourth issue, Giraldo contends that the trial court improvidently granted
summary judgment because Pavia’s lawsuit is groundless and was filed in bad faith and
for purposes of harassment.          Although Giraldo does not cite Texas Rule of Civil
       3
          We note that, effective September 1, 2011, the Texas Legislature has amended section 132.001
of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code to greatly expand the use of unsworn declarations. Act of
June 17, 2011, 82nd R.S., ch. 847, 2011 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. (West) (amending Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code § 132.001 and repealing §§ 132.002-.003). We take no position, however, regarding whether
Pavia’s attorney’s unsworn affidavit would have sufficed had this amendment been in effect at the time
summary judgment was rendered.
                                                  9
Procedure 13, he does paraphrase a portion of the rule.4 Rule 13 permits a court, upon
motion of a party or on its own initiative, to impose an appropriate sanction against a
party that files any ―fictitious pleading‖ or makes statements in a pleading that it knows
to be groundless. Tex. R. Civ. P. 13. On that basis, Giraldo apparently argues that the
trial court erred in failing to sua sponte impose sanctions against Pavia and Pavia’s
attorney and instead granting summary judgment in Pavia’s favor.

        We note Giraldo did not seek Rule 13 sanctions in the trial court. Before the trial
court could impose Rule 13 sanctions on its own initiative, it would have been required to
give Pavia notice and a hearing. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 13. Giraldo voiced no objection in
the trial court to the court’s failure to conduct a Rule 13 hearing on its own initiative or to
the court’s failure to impose Rule 13 sanctions. To preserve error for appeal, a party
must timely present a complaint to the trial court with sufficient specificity. See Tex. R.
App. P. 33.1(a); Ortegon v. Benavides, No. 04-05-00768-CV, 2008 WL 577175, at *11
(Tex. App.—San Antonio Mar. 5, 2008, pet. denied) (holding defendant did not preserve
error as to trial court’s failure to impose Rule 13 sanctions) (mem. op.); Howell v. Tex.
Workers’ Comp. Comm’n, 143 S.W.3d 416, 450 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied)
(holding law firm failed to preserve error as to sua sponte imposition of sanctions). By
failing to object in the trial court, Giraldo waived his apparent complaint that the trial
court erred in failing to sua sponte impose sanctions against Pavia and Pavia’s attorney.
Therefore, we examine Giraldo’s arguments under the fourth issue solely to determine if
he has shown that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment.

        According to Giraldo, Pavia and Pavia’s counsel ―plotted a sophisticated scam‖
against him by excluding the actual lease agreement and rental application from the
record and never disputing that Pavia owed rent for having a pet on the premises.
Giraldo further asserts that Pavia provided no evidence to refute Giraldo’s pleaded
defense. However, as discussed above, once Pavia proved a prima facie case of bad faith
        4
          Giraldo does not allude to any other basis for the outcome he seeks, i.e., reversal for filing a
lawsuit in bad faith or for purposes of harassment.
                                                   10
retention of a security deposit, the burden shifted to Giraldo to provide evidence of a
reasonable excuse to rebut the presumption of bad faith. See Hardy, 176 S.W.3d at 271.
Giraldo cites to no evidence in the record indicating that the omitted documents (the lease
agreement and rental application) support his position.              Because this is a restricted
appeal, any error must be demonstrated on the face of the record and not in attachments
to an appellate brief. See Alexander, 134 S.W.3d at 848.

       Giraldo additionally claims that Pavia’s affidavit was notarized by a friend of
Pavia’s, who was a cotenant of the premises at issue in this case. Again, Giraldo points
to nothing in the record suggesting that his assertions are true. We can reverse only upon
finding error on the face of the record. Lastly, Giraldo contends that the request for
$8,500 in attorney’s fees shows bad faith on the part of Pavia and his attorney. Although,
as explained above, there is insufficient evidence in the record to support summary
judgment awarding the requested amount of attorney’s fees, the lack of such evidence
does not demonstrate that the request for that sum was made in bad faith. Further, any
such bad faith would not show that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment.
Finding no merit to any of Giraldo’s arguments concerning bad faith or harassing
litigation, we overrule his fourth issue.

                                      V. Reply Brief Issue

       Lastly, in his reply brief, Giraldo contends that the trial court erred in basing
summary judgment on deemed admissions because the record does not reflect that he
actually received the request for admissions. Specifically, he asserts that Pavia sent the
request to the wrong address. Because Giraldo did not raise an issue regarding service of
the request for admissions until his appellate reply brief, he has waived this argument.
See Tex. R. App. P. 38.3; Priddy v. Rawson, 282 S.W.3d 588, 597-98 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. denied).5 Accordingly, we overrule this issue.

       5
          A certificate of service signed by a party or an attorney constitutes prima facie evidence of
service and thus raises a presumption that the request for admissions was received. Approx. $14,980 v.
                                                  11
                                           VI. Conclusion

        Because we sustain Giraldo’s second and third issues concerning attorney’s fees,
we reverse and remand the portion of the final judgment awarding past and potential
future attorney’s fees to the trial court for further proceedings.                   Having overruled
Giraldo’s other issues, we affirm the remainder of the judgment. See Tex. R. App. P.
44.1(b) (authorizing remand of only part of a case if error only affects that part).

                                         /s/             Martha Hill Jamison
                                                         Justice

Panel consists of Justices Frost, Jamison, and McCally.

State, 261 S.W.3d 182, 186 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet). In the absence of evidence
rebutting the presumption, i.e., showing non-receipt, we presume service was perfected and the request
for admissions received. Id.; Payton v. Ashton, 29 S.W.3d 896, 898 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2000, no pet.).
Here, Pavia’s attorney included a certificate of service with the request for admissions, describing proper
service under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 21a. Tex. R. Civ. P. 21a (―Methods of Service‖). In
response, Giraldo has provided no proof that he did not actually receive the requests for admissions. The
record contains neither an affidavit from Giraldo denying receipt nor any return receipt or stamp from the
post office demonstrating a failure of delivery. See Approx. $14,980, 261 S.W.3d at 189 (holding that
envelope stamped ―unclaimed‖ along with testimony denying receipt was sufficient to rebut the
presumption of receipt).
                                                    12