Court Opinion

ID: 9880742
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-28 15:12:49.998855+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:56:54.388730
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

                                        2023 WY 93

                                                          APRIL TERM, A.D. 2023

                                                                   September 28, 2023

 DANIEL EUGENE MARTENS, JR.,

 Appellant
 (Defendant),

 v.                                                   S-23-0040

 THE STATE OF WYOMING,

 Appellee
 (Plaintiff).

                    Appeal from the District Court of Laramie County
                        The Honorable Peter H. Froelicher, Judge

Representing Appellant:
      Office of the State Public Defender: Diane Lozano, State Public Defender; Kirk A.
      Morgan, Chief Appellate Counsel; Robin S. Cooper, Senior Assistant Appellate
      Counsel.

Representing Appellee:
      Bridget Hill, Wyoming Attorney General; Jenny L. Craig, Deputy Attorney
      General; Kristen R. Jones, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Samuel Williams,
      Senior Assistant Attorney General.

Before FOX, C.J., and KAUTZ, BOOMGAARDEN, GRAY, and FENN, JJ.

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third.
Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne,
Wyoming 82002, of typographical or other formal errors so correction may be made before final
publication in the permanent volume.
KAUTZ, Justice.

[¶1] A jury found registered sex offender, Daniel Eugene Martens, Jr., guilty of failing
to notify law enforcement of a change in his residential address. Mr. Martens claims the
State did not present sufficient evidence at trial to support his conviction. We affirm.

                                              ISSUE

[¶2] Mr. Martens does not provide a specific statement of the issue on appeal as required
by Wyoming Rule of Appellate Procedure 7.01(e). However, we can discern from his brief
that he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction for failing to
notify law enforcement of a change in his residential address.

                                             FACTS

[¶3] Mr. Martens moved to Cheyenne in May 2019 after being paroled from prison in
Colorado. Because of his criminal history, he was required by the Wyoming Sex Offender
Registration Act, Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 7-19-301 through 7-19-310 (LexisNexis 2023), to
register as a sex offender with the Laramie County Sheriff’s Department (LCSD), which
included providing information about his residential address. See § 7-19-302(a) (“Any
offender residing in this state or entering this state for the purpose of residing . . . in this
state shall register with the sheriff of the county in which he resides . . . and shall provide
the following additional information when registering: . . . (ii) [a]ddress[.]”). He was also
required to personally report any change in his residential address to the LCSD “within
three (3) working days of establishing the new residence.” Section 7-19-302(e). When
Mr. Martens initially registered with the LCSD, he said he lived in a home on Kennedy
Drive with his mother, June Ioerger, and her boyfriend, Carl Burnside. Mr. Burnside
owned the home and charged Mr. Martens $500 per month in rent.

[¶4] According to Ms. Ioerger, Mr. Martens moved in with his girlfriend, Amy Taggert,1
in September 2019, and only returned to the Kennedy Drive house for holidays and to pay
rent and meet with his parole officer. Mr. Martens did, however, continue to keep personal
items and an RV at the Kennedy Drive address, and Mr. Burnside reduced the rent to $200
per month for storage. Mr. Martens did not inform the LCSD he was staying with Ms.
Taggert, and he verified the Kennedy Drive address as his residence at his annual meeting
with the LCSD in July 2020.

[¶5] On June 7, 2021, the LCSD sex offender registration supervisor, Kimberly Wright,
became aware Mr. Martens was not living at the Kennedy Drive address and reported a
potential violation of the sex offender registration requirements to LCSD Sergeant Robert

1
 By the time of the trial, Mr. Martens and Ms. Taggert were married and she went by Amy Martens. For
sake of simplicity, we will refer to her as Ms. Taggert.
                                                 1
Mosbacher. On June 10, 2021, Mr. Martens appeared at the LCSD to update his address
in the registry. He reported he had rented a room at the Rodeo Inn in Cheyenne on June 1,
2021. Mr. Martens initially told Sergeant Mosbacher he had not yet stayed at the Rodeo
Inn but eventually admitted he had been staying there since June 1.

[¶6] The State charged Mr. Martens with two violations of the Sex Offender Registration
Act. Count I alleged Mr. Martens violated § 7-19-302(e) by failing to notify the LCSD of
his change of residential address. Count II alleged he violated § 7-19-302(n) by failing to
register one of his phone numbers with the LCSD. After a trial, the jury found him guilty
on both counts. The district court entered a judgment and sentence, and Mr. Martens filed
a timely notice of appeal, challenging only his conviction on Count I.

                                       DISCUSSION

[¶7] Mr. Martens challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to convict him of failing to
notify the LCSD of a change in his residential address in accordance with § 7-19-302(e).
The relevant portion of § 7-19-302(e) states: “If any person required to register under this
act changes his residence address within the same county, he shall provide notice of the
change of address in person to the sheriff of the county in which he resides within three (3)
working days of establishing the new residence.”

[¶8] In Instruction No. 15, the district court instructed the jury the elements of Count I
were:

              1. On or about the period of September 30, 2019 to June 09,
                 2021
              2. In Laramie County, Wyoming
              3. The Defendant, Daniel Eugene Martens[,] Jr.
              4. As a sex offender required to register
              5. Knowingly failed to report a change of address.

Other instructions informed the jury of the statutory definitions of “residence,” “reside,”
and “report”; the parties had stipulated to the fourth element, i.e., Mr. Martens was “a sex
offender required to register” with LCSD; and “it is the law that if any person required to
register as a sex offender changes [his] residence address[,] [he] shall provide notice of that
change of address in person to the [s]heriff within three working days of establishing a new
address.”

[¶9] The district court also granted Mr. Martens’ request for an “unanimity” instruction,
which stated:

                                              2
                      The Defendant is charged with FAILURE TO
              REGISTER AS A SEX OFFENDER in Count 1 of the
              Information.
                      The State has presented evidence of more than one act
              to prove that the Defendant committed this offense. You must
              not find the Defendant guilty unless you all unanimously agree
              that the State has proved that the Defendant committed at least
              one or both of these acts and you all agree on which act or acts
              he committed.

Although there was some discussion between the parties and the district court about a
special verdict form which would have required the jury to designate which act or acts Mr.
Martens committed in violation of § 7-19-302(e), the court elected to use a general verdict
form which simply instructed the jury to decide whether Mr. Martens was “guilty” or “not
guilty” of Count I.

[¶10] Although Instruction No. 15 did not precisely follow the language of § 7-19-302(e),
Mr. Martens does not claim the jury instructions or verdict form were erroneous. Rather,
he asserts that because the State presented evidence he failed to register two residential
addresses (Ms. Taggert’s home and the Rodeo Inn) and the verdict form did not specifically
direct the jury to indicate which of the addresses it unanimously decided he failed to
register, there must be sufficient evidence showing he was guilty of failing to register both
addresses. According to him, the State did not present sufficient evidence to prove he
failed to register Ms. Taggert’s address.

[¶11] In support of his argument, Mr. Martens cites Tanner v. State, 2002 WY 170, 57
P.3d 1242 (Wyo. 2002). Mr. Tanner was charged with burglary under Wyo. Stat. Ann. §
6-3-301(a) (LexisNexis 2000), which stated “‘[a] person is guilty of burglary if, without
authority, he enters or remains in a building . . . with intent to commit larceny or a felony
there.’” Id., ¶¶ 7, 9 n.3, 57 P.3d at 1244-45 n.3 (quoting the 2000 version of § 6-3-301(a)).
Intent to commit larceny and intent to commit a felony were alternative elements of
burglary. Id., ¶¶ 9-13, 57 P.3d at 1244-45. The district court instructed the jury the State
was required to prove Mr. Tanner entered the building with the “intent to commit larceny
or a felony therein,” but it did not direct the jury to indicate on the verdict form which
element it unanimously found him guilty of violating. Id. Because it was impossible for
us to determine which alternative element the jury unanimously agreed upon, we required
the State to show it had presented sufficient evidence at trial to prove both elements beyond
a reasonable doubt. Id., ¶¶ 13-14, 57 P.3d at 1246.

[¶12] Since then, we have “made it clear [the Tanner] rule is limited to situations where
the jury is presented with alternative [statutory] elements.” Jordin v. State, 2018 WY 64,
¶ 12, 419 P.3d 527, 531 (Wyo. 2018) (emphasis omitted). The rule does not apply to
different means of committing the same element. Id. For example, Mr. Jordin was

                                             3
convicted of conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary, conspiracy to commit aggravated
robbery, and conspiracy to commit aggravated assault and battery, each of which required
the State to prove Mr. Jordin and his accomplice “agreed to use a deadly weapon during
the commission of their crimes.” Id., ¶ 9, 419 P.3d at 530. The State “presented three
different theories about what was used as a deadly weapon during the confrontation—[an]
army grade flashlight, [a] gun, and a baseball bat that was found in the area where Mr.
Jordin parked his vehicle[.]” Id. Based on Tanner, Mr. Jordin argued that “because the
State did not choose which of the ‘deadly weapons’ it was relying on for each of the
charges, . . . the State [was required to] prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Jordin
and [his accomplice] conspired to use all three weapons[.]” Id., ¶ 9, 419 P.3d at 530-31.
We rejected his argument because the jury was not required to choose between alternative
statutory elements; it simply had to determine if the State had proven the single element of
whether he and his accomplice had conspired to use at least one of the deadly weapons
identified by the State’s evidence. Id., ¶ 16, 419 P.3d at 532. We found sufficient evidence
they had conspired to use the gun in committing the crimes. Id., ¶ 17, 419 P.3d at 532.

[¶13] In Miller v. State, 2006 WY 17, ¶ 23, 127 P.3d 793, 799 (Wyo. 2006), Mr. Miller
was charged with delivery of a controlled substance, and the jury was instructed the State
could prove Mr. Miller “delivered” the controlled substance through the “actual,
constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another[.]” See also, Wyo. Stat.
Ann. § 35-7-1002(a)(vi) (LexisNexis 2023) (“‘[d]eliver’ or ‘delivery’ means the actual,
constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance”).
We explained the rule set out in Tanner and similar cases did not apply because

              the elements instruction given to the jury on the charged
              offense did not contain alternative elements upon which [Mr.]
              Miller’s convictions could be based. [Mr.] Miller’s jury was
              only required to determine if the evidence proved [he]
              delivered a controlled substance[.] . . . [The instruction]
              merely defined the term “deliver” and did not have the effect
              of charging an alternative ground for conviction.

Id., ¶¶ 25-26, 127 P.3d at 799-800 (citing Tanner, supra, and Bush v. State, 908 P.2d 963,
966-67 (Wyo. 1995)) (other citations omitted). Even though the district court used a
general verdict form and did not require the jury to indicate which type of delivery Mr.
Miller committed, the State was only required to show sufficient evidence of one type of
delivery. Id., ¶¶ 24-27, 127 P.3d at 799-800.

[¶14] The charge against Mr. Martens for failing to update his residential address under §
7-19-302(e) did not include alternative statutory elements. “Knowingly fail[ing] to report
a change of address” was a single element of the crime. As the jury was instructed, an
offender “fails to report a change of address” when he does not “provide notice of [a]
change of address in person to the [s]heriff within three (3) working days of establishing a

                                             4
new residence.” The district court also instructed the jury a “residence” is a “dwelling
place with an established physical address or identifiable physical location intended for
human habitation,” while “‘[r]eside’ and words of similar import mean the physical address
of each residence of an offender, including: . . . (B) [a]ny physical address where the
offender habitually visits; and (C) [t]emporary residences such as hotels, motels, public or
private housing, camping areas, parks, public buildings, streets, roads, highways,
restaurants, libraries or other places the offender may frequent and use for shelter or other
activities of daily living.” Section 7-19-301(a)(xi)(B), (C), (xix).

[¶15] Under the plain and ordinary meaning of the language in § 7-19-302(e), an offender
violates the Sex Offender Registration Act when he fails to register the address of each
place he resides within three days of establishing the residence. See generally, Mathewson
v. State, 2018 WY 81, ¶ 9, 431 P.3d 1121, 1123 (Wyo. 2018) (“‘The plain, ordinary, and
usual meaning of words used in a statute controls in the absence of clear statutory
provisions to the contrary.’” (quoting Adekale v. State, 2015 WY 30, ¶ 12, 344 P.3d 761,
765 (Wyo. 2015))). A person resides not only at the place where he keeps his belongings
and claims to live, but also at places he habitually visits or temporarily stays. Section 7-
19-301(a)(xi)(B), (C). The State’s evidence of Mr. Martens’ failure to register two
residences (Ms. Taggert’s home and the Rodeo Inn) is akin to the State’s evidence of three
“deadly weapons” in Jordin; it is multiple means of committing a single element – failing
to report a change of address. Likewise, the multiple statutory definitions of “reside” do
not create alternative statutory elements. Instead, the district court’s instruction on the
different definitions of “reside” from § 7-19-301(a)(xi) was consistent with Miller where
we concluded Tanner did not apply to the multiple statutory definitions of “deliver” or
“delivery.” We will, therefore, determine whether the State presented sufficient evidence
at trial showing Mr. Martens failed during the period of September 30, 2019, through June
9, 2021, to update his registered address within three days after he began “residing” at an
address other than his registered address.2

[¶16] When reviewing a claim that the evidence was insufficient to support a jury’s
verdict,

                [w]e do not consider whether or not the evidence was sufficient
                to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but [instead]
                whether or not the evidence could reasonably support such a
                finding by the factfinder. We will not reweigh the evidence nor
                will we re-examine the credibility of the witnesses. We review
                the sufficiency of the evidence from this perspective because
                we defer to the jury as the fact-finder and assume they believed

2
 We note that by giving the unanimity instruction, the district court eliminated any concern the jury would
not make a unanimous finding as to which address Mr. Martens failed to register.

                                                    5
              only the evidence adverse to the defendant since they found the
              defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

Thompson v. State, 2018 WY 3, ¶ 14, 408 P.3d 756, 760 (Wyo. 2018) (quoting Mraz v.
State, 2016 WY 85, ¶ 19, 378 P.3d 280, 286 (Wyo. 2016)) (quotation marks and other
citations omitted).

              [T]his Court examines the evidence in the light most favorable
              to the State. We accept all evidence favorable to the State as
              true and give the State’s evidence every favorable inference
              which can reasonably and fairly be drawn from it. We also
              disregard any evidence favorable to the appellant that conflicts
              with the State’s evidence.

Id. (quoting Worley v. State, 2017 WY 3, ¶ 17, 386 P.3d 765, 771 (Wyo. 2017)) (other
citations omitted).

[¶17] The trial evidence was clearly sufficient to support the jury’s conviction of Mr.
Martens for failing to notify LCSD of a change of his residential address between
September 30, 2019, and June 9, 2021. Ms. Wright and Sergeant Mosbacher testified Mr.
Martens listed the Kennedy Drive address when he moved to Cheyenne in May 2019, and
he did not change the address until June 10, 2021. Ms. Wright also stated, consistent with
§ 7-19-302(e), he had “three business days” after establishing a new residence to personally
appear at the LCSD to update the information in the registry. Ms. Ioerger testified that in
September 2019, Mr. Martens began staying with Ms. Taggert and only returned to the
Kennedy Drive address for holidays and to pay rent or meet with his parole officer. Mr.
Burnside said Mr. Martens stopped staying at the Kennedy Drive address in August 2019,
and he reduced Mr. Martens’ monthly rent to $200 per month for storing his RV and
personal belongings. Ms. Taggert confirmed Mr. Martens “regularly” stayed at her house
“two [or] three nights” at a time.

[¶18] This evidence shows Mr. Martens “resided” at Ms. Taggert’s home by “habitually
visit[ing]” her beginning in September 2019. See § 7-19-301(a)(xi)(B) (an offender
“resides” at “[a]ny physical address where [he] habitually visits”). Mr. Martens seems to
believe that, as long as he did not stay with Ms. Taggert more than two consecutive nights,
he was not required to report her address to the LCSD. His claim does not comport with
the evidence or the statutory language. Ms. Taggert’s testimony contradicted Mr. Martens’
argument because she stated he “regularly” stayed with her up to three nights at a time.
Furthermore, the statutes do not require the offender to stay at an address more than two
consecutive nights to be considered habitually visiting/residing at that address. See §§ 7-
19-301(a)(xi)(B), 7-19-302(e). Instead, the offender is required to notify the sheriff of the
change of address within three working days after he “establish[es] [a] new residence” by
“habitually visit[ing]” a place. Id. The jury could reasonably find that, during the charged

                                             6
period, Mr. Martens habitually visited Ms. Taggert’s home and he did not report the change
of residential address to the LCSD within three days of beginning that practice. This
evidence, alone, was sufficient for the jury to find Mr. Martens guilty of Count I.

[¶19] However, as Mr. Martens appears to concede, the State also presented sufficient
evidence by which a jury could reasonably find he failed to update his address within three
working days of when he began residing at the Rodeo Inn. Sergeant Mosbacher testified
that Mr. Martens appeared at the LCSD on June 10, 2021, to register the Rodeo Inn as his
residence. He was required to register his temporary residence at the Rodeo Inn because it
was a “motel” he “frequent[ed]” and “use[d] for shelter.” Section 7-19-301(a)(xi)(C)
(“‘reside’ and words of similar import” include “[t]emporary residences such as . . . motels
. . . the offender may frequent and use for shelter or other activities of daily living”). He
told Sergeant Mosbacher he had rented a room at the Rodeo Inn on June 1, 2021, which
was corroborated by the motel records admitted into evidence at trial. Although Mr.
Martens initially told Sergeant Mosbacher he “hadn’t actually physically stayed” at the
motel before appearing at the LCSD to change his address, Mr. Martens later admitted he
started staying there on June 1. He did not register the Rodeo Inn address with the LCSD
until June 10, 2021, which was well past the three-day deadline. See § 7-19-302(e).

                                     CONCLUSION

[¶20] Mr. Martens was not charged in Count I with alternative statutory elements for
violating § 7-19-302(e). As a result, the Tanner rule did not apply and the State was only
required to prove Mr. Martens failed to register Ms. Taggert’s or the Rodeo Inn’s address
to sustain the jury’s general guilty verdict on that count. In any event, the evidence was
clearly sufficient to show he was required and failed to register both residential addresses.

[¶21] Affirmed.

                                             7