Court Opinion

ID: 9396000
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-19 05:06:42.240563+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:13.158467
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     May 18, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 358579
                                                                     Saginaw Circuit Court
DESI LEE HENDERSON,                                                  LC No. 19-046493-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: MARKEY, P.J., and MURRAY and FEENEY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant, Desi Lee Henderson, was convicted by a jury of three counts of first-degree
criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I), MCL 750.520b(1)(a) and (2)(b) (sexual penetration by a person
17 years of age or older with a person under 13 years of age), and one count of disseminating
sexually explicit material to a minor, MCL 722.675. He was sentenced as a fourth-offense habitual
offender, MCL 769.12, to 30 to 50 years’ imprisonment for the CSC-I convictions and 4 to 10
years’ imprisonment for the dissemination conviction, all to be served concurrently. Defendant
appeals by right, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel, an evidentiary error created by an
unconstitutional statute, prosecutorial misconduct, instructional error, and multiple sentencing
defects. We affirm.

                     I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        This case came to the attention of authorities on June 22, 2019, when they were first alerted
to allegations of sexual abuse committed by defendant, then 48 years old, against the complainant,
LJ, who was then eight years old. At trial in July of 2021, the prosecution presented the testimony
of LJ, LJ’s mother—Mahogany Jakes, LJ’s biological sister—DS, who testified, in part, about
herself being sexually assaulted by defendant, Officer Justin McGregor, who met with LJ and her
mother at a local hospital, and Tammie Gillespie, a sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) who
interviewed and physically examined LJ. Defendant, exercising his constitutional rights, chose
not to take the stand or call any witnesses. We note that our discussion of the trial testimony
reveals numerous inconsistencies and some disjointed statements. Whether these discrepancies

                                                -1-
reflected the youthful ages of LJ and DS, simple memory lapses due to the passage of time, or
intentional misrepresentations was for the jury to assess and resolve, not this panel on appeal.

       The prosecution’s first witness was LJ. The trial court briefly questioned her to determine
whether she knew the difference between the truth and a lie; she did. LJ indicated that she was
presently 10 years old. She had at one time resided in a townhouse in the city of Saginaw with
defendant, her mother, and LJ’s six siblings, the youngest two of whom were defendant’s
biological children.1 Defendant is not LJ’s biological father. LJ shared a bedroom with one or
more of her siblings.

         On June 22, 2019, while her mother was at work, eight-year-old LJ was playing games
with her siblings when she misbehaved and got into trouble. Defendant was in the basement of
the home at the time, and LJ’s sister, DS, took her down to the basement and told on her to
defendant. LJ testified that her sister then went back upstairs. LJ knew that she was in trouble,
and she had received “whoopings” from defendant in the past. Instead, according to LJ, this time
defendant did “nasty things” to her. LJ claimed that defendant told her to lie down and that he
then put his private part in her private part. LJ further testified, however, that defendant tried to
put his private part in her private part but it did not go inside her, although it did hurt. LJ next
indicated that defendant put his private part in her bottom and that it hurt. LJ explained that earlier
at a different house when she was four years old, defendant had put his private part in her bottom
and it had hurt.

        LJ proceeded to testify that she never saw defendant’s “middle” or private part and that he
never put it anywhere else on her body. But she then contended that he had placed his private part
in her mouth on one occasion. She never observed anything come out of his private part, although
he cleaned up something white with a towel when they were in the basement. LJ asserted that she
took a shower or bath afterward. She maintained that she was wiping “everything,” even though
there was nothing on her that had to be wiped off. LJ did not see any blood, but she said that it did
“hurt.” After coming upstairs following the sexual assault in the basement on June 22, 2019, LJ
phoned her mother at work. LJ testified that she told her mother that defendant was “doing horrible
things.” At some point, defendant spoke on the phone with Jakes, but LJ did not hear their
conversation. According to LJ, after defendant got off the phone with LJ’s mother, defendant
turned toward her and asked, “Why did you tell?” LJ did not respond. Jakes left work and went
home after the phone call. And she then took LJ to the hospital. LJ testified that she was examined
and interviewed by a lady at the hospital.

       The subject turned to alleged sexual abuse of LJ before June 22, 2019, which began when
LJ was four years old. LJ testified that she never spoke to anyone about the sexual assaults before
June 22, 2019, because she did not want her brothers to know, she was too little and scared, and
because defendant commanded her not to tell anyone what was happening. When asked by the
prosecutor how often defendant sexually assaulted her, LJ responded, “I think once a week.” LJ

1
    The ages of the children, a mix of boys and girls, ranged from 2 to 17 years old.

                                                  -2-
contended that defendant would put his private part in or on her bottom or vagina and that it hurt.
She stated that she did not notice any injuries.

        LJ additionally testified that on one occasion defendant showed her a video on her brother’s
tablet that showed naked males and females touching each other’s private parts. Defendant told
her to watch it, and it was the first time that she had seen anything like it.

         On cross-examination, LJ testified that her mother worked a lot, that defendant would
discipline LJ when she misbehaved, that he would whoop and yell at her in the process, and that
she was the only one who would get in trouble. LJ posited that she missed her real father, with
whom she seldom visited. She did not care for defendant, nor did her brothers and sisters. Indeed,
LJ stated that defendant was mean to her and her siblings and that she hated him. LJ asserted that
she and her siblings wanted her mother to reunite with LJ’s biological father, and LJ had hoped
that if defendant left the family home, Jakes and LJ’s father would again become a couple. LJ
acknowledged that she effectively got defendant removed from the home on the basis of her
allegations of sexual abuse.

        LJ indicated that after the incident on June 22, 2019, she spoke to the police, to the Child
Abuse & Neglect (CAN) Council, and to a lady and other people at the hospital. LJ claimed that
defendant sexually touched her on a weekly basis since she was four years old. LJ testified that
she loved and confided in her mother, but she never mentioned to her mother that defendant was
abusing her starting from age four until the disclosure on June 22, 2019. LJ further acknowledged
that even though she learned about “bad” touches in school, she never told her teachers over a
period of several years that she was being sexually abused by defendant. LJ also conceded that
she never told her siblings about the assaults, that she never yelled out when they were occurring,
and that no one ever saw defendant abusing LJ. With respect to the sexual assault on June 22,
2019, LJ acknowledged that she did not yell out for help during the abuse. She also admitted that
she told her mother that defendant’s and LJ’s private parts only touched and not that defendant’s
privates went inside LJ’s privates; she added the “inside” aspect later.

         Defense counsel was able to elicit testimony from LJ reflecting inconsistencies in her
claims of abuse. At defendant’s preliminary examination, LJ accused defendant of making her
perform oral sex, yet she had never previously mentioned anything about oral sex to the police,
the CAN Council, doctors, or anyone else for that matter during the one-year period between her
initial disclosure in June 2019 and the preliminary examination. LJ admitted that she kept adding
allegations of sexual abuse. LJ acknowledged that before the preliminary examination, she had
informed various persons that the sexual assaults had only occurred a couple of times, but she then
changed her story, claiming that defendant assaulted her on a daily basis. She told Children’s
Protective Services (CPS) that the abuse was occurring every morning. LJ also testified on cross-
examination that defendant sexually abused her on a weekly basis.

        LJ admitted that she lied to her mother on occasion and that she had been caught by her
siblings running around the house with her pants down when defendant was not present. LJ agreed
that she had told a doctor that defendant tried to put his private part in LJ but was unable to do so.
LJ noted that at times she would scrub her private part real hard while in the shower, which made
it red and sore afterwards. LJ did not recall having a vaginal rash on June 22, 2019.

                                                 -3-
         With respect to LJ’s seeing a sexually explicit video, defense counsel confronted her with
a statement she made to the police that the video showed only women and not men and women.
LJ replied that the all-women video was a second video that defendant showed her and that the
first video depicted men and women having sex. LJ could not remember when she saw the videos,
and she did not tell her mother that defendant had shown her the videos. LJ acknowledged that
she only reported seeing one video during her testimony at the preliminary examination.

        On redirect examination, LJ observed that defendant was not always mean, that he was
nice to her on occasion, and that he would play games with her at times. Apparently to the surprise
of the prosecutor, LJ testified that she knew that defendant would go to jail based on her
accusations of sexual assault. Contrary to some of LJ’s testimony on cross-examination, she now
stated that she was never interviewed by the police and that she did not take a shower or a bath
after being assaulted by defendant on June 22, 2019—there was no vaginal scrubbing that could
have caused any redness at the time. LJ was not aware of any existing vaginal redness on June 22,
2019. Finally, LJ testified that the sexual abuse over the years generally took place in the basement
of the home, but every now and then it occurred in LJ’s bedroom.

         Next to testify was LJ’s 15-year-old sister, DS, who was born in September 2005. The trial
court briefly questioned her to determine whether she knew the difference between the truth and a
lie; she did. DS testified that she lived with her mother, her siblings, and defendant in Saginaw in
June of 2019. She had lived in other homes with defendant over the years. Defendant is not her
biological father. On June 22, 2019, LJ was acting up; consequently, DS went down to the
basement where defendant was present to complain about LJ’s behavior. Defendant told DS to
get LJ so that he could “whoop” her. Conflicting somewhat with that testimony, DS also testified
that defendant took LJ down to the basement. Ultimately, defendant and LJ were the only two
persons in the basement. DS testified that defendant and LJ were in the basement a long time, that
LJ looked “weird” after coming out of the basement, and that defendant did not exit the basement
when LJ came upstairs.

       According to DS, she called her mother, Mahogany Jakes, and DS and LJ spoke to their
mother about what had occurred in the basement. LJ then took the phone to defendant, who was
standing by the basement stairs. As LJ handed him the phone, defendant asked, “Why did you tell
her?” DS testified that Jakes came home and told defendant to get out of her house.

        DS testified that defendant and LJ, but not the other children, spent a great deal of time in
the basement of the house. DS indicated that defendant stayed in the basement most of the time.
He did not, however, prevent the children from going to the basement. DS observed that LJ often
would not do her assigned chore of cleaning up around the home. DS acknowledged that she did
not like defendant and that he was mean and not nice to her.

       Leading into the topic that DS had been sexually abused by defendant, DS testified that she
was interviewed by a lady regarding LJ and did not mention anything about defendant having
abused DS. The prosecution then launched into an examination of DS concerning other-acts
evidence, i.e., DS’s claims that she had been sexually assaulted by defendant. There was an initial
incident in which defendant took her clothes and attempted to pull DS into the basement, but no
sexual act occurred. Approximately one week later, defendant grabbed DS and exposed his penis.
DS claimed that defendant told her that when she got older, he would teach her how to have sex.

                                                -4-
With respect to the incident, DS testified that defendant’s penis touched her buttocks and mouth,
that his penis was flaccid and became erect, that “white stuff” came out of his penis, that defendant
cleaned up with a towel, that it hurt when defendant tried to put his penis in her buttocks, and that
she said “stop,” to which defendant responded that DS was “being disrespectful.” DS contended
that defendant perpetrated sexual abuse often against DS when Jakes was at work. Defendant told
DS not to tell anyone of the abuse, which she said stopped when she started having her period
around age 11.

         DS stated that she tried to avoid defendant and that she told no one about defendant’s
conduct, except for a cousin, until DS informed her mother after the events of June 22, 2019. DS
testified that she sugar-coated the occurrences when speaking to the cousin. After LJ told Jakes
about being sexually assaulted on June 22, 2019, Jakes asked DS if defendant had sexually abused
her. She initially denied that any abuse had taken place, but DS then disclosed to her mother that
defendant had indeed “touched” her.2 DS did not mention the sexual assaults in an initial forensic
interview because she was too embarrassed; however, she did disclose the abuse during a second
interview.

        On cross-examination, DS testified that defendant disciplined the children while her
mother was at work, that he sometimes used a belt when punishing the children, and that DS and
her siblings did not like defendant. DS acknowledged that she did not personally observe what
allegedly happened in the basement of the family home on June 22, 2019. She did claim that she
had witnessed sexual activity between defendant and LJ in the past at their old house, but she
conceded that she never told anyone of the witnessed molestation. DS testified that in her first
interviews with the CAN Council and CPS she had denied that defendant touched her in a sexual
manner. She further testified that in a second interview approximately a year later and after
defendant’s preliminary examination, she had made claims of sexual abuse perpetrated by
defendant against her, which claims were purportedly consistent with her trial testimony.

        Continuing with cross-examination, DS stated that while defendant had sexually abused
her for a few years, she had not, until the recent disclosures, told her mother, her siblings, her
teachers, 911, or the police. DS could not recall when exactly defendant had last “touched” her.
Cross-examination concluded with DS’s asserting that defendant had sexually assaulted her on a
daily basis for four to five years, although, as framed by trial counsel, there was no corroborating
or physical evidence to support her assertions.

         On redirect examination, DS testified that she once witnessed LJ sitting on defendant’s lap
and putting Vaseline on LJ’s vagina. DS contended that she had not wanted to come into court to
testify.

       The prosecution next called to the stand LJ’s mother, Mahogany Jakes. Jakes testified that
she has seven children—two with defendant—that she is LJ and DS’s biological mother, that LJ
was born on March 2, 2011, that she was in a relationship with defendant from 2014 until June 22,

2
  The record is not clear with respect to when exactly DS told her mother about being sexually
assaulted by defendant.

                                                -5-
2019, that she and defendant had resided together at multiple residences, and that she lived in a
home in Saginaw on June 22, 2019. On June 22, 2019, Jakes was at work when she spoke by
phone with LJ and DS. She described LJ and DS as both sounding nervous on the phone. Jakes
testified that the phone was passed to defendant, and Jakes asked defendant what was “going on?”
At first, according to Jakes, defendant played dumb (T 114). But then defendant told her that LJ
had pulled defendant’s penis out. Incensed, Jakes told defendant that he could not place the blame
on LJ. Defendant proceeded to assert that he had just rubbed his penis on or against LJ, including
on or against her “privates.” Jakes testified that she told defendant to “[g]et out” and that he left
the home. Later in the evening of the day of the phone call, she spoke again with defendant,
informing him that he was going to jail.

        Jakes also personally met with defendant at the place that he was going to reside so that
she could return his Bridge card. She also challenged defendant’s contention that the children
were misbehaving, sarcastically ridiculing him for somehow believing that putting his penis on
them was a proper response to bad behavior. Defendant then stated, “I fucked up.” But defendant
denied engaging in any oral sex with LJ, as well as asserting that he never sexually abused LJ’s
male siblings. Jakes testified that she contacted the police after speaking to LJ and DS on the
phone, informing the police that she was taking LJ to the hospital. She met with the police at
Covenant Hospital, and LJ was examined. Jakes indicated that all of the children were taken to
the CAN Council for interviews. She noted that she was not present for any of the interviews with
LJ or the other children. In all, Jakes spoke to the police, CPS, and the CAN Council regarding
the alleged sexual assault. Jakes claimed that she told LJ not to take a bath or a shower on June
22, 2019, ostensibly during or after the phone call with LJ and DS and before going to the hospital.

       Jakes testified that defendant typically stayed at home while she worked, that he only
worked sporadically, that the youngest children were in daycare, and that, with her approval,
defendant had the responsibility of disciplining the children. Jakes explained that before June 22,
2019, LJ acted out quite a bit. She observed that LJ often failed to complete her cleaning chores
and would pick fights with her siblings. But Jakes did not see anything of concern in the context
of sexual abuse.

        On cross-examination, Jakes testified that defendant would “whoop” the children on
occasion when disciplining them, at times using a belt. She admitted that the children complained
about defendant whooping and yelling at the children. Jakes conceded that up until June 22, 2019,
none of the children had lodged sexual-abuse accusations against defendant.3 Jakes stated that she
wanted defendant to go to prison on the basis of LJ’s claims. Finally, she denied the use of any
narcotics on June 22, 2019, and denied that she was seeing a psychologist or psychiatrist at the
time.4

3
  Jakes did testify that there had been sexual abuse committed against one or some of her children
in the past entirely unrelated to defendant.
4
 There was no evidence whatsoever suggesting that Jakes was using narcotics or seeing a mental-
health practitioner, and the trial court questioned why defense counsel was raising the issues.

                                                -6-
        Next to testify was Officer Justin McGregor, a patrol officer for the city of Saginaw.
Officer McGregor indicated that he met LJ and Jakes at the hospital on June 23, 2019. He
described Jakes as being concerned, upset, and frantic. The officer retrieved LJ’s underwear to
place into evidence and took a statement from Jakes, but he did not testify with respect to the
substance of Jakes’s remarks. Officer McGregor never encountered defendant, and he did not go
to the family home in an attempt to collect evidence.

        The prosecution’s final witness was SANE Tammie Gillespie. In June 2019, Gillespie was
employed as a SANE at Child & Family Services and at the CAN Council. As a SANE, Gillespie
performed physical examinations of alleged victims of sexual assault, both adults and children,
and collected evidence. She testified that she had conducted about 25 to 30 examinations of
children under the age of 12 and that she had previously testified in court as an expert on three or
four occasions. The trial court recognized Gillespie as an expert under MRE 702.5 Gillespie
prepared a report dated June 23, 2019, which was the date of the examination, and the report
contained her findings regarding LJ. A dispute arose during Gillespie’s testimony concerning the
admissibility of statements LJ made to Gillespie in the course of a forensic interview, and the court
sustained defendant’s hearsay objection. The trial court took under advisement the admissibility
of Gillespie’s SANE report, and later the prosecution withdrew its effort to have the report
admitted into evidence.

        During Gillespie’s physical examination of LJ, she discovered that there was extreme
redness in LJ’s vaginal area that was painful to the touch. Gillespie opined that the redness was
not a common observation for a child of LJ’s age, who was eight at the time. She further testified
that the redness could not have been caused by LJ’s scrubbing her vaginal area during a shower;
however, Gillespie then indicated that she would have had to “scrub extremely hard” to cause such
redness. Gillespie stated that the redness could have been caused by trauma to the area, but she
could not identify a definitive cause. She revealed that there was no vaginal discharge, that LJ’s
hymen was intact and normal, and that there was “nothing of note” relative to LJ’s anus. But
Gillespie explained that the appearance of normality with respect to LJ’s hymen and anus did not
necessarily mean that there was no trauma or penetration.6 According to Gillespie, there may have
been “surface” penetration, as opposed to “full” or “deep” penetration. She also stated that earlier
injuries or trauma may have healed. At the conclusion of her direct examination, Gillespie
emphasized that it had not been a “normal” genital examination given the redness and pain, noting
that the vaginal area should have been pink.

        On cross-examination, Gillespie acknowledged, relative to LJ’s physical examination, that
no fluids were collected, that there was no foreign pubic hair present, that there was no vaginal or
rectal bleeding, and that there were no bruises, tears, scars, lacerations, or cuts to the genital and
anal areas. Gillespie did explain that a speculum test could not be performed on a child and that
LJ had no pubic hair that could be combed for purposes of obtaining evidence. Gillespie doubted

5
 There was no specific mention on the record of the exact area of expertise, but we assume that it
was in the field of sexual-abuse examinations and diagnoses, including cases in which child
victims were involved.
6
    With respect to LJ’s intact hymen, Gillespie asserted that it “doesn’t mean anything.”

                                                  -7-
that poor hygiene, aggressive washing, or masturbation caused LJ’s vaginal redness. Soap
sensitivity could possibly have explained the redness.

        Defendant moved for a directed verdict, and the trial court denied the motion. Defendant
rested without calling any witnesses. Outside the presence of the jury, the court and the parties
discussed the jury instructions. Defendant asked the trial court to instruct the jury on the lesser
offenses of CSC-II, MCL 750.520c, and assault with intent to commit CSC involving sexual
penetration (AWICSC), MCL 750.520g(1). The trial court denied the requests because, according
to the court, the offenses were cognate lesser offenses and not necessarily-included lesser offenses.
The trial court did indicate that it would instruct the jury on attempted CSC-I. Next, defendant
formally waived his right to testify. Further, an agreement between defendant and his attorney
was put on the record, pursuant to which the two noted that they had spoken and decided against
calling any physicians or experts on behalf of defendant. The parties made their closing arguments,
and the trial court then instructed the jury. We note that the three charges of CSC-I were predicated
on penile-anal penetration, penile-vaginal penetration, and penile-oral penetration.

        As reflected in defense counsel’s closing argument, the defense’s theory was that LJ and
DS made up the allegations of sexual abuse because they hated defendant and wanted their mother
to leave him and reunite with their biological father. Counsel adamantly argued that the evidence
established that LJ and DS were simply not credible and that there was no pertinent corroborating
physical evidence demonstrating that LJ and DS had been sexually assaulted as they claimed. The
jury disagreed. Defendant was convicted of all three counts of CSC-I and one count of
disseminating sexually explicit material to a minor.

        On August 30, 2021, a sentencing hearing was held. Defense counsel affirmatively
indicated that there were no additions or corrections to the presentence investigation report (PSIR),
which included a sentencing information sheet setting forth the scoring of the sentencing variables.
Defendant maintained his innocence through counsel and chose not to exercise his right to
allocution. He was sentenced as a fourth-offense habitual offender to 30 to 50 years’ imprisonment
for the CSC-I convictions and 4 to 10 years’ imprisonment for the dissemination conviction, all to
be served concurrently. Defendant was also ordered to register as a sex offender under the Sex
Offenders Registration Act (SORA), MCL 28.721 et seq., for the remainder of his life. The trial
court further imposed lifetime electronic monitoring, state costs of $272, and a $130 crime victim’s
rights assessment. A judgment of sentence reflecting these rulings was entered on the day of
sentencing, August 30, 2021.

       In March and April 2022. defendant filed motions for new trial, to correct an invalid
sentence, and to vacate or stay the remission of costs. He proffered numerous arguments within
each motion. Defendant effectively raised the issues now raised on appeal, along with other issues
that were resolved in his favor. Defendant attached to the motion for new trial a letter and report
by Dr. Stephen R. Guertin, whom trial counsel had on standby under subpoena at trial but who
was not called as a witness per defendant’s agreement. Dr. Guertin was an Associate Professor of

                                                -8-
Pediatrics at Michigan State University’s College of Human Medicine and a physician member of
the Child Safety Program—a child abuse evaluation team—at Sparrow Hospital.7

        A non-evidentiary hearing on the motions was conducted on May 16, 2022. The trial court
denied the motion for new trial in its entirety for the reasons set forth at the hearing and in the
order denying the motion. In the denial order, the trial court rejected defendant’s request for an
evidentiary or Ginther8 hearing, concluding that development of the record was unnecessary to
resolve whether trial counsel was ineffective. Except for finding in defendant’s favor regarding
the scoring of Offense Variables (OVs) 8 and 11, the trial court denied the motion to correct an
invalid sentence. Finally, the trial court denied defendant’s motion to vacate or stay the remission
of costs. We will discuss the evidence defendant presented in these motions and the trial court’s
reasoning for denying the motions in our discussion and resolution of the issues raised on appeal
where pertinent to those issues.

        Defendant filed a motion to remand in this Court seeking an opportunity to develop a
factual record in connection with claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. This Court denied
the motion to remand “for failure to persuade the Court of the necessity of a remand at this time.”
People v Henderson, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered October 3, 2022 (Docket
No. 358579). This Court indicated that the denial was “without prejudice to a case call panel of
this Court determining that remand is necessary once the case is submitted on a session calendar.”9
Id. We now address defendant’s arguments on appeal.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

                 A. CLAIMS OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

                                  1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

7
  Dr. Guertin noted in a cover letter that he has “participated in helping to train our local SANE
nurses and work[ed] collaboratively with them in [his] clinic and as a physician reviewer and
participant for difficult cases which present to the Emergency Department.” In his Child Abuse
Clinic, Dr. Guertin annually sees approximately 200 to 250 children who are referred for suspected
abuse, 90% of which entailed alleged sexual abuse. His letter indicates that he has been qualified
in court as an expert in child abuse and testifies once or twice a month in legal proceedings—at
least half of the time on behalf of the prosecution. Dr. Guertin claims that he has been qualified
and testified as a child abuse expert in at least 20 states.

8
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
9
  Defendant renewed his motion to remand a second time before oral argument. We again denied
it. People v Henderson, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered April 20, 2023 (Docket
No. 358579).

                                                -9-
        Whether counsel was ineffective presents a mixed question of fact and constitutional law,
and factual findings are reviewed for clear error, whereas questions of law are reviewed de novo.
People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). In People v Carbin, 463 Mich 590,
599-600; 623 NW2d 884 (2001), our Supreme Court recited the principles that govern a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel:

               To justify reversal under either the federal or state constitutions, a convicted
       defendant must satisfy [a] two-part test . . . . First, the defendant must show that
       counsel’s performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made
       errors so serious that counsel was not performing as the counsel guaranteed by the
       Sixth Amendment. In so doing, the defendant must overcome a strong presumption
       that counsel’s performance constituted sound trial strategy. Second, the defendant
       must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. To demonstrate
       prejudice, the defendant must show the existence of a reasonable probability that,
       but for counsel’s error, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
       reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
       outcome. Because the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating both deficient
       performance and prejudice, the defendant necessarily bears the burden of
       establishing the factual predicate for his claim. [Quotation marks and citations
       omitted.]

An attorney’s performance is deficient if the representation falls below an objective standard of
reasonableness. People v Toma, 462 Mich 281, 302; 613 NW2d 694 (2000). When “no Ginther
hearing [is] held, review is limited to errors apparent on the record.” People v Jordan, 275 Mich
App 659, 712; 739 NW2d 706 (2007) (citation omitted).

                   2. IMPEACHMENT BY USE OF MEDICAL RECORDS

        Defendant first argues that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to impeach LJ with a
prior inconsistent statement that was contained in her medical records. According to defendant, a
medical document dated June 23, 2019, revealed the following statement by a doctor:

               The patient reports that she was downstairs when her mother’s boyfriend
       unzipped his pants and pulled down her pants. She reports that he tried to stick his
       penis in her, but was unable to and she got away.[10]

Defendant contends that there was “no strategic reason for trial counsel not to challenge [LJ’s]
credibility and demonstrate how her story had changed over time.” Defendant further maintains
that the statement would have supported a jury instruction on AWICSC and would have
undermined the requisite CSC-1 element of penetration. Defendant further maintains that
impeaching LJ with the statement would have damaged her credibility; therefore, the deficient
performance was prejudicial. The prosecution argues that LJ’s statement is not truly inconsistent

10
  A motion to seal was granted relative to LJ’s medical records, and the e-record of the lower
court proceedings does not contain the medical document at issue. Nevertheless, the parties do
not dispute the existence of the medical document or the language quoted by defendant.

                                                -10-
with some of her trial testimony and that, regardless, because the defense theory was that LJ
fabricated the allegations of sexual abuse based on her hatred of defendant and her desire to see
her biological parents reunite, it was reasonable trial strategy to avoid a reference to a statement
that would have corroborated sexual contact between defendant and LJ.

        The trial court, noting that defense counsel had “vigorously” cross-examined LJ, ruled that
the issue was a matter of trial strategy and that any assumed error was not prejudicial. In its order
denying defendant’s motion for new trial, the trial court determined that trial counsel’s
performance did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness.

       “Counsel may provide ineffective assistance if counsel unreasonably fails to develop the
defendant’s defenses by adequately impeaching the witnesses against the defendant.” People v
Lane, 308 Mich App 38, 68; 862 NW2d 446 (2014).

        We hold that trial counsel was not ineffective by purportedly failing to impeach LJ with
the statement contained in her medical records. We initially note that “sexual penetration” is
defined as “sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, or any other intrusion,
however slight, of any part of a person’s body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of
another person’s body, but emission of semen is not required.” MCL 750.520a(r). In People v
Whitfield, 425 Mich 116, 135 n 20; 388 NW2d 206 (1986), our Supreme Court, relying on a
decision by this Court, observed:

              In People v Bristol, 115 Mich App 236; 320 NW2d 229 (1981), the Court
       of Appeals considered whether bruising of the labia majora, without other physical
       evidence, was sufficient to show penetration despite the child victim’s intact
       hymen. We agree with the reasoning of the Bristol panel:

               “One object of the Legislature in providing for degrees of criminal sexual
       conduct was to differentiate between sexual acts which affected only the body
       surfaces of the victim and those which involved intrusion into the body cavities, in
       the instant case the female ‘genital opening.’ In view of the fact that the penetration
       of the labia majora is beyond the body surface, a definition of the female genital
       opening that excluded the labia would be inconsistent with the ordinary meaning of
       female genital openings. The fact that the Legislature used ‘genital opening’ rather
       than ‘vagina’ indicates an intent to include the labia. Such a definition is also
       consistent with that in most other jurisdictions. See 76 ALR3d 163, § 3, p 178.” Id.
       at 238.

         Clearly and understandably LJ did not grasp the subtleties of the legal meaning of sexual
penetration. On direct examination, LJ testified that defendant’s private part did not go “inside”
her private part, while also stating that it “hurt.” On cross-examination, LJ conceded that she
initially told her mother that defendant’s and LJ’s private parts only touched and that LJ added the
“inside” aspect later. More importantly, during cross-examination of LJ, the following colloquy
occurred:

                                                -11-
               Q.      Now, you remember going to the hospital and doctors asked you
                       what happened, and you said at that time that Mr. Henderson tried
                       to put his privates into yours but was unable to do so; is that fair?

               A.      Yes.

               Q.      Okay. You did not tell the doctors that when you were at the hospital
                       of any of these other accusations at all, did you? Is that correct?

               A.      Yes.

Thus, trial counsel did in fact impeach LJ’s testimony through reference to statements that she
made to doctors at the hospital. It was unnecessary to utilize or try to introduce the medical-record
statement in an effort to impeach LJ because she admitted that she essentially informed the doctors
that defendant did not stick his penis inside her. See MRE 613(b). Clearly, trial counsel knew of
the medical-record statement and assailed LJ’s credibility with the information. Additionally, trial
counsel, although ultimately unsuccessful, elicited extensive testimony of inconsistencies in LJ’s
version of events. In sum, we conclude that under these circumstances, trial counsel’s performance
was not deficient, nor did defendant incur prejudice, because of the alleged failure to impeach LJ
with medical records.

                 3. EXPERT DR. STEPHEN R. GUERTIN AND HIS REPORT

         Defendant next contends that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance when he failed
to call Dr. Stephen R. Guertin to testify as an expert witness. Defendant argues that Dr. Guertin
would have opined that 50% of female children who have never been molested experience vaginal
redness and that if LJ’s allegations of penile-vaginal penetration were true, Dr. Guertin would
absolutely have expected to see evidence of injury to LJ’s hymen. Defendant further argues that
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to use Dr. Guertin’s report during counsel’s cross-
examination of SANE Gillespie. On these matters, defendant maintains that counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness because counsel effectively failed
to challenge or undermine Gillespie’s testimony despite having the ability to do so through
utilization of Dr. Guertin’s expertise.

        The prosecution asserts that the issue regarding whether counsel was ineffective for failure
to call Dr. Guertin as a witness was waived when defendant agreed on the record with counsel not
to call Dr. Guertin as a witness. Specifically, the prosecution claims that defendant made an
informed decision at trial after consultation with his attorney not to call Dr. Guertin as an expert
witness. The prosecution, noting defense counsel’s thoroughness in cross-examining the witnesses
and the purported limited reach of Dr. Guertin’s views, argues that defendant was not deprived of
a substantial defense, which must be established to succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel. The prosecution states that while Dr. Guertin addressed vaginal redness, he ignored
Gillespie’s additional focus on vaginal irritation and pain. The prosecution also contends that
some of Dr. Guertin’s expressed opinions were inconsistent with the defense theory that there was
no inappropriate touching and that the allegations were entirely fabricated in an effort to have
defendant kicked out of the house.

                                                -12-
        In ruling from the bench, the trial court first determined that the issue regarding whether
trial counsel was ineffective for failure to call Dr. Guertin as a witness was waived when defendant
agreed with counsel on the record not to call Dr. Guertin as a witness. The court further indicated
that even if the issue were not waived, Dr. Guertin’s opinion was “largely irrelevant” and would
not have made a difference in the case. In an accompanying order rejecting the argument, the trial
court, aside from noting the waiver, also found that defendant had not demonstrated that counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. On the record and in its order,
the court additionally ruled that defendant failed to establish the requisite prejudice. With respect
to the failure to use Dr. Guertin’s report when cross-examining SANE Gillespie, the trial court
ruled at the hearing that it was not satisfied that the report constituted a learned treatise such that
it could be employed during Gillespie’s cross-examination. In the order denying the motion for
new trial, the court determined that trial counsel’s failure to utilize the report did not fall below an
objective standard of reasonableness and that there was no prejudice even if counsel’s performance
was deficient.

        Trial counsel’s decision to retain an expert witness is generally a matter of trial strategy.
People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 190; 774 NW2d 714 (2009). “This Court does not second-
guess counsel on matters of trial strategy, nor does it assess counsel’s competence with the benefit
of hindsight.” People v Traver (On Remand), 328 Mich App 418, 422-423; 937 NW2d 398 (2019)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). But “a court cannot insulate the review of counsel’s
performance by [simply] calling it trial strategy.” People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 52; 826
NW2d 136 (2012). “Initially, a court must determine whether the strategic choices were made
after less than complete investigation, and any choice is reasonable precisely to the extent that
reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation.” Id. (quotation marks,
citation, and brackets omitted). A decision regarding whether to call or question an expert witness
is presumed to be a matter of trial strategy with, and we will not substitute our judgment so long
as reasonable professional judgment supported counsel’s choice. People v Posey, 334 Mich App
338, 352-353; 964 NW2d 862 (2020).

        We initially reject the prosecution’s contention that the ineffective assistance claim fails
because defendant was not deprived of a substantial defense. In an order issued by our Supreme
Court in People v Jurewicz, 506 Mich 914 (2020), the Court ruled that a defendant is “not required
to show, in order to obtain relief for ineffective assistance of counsel, that trial counsel’s failure to
call witnesses deprived him of a substantial defense.” Furthermore, we decline to decide whether
defendant waived the argument that counsel was ineffective for failure to call Dr. Guertin as a
witness. We acknowledge that an agreement between defendant and his attorney was placed on
the record, pursuant to which the two men noted that they had spoken and decided against calling
any physicians or experts on defendants behalf. Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a
known right; one who waives his rights may not then seek appellate review of a claimed
deprivation of those rights because the waiver has extinguished any error. People v Carter, 462
Mich 206, 215; 612 NW2d 144 (2000). It is also true that counsel cannot harbor error in the lower
court and then use that error as an appellate parachute. People v Kowalski, 489 Mich 488, 505;
803 NW2d 200 (2011). Here, however, defendant’s appellate argument is framed in the context
of ineffective assistance of counsel. There has been no Ginther hearing, nor has this Court granted
requests for one because we do not find that a remand for a Ginther hearing is necessary or
appropriate.

                                                  -13-
        We have reviewed Dr. Guertin’s report, and one matter that must initially be addressed is
the fact that portions of the report concern statements LJ made during her forensic interview with
Gillespie. At trial, following defendant’s hearsay objection that was sustained, Gillespie was not
permitted to substantively testify about her interview of LJ. Additionally, Gillespie’s report
regarding the interview was not admitted at trial after defendant objected to its introduction, and
the prosecutor chose not to pursue admission of the report. Accordingly, we will not consider any
part of Dr. Guertin’s report that articulates opinions based on the forensic interview.11 To be fair,
defendant relies on portions of Dr. Guertin’s report that are properly subject to consideration. In
pertinent part, Dr. Guertin stated in his report as follows:

                The only finding was redness of the labia minora which were also painful
       to the touch. Such redness within a very brief period of time after alleged sexual
       contact could be from sexual contact. It also could have been from the child’s
       admitted extremely aggressive washing of the area. Redness, however, is seen so
       commonly in this age group that it has no discriminatory value. On any given day
       if 100 prepubertal children who had never been sexually molested, were examined,
       more than 50% of them would have redness of the vulvar area. In other words
       redness is seen so often normally it has no discriminatory value. In this case it could
       be from genital to genital contact, but could also be seen as you would expect it to
       be in a child who had not been abused typical from poor hygiene, or from aggressive
       washing, [or] from a sensitivity to soap or detergents . . . . Notably, there was no
       bruising. There were no petechiae. There were no lacerations or abrasions. The
       hymen was completely intact and without fresh notching or transection. . . .
       Specifically, the hymen was not injured nor was the posterior fourchette, the two
       areas most commonly injured when there is genital genital contact.

                                               ***

               It is very important to be specific regarding “intercourse” and “vaginal”
       penetration. Despite the discrepancies in this child’s stories, if you accept that the
       allegations could be true, the child may not have been describing full penile vaginal
       intercourse as you or I or the lay public understand it to be (penetration by the penis
       across the hymen into the vagina). She may have been describing, rather,
       penetration across the plane of the labia into the vulvar area, but not across the
       hymen into the vagina.

        Additionally, Dr. Guertin makes clear in his report that if there were true intercourse or
vaginal penetration acutely or even remotely, it would almost always be physically identifiable in
a female child, and the genital examination would not be completely normal as in this case. But
he also noted that “[a] normal examination in the setting of penetrating sexual contact which does

11
  We will also not delve into Dr. Guertin’s discussions regarding analysis of or opinions based on
the forensic interviews of LJ’s siblings.

                                                -14-
not rise to the extent of penile vaginal intercourse would be expected both remotely and acutely if
penetration was incomplete.”

        SANE Gillespie testified that LJ’s extreme vaginal redness was not a common observation
in a child of her age, but Dr. Guertin indicated in his report that such redness is fairly normal and
would be seen in 50% of prepubertal children who had not been sexually abused. Yet Dr. Guertin
also acknowledged that “redness within a very brief period of time after alleged sexual contact
could be from sexual contact.” In this case, there was a “brief” period between the alleged sexual
contact on June 22, 2019, and LJ’s physical examination by Gillespie. Dr. Guertin noted that
vaginal redness could be from extremely aggressive washing of the area, and while Gillespie was
doubtful of a connection between washing and redness, she did concede that vaginal redness could
possibly be produced if one were to “scrub extremely hard.” It is clear from Gillespie’s testimony
that the extreme vaginal redness plus the pain experienced by LJ when the area was palpated led
to Gillespie’s opinion that there was trauma to LJ’s vaginal area. Although Dr. Guertin
acknowledged the finding of pain, he failed to address its significance or the possible causes of the
pain, especially when considered in conjunction with the vaginal redness. In light of Dr. Guertin’s
report (1) that accepted the possibility that vaginal redness could have resulted from recent sexual
contact, (2) that did not really diverge from Gillespie’s testimony on the issue whether extreme
scrubbing caused the redness, and (3) that did not appear to take into consideration the
accompanying vaginal pain on palpation, possibly opening Dr. Guertin up to damaging cross-
examination, we cannot conclude that trial counsel’s failure to call Dr. Guertin as a witness fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness.12 Although other aspects of Dr. Guertin’s report
may have benefitted the defense, defendant has not overcome the strong presumption that
counsel’s performance constituted sound trial strategy. Carbin, 463 Mich at 600.

       With respect to defendant’s argument that if LJ’s allegations of penile-vaginal penetration
were true, Dr. Guertin would have absolutely expected to see evidence of injury to LJ’s hymen,
SANE Gillespie actually provided testimony of a comparable nature. Gillespie testified as follows:

               Q.      Okay. Could you explain why it’s possible that there would not be
                       an injury?

               A.      Possibly no penetration - - no deep penetration.

               Q.      Okay.

               A.      You know, it could just be surface.

Dr. Guertin acknowledged that LJ “may have been describing . . . penetration across the plane of
the labia into the vulvar area, but not across the hymen into the vagina.” At no point in her

12
  We cannot help but note that even if LJ’s vaginal redness was solely attributable to her taking a
shower or bath and intensely scrubbing the vaginal area, it does not necessarily mean that there
was no sexual penetration. To the contrary, it begs the question why did the eight-year-old child
feel compelled to scrub her vagina so aggressively after being alone with defendant in the
basement?

                                                -15-
testimony did Gillespie expressly indicate that LJ’s hymen would have been intact and normal if
she had experienced full penile-vaginal intercourse.

        As with the issue of LJ’s vaginal redness, calling Dr. Guertin to take the stand could easily
have backfired: Dr. Guertin potentially could have agreed with Gillespie regarding surface
penetration, i.e., “penetration across the plane of the labia into the vulvar area,” which would
constitute intrusion into the genital opening for purposes of CSC-I. See MCL 750.520a(r);
Whitfield, 425 Mich at 135 n 20. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that trial counsel’s failure to
call Dr. Guertin to testify fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.

         Moreover, Dr. Guertin’s report contained nothing that would have benefitted defendant in
relation to LJ’s claim of penile-oral penetration. And on the issue of penile-anal penetration, Dr.
Guertin’s testimony may have even damaged the defense. In his report, Dr. Guertin stated that in
a “study from 2000 of prepubertal kids who alleged sexual assault, and the majority were examined
within 72 hours, only 17% of those who alleged genital anal contact had anal injury.” He further
observed that “[a] normal anal exam done months after alleged sodomy cannot be used as proof
that sodomy did not occur remotely.” Dr. Guertin additionally indicated that “[a] normal
examination performed acutely after an allegation of genital-anal contact in prepubertal children
is less likely to be abnormal than after a similar allegation in adults[.]” Finally, had Dr. Guertin
testified on behalf of defendant, the focus of the trial could easily have become whether there were
merely penile-vaginal contact or penile-vaginal penetration, distracting the jury from the defense
theory that there was no penetration or contact whatsoever and that the allegations were completely
fabricated.

         With respect to the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to use Dr. Guertin’s
report when cross-examining Gillespie, defendant fails to provide a legal framework under the
rules of evidence that would have allowed his attorney to utilize the report during cross-
examination. “It is not enough for an appellant in his brief simply to announce a position or assert
an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, or
unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then search for authority either to sustain or reject
his position.” Mudge v Macomb Co, 458 Mich 87, 105; 580 NW2d 845 (1998). The trial court
ruled that it was not satisfied that the report constituted a learned treatise such that it could be
employed during Gillespie’s cross-examination. On appeal, defendant does not challenge the trial
court’s reasoning for rejecting this particular ineffective assistance claim. “When an appellant
fails to dispute the basis of a lower court’s ruling, we need not even consider granting the relief
being sought by the appellant.” Denhof v Challa, 311 Mich App 499, 521; 876 NW2d 266 (2015).
Accordingly, we reject defendant’s argument.

       Furthermore, even on substantive review, defendant’s argument lacks merit. MRE 707
provides:

               To the extent called to the attention of an expert witness upon cross-
       examination, statements contained in published treatises, periodicals, or pamphlets
       on a subject of history, medicine, or other science or art, established as a reliable
       authority by the testimony or admission of the witness or by other expert testimony
       or by judicial notice, are admissible for impeachment purposes only.

                                                 -16-
Dr. Guertin’s report does not fall within the parameters of MRE 707. Additionally, for the reasons
discussed above in rejecting defendant’s argument that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
call Dr. Guertin, we cannot conclude that defendant would have been able to effectively impeach
Gillespie with reference to the information in Dr. Guertin’s report. We therefore hold that
defendant has failed to demonstrate deficient performance or the requisite prejudice.

                             B. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

        Defendant next argues that he was denied his constitutional right to a fair trial when the
prosecutor improperly asked SANE Gillespie to give her opinion regarding whether vaginal
redness can be caused by scrubbing in the shower. Defendant contends that “[a]n untrained
layperson can determine intelligently whether scrubbing in the shower can cause redness without
the help of an expert witness.” But in his next breath, defendant maintains that “Gillespie was not
qualified to give expert testimony about the anatomy of female children” and could only give
expert testimony on nurse examinations of alleged sexual assault victims. Defendant asserts that
the prosecutor committed misconduct by asking a question for which the answer necessarily fell
outside the scope of Gillespie’s field of expertise. In an associated argument, defendant posits that
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the questioning. The prosecution notes that
Gillespie repeatedly admitted that she could not discern what exactly caused the vaginal redness.
The prosecution further indicates that there was nothing improper about the question and that there
was no evidence that LJ even took a shower in the period immediately preceding the examination.
The prosecution additionally argues that defendant has failed to demonstrate the requisite prejudice
assuming prosecutorial misconduct or deficient performance by counsel.

        At the hearing on the motion for new trial, the court found that Gillespie did not offer
improper opinion testimony; rather, she merely testified that LJ’s vaginal redness was not caused
by scrubbing during a bath or shower while acknowledging that she could not determine the cause
of the redness. The trial court also ruled that defendant failed to demonstrate any prejudice caused
by Gillespie’s opinion testimony. In the order denying the motion for new trial, the trial court
observed that Gillespie had not vouched for LJ’s credibility, nor had she commented on
defendant’s guilt or innocence.

       In People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 63-64; 732 NW2d 546 (2007), this Court explained
the general principles regarding prosecutorial misconduct:

               Given that a prosecutor’s role and responsibility is to seek justice and not
       merely convict, the test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether a defendant was
       denied a fair and impartial trial. A defendant’s opportunity for a fair trial can be
       jeopardized when the prosecutor interjects issues broader than the defendant’s guilt
       or innocence. Issues of prosecutorial misconduct are decided case by case, and this
       Court must examine the entire record and evaluate a prosecutor’s remarks in
       context. The propriety of a prosecutor’s remarks depends on all the facts of the case.
       A prosecutor’s comments are to be evaluated in light of defense arguments and the
       relationship the comments bear to the evidence admitted at trial. [Quotation marks
       and citations omitted.]

                                                -17-
“A finding of prosecutorial misconduct may not be based on a prosecutor’s good-faith effort to
admit evidence.” Id. at 76.

        We conclude that there was no prosecutorial misconduct or ineffective assistance of
counsel; the prosecutor engaged in a good-faith effort to admit evidence. We initially note that
there was conflicting evidence regarding whether LJ bathed or showered after the alleged sexual
assault and before the physical examination by Gillespie. Moreover, there is absolutely no
analytical development of defendant’s contention or suggestion that expert testimony on the matter
was improper.13 As noted earlier, “[i]t is not enough for an appellant in his brief simply to
announce a position or assert an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and rationalize
the basis for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then search for
authority either to sustain or reject his position.” Mudge, 458 Mich at 105. We also note that
Gillespie acknowledged that “[t]o have that type of redness all around her vaginal area, you would
have to scrub extremely hard, extremely hard.” Thus, she ultimately did not claim that it was
impossible for the redness to have come from scrubbing during a shower, although she did not
believe that such was the case. And LJ did testify, at least at one point, that she showered
aggressively after the sexual assault on June 22, 2019. Gillespie testified on both direct- and cross-
examination that she could not say what exactly caused LJ’s vaginal redness.

        With respect to whether Gillespie testified outside the area of her expertise when she
opined that the vaginal redness was not caused by scrubbing during a shower, we conclude that
offering an opinion excluding a possible source of vaginal redness in a child falls within the
expertise of a sexual assault nurse examiner who has experience conducting physical examinations
of child CSC victims. Even were we to find that the issue presents a close call, we cannot conclude
that the question posed by the prosecutor reflected bad faith or an intentional effort to elicit
inadmissible testimony. Furthermore, because we believe that the prosecutor’s examination of
Gillespie was proper, we hold that trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the
question concerning vaginal redness. See People v Putman, 309 Mich App 240, 245; 870 NW2d
593 (2015) (counsel is not ineffective for failing to raise a meritless or futile objection). And
assuming deficient performance, defendant has failed to demonstrate any prejudice, especially
considering that Gillespie waivered and acknowledged that extreme scrubbing could have caused
LJ’s redness. Carbin, 463 Mich at 600. Reversal is unwarranted.

13
     MRE 702 provides:
                  If the court determines that scientific, technical, or other specialized
         knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a
         fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
         training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise if
         (1) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product
         of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles
         and methods reliably to the facts of the case.

                                                  -18-
                          C. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF MCL 768.27a

        Defendant argues that MCL 768.27a, which provides for the admission of other-acts
evidence concerning sexual offenses committed against minors, is unconstitutional and that its
application allowing the admission of evidence of LJ’s sister’s claims of sexual abuse by defendant
violated his due process rights. More particularly, defendant states:

               Uprooting the rules of evidence may be effective in securing convictions,
       but it also brings into question the integrity of the criminal legal system. MCL
       768.27a undermines the long-standing principles on which the rules of evidence are
       based and perpetuates stereotypes about people charged with sexual offenses.

               The admission of other acts under MCL 768.27a was fundamentally unfair
       to [defendant] because the statute itself is based on the improper presumption that
       prior allegations prove he was—and therefore is—guilty.

The trial court rejected the argument, concluding that the Michigan Supreme Court in People v
Watkins, 491 Mich 450; 818 NW2d 296 (2012), held that MCL 768.27a is constitutional. The
prosecution relies on Watkins in responding to defendant’s appellate argument.

        “Constitutional questions and issues of statutory interpretation are questions of law, which
this Court reviews de novo.” Watkins, 491 Mich at 466-467. MCL 768.27a(1) provides, in part,
that “in a criminal case in which the defendant is accused of committing a listed [sexual] offense
against a minor, evidence that the defendant committed another listed offense against a minor is
admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.”

        Our Supreme Court in Watkins held that MCL 768.27a, even though silent with respect to
whether MRE 403 applies to the statute, “remains subject to MRE 403, which provides that a court
may exclude relevant evidence if the danger of unfair prejudice, among other considerations,
outweighs the evidence’s probative value.” Watkins, 491 Mich at 456. Here, defendant’s
argument, which is cursory, fails to acknowledge the incorporation of MRE 403 into MCL
768.27a; therefore, the due process argument lacks a full and pertinent analysis. The Watkins
Court held that it “need not address whether, if evidence admissible under MCL 768.27a were not
subject to MRE 403, the statute would violate a defendant’s due-process right to a fair trial or
interfere with the judicial power to ensure that a criminal defendant receives a fair trial.” Watkins,
491 Mich at 456 n 2. This holding reflects that there is no due process problem with MCL 768.27a
so long as MRE 403 is applied when determining whether other-acts evidence is admissible.
Furthermore, defendant entirely ignores Watkins even though the trial court relied on Watkins in
rendering its ruling. Again, “[w]hen an appellant fails to dispute the basis of a lower court’s ruling,
we need not even consider granting the relief being sought by the appellant.” Denhof, 311 Mich
App at 521. Defendant has not demonstrated that he is entitled to reversal on this issue.

                          D. CLAIMS OF INSTRUCTIONAL ERROR

        Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his request for a jury instruction on
the lesser offense of AWICSC, which error prejudiced defendant. Defendant maintains that
AWICSC is a necessarily-included lesser offense of CSC-I and that a rational view of the evidence

                                                 -19-
supported an instruction on AWICSC. Defendant acknowledges that the CSC-I charge brought by
the prosecutor did not have an express element requiring proof of force or coercion; however,
when addressing sexual penetration with a victim under 13 years of age, a lack of consent is
implied and coercion is therefore necessarily involved, effectively making the crime assaultive in
nature. Defendant further contends that the trial court erred by denying his request for a jury
instruction on the lesser offense of CSC-II, MCL 750.520c. He asserts that five Justices in People
v Nyx, 479 Mich 112; 734 NW2d 548 (2007), concluded that CSC-II is a necessarily-included
lesser offense of CSC-I or that it is an “inferior” offense in comparison to CSC-I. Therefore, the
trial court’s failure in this case to instruct on CSC-II constituted error. In the alternative, to the
extent that People v Cornell, 466 Mich 335; 646 NW2d 127 (2002), barred an instruction on CSC-
II, defendant maintains that Cornell was wrongly decided and should be overruled. The
prosecution argues that CSC-II is not a necessarily-included lesser offense of CSC-I when the
CSC-I charge is predicated on sexual penetration of a person under 13 years of age. And the
prosecution contends that AWICSC is not a necessarily-included lesser offense of CSC-I.
According to the prosecution, because the requested instructions concerned cognate lesser
offenses, the trial court was precluded as a matter of law from instructing the jury on AWICSC
and CSC-II.

        The trial court ruled from the bench that AWICSC is a cognate lesser offense of CSC-I as
charged under the particular circumstances of this case, i.e., sexual penetration of a person under
13 years of age, with no need to prove force or coercion. Therefore, because Supreme Court
precedent dictates that cognate lesser offenses cannot be presented to a jury for consideration, there
was no instructional error on the matter. The trial court’s order denying the motion for new trial
was consistent with its ruling from the bench. With respect to an instruction on CSC-II, the court
similarly found at the hearing and in its accompanying order that CSC-II is a cognate lesser offense
of CSC-I; therefore, no instruction on CSC-II could be given to the jury. The trial court further
ruled that it lacked the authority to overrule Supreme Court precedent that barred instructions on
cognate lesser offenses.

       In People v Everett, 318 Mich App 511, 528-529; 899 NW2d 94 (2017), this Court
observed:

               We review a claim of instructional error involving a question of law de
       novo, but we review the trial court’s determination that a jury instruction applies to
       the facts of the case for an abuse of discretion. Even when instructional error occurs,
       reversal is warranted only if after an examination of the entire cause, it shall
       affirmatively appear that it is more probable than not that the error was outcome
       determinative. The defendant bears the burden of establishing that the error
       undermined the reliability of the verdict. [Quotation marks, citations, and brackets
       omitted.]

        “A criminal defendant is entitled to have a properly instructed jury consider the evidence
against him. Accordingly, jury instructions must include all the elements of the charged offenses
and any material issues, defenses, and theories that are supported by the evidence.” Id. at 527
(quotation marks and citations omitted). In People v Jones, 497 Mich 155, 163-165; 860 NW2d
112 (2014), the Michigan Supreme Court explained:

                                                -20-
                 In People v Cornell, this Court considered what crimes constitute lesser or
         “inferior” offenses within the meaning of MCL 768.32(1).[14] After reviewing the
         dissonant approaches to lesser-included-offense instructions articulated throughout
         our jurisprudence, this Court noted that the word “inferior” in the statute does not
         refer to inferiority in the penalty associated with the offense, but, rather, to the
         absence of an element that distinguishes the charged offense from the lesser
         offense. On this basis, this Court concluded that a defendant is entitled to a lesser
         offense instruction only if that lesser offense is necessarily included in the greater
         offense; that is, the offense must be committed as part of the greater offense insofar
         as it would be impossible to commit the greater offense without first committing
         the lesser offense. Cornell thus interpreted the legislative prerogative contained in
         MCL 768.32(1)—that an included-inferior-offense instruction may be appropriate
         upon request—as limited to necessarily included lesser offenses only; it foreclosed
         consideration of cognate lesser offenses, which, in the absence of adequate notice,
         may violate a defendant’s fundamental due process rights. Under Cornell, then, the
         rule of lesser included offenses is simple: pursuant to MCL 768.32(1), the court
         must first determine whether an offense is necessarily included, which requires a
         comparison of the elements of the offenses, and if so, the court must then determine
         whether an instruction is warranted on the facts of a particular case by examining
         whether the charged greater offense requires the jury to find a disputed factual
         element that is not part of the lesser included offense and a rational view of the
         evidence would support the instruction.

                 As a corollary of this conclusion, Cornell returned MCL 768.32(1) to its
         original construction . . .: consideration of cognate lesser offenses is not permitted
         and the right to an instruction on a necessarily included lesser offense turns on
         whether the charged greater offense requires the jury to find a disputed factual
         element that is not part of the lesser included offense and a rational view of the
         evidence would support the instruction. [Quotation marks, citations, and brackets
         omitted.]

       “The elements of CSC-I under MCL 750.520b(1)(a) are that (1) the defendant engaged in
sexual penetration with another person and (2) the other person was under 13 years of age.” People
v Lockett, 295 Mich App 165, 187; 814 NW2d 295 (2012). CSC-I is a general intent crime. People
v Nickens, 470 Mich 622, 631; 685 NW2d 657 (2004). “Assault with intent to commit criminal
sexual conduct involving sexual penetration shall be a felony punishable by imprisonment for not

14
     MCL 768.32(1) provides:
                 Except as provided in subsection (2) [certain drug offenses], upon an
         indictment for an offense, consisting of different degrees, as prescribed in this
         chapter, the jury, or the judge in a trial without a jury, may find the accused not
         guilty of the offense in the degree charged in the indictment and may find the
         accused person guilty of a degree of that offense inferior to that charged in the
         indictment, or of an attempt to commit that offense.

                                                 -21-
more than 10 years.” MCL 750.520g (1). “[T]he elements of assault with intent to commit CSC
involving penetration are simply (1) an assault, and (2) an intent to commit CSC involving sexual
penetration.” Nickens, 470 Mich at 627. Pertinent to this case, “[t]he elements of CSC-II are: (1)
the defendant engaged in sexual contact, (2) with a person under 13 years of age.” People v
Duenaz, 306 Mich App 85, 106; 854 NW2d 531 (2014). “Sexual contact” is defined as “the
intentional touching of the victim’s or actor’s intimate parts or the intentional touching of the
clothing covering the immediate area of the victim’s or actor’s intimate parts, if that intentional
touching can reasonably be construed as being for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification,
done for a sexual purpose, or in a sexual manner for” revenge, to inflict humiliation, or out of
anger. MCL 750.520a(q).

     We first address the issue whether the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on
AWICSC. In Nickens, 470 Mich at 623-624, our Supreme Court held:

               We granted leave to appeal to consider whether assault with intent to
       commit CSC involving sexual penetration, MCL 750.520g(1), is included within
       the offense of first-degree CSC involving personal injury and the use of force or
       coercion to accomplish sexual penetration, MCL 750.520b(1)(f). The Court of
       Appeals held that because MCL 750.520g(1) was not a necessarily lesser included
       offense of MCL 750.520b(1)(f), the trial court erred by instructing the jury on the
       assault offense. We hold that the trial court did not err in its instruction to the jury
       because the assault offense is a necessarily lesser included offense of first-degree
       CSC involving personal injury and the use of force or coercion to accomplish sexual
       penetration. [Nickens, 470 Mich at 623-624 (citations omitted).]

       Understanding the reasoning employed by the Nickens Court is critical to understanding
and resolving defendant’s argument in this case. The Supreme Court set forth its analysis as
follows:

              In every instance where an actor commits CSC-I involving personal injury
       and uses force or coercion to accomplish sexual penetration, the actor first commits
       an attempted-battery assault with the intent to commit CSC involving sexual
       penetration. The term “force or coercion,” as contained in MCL 750.520b(1)(f),
       necessarily contemplates a situation in which an assault has occurred. If, for
       example, the actor uses physical force to accomplish sexual penetration, a
       nonconsensual and harmful touching has occurred. Because a battery includes an
       attempted-battery assault, an assault has also occurred.

               Likewise, if the actor overcomes the victim by coercion, a nonconsensual
       and harmful touching has occurred. The application of force to the person of
       another is not unlawful,—and, therefore, not a battery—if the recipient consents to
       what is done, provided this consent (1) is not coerced or obtained by fraud, (2) is
       given by one legally capable of consenting to such a deed, and (3) does not relate
       to a matter as to which consent will not be recognized as a matter of law. As such,
       the criminal law views coerced consent as no consent at all. Thus, if the victim is
       coerced into agreeing to sexual penetration, the victim cannot be said to have

                                                -22-
       lawfully consented and, thus, a battery has occurred. Because a battery includes an
       attempted-battery assault, an assault has also occurred.

               In sum, nonconsensual sexual penetration with another is, in and of itself,
       an attempted-battery assault and a battery. As such, the first prong of MCL
       750.520g(1), an assault, is always satisfied when the actor commits CSC-I under
       MCL 750.520b(1)(f). Moreover, we also believe that the second prong of MCL
       750.520g(1), an intent to commit CSC involving sexual penetration, is always
       satisfied when the actor commits CSC-I under MCL 750.520b(1)(f).

               We can envision no circumstance in which an actor could unintentionally
       or accidentally use force or coercion to sexually penetrate his victim and, therefore,
       lacked the necessary mens rea under MCL 750.520g(1) or MCL 750.520b(1)(f).
       We acknowledge that CSC-I is a general intent crime. We are further cognizant that
       assault with intent to commit CSC involving sexual penetration may be viewed as
       a specific intent crime. Under these circumstances, however, this is a distinction
       without a difference. [Nickens, 470 Mich at 630-631 (quotation marks and citations
       omitted; emphasis added).]

        The first question we must tackle is whether CSC-I based on sexual penetration with a
person under the age of 13 constitutes nonconsensual sexual penetration, i.e., an assault. Although
not cited by defendant, the Supreme Court in People v Starks, 473 Mich 227, 229-230; 701 NW2d
136 (2005), answered this question in a manner favorable to defendant in the instant case:

               Further, we reject the argument that the complainant could consent to the
       act and overrule the incorrect conclusion in People v Worrell, 417 Mich 617; 340
       NW2d 612 (1983), that consent is always a defense to the crime of assault with
       intent to commit criminal sexual conduct involving sexual penetration. The
       complainant, who was thirteen years old at the time of the incident, could not
       consent to an act of fellatio. Because a thirteen-year-old child cannot consent to
       sexual penetration, consent by such a victim is not a defense to the crime of assault
       with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct involving sexual penetration.

               Therefore, there was probable cause to believe that defendant committed
       assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct involving sexual penetration
       and defendant should have been bound over on the charge. [Emphasis added.]

        Accordingly, in a case where there is sexual penetration of a person under 13 years old, the
penetration is nonconsensual and an assault necessarily occurs. Furthermore, comparable to a
CSC-I case based on force or coercion, we can envision no circumstance in which a defendant
could unintentionally or accidentally sexually penetrate a victim under the age of 13. Therefore,
contrary to the trial court’s ruling, Nickens, although addressing sexual penetration by the use of
force or coercion, is not distinguishable. We conclude that one cannot commit CSC-I involving a
victim under the age of 13 without also committing AWICSC. Consequently, AWICSC is a
necessarily-included lesser offense of CSC-I when the charge entails sexual penetration of a child
under 13 years old. Additionally, a rational view of the evidence supported an instruction on
AWICSC. We thus hold that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on AWICSC.

                                               -23-
        Nevertheless, we also rule that the error was harmless in light of the fact that the jury was
instructed on the offense of attempted CSC-I, upon which the jurors declined to convict. “No
judgment or verdict shall be set aside or reversed or a new trial be granted by any court of this state
in any criminal case, on the ground of misdirection of the jury . . . unless in the opinion of the
court, after an examination of the entire cause, it shall affirmatively appear that the error
complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice.” MCL 769.26 (emphasis added). Under
MCL 769.26, nonconstitutional instructional error that is preserved is subject to harmless-error
analysis. People v Schaefer, 473 Mich 418, 442-443; 703 NW2d 774 (2005). The jury in this case
was instructed on attempted CSC-I as follows:

              Under Count I, Count II, and Count III, you may also consider the less
       serious crime of attempted first-degree criminal sexual conduct. To prove that
       defendant attempted to commit this crime, the prosecutor must prove the following
       elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

             First, that the defendant intended to commit first-degree criminal sexual
       conduct, which was previously defined for you.

               Second: That the defendant took some action toward committing the alleged
       crime, but failed to complete the crime. . . . In order to qualify as an attempt, the
       action must go beyond mere preparation to the point where the crime would’ve
       been completed if it had not been interrupted by outside circumstances. To qualify
       as an attempt, the act must clearly and directly be related to the crime the defendant
       is charged with attempting and not some other objective.

        The jury found that there was penile-vaginal, penile-anal, and penile-oral penetration,
clearly rejecting any view of the evidence that defendant had only intended and attempted to
sexually penetrate LJ. Under these circumstances, it is quite clear that the jury, had it been
instructed on AWICSC, would not have found that defendant merely assaulted LJ with an intent
to commit CSC involving sexual penetration absent actual penetration. AWICSC and attempted
CSC-I are so closely related that the jury’s rejection of attempted CSC-I provides us with the
confidence that the jurors would not have convicted defendant of AWICSC. In People v Beach,
429 Mich 450, 490-491; 418 NW2d 861 (1988), superseded by statute on other grounds by People
v Smith-Anthony, 494 Mich 669, 687 n 53; 837 NW2d 415 (2013), our Supreme Court observed:

               Because the instruction should have been given, upon the basis of the state
       of the record, we are presented with the decision whether or not to conclude that
       this omission was harmless error. . . . Beach was convicted of the greater charged
       offense of conspiracy to commit armed robbery. If the jury had doubts about her
       guilt of the charged offense or if it concluded that the defendant was not planning
       to use force, it could have and undoubtedly would have, found her guilty of the
       instructed lesser included offense of conspiracy to commit unarmed robbery, which
       would represent a lesser use of force. Because it did not do so, we can conclude that
       it had no reasonable doubt as to the defendant’s guilt of conspiracy to commit
       armed robbery. We believe that the jury’s decision is a reasonable indication that
       the failure to give an instruction on the lesser included offense of conspiracy to

                                                 -24-
       commit larceny in a building was not prejudicial to the defendant. We require a fair
       trial, not a perfect trial.

By analogy, we believe that the jury’s decision to convict defendant of three counts of CSC-I while
rejecting the offense of attempted CSC-I is a reasonable indication that the failure to give an
instruction on AWICSC was not prejudicial and constituted harmless error. We conclude that
there was no miscarriage of justice. MCL 769.26.

        With respect to whether the trial court erred by denying defendant’s request for an
instruction on CSC-II, we hold that there was no error. The Michigan Supreme Court has held
that CSC-II is a cognate lesser offense of CSC-I. In People v Lemons, 454 Mich 234, 253-254;
562 NW2d 447 (1997), our Supreme Court ruled:

                       CSC I requires the prosecutor to prove “sexual penetration.” CSC II
               requires the prosecutor to prove “sexual contact.” Sexual penetration can be
               for any purpose. The statute defines sexual contact, however, as touching
               that can reasonably be construed as being for the purpose of sexual arousal
               or gratification. Thus, because CSC II requires proof of an intent not
               required by CSC I—that defendant intended to seek sexual arousal or
               gratification—CSC II is a cognate lesser offense of CSC I. In short, it is
               possible to commit CSC I without first having committed CSC II.
               [Quotation marks and citations omitted.]

        Because CSC-II is not a necessarily-included lesser offense of CSC-I but instead a cognate
lesser offense, the general rule is that the trial court had no authority under MCL 768.32(1) to
instruct the jury on CSC-II. See Jones, 497 Mich at 163-165; Cornell, 466 Mich at 354-357.
Defendant, however, contends that the Supreme Court’s ruling in Nyx, 479 Mich 112, supports a
decision that defendant was entitled to an instruction on CSC-II. We conclude that the four
splintered opinions in Nyx cannot serve as a basis to reverse the trial court’s ruling.

        In Nyx, 479 Mich at 115-116, the defendant was charged with two counts of CSC-I and
was convicted in a bench trial of two counts of CSC-II, and the issue on appeal concerned whether
it was proper under MCL 768.32(1) for the court to convict the defendant of the two CSC-II counts.
In a lead opinion by CHIEF JUSTICE TAYLOR joined by JUSTICE MARKMAN, they agreed “that MCL
768.32(1) does not allow a defendant to be convicted of cognate lesser offenses even when the
Legislature has divided the crime into degrees[,]” such as CSC offenses. Nyx, 479 Mich at 136.
The two Justices found that CSC-II is indeed a cognate lesser offense of CSC-I. Id. JUSTICE
CAVANAGH joined by JUSTICE KELLY, while agreeing that the defendant could not be convicted of
CSC-II, concluded that “inferior” offenses for purposes of MCL 768.32(1) included any lesser
offenses, not just necessarily-included lesser offenses, but that due process was violated in the case
because the defendant did not have adequate notice relative to the crime of CSC-II. Id. at 142-
143.15 JUSTICE YOUNG joined by JUSTICE WEAVER agreed that under MCL 768.32(1), a trial court

15
  JUSTICE CAVANAGH cited his concurring opinion in People v Mendoza, 468 Mich 527, 548-549;
664 NW2d 685 (2003), wherein he found that inferior offenses encompass any lesser offenses and

                                                -25-
cannot instruct a jury on cognate lesser offenses; however, they came to the conclusion that CSC-
II is a necessarily-included lesser offense of CSC-I, not a cognate lesser offense. Id. at 143-144.
Finally, JUSTICE CORRIGAN stated in her dissenting opinion:

              I would hold that under the plain language of MCL 768.32(1), a fact-finder
       may convict a defendant of a legislatively denominated inferior degree of the
       charged offense if a rational view of the evidence supports the conviction. The
       Cornell rule of construction for determining whether an offense is “inferior” does
       not apply where the Legislature itself has formally divided an offense into degrees.
       In any event, it appears that CSC II is necessarily included in CSC I,
       notwithstanding this Court’s contrary statement in Lemons. [Nyx, 479 Mich at 178.]

        We simply cannot discern any clear binding rule that emanates from Nyx. Three Justices
did indicate that CSC-II is a necessarily-included lesser offense of CSC-I. But two Justices
determined that CSC-II is a cognate lesser offense of CSC-I, and two additional Justices did not
answer that particular question because it was irrelevant to their analysis of MCL 768.32(1). We
will abide by the Supreme Court’s decisions in Cornell and Lemons, which have not been
overruled, and hold that CSC-II is a cognate lesser offense of CSC-I; therefore, MCL 768.32(1)
barred the trial court from instructing the jury on CSC-II. Thus, there was no error by the trial
court in denying defendant’s request for an instruction on CSC-II.16

        Finally, preserving an argument for the Supreme Court, defendant contends that to the
extent that Cornell barred an instruction on CSC-II, Cornell was wrongly decided and should be
overruled. In Associated Builders & Contractors v Lansing, 499 Mich 177, 191; 880 NW2d 765
(2016), our Supreme Court explained that the “Court of Appeals is bound to follow decisions by
this Court except where those decisions have clearly been overruled or superseded[.]” Cornell has
not been overruled or superseded; consequently, we are bound by Cornell.

                                E. SENTENCING ARGUMENTS

                      1. SCORING OF OFFENSE VARIABLES 3 AND 19

        Defendant argues that the trial court erred by assessing 10 points for OV 3 and by assessing
10 points for OV 19. Ten points for OV 3 are properly scored when “[b]odily injury requiring
medical treatment occurred to a victim.” MCL 777.33(1)(d). The phrase “ ‘requiring medical
treatment’ refers to the necessity for treatment and not the victim’s success in obtaining treatment.”
MCL 777.33(3). Defendant argues that there was no evidence that LJ suffered a bodily injury
requiring medical treatment; rather, she was taken to the hospital by her mother simply because of

can be instructed on if there is sufficient evidence to support the inferior or lesser offense. Nyx,
479 Mich at 143.
16
   Like our harmless-error analysis in regard to AWICSC, the jury’s rejection of the offense of
attempted CSC-I strongly indicated that it would have similarly rejected the crime of CSC-II.

                                                -26-
the sexual assault in and of itself. The prosecution maintains that there was evidence that LJ had
vaginal pain and redness, which sufficed for the 10-point score.

       The trial court, citing People v Barnes, 332 Mich App 494; 957 NW2d 62 (2020), ruled as
follows with respect to OV 3:

               Similarly, here, we have a child who complained of vaginal pain after the
       assault, underwent a forensic exam, and the SANE nurse during that examination
       observed vaginal redness that was painful to the touch. On the record in this
       particular situation, there was medical treatment and prophylactic care was
       necessary to treat the complainant’s injuries. Therefore, OV-3 was properly scored
       at 10 points in alignment with . . . Barnes. [M 26.]

         In People v Horton, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket No. 360726);
slip op at 2, this Court stated:

               Under the sentencing guidelines, the trial court’s findings of fact are
       reviewed for clear error and must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.
       Clear error is established when the appellate court is left with a firm and definite
       conviction that an error occurred. This Court reviews de novo whether the facts, as
       found, are adequate to satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by statute. In
       scoring OVs, a court may consider all record evidence, including the contents of a
       PSIR, plea admissions, and testimony presented at a preliminary examination. The
       trial court may rely on reasonable inferences arising from the record evidence to
       sustain the scoring of an offense variable. When a preserved scoring error alters the
       appropriate guidelines range, resentencing is generally required. This Court
       reviews de novo issues involving the interpretation of the sentencing variables.
       [Quotation marks, citations, brackets, and ellipses omitted.]

In Barnes, 332 Mich App at 500, this Court addressed OV 3 in the context of a CSC case, ruling
as follows:

               The evidence on the record was sufficient for the trial court to infer PD had
       suffered a bodily injury requiring medical treatment. After the sexual assault, an
       ambulance transported PD to the hospital where she underwent a forensic medical
       examination. A specially trained nurse observed two injuries to PD’s genital area:
       a point of tenderness measuring 3 by 1 inches on PD’s perineum and a point of
       tenderness measuring about 1¼ by ½ inches on the area just outside PD’s anus.
       While the nurse could not testify with medical certainty that these injuries were the
       result of the sexual assault, the injuries were consistent with PD’s description of the
       sexual assault.

We cannot conclude that the trial court erred in this case by assessing 10 points for OV 3. SANE
Gillespie identified extreme vaginal redness in an eight-year-old child that was painful to the touch.
We find that the redness and pain constituted bodily injuries and that they were consistent with
LJ’s description of the sexual assault. We hold that LJ’s injuries qualified as bodily injuries
requiring medical treatment and justified the assessment of 10 points for OV 3.

                                                -27-
       With respect to OV 19, 10 points are properly assessed when “[t]he offender . . . interfered
with or attempted to interfere with the administration of justice[.]” MCL 777.49(c). Defendant
argues that there was no evidence that he threatened to take action against LJ if she reported the
alleged sexual abuse and that she testified that she did not report the abuse because she did not
want her brothers to find out. The prosecution contends that 10 points are appropriate when a
defendant engages in conduct to hamper, hinder, or obstruct the administration of justice, which
occurred in this case when defendant told LJ not to tell anyone about the sexual abuse.

        The trial court ruled that OV 19 was properly assessed at 10 points because defendant
interfered with the administration of justice by warning LJ not to tell anyone about the sexual
abuse.

        “OV 19 is generally scored for conduct that constitutes an attempt to avoid being caught
and held accountable for the sentencing offense.” People v Sours, 315 Mich App 346, 349; 890
NW2d 401 (2016). LJ testified that defendant commanded her not to tell anyone about the sexual
abuse, which, according to LJ, started when she was four years old and continued for years. This
testimony reflected an effort by defendant to avoid being caught and held accountable. We do not
view OV 19 as requiring a specific threatened action, e.g., a threat to kill the victim if he or she
informs on a defendant, especially in the context of a very young child who is told not to speak to
others of the sexual abuse, which warning itself would be threatening and terrifying. It is true that
LJ testified that she did not tell anyone about the sexual assaults because she did not want her
brothers to find out about the abuse. But her testimony revealed that this was but one of the reasons
for her not coming forward. Other reasons also included defendant’s directive that she not tell
anyone of the abuse. We hold that the trial court did not err by assessing 10 points for OV 19.17

     2. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF MANDATORY LIFETIME REGISTRATION AS A SEX
                                OFFENDER

        Defendant next contends that the trial court’s sentence requiring defendant to register as a
sex offender for the remainder of his life under the SORA constitutes cruel and/or unusual
punishment in violation of the state and federal constitutions. Defendant first asserts that the
SORA requirement amounts to punishment. Defendant claims that the requirement of lifetime
public registration with in-person reporting is an excessively-harsh and unconstitutional penalty
given that there is no individualized assessment of risk, that it constitutes a disproportionate
sentence, especially as compared to other jurisdictions, and that it does not serve any penological
goal, particularly that of rehabilitation. The prosecution argues that lifetime electronic monitoring

17
  We note that after the trial court adjusted two other OVs in favor of defendant at the hearing on
the motion to vacate defendant’s sentences, his total OV score was 115, placing him at OV Level
VI, which is the highest level in the grid for Class A offenses and the proper level when the total
OV score is 100 or more points. MCL 777.62. If OV 19 should have been scored at zero points
instead of 10 points, and if OV 3 should have been assessed 5 points for bodily injury not requiring
medical treatment, MCL 777.33(1)(e), defendant’s total OV score would be 100 points, keeping
him at OV Level VI. And if scoring errors do not alter the minimum sentence guidelines range,
resentencing is not required. People v Francisco, 474 Mich 82, 89 n 8; 711 NW2d 44 (2006).

                                                -28-
is not cruel and/or unusual punishment. The prosecution maintains that lifetime registration is not
excessively harsh, that lifetime registration is not a disproportionate sentence, that lifetime
monitoring is not disproportionate when compared to registration requirements in other states, and
that lifetime registration may serve rehabilitative goals.

        The trial court ruled that mandatory lifetime registration as a sex offender does not
constitute cruel and/or unusual punishment under the state and federal constitutions. The trial
court reasoned that lifetime registration: (1) is not excessively harsh; (2) does not amount to a
disproportionate sentence because it is far less burdensome than the other consequences of a CSC-
I conviction such as the possibility of a life sentence; (3) is not disproportionate compared to
penalties imposed in other states; and (4) has a deterrent effect and advances public safety, even
though it is not part of rehabilitation.

         Defendant is considered a Tier III offender under the SORA because of his CSC-I
convictions, MCL 28.722(v)(iv); therefore, he must register as a sex offender for the remainder of
his life, MCL 28.725(13). In a recent published opinion issued by this Court in People v Jarrell,
___ Mich App ___,___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 356070); slip op at 1, 8-12, the panel,
after evaluating the four governing factors,18 held that mandatory lifetime sex offender registration
did not constitute cruel or unusual punishment under Const 1963, art 1, § 16, with respect to the
defendant who was convicted of two counts of CSC-I. Jarrell is binding precedent, MCR
7.215(J)(1), and forecloses a ruling in defendant’s favor in this case.19 Although defendant here
presents an argument under the Michigan Constitution and the Eighth Amendment of the United
States Constitution, “our state Constitution has historically afforded greater bulwarks against
barbaric and inhumane punishments” than the federal Constitution. People v Parks, ___ Mich
___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 162086); slip op at 10. Accordingly, if Const 1963,

18
     The Michigan Supreme Court has explained:

                 [I]n evaluating the proportionality of sentences under the “cruel or unusual
         punishment” clause, [Michigan courts] are required to consider: (1) the severity of
         the sentence relative to the gravity of the offense; (2) sentences imposed in the same
         jurisdiction for other offenses; (3) sentences imposed in other jurisdictions for the
         same offense; and (4) the goal of rehabilitation . . . .” [People v Parks, ___ Mich
         ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 162086); slip op at 11 (citations
         omitted).]

19
   Defendant appears to be making an as-applied challenge to the statute requiring lifetime
registration, but to the extent that he is making a facial challenge, it also fails. A facial challenge
attacks the statute itself and requires a party to establish that no set of circumstances exists under
which the statutory provision would be valid. People v Johnson, 336 Mich App 688, 695; 971
NW2d 692 (2021). Defendant’s circumstances—being found guilty of three counts of CSC-I
involving a victim under the age of 13—fully justify lifetime registration. Therefore, there exists
a set of circumstances in which the SORA requirement of lifetime registration would be valid,
necessarily deflating any facial challenge.

                                                 -29-
art 1, § 16, does not support defendant’s argument, the argument necessarily fails under the Eighth
Amendment.

 3. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF MANDATORY LIFETIME ELECTRONIC MONITORING

        In a cursory argument, defendant further maintains that lifetime electronic monitoring
amounts to an unreasonable search under the state and federal constitutions. Defendant argues
that the electronic monitoring will invade his privacy for the rest of his life. He contends that
“[e]lectronic tethers collect enormous amounts of personal data, weaken the privacy interests an
individual holds in his home, infringe on an individual’s dignity, and can even scratch or shock
the wearer.” The prosecution argues that lifetime electronic monitoring does not constitute an
unreasonable search under the state and federal Constitutions because the monitored person is not
prohibited from traveling, working, or otherwise enjoying the ability to move about as he or she
pleases.

      The trial court rejected the argument on the basis of this Court’s ruling in People v Hallak,
310 Mich App 555; 873 NW2d 811 (2015), rev’d in part on other grounds by 499 Mich 879 (2016).

         “A person convicted under section 520b or 520c for criminal sexual conduct committed by
an individual 17 years old or older against an individual less than 13 years of age shall be sentenced
to lifetime electronic monitoring[.]” MCL 750.520n(1). In Hallak, 310 Mich App at 577-581,
this Court held that lifetime electronic monitoring for persons convicted of criminal sexual conduct
against a victim under 13 years of age does not constitute an unreasonable search in violation of
the Fourth Amendment.20 While Hallak addressed a defendant who was convicted of CSC-II, the
ruling would plainly apply to the more serious offense of CSC-I. Accordingly, the trial court
properly rejected defendant’s argument that lifetime electronic monitoring amounts to an
unreasonable search under the state and federal constitutions.

                                   4. IMPOSITION OF COSTS

       Finally, defendant argues that we should vacate the imposition of costs imposed on
defendant because he is unable to pay those costs and because the costs were assessed pursuant to
an unconstitutional statutory scheme. The trial court had imposed state costs of $272 and a $130
crime victim’s rights assessment. The prosecution contends that the costs and assessment were
mandated by statute and that the trial court lacked any discretion in ordering payment.

      The trial court ruled that the governing statute on the payment of costs creates a
presumption of nonindigency and that defendant failed to put forth any evidence to rebut the
presumption. Therefore, defendant was not entitled to relief on the basis of his financial

20
  In this case, defendant asserts his argument under both the state and federal Constitutions.
Regardless, the protections against unreasonable searches under the 1963 Michigan Constitution
have been construed as coextensive with the Fourth Amendment. People v Mead, 503 Mich 205,
212; 931 NW2d 557 (2019).

                                                -30-
circumstances. The trial court further ruled that caselaw established that the statutorily-mandated
costs and fees do not violate due process.

        “The court shall impose the minimum state costs as set forth in [MCL 769.1j].” MCL
769.1k(1)(a). And under MCL 769.1j(1)(a), a court is required to order the payment of $68 for a
felony, totaling $272 in costs in this case in light of the four felony convictions. A crime victim’s
rights assessment of $130 is mandated by MCL 780.905(1)(a). MCL 769.1l provides:

               If a prisoner under the jurisdiction of the department of corrections has been
       ordered to pay any sum of money as described in [MCL 769.1k] and the department
       of corrections receives an order from the court on a form prescribed by the state
       court administrative office, the department of corrections shall deduct 50% of the
       funds received by the prisoner in a month over $50.00 and promptly forward a
       payment to the court as provided in the order when the amount exceeds $100.00[.]

“MCL 769.1l inherently calculates a prisoner’s general ability to pay and, in effect, creates a
statutory presumption of nonindigency.” People v Jackson, 483 Mich 271, 295; 769 NW2d 630
(2009).

        Defendant argues that Jackson was wrongly decided, but, as discussed earlier, we are not
at liberty to disregard Supreme Court precedent. See Associated Builders, 499 Mich at 191.
Defendant contends that, nevertheless, he overcame the presumption, claiming that he is indigent
because he had appointed counsel both below and on appeal. He further asserts that he receives
limited financial support from loved ones during his incarceration. After determining that pre-
enforcement challenges to an order imposing costs are premature, the Jackson Court stated that
“once enforcement of the fee imposition has begun, and a defendant has made a timely objection
based on his claimed inability to pay, the trial courts should evaluate the defendant’s ability to
pay.” Jackson, 483 Mich at 292-293. The Supreme Court further ruled:

                [I]f a prisoner believes that his unique individual financial circumstances
       rebut § 1l’s presumption of nonindigency, he may petition the court to reduce or
       eliminate the amount that the remittance order requires him to pay. However,
       because we adjudge a prisoner’s indigency at the time of enforcement on the basis
       of manifest hardship and because a prisoner is being provided all significant life
       necessities by the state, we caution that the imprisoned defendant bears a heavy
       burden of establishing his extraordinary financial circumstances. While we do not
       attempt to lay out an extensive formal structure by which trial courts are to review
       these claims, we do direct that they be guided by MCL 771.3(6)(b), which controls
       the similar situation in which a probationer seeks remission of costs owed.
       Specifically, when reviewing a prisoner’s claim, lower courts must receive the
       prisoner’s petition and any proofs of his unique and extraordinary financial
       circumstances. Further, the lower courts should only hold that a prisoner’s
       individual circumstances warrant amending or reducing the remittance order when,
       in its discretion, it determines that enforcement would work a manifest hardship on
       the prisoner or his immediate family. The trial courts are under no obligation to
       hold any formal proceedings. They are only required to amend the remittance order
       when § 1l’s presumption of nonindigency is rebutted with evidence that

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       enforcement would impose a manifest hardship on the prisoner or his immediate
       family. [Id. at 296-297.]

        In this case, the trial court found that defendant failed to present any evidence to rebut the
presumption of nonindigency. On appeal, defendant merely argues that he relies on appointed
counsel, along with vaguely claiming that he receives limited financial support from loved ones.
To the extent that these assertions even constitute “proofs” or evidence, they certainly do not
establish unique and extraordinary financial circumstances that work a manifest hardship on
defendant. We thus hold that the trial court did not err by rejecting defendant’s argument.

        With respect to defendant’s constitutional challenges, he maintains that the statutory
provisions implicated in this case, MCL 769.1k(1)(a), MCL 769.1j(1)(a), and MCL 780.905(1)(a),
are unconstitutional because they create an appearance of partiality on the part of the courts and
therefore violate due process and they violate separation-of-powers principles. Defendant does
not engage in any substantial analysis of these constitutional issues; rather, he directs us to People
v Johnson, 336 Mich App 688; 971 NW2d 692 (2021), and more specifically the Supreme Court’s
order granting leave to appeal in Johnson, 509 Mich 1094 (2022). This Court addressed the very
constitutional arguments raised by defendant in this case, except the focus in Johnson concerned
court costs under MCL 769.1k(1)(b)(iii). Johnson, 336 Mich App at 690-691. The Johnson panel
fully analyzed and rejected the constitutional challenges. Id. at 692-705. Here, defendant argues
that the Supreme Court’s ultimate decision in Johnson will be equally applicable to his
constitutional challenges. Given that defendant effectively maintains that Johnson is applicable,
we shall treat Johnson as governing, at least for the time being, which requires us to reject
defendant’s constitutional arguments. MCR 7.215(J)(1).21

                                        III. CONCLUSION

        Defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, evidentiary error created by an
unconstitutional statute, prosecutorial misconduct, instructional error, and multiple sentencing
defects do not merit reversal. Accordingly, we affirm.

                                                              /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                              /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                              /s/ Kathleen A. Feeney

21
  Defendant is plainly preserving the constitutional arguments for later challenge. We do question
defendant’s belief that the constitutional analysis of court costs would be the same in the context
of analyzing state costs and crime victim’s rights assessments. It is, however, unnecessary for us
to explore the matter in light of defendant’s limited argument.

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