Court Opinion

ID: 4702928
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-12 20:00:40.434045+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:27.711037
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 12 2021
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JESUS CORONA,                                   No.    19-56458

                Petitioner-Appellant,           D.C. No.
                                                5:17-cv-00413-AG-SHK
 v.

NEIL MCDOWELL, Warden,                          MEMORANDUM*

                Respondent-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   Andrew J. Guilford, District Judge, Presiding

                              Submitted July 7, 2021**
                                Pasadena, California

Before: D.M. FISHER,*** WATFORD, and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges.

      Jesus Corona appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of

habeas corpus. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and § 2253. We affirm.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable D. Michael Fisher, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, sitting by designation.
      1. We are precluded from reviewing Corona’s vindictive prosecution claim.

We generally will not “review a question of federal law decided by a state court if

the decision of that court rests on a state law ground that is independent of the federal

question and adequate to support the judgement.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S.

722, 729 (1991). Here, the last reasoned state court decision denied Corona’s habeas

petition because it raised “issues that could have been raised on appeal, but were

not.” Under California’s “Dixon bar,” a petition for a writ of habeas corpus is

procedurally barred when “the claimed errors could have been, but were not, raised

upon a timely appeal from a judgment of conviction.” Ex parte Dixon, 41 Cal. 2d

756, 759 (1953). We have previously recognized this rule as an independent and

adequate state ground. See Johnson v. Montgomery, 899 F.3d 1052, 1060 (9th Cir.

2018). Thus, because California has shown the existence of an independent and

adequate state procedural ground, and because Corona has not asserted “specific

factual allegations that demonstrate the inadequacy of the state procedure,” we may

not review his claim. See Bennett v. Mueller, 322 F.3d 573, 586 (9th Cir. 2003).

      Neither can Corona establish cause and prejudice to excuse the default under

Coleman, 501 U.S. at 746–51, because his underlying vindictive prosecution claim

is without merit. A prosecutor’s decision to modify charges after a defendant

exercises a pretrial procedural right does not create a presumption of prosecutorial

vindictiveness. See United States v. Goodwin, 457 U.S. 368, 381 (1982) (explaining

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that “a defendant before trial is expected to invoke procedural rights that inevitably

impose some ‘burden’ on the prosecutor,” and that, therefore, “[i]t is unrealistic to

assume that a prosecutor’s probable response to such [invocations] is to seek to

penalize and to deter”). Corona likewise has not shown “either direct evidence of

actual vindictiveness or facts that warrant an appearance of such” to establish a prima

facie case of prosecutorial vindictiveness. Nunes v. Ramirez-Palmer, 485 F.3d 432,

441 (9th Cir. 2007) (simplified). Accordingly, Corona cannot show any prejudice

from the application of California’s procedural bar.

      2. Corona raises three uncertified issues in his opening brief. We will only

expand a certificate of appealability where “the applicant has made a substantial

showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). Because

Corona has not made such a showing, we decline to expand the certificate.

      First, Corona’s argument under Napue v. People of State of Ill., 360 U.S. 264,

269 (1959), fails because Corona has not explained (1) how the testimony was false,

(2) how the prosecution knew of said falsity, or (3) how the alleged false testimony

was material, Jackson v. Brown, 513 F.3d 1057, 1071–72 (9th Cir. 2008). Next,

Corona’s argument that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right by

revoking his pro se status fails because “the trial judge may terminate self-

representation by a defendant who deliberately engages in serious and obstructionist

misconduct.” Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 834 n.46 (1975). Finally,

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Corona’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails because Corona himself

caused the lack of communication. See United States v. Plascencia-Orozco, 852

F.3d 910, 917–18 (9th Cir. 2017).

      AFFIRMED.

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