Court Opinion

ID: 8206386
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-14 17:09:37.833991+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:15.081989
License: Public Domain

J-A15014-22
J-A15015-22
                            2022 PA Super 157

 IN THE INTEREST OF: M.E., A          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MINOR                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                      :
                                      :
 APPEAL OF: J.E.E., FATHER            :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :   No. 113 WDA 2022

             Appeal from the Order Entered January 18, 2022
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Orphans' Court at
                        No(s): CP-02-AP-77-2021

 IN THE INTEREST OF: M.E., A          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MINOR                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                      :
                                      :
 APPEAL OF: J.E.E. FATHER             :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :   No. 114 WDA 2022

             Appeal from the Order Entered January 18, 2022
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Orphans' Court at
                        No(s): CP-02-AP-78-2021

 IN THE INTEREST OF: M.E., A          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MINOR                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                      :
                                      :
 APPEAL OF: K.E., MOTHER              :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :   No. 133 WDA 2022

             Appeal from the Order Entered January 18, 2022
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Orphans' Court at
                     No(s): CP-02-AP-0000077-2021
J-A15014-22
J-A15015-22

    IN THE INTEREST OF: M.E., A                :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    MINOR                                      :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: K.E., MOTHER                    :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 134 WDA 2022

               Appeal from the Order Entered January 18, 2022
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Orphans' Court at
                       No(s): CP-02-AP-0000078-2021

BEFORE: BOWES, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

OPINION BY BOWES, J.:                            FILED: September 14, 2022

       J.E. (“Father”) and K.E. (“Mother”) appeal from the orders entered on

January 18, 2022, which involuntarily terminated their parental rights to

M.M.E. and M.R.E., their minor daughters born in July 2016 and August 2019,

respectively.1 After review, we affirm.

       This case, and the involvement of Allegheny County Children, Youth and

Families (“CYF”) with this family, stems from severe injuries inflicted upon

M.R.E. when she was approximately one month old. M.R.E.’s pediatrician was

the first person to discover the injuries. The orphans’ court recounted the

facts in the certified record regarding the pediatrician’s discovery as follows:

       [Around 2:30 p.m.] on Wednesday, September 11, 2019,
       [M]other called the pediatrician’s office to obtain an appointment
       for [M.R.E.] later that same day. Mother indicated she requested
____________________________________________

1  We consolidated the appeals for ease of disposition because they involve
identical facts and stem from parallel orders, which the orphans’ court
reinforced in a single opinion filed pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).

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      the appointment because [M.R.E.] was not consuming a lot of
      food, and when she did eat, [M.R.E.] would vomit.

             When [F]ather returned home from work that day, the
      parents and both children went to the pediatrician’s office for the
      appointment. The pediatrician, Dr. Brittany Raburn, had a note
      on the schedule that [M.R.E.’s] appointment was because [M.R.E.]
      was “not eating well, no fever, refusing to eat at times, wet diaper
      one hour ago.” Upon arrival in the examination room, Dr.
      Raburn’s staff conducted a pulse ox reading on the baby, which
      came back at 94 percent. Dr. Raburn entered the examination
      room and observed that the baby was in clear distress, with a
      pulse ox reading of 84 percent. Dr. Raburn told [Father and
      Mother] she was going to call an ambulance and estimated she
      made this decision within a minute of being in the room and
      observing the child. While the nurses in the pediatrician’s office
      called for the ambulance, Dr. Raburn had oxygen brought to
      [M.R.E.] Other than the crying and distress, Dr. Raburn noticed
      that there was bruising on [M.R.E.’s] face that was “quite
      significant,” specifically, “bluish bruising on both cheeks” and
      “other scattered bruising on her body as well.” Dr. Raburn
      attempted to get an explanation from [Father and Mother] but the
      main concern they identified was that “she wasn't feeding
      appropriate, that she wasn’t taking her bottles as she normally did
      in the last two days. That was their biggest complaint.” Upon her
      further questioning, [Father and Mother] acknowledged that they
      noticed the infant had some difficulty breathing earlier that day.

Orphans’ Court Opinion, 3/3/22, at 2-4 (citations omitted).

      Following her transport by ambulance to Children’s Hospital of

Pittsburgh, M.R.E. was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (“PICU”)

in critical condition.   Dr. Jennifer Clarke, who is employed by Children’s

Hospital of Pittsburgh in the Child Advocacy Center (“CAC”) department,

examined M.R.E. as part of a consult on M.R.E.’s medical situation.          The

orphans’ court provided the following summary of Dr. Clarke’s assessment of

M.R.E.’s injuries:

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           M.R.E. had nineteen total rib fractures, and as a result of
     that trauma, there was fluid and blood in her chest that required
     a chest tube for drainage, and she required continued oxygen
     support through a nasal cannula. These rib fractures, Dr. Clarke
     stated, is most commonly caused in infants by “squeezing.”

            The CT scan showed “parietal skull fractures, as well as
     blood in her brain, subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhages,”
     which was confirmed by MRI. Dr. Clarke explained that these
     injuries would have resulted from a violent shaking of the child
     and an impact to the back of the child’s head.

           MRI of [M.R.E.’s] cervical spine showed edema in her soft
     tissue indicative of a neck sprain. In addition to the fluid in her
     chest, the chest CT also showed “extensive soft tissue swelling of
     her back,” which was concerning for additional impact trauma,
     such as a “slam down on her back.”

           The abdominal CT depicted a linear, one to two centimeter
     laceration of her liver. Dr. Clarke stated this would have been due
     to a blunt force trauma and could have been a result of “a stomp
     on her, that would be compressive forces, and potentially explain
     some of her injuries.”

           The skeletal survey which, in addition to the nineteen rib
     fractures, showed a transverse radius fracture in her left arm, and
     multiple corner fractures in her legs. Dr. Clark stated that the
     forearm fracture is normally seen with direct impact trauma “or a
     very strong yank or grab to that forearm.” Dr. Clarke also
     explained that the corner fractures in her legs, located around her
     knees and her ankles, usually occur with yanking or jerking of the
     extremity, which could also happen if extremities were flailing
     during a violent shake.

           Finally, Dr. Clarke found that there was a nearly healed
     upper frenulum injury. Dr. Clarke stated that the frenulum injury
     occurs in toddlers who run and fall but that a four[-]week[-]old
     infant could not cause this injury. Dr. Clarke stated that the infant
     could not have caused the bruising on her face and body. As a
     result of all these injuries, the baby was in the [PICU] for five
     days, and but for the healing frenulum injuries, the doctor
     estimated that the acute injuries were inflicted in the preceding
     72 hours.

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Id. at 4-6 (citations omitted; paragraph breaks added).

       Dr. Clarke also offered an assessment of the bruising on M.R.E.’s face.

As the orphans’ court explained:

       Dr. Clarke reviewed the photos from [a] professional photo shoot
       that occurred on [Monday,] September 9, 2019, between 9:00
       and 10:00 a.m.,[2] and concluded that [M.R.E.] had already been
       abused by that point, as there was visible facial bruising on her
       right cheek, right jaw, and left forehead in those pictures, which
       correlated to the pictures taken in the hospital on September 11[,]
       and 12, 2019. Dr. Clark further reported that the “facial bruises
       resulted from impact trauma — either forceful impact or grabbing
       — that would not occur from normal, routine care of a neonate,
       from self-inflicted trauma or from a short household fall (the latter
       two being histories provided by her caregivers)[3].”

Id. at 7 (citing CYF Exhibit 9).

       After conducting her consult, Dr. Clarke opined that M.R.E.’s injuries

were indicative of abuse. She summarized her finding in her report as follows:

       [M.R.E.] has extensive injuries that resulted from severe, inflicted
       violent trauma. These injuries are diagnostic of physical child
       abuse. Not only did she experience substantial pain at the time
       her injuries occurred, she continues to be in substantial pain and
       requires external respiratory support. [M.R.E.] is in serious
       condition, is admitted to the [PICU], and this qualifies as a Near
       Fatality from Injuries due to Child Abuse under Pennsylvania
       Law.[4] Given the history of prior bruising and an injured upper
____________________________________________

2  Two days prior to M.R.E.’s admission to the hospital, Mother had arranged
for a photographer to take photographs of the family.

3 As explained more infra, an accidental fall from the bed was the first possible
explanation Father eventually provided. Father and Mother also maintained
M.R.E. cut her frenulum with her fingernails and bruised her face by sleeping
with her fists against her jaw.

4 See 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303 (defining “child abuse” and “near fatality” for
purposes of the Child Protective Services Law, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 6301 – 6388).

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      frenulum, [M.R.E.] has been abused on more than one occasion.
      She did not cause her bruising and frenulum injury. A fall from
      any household bed does not result in the extensive, massive
      injuries present in [M.R.E.] In addition, there is no medical
      condition that exists that would predispose these traumatic
      injuries in [M.R.E.]. She will die if she is returned to the
      environment in which she was abused.         [M.R.E.] became
      symptomatic immediately after she was injured. Any reasonable
      adult would have recognized how severely ill [M.R.E.] was and
      sought medical attention.

CYF Exhibit 9.

      A ChildLine report of child abuse pursuant to the Child Protective

Services Law (“CPSL”) alerted CYF and the police to the situation.

Detective Michael Heinl from the Shaler Township Police Department, where

Father and Mother resided, and Josie Pickens, a CYF intake caseworker,

interviewed Father and Mother on the same night M.R.E. was admitted to

Children’s Hospital.

      Initially, neither parent offered any explanation for how M.R.E. was

injured. Both parents insisted M.R.E. seemed fine, other than her growing

resistance to feeding on Tuesday and Wednesday that caused Mother to call

the pediatrician and both parents to accompany her to the appointment. Both

parents agreed that they were the only individuals who provided care for

M.R.E. in the seventy-two hours prior to M.R.E.’s hospital admission. Both

parents had opportunities to be alone with M.R.E., but generally, each

participated in child caring duties such as bottle feedings and diaper changes.

      Detective Heinl interviewed Father again on Thursday, September 12,

2019. This time, Father stated that while Mother was at an appointment on

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Monday afternoon, he went to the bathroom and left M.R.E. laying on top of

the bed in his bedroom.       When he returned, three-year-old M.M.E. was

standing over M.R.E., who was now lying face up on the hardwood floor.

According to Father, M.R.E. seemed fine so he did not tell Mother about this

incident until right before he told Detective Heinl.

      After consulting with Dr. Clarke, Detective Heinl told Father and Mother

that Dr. Clarke did not believe a three-year-old child’s pulling an infant off a

bed onto the floor was consistent with M.R.E.’s injuries.      Detective Heinl

informed Father and Mother he was leaving to consult with the District

Attorney’s office about filing criminal charges against them. Detective Heinl

returned quickly upon a call from Ms. Pickens, who informed him Father

wanted to make an additional disclosure after speaking privately with Mother.

      Detective Heinl interviewed Father and Mother again, this time recording

the interview.   As Detective Heinl later recounted at the termination of

parental rights hearing, Father stated that he “grabbed” M.R.E. by the arm,

“lifted” her up, “looked” at her, and gave her “a squeeze and a quick shake to

stop [her] from crying.”    N.T., 10/18/21, at 208; see also CYF Exhibit 2.

Father contended this occurred on Monday evening, September 9, 2019,

around 6:00 p.m. while Mother and M.M.E. were playing outside in the yard

on M.M.E.’s swing set.

      As a result of Father’s disclosure, the Commonwealth charged Father

with endangering the welfare of children and two counts of aggravated

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assault. Through search warrants, the Commonwealth searched Father and

Mother’s respective cell phones, which revealed two significant findings. First,

after M.M.E. had been admitted to the hospital, Father’s brother-in-law

(“Foster Father”) texted Father to see how he was doing. Father responded,

“[I]t is difficult to look my family in the face knowing they know what I have

done[.]” N.T., 10/18/21, at 216.

       Second, Detective Heinl obtained a history of web searches conducted

by Mother from September 5, 2019, to September 11, 2019. During that

timeframe, Mother conducted web searches using a variety of key words such

as “bruising on baby, baby is not eating, bruising on jaw line, baby difficulty

eating.” Id. at 213; see also CYF Exhibit 3. Based on these web searches

and her failure to obtain medical help for M.R.E., the Commonwealth charged

Mother with endangering the welfare of a child.

       At a point in time unclear from the certified record, the Childline child

abuse report was indicated as to Father and Mother. See N.T., 11/18/21, at

33.    In February 2021, Father’s criminal case proceeded to trial.            The

Commonwealth nolle prossed the charges against Mother in exchange for her

cooperation and testimony on behalf of the Commonwealth in Father’s case.5

See CYF Exhibit 3.        Mother testified at trial, as did Detective Heinl.   The

____________________________________________

5  Mother and Father separated after the incident. Mother later filed for
divorce, which was finalized prior to the hearing to terminate their parental
rights.

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criminal trial adjourned for more testimony, but during the break, Father’s

mother, whom he intended to call as a witness, died. Upon the advice of his

criminal counsel, Father pleaded nolo contendere to the first-degree felony

charge of aggravated assault – attempt to cause serious bodily injury with

extreme indifference, 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1). The Commonwealth withdrew

the other charges against him.     On March 29, 2021, the criminal court

sentenced Father to Allegheny County Jail for a minimum of 11 months and

29 days to a maximum of one year, 11 months, and 28 days. CYF Exhibit 3.

Father was incarcerated from late April 2021 until late July 2021, when he was

released on house arrest to serve the remainder of his sentence.

   •   Dependency of M.M.E. and M.R.E.

       On September 11, 2019, the same night M.R.E. was admitted to

Children’s Hospital, CYF obtained an emergency custody authorization (“ECA”)

order permitting CYF to remove M.M.E. and M.R.E. from the care of Father

and Mother. Although then-three-year-old M.M.E. did not present with any

injuries, CYF also obtained an ECA for her because of the severity of M.R.E.’s

injuries and M.M.E.’s vulnerability due to her young age.

       The following day, CYF placed M.M.E. in kinship foster care with her

paternal aunt (“Foster Mother”) and Foster Father (collectively, “Foster

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Parents”). CYF placed M.R.E. with Foster Parents upon her discharge from

Children’s Hospital.6

       The juvenile court conducted a shelter hearing on September 16, 2019,

ordering M.M.E. and M.R.E. to remain in foster care. CYF filed petitions to

adjudicate M.M.E. and M.R.E. dependent pursuant to the Juvenile Act, 42

Pa.C.S. §§ 6301 – 6375. At the adjudication hearing on October 21, 2019,

Father and Mother stipulated to the adjudication of dependency for both

children, “acknowledging [M.R.E.] had suffered serious injuries while in their

care but that the parents did not know how these injuries occurred.” Orphans’

Court Opinion, 3/3/22, at 9.           CYF also offered testimony of Dr. Clarke,

Dr. Rayburn, and Ms. Pickens. Mother testified on her own behalf, but Father

did not upon the advice of counsel due to the pending criminal charges against

him.

       At the conclusion of the hearing, the juvenile court adjudicated M.M.E.

and M.R.E. dependent. In its findings of fact, the juvenile court found M.R.E.

was a victim of child abuse by her only caregivers, Father and Mother, and

neither parent provided “any plausible explanations to account for M.R.E.’s

injuries.” CYF Exhibit 7. Additionally, the juvenile court did not find Mother’s

testimony to be credible that M.R.E. was not showing any signs of distress

other than not eating, given Dr. Rayburn’s testimony that M.R.E. had visible

____________________________________________

6 M.M.E. and M.R.E. remained in foster care with Foster Parents throughout
their dependency. Foster Parents are willing to adopt both children.

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bruising and was “screaming and having difficulty breathing,” prompting

Dr. Rayburn to call an ambulance for M.R.E. within a minute of seeing her.

Id.

      This court saw the photos of the bruises and agrees that any
      reasonable adult would have known something was wrong with
      [M.R.E.]. This court also finds that based on the totality of the
      severe injuries inflicted upon [M.R.E.] by the time she was only
      28 days old, the lack of plausible explanation for the injuries,
      Father’s confession that [Dr. Clarke] did not think explained all of
      the causes of the injuries, and Mother’s testimony that she did not
      notice anything wrong other than [M.R.E.] not eating as much,
      that [M.M.E.] is also without proper parental care and control and
      that there would be imminent risk remaining in this household.

Id.

      In June 2020, the juvenile court made a finding of aggravated

circumstances against Father and Mother based on the child abuse to M.R.E.

It deferred its determination on whether CYF should cease making reasonable

efforts to reunify the family, and CYF continued to do so.

      Throughout the two years M.M.E. and M.R.E. remained in foster care,

the juvenile court conducted seven permanency review hearings. At every

hearing, the juvenile court found Mother and Father to be compliant with the

objectives the court ordered them to achieve. Mother successfully completed

coached parenting sessions with Project Star; non-offenders’ treatment at

Family Resources’ nurturing parenting program; the Circle of Security

parenting program, and counseling through the Women’s Center and Shelter.

Mother simultaneously participated in weekly therapy with two different

providers, Family Links and Collaborative Psychiatric Centers.           Father

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successfully completed coached parenting sessions with Project Star and non-

offenders’ treatment at Family Resources’ nurturing parenting program. He

also participated in mental health counseling at Choices Counseling.            Both

parents    underwent       multiple    court-ordered   forensic   evaluations   with

psychologist Terry O’Hara, although prior to his plea Father declined to discuss

certain topics with Dr. O’Hara. The parents also regularly visited M.M.E. and

M.R.E. multiple times a week under the supervision of service providers or

family members.7

       Despite the parents’ compliance with their goals, the juvenile court

continually found each parent to have made little progress in rectifying the

circumstances necessitating M.M.E. and M.R.E.’s placement into foster care,

based upon their ongoing failure to acknowledge and take responsibility for

the full extent of the severe abuse to M.R.E. See CYF Exhibit 7.

       On April 27, 2021, CYF filed petitions to terminate involuntarily the

parental rights of Father pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511 (a)(2), (a)(5), (a)(8),

____________________________________________

7  Each parent visited separately. Initially, orders in Father and Mother’s
pending criminal matters prohibited them from contacting M.M.E. and M.R.E.
The criminal court lifted Mother’s no-contact orders and Father’s order as to
M.M.E. early in the dependency case. Father’s no-contact order regarding
M.R.E. stayed in place until November 23, 2020, over a year after M.R.E.
entered care. Father did not visit either child during his three months in prison
from April to July 2021.

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(a)(9), and (b), and Mother pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511 (a)(2), (a)(5),

(a)(8), and (b).

       The orphans’ court conducted hearings on CYF’s petitions on October 18,

2021, November 18, 2021, and January 6, 2022. At the time of the hearings,

M.M.E. was age five and M.R.E. was age two.8 CYF presented the testimony

of Dr. O’Hara, the forensic psychologist; Dr. Clarke, the medical child abuse

expert; Valerie Shaffer, M.M.E.’s therapist; Detective Heinl, the investigating

detective; William Pipkins, a supervisor at the foster care agency supervising

visits and transporting the children to visits; and Erin Burzynski, CYF family

services caseworker. CYF introduced a variety of exhibits, including Father’s

criminal record, the transcripts from Father’s criminal trial and the dependency

adjudication hearing, reports from Dr. O’Hara, and the dependency orders.

       Mother, who was represented by court-appointed counsel, testified on

her own behalf. She also introduced the testimony of Emily Anderson, her

mental health therapist at FamilyLinks; June Ganley, her other mental health

therapist at Collaborative Psychiatric Services; and the children’s maternal

grandmother. Father, who had his own court-appointed counsel, also testified

on his own behalf and presented the testimony of Heidi Hysong, CYF adoption

____________________________________________

8  Prior to the contested hearings, the orphans’ court appointed KidsVoice as
legal counsel for M.M.E. and M.R.E. KidsVoice is the legal organization
representing M.M.E. and M.R.E. as guardian ad litem in the dependency case.
The orphans’ court’s May 11, 2021 pre-trial order indicated there was no
conflict with KidsVoice’s acceptance of the appointments.

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caseworker; his sister-in-law; and Carly Petit, a Project Star caseworker who

supervised visits early on in the case.          Mother and Father also introduced

records from various service providers.

      Following the conclusion of the hearings, the orphans’ court entered

orders, dated January 6, 2022, and entered on January 22, 2022, involuntarily

terminating the parental rights of Father and Mother under all grounds pleaded

by CYF.

      Father and Mother each timely filed notices of appeal from the

termination   orders     concurrently   with      concise   statements   of   matters

complained of on appeal. The orphans’ court issued one opinion pursuant to

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a). On appeal, Mother and Father ask this Court to decide

whether the orphans’ court erred or abused its discretion in the terminating

their rights under 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a) and (b). See Father’s brief at 3-5;

Mother’s brief at 8-9.

      We review these issues mindful of our well-settled standard of review.

“In cases concerning the involuntary termination of parental rights, appellate

review is limited to a determination of whether the decree of the termination

court is supported by competent evidence.” In re Adoption of C.M., 255

A.3d 343, 358 (Pa. 2021). When applying this standard, the appellate court

must accept the trial court’s findings of fact and credibility determinations if

they are supported by the record. Interest of S.K.L.R., 256 A.3d 1108, 1123

(Pa. 2021).   “Where the trial court’s factual findings are supported by the

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evidence, an appellate court may not disturb the trial court’s ruling unless it

has discerned an error of law or abuse of discretion.”      In re Adoption of

L.A.K., 265 A.3d 580, 591 (Pa. 2021).

      “[A]n abuse of discretion does not result merely because the reviewing

court might have reached a different conclusion” or “the facts could support

an opposite result.” In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826-27 (Pa. 2012).

Instead, an appellate court may reverse for an abuse of discretion “only upon

demonstration of manifest unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-

will.” Id. at 826. This standard of review reflects the deference we pay to

trial courts, who often observe the parties first-hand across multiple hearings.

Interest of S.K.L.R., supra at 1123-24.

      In considering a petition to terminate parental rights, a trial court must

balance the parent’s fundamental “right to make decisions concerning the

care, custody, and control” of his or her child with the “child’s essential needs

for a parent’s care, protection, and support.”          C.M., supra at 358.

Termination of parental rights has “significant and permanent consequences

for both the parent and child.” L.A.K. supra, at 591. As such, the law of this

Commonwealth requires the moving party to establish the statutory grounds

by clear and convincing evidence, which is evidence that is so “clear, direct,

weighty, and convincing as to enable a trier of fact to come to a clear

conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” C.M.

supra, at 359 (citation omitted).

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       Termination of parental rights is governed by § 2511 of the Adoption

Act.    “Subsection (a) provides eleven enumerated grounds describing

particular conduct of a parent which would warrant involuntary termination.”

C.M., supra at 359; see also 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1)-(11). In evaluating

whether the petitioner proved grounds under § 2511(a), the trial court must

focus on the parent’s conduct and avoid using a “balancing or best interest

approach.” Interest of L.W., 267 A.3d 517, 524 n.6 (Pa.Super. 2021). If

the trial court determines the petitioner established grounds for termination

under § 2511(a) by clear and convincing evidence, the court then must assess

the petition under § 2511(b), which focuses on the child’s needs and welfare.

In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013).

       This Court need only agree with any one subsection of § 2511(a), in

addition to § 2511(b), in order to affirm the termination of parental rights.

See In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa.Super. 2004) (en banc). Thus, we

will examine    Mother’s arguments pursuant      to   § 2511(a)(8), Father’s

arguments pursuant to § 2511(a)(9)(ii), and both parents’ arguments

pursuant to (b). Those statutory provisions are as follows:

       (a) General Rule.—The rights of a parent in regard to a child
       may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
       grounds:

                  ....

            (8) The child has been removed from the care of the
            parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement
            with an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from
            the date of removal or placement, the conditions

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            which led to the removal or placement of the child
            continue to exist and termination of parental rights
            would best serve the needs and welfare of the child.

            (9) The parent has been convicted of one of the
            following in which the victim was a child of the parent:

                        ....

                   (ii) a felony under 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702
                   (relating to aggravated assault)[.]

            ....

      (b) Other considerations.—The court in terminating the rights
      of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
      physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights
      of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
      environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
      income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
      control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant
      to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any
      efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein
      which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
      filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a), (b).

  •   Grounds Regarding Father

      Father argues that this Court should reverse the determination of the

orphans’   court   to   terminate   his   parental   rights   pursuant   to   23

Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(9)(ii) because it relied upon his conviction for aggravated

assault following his plea of nolo contendere. Father’s brief at 28-30. Father

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argues his plea of nolo contendere was not an admission of guilt and had no

effect beyond his criminal case.9 Id. For the following reasons, we disagree.

       Father’s argument confuses the effect of his plea with the effect of his

conviction. To constitute grounds for termination under § 2511(a)(9)(ii), CYF

must prove that “[t]he parent has been convicted of one of the following in

which the victim was a child of the parent . . . (ii) a felony under 18 Pa.C.S.

§ 2702 (relating to aggravated assault)[.]” 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(9)(ii). By

its plain language, the Adoption Act only requires the petitioner to introduce

proof of the parent’s conviction, not proof of the facts underlying the parent’s

guilt. Generally, a nolo contendere plea cannot serve as an admission of guilt

to certain facts in another proceeding. Commonwealth v. Moser, 999 A.2d

602, 606 (Pa.Super. 2010). However, where, as here, a statute attaches legal

____________________________________________

9   Father cites In re Adoption of M.J.F., 2019 WL 160195 (Pa.Super. 2019)
(non-precedential decision) for the proposition that “this [C]ourt held that a
plea of nolo contender cannot be part of a consideration in determining
whether an Agency presented clear and convincing evidence to justify
termination of parental rights.” Father’s brief at 29. Father’s reliance upon
our purported holding is misplaced. We did not hold that evidence of a nolo
plea is of no value. Instead, in a footnote addressing the effect of a father’s
nolo plea on the agency’s burden to present certain facts about the alleged
child abuse, we acknowledge that “a plea of nolo contendere is not an
admission to the underlying conduct.” In re Adoption of M.J.F., supra at
*14 n.9. Hence, we concluded that the plea entered in that case could not be
used as an admission of guilt to establish the facts underlying the abuse.
Phrased differently, while a plea of nolo contender is not an admission of guilt,
it is proof of conviction. As we explain in the body of this opinion, CYF did not
invoke Father’s plea to establish any facts underlying the assault of his
daughter, but rather, to demonstrate the mere fact of Father’s conviction of
felony aggravated assault.

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consequences to the mere fact of a conviction, proof of a conviction, even if it

followed a nolo contendere plea, is enough to satisfy the statute.         See

Eisenberg v. Commonwealth of Pa., Dept. of Public Welfare, 516 A.2d

333, 336 (Pa. 1986) (upholding use of nolo contendere plea because the

operative fact is the conviction and not the nature of the plea). Thus, the

orphans’ court did not err in considering Father’s aggravated assault

conviction as competent evidence establishing grounds to terminate parental

rights pursuant to § 2511(a)(9)(ii), which requires only proof that Father was

convicted of committing a felony aggravated assault against M.R.E. In this

regard, CYS satisfied its burden by presenting evidence of the nolo plea, which

has the same effect as a plea of guilty as to proof of conviction.         See

Commonwealth v. Norton, 201 A.3d 112, 114 n.1 (Pa. 2019) (although plea

of nolo contendere is not admission of underlying facts, “for purposes of a

criminal case, a plea of nolo contendere is equivalent to a plea of guilty.”).

Accordingly, we conclude the orphans’ court did not abuse its discretion in

finding CYF established the statutory grounds to terminate Father’s parental

rights pursuant to § 2511(a)(9)(ii).

   •   Grounds Regarding Mother

       To satisfy § 2511(a)(8), the petitioner must show three components:

(1) that the child has been removed from the care of the parent for at least

twelve months; (2) that the conditions which led to the removal or placement

of the child still exist; and (3) that termination of parental rights would best

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serve the needs and welfare of the child. In re Adoption of J.N.M., 177

A.3d 937, 943 (Pa.Super. 2018).

      Unlike other subsections, § 2511(a)(8) does not require the court to

evaluate a parent’s willingness or ability to remedy the conditions that led to

the placement of the children. In re M.A.B., 166 A.3d 434, 446 (Pa.Super.

2017). “[T]he relevant inquiry” regarding the second prong of § 2511(a)(8)

“is whether the conditions that led to removal have been remedied and thus

whether reunification of parent and child is imminent at the time of the

hearing.” In re I.J., 972 A.2d 5, 11 (Pa.Super. 2009). Further, the Adoption

Act prohibits the court from considering, as part of the § 2511(a)(8) analysis,

“any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described [in the petition]

which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the filing of the

petition.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b).

      Although § 2511(a) generally focuses on the behavior of the parent, the

third prong of § 2511(a)(8) specifically “accounts for the needs of the child.”

In re C.L.G., 956 A.2d 999, 1008-09 (Pa.Super. 2008) (en banc). This Court

has recognized “that the application of [§ 2511(a)(8)] may seem harsh when

the parent has begun to make progress toward resolving the problems that

had led to the removal of her children.” In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d

502, 513 (Pa.Super. 2006).

      However, by allowing for termination when the conditions that led
      to removal of a child continue to exist after a year, the statute
      implicitly recognizes that a child’s life cannot be held in abeyance
      while a parent attempts to attain the maturity necessary to

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      assume parenting responsibilities. The court cannot and will not
      subordinate indefinitely a child’s need for permanence and
      stability to a parent’s claims of progress and hope for the future.
      Indeed, we work under statutory and case law that contemplates
      only a short period of time, to wit [eighteen] months, in which to
      complete the process of either reunification or adoption for a child
      who has been placed in foster care.

Id.

      Mother contends that the orphans’ court abused its discretion in

terminating her parental rights under § 2511(a)(8), arguing that CYF did not

prove the conditions continued to exist and that termination of her rights met

the children’s needs and welfare. Mother acknowledges “M.R.E. was abused,”

and admits she should have acted sooner in obtaining medical care for

M.R.E.’s injuries.   Mother’s brief at 28.    Much like her testimony at the

termination hearing, Mother’s brief is vague as to who abused M.R.E. or how

M.R.E. was abused.     Instead, she argues that she was not M.R.E.’s sole

caregiver and “if she simply doesn’t know how the injuries occurred” it is

impossible for her to explain how M.R.E. was injured.       Id. at 28.   Mother

emphasizes her complete compliance with all her goals, her acceptance of

responsibility in not protecting M.R.E., and her improvement in her protective

capacity after working with multiple service providers and counselors. Id. at

28-29.

      In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, the orphans’ court credited Mother’s

compliance with services, efforts towards addressing her goals, and positive

interactions with M.M.E. and M.R.E. at visits. See Orphans’ Court Opinion,

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3/2/22, at 23-24. Nevertheless, the court stressed that the one thing that

remained unchanged between M.M.E. and M.R.E.’s entry into foster care and

the termination hearings was that Mother never provided a credible

explanation and full account of how M.R.E. was injured, accepted responsibility

for abusing her, or provided acknowledgement or understanding as to how

M.R.E. suffered such serious injuries by four weeks of age without Mother’s

recognition of the abuse or M.R.E.’s substantial pain. Id. at 24, 38. At its

core, Mother did not fully address the underlying conditions that led to the

severe abuse of M.R.E., the failure to protect M.R.E. from such abuse, and the

failure to recognize M.R.E.’s grave distress and obtain prompt medical care.

See id.   Without such, the orphans’ court determined that the conditions

leading to the removal of M.M.E. and M.R.E. continued to exist and termination

of Mother’s rights served the needs and welfare of M.M.E. and M.R.E. to ensure

their safety. Id.

      While this is a close case, given our standard of review and the support

in the certified record for the orphans’ court’s factual findings, we discern no

abuse of discretion in the trial court’s determination. M.M.E. and M.R.E. have

been in foster care for over two years, having been placed there after M.R.E.

suffered near-fatal injuries due to the physical abuse by one or both of her

parents. According to Dr. Clarke, M.R.E. suffered multiple instances of abuse.

First, she experienced a frenulum injury and bruising on the face prior to 9

a.m. on Monday, September 9, 2019. Her other injuries, namely, the skull,

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rib, arm, and leg fractures, the neck sprain, the liver laceration, and the blood

and fluid in her chest, brain, and spine, all occurred in one or multiple incidents

between Sunday afternoon, September 8, 2019, and Wednesday afternoon,

September 11, 2019.       See N.T., 10/18/21, at 144.       M.R.E. had only two

caregivers during the timeframe in question: Father and Mother, both of whom

provided hands-on care to M.R.E. and had ample access to her.

      Dr. Clarke was quite clear that there was neither a “medical explanation”

nor an “accidental history” provided by Father and Mother throughout the case

“that would reasonably explain [M.R.E.’s] constellation of injuries.”        N.T.,

10/18/21, at 143. Not even Father’s admission that he shook M.R.E. one time,

which led to his aggravated assault conviction, accounts for all M.R.E.’s

injuries. Id. at 150; see also id. at 156 (Dr. Clarke’s testimony that it is

possible both Father and Mother were perpetrators). “When asked what could

have possibly caused all of these injuries to a four[-]week[-]old infant,

Dr. Clarke responded, ‘Extraordinary violence multiple times.’” Id. at 154;

see also id. at 133-60 (Dr. Clarke’s opining that based on the nature of her

injuries, M.R.E. did not experience one single act of violence, but may have

experienced blunt force and impact to her midsection, an impact to her skull

with “acceleration deceleration forces,” yanking or jerking of extremities, and

“violent shaking,” squeezing, and/or stomping).

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       Even assuming arguendo that only Father participated in the physical

abuse, which is something that remains a question,10 the evidence indicates

that Mother failed to protect M.R.E. by not recognizing signs of abuse over

time or that she was in severe distress.           Due to the sheer number of rib

fractures M.R.E. had, Dr. Clarke believes M.R.E. would have exhibited

____________________________________________

10 At the termination hearings, Father insisted he went “to jail for something
[he] didn’t do,” and claimed Detective Heinl misinterpreted his alleged
confession. N.T., 1/6/22, at 14, 54, 61 (claiming M.R.E.’s body shook when
he lifted her, not that Father shook the infant). Instead, Father blames
M.R.E.’s injuries upon Mother, insisting that Mother stepped on M.R.E. on
Wednesday while he was at work. Id. at 34-37, 63. He based his belief on
statements made by M.M.E., who has told Father and others that Mother
stepped on M.R.E. Id. at 37. He also pointed to an incident where M.R.E.
stomped on a baby doll on the floor while stating that “this is what mommy
did to [M.R.E.]” Id. at 38-39.

   There is some support in the record regarding Father’s allegations. Father
introduced a visit summary authored by visitation supervisor Carly Petit. See
Father’s Exhibit 1. In a visit with Mother two months after their removal,
M.M.E. stated, “Mom[,] remember when you stepped on [M.R.E.]” Id.
According to the visit notes, “Mother redirected her immediately
stating[,‘]no[,] that didn’t happen[’] and [M.M.E.] said it again.” Id. M.M.E.’s
psychotherapist, Valerie Shaffer, testified at the hearing that M.M.E. has said
several times in therapy that Mother hurt M.R.E. and stepped on M.R.E. See
N.T., 10/18/21, at 168-75. Additionally, when Ms. Shaffer discussed Father’s
upcoming incarceration in therapy, M.M.E. responded, “[M]y daddy didn’t do
anything, though. Mommy hurt [M.R.E.]” Id. at 175. Ms. Shaffer has not
seen any signs that an adult influenced M.M.E.’s beliefs about the incident.
Id. Dr. O’Hara, on the other hand, could not rule out the possibility that
statements by paternal relatives, some of whom have tension with Mother,
may have influenced M.M.E. to make the statements. Id. at 70-74. See also
CYF Exhibit 7 (March 4, 2020 permanency review order noting juvenile court’s
caution in ascribing significance to M.M.E.’s statements due to conflict
between the sides of the family and M.M.E.’s placement with paternal
relatives). The orphans’ court, however, did not make a finding regarding
these statements in the termination matter.

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respiratory distress and a reasonable parent should have recognized her

breathing difficulties. See N.T., 10/18/21, at 155. According to Dr. Clarke,

M.R.E. “would have died” if she did not receive the chest tube to clear her

lungs in the hospital.    Id. at 142-43.      Dr. Clarke acknowledges M.R.E.’s

difficulty in breathing could have gotten incrementally worse as more blood

and fluid collected in her lungs. Id. at 155. However, M.R.E.’s substantial

pain would have been immediate. Id. at 154. Also, while some of her injuries

may not have been obvious to a non-offending parent, the bruising on her

face, which existed prior to Monday morning, clearly was. Id. at 158.

      As Dr. Rayburn, the pediatrician, had explained at the adjudication

hearing, she immediately was struck at the “incongruent” situation.            CYF

Exhibit 4.   In her words, before her was a “newborn that was in clear

respiratory distress with obvious bruising, but [Father and Mother] were

anchored on the feeding.” Id. Mother even brought out M.R.E.’s bottle to

show Dr. Rayburn the amount M.R.E. ate that day compared to the amount

M.R.E. typically ate, but the amount differed only by a few milliliters. Id.

      CYF also proved that the risk Mother posed to the safety of M.M.E. and

M.R.E. continued to exist after two years in foster care. The failure of both

parents to admit what happened and to accept responsibility for their specific

actions hindered CYF’s ability to offer specific services targeting the underlying

causes of their abuse and/or failure to protect M.R.E.       As Dr. O’Hara, the

forensic psychologist explained:

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      without acknowledging specifics and particulars it is very difficult
      to address issues, such as potential anger management concerns,
      low frustration tolerance, a history of aggression, thoughts that
      may justify aggressive behaviors, or, on the other hand, issues of
      a protective capacity and the importance of being vigilant,
      recognizing particular warning signs, why one perhaps neglected
      to act in the face of significant warning signs of a
      partner. . . . [W]ithout this sort of concrete specific examination
      of various themes, . . . it is difficult to make substantive progress.

N.T., 10/18/21, at 22. See also N.T., 11/18/21, at 38 (CYF caseworker’s

testimony that without a full accounting of what happened to M.R.E., CYF was

unable to set goals for the parents that fully addressed their incapacity to

parent).

      Although Mother denies being the perpetrator, unlike Father, Mother

acknowledges some responsibility for her role in M.R.E.’s plight. Throughout

her testimony at the termination hearing, Mother professed an understanding

that she “failed to act” and should have realized M.R.E. was hurt and in pain.

N.T., 11/18/21, at 127. She admitted she did not think M.R.E. was being

abused and she “made excuses for . . . her injuries or [she] just didn’t see it,

being naïve.” Id. at 130. Mother testified that after undergoing multiple types

of therapy and services, she has learned about signs of abuse, non-verbal

communication, and looking at the big picture instead of “almost living in a

bubble.” Id. at 131-163. See also id. at 188, 197-98, 228, 239 (testimony

from Mother’s two therapists regarding her acceptance of responsibility in not

obtaining medical care more quickly and growth in understanding her own

cognitive state at the time).

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        Tellingly,    when      asked     for   specifics   about     what   Mother     was

acknowledging when she testified that she knows M.R.E. was in pain “looking

back on the scenario,” Mother’s response reflected no further insight into

M.R.E.’s distress. Id. at 163-64. Mother continued to insist that M.R.E. was

not crying and her primary concern in calling the pediatrician was M.R.E.’s

lack of appetite. Id. Despite also claiming to notice two brief instances of

rapid breathing, Mother’s testimony appears to refer to that concern as an

afterthought. See id.

        In Dr. O’Hara’s opinion, Mother has made

        some general progress in assuming some responsibility and [sic]
        not recognizing what should have been recognized, according to
        various medical professionals. But on the other hand, there is, I
        think, a lack of progress, from my perspective, why [Mother]
        didn’t note these things, opposed to accepting her narrative that
        she didn’t believe that [Father] would ever be capable of harming
        a child. So I think there’s been some general progress but a lack
        of progress specifically targeting these serious injuries which
        providers state would be noticeable to any reasonable person.

N.T.,    10/18/21,         at   31.       Notwithstanding      Mother’s      exposure    to

“psychoeducation with regard to the protective capacity,” and professed

understanding that she should have done something, in Dr. O’Hara’s opinion,

there    is   still   “a   pretty     significant    gap”   between    Mother’s   general

acknowledgement of responsibility and her inaction in face of the obvious

severe injuries, as well as a “lack of understanding as to why there wasn’t a

response.” Id. at 32. In other words, Mother still seemed to be in denial that

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M.R.E. was in “very obvious distress” upon her presentment to the pediatrician

and, later, the hospital. Id. at 29.

      The orphans’ court also found Mother’s reaction to an incident during

one of the supervised visits demonstrated her illogical disconnect with reality

and lack of progress in increasing her protective capacity. See Orphans’ Court

Opinion, 3/2/22, at 29-31. During that visit, M.M.E. received a minor burn on

her foot when Mother accidentally splashed hot water on her foot while she

was cooking. N.T., 10/18/21, at 231. The foster care supervisor was present

and observed Mother appropriately respond and provide care for the burn.

Id. At M.M.E.’s next dependency hearing, the juvenile court found the incident

was accidental. Yet instead of explaining the accident to Foster Father, Mother

had informed him in a text that M.M.E. had a “brush burn.” N.T., 11/18/21,

at 135. As the orphans’ court explained, Mother’s decision to lie about the

injury was inexplicable when Mother clearly knew hot water splashed on

M.M.E.’s foot and the visit supervisor agreed the incident was an accident.

Orphans’ Court Opinion, 3/2/22, at 29-31. Nevertheless, “[M]other did not

back down from her baffling position” at the termination hearing, “testifying,

‘I texted [Foster Father] and told him it was a brush burn because when

[M.M.E.] left me, it did not present as a burn. I didn’t want to say, oh she got

burned if there was no burn.’” Id. at 31 (citing N.T., 11/18/21, at 135).

      Upon review of the certified record, it is clear this difficult case largely

hinges upon the orphans’ court’s assessment of the parents’ credibility and

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competing evidence in the record. There are no definitive answers as to which

parent was the perpetrator by commission and which parent was the

perpetrator by omission. This is further complicated because both parents

have positive interactions with M.M.E. and M.R.E., willingly participated in

services, and, in Mother’s case, made some progress in eliminating the

conditions that led to M.M.E. and M.R.E.’s removal. Nevertheless, this case

epitomizes why this Court defers to the factual findings of the orphans’ court:

it is the orphans’ court that is on the “front lines assessing the credibility of

witnesses and weighing competing and often challenging evidence.” S.K.L.R.,

supra at 1129. There is evidence in the record to support the orphans’ court’s

findings that Mother (as well as Father) continues to pose a risk to the

children’s safety. Cf. In re R.A.M.N., 230 A.3d 423, 429 (Pa.Super. 2020)

(affirming the trial court’s denial of agency’s petition to terminate parental

rights six years after parent’s child died from child abuse because agency

failed to prove continued existence of risk that parent would fail to protect her

two living children). As such, we discern no abuse of discretion in the orphans’

court’s determination that the conditions continued to exist.

      Likewise, we discern no abuse of discretion or error of law in the

orphans’ court’s conclusion that termination of Mother’s rights best served the

welfare of M.M.E. and M.R.E. pursuant to § 2511(a)(8).        M.R.E. has spent

almost her entire life in foster care. M.M.E., who was age five at the time of

the hearing, has been in foster care since age three.       Reunification is not

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imminent due to the continued risk to their safety. As explained in more detail

in our analysis of § 2511(b), the court was within its discretion to prioritize

M.M.E.’s and M.R.E.’s needs for safety and stability over their attachments to

Mother and Mother’s promise that she can keep M.M.E. and M.R.E. safe. See

R.J.S., supra at 513. Accordingly, we conclude the orphans’ court did not

abuse its discretion in finding CYF established grounds as to Mother.

      Having determined that CYF met its burden under § 2511(a), the

orphans’ court then turned to § 2511(b), which required the court to “give

primary consideration to the developmental, physical and emotional needs

and welfare of the child.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b). “The emotional needs and

welfare of the child have been properly interpreted to include intangibles such

as love, comfort, security, and stability.” T.S.M., supra at 628 (cleaned up).

Our Supreme Court has made clear that § 2511(b) requires the trial court to

consider the nature and status of bond between a parent and child. In re

E.M., 620 A.2d 481, 484-85 (Pa. 1993). To the extent there is a bond, the

trial court must examine whether termination of parental rights will destroy a

“necessary and beneficial relationship,” thereby causing a child to suffer

“extreme emotional consequences.” Id.

      “While a parent’s emotional bond with his or her child is a major aspect

of the [§] 2511(b) best-interest analysis, it is nonetheless only one of many

factors to be considered by the court when determining what is in the best

interest of the child.” In re M.M., 106 A.3d 114, 118 (Pa.Super. 2014). “In

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addition to a bond examination, the trial court can equally emphasize the

safety needs of the child, and should also consider the intangibles, such as

the love, comfort, security, and stability the child might have with the foster

parent.”   Id.   In determining needs and welfare, the court may properly

consider the effect of the parent’s conduct upon the child and consider

“whether a parent is capable of providing for a child’s safety and security or

whether such needs can be better met by terminating a parent’s parental

rights.” L.W., supra at 524.

      Furthermore, our Supreme Court has stated, “[c]ommon sense dictates

that courts considering termination must also consider whether the children

are in a pre-adoptive home and whether they have a bond with their foster

parents.” T.S.M., supra at 268. The Court directed that, in weighing the

bond considerations pursuant to § 2511(b), “courts must keep the ticking

clock of childhood ever in mind.” Id. at 269. The T.S.M. Court observed,

“[c]hildren are young for a scant number of years, and we have an obligation

to see to their healthy development quickly. When courts fail . . . the result,

all too often, is catastrophically maladjusted children.” Id.

      In the instant case, both parents argue the orphans’ court erred by

terminating their rights despite evidence of their individual bonds with M.M.E.

and M.R.E. and detriment to M.M.E. and M.R.E. in severing those bonds.

Father’s brief at 32-33; Mother’s brief at 31-35. Additionally, Mother argues

that the orphans’ court “ignored” Dr. O’Hara’s opinion, which, according to

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Mother, was that adoption does not meet the needs and welfare of M.M.E. and

M.R.E. Mother’s brief at 33.

      The orphans’ court’s analysis indicates it considered a variety of factors

in its needs and welfare analysis, all of which were supported by the record.

Regarding   M.M.E.,   the   orphans’   court   emphasized    the   parent-child

psychotherapy she is receiving. See Orphans’ Court Opinion, 3/2/22, at 45-

46. The goal of the therapy is to use her relationship with Foster Parents to

help her process the trauma of the abuse to M.R.E. and being separated from

her parents. See N.T., 10/18/21, at 165. At the inception of her therapy,

M.M.E. was diagnosed with adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and

depressed mood.       M.M.E.’s therapist, Ms. Shaffer, described M.M.E.’s

connection to M.R.E., and how Ms. Shaffer has helped her distinguish between

being her big sister versus feeling like M.M.E. has to save and protect M.R.E.

from harm. Id. at 174. M.M.E. provides statements to Ms. Shaffer to include

in a book about her life story.    She often writes about M.R.E. and Foster

Parents, her wishes that Mother did not hurt M.R.E., and missing Father when

he was incarcerated. Id. at 167-68.

      The orphans’ court also found that M.R.E. and M.M.E. have a positive

bond with Foster Parents. See Orphans’ Court Opinion, 3/2/22, at 40-49. The

court highlighted the testimony of Dr. O’Hara, CYF caseworker Ms. Burzynski,

and Ms. Shaffer, all of whom described the reliance of M.M.E. and M.R.E. upon

Foster Parents for comfort, care, and safety.       The court pointed to Ms.

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Burzynski’s testimony opining that neither M.R.E. nor M.M.E. would suffer

significant harm if the court terminated the rights of Father and Mother

because Foster Parents are the main source of M.M.E. and M.R.E.’s care and

support. Id. at 47 (citing N.T., 11/18/21, at 67).

      The orphans’ court also explicitly considered the bond and positive

relationship M.M.E. and M.R.E. share with each parent, noting testimony by

each parent; by Ms. Shaffer, M.R.E.’s therapist; and by Dr. O’Hara.       See

Orphans’ Court Opinion, 3/2/22, at 39-49.      However, despite the positive

bond, the court determined that severing the bond with Father and Mother

“would not cause extreme, irreparable emotional consequences for M.M.E.

and/or M.R.E. that would not be mitigated by the safety, stability, love, and

support they receive from [Foster Parents].” Id. at 49.

      The court found that, given M.R.E. and M.M.E.’s age and time in care,

their need for permanency was “critically important,” but distinguished each

child’s experience with Father and Mother. Id. M.R.E. has spent all but her

first month in kinship foster care, and her relationship with Father and Mother

was forged during supervised visitation. The orphans’ court determined the

evidence “overwhelmingly” established that terminating Father and Mother’s

parental rights was in her best interests, given the brutal assault she endured

in parents’ care and her almost lifelong experience with Foster Parents

meeting her needs. Id. at 48.

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       The court acknowledged that it was a “closer call” with respect to M.M.E.

Id. M.M.E. spent the first three of her five years in Father and Mother’s care,

and the orphans’ court acknowledged terminating their rights will have a

greater impact upon her. Id. at 49. Nevertheless, the court determined that

under the totality of the evidence, prioritizing her safety was most important.

Id. In doing so, it relied upon the opinion of Dr. O’Hara, who noted that any

detriment M.M.E. experienced as a result of the loss of Mother must be

“weighed against the concerns of being with a caregiver who did not respond

to substantial, visible injuries to an infant.” Id. (citing CYF Exhibit 5).11 The

court concluded that the loss she will experience would be mitigated by her

current circumstances of living in a safe home, regularly attending therapy,

and remaining with M.R.E., with whom she has a deep relationship. Id.

____________________________________________

11 Contrary to Mother’s argument that Dr. O’Hara did not believe termination
of Mother’s rights served the children’s needs and welfare, a review of
Dr. O’Hara’s testimony indicates that he did not form an opinion as to whether
termination of either parent’s rights would serve their needs and welfare. See
N.T., 10/18/21, at 76, 78, 117. Based upon Father’s nolo contendere plea,
indications in the police report, and Father’s admission to Dr. O’Hara that he
was frustrated by M.R.E.’s crying, Dr. O’Hara operated from the assumption
that Father alone inflicted the abuse and Mother neglected to notice obvious
signs. See, e.g., id. at 53-66. Dr. O’Hara noted some emotional detriment
to M.M.E. and M.R.E. in terminating Father’s parental rights, but also advised
against any unsupervised contact due to his failure to address the underlying
causes of his abuse of M.R.E. and the continued risk to their safety. See CYF
Exhibit 5. After reviewing various factors, he was unsure from a psychological
perspective whether reunification with Mother or termination of her parental
rights would best meet the children’s needs and welfare. Id.; see also N.T.,
10/18/21, at 117. Instead, he offered his opinion as to which competing
factors were most significant in the court’s task of making that determination.
Id.

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      We discern no abuse of discretion in the orphans’ court’s analysis. The

arguments by both parents ask this Court to re-weigh the factors in the record

to prioritize the bond each child has with each parent instead of the other

factors emphasized by the orphans’ court. It is up to the orphans’ court to

consider the totality of the circumstances when performing a needs and

welfare analysis. See J.N.M., supra at 946. Nothing in our case law dictates

that the bond between a child and parent must predominate over all other

needs and welfare considerations. Instead, after ascertaining the nature and

status of the bond and effect on the child of severing it, the orphans’ court

must weigh any pain from breaking the bond against other considerations as

to what result serves the child’s needs and welfare. See T.S.M., supra at

267. It was within the discretion of the orphans’ court to prioritize the safety

and security needs of M.M.E. and M.R.E. over their bonds with their parents,

and this Court will not interfere with the court’s assessment when its factual

findings are supported by the record.     See M.M., supra; J.N.M., supra.

Accordingly, no relief is due to either parent regarding the § 2511(b)

determination of the orphans’ court.

      Based on the foregoing, we affirm the orders terminating the parental

rights of Father and Mother.

      Orders affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 9/14/2022

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