Court Opinion

ID: 2980212
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 19:06:33.5227+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:42:06.823132
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 11a0687n.06
                                                                                           FILED
                                            No. 09-4329
                                                                                      Sep 27, 2011
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

LESLIE CHARLES COHEN,                                     )
                                                          )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                               )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                          )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
               v.                                         )        COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
                                                          )        DISTRICT OF OHIO
CORRECTIONS CORPORATION OF AMERICA, et                    )
al.; THOMAS EDWARDS; ZACHERY CURRIER,                     )
                                                          )
       Defendants-Appellees.                              )
                                                          )

BEFORE: ROGERS and COOK, Circuit Judges; BELL, District Judge.*

       ROGERS, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff L.C. Cohen, a Canadian citizen currently in federal

custody, brought this action under 42 U.S.C. §1983, alleging that defendants violated his civil rights

when they failed to accommodate his religious practices by serving bread along with his Passover

meals.1 The district court dismissed the case for a failure to pay the filing fee and because Cohen

was not eligible for in forma pauperis status under the “three strikes” rule set forth in the Prisoner

Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Court records show that Cohen had three

strikes for the purposes of § 1915(g).

       *
        The Honorable Robert Holmes Bell, United States District Judge for the Western District
of Michigan, sitting by designation.
       1
         Plaintiff alleges that along with his kosher meal he was served white bread, which is
forbidden during the holiday. Further, Plaintiff complains that he was not served gefilte fish.
No. 09-4329
Cohen v. Corrections Corp. of America, et al.

       In 2005, Cohen filed this civil rights complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 2000bb, and

2000cc-1. R. 1. The district court dismissed the action because Cohen failed to exhaust all available

administrative remedies, Cohen v. Corrections Corp. of America, No. 05cv1986, 2005 WL 2978743,

(N.D. Ohio Nov. 3, 2005), and that dismissal was affirmed on appeal. However, the Supreme Court

vacated the decision in light of Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199 (2007), and remanded the case to this

court for further consideration. Cohen v. Corrections Corp. of America, 552 U.S. 801 (2007). On

October 6, 2008, this court remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings. Cohen

v. Corrections Corp. of America, 588 F.3d 299 (6th Cir. 2008). The remand order was originally

issued as an “unpublished order” on October 6, 2008; however, upon Cohen’s motion, this court

designated the order for publication on November 25, 2009. The mandate following the published

opinion issued on December 15, 2009.

       In October 2009, the district court dismissed Cohen’s suit without prejudice, following a

report and recommendation from a magistrate judge, this time for his failure to pay a filing fee or

to obtain leave to file in forma pauperis. Cohen v. Corrections Corp. of America, No. 4:05CV1986,

2009 WL 3259079 (N.D. Ohio October 7, 2009). Moreover, the district court found that even if

Cohen had sought leave to file in forma pauperis, he had “three strikes” under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g),

because three of his prior lawsuits had been dismissed as frivolous: Cohen v. Stickman, No.

8:96cv199, R. 55-1 at 37, in the United States District Court of Nebraska; Cohen v. Syme, No.

2:03cv1058, R. 55-2 at 13, in the District of Arizona; and L.C. Cohen v. Steichen, No. 8:96cv261,

R. 55-1 at 45, in the District of Nebraska. Plaintiff filed this timely appeal.

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No. 09-4329
Cohen v. Corrections Corp. of America, et al.

        As an initial matter, the district court had jurisdiction to issue its order of dismissal,

notwithstanding this court’s later publication of its remand order. This court issued an unpublished

order on October 6, 2008, a certified copy of which was filed with the district court on October 8,

2008. R. 36. This constituted a mandate under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 41(a) & (b) and

the district court had “a duty . . . to obey the terms of the mandate and to carry it into effect.” See

Fort Gratiot Sanitary Landfill, Inc. v. Mich. Dep't of Natural Res., 71 F.3d 1197, 1202 (6th

Cir.1995). Cohen never took any actions that stayed the mandate; therefore, the October 2008

mandate took effect when issued, vesting jurisdiction with the district court. This court’s subsequent

publication of the order did not retroactively divest the district court of jurisdiction.

        Cohen appears to have requested in forma pauperis status. Cohen submitted a financial

affidavit, albeit using an outdated court form, which explicitly states, “I am requesting to proceed

without being required to prepay the entire filing fee.” R. 3 at 1. Though this document did not bear

the title “application” or “motion,” Cohen’s explicit request to proceed in forma pauperis is all that

is required by the language of the Local Rules for the Northern District of Ohio. Local Rules for the

United States District Court, Northern District of Ohio, Rule 3.15. Further, the instructions provided

to prisoners seeking in forma pauperis status do not require a formal motion, but instead ask that the

prisoner file an application on AO Form 240 along with other required forms. Appellant Br., Exhibit

A. Though Cohen used what appears to be an older form, it contained all of the same information

required by AO Form 240.

                                                 -3-
No. 09-4329
Cohen v. Corrections Corp. of America, et al.

       The district court, however, properly determined that Cohen’s in forma pauperis action was

barred because he had previously brought three actions that were dismissed as “frivolous, malicious,

or [that] fail[ed] to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Cohen

incurred two strikes when the district court for the District of Nebraska dismissed as frivolous L.C.

Cohen v. Stickman, 8:96cv199, and L.C. Cohen v. Steichen, No. 8:96cv261, because Cohen was a

prisoner when he filed these cases. R. 81-1 at 2, R. 82-1 at 16-27, R. 82-2 at 43. Cohen does not

challenge the frivolity of these prior suits, but instead contends he was not a prisoner at the time of

filing. In making this argument, Cohen ignores the prison mailbox rule under which the complaints

were deemed filed when Cohen signed them on February 18, 1996 and April 25, 1996. Brand v.

Motley, 526 F.3d 921, 925 (6th Cir. 2008), R. 82-1 at 16-27, R. 82-2 at 43. At both of those times,

Cohen admits he was a prisoner. R. 81-1 at 2. The fact that Cohen paid the filing fee in Stickman is

immaterial because “§ 1915(g) does not distinguish between prior in forma pauperis actions and prior

actions in which the fee was paid.” Hyland v. Clinton, 3 F. App’x 478, 479 (6th Cir. 2001).

Therefore, Cohen incurred two strikes for Stickman and Steichen.

       Cohen incurred a third strike in Cohen v. Syme, No. CV03-1058 (D. Ariz. Oct. 8, 2003) when

that court dismissed his action for lack of jurisdiction.2 R. 82-3 at 2-3. Cohen does not argue on

appeal that a case dismissed for lack of jurisdiction cannot constitute a strike under § 1915. See Fitts

       2
          Initially, the court dismissed Syme for Cohen’s failure to plead jurisdiction, but granted
Cohen leave to amend. R. 82-3 at 4-6. Instead, Cohen moved for reconsideration, which the court
denied. R. 82-3 at 2-6. Although the Syme court labeled the dismissal as one for a failure to state
a claim, the entire reasoning contained in the order addresses the jurisdictional issue. Id.

                                                 -4-
No. 09-4329
Cohen v. Corrections Corp. of America, et al.

v. Sicker, 232 F. App’x 436, 440 (6th Cir. 2007) (declining to count as a strike a prior jurisdictional

dismissal where the court lacked sufficient underlying facts to evaluate the dismissal). While in the

ordinary case, a dismissal for a lack of jurisdiction is not a strike, see Thompson v. DEA, 492 F.3d
428, 437 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (stating that there is nothing necessarily frivolous in bringing an action for

which there is no jurisdiction), a per se rule is not appropriate because a prisoner’s invocation of

federal jurisdiction in and of itself may be frivolous where there is “no possible ground upon which

a reasoned argument can be made to sustain [] jurisdiction.” De La Garza v. De La Garza, 91 F.

App’x 508 (7th Cir. 2004). Counting these frivolous invocations of federal jurisdiction as strikes

aligns with the PLRA’s purpose, which is to reduce the burden on federal courts stemming from the

tide of vexatious and burdensome prisoner litigation. See In re Alea, 286 F.3d 378, 380 (6th Cir.

2002). Accordingly, a dismissal where the plaintiff frivolously sought federal jurisdiction can

constitute a strike.

        Cohen did not raise any possible ground upon which a reasoned argument could have been

made to sustain jurisdiction in Syme; instead he repeatedly relied on non-existent diversity jurisdiction

based on his “brief incarceration in California.” R. 82-3 at 2-3. The district court gave Cohen two

opportunities to correct his pleading; however, Cohen persisted in his refusal to amend and accused

the court of not understanding federal jurisdiction. Cohen presented no reasonable argument in

support of sustaining federal jurisdiction. Further, the frivolity of Cohen’s jurisdictional claim is

underscored by the Syme court’s holding that this “dismissal . . . falls within the purview of 28 U.S.C.

                                                 -5-
No. 09-4329
Cohen v. Corrections Corp. of America, et al.

§ 1915(g).” Id. Syme is Cohen’s strike three, and he has not shown any “imminent danger” that

would require a waiver of the three strikes rule.

           The language of § 1915(g) belies Cohen’s assertion that PLRA strikes only occur if the

underlying case was brought against government entities or their employees. Under § 1915(g), a

strike occurs where the court dismisses, for the enumerated reasons, a prisoner’s “action or appeal in

a court of the United States . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). The section’s language does not refer to the

identity of the defendants in the prisoner’s action, making clear that § 1915(g) does not distinguish

between actions brought against government entities and those against private individuals. To the

extent Cohen attacks the underlying merits of the courts’ actions in these three prior dismissals, that

is a matter beyond the scope of this court’s review.

           Finally, Cohen argues that the district court should have notified him that he needed to pay

the filing fee and given him thirty days in which to do so, citing the pre-PLRA case Cameron v.

Fogarty, 705 F.2d 676, 678 (2d Cir. 1983). However, this argument is meritless because the district

court dismissed the complaint without prejudice, providing Cohen the opportunity to refile and pay

the fee.

           The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

                                                   -6-