Court Opinion

ID: 2975294
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:32:00.461058+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:55.639206
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 07a0383n.06
                             Filed: June 11, 2007

                                            No. 06-3906

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

Central West Virginia Energy Company,                     )
                                                          )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
Appellant,                                                )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                          )        COURT     FOR    THE
v.                                                        )        NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                          )        OHIO
Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corporation,                    )
                                                          )        OPINION
Appellee.                                                 )

BEFORE:        COOK and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; and EDGAR, District Judge.*

       McKeague, Circuit Judge. Appellant Central West Virginia Energy Company appeals the

decision affirming the orders of the bankruptcy court that permitted assignments of rights under a

coal supply agreement and enjoined Appellant from reducing the amount of coal it supplied under

the agreement. For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corporation (“Wheeling-Pitt”) owns and operates the Follansbee

Coke Plant in Follansbee, West Virginia (the “Coke Plant”) where several types of metallurgical coal

are used as raw materials in the production of coke, which in turn is used in the production of steel.

       *
         The Honorable Robert Allan Edgar, Senior Judge, United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Tennessee, sitting by designation.
No. 06-3906
Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

Wheeling-Pitt also owns and operates a steel manufacturing plant in Steubenville, Ohio (the “Steel

Plant”). The Coke Plant produces coke to be used to make steel at the Steel Plant. Central West

Virginia Energy Company (“CWVEC”) and Wheeling-Pitt are parties to a Coal Supply Agreement

dated November 15, 1993 (the “CSA”). Under the CSA, which had an original term of ten years,

Wheeling-Pitt was to obtain 100% of its high volatile coking coal from CWVEC.

       On November 16, 2000, Wheeling-Pitt and several of its affiliates filed voluntary petitions

for reorganization under Chapter 11. Just prior to that date, CWVEC had suspended shipments of

coal due to Wheeling-Pitt’s failure to pay for past shipments. At the time, Wheeling-Pitt owed

CWVEC approximately $7.2 million.

       On September 13, 2001, after Wheeling-Pitt obtained several extensions of time for filing

its bankruptcy reorganization plan, CWVEC filed a motion to compel Wheeling-Pitt to either assume

or reject the CSA, which was executory in nature. Wheeling-Pitt had the right under § 365(a) and

(d)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code to either assume or reject the CSA as part of the reorganization plan.

Since the reorganization plan did not seem to be forthcoming, CWVEC, as it had the right, moved

the bankruptcy court to force Wheeling-Pitt to make a decision. CWVEC was unhappy with the

arrangement under which it had to supply Wheeling-Pitt with coal at the contract rate, which was

significantly less than the then-current market price. The motion was denied on December 6, 2001,

because Wheeling-Pitt, as debtor-in-possession, was not yet in a position to know whether the CSA

was a benefit to the bankruptcy estate and whether the estate could make a cure payment of over $7

million, which would be required if the CSA were incorporated into the reorganization plan.

       On March 30, 2002, CWVEC and Wheeling-Pitt entered into a Letter Agreement

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Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

amending the CSA. A major portion of the dispute in this appeal involves the meaning of Article

XX of the CSA, entitled “Assignability,” as amended by the Letter Agreement. Article XX,

consisting of two paragraphs, states in relevant part:

       . . . this Agreement may not be assigned by either party, except as indicated below,
       without the prior written consent of the other, except that either party may without
       the written consent of the other assign or pledge for financing purposes this
       Agreement or any monies due or to become due hereunder. . . . Customer [Wheeling-
       Pitt] may also without the consent of the Seller [CWVEC] assign this Agreement (in
       whole or in part) to any of its wholly owned subsidiaries to which it has conveyed the
       Plant or its operations, provided that any assignment of this Agreement shall not
       relieve Customer from its obligations hereunder. Customer shall not sell, lease,
       transfer or convey all or any substantial portion of the Plant, or license out its
       operation, to any person or entity unless such person or entity assumes the obligations
       of the Customer hereunder. Any such assignment of this Agreement shall not relieve
       Customer from its obligations hereunder.

       In the event of any such sale, lease, transfer, conveyance or licensing to any person
       or entity other than a wholly-owned subsidiary of customer, Seller shall have the
       right, at its option, to terminate this Agreement.

J.A. at 100-01, 227. The Letter Agreement, dated March 30, 2002, states in relevant part:

       Contract Assignment: Wheeling-Pitt may assign this Agreement to any corporation,
       partnership or other entity or person provided that such assignee assumes all of
       Wheeling-Pitt’s obligations under the Agreement, as amended herein. If such
       assignment is made during the pendency of the current bankruptcy case, such
       assignment is subject to the approval by the Bankruptcy Court, and may be opposed
       by CWVEC if CWVEC believes that the assignee does not provide assurance of
       performance that is equal to, or superior to, the assurance provided by Wheeling-Pitt.
       If such assignment occurs when the Chapter 11 case is no longer pending, then such
       assignment shall be subject to approval by CWVEC’s credit committee, which
       approval shall not be unreasonably withheld. Any such assignment shall be set forth
       in a formal letter agreement executed by CWVEC, Wheeling-Pitt, and such assignee.

J.A. at 109-10, 227.

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Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

        On May 2, 2002, the bankruptcy court issued an order approving Wheeling-Pitt’s assumption

of the CSA, as amended by the Letter Agreement. On December 28, 2004, Wheeling-Pitt announced

that it had entered into a non-binding letter of intent to enter into a joint venture (the “Joint Venture”)

with flat rolled sheet steel producer Severstal North America, Incorporated (“Severstal”). Under the

agreement, Severstal would contribute $140 million over four years to rebuild the Coke Plant and

would pay Wheeling-Pitt $20 million; in return, Severstal would own 50% of the Coke Plant (which

Wheeling-Pitt would continue to operate) and would be entitled to 50% of the coke produced at the

Coke Plant. The CSA, as amended, would be assigned to the Joint Venture, making both Severstal

and Wheeling-Pitt liable to CWVEC for all obligations under the CSA. CWVEC opposed this

assignment.

        On February 10, 2005, Wheeling-Pitt moved for bankruptcy court approval of this proposed

Joint Venture and for leave to assign the CSA to the Joint Venture. It also filed an adversary

proceeding (the “Adversary Proceeding”) in bankruptcy court against CWVEC, seeking a declaration

of the parties’ respective rights. Wheeling-Pitt’s complaint for declaratory judgment set out what

Wheeling-Pitt believed to be the controversy between it and CWVEC, the background of that

controversy, and the requested relief. Relevant portions of the declaratory judgment complaint

include:

        6. For a number of years [Wheeling-Pitt] has owned and operated coke-making
        facilities that are located in Follansbee, West Virginia. . . .

        7. . . . Section 3 of the Coal Supply Agreement requires CWVEC to deliver coal to
        [Wheeling-Pitt’s] coke-making facilities in Follansbee, West Virginia, which were
        defined as the “Plant” for purposes of the Coal Supply Agreement.

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Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

J.A. at 17.

        The Proposed Assignment

        15. On December 28, 2004, [Wheeling-Pitt] announced it had signed a nonbinding
        letter of intent to enter a joint venture with flat rolled sheet steel produced Severstal
        North America Inc. (“Severstal”) involving the coke facilities in Follansbee, West
        Virginia. If consummated, the agreements would require Severstal to contribute
        $140 million over four years to rebuild the coke-making facilities. Severstal would
        also pay [Wheeling-Pitt] $20 million when a joint venture deal closes. In return, after
        making its capital contributions, Severstal would own 50 percent of the joint venture
        and would be entitled to 50 percent of the coke produced by it. [Wheeling-Pitt]
        would continue to operate the coke-making facilities for the joint venture.

        ...

        17. . . . In addition, the planned repairs to the Plant will not increase the Plant’s
        capacity and therefore will not increase the Plant’s coal requirements.

J.A. at 20-21.

        Existence of An Actual Controversy Regarding The Proposed Assignment

        19. [Wheeling-Pitt] has informed CWVEC of the proposed joint venture and of
        [Wheeling-Pitt’s] desire and intention to assign [Wheeling-Pitt’s] rights under the
        Coal Supply Agreement to the joint venture. The assignment of the Coal Supply
        Agreement is a critical part of the proposed joint venture.

        ...

        21. An actual controversy exists between [Wheeling-Pitt] and CWVEC regarding
        the proposed assignment of [Wheeling-Pitt’s] rights under the Coal Supply
        Agreement in connection with the joint venture described above.

J.A. at 21.

        WHEREFORE, [Wheeling-Pitt] hereby requests entry of judgment in its favor:

        (1) Declaring that [Wheeling-Pitt] is entitled to assign its rights under the Coal
        Supply Agreement to any entity that is created to implement the proposed joint

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No. 06-3906
Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

       venture with respect to [Wheeling-Pitt’s] coke-making facilities in Follansbee, West
       Virginia;

       (2) Declaring that CWVEC may oppose such assignment before this Court if
       CWVEC believes the assignee does not provide assurance of performance that is
       equal to, or superior to, the assurance provided by [Wheeling-Pitt], but that CWVEC
       has no other rights to oppose assignment;

       (3) Declaring that such assignment of the Coal Supply Agreement will not affect the
       continuing validity and enforceability of the Coal Supply Agreement and will not
       entitle CWVEC to terminate the Coal Supply Agreement or renounce CWVEC’s
       obligations thereunder; . . .

J.A. at 22-23.

       In the Adversary Proceeding, CWVEC claimed that the second paragraph of Article XX of

the CSA had been unaffected by the Letter Agreement and that the formation of the Joint Venture

constituted a “transfer” under that second paragraph. CWVEC contended, therefore, that it had the

right to terminate the CSA, and it stated that it wanted to do so. Wheeling-Pitt argued the Letter

Agreement’s provision for “Contract Assignment” permitted assignment of the CSA, as amended,

to the Joint Venture and eliminated CWVEC’s option to terminate the CSA.

       On May 4, 2005, the bankruptcy court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order

(collectively, the “Declaratory Judgment Order”), ruling that Wheeling-Pitt is entitled to assign its

rights under the CSA to a joint venture yet to be formed; that CWVEC may challenge the assignment

if it believes the new arrangement would not provide equal or superior performance; and that any

approved assignment would not affect the continued validity of the CSA, as amended–that is, the

assignment would not constitute grounds for CWVEC to terminate the CSA. In so holding, the

bankruptcy court found the “the [CSA], as modified, and the Letter Agreement, are not ambiguous

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No. 06-3906
Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

and do not need parol evidence to be interpreted.” J.A. at 232. The bankruptcy court reasoned that

the whole of Article XX (prior to amendment) was a restriction on assignment of the CSA, and thus,

“when the parties modified the contract assignment rights in the Letter Agreement, the provision

regarding termination upon the sale of the Coke Plant was eliminated.” J.A. at 233. The bankruptcy

court also held that “[b]ecause the Coal Supply Agreement is a requirements contract for the Coke

Plant, the obligations of CWVEC would not change in the event of a sale or transfer of the Coke

Plant.” J.A. at 232-33 (emphasis added).

       While the bankruptcy court stated that no parol evidence was needed to interpret the meaning

of the CSA as amended because its provisions were unambiguous, that court did consider parol

evidence in its Declaratory Judgment Order. For example, the bankruptcy court discussed extrinsic

evidence in the form of discussions between CWVEC and Wheeling-Pitt when the parties negotiated

the Letter Agreement. CWVEC appealed this order.

       After the bankruptcy court issued its Declaratory Judgment Order, Wheeling-Pitt filed a

complaint in the Circuit Court of Brooke County, West Virginia (the “West Virginia Litigation”)

alleging breach of contract and seeking damages for CWVEC’s continued post-confirmation refusal

to deliver coal to Wheeling-Pitt. CWVEC removed the action to the United States District Court

for the Northern District of West Virginia. CWVEC answered and counterclaimed for a declaratory

judgment concerning how much coal and to whom it must provide under the CSA.

       CWVEC’s argument concerning requirements was based primarily on language found in

Article II, Sections 1 and 3 of the CSA, addressing “Tonnage and Deliveries.” Section 1 provides

that “the quantity of coal to be sold and purchased during the term of this Agreement is one hundred

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No. 06-3906
Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

percent (100%) of the high volatile coking coal required (the Requirements) for Customer’s facilities

existing on the date of this Agreement.” J.A. at 74. Section 3 provides, “The coal shall be delivered

to Customer’s Follansbee Coke Plant (“Plant”) in Brooke County, West Virginia.” J.A. at 75.

According to CWVEC, the phrase “facilities existing on the date of the Agreement” refers to both

Wheeling-Pitt’s Coke Plant and Wheeling-Pitt’s Steel Plant, not just Wheeling-Pitt’s Coke Plant

which is defined as “Plant” in Article II, Section 3. Therefore, CWVEC contended that it must

supply only the amount of coal required by the Coke Plant to provide coke to Wheeling-Pitt’s Steel

Plant; it is not required to provide any coal used to produce coke for Severstal. In other words,

CWVEC contended that the CSA, even as amended by the Letter Agreement, is a requirements

contract for the coal necessary for the Coke Plant to produce coke only for the Steel Plant, not a

requirements contract to provide coal for the Coke Plant itself.

       Wheeling-Pitt moved the bankruptcy court to enjoin CWVEC from proceeding with its

counterclaim in the West Virginia Litigation. Following a hearing on August 16, 2005, the

bankruptcy court issued a permanent injunction on September 8, 2005 (the “Injunction Order”),

prohibiting CWVEC from proceeding with its counterclaim and further prohibiting CWVEC from

reducing the amount of coal it was to supply under the CSA as amended.

       While the September 8, 2005 order was very brief, the bankruptcy court gave reasons for its

ruling orally following the August 16, 2005 hearing. The court found that it had jurisdiction to issue

the injunction pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) and the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651. It held that

CWVEC’s appeal of the May 4, 2005 Declaratory Judgment Order did not divest it of jurisdiction

to issue the injunction because the purpose of the injunction was simply to enforce the Declaratory

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Judgment Order, and CWVEC’s counterclaim was a collateral attack on that order. The court further

held that CWVEC’s counterclaim was a compulsory counterclaim and thus was a claim that it

waived by failing to assert it in the Adversary Proceeding. In so holding, the bankruptcy court

emphasized that the declaratory judgment complaint “gives a whole description” of the proposed

joint venture and the assignment to that joint venture, and it asks for a declaratory judgment “to

assign its rights under the Agreement to any entity that is created to implement the proposed joint

venture.” J.A. at 668.

       The court also noted that it had specifically found in its Declaratory Judgment Order that the

CSA was a requirements contract for the Coke Plant itself. The court thus concluded that the issue

before the it in the Adversary Proceeding was not limited to CWVEC’s termination rights, but the

matter also encompassed the requirements issue as well because that issue related to the continuing

validity and enforceability of the CSA should it be assigned to the Joint Venture. The bankruptcy

court explained that the requirements issue was not specifically addressed in the Adversary

Proceeding, however, because, “[t]he requirements issue, as far as this Court was concerned, was

not in dispute.” J.A. at 669. CWVEC appealed the Injunction Order.

       On September 29, 2005, the bankruptcy court issued an order in the bankruptcy proceeding

(the “Assignment Order”) granting Wheeling-Pitt’s motion for an order specifically approving the

assignment of the CSA to Mountain State Carbon, LLC, the joint venture formed by Wheeling-Pitt

and Severstal. CWVEC appealed the Assignment Order.

       All three appeals, the appeal of the Declaratory Judgment Order of May 4, 2005, the

Injunction Order of September 8, 2005, and the Assignment Order of September 29, 2005, were

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Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

consolidated by the district court for review. The district court issued its final judgment affirming

the bankruptcy court on May 24, 2006.

       The district court concluded, based on the plain language of Article XX of the CSA and the

Letter Agreement, that Wheeling-Pitt may assign the CSA to any person or entity. The amendment

also removed CWVEC’s termination rights, subjecting any assignment to approval of the bankruptcy

court or, if Wheeling-Pitt is no longer in bankruptcy, to approval by CWVEC’s designated credit

committee. The district court agreed with CWVEC that the bankruptcy court may have improperly

considered some parol evidence on this issue but found such consideration to be harmless because

(1) the bankruptcy court did so after examining and interpreting the four corners of Article XX and

the Letter Agreement and (2) the district court reached the same conclusion based on its own de novo

review of the language of the documents.

       Next, the district court rejected CWVEC’s argument that the bankruptcy court lacked

jurisdiction when it enjoined CWVEC from pursuing its counterclaim in the West Virginia Litigation

on the ground that “CWVEC’s counterclaim was essentially asking another court to rule on an issue

already resolved by the bankruptcy court” and that the requirements issue was “inherently contained

in the claims of the adversary complaint.” J.A. at 396. The district court also found the

requirements issue was a compulsory counterclaim which should have been brought in the Adversary

Proceeding. Yet the district court rejected Wheeling-Pitt’s argument that CWVEC had waived the

requirements issue by failing to raise it in its appeal of the bankruptcy court’s May 4, 2005

Declaratory Judgment Order, stating simply that “[i]t does appear possible that CWVEC was blind-

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No. 06-3906
Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

sided and attempted unsuccessfully to raise its arguments before the bankruptcy court on August 16,

but was rebuffed.” J.A. at 398.

       Reaching the requirements issue, the district court concluded that the CSA, as amended, was

ambiguous but that there was sufficient evidence in the record to address the issue. The district court

found that “[s]ince parol evidence established that the Follansbee Plant was the only location that

had any requirements for the high volatile coking coal, it follows that the Follansbee Plant was the

‘facilities’ referred to in [Article II, Section 1 of] the [CSA].” J.A. at 400-01. The district court

concluded that the bankruptcy court did not err in finding that the CSA, as amended, “was a

requirements contract for the Follansbee [Coke] Plant and, by extension, became a requirements

contract for the joint venture formed between the Follansbee Plant and Severstal once the assignment

of the Agreement to the joint venture was approved by the bankruptcy court.” J.A. at 401-02. The

district court also affirmed the bankruptcy court’s September 29, 2005 Assignment Order. CWVEC

timely appealed the district court’s decision.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

       This Court will review the bankruptcy court’s decision directly, and it will accord no

deference to the district court. In re 5900 Assocs., Inc., 468 F.3d 326, 329 (6th Cir. 2006) (citation

omitted). The bankruptcy court’s findings of fact are reviewed under the clear error standard, and

questions of law are reviewed de novo. Id. A factual finding is clearly erroneous “when the

reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has

been committed.” Tran v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 937, 943 (6th Cir. 2006).

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No. 06-3906
Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

The issuance by the federal court of an injunction pursuant to the All Writs Act is reviewed under

the abuse of discretion standard. United States v. City of Detroit, 329 F.3d 515, 524 (6th Cir. 2003).

This Court finds an abuse of discretion when it is left with a firm and definite conviction that the

lower court committed a clear error of judgment. See Surles ex rel. Johnson v. Greyhound Lines,

Inc., 474 F.3d 288, 293 (6th Cir. 2007).

B. CWVEC’s Right to Terminate the CSA

       The parties agree that West Virginia law applies to their contractual dispute. Whether the

contract is ambiguous is a question of law that is subject to de novo review. Estate of Tawney v.

Columbia Natural Res., LLC, 633 S.E.2d 22, 28 (W. Va. 2006). “The mere fact that parties do not

agree to the construction of a contract does not render it ambiguous.” Flanagan v. Stalnaker, 607
S.E.2d 765, 769 (W. Va. 2004). Rather, West Virginia law provides that “the term ‘ambiguity’ is

defined as language ‘reasonably susceptible of two different meanings’ or language ‘of such doubtful

meaning that reasonable minds might be uncertain or disagree as to its meaning.’” Id. (quoting

Payne v. Weston, 466 S.E.2d 161, 166 (W. Va. 1995)). However, a latent ambiguity “arises when

the instrument upon its face appears clear and unambiguous, but there is some collateral matter

which makes the meaning uncertain.” Flanagan, 607 S.E.2d at 769 n.4 (quoting Collins v. Treat,

152 S.E. 205, 206 (W. Va. 1930)).

       If a contract contains unambiguous language, it must be construed according to the plain and

natural meaning of that language. Bass v. Coltelli-Rose, 536 S.E.2d 494, 497 (W. Va. 2000);

Fraternal Order of Police, Lodge No. 69 v. City of Fairmont, 468 S.E.2d 712, 716 (W. Va. 1996).

“Extrinsic evidence may be used to aid in the construction of a contract if the matter in controversy

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is not clearly expressed in the contract, and in such case the intention of the parties is always

important and the court may consider parol evidence.” Supervalu Operations, Inc. v. Center Design,

Inc., 524 S.E.2d 666, 670 (W. Va. 1999). Parol evidence also may be admitted in resolving latent

ambiguities. Kopf v. Lacey, 540 S.E.2d 170, 175 (W. Va. 2000). Finally, West Virginia law

provides that when parties enter into a contract that modifies an existing contract, the provisions in

the original contract that are inconsistent with the modifications will be abrogated and discharged;

on the other hand, the terms and conditions of the original contract, so long as they are consistent

with the modified contract, “will remain in full force and effect and become incorporated in the

modified contract.” Consol. Coal Co. v. Mineral Coal Co., 126 S.E.2d 194, 201 (W. Va. 1962).

       On appeal, CWVEC claims that although Article XX provides that Wheeling-Pitt cannot

transfer the Coke Plant unless the transferee assumes Wheeling-Pitt’s obligations under the CSA,

the CSA does not prohibit Wheeling-Pitt from assigning the CSA without transferring the Coke

Plant. This, according to CWVEC, proves that the assignment of the CSA and a transfer of the Coke

Plant are two different things. CWVEC also emphasizes that the Letter Agreement is silent with

respect to the transfer provisions. Therefore, according to CWVEC, the CSA’s transfer provisions

remain unaffected by the Letter Agreement. CWVEC also contends that the bankruptcy court’s

consideration of parol evidence was not harmless error, because that consideration “was so pervasive

that it cannot be deemed harmless.”

       The bankruptcy court did not err in concluding that CWVEC lacks the right to terminate the

CSA upon a transfer of the Coke Plant to the Joint Venture. Indeed, the CSA as modified and the

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Letter Agreement are unambiguous, and CWVEC’s interpretation of those documents is

unreasonable.

       Article XX of the CSA, entitled “Assignment,” consists of two paragraphs. These paragraphs

place a limitation on the assignability of the CSA. The first paragraph of Article XX provides that

(1) Wheeling-Pitt may assign the CSA to another entity with CWVEC’s prior written consent; (2)

Wheeling-Pitt may not assign the CSA without CWVEC’s consent unless the assignment is to a

wholly-owned subsidiary of Wheeling-Pitt to which Wheeling-Pitt has also conveyed the Coke Plant;

and (3) if Wheeling-Pitt sells or transfers the Coke Plant to any entity, Wheeling-Pitt must also

assign the CSA to that entity. The second paragraph of Article XX of the CSA provides that in the

event of “any such” transfer or conveyance to an entity other than a wholly-owned subsidiary of

Wheeling-Pitt, CWVEC shall have the right to terminate the CSA.

       Reading the paragraphs together, Farley v. Farley, 600 S.E.2d 177, 181 (W. Va. 2004), the

“any such” language in the second paragraph clearly refers to the transfer contemplated in the

previous paragraph, namely a transfer of the Coke Plant and the assignment of the CSA to the

transferee. Thus, to the extent that Wheeling-Pitt’s transfer of the Coke Plant required it to assign

the contract to the plant’s transferee, Article XX permits CWVEC to prevent the assignment of the

contract to a transferee of the plant by providing CWVEC the option of terminating the agreement

in the case that the transferee/assignee is not a wholly-owned subsidiary of Wheeling-Pitt.

Accordingly, the termination right was, in essence, a restriction on Wheeling-Pitt’s ability to assign

the CSA. In no way did Article XX prohibit a transfer or conveyance of the Coke Plant. As the

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district court noted, Article XX must be read as a whole, and the article is one dealing with a

limitation on assignment.

       The Letter Agreement, in contrast, provided that Wheeling-Pitt may assign the agreement to

“any” entity provided that the assignee assumes all of Wheeling-Pitt’s obligations therein. Only two

exceptions were provided to that provision: (1) if the assignment is made during the pendency of

the bankruptcy case, the assignment is subject to the approval of the bankruptcy court and it may be

opposed by CWVEC if CWVEC believes that the assignee does not provide assurance of

performance at least as adequate Wheeling-Pitt; and (2) if the bankruptcy case is no longer pending,

the assignment is subject to the approval of CWVEC’s credit committee, and that approval shall not

be unreasonably withheld. Thus, the Letter Agreement no longer allowed CWVEC to terminate the

agreement as a restriction on assignability. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. See Savilla v.

Speedway Superamerica, LLC, 639 S.E.2d 850, 854 (W. Va. 2006).

       Therefore, because (1) the assignment provision in the CSA provided that CWVEC could

terminate the agreement if Wheeling-Pitt transferred the Coke Plant to a non-wholly-owned

subsidiary and (2) the assignment provision in Letter Agreement modifying the CSA is inconsistent

with that provision in the CSA, the original provision is no longer given effect. Consol. Coal Co.,
126 S.E.2d at 201. CWVEC’s argument, set forth above, is unreasonable in this context, as it

renders illusory the broad assignment rights present in the Letter Agreement. Any consideration of

parol evidence by the bankruptcy court was harmless, to the extent that we have reached the same

conclusion on de novo review, or invited, as CWVEC will not be heard to complain of the

bankruptcy court’s consideration of parol evidence because it made parol evidence arguments to that

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court. CWVEC thus did not have the right to terminate the CSA upon a transfer of the Coke Plant

to the Joint Venture.

C. CWVEC’s Counterclaim in the West Virginia Litigation

       The Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure state that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 13

applies in adversary proceedings. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7013. Rule 13(a) provides that

       [a] pleading shall state as a counterclaim any claim which at the time of serving the
       pleading the pleader has against any opposing party, if it arises out of the transaction
       or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s claim and does not
       require for its adjudication the presence of third parties of whom the court cannot
       acquire jurisdiction.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(a). An opposing party’s failure to plead a compulsory counterclaim “forever bars

that party from raising the claim in another action.” Bluegrass Hosiery, Inc. v. Speizman Indus., Inc.,

214 F.3d 770, 772 (6th Cir. 2000); Sanders v. First Nat’l Bank & Trust Co. in Great Bend, 936 F.2d
273, 277 (6th Cir. 1991). We have recognized that this rule “serves the desirable goal of bringing

all claims arising out of the same transaction or occurrence before the court in a single action.”

Bluegrass Hosiery, 214 F.3d at 772. We apply the “logical relationship” test in determining whether

a claim is a compulsory counterclaim; under that test, the court “determine[s] whether the issues of

law and fact raised by the claims are largely the same and whether substantially the same evidence

would support or refute both claims.” Sanders, 936 F.2d at 277.

       On appeal, CWVEC claims that the requirements issue and the declaratory judgment

litigation raise “completely different” issues of law and fact because the requirements issue “has no

affect on, and is not affected by,” the declaratory judgment litigation. In support of this claim,

CWVEC contends that in the West Virginia Litigation, it did not claim that the CSA was

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No. 06-3906
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unenforceable, as it contended in the Adversary Proceeding; rather, it claimed that the CSA applies

only to Wheeling-Pitt, not to Severstal. CWVEC thus argues that there was no need to address the

parties’ rights under the CSA’s quantity provision in the Adversary Proceeding because upon

assignment of the CSA, CWVEC’s obligations regarding the quantity due under performance would

remain the same as before the assignment. CWVEC also argues that discovery in connection with

the requirements issue would have delayed the resolution of the Adversary Proceeding.

        The bankruptcy court did not err in holding that the requirements issue was a compulsory

counterclaim that CWVEC waived by not pursuing when it raised its assignability claim in the

Adversary Proceeding. Substantially the same issue is presented in the West Virginia Litigation as

was presented in the Adversary Proceeding, namely the ongoing validity and enforceability of the

CSA. In the West Virginia Litigation, CWVEC proposed that the CSA is only binding as to

Wheeling-Pitt’s coal requirements, not to those of the Joint Venture. This interpretation calls into

question CWVEC’s contractual obligations to the Joint Venture under the CSA, just as in the

Adversary Proceeding in which CWVEC argued the fact that the Joint Venture was not a wholly

owned subsidiary of Wheeling-Pitt gave rise to CWVEC’s right to cease performance of the CSA

entirely.

        Substantially the same evidence would have been necessary to decide the two claims as well.

As demonstrated by the district court opinion, which actually reached the requirements issue, the

evidence necessary to resolve that issue consists of the CSA and the Letter Agreement, the same

evidence that we used above to resolve the assignability issue. Furthermore, in the Adversary

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No. 06-3906
Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

Proceeding CWVEC requested projections of the Joint Venture’s future total coke production and

coal requirements as well as Wheeling-Pitt’s projected future coke requirements.

         CWVEC’s argument before this Court ignores the entire context of the Adversary

Proceeding. As the bankruptcy court noted, the declaratory judgment complaint “gives a whole

description” of the proposed joint venture and the assignment to that joint venture and asks for a

declaratory judgment “to assign its rights under the Agreement to any entity that is created to

implement the proposed joint venture.” J.A. at 668. Accordingly, there is absolutely no merit to the

assertion that CWVEC was “blindsided” by the requirements issue. An examination of the

declaratory judgment complaint reveals that this result “serves the desirable goal of bringing all

claims arising out of the same transaction or occurrence before the court in a single action,”

Bluegrass Hosiery, 214 F.3d at 772, notwithstanding CWVEC’s unsupported contention that the

requirements issue would have delayed the Adversary Proceeding. The propriety of this result is

further apparent given that a declaratory judgment is designed to settle the entire controversy set out

in a declaratory judgment complaint, see Adrian Energy Assocs. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 481
F.3d 414, 422 (6th Cir. 2007), and that the declaratory judgment complaint encompassed both

CWVEC’s right to terminate and the amount of coal CWVEC was required to supply to the Coke

Plant.

D. CWVEC’s Remaining Claims

         CWVEC’s remaining arguments are dismissed in short order. First, its contention that the

counterclaim should be allowed to proceed because the requirements issue was not at issue, litigated,

or decided, is unconvincing. As stated above, the issue was substantially the same as the issue in the

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No. 06-3906
Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

Adversary Proceeding, CWVEC’s attempt to narrowly describe the Adversary Proceeding issue

notwithstanding. Second, as Wheeling-Pitt points out, CWVEC confuses compulsory counterclaim

law with the law of preclusion with respect to whether the requirements issue was litigated or

decided. As set forth above, application of the compulsory counterclaim rule does not depend on

whether the requirements issue was actually litigated or decided.

        CWVEC also claims that the requirements issue was not mature during the declaratory

judgment litigation. It argues that no actual controversy then existed regarding the quantity provision

of the CSA because at the time of the Adversary Proceeding, Wheeling-Pitt had not yet

consummated the Joint Venture. The ripeness doctrine, however, does not require the harm to have

actually occurred. See Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. State Energy Res. Conservation, 461 U.S. 190, 201

(1983) (“One does not have to await the consummation of threatened injury to obtain preventive

relief.”). That proposition is particularly applicable in the instant case, as Wheeling-Pitt sought a

declaratory judgment, the useful purpose of which is the clarification of legal duties for the future.

AmSouth Bank v. Dale, 386 F.3d 763, 786 (6th Cir. 2004). Indeed, at the time Wheeling-Pitt filed

its complaint for declaratory relief, it was in bankruptcy, and it stated that it “could not consummate

its proposed joint venture without assurance the Agreement may be assigned in connection with the

joint venture, because any uncertainty as to the effect of the assignment significantly affects the value

of the proposed joint venture.” J.A. at 22. Accordingly, CWVEC’s ripeness argument lacks merit.

        CWVEC also contends that Rule 13(a) does not apply to expedited matters and that the

declaratory judgment litigation in the instant case was held on an expedited basis. CWVEC relies

on United States v. Snider, 779 F.2d 1151 (6th Cir. 1985), but that case is inapplicable here. In

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No. 06-3906
Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

Snider, we stated that Rule 13(a) requires compulsory counterclaims only if the party who desires

to assert a claim has served a pleading, because the Rule requires the adverse party to state its

counterclaims “at the time of serving a pleading.” 779 F.2d at 1157. Our subsequent cases have so

interpreted Snider. See Bluegrass Hosiery, 214 F.3d at 772; United States v. Erie Indus., Inc., No.

95-2075, 1996 WL 692092, at *1 (6th Cir. Nov. 26, 1996); Pukyrys v. Olson, No. 95-1778, 1996 WL
636140, at *2 (6th Cir. Oct. 30, 1996). CWVEC cites no authority for its extension of Snider to all

“expedited matters,” and we decline its invitation to so extend our precedent.

       Finally, CWVEC argues that the bankruptcy court lacked jurisdiction and the power to issue

the injunction. It claims that in doing so, the bankruptcy court went beyond enforcing its initial

rulings and that the All Writs Act should not have been invoked because the counterclaim was not

a collateral attack on the bankruptcy court’s ruling. These arguments are unpersuasive. We have

consistently stated that although district courts may not alter or enlarge the scope of their judgments

pending appeal, they do retain jurisdiction to enforce their judgments. See, e.g., City of Cookeville,

Tenn. v. Upper Cumberland Elec. Membership, ___ F.3d ___, Nos. 05-5886, 06-5363, 2007 WL
1146456, at *10 (6th Cir. Apr. 19, 2007); Am. Town Ctr. v. Hall 83 Assocs., 912 F.3d 104, 110 (6th

Cir. 1990) (recognizing “the crucial distinction between expansion and enforcement of judgments”).

For the reasons stated above, CWVEC’s counterclaim in the West Virginia Litigation is a claim it

waived. Thus, the bankruptcy court not only had the authority to issue the injunction pursuant to our

case law, but it also had such authority pursuant to the All Writs Act, Sable v. Gen. Motors Corp.,

90 F.3d 171, 175 (6th Cir. 1996) (emphasizing that the Supreme Court has “repeatedly recognized

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Central West Virginia Energy v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel

the power of a federal court to issue such commands under the All Writs Act as may be necessary

or appropriate to effectuate and prevent the frustration of orders it has previously issued”).

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the orders of the district court.

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