Court Opinion

ID: 4356819
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-08 14:44:17.602611+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:33.742606
License: Public Domain

J.   S70008/18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION              - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P.                65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                  :      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                           PENNSYLVANIA
                     v.

ANTON JOHNSON,                                             No. 1778 EDA 2018

                          Appellant

               Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered May 23, 2018,
                in the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County
                 Criminal Division at No. CP-23-CR-0006415-2011

BEFORE:     GANTMAN, P.J., McLAUGHLIN, J., AND FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.:                       FILED JANUARY 07, 2019

       Anton Johnson appeals from the May 23, 2018 order dismissing his

petition   filed   pursuant to   the   Post       Conviction    Relief Act     ("PCRA"),

42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546. For the following reasons, we affirm.

       The PCRA court set forth the extensive factual history of this case in its

August 3, 2018 opinion and we need not reiterate it here. (See PCRA court

opinion, 8/3/18 at 1-5, III 1-144.) In sum,          a   jury found appellant guilty of
one count of aggravated assault' after he attempted to strike Radnor

Township Police Officer Steven Bannar with his vehicle during            a   traffic stop.

' 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(2). The record reflects that appellant was also
charged with criminal attempt (homicide), recklessly endangering another
person, and resisting arrest. Appellant was only tried on the assault and
criminal attempt (homicide) charges; the remaining charges were withdrawn
prior to trial. The jury acquitted appellant of the attempted homicide
charge.
J.   S70008/18

(Notes of testimony, 3/27/12 at 179, 183.)            Following his convictions, the

trial court sentenced appellant to 120 to 240 months' imprisonment.

Appellant was represented by Jeffrey Bauer, Esq., prior to his jury trial and

by Lacy Wheeler, Esq., during his       jury trial.
        On January 24,      2013,   a   panel of this court affirmed appellant's

judgment of sentence, and our supreme court denied allowance of appeal on

August 21, 2014.        Commonwealth v. Johnson, 64 A.3d 287 (Pa.Super.
2013), appeal denied, 97 A.3d 743 (Pa. 2014).                Appellant did not seek

review with the United States Supreme Court.                 On January 29, 2015,

appellant filed   a    pro se    PCRA      petition, and Stephen Molineux,        Esq.

("PCRA counsel"), was appointed to represent him.             On February 1, 2016,

PCRA counsel filed an amended PCRA              petition on appellant's behalf.   The

PCRA     court ultimately conducted          evidentiary hearings    on   appellant's

amended petition on July 14 and August 10, 2017. Thereafter, on May 23,

2018, the PCRA court entered an order denying appellant's petition.               This

timely appeal followed on June 14, 2018. That same day, appellant filed              a

concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, in accordance with

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).       The    PCRA    court filed its Rule 1925(a) opinion on

August 3, 2018.

       Appellant raises the following claims for our review:

             1.       Whether the PCRA Court erred in denying
                      [a]ppellant's PCRA petition where the record
                      showed that trial counsel was ineffective for

                                           _2
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                   failing to file a motion to suppress the arrest
                   for lack of probable cause?

              2.   Whether the PCRA Court erred in denying
                   [a]ppellant's PCRA petition where the record
                   clearly showed that trial counsel was
                   ineffective in failing to seek a jury instruction
                   regarding "justification" where the defense was
                   that [a]ppellant was justified in moving his car
                   because he was in fear for his life after the
                   police opened fire on him?

              3.   Whether the PCRA Court erred in denying
                   [a]ppellant's PCRA petition where the record
                   clearly showed that trial counsel was
                   ineffective for failing to object to inferences by
                   Commonwealth witnesses that [a]ppellant was
                   involved in criminal activity and was under
                   investigation by the East Goshen Police?

             4.    Whether the PCRA Court erred in denying
                   [a]ppellant's PCRA petition where the record
                   clearly showed that trial counsel was
                   ineffective in failing to properly advise
                   [a]ppellant regarding the plea offer?

Appellant's brief at 5-6.

        Proper appellate review of   a PCRA   court's dismissal of    a PCRA   petition

is   limited to the examination of "whether the PCRA court's determination is

supported by the record and free of legal error." Commonwealth v. Miller,

102 A.3d 988, 992 (Pa.Super. 2014) (citation omitted). "This Court grants

great deference to the findings of the PCRA court, and we will not disturb

those findings merely because the record could support        a   contrary holding."

Commonwealth v. Hickman, 799 A.2d 136, 140 (Pa.Super. 2002)
(citation omitted). In order to be eligible for PCRA relief,      a   defendant must

                                       -3
J.   S70008/18

plead and prove by              a   preponderance of the evidence that his conviction or

sentence arose from one or more of the errors listed at 42 Pa.C.S.A.

§    9543(a)(2). Further, these issues must be neither previously litigated nor

waived. 42 Pa.C.S.A.                §   9543(a)(3).

         All of appellant's claims concern the effectiveness of his counsel.                           To

prevail on       a   claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under the PCRA,                          a

petitioner must establish the following three factors: "first[,] the underlying

claim has arguable merit; second, that counsel had no reasonable basis for

his     action       or   inaction;        and    third,        that Appellant        was     prejudiced."

Commonwealth v. Charleston, 94 A.3d 1012, 1020 (Pa.Super. 2014)
(citation omitted), appeal denied, 104 A.3d 523 (Pa. 2014).

                 [A] PCRA petitioner will be granted relief only when
                 he proves, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
                 his conviction or sentence resulted from the
                 [i]neffective assistance of counsel which, in the
                 circumstances of the particular case, so undermined
                 the truth -determining process that no reliable
                 adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken
                 place.

Commonwealth v. Spotz, 84 A.3d 294, 311                              (Pa. 2014) (internal quotation

marks       omitted;        some           brackets    in        original),   citing     42     Pa.C.S.A.

§    9543(a)(2)(ii).

         "[C]ounsel        is       presumed      to       be     effective   and      the    burden    of

demonstrating ineffectiveness rests on appellant."                             Commonwealth v.
Ousley, 21 A.3d 1238, 1242 (Pa.Super. 2011) (citation omitted), appeal

denied, 30 A.3d 487                 (Pa. 2011).    Additionally, counsel         is   not ineffective for

                                                      -4
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failing to raise   a    claim that is devoid of merit.     Commonwealth v. Ligons,
971 A.2d 1125, 1146 (Pa. 2009).

         In the instant matter, the PCRA court authored               a   comprehensive,

29 -page opinion wherein it concluded that appellant's claims of ineffective

assistance of counsel were meritless and dismissed appellant's petition.

(See PCRA court opinion, 8/3/18, at 18-29.) We have reviewed the record

in its   entirety and have considered the merit of appellant's claims. Following

our careful consideration of the record, the briefs of the parties, and the

applicable case law, we find that the PCRA court's conclusions, as set forth

on page 18 of the PCRA court's Rule 1925(a) opinion, are supported by

competent evidence and are clearly free of legal error. We, therefore, adopt

the well -reasoned, August 3, 2018 opinion of the Honorable John                       P.

Capuzzi, Sr.,      as    our own     for purposes        of further   appellate   review.

Accordingly, we affirm the May 23, 2018 order of the PCRA court dismissing

appellant's petition.

         Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn,
Prothonotary

Date: 1/7/19

                                            -5
                                                                                Circulated 12/11/2018 04:08 PM

       IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                           CRIMINAL DIVISION

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                         NO. CP-23-CR-0006415-2011

                      v.

ANTON JOHNSON                                         Superior Court No. 3021 EDA 2018

William R. Toal, III, Esquire, Attorney for the Commonwealth
Stephen D. Molineux, Esquire, Attorney for the Appellant

                                         OPINION

Capuzzi, J.                                                                     FILED: 8/2/18

        Anton Johnson, hereinafter "Appellant or Petitioner", argues that he is entitled to relief

from the denial of his Post-Conviction Relief Act Petition. Appellant's contentions are wholly

without merit and the.court's dismissal of the PCRA petition should be affirmed.

FACTUAL HISTORY:

        On October 14, 2011, members of the Delaware County Drug Task Force were

investigating the Appellant for drug sales and possible involvement in a home invasion that

resulted in a shooting. (N.T. 3/12/2012 pp. 6-7); (N.T. 3/27/2012 p. 313); see also Criminal

Complaint. When police officers stopped Appellant's vehicle as he was driving from his home in

Delaware County, Appellant accelerated his vehicle directly toward Radnor Township Police

Officer Bannar. (N.T. 3/27/2012 pp. 179, 183). A jury found him guilty of aggravated assault on

a police officer.

FINDINGS OF FACT FROM THE PCRA HEARING:

        1.      At the commencement of the PCRA evidentiary hearing, petitioner
        asserted that he was only pursuing issues regarding:

                                                 1
       (a)    whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue a
       suppression motion;

       (b)     whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue a
       jury instruction regarding justification;

       (c)    whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to
       alleged improper inferences which arose from the testimony of a
       Commonwealth witness regarding what the police were doing on
       Bullens Lane just prior to petitioner's arrest.

       ( d)    whether prior counsel was ineffective for failing to convey
       a plea offer from the Commonwealth and failing to pursue a plea
       offer from the Commonwealth.

       ( e)    All other issues raised or referenced in the amended PCRA
       petition or elsewhere were specifically withdrawn with petitioner's
       approval. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 3-9).

2.    On October 14, 2011, petitioner was at his house at 1746 Bullens Lane in
Woodlyn, Ridley Township just before he was arrested. (N.T. 7/14/17 p.10).

3.      Petitioner, who works as a barber, finished cutting the hair of a customer
named Cliff Mason at approximately 3:30-3:45 p.m. Petitioner then walked to his
car, a Chevy Impala, intending to drive to work at a Senior Citizen Building at
11th & Edgemont Avenue in the City of Chester. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 10-11).

4.     After getting in his car and driving away from his home, petitioner
stopped at a red light near Bullens Lane and MacDade Boulevard, where a
marked Ridley Township police car pulled behind him. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 11-12).

5.      According to petitioner, he remained in the vehicle but pulled his car over
to allow other vehicles to pass him. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 12-13).

6.     According to petitioner, an unmarked police SUV pulled in front of his
vehicle and an officer got out of the SUV and stood in front of it. (N.T. 7/14/17 p.
14).

7.    According to petitioner, the officer in front of him was telling him not to
move or he would shoot him. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 14-15).

8.    According to petitioner, the officer in front of him was Officer Bannar
who had his weapon drawn at the time. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 15).

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9.      Meanwhile, according to petitioner, other officers to the left and right of
his car were telling him to turn the car off and directing him to get out of the car.
(N.T. 7/14/17 p. 15).

10.     According to petitioner, he kept his hands raised as officers yelled
conflicting orders at him. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 15-16).

11.    According to petitioner, he told the officers that he had to put the car in
park before he could turn it off. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 16).

12.     According to petitioner, as he put the car in park, the officer in front of
him started shooting at him and petitioner then ducked down causing his foot to
hit the gas and brake at the same time and causing the car to jerk. (N.T. 7/14/17 p.
16).

13.     According to petitioner, Officer Bannar began shooting at petitioner prior
to the Chevy moving. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 18).

14.     According to petitioner, after Officer Bannar shot at petitioner, other
officers located behind petitioner fired shots too. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 18-19).

15.     According to petitioner, while the police where shooting at him, and he
ducked down to avoid being shot, the car began to jerk forward to the right and he
then steered it towards the parking lot of the Woodlyn Shopping Center. (N.T.
7/14/17 pp. 18-20).

16.    According to petitioner, he put the car into park after travelling about 50
yards and then put his hands out the window, so the officers would not shoot him.
(N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 20-21).

17.     According to petitioner, the.police then rammed into the car's driver's side
door and the police had to pull him out from the passenger's side door before
taking him to the Crozer Chester Medical Center. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 21).

18.      Contrary to petitioner's PCRA hearing testimony, Officer Bannar did not
shoot at petitioner prior to petitioner driving at him in an attempt to strike the
officer. (N.T. 3/27/12, vol. I., p. 179).

19.     Petitioner initially did as he was told and put his hands above his head,
however, as Officer Bannar approached petitioner, petitioner "accelerated his
vehicle right towards me, at which time I jumped to the right and fired one round
into his vehicle." (N.T. 3/27/12, vol. I, p. 179).

                                          3
20.   After just missing Officer Bannar, petitioner's vehicle made a hard-right
tum and kept going past Officer Bannar's vehicle. (N.T. 3/27/12, vol. II, pp. 185-
188).

21.    Radnor Township Officer Jonathan Jagodinski, a 6-year police veteran,
attempted to open petitioner's car door immediately before petitioner took off and
drove at Officer Bannar. (N. T. 3/27 /12, vol. II, pp. 318-319).

22.     Officer Jagodinski saw petitioner put his hands down and accelerate his
vehicle straight towards Officer Banner. (N.T.3/27/12, vol. II, p. 322).

23.     Petitioner made direct eye contact with Officer Bannar and then lowered
his hands and head and drove right at Officer Bannar prior to Officer Bannar
firing his weapon. (N.T. 3/27/12, vol. II, p. 183).

24.    According to petitioner, public defender Norma Beatty represented him at
his preliminary hearing before Magisterial District Judge Lippincott. (N.T.
7/14/17 p. 22).

25.     According to petitioner, he met with a male public defender at a pre-trial
conference and his public defender had an offer from the prosecutor, Assistant
District Attorney Brian Doherty. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 23-24, 64).

26.    According to petitioner, his public defender was Daniel Woody, Esquire,
who he described as being a "short kind of stout guy, clean face like a Christmas
looking sort of guy like someone you would see at Macy's. Like he was a clean
cut happy looking guy." (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 24-25).

27.    Petitioner admitted that he could have been mistaken about which public
defender he met with and that it could have been Mr. Bauer rather than Mr.
Woody. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 26).

28.     According to petitioner, the deal presented by the public defender was for
either 4 to 7 months or for 4 to 7 years of incarceration for Simple Assault but
petitioner could not recall whether it was for months or years. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp.
26-27).

29.     According to petitioner, the proposed deal also required the forfeiture of
the car which belonged to his mother. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 27-28).

30.     According to petitioner, he told the public defender that he was innocent
but would take the deal, provided that his mother approved of the car being
forfeited. (N.T. 71/4/17 pp. 28-29).

                                        4
31.     According to petitioner, he never heard back from the public defender
regarding the deal offered by the prosecutor and, by the next time he had his next
court appearance, his family had already hired attorney Lacy Wheeler to represent
him. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 29).

32.     According to petitioner, he first met with attorney Lacy Wheeler at the
George W. Hill prison to discuss his case and, after discussing payment for his
services, spoke about pursuing a suppression motion. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 31-32).

33.    According to petitioner, Mr. Wheeler told petitioner that a motion to
suppress would be a waste of time because Judge Nilon is pro-police. (N.T.
7/14/17 pp. 32-33).

34.    According to petitioner, he insisted that Mr. Wheeler file a suppression
motion. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 33).

35.      According to petitioner, he explained to Mr. Wheeler about how, when he
was stopped in his car, the police were giving him conflicting orders and he was
in fear for his life. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 34).

36.    According to petitioner, he also asked Mr. Wheeler to pursue the deal that
had previously been proposed by the prosecutor. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 34).

37.    According to petitioner, at subsequent meetings with Mr. Wheeler, they
discussed how Mr. Wheeler and his investigator had been unsuccessful locating
witnesses and petitioner suggested that Mr. Wheeler look into possible cameras
from stores in the area which might have recorded the incident. (N.T. 7/14/17 p.
35).

38.     According to petitioner, each time that he met with Mr. Wheeler, he asked
Mr. Wheeler about the proposed deal, about pursuing a suppression motion, and
about wanting to meet the investigator who was supposed to be finding a video of
the incident and locating witnesses. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 37-40).

39.    According to petitioner, Mr. Wheeler did not provide him with discovery
materials from the prosecutor to review. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 43).

40.    According to petitioner, at his third meeting with Mr. Wheeler, Mr.
Wheeler told him that the Commonwealth was pursuing a mandatory minimum
sentence against petitioner as the case constituted a "second strike" for sentencing
purposes. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 44).

41.    Several weeks prior to trial, when payments for legal services were not
timely made, Mr. Wheeler contacted petitioner to say that unless he was paid as

                                         5
previously agreed to, he would stop working on petitioner's case. (N.T. 7/14/17
pp. 45-47).

42.     According to petitioner, prior to trial, Mr. Wheeler did not share with him
what the defense at trial was going to be and Mr. Wheeler did not discuss with
petitioner that they would forego a defense of justification. (N.T. 7 /14/17 pp. 50-
57).

43.     According to petitioner, he was surprised when, during trial, Mr. Wheeler
told the court that they would not be pursuing a claim regarding justification.
(N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 50-53).

44.     Prior to trial, by filing a motion in limine, Mr. Wheeler successfully
persuaded Judge Nilon to rule that the Commonwealth would not be permitted to
discuss the home invasion robbery case from Chester County, in which petitioner
was involved, which was why the police from Chester County were looking for
petitioner and why the police obtained a search warrant for petitioner's home on
Bullen's Lane. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 53-56).

45.     Because of the ruling by Judge Nilon, and Judge Nilon's insistence that
the reasons for the search warrant and the initial stop of petitioner not be disclosed
to the jury, the parties stipulated that the police had a lawful basis to stop
petitioner's vehicle. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 55).

46.     Petitioner wanted Mr. Wheeler to introduce evidence at trial regarding the
bullet holes in his car. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 558).

47.    When, during trial, Mr. Wheeler attempted to use a power point
presentation of the photos regarding the bullet holes in the vehicle petitioner had
been driving when he was arrested, Mr. Wheeler needed the assistance of the
prosecutor, Mr. Doherty, with the power point presentation. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 59).

48.    After petitioner was found guilty in his Delaware County trial, Mr.
Wheeler provided petitioner with documents related to petitioner's case from
Chester County. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 60-62).

49.    Petitioner admitted that, prior to his arrest in the instant case, he had a
conviction for murder in North Carolina. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 65).

50.     According to petitioner, his public defender did not know about the North
Carolina murder conviction and did not ask him about it when they met at the pre-
trial conference listing. (N.T. 7/14/17 p.65).

51.     According to petitioner, he told his public defender that he was interested
in a negotiated plea deal with the Commonwealth. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 65).

                                          6
· 52.    Petitioner admitted that during their meetings, Mr. Wheeler explained that
  he and his investigator searched for witnesses and for video of the incident but
  had not found anything useful to the defense. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 67-68).

 53.    Petitioner admitted that prior to being stopped on Bullens Lane, he had
 been involved in a home invasion robbery in Chester County in which he shot
 someone. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 68-69).

 54.    Petitioner admitted that the affidavit of probable cause for the search
 warrant in the instant case accurately recounts petitioner's participation in the
 crimes which occurred in Chester County. (N.T. 7 /14/17 pp. 69-72).

 55.    Petitioner admitted that he entered a guilty plea to charges stemming from
 the home invasion robbery and shooting in Chester County. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 76-
 77).

 56.     According to petitioner, Mr. Wheeler did not explain to him prior to trial
 that a defense of justification meant admitting to the illegal conduct but providing
 an explanation for it. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 77-78).

 57.     According to petitioner, when he asked Mr. Wheeler what their defense at
 trial was going to be, Mr. Wheeler told him that their defense was based on the
 conflicting and contradictory statements by the police regarding the incident.
 (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 79).

 58.    Lacy Wheeler is an attorney who has been practicing law for 33 years.
 (N.T. 7/14/127 p. 85).

 59.     Mr. Wheeler's practice is approximately 60% criminal and often involves
 serious felony cases. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 85).

 60.    Mr. Wheeler entered his appearance in this case after petitioner's
 preliminary hearing. (N.T. 7/14/7 p. 86).

 61.     Before Mr. Wheeler first met with petitioner at the George W. Hill prison,
 Mr. Wheeler had spoken to Assistant District Attorney Brian Doherty and learned
 that because of petitioner's prior murder conviction in North Carolina that there
 would be no plea offer in the instant case. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 86).

 62.    Mr. Wheeler told petitioner that there was no plea offer because of the
 prior North Carolina murder conviction. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 86).

                                          7
63.     Petitioner did not ask Mr. Wheeler to pursue a plea offer after learning
from Mr. Wheeler that the prosecutor was no longer offering a plea deal after
learning of the North Carolina murder conviction. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 86-87).

64.     After speaking with petitioner, Mr. Wheeler and his investigator looked
into whether there were any video cameras in the area which might have recorded
the.incident involving petitioner. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 88-89).

65.   Mr. Wheeler also explored whether there were any police vehicle cameras
which might have captured the incident. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 89-90).

66.     Mr. Wheeler, after he and his investigator unsuccessfully attempted to
locate videotape of the incident, reported the unfavorable news to petitioner. (N.T.
7/14/17 pp. 89-90).

67.    Prior to trial, Mr. Wheeler considered possible grounds to suppress
evidence and determined that there were no grounds to suppress anything. (N.T.
7/14/17 pp. 90-93).

68.    Mr. Wheeler explained to petitioner that there was no statement to the
police from petitioner to suppress and that, based upon the incident in Chester
County and the information spelled out in the affidavit of probable cause for the
search warrant, there was no basis to suppress evidence in the case against him in
Delaware County. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 90-93).

69.    Mr. Wheeler explained that, based upon petitioner's role in the Chester
County home invasion robbery involving a shooting by petitioner, the police did
not need a warrant to lawfully arrest petitioner. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 90-92).

70.    Petitioner requested Mr. Wheeler to locate and call Terrell Gordon as a
witness at trial. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 93-94).

71.   When Mr. Wheeler's investigator and Mr. Wheeler located and contacted
Mr. Gordon, Mr. Gordon refused to speak to them. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 94-95).

72.    Mr. Wheeler's trial strategy was to establish that the police officers
involved in the incident were all telling different versions of what happened and
the testimony of the officer who said petitioner tried to run him over was
especially at odds with the accounts of the incident provided by other officers.
(N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 95-96).

73.     Mr. Wheeler did not pursue a justification defense because it would have
required petitioner to admit to the acts that he was accused of doing, namely
trying to run over a police officer, and then explain why he had a good reason for
doing so. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 97-98).

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74.     Petitioner never asked Mr. Wheeler to pursue a defense of justification.
(N.T. 7/14/17 p. 98).

75.     Petitioner asserted to Mr. Wheeler that he did not try to run over the police
officers and was merely trying to avoid getting shot by the police. (N.T. 7/14/17
pp. 98-99).

76.    Mr. Wheeler viewed petitioner's assertion of innocence as being legally
and factually inconsistent with a defense of justification. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 98-99).

77.    Prior to trial, Mr. Wheeler made a motion in limine to prevent the
Commonwealth from introducing evidence or even referencing the Chester
County home invasion robbery or the search warrant for the Bullens Lane
residence. (N. T. 7 /14/17 pp. 99-100).

78.     Judge Nilon granted Mr. Wheeler's motion in limine but acknowledged
the legal authority that the police had to stop petitioner in the vehicle. (N.T.
7 /14/17 p. 103).

79.    Mr. Wheeler explained to petitioner that the Commonwealth would not be
allowed to present evidence or ask questions about the Chester County home
invasion or the execution of the search warrant on Bullens Lane but the jury
would be told that the police had a lawful basis to stop him. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 103).

80.    Mr. Wheeler followed through on any request or directive that petitioner
gave him and always explained to petitioner when he was either unsuccessful or
unable to do whatever petitioner asked of him. (N. T. 7 /14/17 p. 109).

81.      Mr. Wheeler sent letters to petitioner threatening to suspend his work on
petitioner's case if he was not paid to in a timely fashion as agreed. (N. T. 7 /14/17
p. 110).

82.    Despite sending letters threatening to suspend work on petitioner's case,
Mr. Wheeler never actually stopped work on petitioner's case or failed to do
something or was untimely in anything as a result of a dispute over being timely
compensated. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 110-11).

83.     Although Mr. Wheeler provided petitioner with the documents regarding
petitioner's case from Chester County after the trial in Delaware County was
completed, Mr. Wheeler and petitioner discussed the information regarding the
Chester County case prior to trial in preparation for trial in Delaware County.
(N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 111-113).

                                          9
84.     Contrary to petitioner's assertions, he was represented by public defender
Jeffrey Bauer and not by Daniel Woody. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 115).

85.     On January 14, 2012, attorney Bauer, while representing petitioner,
obtained a negotiated plea offer from prosecutor Brian Doherty in which the
Commonwealth offered petitioner a plea to Aggravated Assault in which
petitioner would be sentenced to a term of from 4 Yz to 10 years of imprisonment,
petitioner would not be RRRl eligible, and the car driven by petitioner during the
incident would be forfeited, plus petitioner would be required to provide a DNA
sample because the case involved a felony conviction. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 116).

86.    Attorney Bauer memorialized the offer from prosecutor Doherty by
writing it on the public defender file for the case involving petitioner. (N.T.
7/14/17pp.116-117).

87.   The written memorialization made by attorney Bauer was marked and
made part of the record in this matter. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 128-130, 150).

88.     After receiving the Commonwealth's offer, attorney Bauer met with
petitioner in the holding cell in the basement of the courthouse. (N.T. 7/14/17 p.
117).

89.     Attorney · Bauer conveyed to petitioner the Commonwealth's offer
regarding a negotiated guilty plea to Aggravated Assault; explained what each of
the terms meant; and he explained what the applicable sentencing guidelines were
for the offense. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 117-120).

90.    Attorney Bauer explained to petitioner that he thought the offer was
reasonable because it was in the standard range of the sentencing guidelines if not
in the mitigated range. Attorney Bauer recommended that petitioner accept the
Commonwealth's offer. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 120, 123).

91.    Upon attorney Bauer conveying the Commonwealth's offer to petitioner,
and making a recommendation to accept it, petitioner made it clear to attorney
Bauer that he was not interested in the offer and wanted to proceed to trial. (N.T.
7/14/17 p. 121).

92.     Petitioner acted as though the Commonwealth's offer was ludicrous and
he told attorney Bauer that he needed attorney Bauer to help him prepare for trial.
(N.T. 7/14/17 p. 121).

93.    Towards that end, petitioner proceeded to give attorney Bauer a list of
things that he wanted attorney Bauer to do and attorney Bauer wrote the
information down on the file. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 121-123).

                                        10
94.    At the time of the offer, according to Mr. Bauer, Mr. Doherty had some
information about petitioner's prior murder conviction from out-of-state but had
not yet confirmed the information and Mr. Bauer noted that in his file as well.
(N.T. 7/14/17 p. 122).

95.    Attorney Bauer told petitioner that the prior conviction for murder could
become an issue and he recommended to petitioner that he take the offer. (N.T.
7/14/17 pp. 122-123).

96.     After petitioner told attorney Bauer that he was not interested in the offer,
attorney Bauer told prosecutor Doherty. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 123-124).

97.    Attorney Bauer and prosecutor Doherty then stood before Judge Nilon and
put on the record that they were asking for a trial date and that attorney Bauer
agreed to waive his client's presence in the courtroom at the pre-trial conference.
(N.T.7/14/17 p. 124).

98.    After the pre-trial conference meeting with petitioner, attorney Bauer
began to work on the list of items that petitioner had requested. He made
arrangements to view the vehicle to look for bullet holes. Mr. Bauer began to
prepare a list of surrounding businesses that might have video surveillance
cameras which could have recorded the incident. He contacted Chester Police
Officer Gretsky, as requested by petitioner, to get information about the impound
lot where the car was being stored. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 125-126).

99.     While working on petitioner's case, attorney Bauer learned that Lacy
Wheeler had been hired and that Mr. Bauer's services were no longer required on
behalf of petitioner. (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 126).

100. Mr. Bauer confirmed that Mr. Woody never represented petitioner in the
matter. (N. T. 7 /14/17 p. 131 ).

101. Mr. Wheeler was hired by petitioner's mother, Ms. Martinez, to represent
petitioner. (N.T. 8/10/17 p. 5).

102. While representing petitioner, Mr. Wheeler showed petitioner material he
received from the Commonwealth in discovery, however, he did not generally
provide petitioner with copies of the documents. (N.T. 8/10/17 p. 10).

103. Mr. Wheeler and his investigator investigated whether there were any
video records of the incident made by local businesses or by the police but they
did not find any such records. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 12-14).

104. Prior to trial, Mr. Wheeler received discovery information and materials
from the Commonwealth regarding the Sullens Lane incident and search warrant

                                         11
and the home invasion robbery which occurred in Chester County. (N.T. 8/10/17
pp. 15.:16).

105. Mr. Wheeler acknowledged sending letters to petitioner threatening to
suspend work on the case or withdraw his appearance if he was not paid for his
services. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 17-20).

106. Mr. Wheeler also acknowledged that he fully expected to stay in the case
and not be allowed by Judge Nilon to withdraw his appearance and he explained
that he sent the letters to try to light a fire about getting paid but did not actually
suspend work on the case. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 19-20).

107. Mr. Wheeler stated that he did not file a suppression motion in this case
challenging the legality of the stop of petitioner on Bullens Lane because there
was no basis to challenge the legality of the stop. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 28-29).

108. After the Delaware County trial was completed, Mr. Wheeler sent
petitioner copies of the material regarding his upcoming case in Chester County
which materials Mr. Wheeler received prior to the Delaware County trial. (N.T.
8/10/17 pp. 29-32).

109. When Mr. Wheeler first entered his appearance, he spoke to prosecutor
Doherty regarding a plea offer and learned from Mr. Doherty that there would be
no offer because the Commonwealth had confirmed the information regarding the
North Carolina murder conviction. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 32-33).

110. Mr. Wheeler's trial strategy in defending petitioner at trial was based upon
the contradictions and discrepancies among the police officers who were involved
in the incident which arguably provided reasonable doubt regarding whether
petitioner attempted to run over a police officer under the circumstances which
included the police shooting at petitioner. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 35-37).

111. Mr. Wheeler never stopped working on petitioner's case even though he
threatened to do so based upon the failure by petitioner's family to pay him
timely. (N.T. 8/10/17 p. 40).

112. Mr. Wheeler explained to petitioner, prior to trial, that it was petitioner's
decision as to whether or not to testify but that Mr. Wheeler was recommending
that he not testify under the facts and circumstances of this case. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp.
42-43).

113.   Glenn Bretz is a detective with the Westtown-East Goshen Police
Department in Chester County with over 25 years of experience. (N.T. 8/10/17 p.
50).

                                          12
114. Detective Bretz was involved in the investigation of the Chester County
home invasion robbery and in the execution of a search warrant on Bullens Lane
in Delaware County. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 51-53).

115. Detective Bretz observed petitioner exit the house on Bullens Lane and get
into a car. (N.T. 8/10/17 p. 57).

116. Although the warrant for petitioner's arrest in Chester County was not
served on him until October 18, the police, including Detective Bretz, was aware
of petitioner's role in the Chester County home invasion robbery and shooting on
October 14 when they stopped and arrested him as the Bullens Lane property was
being searched. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 51-53).

117. Assistant District Attorney Brian Doherty was the prosecutor assigned to
the Delaware County case involving petitioner at Delaware County Dkt. No.
6415-11. (N.T. 8/10/17 p. 56).

118. Prosecutor Doherty conveyed to public defender Jeffrey Bauer an offer on
January 4, 2012, in which the petitioner would plead guilty to Aggravated Assault
and would be sentenced to a term of from 4 Yi to 10 years of imprisonment. (N.T.
8/10/17 pp. 56-67).

119. Mr. Doherty made contemporaneous notes in his file regarding the offer.
(N.T.8/10/1 p. 57).

120. The inside of the District Attorney's file has in it, written in blue ink, a
note saying on Count# 3, Aggravated Assault, a l" degree felony, the offer to 4 Yi
to 10 years in a State Correction Institution, no RRRI eligibility, and forfeiture of
the car involved and the note was copied and admitted as an exhibit in the PCRA
hearing. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 57-58, 69-71).

121. When, at the pre-trial conference listing, Mr. Bauer returned to court after
speaking with petitioner, Mr. Bauer told Mr. Doherty that the Commonwealth's
offer had not been accepted. (N.T. 8/10/17 p. 58).

122. After the pre-trial conference, Mr. Doherty e-mailed discovery to Mr.
Bauer. (N.T.8/10/17 pp. 58-59).

123.     Mr. Doherty also informed Mr. Bauer that the matter in North Carolina
could affect whether there would be an offer and, if so, what the offer would be,
but Mr. Doherty had not yet confirmed the information regarding a murder
conviction as of the date of the pre-trial conference. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 58-59).

                                         13
124. In late January of 2012, Mr. Doherty received confirmation of petitioner's
murder conviction from North Carolina and withdrew the offer which had
previously been extended to petitioner. (N.T. 8/10/17 p. 60).

125. When Mr. Wheeler entered his appearance, Mr. Doherty made it clear to
Mr. Wheeler that there would been no offer from the Commonwealth because of
the petitioner's conviction in North Carolina. (N.T. 8/10/17 p. 61).

126. Mr. Wheeler, in conversation with Mr. Doherty, made it clear that his
client wanted a trial. (N.T.8/10/17 p. 61-62).

127. Mr. Wheeler inquired to Mr. Doherty about possible video recordings by
the police. (N.T. 8/10/17 p. 62).

128. After checking with the police officers involved in the incident on Bullens
Lane, Mr. Doherty informed Mr. Wheeler that there were no videos because the
police vehicles involved were not equipped to videotape the incident.
(N.T.8/10/17 pp. 62-63)

129. Petitioner's PCRA hearing testimony regarding the incident in which he
drove at Officer Bannar, is not credible.

130. Petitioner's PCRA hearing testimony, asserting that attorney Bauer did not
properly convey to petitioner the plea offer from the Commonwealth, is not
credible.

131. Petitioner's PCRA hearing testimony, claiming that he directed attorney
Wheeler to pursue a suppression motion, is not credible.

 132. Petitioner's PCRA hearing testimony, claiming that Mr. Wheeler did not
explain a justification defense and suggesting that he told Mr. Wheeler to pursue a
justification defense, is not credible.

133. Petitioner's PCRA hearing testimony, claiming that Mr. Wheeler did not
explain his trial strategy with petitioner, is not credible.

134. Petitioner's PCRA hearing testimony, asserting that he wanted to pursue a
guilty plea, is not credible.

135.    The PCRA hearing testimony of attorney Bauer is credible.

13 6.   The PCRA hearing testimony of attorney Wheeler is credible.

                                        14
       137.   The trial and PCRA hearing testimony of Detective Bretz is credible.

       138.   The PCRA hearing testimony of Brian Doherty is credible.

       139. Prior to trial, Mr. Doherty obtained information from Chester County
       officials regarding the home invasion robbery and shooting involving petitioner
       and the search warrant for the home on Bullens Lane. (N.T. 8/10/17 p. 64).

       140. Mr. Doherty timely provided all the information to Mr. Wheeler which he
       received from Chester County officials. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 64-65).

       141. Mr. Doherty intended to introduce at trial evidence regarding the home
       invasion robbery in Chester County and the execution of a search warrant at the
       house on Bullens Lane to provide context for why the police were stopping
       petitioner in Delaware County. (N.T. 3/10/17 p. 65).

       142. Mr. Wheeler made a motion in limine to preclude such evidence and the
       trial court granted the motion. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 65-66).

       143. By eliminating the context for the stop of petitioner, Mr. Doherty and Mr.
       Wheeler could only stipulate that the police had a lawful basis to stop petitioner
       rather than Mr. Doherty presenting evidence to explain why the police were
       treating petitioner as a serious and violent felon. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 65-67).

       144. Consequently, during trial Mr. Wheeler was able to make arguments
       regarding the manner in which the police stopped petitioner which, he asserted,
       were wholly unwarranted. (N.T. 8/10/17 p. 67).

PROCEDURAL HISTORY:

       Appellant was arrested and charged on October 14, 2011. On January 25, 2012, Lacy R.

Wheeler II, Esquire entered his appearance for the Defendant. On March 12, 2012, the

Defendant's Motion in Limine pursuant to Pa.R.E. 404(b) was granted.

       On March 12, 2012, the court granted the Appellant's Motion in Limine excluding: (1)

any reference to the Appellant's past criminal activity and (2) the reasons why the Appellant was

being investigated and stopped on October 14, 2011, because the prejudicial effect of such

testimony would substantially outweigh any probative value. (N.T. 3/12/2012 pp. 7-8); see

                                               15
Pa.R.E. 404(b ). The parties stipulated that "the police officers were legally authorized to stop the

Defendant's vehicle." (N.T. 3/27/2012 p. 113).

           On March 28, 2012, the Defendant was tried on only two charges: Criminal Attempt-

Homicide and Aggravated Assault. All remaining charges were withdrawn prior to trial. He was

convicted after a two-day Jury Trial of Aggravated Assault1• (N.T. 3/28/2012 p. 246). He was

found Not Guilty of Attempted Murder. (N.T. 3/28/2012 pp. 245-246). That same day, the

Defendant's request for a Pre-Sentence Investigation, Drug and Alcohol evaluation, and a

Psychological evaluation were granted. (N.T. 3/28/2012 pp. 251-252).           On April 17, 2012,

Defendant's post-sentence "Motion for New Trial" was denied.

           On May 8, 2012, Defendant was sentenced on Information 3, Aggravated Assault, to one-

hundred twenty (120) to two-hundred forty (240) months imprisonment because this was

Petitioner's second strike under 42 Pa.C.S. § 9714. On May 10, 2012, Defendant's "Motion for

Judgment of Acquittal and Motion for a New Trial" was denied. On June 7, 2012, the Defendant

filed a timely Notice of Appeal. On January 24, 2013, the Pennsylvania Superior Court affirmed

the Judgment of Sentence.'

           On October 28, 2013, Appellant filed a pro se PCRA petition, counsel was appointed,

and on April 24, 2014, Judge Nilon granted an order reinstating Appellant's right to appeal his

direct appeal case to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. On August 21, 2014, the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court issued an order denying the Petition for Allowance of Appeal.'

1
    18 Pa.C.S. § 2702 (a)(2).
2
    The court issued a non-precedential decision. See 1704 EDA 2012.

3
    See 2303 MAL 2014.

                                                         16
       On January 29, 2015, Appellant filed a pro se PCRA petition. On February 4, 2015,

Stephen Molineux, Esquire was appointed as PCRA counsel. On February 1, 2016, an amended

PCRA petition was filed by counsel. A PCRA evidentiary hearing was held before Judge Nilon

on July 14, 2017, and on August 10, 2017.

       During the PCRA evidentiary hearing, PCRA counsel presented petitioner as a witness

and the Commonwealth presented Lacy Wheeler, Esquire (trial counsel), Jeffrey Bauer, Esquire

(petitioner's public defender prior to trial), Assistant District Attorney, Brian Doherty, Esquire

(the prosecutor) and Westtown East Goshen Police Officer Glenn Bretz as witnesses.

       The Honorable James F. Nilon, Jr. retired from the Delaware County Court of Common

Pleas in December of 2017. The undersigned was reassigned this matter in February of2018 and

has fully reviewed the entire court file and the transcripts from the relevant proceedings.

       The court denied the PCRA. On June 14, 2018, a Notice of Appeal was filed and counsel

simultaneously filed a Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal. Appellant filed a

Concise Statement raising the following issues for appellate review:

   1. Whether the PCRA Court erred in denying Petitioner's PCRA petition where the record
      clearly showed that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress
      the arrest for lack of probable cause?
   2. Whether the PCRA Court erred in denying Petitioner's PCRA petition where the record
      clearly showed that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to seek a jury instruction
      regarding "justification" where the defense was that Defendant was justified in moving
      his car because he was in fear for his life after the police opened fire on him?
   3. Whether the PCRA Court erred in denying Petitioner's PCRA petition where the record
      clearly showed that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to inferences by
      Commonwealth witnesses that Defendant was involved in criminal activity and was
      under investigation by East Goshen Police?
   4. Whether the PCRA Court erred in denying Petitioner's PCRA petition where the record
      clearly showed that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to properly advise Defendant
      regarding the plea offer?

                                                 17
                                           DISCUSSION

       The standard of review of a PCRA court's dismissal of a PCRA petition is limited to a

determination of whether the conclusion is supported by the evidence of record and free of legal

error. Commonwealth v. Boyer, 962 A.2d 1213, 1214 (Pa. Super. 2008).

       The PCRA provides relief for petitioners whose convictions resulted from ineffectiveness

of counsel. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543 (a)(2)(ii). The test for determining whether counsel was ineffective

is composed of three prongs. Commonwealth v. Pierce, 515 Pa. 153, 527 A.2d 973 (1987); citing

Stricklandv. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Petitioner must

prove: (1) that the claim(s) are of arguable merit, (2) that counsel had no reasonable strategic

basis for his action or inaction, and (3) prejudice, i.e., but for the errors and omissions of counsel,

there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.

Id.; see also Commonwealth v. Kimball, 555 Pa. 299, 312, 724 A.2d 326, 333 (1999). The failure

to satisfy any prong of Pierce's three-part test will cause the claim to fail. Commonwealth v.

Gonzalez, 858 A.2d 1219, 1222 (Pa. Super. 2004).

        The law presumes counsel has rendered effective assistance, and it is the petitioner's

burden to prove otherwise. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543 (a)(2)(ii); Gonzalez, 858 A.2d at 1222. The

petitioner must prove the ineffectiveness by a preponderance of the evidence. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543;

Commonwealth v. Banks, 540 Pa. 143, 148, 656 A.2d 467, 469 (1995). The reasonableness of

counsel's decisions cannot be based on a distorted hindsight review. Commonwealth v.

Saranchak, 581 Pa. 490, 510, 866 A.2d 292, 304 (2005)

        The threshold inquiry in ineffectiveness claims is whether the basis for counsel's action

or inaction, which forms the basis for the ineffectiveness claim, is of arguable merit.

Commonwealth v. Pierce, 537 Pa. 514, 524, 645 A.2d 189, 194 (1994). Counsel cannot be found

                                                  18
ineffective for failing to pursue a baseless or meritless claim. Commonwealth v. Poplawski, 852

A.2d 323, 327 (Pa. Super. 2004).

       Once the threshold inquiry is met, the "reasonable basis" test is used to "determine

whether counsel's chosen course was designed to effectuate his client's interest. If we conclude

that the particular course chosen by counsel had some reasonable basis, our inquiry ceases and

counsel's assistance is deemed effective." Commonwealth v. Pierce, 645 A.2d at 194-195. The

petitioner bears the burden during PCRA proceedings of proving all elements of ineffective

assistance, including prejudice. 'Commonwealth v. Spatz, 582 Pa. 207, 227, 870 A.2d 822, 834

(2005). The test for prejudice at the PCRA stage is more exacting than the harmless error

standard applied on direct appeal. Id. Guided by these standards, the court turns to Appellant's

claims of ineffectiveness.

1.     TRIAL COUNSEL WAS NOT INEFFECTIVE FOR FAILING TO
       PURSUE A MOTION TO SUPPRESS THE STOP AND ARREST OF
       PETITIONER WHERE THE STOP AND ARREST WAS
       SUPPORTED BY PROBABLE CAUSE.

       Petitioner contends that the police lacked probable cause to stop and arrest him on

October 14, 2011, in Ridley Township. Petitioner argues that, although the police may have had

probable cause to search the residence on Bullens Lane, they did not have probable cause to

arrest him on October 14, 2011. Therefore, according to Petitioner, trial counsel was ineffective

for failing to file a motion to suppress the stop and arrest in this case. (See Amended PCRA

No.11). This claim is meritless.

       The law in Pennsylvania provides that where a defendant alleges that counsel

ineffectively failed to pursue a suppression motion, the inquiry is whether the failure to file the

motion is itself objectively unreasonable, which requires a showing that the motion would be

                                                19
meritorious. See Commonwealth v. Melson, 556 A.2d 836, 839 (Pa. Super. 1989). Where an

ineffectiveness claim is based on the failure of counsel to move for suppression of evidence, "the

defendant    must     establish    that   there    was     no   reasonable     basis    for   not    pursuing

the suppression claim and that if the evidence had been suppressed, there is a reasonable

probability the verdict would have been more favorable." Commonwealth v. Arch, 654 A.2d

1141, 1143 (Pa. Super. 1995) quoting Commonwealth v. Melson, 556 A.2d 836, 839 (Pa. Super.

1989).

         In the instant case, when Appellant was stopped, while driving his vehicle on Bullens

Lane, the police had probable cause to believe that his residence at 1746 Bullens Lane in Ridley

Township contained the fruits of a robbery and home invasion in Chester County, Pa. In

addition, they had probable cause to believe that Appellant was involved in the home invasion

and had shot the resident, Juston Czajkowski. The affidavit of probable cause for the search

warrant established that Appellant was involved in the home invasion/robbery and was the

shooter. At the PCRA hearing, the Appellant admitted pleading guilty to the "home invasion

robbery and shooting in Chester County." (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 76-77). The information which

provided the police with probable cause to arrest Appellant was set forth in the affidavit in

support of the search warrant and was known to the police on October 14, 2012, when Appellant

was stopped and arrested on Bullens Lane. (N.T. 8/10/17 pp. 51-53).4

         To be constitutionally valid, a warrantless stop and arrest must be based upon probable

cause. Commonwealth v. Clark, 558 Pa. 157, 735 A.2d 1248 (1999) (Gates totality of the

circumstances test applies to warrantless arrests). "Probable cause to effectuate an arrest exists

when the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the arresting officer are reasonably

4
 The Search Warrant and Affidavit were admitted into evidence at the PCRA evidentiary hearing and labeled
"PCRA-DS."

                                                      20
trustworthy and sufficient to justify a person of reasonable caution in believing that the arrestee

has committed an offense." Commonwealth v. Rickabaugh, 706 A.2d 826 (Pa. Super. 1997),

appeal denied 558 Pa. 607, 736 A.2d 603 (1999). "It is only the probability, and not aprima

facie showing, of criminal activity that is the standard of probable cause for a warrantless

arrest." Commonwealth v. Quiles, 619 A.2d 291, 298 (Pa. Super. 1993) (en bane).

       Pursuant to the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure, the police were authorized to

make a warrantless arrest of Appellant based upon the facts of this case. Pa.R.Crim.P. 502

provides as follows:

               Rule 502. Instituting Proceedings in Court Cases.

               Criminal proceedings in court cases shall be instituted by:
               (1)   filing a written complaint; or
               (2)     an arrest without a warrant:
                       (a) when the offense is a murder, felony, or misdemeanor
                           committed in the presence of the police officer making the
                           arrest; or
                       (b) upon probable cause when the offense is a felony or murder; or
                       (c) upon probable cause when the offense is a misdemeanor not
                           committed in the presence of the police officer making the
                           arrest, when such arrest without a warrant is specifically
                           authorized by statute.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 502 (emphasis added).

       The police involved in stopping the Appellant in his car and later arresting him, had

probable cause to make a warrantless arrest.           They knew he was the shooter in a home

invasion/robbery in Chester County and was therefore a felon. (See Affidavit of Probable

Cause). While conducting the stop of Appellant's vehicle, he accelerated his vehicle towards

Officer Bannar. (N.T. 3/27/12 vol. I p.179). There was ample probable cause to stop and arrest

Appellant. Therefore, there was no legal basis upon which counsel could file a motion to

suppress the arrest for lack of probable cause.

                                                  21
       In addition, assuming arguendo that Appellant was illegally stopped for lack of probable

cause, a suppression still fails in this matter. The Superior Court has held in the case of

Commonwealth v. Britt, 691 A.2d 494, 497-98 (Pa. Super. 1997) "if the police effectuate an

arrest and the arrestee physically resists the officer, and subsequently the arrest is deemed to be

without probable cause, nevertheless, the arrestee is guilty of aggravated assault because the

officer was within the "performance of duty" when effectuating the arrest." Id at 497. The Court

concluded:

               Appellee was not justified in resisting the officers' approach, and
               his conduct in fleeing from the officers after they had identified
               themselves as police constituted the type of conduct designed to
               inflict bodily injury upon the officers during the performance of
               their duty that is contemplated by subsection (a)(3) of
               the aggravated assault statute. Although the record supports the
               suppression court's conclusion that the officers did not
               have probable cause to arrest Appellee based upon the information
               supplied by the informant, Appellee had no lawful reason to flee
               the officers in such a violent, reckless manner, whereby he evinced
               a blatant disregard for the officers' safety and in fact caused
               physical harm to one of the officers ... Accordingly, the subsequent
               arrest of Appellee was valid, and all evidence obtained pursuant
               thereto was lawfully seized.

Commonwealth v. Britt, supra 691 A.2d 497-498.

       In the case sub Judice, the police had probable cause to stop and arrest Appellant on

Bullens Lane based upon the trustworthy information known to them regarding the Chester

County home invasion/robbery. Even if the police lacked probable cause to stop the Appellant,

he had no lawful reason to flee the officers in such a violent, reckless manner. Britt. Therefore,

the Appellant had no legal basis to file a motion to suppress the arrest and thus trial counsel

could not be deemed ineffective for failing to file such a motion.

       The grounds underpinning the motion to suppress are without merit, so counsel will not

be deemed ineffective for failing to so move. The Appellant has failed to establish that there was

                                                22
no reasonable basis for not pursuing the suppression claim and that if the suppression had

been granted, there is a reasonable probability the verdict would have been more favorable.

Commonwealth v. Watley, 153 A.3d 1034, 1044 (Pa. Super. 2016). The Appellant has failed to

prove each prong of trial counsel ineffectiveness, and therefore, he has failed to make out the

arguable merit prong in his claim of PCRA counsel's ineffectiveness. Appellant's claim of

ineffectiveness is meritless.

2.     TRIAL COUNSEL WAS NOT INEFFECTIVE FOR FAILING TO SEEK A JURY
       INSTRUCTION REGARDING "JUSTIFICATION" WHERE APPELLANT
       DENIED ANY WRONGDOING

       Appellant contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a Jury

instruction regarding justification because Appellant asserted that he was in fear for his life after

the police shot at him. According to Appellant, a justification defense is viable where the

defendant reasonably believes that he is in genuine danger of death or serious bodily injury while

being arrested. According to Appellant, his actions in this case were entirely an attempt at self-

preservation to avoid being shot and were reasonable under the circumstances. He is mistaken.

       The Crimes Code provides as follows regarding the defense of justification:

Rule §505. Use of force in self-protection.

       (a)     Use of force justifiable for protection of the person. -The use of force
       upon or toward another person is justifiable when the actor believes that such
       force is immediately necessary for the purpose of protecting himself against the
       use of unlawful force by such other person on the present occasion.

        (b)    Limitations on justifying necessity for use of force.-
               (1)    The use of force is not justifiable under this section:
                      (i)      to resist an arrest which the actor knows
                      is being made by a peace officer, although the
                      arrest is unlawful; or ...

18 Pa.C.S. §505(a) and (b). Here, the Appellant would be prevented from using a justification

instruction because the Appellant was using force to resist an arrest. §505(b ).

                                                 23
        In addition, according to Appellant's version of the facts, after initially being stopped, he

was trying to comply with the police officers' commands by keeping his hands up and the police

fired at him before he accidently started to move the car. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 17-18). According to

Appellant, he was not trying to strike the police officers with his car, he maneuvered the car

about 50 yards to avoid being shot. (N. T. 7 /14/17 pp. 19-21 ). Appellant testified at the PCRA

hearing: " ... I specifically continued to tell Lacy Wheeler that I was innocent and I had a reason

to move my car and the reason I moved my car was fear of my life because the officers started

shooting at me." (N.T. 7/14/17 p. 38).

        Appellant's version of events proclaims his innocence and denies any wrongdoing on his

part. He has, therefore, denied the very conduct which he supposedly seeks to justify, namely,

using deadly force in defense of himself.

        In addition, trial counsel Lacy Wheeler, Esquire, credibly testified at the PCRA hearing:

                Q. Now did you pursue a justification defense in this matter?
                A. No because a justification defense would require that my client
                would have to say yeah I did it but I am justified in doing it.

(N. T. 7 /14/17 p. 97).

        Mr. Wheeler testified that prior to trial Appellant specifically denied attempting to strike

the officers to avoid being shot. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 98-99). Prior to trial, when Mr. Wheeler

explained to Appellant that a justification defense involved admitting to the conduct alleged i.e.,

trying to run over the police officers with his car, and then explaining why it was necessary and

reasonable, petitioner insisted that he never attempted to strike the officers. (N.T. 7 /14/17 p. 98-

99).

        A justification jury instruction was not consistent with the Appellant's theory of the case

at trial or even with his own version of events at the PCRA hearing. His trial counsel was not

                                                 24
ineffective for failing to pursue a defense of justification where Appellant denied trying to run

over the police officers and maintained that he did not do what he was accused of doing.

3.     TRIAL COUNSEL WAS NOT INEFFECTIVE FOR FAILING TO OBJECT TO
       ALLEGED INFERENCES BY A COMMONWEALTH WITNESS THAT
       DEFENDANT WAS INVOLVED IN CRIMINAL ACTIVITY AND WAS UNDER
       INVESTIGATION BY EAST GOSHEN POLICE.

       Appellant contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to alleged

inferences that "Defendant was involved in criminal activity and was under investigation by the

East Goshen Police" during the testimony of a Commonwealth witness. Specifically, Detective

Bretz testified at trial that he was engaged in an undercover operation when he was observing an

address located at 1746 Bullens Lane Woodlyn, Delaware County, Pa. He observed a man leave

that address and drive away in a Chevy Impala. He identified the man as the Defendant. (N.T.

3/27 /17 pp. 152-160). According to Appellant, the jury could easily infer that the reason

Detective Bretz was observing that address was because of prior criminal activity committed by

Appellant. Appellant contends he was unfairly prejudiced because of the purported inference

and is entitled to a new trial. He is mistaken.

       On February 28, 2012, Appellant's trial counsel filed a pre-trial motion entitled "Motion

in Limine to Exclude Under Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence 404". After a hearing before the

trial judge, the motion was granted, and counsel was successful in precluding evidence of

Appellant's prior murder conviction from coming into evidence. (N.T. 3/12/12 pp.3-11). In

addition, he was successful in precluding evidence mentioning "any pending criminal charges in

another jurisdiction or county in Pennsylvania that have yet to be finally adjudicated into

evidence by either documented evidence and/or evidence elicited from a witness at trial." This

reference was to a Chester County home invasion/robbery in which the Appellant shot someone.

The police were executing a search warrant at Appellant's home at the time he was stopped in

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this incident. Appellant admitted at the PCRA evidentiary hearing that he pled guilty to the

Chester County charges. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 76-77).

       Ordinarily, the Commonwealth would be permitted at trial to present some evidence

regarding such events to provide the jury with some context for the actions which occurred on

October 14, 2011. Such evidence of prior crimes would be considered "res gestae" evidence and

considered admissible for the limited purpose of providing context. Moreover, such evidence

would usually be the subject of a limiting or cautionary instruction.

       Here, Judge Nilon provided greater protection from possible prejudice by granting the

motion in limine. The Commonwealth presented the jury with a very neutral version of the facts

outlining events just prior to Appellant's stop by police. Detective Bretz testified as follows:

               Q. And were you in a patrol vehicle? What were you doing there?
               A. We were just doing an investigation.

(N.T. 3/27/12 p. 154); See also (N.T. 3/27/12 pp. 153-160).

       The jury never actually knew that the Appellant was engaged in prior criminal activity,

which was the reason for the vehicle stop in this case. Appellant cannot complain about possible

"inferences" the jury may have made from the benign testimony of the Commonwealth witness.

On the contrary, trial counsel successfully argued to prevent the jury from learning the truth

related to the vehicle stop. There simply was no need to object to any of the Commonwealth

witness's testimony.

       Trial counsel implemented a reasonable strategy for not objecting to the testimony of

Detective Bretz, especially given the prejudicial evidence which trial counsel successfully

prevented the jury from hearing. Trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the

limited testimony of Detective Bretz which simply explained that there was some sort of

undercover investigation taking place prior to Appellant being stopped.

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       The Appellant failed to produce evidence at the PCRA evidentiary hearing that counsel's

chosen course of action had no reasonable basis designed to effectuate his client's

interests. Ultimately, it is the Appellant's burden to prove all three prongs of the ineffectiveness

standard and Appellant has failed to satisfy this burden. Commonwealth v. Koehler, 36 A.3d 121,

146 (Pa. 2012).

       The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has opined:

               This Court has recognized that "( c )ounsel are not constitutionally required to
               forward any and all possible objections at trial, and the decision of when to
               interrupt oftentimes is a function of overall defense strategy being brought to bear
               upon issues which arise unexpectedly at trial and require split-second decision-
               making by counsel." Commonwealth v. Spatz, 582 Pa. 207, 870 A.2d 822, 832
               (2005). Under some circumstances, trial counsel may forego objecting to an
               objectionable remark or seeking a cautionary instruction on a particular point
               because "( o )bjections sometimes highlight the issue for the jury, and curative
               instructions always do." Id.
               Our recent decision in Lesko illustrates this point. There, the PCRA petitioner
               contended that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request an appropriate
               limiting instruction when the trial court admitted evidence of the
               petitioner's prior bad acts. In rejecting the claim, we recognized that "(i)t is well
               settled that the decision whether to seek a jury instruction implicates a matter of
               trial strategy." Id. at 401 (citations omitted) ...

Koehler, supra, 36 A.3d at 146-7.

       Appellant's trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the Detective's

testimony. Appellant has failed to satisfy his burden of proof, and his ineffectiveness claim fails.

4.     PRIOR COUNSEL WERE NOT INEFFECTIVE REGARDING                                         THEIR
       HANDLING OF A PLEA OFFER FROM THE COMMONWEALTH.

       Appellant claims that trial counsel, Jeff Bauer, Esquire and Lacy Wheeler, Esquire, were

ineffective regarding their handling of a plea offer from the Commonwealth. According to

Appellant, public defender Bauer advised Appellant to reject a plea offer of 4 to 7 years or

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months imprisonment for Simple Assault. (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 26-28, 41-42).                          Appellant also

asserts that attorney Bauer failed to inform petitioner of the Commonwealth's offer. According

to Appellant, he would have accepted the offer if it had been properly conveyed and properly

explained. Id. He is wrong.

        The credible facts m this case are that attorney Bauer properly conveyed the

Commonwealth's plea offer to petitioner and recommended that petitioner accept the offer.

(N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 116-123). Despite the recommendation by Attorney Bauer, petitioner rejected

the, offer. As Attorney Bauer credibly testified at the PCRA evidentiary hearing when asked

about the Appellant's reaction to the Commonwealth's offer:

                 A. .. .it was made clear to me by Mr. Johnson that he did not want that
                    offer and that he intended to go to trial.

                      I remember his demeanor was not particularly friendly or unfriendly,
                      but I do remember him actually chuckling when I gave him, when I
                      conveyed the offer of four and a half to ten years, as if it were
                      ludicrous. He said no I'm not going to accept that we are going to trial
                      and here is what you need to do to help me prepare for trial.

(N.T. 7/14/17 p. 121).

        By the time that Attorney Wheeler entered his appearance, the Commonwealth's offer

was withdrawn based upon Appellant's prior murder conviction in North Carolina. (N. T. 8/10/17

pp. 60-61). Moreover, even after Attorney Wheeler entered his appearance, Appellant made it

clear to everyone that he was not interested in a guilty plea and wanted to proceed to trial. (N.T.

8/10/17 p. 61-62) See also (N.T. 7/14/17 pp. 86-88).

        Appellant's claim regarding purported ineffectiveness of counsel regarding handling of

the Commonwealth's plea offer should be rejected as meritless.

5
 Appellant testified at the PCRA hearing that he was unsure if the offer was for years or months. (N.T. 7/14/17 p.
27).

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CONCLUSION:

       Under the PCRA, a petitioner has the burden of proof to establish entitlement to relief by

a preponderance of the evidence. Strickland v. Washington, supra, 42 Pa.C.S. §9541, et. seq. To

establish a basis for his PCRA relief, a petitioner must prove that he had claims of arguable merit

and that trial counsel had no reasonable or strategic basis for the alleged action or omission, and

but for the alleged ineffective assistance, there was a reasonable probability that the outcome of

the case would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, supra; Commonwealth v. Busanet,

supra,· Commonwealth v. Wallace, supra.

       Attorney Bauer and Attorney Wheeler provided constitutionally effective assistance to

Appellant during the time that each attorney represented petitioner. Appellant has failed to meet

his burden of proof under the PCRA. Petitioner is not entitled to PCRA relief.

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court's Order dismissing Appellant's Petition should be

affirmed on appeal.

                                                     BY THE COURT:

                                                     JO                                 J.

                                                                                      I(_.'.   ,:.()
                                                                                               0
                                                                                               -.J

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