Court Opinion

ID: 2990935
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-23 03:50:15.648363+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:02:30.592874
License: Public Domain

Affirmed in Part, Reversed and Remanded in Part, and Majority and Concurring
Opinions filed December 15, 2011.

                                          In The

                      Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                                  NO. 14-10-01040-CV

           HARRIS COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT, Appellant

                                            V.

             GREAT AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellee

                       On Appeal from the 157th District Court
                               Harris County, Texas
                         Trial Court Cause No. 2008-19859

                            MAJORITY OPINION

       A county flood control district brings this interlocutory appeal from the trial
court’s denial of its plea to the jurisdiction in a suit brought by a performance-bond
surety. We conclude that the Texas Legislature has waived the district’s immunity from
suit as to (1) the surety’s claim for breach of a purchase order and (2) the surety’s claims
for equitable subrogation and waste based upon breach of the performance-bond
principal’s contract. Because governmental immunity bars the equitable-subrogation and
waste claims that are not based upon breach of this contract, the trial court erred in
denying the district’s plea to the jurisdiction as to these claims. Accordingly, we affirm
in part and reverse and remand in part.

                     I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A.     Allegations in Great American’s Live Pleading

       Appellee/plaintiff Great American Insurance Company brought suit against
appellant/defendant Harris County Flood Control District (―District‖). The District filed
a plea to the jurisdiction challenging the trial court’s jurisdiction over Great American’s
quantum-meruit claim and its request for attorney’s fees. The trial court denied this plea.
In a prior interlocutory appeal, this court concluded that the Legislature had not waived
the District’s governmental immunity from suit as to these matters. See Harris Cnty.
Flood Control Dist. v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 309 S.W.3d 614, 617–18 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). Accordingly, this court reversed and rendered
judgment dismissing Great American’s quantum-meruit claim and attorney’s fees request
for lack of jurisdiction. See id. This court did not rule on any of Great American’s other
claims. See id.

       On remand, Great American filed an amended petition. In the remainder of this
section, we set forth the allegations and claims asserted by Great American in this
amended pleading.

       The District is a conservation and reclamation district that the Texas Legislature
created by statute in 1937, acting under article XVI, section 59 of the Texas Constitution.
The Texas Legislature has waived the District’s immunity from suit under section
271.152 of the Texas Local Government Code. Handex Construction Services entered
into a contract with the District (―Handex Contract‖) to construct certain channel
conveyance and basin improvements in Harris County (―Project‖). Handex began work
on the Project in July 2002. As a result of change orders, the contract price for the
Handex Contract was eventually increased to $5,277,298.14.

                                            2
      Great American, as surety for the Project under Chapter 2253 of the Texas
Government Code, issued a performance bond (―Performance Bond‖), which provided
that if Handex abandoned the Project or otherwise failed to comply with the conditions of
the Handex Contract, then Great American had the right to assume control of and
complete the Handex Contract.

      All work completed and materials furnished under the Handex Contract were to be
measured by the Project engineer (―Engineer‖), whose decisions were final. At the
beginning of each month, the Engineer was required to estimate the amount of work
performed during the preceding month as well as the value of the work at the unit prices
set forth in the Handex Contract. From this amount, five percent would be withheld as
retainage and ninety-five percent would be paid to the contractor as interim monthly
payments. Handex submitted a series of pay applications to the District each month. The
Engineer approved all of these applications, and the District paid Handex $4,397,640.31
in interim payments.

      Handex encountered financial difficulties and Handex’s subcontractors and
suppliers made numerous claims on the payment bond issued by Great American. Great
American asked the District not to make any further contract payments to Handex
without the written consent of Great American and to issue the balance of the contract
funds jointly to Handex and Great American. Great American made this request under its
subrogation rights as surety under the payment and performance bonds. Despite this
request, the District continued to issue payments directly to Handex, engaging in conduct
that allegedly was ―deliberate waste of the contract proceeds.‖        Handex filed for
bankruptcy in November 2005, but for a number of months thereafter Handex continued
to work on the Project and to receive additional payments from the District, contrary to
Great American’s request. In March 2006, Handex rejected the Handex Contract in the
bankruptcy proceeding.

                                           3
      The following month, the District issued a purchase order to Great American that
conveyed the Handex Contract to Great American (―Purchase Order‖). The Purchase
Order is a written contract between the District and Great American. As Great American
began work on the Project, it became apparent that the remaining unpaid balance on the
Handex Contract was insufficient to complete the Project.    Due to apparent negligence
on the part of the Engineer, Handex’s pay applications had been approved and paid even
though the quantities being excavated were grossly overstated. When Great American
took over the Project, large quantities remained to be excavated, yet there was an
insufficient amount remaining in the Handex Contract balance to pay for the work needed
to complete the Project.

      The District paid all of Handex’s payment applications without proper
measurement of the amount excavated, resulting in the overpayment of Handex. In doing
so, the District allegedly breached the Handex Contract. In the alternative, more soil and
dirt was required to be excavated than originally had been estimated by the District,
requiring extra work by Great American. Accordingly, Great American is entitled to
compensation for extra work in completing the work under the Purchase Order and the
Handex Contract.

      In May 2007, the District issued a certificate of substantial completion, evidencing
that Great American had completed its obligations under the Purchase Order and
Performance Bond. Representatives of the District inspected Great American’s work and
declared it to be substantially complete in accordance with the Handex Contract. The
certificate was a release of Great American’s obligation to complete any remaining work.
The District did not issue any payment or change order providing compensation to Great
American for the work it performed in achieving substantial completion of the Project.
The District made only one interim payment to Great American after it took over the
Project pursuant to the Purchase Order. The District has not paid any of the other pay
applications by Great American.

                                            4
        In January 2008, in accordance with the Handex Contract and the Purchase Order,
Great American submitted to the District an application for final payment for
$721,478.89, the amount that allegedly was due and owing based upon the amount of
work performed and the value of that work at the unit prices established by the Handex
Contract. Although Great American performed or substantially performed the Handex
Contract pursuant to the Purchase Order, the District has refused to pay the amount due
and owing to Great American under the Purchase Order, the Handex Contract, and the
Performance Bond.

B.      The Surety’s Claims

        Based upon the foregoing allegations in its live pleading in the trial court, Great
American asserts the following claims against the District: (1) a breach-of-contract claim
based upon the District’s alleged breach of the Handex Contract, (2) a breach-of-contract
claim based upon the District’s alleged breach of the Purchase Order,1 (3) a statutory
claim to the proceeds of a public work contract under section 2253.071 of the Texas
Government Code, (4) a waste claim based upon the District’s alleged breach of duties
under the Handex Contract, (5) a waste claim based upon the District’s allegedly
negligent or wrongful conduct, (6) an equitable-subrogation claim in which Great
American seeks to step into the shoes of Handex and assert a claim against the District
for breach of the Handex Contract, and (7) an equitable-subrogation claim in which Great
American seeks recovery beyond what the District owes under the Handex Contract.2
The District filed a second plea to the jurisdiction, and the trial court denied this plea.
The District now appeals.

1
 Great American also seeks to recover interest on its contract damages based upon the Prompt Payment
Act. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 2251.001, et seq. (West 2008).
2
  In its live petition, Great American also asserts a quantum-meruit claim and requests reasonable and
necessary attorney’s fees. Though Great American has not withdrawn these items from its petition, they
were dismissed for lack of jurisdiction under this court’s mandate in the first appeal and are not at issue in
this appeal. See Harris Cnty. Flood Control Dist., 309 S.W.3d at 618.
                                                      5
                   II. APPLICABLE LAW AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

A.     Governmental Immunity

       When a political subdivision of the State is immune from suit under the doctrine of
governmental immunity, a court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over the suit. Tex.
Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999). Governmental immunity has
two components: immunity from liability and immunity from suit. Tooke v. City of
Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325, 332 (Tex. 2006). Immunity from suit bars suit against the entity
altogether. Id. When a governmental entity enters into a contract, that entity waives
immunity from liability and voluntarily binds itself, just as any other party would, to the
terms of the contract, but that entity does not thereby waive immunity from suit. Id. For
there to be a waiver of immunity from suit, the Legislature must have waived immunity
from suit as to the claim in question by clear and unambiguous language. See Tex. Gov’t
Code Ann. § 311.034 (West Supp. 2010); Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 332B33.

       B.     Standard of Review

       In filing a plea to the jurisdiction, a litigant challenges the trial court’s subject-
matter jurisdiction. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000).
Because subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law, we conduct a de novo review of
the trial court’s ruling on the plea. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133
S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004).        When a party has filed a plea to the jurisdiction
challenging the pleadings, a reviewing court must construe the pleadings liberally in
favor of the pleader and look to the pleader’s intent.       See id. If the facts alleged
affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction to hear the cause, the plea to the
jurisdiction must be denied. See id. If the pleadings do not contain sufficient facts to
affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction, but do not affirmatively
demonstrate incurable defects in the jurisdiction, the issue is one of pleading sufficiency
and the plaintiffs should be afforded the opportunity to amend. See id. If the pleadings

                                             6
affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then a plea to the jurisdiction may be
granted without allowing an opportunity to amend. See id. at 227.

       If in its plea to the jurisdiction a party challenges the existence of jurisdictional
facts, the reviewing court considers relevant evidence submitted by the parties when
necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues raised, as the trial court is required to do.
See id. If the evidence creates a fact question regarding the jurisdictional issue, then the
plea to the jurisdiction must be denied. See id. at 227–28. But, if the relevant evidence is
undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, then the court rules
on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law. Id. at 228. In ruling on a plea to the
jurisdiction, a court does not consider the merits of the parties’ claims. See id. at 226–28;
County of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002).

       We review the trial court’s interpretation of applicable statutes de novo. See
Johnson v. City of Fort Worth, 774 S.W.2d 653, 655–56 (Tex. 1989). In construing a
statute, our objective is to determine and give effect to the Legislature’s intent. See Nat’l
Liab. & Fire Ins. Co. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525, 527 (Tex. 2000). If possible, we must
ascertain that intent from the language the Legislature used in the statute and not look to
extraneous matters for an intent the statute does not state. Id. If the meaning of the
statutory language is unambiguous, we adopt the interpretation supported by the plain
meaning of the provision’s words. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp. v. Agbor, 952 S.W.2d 503,
505 (Tex. 1997). We must not engage in forced or strained construction; instead, we
must yield to the plain sense of the words the legislature chose. See id.

                                      III. ANALYSIS

       In 1937, the Texas Legislature enacted a statute (the ―1937 Act‖) creating the
District as a conservation and reclamation district under article XVI, section 59 of the
Texas Constitution. See Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 59; Act of May 10, 1937, 45th Leg.,
R.S., ch. 360, 1937 Tex. Gen. Laws 714; Harris Cnty. Flood Control Dist. v. Mann, 140
S.W.2d 1098, 1100 (Tex. 1940). The District is a political subdivision of the State of
                                              7
Texas and generally is entitled to governmental immunity. See Act of May 15, 1937,
1937 Tex. Gen. Laws at 714; Mann, 140 S.W.2d at 1100; Harris Cnty. Flood Control
Dist., 309 S.W.3d at 617. Therefore, under the doctrine of governmental immunity, the
District is immune from suit in this case unless the Legislature has waived the District’s
immunity from suit by clear and unambiguous language. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §
311.034; Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 332B33.

A.     Waiver of Immunity as to Breach-of-the-Purchase-Order Claim

       In its pleadings and in its briefing, Great American asserts that the Legislature
waived the District’s immunity from suit as to Great American’s claim for breach of the
Purchase Order under section 271.152 of the Texas Local Government Code.3 See Tex.
Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.152 (Vernon 2005).                     Section 271.152 of the Local
Government Code contains an express waiver of immunity from suit as to certain breach-
of-contract claims:

      A local governmental entity that is authorized by statute or the constitution
      to enter into a contract and that enters into a contract subject to this
      subchapter waives sovereign immunity to suit for the purpose of
      adjudicating a claim for breach of the contract, subject to the terms and
      conditions of this subchapter.
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 271.152. For there to be a waiver of immunity from suit under
section 271.152, the following statutory criteria must be satisfied:

       (1)     The entity must be ―[a] local governmental entity that is authorized
               by statute or the constitution to enter into a contract.‖
       (2)     The entity must enter into ―a contract subject to this subchapter.‖
       (3)     The claim must be for breach of the contract and be asserted in a civil suit
               in ―county or state court‖ or in an ―authorized arbitration proceeding‖ in
               accordance with any ―mandatory procedures established in the contract . . .
               for the arbitration proceedings.‖

3
 Unless otherwise specified, all statutory references in this opinion are to the Texas Local Government
Code.
                                                  8
See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code §§ 271.151, 271.152; Clear Lake City Water Auth. v.
Friendswood Dev. Co., Ltd., 256 S.W.3d 735, 746 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2008, pet. dism’d). In this case, the District does not argue that the first and third
elements are lacking, and we conclude that these elements are satisfied. As to the second
element, a ―contract subject to this subchapter‖ is defined as ―a written contract stating
the essential terms of the agreement for providing goods or services to the local
governmental entity that is properly executed on behalf of the local governmental entity.‖
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 271.151(2). Great American has alleged, and the District does
not dispute, that the Purchase Order is a written contract entered into by the District and
that the Purchase Order states the essential terms of the agreement for providing goods or
services to the District. The only element that the District challenges on appeal is
whether the Purchase Order was properly executed on behalf of the District. The District
asserts that the Purchase Order was not properly executed because it is void given the
District’s failure to comply with the competitive bidding requirements allegedly required
by the County Purchasing Act and by Subchapter B of Chapter 271 of the Local
Government Code. See Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. § 262.021, et seq. (West 2005); id.
§ 271.021, et seq. (West 2005). The evidence reflects that there was no competitive
bidding before the District issued the Purchase Order. We presume, without deciding,
that if competitive bidding were required, then the Purchase Order was not properly
executed, and there is no waiver of governmental immunity under section 271.152.

    1. Did section 262.023 apply to the District’s issuance of the Purchase Order?

       Under the 2006 version of the County Purchasing Act, one of three procedures
was required before ―a county‖ could make certain purchases under a contract requiring
the expenditure of more than $25,000. See Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. § 262.023 (West
2005). The statute does not define the word ―county,‖ so we construe this term based on
its ordinary meaning. See City of San Antonio v. Hartman, 201 S.W.3d 667, 672 n. 19
(Tex. 2006). The District is a conservation and reclamation district that is separate and

                                            9
distinct from Harris County. See Act of May 15, 1937, 1937 Tex. Gen. Laws at 714;
Mann, 140 S.W.2d at 1101. The parties have not cited and research has not revealed any
case construing the meaning of ―county‖ in section 262.023. We conclude that, under its
plain and ordinary meaning, this term includes a Texas county, such as Harris County,
but does not include an independent conservation and reclamation district, such as the
District.   See, e.g., Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.001(3) (West 2011)
(defining ―governmental unit‖ to include various entities including ―any city, county,
school district, . . . conservation and reclamation district‖); Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. §
271.151(3) (West 2005) (defining ―local governmental entity‖ to various entities,
including conservation and reclamation districts, but excluding counties).

       The District asserts that legislative intent that section 262.023 apply to the District
is reflected in section 262.025(d), in which the Legislature provides as follows:

       In a county with a population of 2.2 million or more, the county and any
       district or authority created under Article XVI, Section 59, of the Texas
       Constitution of which the governing body is the commissioners court may
       require that a minimum of 25 percent of the work be performed by the
       bidder and, notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, may establish
       financial criteria for the surety companies that provide payment and
       performance bonds.

Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. § 262.025(d) (West 2005).               But in this statute, the
Legislature confirms that the District is not included within the term ―county‖; otherwise,
there would be no need to refer to a ―district‖ in addition to the ―county.‖ See id. In
section 262.025(d), the Legislature provides that the District has the ability to require that
bidders perform at least twenty-five percent of the work and to establish financial criteria
for surety companies that provide payment and performance bonds. See id. In this
statute, the Legislature does not state that the requirements of section 262.023 apply to
the districts referenced in section 262.025(d). See id. Under the plain meaning of the
County Purchasing Act, we conclude that the District was not required to comply with
the requirements of section 262.023 before issuing the Purchase Order.
                                             10
     2. Did section 271.024 apply to the District’s issuance of the Purchase Order?

          The District also relies upon section 271.024, under which the Legislature imposes
additional competitive procedures upon a ―governmental entity‖ that is required to award
certain contracts on the basis of competitive bids. See Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. §
271.024 (West 2005).          But this statute, entitled ―Competitive Bidding Procedure
Applicable to Contract,‖ applies only to a ―governmental entity.‖ See id. Under the plain
meaning of the Legislature’s definition of this term, the District is not a governmental
entity.     See Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.021(2) (West 2005) (defining
―governmental entity‖ to mean: ―(A) a county; (B) a common or independent school
district; (C) a hospital district or authority; (D) a housing authority; or (E) an agency or
instrumentality of the governmental entities described by Paragraphs (A) through (D)‖).

          The District asserts that the Legislature’s intent that section 271.024 apply to the
District is reflected in section 271.025(e), whose text is identical to that of section
262.025(d), discussed above.         See Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 262.025(d),
271.025(e) (West 2005). But in section 271.025(e), the Legislature confirms that the
District is not included within the term ―county‖; otherwise, there would be no need to
refer to a ―district‖ in addition to the ―county.‖ See id. In this section, the Legislature
provides that the District has the ability to require that bidders perform at least twenty-
five percent of the work and to establish financial criteria for surety companies that
provide payment and performance bonds. See id. The Legislature does not state that the
districts referenced in section 271.025(e) are ―governmental entities‖ or that the
requirements of section 271.024 apply to these districts. See id. Under the plain meaning
of Subchapter B of Chapter 271 of the Local Government Code, we conclude that the
District was not required to comply with the requirements of section 271.024 before
issuing the Purchase Order. See id. §§ 271.021(2), 271.024.

                                               11
3.      Do sections 262.023 and 271.024 apply to the District’s issuance of the Purchase
        Order under the 1937 Act?

        The District argues that, even if sections 262.023 and 271.024 do not apply to the
issuance of the Purchase Order under their own terms, these statutes apply under the
following language of the 1937 Act:

        State Laws Applicable. All existing State Laws, General or Special,
        applicable to contracts and to the receipt and disbursement of, and
        accounting for, public funds in Harris County are hereby made applicable
        to the contracts and to the receipt and disbursement of, and accounting for,
        any funds collected and disbursed under the terms of this Act.

Act of May 15, 1937, §8, 1937 Tex. Gen. Laws at 719. The parties have not cited and
research has not revealed any case construing this part of the 1937 Act. The District
argues that in this section of the 1937 Act, ―in Harris County‖ modifies both ―contracts‖
and ―the receipt and disbursement of, and accounting for, public funds.‖ According to
the District, the Legislature provides in this section that state laws applicable to contracts
in Harris County apply to the District.

        The term ―contracts‖ is in a separate prepositional phrase, and we conclude that
―in Harris County‖ does not modify ―contracts.‖ Therefore, the Legislature simply stated
that all state laws applicable to contracts apply to the District’s contracts.                        The
Legislature stated that the District’s contracts would not be given special treatment and
would be covered by any Texas statute governing contracts in general.                         Under the
unambiguous language of the 1937 Act, the Legislature did not state that Texas statutes
regarding contracts would apply to the District’s contracts contrary to the plain meaning
of these statutes. See id. We conclude that, under the plain meaning of the 1937 Act, this
statute does not make sections 262.023 and 271.024 apply to the District’s contracts.4

4
  Even if ―in Harris County‖ modified ―contracts,‖ the statute would state that Texas laws applicable to
contracts in Harris County apply to the District’s contracts; it would not state that Texas laws applicable
to contracts made by Harris County apply to the District’s contracts. Making Texas statutes regarding
                                                    12
       In conclusion, the District’s arguments under its first issue lack merit. As a matter
of law, under section 271.152, the Legislature has waived the District’s immunity from
suit as to Great American’s claim for breach of the Purchase Order. Accordingly, we
overrule the District’s first issue.

B.     Waiver of Immunity Regarding the Claims for Equitable Subrogation and
       Waste
       Under its second and third issues, the District argues that governmental immunity
bars Great American’s claims for equitable subrogation and for waste. Great American
asserts a claim for equitable subrogation in which Great American seeks to step into the
shoes of Handex and assert a claim against the District for breach of the Handex
Contract. Great American also asserts a claim for equitable subrogation in which Great
American seeks recovery beyond what the District owes under the Handex Contract.
Under the latter claim, Great American seeks to recover from the District an amount
equal to the contract price of the Handex Contract ($5,277,298.14) minus the payments
that the District should have made to Handex under this contract, rather than the amounts
that the District actually paid Handex.

       The only statute that Great American asserts as a waiver of governmental
immunity regarding these two claims is section 271.152.                In the former equitable-
subrogation claim, Great American seeks to step into the shoes of Handex and assert a
claim against the District for breach of the Handex Contract. Under the applicable
standard of review, we conclude that, as a matter of law, this claim falls within the waiver
of governmental immunity contained in section 271.152. See Tex. Local Gov’t Code
Ann. §§ 271.151 – 152.

       However, under principles of equitable subrogation, a surety may be subrogated to
the principal’s tort and statutory claims. See, e.g., Gulf Liquids New River Project, LLC

contracts in Harris County apply to the District’s contracts would not mean that these statutes would
apply to the District’s contracts contrary to their plain meaning.
                                                 13
v. Gulsby Eng’g, Inc., —S.W.3d—,—, No. 01-08-00311-CV, 2011 WL 662672, at *24
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 17, 2011, no pet. h.) (stating that, ―under principles
of equitable subrogation, a surety may be able to assert its principal’s contract, tort, or
statutory claims against the obligee arising out of the bonded contract‖). In addition,
under principles of equitable subrogation, courts have held that a performance-bond
surety who completes a project for its defaulting principal may recover from the obligee
amounts beyond what the principal was entitled to recover under its contract with the
obligee. See, e.g., Trinity Universal Ins. Co. v. United States, 382 F.2d 317, 319–20 (5th
Cir. 1967) (holding that Miller Act performance-bond surety, which completed
performance of its principal’s contract with the United States, was subrogated to the
rights of the United States to retained funds and therefore the United States could not
assert a set-off against the surety for the principal’s unpaid taxes that would have applied
to the principal or a party subrogated only to the principal’s rights). The latter equitable-
subrogation claim goes beyond a claim against the District for breach of the Handex
Contract. Great American has not cited and research has not revealed any case to support
a waiver of the District’s governmental immunity as to this equitable-subrogation claim.
We conclude that governmental immunity bars this equitable-subrogation claim. See City
of Houston v. Petroleum Traders Corp., 261 S.W.3d 350, 359–60 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (holding that waiver of immunity in section 271.152 did not
apply to equitable claim for quantum meruit).

        Regarding the waste claims, Great American asserts a waste claim based upon the
District’s alleged breach of duties under the Handex Contract and a waste claim based
upon the District’s allegedly negligent or wrongful conduct. 5 The only statute that Great

5
 In its live pleading, Great American asserts claims for waste. In reviewing the trial court’s denial of the
District’s plea to the jurisdiction, we do not consider the merits of Great American’s claims. See County
of Cameron, 80 S.W.3d at 555; Prairie View A&M University v. Dickens, 243 S.W.3d 732, 736 & n.5
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Therefore, we presume, without deciding, that Great
American may assert its contractual waste claim and its tortious waste claim against the District, even
absent any alleged harm to real property.
                                                    14
American asserts as a waiver of governmental immunity regarding these two claims is
section 271.152. Depending upon the circumstances and the manner in which it is
pleaded, a claim for waste may sound in contract or in tort. See R.C. Bowen Estate v.
Continental Trailways, Inc., 256 S.W.2d 71, 72–73 (Tex. 1953); Sullivan v. Booker, 877
S.W.2d 370, 372 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied). As pleaded, the
former waste claim sounds in contract, and the latter waste claim sounds in tort. Because
the former claim is based upon the District’s alleged breach of the Handex Contract, this
claim falls within the waiver of governmental immunity contained in section 271.152.
See Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 271.151 – 152. Because the latter claim sounds in
tort, section 271.152 does not waive immunity from suit. See Tex. Local Gov’t Code
Ann. §§ 271.152, 157; Clear Lake City Water Auth., 256 S.W.3d at 746. Great American
has not asserted any other basis for concluding that the Legislature has waived the
District’s immunity from suit. We conclude that governmental immunity bars the latter
claim but does not bar the former claim.

      Great American appears to argue that its equitable-subrogation and waste claims
arise from its status as surety under the Performance Bond. But, in these claims, Great
American is not asserting a claim for breach of the Performance Bond; therefore, this
claim does not fall within the waiver of immunity in section 271.152. Great American
argues that, because the District is asserting its overpayment of Handex as a defense to
Great American’s contract claims, Great American can assert a claim against the District
based upon its overpayment of Handex. Great American certainly is free to dispute the
merits of any defenses or offsets that the District asserts as to Great American’s claims
for breach of the Handex Contract or for breach of the Purchase Order. But the District’s
assertion of any such defenses or offsets does not waive immunity from suit as to any
equitable-subrogation or waste claim. See Sharyland Water Supply Corp. v. City of
Alton, No. 09-223, —S.W.3d—,—, 2011 WL 5042023, at *5 (Tex. Oct. 21, 2011)
(declining to adopt doctrine of waiver of governmental immunity by conduct). Great
American also cites a case in which the Second Court of Appeals held that a city was
                                         15
liable to a surety because the City improperly paid contract proceeds to the Internal
Revenue Service (―IRS‖) and because there was no finding that the city made the
payment based upon a good faith belief that the contract proceeds were subject to the
IRS’s lien against the property of the principal on the payment and performance bonds.
See Victore Ins. Co. v. City of Bowie, 23 S.W.3d 499, 504 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000,
pet. denied). But the court in that case did not analyze whether the Legislature had
waived the city’s immunity from suit as to this claim. See id. at 504–05. Therefore, this
case is not on point regarding the issue of the District’s governmental immunity. See id.

        For the reasons stated above, we conclude that governmental immunity bars the
equitable-subrogation claim in which Great American seeks recovery beyond what the
District owes under the Handex Contract as well as the waste claim that sounds in tort.
But governmental immunity does not bar the equitable subrogation claim in which Great
American asserts a claim against the District for breach of the Handex Contract or the
waste claim that sounds in contract. In reaching these conclusions, we do not address
whether these claims have merit. See County of Cameron, 80 S.W.3d at 555; Prairie
View A&M University, 243 S.W.3d at 736 & n.5. In the equitable-subrogation and waste
claims for which immunity has been waived, Great American is limited to recovering the
damages described in the applicable version of section 271.153.6 See Act of May 23,
2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 604, §1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1548, 1549–49 (amended 2009)
(current version at Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.153 (West Supp. 2010). But this
limitation goes to the merits of Great American’s claims and does not relate to the
determination of whether the Legislature has waived the District’s governmental
immunity. See Sharyland Water Supply Corp., 2011 WL 5042023, at *2–3; Kirby Lake
Development, Ltd. v. Clear Lake City Water Auth., 320 S.W.3d 829, 839–40 (Tex. 2010).

6
  The 2009 amendment to section 271.153 does not apply in this case. See Harris Cnty. Flood Control
Dist., 309 S.W.3d at 617–18. All references to section 271.153 in this opinion are to the version of that
statute that was in effect immediately prior to the 2009 amendment.
                                                   16
C.     The District’s Second Plea to the Jurisdiction may be granted in part and
       denied in part.

       Under its fourth issue, the District challenges a statement by the trial court
indicating that if it had subject-matter jurisdiction over at least one of Great American’s
claims then the trial court could properly deny the second plea in its entirety. The trial
court’s jurisdiction over one or more of Great American’s claims does not, by itself, give
the trial court jurisdiction over Great American’s remaining claims. See Thomas v. Long,
207 S.W.3d 334, 338–39 (Tex. 2006). Therefore, the District is correct that the trial
court’s refusal to dismiss (1) the claim for breach of the Purchase Order, (2) the
equitable-subrogation claims, and (3) the waste claims cannot be affirmed based upon the
trial court’s jurisdiction over other claims by Great American. But we have concluded
that the Legislature has waived the District’s governmental immunity as to the claim for
breach of the Purchase Order and as to the equitable-subrogation and waste claims that
are based upon breach of the Handex Contract. To the extent we affirm the trial court’s
denial of the District’s second plea to the jurisdiction, we do so for these reasons, not
based upon the trial court’s erroneous statement of law. The District’s argument under
the fourth issue does not show any reversible error.       Accordingly, we overrule the
District’s fourth issue.

                                    IV. CONCLUSION

       Under the applicable standard of review, we conclude as a matter of law that in
section 271.152, the Legislature has waived the District’s immunity from suit as to Great
American’s claim for breach of the Purchase Order and Great American’s equitable-
subrogation and waste claims that are based upon breach of the Handex Contract.
Governmental immunity bars the equitable-subrogation and waste claims that go beyond
a claim for breach of the Handex Contract. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s
order denying the District’s second plea to the extent that the trial court refused to
dismiss these two claims, and we remand to the trial court with instructions to dismiss

                                            17
these two claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. We affirm the remainder of the
trial court’s order.

                                         /s/    Kem Thompson Frost
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Frost, Jamison, and McCally. (Jamison, J., concurring).

                                           18