Court Opinion

ID: 4665911
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-09 14:01:25.648495+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:45.914798
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 20-1887

                               (Filed Under Seal: March 4, 2021)

                                    (Reissued: March 8, 2021)

                                              )
 THE SEVERSON GROUP, LLC,                     )      Post-award bid protest; priority given to
                                              )      blind persons under the Randolph-
                       Plaintiff,             )      Sheppard Act; 20 U.S.C. § 107(a); 34
                                              )      C.F.R. § 395.33(a); technical evaluation;
        v.                                    )      awardee’s representations
                                              )
 UNITED STATES,                               )
                                              )
                       Defendant,             )
                                              )
 and                                          )
                                              )
                                              )
 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT                   )
 OF HUMAN SERVICES, DIVISION                  )
 OF VOCATIONAL                                )
 REHABILITATION, HO`OPONO –                   )
 SERVICES FOR THE BLIND,                      )
                                              )
                  Defendant-Intervenor.       )
                                              )

       Matthew E. Feinberg, PilieroMazza PLLC, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff, The Severson
Group. With him on the briefs were Katherine B. Burrows and Camilla J. Hundley,
PilieroMazza PLLC, Washington, D.C.

        Zachary J. Sullivan, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for the United States. With him on the
briefs were Brian M. Boynton, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Robert E. Kirschman, Jr.,
Director, and Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., as well as Melissa Martin and
Eli J. Corin, United States Navy, Naval Supply Systems Command Fleet Logistics Center, Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii.

        Daniel F. Edwards, Frost Brown Todd, LLC, Columbus, Ohio, for defendant-intervenor,
State of Hawaii Department of Human Services, Division of Vocational Rehabilitation,
Ho`opono – Services for the Blind.
                                   OPINION AND ORDER 1

LETTOW, Senior Judge.

       Pending before the court in this post-award bid protest are competing motions for
judgment on the administrative record. Plaintiff The Severson Group (“Severson”) protests an
award by the United States Navy, Naval Supply Systems Command Pearl Harbor’s (“Navy” or
“government”) of a contract for mess attendant services at the Silver Dolphin Bistro, located at
Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam, Hawaii. Based on findings derived from the administrative
record, Severson’s motion for judgment on the administrative record and for a permanent
injunction is DENIED, and the government’s cross-motion for judgment on the administrative
record is GRANTED.

                                       BACKGROUND 2

                                       A. The Solicitation

        On November 27, 2019, the Navy issued the initial version of solicitation number
N0060420Q4005 for “[m]ess attendant services at the Silver Dolphin Bistro[,] located at Joint
Base Pearl Harbor Hickam, Hawaii.” AR 10-31. 3 The services to be provided by the awardee
included food preparation, food service, trash removal, and cleaning of the dining facilities. AR
10-44. Severson was the incumbent provider of these services at the Silver Dolphin Bistro. See
AR 49-1178. Following two amendments, see AR tab 11; AR tab 13, the Navy issued
Solicitation Amendment 0003 on May 26, 2020 to Severson, Ho`opono, and the two other
vendors who had bid on the initial solicitation, see AR tab 21. 4 The procurement was subject to

       1
        Because of the protective order entered in this case, this opinion was initially filed under
seal. The parties were requested to review the decision and provide any proposed redactions of
confidential or proprietary information. The resulting redactions are shown by ellipses enclosed
by brackets, e.g. “[xxx].”
       2
         The recitations that follow constitute findings of fact by the court from the
administrative record of the procurement filed pursuant to Rule 52.1 of the Rules of the Court of
Federal Claims (“RCFC”). See Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1356 (Fed. Cir.
2005) (specifying that bid protest proceedings “provide for trial on a paper record, allowing fact-
finding by the trial court”).
       3
           The Administrative Record will be cited as “AR Tab - Page Number,” e.g., “AR __-__.”
       4
        On April 9, 2020, after issuing the first two amendments, the Navy awarded a contract
to Ho`opono. See AR 15-214. Severson filed a bid protest regarding this award with the United
States Government Accountability Office (“GAO”) on April 20, 2020. See AR 16-252. The
Navy informed GAO that it intended to take corrective action in response to Severson’s protest,
including cancellation of the award to Ho`opono, issuance of an amendment to the RFQ, and
acceptance of revised quotes. AR 17-389. GAO dismissed the bid protest as “academic” in light
of the Navy’s planned corrective action. AR 19-392.

                                                 2
the Randolph-Sheppard Act and its implementing regulations, such that priority was to be given
“to blind persons licensed by a State agency” who bid for contracts to provide vending facility
services on Federal property. 20 U.S.C. § 107(b); see also 34 C.F.R. § 395.33(a); AR 3-7
(Secretary of Education’s determination that “the Randolph-Sheppard Act’s priority would apply
to” the Performance Work Statement).

        The solicitation was for “a one-year base period with four one-year option periods to be
exercised at the discretion of the [g]overnment.” AR 22-403. Offers were to be evaluated
against three factors: technical capability, past performance, and price. AR 22-409. An offeror’s
technical capability and past performance were to be rated as “acceptable or unacceptable.” AR
22-409 to 410. A rating for technical capability was dependent on six sub-factors: technical
approach, resumes, cleaning and housekeeping plan, quality control plan, training plan, and
phase-in plan. AR 22-410. Under the “technical approach” sub-factor, offerors were required to
outline their staffing plan, including “how personnel will be assigned to meet [the Performance
Work Statement’s] requirements” as well as “overall and immediate supervision at work areas.”
AR 22-406. Offerors were also required, under the “resumes” sub-factor, to “[s]ubmit resumes
of the key personnel, e.g. contract manager, on-site manager, and supervisors, clearly showing
[that] qualifications and experience levels match or exceed the minimum qualifications set in
Section 7.0 of the [Performance Work Statement].” AR 22-406. “A rating of Unacceptable in
any of the sub-factors will render the Technical Capability factor overall rating to also be
Unacceptable.” AR 22-410. An offeror’s rating on the past performance factor would be based
on “two aspects[:] . . . whether the quoter’s present/past performance is relevant or not relevant
to the effort to be acquired,” and “how well the contractor performed on the contracts.” AR 22-
410 to 411.

        As for price, the amended solicitation stated that “[a] single award will be made on the
basis of the lowest evaluated price of quotes (with the exception of where priority is given to the
[State Licensing Agency]) meeting the acceptability standards for non-cost factors.” AR 22-409.
The solicitation specified that, pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 107 and 34 C.F.R. § 395.33, “a State
Licensing Agency (SLA) that submits an offer will be granted a priority in the source selection . .
. . The SLA may be included in the competitive range even if it is not the lowest priced.” AR
22-409.

                   B. Offers, the Navy’s Evaluation, and the Award Decision

        All four of the offerors who had previously bid on the initial solicitation submitted quotes
in June 2020. See AR tab 37 (Ho`opono’s initial quote); AR tab 38 (Severson’s initial quote);
AR 49-1088 (identifying the other two offerors). With respect to the first two factors, technical
capability and past performance, all four quotes were rated “acceptable.” AR 49-1089 to 1090.
“All four quoters’ prices were determined to be reasonable based on adequate price competition”
as well. AR 49-1092. While Severson’s total evaluated price, the lowest of the four, was

       Severson filed a second protest with GAO on the same day that the Navy issued the third
amendment to the solicitation, see AR 24-483 to 498, as well as a supplemental protest on June
2, 2020, see AR 26-515 to 518. GAO denied the second protest on August 17, 2020. See AR
36-680.

                                                 3
“[xxx] lower than . . . [the] second lowest total evaluated price, the price variance between the
other three quoters [was] within [xxx] variance, which indicate[d] that all of the quotes were
submitted in anticipation of competition.” AR 49-1092. Thus, all four offerors were included in
the competitive range. AR 49-1093.

       Ho`opono is the State Licensing Agency for Hawaii. Def.’s Resp. & Cross-Mot. for J. on
the Admin. R. (“Def.’s Cross-Mot.”) at 2, ECF No. 32. Given that the Randolph-Sheppard Act
applied to the solicitation, and that Ho`opono had submitted a quote within the competitive
range, Ho`opono was “granted a priority in the source selection.” AR 49-1093. Following
additional price analysis, the Navy concluded that Ho`opono’s total evaluated price was “fair and
reasonable.” AR 49-1093 to 1095. In accord with the priority given to offers submitted by State
Licensing Agencies for contracts subject to the Randolph-Sheppard Act, the Navy awarded the
contract to Ho`opono. AR 49-1095.

                                      C. Procedural History

        Severson filed a bid protest with GAO on October 1, 2020, alleging four protest grounds:
(1) the Navy unreasonably rated Ho`opono’s technical capability as “Acceptable,” (2)
“Ho`opono appears to have engaged in” a material misrepresentation, namely “a bait-and-switch
with key personnel,” (3) the Navy failed to evaluate Ho`opono’s past performance entirely, and
(4) the Navy unreasonably concluded that Ho`opono’s price was “fair and reasonable.” AR 55-
1386 to 1387. GAO dismissed the first and third protest grounds on October 14, 2020. AR 59-
1439. Severson later “elected not to pursue its protest argument related to the Navy’s evaluation
of Ho`opono’s price,” leaving the argument that Ho`opono had engaged in a material
misrepresentation. AR 64-1540. On December 4, 2020, however, GAO denied Severson’s
protest. The Severson Grp., LLC, B-418673.5, 2020 WL 7343785 (Comp. Gen. Dec. 4, 2020);
AR 69-1619 to 1623.

         On December 17, 2020, Severson filed suit in this court. See Compl. ECF No. 1. The
Navy agreed to a voluntary partial stay until March 1, 2021, see Status Report, ECF No. 10, later
extended to March 8, 2021, see Joint Status Report, ECF No. 43, and Ho`opono subsequently
moved to intervene, see ECF No. 12. On January 11, 2021, Severson filed a motion for
judgment on the administrative record and for a permanent injunction. See Pl.’s Mot. for J. on
the Admin. R. & for a Permanent Inj. (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 29. Severson argues that the Navy
“failed to comply with the Solicitation criteria and exercised unreasonable judgment in
conducting its technical evaluation of Ho`opono, specifically with regard to Ho`opono’s
Technical Approach, Resumes, and Phase-In Plan.” Id. at 6-7. Furthermore, Severson alleges
that “Ho`opono should be removed from the competition altogether for engaging in a material
misrepresentation/bait-and-switch of its Project Manager, a key position.” Id. at 7. The Navy
filed a response and cross-motion on January 22, 2021, arguing that Severson “relies mainly on
its speculation and misunderstanding of the solicitation” in its protest. Def.’s Cross-Mot. at 8.
Ho`opono filed a response in opposition, claiming that its “representations and staffing plan were
accurate, permissible, and reasonable under the [s]olicitation.” Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. at 7, ECF
No. 31. After completion of briefing, see Pl.’s Reply & Resp., ECF No. 34; Def.’s Reply, ECF
No. 37; Def.-Intervenor’s Reply, ECF No. 38, the court held a hearing on February 16, 2021.

                                                4
                                STANDARDS FOR DECISION

        The standards of the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 706, govern the
court’s consideration of a protest of the government’s decisions regarding the award of a
contract. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (“In any action under this subsection, the courts shall
review the agency’s decision pursuant to the standards set forth in section 706 of title 5.”).
Under the APA, the court may set aside a government procurement decision that is “arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” 5 U.S.C. §
706(2)(A), subject to the traditional balancing test applicable to a grant of equitable relief, see
PGBA, LLC v. United States, 389 F.3d 1219, 1224-28 (Fed. Cir. 2004); Hyperion, Inc. v. United
States, 115 Fed. Cl. 541, 550 (2014).

        The court may not “substitute its judgment for that of the agency,” Hyperion, 115 Fed.
Cl. at 550 (quoting Keeton Corrs., Inc. v. United States, 59 Fed. Cl. 753, 755 (2004) (in turn
quoting Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971), abrogated
on other grounds as recognized in Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99, 105 (1977))), but “must
uphold an agency’s decision against a challenge if the ‘contracting agency provided a coherent
and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion,’” id. (quoting Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v.
United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2009)). “‘[T]he deference afforded to an agency’s
decision must be even greater when a trial court is asked to review a technical evaluation’
because of the highly specialized, detailed, and discretionary analyses frequently conducted by
the government.” CSC Gov’t Sols. LLC v. United States, 129 Fed. Cl. 416, 434 (2016) (citing L-
3 Commc’ns EOTech, Inc. v. United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 643, 650 (2008)) (additional citations
omitted).

        The court may overturn the government’s procurement decision only “if ‘(1) the
procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure
involved a violation of regulation or procedure.’” Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d
1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United
States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001)). In conducting the rational-basis analysis, the
court looks to “whether the contracting agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation
of its exercise of discretion,” Axiom, 564 F.3d at 1381 (quoting Impresa Construzioni, 238 F.3d
at 1333), and affords “contracting officers . . . discretion upon a broad range of issues,”
AgustaWestland N. Am., Inc. v. United States, 880 F.3d 1326, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting
Impresa Construzioni, 238 F.3d at 1332-33); see also Glocoms v. United States, 150 Fed. Cl.
258, 269 (2020) (noting the agency’s broad discretion to weigh factors in a best-value
procurement). Accordingly, “the disappointed bidder bears a heavy burden of showing that the
award decision had no rational basis.” Centech, 554 F.3d at 1037 (quoting Impresa
Construzioni, 238 F.3d at 1332-33). Protests alleging a violation of regulation or procedure
“must show a clear and prejudicial violation.” Axiom, 564 F.3d at 1381 (quoting Impresa
Construzioni, 238 F.3d at 1333).

                                                 5
                                            ANALYSIS

        Severson, in its motion for judgment on the administrative record, presents two
challenges to the Navy’s award: (1) the Navy’s evaluation of Ho`opono’s technical capability
was arbitrary, capricious, and an abuse of discretion; and (2) Ho`opono is ineligible for the
award “because it engaged in a material misrepresentation/bait-and-switch.” Pl.’s Mot. at 10-28.
While the court will address each challenge in turn, the court ultimately finds that the asserted
errors do not present a basis to overturn the Navy’s contract award decision.

                               I. Ho`opono’s Technical Capability

        Severson challenges the Navy’s evaluation of Ho`opono’s bid under the technical
capability factor. Pl.’s Mot. at 11-18. More specifically, Severson points to three sub-factors in
asserting that the Navy’s evaluation was unreasonable: technical approach, resumes, and phase-
in plan. Id. at 7.

                                      A. Technical Approach

        Severson first argues that the Navy “misevaluated” Ho`opono’s staffing plan in
conducting its evaluation under the technical approach sub-factor. Pl.’s Mot. at 11. The
solicitation provided historical labor hours “reflect[ing] the historical average workload of the
galley” as “[g]uidance” for offerors. AR 22-408. While the solicitation stated that the historical
labor hours for the “Food Service Worker” category totaled 23,660, AR 22-408, Severson points
out that Ho`opono allocated [xxx] hours to this category in their proposal, Pl.’s Mot. at 12; AR
37-702 (workers identified as “FSS” and “Dishwasher”). Severson contends that Ho`opono’s
plan amounts to an overstaffing of FSS workers and dishwashers, creating “a significant and
concerning inefficiency and a . . . kitchen/workplace safety risk.” Pl.’s Mot. at 12. Severson
also notes the discrepancy between the hours attributed to the “Food Service Worker (Lead)”
category in the solicitation and the hours proposed by Ho`opono. Id. at 13. The number of
historical hours for this category totaled 7,337.5, AR 22-408, while Ho`opono’s quote allocated
[xxx] hours to these workers, AR 37-702 (workers identified as “FSS Lead”). Ho`opono
assigned [xxx] fewer hours to FSS Lead workers than the number of historical hours despite its
assertion that these employees are “[xxx].” AR 37-702. In Severson’s view, Ho`opono’s
staffing plan for FSS Lead workers is a proposal “to significantly understaff the Food Service
Worker (Lead) positions.” Pl.’s Mot. at 13 (emphasis in original). The disparities between the
historical hours provided in the solicitation and the hours attributed to different roles in
Ho`opono’s proposal lead Severson to contend that “Ho`opono’s Technical Approach should
have been deemed ‘Unacceptable,’ and Ho`opono should have been excluded from the
competitive range.” Id. at 15.

        Severson, however, attributes greater importance to the historical labor hours than the
solicitation specified. The table containing the historical labor hours was “for informational and
evaluation purposes only . . . . No guarantee [was] made . . . that the historical data provided . . .
will necessarily reflect the number of labor hours that the Contractor’s personnel shall perform in
the execution of this contract.” AR 22-408. The historical hours were based on Severson’s
allocation of labor, as Severson is the incumbent provider of services at the Silver Dolphin

                                                  6
Bistro. See AR 49-1178. Severson’s historical hours by no means establish the required or
optimum staffing hours for each position, and Ho`opono’s staffing plan is not “unacceptable
under the terms of the [s]olicitation.” Pl.’s Mot. at 13. Severson contends, for example, that the
hours allocated to onsite managers and FSS Lead employees amount to “fewer than the number
of hours that the Silver [Dolphin] Bistro is open for customers.” Hr’g Tr. 10:21-23 (Feb. 16,
2021). 5 This assertion, however, appears to be the result of a mathematical miscalculation by
Severson. Ho`opono’s quote assigned [xxx] hours to FSS Lead employees, or an average of
[xxx] hours per day. AR 37-702. This proposal appears on its face to be sufficient to cover the
daily [xxx] hours between the start of service and closing, even without taking FSS Lead lunch
breaks into account. See AR 22-424. Given that “the deference afforded to an agency’s decision
must be even greater when a trial court is asked to review a technical evaluation,” CSC Gov’t
Sols., 129 Fed. Cl. at 434 (citations omitted), the labor hours Ho`opono allocated to each labor
category are better characterized as propinquent to the historical hours provided in the
solicitation than “fundamentally insufficient” to meet the requirements of the Performance Work
Statement, Pl.’s Mot. at 13.

                                          B. Resumes

        Next, Severson claims that the Navy unreasonably evaluated Ho`opono’s proposal under
the technical sub-factor regarding resumes. Pl.’s Mot. at 15-16. Per the solicitation, offerors
were required to “[s]ubmit resumes of the key personnel, e.g. contract manager, on-site manager,
and supervisors, clearly showing [that] qualifications and experience levels match or exceed the
minimum qualifications set in Section 7.0 of the [Performance Work Statement].” AR 22-406.
Severson points out that Ho`opono provided “only two key personnel resumes: one resume for
one Project Manager and one resume for one FSS Lead.” Pl.’s Mot. at 16 (citing AR 37-708 to
710) (footnote omitted). Ho`opono’s omitted to submit resumes “for the remaining two FSS
Lead workers required to fulfill its proposed workforce,” and that, Severson argues, amounts to a
failure to meet the requirements of this sub-factor. Id. The government counters that
Ho`opono’s production of resumes was sufficient, as the solicitation “did not require resumes for
all FSS Leads.” Def.’s Cross-Mot. at 13. Ho`opono, in turn, argues that it was not required to
submit any resumes for FSS Lead workers because they are not “key personnel” as defined in the
solicitation. Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. at 11.

         The court agrees with the government that the “Resumes” sub-factor did not require the
submission of all resumes for “key personnel,” only enough to show that “qualifications and
experience levels match or exceed the minimum qualifications” set forth in the Performance
Work Statement. AR 22-406. The text of the Performance Work Statement indicates that the
purpose of the sub-factor is to permit the Navy to assess whether the offeror will provide
qualified personnel, not whether the offeror has fully staffed their manager and supervisor
positions at the time it submitted its quote. See AR 22-406. Ho`opono submitted the resumes of
[xxx] and [xxx], “personnel that are currently employed by [Ho`opono] for Silver Dolphin Bistro
if [the] contract is awarded.” AR 37-708. Both of these resumes confirm that [xxx] and [xxx],
with extensive experience in food service management, meet the requirements set forth in

       5
        The date will be omitted from future citations to the transcript of the hearing held on
February 16, 2021.

                                                7
Section 7.0 of the Performance Work Statement. Compare AR 37-709 to 710, with AR 22-421
to 422. Severson has thus failed to meet the “heavy burden of showing that the award decision
had no rational basis” in pointing to the resumes Ho`opono submitted. Centech, 554 F. 3d at
1037 (citation omitted).

                                        C. Phase-In Plan

        The third requirement of the solicitation addressed by Severson is the phase-in plan sub-
factor, which instructed offerors to address, inter alia, their “ability to ensure adequate personnel
are hired and are available prior to [the] contract start date.” AR 22-407. Ho`opono submitted
its quote on June 2, 2020, see AR 37-686, with a proposed 30-day phase-in plan, see AR 37-734.
The anticipated contract start date was June 30, 2020. See AR 22-414. Given that Ho`opono’s
quote “on its face[] exceeds even the time between proposal submissions and [the] contract start
date,” Severson argues, “it was patent error for the [Navy] to overlook this critical flaw in
Ho`opono’s proposal.” Pl.’s Mot. at 16-17. The government responds that the solicitation
required “adequate staffing at the start of performance,” not for the phase-in process to be
complete prior to the contract start date. Def.’s Cross-Mot. at 16. Ho`opono emphasizes that the
Navy “was equivocal about [the start] date, given [Severson’s] persistent history of protests.”
Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. at 6.

        In arguing that Ho`opono’s phase-in plan was incompatible with the contract’s start date,
see Pl.’s Mot. at 16-17, Severson ignores the fact that the Performance Work Statement itself
provides for flexibility regarding that date, see AR 22-414. The Navy specified that June 30,
2020 was the “[a]nticipated” start date, and that the dates were “subject to change.” AR 22-414.
Moreover, Ho`opono stated in its quote that its phase-in plan “can be shortened . . . if necessary
to accommodate a shorter turn around period.” AR 37-736. While Severson is correct that
Ho`opono’s proposed timeline has employees starting in the fourth week of the transition period,
see AR 37-737; Hr’g Tr. 63:4-5, this plan would still, in theory, “ensure [that] adequate
personnel are hired and are available prior to the contract start date,” see AR 22-407. An overlap
of Ho`opono’s proposed phase-in plan with the contract start date does not render Ho`opono’s
quote “Unacceptable” under the phase-in plan sub-factor, especially when the Performance Work
Statement does not require the transition period to be complete prior to the contract start date.
See AR 22-407. The Navy engaged in one of the many rational “discretionary analyses
frequently conducted by the government” in determining that Ho`opono’s quote had met all of
the requirements of the phase-in plan sub-factor. CSC Gov’t Sols., 129 Fed. Cl. at 434 (citations
omitted).

                          II.   Severson’s “Bait-and-Switch” Argument

       Apart from the Navy’s evaluation of technical aspects of Ho`opono’s quote, Severson
argues that “Ho`opono is also ineligible for [the] award overall because it engaged in a material
misrepresentation/bait-and-switch.” Pl.’s Mot. at 19. In its quote, Ho`opono stated that [xxx]
would serve as Project Manager for the contract. AR 37-708. [xxx] is an employee of
Blackstone Consulting, Ho`opono’s contracting partner. See AR 37-709; Def.-Intervenor’s
Resp. at 22. Severson alleges that “Ho`opono never intended [xxx] to serve as the actual Project
Manager for Ho`opono’s eventual contract; it proposes her for the position solely to meet the

                                                 8
Solicitation criteria.” Pl.’s Mot. at 20. To support its position, Severson points to
communications between [xxx], the Vice President of Operations at Blackstone Consulting, and
Severson’s incumbent “program manager” at the Silver Dolphin Bistro. Id. at 19. Severson also
refers to an injunction controlling Ho’opono’s performance of a larger food-service contract
respecting which [xxx] currently serves as “Project Manager.” Id. at 22-24. Severson
emphasizes that [xxx] would be agreeing to a “demotion” by assuming the role of Project
Manager at the Silver Dolphin Bistro. Id. at 24 (emphasis removed). The government counters
that “Blackstone intended for [xxx] to serve as the project manager[,] and that remains its
intention.” Def.’s Cross-Mot. at 19 (citing AR 69-1622). Ho`opono further emphasizes that
Severson has failed to demonstrate that a “bait-and-switch” occurred. Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. at
17-22.

        “[T]o establish that a material misrepresentation was made, a protestor must show that an
offeror made a false statement, and that the false statement was relied upon by the agency in
awarding the contract to the offeror.” Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 119 Fed. Cl. 291, 307
(2014) (citing Optimization Consulting, Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 78, 99 (2013))
(additional citations omitted). Protestors alleging a bait-and-switch, i.e., “a maneuver in which
an awardee proposes certain key personnel, then substitutes them for other individuals post-
award,” must show specifics. Conley & Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 142 Fed. Cl. 177, 182
(2019) (citing Fulcra Worldwide, LLC v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 523, 540 (2011)) (footnote
omitted). A bait-and-switch consists of four elements:

       (1) The awardee represented in its proposal that it would rely on certain specified
       personnel in performing the services; (2) the agency relied on this representation
       in evaluating the proposal; (3) it was foreseeable that the individuals named in the
       proposal would not be available to perform the contract work; and (4) personnel
       other than those proposed are performing services.

Id. (quoting Fulcra Worldwide, 97 Fed. Cl. at 540).

       Here, Severson falls short of establishing that Ho`opono made a material
misrepresentation or engaged in a bait-and-switch. As for its allegation of a material
misrepresentation, Severson fails to prove that Ho`opono “made a false statement.” Bannum,
119 Fed. Cl. at 307 (citation omitted). While [xxx], Vice President at Blackstone Consulting,
asked Severson’s incumbent program manager whether he “wanted to continue [his] rol[e] as
program manager at” the Silver Dolphin Bistro upon the award of the contract to Ho`opono, see
AR 53-1381, there is no indication that [xxx] intended to swap out [xxx] for the incumbent
manager, see AR 65-1603 (“We still intend for [xxx] to serve as our program manager and we
have not offered the . . . position to anyone else.”). Moreover, Severson’s assertion that [xxx]
would be agreeing to a demotion if she assumed the role of Project Manager at the Bistro is
speculative. See Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. at 19-20 (noting the potential career benefits to [xxx]
under the contract). Conversations with Severson’s incumbent program manager and Severson’s
opinion regarding [xxx] current employment do not give rise to an inference that Ho`opono
planned or intended to employ someone other than [xxx] as Project Manager.

                                                9
        Of note, the contract under which [xxx] is currently employed is subject to a preliminary
injunction. See State of Hawaii, Dep’t of Human Servs., Div. of Vocational Rehab., Ho`opono -
Servs. for the Blind v. United States Marine Corps, 2019 WL 3953950 (Fed. Cl. Aug. 21, 2019);
Pl.’s Mot. at 22-23. “The function of preliminary injunctive relief is to preserve the status quo
pending a determination of the action on the merits.” Litton Sys, Inc. v. Sundstrand Corp., 750
F.2d 952, 961 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (citing King v. Saddleback Junior Coll. Dist., 425 F.2d 426, 427
(9th Cir. 1970)). Severson contends that transferring [xxx] from her current employment to the
role of Project Manager at the Silver Dolphin Bistro risks “disturbing the status quo” on the
contract subject to the preliminary injunction. Pl.’s Mot. at 24.

        Given Ho`opono’s insistence that it still intends to employ [xxx] as Project Manager for
the contract, see Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. at 19-20, however, Severson’s argument falls short of
establishing a bait-and-switch. There is no indication that “personnel other than those proposed
are performing services” as Project Manager for the contract. Conley & Assocs., 142 Fed. Cl. at
182 (citation omitted). While transferring [xxx] from the contract under which she is currently
performing may risk a violation of the status quo for that contact, the possibility of a problematic
business decision is insufficient to disqualify Ho`opono from receiving the award.

                                         CONCLUSION

     For the reasons stated, Severson’s motion for judgment on the administrative record is
DENIED, and the government’s cross-motion for judgment on the administrative record is
GRANTED. Severson’s motion for a permanent injunction is accordingly also DENIED.

       The clerk shall enter judgment in accord with this disposition.

       No costs.

       It is so ORDERED.

                                                     s/ Charles F. Lettow
                                                     Charles F. Lettow
                                                     Senior Judge

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