Court Opinion

ID: 4383696
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-03 16:05:55.48205+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:03:58.011343
License: Public Domain

Attorney Grievance Commission of Maryland v. Jonathan David Robbins, Miscellaneous
Docket AG No. 12, September Term, 2017

ATTORNEY DISCIPLINE – SANCTIONS – DISBARMENT: Respondent Jonathan
David Robbins violated the Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct
(“MLRPC”) and the Maryland Attorneys’ Rules of Professional Conduct (“MARPC”) in
his capacity as attorney for Shelba Bossom, Annette Torchinsky, and Helen Nutt. Robbins
made misleading representations to clients that he had performed work that he, in fact, had
not performed; failed to take action to advance client matters despite requests to do so;
failed to timely file a Petition to Caveat; failed to provide clients with timely invoices for
work he performed for several years of representation; executed a new retainer agreement
without client’s authorization; and used a recently obtained Power of Attorney to
retroactively increase his hourly rate from $350 per hour to $500 per hour.

Respondent violated (1) MLRPC 1.1 (Competence); (2) MLRPC 1.2 (Scope of
Representation and Allocation of Authority Between Client and Lawyer); (3) MLRPC 1.3
(Diligence); (4) MLRPC 1.4 (Communication); (5) MLRPC 1.5 (Fees); (6) MLRPC 1.7
(Conflict of Interest: General Rule); (7) MLRPC 8.1 (Bar Admission and Disciplinary
Matters); and (8) MLRPC 8.4 (Misconduct). Taken together, Robbins’ violations warrant
disbarment.
Circuit Court for Montgomery County
Case No.: 433323-V
Argued: November 5, 2018
                                          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                               OF MARYLAND

                                            Misc. Docket AG No. 12

                                             September Term, 2017

                                      ATTORNEY GRIEVANCE COMMISSION
                                              OF MARYLAND

                                                       v.

                                         JONATHAN DAVID ROBBINS

                                           Barbera, C.J.
                                           Greene
                                           McDonald
                                           Watts
                                           Hotten
                                           Getty,
                                           Adkins, Sally D.,
                                             (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned)

                                              JJ.

                                             Opinion by Adkins, J.

                                              Filed: April 3, 2019
      The Attorney Grievance Commission of Maryland (“AGC”), acting through Bar

Counsel, filed a Petition for Disciplinary or Remedial Action (“Petition”) against

Respondent Jonathan David Robbins. Bar Counsel charged Robbins with violating the

Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct (“MLRPC”) in his capacity as attorney

for Shelba Bossom, Annette Torchinsky, and Helen Nutt. 1 Specifically, Bar Counsel

alleged that Robbins violated the following rules: (1) MLRPC 1.1 (Competence); (2)

MLRPC 1.2 (Scope of Representation and Allocation of Authority Between Client and

Lawyer); (3) MLRPC 1.3 (Diligence); (4) MLRPC 1.4 (Communication); (5) MLRPC 1.5

(Fees); (6) MLRPC 1.6 (Confidentiality of Information); (7) MLRPC 1.7 (Conflict of

Interest – General Rule); (8) MLRPC 1.8 (Conflict of Interest: Current Clients: Specific

Rules); (9) MLRPC 1.15 (Safekeeping Property); (10) MLRPC 1.16 (Declining or

Terminating Representation); (11) MLRPC 8.1 (Bar Admission and Disciplinary Matters);

and (12) MLRPC 8.4 (Misconduct). Pursuant to Maryland Rules 19-722 and 19-727, this

Court designated the Honorable Harry C. Storm of the Circuit Court for Montgomery

County (“hearing judge”) to conduct an evidentiary hearing and make findings of fact and

recommend conclusions of law. The hearing was held over five days in March and May

of 2018.

      Following the hearing, the hearing judge issued Findings of Fact and Conclusions

of Law, in which he found by clear and convincing evidence that Robbins violated

      1
        Effective July 1, 2016, the Maryland Lawyers’ Rule of Professional Conduct
(“MLRPC”) were renamed the Maryland Attorneys’ Rules of Professional Conduct
(“MARPC”) and renumbered. Rules Order (June 6, 2016). The revised rules are listed in
the Conclusions of Law section in parentheses next to the appropriate MLRPC rule.
MLRPC 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 8.1(a), 8.4(a), 8.4(c), and 8.4(d). The hearing judge

found that Robbins did not violate MLRPC 1.6(a), 1.8, 1.16, or 8.4(b).

                    THE HEARING JUDGE’S FINDINGS OF FACT

       Robbins was admitted to the Maryland Bar in 1988. Upon admission, he began

work with Ernst & Whinney2 and practiced law part-time. He is also licensed as a Certified

Public Accountant and a Certified Financial Planner, holding professional financial

specialist and global management accountant designations from the Association of

International Certified Public Accountants. Robbins is a solo practitioner. He operates the

Law & Accounting Offices of Jonathan D. Robbins, Chartered, a law/accounting/estate and

financial planning business. Approximately 50% of his time is spent preparing income tax

returns and providing representation to clients with matters brought by tax agencies. The

remaining half of his time is focused on legal work involving trusts and estates, formation

of business entities, and litigation over trusts and estates. At all times relevant to the

matters before us, Robbins handled all secretarial, administrative, paralegal, and IT support

functions himself. Robbins logged incoming and outgoing phone calls and all time billed

for calls and other work was entered into the Timeslips computer program when the work

was performed. By Robbins’ own testimony, it is his practice to only send client invoices

“when jobs are completed.” He also performs discrete tasks for flat fees “whenever

possible.”

       2
           Later Ernst & Young LLP, now doing business as EY.

                                             2
       The AGC’s investigation of Robbins was set in motion by the complaints of Shelba

Bossom, Annette Torchinsky, and Helen Nutt. As to each complaint, Judge Storm made

the following findings of fact by clear and convincing evidence:

                             Complaint of Shelba Bossom

       In 1992, Robbins prepared estate planning documents for Shelba Bossom’s

mother, Louise Sutherland, which named Bossom as successor trustee and sole

beneficiary of Sutherland’s estate. Soon after Sutherland’s death in May 2012, it came

to light that in July of 2007, Sutherland executed revised estate planning documents,

which named Bossom’s daughter, DeLee Yaukey, and son-in-law, Kirk Yaukey, as

successor trustees and personal representatives. The new documents set forth that

Sutherland’s estate was to be equally divided between Bossom and her daughter.

       Bossom executed two retainer agreements with Robbins on May 22, 2012. The

first was for Bossom as personal representative of her mother’s estate and the second as

trustee of her mother’s trust (“2012 Bossom Retainer Agreements”). 3           Given the

amendments that Sutherland made in 2007 to her estate planning documents, Bossom

was no longer named personal representative or trustee. Robbins stated that he was hired

“to find out what was happening in terms of the financial situation that Louise Sutherland

left once she died.” 4

       3
       Shelba Bossom provided Jonathan David Robbins, Esq. with an initial retainer in
the amount of $1,500.
       4
       Louise Southerland’s 2007 Will was filed for probate on June 12, 2012. DeLee
Yaukey was appointed as the personal representative of the Southerland estate.

                                            3
      The 2012 Bossom Retainer Agreements include the following provisions:

             ° The hourly rates of the attorneys, paralegals and
             administrative personnel who will work on these matters will
             range from $50.00 - $75.00 per hour for administrative
             personnel, $75.00 - $100.00 per hour for paralegals and legal
             assistants and $350.00 per hour for attorneys.

             ° The Firm will send you a monthly (or less frequent)
             statement for services rendered and costs incurred.

The Retainer Agreements also included provisions giving Robbins “the right to request

replenishment of the retainer ‘so that representation may continue’” and the “unilateral

right to withdraw from further representation” if invoices or statements were not paid

within 30 days.

      On June 26, 2012, Robbins informed Bossom that he had “hired Eugene Kane, Jr.,

Esq. to assist with the imminent litigation.” Robbins represented that he was drafting

documents to be filed with the court, affidavits, and a letter to DeLee. He also requested

that Bossom replenish her retainer with $5,000. The hearing judge found that there was

“no credible evidence showing that at the time of this communication Mr. Robbins was in

fact drafting any court documents.”

      On July 10, 2012, Robbins communicated to Bossom that “the situation is urgent at

this time” and “we must and will file the necessary challenges [to the 2007 Will] as soon

as possible.” Yet, another three months passed before Robbins told Bossom that his part

of the Caveat document was complete and that he had “almost finished with the Complaint

document.” Finally, on December 15, 2012 Robbins again indicated that he “expect[ed]

to be able to file the lawsuit against [Mr. Yaukey] very shortly.” The hearing judge found

                                            4
“no credible evidence, either from [Robbins’] time and billing entries or otherwise, to

support” this representation by Robbins.

       On December 15, 2012, Robbins advised Bossom that “the Petition to Caveat would

be filed ‘on Monday’ and that he had waited ‘until this point’ to file the Petition ‘to give

[the Yaukeys] the maximum amount of time to respond to our original letter to disclose

information and provide requested documents.’” Robbins also represented that he had not

received a response from the Yaukeys to his July 13 request for information and documents

related to Sutherland’s estate when, in fact, in late July, their attorney, Scott A. Morrison,

had declined to provide any documents. 5 This notification occurred three days after the

statutory deadline had passed mandating that a Petition for Caveat be filed “prior to the

expiration of six months following the appointment of a personal representative,”

Maryland Code (1974, 2011 Repl. Vol.), § 5-207(a) of the Estates and Trust Article (“ET”).

Consequently, the hearing judge found this statement to be misleading.

       Robbins ultimately filed the Petition to Caveat on December 19, 2012—seven days

late. An order was issued on December 20, 2012 dismissing the Petition as untimely

pursuant to ET § 5-207(a). Bossom received notice of the dismissal on December 22, 2012

and emailed Robbins. 6 The hearing judge found that “no material work appears to have

been performed in furtherance of Shelba Bossom’s case between July [24,] 2012 when Mr.

       5
        There is no evidence that Robbins followed up. According to Robbins’
timekeeping and billing records, he received documents from Scott A. Morrison on
October 27 and November 5.
       6
           Robbins’ billing entries indicated he spoke with Bossom by phone that day.

                                              5
Morrison responded to [Robbins’] letter and December [19,] 2012, when Mr. Robbins filed

the untimely Petition to Caveat the 2007 Will . . . .”

       From June 2012 through September 2013, Robbins made a number of misleading

statements to Bossom wherein he represented that he was working on the Complaint. On

January 22, 2013, he emailed Bossom and indicated that “I am hopeful that I can complete

the complaint against [the Yaukeys] this week and have it sent to Eugene Kane for his

review over the weekend. This is an extensive complaint and am looking forward to it

being filed very shortly.” The judge found this to be misleading, as there was “no credible

evidence, either from [Robbins’] time and billing entries or otherwise that as of January

2013, [Robbins] had drafted a complaint.” The hearing judge also found that there were

no billing entries from January 22, 2013 through April 13, 2013.

       On April 13, 2013, Bossom emailed Robbins requesting another update. Robbins

responded on April 19 stating:

              I had to get through tax season and I have gotten rid of the
              lawyer that I hired to assist in the litigation. I am interviewing
              several others and I like one better than the rest. I am preparing
              to file suit and will be in touch with you next week to discuss
              the relevant issues.

The hearing judge found “no credible evidence showing that on April 19, 2013, [Robbins]

was ‘preparing to file suit.’” Nor is there evidence in Robbins’ “time and billing entries or

otherwise, showing that as of April 19th he had interviewed any other attorney to assist

with the litigation.” Thus, these statements were also misleading.

       On May 1, 2013, Bossom and Robbins received the First and Final Account of the

Sutherland Trust. On May 16, 2013, Robbins again assured Bossom that he “expected to

                                              6
provide her with a draft complaint for review and comment within the next week and stated,

‘I want to file suit against [the Yaukeys] by the end of next week in the Montgomery

County Circuit Court.’” The hearing judge found that there was “no credible evidence,

either from [Robbins’] time and billing entries or otherwise, to suggest [Robbins] had either

begun the draft of a complaint, or that he would otherwise be prepared to file suit within

the next week.”

       Between early July and September of 2013, Bossom tried on numerous occasions

to get updates from Robbins. His responses to the various requests included that: he was

“in the middle of a deadline” and would try to call to “discuss the case” 7; he had been in a

“very bad accident several weeks ago, surgery” but he was “ready to sue” 8; and he had

been “extremely busy.”

       Morrison wrote Robbins on September 6, 2013 to advise that the Yaukeys would be

moving forward with the distribution of the trust assets as set forth in the First and Final

Account dated May 1, 2013. 9 Robbins responded indicating that Bossom “continued to

assert that the July 2007 Will and trust amendment were invalid and that no distributions

should be made.”

       7
           There was no evidence that Robbins followed-up with a call.
       8
        Robbins misled Bossom when he indicated he was “ready to sue” as the hearing
judge found that there was no credible evidence, in Robbins’ time and billing entries or
otherwise, that on July 29 he had drafted a complaint or that one was ready to be filed.
       9
       In mid-July, Morrison wrote Robbins to inquire whether he was still representing
Bossom.

                                             7
       In September 2013, Robbins met with Robert Scanlon and retained Scanlon’s

services as litigation counsel for Bossom against the Yaukeys. The court found that this

was the first “meaningful action” Robbins took in 14 months.

       Scanlon drafted a complaint within weeks of being retained and sent it to Robbins

for review. He also advised Robbins on September 19 that he had spoken with the Bossoms

and they were ready to proceed. On September 28, Robbins provided a copy of the

Complaint to Bossom and requested that she send $5,000 “to cover fees and expenses” as

well as Scanlon’s fees. Suit was filed on October 7, 2013 in Montgomery County Circuit

Court and identified both Robbins and Scanlon as counsel. The Complaint alleged, inter

alia, that the 2007 trust agreement was procured by undue influence. The hearing judge

found that there was “no credible and reasonable explanation offered by [Robbins] for the

delay in preparing and filing suit against the Yaukeys.” Even after Scanlon was retained

to assist with the litigation, Robbins remained the primary point of contact for Bossom,

despite having knowledge that he would be a witness in the litigation. 10

       In May 2014, Robbins told Bossom that, “[A]ll aspects of your litigation are

proceeding well and in your favor. I am very happy with the way things are moving.”

Then on June 24, Scanlon received an offer from the Yaukeys’ attorney to settle the

litigation, which “made clear that the Yaukeys viewed the litigation as having triggered a

‘no contest’ clause of the trust, thereby revoking any interest Shelba Bossom had therein

(meaning that if the no contest clause was upheld, Shelba Bossom would receive nothing).”

       10
         Robbins was even present during Bossom’s deposition preparation, although he
did not participate.

                                             8
       Later that year, Robbins and Scanlon began to disagree on strategy. Robbins

communicated to Bossom that he suspected “Scanlon might be conspiring with the

Yaukeys or their counsel, perhaps having a side agreement whereby, if the case settled, Mr.

Scanlon would receive a secret kickback.” This put a strain on Scanlon’s ability to

communicate effectively with Bossom and planted seeds of doubt in her mind about his

integrity. Eventually, Bossom told Scanlon that “communications should go through Mr.

Robbins,” but Scanlon admittedly was able to speak with Bossom when necessary.

       By the end of November 2014, Robbins had begun to try to retain additional counsel.

In December, Robbins brought in James E. Edwards, an attorney with whom he had shared

his theory regarding Scanlon having a deal to receive a kickback when the case settled.

Edwards agreed to investigate the case and sent a retainer agreement to Bossom. Edwards

met with Scanlon and determined that Scanlon “appeared competent and prepared to

handle the case[.]” Edwards agreed to take a limited role in the Bossom matter and help

manage the relationship between Robbins and Scanlon.

       Despite having retained Scanlon and Edwards in the Bossom matter for their

litigation prowess and knowing that he would be called as a witness, Robbins was

determined to “remain in control of the client, and as the lead conductor on the direction

of the case and any settlement strategy” and filed a “Line” in January 2015 to document

that Bossom was being represented by him and the Law & Accounting Offices of Jonathan

D. Robbins, Chartered. Many of Robbins’ actions were erratic and conflicted with trial

counsel’s advice, including failing to withdraw his appearance until April 22, 2015—the

                                            9
day before the trial. 11 Robbins also withdrew a settlement offer made to the Yaukeys

without consulting Scanlon or Edwards.

      Robbins drafted a term sheet for the March 16, 2015 mediation estimating damages

at approximately $2.8 million. 12 Scanlon and Edwards had reservations about components

of the term sheet. Scanlon testified that, at the mediation, Robbins told Bossom “that the

case was as close to a ‘slam dunk’ as he had ever seen, and that he wanted $2.4 million.”

Bossom, following Robbins’ advice, wanted to proceed to trial. In Scanlon’s estimation,

if Bossom won, the “best case” would have been that she received $1.2 to $1.3 million.

      The trial started on April 23, 2015. On the fourth day of trial, the Yaukeys “made

a ‘substantial settlement offer.’” Scanlon discussed this with the Bossoms and Edwards.

While Scanlon and Edwards agreed to reduce their fees to “make the numbers work,” they

needed to speak with Robbins about his fees because he had never sent Bossom a billing

invoice, and the only amount they had for reference was that which Robbins included on

the term sheet he had prepared. Edwards testified, and Scanlon corroborated, that when

Robbins was informed of the settlement offer, he “became very agitated,” was verbally

abusive to Edwards, and Robbins’ response upset the Bossoms. A confidential settlement

was eventually reached.

      11
           Litigation counsel also believed that Robbins had not sufficiently relayed the
litigation risks to Bossom and that he had overestimated the value of the case.
      12
        Included in the damages calculations were “attorneys’ fees already paid to Mr.
Robbins in the amount of $37,732.87, and an estimate of outstanding legal fees owed to
[Robbins] of $150,000.00.”

                                           10
       Between November 11, 2013 and May 22, 2014, although Robbins had still never

provided Bossom with an invoice or billing statement, he requested that she provide

additional funds to replenish her retainer. In November 2013, Robbins told Bossom that

he would provide her with a copy of Scanlon’s invoice, but Robbins was not able to send

his invoice because he was “slowly preparing” them. In January of 2014, Robbins still had

not sent Bossom a copy of his or Scanlon’s invoice. He used the excuse that his scanner

was not working and said he would email Scanlon’s invoices once it was functioning.

Robbins further told Bossom that his “invoices will be sent out in about two to three

weeks.” At the end of February, Robbins requested payment and indicated that it “should

cover both January and February legal fees and expenses.” At this point, he still had not

provided Bossom with a copy of the invoice, so she responded by asking him to “send her

an accounting of [her] expenses to this date.” Robbins replied, stating in part:

              I received your e-mail message and I will forward Robert’s
              invoices as soon as I receive his latest one. My invoices are a
              bit more complicated and will take a little more time to forward
              to you. The complication is a result of my giving you sizable
              “courtesy discounts” over time. I have a higher billable rate
              than does Robert and I want to keep my portion of the bills at
              a reasonable amount for you.

Again, in late May 2014, Robbins told Bossom that he had “reviewed Robert Scanlon’s

billing statements and I will be writing down my statements to you. However, you are in

the most expensive part of the lawsuit.” 13 The hearing judge found that there was “no

       13
         Robbins requested $5,000 on November 11, 2013; $11,000 on January 16, 2014
($6,800 for Robert Scanlon’s invoice and $4,200 for his charges); $11,000 on February 27,
2014; and $16,000 on May 22, 2014. Bossom paid Robbins an additional $13,000 in
September 2014.

                                            11
credible evidence” to show: that “sizeable courtesy discounts were ever given,” that

Robbins wrote down his statements to Bossom, or that he had been preparing his statement.

      On June 8, 2014, Robbins sent Bossom a Durable Power of Attorney for the

Property of Shelba Ann Sutherland Bossom, which granted Robbins “broad power to act

on Bossom’s behalf.” Bossom executed it and returned it to Robbins. Three weeks later,

Robbins used the Power of Attorney to execute a new engagement agreement between

Bossom, in her individual capacity, and Robbins’ firm. This retainer agreement increased

Robbins’ hourly rate to $500 per hour from $350 per hour, and made the new hourly rate

“retroactive to May 22, 2012.” Robbins testified that that he had signed the July 1, 2014

Retainer Agreement for “administrative purposes” and that he had discussed it with

Bossom, she had agreed to it, and he had mailed a copy of the Retainer Agreement to her.

There was no documentation of any of this in his time and billing entries. The hearing

judge found that:

             [T]here was no credible reason advanced by [Robbins] for why
             he used his authority under the recently granted Power of
             Attorney to execute the July 1, 2014 Bossom Retainer
             Agreement, rather than have Ms. Bossom execute it herself.
             After all, just three weeks earlier, he provided the Power of
             Attorney to Shelba Bossom for personal signature.

             Simply put, there is no credible evidence that Ms. Bossom
             authorized [Robbins] to use the Power of Attorney to execute
             the July 1, 2014 Bossom Retainer Agreement, that [Robbins]
             told her he used the Power of Attorney for that purpose, or that
             Ms. Bossom was even aware of the existence of that document
             until after the representation ended in April 2015.

             The court rejects [Robbins’] claim that Shelba Bossom agreed
             to his nearly forty-three (43%) increased rate change in their
             December 22, 2012 telephone call [as asserted by Robbins]. It

                                           12
              strains credibility to believe that Ms. Bossom willingly agreed
              to a $150 per hour increase on the same day that [Robbins]
              would have discussed with her the fact that the Caveat
              proceeding had been dismissed because he filed it too late.
              Respondent’s version is simply not credible.

       In early May of 2015, Bossom received a 56-page billing invoice from Robbins,

which spanned May 21, 2012 to April 30, 2015—nearly three years—the entirety of his

representation of Bossom. The hearing judge wrote that:

              The Court does not find credible and rejects Respondent’s
              testimony to Bar Counsel that he provided Ms. Bossom with
              information about his billing statements “every single time
              [she] asked for retainer replenishment and then thereafter on
              several occasions.” Moreover, despite statements that he
              intended to provide a statement “shortly” or “Within a few
              weeks,” that never occurred. There is likewise no evidence that
              Mr. Robbins provided the “sizeable courtesy” adjustment that
              he indicated would be forthcoming.

From May 2012 to May 2015, the attorneys’ fees and costs that Robbins charged Bossom

were $219,330. During the course of his representation, Bossom paid Robbins $31,992.96.

From April 22, 2015 to April 31, 2015—after Robbins had withdrawn his representation—

he included further charges in a second invoice to Bossom totaling $21,200.

       Bossom filed a complaint against Robbins with Bar Counsel in August 2015. Bar

Counsel also obtained information from Scanlon and Edwards regarding “observations and

concerns” they had about Robbins. A copy of the complaint was sent to Robbins on

September 10, 2015 with a request that he provide a written response.

       In his response to Bar Counsel dated October 7, 2015, Robbins stated that “Bossom

(i) never requested a billing invoice during the pendency of the representation; (ii) that she

had agreed verbally to an increase in his hourly rate[;] and (iii) that she authorized him to

                                             13
execute the July 2014 Agreement using the Power of Attorney.” The hearing judge found

that Robbins’ first statement was “misleading” and his “second statements were knowingly

false and misleading.”

       Bar Counsel took Robbins’ statement under oath in July 2016 in which he testified

that Bossom “did not want to see Mr. Scanlon’s bills, and that she authorized [Robbins] to

sign the July 2014 Bossom Retainer Agreement.” The hearing judge found that these

statements were “knowingly false and misleading.”

                           Complaint of Annette Torchinsky

       In late November 2012, Annette Torchinsky contacted Robbins regarding

representation on estate planning and tax matters.         Torchinsky signed a retainer

agreement 14 (the “First Torchinsky Retainer Agreement”) on December 28, 2012 and gave

Robbins an initial retainer of $3,500. The representation was “in connection with her estate

planning, Income Tax Return preparation and other matters as [she] may refer to [Robbins]

from time to time.” The First Torchinsky Retainer Agreement provided the following:

              The hourly rates of the attorneys, paralegals and administrative
              personnel who will work on these matters will range from
              $50.00–$75.00 per hour for administrative personnel, $75.00–
              $100.00 per hour for paralegals and legal assistants and
              $350.00 per hour for attorneys.

                                           ***

              Client acknowledges that, if Client has received an estimate of
              the fees and costs that may be incurred in connection with the
              legal and accounting services that we will provide, that
              estimate is not a fixed fee and does not constitute a

       14
          This was the standard retainer agreement that Robbins used with all clients,
regardless of whether the matter was to be billed at an hourly rate or a flat fee.

                                            14
              commitment by the Firm to perform the described services for
              that amount or an obligation by you to pay that amount.

                                            ***

              The Firm will send you a monthly (or less frequent) statement
              for services rendered and costs incurred.

                                            ***

              It is the Firm’s practice to obtain a retainer before we
              commence work for new clients. This retainer is used to pay
              the Firm for services rendered and costs incurred on your
              behalf in accordance with this Engagement Letter. From time
              to time, the Firm may ask you to replenish all, a part of, or more
              than your retainer so that representation may continue. Upon
              completion of all work to be performed by the Firm for you,
              we will return to you any unused portion of your retainer which
              may exist. We believe that a retainer of $3,500.00 is
              appropriate under your circumstances.

       Robbins testified that, from the beginning of his representation, Torchinsky was

insistent that she did not want to see any invoices. Robbins presented no evidence to

support this assertion. While conceding that she had not asked Robbins to provide an

invoice, Torchinsky denied having told Robbins that she did not want to see billing

statements.

       Torchinsky and Robbins gave conflicting testimony regarding whether some of the

work performed by Robbins was to be on a flat fee basis. 15 Despite evidence that he had

       15
         Examples of flat fee work that Robbins initially did for Torchinsky included: (i)
preparation of an employment agreement between Torchinsky and her parents; (ii)
revisions to Torchinsky’s father’s estate plan; (iii) revision and redrafting of Torchinsky’s
personal estate planning documents; (iv) preparation of Torchinsky’s 2012 tax returns; (v)
“business organization” of Torchinsky’s company, Kindle Korp, LLC; and preparation of
a personal property tax return for Kindle Korp.

                                             15
done some flat fee work for Torchinsky, Robbins testified that he had not. Specifically,

under oath, Robbins asserted that “[d]uring my entire representation of [Torchinsky], I

never produced or worked on any ‘flat fee’ item. No ‘flat fee’ item ever existed during the

entire time I had represented her[.]”       Yet, Robbins indicated to Bar Counsel in

correspondence and a sworn statement that there were 22 flat fee documents. The hearing

judge noted that, “The court does not find credible [Robbins’] later attempts to pedal back

from his use of the term ‘flat fee’ in describing some of the work performed for Ms.

Torchinsky.”

       Robbins met Torchinsky’s father, Irving Torchinsky (“Irving”), on January 9, 2013.

Notwithstanding that Robbins had never met Irving prior to this date, Robbins had prepared

a retainer agreement and estate planning documents and presented them to Irving for

execution. The documents included a “parent and adult child conflicts waiver letter,” an

Employment Agreement, a Durable Power of Attorney for the Property, and a Living Will

and Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care Decisions. 16             Irving signed the

Employment Agreement, Power of Attorney, and Living Will, but did not sign the retainer

agreement or the conflicts waiver letter. Despite Irving’s failure to sign these documents,

Robbins went forward with his representation of Irving. Robbins testified that he explained

the potential conflict to Irving in detail, and that Irving “waived it verbally.” The court

found this testimony to lack credibility.

       16
         Annette Torchinsky had asked Robbins to prepare the documents due to
disagreement among her family about her parents’ care.

                                            16
      By this point, Robbins and Torchinsky’s relationship had become more personal

than just that of attorney and client, and by June of 2014, the were involved in a sexual

relationship. On May 27, 2013, Torchinsky executed a second retainer agreement for work

to be done relating to Kindle Korp, LLC (the “Kindle Korp Retainer Agreement”). This

retainer agreement only differed from the 2012 Torchinsky Retainer Agreement in that

non-income tax matters were billed at $500 per hour and a $1,300 retainer was required.

Robbins also handled a leasing matter for a rental property owned by Torchinsky. On June

8, 2013, in an email, she inquired how much this would cost and Robbins’ response was,

“Let me work on the amount.”

      In July 2013, as Torchinsky’s relationship with her siblings grew more contentious,

Robbins told her that litigation was probable. Robbins began to discuss Torchinsky’s

litigation needs with Robert Scanlon and continued to communicate with him regarding

her issues. The pending litigation with Torchinsky’s siblings never materialized, but

Robbins continued to engage in discussions with Torchinsky’s siblings and their counsel

into 2014.

      On alleged advice from Robbins, Torchinsky had taken out a home equity line of

credit (“HELOC”). In July, he instructed her to pay him $50,000 out of her HELOC as a

retainer. Torchinsky provided Robbins with two checks equaling $50,000 to replenish her

retainer. Robbins used these funds to make regular payments to himself and three

                                           17
payments to Scanlon’s firm. The court was not persuaded by Torchinsky’s testimony that

Robbins had requested and maintained the $50,000 for future litigation. 17

       In October of 2013, Torchinsky executed estate planning documents that Robbins

had prepared for her. Approximately five months later, Robbins, allegedly at the request

of Torchinsky, again prepared and attempted to have Irving execute a new retainer

agreement, conflict waiver related to a durable power of attorney, and living will/health

care power of attorney. Irving did not sign them.

       The hearing judge found that from July 2013 through the summer of 2014, Robbins’

representation included much more than only preparing flat fee documents for Torchinsky.

Torchinsky never asked Robbins for an invoice related to the disbursements from the

$50,000 retainer. Robbins was able to pay himself without any accountability for two years

because he failed to provide Torchinsky with billing statements. Regular invoices would

have clarified what work was being performed on an hourly basis and what was being

completed on a flat fee basis.

       Torchinsky terminated Robbins’ representation by letter dated July 7, 2015. In the

letter, she itemized the work she believed to have been done on a flat fee basis. Robbins

responded on July 9, 2015 acknowledging that some tasks had been done on a flat fee basis.

He also advised:

              (i)   That he had “constantly” advised Ms. Torchinsky of the
                    status of her retainer balance.

       17
         Robbins disputes Torchinsky’s version of events, stating that the money was to
replenish her retainer and to be made available for the litigation with her siblings.

                                            18
              (ii) That he had “made known” to Ms. Torchinsky that the
                    $50,000 had been earned and removed from his trust
                    account.
              (iii) That Ms. Torchinsky “specifically directed” that
                    Respondent was not to provide her with any billing
                    invoices “under any circumstances.”
              (iv) That Ms. Torchinsky repeatedly stated that she did not
                    want to see her invoices.

       The hearing judge had “doubts” regarding statements (i) and (ii), but found

statements (iii) and (iv) to “have no credibility.”

       The only invoices that Robbins ever sent Torchinsky were provided to her at the

end of July 2015. The first was a 71-page invoice covering work performed for Torchinsky

in her individual capacity between November 26, 2012 and July 7, 2015. The second was

for work he did for Kindle Korp, LLC. These invoices reflected work billed on an hourly

basis with attorney’s fees being $149,005 and total expenses of $1,714.37.

       On August 13, 2015, Torchinsky filed a complaint against Robbins with Bar

Counsel. In Robbins’ response, he acknowledged that several tasks were billed on a flat

fee basis. He also told Bar Counsel that Torchinsky required “that she was to receive no

billing statements” as a condition of Robbins’ employment—a claim that Torchinsky

denied had ever occurred. The court found that Robbins’ statement to Bar Counsel was

knowingly false and misleading. Again, on June 3, while under oath Robbins told Bar

Counsel that Torchinsky was “quite clear by stating that under no circumstances was she

ever to see an invoice from [him].” 18

       18
         A recess was taken so Robbins could review his documents and billing entries
and specifically identify entries billed on a flat fee basis and those billed on an hourly basis.

                                               19
       Yet, when Bar Counsel’s interview resumed on July 1, 2016, Robbins revised his

earlier testimony stating:

               [D]uring the entire time I represented Ms. Torchinsky, all work
               that I ever did for her, without exception, was charged at my
               hourly rate of $350 in accord With the Client Engagement
               Agreement which she signed on December 28,
               2012[. . . . ]During my entire representation of her, I never
               produced or worked on any “flat fee” item. No “flat fee” item
               ever existed during the entire time I had represented her.

Again, while under oath, Robbins stated that Torchinsky expressly indicated that she never

wanted to see an invoice or billing statement.

                                   Complaint of Helen Nutt

       Helen Nutt was nearly 88-years old when she and her son, Randy Nutt, met Robbins

to discuss estate planning matters. 19         At the time, Nutt’s assets were valued at

approximately $2 million to $2.5 million. Nutt fell in her home soon after retaining

Robbins. She spent a week in Holy Cross Hospital, then was transferred to a rehabilitation

facility, and finally settled in an assisted living facility.

       Nutt retained Robbins to represent her “for estate planning and other matters” on

October 6, 2013 (“Nutt Retainer Agreement”). The retainer agreement set Robbins’ billing

rate at “$350 per hour for most tax return preparation engagements and $500 per hour for

all other matters.” The Nutt Retainer Agreement set forth hourly billing rates ranging

“from $50.00-$75.00 per hour for administrative personnel, $75.00-$100.00 per hour for

       19
           Shortly after this meeting, Randy Nutt died leaving Helen Nutt’s daughter, Nancy
Nutt; Nutt’s sister, Ruth Ann Taylor; and Ruth Ann Taylor’s children as Nutt’s only living
relatives.

                                                20
paralegals and legal assistants and from $350.00 to $500.00 per hour for attorneys.” Nutt

paid an initial retainer of $3,500. In boldface type and underlined in the Nutt Retainer

Agreement it was set forth that “[w]here possible, work will be done on an [sic] flat fee

amount basis.”

       The initial estate planning documents prepared for Nutt included a Durable Power

of Attorney for the Property of Helen E. Nutt, a Living Will and Durable Power of Attorney

for Heath Care Decisions of Helen E. Nutt, a Revocable Trust, Last Will and Testament,

and amendments to the Helen Nutt Living Trust and the James Nutt Family Trust. Robbins

identified himself as Helen Nutt’s “attorney and personal friend” and named himself as her

agent or health care surrogate. He also was named as Trustee, personal representative, and

co-trustee on the respective documents.

       According to the testimony that Robbins provided, Nutt suffered from several

deficits including aphasia causing her speech to be impaired; mild dementia; short term

memory loss; and inability to recall amounts, dates, and, eventually, to write checks. He

also testified that Nutt could not remember information about her income and expenses

that he verbally provided to her because of a long-term deficit. As a result, Robbins stated

that he “was actively involved in the management of her legal, financial and personal

affairs.” He wrote checks and paid bills for Nutt, including paying himself, all the while

charging her $500 per hour.

       Robbins stayed in touch with Nutt’s sister, Ruth Ann Taylor, regarding his

representation of Nutt, but never provided an invoice or billing statement because “[t]hey

weren’t insistent on any invoices.” On several occasions, Taylor relayed to Robbins that

                                            21
Nutt wanted a report on her finances and Robbins’ fees. 20 Robbins avoided providing the

information requested by making excuses and stating that he had “discussed [Nutt’s]

expenses with her every time that I visit her. I visit her at least once every two weeks.

Helen knows what her expenses are and probably forgets the information very quickly.

She also has the same problem when I explain what her asks are.”

      Finally, on November 11, 2015, Robbins presented a 109-page invoice with charges

totaling $322,050.00 in fees and $20,920.04 in expenses—the only invoice he had ever

provided, which covered from September 10, 2013 through November 11, 2015. The

hearing judge did not find Robbins’ testimony to Bar Counsel credible when he said that

“he told Helen Nutt ‘almost every single time he [saw] her’ what his fees were, and that he

provided Ruth Ann Taylor with estimates.” Moreover, the judge credited expert testimony

concluding that Robbins’ fees in this matter were far above average.

       Robbins’ representation of Nutt was to include preparation of a financial plan and

also preparation of income tax returns for her and her trusts. While Robbins told Taylor in

February of 2015 that he had been working on “a detailed financial plan” for Nutt “for a

number of months,” when he was interviewed by Bar Counsel in July 2016, there was no

such financial plan. Robbins explained that when he made that representation to Taylor,

he had begun to compile information to go into the plan. Robbins’ excuses about why he

had not completed the plan were not convincing to the hearing judge. Robbins also failed

      20
         These communications occurred throughout the course of Robbins’ representation
of Nutt, specifically on May 25, 2014; June 8, 2014; July 10, 2014; October 22, 2014;
January 20, 2015; and February 8, 2015.

                                            22
to prepare or file income tax returns for Nutt or her trusts for 2013, 2014, or 2015. He

claimed he was unable to do so because there was missing financial information and despite

his “several” requests to the IRS, he had not obtained the needed information to file the tax

returns. The hearing judge found these excuses to be unconvincing.

                THE HEARING JUDGE’S CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

       From these facts, the hearing judge concluded that Robbins, through his

representation of Bossom, Torchinsky, and Nutt, violated MLRPC 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5,

1.7, 8.1 and 8.4. 21 The hearing judge also concluded that Robbins did not violate MLRPC

1.6, 1.8, or 1.16. We address these rulings and any pertinent exception as follows.

                                      DISCUSSION

                                   Standard of Review

       “In attorney discipline proceedings, this Court has original and complete jurisdiction

and conducts an independent review of the record.” Attorney Grievance Comm’n v.

McClain, 406 Md. 1, 17 (2008). Still, we accept the hearing judge’s findings of fact, unless

they are found clearly erroneous. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Ugwuonye, 405 Md.
351, 368 (2008) (citation omitted). The hearing judge’s findings of fact are not clearly

erroneous if they are supported by “any competent material evidence,” Attorney Grievance

Comm’n v. McDonald, 437 Md. 1, 16 (2014) (citation omitted), and “we have said that the

       21
          Jonathan David Robbins’s violation of MLRPC 1.1 and 1.3 were specific to his
representation of Shelba Bossom and Helen Nutt. His violation of 1.2 was specific to his
handling of the Bossom matter only. The MLRPC 8.1 violation was specific to both the
Bossom and Torchinsky matters. Robbins’s violation of 1.4, 1.5, 1.7 and 8.4 related to all
three clients, Bossom, Torchinsky, and Nutt.

                                             23
hearing judge ‘may pick and choose what evidence to believe,’” Attorney Grievance

Comm’n v. Woolery, 462 Md. 209, 230 (2018) (citation omitted). We review proposed

conclusions of law de novo. Id.

                                     Findings of Fact

                            Respondent’s Factual Exceptions

       Both parties are permitted to file “(1) exceptions to the findings and conclusions of

the hearing judge, [and] (2) recommendations concerning the appropriate disposition . . . .”

Maryland Rule 19-728(b). Robbins takes exception to many of the hearing judge’s

findings of fact.   There is significant overlap between Robbins’ factual and legal

exceptions, though most are more appropriately reviewed in the findings of fact section.

Bar Counsel does not except to any findings of fact, so we only review Robbins’

exceptions. 22

                       (i) Exceptions Regarding the Bossom Matter

       Robbins argues that, without hearing from Bossom or her husband, the Court

rendered credibility determinations “without citation to any evidence contrary to

       22
           Robbins also argues that Bar Counsel engaged in misconduct and that,
consequently, his due process rights were irreparably harmed and the Attorney Grievance
Commission’s case should be dismissed or docketed anew. Twice before the courts have
rejected Robbins’ arguments on these points. First, Robbins made substantially the same
argument regarding discovery before the Circuit Court for Montgomery County in a
Motion to Compel Discovery and Request for Sanctions Regarding Discovery. This
motion was denied. Again, in March 2018, Robbins filed a Motion for Sanctions and
Appropriate Relief making precisely the same arguments. The Circuit Court denied the
motion, and, on March 22, 2018, this Court, too, rejected it. Robbins presents no new
information or further factual support that would require us to depart from our previous
rejection. Thus, we feel no compulsion to address these claims, again, here.

                                            24
Respondent.” We note that, beyond Bossom’s initial complaint letter, the Bossoms did not

testify in this proceeding. Yet, the hearing judge relied on various other forms of evidence,

such as email communications between Robbins and Bossom, the existence and

nonexistence of time log entries, and the testimony of the other attorneys involved in the

case, plus the logical inferences that could be drawn from such evidence. These are all

valid forms of “contrary” evidence appropriately used to render credibility determinations,

which we review below.

       Bar Counsel responds to this exception, and nearly all of Robbins’ additional

exceptions, with a similar refrain: “Respondent’s factual exceptions are based on the

hearing judge’s failure to adopt the Respondent’s versions of events.” Bar Counsel also

notes that Robbins takes similar exception to “incorrect or unreasonable inferences” drawn

from these facts. We will consider Bar Counsel’s objection throughout this section.

       A party challenging a hearing judge’s factual findings must demonstrate that the

finding was clearly erroneous. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Post, 379 Md. 60, 74

(2003) (citations omitted). Many of Robbins’ exceptions, as Bar Counsel rightly points

out, are simply based on his own competing testimony. Because we must “give due regard

to the opportunity of the hearing judge to assess the credibility of the witnesses,” Md. Rule

19-741(b)(2)(B), we will not disturb determinations based on a good faith credibility

determination.

       There is no question that the hearing judge cited considerable evidence regarding

the Bossom matter. Robbins does not specify which credibility determinations he takes

issue with, but we will review many such determinations below. As a global matter, if

                                             25
“Respondent [does] not present further evidence in the record to reveal that the hearing

judge’s findings were clearly erroneous,” we will not credit these exceptions. Attorney

Grievance Comm’n v. Thompson, 462 Md. 112, 134 (2018).

       Robbins’ first, more specific exception relates to the hearing judge’s findings

regarding Robbins’ failure to provide invoices. Specifically, he takes exception to the

hearing judge’s conclusion that the retainer agreement, providing that any bill must be paid

within 30 days of an invoice to avoid “withdrawal from further representation” implied

that invoices would be provided during the representation.          Robbins claims this is

“speculation” and does not rise to the clear and convincing evidence level.

       We disagree, as the hearing judge had ample grounds to find that Robbins

wrongfully failed to provide Bossom with invoices. First, the judge cites the many years

of assurances Robbins provided to Bossom that invoices and billing statements were

forthcoming. He also points to Bossom’s specific request that Robbins produce an

“accounting of [her] expenses to date.” Robbins repeatedly stated that he was in the process

of creating such an invoice but failed to do so within a reasonable time. In January 2014,

Robbins stated that his invoices would be sent out in “two to three weeks,” but they were

not sent until well more than a year after that.

       Additionally, the hearing judge relied on the statement in the retainer providing that

representation would be “discontinued” on nonpayment of an invoice. From this statement,

he inferred that the representation agreement anticipated that invoices would be provided

during the course of representation. This inference—alone a weak reed—lends support to

the hearing judge’s overall conclusion that Robbins unreasonably failed to provide Bossom

                                              26
with invoices. The above facts, in total, provide clear and convincing evidence to support

the hearing judge’s factual conclusion. Consequently, we overrule this exception.

       Robbins further objects that the hearing judge “failed to acknowledge” that he had

testified to drafting the Petition to Caveat, but that he made a “mistake in the filing” of the

document. Robbins makes substantially the same objection to the judge’s conclusion that

“no credible evidence” existed, as of Robbins’ October 8, 2012 email, that he had

completed any portion of either the caveat or complaint, as he claimed. Again, Robbins

claims that he was drafting both documents and that no contrary evidence was admitted.

       The hearing judge is the arbiter of credibility, and he did not find Robbins’

testimony credible. The hearing judge relies on evidence demonstrating that the Petition

to Caveat was filed a week late and that no work was entered into Robbins’ time log as

proof that none of these tasks occurred as stated, despite Robbins telling Bossom several

times that he was working on the petition. Moreover, the opposing attorney responded to

Robbins’ request for information on July 24, 2012, and while Robbins asserts that he

followed up with the attorney and his client after receiving Morrison’s letter, there is no

evidence of any such follow up occurring. The hearing judge also relies on the obvious

implications that can be drawn from the long periods of delay in responding to

communications from Bossom and ultimate late filing—Robbins had not completed these

documents, or likely even started them. Even if the hearing judge did not mention some

testimony, “[t]he mere failure to mention a particular fact in its findings, normally is not

the equivalent of failing to consider it,” and exceptions should be directed as specific

                                              27
finding or express rejection. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Vanderlinde, 364 Md. 376,

385 (2001).

       Regarding the Complaint, as the hearing judge states, “it was in September 2013

when a complaint was finally drafted by Robert Scanlon, Esq., not Respondent.” In fact,

it took 14 months from the time when Robbins said filing the Complaint was an “urgent”

matter for the Complaint to be filed. As with the Petition for Caveat, Robbins “failed to

take any meaningful action to advance Ms. Bossom’s matter” between January and

September 2013, despite Bossom’s repeated requests.

       The hearing judge is “not required to mention every evidentiary matter” in the

findings of fact. Id. at 384. “[I]f there is any competent material evidence to support” the

hearing judge’s finding, it should not be disturbed. McDonald, 437 Md. at 16 (citation

omitted). We believe that the above represents competent material evidence supporting

the judge’s findings and, thus, we overrule Robbins’ exceptions.

       Robbins excepts to the hearing judge’s conclusion that he was not “ready to sue”

when he claimed to have been ready. He insists that the judge should better define what is

meant by “ready to sue.” The hearing judge seems to rely on the fact that, in April 2013,

Robbins stated that he was “ready to sue,” but did not file any documents until July 2013.

The fact that Robbins did not sue when he was “ready,” combined with his previous late

filing and unreliable assertions that he was in the process of drafting documents, strongly

indicates that Robbins was not, in fact, “ready to sue.” We reject this exception, as well.

       Robbins also takes exception to the judge’s characterization of the 2014 invoices he

provided to Bossom. He argues that the dollar figures given to Bossom via email on

                                            28
January 16, 2014 were “just estimates,” disputes the hearing judge’s interpretation of his

claim that he was “writing down” the invoices, and offers his own testimony as support.

       If the costs listed in the January 16, 2014 email were “just estimates,” as Robbins

claims, it is hard to understand why he would have then requested that Bossom send him a

check in the amount of those estimates. The $11,000 charge was only an estimate in the

sense that Robbins provides absolutely no evidence to support how the charges were

calculated, despite having promised to do so on numerous occasions. As the hearing judge

noted, Robbins stated that the invoices would be “easy to produce” but never produced

them and was still “writing them down” and requesting more money. There is clear and

convincing evidence to support the hearing judge’s findings, and Robbins merely relies on

his own testimony to rebut them. As stated above, this is insufficient, and, we overrule this

exception.

       Robbins excepts to the hearing judge’s characterization of his substitute retainer

agreement with Bossom. He states that the retainer agreement was not used for any work

or for billing purposes, but, rather, was created for legal malpractice requirements only and

was effective for all clients “across the board.” Further, he argues that phone logs show

calls between him and Bossom wherein they discussed the retainer agreement.

       In June 2014, Robbins was granted Power of Attorney over Bossom’s affairs for the

ostensible purpose of “acting quickly” on certain pressing matters. He used the Power of

Attorney to execute another Engagement Agreement, increasing his pay rate to $500 per

hour “retroactive to May 22, 2012.” To conclude that Robbins’ assertions regarding the

retainer agreement were not credible, the hearing judge first relied on the fact that there is

                                             29
no indication in Robbins’ time logs that he spoke with Bossom about the increased fee or

mailed her a copy of the second engagement agreement, despite claiming to have done so.

This is especially significant because Robbins had recorded and charged for similar

services in the past. Moreover, the hearing judge points to the fact that this fairly significant

act was not mentioned in any email and that there is no compelling reason stated as to why

Bossom could not have signed the new agreement herself.                The above consists of

“competent material evidence,” McDonald, 437 Md. at 16, to support the hearing judge’s

findings. We therefore overrule this exception.

       Robbins also argues that the hearing judge was incorrect when he found that it was

improper for Robbins to remain on the case, notwithstanding the likelihood that he would

be called as a witness. Instead, Robbins insisted that he intended to withdraw as attorney

when necessary. We address this exception in the Conclusions of Law section, under Rule

1.1, Competence.

       Finally, Robbins states, generally, that his behavior during his representation of

Bossom and interactions with Scanlon have been mischaracterized by the hearing judge.

Ultimately, the hearing judge credited the testimony of the other attorneys involved in the

case over Robbins’ testimony regarding these matters. Because we give “due regard to the

opportunity of the hearing judge to assess the credibility of the witnesses,” Md. Rule 19-

741(b)(2)(B), we overrule Robbins’ exception.

                      (ii) Exceptions Regarding the Torchinsky Matter

       First, Robbins generally objects to what he refers to as the “inconsistent weight”

placed on his phone records. As noted by Bar Counsel, the “factfinder determines the

                                               30
weight of the evidence” presented. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Harris, 366 Md. 376,

399 (2001) (citations omitted). The weight of phone records is wholly dependent on the

reason they are admitted and other evidence presented. We will not disturb the hearing

judge’s good faith weighing of evidence and, thus, we overrule Robbins’ exception.

       Additionally, Robbins proffers an exception to the hearing judge’s determination

that his use of the phrase “flat fee” was a false statement, as opposed to an inadvertent use

of language. He argues that he intended to say “estimate.” Yet, Robbins does not dispute

that he stated, under oath, that he “never produced or worked on any ‘flat fee’ item” for

Ms. Torchinsky, only to reverse himself, again under oath, to reflect that he did perform

flat fee work for her. The hearing judge was well within his rights to credit this as a false

statement and we overrule Robbins’ exception.

       Robbins also excepts to the hearing judge’s conclusion that Irving Torchinsky

“declined” to sign a conflict waiver, as opposed to simply omitting his signature. Again,

Robbins disputes the hearing judge’s reliance on Robbins’ own trial testimony that Irving

“signed the [forms] he wanted to sign and declined to sign the ones that he didn’t want to

sign.” This statement, in conjunction with the fact that Irving left the conflict waiver forms

unsigned, provides clear and convincing evidence to conclude that Irving “declined” to

sign the waiver. Therefore, we overrule this exception.

       Finally, Robbins takes exception to the hearing judge’s comparison of his statement

that Torchinsky specifically instructed him not to send invoices, to supposedly similar

statements he made to Bossom and Nutt. According to Robbins, he “never said [Bossom

                                             31
and Nutt] directed that no statements were to be generated . . . .” We believe that Robbins’

propounds an incorrect and overly-literal reading of the judge’s statement.

       The judge’s central point was that one of the many reasons he doubted Robbins’

truthfulness regarding his claim that Torchinsky requested not to see her billing statement

was that he had attributed “similar” statements to “clients in both the Bossom and Nutt

matters.” Regarding the Bossom matter, Robbins did claim that “[Bossom] said in a

telephone conversation she didn’t want to see [Mr. Scanlon’s invoices],” which is clearly

a “similar” statement. Moreover, the hearing judge was quite likely referring to the

multiple instances of similarly false statements regarding other clients’ billing statements,

as opposed to instances when Robbins made precisely the same statement. We therefore

overrule Robbins’ exception.

                        (iii) Exceptions Regarding the Nutt Matter

       First, Robbins objects to the hearing judge’s determination that he did not keep Nutt

or Ruth Ann Taylor informed of Nutt’s bill. Moreover, he states that the financial analysis

for Nancy Nutt was always intended to be oral. The hearing judge specifically stated that

he did not find Robbins’ testimony on this matter credible. The hearing judge may “pick

and choose what evidence to believe and what evidence to disbelieve . . . .” Attorney

Grievance Comm’n v. Usiak, 418 Md. 667, 687 (2011). Not relying on Robbins’ testimony

was within the judge’s discretion, and we overrule Robbins’ exception.

       Robbins also takes exception to the hearing judge’s conclusions regarding his failure

to file any income tax returns for Nutt or her trusts in 2013, 2014, and 2015. Robbins states

that the returns were never prepared due to the “improper removal of necessary paperwork”

                                             32
from Nutt’s home by her daughter-in-law. He made the same claim to the hearing judge

who found it “unconvincing.” We therefore overrule Robbins’ exception.

                                   Conclusions of Law

                      MLRPC 1.1: Competence (MARPC 19-301.1)

       MLRPC 1.1 requires that lawyers provide competent representation to their clients.

The hearing judge found that Robbins violated MLRPC 1.1 in his handling of the Bossom

and Nutt matters. Regarding the Bossom matter, the hearing judge stated that Robbins

violated Rule 1.1 when he:

              (i) failed to file a timely Petition to Caveat Ms. Sutherland’s
              Will and failed to take meaningful action to advance Ms.
              Bossom’s case from May 2012 through August 2013; (ii)
              falsely communicated to her on multiple occasions the status
              of his efforts on her behalf . . . ; (iii) increased her hourly
              billing rate effective January 1, 2013, without her knowledge
              or informed consent; (iv) used the Power of attorney to execute
              a new retainer agreement (which was also at the higher hourly
              rate) without authorization and disclosure; (v) acted in a
              manner that negatively impacted Ms. Bossom’s trust in her
              relationship with Mr. Scanlon through unfounded comments
              about Mr. Scanlon’s integrity; and (vi) failed to withdraw
              timely as attorney of record, when he knew he would be a
              necessary trial witness, and failed to advise Ms. Bossom of the
              problems inherent in his conflicting positions.

       As to Robbins’ representation in the Nutt matter, the hearing judge concluded

Robbins violated Rule 1.1 by: (i) “fail[ing] to file tax returns for her for tax years 2013,

2014, and 2015”; and (ii) “fail[ing] to complete the detailed financial plan from February

2015 until July 2016.”

       Robbins takes exception to the hearing judge’s conclusion that he violated Rule 1.1.

Yet, his exceptions are largely a repetition of the arguments made in his exceptions to the

                                            33
findings of fact. For example, he argues that his actions regarding the retainer agreement

were authorized, Nutt’s tax returns were not prepared due to the removal of documents

from her home, and that he never made false statements. We have already overruled

Robbins’ exceptions to the findings of fact and need not revisit them.

       Robbins also claims that the untimely filing of the Petition to Caveat did not deprive

Bossom of any right, lead to “inconsistent positions,” or have a negative impact. Even if

this were true, “we do not measure an attorney’s violation of the Rules of Professional

Conduct based on success, or failure to succeed . . . .” Woolery, 462 Md. at 233. We

generally overrule Robbins’ exceptions to these matters and conclude that he violated Rule

1.1 in the Bossom and Nutt matters.

       Nonetheless, Robbins excepts to the hearing judge’s conclusion that he “failed to

withdraw timely as attorney of record, when he knew he would be a necessary trial witness”

as a basis for a Rule 1.1 violation in this circumstance. Typically, when attorneys are

accused of failing to withdraw from representation due to their necessity as a witness, such

behavior is not evaluated under Rule 1.1, but under Rule 3.7. See, e.g., Attorney Grievance

Comm’n v. Dyer, 453 Md. 585, 665, 670 (2017) (evaluating the lawyers’ withdrawal

decision under Rule 1.16 and 3.7); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Zhang, 440 Md. 128,

165 (2014) (evaluating the lawyer’s withdrawal decision under Rule 3.7). In this case, Bar

Counsel does not charge Robbins with violating Rule 3.7—the proper vehicle for such

claims—and cites no cases establishing a “timeliness” of withdrawal requirement for

competence. It is not apparent that Robbins’ withdrawal to serve as a witness prejudiced

Bossom’s case in any manner, as other attorneys remained on her case. We sustain

                                             34
Robbins’ objection to the hearing judge’s reliance on Robbins’ “failure to withdraw timely

as attorney of record” as a basis for a Rule 1.1 violation in this circumstance.

             MLRPC 1.2: Scope of Representation and Allocation of Authority
                   Between Client and Lawyer (MARPC 19-301.2)

        MLRPC 1.2 requires that a “lawyer abide by a client’s decisions concerning the

objectives of the representation and, when appropriate, consult with the client as to the

means by which they are to be pursued.” It also provides that a “lawyer may take such

action on behalf of the client as is impliedly authorized to carry out the representation,”

and that a “lawyer shall abide by the client’s decision whether to settle a matter.” The

hearing judge found that Robbins’ violation of MLRPC 1.2 was specific to his handling of

the Bossom matter.

        The hearing judge determined that Robbins violated Rule 1.2 by attempting to

“control all relevant decision-making.” Specifically, Robbins “viewed the case as ‘his

case,’ not the client’s”; “exerted control over communications between Ms. Bossom and

Mr. Scanlon”; “attempted to control the settlement of the case”; and “acted inappropriately

and unprofessionally in trying to convince Shelba Bossom not to settle on the fourth day

of trial.”

        Robbins excepts to the hearing judge’s determination that he violated Rule 1.2.

Again, he argues that the judge “failed to make any findings that were inconsistent with

Respondent’s testimony that he was acting with full knowledge of Ms. Bossom.”

Moreover, he disputes that Scanlon and Bossom did not have “the ability to communicate

at all necessary times.” As stated above, we accept the hearing judge’s findings on these

                                             35
matters as not clearly erroneous. The client must be appropriately informed to have the

“ability to make informed decisions.” Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Hamilton, 444 Md.
163, 182 (2015). Robbins’ actions prevented this and we overrule his exceptions.

       Robbins also states that any conduct occurring in the conference room during the

trial happened after he withdrew from the case and, therefore, is “not subject to disciplinary

review.” Even if he had technically withdrawn as counsel, he should have realized that his

statements—made soon after his withdrawal, in the context of formal settlement

negotiations, and pursuant to a long-term relationship with the client—were almost certain

to appear to her to be made as part of his role as her attorney. In any event, we have

disciplined attorneys in the past for violating Rule 1.2 for acts occurring after termination

of the attorney-client relationship. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Sacks, 458 Md. 461,

494 (2018) (attorney disciplined for actions taken after he was terminated). We therefore

overrule this exception, as well, and hold that Robbins violated Rule 1.2.

                        MLRPC 1.3: Diligence (MARPC 19-301.3)

       MLRPC 1.3 mandates that a “lawyer shall act with reasonable diligence and

promptness in representing a client.” The hearing judge explained that Robbins violated

MLRPC 1.3 for the same reasons that he articulated in his finding for the violation of

MLRPC 1.1 above. The violation of MLRPC 1.3 relates to Robbins’ handling of the

Bossom and Nutt matters.

       Robbins objects to the conclusion that he violated Rule 1.3 because “no violation,

prejudicial in nature to a client, has been demonstrated according to the appropriate

                                             36
standard . . . .” For the reasons stated in our Rule 1.1 analysis, we overrule Robbins’

exception, and conclude that Robbins violated Rule 1.3 in the Bossom and Nutt matters.

                     MLRPC 1.4: Communication (MARPC 19-301.4)

       MLRPC 1.4 requires lawyers to communicate with their clients. The hearing judge

concluded that Robbins violated MLRPC 1.4(a)(2), failing to keep the client informed, and

1.4(b), failing to explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to

make informed decisions, in the Bossom, Torchinsky, and Nutt matters.

       The hearing judge explained that Robbins “failed in each case to provide timely

information to the clients about their fees and expenses, thereby depriving the clients of

the ability to make informed decisions about their matters.” Robbins took 35 months to

provide Bossom with an invoice, 31 months to provide Torchinsky with an invoice, and 26

to provide one to Nutt.

              Respondent, who is after all a certified public accountant and
              certified financial planner, kept his time contemporaneously
              pursuant to the Timeslips billing program. He is computer
              proficient, and testified that he could easily have produced
              invoices at any time. Indeed, he promised invoices to all three
              clients that were never forthcoming. The invoices, when they
              were provided, covered such extended periods, and were so full
              of minutiae-laden entries, that the clients’ ability to understand
              and confirm or refute charges was necessarily hindered.

       The hearing judge also found by clear and convincing evidence that Robbins

violated Rule 1.4 (a)(1), (3), and (4), as to his handling of the Bossom matter. He found

that Robbins “misrepresented” the work he performed for her and made “affirmative

misrepresentations or misleading statements” regarding the status of her case. Further, he

explained that Robbins:

                                             37
              failed to advise [Ms.] Bossom of his unilateral hourly rate
              increase; failed to advise her that he had used the Power of
              Attorney to execute the new retainer agreement; failed to
              adequately explain the litigation risks (while portraying the
              case as a “slam dunk”) to enable Ms. Bossom to make an
              informed decision; and, failed to advise her of the problems
              inherent in serving as her attorney when he was required as a
              necessary witness at trial.

       Robbins excepts to the hearing judge’s conclusion that he violated Rule 1.4. Once

again, most of Robbins’ exceptions are a repetition of the exceptions made to the findings

of fact. For example, he repeats his contentions that he provided all requested information

to clients, as required by the retainer agreements, and that the new retainer agreement was

merely a “back up.” We previously determined that the hearing judge’s findings on these

matters were not clearly erroneous. We therefore overrule Robbins’ exceptions and

conclude that he violated Rule 1.4.

                          MLRPC 1.5: Fees (MARPC 19-301.5)

       MLRPC 1.5(a) provides in part that: “An attorney shall not make an agreement for,

charge, or collect an unreasonable amount for expenses.” For a fee to be “reasonable,” it

must be “commensurate with the legal services provided.” Attorney Grievance Comm’n v.

Bellamy, 453 Md. 377, 397 (2017). Factors to be considered in determining reasonableness

appear in Rule 1.5(a), subsections (1) through (8).

       The hearing judge concluded that Robbins violated MLRPC 1.5(a) in the Bossom,

Torchinsky, and Nutt matters. First, he noted that each of Robbins’ retainer agreements

provided that “the hourly rates of the attorneys, paralegals and administrative personnel

who will work on these matters will range from $50.00–$75.00 for administrative

                                            38
personnel, $75.00–$100.00 per hour for paralegals and legal assistants and $350.00 [or

$350.00 to $500.00] per hour for attorneys.” He concluded that:

              Notwithstanding the language in the retainer agreements, Mr.
              Robbins, who did not have paralegals, legal assistants or
              administrative personnel, billed all time at his hourly attorney
              rate ($350 or $500 per hour) regardless of the task. And while
              Mr. Robbins testified during his statement under oath that he
              did not bill his clients for administrative matters, the evidence
              belies that assertion. Respondent’s billing entries routinely
              include (while frequently blended together with normal
              attorney tasks) time spent and billed at his attorney rate for
              routine administrative matters, including for such things as
              opening mail, filing documents, sending mail, and printing. By
              charging his attorney rate for these services, Respondent
              charged unreasonable fees and violated Rule 1.5(a) in each of
              the three cases.

       The hearing judge also concluded that Robbins violated Rule 1.5 “when he failed to

provide regular billing invoices for his hourly billings to Ms. Bossom, Ms. Torchinsky, and

Ms. Nutt.” We have before determined that failing to provide invoices at reasonable

intervals upon request or as agreed can violate Rule 1.5, under certain circumstances. See,

e.g., Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Rand, 445 Md. 581, 629 (2015) (failing to provide

invoices upon request, upon request for replenishment of the retainer, and as provided in

the retainer agreement violated Rule 1.5); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Green, 441 Md.
80, 91–92 (2014) (failing to provide invoices, as agreed upon in the attorney’s fee

agreement violated Rule 1.5).

       Next, the hearing judge determined that Robbins’ fees were unreasonable as related

to the Bossom matter for two additional reasons.          First, even were Robbins’ time

appropriately billed at the attorney rate, “the hourly rate charged to Ms. Bossom

                                             39
commencing January 1, 2013 was $150 more per hour than she had agreed to pay.” The

judge specifically noted that:

              Between January 1, 2013 and April 30, 2015, Mr. Robbins
              billed Ms. Bossom for 415.70 hours of his time, and charged
              $500 per hour (for a total of $207,850). Had the same number
              of hours been billed at the agreed rate of $350 per hour, the
              total would have been $145,495, a material and unreasonable
              difference of $62,355.

Second, the hearing judge observed that the “bill to Ms. Bossom includes time entries

totaling 42.4 hours ($21,200) for the period from April 22, 2015 (the day his notice of

withdrawal was filed) through April 30, 2015.” These billings relate to a “time when

[Robbins] was no longer an attorney in the case and was simply a fact witness.”

       Regarding the Nutt matter, the hearing judge concluded that Robbins also violated

Rule 1.5 by charging “grossly disproportionate” fees. The judge accepted expert testimony

to determine that “the fees were substantially greater than the industry norm.” The expert

criticized Robbins’ management fees for Nutt’s trust—where the normal trustee

management fee would be 2% of the trust corpus, Robbins was charging upwards of 6%.

       Robbins excepts to the hearing judge’s determination that he violated Rule 1.5. In

essence, he again asserts that he provided information as asked and that Maryland Rules

do not require regular billing invoices. We rely on the hearing judge’s findings, and our

previous statements in Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Rand, 445 Md. 581, 629 (2015), to

overrule this exception.

       Moreover, Robbins states that the hearing judge “fails to explain how the entries

outlined in Footnote 59 are anything but necessary and professional in nature.” Robbins

                                           40
mischaracterizes this footnote, as, even if the listed tasks were “professional,” they were

certainly administrative and should not have been billed at the attorney rate, which was the

judge’s point. Moreover, exceptions such as these go to the hearing judge’s credibility

findings, which we have already determined were not clearly erroneous. For these reasons,

we overrule Robbins’ exceptions and conclude that he violated Rule 1.5.

           MLRPC 1.7: Conflicts of Interest – General Rule (MARPC 19-301.7)

       MLRPC 1.7 mandates that a lawyer “shall not represent a client if the representation

involves a conflict of interest.” Under Comment 1 to Rule 1.7, “Loyalty and independent

judgment are essential elements in the attorney’s relationship to a client. Conflicts of

interest can arise from the attorney’s responsibilities to another client or from the attorney’s

own interests.”

       Consequently, the hearing judge found that Robbins violated Rule 1.7 in all three

matters. Regarding the Bossom matter, the hearing judge determined:

              [O]n July 1, 2014, Respondent executed the July 1, 2014
              Bossom Retainer Agreement using the Power of Attorney.
              That agreement provided for an hourly rate of $500, retroactive
              to May 22, 2012. While Respondent claimed that he discussed
              the rate increase with Ms. Bossom in a telephone call on
              December 22, 2012 and received her approval, this court found
              otherwise. Moreover, even if Respondent had discussed the
              increase with Ms. Bossom and even if Ms. Bossom had orally
              agreed to the increase, Rule 1.7 required that her informed
              consent be in writing, or at a minimum, confirmed in writing.

       Bar Counsel excepts to the hearing judge’s conclusion that Robbins violated Rule

1.7 due to his conduct in the Bossom matter, as opposed to Rule 1.8. According to Bar

Counsel, Robbins was not charged with violating Rule 1.7 in the Bossom matter.

                                              41
Consequently, he had no notice, nor opportunity to defend, against these allegations. We

sustain Bar Counsel’s exception to the hearing judge’s conclusion that Robbins violated

Rule 1.7 in the Bossom matter and do not adopt this conclusion.

       As to the Torchinsky matter, the hearing judge determined that “there was, at a

minimum, the risk that Respondent’s representation of Irving Torchinsky would be limited

materially by his responsibilities to Annette Torchinsky.”

              [W]ith knowledge of the family conflicts and dynamics,
              [Robbins] undertook to represent [Annette Torchinsky’s]
              father, Irving Torchinsky in connection with [her] employment
              agreement, and in connection with the financial and health care
              powers of attorney. . . . Indeed, the documents were prepared
              at Ms. Torchinsky’s request in advance of Respondent’s
              meeting with Irving Torchinsky. Respondent recognized the
              conflict and prepared the parent-child conflict waiver. Yet,
              upon Mr. Torchin[sk]y’s failure or refusal to sign the waiver,
              Respondent nevertheless proceeded with the representation.

       Robbins excepts to the hearing judge’s finding that he violated Rule 1.7 in the

Torchinsky matter. He states that any conflict was only “potential,” and thus did not

require a waiver. In any event, he insists the waiver should be implied. Rule 1.7(a)(2)

specifically contemplates that a “significant risk” of materially limited representation is

sufficient to cause a conflict. We agree with the hearing judge that such a risk existed here

and that Robbins’ actions indicate that he understood this, too. Robbins’ argument for

waiver is also unavailing. Given the facts as found by the hearing judge, not signing the

form is the only evidence we have of waiver. This is not enough and we overrule Robbins’

exception.

                                             42
       Finally, concerning the Nutt matter, the hearing judge decided that Robbins violated

Rule 1.7 by “pa[ying] himself in his role as trustee, without providing any accounting or

oversight, despite repeated requests from Ms. Taylor that he provide information about his

charges.” See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Hodes, 441 Md. 136, 193 (2014) (attorney,

acting as trustee, violated Rule 1.7 by engaging in self-dealing that had “an adverse impact

on his duty of loyalty” to the client and the trust). Accepting the testimony of an expert

witness, the judge found that Robbins’ “fees to Ms. Nutt included unreasonable charges

for routine administrative tasks that were billed at Respondent’s attorney rate.” Moreover,

she might have known about these charges had he provided appropriate billing statements.

       Robbins also excepts to the hearing judge’s conclusions regarding the Nutt matter.

He argues that he met with Nutt frequently and that she believed his fees were reasonable.

We overrule this exception, as we accepted the hearing judge’s findings of fact on this issue

as not clearly erroneous, as described above.

       In conclusion, we do not adopt the hearing judge’s determination that Robbins

violated Rule 1.7 in the Bossom matter because Bar Counsel did not charge Robbins with

such a violation. Nonetheless, we agree with the hearing judge’s conclusions that Robbins

violated Rule 1.7 in the Torchinsky and Nutt matters.

                    MLRPC 1.8: Conflict of Interest; Current Clients;
                         Specific Rule (MARPC 19-301.8)

       Bar Counsel takes exception to the hearing judge’s conclusion that Robbins did not

violate Rule 1.8 in the Bossom matter. Conceding that Rule 1.8 “does not apply to ordinary

fee arrangements between client and attorney,” per Comment 1, Bar Counsel argues that

                                             43
the Bossom retainer agreement was not an ordinary fee arrangement. Rather, Petitioner

states that the fee agreement at issue here was not negotiated at arm’s length.

       Comment 1 to Rule 1.8 notes that the rule does not apply to “ordinary fee

agreements” because such agreements are regulated under Rule 1.5. Moreover, the

comment specifies that Rule 1.8 “requirements must be met when the attorney accepts an

interest in the client’s business or other nonmonetary property as payment of all or part of

a fee.”     Distinguishing “ordinary” agreements from those involving “nonmonetary

property” and business interests suggests that the use of the word “ordinary” refers to the

type of remuneration provided for in the agreement, rather than the circumstances of its

formation. This view is supported by our previous cases. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n

v. Lawson, 428 Md. 102, 115 (2012) (violation for lien on the client’s marital property).

We agree with the hearing judge that the Bossom retainer agreement was an “ordinary fee

agreement” and appropriately addressed under Rule 1.5. We therefore overrule Bar

Counsel’s exception and conclude that Robbins did not violate Rule 1.8 in the Bossom

matter.

          MLRPC 8.1: Bar Admission and Disciplinary Matters (MARPC 19-308.1)

       MLRPC 8.1 mandates in part that “[A lawyer] in connection with a disciplinary

matter, shall not: (a) knowingly make a false statement of material fact[.]” The hearing

judge found by clear and convincing evidence that Robbins violated MLRPC 8.1(a) in his

representation of Bossom and Torchinsky.

                                            44
       Regarding the Bossom matter, the hearing judge found that Robbins violated Rule

8.1(a) when he “knowingly” made false statements that were “related to material facts.”

These false statements included:

              [H]is letter to Bar Counsel dated October 7, 2015, [in which]
              Respondent falsely stated that Ms. Bossom had agreed verbally
              to an increase in his hourly rate, and that Ms. Bossom
              authorized him to execute the July 2014 Bossom Retainer
              Agreement. Thereafter, Mr. Robbins falsely stated under oath
              to Bar Counsel that Ms. Bossom did not want to see Mr.
              Scanlon’s invoices, and that she authorized him to sign the July
              2014 Retainer Agreement using the Power of Attorney.

       In the Torchinsky matter, Robbins was also found to have made false statements

“knowingly[ and] related to material facts” in violation of Rule 8.1(a).

              First, Mr. Robbins falsely stated both in his October 10, 2015
              letter to Bar Counsel, and in his statement under oath to Bar
              Counsel, that Ms. Torchinsky told him that she did not want to
              see her invoices. Second, in both written correspondence to
              Bar Counsel and in his statement under oath, Respondent
              stated that he charged Ms. Torchinsky flat fees for a number of
              services. He thereafter changed his testimony during the
              continuation of the statement under the oath and testified
              falsely to Bar Counsel (and repeated at trial) that throughout
              the entirety of his representation, he only charged Ms.
              Torchinksy at his hourly rate of $350 and never performed any
              work for her on a flat fee basis.

       Robbins excepts to the hearing judge’s determination that he violated Rule 8.1 on

the basis of his exceptions to “each of the factual statements incorporated by the Circuit

Court . . . .” We have already affirmed that the judge’s factual findings were made by clear

and convincing evidence and review some of these findings below.

       The hearing judge had clear and convincing evidence to find a violation of Rule

8.1(a). In the Bossom matter, Robbins made false statements regarding invoices. In a letter

                                            45
to Bar Counsel, Robbins stated that “Mrs. Bossom never asked for a single invoice, either

verbally or in writing.”     Yet, in February 2014, Bossom sent an email specifically

requesting an accounting from Robbins.              Throughout his representation, Robbins

continually assured Bossom that invoices were forthcoming, and he stated under oath such

invoices would have been “easy to produce.” In January 2014, Robbins again stated that

he would send invoices in “two to three weeks,” though they would not be sent until more

than a year later. We agree with the hearing judge that, given all this, it is clear that Robbins

knew that Bossom sought invoices and his statement that she did not was false.

       In the Torchinsky matter, Robbins stated, under oath, that he “never produced or

worked on any ‘flat fee’ item” for Torchinsky. He later, and again under oath, changed his

testimony to reflect that he performed flat fee work for Torchinsky.                This again,

demonstrated that Robbins knowingly made a “false statement of material fact.” Both of

these incidents are sufficient to conclude that Robbins violated Rule 8.1(a) in the Bossom

and Torchinsky matter. Thus, we overrule Robbins’ exception and conclude that he

violated Rule 8.1(a).

                        MLRPC 8.4: Misconduct (MARPC 19-308.4)

       An attorney has engaged in professional misconduct and violated Rule 8.4(a)

whenever he or she is found to have violated the Rules of Professional Conduct. See

Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Framm, 449 Md. 620, 664 (2016) (“We have held that,

when an attorney violates a rule of professional conduct, the attorney also violates MLRPC

8.4(a).”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally, an attorney can violate Rule 8.4

by committing a “criminal act that reflects adversely on the attorney’s honesty,

                                               46
trustworthiness or fitness,” Rule 8.4(b); engaging in “conduct involving dishonestly, fraud,

deceit or misrepresentation,” Rule 8.4(c); or “conduct that is prejudicial to the

administration of justice,” Rule 8.4(d).

          The hearing judge concluded that Robbins violated MLRPC 8.4(a), (c), and (d). As

the hearing judge concluded that Robbins violated numerous Rules of Professional

Conduct, he concluded Robbins violated Rule 8.4(a). Additionally, Robbins “[made]

misrepresentations in connection with this disciplinary proceeding, and . . . violated Rule

1.4 in connection with other misrepresentations,” violating Rule 8.4(c). “Finally, the court

conclude[d] that Respondent’s conduct, taken as a whole, and involving multiple

misrepresentations, brings the legal profession into disrepute. Such conduct is prejudicial

to the administration of justice, and in violation of Rule 8.4(d).”

          Bar Counsel takes exception to the hearing judge’s determination that Robbins did

not violate MLRPC 8.4(b). Petitioner argues that Robbins falsely stated under oath that:

(i) “Ms. Bossom did not want to see Mr. Scanlon’s bills”; (ii) “Ms. Bossom authorized him

to sign the July 2014 Bossom Retainer Agreement”; (iii) Ms. Torchinsky stated that “she

did not want to see any invoice”; and (iv) “work done for Ms. Torchinsky was at an hourly

rate” and denied the existence of any flat fee agreement or work. These “willfully false”

statements, according to Bar Counsel, amount to perjury, under Md. Code (2002, 2012

Repl. Vol.), § 9-101 of the Criminal Law Article (“CR”), and thus a violation of Rule

8.4(b).

          We are hesitant to accept such an argument when the attorney has not been charged

with a crime, especially when the alleged crime is related to the process of defending

                                             47
oneself from charges by Bar Counsel—like perjury. It is true that we have stated that “a

criminal conviction is not required in order to find a violation of Rule 8.4,” Attorney

Grievance Comm’n v. White, 354 Md. 346, 363 (1999) (citation omitted), but, in White, we

stated this in the context of the hearing judge concluding that Rule 8.4(b) was violated.

Here, the hearing judge determined that Rule 8.4(b) was not violated for the reasons stated

above. Giving due weight to the conclusions of the hearing judge, we overrule Bar

Counsel’s objection and conclude that the hearing judge did not err in concluding that clear

and convincing evidence did not establish that Robbins violated Rule 8.4(b).

       Robbins excepts to the hearing judge’s determination that he violated MLRPC

8.4(a) and (c). Similar to his exception to the Rule 8.1 violation, he excepts to each of the

findings of fact in this section that lead to the conclusion that he violated this rule. Again,

we overrule Robbins’ objection based on the reasoning provided above.

                           Mitigating and Aggravating Factors

       When assessing the appropriate result in an attorney disciplinary matter, we often

refer to the American Bar Association’s Annotated Standards for Imposing Lawyer

Sanctions xvii (2015), which advises the consideration of four questions: (1) “What ethical

duty did the lawyer violate?”; (2) “What was the lawyer’s mental state?”; (3) “What was

the extent of the actual or potential injury caused by the lawyer’s misconduct?”; and (4)

“Are there any aggravating or mitigating circumstances?”

       The respondent in an attorney disciplinary proceeding has the burden of

demonstrating the presence of any mitigating factors by a preponderance of the evidence.

Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Joseph, 422 Md. 670, 695 (2011) (citation omitted). We

                                              48
listed common mitigating factors in Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Sperling, 459 Md. 194,

277–78 (2018) (citation omitted). They include:

              (1) the absence of prior attorney discipline; (2) the absence of
              a dishonest or selfish motive; (3) personal or emotional
              problems; (4) timely good faith efforts to make restitution or to
              rectify the misconduct’s consequences; (5) full and free
              disclosure to the Commission or a cooperative attitude toward
              the attorney discipline proceeding; (6) inexperience in the
              practice of law; (7) character or reputation; (8) a physical
              disability; (9) a mental disability or chemical dependency,
              including alcoholism or drug abuse, where: (a) there is medical
              evidence that the lawyer is affected by a chemical dependency
              or mental disability; (b) the chemical dependency or mental
              disability caused the misconduct; (c) the lawyer’s recovery
              from the chemical dependency or mental disability is
              demonstrated by a meaningful and sustained period of
              successful rehabilitation; and (d) the recovery arrested the
              misconduct, and the misconduct’s recurrence is unlikely; (10)
              delay in the attorney discipline proceeding; (11) the imposition
              of other penalties or sanctions; (12) remorse; (13) remoteness
              of prior violations of the MLRPC; and (14) unlikelihood of
              repetition of the misconduct.

       The hearing judge determined that Robbins demonstrated that he had never before

been disciplined, but this was the only mitigating factor he was able to prove by a

preponderance of the evidence.

       Bar Counsel has the burden to prove the existence of any aggravating factors by

clear and convincing evidence. Joseph, 422 Md. at 695 (citation omitted). The aggravating

factors upon which we rely to determine the appropriate sanction were, again, enumerated

in Sperling, 459 Md. at 275 (citation omitted), and include:

              (1) prior attorney discipline; (2) a dishonest or selfish motive;
              (3) a pattern of misconduct; (4) multiple violations of the
              MLRPC; (5) bad faith obstruction of the attorney discipline
              proceeding by intentionally failing to comply with the

                                             49
              Maryland Rules or orders of this Court or the hearing judge;
              (6) submission of false evidence, false statements, or other
              deceptive practices during the attorney discipline proceeding;
              (7) a refusal to acknowledge the misconduct’s wrongful nature;
              (8) the victim’s vulnerability; (9) substantial experience in the
              practice of law; (10) indifference to making restitution or
              rectifying the misconduct’s consequences; (11) illegal conduct,
              including that involving the use of controlled substances; and
              (12) likelihood of repetition of the misconduct.

       The hearing judge found multiple aggravating factors. First, he found that Robbins

had a “dishonest or selfish motive” when he profited by withholding information from his

clients. Additionally, the three similar instances of misconduct that are the subject of the

case constitute a “pattern of misconduct and multiple offenses.” Robbins was found to

have made “knowingly false statements to Bar Counsel . . . .” Moreover, he “refused to

acknowledge the wrongful nature of his conduct,” instead shifting blame to others.

Importantly, the judge also found that Nutt was a “vulnerable” client due to her old age and

dementia diagnosis. Finally, the hearing judge concluded that Robbins had “substantial

experience,” as he had been practicing law since 1988.

                                    THE SANCTION

       We must now determine the appropriate sanction in such a case. This Court imposes

sanctions on wayward attorneys “to protect the public and the public’s confidence in the

legal profession rather than to punish the attorney . . . [and] to deter other lawyers from

violating the Rules of Professional Conduct.” Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Taylor, 405
Md. 697, 720 (2008) (citation omitted).           Accordingly, the sanction should be

“commensurate with the nature and the gravity of the misconduct and the intent with which

it was committed.” Id. Thus, the style and severity of the sanction “depends upon the facts

                                             50
and circumstances of the cases, taking account of any particular aggravating or mitigating

factors.” Id.

       Bar Counsel contends that Robbins’ professional misconduct combined with the

aggravating factors justify disbarment.        Indeed, “[w]hen a pattern of intentional

misrepresentations is involved, particularly those misrepresentations that attempt to

conceal other misconduct by the attorney, disbarment will ordinarily be the appropriate

sanction.” Framm, 449 Md. at 667. As previously stated, Robbins’ misrepresentations

were made in an attempt to conceal his misconduct.

       In Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. McLaughlin, 372 Md. 467, 511 (2002), we stated

that the attorney’s behavior was “especially troubling” given that his “chosen prey . . . were

the elderly and their families, vulnerable people who sought [the attorney’s] assistance in

alleviating their difficult circumstances.” We reaffirm the McLaughlin Court’s sentiment

and note that Robbins’ inclination to prey on the elderly is particularly heinous.

       In the present case, we have sustained the hearing judge’s findings and conclusions

that Robbins violated many rules of professional conduct, including: MLRPC 1.1

(Competence); 1.2 (Scope of Representation and Allocation of Authority); 1.3 (Diligence);

1.4 (Communication); 1.5 (Fees); 1.7 (Conflict of Interest – General Rule); 8.1 (Bar

Admissions and Disciplinary Matters); and 8.4 (Misconduct). We disagree with the

hearing judge’s conclusions of law regarding Rule 1.7 only in that Robbins was not charged

with a violation of Rule 1.7 in the Bossom matter. Thus, we do not adopt the hearing

judge’s conclusion that Rule 1.7 was violated with regard to Bossom.

                                             51
       Robbins has demonstrated no compelling extenuating circumstances that would

justify a lesser sanction. Consequently, for the reasons provided in detail herein, we hold

that disbarment is the appropriate sanction in the present case.

                                                  IT IS SO ORDERED; RESPONDENT
                                                  SHALL PAY ALL COSTS AS TAXED
                                                  BY THE CLERK OF THIS COURT,
                                                  INCLUDING COSTS OF ALL
                                                  TRANSCRIPTS, PURSUANT TO
                                                  MARYLAND RULE 19-709(d) FOR
                                                  WHICH SUM JUDGMENT IS
                                                  ENTERED IN FAVOR OF THE
                                                  ATTORNEY           GRIEVANCE
                                                  COMMISSION            AGAINST
                                                  JONATHAN DAVID ROBBINS.

                                             52