Court Opinion

ID: 3683765
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 06:28:51.657548+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:30:27.220457
License: Public Domain

[EDITORS' NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 94 
[EDITORS' NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 95
                        I. INTRODUCTION AND FACTS
In this case we must decide whether the lower court properly granted summary judgment in favor of defendants-appellees, Hunkar Laboratories, Inc. ("HLI") and its president, Denes Hunkar, on the complaint filed by plaintiff-appellant, Christy Wille. Wille, a former employee of HLI, brought suit against HLI and Hunkar asserting claims of sexual harassment in violation of state and federal law, the common-law tort of sexual harassment, unlawful retaliation under state and federal law, and constructive discharge. After reviewing the entire record, we hold that summary judgment was improvidently granted, and we reverse the judgment of the Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas.
                         II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A court may grant summary judgment only when one party demonstrates that the record is devoid of genuine issues of material fact, the party moving for summary judgment is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and reasonable minds can come to only one conclusion, that being adverse to the nonmoving party.1 Summary judgment is a procedural device to avoid a formal trial where no issues exist to be tried. It must be entered with caution, with doubts resolved, and the evidence and inferences construed most strongly, in favor of the nonmoving party.2 *Page 96
An appellate court reviews the record de novo to determine whether the party moving for summary judgment has met its burden. Construing the evidence and all inferences in the light most favorable to Wille, we find the following events reflected in the record.
                             III. BACKGROUND
In August 1994, Wille accepted a sales job with HLI, an Ohio corporation that manufactures plastic components. Its principal place of business is in Cincinnati, but it sells its products nationally. Following her graduation from college, Wille took the job with HLI over other opportunities for several reasons. She was specifically recruited by Michael Muller, HLI's sales manager, whom Wille had met while taking a class that he taught. Second, the base pay at HLI was $10,000 greater than that offered by another company where she had an opportunity to work. Third, the HLI job provided an opportunity to travel.
HLI employed both inside and outside sales representatives. The outside representatives personally called upon customers, while the inside representatives called on customers by telephone. Wille was the first female to work as an outside sales representative for HLI. The record reveals that men traditionally dominated the outside sales positions for the entire industry. There is no question that Wille was qualified for the position for which she was hired and that her job performance was always at least satisfactory. The record shows that Wille always conducted herself in a professional manner.
Wille's claims of harassment stem primarily from her interactions with Andy Fricke, HLI's senior sales representative, and Denes Hunkar, HLI's president and founder. When Wille first became employed with ELI, she was assigned to call upon customers in the southeastern United States. In order to learn her duties, she was required to travel with and observe Fricke, the senior sales representative, as he called upon customers. Fricke had worked at HLI for thirty years, and he was also Hunkar's cousin. Hunkar referred to Fricke as a "dirty old man" on a number of occasions, but nevertheless required Wille to travel alone with Fricke.
Wille testified that, during her tenure with HLI, she was subjected to repeated instances of offensive sexual conduct directed at her and that the environment in which she had to work was permeated with demeaning sexual language and conduct. Wille testified to numerous specific occasions when this occurred. While traveling together in Florida, Fricke asked Wille if she wanted to stay another day and go to Disney World. When Wille expressed her pleasure with the idea, Fricke told her that they could stay, but only if she agreed to share a room with him. On another occasion, Fricke told Wille that she had two choices *Page 97 
for the evening: going out to dinner or staying at the hotel and having sex. Fricke suggested on other occasions that Wille have sex with him.
During sales calls, Fricke told customers that he had brought Wille along with him so that they would have something good to look at. He also told customers that when he traveled with Wille, he did not need to work out himself; all he had to do to get his heart pumping was watch Wille work out. On one occasion when Wille secured a sales appointment with a customer, Fricke told her that the customer only wanted to see her because he was horny.
On another occasion, Wille and several other HLI employees were having dinner with Hunkar, when Hunkar performed what was known as the "One-Hundred-Dollar Trick" on Wille. Hunkar took a one-hundred-dollar bill from his wallet. He asked Wille to approach him. Wille was reluctant but eventually agreed to go to where Hunkar was seated. In front of the rest of her co-workers, he told her that he would give her the one-hundred-dollar bill if she would agree to let him spank her. Hunkar then patted Wille on her, buttocks and gave her a twenty-dollar bill. According to Hunkar, the "trick" was that Wille received only twenty dollars because he merely patted her. Wille stated that she was humiliated by the incident. During meetings with sales representatives, Hunkar attempted to motivate the salespeople by telling them that "the aggressive dog gets to screw all the bitches."
During the 1994 office Christmas party, Hunkar, in the presence of Wille and her co-workers, presented Wille with the "Broken Cherry Award," which allegedly was given to commemorate her first sale. Hunkar testified that he recognized the sexual connotation of the award's name, but stated that the "award" was presented to every sales representative and that it was regularly displayed by the recipients.
Wille testified that, during a business dinner with independent sales representatives, Hunkar suggested that Wille have another drink and go back to their hotel with one of the independent representatives. Hunkar told customers that he hired Wille so that her legs could do some of the selling. Hunkar also stated that he assigned Wille to the southeastern region because "rednecks" in the south would buy from women with nice legs.
In his deposition, Hunkar admitted that he, Fricke, and almost all of the other men in the office repeatedly told sexual jokes in the workplace while Wille was present. These jokes were sexually explicit, vulgar, and demeaning to women. During a presentation to employees, Hunkar had screen savers featuring scantily clad women in provocative poses appear on the projection screen. Fricke came into her office several times, uninvited, and rubbed her shoulders. Fricke also asked her what type of men made her "hot." *Page 98 
Wille stated that she found her work environment difficult and that she was offended and embarrassed by the conduct described above. HLI had no official or unofficial policy relating to the prohibition of sexual harassment in the workplace or relating to the proper channels for an employee to follow in the event that the employee felt sexually harassed. Wille therefore did not know to whom she could or should bring her concerns regarding Fricke's and Hunkar's conduct.
In June 1996, Wille expressed her concerns to her immediate supervisor, Charles Koehler. Koehler told Wille that he could not do anything about Hunkar's conduct because he was the CEO of HLI, but stated that Wille should tell him if Fricke harassed her in the future. Although no further occasions of offensive conduct occurred during the next week, Wille was upset that she had received no feedback on her complaints.
A week after Koehler had been informed of Wille's complaints, HLI received a letter from Wille's counsel in which those complaints were reiterated. The letter further demanded, inter alia, that HLI conduct an investigation of Wille's complaints, discipline Fricke, and adopt a policy against sexual harassment.
As a result of the letter from Wille's counsel, a meeting was arranged between Wille, her counsel, and Hunkar. Hunkar agreed to take immediate action and to have an independent investigation of Wille's allegations. Despite those assurances, Hunkar himself performed the "investigation" of the sexual harassment alleged by Wille. Hunkar had also agreed to discipline Fricke for his conduct, but that discipline ultimately took the form of a verbal "reprimand," which was different from the written warnings Fricke had been given for past company policy infractions, such as expense-account violations. Hunkar stated that he did not believe that Fricke had done anything wrong or had engaged in any conduct that differed from the behavior of other male employees.
Hunkar also prepared and distributed a written policy regarding sexual harassment. While the official policy indicated that sexual harassment would not be condoned or tolerated, it stated that the president of the company, Hunkar himself, had ultimate authority to interpret the policy.
Following the meeting between Hunkar, Wille, and Wille's attorney, Wille began to notice unusual occurrences in her work routine. She claimed that she was excluded from, or never informed of, training sessions on new products. According to Wille, these training sessions were crucial to her success as a salesperson for the company. Although Hunkar denied that she had been purposefully excluded from the meetings, he admitted that she was the only salesperson who was not present at the meetings. *Page 99 
Wille contacted her attorney about the exclusion, and her attorney sent another letter to HLI. Upon receipt of the letter, Hunkar told Wille to stop having her attorney send him letters, because he considered the communications "pure harassment." According to Wille, Hunkar berated her for bringing claims against the company and told her that no one at HLI wanted to work with her any longer.
Wille claims that, a few days later, Hunkar offered her a new job, which he described as a promotion, but stated that she would be promoted only if she would drop her claims against the company. Hunkar allegedly told her that working at the company would be very difficult for her if she pursued her claims. In his deposition, Hunkar agreed that he had tried to get Wille to drop her claims by offering her a "package" deal, which he claimed would enable her to save face in the company and allow her to continue to work with the other employees. Wille claims that she understood from Hunkar's conduct that her working conditions would continue to deteriorate and that she did not have a future at HLI. On July 30, 1996, more than a month after the letter to HLI from her counsel, she submitted her letter of resignation.
Wille's amended complaint and jury demand were filed on January 30, 1997. She brought claims against both HLI and Hunkar individually for (a) creating and maintaining a sexually hostile work environment in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Sections 2000e et seq., Title 42, U.S. Code, and in violation of R.C. Chapter 4112; (b) common-law sexual harassment, a tort pursuant to Kerans v. Porter Paint Co.;3
(c) retaliation in violation of Title VII and R.C. Chapter 4112 for her complaints about the sexually hostile work environment; and (d) constructive discharge.
Hunkar and HLI filed motions for summary judgment, which the trial court granted. Wille has appealed that judgment to this court, raising five assignments of error.
                        IV. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR                      A. FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
In her first assignment of error, Wille urges that the lower court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of Hunkar on her sexual-harassment claims against him individually. Resolution of this issue first requires an abbreviated explanation of the types of possible liability for sexual harassment. *Page 100
         1. CORPORATE LIABILITY: VICARIOUS AND DIRECT LIABILITY
First, liability can be imposed upon a corporation or other business entity. In Ohio, an employer, as an entity, may be held liable for the unlawful harassing conduct of one of its employees under the doctrine ofrespondeat superior.4 Such liability is vicarious because one entity (the employer) is being held liable for another's conduct (the harassing employee).
An employer, again as an entity, may also be held directly liable forits own conduct if the employer knows or has reason to know that unlawful harassment is occurring or is likely to occur and fails to take action to prevent or correct the behavior.5 Such liability is not vicarious, although the harassing conduct of another person is involved, because it is based on the employer's own action or inaction.
                     2. DIRECT INDIVIDUAL LIABILITY
This court has also recognized that liability for sexual harassment may be imposed upon an individual in certain circumstances. In Hart v.Justarr Corp.,6 this court held that an individual could be directly liable in connection with the harassing conduct of another employee if the individual was an "employer" as that term is defined in R.C. 4112.02. In Hart, the plaintiff sued for sexual harassment in violation of R.C.4112.02 against an individual who was both a director and an officer of the corporation that employed the plaintiff. The plaintiff in Hart
alleged that the director either knew or should have known about the conduct of the employee she claimed was harassing her and therefore could be directly liable for the harassment pursuant to Kerans. The question that this court faced was whether the officer of the corporation could be considered an "employer" and therefore held liable in negligence for his own conduct pursuant to the rule announced in Kerans.7
Resolution of that issue, we held, involved an inquiry into the extent of the individual's authority and power to "employ, retain, and dismiss" the employee-harasser. Relying on cases cited with approval in Kerans, we noted that "other courts have imposed an individual duty on administrators * * * to control the actions of persons under their supervision." Because the director in Hart had "unfettered power" to control the harasser's employment, we held that the *Page 101 
director could be held liable, in his individual capacity, for failing to take action against known harassment.8
Thus, this court has recognized that a person may be held directly liable, in his individual capacity, for a failure to take appropriate action with respect to sexually harassing conduct.
                    3. HUNKAR'S INDIVIDUAL LIABILITY
Neither Kerans nor Hart dealt with the issue of when "a harasser can be held liable in his individual capacity" for his own harassing conduct, which is a focal point of Wille's argument here. Kerans held that a corporate employer can be liable for its own negligence for failing to prevent or correct the harassment of another. Hart held that an individual may qualify as an employer and may be held liable for the type of negligence recognized in Kerans. Both cases, to the extent that they recognized a tort claim for sexual harassment, recognized that a tort claim may be brought against an employer for its own negligence in dealing with a harasser.
In this case, Wille contends that Hunkar should be held individually liable in tort for his own sexual harassment. Individual liability was recognized in Hart, but only when the individual met the definition of "employer." Thus, the first issue we address is whether Hunkar is an employer within the meaning of R.C. Chapter 4112 and therefore subject to individual liability.
R.C. 4112.01(A)(2) defines an "employer" to include "the state, any political subdivision of the state, any person employing four or more persons within the state, and any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer." The definition of "person" under R.C. Chapter 4112 "includes one or more individuals, partnerships, associations, organizations, corporations, legal representatives, trustees, trustees in bankruptcy, receivers, and other organized groups of persons." R.C. 4112.01(A)(1). Thus, as this court found in Hart, an individual can be an "employer."
In Hart, this court held that authority and power to "employ, retain, and dismiss" the employee-harasser was sufficient to show that the individual was an "employer." The facts here, construed in favor of Wille, demonstrate that Hunkar was more than a supervisor or officer of the company; he was the company. He was president, CEO, and chairman of the board of the corporation at the time the harassing conduct occurred. Hunkar controlled the company's day-to-day operations as well. He had unfettered authority and power to "employ, retain, and dismiss" employees. There was no one above him in the *Page 102 
hierarchy, and he had final authority for day-to-day management decisions. Pursuant to the foregoing analysis, an issue of fact exists as to whether Hunkar had authority and power to "employ, retain, and dismiss" employees and so meets the definition of "employer" under Ohio law.
If Hunkar is an employer, Hart supports the conclusion that Hunkar can be held directly liable for his own negligence in failing to prevent or correct the harassing conduct of other employees, such as Fricke, if Wille can show that Hunkar knew or had reason to know of the harassing conduct.
Further, we hold that Hunkar can also be individually liable for his own
harassing conduct. R.C. 4112.02 states:
"It shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice: (A) For any employer, because of the * * * sex * * * of any person, to discharge without just cause, to refuse to hire, or otherwise to discriminate against that person with respect to hire, tenure, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment * * *."
R.C. 4112.99 states that "[w]hoever violates this chapter is subject to a civil action for damages, injunctive relief, or any other appropriate relief." Because Hunkar may be an "employer," he is subject, in his individual capacity, to a civil action for damages based on his conduct if Wille can prove that his conduct constituted unlawful sexual harassment. We emphasize that by holding that Hunkar can be individually liable for his own harassment, we are not holding that any person who sexually harasses another can always be subject to individual liability for his or her own acts pursuant to R.C. Chapter 4112. Rather, Hunkar's individual liability in this case stems from the fact that he falls within the definition of an employer and is therefore explicitly subject to liability for harassment.
Accordingly, Wille's first assignment of error is sustained.
                      B. SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
In her second assignment of error, Wille asserts that the lower court erred by granting summary judgment to HLI on her sexual-harassment claim. We agree.
In granting summary judgment, the lower court relied on the reasoning in Kauffman v. Allied Signal Inc.9 and held that HLI could not be held liable for Fricke's harassment because the company had no knowledge of his conduct. Wille admits that she did not complain to anyone at the company until shortly before she quit her employment, and HLI claims to have taken prompt action to remedy the situation once it learned of it. We hold that the lower court erred in *Page 103 
granting summary judgment on the basis of this evidence, since ELI may be held vicariously liable for Fricke's conduct even if it had no actual knowledge of it, and because, in any event, there is evidence in the record that HLI actually had knowledge of Hunkar's conduct.
On April 22, 1998, the Supreme Court of the United States released two cases that are instructive on the disposition of this assignment,Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth10 and Faragher v. BocaRaton,11 both of which substantially revise the relevant inquiry into supervisory liability from that adopted inKauffman v. Allied Signal, upon which the trial court relied. In Burlington Industries, the plaintiff, Kimberly Ellerth, resigned from her job as a salesperson with Burlington Industries after only fifteen months of work. She claimed that she felt forced to quit because she was subjected to constant sexual harassment by one of her supervisors, Ted Slowik.
Even though she knew that Burlington had a policy against sexual harassment, Ellerth did not report Slowik's conduct to anyone in authority. After quitting her job, Ellerth filed suit under Title VII, claiming that Burlington was liable for Slowik's sexual harassment and that her resignation due to the harassment constituted a constructive discharge.
The district court granted Burlington's motion for summary judgment on the grounds that the employer had no actual knowledge of the harassment, but the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting en banc, reversed in a judgment that yielded eight separate opinions, but no consensus. That judgment was appealed to the United States Supreme Court.
In Faragher v. Boca Raton, the plaintiff, Beth Faragher, worked as a lifeguard for the Marine Safety Division of the Parks and Recreation Department of Boca Raton for five summers between 1985 and 1990. Her immediate supervisors were Bill Terry, David Silverman, and Robert Gordon. Faragher resigned in June 1990, and, in 1992, she sued Terry, Silverman, and the city, alleging that Terry and Silverman had subjected her and other female lifeguards to a sexually hostile atmosphere by uninvited and offensive touching, and lewd, offensive, and degrading remarks about them and women in general.
In 1986, the city had implemented a policy against sexual harassment, but it failed to disseminate the policy to the marine safety division, and Terry, Silverman, Gordon, and Faragher were all unaware of it. Faragher did not complain about Terry and Silverman to higher authorities, but she did discuss their behavior with Gordon. Other female lifeguards also complained to Gordon, but *Page 104 
he stated that he did not feel that it was his place to report these complaints to Terry, his superior, or to any higher authority in the city.
The district court held that the city was vicariously liable for the harassment, but the court of appeals reversed. Although the harassment was severe and pervasive enough to constitute a hostile environment, the court of appeals held that Terry and Silverman were acting outside the scope of their employment when they harassed the female employees, that they were not aided in their conduct by their agency relation to the city, and that the city could, not be charged with constructive knowledge of the harassment despite its pervasiveness and Gordon's actual knowledge. The United States Supreme Court then granted Faragher's petition for a writ of certiorari.
In both Burlington Industries and Faragher, the court concluded that the employer could be held vicariously liable for the harasser's conduct. Rejecting the rationale that lack of actual knowledge of harassment insulates an employer from liability for a supervisor's harassment and that harassment is always outside the scope of employment and therefore not attributable to the employer, the court held:
"An employer is subject to vicarious liability to a victimized employee for an actionable hostile environment created by a supervisor with immediate (or successively higher) authority over the employee. When no tangible employment action is taken, a defending employer may raise an affirmative defense to liability or damages, subject to proof by a preponderance of the evidence * * *. The defense comprises two necessary elements: (a) that the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior, and (b) that the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise."12
The employer's lack of knowledge, therefore, does not preclude the imposition of liability unless the employer establishes the elements of the affirmative defense. Likewise, an employer cannot insulate itself from liability for a supervisor's harassment by claiming that the supervisor was acting outside the scope of his employment. Based on the reasoning in Burlington Industries and Faragher, we hold that genuine issues of material fact remain to be litigated as to HLI's liability for the actions of Fricke and Hunkar.
First, genuine issues of fact exist as to whether Fricke was Wille's supervisor. While HLI maintains that he was a sales representative, the same position held *Page 105 
by Wille, the record demonstrates that reasonable minds could come to another conclusion. He was the most senior sales representative, and he was Hunkar's cousin. Wille was required to travel with and observe Fricke as part of her training. Thus, there is an issue of fact as to whether the standard for supervisory liability applies to Wille's claims in this case.
Second, if the supervisory-liability standards apply, HLI's alleged lack of knowledge of Fricke's conduct and the alleged reprimand given to Fricke after Wille's attorney contacted HLI do not insulate HLI from liability for Fricke's harassment. As the United States Supreme Court has indicated, lack of knowledge or the taking of remedial action does not automatically preclude imposition of vicarious liability.
Prior to the June 1996 letter from Wille's counsel, HLI had neither a policy against sexual harassment nor any preventive or corrective procedures available for harassed employees such as Wille. When Wille did complain about the conduct of Fricke and Hunkar to her immediate supervisor, she was told that he could not do anything about Hunkar's conduct, since Hunkar was president and chief operating officer of HLI.
Thus, HLI cannot insulate itself from liability for Fricke's harassing conduct by claiming that it had no knowledge of the harassment, when it failed to provide any method or avenue for an employee to use to make complaints.
Further, Hunkar was president, CEO, and chairman of the board of the corporation and acted as a supervisor or manager of his employees on a daily basis. HLI cannot be said to have been ignorant of Hunkar's conduct. This is akin to saying that Hunkar was unaware of his own conduct. The issue is whether HLI, the entity, was aware or should have been aware of the conduct of Hunkar, the individual. Ordinarily, an entity's knowledge of one of its employee's actions must be established by showing that an individual, such as a supervisor, acting as an agent of the corporation, had knowledge of the actions. Here there is no need for this roundabout analysis because Hunkar was the corporation, and he may be charged with knowledge of his own conduct.
Reviewing the evidence in this case, we hold that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Fricke's conduct, Hunkar's conduct, and the general atmosphere at HLI were severe and pervasive enough to alter Wille's working conditions. We set forth above the numerous instances of harassment, derogatory jokes, and references to and pictures of women that occurred on a regular basis at HLI. Much of the harassment had a direct impact on Wille's ability to perform her job. The demeaning statements by Fricke and Hunkar to HLI's customers insinuating that Wille's only value to the company was her body undermined Wille's ability to do her job in a way that no male employee had to *Page 106 
endure. The derogatory references to females in sales meeting, such as the screen savers and Hunkar's statement that the "aggressive dog gets to screw all the bitches," emphasized to Wille's co-workers that women were not equals, but objects.
Based on the evidence presented to the trial court, construed most strongly in Wille's favor, we hold that genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether Wille was subjected to a sexually hostile work environment. Genuine issues of material fact also exist regarding HLI's and Hunkar's liability for the harassment.
Accordingly, Wille's second assignment of error is sustained.
                      C. THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
Wille's third assignment of error assails the lower court's granting of summary judgment to the defendants on her constructive-discharge claim. We agree.
In order to prove a claim of constructive discharge, Wille must demonstrate that the defendants' actions were such that her working conditions were so intolerable that a reasonable person under such circumstances would have felt compelled to resign.13 Wille argues that the two years of sexual harassment she endured, coupled with the defendants' conduct after receipt of her counsel's letter, were so intolerable that she was forced to quit and therefore was constructively discharged.
In addition to the evidence concerning the duration of the harassment, Wille produced evidence that, after her attorney wrote to HLI, Hunkar excluded her from necessary training sessions, berated her in front of her co-workers for bringing her claims against the company, and told her that no one wanted to work with her. In holding that Wille failed to present evidence that a reasonable person would have felt forced to resign under the circumstances, the trial court did not consider the evidence of the two years of sexual harassment, because it found that HLI had taken steps to correct the harassing conduct. The trial court failed to mention anything about the allegations of retaliation by Hunkar, including Wille's belief that he berated her for bringing her claims and excluded her from important sales meetings. The lower court did consider Wille's allegations that Hunkar had made her continued employment contingent upon the dropping of her claims, but held that no evidence supported her belief, and that, *Page 107 
in any event, her subjective belief was insufficient to support a claim of constructive discharge.
We are convinced that the trial court erred in failing to consider all of the circumstances of Wille's employment in determining whether Wille's working conditions were so intolerable that a reasonable person would have felt compelled to resign. First, as indicated above, the issue is whether "the cumulative effect of the employer's actions would make a reasonable person believe that termination was imminent."14 (Emphasis added.) The trial court should have analyzed Wille's constructive-discharge claim by considering all of the facts and circumstances of Wille's employment, including the sexual harassment and Hunkar's conduct after receiving Wille's counsel's reports about the harassment.15
Second, the trial court's reference to Wille's unsupported, purely subjective belief that she could not continue to work at HLI unless she dropped her claims is contradicted by Hunkar's own deposition testimony. Hunkar stated in his deposition that he believed that the employees at HLI were angry with Wille for bringing claims against the company (although no employee ever told him that), and that he offered Wille a "package" deal that he felt would enable her to "remain at [the] company." This deal encompassed a change in her position and mandated some sort of resolution of her claims that would he tantamount to a retraction of her allegations. Hunkar felt that, without this deal, Wille would not be able to remain at the company, because, in his estimation, the other employees would remain angry at her for bringing the claims.
Thus, the evidence raises at least a genuine issue of fact regarding the likelihood of Wille's future employment with the company if she refused to drop her claims. Because the trial court simply failed to consider all of the relevant factors in reaching its conclusion on Wille's constructive-discharge claim, we sustain Wille's third assignment of error.
                      D. FOURTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
In her fourth assignment of error, Wille asserts that the lower court erred by granting summary judgment to the defendants on her retaliation claim. The assignment has merit.
In order to state a claim of retaliation, Wille must demonstrate that (1) she engaged in a protected activity, (2) HLI knew of her participation in the *Page 108 
protected activity, (3) HLI engaged in retaliatory conduct, and (4) the alleged retaliatory action followed Wille's protected activity sufficiently close in time to warrant the inference of retaliatory motivation.16 Wille's allegations in support of her retaliation claim are essentially the same as those in support of her constructive-discharge claim.
Indisputably, Wille's pursuit of her sexual-harassment claims against the defendants constituted activity protected by state and federal law. Wille alleges that the following conduct was retaliatory: she was excluded from sales meetings, Hunkar criticized her in front of other employees and told her no one wanted to work with her, and she was constructively discharged.
Not all conduct undertaken in reaction to an employee's protected activity constitutes an "adverse action" under either Ohio or federal law. Title VII defines an adverse action as "any action which already has impaired or which might impair the employee in future employment situations."17 Although the adverse conduct does not have to rise to a level of pecuniary loss, the conduct must still materially affect the terms and conditions of employment.18 Being treated differently from other employees because of protected conduct may be an adverse action,19 and, as the lower court noted, so may constructive discharge. We have already determined that summary judgment was improper on Wille's constructive-discharge claim.
Wille's exclusion from sales meetings that directly affected her ability to perform her job and her constructive discharge were both adverse actions. These acts occurred almost immediately following the company's receipt of Wille's counsel's letter. Hunkar's anger at Wille, his criticism of her in front of her co-workers, and his attempts to get her to drop her claims against the corporation did not themselves constitute adverse action as that term has been understood in discrimination law. However, that conduct was expressly linked to Wille's protected activity and is evidence of a causal link between the adverse action taken against Wille and her protected conduct. In light of the short temporal proximity between the adverse actions and her protected activity, we hold that Wille has presented sufficient evidence to withstand summary judgment by raising genuine issues of material fact with regard to her claim of retaliation.
  Wille's fourth assignment of error is sustained. *Page 109
                      E. FIFTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
In her fifth, and final, assignment of error, Wille contends that the lower court erred by denying her motion for leave to amend her complaint in order to set forth a claim that the defendants retaliated and constructively discharged her for consulting an attorney. We overrule this assignment of error.
Ohio courts have held that "[a]mendment of pleadings by leave of court, Civ.R. 15(A), is a matter of judicial discretion."20 A denial of leave to amend a complaint will not be disturbed on appeal without a showing of an abuse of discretion, which "connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable."21
Here, Wille filed her second motion to amend her complaint only twenty-one days prior to the day the case was set for trial. We hold that the denial of the motion did not reflect an unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable attitude on the part of the lower court. Accordingly, the fifth assignment of error is overruled.
                              V. CONCLUSION
We sustain Wille's first, second, third, and fourth assignments of error, and we overrule her fifth assignment. The judgment of the court of common pleas is reversed, and this cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion and law.
SUNDERMANN, P.J., concurs.
GORMAN, J., dissents.
1 Civ.R. 56(B); see, e.g., Mitseff v. Wheeler (1988),38 Ohio St.3d 112, 115, 526 N.E.2d 798, 801; Dresher v. Burt (1996),75 Ohio St.3d 280, 293, 662 N.E.2d 264, 274.
2 Norris v. Ohio Std. Oil Co. (1982), 70 Ohio St.2d 1, 2,24 O.O.3d 1, 2, 433 N.E.2d 615, 616; Temple v. Wean United, Inc. (1977),50 Ohio St.2d 317, 327, 4 O.O.3d 466, 472, 364 N.E.2d 267, 274.
3 Kerans v. Porter Paint Co. (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 486,575 N.E.2d 428.
4 Harmon v. Belcan Engineering Group, Inc. (1997), 119 Ohio App.3d 435,695 N.E.2d 783.
5 Kerans, supra.
6 Hart v. Justarr Corp. (1994), 98 Ohio App.3d 673, 676,649 N.E.2d 316, 318.
7 Hart, supra, at 676-677, 649 N.E.2d at 318-319.
8 Hart, supra, at 677-678, 649 N.E.2d at 319.
9 Kauffman v. Allied Signal, Inc. (C.A.6, 1992), 970 F.2d 178.
10 Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth (1998), 524 U.S. 742,118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633.
11 Faragher v. Boca Raton (1998), 524 U.S. 775, 118 S.Ct. 2275,141 L.Ed.2d 662.
12 Burlington Industries, supra, 524 U.S. at 765,118 S.Ct. at 2270, 141 L.Ed.2d at 655; Faragher, supra, 524 U.S. at 807,118 S.Ct. at 2292-2293, 141 L.Ed.2d at 689.
13 Mauzy v. Kelly Services (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 578, 664 N.E.2d 1272, paragraph four of the syllabus.
14 Mauzy at 589, 664 N.E.2d at 1281.
15 See Chapman v. Adia Serv., Inc. (1997), 116 Ohio App.3d 534, 545,688 N.E.2d 604, 611 (reduction in sales territory, poor performance evaluations, and criticism in front of coemployees may constitute constructive discharge).
16 See, e.g., Neal v. Hamilton Cty. (1993), 87 Ohio App.3d 670,622 N.E.2d 1130, jurisdictional motion overruled, (1993),67 Ohio St.3d 1481, 620 N.E.2d 854.
17 See Clark v. Pennsylvania (E.D.Pa. 1995), 885 F. Supp. 694,709-710.
18 See Kocsis v. Multi-Care Mgt. (C.A.6, 1996), 97 F.3d 876, 885.
19 See Penny v. UPS (C.A.6, 1997), 128 F.3d 408, 417.
20 State ex rel. Wargo v. Price (1978), 56 Ohio St.2d 65, 66,10 O.O.3d 116, 116, 381 N.E.2d 943, 943.
21 Blakemore v. Blakemore (1983), 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219,5 OBR 481, 482, 450 N.E.2d 1140, 1142.