Court Opinion

ID: 4277113
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-05-21 19:49:54.80869+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:03.785615
License: Public Domain

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

STATE EX REL. U-HAUL COMPANY
OF WEST VIRGINIA,                                                                FILED
Petitioner,                                                                    May 21, 2018
                                                                                 released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                             EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
vs. No. 17-1052 (Kanawha County No. 11-C-1426)                               SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                  OF WEST VIRGINIA

THE HONORABLE JOANNA I. TABIT,
JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
KANAWHA COUNTY; AMANDA FERRELL;
JOHN STIGALL; AND MISTY EVANS,
Respondents.

                             MEMORANDUM DECISION

        The petitioner (defendant below), U-Haul Co. of West Virginia (“U-Haul”), seeks a
writ of prohibition to either (1) prevent the enforcement of the circuit court’s class
certification order on the basis that the court erred as a matter of law in finding the
respondents (plaintiffs below), Amanda Ferrell, John Stigall, and Misty Evans (collectively
“the respondents”), met the commonality and predominance requirements under Rule 23 of
the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, or (2) prevent the enforcement of such order
pending the entry of a more thorough order addressing the class certification prerequisites.1
Upon review of the parties’ arguments, we affirm the circuit court’s certification order.
Inasmuch as this case does not present a new or significant question of law, and having
considered the applicable standard of review and the record presented, this matter is properly
disposed of through this memorandum decision in accordance with Rule 21(c) of the Rules
of Appellate Procedure.

                         I. Factual and Procedural Background

       On August 19, 2011, the respondents filed this putative class action against U-Haul
alleging breach of contract, fraudulent concealment, and violations of the West Virginia

       1
       The parties are represented by counsel: Thomas R. Goodwin, W. Jeffrey Vollmer, and
Elise N. McQuain for U-Haul, and Anthony J. Majestro, James C. Peterson, and Aaron L.
Harrah for the respondents.

                                              1

Consumer Credit and Protection Act (“WVCCPA”). This case was previously before this
Court when U-Haul sought a writ of prohibition to set aside the circuit court’s order denying
U-Haul’s motion to compel arbitration. We declined to issue the writ, and the case was
remanded to the circuit court. State ex rel. U-Haul Co. of West Virginia v. Zakaib (“U-Haul
I”), 232 W.Va. 432, 752 S.E.2d 586 (2013).

       Following the remand in U-Haul I, the parties engaged in class discovery after which
the respondents filed a motion to certify their claims as a class action. Following an
evidentiary hearing on the certification motion, the circuit court entered a twenty-seven-page
order granting the motion and certifying a class of U-Haul customers who had declined to
make a contribution to the “Conservation Fund”2 during the process of renting a truck from
U-Haul, but who were nonetheless charged an “Environmental Fee,”3 as more fully addressed
below.

        This environmental fee was not required by a governmental or regulatory body; rather,
it was implemented by U-Haul as a company policy in January 2008. U-Haul customers were
automatically charged an environmental fee of $1.00 to $5.00 per day for in-town truck
rentals and $5 for one-way truck rentals.4 During the certification hearing, U-Haul’s counsel
explained that U-Haul made this environmental fee a “mandatory added item,” using the
monies collected through this fee to support its “long-running sustainability” program. This
fee appears as a line-item charge on the equipment contract. An explanation of the
environmental fee is provided by U-Haul only if a customer asks about it. As discussed
herein, the respondents offered evidence that even when a customer asked about the fee,
incorrect information was provided.

      U-Haul’s Rule 30(b)(7) corporate representative testified during her deposition that
U-Haul did not include the amount of the environmental fee in providing quotes for rentals
because U-Haul wanted only its rental rates to be considered by customers engaged in

       2
        U-Haul states that the “Conservation Fund” is a private charitable organization that
partnered with U-Haul to promote donations to natural resources and land protection.
       3
        The respondents alleged in their complaint that U-Haul attempts to hide or suppress
its imposition of the environmental fee by providing the customer with the option to decline
a donation to the “Conservation Fund.” They further alleged that U-Haul’s imposition of
the charge as an “environmental fee” imparts the notion that “it is some mandatory tax or
pass-through, not a charge imposed by defendant to defray overhead.”
       4
       It appears from the appendix record that from 2008 through 2012, more than
$313,000 was generated by the “environmental fee” from rentals in West Virginia.

                                              2

comparative shopping with U-Haul’s competitors. This representative further testified that
U-Haul was concerned that the “environmental fee” was not “communicated well.”
Evidence was also presented regarding a U-Haul policy whereby a refund of the
“environmental fee” could be made upon a customer’s request, but this policy is not
voluntarily conveyed to customers.

       U-Haul rental reservations can be made telephonically, over the internet, or in person
at a U-Haul center or dealer. When visiting a U-Haul center, a customer can make a
reservation using an electronic terminal5 where information is provided on screens
concerning rental equipment and the terms and conditions of the equipment contract. One
of the screens provides the customer with the opportunity to make a voluntary donation to
the “Conservation Fund.” Another screen displays a list of itemized charges and, alongside
the term “Adjustments” is a hyperlink titled “Click More to see details.” If a customer clicks
on that link, a new screen appears that displays the words “Environmental Fee” and a
monetary amount. U-Haul alleges that if a customer were to ask a U-Haul representative for
more information about the environmental fee, the sales representative could use a computer
to access a description of the fee that the representative could then share with the customer.
Although some U-Haul locations do not use electronic terminals, the respondents allege that
the rental process proceeds in a similar manner to the extent that an environmental fee is
automatically added to the customer’s bill, which is unrelated to the optional donation to the
“Conservation Fund.”

       When making a reservation through www.uhaul.com, U-Haul alleges that the
customer can learn about the environmental fee by searching for it on a “website-specific
search engine” or by clicking on a link near the end of the online reservation process, which
takes the customer to a screen with a description of the fee. Telephonic reservations are
made by a customer speaking with a U-Haul representative who views screens similar to
those available online. A customer can also reserve a truck through a U-Haul dealer, whose
employee uses a computer program called “WebBEST” that only the employee views. U-
Haul states that the WebBEST program includes a “clickable” prompt titled “What is the
Environmental Protection Fee?”

       Regarding the respondents’ rental experiences, Amanda Ferrell made three truck
rentals by telephone. She testified during her deposition that her second truck rental was
made at a U-Haul facility where she had to sign a small, electronic pad on which she thought

       5
        U-Haul describes these as “dumb” terminals because they are not connected to the
Internet.

                                              3

she had declined the environmental fee.6 After signing the electronic pad, she was handed
a folder that contained a one-page contract with itemized charges, which she later reviewed
and noted that she had been charged a $3.00 “Environmental Fee.” Ms. Ferrell wrote a letter
to U-Haul in which she complained about this fee. When Ms. Ferrell rented a U-Haul truck
a third time, she proceeded through a similar rental process.7

        During John Stigall’s deposition, he testified concerning his telephone reservations.
He did not have any interaction with a U-Haul dealer or center employee regarding the
environmental fee in those rental experiences. When he looked at his paperwork sometime
later, he saw that he had been charged a $5.00 “Environmental Fee,” although he had
declined all optional environmental donations. He testified that he wrote a letter to U-Haul
attempting to recover the $5.00 fee, but received no response to his letter. After the instant
litigation was filed, he accompanied a friend who was renting a truck from U-Haul and asked
about the environmental fee. A U-Haul employee responded it was a “government fee.”

       Respondent Misty Evans testified during her deposition that she first reserved a truck
by calling a U-Haul center. She did not have any interaction with any U-Haul employees
concerning the environmental fee but later noticed it on her bill after her first truck rental.
She was uncertain regarding how her second truck reservation was made, although the
equipment contract for that transaction listed as a line item an estimated “Environmental Fee”
of $1.00, which was later included on the finalized contract when she returned the truck. She
was unaware that this fee had been added to her bill until after she had returned the rental.

        A class certification hearing was held after which the circuit court entered an order
on November 2, 2017, finding the respondents had met the prerequisites for class
certification under Rule 23(a).8 The circuit court noted that “the dispositive question is not

       6
        Although Ms. Ferrell used the words “environmental fee,” she was presumably
referring to the optional donation to the “Conservation Fund” because a customer cannot
decline the “environmental fee” that is automatically charged.
       7
        Ms. Ferrell’s testimony also reflects that in 2015, after the inception of this lawsuit,
she attempted to rent a vehicle from U-Haul. When she told the U-Haul representative that
she wanted to decline the environmental fee, she was told that it was mandatory. When she
asked what the fee was used for, she was told that it was used for “tires, oil and things of that
nature.”
       8
           West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) provides:

                                                                                  (continued...)

                                               4

whether the plaintiff has stated a cause of action or will prevail on the merits, but rather
whether the requirements of Rule 23 have been met.” Syl. Pt. 7, in part, In re W.Va. Rezulin
Litig., 214 W.Va. 52, 585 S.E.2d 52 (2003).

        Regarding the numerosity requirement under Rule 23(a)(1), the circuit court stated
that the class must be so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; however,
there is no “magic minimum number[.]” Rezulin, 214 W.Va. at 65, 585 S.E.2d at 65
(quotation and citation omitted). The circuit court found that there are approximately
238,040 potential class members, making joinder impractical. See id. at 56-57, 585 S.E.2d
at 56-57, syl. pt. 9, in part (“The numerosity provision . . . requires that a class be so
numerous that joinder of all of its members is ‘impracticable.’ It is not necessary to establish
that joinder is impossible; rather, the test is impracticability.”).

      In addressing the commonality prerequisite under Rule 23(a)(2), the circuit court again
looked to Rezulin for guidance:

              “[C]ommonality” . . . requires that the party seeking class certification
       show that “there are questions of law or fact common to the class.” A
       common nucleus of operative fact or law is usually enough to satisfy the
       commonality requirement. The threshold of “commonality” is not high, and
       requires only that the resolution of common questions affect all or a substantial
       number of class members.

214 W.Va. at 57, 585 S.E.2d at 57, syl. pt. 11, in part. The circuit court observed that
“(c)ommonality requires that class members share a single common issue”; that “not every
issue in the case must be common to all class members”; and that “one significant common
question of law or fact will satisfy this requirement.” Id. at 67, 585 S.E.2d at 67 (quotation
and citation omitted). Upon finding that the “[p]laintiffs have alleged the existence of a
common business practice that affects putative class members in a like manner as the named
Plaintiffs[,]” the circuit court identified the primary common questions of fact as “whether

       8
        (...continued)
               Prerequisites to a class action.— One or more members of a class may
       sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all only if (1) the class is
       so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable, (2) there are
       questions of law or fact common to the class, (3) the claims or defenses of the
       representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and (4)
       the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the
       class.

                                               5

the Defendant’s business conduct constitutes a breach of contract, fraudulent concealment
and/or an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of the WVCCPA.” The circuit court
further found that these “common questions of fact give rise to precisely the same common
question of law” and “outweigh any potential individual claims that each individual member
of the class may have against Defendant.”

      As for the typicality prerequisite under Rule 23(a)(3), the circuit court again relied
upon Rezulin:

              “[T]ypicality” . . . requires that the “claims or defenses of the
       representative parties [be] typical of the claims or defenses of the class.” A
       representative party’s claim or defense is typical if it arises from the same
       event or practice or course of conduct that gives rise to the claims of other
       class members, and if his or her claims are based on the same legal theory.
       Rule 23(a)(3) only requires that the class representatives’ claims be typical of
       the other class members’ claims, not that the claims be identical. When the
       claim arises out of the same legal or remedial theory, the presence of factual
       variations is normally not sufficient to preclude class action treatment.

214 W.Va. at 57, 585 S.E.2d at 57, syl. pt. 12, in part. The circuit court found that “all of the
class members’ claims raise from the same business practice and course of conduct that
underlies the named Plaintiffs’ claims” and that the “harm suffered by the named Plaintiffs
may “differ in degree from that suffered by other members of the class so long as the harm
suffered is of the same type.” (Citations omitted). The circuit court concluded that “the
claims of the named Plaintiffs are typical of the putative class.”

        The final prerequisite under Rule 23(a) is whether “the representative parties will
fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” See Rezulin, 214 W.Va. at 57, 585
S.E.2d at 57, syl. pt. 13, in part (“The ‘adequacy of representation’ requirement . . . requires
that the party seeking class action status show that the ‘representative parties will fairly and
adequately represent the interests of the class.’ First, the adequacy of representation inquiry
tests the qualifications of the attorneys to represent the class. Second, it serves to uncover
conflicts of interest between the named parties and the class they seek to represent.”). The
circuit court determined that this prerequisite was met because “each individual and class
claim flows from the same conduct of Defendant” and that the interests of the class and of
the respondents are “coincident since both seek to prove the existence of the Defendant’s
practice of breach of contract, fraudulent concealment, and/or unfair or deceptive acts or
practices in violation of the WVCCPA.” There was no challenge as to the ability of the
respondents’ counsel to represent the class.

                                               6

       Having determined that Rule 23(a) prerequisites were met, the circuit court next
addressed the predominance and superiority requirements under Rule 23(b)(3) of the West
Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure.9 It found that the questions of law or fact common to the
members of the class predominated over any questions affecting only individual members,
such that a class action was superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient
adjudication of the controversy. As the circuit court explained,

       “[t]he predominance criterion in Rule 23(b)(3) is a corollary to the
       ‘commonality’ requirement found in Rule 23(a)(2). While the ‘commonality’
       requirement simply requires a showing of common questions, the
       ‘predominance’ requirement requires a showing that the common questions of
       law or fact outweigh individual questions.” In re W.Va. Rezulin Litig., 214
       W.Va. at 71, 585 S.E.2d at 71.

The circuit court observed that the primary question for predominance is “whether
‘adjudication of the common issues in the particular suit has important and desirable
advantages of judicial economy compared to all other issues, or when viewed by
themselves.” (citation omitted). Explaining further, the circuit court stated that

              [a]n action that satisfies the Rule 23(a) requirements may also be
       maintained as a class action under Rule 23(b)(3) if the trial court finds “that
       the questions of law or fact common to all members of the class predominate
       over any questions affecting only individual members,” and that a class action
       “is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication
       of the controversy.” W.V.R.C.P. 23(b)(3).

The circuit court concluded that the respondents “easily meet both requirements.”

       9
         See W.Va. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3) (“(b) Class Actions Maintainable.—An action may be
maintained as a class action if the prerequisites of subdivision (a) are satisfied, and in
addition . . . (3) The court finds that the questions of law or fact common to the members of
the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class
action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the
controversy. The matters pertinent to the findings include: (A) the interest of members of the
class in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; (B) the extent
and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by or against
members of the class; (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of
the claims in the particular forum; (D) the difficulties likely to be encountered in the
management of a class action.”).

                                               7

       In analyzing the respondents’ breach of contract claim for predominance, the circuit
court observed that

       [a]t issue in this case is U-Haul’s policy of failing to adequately disclose or
       explain the environmental fee to customers who do not ask and do not know
       to ask (particularly after declining the option of paying an environmental fee
       [the Conservation Fund] and then failing to correctly explain its policy to those
       who do ask, including the failure to disclose that such fee can be waived if the
       customer disagrees.

The circuit court found that there are common legal issues regarding whether U-Haul’s
policies and actions in charging its customers the environmental fee constitute a breach of
contract; that the “common issues outweigh any potential individual claims that each
individual member of the class may have against Defendant” and “predominate over any
questions affecting only individual class members”; and that the question is what is the best
method for the fair and efficient adjudication of a controversy. The circuit court stated that
whether U-Haul actually breached the class members’ uniform contracts is a question on the
merits that is “reserved for another day.”

       Regarding whether the respondents’ fraudulent concealment and WVCCPA violation
claims meet the predominance requirement, the circuit court found that

       [e]vidence relating to how and why U-Haul fraudulently concealed,
       intentionally concealed, suppressed and omitted the information will be
       answered the same way for all class members. Questions and issues relating
       to U-Haul’s policy of “explain only if asked” coupled with U-Haul’s failure
       to advise its customers of its refund policy and its decision to not include the
       environmental fee in its base rate for purpose of being competitive when a
       customer engaged in “comparative shopping” will be answered the same way
       for all class members, including whether the evidence demonstrates a clear
       intent to keep its customers in-the-dark about not only the fee itself but the true
       use of the fee and an understanding on U-Haul’s behalf that customers would
       not willingly pay the environmental fee “but for” its deceptive practices in
       regard to collecting such fee.

The circuit court determined that “common issues give rise to common questions of law as
to whether the Defendant fraudulently concealed information from its consumers and
whether the Defendant’s conduct constituted a violation of the WVCCPA”; that those
“common issues and questions of law outweigh any potential individual claims that each
individual member of the class may have against Defendant”; and that the payment of the

                                               8

environmental fee constitutes a “common ascertainable loss” for purposes of the WVCCPA
that “does not require individualized, subjective inquiry.”

       Lastly, the circuit court stated that the superiority requirement under Rule 23(b)(3)
“focuses on judicial economy and a comparison of other available alternatives to resolve the
controversy.” Considering factors such as the provision of a forum for small claims and the
objective of deterrence, the circuit court found that “the alternative of numerous individual
actions was more troubling and untenable” than the challenge attendant to a class action. It
concluded that “there is simply no better method available for the adjudication of the putative
class members’ claims.”

      Based on its findings and conclusions, the circuit court defined the putative class, as
follows:

       U-Haul customers for whom U-Haul has a contract reflecting their rental of a
       truck between March 1, 2008, and the filing of the motion for class
       certification who rented a truck from U-Haul and declined to make a donation
       to the “Conservation Fund” (and had not made such a donation in connection
       with any other prior contract) and were charged and paid the environmental
       fee. Excluding from the class any officers and agents of U-Haul or subsidiary
       of the Defendant, any attorney for such Defendant, any attorney for any
       Plaintiff, and any judicial officer who presides over this matter.

The circuit court appointed and approved the respondents as the putative class
representatives. It also provided that the certification, “like all class certifications, is
conditional and may be reconsidered if it proves to be improvident.” U-Haul seeks to
prohibit the enforcement of the circuit court’s class certification order.

                                   II. Standard of Review

         U-Haul seeks a writ of prohibition to prevent the enforcement of the circuit court’s
class certification order either because it is erroneous as a matter of law or pending the circuit
court’s entry of a more thorough order. We have previously held that “an order awarding
class action standing is . . . reviewable . . . only by writ of prohibition.” Syl. Pt. 2, in part,
McFoy v. Amerigas, Inc., 170 W.Va. 526, 295 S.E.2d 16 (1982); see also Syl. Pt. 4, State ex
rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W.Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996) (setting forth factors to be
considered in determining whether writ of prohibition should issue). We also give deference
to the circuit court’s certification decision. See Rezulin, 214 W.Va. at 56, 585 S.E.2d at 56,
syl. pt. 1, in part (“This Court will review a circuit court’s order granting or denying a motion
for class certification . . . under an abuse of discretion standard.”). Further, “[a]n abuse of

                                                9

discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the
facts and circumstances before the court.” Id., 214 W.Va. at 61, 585 S.E.2d at 61 (quotation
and citation omitted). Accordingly, we proceed to consider whether the circuit court has
abused its discretion in certifying the class and whether a writ of prohibition should issue.

                                       III. Discussion

       U-Haul challenges the circuit court’s findings of commonality and predominance, as
well as the thoroughness of the certification order. We address each, in turn, below.

                                      A. Commonality

        U-Haul asserts that charging all members of the purported class an environmental fee
is insufficient to establish commonality. U-Haul relies, in part, upon Erie Insurance
Property and Casualty Co. v. Nibert (“Erie II”), No. 16-0884, 2017 WL 564160 (W.Va. Feb.
13, 2017) (memorandum decision), wherein we concluded that the circuit court’s finding–
“that all purported class members would have to litigate the issue of whether Erie used an
underinsured motorist coverage form that was not in compliance with the form required by
the Insurance Commissioner”–did not satisfy the common question of fact or law for class
certification. Id. at *4. U-Haul also relies upon Ways v. Imation Enterprises Corporation,
214 W.Va. 305, 589 S.E.2d 36 (2003), wherein this Court found commonality was not met
because of the individualized nature of the plaintiffs’ breach of contract claims, which were
based on “alleged oral promises of continued employment . . . made by different members
of management at different times to different employees.” Id. at 313, 589 S.E.2d at 44.
Although each of the respondents paid the environmental fee, U-Haul asserts that the only
way they can prove their claims is through individualized proof, making those claims
unsuited for class-wide determination.

        The respondents counter that they have met the commonality requirement. They assert
that the alleged existence of a common business practice that affects the putative class
members in a manner similar to them creates a nucleus of operative facts and law common
to the class. We agree.

        Class relief is “peculiarly appropriate. . . . [when] [t]he issues involved are common
to the class as a whole[] [and] [t]hey turn on questions of law applicable in the same manner
to each member of the class.” Califano v. Yamasaki, 442 U.S. 682, 701 (1979). In Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338 (2011), the majority stated that “[w]hat matters to class
certification . . . is . . . the capacity of a class-wide proceeding to generate common answers
apt to drive the resolution of the litigation”; that “[d]issimilarities within the proposed class
are what have the potential to impede the generation of common answers”; and that “for

                                               10

purposes of Rule 23(a)(2) [e]ven a single [common] question will do.” Id. at 350, 359
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted). As a leading scholar on class actions
observed, the Supreme Court ended its discussion of commonality in Dukes “by noting that
the plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate a ‘companywide discriminatory pay and promotion
policy,’ which implied that such a company-wide policy would, in the standard case, satisfy
the commonality requirement.” 1 William B. Rubenstein, Newberg on Class Actions, § 3:19,
at 236 (5th Ed. 2011). Here, the companywide policy was U-Haul’s business practice of
charging an environmental fee that is not disclosed in the base price quoted for the rental but
which is later automatically charged regardless of whether a customer has declined the open
and express option of donating to the “Conservation Fund.”

       Again, “[t]he threshold of ‘commonality’ is not high, and requires only that the
resolution of common questions affect all or a substantial number of the class members[,]”
Rezulin, 214 W.Va. at 57, 585 S.E.2d at 57, syl. pt. 11, in part, and “not every issue in the
case must be common to all class members.” Id. at 67, 585 S.E.2d at 67 (internal quotations
and citation omitted). As reflected above, the respondents’ rental experiences and the
deposition testimony of U-Haul’s corporate representative revealed that U-Haul collected an
optional voluntary customer donation to the “Conservation Fund;” automatically charged
customers an unrelated environmental fee; did not include the environmental fee in the rental
quote provided to customers because U-Haul wanted to be competitive when customers
comparison shopped; and explained the environmental fee only if a customer asked about it.
As for the latter, the respondents presented evidence to support their theory that U-Haul’s
customer service agents did not correctly explain the fee even when a customer asked.

       Although U-Haul contends that this matter is not suited for class resolution because
there will be individualized issues, we have previously observed that

       “[i]ndividual issues will often be present in a class action, especially in
       connection with individual defenses against class plaintiffs, rights of
       individual class members to recover in the event a violation is established, and
       the type or amount of relief individual class members may be entitled to
       receive. . . . The fact that class members must individually demonstrate their
       right to recover, or that they may suffer varying degrees of injury, will not bar
       a class action; nor is a class action precluded by the presence of individual
       defenses against class plaintiffs.”

Id., 214 W.Va. at 67, 585 S.E.2d at 67 (quoting 1 Alba Conte and Herbert Newberg,
Newberg on Class Actions, § 3:12, at 314-315 (4th Ed. 2002)). Moreover, the circuit court
acknowledged the possibility of individual issues, providing in its certification order that “[i]f

                                               11

conflicts or management difficulties arise during the merits phases of this case, the Court
may choose to exercise its discretion and divide and appoint sub-classes.”

     For these reasons, we find there was no abuse of discretion in the circuit court’s
commonality ruling.

                                      B. Predominance

        U-Haul asserts that the circuit court’s predominance analysis demonstrates there are
conflicting and individualized determinations that support rejecting class certification. U-
Haul contends that without individualized, extrinsic evidence to show why the line item
environmental fee is otherwise contradicted, there is no breach of contract claim. As for the
fraud and WVCCPA claims, U-Haul asserts that the circuit court’s findings were
contradictory and weigh against class certification. In short, U-Haul maintains that the
circuit court’s predominance analysis “raises more questions than it answers and weighs
against class certification.”

       Expressing a countervailing view, the respondents assert that U-Haul ignores the
common questions concerning U-haul’s corporate policies and conduct which outweigh
individual questions. See Rezulin, 2014 W.Va. at 71, 585 S.E.2d at 71 (observing that
predominance “requires a showing that the common questions of law or fact outweigh
individual questions”). Even if face-to-face communications are involved in carrying out a
corporate policy, the respondents contend that class certification is not defeated, particularly
where one of U-Haul’s corporate policies “directs the non-disclosure of essential
information.” The respondents maintain that all of their claims are based on the advertised
rental fee, the timing of the provision of the written rental contract, and the lack of
communication regarding the environmental fee. Because the lack of communication was
based on company policy, the respondents assert that it was “standardized.” See Ways, 214
W.Va. at 313, 589 S.E.2d at 44 (“[C]laims based substantially on oral rather than written
communications are inappropriate for treatment as class actions unless the communications
are shown to be standardized.”).

       As we have previously explained, “[t]he predominance criterion . . . is a corollary to
the ‘commonality’ requirement . . . [and] requires a showing that the common questions of
law or fact outweigh individual questions.” Rezulin, 214 W.Va. at 71, 585 S.E.2d at 71. In
deciding predominance, the “central question [] [is] whether ‘adjudication of the common
issues in the particular suit has important and desirable advantages of judicial economy
compared to all other issues, or when viewed by themselves.’ 2 Newberg on Class Actions,
4th Ed., § 4.25 at 174.” Rezulin, 214 W.Va. at 72, 585 S.E.2d at 72. Moreover,

                                              12

                [t]he predominance requirement does not demand that common issues
       be dispositive, or even determinative; it is not a comparison of the amount of
       court time needed to adjudicate common issues versus individual issues; nor
       is it a scale-balancing test of the number of issues suitable for either common
       or individual treatment. 2 Newberg on Class Actions, 4th Ed., § 4:25 at 169­
       173. Rather, “[a] single common issue may be the overriding one in the
       litigation, despite the fact that the suit also entails numerous remaining
       individual questions.” Id. at 172. The presence of individual issues may pose
       management problems for the circuit court, but courts have a variety of
       procedural options under Rule 23(c) and (d) to reduce the burden of resolving
       individual damage issues, including bifurcated trials, use of subclasses or
       masters, pilot or test cases with selected class members, or even class
       decertification after liability is determined. . . . “That class members may
       eventually have to make an individual showing of damages does not preclude
       class certification.” Smith v. Behr Process Corp., 113 Wash. App. 306, 54
P.3d 665, 675 (2002) (citations omitted).

Rezulin, 214 W.Va. at 72, 585 S.E.2d at 72. As indicated above, here, the circuit court
provided that “[i]f conflicts or management difficulties arise during the merits phases of this
case, the Court may choose to exercise its discretion and divide and appoint sub-classes.”

       In specific regard to the breach of contract claim, the circuit court observed that where
“the contract at issue is uniform to all class members, courts often find that common issues
predominate[.]” Here, the common questions of law and fact concern whether U-Haul failed
to perform its contractual obligations to charge the respondents and the class members the
base price quoted for their rentals by charging them the “environmental fee,” as well as
U-Haul’s policy not to only explain the environmental fee if asked; its failure to advise
customers of its refund policy; and its exclusion of the environmental fee from its base rate
for purposes of being competitive. Accordingly, we agree with the circuit court that

       Plaintiffs’ claims are based on both written communications in terms of the
       price advertised as the rental fee, the rental contract, the timing of the
       provision of the written rental contract, and the absence of communications
       regarding the environmental fee. The Plaintiffs have presented evidence
       relating to whether the absence of communication was based on company
       policy, thus standardizing the lack of communication. At issue in this case is
       U-Haul’s policy of failing to adequately disclose or explain the environmental
       fee to customers who do not ask and do not know to ask (particularly after
       declining the option of paying an environmental fee) and then failing to

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       correctly explain its policy to those who do ask, including the failure to
       disclose that such fee can be waived if the customer disagrees.

(Footnote omitted).

        Turning to the fraudulent concealment and WVCCPA violation claims, whether the
environmental fee was sufficiently disclosed presents common questions of fact and law as
to whether such “disclosures” were unconscionable or were in violation of the WVCCPA,
particularly where the respondents and class members declined the express option of paying
an environmental fee, i.e., the optional donation to the “Conservation Fund.” The circuit
court correctly determined that evidence concerning the respondents’ allegations that U-Haul
“fraudulently concealed, intentionally concealed, suppressed and omitted the information”
will be answered the same way for all class members. We disagree with U-Haul’s contention
that individual issues defeat predominance. As the circuit court found, the individual issues
raised by U-Haul “relate to causation and reliance in the context of a misrepresentation not
an omission which only requires proof that an objective ‘reasonable consumer’ would not
have suffered the loss absent the omission” and that “to the extent that there are
individualized damages questions, those can be addressed in subsequent proceedings.” The
circuit court further found that “whether the evidence demonstrates a clear intent to keep .
. . customers in-the-dark about not only the fee itself but the true use of the fee and an
understanding on U-Haul’s behalf that customers would not willingly pay the environmental
fee ‘but for’ its deceptive practices in . . . collecting such fee” will be answered the same way
for all class members. The deposition testimony of U-Haul’s Rule 30(b)(7) corporate
representative concerning U-Haul’s company policies and that of the respondents concerning
their rental experiences, all of which is recounted above, support this finding.

      Based on the above, we find there was no abuse of discretion in the circuit court’s
predominance ruling.

                          C. Adequacy of the Certification Order

        U-Haul asserts that the circuit court erred as a matter of law by failing to issue a
thorough order that complies with syllabus point eight of State of West Virginia ex rel.
Chemtall Incorporated. v. Madden, 216 W.Va. 443, 607 S.E.2d 772 (2004), which provides,
in part, that a class action “may only be certified if the trial court is satisfied, after a thorough
analysis, that the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) . . . have been satisfied. . . . [T]he class
certification order should be detailed and specific in showing the rule basis for the
certification and the relevant facts supporting the legal conclusions.” U-Haul also relies upon
State ex rel. Erie Insurance Property and Casualty Company v. Nibert (“Erie I”), No. 11­
0259 (W.Va. June 14, 2011) (memorandum decision), wherein this Court found that

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“[c]onclusory summations, without further explanation, do not constitute the ‘detailed and
specific . . . showing’ required by . . . Chemtall and are not sufficient to confer class status.”10
U-Haul also criticizes the circuit court for neither mentioning nor discussing Erie II, in which
this Court noted that the circuit court in that matter had stated that there were “numerous
common questions of law and fact[,]” but then did not set them forth in the certification
order.11 Id. at *3-4. U-Haul contends the circuit court’s commonality analysis falls short of
these parameters; fails to identify specifically the “common business practice” at issue;
merely observes that the items U-Haul alleged would require individualized proof were not
inapposite to class certification; and neglects to heed Justice Ketchum’s dissent in U-Haul
I in which he expressed his belief, at that time, that the respondents could not establish
commonality. U-Haul I, 232 W.Va. at 446-47, 752 S.E.2d at 600-01 (Ketchum, J.,
dissenting).

        Disagreeing with U-Haul’s criticisms, the respondents assert that the circuit court’s
certification order is “detailed and specific in showing the [R]ule [23] basis for class
certification and the relevant facts supporting the legal conclusions[,]” and that it identified
the alleged “common business practice” at issue: “U-Haul has a practice and policy of
surreptitiously charging its customers an unquoted and undisclosed ‘environmental fee’
regardless of whether the customers decline to make a voluntary environmental donation”
to the “Conservation Fund.” The respondents add that the circuit court did more than merely
observe in a footnote that the items cited by U-Haul as requiring individualized proof were
not inapposite to class certification; rather, the circuit court discussed the relevant law from
Rezulin, after which it found that “[t]he individual issues raised by the Defendants relate to
causation and reliance in the context of a misrepresentation not an omission which only
requires proof that an objective ‘reasonable consumer’ would not have suffered the loss
absent the omission.” As for Justice Ketchum’s dissent in U-Haul I, the respondents state
that the issue of “commonality” was neither pending nor argued before the Court in U-Haul
I; rather, the issue was arbitration. The respondents maintain that the circuit court’s detailed
findings distinguish the instant matter from Chemtall and that the circuit court appropriately
relied upon Rezulin, the seminal authority on certifying class actions in West Virginia, rather
than upon Erie II.

       10
         Following the remand in Erie I, the plaintiff amended her complaint; the circuit court
again certified a class; and Erie again challenged the certification by seeking a writ of
prohibition. In Erie II, this Court granted the writ, finding that the proposed class of Erie
insureds failed to meet the commonality requirement.
       11
         In granting the writ in Erie II, we observed that two other cases had “rejected the
issue of noncompliance with a statutory form for underinsured motorist coverage as
satisfying the commonality requirement for class certification.” Id. at *4.

                                                15

       Although U-Haul contends that the circuit court’s findings are conclusory, our
discussion of those findings, as well as the respondents’ arguments above, demonstrate the
contrary. As the respondents correctly observe, the legal analysis for “commonality” was not
altered in Erie II. Accordingly, we find that the circuit court did not err as a matter of law
by not discussing it. Further, the circuit court was clearly aware of Justice Ketchum’s dissent
in U-Haul I, noting that the majority of this Court did not express similar concerns regarding
the feasibility of a class action and that the issue in U-Haul I was arbitration—not
“commonality.”

       We agree that our precedent requires a class certification order to contain a thorough
and detailed analysis of the Rule 23 requirements for certification and the factual basis for
the court’s legal conclusions. Our review of the certification order in its entirety, as
discussed throughout this memorandum decision, leads us to conclude that the circuit court
met these requirements.

                                      IV. Conclusion

       For the reasons set forth above, we decline to issue a writ of prohibition.

                                                                                 Writ Denied.

ISSUED: May 21, 2018
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry II
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

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