Court Opinion

ID: 9961283
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-18 15:24:38.152791+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:20:31.383398
License: Public Domain

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  JESSE J. STRAYER                             :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 676 WDA 2023

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 11, 2023
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Blair County
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-07-CR-0001739-2021

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J.E., KING, J., and BENDER, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.E.:                     FILED: April 18, 2024

       Jesse J. Strayer brings this appeal from the judgment of sentence

imposed following his conviction of criminal mischief.1 We affirm.

       In an amended information filed September 28, 2022, Strayer was

charged with three counts of recklessly endangering another person and one

count of criminal mischief. The charges stemmed from an incident of damage

caused by a pellet gun fired at a vehicle parked at the home of Strayer’s

neighbors (“the Deterlines”), which was reported on April 12, 2021. Also on

September 28, 2022, a jury convicted Strayer of criminal mischief and found

him not guilty of the three counts of REAP. The trial court sentenced Strayer

to a twelve-month term of probation. This timely appeal followed, wherein

____________________________________________

118 Pa.C.S.A. § 3304(a)(2).
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Strayer challenges the trial court’s denial of two separate motions for mistrial

related to evidentiary determinations after Commonwealth witnesses offered

hearsay statements during testimony.

       In a single argument, Strayer presents claims that the trial court erred

in failing to grant his separate motions for mistrial. Upon the making of the

motion for mistrial, the trial court is to “determine whether misconduct or

prejudicial error actually occurred, and if so, to assess the degree of any

resulting prejudice.”2 Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 907 A.2d 477, 491 (Pa.

2006). “The remedy of a mistrial is an extreme remedy required ‘only when

an incident is of such a nature that its unavoidable effect is to deprive the

appellant of a fair and impartial tribunal.’” Commonwealth v. Hogentogler,

53 A.3d 866, 878 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations omitted).

       A trial court is vested with the sound discretion to determine whether a

mistrial is warranted, and we review its decision for an abuse of that

____________________________________________

2 We note Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 605 addresses mistrials,

and provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

       Rule 605. Mistrial

       (B) When an event prejudicial to the defendant occurs during trial
       only the defendant may move for a mistrial; the motion shall be
       made when the event is disclosed. Otherwise, the trial court may
       declare a mistrial only for reasons of manifest necessity.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 605(B).

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discretion. See id.   In Commonwealth v. Hudson, 955 A.2d 1031 (Pa.

Super. 2008), we stated:

      An abuse of discretion is more than an error of judgment. On
      appeal, the trial court will not be found to have abused its
      discretion unless the record discloses that the judgment exercised
      by the trial court was manifestly unreasonable, or the result of
      partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will.

Id. At 1034 (citation omitted).

      Moreover, a trial court may remove taint caused by improper testimony

through curative instructions. See Commonwealth v. Bracey, 831 A.2d

678, 682 (Pa. Super. 2003). When the trial court provides cautionary

instructions to the jury after the defense raises a motion for a mistrial, “[t]he

law presumes that the jury will follow the instructions of the court.”

Commonwealth v. Brown, 786 A.2d 961, 971 (Pa. 2001) (citation omitted).

      Strayer initially argues the trial court erred in denying his motion for a

mistrial after Warden Salvatore Zaffuto of the Pennsylvania Game Commission

testified to hearsay statements made by the victims. See Rule 1925(b)

Statement, 6/30/23, at 1, ¶ 2; Appellant’s Brief, at 6. Specifically, Strayer

asserts that “the Commonwealth elicited hearsay statements of [the

Deterlines] regarding prior shooting [by Strayer] to show the direction of the

shooting in this case.” Appellant’s Brief at 6. Strayer contends that Zaffuto’s

statement about the Deterlines having seen Strayer shoot his gun in the past

was inadmissible hearsay that could not be cured by a cautionary instruction.

See id.

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      The trial court offered the following in addressing this issue:

            The hearsay in question is found in the testimony of
      [Zaffuto], in which he stated “it matched up with what the
      Deterlines told me about the shooting – Mr. Strayer shooting.
      They have seen him in the past shooting and that’s why we wanted
      to meet them.” [Strayer’s] counsel objected to the statement on
      the grounds of hearsay and the [t]rial [c]ourt sustained that
      objection. [Strayer] then asked for a mistrial based on that
      hearsay claiming it was highly prejudicial.

             The statement does rise to the level of hearsay pursuant to
      the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence, which is why the [t]rial
      [c]ourt sustained [Strayer’s] objection to the statement. The
      [t]rial [c]ourt then offered a curative instruction … .

            This cautionary instruction was adequate to overcome any
      possible prejudice introduced by the statement because [Strayer]
      himself testified to telling the investigative officer that he shot his
      pellet gun at a tree on his property. Therefore, the hearsay
      statement in question to which [Strayer’s] objection was
      sustained and a curative instruction given to the jury, was no more
      prejudicial than the testimony offered by [Strayer].

Trial Court Opinion, 8/11/23, at 6 (citations omitted). This development at

trial occurred when Strayer requested a mistrial after the following transpired

during Zaffuto’s direct testimony:

      Q. Game Warden Zaffuto, why are you testifying that it appeared
      whatever caused this damage came from the direction of Mr.
      Strayer’s property?

      A. It matched up with what the Deterlines told me about the
      shooting -- Mr. Strayer shooting. They have seen him in the past
      shooting, and that’s why we wanted to meet them.

N.T., 9/28/22, at 87-88. Strayer immediately lodged an objection on the

grounds of hearsay, which the trial court sustained. See id. at 88. After a

sidebar, the trial court gave the jury the following cautionary instruction:

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      Ladies and gentlemen, in regards to the witness’s last answer, it
      did contain some hearsay statements. Hearsay are statements
      made out of court which may or may not be proper to be admitted
      into the evidence, and sometimes they are proper to be admitted
      for one reason but not for another reason. So anything this
      witness says about what the Deterlines said to him, it cannot be
      admitted for the truth of the matter asserted. In other words, you
      can’t say – you can’t decide it is true, what the Deterlines told
      him, but it can be admitted for why did he do what he did next.
      So with that explanation...I mean, the Deterlines were present
      and you heard their testimony. So those are the statements of the
      Deterlines that have come into this trial in terms of the truth of
      the matter asserted that you can judge for their truth or for their
      inaccuracy, but this witness, what he says what the Deterlines
      said, you could take it as to the reason why he did what he did
      next. So that is the [c]ourt’s ruling.

Id. at 91. As explained by the trial court, Strayer offered his own testimony

admitting that he has shot his gun outside on his property. Id. at 180-83.

      The curative instruction correctly and appropriately directed the jurors

on how to consider the statement presented by Warden Zuffato. There is no

evidence that the jury ignored the trial court’s cautionary instructions directing

the jury to consider the evidence for a limited purpose. Absent evidence to

the contrary, the jury is presumed to have followed the trial court’s instruction.

Brown, 786 A.2d at 971. As such, a mistrial was unnecessary, particularly

where this hearsay was merely duplicative of what Strayer himself admitted

about shooting his gun outside his property. Therefore, we discern no abuse

of discretion by the trial court in denying Strayer’s motion for a mistrial.

Accordingly, Strayer’s issue does not merit relief.

      Strayer also argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for

a mistrial following hearsay testimony offered by Officer Paul Nagle. See Rule

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1925(b) Statement, 6/30/23, at 1-2, ¶ 3; Appellant’s Brief, at 6. Again,

Strayer claims that “the Commonwealth elicited hearsay statements of …

numerous neighbor[s] that they had seen [Strayer] shoot his pellet gun in the

past.” Appellant’s Brief at 6. Strayer posits that a mistrial should have been

granted because the jury heard that neighbors saw Strayer shoot his gun and

“did not want [to be] involved.” Id. He claims that the testimony was highly

prejudicial and could not be cured by a cautionary instruction. See id.

      In reviewing this issue, the trial court offered the following analysis:

      The hearsay statement given by Officer Nagle was “I did ask
      questions, and they all stated that they have seen [Strayer] shoot
      his air soft.” [Strayer] objected to this statement on the grounds
      of hearsay; subsequently, the [t]rial [c]ourt sustained the
      objection and struck the statement from the record. The [t]rial
      [c]ourt offered to make a curative instruction should [Strayer]
      request it, however, [he] did not request a curative instruction on
      this matter.

                                     ***

      As previously, noted, [Strayer] testified that he told the
      investigative officer that he shoots his pellet gun at a tree in the
      yard. Further, the trial court sustained [Strayer’s] objection to the
      hearsay, struck it from the record, and offered a curative
      instruction to the jury. Given this, [Strayer] was not prejudiced to
      the extent that he was deprived of a fair and impartial trial. As
      such, the [t]rial [c]ourt did not abuse its discretion in denying
      [Strayer]s [m]otion for a [m]istrial based on the hearsay
      statement of Officer Nagle.

Trial Court Opinion, 8/11/23, at 7 (citations omitted).

      Again, our thorough review of the record reveals the following occurred

during Officer Nagel’s direct testimony:

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      Q. Sir, after you went to the Deterline residence in January, did
      you make contact with anybody else about the damage that was
      caused?

      A. I made contact with some neighbors throughout this
      investigation. Everyone I spoke to wanted to remain anonymous
      and did not want [to be] involved.

      Q. Had you prior to making contact with any of those neighbors
      identified any of them as suspects in causing this damage?

      A. No. I did ask questions, and they all stated that they have seen
      Jesse Strayer shoot his air soft.

            [Defense Counsel]: Objection, Your Honor.

            BY THE COURT: That is sustained and that is stricken
            from the record. Go ahead. Ask your next question.

N.T., 9/28/22, at 136.

      After the Commonwealth rested its case in chief, Strayer lodged a

request for mistrial. See id. at 163-65. Subsequently, the trial court

reaffirmed its decision that a mistrial was not necessary and again offered to

give the jury a curative instruction. See id. at 166-68. Strayer then

specifically refused the trial court’s offer for the proposed instruction. See id.

at 168. As we mentioned earlier, Strayer offered his own testimony admitting

that he has shot his gun outside on his property. Id. at 180-83.

      There is no indication in the record that the Commonwealth exploited or

mentioned again the comment in question. Moreover, the trial court directed

that the statement be stricken from the record. In addition, Strayer specifically

declined the trial court’s offer for a curative instruction. Also, as noted, Strayer

himself admitted under oath that he has fired his gun at a tree on his property.

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We cannot conclude that the hearsay statement offered by Officer Nagel was

of such a nature that its unavoidable effect deprived Strayer of a fair and

impartial tribunal. Therefore, we discern no abuse of discretion by the trial

court in denying Strayer’s motion for a mistrial. Consequently, this claim lacks

merit.

      In summary, Strayer has not established that the trial court’s denial of

his two motions for mistrial was manifestly unreasonable, or the result of

partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse

its discretion.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

 4/18/2024

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