Court Opinion

ID: 3069481
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 00:11:10.128748+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:41:30.378682
License: Public Domain

IN THE
                          TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                     No. 10-14-00042-CR

JESUS M. LOYA, JR.,
                                                            Appellant
v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                            Appellee

                            From the 13th District Court
                              Navarro County, Texas
                             Trial Court No. D35132CR

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

       A jury convicted Appellant Jesus M. Loya, Jr., of second-degree-felony arson, see

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 28.02(a)(2)(F), (d) (West 2011), and assessed his punishment,

enhanced by a prior felony conviction, at twenty years’ imprisonment. This appeal

ensued. In his sole issue, Loya contends that the trial court erred in denying his request

for a lesser-included instruction.

       Appellate review of alleged jury-charge error involves a two-step process.

Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Initially, the court must
determine whether error actually exists in the charge. If error is found, the court must

then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal. Id. at

731-32.

        We use a two-step analysis to determine whether an appellant was entitled to a

lesser-included-offense instruction. Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 528 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007); Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 672-73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). First, the lesser

offense must be a lesser-included offense of the charged offense as defined by article

37.09 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Moore v. State, 969 S.W.2d 4, 8 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1998); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.09 (West 2006).              Article 37.09

provides:

        An offense is a lesser included offense if:

        (1) it is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required
        to establish the commission of the offense charged;

        (2) it differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less serious
        injury or risk of injury to the same person, property, or public interest
        suffices to establish its commission;

        (3) it differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less
        culpable mental state suffices to establish its commission; or

        (4) it consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or an otherwise
        included offense.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.09. Second, there must be some evidence in the

record that would permit a jury to rationally find that if the appellant is guilty, he is

guilty only of the lesser offense. Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536; Salinas v. State, 163 S.W.3d 734,

741 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Rousseau, 855 S.W.2d at 672-73.

Loya v. State                                                                             Page 2
        We begin with the first step in the lesser-included-offense analysis. The first

step, determining whether an offense is a lesser-included offense of the charged offense,

is a question of law. Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 535. It does not depend on the evidence

produced at trial. Id. To determine if the lesser offense is a lesser-included offense of

the charged offense, we instead compare the elements of the charged offense, as

modified by the particular allegations in the indictment, against the elements of the

lesser offense. Wortham v. State, 412 S.W.3d 552, 555 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Hall, 225
S.W.3d at 536.

        The indictment alleged that Loya:

        did then and there, with intent to damage or destroy a building located
        200 West 2nd Ave, start a fire, or cause an explosion, by causing an
        electrical short circuit, and the said defendant was reckless about whether
        the burning or explosion would endanger the life of some individual or
        the property of another by igniting the sheets ….

The elements of arson, as modified by the indictment, are therefore:

        (1) A person

        (2) starts a fire, regardless of whether the fire continues after ignition, or causes

an explosion

        (3) with intent to destroy or damage any building and

        (4) is reckless about whether the burning or explosion will endanger the life of

some individual or the safety of the property of another.

See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 28.02(a)(2)(F).

        Loya requested, and the trial court denied, a lesser-included-offense instruction

for the offense of arson under subsection 28.02(a-2) of the Penal Code, which is a state

Loya v. State                                                                          Page 3
jail felony. See id. § 28.02(a-2), (f). The elements for arson under subsection 28.02(a-2)

are:

          (1) A person

          (2) intentionally

          (3) starts a fire or causes an explosion

and, in doing so,

          (4) recklessly

          (5) damages or destroys a building belonging to another or causes another

person to suffer bodily injury or death.

See id.

          A comparison of these elements demonstrates that the first step of the lesser-

included-offense analysis is not satisfied. Under the charged offense, the offense of

arson is complete when the actor starts a fire with the intent to destroy or damage the

building whether or not damage of any kind actually occurs. See Beltran v. State, 593
S.W.2d 688, 690 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1980); Mosher v. State, 901 S.W.2d 547, 549-

50 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1995, no pet.). Under subsection 28.02(a-2), however, the offense

is not complete unless the person actually “damages or destroys a building belonging to

another or causes another person to suffer bodily injury or death.” TEX. PENAL CODE

ANN. § 28.02(a-2). The elements of the arson under subsection 28.02(a-2) therefore

require at least one element that the elements of the arson, as modified by the

indictment, do not. Thus, the offense of arson under subsection 28.02(a-2) is not a

lesser-included offense of the charged offense of arson according to article 37.09 of the

Loya v. State                                                                       Page 4
Code of Criminal Procedure. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.09. Because the

first step of the lesser-included-offense analysis was not met, we need not discuss the

second step. We overrule Loya’s sole issue and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                REX D. DAVIS
                                                Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed February 19, 2015
Do not publish
[CR25]

Loya v. State                                                                       Page 5