Court Opinion

ID: 4119299
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-27 22:38:54.785891+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:45.360824
License: Public Domain

Applicability of the National Emergencies Act to
              Statutes That Do Not Expressly Require the
               President to Declare a National Emergency
The National Emergency Act’s coverage is not limited to statutes that expressly require the President to
  declare a national emergency, but rather extends to any statute “conferring powers and authorities to
  be exercised during a national emergency,” unless Congress has exempted such a statute from the Act.

                                                                                     August 24, 2016

            MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT

   The National Emergencies Act (“NEA”), Pub. L. No. 94-412 (1976) (codified as
amended at 50 U.S.C. §§ 1601–1651 (2012)), states that “[a]ny provisions of law
conferring powers and authorities to be exercised during a national emergency shall
be effective and remain in effect . . . only when the President . . . specifically de-
clares a national emergency.” 50 U.S.C. § 1621(b). You have asked whether this
and other provisions of the NEA apply to statutes that grant powers and authorities
in a national emergency, but do not expressly require the President to declare such
an emergency. 1 We have previously issued conflicting guidance on this question. In
a 1978 opinion, we stated that the NEA applied to—and thus that the President was
required to declare a national emergency before invoking—section 6 of the Davis-
Bacon Act, 40 U.S.C. § 276a-5 (1976), a statute that granted powers “[i]n the event
of a national emergency” but did not expressly require the President to declare the
emergency. Wage and Price Standards in Government Procurement, 2 Op. O.L.C.
239, 243 (1978) (“Wage and Price Standards”). In 1982, in contrast, in footnote 78
of an opinion entitled Legal Authorities Available to the President to Respond to a
Severe Energy Supply Interruption or Other Substantial Reduction in Available Pe-
troleum Products, we advised that section 710(e) of the Defense Production Act,
50 U.S.C. app. § 2160(e) (1982), was “not subject to the provisions of the National
Emergencies Act” because it did not “expressly require the President to declare a
national emergency in order to” exercise the powers it granted. 6 Op. O.L.C. 644,
674 n.78 (1982) (“Severe Energy Supply Interruption”).

    1
      In considering this question, we requested and received the views of the Department of Defense,
the Department of Energy, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Commerce.
See E-mail for Daniel L. Koffsky, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, from
Robert S. Taylor, Acting General Counsel, Department of Defense, Re: OLC Opinion on National Emer-
gencies Act, att. (May 17, 2016 1:09 PM); E-mail for Daniel L. Koffsky, Deputy Assistant Attorney
General, Office of Legal Counsel, from Eric Fygi, Deputy General Counsel, Department of Energy, Re:
OLC Opinion on National Emergencies Act (May 3, 2016 10:34 AM); E-mail for Daniel L. Koffsky,
Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, from Joseph Maher, Principal Deputy Gen-
eral Counsel, Department of Homeland Security, Re: OLC Opinion on National Emergencies Act, att.
(May 3, 2016 10:34 AM); E-mail for Daniel L. Koffsky, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of
Legal Counsel, from Lauren Sun, Counsel to the General Counsel, Department of Commerce, Re: De-
partment of Commerce Response on National Emergencies Act (Apr. 15, 2016 4:28 PM).

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                  Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 40

   For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that the NEA’s coverage is not
limited to statutes that expressly require the President to declare a national emer-
gency, but rather extends to any statute “conferring powers and authorities to be
exercised during a national emergency,” unless Congress has exempted such a stat-
ute from the Act. 50 U.S.C. § 1621(b) (2012). To the extent that footnote 78 of our
1982 Severe Energy Supply Interruption opinion is inconsistent with this conclu-
sion, we no longer adhere to it.

                                           I.

   The NEA, enacted in 1976, consists of five titles. Title I is backward-looking: It
terminated most powers and authorities that the Executive possessed “as a result of
the existence of any declaration of national emergency in effect on September 14,
1976,” the date of the statute’s enactment. 50 U.S.C. § 1601. Title I thus has limited
continuing application.
   Title II of the NEA—which consists of 50 U.S.C. §§ 1621 and 1622—pre-
scribes rules for the declaration and termination of national emergencies. Section
1621(a) grants the President authority to “declare [a] national emergency” with
respect to statutes “authorizing the exercise, during the period of a national emer-
gency, of any special or extraordinary power.” Id. § 1621(a); see also id. (requir-
ing that such a declaration be transmitted to Congress and published in the Federal
Register). Section 1621(b) states that “[a]ny provisions of law conferring powers
and authorities to be exercised during a national emergency shall be effective and
remain in effect (1) only when the President (in accordance with subsection (a) of
this section), specifically declares a national emergency, and (2) only in accord-
ance with [the NEA].” Id. § 1621(b). Section 1622 provides that the President or
Congress may terminate “[a]ny national emergency declared by the President in
accordance with [the NEA],” and that such an emergency shall in any event “ter-
minate on the anniversary of the declaration of that emergency,” unless the Pres-
ident timely issues “a notice stating that such emergency is to continue in effect.”
Id. § 1622(a), (d). Once a national emergency declared by the President termi-
nates, “any powers or authorities exercised by reason of said emergency shall
cease to be exercised.” Id. § 1622(a); see also id. (listing three exceptions to this
requirement).
   Titles III and IV—which consist of 50 U.S.C. §§ 1631 and 1641 respectively—
set forth requirements that the President and other officers must follow once the
President has declared a national emergency. Section 1631 provides that “[w]hen
the President declares a national emergency, no powers or authorities made availa-
ble by statute for use in the event of an emergency shall be exercised unless and
until the President specifies the provisions of law under which he proposes that he,
or other officers will act.” Id. § 1631. Section 1641 states that “[w]hen the President
declares a national emergency, or Congress declares war,” the President and each
executive agency must maintain a file and index of, and transmit to Congress, cer-

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                        Applicability of the National Emergencies Act

tain orders, rules, and regulations “issued during such emergency or war issued pur-
suant to such declarations.” Id. § 1641(a)–(b). In addition, the President must peri-
odically transmit to Congress “a report on the total expenditures incurred by the
United States Government . . . which are directly attributable to the exercise of pow-
ers and authorities conferred by such declaration.” Id. § 1641(c).
    Last, title V exempts several listed statutes from the NEA’s requirements. See id.
§ 1651(a). It also directs congressional committees to issue a report and recommen-
dations within nine months of the NEA’s enactment. Id. § 1651(b).
    At least two types of statutes grant powers or authorities to the Executive dur-
ing national emergencies. Some statutes provide that certain specified powers or
authorities may be exercised during a “national emergency” that has been “de-
clared by the President” or “proclaimed by the President.” See, e.g., 10 U.S.C.
§ 12302(a) (authorizing the secretaries of the military departments and the Coast
Guard to order units in the Ready Reserve to active duty “[i]n time of national
emergency declared by the President”); 14 U.S.C. § 367(3) (authorizing the Coast
Guard temporarily to retain enlisted personnel beyond their terms of enlistment
“during a period of . . . national emergency as proclaimed by the President”). We
will refer to these statutes as declared national emergency statutes. Other statutes
provide that particular powers or authorities may be exercised during a “national
emergency,” without expressly requiring that the emergency be declared or pro-
claimed by the President or any other officer or entity. See, e.g., 10 U.S.C.
§ 871(b) (permitting the commutation of certain court-martial sentences “[i]n time
of . . . national emergency”); 14 U.S.C. § 331 (authorizing the Secretary of the
department in which the Coast Guard is operating to order any regular officer on
the retired list to active duty “[i]n time of . . . national emergency”). We will refer
to these statutes as national emergency statutes. 2
    As noted above, we have previously issued conflicting statements concerning
whether the NEA’s requirements are applicable only to declared national emergency
statutes, or to both declared national emergency statutes and national emergency
statutes. In our 1978 Wage and Price Standards opinion, we stated that “under
Title II of the [NEA], a Presidential declaration of national emergency [was] re-
quired in order to” invoke section 6 of the Davis-Bacon Act, a national emergency
statute. 2 Op. O.L.C. at 243; see 40 U.S.C. § 276a-5 (1976) (granting the President
authority to suspend provisions of the Davis-Bacon Act “[i]n the event of a national
emergency”). In 1982, in contrast, we indicated that only those statutes that “ex-
pressly require the President to declare a national emergency”—that is, declared
national emergency statutes—are “subject to the provisions of the [NEA].” Severe
Energy Supply Interruption, 6 Op. O.L.C. at 674 n.78.

    2
      We do not address whether the NEA applies to statutes other than declared national emergency
statutes and national emergency statutes.

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                 Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 40

                                         II.

   To resolve the conflict in our prior opinions, we now consider whether the NEA’s
provisions apply only to declared national emergency statutes or to both declared na-
tional emergency statutes and national emergency statutes. In Part II.A, we conclude
that the NEA’s text unambiguously extends to both types of statutes. In Part II.B, we
consider the NEA’s legislative history and find that it reinforces that conclusion.

                                         A.

   We begin with the text of the NEA. See Sebelius v. Cloer, 133 S. Ct. 1886, 1893
(2013) (“As in any statutory construction case, ‘[w]e start, of course, with the stat-
utory text.’” (alteration in original) (quoting BP Am. Prod. Co. v. Burton, 549 U.S.
84, 91 (2006)). As we noted earlier, the NEA’s first forward-looking provision,
50 U.S.C. § 1621, contains two subsections: subsection (a) states that “[w]ith re-
spect to Acts of Congress authorizing the exercise, during the period of a national
emergency, of any special or extraordinary power, the President is authorized to
declare such national emergency,” 50 U.S.C. § 1621(a) (2012) (emphasis added);
and subsection (b) states that “[a]ny provisions of law conferring powers and au-
thorities to be exercised during a national emergency shall be effective and remain
in effect . . . only when the President (in accordance with subsection (a) of this
section), specifically declares a national emergency,” id. § 1621(b) (emphasis
added). The language of each of these subsections straightforwardly extends to na-
tional emergency statutes. National emergency statutes are both “Acts of Congress
authorizing the exercise, during the period of a national emergency, of . . . special
or extraordinary power[s]” and “provisions of law conferring powers and authorities
to be exercised during a national emergency”—indeed, they often use precisely or
nearly those terms. See, e.g., 10 U.S.C. § 2208(l)(2) (authorizing the Secretary of
Defense to waive certain notification requirements “during a period of . . . national
emergency”); 7 U.S.C. § 4208 (waiving certain provisions with respect to the ac-
quisition or use of farmland for national defense purposes “during a national emer-
gency”). And neither subsection of section 1621 contains any language limiting sec-
tion 1621’s coverage to statutes that themselves require a presidential declaration of
emergency: section 1621(a) does not state, for instance, that it applies only to stat-
utes granting powers “during the period of a national emergency declared by the
President,” and section 1621(b) does not state that it applies to provisions of law
conferring powers and authorities to be exercised “during a national emergency
declared by the President.”
   This straightforward reading of sections 1621(a) and (b) is reinforced by the fact
that both subsections would be almost entirely superfluous if they extended only to
declared national emergency statutes. There would be no need for subsection (a) to
“authorize[]” the President to declare national emergencies only with respect to de-
clared national emergency statutes, because statutes that apply “during a national

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                      Applicability of the National Emergencies Act

emergency declared by the President” already implicitly authorize such declara-
tions. (If they did not, they would have been inoperative prior to the NEA’s enact-
ment.) Similarly, there would be no need for subsection (b) to prohibit the President
from exercising powers or authorities granted by declared national emergency stat-
utes except “when the President . . . specifically declares a national emergency,”
because those statutes already require a presidential declaration of national emer-
gency as a precondition to their operation. See, e.g., 10 U.S.C. § 155(f)(4) (suspend-
ing limitations on tours of duty “during a national emergency declared by the Pres-
ident”). To interpret the provisions of section 1621 as limited to declared national
emergency statutes would thus violate the basic principle that “[a] statute should be
construed so that effect is given to all its provisions, so that no part will be inopera-
tive or superfluous, void or insignificant.” Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303,
314 (2009) (alteration in original) (quoting Hibbs v. Winn, 542 U.S. 88, 101 (2004).
    By their plain terms, then, both subsections of 50 U.S.C. § 1621 apply to national
emergency statutes. Subsection (a) authorizes the President to declare a national
emergency “[w]ith respect to” national emergency statutes, 50 U.S.C. § 1621(a),
and subsection (b) requires the President to declare a national emergency “in ac-
cordance with subsection (a)” before any “powers and authorities” conferred by a
national emergency statute for use in the event of a national emergency may be
exercised, id. § 1621(b).
    It follows from this conclusion that the other forward-looking provisions of the
NEA also apply to national emergency statutes. This is because each of those pro-
visions is expressly tied to the declaration of a national emergency under section
1621 or to the statutory powers or authorities triggered by such a declaration. The
first additional forward-looking provision, 50 U.S.C. § 1622, states that the Presi-
dent or Congress may terminate “[a]ny national emergency declared by the Presi-
dent in accordance with” title II of the NEA, and that upon such termination “any
powers or authorities exercised by reason of said emergency shall cease to be exer-
cised.” Id. § 1622(a). Section 1621 forms part of title II of the NEA, and, as we have
just discussed, section 1621(b) requires the President to “declare[]” a national emer-
gency “in accordance with” section 1621(a) before any powers and authorities con-
ferred by a national emergency statute for use in the event of a national emergency
may be exercised. Id. As a result, such powers and authorities can only be exercised
“by reason of” an emergency declared under title II of the NEA. Id. Section 1622
thus authorizes the President or Congress to terminate any emergency triggering the
exercise of powers and authorities conferred by a national emergency statute,
thereby causing those powers and authorities to “cease to be exercised.” Id.
    The next provision of the NEA, 50 U.S.C. § 1631, provides that “[w]hen the Pres-
ident declares a national emergency, no powers or authorities made available by stat-
ute for use in the event of an emergency shall be exercised unless and until the Presi-
dent specifies the provisions of law under which he proposes that he, or other officers
will act.” Id. § 1631. National emergency statues make “powers or authorities . . .
available . . . for use in the event of an emergency,” see, e.g., 10 U.S.C. § 871(b) (per-
mitting the commutation of certain court-martial sentences “[i]n time of . . . national

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                  Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 40

emergency”); and (as we have said), under section 1621(b) of the NEA, the President
must “declare[] a national emergency” in order to invoke a national emergency statute.
Accordingly, section 1631 provides that the President and other officers cannot exer-
cise powers or authorities conferred by a national emergency statute “unless and until
the President specifies the provisions of law under which he proposes that he, or other
officers will act.” 50 U.S.C. § 1631.
    Finally, 50 U.S.C. § 1641 states that “[w]hen the President declares a national
emergency, or Congress declares war,” the President and Executive agencies must
maintain and transmit to Congress all rules, regulations, and significant orders “is-
sued during such emergency or war . . . pursuant to such declarations.” Id.
§ 1641(a)–(b). It also provides that the President must periodically report to Con-
gress any federal expenditures “directly attributable to the exercise of powers and
authorities conferred by such declaration.” Id. § 1641(c). Because the President
must declare a national emergency in order to exercise powers or authorities con-
ferred by a national emergency statute for use in the event of a national emergency,
any rules, regulations, or significant orders issued in reliance on those powers or
authorities are issued “pursuant to” such a declaration. Id. § 1641(a); see Webster’s
Third New International Dictionary 1848 (1966) (defining “pursuant to” to mean
“in the course of carrying out; in conformance to or agreement with”). And, for the
same reason, any expenditures incurred by the United States Government when ex-
ercising such powers and authorities are “directly attributable to the exercise of
powers and authorities conferred by such declaration.” 50 U.S.C. § 1641(c). The
President and executive agencies therefore must report such orders, regulations,
rules, and expenditures in accordance with the requirements of section 1641.
    In sum, the plain language of section 1621 makes clear that the NEA applies to
national emergency statutes, as well as declared national emergency statutes. As a
result, each forward-looking provision of the NEA unambiguously extends to both
types of statutes as well. If it chooses, of course, Congress can exempt particular
national emergency statutes or declared national emergency statutes from the scope
of the NEA. However, we have no occasion to consider here whether any particular
statute is so exempt.

                                          B.

    Because the NEA’s provisions unambiguously apply to national emergency stat-
utes, it is unnecessary for us to examine the statute’s legislative history. See Exxon
Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 568 (2005) (“Extrinsic mate-
rials have a role in statutory interpretation only to the extent they shed a reliable
light on the enacting Legislature’s understanding of otherwise ambiguous terms.”).
But to the extent the legislative history is relevant, it too indicates that Congress
intended the NEA’s provisions to apply to national emergency statutes.
    Both the NEA’s House report and testimony delivered prior to its enactment by
Antonin Scalia, who was then the Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal

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                      Applicability of the National Emergencies Act

Counsel, indicate that Congress intended titles II and III of the NEA to apply to
national emergency statutes. The House report states:

       [Title II] of the bill provides, for the first time, explicit provision for
       the President to make the declaration of national emergency which
       certain statutes require. . . . This clarifies an existing problem as to
       emergency statutes. At present this power can be implied with respect
       to some statutes—for example, those which state that certain laws are
       deemed to be in effect “during any . . . period of national emergency
       declared by the President[” provide], in so many words, [that the Pres-
       ident] may declare such an emergency; and some statutes dependent
       upon the existence of states of emergency do not specifically say who
       shall declare them. . . . When the Act fully takes effect, emergency
       provisions will only be implemented by the President in accordance
       with the terms of Title II and Title III of the amended bill.

H.R. Rep. No. 94-238, at 6 (1975) (second ellipsis in original) (emphasis added). This
passage, which repeats almost verbatim testimony that Assistant Attorney General
Scalia had delivered one month earlier, makes clear that Congress did not intend for
the NEA to be limited to statutes “which state that certain laws are deemed to be in
effect ‘during any . . . period of national emergency declared by the President’”—that
is, declared national emergency statutes. Id.; see National Emergencies Act: Hearings
on H.R. 3884 Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Law & Governmental Relations of the
H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 94th Cong. 91 (1975) (“NEA Hearings”) (statement of
Assistant Attorney General Scalia) (similar). Rather, as the House report also explains,
the NEA was designed to ensure that “statutes dependent upon the existence of states
of emergency [that] do not specifically say who shall declare them”—that is, national
emergency statutes—“will only be implemented by the President in accordance with
the terms of Title II and Title III” of the NEA. H.R. Rep. No. 94-238, at 6 (emphasis
added); see NEA Hearings at 91. The House report and Assistant Attorney General
Scalia’s testimony thus indicate that Congress intended that the President would im-
plement national emergency statutes “only . . . in accordance with” titles II and III of
the NEA.
    A subsequent passage from the House report reaffirms this intention. That pas-
sage (which again borrows nearly verbatim from Assistant Attorney General
Scalia’s testimony) explains that in some cases, “changes in law automatically take
effect during times of national emergency,” but that title III of the NEA would
“change this by establishing that no provision of law shall be triggered by a decla-
ration of national emergency unless and until the President specifies that provision
as one of those under which he or other officers will act.” H.R. Rep. No. 94-238,
at 7–8 (emphasis added); see NEA Hearings at 93 (similar). The report (and Assis-
tant Attorney General Scalia’s testimony) cite two statutes as “[e]xamples” of the
provisions that would be affected by title III of the NEA in this manner, and one of
those statutes—37 U.S.C. § 202(e)—was a national emergency statute. H.R. Rep.

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                     Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 40

No. 94-238, at 8 n.3; see NEA Hearings at 93; 37 U.S.C. § 202(e) (1970) (altering
the pay of certain rear admirals who served in active duty “in time of . . . national
emergency”). The inclusion of this statute as one of two such examples strongly
suggests that the drafters expected the NEA to apply to national emergency statutes.
    In footnote 78 of our Severe Energy Supply Interruption opinion, we identified
two pieces of legislative history as supporting the contrary view that statutes that do
not “expressly require the President to declare a national emergency” are “not sub-
ject to the provisions of” the NEA. 6 Op. O.L.C. at 674 n.78. On closer examination,
however, we do not think either of these passages from the legislative history sup-
ports such a conclusion.
    First, the 1978 opinion quoted a sentence from Assistant Attorney General
Scalia’s testimony, repeated in both the NEA’s House report and its principal Senate
report, stating that “[l]aws like the Defense Production Act of 1950, which do not
require a Presidential declaration of emergency for their use, are not affected by this
title [i.e., Title I]—even though they may be referred to in a lay sense as ‘emergency’
statutes.” Id. (second alteration in original) (quoting NEA Hearings at 91); see H.R.
Rep. No. 94-238, at 5; S. Rep. No. 94-1168, at 4 (1976). The opinion recognized
that this statement “refers only to Title I of the NEA,” but nevertheless appears to
have inferred from it that laws that “do not require a Presidential declaration of
emergency for their use” are categorically exempt from the NEA. Severe Energy
Supply Interruption, 6 Op. O.L.C. at 674 n.78. The basis for this inference, however,
is unclear. As Assistant Attorney General Scalia explained in the sentence preceding
the passage quoted in the 1978 opinion, his statement was based on the particular
terms of title I, which at the time he delivered his testimony expressly stated that
title I applied only to those statutes relying on “‘a general declaration of emergency
made by the President pursuant to a statute authorizing him to declare a national
emergency.’” NEA Hearings at 90–91 (emphasis added) (quoting H.R. 3884, 94th
Cong. § 101(b) (as introduced in House, Feb. 27, 1975)). 3 That language was re-
moved from the NEA before it was enacted, however, see 50 U.S.C. § 1601(a)–(b)

     3
       Indeed, Assistant Attorney General Scalia made this statement in part to draw a contrast between
titles I and II of the draft bill. The relevant portion of his testimony reads, in full:
        Any emergency declared after the date of enactment of this legislation would not be
        terminated by title I, but would instead fall under the limiting scheme created by title
        II. Moreover, title I would only affect those statutes whose conferral of powers is ex-
        pressly conditioned upon a Presidential declaration of national emergency. This is made
        clear by section 101(b), which defines the phrase “any national emergency in effect” to
        mean only “a general declaration of emergency made by the President pursuant to a
        statute authorizing him to declare a national emergency.”
        Thus, laws like the Defense Production Act of 1950, which do not require a Presidential
        declaration of emergency for their use, are not affected by this title—even though they
        may be referred to in a lay sense as “emergency” statutes.
NEA Hearings at 90–91. Furthermore, one paragraph after this discussion of title I, Assistant Attorney
General Scalia proceeded to separately describe the provisions and effects of title II. See id. at 91.

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                          Applicability of the National Emergencies Act

(2012) (terminating powers and authorities exercised pursuant to “a general decla-
ration of emergency made by the President”), and even in the draft discussed by
Assistant Attorney General Scalia it was applicable to title I alone. This passage
thus sheds no light on whether the enacted versions of titles II, III, and IV—the
forward-looking parts of the NEA with which we are concerned—apply to national
emergency statutes.
    Second, the Severe Energy Supply Interruption opinion quoted and relied upon
two sentences from the NEA’s Senate report to support its conclusion. The first
sentence states that “[t]he provisions of Title II . . . are designed to insure congres-
sional oversight of Presidential actions pursuant to declarations of a national emer-
gency authorized by an act of Congress.” 6 Op. O.L.C. at 674 n.78 (emphasis and
alterations in original) (quoting S. Rep. No. 94-1168, at 4). This statement remains
true, however, even if the NEA applies to national emergency statutes, because by
the Act’s terms, any statute that falls within the scope of 50 U.S.C. § 1621 may be
invoked only “pursuant to declarations of a national emergency authorized by an act
of Congress.” Id.; see 50 U.S.C. § 1621(b) (prohibiting the President from invoking
statutes unless he “specifically declares a national emergency” in accordance with
the NEA). The opinion also quoted a sentence from the Senate report stating that
the NEA “is directed solely to Presidential declarations of emergency.” Severe
Energy Supply Interruption, 6 Op. O.L.C. at 674 n.78 (emphasis in original) (quot-
ing S. Rep. No. 94-1168, at 4). But in context, this sentence only clarifies that the
NEA does not apply to or limit authorizations based on national emergencies de-
clared by Congress: the immediately preceding sentence explains that “[t]he provi-
sions of this bill are not meant to supersede existing provisions of law which au-
thorize declarations of emergency by the Congress.” S. Rep. No. 94-1168, at 4.
    The NEA’s legislative history, then, contains two strong indications that Con-
gress intended the Act to extend to national emergency statutes. Neither of the pas-
sages cited in our 1982 Severe Energy Supply Interruption opinion suggests that
Congress intended to limit the NEA to declared national emergency statutes, and
we have not found any other legislative history that supports such a reading. The
NEA’s legislative history thus reinforces what its text plainly provides: that the pro-
visions of the NEA extend to declared national emergency statutes and national
emergency statutes alike. 4

                                                  III.

   For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the NEA’s coverage is not limited
to statutes that expressly require the President to declare a national emergency. Ra-

    4
      We note that neither we nor any of the agencies with which we consulted in preparing this opinion
identified any administrative practice conducted in reliance on the interpretation of the NEA set forth in
our Severe Energy Supply Interruption opinion. See supra note 1. We also have not found any basis for
concluding that Congress acquiesced in or ratified that interpretation.

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                 Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 40

ther, the NEA applies to any statute “conferring powers and authorities to be exer-
cised during a national emergency,” unless Congress has exempted such a statute
from the Act. 50 U.S.C. § 1621(b).

                                               KARL R. THOMPSON
                                     Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General
                                               Office of Legal Counsel

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