Court Opinion

ID: 4669168
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-18 17:00:53.936894+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:26.110999
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 20-11640   Date Filed: 03/18/2021   Page: 1 of 10

                                                     [DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                              No. 20-11640
                          Non-Argument Calendar
                        ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 2:19-cv-00076-LGW,
                      Bkcy No. 2:19-bkc-20244-MJK

In re: MARVIN B. SMITH, III,
       SHARON H. SMITH,

                                                                  Debtors.

__________________________________________________________________

MARVIN B. SMITH, III,
SHARON H. SMITH,

                                                     Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                  versus

HSBC BANK USA,
HSBC BANK USA, N.A.,
HSBC BANK USA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,
as Trustee for the Holders of BCAP LLC Trust
2006-AA2, et al.,

                                                     Defendants-Appellees.
          USCA11 Case: 20-11640         Date Filed: 03/18/2021      Page: 2 of 10

                             ________________________

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Georgia
                           ________________________

                                    (March 18, 2021)

Before JILL PRYOR, LUCK, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       Marvin and Sharon Smith, proceeding pro se, 1 appeal the district court’s

order affirming the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the Smiths’ adversary

complaint filed against HSBC Bank USA, HSBC Bank USA, N.A., and HSBC

Bank USA, National Association as Trustee for the Holders of BCAP LLC Trust

2006-AA2 (collectively, “HSBC”). No reversible error has been shown; we

affirm.

1
 We construe liberally pro se pleadings. See Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262,
1263 (11th Cir. 1998).
                                              2
           USCA11 Case: 20-11640           Date Filed: 03/18/2021       Page: 3 of 10

I.     Background

       Briefly stated, the Smiths have sought -- for over a decade and in various

courts -- to challenge the foreclosure proceedings on their home in St. Simons

Island, Georgia (the “Property”). The adversary proceeding at issue in this appeal

represents one of those challenges. Given the complicated and lengthy procedural

history underlying this appeal, we will summarize the facts and proceedings only

as necessary to provide context for our decision.2

       In 2007, the Smiths filed for bankruptcy seeking to discharge over $2

million in mortgage debt on the Property (“Smith I”). On their bankruptcy

petition, the Smiths listed Countrywide Home Loans (“Countrywide”) as holding

two secured claims against the Property.

       In 2008, Countrywide -- as servicing agent for HSBC -- moved for relief

from the automatic stay under 11 U.S.C. § 362(a). The bankruptcy court denied

the motion but entered a Consent Order modifying the automatic stay to allow the

bankruptcy trustee to market the Property for sale. If the Property remained unsold

as of 4 May 2009, the automatic stay would terminate without further hearing or

order and foreclosure proceedings could commence.

2
  A more thorough description of the underlying factual and procedural history is set forth in the
district court’s decision in Smith v. HSBC Bank, N.A., 616 B.R. 438 (S.D. Ga. 2020).
                                               3
          USCA11 Case: 20-11640      Date Filed: 03/18/2021   Page: 4 of 10

      In July 2009, the bankruptcy court denied the Smiths’ motion to vacate the

Consent Order and stated that foreclosure on the still-unsold Property could

proceed. The district court affirmed; and we dismissed as frivolous the Smiths’

appeal.

      HSBC foreclosed on the Property in May 2015. On 1 June 2016, the

bankruptcy court entered an order discharging the Smiths’ debt under Chapter 7.

The Smiths were evicted from the Property in August 2017.

      In November 2017, the Smiths filed in the bankruptcy court an adversary

complaint against HSBC. The Smiths asserted that HSBC’s foreclosure and

eviction proceedings violated the automatic stay. The Smiths also alleged claims

for mortgage fraud and for elder abuse in violation of Georgia law.

      The bankruptcy court dismissed with prejudice the Smiths’ adversary

proceeding. The bankruptcy court first concluded that it lacked subject matter

jurisdiction over the Smiths’ state law claims for mortgage fraud and elder abuse --

claims that did not “arise under,” “arise in,” or “relate to” the Bankruptcy Code.

The bankruptcy court next concluded that the Smiths’ claims about HSBC’s

purported violation of the automatic stay were barred by res judicata. The district

court affirmed. This appeal followed.

                                          4
          USCA11 Case: 20-11640       Date Filed: 03/18/2021     Page: 5 of 10

II.   Discussion

      We review de novo legal conclusions of both the bankruptcy court and the

district court. See Finova Cap. Corp. v. Larson Pharmacy, Inc. (In re Optical

Techs., Inc.), 425 F.3d 1294, 1299-1300 (11th Cir. 2005). We review for clear

error the bankruptcy court’s factual findings. See id. at 1300.

      A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

      We review de novo questions of subject matter jurisdiction. See Univ. of S.

Ala. v. Am. Tobacco Co., 168 F.3d 405, 408 (11th Cir. 1999).

      The bankruptcy court has jurisdiction over three categories of proceedings:

“those that ‘arise under [T]itle 11,’ those that ‘arise in cases under [T]itle 11,’ and

those ‘related to cases under [T]itle 11.’” See Cont’l Nat’l Bank v. Sanchez (In re

Toledo), 170 F.3d 1340, 1344 (11th Cir. 1999) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b)). A

claim “arises under” Title 11 if it invokes a substantive right created by the

Bankruptcy Code. Id. at 1345. A claim arises in a case under Title 11 if it

involves “matters that could arise only in bankruptcy.” Id. A claim is sufficiently

“related to” Title 11 for jurisdictional purposes when the outcome of the

                                           5
         USCA11 Case: 20-11640       Date Filed: 03/18/2021    Page: 6 of 10

proceeding “could conceivably have an effect on the estate being administered in

bankruptcy.” See Wortley v. Bakst, 844 F.3d 1313, 1318-19, 1320 (11th Cir.

2017).

      The bankruptcy court committed no error in dismissing -- for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction -- the Smiths’ mortgage fraud and elder abuse claims. These

claims allege violations of Georgia law and invoke no right created by the

Bankruptcy Code or a matter arising only in bankruptcy. Nor would the resolution

of these claims have a conceivable effect on the bankruptcy estate. By the time the

Smiths filed this adversary proceeding in November 2017, the Property had been

abandoned and was no longer part of the bankruptcy estate; and the bankruptcy

estate had been already fully administered.

      B. Res Judicata

      “Res judicata, or claim preclusion, bars relitigation of matters that were

litigated or could have been litigated in an earlier suit.” Manning v. City of

Auburn, 953 F.2d 1355, 1358 (11th Cir. 1992). A claim is barred by the judgment

in a prior case when four elements are met: “(1) there is a final judgment on the

merits; (2) the decision was rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction; (3) the

                                          6
          USCA11 Case: 20-11640       Date Filed: 03/18/2021    Page: 7 of 10

parties, or those in privity with them, are identical in both suits; and (4) the same

cause of action is involved in both cases.” Ragsdale v. Rubbermaid, Inc., 193 F.3d

1235, 1238 (11th Cir. 1999). “Res judicata applies not only to the precise legal

theory presented in the previous litigation, but to all legal theories and claims

arising out of the same operative nucleus of fact.” Manning, 953 F.2d at 1358-59

(quotations omitted).

      The bankruptcy court determined properly that the Smiths’ claim -- that

HSBC’s foreclosure activities violated the automatic stay -- was barred by res

judicata. This claim is one that the Smiths have pursued repeatedly (and

unsuccessfully) in various courts over several years.

      In 2015, the Smiths filed a civil action challenging the foreclosure

proceedings on their home (“Smith II”). The Smiths moved the bankruptcy court

to stay a writ of possession granted to HSBC which the Smiths said violated the

bankruptcy court’s automatic stay. In a 9 August 2017 order, the district court

denied the motion on the merits, concluding that HSBC had been granted relief

from the automatic stay.

      The Smiths filed a materially similar motion to stay HSBC’s writ of

possession in Smith I. On 5 December 2017, the bankruptcy court denied that

motion as barred by res judicata based on the district court’s 9 August 2017 order

                                           7
           USCA11 Case: 20-11640      Date Filed: 03/18/2021   Page: 8 of 10

in Smith II. We affirmed both the district court’s 9 August 2017 order and the

bankruptcy court’s 5 December 2017 order on appeal. See Smith v. HSBC Bank

USA, N.A., 775 F. App’x 492 (11th Cir. 2019) (unpublished).

      In this adversary proceeding, the Smiths reiterate the same arguments raised

in Smith I and in Smith II. In the light of the procedural history underlying this

appeal, that the Smiths’ automatic-stay claim is barred by res judicata is clear.

      C. Default Judgment

      We next address the Smiths’ contention that they were entitled to a default

judgment because HSBC failed to file timely a responsive pleading to the Smiths’

adversary proceeding.

      We review the denial of a motion for a default judgment under an abuse-of-

discretion standard. Mitchell v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 294 F.3d

1309, 1316 (11th Cir. 2002). We have said that “[d]efault is to be used sparingly.”

Id. Given the wide range of lesser sanctions available, the “drastic remedy” of

entry of judgment by default is appropriate “only in extreme situations.” Id. at

1316-17.

                                          8
            USCA11 Case: 20-11640     Date Filed: 03/18/2021   Page: 9 of 10

       The district court determined that a default judgment was inappropriate in

this case given that HSBC was (at most) one day late in filing its motion to dismiss

and that the Smiths’ claims were dismissed properly as barred by res judicata and

for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The district court refused “to endorse this

‘gotcha’ style of litigating whereby the Smiths seek to prevail on a technicality

after they were unable to prevail on the merits of this frivolous and duplicative

litigation.”

       We accept that this case presents no “extreme situation” that would justify

the “drastic remedy” of default judgment. Given our “strong preference that cases

be heard on the merits” and given that the Smiths’ claims were facially invalid,

neither the bankruptcy court nor the district court abused its discretion in denying

the Smiths’ motions for a default judgment. See Wahl v. McIver, 773 F.2d 1169,

1174 (11th Cir. 1985) (concluding that no exceptional circumstances justified the

entry of a default judgment where -- despite an unexplained delay -- most

defendants answered the complaint shortly after the deadline, plaintiff suffered no

prejudice because of the delay, and most of plaintiff’s claims were facially

invalid).

       D. Constitutional Due Process

                                           9
         USCA11 Case: 20-11640        Date Filed: 03/18/2021    Page: 10 of 10

      On appeal, the Smiths also contend that adverse rulings by the bankruptcy

court and the district court denied the Smiths their due process right to object to the

real party in interest and to seek enforcement of the automatic stay. We reject

these conclusory arguments. Plaintiffs have been given ample notice and

opportunities to be heard -- in the bankruptcy court, the district court, and in this

Court -- throughout the course of this litigation. That Plaintiffs are dissatisfied

with the outcome of the proceedings establishes no constitutional violation.

      AFFIRMED.

                                           10