Court Opinion

ID: 4271568
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-05-01 19:46:02.289105+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:00.742284
License: Public Domain

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                 :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                                 :
                v.                               :
                                                 :
                                                 :
    EVANS ALEXANDER WYNN-TURNER                  :
                                                 :
                       Appellant                 :   No. 1410 MDA 2017

              Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence May 3, 2017
    In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Criminal Division at No(s):
                           CP-67-CR-0004144-2015

BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., DUBOW, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.:                                       FILED MAY 01, 2018

       Appellant, Evans Alexander Wynn-Turner, appeals pro se1 from the

judgment of sentence entered on May 3, 2017, in the York County Court of

Common Pleas. We affirm.

       The record reveals that at approximately 11:00 p.m., on April 27,

2015, York Police Officers responded to a 911 call concerning a man with a

weapon     at    319    East   King    Street.       N.T.,   Trial,   3/20/17,   at   96;

Complaint/Affidavit of Probable Cause, 4/28/15.              When officers arrived at
____________________________________________

1 On October 2, 2017, this Court remanded this matter for a hearing at
which the trial court was to determine if Appellant’s waiver of counsel was
knowing, voluntary, and intelligent pursuant to Commonwealth v. Grazier,
713 A.2d 81 (Pa. 1998). Order, 10/2/17. On October 23, 2017, the trial
court held a Grazier hearing, and the trial court was satisfied that Appellant
properly waived his right to counsel. Order, 10/23/17. However, the trial
court appointed Attorney Alice Glasser as stand-by counsel. Id.
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the residence, they were permitted entry and spoke to Ms. Lakiesha Liggins.

N.T., Trial, 3/20/17, at 97.          Ms. Liggins provided a written statement

informing the officers that she called the police because she had ended her

relationship with Appellant, and when she told him that he needed to vacate

the premises, Appellant brandished a gun and threatened to kill her. N.T.,

Hearing, 2/29/16, at 14-15.2 Police then searched the home. Officer Paul

Thorne testified that when he looked out of a window on the third floor, he

saw a lunch box on the roof of a neighboring house. N.T., Trial, 3/20/17, at

98. Officer Thorne requested a ladder from the fire department, and with

the ladder in place, he climbed to the roof and retrieved the lunch box. Id.

at 100. Inside the lunch box, Officer Thorne discovered a loaded handgun.

Id. at 101-104.      Ms. Liggins testified at the habeas corpus hearing that the

lunch box belonged to her son and the gun found inside was the gun that

was kept at her house. N.T., Hearing, 2/29/16, at 10, 14.

       Officer Matthew Tunnal testified that he located Appellant on the third

floor of the house. N.T., Trial, 3/20/17, at 115. Appellant was calm until

Officer Sean Haggarty informed him that the firearm had been recovered.

Id. at 110.     Appellant then began sweating profusely.      Id.   The officers

____________________________________________

2 It does not appear that this written statement was ever admitted into
evidence. Rather, Ms. Liggins’s April 27, 2015 statement was used for
impeachment purposes as a prior inconsistent statement, and Ms. Liggins
testified that she had written the statement and signed it. N.T., Hearing,
2/29/16, at 15-16.

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arrested Appellant and charged him with receiving stolen property, simple

assault, terroristic threats, and persons not to possess firearms.3

       Despite the 911 call and the written statement she gave to police, Ms.

Liggins later disavowed her claim that Appellant brandished a firearm, and at

trial, Ms. Liggins refused to testify. In light of Ms. Liggins’s recantation, the

Commonwealth sought to have her testimony from Appellant’s preliminary

hearing and habeas corpus hearing admitted under Pa.R.E. 804(a)(2).

Appellant did not object to the admissibility of Ms. Liggins’s prior testimony.4

However, Appellant did object to the Commonwealth having Ms. Liggins’s

written statement to police and the recording of her 911 call admitted into

evidence. N.T., Trial, 3/20.17, at 86. The Commonwealth sought to use Ms.

Liggins’s written statement and 911 call as evidence that Appellant

possessed the gun that was later discovered on the neighbor’s roof.

       After   consideration,     the   trial   court   concluded   that   the   written

statement could be used for impeachment purposes as a prior inconsistent

____________________________________________

318 Pa.C.S. § 3925(a), 18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(3), 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(a)(1),
and 18 Pa.C.S. § 6105(a)(1), respectively.

4 A declarant is considered unavailable as a witness if the declarant refuses
to testify about the subject matter despite a court order to do so. Pa.R.E.
804(a)(2).    When the declarant is unavailable, the declarant’s prior
testimony is admissible where it is offered against a party who had a “full
and fair” opportunity to examine the witness.        Pa.R.E. 804(b)(1) and
comment thereto (citing Commonwealth v. Bazemore, 614 A.2d 684 (Pa.
1992)).

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statement5 and the 911 call was admitted as an excited utterance under

Pa.R.E. 803(2). N.T., Trial, 3/20/17, at 88-90; Memorandum Denying Post-

Sentence Motion, 8/31/17, at 3-5.

       Despite Ms. Liggins’s refusal to testify at trial and recantation of her

statement that Appellant had pointed a gun at her, the record reveals that

she did admit calling 911 on the night in question.             N.T., Preliminary

Hearing, 6/29/15, at 6.        Additionally, Ms. Liggins testified previously that

Appellant had a gun, threatened to kill her, and that the gun the police

retrieved was the gun that was kept at her house. Id. at 6-9, 15. However,

Ms. Liggins stated that the gun belonged to a former paramour, and she

emphasized that the gun was not discovered inside her house. Id. at 14-15.

____________________________________________

5 Specifically, the trial court noted that it is within its discretion to permit a
party to impeach its own witness with a prior inconsistent statement and
stated as follows:

       Such discretion is properly invoked after the trial court considers
       the following factors:

       (1) whether the testimony was unexpected;

       (2) whether the testimony was contradictory;

       (3) whether the testimony was harmful to the party calling the
       witness and beneficial to the opposing side; and

       (4) whether the scope of cross-examination was excessive.

Memorandum Denying Post-Sentence Motion, 8/31/17, at 4-5 (quoting
Commonwealth v. Grimes, 648 A.2d 538, 543-544 (Pa. Super. 1994)
(citation omitted)).

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      On March 22, 2017, a jury found Appellant guilty of persons not to

possess firearms and acquitted him of the remaining charges.       On May 3,

2017, the trial court sentenced Appellant to a term of four to eight years of

incarceration. Appellant filed timely post-sentence motions that were denied

on August 31, 2017. This timely appeal followed. Both Appellant and the

trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      On appeal, Appellant raises the following issues for this Court’s

consideration:

      1. Was the verdict rendered impermissibly inconsistent?

      2. Was the evidence   presented at trial so patently unreliable and
      contradictory, that   the jury’s verdict could only have been
      arrived at through     speculation and conjecture, making the
      evidence presented     insufficient to establish guilt beyond a
      reasonable doubt?

      3. Did the trial court abuse its discretion when it admitted an
      inconsistent written statement of an unavailable witness as
      substantive evidence?

      4. Was Appellant[’]s right to confront and cross-examine adverse
      witnesses as guaranteed by the [S]ixth [A]mendment [to] the
      United States Constitution, and Article 1, § 9 of the
      Pennsylva[n]ia Constitution violated by the admission into
      evidence of the inconsistent written statement of an unavailable
      witness?

      5. Did the trial court abuse its discretion when it admitted an
      excited utterance into evidence without the proper foundation
      being laid for its admission, and only to show that an exciting
      event may have occurred?

      6. Was Appellant[’]s right to confront and cross-examine adverse
      witnesses as guaranteed by the [S]ixth [A]mendment [to] the
      United States Constitution, and Article 1, § 9 of the
      Pensylvai[n]a Constitution violated by the admission into

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       evidence of the telephone call alleged to be an excited
       utterance?

       7. Is Appellant[’]s conviction a violation of due process since it
       was based solely on inconsistent statements of an unavailable
       witness?

       8. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in denying Appellant[’]s
       motion for a new trial on the grounds, that the verdict was
       against the weight of the evidence?

Appellant’s Brief at 5.6

       At the outset, we note that appellate briefs and reproduced records

must materially conform to the requirements of the Pennsylvania Rules of

Appellate Procedure. Commonwealth v. Adams, 882 A.2d 496, 497 (Pa.

Super. 2005) (citing Pa.R.A.P. 2101). “This Court may quash or dismiss an

appeal if the appellant fails to conform to the requirements set forth in the

Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure.” Adams, 882 A.2d at 497-498

(citations omitted).       Although this Court is willing to liberally construe

materials filed by a pro se litigant, pro se status confers no special benefit

upon the appellant, and any person choosing to represent himself in a legal

proceeding must, to a reasonable extent, assume that his lack of expertise

and legal training will be his undoing. Id. at 498 (citation omitted). If the

defects in an appellant’s brief are substantial, the appeal may be quashed or

dismissed. Pa.R.A.P. 2101.

____________________________________________

6 For purposes of our discussion and disposition, we have renumbered
Appellant’s issues.

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      After review, we are constrained to point out that the argument

portion of Appellant’s pro se brief reveals nearly no correlation to the

statement of questions presented.      This failure caused our Court to scour

Appellant’s brief in an effort to find any argument that corresponded to the

issues Appellant purported to raise on appeal. Although Appellant’s brief is

deficient, we conclude that it does not completely prohibit our review, and

we decline to quash the appeal.

      In his first and second issues, Appellant argues that the jury’s verdict

was improper, as it was inconsistent with the evidence. Appellant’s Brief at

11-18.   Appellant points out that a guilty verdict cannot stand when the

Commonwealth’s evidence is so lacking that the jury’s verdict is the product

of   surmise   and    conjecture.      Appellant’s   Brief   at   17-18   (citing

Commonwealth         v.   Farquharson,    354 A.2d 545   (Pa.   1976),   and

Commonwealth v. Karkaria, 625 A.2d 1167, 1170 (Pa. 1993)). However,

after reviewing Appellant’s brief, it is difficult to discern from paragraph to

paragraph whether Appellant is challenging the weight of the evidence, the

sufficiency of the evidence, or is simply unhappy with the result of the trial.

      As noted above, Appellant was charged with receiving stolen property,

simple assault, terroristic threats, and persons not to possess firearms, but

he was convicted only of persons not to possess firearms.            Appellant’s

argument is largely undeveloped, but he claims that the verdict cannot stand

due its inconsistency and avers that his acquittal on the other charges

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required the jury to engage in “surmise and conjecture.” Appellant’s Brief at

17-18. We conclude that no relief is due.

      It is well settled that inconsistent verdicts are permissible in

Pennsylvania. Commonwealth v. Barnes, 167 A.3d 110, 120 (Pa. Super.

2017) (citation omitted).

      [I]nconsistent verdicts, while often perplexing, are not
      considered mistakes and do not constitute a basis for reversal.
      Consistency in verdicts in criminal cases is not necessary. When
      an acquittal on one count in an indictment is inconsistent with a
      conviction on a second count, the court looks upon the acquittal
      as no more than the jury’s assumption of a power which they
      had no right to exercise, but to which they were disposed
      through lenity. Thus, this Court will not disturb guilty verdicts on
      the basis of apparent inconsistencies as long as there is evidence
      to support the verdict. The rule that inconsistent verdicts do not
      constitute reversible error applies even where the acquitted
      offense is a lesser included offense of the charge for which a
      defendant is found guilty.

Id. (citation omitted). In the case at bar, the trial court addressed this issue

as follows:

            The jury, as fact finder, was free to believe all, part, or
      none of the evidence. The jury chose not to believe the various
      statements by Lakiesha Liggins that [Appellant] threatened to
      put her in fear of imminent serious bodily injury, or that he
      communicated a threat to commit any crime of violence with the
      intent to terrorize her. However, the jury chose to believe that
      the DNA and other inculpatory evidence that the Commonwealth
      adduced at trial proved beyond a reasonable doubt that
      [Appellant] possessed a firearm when he was prohibited from
      doing so. Moreover, as indicated in the Trial Court’s
      “Memorandum Order Denying Defendant’s Post-Sentence
      Motion” (hereinafter “Memorandum Order”) issued and entered
      on August 31, 2017, there was sufficient evidence for the jury to
      do so. Also, the fact that the jury chose not to believe that
      [Appellant] knew the gun was stolen or that it had probably been
      stolen, thereby finding him not guilty of receiving stolen

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      property, is not inconsistent with a finding of guilt for the
      commission of the crime of Persons Not to Possess a Firearm.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/2/17, at 2. We conclude that Appellant’s challenge

to the inconsistent verdict is meritless.

      Insofar as Appellant is challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, we

review such claims under the following standard:

             Our standard when reviewing the sufficiency of the
      evidence is whether the evidence at trial, and all reasonable
      inferences derived therefrom, when viewed in the light most
      favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict-winner, are sufficient
      to establish all elements of the offense beyond a reasonable
      doubt.     We may not weigh the evidence or substitute our
      judgment for that of the fact-finder. Additionally, the evidence
      at trial need not preclude every possibility of innocence, and the
      fact-finder is free to resolve any doubts regarding a defendant’s
      guilt unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a
      matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the
      combined circumstances. When evaluating the credibility and
      weight of the evidence, the fact-finder is free to believe all, part
      or none of the evidence. For purposes of our review under these
      principles, we must review the entire record and consider all of
      the evidence introduced.

Commonwealth v. Trinidad, 96 A.3d 1031, 1038 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(citation omitted).

      The elements of the crime of persons not to possess a firearm are as

follows:

      (a) Offense defined.—

      (1) A person who has been convicted of an offense enumerated
      in subsection (b), within or without this Commonwealth,
      regardless of the length of sentence or whose conduct meets the
      criteria in subsection (c) shall not possess, use, control, sell,
      transfer or manufacture or obtain a license to possess, use,

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      control, sell, transfer   or   manufacture   a   firearm   in   this
      Commonwealth.

18 Pa.C.S. § 6105(a)(1).     The only element of this crime that Appellant

disputes is possession. Appellant’s Brief at 18.

      As set forth above, Appellant was not in physical possession of the

firearm when he was arrested; the firearm was discovered on the roof of a

neighbor’s house.   When an individual is charged with possessing an illicit

item but that item is not found on his person, the Commonwealth may

establish the elements of the possessory offense through “constructive

possession.”   Commonwealth v. Smith, 146 A.3d 257, 263 (Pa. Super.

2016).

      Constructive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic construct
      to deal with the realities of criminal law enforcement.
      Constructive possession is an inference arising from a set of
      facts that possession of the contraband was more likely than not.
      We have defined constructive possession as conscious dominion.
      We subsequently defined conscious dominion as the power to
      control the contraband and the intent to exercise that control.
      To aid application, we have held that constructive possession
      may be established by the totality of the circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Parker, 847 A.2d 745, 750 (Pa. Super. 2004) (internal

citations and quotation marks omitted).

      When viewed in the light most favorable to Commonwealth, the

evidence presented at trial established that Appellant entered the home,

brandished a firearm, and proceeded to the third floor of the home, but

when police arrived, Appellant no longer possessed the firearm. Officer Paul

Thorne testified that he suspected Appellant threw it out of a window on the

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third floor. N.T., 3/20/17, at 97. When the officer looked out of a window

on the third floor, he saw a lunch box on the roof of a neighboring house.

Id. at 98.     The firearm was discovered in a lunch box belonging to Ms.

Liggins’s son.    Moreover, a DNA expert testified that the evidence showed

that the DNA mixture from a swab of the firearm revealed that it was 70,740

times more likely that the DNA on the firearm originated from Appellant and

two unknown individuals. N.T., Trial, 3/21/17, at 18.         Viewed together, it

was reasonable for the jury to conclude that Appellant possessed the firearm

and subsequently placed the gun in the lunch box and threw it out of the

window on to the neighbor’s roof.              We conclude that the evidence was

sufficient to establish that Appellant constructively possessed the firearm.

       Turning    to   Appellant’s    next several claims    of error,   we   have

endeavored to give Appellant the benefit of the doubt when it comes to his

construct and development of his issues on appeal; we must point out,

however, that Appellant’s arguments lack focus.             After our review, we

conclude that the crux of Appellant’s arguments is not related to the

verdict—it is largely related to the trial court’s evidentiary rulings.7 In issues

three through seven, Appellant somewhat more cogently challenges the

evidentiary rulings concerning Ms. Liggins’s written statement and 911 call.

____________________________________________

7We are constrained to note that it is not the duty or responsibility of this
Court to formulate Appellant’s claims or arguments. Commonwealth v.
Roney, 79 A.3d 595, 610 n.12 (Pa. 2013).

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      Appellant alleges that Ms. Liggins’s written statement and her 911 call

are inadmissible hearsay. Appellant’s Brief at 11-16, 19-22, 30, 32, 35, and

37-38. “Hearsay is per se inadmissible except as provided in the Rules of

Evidence.”    Commonwealth v. Hood, 872 A.2d 175, 181 (Pa. Super.

2005). We first address Ms. Liggin’s written statement.

      Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 613(b) sets forth the requirements for

using extrinsic evidence of a witness’s prior inconsistent statement:

      (b) Extrinsic Evidence of a Witness’s Prior Inconsistent
      Statement. Unless the interests of justice otherwise require,
      extrinsic evidence of a witness’s prior inconsistent statement is
      admissible only if, during the examination of the witness,

             (1) the statement, if written, is shown to, or if not
             written, its contents are disclosed to, the witness;

             (2) the witness is given an opportunity to explain or
             deny the making of the statement; and

             (3) an adverse party is given an opportunity to
             question the witness.

Pa.R.E. 613(b). Pursuant to Rule 613(b), prior inconsistent statements may

be   admitted    for   purposes   of   impeachment.        Commonwealth        v.

Charleston, 16 A.3d 505, 527 (Pa. Super. 2011), abrogated on other

grounds by In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073 (Pa. 2013).

      As noted above, the trial court allowed the written statement for

impeachment purposes. It is well settled that the admissibility of evidence is

left to the sound discretion of the trial court, and the trial court’s ruling will

not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.             Commonwealth v.

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Golphin, 161 A.3d 1009, 1022 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation omitted).        “An

abuse of discretion may not be found merely because an appellate court

might have reached a different conclusion, but requires a result of manifest

unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of

support so as to be clearly erroneous.” Commonwealth v. Henkel, 938
A.2d 433, 440 (Pa. Super. 2007).

       The written statement was used as a prior inconsistent statement to

impeach Ms. Liggins’s contradictory statement that Appellant did not have a

gun.   N.T., Hearing, 2/29/16, at 15.    A non-party witness may be cross-

examined on prior statements they have made when those statements

contradict their in-court testimony.    Commonwealth v. Carmody, 799
A.2d 143, 148 (Pa. Super. 2002). As noted, prior inconsistent statements

are admissible for impeachment purposes.           Id.    Moreover, a prior

inconsistent statement may be offered as substantive evidence if it meets

additional requirements of reliability: 1) was the statement given under

reliable circumstances; and 2) was the declarant available for cross-

examination. Id.

       We are cognizant that Carmody contemplates prior inconsistent

statements on cross-examination.       However, it is within the trial court’s

discretion to permit a party to impeach its own witness with prior

inconsistent statements.   Commonwealth v. Grimes, 648 A.2d 538, 543

(Pa. Super. 1994).

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     Here, when Ms. Liggins refused to testify at trial, the Commonwealth

sought to treat her as a hostile witness as on cross-examination. N.T., Trial,

3/20/17, at 78. The trial court did not specifically rule on this because the

court opined that Ms. Liggins was refusing to answer any questions, hostile

or otherwise.   Id. The trial court then inquired if the Commonwealth had

any prior statements made by Ms. Liggins.         Id.    The Commonwealth

proceeded to ask Ms. Liggins if she had made that prior inconsistent

statement, and she agreed that she had. Id. at 80. Moreover, we note that

Ms. Liggins read the written statement into evidence at the preliminary

hearing, and the notes of testimony from that hearing were admitted into

evidence. While Ms. Liggins was clearly unavailable for cross-examination at

trial, which is required for the statement to be admitted as substantive

evidence under Carmody, she was available when the statement was read

into the record at the preliminary hearing as noted by the court. N.T., Trial,

3/20/17, at 89.   Ultimately, we conclude that the portions of the written

statement introduced via the trial court’s discretion and through prior

testimony were properly admitted.

     Turning to the 911 call, we note that the trial court examined the 911

call under the excited utterance exception to our rule against hearsay.

Pa.R.E. 803(2).

           An excited utterance, as an exception to the hearsay rule,
     is a statement relating to a startling event or condition made
     while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused
     by the event or condition. Pa.R.E., Rule 803(2), 42 Pa. Cons.

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     Stat. Ann. The Comment to this exception states that this
     exception has a more narrow base than the exception for a
     present sense impression [(Pa.R.E., Rule 803(1)], because it
     requires an event or condition that is startling. Id., Comment–
     1998 (emphasis in original). Further, an excited utterance (1)
     need not describe ... the startling event ...; it need only relate to
     it, and (2) need not be made contemporaneously with, or
     immediately after, the startling event.

Hood, 872 A.2d at 181 (emphasis in original; internal quotation marks

omitted).

     In Hood, this Court thoroughly explained the requirements, including

corroboration,   when   admitting   hearsay   under   the   excited   utterance

exception to the rule against hearsay and distinguished it from the present

sense impression exception:

            The Commonwealth initially argues that because the
     declarants in the 911 tape stated that they viewed the shooting,
     sufficient independent corroborating evidence was provided.
     However, that argument has been rejected by an en banc panel
     of this Court. [Commonwealth v. Upshur, 764 A.2d 69, 76-77
     (Pa. Super. 2000)]. In Upshur, when considering whether a
     statement qualified as an excited utterance, an en banc panel of
     this Court held that the declarant’s assertion [alone] that he
     witnessed the event was “insufficient to establish the
     trustworthiness of the out-of-court statement.” Id. As such, we
     cannot accept the Commonwealth’s argument. Commonwealth
     v. Bucknor, 441 Pa.Super. 441, 657 A.2d 1005, 1007 n.1
     (1995), appeal denied, 542 Pa. 640, 666 A.2d 1050 (1995) (A
     three judge panel cannot overrule en banc decisions of this
     Court).

          However, Pa.R.E. Rule 803(1), the present sense
     impression exception to the rule against hearsay, does not

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       explicitly adopt the Carney rule,[8] and no case subsequent to
       codification has done so either. Pa.R.E., Rule 803(1), 42 Pa.
       Cons. Stat. Ann. The present sense impression exception,
       regardless of the availability of the declarant to testify at trial,
       allows the admission of “a statement describing or explaining an
       event or condition made while the declarant was perceiving the
       event or condition, or immediately thereafter ....” Pa.R.E., Rule
       803(1), 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. The observation must be made
       at the time of the event or shortly thereafter, making it unlikely
       that the declarant had the opportunity to form an intent to
       misstate his observation. Consequently, the trustworthiness of
       the statement depends upon the timing of the declaration.
       Commonwealth v. Gray, 867 A.2d 560, 570 (Pa. Super. 2005).

              The rationale for this exception is that the “relative
       immediacy of the declaration insures that there will have been
       little opportunity for reflection or calculated misstatement.”
       Commonwealth v. Coleman, 458 Pa. 112, 116, 326 A.2d 387,
       389 (1974). “In addition, the present sense impression does not
       require that the comments be made to another person also
       present at the scene, but may be made over the telephone.”
       [Commonwealth v. Cunningham, 805 A.2d 566, 573 (Pa.
       Super. 2002)].

Hood, 872 A.2d at 181.

       In a case where this Court concluded that a 911 call was an example

of a present sense impression, we explained as follows:

             The present sense impression exception to the hearsay
       rule permits testimony of declarations concerning conditions or
       non-exciting events observed by the declarant. Commonwealth
       v. Harper, 419 Pa.Super. 1, 614 A.2d 1180, 1183 (1992),
____________________________________________

8 Carney v. Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 496, 240 A.2d 71, 75 (Pa. 1968)
(the party seeking the admission of the out-of-court statement must
demonstrate through corroborating evidence that the declarant actually
viewed the event of which she speaks).

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     appeal denied, 533 Pa. 649, 624 A.2d 109 (1993). The
     observation must be made at the time of the event or so shortly
     thereafter that it is unlikely that the declarant had the
     opportunity to form the purpose of misstating his observation.
     Commonwealth v. Blackwell, 343 Pa.Super. 201, 494 A.2d
426, 431 (1985). In addition, the present sense impression does
     not require that the comments be made to another person also
     present at the scene, but may be made over the telephone.
     Commonwealth v. Harris, 442 Pa.Super. 6, 658 A.2d 392, 395
     (1995).

           In Commonwealth v. Young, 561 Pa. 34, 748 A.2d 166
     (1999), our Supreme Court explained the following regarding the
     interplay between the right to confrontation of a witness and
     exceptions to the hearsay rule:

           With respect to the confrontation issue, the United
           states Supreme Court in Dutton v. Evans, 400 U.S.
74, 91 S. Ct. 210, 27 L. Ed. 2d 213 (1970), held that a
           statement that came within an exception to the
           hearsay rule would not violate the Confrontation
           Clause if it had sufficient “indicia of reliability.”

     Young, 748 A.2d at 177.

Commonwealth v. Cunningham, 805 A.2d 566, 573, (Pa. Super. 2002).

     Applying these principles, we are satisfied that there was no abuse of

discretion in the trial court admitting the 911 call into evidence.     Ms.

Liggins’s 911 call was made while she was experiencing the events

underlying Appellant’s criminal charges and, therefore, was admissible as a

present sense impression exception to the rule against hearsay.      To the

extent that the trial court focused its rationale on the excited utterance

exception, we note that we may affirm the decision of the trial court on any

correct basis. See Commonwealth v. Wilcox, 174 A.3d 670, 674 n.4 (Pa.

Super. 2017) (explaining that the Superior Court is not bound by the

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rationale of the trial court, and we may affirm the trial court’s order on any

basis supported by the record) (citation omitted).

      In Appellant’s final issue, he challenges the weight of the evidence. “A

motion for new trial on the grounds that the verdict is contrary to the weight

of the evidence, concedes that there is sufficient evidence to sustain the

verdict.”   Commonwealth v. Rayner, 153 A.3d 1049, 1054 (Pa. Super.

2016) (quoting Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa.

2000)). Our Supreme Court has described the standard applied to a weight-

of-the-evidence claim as follows:

      The decision to grant or deny a motion for a new trial based
      upon a claim that the verdict is against the weight of the
      evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court. Thus,
      “the function of an appellate court on appeal is to review the trial
      court’s exercise of discretion based upon a review of the record,
      rather than to consider de novo the underlying question of the
      weight of the evidence.” An appellate court may not overturn the
      trial court’s decision unless the trial court “palpably abused its
      discretion in ruling on the weight claim.” Further, in reviewing a
      challenge to the weight of the evidence, a verdict will be
      overturned only if it is “so contrary to the evidence as to shock
      one’s sense of justice.”

Commonwealth v. Cash, 137 A.3d 1262, 1270 (Pa. 2016) (internal

citations omitted).   A trial court’s determination that a verdict was not

against the interest of justice is “[o]ne of the least assailable reasons” for

denying a new trial. Commonwealth v. Colon–Plaza, 136 A.3d 521, 529

(Pa. Super. 2016) (quoting Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1055

(Pa. 2013)). A verdict is against the weight of the evidence where “certain

facts are so clearly of greater weight that to ignore them or to give them

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equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice.”     Commonwealth v.

Lyons, 833 A.2d 245, 258 (Pa. Super. 2003) (quoting Widmer, 744 A.2d at

751-752).

     We observe that Appellant’s weight-of-the-evidence argument largely

rehashes his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. In our discussion

relative to the sufficiency of the evidence, we concluded that the evidence

was sufficient to establish that Appellant constructively possessed the

firearms.   After our review of the record, we agree with the trial court that

as the ultimate fact-finder, the jury properly weighed the evidence. As the

trial court concluded: “the verdict is not contrary to the evidence and does

not shock the [trial court’s] sense of justice.” Memorandum Denying Post-

Sentence Motion, 8/31/17, at 12. We discern no abuse of discretion in the

trial court’s conclusion that the verdict was not against the weight of the

evidence.

     For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that Appellant is entitled

to no relief. We therefore affirm Appellant’s judgment of sentence.

     Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 05/01/2018

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