Court Opinion

ID: 9960752
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-16 21:19:41.275501+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:19:50.598334
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                       Washington State
                                                                                       Court of Appeals
                                                                                        Division Two

                                                                                        April 16, 2024

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II
 STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                              No. 57561-2-II

                       Respondent,

        v.
                                                             UNPUBLISHED OPINION
 NICHOLAS JONATHON McCOSHUM,

                       Appellant.

       PRICE, J. — Nicholas J. McCoshum appeals his convictions for one count of second degree

assault (assault with a deadly weapon) and one count of first degree unlawful possession of a

firearm. McCoshum had previous criminal convictions, and at trial, evidence of three of these

convictions was admitted.

       McCoshum challenges his convictions with numerous arguments of ineffective assistance

of counsel predominantly related to his counsel’s failure to object to the evidence of his prior

convictions, including his counsel’s failure to challenge a previous conviction from Oregon on

comparability grounds at sentencing.

       In addition, McCoshum claims that the trial court erred in failing to give a unanimity

instruction on the first degree unlawful possession of a firearm charge and by imposing a $500

crime victim penalty assessment (VPA). Finally, McCoshum raises several other claims in a

statement of additional grounds (SAG).

       We affirm McCoshum’s convictions.         However, we hold that McCoshum’s counsel

provided ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to challenge the comparability of the Oregon
No. 57561-2-II

conviction at sentencing. Accordingly, we reverse for resentencing. On remand, the trial court

must also strike the VPA.

                                             FACTS

I. BACKGROUND

        One day in July 2021, McCoshum was fishing on the shores of the Columbia River. A

boat, driven by Daniel Peshkov, caught McCoshum’s fishing line in its engine. McCoshum’s

fishing rod was ripped from his hands and pulled into the water.

        Peshkov noticed that McCoshum’s fishing line was caught in the propeller but was unable

to find the fishing rod. Peshkov then brought his boat back to the dock.

        McCoshum watched the boat dock. He walked up to Peshkov and asked for either the

return of his fishing rod or to be reimbursed for its $600 value. Peshkov apologized and said he

did not see the fishing line in the water. However, Peshkov seemingly scoffed at McCoshum’s

request for reimbursement and asked him whether he could prove the rod was really worth $600.

Peshkov then got in his truck and drove less than a half mile up a hill to drain the water from his

boat.

        McCoshum drove up to Peshkov with his truck, blocked him from leaving, and confronted

him again. Peshkov could not hear what McCoshum was saying, so he walked over closer to

McCoshum’s truck. As Peshkov approached, McCoshum pointed a gun at his face.

        McCoshum told Peshkov more than once that he really wanted to shoot him but said

Peshkov was lucky because he was “sane” at that moment. Verbatim Rep. of Proc. (VRP) at 167.

While pointing his gun, McCoshum demanded Peshkov give him his name and phone number.

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No. 57561-2-II

Fearful of being shot, Peshkov gave his contact information, which McCoshum wrote down on a

one dollar bill.

        After McCoshum drove away with the contact information, McCoshum called Peshkov

twice and left an inaudible voice mail.

        Peshkov called 911. Shortly thereafter, law enforcement found McCoshum at a gas station

and placed him under arrest. When asked about a firearm, McCoshum gave conflicting answers.

He first told law enforcement that “there was no firearm” and that he “did not . . . have a firearm.”

VRP at 195, 197. But later, McCoshum claimed he “didn’t assault anyone. [His] gun wasn’t even

loaded.” VRP at 198 (emphasis added). McCoshum also admitted to law enforcement that he

“wished to shoot” Peshkov. VRP at 197.

        Law enforcement eventually searched McCoshum’s truck. In a backpack, law enforcement

found a handgun engraved with McCoshum’s initials. The officers also discovered a canister of

muzzle-loading propellant, a bottle of blue lubricant, ball ammunition, and percussion caps. Law

enforcement did not test fire the gun, but it appeared functional and likely could be operated using

the other components discovered in the backpack.

        Following its investigation, the State charged McCoshum with one count of second degree

assault (assault with a deadly weapon) and one count of first degree unlawful possession of a

firearm.

II. PRETRIAL HEARINGS

        More than a year later, the case proceeded to pretrial hearings. The trial court first asked

the parties to address potential impeachment evidence under ER 609. The State disclosed its

intention to introduce evidence of three prior convictions—two 2006 convictions for second

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No. 57561-2-II

degree robbery and one 2016 Oregon conviction for attempted kidnapping—if McCoshum

testified. McCoshum did not object to using these convictions for the purposes of impeachment.

       Next, with respect to the unlawful possession of a firearm charge, McCoshum did not

stipulate to the three prior convictions, each of which would satisfy the predicate serious offense

element of the crime. As a result, the State said it would also introduce the same three previous

convictions for this separate purpose.

       The trial court then asked the State whether it believed that the specific convictions should

be referenced as an element of the unlawful possession of a firearm charge. The State responded,

       That’s how it’s currently charged [in the information]. I think there’s a possibility
       for sanitation, but as it’s currently charged, and there hasn’t been a request for
       sanitation, yes, Your Honor.

VRP at 16.

       The trial court turned to defense counsel and asked whether they believed the prior

convictions, which were specifically listed in the information, should be referenced to the jury,

including in the trial court’s initial comments to the jury. Specifically, the trial court asked:

       Let me be a little bit more direct with that, [defense counsel]. So based on the
       charging document is it your position that the State should be allowed to talk about
       the specific convictions as part of the elements of that particular charge, or that
       there should just be a reference to prior felony convictions that prohibit him from
       possessing a firearm?

VRP at 17. Defense counsel answered, “A reference to the specific convictions that prohibit him

from possessing a firearm, the latter, Your Honor.” VRP at 17.

       The trial court pursued its question again, and the following exchange took place:

       The Court: . . . And are you comfortable with that?
       [Defense counsel]: Yes, Your Honor.
       The Court: Okay. Anything further about that, [from the State]?

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No. 57561-2-II

        [The State]: Your Honor, that’s an issue that can be raised by Defense. They’re not
        raising it in this case. So it seems like . . . a tactical decision.

VRP at 17.

        The trial court stated that it would follow up with McCoshum on this issue before the start

of trial, saying,

        All right. If that changes . . . [defense counsel], make sure you let [the State] know
        that prior to Monday, and then we’ll address that Monday before we get started
        with the jury. If it’s not raised otherwise, I’ll assume that that’s the specific
        approach that the Defense wants to take is to have those specific charges and dates
        identified to the jury.

VRP at 17-18.

        A few days later, the trial court held another pretrial hearing and addressed the State’s

motions in limine, including one in which the State requested to admit certified copies of

McCoshum’s judgments and sentences for his earlier convictions. McCoshum did not object. The

trial court granted the motion and ruled that the certified copies of the judgments and sentences

would be admitted (without including the portion listing McCoshum’s criminal history). The face

of the 2016 Oregon judgment and sentence for attempting kidnapping showed that the conviction

was the result of a “no contest” plea. Ex. 7 at 2.

        While discussing jury instructions, the trial court returned, yet again, to the issue of whether

McCoshum’s three prior convictions should be actually identified in the trial court’s opening

instructions to the jury. The trial court asked McCoshum whether he wished to explore the issue

further, or if he

        remain[ed] comfortable with having those specific convictions identified in the
        initial instruction to the jury?

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No. 57561-2-II

VRP at 62. McCoshum agreed to have the convictions identified, responding that he “remain[ed]

comfortable” and that he had “no objections.” VRP at 62.

III. TRIAL

       Peshkov and two law enforcement officers testified consistently with the facts above.

Peshkov also described the gun that McCoshum pointed at him was “like one of those guns you

see in country movies, like the revolver.” VRP at 167. Law enforcement described the gun found

in McCoshum’s truck as resembling a shortened down version of an “old musket style” that you

might see in “a civil war reenactment or movie.” VRP at 206.

       McCoshum testified in his own defense. McCoshum admitted encountering Peshkov,

asking him if he had his fishing rod, and asking to be reimbursed for the rod’s value. McCoshum

denied threatening Peshkov and denied pointing a firearm at him. He also denied later calling

Peshkov on his phone. On cross examination, McCoshum admitted that he had three previous

convictions—the two 2006 second degree robbery convictions and the 2016 attempted kidnapping

conviction from Oregon.

       Several items were admitted into evidence, including the handgun and dollar bill with

Peshkov’s contact information. Additionally, photographs were admitted into evidence, including

photos of the gun, the backpack, muzzle-loading propellant, ball ammunition, percussion caps, and

bottle of blue sealant lubricant. And consistent with the pretrial rulings, certified copies of

McCoshum’s prior judgments and sentences for the three previous convictions were admitted.

IV. JURY INSTRUCTIONS AND CLOSING ARGUMENTS

       The trial proceeded to jury instructions. Regarding the three prior convictions, the jury

was instructed about two different purposes for considering them. The jury was told that one

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No. 57561-2-II

purpose was to consider this evidence only in deciding what weight or credibility to give to

McCoshum’s testimony. The jury was also told that another purpose was for the consideration of

whether the predicate serious offense element of the unlawful possession of a firearm charge had

been proved. The relevant instruction, instruction 7, mentioned both purposes and prohibited the

jury from considering evidence of his prior convictions for any other purpose, stating:

       You may consider evidence that the defendant has been convicted of a crime only
       in deciding what weight or credibility to give to the defendant’s testimony and
       whether the [S]tate has established the second element of Count 2 – Unlawful
       Possession of a Firearm in the First Degree. You may not consider it for any other
       purpose. Any discussion of the evidence during your deliberations must be
       consistent with this limitation.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 21. McCoshum did not object.

       One of the to-convict jury instructions, instruction 13, described the elements of first degree

unlawful possession of a firearm that the State needed to prove, including that McCoshum had

previously been convicted of a serious offense. Two other jury instructions defined “Robbery in

the Second Degree” and “Attempted Kidnapping in the Second Degree” as serious offenses. CP

at 32-33. McCoshum did not object to these instructions.

       The jury received a general unanimity instruction, but neither party requested, and the trial

court did not give, a specific unanimity instruction related to the predicate serious offense for his

firearm charge.

       The case proceeded to closing arguments. With respect to the firearm charge, the State

argued it had proved the predicate prior serious offense element because of the evidence of

McCoshum’s three prior convictions and his admission that he had been convicted of those crimes.

The State did not otherwise discuss any details about the convictions. The State also did not

                                                 7
No. 57561-2-II

specifically ask the jury to focus on any one of the three convictions to decide whether a prior

predicate serious offense had been proven.

       Also during closing, the State referenced the phone calls that McCoshum made to Peshkov

immediately after their confrontation.

V. VERDICT, SENTENCING, AND APPEAL

       The jury found McCoshum guilty of both counts.

       Before sentencing, the parties stipulated to McCoshum’s prior criminal history and the

scoring of those prior convictions. The parties’ calculation of McCoshum’s offender score

included his 2016 Oregon attempted kidnapping conviction—counting it as two points for his

assault conviction and one point for his unlawful possession of a firearm conviction.          At

sentencing, the State contended that McCoshum’s offender score was nine on the second degree

assault conviction and six on the unlawful possession of a firearm conviction. McCoshum did not

contest this calculation.

       With the agreed offender score calculation, the trial court sentenced McCoshum to

73.5 months (the middle of the standard sentencing range) on the second degree assault conviction,

plus an additional 36-month firearm sentencing enhancement, for a total confinement of 109.5

months. The trial court sentenced McCoshum to 66 months on the firearm conviction to run

concurrently with the second degree assault conviction. The exclusion of the 2016 Oregon

conviction from McCoshum’s offender score calculation would have resulted in different standard

ranges for both counts. RCW 9.94A.510 (Table 1 Sentencing Grid), .515 (Crimes Included Within

Each Seriousness Level). The trial court also found McCoshum indigent but imposed the $500

VPA.

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No. 57561-2-II

       McCoshum appeals.

                                             ANALYSIS

       McCoshum argues his counsel was ineffective during his trial based on several alleged

deficiencies related to the evidence of his three prior convictions. His prior convictions were used

for three different purposes, and his arguments target each different purpose.

       First, with respect to the prior convictions’ use as the predicate prior “serious offense” for

his firearm count, McCoshum argues that his counsel failed to object under ER 403 when all three

convictions were offered as evidence of a prior serious offense.

       Second, with respect to the use of the prior convictions as impeachment evidence under

ER 609, McCoshum argues that his counsel failed to object when none of the convictions were

admissible under a proper application of that rule.1

       And third, specifically with respect to his 2016 Oregon conviction, McCoshum argues that

he received ineffective assistance of counsel when his counsel failed to challenge the comparability

of this conviction to a Washington offense. He contends he was prejudiced when this Oregon

conviction was used as a potential predicate serious offense for his firearm charge and when it was

used for his offender score at sentencing.

       Separately, McCoshum argues that the trial court erred when it failed to give a jury

instruction on unanimity as to the predicate serious offense element of the unlawful possession of

a firearm count because the jury could have used any of the three prior convictions for this element.

1
  Related to these first two ineffective assistance of counsel arguments, McCoshum assigns error
to the trial court’s jury instruction 7 regarding the consideration of McCoshum’s prior convictions
to assess his credibility and whether he unlawfully possessed a firearm.

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No. 57561-2-II

He also challenges the imposition of the VPA on his judgment and sentence. Finally, McCoshum

raises three claims in his SAG.

       Each will be addressed in turn.

I. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

       To show ineffective assistance of counsel, the appellant must demonstrate that their

counsel’s performance was deficient and the deficient performance prejudiced the appellant.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); In re Pers.

Restraint of Yates, 177 Wn.2d 1, 35, 296 P.3d 872 (2013). Failure to establish either prong is fatal

to the claim. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 700.

       Counsel’s performance is deficient if it falls below an objective standard of reasonableness.

State v. Vazquez, 198 Wn.2d 239, 247-48, 494 P.3d 424 (2021). Generally, to show that trial

counsel was deficient, “the defendant must show in the record the absence of legitimate strategic

or tactical reasons supporting the challenged conduct by counsel.” State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d

322, 336, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). We strongly presume that counsel’s performance was reasonable.

State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 33, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011).

       To show prejudice—the second prong of the Strickland test—the appellant must

demonstrate a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different

if counsel had not performed deficiently. State v. Johnson, 12 Wn. App. 2d 201, 210, 460 P.3d

1091 (2020), aff’d, 197 Wn.2d 740, 487 P.3d 893 (2021).

       When the appellant bases their ineffective assistance of counsel claim on the defense

counsel’s failure to object, “the defendant must show that the objection would likely have

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No. 57561-2-II

succeeded.” State v. Crow, 8 Wn. App. 2d 480, 508, 438 P.3d 541, review denied, 193 Wn.2d

1038 (2019).

A. MCCOSHUM FAILS TO SHOW THAT COUNSEL’S FAILURE TO MAKE AN ER 403 OBJECTION
CONSTITUTED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE

       McCoshum argues his counsel was ineffective for failing to object under ER 403 to the

admission of evidence that McCoshum had been convicted of three prior serious offenses.

McCoshum asserts that the evidence of three previous convictions, when one conviction would

have been enough, was highly prejudicial and unnecessarily cumulative. We disagree.

       ER 403 provides that even if relevant, “evidence may be excluded if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading

the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative

evidence.”

       First degree unlawful possession of a firearm requires the State to prove, among other

things, that the defendant had previously been convicted of a serious offense.

RCW 9.41.040(1)(a).

       McCoshum argues that the admission of his three prior convictions was overly prejudicial

under ER 403 and contends that his counsel’s failure to object on these grounds was ineffective

assistance. According to McCoshum, there was no strategic or tactical reason for his counsel not

to object to the three prior convictions because only one would have been sufficient to prove the

charge. McCoshum further argues that if his counsel had objected to the admission of the prior

convictions under ER 403 as needlessly cumulative and unfairly prejudicial, the trial court would

have been likely to sustain the objection.

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No. 57561-2-II

       ER 403 does not necessarily prohibit the State from presenting cumulative evidence; rather

it grants the trial court with discretion to exclude the “needless presentation of cumulative

evidence.” (Emphasis added.) If a defendant does not offer to stipulate to the fact of their prior

conviction, the State is entitled to offer evidence of a predicate serious offense. State v. Gladden,

116 Wn. App. 561, 566, 66 P.3d 1095 (2003).

       Here McCoshum did not offer to stipulate that he had been previously convicted of a

serious offense. As a result, the evidence of McCoshum’s prior convictions was not just highly

probative of the serious offense element of his first degree unlawful possession of firearm charge,

but the evidence was critical to the State’s case. McCoshum cites no authority that the State is

limited to proof of only a single prior serious offense when the fact of a predicate serious offense

is both critical to the State’s case and not stipulated to by the defense.                DeHeer v.

Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 60 Wn.2d 122, 126, 372 P.2d 193 (1962) (“Where no authorities are

cited in support of a proposition, the court is not required to search out authorities, but may assume

that counsel, after diligent search, has found none.”).

       But even if the trial court would have sustained an objection under ER 403 on the

cumulativeness of the three prior convictions, McCoshum would still need to show a reasonable

probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. See Johnson, 12 Wn.

App. 2d at 210. McCoshum cannot make this showing. The State’s use of the convictions

minimized their prejudicial effect. The State did not belabor McCoshum’s prior convictions or

provide unnecessary details. It argued in closing only that the jury would see the exhibits

containing his prior convictions, that McCoshum admitted that he had been convicted of those

crimes, and that each of those crimes are defined as serious offenses.

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No. 57561-2-II

       Such a bland mention of the convictions would be unlikely to affect the guilty verdicts

when the evidence of guilt is strong, as it was in this case. For example, McCoshum made

inculpatory statements to law enforcement that corroborated Peshkov’s testimony. McCoshum

initially denied he had a firearm, but later, McCoshum told law enforcement he “didn’t assault

anyone. [His] gun wasn’t even loaded.” VRP at 198 (emphasis added). In addition, despite

denying having a gun, McCoshum was, in fact, in possession of a gun that matched Peshkov’s

rather unusual description.

       Moreover, McCoshum’s ER 403 argument can largely be seen as a concern about the jury

misusing the convictions for propensity evidence. But, here, the trial court issued a limiting

instruction on the use of the convictions. We presume the jury follows the trial court’s instructions.

State v. Clark, 187 Wn.2d 641, 654, 389 P.3d 462 (2017).

       Thus, even if the trial court would have sustained an ER 403 objection, McCoshum cannot

show prejudice to support his claim of ineffective assistance on this issue.

B. MCCOSHUM WAS NOT PREJUDICED BY HIS COUNSEL’S FAILURE TO OBJECT TO THE ADMISSION
OF HIS PRIOR CONVICTIONS FOR IMPEACHMENT PURPOSES

       With respect to the use of the prior convictions for impeachment purposes under ER 609,

McCoshum argues that his counsel’s failure to object to this use of his prior convictions was

deficient performance, that the trial court would have likely sustained an objection, and that he

was prejudiced. He contends that under the appropriate application of the rule, none of the

convictions should have been used for impeachment. And, given that McCoshum and Peshkov

told completely different stories, improper impeachment of McCoshum’s credibility was

especially prejudicial.

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No. 57561-2-II

       The State concedes that McCoshum’s 2016 Oregon conviction should not have been

admitted for impeachment purposes under ER 609, but argues that McCoshum’s two 2006 second

degree robbery convictions were admissible under the rule. But even if the 2006 convictions were

wrongfully admitted under ER 609 (and even with the conceded wrongful admission of the 2016

Oregon conviction), the State argues that McCoshum cannot show prejudice. We agree that

McCoshum cannot show prejudice.

       1. Legal Principles

       ER 609(a)(1) states that evidence of a witness’s prior felony conviction may be admitted

for the purpose of attacking the witness’s credibility only if “the court determines that the probative

value of admitting this evidence outweighs the prejudice to the party against whom the evidence

is offered.” Under ER 609(a)(2), a prior conviction may be admitted without an analysis of

probative value and prejudice if the crime “involved dishonesty or [a] false statement.” And under

ER 609(b), evidence of a prior conviction is not admissible to impeach the defendant if the

conviction is more than 10 years old unless “the probative value of the conviction . . . substantially

outweighs its prejudicial effect.”

       2. Application

       McCoshum argues that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the admission of

his prior convictions for the purposes of ER 609. McCoshum claims that his counsel’s failure to

object prejudiced him because the State’s case on the assault charge hinged on the relative

credibility of McCoshum and Peshkov.2 McCoshum contends that because he flatly denied

2
 McCoshum does not argue that his counsel’s failure to object to his prior convictions under ER
609 prejudiced his unlawful possession of a firearm conviction.

                                                  14
No. 57561-2-II

threatening Peshkov or pulling his gun, the trial court’s instruction to the jury that it could consider

his three prior convictions for the purpose of assessing his credibility likely caused the jury to

convict him.

        Assuming without deciding that McCoshum’s counsel was deficient for failing to object to

the admission of his three previous convictions for the purposes of impeachment, McCoshum’s

argument fails because he cannot show prejudice under the second prong of the Strickland test.

See Johnson, 12 Wn. App. 2d at 210, 213.

        McCoshum’s inability to establish prejudice is rooted in the strength of the evidence of

guilt. As discussed above, McCoshum made very damaging inculpatory statements and Peshkov’s

unusual description of the gun matched the firearm found in McCoshum’s possession.

        Thus, although it is true that the relative credibility of McCoshum and Peshkov was

important to the jury’s consideration, there is no reasonable probability that the outcome of the

proceeding would have been different even if McCoshum’s prior convictions had not been

admitted for the purpose of impeachment.3 Accordingly, this ineffective assistance of counsel

claim fails.

3
  As discussed above, the risk of prejudice to McCoshum from the jury considering the convictions
as propensity evidence was reduced by the trial court’s limiting instruction. The trial court
instructed the jury that it could only use McCoshum’s prior convictions for the unlawful possession
of a firearm charge and for credibility. We presume the jury follows the trial court’s instructions.
Clark, 187 Wn.2d at 654.

                                                  15
No. 57561-2-II

C. MCCOSHUM RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE BASED ON HIS COUNSEL’S FAILURE TO
OBJECT TO THE USE OF HIS OREGON CONVICTION IN HIS OFFENDER SCORE

       McCoshum’s final argument about his prior convictions focuses exclusively on his 2016

Oregon conviction for attempting kidnapping. McCoshum argues that his Oregon attempted

kidnapping conviction is not legally or factually comparable to a Washington offense. He argues

that he received ineffective assistance of counsel when his counsel failed to object to the

comparability of this Oregon conviction twice—first, when it was used as a potential predicate

serious offense for his firearm charge and, second, when it was used for his offender score at

sentencing.

       We reverse with respect to the use of the Oregon conviction for McCoshum’s offender

score and remand for resentencing, during which the trial court should conduct a factual

comparability analysis of this conviction.

       1. Legal Principles

       Under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA), chapter 9.94A RCW, the trial court uses

the defendant’s prior convictions to determine an offender score, which (along with the seriousness

level of the current offense) establishes the defendant’s presumptive standard sentencing range.

State v. Arndt, 179 Wn. App. 373, 377, 320 P.3d 104 (2014). Where the defendant’s offenses

resulted from out-of-state convictions, the trial court must make a factual determination of whether

the out-of-state conviction is comparable to a Washington conviction. Id. at 378.

       We apply a two-part test to determine whether an out-of-state offense is comparable to a

Washington offense. In re Pers. Restraint of Canha, 189 Wn.2d 359, 367, 402 P.3d 266 (2017).

First, we determine if the offenses are legally comparable by comparing their elements. Id. Legal

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No. 57561-2-II

comparability exists when the out-of-state offense is the same or narrower than the Washington

offense. State v. Olsen, 180 Wn.2d 468, 472-73, 325 P.3d 187 (2014). Second, if the offenses are

not legally comparable, we determine whether the offenses are factually comparable by deciding

if “the defendant’s conduct would have violated a Washington statute.” Canha, 189 Wn.2d at 367.

In assessing factual comparability, we can consider only those facts in the out-of-state proceeding

that were proven to a trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt or to which the defendant admitted

or stipulated. Id. The State has the burden to prove the existence and comparability of all out-of-

state convictions. Olsen, 180 Wn.2d at 472.

       If an out-of-state conviction involves an offense that is neither legally nor factually

comparable to a Washington offense, the sentencing court may not include the conviction in the

defendant’s offender score. State v. Thiefault, 160 Wn.2d 409, 415, 158 P.3d 580 (2007).

       2. Application

       McCoshum argues his 2016 Oregon conviction is neither legally nor factually comparable.

He argues it is not legally comparable to a Washington offense because Oregon’s attempt statute

is broader than Washington’s statute. He argues it is not factually comparable because his Oregon

judgment contains no information about the underlying facts from that conviction.

       Based on his Oregon conviction’s lack of comparability to a Washington offense,

McCoshum contends that if his counsel had objected and raised the issue of comparability, the

conviction would have been excluded from its potential consideration as a predicate serious

offense for his firearm count and from its use in his offender score. Having a non-comparable

conviction used these ways, according to McCoshum, resulted in prejudice.

                                                17
No. 57561-2-II

       The State appears to concede that McCoshum’s Oregon conviction is not legally

comparable. The State agrees that Oregon’s definition of attempt is not legally comparable to

Washington’s definition. However, the State argues that because an Oregon conviction can be

factually comparable to the similar Washington crime and nothing in the record suggests that

McCoshum’s Oregon conviction was not factually comparable, McCoshum fails to overcome the

strong presumption that his trial counsel performed reasonably in stipulating to the comparability

of the 2016 Oregon conviction.

       As conceded by the State, McCoshum’s argument that “attempt” is defined more broadly

in Oregon than in Washington is persuasive. Br. of Appellant at 33. Under Oregon Revised

Statutes Section 161.405(1), “A person is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime when the person

intentionally engages in conduct which constitutes a substantial step toward commission of the

crime.” In contrast, under RCW 9A.28.020(1), “A person is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime

if, with intent to commit a specific crime, he or she does any act which is a substantial step toward

the commission of that crime.” (Emphasis added.) The Oregon definition of attempt merely

requires general intent to engage in conduct constituting a substantial step towards commission of

a crime, whereas the Washington definition requires specific intent. Arndt, 179 Wn. App. at 382.

Thus, we agree with McCoshum that the crime of attempted kidnapping in Oregon is not legally

comparable to a Washington offense.

       The next step is to assess whether McCoshum’s Oregon attempted kidnapping conviction

is factually comparable. Canha, 189 Wn.2d at 367. McCoshum argues that factual comparability

cannot be established because a no contest plea is a plea in which the defendant does not admit

commission of the criminal act. McCoshum contends that the limited record from this type of plea

                                                 18
No. 57561-2-II

contains no indication that he possessed the mental state necessary to meet the elements of the

Washington attempt statute.           McCoshum says that it is “beyond unlikely” that factual

comparability could be demonstrated because McCoshum did not admit to any specific facts in his

plea and neither side would have had any motivation to stipulate to such facts. Reply Br. of

Appellant at 7. McCoshum contends that there “is virtually no possibility” that further litigation

would uncover any admission or stipulation on the specific facts necessary to bring McCoshum’s

conduct within the scope of the narrower Washington statute and establish factual comparability.

Reply Br. of Appellant at 6.

        The State disagrees and suggests that if the failure to object on comparability grounds was

deficient performance, the matter should be remanded back to the trial court to permit the State to

attempt to provide the appropriate documents that establish factual comparability.

        Here, the record contains very little information about the factual comparability of the

Oregon conviction. We only have a portion of McCoshum’s Oregon judgment in our record (only

three out of four pages included), and no other supporting documents such as the indictment or

plea statement. From these few documents, it is unknown from the record whether factual

comparability can or cannot be established. Thus, when faced with a factual record that failed to

establish the comparability of the Oregon conviction, when comparability was relevant, it was

deficient performance for defense counsel to not challenge the Oregon conviction—meeting the

first prong of the Strickland test.

        Generally, when it is unknown whether factual comparability can be established, the

appropriate remedy is to remand to the trial court where the State has the opportunity to satisfy its

                                                  19
No. 57561-2-II

burden of proving factual comparability.4 Thiefault, 160 Wn.2d at 417 n.4 (“[W]here the issue has

not been . . . argued before the trial court and the defendant does not object to the evidence, the

State retains an opportunity to prove the classification of an offense upon remand.”). But because

McCoshum raises this issue in the context of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, before we

can determine whether remand is required, we must determine whether McCoshum can meet the

second prong of the Strickland test by showing prejudice based on his counsel’s failure to

challenge the comparability of the Oregon conviction for each of his two arguments.

       First, with respect to the Oregon conviction’s use as a predicate serious offense for his

firearm charge, we see no prejudice. As noted above, the overall evidence of guilt against

McCoshum was very strong. And if his counsel had objected to this use of the Oregon conviction,

McCoshum cannot demonstrate a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceeding would

have been different because McCoshum conceded the existence of the two robbery convictions

that also served as predicate serious offenses. Thus, we conclude he has not shown ineffective

assistance of counsel on this basis.

       But related to sentencing, McCoshum’s argument for prejudice based on his offender score

is persuasive. The inclusion of the Oregon conviction in McCoshum’s offender score clearly

affected his standard sentencing ranges. RCW 9.94A.510, .515. Accordingly, not only was it

deficient performance for defense counsel to fail to challenge the use of the conviction, the failure

4
  McCoshum cites no published case that prevents the State from establishing factual comparability
on remand where the underlying prior conviction was based on a no contest plea. DeHeer, 60
Wn.2d at 126 (“Where no authorities are cited in support of a proposition, the court is not required
to search out authorities, but may assume that counsel, after diligent search, has found none.”).

                                                 20
No. 57561-2-II

to do so prejudiced McCoshum—meeting both prongs of the Strickland test and, thereby,

establishing ineffective assistance of counsel.

       Thus, we reverse and remand for resentencing. But at resentencing, just as if defense

counsel had raised this issue initially, the State may provide additional evidence to establish the

factual comparability of the 2016 Oregon conviction. Thiefault, 160 Wn.2d at 417 n.4.

II. JURY UNANIMITY

       McCoshum next argues that the trial court erred in failing to give the jury a unanimity

instruction related to the predicate serious offenses that the State offered for his firearm count. We

disagree.

A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES

       For a conviction to be constitutionally valid, a unanimous jury must conclude that the

accused committed the criminal act charged. State v. Beasley, 126 Wn. App. 670, 682, 109 P.3d

849, review denied, 155 Wn.2d 1020 (2005). When multiple acts are alleged, any one of which

could constitute the crime charged, the jury must unanimously agree on which act constitutes the

crime. Id. In a “multiple acts” case, unless the State elects which incident it will rely on for the

conviction, a trial court must instruct the jury that all jurors must agree that the same underlying

criminal act has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. But neither election nor a unanimity

instruction is required if the evidence indicates a continuing course of conduct. State v. Christian,

18 Wn. App. 2d 185, 208, 489 P.3d 657, review denied, 198 Wn.2d 1024 (2021). We review de

novo whether a unanimity instruction is required. State v. Lee, 12 Wn. App. 2d 378, 393, 460 P.3d

701, review denied, 195 Wn.2d 1032 (2020).

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No. 57561-2-II

B. APPLICATION

          McCoshum argues a unanimity instruction was required here because (1) the jury was

provided with “multiple acts” (the evidence of three different convictions) for the predicate serious

offense element of the firearm charge and (2) the State did not make an election on which

conviction it wanted the jury to rely. McCoshum contends that without an instruction, the jurors

may not have been unanimous on which prior offense they found was proven.

          The State responds that this is not a multiple acts case. According to the State, in “multiple

acts” cases, several acts are alleged, any of which could constitute the crime charged. But the State

suggests that the crime of unlawful possession of a firearm is a “continuing course of conduct”

crime and the predicate serious offense requirement creates the status which criminalizes the act

of possession, not a separate “act” for which there needs to be a specific unanimity instruction.

And here, there was but only one act, McCoshum’s possession of a firearm.

          McCoshum has no persuasive response to the State’s argument. The relevant “act” for the

crime of first degree unlawful possession of a firearm is a singular continuing act—the possession

of the firearm. See RCW 9.41.040(1)(a).5 It is true that the fact of a predicate serious offense

5
    The relevant subsection of the statute provides in full:

          A person, whether an adult or juvenile, is guilty of the crime of unlawful possession
          of a firearm in the first degree, if the person owns, accesses, has in the person’s
          custody, control, or possession, or receives any firearm after having previously
          been convicted or found not guilty by reason of insanity in this state or elsewhere
          of any serious offense.

RCW 9.41.040(1)(a). Former RCW 9.41.040(1)(a) (2020) was in effect at the time McCoshum
committed the offense. However, because the changes to the statute are not material to our
analysis, we refer to the current version of the statute.

                                                   22
No. 57561-2-II

creates the status after which possession of a firearm is a crime, but there are not multiple “acts”

that could constitute multiple potential crimes; there is but one continuing act of possessing a

firearm. And for this charged crime, as well as for the other charge, the jury received a general

unanimity instruction. In any event, beyond generally outlining the law regarding unanimity and

multiple acts, McCoshum offers no authorities that impose a specific unanimity instruction in this

context. DeHeer, 60 Wn.2d at 126 (“Where no authorities are cited in support of a proposition,

the court is not required to search out authorities, but may assume that counsel, after diligent

search, has found none.”). Therefore, McCoshum has failed to establish he was entitled to a

specific unanimity instruction for his firearm charge.

III. VPA

       McCoshum argues we should remand to strike the $500 VPA because a recent change to

the law allows trial courts to retroactively waive VPA impositions. The State agrees that the VPA

should be stricken.

       Until recently, a $500 VPA under former RCW 7.68.035 (2018) was imposed on all

persons who committed a crime. But in the 2023 session, the legislature changed the law to

prohibit the imposition of the VPA on indigent defendants. LAWS OF 2023, ch. 449, § 1; RCW

7.68.035(4). The current version of the statute also allows trial courts to waive any VPA imposed

prior to the effective date of the amendment. LAWS OF 2023, ch. 449, § 1; RCW 7.68.035(5). This

change took effect on July 1, 2023. LAWS OF 2023, ch. 449, § 27.

                                                23
No. 57561-2-II

        This change applies to McCoshum because the trial court found him indigent and his case

is still on direct appeal. See State v. Ellis, 27 Wn. App. 2d 1, 16, 530 P.3d 1048 (2023). Therefore,

we remand for the trial court to strike the VPA from McCoshum’s judgment and sentence.

IV. SAG CLAIMS

        McCoshum asserts three claims in his SAG. First, he appears to claim that there was

insufficient evidence to support his convictions, asserting that his firearm conviction should be

reversed because his firearm does not meet the federal definition of a firearm. He asserts the

firearm is an antique collectors’ item and not a “modern firearm” under federal law. We disagree

that there was insufficient evidence.

        Evidence is sufficient to support a guilty verdict if, after viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could find that all of the elements of the crime

charged were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Cardenas-Flores, 189 Wn.2d 243, 265,

401 P.3d 19 (2017). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, he admits the

truth of the State’s evidence, and all reasonable inferences drawn from that evidence are to be

construed in favor of the State. Id. at 265-66.

        Under the unlawful possession of a firearm statute, a “firearm” is defined as “a weapon or

device from which a projectile or projectiles may be fired by an explosive such as gunpowder.”

RCW 9.41.010(20).6 McCoshum fails to show how federal law is relevant to this state crime. And

the State’s evidence was sufficient to establish that the gun found in McCoshum’s backpack met

6
 Former RCW 9.41.010(11) (2020) was in effect at the time McCoshum committed the offense.
However, we cite to the current version of the statute because the changes to this subsection do
not materially affect our analysis.

                                                  24
No. 57561-2-II

the definition of a firearm under the state statute. State v. Gouley, 19 Wn. App. 2d 185, 195-96,

494 P.3d 458 (2021) (holding that evidence was sufficient to establish device was a “gun in fact,”

thus meeting the definition of a firearm where it was described as a gun that could be made

operable with certain components and noting that inoperability of gun is not controlling), review

denied, 198 Wn.2d 1041 (2022). Accordingly, this claim fails.

       Second, McCoshum appears to claim that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct

by providing false evidence and made false and misleading statements in closing arguments about

an alleged phone conversation that McCoshum had with Peshkov. We disagree.

       Contrary to McCoshum’s claim, there was evidence at trial that McCoshum called

Peshkov. Peshkov testified McCoshum called him twice after the incident and left him a

voicemail. In closing argument, the prosecutor, drawing from Peshkov’s testimony, argued that

McCoshum made the calls and left messages. The State’s closing argument was a reasonable

inference from Peshkov’s testimony. State v. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d 438, 448, 258 P.3d 43

(2011) (prosecutors have wide latitude to argue reasonable inferences from the evidence in closing

argument).

       As part of his claim, McCoshum asserts that his phone records would prove that the calls

never took place. However, the phone records to which McCoshum refers are not in our record

on appeal. Because McCoshum’s claim relies on evidence outside the record on review, we cannot

consider it. State v. Alvarado, 164 Wn.2d 556, 569, 192 P.3d 345 (2008) (the court “cannot

                                               25
No. 57561-2-II

review” claims that rely on evidence outside the appellate record).7 McCoshum’s prosecutorial

misconduct SAG claim fails.

       McCoshum’s third SAG claim states that he suffers from multiple mental health conditions

and has not been offered a mental health assessment or “mental health court.” SAG at 1. It is

unclear from McCoshum’s SAG whether he is claiming that the trial court should have ordered an

evaluation of his competency before trial under RCW 10.77.060(1)(a) or whether he is claiming

some sort of an error during his sentencing. We have nothing in our record regarding a competency

determination under RCW 10.77.060(1)(a) and, therefore, cannot further consider it. Alvarado,

164 Wn.2d at 569 (the court “cannot review” claims that rely on evidence outside the appellate

record). If McCoshum relates this claim to an error at sentencing, we are not sufficiently informed

of the nature and occurrence of his claimed error. RAP 10.10(c); see also State v. Bluehorse, 159

Wn. App. 410, 436, 248 P.3d 537 (2011) (explaining we do not discuss SAG claims that fail to

inform us of the nature and occurrence of the alleged error).

                                         CONCLUSION

       We affirm McCoshum’s convictions.          However, we hold that McCoshum’s counsel

provided ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to challenge the comparability of the Oregon

conviction with respect to its use in McCoshum’s offender score. Accordingly, we reverse for

resentencing. On remand, the trial court must also strike the VPA.

7
  And to the extent that McCoshum is claiming that Peshkov’s testimony was false, we do not
address issues of witness credibility on appeal and instead defer to the jury’s measure of witness
credibility and resolution of conflicting testimony. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d at 443. Whether a
witness testifies truthfully is an issue “within the province of the trier of fact.” Id.

                                                26
No. 57561-2-II

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.

                                                    PRICE, J.
 We concur:

 MAXA, P.J.

 CHE, J.

                                               27