Court Opinion

ID: 4530029
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-04-29 20:14:02.08632+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:26:55.642373
License: Public Domain

04/29/2020
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs March 4, 2020

                                      IN RE C.S.

               Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hawkins County
                No. 2018-AD-39    Douglas T. Jenkins, Chancellor
                     ___________________________________

                            No. E2019-01657-COA-R3-PT
                       ___________________________________

This appeal involves the termination of a mother’s parental rights. The trial court found
by clear and convincing evidence that two grounds for termination were proven and that
termination was in the best interest of the child. Mother appeals. We affirm and remand
for further proceedings.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed
                                  and Remanded

CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and ANDY D. BENNETT, J., joined.

Jefferson B. Fairchild, Rogersville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Summer S.

Nicholas A. Schaefer, Kingsport, Tennessee, for the appellees, Terry and Elizabeth S.

                                       OPINION

                         I.   FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       C.S. was born in September 2017. The Tennessee Department of Children’s
Services (“DCS”) removed C.S. from her parents’ care on the day she was born. Her
parents (“Mother” and “Father”) were facing criminal charges in Virginia for multiple
counts of child abuse against C.S.’s brother, who was less than one year old when C.S.
was born.

       DCS filed a petition for dependency and neglect. The juvenile court entered a
protective custody order placing C.S. in the temporary legal custody of DCS. Days later,
C.S.’s paternal grandmother (“Grandmother”) filed an intervening petition for custody.
After a hearing, the juvenile court entered an order reflecting the stipulation of Mother
and Father that C.S. was dependent and neglected. According to the juvenile court’s
order, the court took proof as to the disposition and custody of the child and took the
matter under advisement pending another hearing. In March 2018, the juvenile court
entered a final dispositional order and ruled on the intervening petition for custody filed
by Grandmother. The juvenile court recognized and addressed some concerns raised by
DCS regarding placement in the home of Grandmother and Grandfather
(“Grandparents.”) Ultimately, however, after weighing the concerns of DCS, Mother’s
lack of credibility on the matters, and the favorable recommendation of the guardian ad
litem, the juvenile court determined that the concerns did not rise to a level that would
warrant denying placement with Grandparents. The juvenile court found that it was in
the best interest of C.S. to be placed in the legal and physical custody of paternal
Grandparents.1

       DCS developed a permanency plan for Mother, and Mother had some one-hour
supervised visits with C.S., but she went to prison when C.S. was two months old.
According to her sentencing order, Mother was found guilty of the following offenses:
cruelty to a child, unlawful wounding, and three counts of abuse of a child with serious
injury. She received a total sentence of twenty years, with sixteen years suspended.
Thus, she was ordered to serve four years incarceration with the Virginia Department of
Corrections, to be followed by supervised probation. Her sentencing order provided that
she was to have “no contact of any kind with the victim and/or the family he is with.”
Father faced similar charges and also went to prison. According to Mother, his charges
were basically the same as hers but without the unlawful wounding charge. Mother’s
three older children were removed by the Virginia Department of Social Services. The
oldest child went to live with his biological father, and the younger two were adopted by
foster parents.

       Meanwhile, C.S. continued to reside with Grandparents in Tennessee. On August
9, 2018, Grandparents filed a petition for termination of parental rights and adoption.
Father joined in the petition for the purpose of surrendering his parental rights and
consenting to the adoption. Mother and Father remained incarcerated. As grounds for
termination, the petition alleged severe child abuse; parent sentenced to more than two
years imprisonment for severe child abuse; persistent conditions; and failure to manifest
an ability and willingness to assume custody. Grandparents further alleged that
termination of parental rights was in the best interest of C.S.

       The matter was heard on August 14, 2019. Mother participated and testified via
telephone, as she remained incarcerated in Virginia. The only other witness to testify was

        1
          Mother appealed the juvenile court’s order to circuit court, but the record does not reflect any
further activity in that proceeding.
                                                  -2-
Grandmother. By the time of trial, C.S. was nearly two years old. She had resided with
Grandparents for a year and a half. Mother had no contact with C.S. during that time.
Father had been released from prison approximately two months before trial. He still
resided in Virginia, but Grandparents permitted him to visit with C.S. at their home while
under their direct supervision. They did not leave Father alone with C.S., nor did he stay
overnight at their home. Grandmother testified that C.S. was doing well and meeting all
developmental milestones with no extraordinary health issues.

       Testifying from prison, Mother maintained that she did not know how C.S.’s
brother was injured. She testified that on the same day she was scheduled to take the
child for his two-month well-child visit with a pediatrician, she noticed a knot on his
head. She showed the knot to the pediatrician and suggested that the child’s one-year old
sibling may have caused the injury by throwing a “sippy cup” at him the day before. X-
rays revealed that the child had a skull fracture, bilateral subdural hematomas, and
multiple rib fractures on both sides of his body. According to medical records entered as
an exhibit at the termination trial, the skull fracture was inconsistent with Mother’s
description of the injury. The doctor determined that the cause was “likely blunt trauma,
with force significant enough to cause long fracture with depression and subdural
bleeding.” The child had seizures requiring admission to the hospital, related either to the
bleeding or the brain injury, which further evidenced “the life-threatening nature of this
injury.” Regarding his rib fractures, the records state, “The total number described is 23,
with at least 10 in the lateral ribs.”

       Upon further questioning, Mother acknowledged that DCS had been involved with
one of her older children in the past. When that child was eight months old, he suffered
“two broken arms.” Mother suggested that the child may have had his arm stuck in the
side of his crib. She claimed no knowledge of anyone harming the child and said she and
Father were temporarily residing with Grandparents at that time. She testified that DCS
investigated the incident but eventually returned the child to her care. Mother
acknowledged that she and Father had a history of domestic violence but said that the
police were never called during those incidents.

       Mother testified that she entered a best interest plea in her criminal case in
Virginia (although her sentencing order simply states that she “was found guilty” of the
offenses). Mother had around 18 months remaining on her sentence. Thus, she
acknowledged that she was not currently in a position to assume custody of C.S.
However, Mother did not believe that termination was in the best interest of C.S. When
asked to elaborate, Mother said, “Because I am her mother. I want a relationship with my
daughter.” Mother also testified that she did not believe that Grandmother was an
appropriate placement for C.S.

       On August 15, 2019, the trial court entered a memorandum opinion containing
findings of fact and conclusions of law, and it entered a separate written order on August
                                           -3-
23. The trial court began by noting that the termination petition was filed “after both
mother and father were sentenced to prison terms because another one of their other
children received skull fractures, subdural hematoma, seizures and serious bodily injury
while in their care.” The court recognized that Father joined the petition to surrender his
parental rights. The court found that two grounds for termination were proven by clear
and convincing evidence with respect to Mother: severe child abuse; and a prison
sentence of two or more years for severe child abuse. It found that Mother entered pleas
and was found guilty on what amounted to severe abuse against a sibling, and her
sentence exceeded two years. The trial court found that two additional grounds for
termination originally alleged in the petition – persistent conditions and failure to
manifest a willingness and ability to assume custody – were inapplicable and not
sufficiently proven. That ruling is not challenged on appeal.

        Regarding best interest, the trial court stated that it had considered the best interest
factors and concluded that they overwhelmingly weighed in favor of terminating
Mother’s parental rights. The trial court found that the most significant factors were the
stability and safety of the home provided by Grandparents, while Mother was serving a
lengthy prison sentence. The trial court found that C.S. was removed from Mother’s care
shortly after birth, and no meaningful relationship existed between them. It found that
C.S. had resided with Grandparents since March 2018, and she was bonded with
Grandparents and physically and emotionally thriving in their care. Thus, the trial court
terminated Mother’s parental rights to the child. Mother timely filed a notice of appeal.

                                  II.   ISSUES PRESENTED

        The only issue Mother raises on appeal is whether the trial court erred in finding
that termination is in the best interest of the child. Thus, Mother does not challenge the
trial court’s findings regarding the two grounds for termination.             In addition,
Grandparents do not challenge the trial court’s ruling that the two additional grounds for
termination were not sufficiently proven.

        Pursuant to the Tennessee Supreme Court’s decision in In re Carrington H., 483
S.W.3d 507, 525-26 (Tenn. 2016), “in an appeal from an order terminating parental rights
the Court of Appeals must review the trial court’s findings as to each ground for
termination and as to whether termination is in the child’s best interests, regardless of
whether the parent challenges these findings on appeal.” As such, we must review the
trial court’s findings regarding the two grounds for termination on which it relied,
regardless of the fact that Mother does not challenge those findings on appeal. However,
“we do not interpret Carrington to mean that this Court must also review grounds that the
trial court found were not sufficiently proven when the party who sought termination
does not challenge that ruling on appeal.” In re Colton B., No. M2018-01053-COA-R3-
PT, 2018 WL 5415921, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 29, 2018) perm. app. denied (Tenn.
Jan. 22, 2019). Accordingly, we do not review the two grounds the trial court deemed
                                           -4-
inapplicable, as Grandparents do not challenge those rulings.

                III.   STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO TERMINATION CASES

        Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113 “sets forth the grounds and
procedures for terminating the parental rights of a biological parent.” In re Kaliyah S.,
455 S.W.3d 533, 546 (Tenn. 2015). According to the statute, the petitioner seeking
termination of parental rights must prove two elements. Id. at 552. First, that party must
prove the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination set forth in
Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g). Id. Second, the petitioner must prove
that termination of parental rights is in the best interest of the child, considering the best
interest factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(i). Id.

       Because of the constitutional dimension of the parent’s rights at stake, the party
seeking termination must prove both of the required elements by clear and convincing
evidence. In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010); see Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-1-113(c). To be clear and convincing, the evidence must enable the finder of fact “to
form a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of the facts” sought to be established
and eliminate “any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness” of the findings. In
re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596.

       Due to this heightened burden of proof applicable in parental termination cases,
we adapt our customary standard of review on appeal. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838,
861 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Appellate courts review the trial court’s factual findings de
novo in accordance with Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 13(d), presuming each
factual finding to be correct unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. In re
Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 524. Then, we make our own determination regarding
“whether the facts, either as found by the trial court or as supported by a preponderance
of the evidence, amount to clear and convincing evidence of the elements necessary to
terminate parental rights.” Id. (citing In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596-97). “The trial
court’s ruling that the evidence sufficiently supports termination of parental rights is a
conclusion of law, which appellate courts review de novo with no presumption of
correctness.” Id. (citing In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387, 393 (Tenn. 2009)).

                                        IV.   DISCUSSION

                              A.        Grounds for Termination

                                   1.     Severe Child Abuse

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(4) provides that one ground for
termination exists if “[t]he parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe
child abuse, as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is found by the
                                           -5-
court hearing the petition to terminate parental rights or the petition for adoption to have
committed severe child abuse against any child[.]”

       “As the statute makes clear, the finding of severe abuse can be based on a prior
court order or on evidence of ‘severe child abuse’ submitted to the court hearing the
termination case.” In re Brianna T., No. E2017-01130-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 6550852,
at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 22, 2017). Thus, “a trial court may rely on a prior court order
finding severe child abuse and is not required to re-litigate the issue of severe abuse
during the termination trial.” In re Alexis S., No. M2018-00296-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL
6267180, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 30, 2018). For instance, Tennessee courts have
“repeatedly applied the doctrine of res judicata to prevent a parent from re-litigating
whether he or she committed severe child abuse in a termination of parental rights
proceeding when such a finding has already been made in a previous dependency and
neglect action.” In re Kylea K., No. E2017-02097-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 3084530, at
*4 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 21, 2018).

        Courts have also relied on criminal convictions to establish the ground of severe
child abuse. However, a criminal conviction, standing alone, is not determinative. There
must be some comparison of the criminal conviction with the definition of severe child
abuse in Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-102.2 The termination statute provides
that this ground for termination exists if the parent “has been found to have committed
severe child abuse, as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is found
by the court hearing the petition to terminate parental rights or the petition for adoption to
have committed severe child abuse against any child[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-

       2
           Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-102(b) defines “severe child abuse” as:

       (27) “Severe child abuse” means:
       (A)(i) The knowing exposure of a child to or the knowing failure to protect a child from
       abuse or neglect that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death and the knowing use
       of force on a child that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death;
           (ii) “Serious bodily injury” shall have the same meaning given in § 39-15-402(c);
       (B) Specific brutality, abuse or neglect towards a child that in the opinion of qualified
       experts has caused or will reasonably be expected to produce severe psychosis, severe
       neurotic disorder, severe depression, severe developmental delay or intellectual disability,
       or severe impairment of the child's ability to function adequately in the child's
       environment, and the knowing failure to protect a child from such conduct;
       (C) The commission of any act towards the child prohibited by § 39-13-309, §§ 39-13-
       502 -- 39-13-504, § 39-13-515, § 39-13-522, § 39-13-527, § 39-13-531, § 39-13-532, §
       39-15-302, § 39-15-402, or § 39-17-1005 or the knowing failure to protect the child from
       the commission of any such act towards the child;
       (D) Knowingly allowing a child to be present within a structure where the act of creating
       methamphetamine, as that substance is identified in § 39-17-408(d)(2), is occurring; or
       (E) Knowingly or with gross negligence allowing a child under eight (8) years of age to
       ingest an illegal substance or a controlled substance that results in the child testing
       positive on a drug screen, except as legally prescribed to the child[.]
                                                  -6-
113(g)(4).

        For instance, in In re C.J.B., No. M2016-01585-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 2805193,
at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 28, 2017), the father pled guilty to two counts of felony child
neglect. At the termination trial, the trial court found that the severe child abuse ground
for termination was “prima facie” established by the introduction of his convictions. Id.
at *4. This Court disagreed. We explained that an act prohibited by the child neglect
statute under which the parent was convicted did “not, in and of itself, qualify as severe
child abuse.” Id. at *5. “Abuse” or “neglect” within the meaning of the child neglect
statute did not necessarily rise to the level of “severe child abuse” as defined by section
37-1-102. Id. “The trial court failed to demonstrate how the evidence support[ed] the
ground of severe child abuse.” Id. In addition, the evidence did not support a finding
that his actions were “likely to cause serious bodily injury or death” within the meaning
of section 37-1-102. Id. Therefore, we concluded that the ground of severe child abuse
was not sufficiently proven.

       In other cases, we have affirmed findings of severe child abuse where trial courts
made the requisite comparison. See, e.g., In re Imerald W., No. W2019-00490-COA-R3-
PT, 2020 WL 504991, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 31, 2020) (“Based on Mother’s guilty
plea to felony child abuse under Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-15-401 and the
evidence in the record of the Child’s injuries, we conclude that the evidence is clear and
convincing in favor of the trial court’s finding that Mother committed severe child abuse
within the meaning of Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(4).”); In re O.W.,
No. W2019-01127-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 97727, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 9, 2020)
(“Father was convicted of a crime that qualifies as severe child abuse under section 37-1-
102(b)(27)(C).”); In re Demarkus T., No. M2016-01839-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL
3311313, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 3, 2017) (“Father was tried and convicted of
aggravated child abuse and felony murder . . . . By definition, that conviction establishes
severe child abuse that serves as the basis for termination of parental rights pursuant to
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4).”); In re T.L.G., No. E2014-01752-COA-R3-PT, 2015
WL 3380896, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 26, 2015) (“We conclude that the trial court
properly considered Father’s rape convictions in Ohio as acts constituting ‘severe child
abuse’ under Tennessee law for purposes of a parental termination proceeding.”); In re
Jakaeha A.L., No. E2012-02272-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL 3148246, at *6-7 (Tenn. Ct.
App. June 18, 2013) (finding severe child abuse when the mother pled guilty to
aggravated child abuse and voluntary manslaughter).

       Here, Mother’s sentencing order reflects that she was found guilty of the following
felonies: unlawful wounding; cruelty/injury to a child; and three counts of abuse of a
child with serious injury. The trial court found that “Mother has entered pleas and been
found guilty on what amounts to sever[e] abuse to a sibling to the child at issue.”
(emphasis added) The trial court set forth the definition of severe child abuse found in
Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-102(b)(27)(A)(i), which provides that severe
                                            -7-
child abuse includes “[t]he knowing exposure of a child to or the knowing failure to
protect a child from abuse or neglect that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death
and the knowing use of force on a child that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or
death[.]” For purposes of the statute, the trial court noted, “serious bodily injury”
includes fractures of any bone and subdural bleeding. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-402(c).
The trial court found that C.S.’s brother was injured while in the care of Mother and
Father and treated for skull fractures and subdural hematoma, for which Mother pled
guilty to three counts of child abuse with serious injuries,3 one count of unlawful
wounding of a child, and one count of cruelty to a child. As such, the court concluded
that the “severe child abuse” ground was sufficiently proven. We agree. See In re
Imerald W., 2020 WL 504991, at *6 (finding that the mother’s guilty plea to felony child
abuse met the definition of severe child abuse in section 37-1-102(b)(27)(A)(i)).

       The case before us is analogous to In re Roderick R., No. E2017-01504-COA-R3-
PT, 2018 WL 1748000, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 11, 2018) perm. app. denied (Tenn.
July 12, 2018), in which a father pled guilty to three counts of inflicting serious corporal
injury on a child in California. The child sustained a brain hemorrhage, fractured ribs,
and other injuries. Id. at *1 n.3. The child was diagnosed with shaken baby syndrome,
but during the termination trial in Tennessee, the father insisted that he accidentally
dropped the child down the stairs. Id. at *1 n.2. We said:

               We agree with the trial court that clear and convincing evidence
       supports termination of Father’s parental rights based upon severe child
       abuse. The felony convictions in the record clearly indicate that Father pled
       guilty to three counts of willfully causing corporal injuries to J.R., resulting
       in great bodily injury. Regardless of Father’s attempts to explain the
       circumstances surrounding J.R.’s injuries, the fact remains that Father pled
       guilty to the atrocious crime that caused J.R. to suffer severe brain injuries,
       multiple broken bones, facial bruising, an inability to walk or sit up, and
       cognitive impairment . . . . Accordingly, this Court finds that clear and
       convincing evidence supports termination of Father’s parental rights based
       upon the ground of severe child abuse.

3
 The three counts of child abuse with serious injury referenced Virginia Code Annotated section 18.2-
371.1, which provides, in pertinent part:

       Any parent, guardian, or other person responsible for the care of a child under the age of
       18 who by willful act or willful omission or refusal to provide any necessary care for the
       child’s health causes or permits serious injury to the life or health of such child is guilty
       of a Class 4 felony. For purposes of this subsection, “serious injury” includes but is not
       limited to (i) disfigurement, (ii) a fracture, (iii) a severe burn or laceration, (iv)
       mutilation, (v) maiming, (vi) forced ingestion of dangerous substances, and (vii) life-
       threatening internal injuries.
                                                  -8-
Id. at *14.

       We likewise find that the ground of severe child abuse was proven by clear and
convincing evidence considering Mother’s guilty pleas and the evidence of the child’s
injuries. We now turn to the second ground for termination found by the trial court.

              2.   Sentence for Conduct Amounting to Severe Child Abuse

      When the petition was filed, Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(5)
(2018) provided that an additional ground for termination applied if:

       The parent or guardian has been sentenced to more than two (2) years’
       imprisonment for conduct against the child who is the subject of the
       petition, or for conduct against any sibling or half-sibling of the child or
       any other child residing temporarily or permanently in the home of such
       parent or guardian,4 that has been found under any prior order of a court or
       that is found by the court hearing the petition to be severe child abuse, as
       defined in § 37-1-102. Unless otherwise stated, for purposes of this
       subdivision (g)(5), “sentenced” shall not be construed to mean that the
       parent or guardian must have actually served more than two (2) years in
       confinement, but shall only be construed to mean that the court had
       imposed a sentence of two (2) or more years upon the parent or guardian[.]

The statute “requires that the sentence of imprisonment be ‘for conduct against the child .
. . that has been found under any prior order of a court or that is found by the court
hearing the petition to be severe child abuse, as defined in § 37-1-102.” In re Shyronne
D.H., No. W2011-00328-COA-R3-PT, 2011 WL 2651097, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 7,
2011) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(5)). “[S]ome court order, either by a
prior court or the court hearing the termination petition, must find that the conduct
underlying the conviction constituted severe child abuse as defined by section 37-1-102.”
Id.

       As discussed in the previous section, Mother was sentenced to more than two
years’ imprisonment for conduct against C.S.’s sibling that meets the definition of severe
child abuse set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-102. As such, this
ground for termination was also sufficiently proven. See In re Adrian M.-M., No.
W2019-00931-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 5595846, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2019)
(concluding that the crime for which the parent was convicted fell “within the definition
of severe child abuse at Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102 as required by the applicable
ground for termination of parental rights”).

       4
        The statute has since been amended to apply to imprisonment for conduct against “a child.” See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(5) (2020).
                                                -9-
                                      B.   Best Interest

       When at least one ground for termination has been proven by clear and convincing
evidence, “the court next determines whether the proof amounts to clear and convincing
evidence that terminating parental rights is the best interests of the child.” In re
Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d 662, 681 (Tenn. 2017) (citing In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d
at 523). Courts consider nine statutory factors set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated
section 36-1-113(i) when conducting the best interest analysis. Id. In doing so, we must
bear in mind that the child’s best interest must be viewed from the perspective of the
child, not the parent. Id. If the best interest of the child and the interest of the adults
conflict, such conflict must always be resolved in favor of the child. Id. at 681-82.

       Here, the trial court’s written order states that the court carefully considered the
best interest factors set forth in the termination statute and determined that they
overwhelmingly weighed in favor of termination. The court found that the most
significant factors in its analysis were the stability and safety of the home provided by
Grandparents, while Mother was serving a lengthy prison sentence. The trial court noted
that Mother was currently serving an imposed sentence of twenty years. It found that
C.S. was removed from Mother’s care and custody shortly after birth and that Mother had
remained incarcerated throughout the entirety of the child’s life. As such, the trial court
found that Mother did not have any meaningful relationship with the child. The trial
court found that C.S. had remained in the care of Grandparents since March 2018, and a
change of caretakers and physical environment would likely have a detrimental effect on
the child’s emotional and psychological well-being, adverse to her best interest. The trial
court found that C.S. has bonded with Grandparents and is thriving, physically and
emotionally, in their care. Therefore, the trial court found that it is not in the best interest
of the child for Mother to regain custody, care, or control of her. To the contrary, the trial
court found that it was “in the overwhelming best interests of the child” for termination to
occur.

       On appeal, Mother does not dispute the trial court’s individual best interest
findings. Instead, she argues that the trial court “did not adequately consider” that Father
was charged with and convicted of similar crimes, and yet Grandparents planned to allow
him to maintain a relationship with the child but deny the same opportunity to Mother
once she was released from prison. She also argues that the trial court failed to consider
Grandmother’s criminal history.

       The proof at trial established that Grandmother was charged with a crime at age
seventeen and found not guilty after a jury trial. She had no criminal record since that
incident. Notably, when the juvenile court placed C.S. in Grandparents’ custody, it
specifically addressed that incident in its final order and nevertheless found that it was
appropriate to place C.S. in the home.
                                           - 10 -
        One of the most significant factors in the trial court’s decision was “the stability
and safety of the home provided by [Grandparents],” in addition to the fact that Father
joined in the petition to surrender his parental rights and consent to adoption. We discern
no error in the trial court’s best interest analysis, even considering Grandmother’s history
and the fact that Grandparents permitted Father to have short visits with C.S. while under
their direct supervision. At this stage, the question is not whether it is in the best interest
of the child to have visits with Father, or whether that situation is fair to Mother.5 The
relevant question is whether it is in the best interest of C.S. to terminate Mother’s
parental rights. The evidence clearly and convincing establishes that it is.

                                          V.    CONCLUSION

       For the aforementioned reasons, the decision of the chancery court is affirmed and
remanded. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the appellant, Summer S., for which
execution may issue if necessary.

                                                             s/ Carma Dennis McGee
                                                           CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, JUDGE

       5
         This Court rejected a similar argument by a father in In re Braxton M., 531 S.W.3d 708, 736-37
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2017):

       [O]n appeal, Father appears to couch the issue of whether the Children will continue to
       see Mother once they are adopted by Maternal Grandparents as a claim of unfairness to
       Father. He cites no specific factor in the best interest analysis as affected by the potential
       for Mother’s continued presence in the Children’s lives. As Maternal Grandparents point
       out, such a “fairness” argument as to Father is irrelevant within the best interest analysis
       because, upon the determination of clear and convincing evidence of a statutory ground
       for termination of Father’s parental rights, Father’s interest and those of the Children
       diverge, with the focus shifting to the best interest of the Children. See In re Audrey S.,
182 S.W.3d at 877.
               . . . . As the trial court noted, Mother surrendered her parental rights to the
       Children during the pendency of this action. Father cites no evidence, and none is
       indicated in the record, that Mother’s supervised presence in Maternal Grandparents’
       home posed a risk of harm to the Children.
                                                  - 11 -