Court Opinion

ID: 9380549
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-20 15:07:37.147383+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:26.049437
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re X.L.L., 2023-Ohio-751.]

                                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                            TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                          BROWN COUNTY

 IN RE:                                              :

        X.L.L.                                       :          CASE NO. CA2022-03-003

                                                     :                   OPINION
                                                                          3/13/2023
                                                     :

                                                     :

                                                     :

               APPEAL FROM BROWN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                               JUVENILE DIVISION
                                Case No. 20203161

Zachary A. Corbin, Brown County Prosecuting Attorney, and Courtney A. Worley, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

Dever Law Firm, and Scott A. Hoberg, for appellant.

        BYRNE, J.

        {¶1}     Grandmother, the former legal custodian of the minor child "Xavier," appeals

from the decision of the Brown County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, which

granted legal custody of Xavier to "Mary," a relative.1 For the reasons described below, we

1. "Xavier" and "Mary" are pseudonyms, adopted in this opinion for purposes of privacy and readability. See
In re D.P., 12th Dist. Clermont Nos. CA2022-08-043 and CA2022-08-044, 2022-Ohio-4553, ¶ 1, fn.1.
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affirm the juvenile court's decision.

                              I. Facts and Procedural History

                                 A. Dependency Complaint

       {¶2}   On November 12, 2020, the Brown County Department of Job and Family

Services ("BCDJFS") filed a complaint alleging that Xavier, then five years old, was a

dependent child pursuant to R.C. 2151.04(B). In the complaint, BCDJFS alleged that

Grandmother was Xavier's maternal great-grandmother and had been his legal custodian

since 2015. BCDJFS further alleged that it received reports from multiple sources that

reported concerns for Xavier's safety while in Grandmother's care. Specifically, BCDJFS

on November 5, 2020 received a report that Grandmother had given physical custody of

Xavier to a "family friend" and that she had done this previously. Grandmother later

reported to police that the "family friend" had abducted Xavier. Law enforcement contacted

the friend to return Xavier. The friend complied.

       {¶3}   BCDJFS contacted Grandmother to inquire about this situation. She informed

BCDJFS that Xavier was in her care but refused to provide her location and stated she was

going to leave the state. Grandmother struggled to give a consistent timeline of events and

reported that she was emotionally struggling due to several recent deaths in her family.

Grandmother's husband, brother, and first cousin had all died in a short period of time.

Grandmother's grandson was also shot and killed. (The timing of this incident is unclear,

and Grandmother's testimony suggests her grandson may have been shot on two separate

occasions.)

       {¶4}   BCDJFS further alleged that it received reports that Grandmother was

abusing her prescription medication and was mentally unstable.        BCDJFS contacted

Xavier's biological mother, who stated that she was not able to provide for Xavier. BCDJFS

alleged that "Mary," who was described in the record as Grandmother's first cousin and

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Xavier's fourth cousin, was willing and able to take temporary custody.

       {¶5}   On the same day that BCDJFS filed the complaint, it moved the juvenile court

to grant temporary custody to Mary. The juvenile court held a shelter care hearing. The

court thereafter granted temporary custody to Mary and granted protective supervision over

Xavier to BCDJFS.

                              B. Case Plan for Reunification

       {¶6}   In December 2020, BCDJFS and Grandmother entered into a case plan with

the goal of reunifying Grandmother with Xavier. BCDJFS indicated that Grandmother would

need to maintain safe and stable housing and income, maintain contact with BCDJFS and

follow all of BCDJFS's recommendations, attend and participate in a psychological

evaluation, attend and participate in a drug/alcohol assessment, attend and participate in

parenting education classes and individual sessions, attend all scheduled and needed

medical and specialist appointments, follow all related recommendations, and only take

prescribed medications.

                                 C. Adjudicatory Hearing

       {¶7}   The juvenile court held an adjudicatory hearing. The court thereafter issued

a judgment entry reflecting that the parties stipulated to the complaint as written. The court

found Xavier dependent. The juvenile court continued temporary custody with Mary.

                   D. Motions for Custody and Dispositional Hearing

       {¶8}   In April 2021, Grandmother filed a motion for legal custody of Xavier.

Grandmother stated that she had completed her case plan for reunification and argued that

BCDJFS had refused to facilitate visitation between her and Xavier. In October 2021,

BCDJFS moved the juvenile court to grant legal custody of Xavier to Mary.

       {¶9}   In January 2022, the court held a dispositional hearing on the pending motions

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for legal custody. The following is a summary of the evidence presented.2

                                i. Caseworker Charity Stephenson

        {¶10} Charity Stephenson testified that she was a caseworker for BCDJFS.

Stephenson relayed that Grandmother received legal custody of Xavier in 2015 from a case

originating from a different Ohio county.

        {¶11} At the beginning of this case, BCDJFS received notice that Grandmother was

leaving Xavier with random people and that his needs were not being met while

Grandmother cared for an adult grandson who had been shot. BCDJFS had also received

reports that Grandmother was driving erratically while taking Xavier to school and that she

had planned to pull Xavier out of school, leave the state with Xavier, and not return.

        {¶12} When Grandmother came into BCDJFS's office, she provided a drug screen

that was positive for benzodiazepine, oxycontin, and opiates. She provided BCDJFS with

a list of at least 30 different medications she had been prescribed, some of which were

narcotics.      BCDJFS had concerns about Grandmother's prescription drug use.

Grandmother had several different medical providers prescribing her with different

medications and there was a concern that she was "doctor hopping." Stephenson stated

that the only prescription medication that Grandmother took consistently was oxycontin.

        {¶13} Stephenson testified that BCDJFS was concerned about neglect of Xavier by

Grandmother, abuse of medications by Grandmother, and Grandmother's mental health

issues. In December 2020, BCDJFS offered Grandmother various case plan services

including parenting education and mental health assistance.                       BCDJFS added anger

management services following a psychological assessment and allegations that

2. For readability purposes, we have organized the presentation of evidence in a different order than presented
at the hearing. We also note that hearsay evidence was offered at numerous points during the hearing by
multiple witnesses. We consider such testimony when no objection was made by counsel or sustained by the
juvenile court. See Streifthau v. Streifthau, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA84-08-087, 1985 WL 8676, *5 (May 20,
1985). Grandmother did not assign error on appeal with regard to hearsay testimony.

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Grandmother had chased someone in her car and had also chased a grandson down a

highway while holding a metal pipe.

       {¶14} Grandmother went to New Hope, a community services center, and was

referred for weekly therapy as well as a drug/alcohol assessment because of concerns over

abuse of her prescription medications.

       {¶15} Regarding Grandmother's involvement with BCDJFS, Stephenson testified

that Grandmother did maintain contact with BCDJFS as required. Stephenson had not

visited Grandmother's home and would not do so because of safety concerns due to

Grandmother's emotional instability and erratic behavior.           Stephenson noted that

Grandmother had come to the juvenile court on a previous court date with a fake gun.

       {¶16} Stephenson noted that Grandmother had stable income and housing and that

she had completed a parenting program with Dr. Eugene Smiley. Grandmother had also

complied with her drug/alcohol assessment requirement.

       {¶17} Despite Grandmother's completion of the case plan services recommended

by BCDJFS, Stephenson stated that Grandmother's concerning behaviors had not

changed. Stephenson stated that Grandmother's interactions with Xavier during supervised

visitations had not improved. Grandmother did not interact with Xavier in the way a parent

interacts with a child; rather, she interacted with him as a grandparent not involved in daily

parenting. Stephenson explained Grandmother did not provide "structure" during her visits

with Xavier, and that there was only limited communication between the two of them.

Stephenson described that Grandmother would be "coloring" while Xavier was "off doing

random things." Stephenson noted that when the case began, Xavier, then five years old,

could not count to 10, spell his name, or recognize his ABCs. Grandmother spoke to Xavier

as if he was a baby and his speech was very baby-like.

       {¶18} Stephenson stated that at the beginning of the case, Grandmother was

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erratic, paranoid, and difficult to engage with in a stable conversation. Grandmother had

accused a previous BCDJFS employee of "kidnapping" Xavier and continued to make those

accusations. Since participating in counseling, Grandmother's mental health issues had

improved. Nonetheless, BCDJFS was concerned that Grandmother continued to lack the

ability to take responsibility for her mental health issues.        Stephenson stated that

Grandmother refused to acknowledge any of her concerning behaviors, mood changes, and

anger issues.

       {¶19} Stephenson testified that Xavier had informed her, numerous times, that he

wanted to live with Mary. Stephenson said that Xavier wanted to visit with Grandmother

but did not want to live with her. Xavier's biological mother also wanted Xavier to be placed

with Mary.

       {¶20} BCDJFS believed that all of Xavier's needs were being met by Mary and

recommended that the court grant legal custody to Mary and visitation with Grandmother at

Mary's discretion.

                                   ii. Dr. Eugene Smiley

       {¶21} Dr. Eugene Smiley testified that he was a professional clinical counselor who

contracted with BCDJFS to provide parenting education. BCDJFS referred Grandmother

to Dr. Smiley in November 2020. He wrote a parenting capacity report, which was filed with

the court. The report summarized Grandmother's participation in Dr. Smiley's parenting

program and outlined Dr. Smiley's concerns with Grandmother's parenting ability. The

report was admitted into evidence at the dispositional hearing and Dr. Smiley testified as to

its contents. The juvenile court allowed Dr. Smiley to testify as an expert witness.

       {¶22} Dr. Smiley testified that Grandmother took a test titled the "Adult-Adolescent

Parenting Inventory-2" ("AAPI"). The AAPI purports to indicate the potential for a child being

abused by a parent based on the parent's responses to questions about child rearing

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practices.3 As a whole, Dr. Smiley testified that Grandmother's responses on the AAPI were

in the "below average" to "average" range.                     Dr. Smiley opined that based upon

Grandmother's responses on the AAPI, she demonstrated a "rudimentary," "below-average

to average" understanding of parenting.

        {¶23} Dr. Smiley was also concerned regarding the number of Grandmother's

prescribed medications. Grandmother had reported several past and present health issues

but the fact that she had 30 different prescriptions over the past 20 months appeared

excessive and confusing. Dr. Smiley believed there was reason to be concerned with

possible over-dependence/misuse of prescribed medications. In this regard, Dr. Smiley

was concerned by Grandmother's statement to him that she was "weaning" herself off her

medication.4

        {¶24} Dr. Smiley was concerned regarding Grandmother's denial that there were

any issues regarding her custody of Xavier. He observed that she took no responsibility for

the matters that led to Xavier's removal and the child protective services case. Dr. Smiley

testified that Grandmother stated that "they're messing with me" and that "everybody is lying

on me." Dr. Smiley observed that Grandmother lacked self-awareness. He opined that it

was difficult for Grandmother to trust the judgment of mental health professionals relative

to her diagnoses and need for treatment. She lacked understanding of how she came

across to others.

        {¶25} Dr. Smiley opined that Grandmother tended to overreact and retaliate. He

noted an incident involving a relative in which she chased after another vehicle in anger.

Dr. Smiley believed there was reason to be concerned that Grandmother may overreact in

3. No attempt to validate the AAPI test was made at the hearing, and no party objected to the lack of validation.

4. The record is unclear regarding whether Dr. Smiley's testimony regarding Grandmother's prescription drug
use fell within his area of professional expertise.

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a similar way when faced with an especially stressful moment in parenting Xavier.

        {¶26} Dr. Smiley observed that Grandmother had suffered many losses of loved

ones in 2020. Dr. Smiley believed that in light of these losses, Grandmother felt that having

custody of Xavier was necessary to her purpose and meaning. Dr. Smiley concluded that

Grandmother's personal sense of purpose and meaning were more important to her than

Xavier's actual wellbeing.

        {¶27} Dr. Smiley was concerned with a psychological report in which Grandmother

made a statement that most people irritated her. This statement, along with Grandmother's

poor scores on the AAPI, concerned him as to what would happen when seven-year-old

Xavier began to irritate Grandmother.                     He noted that Xavier had attention-

deficit/hyperactivity disorder and would be active, pushing, resisting, and talking back.

        {¶28} Dr. Smiley stated that his overall concern was with Grandmother's mental

stability, anger issues, and medication issues, all of which he believed may be an

unintentional threat to Xavier's wellbeing.             Dr. Smiley was further concerned about

Grandmother leaving Xavier with random people.                     Xavier had told Dr. Smiley that

Grandmother would "drop him off everywhere." Dr. Smiley noted that Xavier contrasted

Grandmother's behavior with Mary's behavior. Xavier stated that Mary "would never drop

me off anywhere." Xavier was afraid to go with Grandmother because he thought she would

not bring him back. Xavier told Dr. Smiley that he would like to live with Mary and that he

feels safe living with her. If given the option of running to Grandmother or Mary if someone

was hurting him, he would run to Mary.5

        {¶29} Xavier told Dr. Smiley that he loves Grandmother. Dr. Smiley believed that

5. Dr. Smiley also testified that Xavier told him that Grandmother once left him in a bed with someone named
"Rob," that it was "scary," and that Xavier got out of bed "really fast." No other details were provided, and
what little testimony was offered was vague. Because this testimony was not fully developed on the record,
we are unable to draw any conclusion.

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Xavier should visit with Grandmother, but he did not think she could provide the stability he

needs for purposes of a legal custody arrangement.

                                     iii. Rachel Triplett

       {¶30} Rachel Triplett was Xavier's guardian ad litem. Triplett testified concerning

her observation of supervised visits between Grandmother and Xavier.           According to

Triplett, Grandmother had issues at an initial visit where she was not "coherent." This issue

was addressed and never happened again. But Triplett observed that subsequent visits

were not productive.       Grandmother would not redirect Xavier and there was "no real

interaction."   Triplett believed that Xavier was educationally neglected while in

Grandmother's custody, and that Grandmother was also unable to care for Xavier's medical

needs and other day-to-day needs.

       {¶31} Triplett also observed Xavier with Mary. She concluded that Xavier was

bonded with Mary and saw her as his "safe space." She had no concerns regarding Mary's

interaction with Xavier.

       {¶32} Triplett recommended that the court grant legal custody to Mary and provide

visitation with Grandmother at Mary's discretion. Triplett stated that Xavier was adamant in

discussions with her that he wanted to live with Mary and did not want to live with

Grandmother but that he did want to visit with Grandmother.

                                          iv. Mary

       {¶33} Mary testified that she was Grandmother's first cousin and Xavier's fourth

cousin. Before the BCDJFS case occurred, Grandmother had asked her to babysit Xavier.

At that time, she told Grandmother that Xavier did not know her and that, for that reason,

"you can't just bring him here and drop him off." Nonetheless, Mary testified that she was

one of the people who Grandmother left Xavier with, and that Grandmother had left Xavier

with her for two weeks. Mary had observed Xavier storing his excess clothes in his bed.

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She believed he was keeping his clothes nearby so that if he had to go anywhere for a long

time, he could take his clothes with him.

      {¶34} Mary testified that Xavier had many behavioral issues when he was initially

placed with her. He was behaving erratically, he was getting into trouble at school, and he

was having outbursts. Mary testified that she enrolled Xavier in therapy. When she was

told that Xavier's school wanted to hold him back in Kindergarten, she worked hard with him

to improve his learning and behavior. She worked with the school principal, psychologist,

and Xavier's teacher, and both his learning and behavior markedly improved. By the time

of the dispositional hearing, Xavier was still having some behavioral issues, but he

understood there were rules he had to follow and that he could not have an outburst when

he did not get his way. Mary stated he was doing "much better" in school.

      {¶35} When Xavier first came to live with Mary, she noted he had "black spots in his

teeth." When she took Xavier to the dentist, she discovered he had two or three broken

teeth, several cavities, and needed two caps. Xavier was placed under anesthesia and had

six teeth pulled as well as other work completed. Xavier was also taking several prescription

medications for blood pressure, anger, and ADHD. Mary testified that she has provided

Xavier with appropriate physical and psychological treatment.

      {¶36} Mary testified that she would never keep Xavier from visiting with

Grandmother. She stated that Grandmother "has his best interest" in mind and "really wants

good for him," and that Grandmother "loves him, and I know he loves her." Nonetheless,

she was concerned that Grandmother was not providing proper rules and boundaries for

Xavier during visits. Mary testified that Grandmother would frequently allow Xavier to play

on her phone during their visits, rather than engaging with him. She stated that in an ideal

world, she would like Grandmother to have overnight visitation with Xavier, but that they are

not there yet. Before reaching that point, Mary stated she would like Xavier to express a

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desire to stay overnight with Grandmother, and that she "would like to see [Grandmother]

come and spend [more time] with him, focusing on him. Not me, not the surroundings, not

a phone, but her and him interacting together doing things." Ultimately, she said, "I don't

want to keep him from her, if he does come with me," and "I want her to have a better

relationship than she does, a structured one."

                                    v. Lori Blackburn

      {¶37} Lori Blackburn testified that she was an educator with "Child Focus" and had

worked with Mary and Xavier, specifically assisting Mary with parenting a five-year-old that

never previously had any structure or discipline in his life. Blackburn met with Mary and

Xavier weekly for several months. After Xavier began to demonstrate progress, those

meetings switched to bi-weekly.

      {¶38} When Blackburn first started meeting Xavier and Mary, Xavier was frequently

misbehaving at school. He could not recite his ABCs, his numbers, or write his name. He

had missed 20 days of school in the first few months of his kindergarten year while he was

in Grandmother's custody. Blackburn stated that she had observed considerable progress

with Xavier's behavior and schooling since she, Mary, and Xavier began to meet.

                            vi. Grandmother's Case in Chief

      {¶39} Grandmother introduced the testimony of several friends or acquaintances

who testified that they had never known Grandmother to act erratically. Grandmother

testified and stated that the allegations made against her in November 2020 concerning her

leaving Xavier with a family member were not true. She stated that she was struggling in

2020 due to the death of several family members. She agreed that it was in Xavier's best

interest that he was removed from her when she was going through those struggles.

Grandmother also agreed that Mary took good care of Xavier.

      {¶40} Grandmother read a "letter" to the court as her closing argument. In it, she

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accused her daughter and two of her grandchildren, including Xavier's biological mother, of

reporting her to BCDJFS and orchestrating a "kidnapping" of Xavier. She also accused

BCDJFS of authorizing the "kidnapping." She denied the allegations against her that led to

Xavier's removal.

                                   E. Juvenile Court Decision

       {¶41} On March 3, 2022, the juvenile court issued its decision finding it in Xavier's

best interest that legal custody be granted to Mary. The court found that Grandmother was

correct that some family and friends had "worked against her" at the time of Xavier's

removal.6 Nonetheless, the court observed that the evidence at the adjudicatory hearing

established that Grandmother had been leaving Xavier with third parties for "extended"

periods of time, during which time Xavier was not attending school. The court also noted

that Grandmother was under tremendous stress at this time due to the recent loss of three

family members. Her physical health was poor (and continued to be so at the time of the

dispositional hearing) and her behavior was erratic. She was unable to explain where she

had been, and she appeared at Xavier's school looking for him when he had not attended

that school in a week or more.

       {¶42} The court found that Grandmother made a good faith effort in many areas of

her case plan for reunification but that her own testimony highlighted her mental and

physical limitations that made caring for Xavier on a full-time basis impossible. The court

found that these mental and physical limitations were what led to Xavier's removal and

those limitations continued to exist. The court noted that Grandmother "consistently failed

drug screens during the case which if nothing else shows [her] inability to regulate her own

6. Certain comments made by the juvenile court at the dispositional hearing indicate that some of the
allegations made by "family and friends" against Grandmother were unfounded. The record of the
adjudicatory hearing is not before us and the details on this issue were not elaborated upon during the
dispositional hearing.

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medicine."

       {¶43} The court noted that the testimonies of Dr. Smiley and Caseworker

Stephenson, as well as Grandmother's closing argument, made clear that Grandmother

"still struggles to accept any responsibility for the situation and developmental delays of the

child under her care." The court found this lack of acknowledgement "concerning," and

noted the "overwhelming" evidence of improvement of Xavier's physical and mental

development while under Mary's care.

       {¶44} The juvenile court awarded legal custody to Mary after concluding it was

"clear" that being placed in Mary's legal custody was in Xavier's best interest. The juvenile

court also ordered that Grandmother should have visitation with Xavier at Mary's discretion.

                                    II. Law and Analysis

       {¶45} Grandmother appealed, raising the following sole assignment of error:

       {¶46} IN A CHILD CUSTODY CASE, THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS

DISCRETION IN GRANTING LEGAL CUSTODY OF THE CHILD TO A RELATIVE.

       {¶47} Grandmother contends that the juvenile court abused its discretion by

granting legal custody of Xavier to Mary.            Grandmother argues that the evidence

demonstrated that it was in Xavier's best interest that he be returned to her custody.

Grandmother further contends that the court failed to consider Xavier's wishes.

                       A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review

       {¶48} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.353(A)(3), if a child is adjudicated an abused,

neglected, or dependent child, the juvenile court may award legal custody of the child "to

either parent or to any other person who, prior to the dispositional hearing, files a motion

requesting legal custody of the child[.]" Legal custody may be awarded to a nonparent upon

a demonstration by a preponderance of the evidence that granting legal custody to the

nonparent is in the child's best interest. In re L.C., 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2019-08-086,

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2020-Ohio-4629, ¶ 14. A preponderance of the evidence is evidence that is of a greater

weight or more convincing than the evidence which is in opposition to it. In re K.M., 12th

Dist. Butler No. CA2019-01-015, 2019-Ohio-1833, ¶ 37.

       {¶49} R.C. 2151.353(A) does not independently set forth factors that a court must

consider in determining the child's best interests in a request for legal custody. In re F.B.,

12th Dist. Brown No. CA2021-03-002, 2022-Ohio-499, ¶ 43.            In determining the best

interests of the child, the juvenile court must consider all relevant factors. In re A.M.W.,

12th Dist. Butler No. CA2021-12-159, 2022-Ohio-2913, ¶ 18.           A court may therefore

consider the relevant best interest factors set forth in either R.C. 3109.04(F) or R.C.

2151.414(D) in determining the best interest of the child. In re K.S., 12th Dist. Warren Nos.

CA2019-01-009 and CA2019-02-015, 2019-Ohio-2384, ¶ 37. R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) provides

that

              In determining the best interest of a child pursuant to this
              section, * * * the court shall consider all relevant factors,
              including, but not limited to:

              (a) The wishes of the child's parents regarding the child's care;

              (b) If the court has interviewed the child in chambers pursuant
              to division (B) of this section regarding the child's wishes and
              concerns as to the allocation of parental rights and
              responsibilities concerning the child, the wishes and concerns
              of the child, as expressed to the court;

              (c) The child's interaction and interrelationship with the child's
              parents, siblings, and any other person who may significantly
              affect the child's best interest;

              (d) The child's adjustment to the child's home, school, and
              community;

              (e) The mental and physical health of all persons involved in the
              situation;

       R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) provides that

              In determining the best interest of a child * * *, the court shall

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             consider all relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the
             following:

             (a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the
             child's parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-
             home providers, and any other person who may significantly
             affect the child;

             (b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or
             through the child's guardian ad litem, with due regard for the
             maturity of the child;

             (c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child
             has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
             children services agencies or private child placing agencies for
             twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month
             period, or the child has been in the temporary custody of one or
             more public children services agencies or private child placing
             agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-
             two-month period and, as described in division (D)(1) of section
             2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was previously in the
             temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another state;

             (d) The child's need for a legally secure permanent placement
             and whether that type of placement can be achieved without a
             grant of permanent custody to the agency;

             (e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this
             section apply in relation to the parents and child.

      {¶50} The juvenile court enjoys broad discretion in custody proceedings. In re L.W.,

12th Dist. Preble No. CA2020-12-019, 2021-Ohio-2461, ¶ 31. As a result, the standard of

review in custody decisions is whether the juvenile court abused its discretion. In re P.B.,

12th Dist. Warren No. CA2019-10-108, 2021-Ohio-414, ¶ 14. Abuse of discretion connotes

more than an error of law or judgment; an abuse of discretion instead implies that the

juvenile court's attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. In re K.G., 12th

Dist. Clinton No. CA2020-11-017, 2021-Ohio-2154, ¶ 19. The discretion afforded to a

juvenile court in custody matters should be accorded the utmost respect, given the nature

of the proceeding and the impact the court's determination will have on the lives of the

parties concerned. C.A. v. H.S., 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2019-09-021, 2020-Ohio-4352,

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¶ 9. A reviewing court must not substitute its judgment for that of the juvenile court when

applying the abuse of discretion standard. In re J.W., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2019-07-108,

2020-Ohio-322, ¶ 23.

                                B. Legal Custody Analysis

       {¶51} Grandmother contends that the juvenile court abused its discretion by failing

to consider the statutory best interest factors. However, "consideration" of the best interest

factors "does not require a juvenile court to expressly discuss each of the best-interest

factors." In re A.M., 166 Ohio St.3d 127, 2020-Ohio-5102, ¶ 31. Although "the better

practice is for the juvenile court to discuss them so there can be no question that each factor

was considered," the court is not required to do so. In re K.P., 12th Dist. Preble No.

CA2021-11-016, 2022-Ohio-1347, ¶ 39. Instead, a reviewing court must simply "be able to

discern from the magistrate's or juvenile court's decision and the court's judgment entry that

the court satisfied the statutory requirement that it consider the enumerated factors." In re

A.M. at ¶ 31. It is clear from our review of the record that the juvenile court considered the

relevant best interest factors, even though it did not do so explicitly.

       {¶52} Initially, Grandmother contends that the record "fails to provide any

information, competent, credible, or otherwise, either directly by the child or through the

guardian ad litem regarding the child's wishes." However, as described previously, Dr.

Smiley, Caseworker Stephenson, and Guardian ad Litem Triplett all testified as to Xavier's

wishes. All agreed that Xavier was adamant that he wished to live with Mary and did not

wish to live with Grandmother. Although the juvenile court's decision did not explicitly state

Xavier's desire, it is clear the from the court's decision that it considered the testimony of

these witnesses. Accordingly, the juvenile court did not fail to take into account Xavier's

wishes.

       {¶53} Grandmother also challenges the juvenile court's consideration of other best

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interest factors. Grandmother contends that the court failed to consider the bond that

existed   between     Grandmother      and   Xavier.       See    R.C.    3109(F)(1)(c);   R.C.

2151.414(D)(1)(a).

       {¶54} There is no suggestion in the juvenile court's decision that it failed to consider

the bond between Grandmother and Xavier. In fact, the court specifically noted that

Grandmother's "love for the child cannot be challenged." The court also acknowledged that

Grandmother had made progress with respect to her case plan. Nonetheless, the court

found Grandmother had "mental and physical health limitations which make caring for

[Xavier] on a full-time basis almost impossible." We perceive no abuse of discretion

regarding the court's consideration of the relationship between Xavier and Grandmother in

rendering its decision on legal custody.

       {¶55} Grandmother next contends that the court failed to consider Xavier's custodial

history in rendering its decision. See R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c). She notes that she was

Xavier's primary legal custodian from 2015 through removal and that the court removed

Xavier due to concerns over Grandmother's health after she suffered the loss of multiple

family members. Grandmother adds that the court never placed Xavier in the temporary

custody of BCDJFS but rather, the court placed him with a relative while BCDJFS held

protective supervision.

       {¶56} Grandmother does not articulate how these facts demonstrate that the court

abused its discretion in granting legal custody of Xavier to Mary. Xavier's custodial history

was not a critical factor in this case. Rather, the best-interest analysis was primarily focused

on whether Grandmother had the physical and mental ability to care for Xavier and which

nonparent – Mary or Grandmother – was best capable of providing for Xavier in a legal

custody setting. As will be discussed in greater detail below, the evidence weighed in favor

of granting legal custody to Mary.

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       {¶57} Grandmother finally contends that the court failed to consider Xavier's need

for a legally secure permanent placement. See R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d). However, a grant

of legal custody is not a permanent placement like a grant of permanent custody. See In

re M.M., 2011-Ohio-3913, at ¶ 7. In the context of this argument challenging legal custody,

Grandmother essentially argues that she was able to provide Xavier with a legally secure

permanent placement because she addressed all of BCDJFS's concerns with her mental

health and parenting abilities and remedied those issues. She notes that she completed

parenting classes and anger management courses. She states that BCDJFS's concerns

with her drug use were unfounded as the drugs she tested positive for had been prescribed

to her. Grandmother explains away her decision to leave Xavier with another person as

being justified by her need to visit a grandson in a hospital.

       {¶58} However, the juvenile court expressly took note of the progress that

Grandmother made upon the case plan services provided by BCDJFS. The court found

that despite this progress, Grandmother had not remedied those issues involving her

physical and mental health that led to Xavier's removal.

       {¶59} The specific and primary concern that led to removal was evidence that

Grandmother was leaving Xavier with strangers for extended periods of time. Evidence

corroborated this allegation, as Mary testified that Grandmother left Xavier with her for two

weeks despite Xavier being a stranger to her at the time.

       {¶60} To address this concerning issue and others, including erratic behavior and

possible prescription drug misuse, BCDJFS referred Grandmother for parenting classes

and therapy. Despite completing these assignments, Dr. Smiley opined that Grandmother

effectively made no progress on those aspects of her parenting behavior which would

indicate whether she was a threat for abusing a child. In sum, Grandmother failed to

demonstrate that was able to provide a safe and healthy environment for Xavier.

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         {¶61} On the other hand, there was ample evidence presented that Xavier thrived

while under Mary's care. As testified to by child educator Blackburn, many of the behavioral

and educational issues that Xavier displayed at the time of his removal were remedied

during Xavier's time with Mary, and this progress was directly correlated to Mary's efforts

working with Xavier. Xavier could not recite his ABCs, count numbers, or write his name at

removal. By the time of the dispositional hearing, Xavier was reading, he could recognize

numbers, count to 120, and he could count by tens. He could even tell time on a digital

clock.

         {¶62} After having reviewed the complete record of proceedings below, the juvenile

court did not abuse its discretion in finding that a grant of legal custody to Mary was in

Xavier's best interest and that granting legal custody to Grandmother would not have been

in Xavier's best interest. Accordingly, we overrule Grandmother's sole assignment of error.

                                       III. Conclusion

         {¶63} Having overruled Grandmother's sole assignment of error, we affirm the

juvenile court's judgment.

         {¶64} Judgment affirmed.

         M. POWELL, P.J., and PIPER, J., concur.

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