Court Opinion

ID: 4664543
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-03 17:00:29.463551+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:36.844094
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           March 3, 2021
                         _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
 JARED DENNIS,

       Plaintiff - Appellant,

 v.                                                          No. 19-1377
                                                (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-00128-MSK-STV)
 JAIME FITZSIMONS, in his official                            (D. Colo.)
 capacity as Sheriff of Summit County,
 Colorado,

       Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, MORITZ, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Although employers cannot discriminate against disabled individuals, both the

Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and the Rehabilitation Act recognize a

distinction between alcoholism the disease and alcohol-related misconduct. Nielsen

v. Moroni Feed Co., 162 F.3d 604, 608–09 (10th Cir. 1998) (collecting cases).

Summit County Sheriff Jared Fitzsimons (“the Sheriff”) terminated Plaintiff Jared

Dennis for being impaired and unavailable as required by the terms of his

      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
employment. Plaintiff contends the termination violated the ADA and Rehabilitation

Act because the Sheriff fired him for being an alcoholic.

      Under our case law, Plaintiff bore the initial burden of establishing a prima

facie case of disability discrimination. We hold Plaintiff failed to meet his burden

because he did not offer affirmative evidence that the Sheriff terminated him because

of his protected status. For that reason, exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment for the Sheriff.

                                           I.

      In early July 2016, the Summit County Sheriff’s Office (“SCSO”) promoted

Plaintiff to Detective Sergeant. While he served in that role, Plaintiff’s wife filed

criminal charges against him in neighboring Park County, Colorado. When the

Sheriff learned of the charges, he put Plaintiff on paid leave. At that time, the SCSO

issued Plaintiff a letter notifying him of his obligations during paid leave. The letter

required Plaintiff to “remain at a pre-arranged place, available by phone beginning

Thursday, July 28, 2016 from 0900 hrs to 1700 hrs,” and to call the SCSO

commander on and off duty daily.

       On July 28, Plaintiff reported to the Park County jail for booking and

arraignment around 7:00 a.m.—two hours before SCSO expected him to be on duty.

Jail personnel gave Plaintiff a Portable Breathalyzer Test (“PBT”), which revealed a

                                            2
breath-alcohol content (“BrAC”) level of .107—a level indicative of impairment.1

Over a three-hour period, jail personnel gave Plaintiff two additional PBTs, each of

which showed impairment.2 After the third PBT, jail personnel postponed his

arraignment until the next day because the judge could not arraign Plaintiff while he

was legally impaired from alcohol use. Jail personnel kept Plaintiff in custody until

that time.

       Plaintiff did not call the SCSO commander as required by the terms of his

paid leave status. A corporal from Park County, however, called the SCSO to let the

Sheriff know that Plaintiff was in custody and the judge could not arraign him that

day because of his elevated BrAC levels. The Sheriff and his staff met by conference

call and decided to terminate Plaintiff for violating several SCSO policies. The

SCSO notified Plaintiff of his termination and explained that he violated four SCSO

policies:

             (1)    Conduct 400(III)(A)(9) Private Life: Deputies will
             behave in a manner that does not bring discredit to the SCSO
             or themselves;

             (2)   Conduct 400(III)(B)(9)(a)(1) Alcohol Use: An
             employee shall not consume alcohol to such a degree that it
             impairs his on-duty performance;

       1
        The Summit County Government Human Resources Guidelines and
Procedures consider a blood alcohol content of 0.05% or greater to be under the
influence. And the legal BrAC limit for driving is 0.05 in Colorado.
       2
       At about 8:03 a.m., Plaintiff blew a .107. Around 8:52 a.m., he blew a .082.
And around 10:45 a.m., he blew a .06.
                                           3
             (3)    Conduct 400(III)(B)(9)(a)(4) Alcohol Use: An
             employee shall not consume alcohol for a period of eight
             hours before going on duty; and

             (4)    Internal Affairs 410(VI)(A): Internal Affairs
             investigative proceedings are confidential personnel issues
             and shall not be discussed with anyone other than as part of
             the official investigation.
      Plaintiff filed a complaint against Defendant in his official capacity as Sheriff

of Summit County alleging the Sheriff violated the ADA and Rehabilitation Act by

terminating Plaintiff because of his alcoholism. After some discovery, the Sheriff

filed a motion for summary judgment arguing Plaintiff could not establish a prima

facie case of discrimination. The Sheriff maintained he terminated Plaintiff for

violating various SCSO policies, including being impaired during a paid leave shift

and unavailable to the SCSO. For purposes of summary judgment, the district court

assumed Plaintiff was disabled, but granted the Sheriff’s motion for summary

judgment. It determined that Plaintiff failed to meet his burden because he had not

come forward with evidence showing “that his termination was based on his status as

a disabled person (as opposed to his conduct).”

                                           II.

      We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo and view

the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Tabor v. Hilti, Inc., 703

F.3d 1206, 1215 (10th Cir. 2013) (citing Turner v. Pub. Serv. Co., 563 F.3d 1136,

1142 (10th Cir. 2009)). Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

                                            4
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “[C]onclusory allegations standing alone will

not defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment.” White v. York Int’l

Corp., 45 F.3d 357, 363 (10th Cir. 1995) (citing Cone v. Longmont United Hosp.

Ass’n, 14 F.3d 526, 530 (10th Cir. 1994)).

                                          III.

      We analyze Plaintiff’s claims under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting

framework because he offers no direct evidence of discrimination. See Woodman v.

Runyon, 132 F.3d 1330, 1339 n.8 (10th Cir. 1997) (“Cases decided under section 504

of the Rehabilitation Act are . . . applicable to cases brought under the ADA and vice

versa, except to the extent the ADA expressly states otherwise.”); EEOC v. C.R.

Eng., Inc., 644 F.3d 1028, 1038 (10th Cir. 2011) (“If a plaintiff offers no direct

evidence of discrimination, which is often the case, the court applies the burden-

shifting analysis articulated by the Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp.”).

Under this framework, Plaintiff first had to establish a prime facie case of

discrimination. McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973). Had

he done so, the burden would have shifted to the Sheriff to articulate a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for Plaintiff’s termination. Id. Ultimately the burden

would then have shifted back to Plaintiff to show the Sheriff’s articulated reason was

mere “pretext.” Id. at 804. But because Plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie

case of discrimination, our analysis ends there.

                                             5
                                          A.

      To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, a plaintiff must prove: (1) he

is a disabled person; (2) he is qualified, with or without reasonable accommodation,

to perform the essential functions of his job; and (3) his employer discriminated

against him because of his disability. Justice v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., Inc., 527

F.3d 1080, 1086 (10th Cir. 2008) (citing Zwygart v. Bd. Of Cnty. Comm’rs, 483 F.3d

1086, 1090 (10th Cir. 2007)) (enumerating the prima facie elements for an ADA

discrimination claim); Williams v. Windall, 79 F.3d 1003, 1005 (10th Cir. 1996)

(citing Pushkin v. Regents of the Univ. of Colo., 658 F.2d 1372, 1387 (10th Cir.

1981)) (enumerating the prima facie elements for a § 504 Rehabilitation Act claim).

      To satisfy the third prima facie element, Plaintiff must “present some

affirmative evidence that disability was a determining factor” in his termination.3

Morgan v. Hilti, Inc., 108 F.3d 1319, 1323 (10th Cir. 1997) (citing Ennis v. Nat’l

Ass’n of Bus. & Educ. Radio, Inc., 53 F.3d 55, 59 (4th Cir. 1995)). The affirmative

evidence must show that the Sheriff terminated Plaintiff because of his disability or

“under circumstances which give rise to an inference that the termination was based

      3
         “We have held that alcoholism is a disability under the Rehabilitation Act,”
and “observed in dicta that the status of being an alcoholic may merit protection
under the ADA.” Renaud v. Wyo. Dept. of Family Servs., 203 F.3d 723, 729–30
(10th Cir. 2000) (first citing Williams, 79 F.3d at 1005; and then citing Nielsen, 162
F.3d at 609). Plaintiff offers undisputed evidence that he is an alcoholic and the
district court treated Plaintiff as an alcoholic in its Order Granting Summary
Judgment. So for purposes of our analysis we too treat Plaintiff as a person with a
disability.
                                           6
on [his] disability.” 4 Butler v. City of Prairie Vill., 172 F.3d 736, 748 (10th Cir.

1999) (quoting Morgan, 108 F.3d at 1323). Evidence of critical comments about a

plaintiff’s disability, or a close temporal proximity between the employer learning

about the disability and taking adverse employment action may give rise to an

inference of discrimination. Butler, 172 F.3d at 749–50 (holding that the third prima

facie element was satisfied by evidence of a close temporal proximity between an

employee’s request for accommodation, and negative evaluations and complaints

about his performance). The burden of producing such evidence is “not onerous,”

but “it is also not empty or perfunctory.” Id. at 749 (quoting Ennis, 53 F.3d at 59).

      Although the ADA and Rehabilitation Act recognize alcoholism as a disability,

we distinguish between alcoholism and alcohol-caused misconduct in reviewing

whether a plaintiff has established a prima facie case. Nielsen, 162 F.3d at 608–09.

So even though the Acts protect an individual’s disabled status, they do not protect

      4
         Since Morgan and Butler, the Supreme Court has twice suggested that
“because of” means “but-for.” See Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167
(2009) (ADEA claims); Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Cntr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338 (2013)
(Title VII retaliation claims). After Gross and Nassar, other circuits determined that
courts must evaluate ADA claims under a “but for” standard. See Murray v. Mayo
Clinic, 934 F.3d 1101, 110 (9th Cir. 2019) (collecting cases). But we have not yet
made such a determination. And because the parties failed to address the issue here,
we decline to make that determination today. See Foster v. Mountain Coal Co., LLC,
830 F.3d 1178, 1191 (10th Cir. 2016) (“In this case, we need not determine the extent
to which Nassar alters a plaintiff’s burden to prove causation in his prima facie case
of ADA retaliation.”) We instead find it sufficient to affirm the district court under
the “more generous” determining factor standard. See Pulczinski v. Trinity
Structural Towers, Inc., 691 F.3d 996, 1002 (8th Cir. 2012). And we “reserve a
decision on the meaning of ‘because of’ in the ADA for a case in which the issue is
briefed.” Id.
                                            7
“unsatisfactory conduct” caused by alcoholism. Id. Nor do they protect egregious or

criminal action “merely because the actor has been diagnosed as an alcoholic and

claims that such action was caused by his disability.” Williams, 79 F.3d at 1007

(quoting Maddox v. Univ. of Tenn., 62 F.3d 843, 848 (6th Cir. 1995)).

      An employer does not have “to accept egregious behavior by an alcoholic

employee when that same behavior, exhibited by a nondisabled employee, would

require termination.” Id. Under the ADA, an employer can still prohibit an

employee from being under the influence of alcohol at the workplace and hold an

alcoholic employee “to the same qualification standards for employment” as other

employees. 42 U.S.C. § 12114(c); see also id. Similarly, the Rehabilitation Act does

not protect alcoholics whose current use of alcohol “prevents [them] from performing

the duties of the job” or “whose employment, by reason of such current alcohol

abuse, would constitute a direct threat to property or the safety of others.” 29 U.S.C.

§ 705(20)(C)(v).

                                           B.

      Plaintiff offers no affirmative evidence that the Sheriff terminated Plaintiff

because he is an alcoholic. In Plaintiff’s view, the fact that the Sheriff (1) knew he

had a serious drinking problem and (2) terminated him for showing up drunk to his

booking and arraignment, is affirmative evidence that the Sheriff terminated him for

being an alcoholic. But Plaintiff’s argument misses the mark because it conflates his

disability and the misconduct caused by his over-consumption of alcohol. Far from

showing the Sheriff fired Plaintiff because of his disability, the summary judgment

                                           8
record shows the opposite. According to Plaintiff, SCSO promoted him to Detective

Sergeant after learning of the incidents that put the Sheriff on notice of Plaintiff’s

serious drinking problem. And despite being on notice for over a year that Plaintiff

had a serious drinking problem, Plaintiff offers no evidence that the Sheriff ever took

adverse employment action against Plaintiff until he reported to his arraignment and

booking impaired.

      Before the district court, Plaintiff argued that the Sheriff’s justification for

terminating him was pretextual. Plaintiff and his fellow deputy, Rob Pearce, were

together drinking the night before Plaintiff’s arraignment and, according to Plaintiff,

the Sheriff generally knew the two of them drank a great deal of alcohol when

together. But the Sheriff did not give Pearce a breathalyzer test after he learned that

Plaintiff showed up drunk for his arraignment. Plaintiff claimed this showed pretext

because the Sheriff treated Pearce differently by not testing or terminating him.

      On appeal, Plaintiff’s argument about Pearce has evolved. Plaintiff now

appears to argue that the Sheriff’s treatment of Pearce is evidence of discrimination,

rather than pretext, and sufficient to establish a prima facie case. Because Plaintiff’s

argument differs from the one he presented to the district court, he needed to argue

for plain error review. United States v. Leffler, 942 F.3d 1192, 1196 (10th Cir.

2019). But Plaintiff did not and his failure to do so “surely marks the end of the road

for an argument for reversal not first presented to the district court.” Richison v.

Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1131 (10th Cir. 2011).

                                            9
      And even giving Plaintiff the benefit of the doubt and assuming he did argue

to the district court that Pearce’s purportedly different treatment affirmatively

evidenced discriminatory intent, Plaintiff’s argument would still fail. It is

fundamental that to prevail on his disparate treatment argument Plaintiff must show

he and Pearce were similarly-situated. Kendrick v. Penske Transp. Servs., Inc., 220

F.3d 1220, 1232 (10th Cir. 2000) (A plaintiff may show disparate treatment “by

providing evidence that he was treated differently from other similarly-situated,

nonprotected employees who violated work rules of comparable seriousness.”). But

Plaintiff cannot meet this burden. In his briefing, Plaintiff does not contest that the

PBTs accurately depicted his breath-alcohol levels. All the same, Plaintiff cries foul

because the Sheriff did not give Pearce a breathalyzer test. The Sheriff did not,

however, administer or request the administration of Plaintiff’s breathalyzer tests—

Park County personnel did. And Plaintiff does not contend Pearce was impaired. In

fact, he testified in his deposition that Pearce did not appear impaired that morning.

And no record evidence reveals that Pearce arrived at SCSO for work that morning

with alcohol on his breath or acting in a way that might have triggered suspicion that

he was drunk. So even if the Sheriff knew Plaintiff and Pearce were drinking

buddies and had been together the night before, the lack of evidence establishing

Pearce was drunk that morning precludes him from being a valid comparator for

establishing discriminatory intent.

       Ultimately, we recognize Plaintiff’s burden of proving a prima facie case is

not onerous, but to prevail he must produce something to show discrimination. He

                                           10
has not done so, and his failure to offer any evidence supporting a causal connection

between his alcoholism and discharge proves fatal to his claim.5

      AFFIRMED.

                                            Entered for the Court

                                            Joel M Carson III
                                            Circuit Judge

      5
         Plaintiff appears to contend that the Sheriff’s reason for terminating him was
pretextual because he violated no SCSO policy. But even assuming he did not
violate a policy by showing up drunk to his arraignment, Plaintiff’s argument fails
because we only reach pretext if Plaintiff establishes a prima facie case. Plaintiff
failed to meet his initial burden of establishing a prima facie case, so we will not
assess whether Defendant’s articulated reason for terminating Plaintiff was
pretextual.

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