Court Opinion

ID: 9399264
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-02 16:07:17.787959+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:52.829173
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS

DEAN COMPAGNER and LORIE COMPAGNER,                              FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                 June 1, 2023
               Plaintiffs-Appellees,                             9:00 a.m.

v                                                                No. 359699
                                                                 Ottawa Circuit Court
ANGELA BURCH, PA-C, TIMOTHY                                      LC No. 21-006524-NH
RUTKOWSKI, M.D., JENNIFER ANDERSON,
PA-C, LH PARTNERS SUB, doing business as
LAKESHORE HEALTH PARTNERS, and JOEL
VELDHOUSE, M.D.,

               Defendants,

and

EDWARD MAAS, M.D., and ADVANCED
RADIOLOGY SERVICES PC,

               Defendants-Appellants,

and

HOLLAND COMMUNITY HOSPITAL, doing
business as HOLLAND HOSPITAL,

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: K. F. KELLY, P.J., and BOONSTRA and REDFORD, JJ.

BOONSTRA, J.

                                             -1-
        Defendants appeal by leave granted1 the trial court’s order denying defendants’ motion for
summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7).2 Because we are bound by this Court’s decision in
Carter v DTN Mgt Co, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket No. 360772), we
affirm. However, for the reasons we will describe in this opinion, we disagree with Carter’s
determination that the Michigan Supreme Court had the constitutional authority to issue its
Administrative Order (AO) No. 2020-3, 505 Mich cxxvii (2020) (AO 2020-3),3 and but for Carter
would hold that our Supreme Court did not have the constitutional authority to issue AO 2020-34
and that plaintiffs’ complaint was therefore untimely filed (after the expiration of the applicable
statute of repose), and would reverse and remand for entry of summary disposition in favor of
defendants. See MCR 7.215(J). We therefore call for the convening of a special panel under
MCR 7.215(J)(3) to consider the conflict between our rationale and that of Carter relative to the
constitutional validity of AO 2020-3.5

       We note in that regard that our Supreme Court recently had occasion to consider this
Court’s 2-1 order denying leave to appeal in Browning v Buko, unpublished order of the Court of
Appeals, entered August 2, 2021 (Docket No. 356874), (JANSEN, J., dissenting), in which the
defendants in a medical malpractice action argued that the plaintiff’s claim was barred by the

1
 Compagner v Angela Burch PA-C, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered July 1,
2022 (Docket No. 359699).
2
  Defendants Angela Burch, PA-C; Timothy Rutkowski, M.D.; Jennifer Anderson, PA-C; Joel
Veldhouse, M.D.; and LH Partners Sub d/b/a Lakeshore Health Partners are not parties to this
appeal. Further, defendant Holland Community Hospital, although styling itself as an appellee,
has advanced arguments on appeal in opposition to plaintiffs’ arguments and in accord with the
defendant-appellants’ arguments. In this opinion, we will use the collective “defendants” to refer
to defendant-appellants Edward Maas, M.D. and Advanced Radiology Services PC, as well as
defendant-appellee Holland Community Hospital.
3
 The Supreme Court issued AO 2020-3 after the Governor issued Executive Order (EO) No. 2020-
4 on March 10, 2020 declaring a state of emergency in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
4
 To be clear, our references in this opinion to the constitutional validity of AO 2020-3 (and related
AOs) are intended and should be understood to relate solely to the effects of the AOs on the
applicable statutes of limitation and repose. Our opinion does not relate to other aspects of the
AOs, the validity of which has not been challenged, e.g., encouraging courts to conduct hearings
remotely and directing courts to “have a system in place to allow filings without face-to-face
contact.” AO 2020-3.
5
  Our partially dissenting colleague suggests that because there is a pending application for leave
to appeal before the Michigan Supreme Court in Carter, declaring a conflict with Carter is
“unnecessary and would amount to little more than an advisory opinion on the matter.” We
respectfully disagree. To the contrary, we believe that our Supreme Court, in considering that
application (and other pending applications), would benefit from having before it the alternate
views expressed in Carter and in this case, and from having a conflict panel of the Court of Appeals
weigh in as well.

                                                -2-
applicable statute of repose. The Supreme Court denied leave to appeal. However, Justice
VIVIANO (joined by Justice ZAHRA), dissented and would have remanded to the Court of Appeals
for consideration of whether various Supreme Court AOs were “invalid because they were an
unconstitutional exercise of legislative power.” Browning v Buko, ___ Mich ___, ___; 979 NW2d
196, 197, 201 (2022) (VIVIANO, J., dissenting) (concluding that the defendants “raise a solid
argument that we lacked any legal basis for tolling the statutes and that doing so usurped the
Legislature’s power”). Contrary to Carter, we conclude that AO 2020-3 (and related AOs) were
an unconstitutional exercise of legislative power and were therefore invalid.

                   I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        On November 3, 2014, following an episode of vertigo, plaintiff Dean Compagner
(Compagner) underwent a CT (computed tomography) angiogram of his head and neck at Holland
Community Hospital. A component of the CT angiogram was an initial topographic (scout) image
that, according to plaintiffs, extended to the chest. Plaintiffs contend that the scout image revealed
a large opacity in the lower left side of the chest, but that defendant Edward Maas, M.D.,6 the
radiologist who reviewed the angiogram images, made no mention of any radiographic
abnormality in his report to the physicians who had ordered the angiogram.

         On June 30, 2020, Dean underwent chest x-rays at Lakeshore Health Partners, and a
cancerous tumor was discovered. In July 2020, Dean underwent surgery to remove the tumor.
Additional procedures needed to be performed following the surgery. Dean was discharged in
August 2020 but readmitted in October 2020 because of complications stemming from the surgery
and subsequent recovery. He was advised that he would likely need a feeding tube for the rest of
his life. He stopped working because of the physical limitations caused by many years of tumor
growth and surgical procedures.

        On December 4, 2020, plaintiffs served defendants with a notice of intent (NOI) to sue for
medical malpractice. On June 9, 2021, plaintiffs filed a complaint in the Ottawa Circuit Court.
Defendants subsequently moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7), arguing that
plaintiffs’ complaint was barred by the applicable six-year statute of repose. Plaintiffs argued in
response that their complaint was timely because the statute of repose had been extended by AO
2020-3 and Administrative Order No. 2020-18, 505 Mich clviii (2020) (AO 2020-18). After a
hearing on defendants’ motion, the trial court entered an order denying summary disposition under
MCR 2.116(C)(7), holding that plaintiffs’ action was timely filed and not barred by the applicable
statute of repose.7 The trial court subsequently denied defendants’ motion for reconsideration.

6
  Dr. Maas was an employee of Advanced Radiology Services PC who performed radiology
services at Holland Community Hospital.
7
  The trial court concluded that, after excluding 102 days from the statute of repose according to
AO 2020-3 and AO 2020-18, and additional tolling resulting from the service of plaintiffs’ NOI,
see MCL 600.5856, plaintiffs had until August 14, 2021 to timely file their complaint. Without
the time period added by the AOs, the statute of repose would have ended on November 3, 2020,
a time 136 days after the emergency period addressed by the AOs had expired.

                                                 -3-
This appeal followed. At oral argument we requested that the parties file supplemental briefs
addressing recent pertinent caselaw; we entered an order authorizing the parties to submit
supplemental briefing,8 and the parties have done so.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition.
Ass’n of Home Help Care Agencies v DHHS, 334 Mich App 674, 684; 965 NW2d 707 (2020). We
also review de novo questions of constitutional law. Id. at 685. This Court likewise reviews de
novo questions of law, such as whether a claim is barred by a statute of limitations, as well as the
proper interpretation and application of the limitations period. Stephens v Worden Ins Agency,
LLC, 307 Mich App 220, 227-228; 859 NW2d 723 (2014). We review de novo questions
concerning the interpretation and application of statutes. McLean v McElhaney, 289 Mich App
592, 596; 798 NW2d 29 (2010). “[T]he same legal principles that govern the interpretation of
statutes also govern the interpretation of court rules.” Hubbard v Lisa Stier NP, ___ Mich App
___; ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket No. 357791), slip op at 4. “Because our Supreme Court
promulgates both court rules and its administrative orders, similar rules of construction should
apply.” Id.

        A motion for summary disposition made on the basis that a plaintiff’s claim is time-barred
by either a statute of limitations or statute of repose is properly brought under MCR 2.116(C)(7).
Burton v Macha, 303 Mich App 750, 755; 846 NW2d 419 (2014). When examining whether a
motion for summary disposition brought under MCR 2.116(C)(7) was properly decided, the
appellate court considers “all documentary evidence and accept[s] the complaint as factually
accurate unless affidavits or other documents presented specifically contradict it. Shay v Aldrich,
487 Mich 648, 656; 790 NW2d 629 (2010). “If no facts are in dispute, and if reasonable minds
could not differ regarding the legal effect of those facts, the question whether the claim is barred
in an issue of law for the court.” Dextrom v Wexford Co, 287 Mich App 406, 429; 789 NW2d 211
(2010). “However, if a question of fact exists to the extent that factual development could provide
a basis for recovery, dismissal is inappropriate.” Id.

                                   III. STATUTE OF REPOSE

        Defendants argue that the trial court erroneously denied their motion under
MCR 2.116(C)(7), because plaintiffs’ complaint was time-barred under the applicable statute of
repose.9 Assuming, for this part of our analysis only, the constitutional validity of AO 2020-3 and
AO 2020-18, and following Carter‘s determination (notwithstanding certain underlying concerns
that we will describe) that AO 2020-3 excluded from the computation of time under MCR 1.108(1)

8
 Compagner v Angela Burch PA-C, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered March 16,
2023 (Docket No. 359699).
9
  Unlike a statute of limitations, which generally begins running when a cause of action accrues, a
statute of repose “is measured from some other particular event, such as the date of the last culpable
act or omission of the defendant.” Frank v Linker, 500 Mich 133, 142; 894 NW2d 574 (2017)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

                                                 -4-
the full 102-day period from March 10, 2020 until the June 20, 2020 rescission of AO 2020-3 by
AO 2020-18 (the exclusion period)—even with respect to deadlines that fell outside that period—
we disagree.

                            A. APPLICABLE TIME LIMITATIONS

        A medical malpractice claim “accrues at the time of the act or omission that is the basis for
the claim of medical malpractice, regardless of the time the plaintiff discovers or otherwise has
knowledge of the claim.” MCL 600.5838a(1). A plaintiff must bring a medical malpractice action
within two years of the date the claim accrues, MCL 600.5805(8) and Haksluoto v Mt Clemens
Regional Med Ctr, 500 Mich 304, 310; 901 NW2d 577 (2017), “or within 6 months after the
plaintiff discovers or should have discovered the existence of the claim,” MCL 600.5838a(2),
whichever is later. However, a plaintiff’s ability to bring a medical malpractice action is further
limited by the statute of repose, which provides that “the claim shall not be commenced later than
6 years after the date of the act or omission that is the basis for the claim.” MCL 600.5838a(2);
see also Nortley v Hurst, 321 Mich App 566, 572; 908 NW2d 919 (2017) (“The statute setting the
deadlines for bringing a [medical] malpractice claim makes clear that the six-year period of repose
caps the time for bringing a claim within six months of discovery.”) Id.

       A plaintiff in a medical malpractice action is required to provide the defendants with
written notice of intent to file a claim not less than 182 days before commencing the action.
MCL 600.2912b(1). “At the time notice is given in compliance with the applicable notice period
under section 2912b, if during that period a claim would be barred by the statute of limitations or
repose,” then “the statute is tolled not longer than the number of days equal to the number of days
remaining in the applicable notice period after the date notice is given.” MCL 600.5856(c).

                     B. SUPREME COURT ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS

        On March 23, 2020, our Supreme Court issued an AO 2020-3, “extend[ing] all deadlines
pertaining to case initiation and the filing of initial responsive pleadings in civil and probate
matters during the state of emergency” that was declared by the Governor on March 10, 2020.10
AO 2020-3 read, in whole, as follows:

       In light of the continuing COVID-19 pandemic and to ensure continued access to
       courts, the Court orders that:

       For all deadlines applicable to the commencement of all civil and probate case-
       types, including but not limited to the deadline for the initial filing of a pleading
       under MCR 2.110 or a motion raising a defense or an objection to an initial pleading
       under MCR 2.116, and any statutory prerequisites to the filing of such a pleading

10
  Although issued on March 23, 2020, the parties agree that the exclusion period under AO 2020-
3 began on March 10, 2020 because EO 2020-4 had declared that the state of emergency began on
that date.

                                                -5-
       or motion, any day that falls during the state of emergency declared by the Governor
       related to COVID-19 is not included for purposes of MCR 1.108(1).

       This order is intended to extend all deadlines pertaining to case initiation and the
       filing of initial responsive pleadings in civil and probate matters during the state of
       emergency declared by the Governor related to COVID-19. Nothing in this order
       precludes a court from ordering an expedited response to a complaint or motion in
       order to hear and resolve an emergency matter requiring immediate attention. We
       continue to encourage courts to conduct hearings remotely using two-way
       interactive video technology or other remote participation tools whenever possible.

       This order in no way prohibits or restricts a litigant from commencing a proceeding
       whenever the litigant chooses. Courts must have a system in place to allow filings
       without face-to-face contact to ensure that routine matters, such as filing of estates
       in probate court and appointment of a personal representative in a decedent's estate,
       may occur without unnecessary delay and be disposed via electronic or other
       means.[11]

On May 1, 2020, our Supreme Court issued an Amendment of Administrative Order 2020-3
(Amended AO 2020-3) by revising the fourth paragraph to add the language noted below in italics:

       This order in no way prohibits or restricts a litigant from commencing a proceeding
       whenever the litigant chooses, nor does it suspend or toll any time period that must
       elapse before the commencement of an action or proceeding. Courts must have a
       system in place to allow filings without face-to-face contact to ensure that routine
       matters, such as filing of estates in probate court and appointment of a personal
       representative in a decedent's estate, may occur without unnecessary delay and be
       disposed via electronic or other means. [Amended AO-2020-3, 505 Mich cxliv,
       cxlv.]

On June 12, 2020, our Supreme Court issued AO 2020-18, which rescinded AO 2020-3 effective
June 20, 2020, stating:

       In Administrative Order No. 2020-3, the Supreme Court issued an order excluding
       any days that fall during the State of Emergency declared by the Governor related
       to COVID-19 for purposes of determining the deadline applicable to the
       commencement of all civil and probate case types under MCR 1.108(1). Effective
       Saturday, June 20, 2020, that administrative order is rescinded, and the
       computation of time for those filings shall resume. For time periods that started
       before Administrative Order No. 2020-3 took effect, the filers shall have the same
       number of days to submit their filings on June 20, 2020, as they had when the

11
  On April 23, 2020, after the Supreme Court had issued AO 2020-3, the Governor issued EO
2020-58, which provided that, “Consistent with [AO 2020-3], all deadlines applicable to the
commencement of all civil and probate actions and proceedings . . . are suspended as of March 10,
2020 and shall be tolled until the end of the declared states of disaster and emergency.”

                                                -6-
       exclusion went into effect on March 23, 2020. For filings with time periods that
       did not begin to run because of the exclusion period, the filers shall have the full
       periods for filing beginning on June 20, 2020.

       Staff Comment: Note that although the order regarding computation of days entered
       on March 23, 2020, it excluded any day that fell during the State of Emergency
       declared by the Governor related to COVID-19, which order was issued on
       March 10, 2020. Thus, the practical effect of Administrative Order No. 2020-3 was
       to enable filers to exclude days beginning March 10, 2020. This timing is consistent
       with the executive orders entered by the Governor regarding the tolling of statutes
       of limitation.[12]

                                    C. RECENT CASELAW

        As this Court noted when requesting supplemental briefing, several recent cases have
addressed issues related to the computation of time and tolling of limitations or other time periods
related to AO 2020-3 and 2020-18. These cases include Wenkel v Farm Bureau General Ins Co
of Mich, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 358526); Armijo v Bronson
Methodist Hospital, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket Nos. 358728, 358729);
Carter; Linstrom v Trinity Health-Michigan, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket
No. 358487); and Hubbard v Stier, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket No.
357791). All of these cases except Wenkel have applications for leave to appeal pending before
the Michigan Supreme Court; Wenkel’s application was recently denied. See Wenkel v Farm
Bureau General Ins Co of Mich, ___ Mich ___; 988 NW2d 482 (2023).

        In Wenkel, a unanimous panel of this Court held, in an action to recover personal injury
protection (PIP) benefits13 under an automobile insurance policy, that the Supreme Court’s

12
   Simultaneously with the issuance of AO 2020-18, the Governor issued EO 2020-122, which
similarly rescinded EO 2020-58 effective June 20, 2020. The Governor continued the COVID-19
state of emergency—through a series of EOs—through October 27, 2020. On October 2, 2020,
the Supreme Court struck down the Governor’s authority under the Emergency Management Act
of 1976 (EMA) to renew her declaration of a state of emergency or state of disaster based on the
COVID-19 pandemic after April 30, 2020, and it further struck down her authority under the
Emergency Powers of the Governor Act of 1945, MCR 10.31 et seq. (EPGA), concluding that the
EPGA was unconstitutional because it purported to delegate to the executive branch the legislative
powers of state government. See In re Certified Questions from the United States District Court,
Western District of Michigan, Southern Division, 506 Mich 332; 958 NW2d 1 (2020). Regardless,
because AO 2020-3 and EO 2020-58 were both rescinded (by the Supreme Court and the
Governor, respectively) effective June 20, 2020, it is undisputed that the exclusion period at issue
is the 102 days from March 10, 2020 to June 20, 2020.
13
  As our Supreme Court noted in Esurance Property & Casualty Ins Co v Michigan Assigned
Claims Plan, 507 Mich 498, 503 n 1; 968 NW2d 482 (2021) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted), “What are commonly called ‘PIP benefits’ are actually personal protection insurance

                                                -7-
administrative orders did not toll the one-year-back rule embodied in MCL 500.3145(2).14
Wenkel, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4-5. The Court noted that the one-year-back rule was a
“damages-limiting provision,” not a “deadline[] applicable to the commencement” of a civil
action. Id. at ___; slip op at 4 (citations omitted). It further stated:

              We interpret AO 2020-3 as tolling the statute of limitations for the
       commencement of actions and a concomitant tolling of the filing of responsive
       pleadings during the state of emergency. [Id. at ___; slip op at 4.]

         Shortly after we issued Wenkel, another panel of this Court issued Armijo, in which we
held that the Supreme Court’s administrative orders did not toll the 182-day NOI period in a
medical malpractice action.15 Armijo, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 7. We observed that
Amended AO 2020-3 clarified that AO 2020-3 did not “suspend or toll any time period that must
elapse before the commencement of an action or proceeding,” and that an NOI period is such a
time period. Id. at ___; slip op at 6, quoting Amended AO 2020-3. The Armijo Court noted that
Amended AO 2020-3 reiterated that it “. . . intended to extend all deadlines pertaining to case
initiation . . . during the state of emergency . . . .” Id., quoting Amended AO 2020-3. The Court
further held that “[b]ecause [Amended AO 2020-3] clarified that the notice period continued to
run and because the administrative orders by their language only applied to deadlines which took
place during the state of the emergency,” id. at ___; slip op at 7, the plaintiff’s claim was time-
barred under the facts of that case. Judge RIORDAN fully concurred with the lead opinion in Armijo,
but wrote separately to explain why “the constitutionality of [AO 2020-3 and AO 2020-18]
warrants careful consideration by this Court in a future case.”16 Armijo, ___ Mich App at ___; slip
op at 2 (opinion by RIORDAN, J., concurring).

        A week after our opinion in Armijo was issued, another panel of this Court decided Carter,
a premises liability case. Notwithstanding the above-quoted language of Wenkel and Armijo to
the effect that AO 2020-3 only applied to deadlines for filing case-initiation and responsive
pleadings “during the state of emergency,” the Court in Carter held the opposite, i.e., that the AO’s

(PPI) benefits by statute. MCL 500.3142. However, lawyers and others call these benefits PIP
benefits to distinguish them from property protection insurance benefits.”
14
   The one-year back rule “is designed to limit the amount of benefits recoverable under the no-
fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq., to those losses occurring no more than one year before an action
is brought.” Wenkel, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4 (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted).
15
   As noted, under MCL 600.2912b(1), a medical malpractice plaintiff must give written notice of
intent to sue at least 182 days before filing suit. Upon the giving of such notice, the statutes of
limitations or repose are tolled if they would otherwise expire during the NOI period.
MCL 600.5856(c).
16
   Because the Armijo Court decided the case on narrower, non-constitutional grounds, the lead
opinion opted not to address the issue of the constitutionality of the AOs. Armijo, ___ Mich App
at ___; slip op at 6.

                                                -8-
“more broadly excluded any day within the state of emergency, ‘for purposes of determining the
deadline applicable to the commencement of all civil and probate case types under
MCR 1.108(1).’ ” Carter, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4, quoting AO 2020-18.17 Carter
further held that the AOs were constitutional, thus deciding the issue that was reserved for decision
in Armijo. Id ___; slip op at 6.

         The same panel that decided Carter then decided Linstrom a week later. In Linstrom, the
Court applied Carter’s holding (that the AOs excluded all days within the state of emergency even
when a deadline occurred outside the exclusion period) in the context of a medical malpractice
action, and again opined that its conclusion was consistent with Armijo. Linstrom, ___ Mich App
at ___; slip op at 7-9. Most recently, another panel of this Court decided Hubbard, in which the
Court held, consistent with Armijo and the clarifying language of Amended AO 2020-3, that the
AO’s did not toll an NOI waiting period. Hubbard, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 6 (stating that
“a mandatory NOI provision sets a clock ticking, not unlike a kitchen timer, that must elapse before
litigation may be commenced”).

                                          D. ANALYSIS

        There is no dispute that the act or omission that is the basis for plaintiffs’ medical
malpractice action —relating to the review of CT angiogram images—occurred on November 3,
2014. Therefore, absent any tolling of the six-year statutory period of repose, plaintiffs’ medical
malpractice action could not have been commenced after November 3, 2020. MCL 600.5838a(2).
Plaintiffs filed their complaint on June 9, 2021.18

       There is also no dispute that the exclusion period defined by AO 2020-3 and AO 2020-18
was 102 days, from March 10, 2020 to June 20, 2020. However, defendants argue that the
exclusion period does not factor into the determination of whether plaintiffs’ complaint was timely

17
   The Court in Carter, while citing Wenkel, did not address the above-quoted language from
Wenkel, but did state with regard to Armijo, “[t]o the extent Armijo indicated that the AOs applied
only to limitations periods that expired during the state of emergency, those statements are
nonbinding dicta . . . .” Carter, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 5. A credible argument could be
made that the panel in Carter should have followed Armijo and declared a conflict under
MCR 7.215(J). See Griswold Properties, LLC v Lexington Ins Co, 276 Mich App 551, 563; 741
NW2d 549 (2007) (opinion by special conflicts panel) (“[A]n issue that is intentionally addressed
and decided is not dictum if the issue is germane to the controversy in the case, even if the issue
was not necessarily decisive of the controversy in the case.”); see also Carr v City of Lansing, 259
Mich App 376, 384; 674 NW2d 168 (2004) (“[W]hen a court of last resort intentionally takes up,
discusses and decides a question germane to, though not necessarily decisive of, the controversy,
such decision is not a dictum but is a judicial act of the court which it will thereafter recognize as
a binding decision.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); People v Robar, 321 Mich App 106, 117;
910 NW2d 328 (2017) (same).
18
   Had plaintiffs filed their NOI on or before November 3, 2020, they would have had the 182-day
NOI tolling period added, MCL 600.2912b(1), and could have filed their complaint as late as May
4, 2021; a time period 318 days after the end of the emergency period addressed by the AOs.

                                                 -9-
filed because AO 2020-3 only tolled deadlines that expired during the exclusion period. That is,
defendants contend that because the November 3, 2020 filing deadline (under the statute of
repose), fell outside the exclusion period defined by AO 2020-3 and AO 2020-18, that deadline
was unaffected by the Supreme Court’s AOs. Defendants also argue that a statute of repose does
not establish a deadline by which an action must be commenced; rather, defendants contend that a
statute of repose establishes a date by which a claim is extinguished, and thus is akin to the one-
year-back rule or the “ticking clock” of an NOI period. Defendants therefore argue that, under
Wenkel and Hubbard, the AOs do not apply.

        Taking the latter argument first, we disagree and hold that a statute of repose is a deadline
by which an action must be commenced. Separate and apart from the applicable statute of
limitations or any extension of it by the discovery rule, it establishes an outside deadline by which
an action must be filed. Unlike an NOI period, it does not establish a period of time that must
elapse before an action is filed. And unlike the one-year-back rule, it is not a damages-limiting
provision. Because a statute of repose establishes a deadline for the filing of an action, the AOs
by their terms apply, and defendants’ reliance on Wenkel and Hubbard is inapposite.

        The more difficult question relates to whether the AOs only apply to deadlines that fall
within the exclusion period. That difficulty arises in part because of the muddied nature of the
caselaw, with Wenkel and Armijo seemingly holding one thing and Carter holding another. As
noted, this Court in Wenkel and Armijo interpreted the AOs as applying only to deadlines (for
filing case-initiation or responsive pleadings) “during the state of emergency.” Wenkel, ___ Mich
App at ___; slip op at 4; Armijo, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 6-7. Nonetheless, the Court in
Carter held to the contrary, relying in part on the its interpretation of AO 2020-18 (which rescinded
AO 2020-3):

       AO 2020-18 establishes two categories of parties—one whose filings periods began
       to run before AO 2020-3 took effect on March 23, 2020, and one whose filing
       periods began to run on or after March 23, 2020. Plaintiff falls in the first category,
       and she therefore has “the same number of days to submit [her] filings on June 20,
       2020, as [she] had when the exclusion went into effect on March 23, 2020.” There
       is no language in AO 2020-18 limiting the first category to those whose filing
       deadline fell within the state of emergency. The second category identified by the
       Supreme Court also undermines defendant's interpretation of the administrative
       orders. That is, the second category concerns those whose time period did not begin
       to run because of AO 2020-3 and therefore could not have expired during the state
       of emergency. This demonstrates that all litigants whose limitations periods had
       not expired prior to the adoption of AO 2020-3 were entitled to the exclusion of
       days under AO 2020-3. [Carter, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4.][19]

19
   We note that Carter also quoted what it deemed to be the “pertinent part” of AO 2020-3, i.e.,
the language that referred to “all deadlines” and to the exclusion of “any day that falls during the
state of emergency” from the computation of time for purposes of MCR 1.108(1). Carter, ___
Mich App at ___. However, Carter did not address the language of AO 2020-3 that stated that it

                                                -10-
         We are troubled both by the arguably inconsistent manner in which the controlling,
published caselaw has developed and by the fact that AO 2020-18—which rescinded AO 2020-
3—employed language that appears to have facilitated an interpretation of AO 2020-3 (by this
Court in Carter) that is inconsistent with the very language of AO 2020-3 itself (and with the
earlier, published caselaw interpreting it). Arguably, AO 2020-18 and its interpretation by this
Court in Carter effectively transformed an order—AO 2020-3—that by its terms indicated that it
was intended to apply to deadlines “during the state of emergency” into one that would continue
to apply to deadlines that fell well outside the state of emergency.20

        Nonetheless, the state of the law is what it is, and we appear to be bound by Carter on this
issue. Therefore, applying Carter to the facts of this case, we note that plaintiffs’ filing period
began to run before AO 2020-3 took effect; they thus are in the first category of parties to which
AO 2020-18 refers. Consequently, under Carter, plaintiffs had “the same number of days to
submit [their] filings on June 20, 2020 as [they] had when the exclusion went into effect on
March 23, 2020.”21 Id., slip op at 4, quoting AO 2020-18. Carter specifically rejected the
proposition that the exclusion period was limited to “those whose filing deadline fell within the
state of emergency.” Id. Accordingly, in light of Carter, we reject defendant’s argument on that
basis. MCR 7.215(J)(1). Excluding, under Carter, the 102 days of the exclusion period from the
applicable statute of repose, and further applying the tolling of the statute of repose by the service
of plaintiffs’ NOI, plaintiffs’ complaint was timely filed.

             IV. CONSTITUTIONAL VALIDITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS

        Defendants argue in the alternative that the Michigan Supreme Court did not possess the
authority to issue AO 2020-3 and AO 2020-18. We agree. We are bound, however, by Carter’s
holding to the contrary. Consequently, we follow Carter on this issue, but only because we are
required to do so, MCR 7.215(J)(1). But for Carter, we would hold that our Supreme Court did
not have the constitutional authority to issue AO 2020-3 and AO 2020-18 and that plaintiffs’
complaint was therefore untimely filed (after the expiration of the applicable statute of repose),
and we would reverse and remand for entry of summary disposition in favor of defendants. Our
rationale, and our reasons for disagreeing with Carter, follow.

        Initially, we note that this issue was first raised by defendants in their motion for
reconsideration. When “an issue is first presented in a motion for reconsideration, it is not properly
preserved.” Vushaj v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 284 Mich App 513, 519; 773 NW2d 758
(2009). But reviewing courts have the discretion to review such unpreserved issues in civil cases
if “review would prevent manifest injustice, if review is necessary for proper resolution of the

was “intended to extend all deadlines . . . during the state of emergency.” AO 2020-3 (emphasis
added).
20
  Indeed, Holland Community Hospital (citing to MCL 600.5851(7)) posits that, under Carter,
“courts will be addressing this COVID tolling issue for the next decade given [that] infant medical
malpractice plaintiffs have until their tenth birthday to file.”
21
     Again, as noted, the exclusion period actually began on March 10, 2020.

                                                -11-
case, or if the issue involves a question of law and the facts necessary for determination have been
presented,” or if “declining to do so would result in a miscarriage of justice.” In re
Conservatorship of Murray, 336 Mich App 234, 240; 970 NW2d 372 (2021) (citations omitted).
We conclude that this is an appropriate case in which to exercise our discretion.22

         We further note that the Court in Carter, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 6, expressed
(before proceeding to decide the constitutional issue) that it was “questionable whether this Court
has the power to declare unconstitutional administrative orders of the Supreme Court.” We
conclude, to the contrary, that it is our duty to decide controlling legal questions that arise in
appeals over which we have jurisdiction, including in this case the constitutional validity of the
AOs. See MCR 7.203(A), (B); see also Tingley v Kortz, 262 Mich App 583, 588; 688 NW2d 291
(2004) (noting this Court’s discretion to review controlling legal issues even if not raised by the
parties on appeal); see also Chicago & Grand Trunk R Co v Wellman, 143 US 339, 345; 12 S Ct
400; 36 L Ed 176 (1892) (“Whenever, in pursuance of an honest and actual antagonistic assertion
of rights by one individual against another, there is presented a question involving the validity of
any act of any legislature, State or Federal, and the decision necessarily rests on the competency
of the legislature to so enact, the court must, in the exercise of its solemn duties, determine whether
the act be constitutional or not; but such an exercise of power is the ultimate and supreme function
of courts.”). Moreover, were this Court to conclude otherwise, it could leave intact—and
effectively unreviewable—a decision of a lower court. And one might fairly wonder how a litigant
might then preserve an issue (were we to decline to decide it) for consideration by our Supreme
Court. See People v Washington, 508 Mich 107, 129; 972 NW2d 767 (2021) (noting that “our
jurisdictional rules plainly establish that the circuit court has original jurisdiction and the Court of
Appeals has appellate jurisdiction”); MCR 7.303(B)(1); MCR 7.305; Smith v Musgrove, 372 Mich
329, 337; 125 NW2d 869 (1964) (noting that reversible error must generally be an error made by
the lower court). Regardless of what our decision might be, and just as with any other legal issue
that we might decide, it is within the purview of our Supreme Court to then decide whether to grant
an application for leave to appeal from our decision, MCR 7.305, and, were it to do so, to decide
the issue in the exercise of its own legal judgment.

       With regard to the substantive merits of the issue, we begin, of course, with basic principles
underlying the separation of powers. Just as our federal government is constitutionally divided

22
   We note that this Court has at other times applied the plain-error standard of review to
unpreserved issues in civil cases. See, e.g., Demski v Petlick, 3009 Mich App 404, 426-427; 873
NW2d 596 (2015). This Court has also noted that although our Supreme Court has held that we
must review unpreserved errors in criminal cases for plain error affecting the defendant’s
substantial rights, it has not established a similar rule for civil cases in which an issue is raised for
the first time on reconsideration or on appeal. In re Conservatorship of Murray, 336 Mich App at
240. We conclude that our analysis would not change regardless of whether the issue is considered
under our discretionary standard of review or whether our review is for plain error affecting
substantial rights. However, we note the differing approaches to this issue in the hope that our
Supreme Court might offer its guidance on the matter.

                                                  -12-
into three separate and co-equal branches of government,23 so too is the government of the state of
Michigan. See Const 1963, art 3, §2 (“The powers of government are divided into three branches:
legislative, executive and judicial. No person exercising powers of one branch shall exercise
powers properly belonging to another branch except as expressly provided in this constitution.”).
Thus, “the legislative power of the State of Michigan is vested in a senate and a house of
representatives,” Const 1963, art 4, §1, “the executive power is vested in the governor,” Const
1963, art 5, §1, and “the judicial power of the state is vested exclusively in one court of justice
which shall be divided into one supreme court, one court of appeals, one trial court of general
jurisdiction known as the circuit court, one probate court, and courts of limited jurisdiction that
the legislature may establish . . .,” Const 1963, art 6, § 1.

        These expressions are not merely structural niceties. Rather, they are fundamental to
ensuring our very liberties.24 It is therefore critical that we address the exercise of authority by
one branch of government over matters that fall within the constitutional purview of another
branch.25 As our Supreme Court itself has recognized, “this Court cannot revise, amend,
deconstruct, or ignore [the Legislature’s] product and still be true to our responsibilities that give
our branch only the judicial power.” In re Complaint of Rovas Against SBC Michigan, 482 Mich
90, 98; 754 NW2d 259 (2008) (citation and internal quotations omitted).

       It is within that constitutional context that we observe that it is within the constitutional
purview of our Supreme Court to “by general rules establish, modify, amend and simplify the

23
     See US Const, arts I-III.
24
   See, e.g., Michigan Alliance for Retired Americans v Secretary of State, 334 Mich App 238,
264-265; 964 NW2d 816 (2020) (BOONSTRA, J., concurring) (“The genius of our Founding Fathers
in establishing a system of three separate and co-equal branches of government was in recognizing
that it is the checks and balances of such a system that serve to preserve our liberty. As [] recently
observed in Slis v State of Michigan, 332 Mich App 312, 378; 956 NW2d 569 (2020) (BOONSTRA,
J., concurring), preservation of liberty ‘is why legislatures enact laws, and why it is up to the
executive to sign them (or not). And it is why the judiciary defers to the legislature on matters of
public policy.’ Without question, such a system creates certain inefficiencies in government. . . .
But those inefficiencies are there by design; they are the natural and intended consequence of our
system of checks and balances. And those inefficiencies are therefore the price we willingly pay
so that we may live under the banner of freedom in the United States of America.” And, we might
add, to live in the state of Michigan.
25
    We observe that “[s]ometimes it is the executive branch that engages in governmental
overreach. . . . And sometimes the legislature is perhaps unwittingly complicit in executive
overreach. See In re Certified Questions[, supra] (holding that the [EPGA] ‘is an unlawful
delegation of legislative power to the executive branch in violation of the Michigan Constitution,’
and accordingly that ‘the executive orders issued by the Governor in response to the COVID-19
pandemic now lack any basis under Michigan law’).” Michigan Alliance, 334 Mich App at 265
(BOONSTRA, J., concurring). But “judicial overreach is just as pernicious as executive overreach.”
Id. at 264.

                                                -13-
practice and procedure in all courts of this state.” Mich Const Art. 6 § 5. In furtherance of that
authority, our Supreme Court adopted the Michigan Court Rules of 1985, see MCR 1.101 and staff
comment to 1985 adoption, which became effective on March 1, 1985, MCR 1.102. “The
Michigan Court Rules govern practice and procedure in all courts established by the constitution
and laws of the State of Michigan.” MCR 1.103.

        It is within the constitutional purview of the Legislature, however, as the people’s duly-
elected representatives in the policy-making branch of government,26 to enact the substantive law
of the state. Indeed, whereas the judiciary’s domain extends to matters of “practice and
procedure,” Mich Const Art. 6 § 5, it is beyond debate that the “enactment of substantive law” is
“a valid exercise of the Legislature’s public policy-making prerogative.” McDougall v Schanz,
461 Mich 15, 18; 597 NW2d 148 (1999). See also, McDougall, 461 Mich at 52 n 18 (CAVANAGH,
J., dissenting) (citing 1 Official Record, Constitutional Convention 1961, pp 1291-1293, as
demonstrating that there is “no dispute that the powers of the Supreme Court did not (and do not)
extend to making substantive law”) and 461 Mich at 56 n 24 (CAVANAGH, J., dissenting)
(“substantive law is the domain of the Legislature”). See also People v Cornell, 466 Mich 335,
353; 747 NW2d 127 (2002) (“matters of substantive law are left to the Legislature”).

        While McDougall demonstrated that drawing the line between substantive law (a
legislative prerogative) and procedural rules (a judicial prerogative) can be difficult in the context
of the rules of evidence,27 the same cannot be said in the context of statutes of limitation or repose,
which fall squarely within the exclusive ambit of the Legislature. The Legislature thus has adopted
the Revised Judicature Act, MCL 600.101 et seq., which established specific limitations periods,
discovery periods, and periods of repose applicable to the filing of civil actions, as well as related
conditions for the tolling of those periods.28 See Haksluoto, 500 Mich at 311-312 (“[T]he relevant

26
   See People v Harris, 332, 358; 885 NW2d 832 (2016) (“[I]n our democracy, a legislature is free
to make inefficacious or even unwise policy choices. The correction of these policy choices is not
a judicial function as long as the legislative choices do not offend the constitution. Instead, the
correction must be left to the people and the tools of democracy: the ballot box, initiative,
referendum, or constitutional amendment.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
27
   McDougall addressed “whether MCL 600.2169 . . ., which provides strict requirements for the
admission of expert testimony in medical malpractice cases brought against specialists,
impermissibly infringes [the Supreme] Court’s exclusive authority under Const. 1963, art. 6, § 5,
to promulgate rules governing practice and procedure in Michigan courts.” McDougall, 461 Mich
at 18. MCL 600.2169 included more stringent expert-qualification requirements than did
Michigan Rule of Evidence 702. The Court held that the statute and the rule conflicted, that the
statute was a legislative enactment of substantive law, and that the statute did not impermissibly
infringe on the Court’s constitutional rule-making authority over “practice and procedure.” Id. at
37.
28
   These include, in the medical malpractice context: (1) a two-year statute of limitations,
MCL 600.5805(8); (2) a six-month “discovery” period, MCL 600.5838a(2); (3) a six-year statute
of repose, id.; and (4) conditions for tolling the statutes of limitation or repose, MCL 600.5856.

                                                 -14-
sections of the [RJA] comprehensively establish limitations periods, times of accrual, and tolling
for civil cases.”); Nielsen v Barnett, 440 Mich 1, 8-9; 485 NW2d 666 (1992) (“By enacting a statute
of limitations, the Legislature determines the reasonable period of time given to a plaintiff to
pursue a claim. The policy reasons behind statutes of limitations include: the prompt recovery of
damages, penalizing plaintiffs who are not industrious in pursuing claims, security against stale
demands, relieving defendants’ fear of litigation, prevention of fraudulent claims, and a remedy
for general inconveniences resulting from delay . . . .”) (citations omitted).

        Our Supreme Court has expressly held that “[s]tatutes regarding periods of limitations are
substantive in nature.” Gladych v New Family Homes, Inc, 468 Mich 594, 600; 664 NW2d 705
(2003).29 Further, “after McDougall, it is clear that, to the extent [a statute] enacts additional
requirements regarding the tolling of the statute of limitations, the statute would supersede the
court rule.” Id. at 600-601. Those substantive matters of public policy, as set forth in the RJA,
therefore fall solely and indisputably within the purview of the Legislature, not the judiciary.

        That brings us to the context of the case before us, and to the intersection of a substantive
legislative enactment (of a statute of repose and related tolling provisions) and a judicial adoption
of a court rule regarding the computation of time. Defendants argue that our Supreme Court’s
issuance of AO 2020-3 effected a modification of statutes of limitation and repose and thus was
an unconstitutional intrusion of judicial power into the legislative realm. Plaintiffs counter that
AO 2020-3 did not alter statutes of limitation or repose, but merely altered the method of
computing time for purposes of filing case-initiating or responsive pleadings under MCR 1.108(1).
We agree with defendants, and thus conclude that AO 2020-3 was invalid and not constitutionally
authorized, and that it therefore did not apply to toll statutes of limitation or repose.

        There is no dispute in this case—and, as noted, the caselaw in any event conclusively
establishes—that the Legislature’s enactments regarding the statute of repose and related tolling

29
   The Supreme Court in Gladych expressly overruled an earlier decision, Buscaino v Rhodes, 385
Mich 474, 480-483; 189 NW2d 202 (1971), which had held that statutes of limitations generally
were considered to be procedural and that the court rules controlled over statutory tolling
requirements. The Court in Gladych explained that “the inherent flaw in the Buscaino analysis
lies in the fact that Buscaino was not concerned with the plain language of the statute” and that
Buscaino adopted a strained statutory interpretation in order to avoid an apparent conflict with a
court rule. Gladych, 385 Mich at 599-600. Moreover, Buscaino came before the clarification-by-
consensus in McDougall that statutory enactments regarding matters of public policy are
substantive in nature and that they control over a procedural court rule. See id. at 600 (“This Court
has since clarified the distinction between statutes regarding matters of “practice and procedure”
and those regarding substantive law in McDougall . . . . If the statute concerns a matter that is
purely procedural and pertains only to the administration of the courts, the court rule would
control. . . . If, however, the statute concerns a principle of public policy, having as its basis
something other than court administration . . . the [court] rule should yield.”) (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted).

                                                 -15-
conditions are matters exclusively within the constitutional province of the Legislature. 30 The
pertinent question, therefore, is whether AO 2020-3 addressed matters that are purely within the
Supreme Court’s constitutional purview, i.e., addressing the “practice and procedure in all courts
of this state,” Mich Const Art. 6 § 5, or whether it unconstitutionally intruded into the legislative
sphere.

        We note in this regard that plaintiffs argue that AO 2020-3 was “not a tolling provision”
and “has nothing to do with tolling,” but rather that it merely “amends the rules used to calculate
when the statute of limitations or repose will run.” We appreciate why plaintiffs feel compelled
to attempt to draw that distinction; otherwise, plaintiffs would run headlong into a constitutional
buzz-saw: the Legislature’s substantive-law, policy-making enactments include the establishment
of the conditions for tolling the statutes of limitation or repose. MCL 600.5856; Haksluoto, 500
Mich at 311-312 (“[T]he relevant sections of the [RJA] comprehensively establish limitations
periods, times of accrual, and tolling for civil cases.”). Therefore, it becomes necessary to try to
recast the effect of AO 2020-3 from that of “tolling” to merely “amend[ing] the rules used to
calculate when the statute of limitations or repose will run.”

        Respectfully, what plaintiffs offer is at best a distinction without a difference—linguistic
artfulness that ignores reality and creates an exception that would swallow the rule. It is also
contrary to the very verbiage employed by the Governor, the Supreme Court’s staff, and even the
Supreme Court itself in crafting the EOs and AOs that are at issue. See, e.g., EO 2020-58
(“Consistent with [AO 2020-3], all deadlines applicable to the commencement of all civil and
probate actions and proceedings . . . are suspended as of March 10, 2020 and shall be tolled until
the end of the declared states of disaster and emergency.”) (emphasis added); Amended AO 2020-
3 (“This order in no way prohibits or restricts a litigant from commencing a proceeding whenever
the litigant chooses, nor does it suspend or toll any time period that must elapse before the
commencement of an action or proceeding.”) (emphasis added)31; AO 2020-18, Staff Comment
(“Thus, the practical effect of Administrative Order No. 2020-3 was to enable filers to exclude
days beginning March 10, 2020. This timing is consistent with the executive orders entered by the
Governor regarding the tolling of statutes of limitation.”) (emphasis added).

         Plaintiffs further argue, citing Brown v Porter, 13 Mich App 6; 163 NW2d 709 (1968),32
that this Court has already recognized that MCR 1.108(1) applies to statutes of limitation. We take

30
   Indeed, plaintiffs expressly acknowledge that “The legislative branch has the power to enact
substantive laws. . . . This includes enacting statutes of limitation, statutes of repose, and tolling
statutes.”
31
  By adding the language clarifying that AO 2020-3 did not suspend or toll time periods that must
elapse before filing suit, Amended AO 2020-3 implicitly acknowledged (as had the Governor) that
AO 2020-3 did toll other affected time periods.
32
  Decisions of this Court issued before November 1, 1990 are not binding on future panels of this
Court, although they may be considered for their persuasive effect. See MCR 7.215(J)(1); see also
In re Stillwell Trust, 299 Mich App 289, 299 n 1; 829 NW2d 353 (2012).

                                                -16-
no substantive issue with that assertion, at least insofar as Brown considered the issue.33 But we
cannot abide plaintiffs’ unsupported extrapolation of Brown to argue that it is therefore somehow
“axiomatic” that the Supreme Court had the authority to issue AO 2020-3.

         A close inspection of MCR 1.108 reveals the fallacy of plaintiffs’ position. MCR 1.108(1)
states in full:

               In computing a period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by court
       order, or by statute, the following rules apply:

               (1) The day of the act, event, or default after which the designated period of
       time begins to run is not included. The last day of the period is included, unless it
       is a Saturday, Sunday, legal holiday, or day on which the court is closed pursuant
       to court order; in that event the period runs until the end of the next day that is not
       a Saturday, Sunday, legal holiday, or day on which the court is closed pursuant to
       court order.

For purposes of computing time, MCR 1.108(1) thus:

       ●       excludes the “day of the act, event, or default”; and

       ●       includes the “last day of the period”; unless

       ●       the “last day of the period is a Saturday, Sunday, legal holiday, or day on which the
               court is closed pursuant to court order.

       The first two computational rules are entirely unremarkable. Indeed, they simply embody
the long-standing common law of time calculation. See, People v Woolfolk, 304 Mich App 450,
460 (2014), aff’d, 497 Mich 23; 857 NW2d 524 (2014) (“Where the common law prevails, the
general rule for the computation of time is to exclude the first and include the last day.”) (citation
omitted).34

      The third computational rule is only slightly more remarkable. It simply provides that
when the courts are closed—such that court filings cannot be made—the days of court closure

33
  The Court in Brown actually considered a predecessor court rule, GCR 1963,108.6, the text of
which largely corresponded to that found in present-day MCR 1.108(1). The parties in Brown
were involved in an automobile accident on December 25, 1962. A three-year statute of limitations
applied to the plaintiffs’ personal injury claim, meaning that the statute of limitations would expire
on December 25, 1965. That date, of course, was Christmas Day. The following day was a
Sunday. The courts were closed on both of those days. Plaintiffs filed suit the next day, Monday,
December 27, 1965. Brown held, applying GCR 1963,108.6, that the filing was timely.
34
  The Court in Woolfolk contrasted the common law of time calculation with the common law of
age calculation. Woolfolk, 304 Mich App at 460-475.

                                                -17-
(such as weekends and holidays) are not counted. Indeed, that was the full extent of this Court’s
holding in Brown. Brown, 13 Mich App at 10.

         The plain, simple, and undeniable fact, however, is that courts largely remained open
during the state of emergency declared in 2020, albeit certainly with adjustments and disruptions.
Indeed, while the Supreme Court’s AO 2020-1 (which was issued on March 15, 2020) authorized
Michigan trial courts to implement emergency measures to protect the public and court personnel,
trial courts in Michigan (including the Ottawa Circuit Court where this case was filed) generally
continued to accept court filings.35 See State Court Administrative Office, Lessons Learned
Committee, Michigan Trial Courts: Lessons Learned from the Pandemic of 2020-2021, available
at https://www.courts.michigan.gov/4afc1e/siteassets/covid/lessons-learned/final-report-lessons-
learned-findings-best-practices-and-recommendations-111921.pdf (last accessed May 26, 2023),
p 15 (noting that “[o]f the courts surveyed, 70 percent accommodated some form of e-mail or fax
filing, 20 percent utilized e-filing . . . and 90 percent continued to use limited public access for
filing, including a drop box, scheduled appointments, or limited hours”); see also 20th Judicial
Circuit and Ottawa County Probate Courts, Annual Report 2020, available at
www.miottawa.org/courts (last accessed May 16, 2023) at p 3 (stating that Ottawa County courts
“quickly pivoted” to heightened Covid procedures in 2020 “while maintaining current dockets and
achieving compliance with most case processing time guidelines” and reporting new and reopened
case filings throughout 2020). And AO 2020-1 further directed trial courts to “maximize the use
of technology to facilitate electronic filing and service to reduce the need for in-person filing and
service.” The Ottawa Circuit Court was among the courts that successfully did so; indeed, “[t]he
Circuit Court and the Ottawa County Clerk/Register’s Office were early adopters of efiling
technology and subsequently were selected as one of five pilot counties for the Michigan Supreme
Court efiling project. Throughout 2020, court and clerk personnel continued to work with the
State Court Administrative Office and ImageSoft, Inc. to establish a fully functional efiling portal,
providing attorneys and litigants with the opportunity to remotely file documents in established
cases.” Id. at p 18.36

35
  Plaintiffs do not contend otherwise or provide any support for concluding that the Ottawa Circuit
Court was closed at any time during the exclusion period, or that there was any inability to make
court filings during that time. Plaintiffs simply generally assert that “[d]uring the State of
Emergency and the Governor’s stay at home orders, the lives and businesses of Michigan citizens
were substantially disrupted. The Courts and various businesses were closed. People were
avoiding hospitals and physicians [sic] offices. The ability to conduct any business was
extraordinarily difficult and substantially delayed.”
36
  Our partially dissenting colleague asks, “what of the courts that were not open, or that, for some
period of time, could not accept court filings,” and then “presumes” that our “Supreme Court,
when issuing AO 2020-3, was considering those corner cases when crafting the order.” To be
clear, we are not suggesting that the Supreme Court could not have suspended days from the
computation of time under MCR 1.108(1) if and where courts actually were closed under court
order, or that our Supreme Court could not have itself ordered that all courts be closed. But it did
neither. And AO 2020-3 by its terms was in no way limited to “corner cases” in which courts were

                                                -18-
         Although plaintiffs posit that the Supreme Court’s authority to issue AO 2020-3
axiomatically flowed from the limited, procedural time-computation tweaking that it adopted in
MCR 1.108(1), nothing could be further from the truth. The minor, procedural effects of
MCR 1.108(1) are minimal in nature, insignificant in temporal duration, designed purely to ensure
that filings are not due when the courts are closed, and can properly be characterized as falling
within the “practice and procedure” bailiwick of the Supreme Court. Const 1963, art 6, § 5. The
effects of AO 2020-3, by contrast, are vast, indefinite in duration, purporting to apply throughout
the entirety of a state of emergency period that was itself wholly undefined, potentially limitless,
repeatedly extended, and bounded by nothing beyond the Governor’s sole discretion (at least until
such time as the Supreme Court itself declared her authority to be invalid and unconstitutional and
her EOs to be without any basis in law). AO 2020-3 was of an entirely different scope and nature
than is MCR 1.108(1), had the effect of drastically altering the legislatively-enacted statutes of
limitation and repose (and related tolling provisions), and it accordingly impermissibly and
unconstitutionally intruded on the Legislature’s sole and exclusive authority to determine the
substantive law of the state of Michigan.

       Carter fares no better. Respectfully, its entire substantive analysis of this issue was as
follows:

       By its own terms, AO 2020-3 was modifying the computation of days under
       MCR 1.108 for purposes of determining filing deadlines, which is plainly a
       procedural matter. Further, even the normal application of MCR 1.108(1) may
       result in more time than permitted by the statute of limitations. That is, if the last
       day of the limitations period is a day on which the court is closed, the period runs
       until the next day that the court is open. See MCR 1.108(1). The law of counting
       time favors this approach, i.e., granting more rather than less than time to file than
       permitted by statute, to ensure that the parties receive the entire amount of time for
       filing that they are entitled to. See Haksluoto v Mt. Clemens Regional Med. Ctr.,
       500 Mich. 304, 314-320, 901 N.W.2d 577 (2017). That is precisely what the
       Supreme Court was trying to accomplish with AO 2020-3, which was issued when
       there were court closings because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

       Further, the Court was also clearly concerned with limiting in-person interactions
       and protecting court staff and the public from COVID-19. See AO 2020-3 (“Courts
       must have a system in place to allow filings without face-to-face contact . . . .”). It
       is therefore inaccurate to frame this issue as a dichotomous choice between
       substantive and procedural law. In addition to its authority over procedural rules,
       the Supreme Court has superintending control over all state courts. See Const.
       1963, art. 6, § 4; Lapeer County Clerk v Lapeer Circuit Judges, 465 Mich. 559,

closed or unable to accept court filings. Instead, it effectively extended statutes of limitation and
repose for all litigants in all courts, regardless of the circumstances.

                                                -19-
       569, 640 N.W.2d 567 (2002).[37] Thus, the Supreme Court had authority to manage
       the operations of Michigan courts amidst a global pandemic. And by excluding
       days from the computation of time under MCR 1.108, AO 2020-3 undoubtedly
       lessened the amount of in-person interactions at courts during the early stages of
       the pandemic. For these reasons, we conclude that the Supreme Court had
       constitutional authority to issue AO 2020-3.

        Little more needs to be said.38 While the early days of the pandemic certainly were trying
and filled with uncertainty, presenting challenges that had not been experienced in this nation in

37
   We note that Carter’s reference to the Supreme Court’s power of superintending control is
misplaced. The Supreme Court’s power of superintending control over lower courts is the power
to direct that court’s actions in certain limited circumstances. “Superintending control is an
extraordinary remedy generally limited to determining whether a lower court exceeded its
jurisdiction, acted in a manner inconsistent with its jurisdiction, or failed to proceed according to
law.” In re Credit Acceptance Corp, 273 Mich App 594, 598; 733 NW2d 65 (2007). Although
superintending control “is the proper vehicle to challenge the general practices of an inferior
court,” In re Lafayette Towers, 200 Mich App 269, 272; 503 NW2d 740 (1993), “[f]or
superintending control to lie, the plaintiff must establish that the defendant has failed to perform a
clear legal duty and that plaintiff is otherwise without an adequate legal remedy.” Credit
Acceptance Corp, 273 Mich App at 598. The AOs at issue were not issued in response to a legal
challenge to a lower court’s general practices, or after a finding that the courts had failed to perform
a clear legal duty.
38
   We note that plaintiffs do not argue, nor did the Court in Carter, that the doctrine of equitable
tolling applies. Therefore, we will not address the issue in depth. We merely note (and abbreviate)
Justice VIVIANO’s sound analysis in Browning:
       [O]ur court rules and orders cannot trump a statute of limitations. And since
       nothing in the relevant statutory framework allows for the tolling that occurred here,
       the only potential grounds for the tolling order is under our equitable powers. But
       equitable tolling has been largely discredited. We have noted that the equitable
       power “has traditionally been reserved for ‘unusual circumstances . . . .’ ”
       “Equitable tolling is typically available only if the claimant was prevented in some
       extraordinary way from exercising his or her rights.” A pandemic during which the
       courts remain open to receive filings would not fit that bill and, unsurprisingly, it
       does not appear that our broad tolling orders have any historical precedent.

                                               * * *

       In light of this caselaw, it appears that equitable tolling is justified in these
       circumstances only for court closures or the inaccessibility of courts. Our
       administrative orders went well beyond that because they were not limited to
       situations in which the courts were closed. [Browning, ___ Mich at ___; 979 NW2d
       at 198-201 (VIVIANO, J., dissenting) (footnotes omitted).]

                                                 -20-
nearly a century, and while the Supreme Court’s intentions were undoubtedly laudable, in
retrospect its issuance of AO 2020-3 was plainly unconstitutional.39 Should this issue reach the
Supreme Court, we respectfully suggest that it should acknowledge as much and similarly
conclude.40 For all of the reasons already stated, Carter was wrongly decided; the Supreme Court
did not have the constitutional authority to issue AO 2020-3 (or the related AOs). Plaintiffs’
complaint was therefore untimely filed (after the expiration of the applicable statute of repose)
and, but for Carter, we would reverse and remand for entry of summary disposition in favor of
defendants.41

        Affirmed, as required under Carter. We declare a conflict with Carter relative to the
constitutional validity of the Supreme Court’s AOs. MCR 7.215(J)(2). This case having raised

39
   Our partially dissenting colleague states we are looking at this issue in “hindsight.” Looking at
things in hindsight is the nature of appellate review. That being said, we understand, respect and
appreciate the enormously challenging issues that faced every person, organization and
governmental body in the earliest of days of the COVID-19 pandemic. We fully appreciate the
extraordinary nature of the times and the difficulty of the circumstances. But that does not excuse
us from our obligation to correctly answer the question recently posed by Justice GORSUCH in Nat’l
Federation of Independent Business v Dep’t of Labor, ___ US ___, ___; 142 S Ct 661, 670; 211
L Ed 2d 448 (2022) ( GORSUCH, J, concurring) (“The question before us is not how to respond to
the pandemic, but who holds the power to do so. . . . [W]e do not impugn the intentions [but] . . .
only discharge our duty to enforce the law’s demands when it comes to the question who may
govern the lives of . . . Americans. Respecting those demands may be trying in times of stress.
But if this Court were to abide them only in more tranquil conditions, declarations of emergencies
would never end and the liberties our Constitution’s separation of powers seeks to preserve would
amount to little.”). In this case, we are called on to determine in retrospect what effect should be
given to the 102-day exclusion period and whether the Supreme Court had the constitutional
authority to issue the AOs.
40
   As Justice VIVIANO noted in Browning, “Time and reflection—which we did not have in
abundance when the orders were issued—may reveal that we were wrong. Our initial orders were
issued at a point when it was unclear whether and to what extent courts might close. Even so, as
Justice Felix Frankfurter once said, “Wisdom too often never comes, and so one ought not to reject
it merely because it comes late.” Browning, ___ Mich at ___; 979 NW2d at 197 (VIVIANO, J.,
dissenting), citing Henslee v Union Planters Nat’l Bank & Trust Co, 335 US 595, 600; 69 S Ct
290; 93 L Ed 2d 259 (1949) (FRANKFURTER, J., dissenting).
41
   We respectfully suggest that our partially dissenting colleague overreads our opinion as
somehow calling into question the judgment of lawyers and litigants who acted in reliance on our
Supreme Court’s AOs. We do nothing of the sort, but merely exercise our judgment, as we are
called to do in this case, regarding the constitutional authority of the Supreme Court to issue the
AOs.

                                               -21-
issues that were at the time (pre-Carter) issues of first impression, no costs may be taxed by any
party. See MCR 7.219(A).

                                                            /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                            /s/ James Robert Redford

                                              -22-