Court Opinion

ID: 75471
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 23:05:04+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:39.490081
License: Public Domain

[PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  FILED
                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                           ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                        ________________________               JULY 26, 2001
                                                            THOMAS K. KAHN
                               No. 99-13776                      CLERK
                         ________________________

                    D. C. Docket No. 97-00624 CIV-T-26E

MERLE W. UNGER, JR.,

                                                            Petitioner-Appellant,

                                    versus

MICHAEL W. MOORE,
ROBERT A. BUTTERWORTH,

                                                         Respondents-Appellees.

                         ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Middle District District of Florida
                         _________________________

                                (July 26, 2001)

Before BLACK and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and HOBBS*, District Judge.

PER CURIAM:

      *
       Honorable Truman M. Hobbs, U.S. District Judge for the Middle District
of Alabama, sitting by designation.
      Appellant, a state prisoner, appeals the district court's dismissal of his petition

for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Appellees are officials of

the state of Florida. The district court ruled that Appellant was not “in custody” as

required by § 2254. As such, the district court held it lacked subject matter

jurisdiction. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253, we granted a certificate of appealability

solely on the issue whether the district court correctly determined that it lacked subject

matter jurisdiction.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

       In 1976, Appellant was convicted by the courts of Maryland on various

charges, including murder.1 For these crimes, Appellant was sentenced to life

imprisonment plus a series of terms.2 On July 22, 1981, Appellant escaped from

      1
        On July 28, 1976, a jury in the Circuit Court for St. Mary’s County found
Appellant guilty of escape. On November 24, 1976, a jury in the Circuit Court for
Talbot County found Appellant guilty of murder, armed robbery, using a handgun
during a murder, and using a handgun during a robbery. On direct appeal,
however, the convictions for armed robbery and using a handgun during a robbery
were reversed.
      2
        According to the commitment records from St. Mary’s County and Talbot
County, Appellant’s sentences were as follows. First, for the escape charge,
Appellant was sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment to commence on June 1, 1976.
Second, for the murder charge, Appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment to
commence when his sentence for the escape charge terminated. Third, for the
charges of armed robbery, using a handgun during a robbery, and using a handgun
during a murder, Appellant was sentenced to imprisonment terms of 20 years, 5
years, and 15 years, respectively; these sentences were to run consecutive of one
                                            2
Maryland prison. On August 20, 1981, Appellant appeared in Clearwater, Florida,

where he was arrested by local police for some more crimes that he committed in

Florida after his escape.

      Three months later, on November 18, 1981, Appellant entered a guilty plea

on six counts for his Florida crimes, and the Florida court sentenced Appellant to

six concurrent prison terms.3 At the sentencing hearing, Appellant’s counsel

requested that the Florida sentences run concurrent to Appellant’s Maryland

sentences. The prosecutor did not object. In each of its judgments, the Florida

court stated that all six Florida sentences were to run concurrent to Appellant’s

previously imposed Maryland sentences.

another and to commence when his life term for the murder charge terminated. On
direct appeal, however, the convictions for armed robbery and using a handgun
during a robbery were reversed.
      3
         The six counts were charged in four different informations. Appellant
pled guilty to the following six counts: burglary (Fla. Stat. § 810.02), use of a
firearm in the commission of a felony (Fla. Stat. § 790.07(2)), aggravated assault
(Fla. Stat. § 784.021), felonious possession of a firearm (Fla. Stat. § 790.23), grand
theft auto (Fla. Stat. § 812.014), and grand theft (Fla. Stat. § 812.014). For the
burglary, Appellant was sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment. For each of the
remaining counts, Appellant was sentenced to 5 years’ imprisonment. All six
terms were to run concurrently.
                                          3
      On December 23, 1981, however, Appellant filed a pro se motion. In that

motion, Appellant stated that he had refused extradition to Maryland,4 and he

requested to see his Florida sentencing judge to clarify his custody status. On

January 6, 1982, the Florida sentencing judge entered an order, stating in part:

      [Appellant] is to serve the sentence previously imposed in the above
      styled cause in the State of Florida. Upon completion of the sentence
      in the State of Florida, the State of Florida will hereby notify the State
      of Maryland.

      As a result, Appellant remained in Florida prison until his Florida sentences

expired on December 5, 1990. Thereafter, Florida officials returned Appellant to

Maryland, so he could complete his Maryland sentences. Maryland officials

informed Appellant that he would not receive any credit towards his Maryland

sentences for the time spent serving his Florida sentences. On February 2, 1997,

Appellant, though serving a Maryland sentence, was returned to the custody of

Florida officials pursuant to the Interstate Corrections Compact. On March 19,

      4
         In fact, it is clear from the record that Appellant waged a lengthy legal
battle to avoid extradition to Maryland. On August 22, 1981, Florida officials
informed Maryland officials that Appellant refused to waive extradition. On
September 23, 1981, the state of Maryland submitted an extradition request to the
state of Florida. On November 16, 1981, Appellant filed a petition for a writ of
habeas corpus in Florida state court challenging extradition to Maryland. This
petition was denied on February 3, 1982, and the Florida Second District Court of
Appeal affirmed without opinion. On July 7, 1983, Appellant filed a federal
petition for a writ of habeas corpus challenging the Maryland extradition. On
April 15, 1985, the district court denied that petition, and Appellant did not appeal.
                                          4
1997, Appellant filed the instant petition, alleging his Florida convictions were

constitutionally infirm.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

      For a federal court to have subject matter jurisdiction over a habeas

proceeding, the petitioner must be “in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State

court.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254; accord Maleng v. Cook, 490 U.S. 488, 490-91, 109

S. Ct. 1923, 1925 (1989). As such, federal courts normally lack jurisdiction over

petitions which challenge a conviction with a completely expired sentence. See

White v. Butterworth, 70 F.3d 573, 574 (11th Cir. 1995), as amended, 78 F.3d 500

(11th Cir. 1996). The mere possibility that an expired conviction might be used to

enhance another conviction is insufficient to satisfy the “in custody” requirement

of § 2254. See Fox v. Kelso, 911 F.2d 563, 567 (11th Cir. 1990).

      A petitioner is “in custody,” however, when he is incarcerated under a

current sentence that has been enhanced by an expired conviction. See Van Zant v.

Fla. Parole Comm’n, 104 F.3d 325, 327 (11th Cir. 1997). In Fox, the petitioner

was incarcerated for felony convictions, but his petition challenged expired

misdemeanor convictions. See Fox, 911 F.2d at 567-68. We held that the

petitioner was “in custody” for the expired misdemeanor convictions, because they

                                          5
were delaying the date from which the petitioner would receive credit for time

served against his felony convictions. See id. at 568.

      In the instant case, Appellant makes a similar challenge. He contends that, if

his Florida convictions were invalidated, he would receive credit for time served

against his Maryland convictions and be released at an earlier date. If this

contention is true, then Appellant is “in custody” under § 2254. In such a situation,

however, “the petitioner is deemed to be challenging the current sentence . . . rather

than directly challenging the expired conviction.” Van Zant, 104 F.3d at 327 (11th

Cir. 1997); see also Maleng, 490 U.S. at 493-94, 109 S. Ct. at 1926-27.

Therefore, Appellant is properly understood to be challenging his Maryland

sentence, not his expired Florida convictions.

      Whether Maryland credits Appellant for these Florida convictions seems

purely a question of Maryland law. See Md. Ann. Code art. 27, § 638C (1957); see

also S.B. 1, Reg. Sess., Ch. 10, § 2 (Md. 2001) (modifying art. 27, § 638C and

recodifying at Md. Crim. Proc. § 6-218); Chavis v. Smith, 834 F.Supp. 153, 158-60

(D. Md. 1993). The legality of Appellant’s Florida convictions might need to be

decided as a factual predicate for analyzing the application of Maryland law. But it

also possible that Maryland law gives no effect to the Florida convictions, and that

                                          6
the expiration of Appellant’s Maryland sentence cannot be said to have been

delayed by the Florida convictions.

      We decline to resolve what Maryland law requires (and consequently the

question of federal jurisdiction over Appellant’s claims), because Appellant’s

petition contains a deficiency that must first be corrected. Appellant has sued the

wrong respondent: Appellant is challenging the Maryland sentence, and therefore

the proper respondent is the state of Maryland.

      We faced a similar situation in Means v. Alabama, 209 F.3d 1241 (11th Cir.

2000). There, a federal prisoner sued Alabama officials to challenge an expired

Alabama conviction insofar as it enhanced his federal conviction. See Means, 209

F.3d at 1242. We held that the United States Attorney, not the state of Alabama,

was the proper respondent, and we remanded the case to the district court to correct

this deficiency. See id.; see also Birdsell v. Alabama, 834 F.2d 920, 922 (11th Cir.

1987) (noting that where current federal sentence has been improperly enhanced by

prior state conviction, collateral attack must brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 as a

challenge to federal sentence); Aziz v. LeFerve, 830 F.2d 184, 186-87 (11th Cir.

1987) (indicating that Florida official was not the proper respondent where

petitioner was challenging Florida conviction insofar as it enhanced New York

sentence). Similarly, in this case, Appellant challenges the expiration date of his

                                          7
Maryland sentences. The validity of Appellant’s Florida convictions is only an

issue to the extent that Maryland law (and Appellant’s Maryland sentences) may

turn on them. As such, the proper respondent is the state of Maryland, not the state

of Florida.5

                                III. CONCLUSION

      On remand, the district court shall dismiss from this suit all officials of the

state of Florida, and shall grant Appellant leave to amend his petition to sue the

appropriate officials from the state of Maryland. If Appellant amends his petition

accordingly, the district court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), may transfer this

action to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.6

      5
         Appellant contends that Appellees never argued that the state of Maryland
was a necessary party, and therefore Appellees have waived this argument.
Appellant’s contention misses the mark. Appellees, as Florida officials, cannot
forfeit Maryland’s interest in incarcerating Appellant for violating Maryland’s
criminal statutes. See Aziz v. LeFerve, 830 F.2d 184, 186-87 (noting that Florida
Attorney General could not purport to represent interests of New York in
defending New York conviction enhanced by Florida conviction). Additionally, it
makes no difference that Appellant is being held in a Florida prison pursuant to the
Interstate Corrections Compact. Under the Compact, Appellant remains subject to
the jurisdiction of Maryland. See Fla. Stat. § 941.56, art. IV(c) (2000).
      6
        To be clear, in this opinion, we do not pass judgment on the merits of
Appellant’s claims. In particular, we express no opinion as to whether Appellant’s
claims are meritorious in light of the Supreme Court’s recent decisions in
Lackawanna County District Attorney v. Coss, ___ U.S. ___, 121 S. Ct. 1567
(2001) and Daniels v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 121 S. Ct. 1578 (2001).
                                          8
VACATED and REMANDED.

                        9