Court Opinion

ID: 4614465
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:30:16.360386+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:59:40.608953
License: Public Domain

MORRIS-POSTON COAL CO., PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Morris-Poston Coal Co. v. CommissionerDocket No. 19657.United States Board of Tax Appeals13 B.T.A. 344; 1928 BTA LEXIS 3259; September 13, 1928, Promulgated *3259  1.  The Revenue laws do not prescribe arbitrary methods of accounting and in computing net income a taxpayer may use the method employed in keeping its books, providing it clearly reflects income.  2.  On the evidence, held that petitioner's method of accounting did not clearly reflect income.  David A. Gaskill, Esq., for the petitioner.  Maxwell E. McDowell, Esq., for the respondent.  VAN FOSSAN *345  This proceeding results from the determination by respondent of a deficiency in income and profits taxes for 1921 in the amount of $33,684.34.  The sole issue is whether a royalty payment of $108,400, received by the petitioner in 1922, is taxable income for the year in controversy.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  Petitioner, a corporation with its principal office at Cleveland, Ohio, was engaged until April 1, 1921, in the business of mining and selling coal.  On April 1, 1921, petitioner by good and sufficient instrument leased all of its mine and mining properties to the Clarkson Coal Mining Co., a Delaware corporation, for a term of 50 years from the date aforementioned.  The provisions of the lease agreement which are material here, are as follows: *3260  (4) The Lessee covenants and agrees that it will pay, or cause to be paid, to the Lessor, without demand, at the main office of the Cleveland Trust Company, in the City of Cleveland, Ohio, rents in the respective amounts following, namely: On the first day of July 1921, for the quarter-year ending June 30th, 1921, the sum of Fifty-Four Thousand One Hundred Dollars ($54,100.00); On the first day of January, 1922, and on the first day of each month of July and January thereafter until and including January 1, 1925, for the six (6) months next preceding each such date of payment, the sum of One Hundred Eight Thousand and Four Hundred Dollars ($108,400.00); On the first day of July, 1925, and on the first day of each month of January and July thereafter, to and including January 1, 1971, for the six (6) months preceding each such date of payment, the sum of One Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars ($150,000.00); On the first day of April, 1971, for the three months next preceding, the sum of Seventy-five Thousand Dollars ($75,000.00); * * *.  (5) It is mutually agreed that inasmuch as the Lessee expects to operate said mining property, the Lessee may in every year mine and ship from*3261  the leased premises five hundred thousand (500,000) tons of two thousand (2000) pounds Avoirdupois each, of run-of-mine coal, each of the annual amounts of rent hereinbefore provided, shall be applied in payment of the royalty for five hundred thousand tons of run-of-mine coal whenever the same shall be extracted and removed from the leased premises.  In case in any lease year, reckoning from April 1, to and including the next succeeding March 31, more than five hundred thousand (500,000) tons of run-of-mine coal shall be removed by the Lessee, the Lessee shall on or before the first day of May next succeeding, pay to Central National Bank Savings & Trust Co. of Cleveland, Ohio, as Trustee, to be added to the security fund of Two Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dollars ($250,000.00) hereinafter provided for, an amount equal to twenty cents (20??) for each ton in excess of five hundred thousand (500,000) tons removed during such year.  All amounts so paid to the Trustee shall be added to and form part of said security fund and shall be held, invested, reinvested and disbursed by the Trustee in the same manner and upon the same terms as hereinafter provided in respect of the trust fund of*3262  Two Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dollars ($250,000) to be deposited upon execution of this lease.  In case during any lease year less than *346  five hundred thousand (500,000) tons of run-of-mine coal are removed, the deficiency may be extracted and removed in any subsequent year in addition to the five hundred thousand (500,000) tons which under the foregoing provisions is removable during such year, without liability to pay into said security fund therefor.  * * * * * * (13) The Lessee shall contemporaneously with the delivery hereof, deposit with Central National Bank Savings & Trust Co. of Cleveland, Ohio, as Trustee, the sum of Two Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dollars ($250,000) in cash or in securities satisfactory to the Lessor figured at their market value to be held and disbursed by said Trustee as herein provided.  So long as the Lessee complies with all the terms and conditions of this lease and until said Trust Company shall have been given written notice by the Lessor that the Lessee is in default, the income from said security and such interest as may be payable on said fund by Central National Bank Savings & Trust Co. shall be paid to the Lessee until December 31, 1924. *3263  A temporary default, which is cured by the Lessee before forfeiture shall have been legally declared hereunder by the Lessor, shall suspend Lessee's right to the income of said fund, but upon making good all defaults before forfeiture has been so legally declared by the Lessor, Lessee's right to the income from said fund shall revive.  In the event any payment is made from said fund or in the event the market value of the cash and securities so deposited falls below Two Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dollars ($250,000) the Lessee shall, within thirty (30) days after notice of such fact from such Trust Company or the Lessor, deposit such additional cash or securities satisfactory to the Lessor as may be necessary to maintain such fund at a value of Two Hunred and Fifty Thousand Dollars ($250,000).  The right to payment out of said fund shall be in addition to the right of Lessor to enforce payment of any amount due by proper suit and to all other rights to which Lessor is entitled by the term of this lease.  In the event this lease is forfeited by the Lessor on account of default or breach by the Lessee any balance remaining in the hands of the Trust Company shall be paid to the Lessor*3264  as liquidated damages.  The lessee may so long as it is not in default, substitute cash in place of securities or securities in place of cash, or other securities in place of securities deposited, provided that any securities so substituted or deposited shall be first accepted and approved by the Lessor hereunder.  If any sum to be paid by the Lessee pursuant to the terms hereof, whether by way of rent or otherwise, is not paid when the same becomes due or within thirty (30) days thereafter, the Lessor, in addition to the other rights and remedies provided by the terms hereof, may request the Trustee of the security fund to pay the said past due sum, and upon said request being made, and upon proof satisfactory to the Trustee that such sum is past due, this instrument shall stand as authority to the Trustee without notice to or the consent of the Lessee to use the security fund in whatever manner the Trustee deems proper for the purpose of paying to the Lessor such past due sum.  * * * Numerous other provisions are contained in the lease agreement, but they are not material to the issue here considered.  The security fund provided for was deposited with the trustee.  Prior to*3265  April 1, 1921, petitioner's income was derived chiefly from sales of coal which it mined or purchased from other mining companies.  Other income was derived from investments, rentals of *347  miners' houses, and sales of commissary stores to miners.  Briefly, the accounting method employed in keeping the books was as follows: Invoices covering sales of coal were issued upon notice of shipment from the mine and receipt of weight from the railroad or other common carrier.  These were then posted to customers' accounts and credited to sales account in the ledger.  All sales were accounted for as income of the year in which made.  Earned interest on investments was taken up on the books as income, whether due and payable or not.  Deductions were made from miners' wages on the biweekly pay rolls for amounts owing to the petitioner for rental of its houses and for purchases of commissary stores; and income from these sources was accounted for on the books only as such deductions were made on the pay rolls.  Expenses were not recorded on the books until actually paid.  However, each year's accounts were held open until all expenses had been ascertained and paid, so that expenses were*3266  included in the accounts of the year in which they were incurred.  After April 1, 1921, petitioner's income was derived from rental payments under its lease agreement with the Clarkson Mining Co. and from investments, and its expenses were almost entirely of an administrative character.  No change was made in the method of accounting for income from investments or for expenses.  Rental payments made by its lessee were taken up in the accounts of the year in which received and accounted for as income of that year.  This manner of accounting for these rental payments has been consistently adhered to in all subsequent years.  Between January 1, 1921, and April 1 of said year, and before the lease agreement became effective, petitioner removed from the leased premises 61,806.9 tons fo coal.  During the remainder of 1921 the lessee extracted and removed from the said premises 193,477.3 tons of coal.  The net income reported by the petitioner in its return for 1921 was computed in accordance with the method of accounting employed in keeping its books.  Respondent held that petitioner's books were kept in accordance with the accrual method of accounting; and that under this method of*3267  accounting, the rental payment of $108,400, which, under the terms of the lease agreement, became due and payable on January 1, 1922, constituted income for 1921.  This payment was received by the petitioner in January, 1922.  Prior to June 15, 1926, petitioner filed a consent agreement with the respondent extending the statutory period for assessment of taxes for 1921.  A claim for refund of 1921 taxes in the amount of $1,294.03 was filed by petitioner with the collector of internal revenue at Cleveland, Ohio, on December 31, 1926.  *348  OPINION.  VAN FOSSAN: On April 1, 1921, the petitioner leased its properties to the Clarkson Mining Co. for a period of 50 years from that date, the latter agreeing to pay certain rentals of specified amounts semiannually, on July 1 and January 1, during the term of the lease, "for the six months next preceding each such date of payment." The agreement provided that "the lessee may in every year mine and ship from the leased premises five hundred thousand * * * tons of two thousand * * * pounds Avoirdupois each, of run-of-mine coal" and that "each of the annual amounts of rent hereinbefore provided, shall be applied in payment of the*3268  royalty for five hundred thousand tons of run-of-mine coal whenever the same shall be extracted and removed from the leased premises." Between the dates of January 1 and January 4, 1922, petitioner received from its lessee the sum of $108,400, being the payment due, under the terms of the agreement, on January 1, 1922.  The petitioner made formal record of the receipt of this payment on its books about the time it was received or shortly thereafter, and treated it as income for 1922.  The respondent holds that the method of accounting employed in keeping the books was the accrual method and that the payment referred to constituted income for 1921.  There are no differences between the petitioner and the respondent in their interpretations of the lease agreement; they differ merely in their views as to the proper year in which to make an accounting, for tax purposes, of the rental payment which became due and payable on January 1, 1922, and was actually paid within a few days thereafter.  The particular provisions of the lease agreement which require our consideration are set forth in the findings of fact.  They are entirely clear and the intent of the parties thereto is readily discernible. *3269  With these provisions of the agreement before us, and knowing the facts as to the payment of the item in dispute and as to the method of accounting employed in keeping the books, we entertain no doubt of the conclusion announced herein.  The case is governed by the Revenue Act of 1921, and the applicable provisions thereof are found in sections 212(b) and 213(a), which, so far as material, read as follows: SEC. 212. (b) The net income shall be computed upon the basis of the taxpayer's annual accounting period * * * in accordance with the method of accounting regularly employed in keeping the books of such taxpayer; but if no such method of accounting has been so employed, or if the method employed does not clearly reflect the income, the computation shall be made upon such basis and in such manner as in the opinion of the Commissioner does clearly reflect the income.  * * * SEC. 213. (a) * * * The amount of all such items * * * shall be included in the gross income for the taxable year in which received by the taxpayer, *349  unless, under methods of accounting permitted under subdivision (b) of section 212, any such amounts are to be properly accounted for as of a different*3270  period; * * * Thus, it will be observed, the statute requires that all gains, profits, and income shall be included in the gross income for the taxable year in which received by the taxpayer, unless, under methods of accounting permitted by statute to be employed in computing net income, any such gains, profits, and income are to be properly accounted for as of a different period.  We start, therefore, with the premise that the petitioner was required by statute to include the disputed item of $108,400 in gross income for 1922, in which year it was received, unless, under a method of accounting permitted by statute, it was properly to be accounted for as of 1921.  Clearly, the statute does not say what the method of accounting should be.  It does not single out one of two methods to the exclusion of all others.  On the contrary, it contemplates that each taxpayer shall adopt such forms and systems of accounting as are in its own judgment best suited to its purposes, provided the method meet the statutory requirement - that it clearly reflect income.  As said by the court in a recent case, "the language of the statute connotes flexibility rather than rigidity * * *." *3271 . So, we are not particularly concerned as to whether the petitioner employed the so-called accrual method of accounting; nor yet, whether there is such a thing as "the" accrual method of accounting.  The important thing is that the petitioner adopted an accounting method which it regularly employed in keeping its books of account; and the petitioner's contention as to the proper time for accounting for the disputed item must prevail or fall as the method of accounting employed does or does not clearly reflect income.  Until April 1, 1921, it was the petitioner's accounting practice to account for income, whether reduced to possession or not, and expenses, as of the accounting period in which the income was earned and the expenses were incurred.  There was an exception to this practice in that income from renting houses and selling commissary stores to miners was accounted for as deductions were made from the miners' wages on the biweekly pay rolls; though the expenses of maintaining miners' homes and of conducting the commissary store appear to have been accounted for in the same manner as the other expenses of*3272  the business.  The mere statement of these facts might give to the accounting method the appearance of being a hybrid one, in that a portion of the income and all of the expenses were accounted for as earned and incurred while the remainder of the income was accounted for only as received.  Yet its hybrid character may be more apparent than real, depending upon how closely the *350  income from miners' homes and the commissary store accounted for coincides with the amount which would be accounted for if the same practice were followed as in accounting for other income.  However, we have no evidence along that line; and, at any rate, there appears to be no dispute between the parties that the method clearly reflected the income to April 1.  The important thing to be observed is that the accounting for income as earned and expenses as incurred, without regard to the time of receipt or payment, is the fundamental basis of the method employed.  Prior to April 1, 1921, petitioner's income was derived chiefly from sales of coal; thereafter, the rental or royalty payments by its lessee constituted the chief source of income.  There was no change in the method of accounting for income*3273  from other sources or for expenses; but the petitioner then adopted the practice, consistently adhered to since, of accounting for rental or royalty payments only when actually received.  This manner of accounting for rental or royalty payments constituted a departure from the accounting method theretofore employed as to all income and expenses, and thereafter employed as to other income and all expenses.  Stated briefly, the accounting method employed in keeping the books in 1921 was to account for all income earned during the year, except rentals or royalties to be received under the lease agreement, whether reduced to possession or not, for rentals or royalties actually received within the year, and for all expenses incurred within the year whether actually paid or not.  We entertain no doubt that in the absence of some special or impelling circumstance an accounting method can not clearly reflect income which permits or requires an accounting for a part of the income of an accounting period as earned, whether reduced to possession or not, while at the same time permitting or requiring an accounting for the remainder of the income earned during the accounting period only as actually*3274  received.  . Nor is net income clearly reflected by a method of accounting which permits or requires the allocation of the income and of the expenses incident to the earning of that income to different accounting periods.  As observed by the court in the Hyams Coal Co. case, supra:There is no doubt that under the Revenue Law of 1918 the accrual basis, once adopted, must be consistently adhered to by the taxpayer.  The courts have recognized this consistently, and denounced any practice that would result in computing taxes attributable to a given year using the cash basis for a part and an accrual basis for the balance of the year.  The law contemplates consistency in the keeping of books once a method is adopted.  N. S. Barstow and Co. v. Bowers, Collector, 15 Fed.(2) 75, 78. This observation is equally true under the Revenue Act of 1921.  If either of the above features is present a distortion of income is *351  bound to result.  We find both of them in the petitioner's accounting method.  The simple facts as to the royalty payment in dispute are that the petitioner was entitled to receive from its lessee, *3275  on January 1, 1922, without any restriction or qualification whatsoever, the sum of $108,400, as rental for the six months ended December 31, 1921, which, under the provisions of the lease agreement, was to be applied in payment of the royalty for 500,000 tons of run-of-mine coal whenever the same should be extracted.  This is one of the semiannual payments provided for during the life of the lease, which, in the last analysis, are minimum royalty payments assuring to the petitioner a minimum annual return from its properties during the continuance of the lease.  With the passing of each 6-month period, beginning with July 1, 1921, the petitioner earned the right to receive from its lessee the semiannual payments provided for in the lease agreement; and it made no difference whether the lessee had extracted the specified tonnage of coal or none at all.  It does not appear from the lease agreement that the petitioner is obligated to make any adjustment, by way of rebate or otherwise, of any amount paid or due to it in the event of the termination of the lease and failure of the lessee to extract the tonnage to which it is entitled.  In fact, it is quite clear that the intent of the*3276  parties in such an event is that there shall be no such adjustment, for the payments by the lessee are regarded as rentals first and are only to be applied in payment of coal as, when, and if the coal is extracted.  Had the lessee abandoned the lease on January 1, 1922, the petitioner's right to receive the full amount of the rental payment due on that date would have been none the less fixed, notwithstanding that the lessee had extracted less tonnage than it was privileged to take under the agreement.  These considerations indicate that the right of the petitioner to receive, retain and enjoy the semiannual payments was not based upon any condition.  Its covenants faithfully performed, the mere passing of each 6-month period was sufficient to vest petitioner with the right to receive the rental payment for that period.  Under such circumstances, there can be no doubt that the semiannual payment due petitioner on January 1, 1922, as rental for the six months ended December 31, 1921, was earned in the taxable year 1921.  We have considered all of the evidence presented, together with the able briefs filed by counsel, but we remain unconvinced of the presence of any circumstances, *3277  at the close of 1921, justifying a postponement of accounting for the rentals earned within that year to a later accounting period, a course entirely out of harmony with the accounting for all other income and for all expenses of the year.  We are told that at the close of 1921 the Clarkson Mining Co. had *352  already shut down operations in two or three of its mines; that economic conditions in the Ohio coal fields, where petitioner's properties were located, were abnormal; and that the petitioner was greatly worried as to whether the lessee would meet the payment due on January 1, 1922, and subsequent payments.  Conceding all of those circumstances to be true, we can not overlook the facts that the lessee had deposited with the trustee, as required by the lease agreement, the security fund of cash or securities, or both, of a value of $250,000, a sum more than twice as great as the maturing rental payment; that the trustee was authorized, at the request of the petitioner and upon satisfactory showing that the lessee was in default, to liquidate, out of the security fund, any obligation of the lessee in respect of which it may have defaulted; and that the rental payment which*3278  became due on January 1, 1922, was actually paid by the lessee on or before January 4, 1922, and before the books were closed for 1921.  In this case, also, we find all of the expenses incurred during the period of 1921 when the lease was in effect accounted for as of that year, while all of the income of the same period remains unaccounted for until a later accounting period.  The petitioner attempts to justify this course on the grounds that the expenses incurred during 1921 bore no relation to the earnings after April 1, and that the lease agreement was the source of earnings after April 1, which would have been received whether there had been expenses incurred or not.  On the other hand, it would seem that the expenses incurred after April 1 were more closely related to the earnings after that date than to prior earnings.  The petitioner found it necessary to maintain its business organization after April 1 for the purpose, primarily, of carrying on its business as lessor, and any expenses incurred after that date were certainly incidental to the earning of the income from that business.  In view of the foregoing, we hold that the method of accounting employed by the petitioner*3279  in 1921 does not clearly reflect the net income of that year, and that such net income can not be clearly reflected except by including therein the rental payment of $108,400, due on January 1, 1922 and paid shortly thereafter, but earned during 1921.  This is what the respondent has done, and we shall not disturb his action.  Reviewed by the Board.  Judgment will be entered for the respondent.