Court Opinion

ID: 4461553
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-12-05 16:04:04.586977+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:53:13.844408
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                      Dec 05 2019, 6:09 am

                                                                            CLERK
                                                                      Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                         Court of Appeals
                                                                           and Tax Court

      ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
      Tyler E. Burgauer                                         Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
      Samuel J. Beasley                                         Attorney General of Indiana
      Muncie, Indiana                                           Matthew B. MacKenzie
                                                                Deputy Attorney General
                                                                Indianapolis, Indiana

                                                  IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      Christopher Milo,                                         December 5, 2019
      Appellant-Defendant,                                      Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                                19A-CR-751
              v.                                                Appeal from the Delaware Circuit
                                                                Court
      State of Indiana,                                         The Honorable Thomas A.
      Appellee-Plaintiff.                                       Cannon, Jr., Judge
                                                                Trial Court Cause No.
                                                                18C05-1801-F3-3

      Mathias, Judge.

[1]   Following a jury trial in Delaware Circuit Court, Christopher Milo (“Milo”)

      was convicted of Level 3 felony burglary. Milo appeals and presents two issues,

      which we restate as: (1) whether the trial court erred when it reconsidered its

      earlier grant of Milo’s motion for a directed verdict, which was based on a flaw

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019                     Page 1 of 23
      in the charging information, and (2) whether the trial court’s jury instruction

      regarding the offense of burglary constituted fundamental error.

[2]   We affirm.

                                  Facts and Procedural History
[3]   During November and December 2017, Milo and his girlfriend Miah Hale

      (“Hale”) were homeless and living in the apartment of their acquaintance,

      Anthony Powers (“Powers”). The property manager for the apartments was

      Jackie Sailers (“Sailers”). When they moved into Powers’s apartment, Milo and

      Hale brought their cats with them. The terms of Powers’s lease, however,

      forbade the presence of pets in the apartment. When Milo and Hale stopped

      living in Powers’s apartment, they left their cats despite Powers’s requests to

      take the cats with them. Powers eventually took the cats to an animal shelter.

[4]   On the morning of December 29, 2017, Milo and Hale went to Powers’s

      apartment to pick up their cats. Powers lied and told them that his landlord had

      taken the cats. This infuriated Milo and Hale, who left Powers’s apartment to

      confront Sailers. Sailers told the couple that he had not taken the cats. Milo

      then stated that he was going to go “whoop [Powers]’s ass.” Tr. pp. 44–45.

[5]   At approximately 11:00 a.m., Milo and Hale broke through Powers’s exterior

      door and entered his apartment. Milo attacked Powers, beating and kicking him

      repeatedly in the eye, head, back, and shoulders as Powers attempted to escape.

      All the while, Hale stood at the doorway and screamed at Powers. The attack

      caused serious injury to Powers: his right eye swelled shut, he had ringing in his
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019      Page 2 of 23
      ears, and he had scrapes and bruises. The swelling of his eye aggravated a pre-

      existing problem with Powers’s optic nerve, and Powers eventually lost all sight

      in his right eye.

[6]   On January 9, 2018, the State charged Milo with Level 3 felony burglary, Level

      6 felony residential entry, and Class A misdemeanor battery. The count alleging

      burglary provided:

              [On] or about December 29, 2017 in Delaware County, State of
              Indiana, Christopher J. Milo did break and enter the building or
              structure of Anthony W. Powers, Sr., with the intent to commit
              felony therein, to-wit: Battery; said act resulting in bodily injury
              to Anthony W. Powers, Sr. . . .

      Appellant’s App. p. 3.

[7]   A jury trial was held on February 12, 2019. At the close of the State’s case-in-

      chief, Milo’s counsel moved for what she described as a directed verdict,

      stating:

              Judge, at this point in time as to count one I’m gonna move for a
              directed verdict, as—if you look at the charging information in
              count one they have in their charging information they have that
              Mr. Milo [did] break and enter the building or structure of Mr.
              Powers with the intent to commit the felony therein to wit:
              battery, they have actually put what the underlying felony is.
              Now, if you look in count three, battery is not a felony, it’s never
              been raised to the level of a felony, it has always stayed as a
              misdemeanor, they didn’t charge it as a felony, they’ve not
              elevated it because of priors or anything like that, so if you start

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019            Page 3 of 23
                 with battery [sic1] as a level five felony which where you have to
                 start with and it says with the intent to commit a felony therein,
                 so in order to get to a level three which is about—has to do
                 with—it gets elevated to a three because of a battery, you still
                 have to get past the level five to be elevated, and in the level five
                 it states while committing a felony therein, battery is not a felony
                 so you don’t even get to level three. So, due to that, Judge, I’m
                 asking for a directed verdict that the charging information is
                 insufficient on its face.

      Tr. p. 139.2

[8]   The State responded that Hale had stated that she and Milo intended to cause

      serious bodily injury to Powers when they broke into his apartment, which

      would mean that they intended to commit felony-level battery, and that the trial

      court should therefore deny Milo’s motion. Milo’s counsel responded:

                 First of all, Judge, that was [Hale]’s intent was to cause serious
                 bodily injury whether it was through Mr. Milo or not we’ll never
                 know, second of all, all they had to do was charge battery as
                 serious bodily injury or as moderate bodily injury and it would
                 have elevated it to a felony in the charging information, they
                 chose not to do that, this case has pended for over a year, they’ve
                 not caught it and you can’t go by the intent of somebody else to
                 know what his intent is, so if they thought it was his intent to
                 cause serious bodily injury they should have charged him that
                 way, but the bottom line is there’s no underlying felony and they
                 can’t just infer a felony based on what somebody else says.

      1
          It is apparent from context that Milo’s counsel meant to say “burglary,” not “battery.”
      2
        To aid in the ease of reading, we have removed verbal hesitation markers such as “uh” and “um” from the
      transcript.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019                           Page 4 of 23
      Id. at 140. The trial court granted Milo’s motion, ruling, “[T]he charge is what

      it is, battery[,] said act resulting in bodily injury and that is a misdemeanor not

      a felony, motion for directed verdict as to count one is granted.” Id. at 141. The

      court then recessed.

[9]   When the court reconvened, the prosecuting attorney requested that the trial

      court reconsider its earlier ruling.3 The prosecuting attorney argued that Milo’s

      motion, as a challenge to the charging information rather than the sufficiency of

      the evidence, was actually a motion to dismiss rather than a motion for a

      directed verdict. And since Milo did not make his motion until the middle of

      the trial, the State argued that his motion to dismiss was untimely and should

      have been denied. After hearing further argument from the parties, the trial

      court took the matter under advisement and recessed again. Upon readjourning,

      the trial court ruled from the bench as follows:

               [The] Court has had an opportunity to research [Indiana Code
               section 35-34-1-4(a)(1)], and as—how it is applicable and first of
               all the Court believes that that statute is applicable for the nature
               of the argument made by Defense Counsel concerning the
               deficiency of the charge and the evidence, and I’m going to grant
               the State’s motion to correct error based upon that cited statute[.]
               [T]here is sufficient evidence in the record, where the State has
               met its burden before the jury to prove the elements of the offense
               of burglary as a level three felony such that it is an issue for the

      3
        The prosecuting attorney referred to this request as a “motion to correct error.” Tr. p. 142. However, as no
      final judgment had yet been entered, this motion is properly considered as a motion to reconsider. See Citizens
      Indus. Grp. v. Heartland Gas Pipeline, LLC, 856 N.E.2d 734, 737 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (noting that a party may
      file a motion to reconsider while the case is in fieri and that a motion to correct error is proper after the entry
      of final judgment), trans. denied.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019                                   Page 5 of 23
               trier of fact to decide as opposed to the Court[.] [T]he argument
               on the motion went to the issue of intent and how that is charged
               in the charging information, arguing that the intent that was
               charged was to commit a felony—well to commit a felony battery
               but the—because of count three it really was misdemeanor
               battery but that again, the argument as to the intent is a—based
               on the evidence presented here is a question for the jury to decide
               whether the defendant had the intent to commit a felony, in this
               case battery, so for those reasons I am going to grant the motion
               to correct errors[.] [I] believe my abrupt ruling on the motion for
               directed verdict was incorrect[.]

       Tr. pp. 146. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found Milo guilty as

       charged.

[10]   At a sentencing hearing held on March 7, 2019, the trial court entered judgment

       of conviction only on the burglary count on double jeopardy grounds. The court

       then sentenced Milo to twelve years on the burglary conviction, with nine years

       executed and three years suspended to probation. Milo now appeals.

             I. The Trial Court’s Ruling on Milo’s Motion Was Not an Acquittal for
                                    Double Jeopardy Purposes

[11]   Milo first contends that the trial court’s reconsideration of its earlier ruling

       granting Milo’s motion for a “directed verdict” violates the constitutional

       prohibition against double jeopardy. According to Milo, the trial court’s grant

       of his motion acted as an acquittal, and he cannot be subsequently tried on the

       same grounds.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019          Page 6 of 23
       A.      Double Jeopardy

[12]   Milo is correct that the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

       prohibits a second prosecution for the same offense after an acquittal. 4 Baca v.

       State, 122 N.E.3d 1019, 1020–21 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019) (citing G.K. v. State, 104

       N.E.3d 598, 600 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018)). Milo is also correct that a directed

       verdict entered on the grounds that the State failed to prove a material element

       of the offense acts as an acquittal. Elkins v. State, 754 N.E.2d 643, 644 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2001) (citing Williams v. State, 634 N.E.2d 849, 853 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994)),

       trans. denied.5 Indeed, double jeopardy bars retrial following a court-ordered

       acquittal “even if the acquittal is ‘based upon an egregiously erroneous

       foundation.’” Evans v. Michigan, 568 U.S. 313, 318 (2013) (quoting Fong Foo v.

       United States, 369 U.S. 141, 143 (1962)).

[13]   To Milo, then, this case is simple: he moved for a directed verdict, and the trial

       court granted his motion. Therefore, he argues, the trial court could not

       reconsider its grant of his motion, and he should not have been subject to

       continued prosecution on the burglary charge. The State argues that the

       4
        The Baca court noted that a second prosecution following an acquittal is also prohibited by Article 1,
       Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution. Milo, however, makes no argument under the Indiana Constitution.
       5
         Both of these cases involved the State’s failure to prove venue. In Neff v. State, a panel of this court held that
       “permitting retrial of a defendant in the proper county after the State failed to prove venue in another county
       is consistent with double jeopardy jurisprudence,” effectively disagreeing with Williams and Elkins with
       regard to the failure to prove venue. 915 N.E.2d 1026, 1036 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), adhered to on reh’g, 922
       N.E.2d 44 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. Regardless, the proposition that a grant of a motion for directed
       verdict based on the State’s failure to prove an essential element acts an acquittal remains valid. See State v.
       Casada, 825 N.E.2d 936, 940 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (holding that despite trial court’s erroneous grant of
       defendant’s judgment on the evidence, defendant could not be retried because the grant acted as an acquittal
       for purposes of double jeopardy).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019                                    Page 7 of 23
       substance of Milo’s motion, and the trial court’s ruling thereon, were not based

       on a resolution of any of the factual elements of the offense charged. It argues

       instead that Milo’s motion, although styled as one for a “directed verdict,” was

       in actuality a motion to dismiss attacking the validity of the charging

       information and that the trial court’s grant of this motion therefore did not act

       as an acquittal.

[14]   To determine the nature of the trial court’s ruling on Milo’s motion, we note

       that:

               [w]hether the trial court’s action constitutes acquittal for
               purposes of double jeopardy is not to be ascertained from the
               form of the judge’s action, although the form of the order entered
               by the trial court should not be ignored, but rather by determining
               whether the substance of the ruling, whatever its label, actually represents
               resolution, correct or not, of some or all of the factual elements of the
               offense charged.

       Elkins, 754 N.E.2d at 644 (emphasis added) (citing Williams, 634 N.E.2d at

       853).

[15]   We must therefore determine whether the substance of the trial court’s ruling

       acted as a resolution of some or all of the factual elements of the charged crime

       of burglary. To do so, we first note the distinction between a motion for a

       directed verdict and a motion to dismiss. We also set forth the elements of the

       crimes of burglary and battery. Then, we look to the nature of Milo’s motion,

       and, more importantly, the substance of the trial court’s ruling itself.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019                Page 8 of 23
       B.     Motion for a Directed Verdict Compared to a Motion to Dismiss

[16]   A motion for a directed verdict/judgment on the evidence is governed by

       Indiana Trial Rule 50, which provides in relevant part:

               Judgment on the Evidence—How Raised—Effect. Where all or
               some of the issues in a case tried before a jury or an advisory jury
               are not supported by sufficient evidence or a verdict thereon is clearly
               erroneous as contrary to the evidence because the evidence is
               insufficient to support it, the court shall withdraw such issues
               from the jury and enter judgment thereon or shall enter judgment
               thereon notwithstanding a verdict. . . .

       T.R. 50(A) (emphasis added). When a defendant moves for a directed

       verdict/judgment on the evidence, the trial court is required to grant the motion

       if: (1) the record is devoid of evidence on one or more elements of the offense;

       or (2) the evidence presented is without conflict and subject to only one

       inference, which is favorable to the defendant. Pavlovich v. State, 6 N.E.3d 969,

       980 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (citing Garcia v. State, 979 N.E.2d 156, 157 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2012)), trans. denied. And our review of a motion for a directed

       verdict/judgment on the evidence is the same as our review of a claim of

       insufficient evidence. Id.

[17]   In contrast, a motion to dismiss a charging information is governed by Indiana

       Code section 35-34-1-4, which provides in relevant part:

               (a) The court may, upon motion of the defendant, dismiss the
               indictment or information upon any of the following grounds:

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019            Page 9 of 23
                    (1) The indictment or information, or any count thereof, is
                    defective under section 6 of this chapter [regarding a defective
                    indictment or information].

                                                        ***

                    (5) The facts stated do not constitute an offense.

[18]   When reviewing a ruling on a motion to dismiss a charging information, we

       take the facts alleged in the information as true. Gutenstein v. State, 59 N.E.3d

       984, 994 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (citing Pavlovich, 6 N.E.3d at 974), trans. denied.

       “‘Questions of fact to be decided at trial or facts constituting a defense are not

       properly raised by a motion to dismiss.’” Id. (quoting State v. Isaacs, 794 N.E.2d

       1120, 1122 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)). “It is only when an information is facially

       deficient in stating an alleged crime that dismissal for failure to state an offense

       is warranted.” Id. (quoting Pavlovich, 6 N.E.3d at 969).

       C.     The Elements of Burglary and Battery

[19]   Burglary occurs when one knowingly or intentionally breaks and enters into the

       building or structure of another person with the intent to commit theft or a

       felony therein. I.C. § 35-43-2-1. The crime of burglary is a Level 5 felony but is

       elevated to a Level 3 felony if it results in bodily injury to any person other than

       the defendant. Id. at §1(2).

[20]   The crime of battery occurs when one knowingly or intentionally touches

       another person in a rude, insolent, or angry manner. I.C. § 35-42-2-1(c). Absent

       other circumstances, battery is a Class B misdemeanor. Id. Battery is a Class A

       misdemeanor if it results in bodily injury to any other person, id. at § 1(d)(1), a
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019        Page 10 of 23
       Level 6 felony if it results in moderate bodily injury to any other person, id. at §

       1(e)(1), and a Level 5 felony if it results in serious bodily injury to any other

       person. Id. at § 1(g)(1).

[21]   Here, the State charged Milo with Level 3 felony burglary resulting in bodily

       injury as follows:

               [On] or about December 29, 2017 in Delaware County, State of
               Indiana, Christopher J. Milo did break and enter the building or
               structure of Anthony W. Powers, Sr. with the intent to commit
               felony therein, to-wit: Battery; said act resulting in bodily Injury to
               Anthony W. Powers, Sr. . . .

       Appellant’s App. p. 3. The State also charged Milo with Class A misdemeanor

       battery causing bodily injury. Id. at 5.

       D.     Milo’s Motion and the Trial Court’s Ruling Thereon

[22]   In his motion to the trial court, Milo correctly noted that, to convict him of

       burglary, the State was required to prove that he intended to commit a felony

       when he broke into Powers’s apartment. The charging information, however,

       alleged only that he intended to commit “battery,” which is not necessarily a

       felony. Milo also noted that the State did not charge him with felony-level

       battery in Count 3, but Class A misdemeanor battery. He therefore claimed that

       “the charging information is insufficient on its face.” Tr. p. 139. Milo did make

       some argument that Hale’s intent could not establish his own intent, but the

       thrust of his argument went to the language of the charging information. More

       importantly, when the trial court granted Milo’s motion, it stated, “the charge is

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019           Page 11 of 23
       what it is, battery[,] said act resulting in bodily injury and that is a misdemeanor not

       a felony, motion for directed verdict as to count one is granted.” Id. at 141.

[23]   Thus, the trial court granted Milo’s motion not because the State failed to prove

       an essential element of the crime, i.e., Milo’s intent to commit felony-level

       battery, but because of a deficiency in the charging information. Because the

       trial court’s ruling was not a grant of a motion for a directed verdict, it did not

       act as an acquittal, and double jeopardy did not bar the trial court from

       reconsidering its ruling. Cf. Baca, 122 N.E.3d at 1022–23 (holding that trial

       court erred by granting State’s motion to amend charge of child molesting by

       penetration to allege lesser-included offense of child molesting by fondling after

       granting defendant’s motion for a directed verdict on this count based on

       grounds that the State failed to present any evidence of penetration).6

[24]   We also hold that the trial court’s reconsidered ruling on Milo’s motion was not

       improper. The essence of Milo’s motion was that the charging information was

       deficient because it did not adequately allege that he intended to commit a

       felony when he broke into Powers’s apartment. It is well settled that “[t]he

       6
         We also find Milo’s citation to Evans v. Michigan, supra, to be unavailing. In that case, the trial court
       erroneously granted a motion for a directed verdict based on the State’s failure to prove an element that the
       State was not, in fact, required to prove. Evans, 568 U.S. at 317. The Michigan courts held that, because the
       trial court’s directed verdict was based on a legal error, double jeopardy did not bar retrial. Id. The Evans
       Court held that “[t]he trial court’s judgment of acquittal resolved the question of Evans’ guilt or innocence as
       a matter of the sufficiency of the evidence, not on unrelated procedural grounds. That judgment, ‘however
       erroneous’ it was, precludes reprosecution on this charge, and so should have barred the State’s appeal as
       well.” Id. at 324 (emphasis added). In contrast to Evans, the trial court here did not grant a motion for a
       directed verdict on grounds that the State failed to prove an element that it did not, in fact, have to prove.
       Instead, the trial court granted Milo’s motion based on an allegedly defective charging information and then,
       upon further reflection, reversed its decision based on the untimeliness of Milo’s motion. Accordingly, Evans
       is not controlling.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019                                Page 12 of 23
       proper method to challenge deficiencies in a charging information is to file a

       motion to dismiss the information[.]” Miller v. State, 634 N.E.2d 57, 60 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 1994). Such a motion to dismiss must be filed no later than twenty days

       before the omnibus date. I.C. § 35-34-1-4(b)(1); Chavez v. State, 988 N.E.2d

       1226, 1230 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. Milo did not challenge the

       alleged defects in the charging information until after the State had rested its

       case-in-chief. Any claimed defect in the information is therefore waived. See

       Truax v. State, 856 N.E.2d 116, 123 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (holding that, because

       the defendant did not raise his challenge to the charging information until after

       the omnibus date, his argument that the information was defective was waived).

[25]   Milo makes no argument that the trial court’s denial of his motion was

       fundamental error. See id. (noting that failure to timely file a motion to dismiss

       an allegedly defective information waives the issue unless fundamental error

       occurs). Even if he did, he would not prevail. The charging information alleged

       that Milo broke into Powers’s apartment “with the intent to commit [a] felony

       therein, to-wit: Battery; said act resulting in bodily injury to [Powers].”

       Appellant’s App. p. 3. By alleging that Milo intended to commit “a felony

       therein, to-wit: Battery,” the information sufficiently alleged that Milo intended

       to commit felony-level battery. The allegation that “said act result[ed] in bodily

       injury” to Powers does not refer to the act of battery, but to the act of burglary.

       Indeed, the State was not required to prove that Milo committed felony-level

       battery against Powers, only that he intended to do so when he broke into the

       apartment. See Smith v. State, 671 N.E.2d 910, 912 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (holding

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019       Page 13 of 23
       that, to obtain a burglary conviction, it was not necessary that the State prove

       that the defendant committed theft or another felony because the burglary was

       complete upon the defendants’ breaking and entering with the intent to commit

       a felony). Thus, it is irrelevant that the State also charged Powers with

       misdemeanor-level battery. To the contrary, it is entirely consistent with a

       theory that Milo intended to seriously injury Powers, thus elevating the intended

       battery to a felony, but that the battery only inflicted bodily injury, which

       although only a misdemeanor, is sufficient to elevate burglary to a Level 3

       felony. Compare I.C. § 35-43-2-1(2) (elevating burglary to a Level 3 felony if it

       results in bodily injury to any person other than the defendant) with I.C. § 35-

       42-2-1(d)(1) (elevating battery to a Class A misdemeanor if it results in bodily

       injury to any other person).

[26]   To the extent that Milo claims that the trial court erred by concluding that the

       State presented sufficient evidence to support a finding that he intended to

       commit felony-level battery, we also disagree.7 The State presented evidence

       that Milo stated he was going to “whoop [Powers’s] ass,” and Hale admitted

       that she and Milo intended to inflict serious bodily injury when they broke into

       the apartment. From this, a reasonable jury could conclude that Milo had the

       7
         If the trial court had granted Milo’s motion based on the State’s failure to present evidence of an essential
       element of the crime, its action would constitute an acquittal even if its ruling were incorrect. See Elkins, 754
       N.E.2d at 644 (citing Williams, 634 N.E.2d at 853). But again, it is clear that the trial court did not grant
       Milo’s motion based on the State’s failure to prove an essential element of the offense. Instead, it granted the
       motion based on the alleged deficiency of the charging information.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019                                 Page 14 of 23
       requisite intent to commit felony-level battery when he broke into Powers’s

       apartment.

[27]   In short, the trial court’s initial ruling on Milo’s motion did not act as an

       acquittal as it was not based on the State’s failure to present evidence of an

       essential element of the crime charged. Because the trial court’s ruling did not

       act as an acquittal, the court was free to reconsider its ruling. The trial court

       then correctly determined that, to the extent Milo’s motion attacked the

       charging information, it was untimely, and to the extent that it claimed that

       there was no evidence of his intent, it was without merit.

                                       II. Jury Instruction on Burglary

[28]   In a related argument, Milo claims that the trial court’s instruction on the

       elements of burglary constituted fundamental error. Milo contends that the trial

       court’s instruction on burglary permitted the jury to find him guilty if it found

       that he intended to commit misdemeanor battery.

[29]   Milo admits that he lodged no objection to the instruction at trial, thereby

       waiving the issue for purposes of appeal unless the instruction constituted

       fundamental error. Barthalow v. State, 119 N.E.3d 204, 211 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019).

       An error may be fundamental, and therefore not subject to waiver, if it

       constitutes a substantial, blatant violation of basic principles. Id. (citing

       Moreland v. State, 701 N.E.2d 288, 294 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998)). To rise to the level

       of fundamental error, the error must be so prejudicial to the defendant’s rights

       as to make a fair trial impossible. Id. The fundamental error exception to the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019         Page 15 of 23
       contemporaneous-objection rule is narrow and provides relief only in egregious

       circumstances that make a fair trial impossible. Id. (citing Pattison v. State, 54

       N.E.3d 361, 365 (Ind. 2016)). When considering a claim that a jury instruction

       constitutes fundamental error, we look to the instructions as a whole to

       determine if they were adequate. Id. (citing Munford v. State, 923 N.E.2d 11, 14

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2010)). We also consider the instructions as a whole in context of

       all the relevant information given to the jury, including the parties’ closing

       arguments. Boesch v. State, 778 N.E.2d 1276, 1279 (Ind. 2002). If all of this

       information does not mislead the jury as to the correct understanding of the

       law, there is no fundamental error. Barthalow, 119 N.E.3d at 211.

[30]   Again, to convict Milo of Level 3 felony burglary, the State was required to

       prove that he knowingly or intentionally broke and entered into the building or

       structure of another person with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein

       and that the burglary resulted in bodily injury to any person other than the

       defendant. I.C. § 35-43-2-1(2). The trial court’s Final Instruction No. 4 set forth

       the elements of burglary as follows:

               A person who breaks and enters the building or structure of
               another person, with intent to commit a felony or theft in it,
               commits burglary, a Level 5 felony. The offense [is] a Level 3
               felony if it results in bodily injury to any person other than a
               defendant.

               Before you may convict Christopher J. Milo of Count 1,
               Burglary, a Level 3 felony, the State must have proven each of
               the following beyond a reasonable doubt[:]

                    1. Christopher J. Milo;

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019        Page 16 of 23
                    2. knowingly or intentionally;

                    3. broke and entered;

                    4. the building or structure of Anthony W. Powers, Sr.;

                    5. with the intent to commit a felony, Battery, in it, by touching
                    Anthony W. Powers, Sr., in a rude, insolent or angry manner;

                    6. and the offense resulted in bodily injury to Anthony W.
                    Powers, Sr., who was a person other than the defendant.

               If the State failed to prove each of these elements beyond a
               reasonable doubt, you must find Christopher J. Milo not guilty of
               burglary, a Level 3 felony, as charged in Count 1.

       Appellant’s App. p. 104 (emphasis added). Milo argues that this instruction

       improperly permitted the jury to find him guilty if he committed misdemeanor,

       as opposed to felony, battery.

[31]   As set forth above, the crime of battery is a multi-level or “graded” offense.

       Depending upon the circumstances, battery can be anywhere from a Class B

       misdemeanor to a Level 2 felony. I.C. § 35-42-2-1(c)–(k). Milo argues that by

       stating that the jury could find him guilty of burglary if he had the intent to

       commit battery by touching Powers in a “rude, insolent, or angry manner,”

       Final Instruction No. 4 fundamentally misstated the elements of the offense of

       burglary and permitted the jury to find him guilty of burglary even if he had

       only the intent to commit misdemeanor battery. Although we believe that the

       wording of Final Instruction No. 4 is not as clear as it might have been, we do

       not believe it rises to the level of fundamental error.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019               Page 17 of 23
[32]   We initially note that the first paragraph of Final Instruction No. 4 properly sets

       forth the elements of burglary, including that the defendant have the requisite

       intent to commit a felony or theft in the structure or building broken into. Final

       Instruction No. 4 also states that, to convict Milo of burglary, the State was

       required to prove that he broke and entered into Powers’s apartment “with the

       intent to commit a felony, Battery, in it[.]” Appellant’s App. p. 104. By

       informing the jury that Milo had to have the intent to commit “a felony,

       Battery,” the instruction properly explains that Milo had to have the intent to

       commit felony-level battery. However, the instruction then defines battery as

       “touching Anthony W. Powers, Sr., in a rude, insolent or angry manner.” Id.

       This, absent other circumstances, describes only misdemeanor battery. I.C. §

       35-42-2-1(c). As such, the instruction could have misled the jury to believe that

       it could convict Milo of burglary if he intended to commit misdemeanor

       battery. Thus, Final Instruction No. 4 is, at best, inconsistent and, at worst,

       misleading.

[33]   Despite the language of Final Instruction No. 4, we conclude that the

       instructions as a whole, especially in conjunction with the arguments of

       counsel, adequately informed the jury that, to convict Milo of burglary, it had

       to find that he had the intent to commit felony battery causing serious bodily

       injury to Powers when he broke and entered Powers’s apartment.

[34]   Battery is a Level 6 felony if it results in moderate bodily injury to any other

       person and a Level 5 felony if it results in serious bodily injury to any other

       person. I.C. § 35-42-2-1(e)(1), (g)(1). In addition to the fact that the first

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019          Page 18 of 23
       paragraph of Final Instruction No. 4 correctly told the jury that the State had to

       prove that Milo had the intent to commit a felony, the jury was also given

       supplemental instructions defining the terms “moderate bodily injury” and

       “serious bodily injury.” See Tr. pp. 179–80.

[35]   More importantly, both the prosecution and the defense repeatedly explained to

       the jury that, to convict Milo of burglary, the State had to prove that he

       committed battery as a felony. During the State’s closing argument, the

       prosecuting attorney stated with regard to the elements of burglary:

               They were going to Anthony Power[s]’s to whoop his ass. That’s
               not friendly touching, that’s not a handshake, that’s a
               whooping—whoop his ass, we know what his intentions were
               when he left Mr. Sailers’ apartment to go see Mr. Power[s] the
               second time, his intention was to whoop his ass. We also know he
               intended to cause serious bodily injury, how do we know that? Miah
               Hale, her testimony—her transcript—she said—her attorney, Mr.
               Sisson, asked her even though you didn’t touch Mr. Power[s] the
               intent of breaking in was to cause some serious bodily injury to him isn’t
               that correct, yes—serious bodily injury to him—whoop his ass. What
               was their intent when they left Mr. Sailers’ apartment to go over
               to the Adams Street house—they were going to hurt Mr. Powers.
               . . . Where the intent to commit a felony battery in the touching Anthony
               W. Power[s] in a rude, insolent or angry manner that’s the fifth element
               of count one. Now, the reason why intent to commit a felony is
               highlighted is because you don’t actually have to commit the
               felony, you don’t actually have to succeed in being successful,
               you just have to have the intent at the time you’re breaking in to commit
               a felony, okay, it doesn’t actually mean you were successful in it.
               So, is battery always a felony? No, we know it’s not because
               count three—if you look at three that’s a misdemeanor—because
               with a misdemeanor all you have to do is hit somebody and
               cause pain, that’s injury. Now, a felony is—or a battery is a felony
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019             Page 19 of 23
               when you cause moderate bodily injury or more importantly serious
               bodily injury. Remember Jack Sailers said they were gonna go
               over there to whoop his ass, Miah Hale said much more
               importantly that they were going over there—down here page
               three—question four—even though you didn’t touch Mr. Powers
               the intent of breaking in was to cause some serious bodily injury
               to him, they intended to cause serious bodily injury and under Indiana
               statutory (indiscernible) serious bodily injury is a felony, it’s a level five
               felony. So their intent when they broke and entered into the apartment
               building was to cause him serious bodily injury, to batter him at felony
               level, that was their intent, it’s clear. Now, the offense resulted in
               bodily injury, and what we know bodily injury means pain—just
               causing pain, not serious bodily injury, not moderate bodily
               injury, just injury—so you don’t have to be successful—as I
               said—in committing the felony, somebody just has to be injured
               and Mr. Powers was injured, was he injured to the level of
               moderate or serious bodily injury? Maybe, but it doesn’t matter
               because you don’t actually have to be successful in the committing the
               crime that you intended to commit, just at the time of breaking and
               entering you had to have that intent . . . .

       Tr. pp. 157–60 (emphases added).

[36]   During Milo’s closing argument, defense counsel stated:

               Now, the Prosecutor wants you to take what everybody else is
               saying and say look that—that fits what I want so that was Chris
               Milo’s intent, well, let’s talk about that. So, [Sailers] . . . says that
               Chris said I’m gonna go whoop his ass, okay, right or wrong he’s
               gonna go whoop his ass, now it wasn’t because of the cats it was
               because he was lied to, okay, so how does [Sailers] saying that
               Chris said he was gonna go whoop his ass mean that he’s gonna
               commit a felony battery because his intent had to be to attempt to
               commit a felony battery, there’s a difference okay, you can see that
               in the charging information count three is battery resulting in
               bodily injury, a class A misdemeanor, then there is felony battery,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019                 Page 20 of 23
               now the intent is did he intend to commit a battery on him or did he
               intend to commit a felony battery—we don’t know—it was what his
               intent was when he went to do the act not what happened from
               the result of the battery but what Chris Milo’s intent was if and
               when he walked into that room . . . . So, one of the things that I
               wanted to talk to you about is Miah Hale, . . . she—what it said
               is by her attorney and upon entering the building you
               encountered at least one person named Anthony Powers is that
               correct, yes, then a question from her attorney not from her, not
               from her statement, but from her attorney—and even though you
               didn’t touch Mr. Powers the intent of breaking in was to cause some
               serious bodily injury to him isn’t that correct, and she says yes. That’s
               her intent, she didn’t say that was Chris’s intent, that’s her intent,
               those are her words, she doesn’t say yeah Chris’s intent was to cause
               him serious bodily injury, you know why it’s gotta say serious bodily
               injury [be]cause it’s not a felony if it’s not serious bodily injury it’s just
               bodily injury which is still the misdemeanor so there was no attempt at a
               felony when—supposedly when the burglary is happening . . . . [N]ow
               you folks may very well believe that he committed that battery,
               you may very well think that he pushed that door open and went
               on in to commit that battery but there is no way in your mind that
               you can know for sure what his intent was and if his intent was to
               commit a felony, and if you can’t you cannot find him guilty of burglary
               because he had to have the intent to at least attempt to commit the battery
               as a felony, you can misdemeanor all day long and it’s not gonna be a
               burglary . . . .

       Id. at 165–69 (emphases supplied).

[37]   And again in the State’s rebuttal, the prosecuting attorney re-emphasized the

       State’s burden to show that Milo had to intend to commit a felony when he

       broke into the apartment:

               No intent to commit a felony, [defense counsel] really pounded
               on that, because it is true that the intent of the defendant is what
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019                Page 21 of 23
               matters, how do you understand or how do you know what
               somebody intends to do? You look at their actions, you look at
               their words, how else do you know what you’re going to do, I’m
               going to the grocery store—that is my intent—how do you know
               it? Because I told you—I’m going to go whoop his ass, how do
               you know what the intent is? He told Mr. Sailers. Miah Hale was
               with him the entire time, she said in her change of plea hearing we—
               we—Mr. Milo and I broke into the apartment building with the intent to
               cause serious bodily injury, the Defense has conceded that a battery
               causing serious bodily injury is a felony; he intended to commit felony
               battery upon Mr. Power[s]. He didn’t succeed thankfully but that
               was his intent. . . .

       Id. at 173–74 (emphases added).

[38]   Based on these statements, we conclude that the jury was well aware of the

       necessity of finding that Milo intended to commit felony battery when he broke

       into the apartment. We therefore hold that the trial court did not commit

       fundamental error with regard to the wording of Final Instruction No. 4. See

       McKinley v. State, 45 N.E.3d 25, 31 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (holding that any error

       caused by the inclusion of the mens rea of “knowingly” in jury instruction of

       possession with intent to deliver was not fundamental error because “intent to

       deliver” was listed in instructions and the closing arguments of both sides

       focused almost exclusively on whether defendant had the intent to deliver),

       trans. denied. Cf. Rosales v. State, 23 N.E.3d 8, 15 (Ind. 2015) (holding that

       inaccurate instruction on mens rea of accomplice liability for attempted murder

       was fundamental error because State’s closing argument repeatedly, and

       incorrectly, told the jury that specific intent to kill was not required).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019          Page 22 of 23
                                                  Conclusion
[39]   The trial court’s reconsideration of its grant of Milo’s motion for a “directed

       verdict” did not violate the prohibition against double jeopardy because the trial

       court did not grant Milo’s motion on grounds that the State failed to present

       evidence of an essential element of the offense of burglary. Instead, the trial

       court granted the motion on grounds that the charging information was

       deficient in setting forth the intended felony. Therefore, the trial court’s ruling

       did not act as an acquittal, and the trial court properly reconsidered its ruling.

       Also, considering the jury instructions as a whole, and the extensive arguments

       of counsel, the jury was adequately informed that, to find Milo guilty of

       burglary, the State had to prove that he intended to commit battery as a felony

       when he broke into his victim’s apartment. Accordingly, we affirm the

       judgment of the trial court.

[40]   Affirmed.

       Robb, J., and Pyle, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-751 | December 5, 2019        Page 23 of 23