Court Opinion

ID: 6320300
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-04 21:00:58.257197+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:37.009175
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

                                               No. 20-4155

                                     ALLEN GUMPENBERGER, APPELLANT,

                                                    V.

                                         DENIS MCDONOUGH,
                               SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

                               On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued January 19, 2022                                                       Decided March 3, 2022)

           Kenneth H. Dojaquez, of Topeka, Kansas, for the appellant.

        James L. Heiberg, with whom Richard A. Sauber, General Counsel; Mary Ann Flynn,
Chief Counsel; and Dustin P. Elias, Deputy Chief Counsel, all of Washington, D.C., were on the
brief for the appellee.

           Before ALLEN, FALVEY, and JAQUITH, Judges.

           ALLEN, Judge: Arturo Valadez served the Nation honorably in the United States Marine
Corps. He is in receipt of VA benefits for numerous conditions related to his military service. The
backdrop of this appeal concerns Mr. Valadez's efforts to obtain certain benefits related to a
traumatic brain injury (TBI) and a total disability rating based on individual unemployability
(TDIU).
           We say that Mr. Valadez's claims provide the "backdrop" for this appeal because these
matters are not directly before us. Instead, this appeal, which is timely and over which the Court
has jurisdiction,1 concerns appellant Allen Gumpenberger, a non-attorney practitioner accredited
to represent claimants before VA, and his assertion that he is entitled to a fee to be taken from
certain benefits VA awarded to Mr. Valadez. Specifically, Mr. Gumpenberger appeals a July 17,
2019, decision of the Board of Veterans' Appeals that denied entitlement to agent fees based on
past-due benefits VA awarded to the veteran for his TBI. Mr. Gumpenberger is only entitled to a
portion of the veteran's past-due benefits if a Notice of Disagreement (NOD) he filed on the

1
    See 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a), 7266(a).
veteran's behalf in June 2013 concerning a May 2013 rating decision encompassed a TBI rating
claim.2 Appellant has failed to show that the Board erred when it determined he was not entitled
to a fee under 38 U.S.C. § 5904, the statute setting out the requirements for receiving such a fee.
          As we explain below, the NOD appellant filed on the veteran's behalf in June 2013
expressly and unambiguously appealed the Board's decision on two issues: Entitlement to TDIU
and denial of service connection for an acquired psychiatric disorder (an appeal the veteran later
withdrew). The NOD did not include an appeal of the disability rating assigned for TBI. Thus,
under the applicable VA regulation, 38 C.F.R. § 20.201, the NOD was effective only as to TDIU
and service connection for the psychiatric condition. And because appellant's entitlement to fees
is tied to the submission of this June 2013 NOD under section 5904, he is not entitled to fees
awarded on other matters, something he seeks in this action.
          The reality is that appellant made a tactical choice in how he proceeded in representing the
veteran, choosing to pursue an administrative appeal concerning entitlement to TDIU (and,
originally, service connection for an acquired psychiatric disorder) and not a higher schedular
rating for TBI. That tactical choice dictates the outcome of this appeal because there is no NOD
concerning the assignment of a TBI disability rating, the font of funds from which appellant seeks
to take a fee out of benefits awarded to the veteran. And a 100% TBI schedular rating and TDIU
are distinct benefits such that an appeal of TDIU does not encompass a dispute about a schedular
rating for TBI. Therefore, we will affirm the Board's July 2019 decision.

                              I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
          Appellant represented Mr. Valadez3 before VA at the time of a May 2013 rating decision
that granted the veteran a 70% disability rating for TBI and various other ratings for TBI residuals
but denied (1) service connection for an acquired psychiatric disorder secondary to TBI and
(2) entitlement to TDIU.4

2
  This matter requires us to consider past versions of 38 U.S.C. §§ 5904 and 7105 as well as 38 C.F.R. § 20.201, under
the legacy appeals system, which has been significantly altered with the passage of the Veterans Appeals Improvement
and Modernization Act of 2017 (AMA). Pub. L. No. 115-55, 131 Stat. 1105 (Aug. 23, 2017). At the time relevant to
this appeal, an attorney or agent was entitled to fees for work performed after an NOD was filed. See 38 U.S.C. § 5904
(2013). The more recent amendments to section 5904, along with the newer versions of section 7105 and § 20.201,
are not before us today.
3
 On October 21, 2021, the Court ordered the Secretary to serve notice of these proceedings on Mr. Valadez to allow
him an opportunity to intervene. However, Mr. Valadez did not respond to the Court's order.
4
    Record (R.) at 746-58. VA awarded the veteran a 30% rating for migraine headaches, a 20% rating for seizure

                                                          2
           In June 2013, the veteran, through appellant, filed an NOD specifically identifying
entitlement to TDIU and the denial of service connection for an acquired psychiatric condition as
the matters with which the veteran disagreed.5 An August 2014 Statement of the Case (SOC) listed
service connection for an acquired psychiatric disorder and entitlement to TDIU as the only issues
on appeal, consistent with the NOD.6 The veteran perfected an appeal as to those two issues in
October 2014, noting he wanted to appeal "all of the issues listed" on the SOC and specifically
mentioning the acquired psychiatric disorder claim and TDIU. 7 In a December 2015 letter,
appellant notified VA that the veteran continued to seek entitlement to TDIU but that he was
withdrawing his appeal as to the acquired psychiatric disorder claim.8
           In July 2016, VA sent the veteran and appellant a letter that explained VA was reviewing
TBI cases in which a VA examination had been conducted and that the veteran qualified for such
a review.9 The veteran responded to VA's letter, indicating he wanted his case reprocessed under
VA's special TBI review.10 As a result of that review, VA granted the veteran a 100% schedular
rating for TBI in a September 2016 rating decision.11
           Thereafter, appellant sought fees from VA based on the veteran's award of a 100%
disability rating for TBI. In a March 2017 letter, VA denied him entitlement to agent fees,12 noting
that VA "reprocessed [the veteran's] TBI claim in accordance with Secretary of Veterans Affairs
authority to award equitable relief" such that "the resultant favorable decision is not due to an
appeal, so direct payment of fees is denied."13 Appellant filed an NOD, challenging VA's denial
of fees.14 He explained that VA misinterpreted his December 2015 withdrawal letter and that he

disorder, a 10% rating for tinnitus, and a noncompensable rating for impotence, all as secondary to his service-
connected TBI. R. at 748. The veteran was also awarded special monthly compensation based on loss of use of a
creative organ. Id.
5
    R. at 732.
6
    R. at 682, 717-21.
7
    R. at 435.
8
    R. at 429.
9
    R. at 427-28.
10
     R. at 426.
11
     R. at 326-66.
12
     R. at 182-85.
13
     R. at 184-85.
14
     R. at 132-33.

                                                       3
withdrew the veteran's psychiatric disorder claim because "the symptoms overlapped TBI," but
that the veteran still sought a 100% rating for TBI at that time.15 He stated that "[t]he mere fact
that your office elected to award[] a schedular 100% for TBI residuals rather than awarding
individual unemployability doesn't negate the fact that the issue of an increased evaluation to total
was on appeal."16
            Appellant perfected an appeal of the denial of agent fees, arguing in an August 2018
Substantive Appeal that the withdrawal of the veteran's acquired psychiatric claim was
"conditional upon the grant of [TDIU]."17 Therefore, he asserted, the veteran's acquired psychiatric
claim, as a residual of TBI, was still on appeal. Additionally, appellant argued that "the avenue to
establish a 100% [rating] . . . is immaterial," whether through TDIU or a 100% schedular rating.18
Thus, he concluded that the NOD he filed for the veteran in June 2013 "created the avenue to
entitlement" to a 100% rating.19 In a January 2019 letter, appellant contended that the TBI rating
remained on appeal, intertwined with the issue of TDIU.20
            In the July 2019 decision on appeal, the Board concluded that agent fees were not warranted
because no NOD had been filed as to the issue of the proper disability evaluation for TBI after
service connection was granted in May 2013. 21 Instead, the Board found "the NOD filed by
appellant in June 2013 was to the issues of service connection for an acquired psychiatric disorder
and to entitlement to TDIU."22 The Board noted that the award of a 100% disability rating for TBI

15
   R. at 172. Appellant's contention that VA misinterpreted his December 2015 withdrawal letter has merit. In its
March 2017 letter, VA stated: "We received a letter from your representative on January 16, 2016, specifically
withdrawing the issue of [TBI] from your appeal." R. at 184. In truth, appellant's letter expressly withdrew the issue
of veteran's psychiatric claim from the appeal, not TBI, which appellant did not include in his NOD. In an April 2017
letter, appellant promptly highlighted VA's mistake. R. at 172. In its July 2018 SOC, VA persisted in characterizing
the TBI appeal as withdrawn, stating "direct payment of fees was denied because TBI was reprocessed in accordance
with Secretary of Veterans Affairs authority to award equitable relief under 38 U.S.C. § 503(a) after it was withdrawn
from the appeal." R. at 65 (emphasis added). However, the RO's characterization of the TBI claim was subsumed by
the Board decision we are reviewing. See 38 C.F.R. § 20.1104 (2021); see also 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a). "[A]n appellant
may not assert error in an RO decision that has been subsumed by a Board decision." Sutton v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App.
419, 422 (2006). In this case, the Board did not make the same mistake or endorse the RO's misinterpretation.
16
     Id.
17
     R. at 47.
18
     Id.
19
     Id.
20
     R. at 12.
21
     R. at 6.
22
     Id.

                                                          4
was "based on VA's own internal review" and that a September 2016 notification letter that
accompanied the grant of the 100% TBI rating explained that the veteran's "combined
evaluation . . . was 100[%]" and "TDIU was not granted." 23 Thus, the Board concluded that
because no NOD was filed as to the schedular rating for TBI, agent fees based on that award were
not warranted. This appeal ensued.

                                      II. PARTIES' ARGUMENTS
            Appellant asks the Court to reverse the Board's finding that no NOD was filed with respect
to the veteran's TBI rating. He argues that the language of the relevant statutes does not require
any specificity in an NOD, even when multiple issues were decided in an initial determination.
Therefore, he asserts that it does not matter that the June 2013 NOD did not refer to a disagreement
with the TBI rating. He contends that neither 38 U.S.C. § 5904(c)(1), which allows for
representatives to be paid for services after an NOD is "filed with respect to the case," nor
38 U.S.C. § 7105(a), which at the relevant time required an NOD be in writing and filed within 1
year of the underlying determination, 24 requires that a claimant identify the issue(s) he or she
wishes to appeal. Thus, he maintains that the Board erred in requiring that the June 2013 NOD
link to a specific issue in the May 2013 rating decision or ask for a precise benefit.25 He contends
that the pro-veteran canon of interpretation, when applied to section 7105(a), supports his reading
of the statute. Under this interpretation of the statutes, appellant asserts that once the June 2013
NOD was filed, he became entitled to agent fees for any ensuing award of benefits, including, as
relevant here, the 100% disability rating VA awarded for TBI.
            Appellant also contends that to the extent 38 C.F.R. § 20.201, VA's regulation concerning
NODs, requires greater specificity in the June 2013 NOD, the Court should hold the regulation is
invalid because it is inconsistent with section 7105(a). He argues that "[a]ny reading of § 20.201
that narrows an [NOD] to only the specific entitlements identified by the claimant is not supported
by the plain language of the statute."26 If no specificity is required in an NOD, then, appellant
contends, once the June 2013 NOD was filed, VA was on notice that the veteran disagreed with

23
     R. at 5-6.
24
     38 U.S.C. § 7105(a) (2013).
25
     Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 10.
26
     Id. at 14.

                                                    5
some aspect of the rating decision and all issues contained therein were subject to an administrative
appeal and, correspondingly, could lead to entitlement to agent fees.
        Alternatively, appellant argues that even if § 20.201 is a valid interpretation of section 7105
such that specificity in the NOD is required as to the issues appealed, the Board erred in finding
that the 100% schedular TBI rating was not encompassed in the June 2013 NOD challenging the
denial of entitlement to TDIU. He asserts that a 100% schedular rating and TDIU are simply
different means to the same result: a total disability rating. Thus, the veteran sought a total rating
in the NOD and the basis on which that total rating was granted is irrelevant for purposes of
entitlement to fees. Appellant contends that no factfinding is needed on this point, that the Court
can reverse the Board's decision on this basis, and that the Court can direct that he is entitled to
obtain a portion of the past due benefits VA awarded the veteran for TBI.
        Additionally, at oral argument appellant argued that the TBI diagnostic code is unique in
that it obligates VA to provide a separate disability rating for each physical manifestation as a
residual of TBI. He contends that because of the unique nature of TBI, the June 2013 NOD, in
directly appealing the denial of service connection for an acquired psychiatric disorder as a residual
of TBI and seeking a total rating through TDIU, encompassed an appeal of all other TBI
residuals.27
        The Secretary argues that the June 2013 NOD appellant filed on the veteran's behalf did
not result in any past-due benefits that would entitle appellant to a fee. He asserts that § 20.201 is
a valid construction of section 7105 and unambiguously requires that a claimant specify the issue
or issues he or she wishes to challenge when there are multiple issues adjudicated in a rating
decision, as is the case here. The Secretary contends that here appellant never challenged the
veteran's TBI disability rating. Furthermore, the Secretary argues that the Board did not clearly err
by finding that a 100% rating for TBI was based on VA's own initiative and not in response to an
NOD. And he contends that the Board had a plausible basis for determining that the appeal of
TDIU did not include an appeal of the disability rating for TBI because the veteran had multiple
service-connected conditions that formed the basis of entitlement to TDIU. Finally, the Secretary
challenges the appellant's reliance on the pro-veteran canon because he is not a veteran and submits

27
  Oral Argument (O.A.) at 3:19-:46, 23:00-24:00, 1:03:22-:05:00, Gumpenberger v. McDonough, U.S. Vet. App. No.
20-4155 (oral argument held Jan. 19, 2022), http://www.uscourts.cavc.gov/oral_arguments_audio.php.

                                                      6
that appellant has not shown how the veteran is prejudiced by the Board's decision to deny agent
fees.

                                                   III. ANALYSIS
           This matter involves the interplay between 38 U.S.C. § 5904, governing agent (and
attorney) fees, and the provisions governing NODs more generally, specifically 38 U.S.C. § 7105
and 38 C.F.R. § 20.201. So, the appeal is essentially one about statutory and regulatory
interpretation. Statutory interpretation is a pure question of law that we review de novo.28 "In
determining the meaning of a statutory provision, 'we look first to its language, giving the words
used their ordinary meaning.'"29 But we do not read statutory words or provisions in isolation.
"[T]he plain meaning of any statutory provision must be determined in light of the statutory scheme
as a whole, the specific context in which the word or provision at issue is used, and the broader
context of the statute as a whole."30 If the Court concludes that Congress's intent is clear, we end
our inquiry and give effect to that intent.31
           And our task is similar in interpreting a regulation, which is also a matter we review de
novo.32 We look first to the text and structure of a regulation, which is the best indication of its
plain meaning.33 If the plain meaning of the regulation is clear on its face, then such plain meaning
controls, and "that is 'the end of the matter.'"34
           We begin with a rare piece of common ground between the parties. They agree that the
version of the statute explaining when an agent (or attorney) is entitled to a fee that applies in this
case provides:

28
     See Saunders v. Wilkie, 886 F.3d 1356, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
29
  Frederick v. Shinseki, 684 F.3d 1263, 1269 (Fed. Cir. 2012); see Artis v. District of Columbia, __ U.S. __, __, 138 S.
Ct. 594, 603 (2018) (quoting Moskal v. United States, 498 U.S. 103, 108 (1990)).
30
   Hornick v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 50, 52 (2010); see King v. St. Vincent's Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 221 (1991)
(articulating same basic principles); Imazio Nursery, Inc. v. Dania Greenhouses, 69 F.3d 1560, 1564 (Fed. Cir. 1995)
(same).
31
     Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-43 (1984).
32
  See Foster v. McDonough, 34 Vet.App. 338, 344-45 (2021); see also Butts v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 532, 539 (1993)
(en banc).
33
     See Goodman v. Shulkin, 870 F.3d 1383, 1386 (Fed. Cir. 2017).
34
  Tropf v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 317, 320 (2006) (quoting Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115, 120 (1994)); see also
Kisor v. Wilkie, __ U.S. __, __, 139 S. Ct. 2400, 2415 (2019).

                                                            7
           [I]n connection with a proceeding before the Department with respect to benefits
           under laws administered by the Secretary, a fee may not be charged, allowed, or
           paid for services of agents and attorneys with respect to services provided before
           the date on which [an NOD] is filed with respect to the case.[35]

           The key to understanding this statute is the language at the end of the provision that sets
the triggering date for when fees may be charged. Phrasing the statutory rule in the affirmative,
fees are permitted only beginning on "the date on which [an NOD] is filed with respect to the
case." For context, recall that appellant argues that he is entitled to a fee based on VA's award of
a 100% schedular disability rating for TBI because he filed the June 2013 NOD. He makes this
argument even though that NOD referred only to service connection for an acquired psychiatric
disorder and entitlement to TDIU. To explore this argument, we will begin by considering the
requirements for an NOD and then consider the phrase in subsection 5904(c)(1) on which appellant
puts great emphasis, namely "with respect to the case."
                   A. Scope of an NOD Under 38 U.S.C. § 7105 and 38 C.F.R. § 20.201
           Because section 5904 refers to an NOD, we start with the language of the 2013 version of
38 U.S.C. 7105 that describes what is required to constitute an NOD. Section 7105(a) provides
that "[a]ppellate review will be initiated by a [N]otice of [D]isagreement and completed by a
[S]ubstantive [A]ppeal after a statement of the case is furnished." 36 Additionally, the statute
requires that "Notices of [D]isagreement, and appeals, must be in writing and may be filed by the
claimant, the claimant's legal guardian, or such accredited representative, attorney, or authorized
agent as may be selected by the claimant or legal guardian."37
           The statute's plain language makes clear that an NOD must be (1) in writing and (2) filed
by the correct party, specifically the claimant or a suitable representative. The statute also tells us
that filing an NOD triggers appellate review and leads to the preparation of an SOC and,
potentially, a Substantive Appeal should a claimant wish to continue an appeal he or she began
with an NOD. Appellant argues that because these requirements are broad, the June 2013 NOD
was sufficient to appeal the schedular disability rating for TBI (thereby entitling him to a fee), even

35
  38 U.S.C. § 5904(c)(1) (2012). In 2017, Congress amended this provision to allow a fee to be charged from the date
notice of an initial decision by the agency of original jurisdiction is issued. AMA, Pub. L. No. 115-55 § 2(n), 131 Stat.
1105, 1110. However, as noted above, the current version is not applicable here.
36
     38 U.S.C. § 7105(a) (2013).
37
     38 U.S.C. § 7105(b)(2).

                                                           8
though the NOD stated that the veteran disagreed only with the denial of service connection for an
acquired psychiatric condition and entitlement to TDIU. However, appellant's view of section
subsection 7105(a) reads the provision in isolation, without the benefit of the rest of the statute.
           Importantly, subsection 7105(d)(1) provides the following:
           Where the claimant, or claimant's representative, within the time specified in this
           chapter, files a [N]otice of [D]isagreement with the decision of the agency of
           original jurisdiction, such agency will take such development or review action as it
           deems proper under the provisions of regulations not inconsistent with this title. [38]

So, the NOD triggers VA's obligation to develop a claim, something that can certainly be a time-
consuming and resource-intensive process. It seems illogical that Congress would direct
development of issues that a claimant did not intend to appeal, especially given the overburdened
VA appeals system, or require VA to act to determine the scope of a claimant's disagreement.
Additionally, and of particular importance here, this provision goes on to require that an SOC
provide a "summary of the evidence in the case pertinent to the issue or issues with which
disagreement has been expressed."39 If an NOD did not have to specify the determinations with
which a claimant disagreed, it would be odd for Congress to have included the portion of this
statutory provision we have italicized.
           Therefore, when section 7105 is considered as a whole, it is best read to require a claimant
to identify in an NOD what issues he or she seeks to appeal, so that the rest of the legacy appeals
process can continue with the preparation of an SOC that addresses only the appealed issues,
develop those matters as appropriate, and allow for a Substantive Appeal perfecting the appeal
with respect to issues that are the subject of the SOC. Stated differently, while subsection 7105(b)
only requires that an NOD be in writing and filed by the appropriate person, when subsection
7105(b) is read along with subsection 7105(d), it is clear that before an SOC can be issued,
disagreement must be expressed with the determinations that the claimant seeks to appeal.
           Appellant essentially argues that the specific content of an NOD does not matter as long as
a document indicating any disagreement with an adjudication is filed.40 On this logic, VA must
develop any pending claims in an unfavorable rating decision or otherwise explore whether a

38
     38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(1).
39
     38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(1)(A) (emphasis added).
40
     Appellant's Br. at 10-11.

                                                     9
claimant is actually contesting a given determination. This interpretation, however, adds a step
into the legacy appeals process that is not contemplated by the statute. Section 7105 does not
provide for a post-NOD notification from VA that requests that a claimant explain what issues he
or she seeks to appeal with the NOD. Of course, Congress could have so provided, but it did not.
Instead, the plain language of section 7105, read as a whole, reveals that Congress intended for the
issues that a claimant appeals to be identified with the filing of the NOD.
           Even if we assumed that section 7105 does not require such identification, we conclude
that, at worst, subsection 7105(b)'s broad language prescribing what is required for an NOD leaves
an opening for the Agency to fill about the specification question.41 For a statute to be considered
silent under step one of the familiar Chevron formulation by which we assess a regulation's
validity,42 there must be a "'gap left, implicitly or explicitly, by Congress'" that the agency is
entitled to fill.43 If this is the case, then we must determine whether VA's regulation governing
NODs, 38 C.F.R. § 20.201, is a permissible construction of the statute to fill the gap left by
Congress in section 7105.44 According to the Supreme Court, in applying Chevron, "the question
a court faces when confronted with an agency's interpretation of a statute it administers is always,
simply, whether the agency stayed with the bounds of its statutory authority."45
           Recently, the Federal Circuit applied the gap-filling aspect of Chevron specifically to VA
in connection with a dispute about when disability payments to a veteran recommenced when a
veteran returned to active military service (thereby stopping the payments) and then left that second
period of active service to return to civilian life.46 The court found that Congress left a gap in the

41
  See Northport Health Servs. of Ark., L.L.C. v. U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., 14 F.4th 856, 871-73 (8th Cir.
2021).
42
     Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842-45.
43
     Hyundai Steel Co. v. United States, 19 F.4th 1346, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843).
44
     See Sears v. Principi, 349 F.3d 1326, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2003).
45
     City of Arlington v. FCC, 569 U.S. 290, 297 (2013).
46
   Buffington v. McDonough, 7 F.4th 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2021). This decision issued after the Federal Circuit's decision
in Kisor v. McDonough, 995 F.3d 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2021), which addressed the appropriate place for the pro-veteran
canon in the Chevron analysis. So, at least in Buffington, the Federal Circuit relied on a Chevron analysis in a gap-
filling context before considering the pro-veteran canon. We need not consider how this "ordering of operations"
might be different when considering an ambiguous statute, as opposed to one that merely contains a gap for the Agency
to fill. See Barry v. McDonough, No. 20-3367, 2022 U.S. App. Vet. Claims LEXIS 154, at *38-45 (Feb. 2, 2022)
(Jaquith, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (discussing the place of the pro-veteran canon in regulatory
interpretation). Notwithstanding the suggestion in Barry that the pro-veteran canon should be applied at Chevron step
one, id. at *39, we are bound to follow the Federal Circuit's lead in Buffington in this case.

                                                           10
statutory scheme, specifically in failing to provide "when or under what conditions compensation
recommences once a disabled veteran leaves active service."47 Because the statute was silent on
that point, the Federal Circuit considered whether the implementing regulation, 38 C.F.R.
§ 3.654(b)(2), was a permissible construction of the statute under the Chevron formulation. The
court held that the Secretary acted "within the scope of his authority 'to prescribe all rules and
regulations which are necessary or appropriate to carry out the laws administered by the
Department and are consistent with those laws.'"48 The Federal Circuit further noted that "[t]hat
authority gives the Secretary power to fill gaps in the veteran's benefits scheme."49 Within the
scope of that authority, the court held, § 3.654(b)(2) was a "reasonable gap-filling regulation" that
incentivizes early filing and "promotes the efficient administration of benefits, but it does not
promote efficiency at all costs."50
            Returning to the issue before us in this appeal, we first turn to the language and structure
of section 7105 to determine whether Congress left gaps for the Agency to fill. Given the broad
nature of subsection 7105(b), it appears that Congress left VA leeway to determine how NODs
would operate. Specifically, the statute does not expressly address what happens when a claimant
seeks to appeal an unfavorable decision that addresses multiple issues.51
            Following the Federal Circuit's reasoning in Buffington, because "the statute is
silent . . . with respect to the specific issue," the Court must determine whether the Secretary's
interpretation is reasonable.52 We must sustain an agency's gap-filling regulation if it is reasonable
and consistent with the statutory framework.53
            Here, VA stepped in to fill the gaps (we assume) Congress left in section 7105 by
promulgating 38 C.F.R. § 20.201, which defines "Notice of Disagreement" as follows:
            A written communication from a claimant or his or her representative expressing
            dissatisfaction or disagreement with an adjudicative determination by the agency
            of original jurisdiction and a desire to contest the result will constitute a Notice of

47
     Buffington, 7 F.4th at 1365.
48
     Id. at 1366 (quoting 38 U.S.C. § 501(a)).
49
     Id. (citing Contreras v. United States, 215 F.3d 1267, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 2000)).
50
     Id. at 1367.
51
  Though we reiterate, as discussed above, that there are important textual indications in section 7105 read as a whole
that point toward requiring identification of the specific issues a claimant wishes to contest.
52
     Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843.
53
     Sears, 349 F.3d at 1329.

                                                            11
            Disagreement. While special wording is not required, the Notice of Disagreement
            must be in terms which can be reasonably construed as disagreement with that
            determination and a desire for appellate review. If the agency of original
            jurisdiction gave notice that adjudicative determinations were made on several
            issues at the same time, the specific determinations with which the claimant
            disagrees must be identified. For example, if service connection was denied for two
            disabilities and the claimant wishes to appeal the denial of service connection with
            respect to only one of the disabilities, the Notice of Disagreement must make that
            clear.[54]

            Just like section 7105, § 20.201 also requires that an NOD be in writing and that it express
disagreement with a benefits determination. But the regulation goes a step further, answering a
question that we are assuming Congress did not address explicitly: what happens when there are
multiple issues adjudicated in an initial determination? In that case, the Secretary requires that a
claimant identify which specific issues he or she seeks to appeal.
            Like the regulation at issue in Buffington, § 20.201 "promotes the efficient administration
of benefits." It would be a waste of VA's resources to develop claims that a claimant has expressed
no interest in appealing. Additionally, the regulation places a relatively small burden on a claimant
to simply note the issues with which he or she disagrees. Thus, we hold that § 20.201 is entirely
consistent with section 7105 and constitutes a reasonable gap-filling construction of the statute.
            We also note that this interpretation of the regulation is bolstered by the Federal Circuit's
decision in Ledford v. West, which addressed our Court's jurisdiction to consider a challenge to a
VA circular that changed TDIU to a 100% schedular rating.55 In reaching its decision, the Federal
Circuit noted that our Court "lacked jurisdiction to consider Ledford's . . . challenge to the
termination of his individual unemployability benefits in 1981" because he "cannot point to an
NOD that expresses disagreement with the termination of" TDIU.56 The Federal Circuit noted that
an NOD "is required to initiate the appellate review process"57 and that the appellant's "1991 NOD,
which expressed disagreement with the [A]gency's 1990 determination concerning the effective
date for the increase in his schedular rating, is insufficient to confer jurisdiction . . . over the

54
  38 C.F.R. § 20.201 (2013) (emphasis added). We again make clear that this matter requires us to analyze the version
of § 20.201 that applied in 2013. This regulation has been amended on several occasions since that time, but, again,
the more recent versions are not at issue, and we express no views about them.
55
     136 F.3d 776 (Fed. Cir. 1998).
56
     Id. at 779.
57
     Id.

                                                        12
[A]gency's 1981 determination which terminated [TDIU]."58 The Federal Circuit held that "an
NOD must have indicated a disagreement with a specific determination."59
            Though the Federal Circuit addressed NODs in the context of our Court's jurisdiction to
hear an appeal, Ledford still tells us that specificity under § 20.201 is required in an NOD when
an initial adjudication addresses multiple issues. Additionally, the Federal Circuit discussed
section 7105 in its analysis and gave no indication that § 20.201 exceeded VA's regulatory
authority under the governing statutes.
            In sum, § 20.201 at worst serves a gap-filling function because Congress was silent in
subsection 7105(b) as to when an initial determination addresses several issues that a claimant may
seek to appeal. At best, section 7105, when read as a whole, plainly requires specificity in the NOD
because it mandates that an SOC address evidence and development only as to the issues a claimant
identifies as those on appeal. Therefore, we hold that the Secretary's regulation is a reasonable
interpretation of section 7105, and we reject appellant's request that we invalidate it.
            In applying section 7105 and § 20.201 to this case, it is clear that in the June 2013 NOD,
appellant, on the veteran's behalf, expressly sought to appeal the Board's decision denying
entitlement to TDIU and service connection for an acquired psychiatric disorder. The NOD does
not mention TBI or any of its residuals. Because the May 2013 rating decision decided multiple
issues, pursuant to § 20.201 the veteran was required to indicate which of those issues he sought
to appeal. Here, he did so through the June 2013 NOD filed by appellant on his behalf. Thus, on
its face, the June 2013 NOD did not appeal the TBI disability rating and, as a result, appellant is
not entitled to agent fees as to that issue unless something in section 5904 changes that conclusion,
a matter we turn to in a moment.60
            But before returning to section 5904, we pause to address one additional point concerning
appellant's contentions. To the extent that appellant argues that the May 2013 rating decision only
adjudicated issues related to TBI and its residuals and thus any NOD filed in response to that

58
     Id. at 780.
59
     Id. (emphasis added).
60
  This is not a situation in which an NOD is vague or ambiguous. In that context, both the Federal Circuit and this
Court have held that it is appropriate to explore a claimant's intent in terms of which determinations he or she wished
to contest. See, e.g., Collaro v. West, 136 F.3d 1304, 1308-09 (Fed. Cir. 1998); Jarvis v. West, 12 Vet.App. 559, 560
(1999); Buckley v. West, 12 Vet.App. 76, 82-83 (1998). As we have discussed, the June 2013 NOD is clear about the
two matters appellant listed as those the veteran contested.

                                                         13
decision must, by necessity, include TBI,61 we reject this argument. His description of the May
2013 rating decision ignores the fact that TDIU was also adjudicated in that rating decision, so
even under appellant's argument, the decision concerned TBI and TDIU. As we will discuss in
further detail below, TDIU is based on requirements different than those that apply to a schedular
rating for TBI and its residuals. Furthermore, the May 2013 rating decision listed multiple
determinations VA made once service connection for TBI was granted. 62 Those determinations
indicate that, pursuant to VA's approach to evaluating TBI in terms of disability ratings, the veteran
was awarded different disability ratings for distinct TBI residuals. Appellant clearly did not think
at the time that an NOD automatically encompassed all issues, as he specifically listed those he
sought to appeal: denial of TDIU and denial of service connection for an acquired psychiatric
claim. Furthermore, it would be illogical to expect VA to develop appeals as to all the issues
decided in the May 2013 rating decision when the veteran, represented by an experienced agent,
listed only two specific matters in his NOD.
                             B. Section 5094(c)(1) and "with respect to the case"
           Appellant argues the phrase "with respect to the case" in subsection 5904(c)(1) somehow
expands the claims for which he may obtain a fee based on the June 2013 NOD. Essentially, he
contends that the filing of the June 2013 NOD was sufficient to satisfy the requirements of
subsection 5904(c)(1) with respect to any issue decided in the May 2013 rating decision and that
the NOD did not need to mention the TBI rating issue at all.
           Although read in isolation the phrase "with respect to the case" is broad, we are not writing
on a blank slate. Caselaw provides context as to how the term "case" should be considered. In
Cameron v. Shinseki, this Court addressed whether an increased-rating claim was part of the
overall case for attorney fees purposes where an attorney represented the veteran in an initial claim
for entitlement benefits, which remained on appeal.63 The Court held that "case" in subsection
5904(c)(1)
           refers to a claim submitted by a claimant and adjudicated by the Secretary,
           including the adjudication of all elements and theories in support of such claim, but
           it does not include an additional claim for benefits that is presented after the final

61
     O.A. at 3:40-:50, 12:42-:57, 34:20-35:40.
62
     R. at 746-58.
63
     26 Vet.App. 109 (2012), aff'd, 561 F. App'x. 922 (Fed. Cir. 2014).

                                                           14
            adjudication of the earlier claim, with new, different, or additional evidence even if
            the additional claim is related to the disability underlying the earlier claim.[64]

Thus, the Court held the subsequent increased rating claim was a "stand-alone claim, adjudicated
separately and independently" from the initial claim for entitlement to benefits.65 The Court noted
that the definition of "[']case['] relates to all potential claims raised by the evidence during the
processing of the claim in question."66
            Our Court considered Cameron in the context of two earlier Federal Circuit cases. First, in
Carpenter v. Nicholson, the Federal Circuit considered entitlement to attorney fees where an
attorney represented a veteran in his quest for an increased rating and later filed a motion to revise
an earlier decision on the basis of clear and unmistakable error in order to obtain an earlier effective
date for the rating. 67 The Federal Circuit held that different issues arising throughout the
proceedings did not constitute different "cases" requiring different fee agreements.68 In discussing
Carpenter, our Court noted the "continuous prosecution" of the same claim relied on by the Federal
Circuit to reach its conclusion.69
            Next, the Cameron Court considered Jackson v. Shinseki,70 in which the Federal Circuit
held that an attorney was not entitled to fees based on past-due benefits from an award of TDIU
where the original case involved an increased rating and did not include evidence of
unemployability. Our Court held that Cameron, like Jackson, involved "evidence that was not part
of [the] original claim."71
            Cameron, Carpenter, and Jackson were decided before Congress amended section 5904 to
allow the payment of fees when an NOD is filed, the situation under the statute governing this
appeal. At the time of those three decisions, section 5904 did not allow payment of fees until after
a Board decision. Nonetheless, they provide context for how this Court and the Federal Circuit

64
     Id. at 110.
65
     Id. at 111.
66
     Id. at 115.
67
     452 F.3d 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
68
     Id. at 1384.
69
     26 Vet.App. at 115.
70
     587 F.3d 1106 (Fed. Cir. 2009).
71
     26 Vet.App. at 116.

                                                     15
understand the definition of "case" in section 5904. Specifically, these matters highlight that a
"case" requires that a later issue must have some connection to the original matter in which a
represented the veteran through, for example continued proceedings.
           In this matter, a schedular rating for TBI and TDIU are separate cases as defined in
Carpenter because they are separate claims on different procedural tracks. Appellant specifically
appealed one and not the other, breaking the continuous prosecution of the two claims. Indeed, the
NOD appellant filed on the veteran's behalf in June 2013 defined the "case" for purposes of the
appeal as entitlement to TDIU and the later-withdrawn claim seeking service connection for an
acquired psychiatric disorder.72 Furthermore, the award of a 100% schedular rating for TBI was
not related to the processing of the claims listed in the June 2013 NOD, here TDIU and the later-
withdrawn appeal concerning service connection for the psychiatric condition. Instead, the Board's
determination that the 100% schedular rating for TBI was the result of VA's independent review
of TBI cases and had nothing to do with the appeal of TDIU is not clearly wrong. Indeed, it appears
to be entirely correct. Thus, like in Cameron, the award of a 100% schedular rating for TBI was
not related to the development of the appeal for TDIU and does not establish entitlement to fees.
Furthermore, as we discuss in more detail below, the requirements for a 100% schedular rating are
different from those for entitlement to TDIU. Thus, these matters represent different cases as
contemplated under section 5904.
           Additionally, as an experienced veteran's representative, appellant made a tactical choice
to appeal TDIU and an acquired psychiatric disorder claim but not the 70% rating assigned for
TBI or any of the ratings assigned for TBI residuals. He made that choice on multiple occasions.
First, he filed the June 2013 NOD expressly listing only TDIU and the acquired psychiatric
disorder claim as the issues the veteran sought to appeal.73 Then, appellant did not object to the
issues as identified in the August 2014 SOC, which also listed only TDIU and the acquired

72
  Appellant's definition of the "case" in his NOD, along with his subsequent refinement of that definition by
withdrawing his psychiatric claim, takes his case outside the ambit of Carpenter's declaration that "[t]he case
encompasses 'all potential claims raised by the evidence, applying all relevant laws and regulations, regardless of
whether the claim is specifically labeled.'" Carpenter, 452 F.3d at 1384 (quoting Roberson v. Principi, 251 F.3d 1378,
1384 (Fed. Cir. 2001)); see also Mil.-Veterans Advoc. v. Sec'y of Veterans Affs., 7 F.4th 1110, 1141 (Fed. Cir. 2021)
(holding that, under the AMA, a "supplemental claim seeking the 'same or similar benefits on the same or similar
basis' as the original claim "is part of the same case as a veteran's original claim for benefits within the meaning of
5904(c) (quoting 38 U.S.C. § 101(36)).
73
     R. at 732.

                                                         16
psychiatric claim as the issues on appeal.74 Again, in the October 2014 substantive appeal, he
checked a box indicating he sought to appeal the issues listed in the statement of the case and then
explicitly identified only a psychiatric condition and TDIU as the issues being challenged. 75
Finally, appellant submitted the December 2015 letter withdrawing an appeal as to the denial of
service connection for the acquired psychiatric disorder and noting that the veteran continued to
seek TDIU.76 At no point in any of this correspondence with VA did appellant indicate that the
veteran sought to appeal the TBI rating assigned in the May 2013 rating decision. Instead, he
appears to have made a strategic choice as to what issues to pursue on appeal. Appellant's
arguments now would have us revise that tactical choice to allow for him to obtain agent fees with
respect to matters that were consciously never the subject of an NOD. However, under section
5904, we hold that entitlement to TDIU and the 100% TBI schedular rating constitute different
cases and thus appellant is not entitled to agent fees on this basis.
           Appellant would have the Court divorce the NOD requirement in section 5904 from the
"case" language by focusing on the act of filing the NOD as triggering entitlement to fees but
without considering whether it is related to the "case." Under the plain language of subsection
5904(c)(1), what constitutes a "case" is tied to the filing of an NOD, a fact that appellant seems to
diminish. To the extent that appellant acknowledges section 5904's NOD and "case" connection,
he appears to advocate for a definition of NOD that is in some way different from how that term
is understood more generally as we discussed above.77 But statutory provisions must be read in
context.78 And because section 5904 falls within title 38, it is logical to assume that Congress
intended the terminology used in that section be consistent with the rest of the title. Indeed, it is a
principle of statutory construction that "'identical words used in different parts of the same act are
intended to have the same meaning.'"79 Specifically, the use of "NOD" in section 5904 should have
the same definition as in other provisions, including 38 U.S.C. § 7105, which provides the
requirements for an NOD that we discussed above. Appellant provides no explanation for why

74
     R. at 682.
75
     R. at 435.
76
     R. at 429.
77
     O.A. at 5:09-6:18 (discussing reading "valid" into section 5904 by considering the content of the NOD).
78
     See Hornick, 24 Vet.App. at 52.
79
     Sullivan v. Stroop, 495 U.S. 478, 484 (1990) (quoting Sorenson v. Sec'y of Treasury, 475 U.S. 851, 860 (1986)).

                                                           17
Congress would have intended a different meaning for "NOD" in section 5904, and thus we
proceed with the understanding that section 5904's use of "NOD" must be consistent with how it
is used in other provisions.
           Finally, we cannot help but note that appellant fails to establish what, if any, services he
provided as it relates to the award of veteran's TBI schedular rating. 80 At oral argument, his
attorney could not point to anything that appellant did to assist the veteran in obtaining the 100%
schedular rating for TBI.81 In fact, in his brief, appellant tied VA's action in reviewing TBI cases
to the June 2013 NOD he filed.82 But VA's independent review of cases in which a veteran received
a TBI examination and appellant's filing of an NOD on the veteran's behalf were, as the Board
found, completely unrelated. They just so happen to have occurred sequentially. In other words, it
was purely coincidental that VA sought to review TBI cases, including the veteran's, while the
appeal of TDIU and acquired psychiatric disorder claim, started by the 2013 NOD, was pending.
Thus, we cannot see how appellant should be entitled to fees under section 5904.
                              C. Difference Between TDIU and a 100% Rating for TBI
           As an alternative argument, appellant maintains that even if the June 2013 NOD did not
specifically appeal the disability rating for TBI, and § 20.201 is valid, his appeal of entitlement to
TDIU included an appeal of an increased schedular rating for TBI because both claims could lead
to the same result: a 100% rating for the veteran. If this point was correct, appellant would be
entitled to fees because the NOD identifying TDIU would encompass the TBI rating. We reject
this argument as well as the others appellant has advanced to obtain a portion of past-due benefits
VA awarded to the veteran for his TBI.
           We start with the obvious but nonetheless significant observation that obtaining a 100%
disability rating under the rating schedule requires establishing elements that are distinct from
establishing entitlement to TDIU. To be sure, our Court has held that an appeal of a disability
rating can include an appeal of entitlement to TDIU, but the reverse is not necessarily true.
Significantly, in Holland v. Brown, this Court held that
           [a]lthough a TDIU rating claim predicated on a particular service-connected
           condition is 'inextricably intertwined' with a rating increase claim regarding the

80
  See Scates v. Nicholson, 282 F.3d 1362, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (holding that an attorney "may receive a fee that
fairly and accurately reflects his contribution to and responsibility for the benefits awarded").
81
     O.A. at 7:22-9:03, 56:14-57:26.
82
     Appellant's Br. at 12.

                                                       18
            same condition, it does not necessarily follow that a rating increase claim for a
            particular service-connected condition is 'inextricably intertwined' with a TDIU
            rating claim predicated on that condition.[83]

The Court continued that "while complementing each other, the Schedule [for Rating Disabilities]
and the TDIU rating scheme involve different considerations."84
            In Norris v. West, the Court held that "under the VA statutory and regulatory scheme
evidence of a veteran's unemployability arising from an already allowed service-connected
disability is indeed evidence of an increase in the severity of that disability." 85 The Court
considered an informal claim for a psychiatric condition and held that it included a request for
TDIU where there was evidence of unemployability. The Court held that TDIU "is merely an
alternate way to obtain a total disability rating without being rated 100% disabled under the Rating
Schedule."86
            More recently, our Court held that entitlement to TDIU is "part and parcel" of a disability
rating.87 "[A] request for TDIU . . . is not a separate claim for benefits, but rather involves an
attempt to obtain an appropriate rating for a disability or disabilities."88 In Rice, the Court held that
TDIU was part of the determination of the appropriate initial disability rating assigned and thus
perhaps entitled to an earlier effective date based on that initial rating. Similarly, in Harper v.
Wilkie, we held that TDIU was part of an underlying PTSD rating claim that was in appellate
status.89
            Here we differ from Harper because no disability rating underlying entitlement to TDIU
was placed in appellate status by the June 2013 NOD. Rather, this case presents the opposite fact
pattern: TDIU was placed in appellate status but not any of the veteran's underlying service-
connected disabilities. As noted above, the veteran had several underlying service-connected
disabilities as a result of the May 2013 rating decision, and he did not appeal any of the ratings
assigned for those disabilities.

83
     6 Vet.App. 443, 446 (1994).
84
     Id.
85
     12 Vet.App. 413, 420 (1999).
86
     Id. at 420-21.
87
     Rice v. Shinseki, 22 Vet.App. 447, 455 (2009) (per curiam).
88
     Id. at 453.
89
     30 Vet.App. 356, 360 (2018).

                                                           19
           And, following the logic of Holland for determining when issues are inextricably
intertwined, it is unclear to us why an NOD as to TDIU would encompass an appeal of any
particular disability rating because, while the two claims may complement each other, they involve
different considerations. In Rice, the Court held that the issue of the appropriateness of TDIU is
inferred as part of a claim whenever evidence of unemployability is submitted with a claim for
increased disability benefits.90 In order for the reverse to be true–the inference of a claim for an
increased rating for a specific disability when TDIU is appealed–VA would often have to make
"guesses" about any number of matters. For example, what disability rating a claimant seeks to
appeal when there are multiple service-connected disabilities (as is the case here). Again, we
venture into a world where VA is required to do significantly more development of issues with
respect to claims that a claimant has expressed no interest in appealing. Indeed, appellant's
argument would require VA to consider (and develop evidence concerning) increased schedular
disability ratings for any condition for which VA had awarded service connection to a veteran so
long as a veteran appealed the denial of entitlement to TDIU. Appellant provides no support–
legally or logically–for that rather remarkable proposition. In short, because entitlement to TDIU
and a higher schedular rating involve different considerations, we hold that appellant's NOD that
expressly appealed TDIU did not encompass an appeal of the disability rating assigned for TBI.
           At oral argument, appellant's counsel asserted that TBI is a unique type of claim because it
encompasses so many symptoms and other disorders that lead to various other ratings.91 Thus, he
argued that a disagreement as to any aspect of a residual of TBI includes a disagreement as to all.92
Despite appellant's counsel's contentions at oral argument,93 he did not make this argument in his
briefs. Instead, his briefing position was much more generalized with respect to all disability
ratings and NODs. He did not focus on a special rule that would allow fees for a representative in
a TBI rating case or ask that we make a pronouncement about how TBI ratings operate. We decline
to consider this argument further.
           "[T]his Court and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have repeatedly
discouraged parties from raising arguments that were not presented in an initial brief to the

90
     22 Vet.App. at 453-54.
91
     O.A. at 3:19-:46, 23:00-24:00, 1:03:22-:05:00.
92
     O.A. at 1:03:22-:05:00.
93
     O.A. at 1:06:48-:07:00.

                                                      20
Court."94 The practice of presenting new issues and arguments during oral argument is even more
objectionable.95 Here, both the Secretary and the Court prepared for this matter based on the broad
arguments involving complex statutory and regulatory interpretation. It is both unfair to opposing
counsel and a waste of judicial resources for appellant's counsel to narrow the issue at such a late
stage of litigation. We encourage him and other counsel to avoid such an approach in the future.

                                                IV. CONCLUSION
           After consideration of the parties' briefs, the record on appeal, the proper arguments
addressed at oral argument, and the governing law, the Court AFFIRMS the July 17, 2019, Board
decision.

94
   Norvell v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 194, 201 (2008); see also Carbino v. West, 168 F.3d 32, 34 (Fed. Cir. 1999)
("Improper or late presentation of an issue or argument . . . ordinarily should not be considered."), aff'd sub nom.
Carbino v. Gober, 10 Vet.App. 507, 511 (1997); Fugere v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 103, 105 (1990) ("Advancing
different arguments at successive stages of the appellate process does not serve the interests of the parties or the Court.
Such a practice hinders the decision-making process and raises the undesirable specter of piecemeal litigation.").
95
     Norvell, 22 Vet.App. at 202.

                                                           21