Court Opinion

ID: 4073746
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-30 04:22:28.817121+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:04:05.551650
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                                   01-15-00918-CV
                                                                        FIRST COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                HOUSTON, TEXAS
                                                                            11/24/2015 10:01:30 PM
                                                                             CHRISTOPHER PRINE
                                                                                            CLERK

                          No. 01-15-00918-CV

                                                                   FILED IN
                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS                  1st COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                HOUSTON, TEXAS
                FOR THE FIRST DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                                           11/24/2015 10:01:30 PM
                                                            CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
                                                                    Clerk
           In Re UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY,
                                 Relator

             Original Proceeding from Cause No. 2014-23177
            In the 125th District Court of Harris County, Texas

 RESPONSE OF REAL PARTIES IN INTEREST (DONALD AND MARY
TRICHEL, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS PERMANENT CO-GUARDIANS OF
      THE PERSON AND ESTATE OF NICHOLAS TRICHEL,
   INCAPACITATED) TO PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS

  Levon G. Hovnatanian           Dale Jefferson           Raymond M. Kutch
      TBN: 10059825             TBN: 10607900              TBN: 24072195
hovnatanian@mdjwlaw.com    jefferson@mdjwlaw.com         kutch@mdjwlaw.com
             MARTIN, DISIERE, JEFFERSON & WISDOM, L.L.P.
                         808 Travis, 20th Floor
                         Houston, Texas 77002
                      (713) 632-1700 – Telephone
                      (713) 222-0101 – Facsimile
                           Vuk S. Vujasinovic
                             TBN: 00794800
                          Vuk@vbattorneys.com
                             Brian Beckcom
                             TBN: 24012268
                         Brian@vbattorneys.com
                         VB ATTORNEYS, PLLC
                     6363 Woodway Drive, Suite 400
                       Houston, Texas 77057
                       (713) 224-7800 – Telephone
                       (713) 224-7801 – Facsimile
                                          TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                                                     PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................i

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES................................................................................... iii
STATEMENT OF THE CASE ................................................................................vi

ISSUES PRESENTED.......................................................................................... viii
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1

STATEMENT OF FACTS ....................................................................................... 1
I.       HAMPTON SEVERELY INJURED NICHOLAS TRICHEL WHEN
         HIS 18-WHEELER CRASHED INTO TRICHEL’S PASSENGER
         CAR. ............................................................................................................... 1

II.      UNION PACIFIC WITHHELD WITNESS STATEMENTS OF
         HAMPTON AND HIS CO-WORKER, WILSON. ....................................... 2
III.     THE RESPONDENT CAREFULLY CONSIDERED UNION
         PACIFIC’S EVIDENCE, CONDUCTED AN IN CAMERA REVIEW
         OF THE WITNESS STATEMENTS, AND DETERMINED THEY
         WERE NOT PRIVILEGED. .......................................................................... 2
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ....................................................................... 3

ARGUMENT ............................................................................................................ 6
I.       STANDARD OF REVIEW ............................................................................ 6

II.      THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE IS CONSTRUED
         NARROWLY AND THE BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATING ITS
         APPLICABILITY IS CARRIED BY ITS PROPONENT. ............................ 7

III.     UNION PACIFIC MUST PROVE THE WITNESS STATEMENTS
         WERE MADE FOR THE PURPOSE OF FACILITATING THE
         RENDITION OF LEGAL SERVICES TO THE CLIENT. ........................... 9
IV.      HAMPTON AND WILSON DO NOT QUALIFY AS
         REPRESENTATIVES OF UNION PACIFIC. ............................................13
                                                              i
V.      IN PARTICULAR, WILSON WAS MERELY A UNION PACIFIC
        EMPLOYEE WHO WITNESSED AN ACCIDENT. .................................15

VI.     ANY COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN UNION PACIFIC,
        HAMPTON AND WILSON WERE NOT CONFIDENTIAL. ...................17

VII. UNION PACIFIC WAIVED ITS CLAIM FOR PRIVILEGE WHEN
     IT KNOWINGLY WITHHELD THE WITNESS STATEMENTS
     FROM PRODUCTION. ...............................................................................20
VIII. RELATOR FAILED TO PROVIDE THE RESPONDENT WITH
      THE AUDIO TAPES OF THE WITNESS STATEMENTS IT SEEKS
      TO EXCLUDE FROM DISCOVERY. ........................................................22

CONCLUSION AND PRAYER ............................................................................24
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ......................................................................25

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ...............................................................................26

                                                   ii
                                        INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

                                                                                                                   PAGE
Cases
Brown & Root U.S.A., Inc. v. Moore,
  731 S.W.2d 137 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1987,
  no writ) ................................................................................................................12

Cameron Cnty. v. Hinojosa,
  760 S.W.2d 742 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1988,
  orig. proceeding) .................................................................................................17

Canadian Helicopters Ltd. v. Wittig,
  876 S.W.2d 304 (Tex. 1994) .............................................................................6, 7

Dikeman v. Snell,
  490 S.W.2d 183 (Tex. 1973) ...............................................................................17
Gordon v. Blackmon,
 675 S.W.2d 790 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1984,
 orig. proceeding) ................................................................................................... 7
Gulf Oil Corp. v. Fuller,
 695 S.W.2d 769 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1985,
 no writ) ................................................................................................................17
Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Decker,
 423 F.2d 487 (7th Cir. 1970),
 aff’d per curiam, 400 U.S. 348 (1971) ................................................................13

Huie v. DeShazo,
 922 S.W.2d 920 (Tex. 1996) .....................................................................8, 11, 16

In re Auclair,
  961 F.2d 65 (5th Cir. 1992) .................................................................................17

In re E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.,
  136 S.W.3d 218 (Tex. 2004) ................................................................................. 5
In re JDN Real Estate-McKinney L.P.,
  211 S.W.3d 907 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006,
  orig. proceeding) ...........................................................................................17, 18
                                                             iii
In re Learjet, Inc.,
  59 S.W.3d 842 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001,
  orig. proceeding) ................................................................................................... 9

In re Monsanto Co.,
  998 S.W.2d 917 (Tex. App.—Waco 1999,
  no pet.) .................................................................................................................13

In re Tex. Farmers Ins. Exch.,
  990 S.W.2d 337 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999,
  no pet.) .......................................................................................................4, 11, 12

In re W & G Trucking, Inc.,
  990 S.W.2d 473 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1999,
  orig. proceeding) ................................................................................................... 9

Johnson v. Fourth Court of Appeals,
  700 S.W.2d 916 (Tex. 1985) ................................................................................. 6
MessagePhone, Inc. v. SVI Sys.,
 1998 WL 874945 (N.D. Tex. Dec. 8, 1998) ......................................................... 8
Nat’l Tank Co. v. Brotherton,
  851 S.W.2d 193 (Tex. 1993) ...............................................................................11

Neville v. Brewster,
  163 Tex. 155, 352 S.W.2d 449 (1961) .................................................................. 7
Pat Walker & Co. v. Johnson,
  623 S.W.2d 306 (Tex. 1981) ................................................................................. 7

State v. Lowry,
  802 S.W.2d 669 (Tex. 1991) ................................................................................. 8

Stringer v. Eleventh Court of Appeals,
  720 S.W.2d 801 (Tex. 1986) ...............................................................................12

Tex. Dep’t of Mental Health & Mental Retardation v. Davis,
  775 S.W.2d 467 (Tex. App.—Austin 1989,
  no writ) .................................................................................................................. 8

                                                              iv
U.S. Ins. Group v. Lloyd,
  01-90-00754-CV, 1990 WL 238301
  (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 12, 1990,
  no writ) .................................................................................................................. 8

Upjohn Co. v. United States,
 449 U.S. 383 (1981) ........................................................................................4, 16

Varo, Inc. v. Litton Sys.,
  129 F.R.D. 139 (N.D. Tex. 1989) ......................................................................... 8
Walker v. Packer,
 827 S.W.2d 833 (Tex.1992)
 (orig. proceeding) .................................................................................................. 6

Statutes
FED. R. EVID. 503 ...................................................................................................... 9
TEX. R. EVID. 503 ........................................................................................3, 8, 9, 17
TEX. R. EVID. 503(b) ................................................................................................. 8

TEX. R. EVID. 503(d)(5)...........................................................................................18

Rules
TEX. R. CIV. P. 192 .................................................................................................... 3

                                                               v
                        STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Nature of the case:     This mandamus proceeding was brought by Relator,
                        Union Pacific Railroad (“Union Pacific”), who is a
                        defendant in a case involving an auto collision between a
                        passenger car driven by Nicholas Trichel (“Trichel”) and
                        an 18-wheeler leased by Union Pacific and driven by
                        Jeremey Ray Hampton (“Hampton”). [MR: 34].
                        Trichel’s parents (collectively, “the Trichels”) filed this
                        lawsuit on behalf of Nicholas’s estate and person and in
                        their individual capacities. [MR: 1-29]. The Trichels
                        assert negligence, gross negligence, and negligence per
                        se claims against Union Pacific and Hampton. [MR: 34].

Respondent:             Judge Kyle Carter, of the 125th Judicial District Court of
                        Harris County, Texas.
Trial Court Disposition: Union Pacific Claims Supervisor William J. Green
                         (“Green”) audio recorded two witness statements of
                         Jeremey Ray Hampton and James Wilson (“Wilson”) two
                         days after the accident. [MR: 115-16]. Hampton was
                         driving the tractor trailer that crashed into Trichel’s
                         personal automobile. [MR: 34]. Wilson was driving a
                         separate truck behind Hampton at the time of the
                         accident. [MR: 44]. Union Pacific’s outside counsel
                         Marcy Rothman (“Rothman”) attended and listened to
                         Hampton and Wilson give their statements to hear what
                         their impressions were at the time of how the accident
                         occurred. [MR: 120].

                        Union Pacific did not object, nor disclose the existence of
                        Hampton or Wilson’s witness statements when the
                        Trichels requested Union Pacific produce witness
                        statements in its possession over a year and a half ago.
                        [MR: 237-251].

                        During Green’s October 22, 2015 deposition, he
                        disclosed for the first time that he recorded Hampton and
                        Wilson’s statements, and he had not produced them on
                        behalf of Union Pacific. [MR: 115-16; Transcript]. The
                        following day, Union Pacific objected and argued to the

                                       vi
respondent that the interviews were protected from
disclosure by the attorney-client privilege. [MR: 43-50;
124-27; Transcript]. The respondent reviewed Union
Pacific’s affidavits and conducted an in camera review of
a transcript of the recorded witness statements.
[MR: 262; Transcript].

On October 27, 2015, the respondent entered an order
overruling Union Pacific’s objections and ordered
Relator to produce the recorded witness statements of
Hampton and Wilson immediately. [RRIP: 64-64].

              vii
                           ISSUES PRESENTED
1.   Did the respondent clearly abuse his discretion in ordering Union Pacific to
     produce the recorded witness statements of Hampton and Wilson taken two
     days after the crash?

                                      viii
TO THE HONORABLE JUSTICES OF THE FIRST COURT OF APPEALS:
      Real Parties in Interest, Donald and Mary Trichel, Individually and as

Permanent Co-Guardians of the Person and Estate of Nicholas Trichel,

Incapacitated, respond to the petition for writ of mandamus as follows:

                               INTRODUCTION
      The petition for writ of mandamus challenges an October 27, 2015 order

overruling Union Pacific’s objections and ordering the immediate production of

the recorded witness statements of Hampton and Wilson. An analysis of the

respondent’s order reveals that the respondent did not abuse his discretion and

mandamus relief should be denied.

                           STATEMENT OF FACTS
I.    HAMPTON SEVERELY INJURED NICHOLAS TRICHEL WHEN
      HIS 18-WHEELER CRASHED INTO TRICHEL’S PASSENGER
      CAR.
      A Union Pacific 18-wheeler driven by defendant Hampton struck a Ford

Mustang driven by 26-year-old Nicholas Trichel. [MR: 34]. As a result of the

crash, Trichel suffered catastrophic injuries.   [MR: 34].    On April 25, 2014,

Trichel’s parents, Donald and Mary Trichel, filed the underlying lawsuit, alleging

that Hampton and Union Pacific were negligent, grossly negligent, and negligent

per se. [MR: 1, 3-4].

                                         1
II.    UNION PACIFIC WITHHELD WITNESS STATEMENTS OF
       HAMPTON AND HIS CO-WORKER, WILSON.
       On October 22, 2015, Union Pacific Claims Supervisor Green testified that

he took tape-recorded statements of Hampton and Wilson (a witness who was

driving behind Hampton) two days after the accident happened. [MR: 115-16;

RRIP: 44-57]. Union Pacific’s attorney Rothman sat in the room when Green took

their recorded witness statements. [MR: 120].

       Neither Union Pacific nor Hampton objected or asserted any privilege when

the Trichels requested the witness statements during written discovery over a year

and half ago. [MR: 237-51; RRIP: 44-57]. Union Pacific did not disclose the

existence of the recorded statements in a privilege log or supplement discovery

prior to Green’s October 22, 2015 deposition. [MR: 115-16].

III.   THE RESPONDENT CAREFULLY CONSIDERED UNION
       PACIFIC’S EVIDENCE, CONDUCTED AN IN CAMERA REVIEW
       OF THE WITNESS STATEMENTS, AND DETERMINED THEY
       WERE NOT PRIVILEGED.
       On October 23, 2015, the respondent conducted a hearing in which Union

Pacific offered a freshly prepared affidavit of Green testifying that he believed

Hampton and Wilson’s witness statements had been transcribed and provided to

Rothman, but that in preparing for his deposition he “determined that the

recordings had not been transcribed and had not been provided to anyone.” [MR:

115-16; RRIP: 48-49].      Green implies he simply forgot about the witness

                                        2
statements, despite the Trichels issuing discovery with their original petition—only

eight days after Green recorded the statements. [MR: 115-16; 237-51; RRIP: 48-

49]. Green also forgot to produce the statements in Union Pacific’s response to the

Trichels’ follow-up request for production, which specifically sought audio

recordings. [MR: 248-251].

      After hearing argument from counsel and considering affidavits prepared for

the benefit of Union Pacific, the respondent stated he would review the statements

in camera to determine if they were attorney-client privileged communications.

[RRIP: 50, 52-57]. Union Pacific provided a transcript of the witness statements to

the respondent. [RRIP: 62]. On October 27, 2015, the respondent ruled the

witness statements were discoverable and overruled Union Pacific’s assertion of

attorney-client privilege. [MR: 262]. The order required Union Pacific to produce

the transcripts and recorded witness statements immediately. [MR: 262].

                      SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
      The petition for writ of mandamus challenges the October 27, 2015 order

overruling Relator’s assertion of attorney-client privilege for the two recorded

witness statements. Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 192 requires the production of

witness statements. Relator alleges the witness statements are protected from

disclosure under Texas Rule of Evidence 503 because Hampton and Wilson were

“representatives” of Union Pacific.

                                         3
      Rothman’s presence in the same room as Hampton and Wilson does not

automatically make all communications privileged.         A communication is not

privileged merely because it is uttered by or to a lawyer. Nor have Texas courts

ever embraced the proposition that otherwise relevant, non-privileged, factual

information is immune from disclosure simply because an attorney sat in the same

room while a witness provided a statement. In re Tex. Farmers Ins. Exch., 990
S.W.2d 337, 341 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, no pet.); see also Upjohn Co. v.

United States, 449 U.S. 383, 395-66 (1981) (noting that attorney-client privilege

does not extend to the disclosure of underlying facts, but merely to the disclosure

of attorney-client communications).

      The respondent did not abuse his discretion in ordering the production of

Hampton and Wilson’s statements because they are not attorney-client

communications protected by the attorney-client privilege.          Union Pacific’s

argument fails because it did not establish the recorded witness statements were

attorney-client communications.       To do so, Union Pacific must establish the

witness statements were confidential communications made for the purpose of

facilitating the rendition of professional legal services between or amongst the

client, lawyer, and their representatives. Relator fails because there is no evidence

Rothman rendered legal services to Hampton or Wilson during their witness

                                          4
statements. Nor has Relator established the witness statements were intended to be

confidential communications.

      Moreover, Relator must establish the attorney-client privilege extends to

Hampton and Wilson. Texas courts require that when a party alleges its employee

communications are protected by the attorney-client privilege, 1) the employee’s

superior must direct that the communication be made, and 2) the subject matter

upon which the attorney’s advice is sought by the company and dealt with in the

communication is the performance by the employee of the employee’s duties of his

employment. In re E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 136 S.W.3d 218, 226 n.3 (Tex.

2004). The examination is relevant because Relator bears the burden to identify

Hampton and Wilson’s superior who directed their witness statements be given,

and to demonstrate that their duties as employees were the reason Union Pacific

sought an attorney’s advice.

      Additionally, Rothman’s initiated joint representation of Union Pacific and

Hampton renders communications made jointly to Rothman non-privileged

because a conflict exists between Hampton and Union Pacific, and the

communications should be disclosed pursuant to the joint client exception to the

attorney-client privilege.

      Union Pacific’s intentional withholding of discoverable witness statements

without the timely assertion of attorney-client privilege or a motion for protection

                                         5
has waived its attempt to resist disclosure of Hampton and Wilson’s witness

statements.

      Last, Union Pacific’s failure to comply with the respondent’s order to

provide the recorded statements for in camera inspection precludes Union Pacific

from seeking extraordinary mandamus relief because it cannot possibly show the

respondent abused his discretion.

                                    ARGUMENT

I.    STANDARD OF REVIEW
      Mandamus relief is available only to correct a clear abuse of discretion when

there is no adequate remedy by appeal. Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839

(Tex.1992) (orig. proceeding). A trial court clearly abuses its discretion when it

reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and

prejudicial error of law. Johnson v. Fourth Court of Appeals, 700 S.W.2d 916, 917

(Tex. 1985).     This standard, however, has different applications in different

circumstances.

      On factual issues or matters committed to the trial court’s discretion, the

reviewing court may not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. Walker,
827 S.W.2d at 840. The relator must establish that the trial court could reasonably

have reached only one decision. Id. Even if the reviewing court would have

                                         6
decided the issue differently, it should not disturb the trial court’s decision unless it

is shown to be arbitrary and unreasonable. Id.

II.   THE   ATTORNEY-CLIENT     PRIVILEGE   IS   CONSTRUED
      NARROWLY AND THE BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATING ITS
      APPLICABILITY IS CARRIED BY ITS PROPONENT.
      “Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy, available only in limited

circumstances.” Canadian Helicopters Ltd. v. Wittig, 876 S.W.2d 304, 305 (Tex.

1994) (quoting Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840). It is “an extreme measure to be

utilized only when there has been a violation of a clear legal right possessed by the

relator and when there is a clear legal duty to act on behalf of the respondent.”

Gordon v. Blackmon, 675 S.W.2d 790, 792-93 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1984,

orig. proceeding) (emphasis added) (citing Neville v. Brewster, 163 Tex. 155, 352
S.W.2d 449 (1961); Pat Walker & Co. v. Johnson, 623 S.W.2d 306 (Tex. 1981)).

Consequently, the relator bears the “heavy burden” of showing that the respondent

clearly abused his discretion and that there is no adequate remedy by appeal.

Wittig, 876 S.W.2d at 305.

      Relator has failed to clear this hurdle.        There is no manifest abuse of

discretion in the respondent’s order compelling the production of the recorded

witness statements of Hampton and Wilson taken during the post-accident

investigation Union Pacific held two days after the accident simply because

Rothman was present during the investigation.          Rothman instructed Green to

                                           7
interview Hampton and Wilson while she sat in the same room and listened to

what “their impressions were at the time of how the accident had occurred.”

Simply put, Union Pacific cannot meet its burden of establishing the witness

statements were confidential communications made for the purpose of facilitating

the rendition of professional legal services rather than mere factual recitations of

the accident. [MR: 120]. Additionally, Union Pacific cannot show, nor does the

record establish, that the subject matter upon which Rothman’s advice was sought

was related to Hampton and Wilson’s performance as employees. Union Pacific,

as the party resisting discovery, cannot meet its burden of demonstrating the

applicability of any claimed attorney-client privilege. See Huie v. DeShazo, 922
S.W.2d 920, 926 (Tex. 1996) (citing State v. Lowry, 802 S.W.2d 669, 671 (Tex.

1991)).

      Because it tends to prevent full disclosure of the truth, Texas courts narrowly

construe application of the attorney-client privilege. U.S. Ins. Group v. Lloyd, 01-

90-00754-CV, 1990 WL 238301, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 12,

1990, no writ); Tex. Dep’t of Mental Health & Mental Retardation v. Davis, 775
S.W.2d 467, 473 (Tex. App.—Austin 1989, no writ). Texas Rule of Evidence 503

provides that a client may prevent the disclosure of confidential communications

which were made to facilitate the rendition of professional legal services to the

client. See TEX. R. EVID. 503. The elements of the attorney-client privilege are:

                                         8
(1) a confidential communication; (2) made for the purpose of facilitating the

rendition of professional legal services; (3) between or amongst the client, lawyer,

and their representatives; and (4) the privilege has not been waived. See Tex. R.

Evid. 503(b); Huie, 922 S.W.2d 920, 923. These elements can be established by

affidavit, live testimony, or an in camera inspection of the documents.         See

MessagePhone, Inc. v. SVI Sys., 1998 WL 874945, at *1 (N.D. Tex. Dec. 8, 1998)

(Kaplan, M.J.) (citing Varo, Inc. v. Litton Sys., 129 F.R.D. 139, 141-42 (N.D. Tex.

1989)). Here, they have not been established at all.

III.   UNION PACIFIC MUST PROVE THE WITNESS STATEMENTS
       WERE MADE FOR THE PURPOSE OF FACILITATING THE
       RENDITION OF LEGAL SERVICES TO THE CLIENT.
       There is no clear abuse of discretion in the respondent’s determination that

Hampton and Wilson’s witness statements should be disclosed. Union Pacific did

not satisfy its burden to demonstrate that the witness statements were made in

furtherance of rendering “professional legal services.” See Tex. R. Evid. 503. See,

e.g., In re W & G Trucking, Inc., 990 S.W.2d 473, 475 (Tex. App.—Beaumont

1999, orig. proceedings) (finding document was not a privileged confidential

communication because it was not made for purpose of rendering legal services

where defendant gave statement to insurance investigator, but there was no

evidence the statement was taken specifically to facilitate rendering of legal

services, despite the fact that the insurance agency had reason to anticipate

                                         9
litigation); In re Learjet, Inc., 59 S.W.3d 842, 845-846 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2001, orig. proceeding) (videotapes of attorney asking purely factual questions of

client’s employees for the purpose of presenting videotaped answers as

information at mediation hearing are not protected by attorney-client privilege

because they were not made for the purposes of rendering legal services); see also

FED. R. EVID. 503, Adv. Comm. Note (“[C]ommunications must be specifically for

the purposes of obtaining legal services for the client; otherwise the privilege does

not attach.”).

      Prior to the respondent’s in camera review of the recorded witness

statements, he clearly and correctly articulated the attorney-client privilege does

not apply unless the communications actually facilitate the rendition of legal

services:

      THE COURT: Especially if the statement is nothing more than a
      factual rendition of what happened at the time of the wreck and
      doesn’t include any statements by counsel or, you know, assertions
      on how someone should testify or any—really any—any attorney-
      client—if it doesn’t include any attorney-client confidential
      information, it’s just a recitation of, you know, what was the street
      like at the time of the accident or things like that, then—then I
      don’t necessarily think it’s going to be that burdensome to get
      ready for the deposition.

[RRIP: 56].

      While the Trichels do not have the benefit of reviewing Hampton and

Wilson’s statements in preparation of this response, Relator’s petition describes the

                                         10
witness statements as “accounts of the events surrounding the accident,” and

Rothman’s affidavit characterizes the purposes of the witness statements as a

means to hear how the accident occurred. [See Petition for Writ of Mandamus at

2; RR 120]. After the in camera review of the witness statement transcripts, the

respondent determined Union Pacific did not meet its burden of establishing

Rothman was rendering legal services. The respondent correctly recognized the

rendition of legal services is a critical and necessary element for the attorney-client

privilege to attach, and properly ordered the immediate production of the recorded

witness statements and transcripts when he determined Union Pacific did not meet

its burden of proof.

      Rothman’s presence during Hampton and Wilson’s witness statements does

not automatically render the witness statements privileged communications. Union

Pacific cannot cloak a material fact with the privilege merely by communicating it

in the presence of an attorney. Huie, 922 S.W.2d at 923; see, e.g., Nat’l Tank Co.

v. Brotherton, 851 S.W.2d 193, 199 (Tex. 1993). Rothman’s affidavit states she

simply listened to Hampton and Wilson’s statements to hear their impressions of

how the accident occurred. [MR: 120]. While Rothman vaguely alleges in her

affidavit that she provided legal services, the respondent also thoroughly evaluated

the witness statements in camera before concluding the witness statements were

not privileged communications. Union Pacific has not offered a shred of actual

                                          11
evidence that Rothman’s presence at Hampton and Wilson’s witness statements

was anything more than investigatory.

      The Texarkana Court of Appeals squarely addressed an attorney’s role as an

investigator in In re Texas Farmers Ins. Exch., 990 S.W.2d 337 (Tex.App.—

Texarkana 1999, no pet.):

      However, although the attorney-client privilege would apply to
      communications between Scott and Farmers concerning legal strategy,
      assessments, and conclusions, the privilege does not operate as a
      blanket privilege covering all of the communications between the two.
      For instance, the privilege would not apply to those communications
      concerning bare facts. If we were to so hold, insurance companies
      could simply hire attorneys as investigators at the beginning of a
      claim investigation and claim privilege as to all the information
      gathered. This is not the intent of the privilege. Scott could answer
      questions in a deposition concerning facts gathered during the course
      of his investigation while he was acting as an investigator, but could
      claim the attorney-client privilege if asked to divulge his legal
      conclusions based upon those facts.

Id. at 341 (emphasis added).

      Moreover, the simple fact that Union Pacific may have contemplated

litigation at the time the recorded statements were given does not establish the

recorded witness statements were made for the purpose of facilitating the rendition

of legal advice.   Union Pacific’s claims representative alleges Union Pacific

developed its anticipation of a lawsuit on the day of the accident (April 15, 2014)

because of the “nature of the incident” and the constable at the accident scene

“notified Union Pacific its driver would be ticketed.”       [MR: 108 and 115].

                                        12
However, the fact that an accident has occurred is not sufficient to shield post-

accident investigations from discovery. Stringer v. Eleventh Court of Appeals, 720
S.W.2d 801, 802 (Tex. 1986); Brown & Root U.S.A., Inc. v. Moore, 731 S.W.2d
137, 140 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, no writ).

      While Union Pacific also alleges it anticipated litigation on April 17, 2014—

the same day the Trichels’ counsel faxed their letter of representation to Union

Pacific—Union Pacific and Rothman acknowledged reviewing and receiving the

Trichels’ letter of representation several days after the witness statements were

given. [MR: 233]. Rothman clearly did not have the letter of representation when

Green took Hampton and Wilson’s statements. [MR: 120].

IV.   HAMPTON   AND    WILSON    DO    NOT                       QUALIFY         AS
      REPRESENTATIVES OF UNION PACIFIC.
      Relator attempts to misuse the attorney-client privilege in an effort to create

an employee veil to shield Hampton and Wilson’s recorded witness statement from

disclosure.   Under the subject-matter test, an employee’s communication is

deemed to be that of the corporation/client if: (1) the employee makes the

communication at the direction of his superiors in the corporation; and (2) where

the subject matter upon which the attorney’s advice is sought by the corporation

and dealt with in the communication is the performance by the employee of the

duties of his employment. In re Monsanto Co., 998 S.W.2d 917, 922-23 (Tex.

App.—Waco 1999, no pet.); Nat’l Tank, 851 S.W.2d at 198 (quoting Harper &
                                        13
Row Publishers, Inc. v. Decker, 423 F.2d 487, 491–92 (7th Cir. 1970), aff’d per

curiam, 400 U.S. 348 (1971)).

      Union Pacific did not meet its burden of establishing Hampton or Wilson

were actually directed, or even requested, to attend any interview by any Union

Pacific superior. [MR: 115-16; 120]. Neither Green’s nor Rothman’s affidavit

establishes that Hampton and Wilson’s witness statements were made at the

direction of any corporate superior. [MR: 115-16; 120]. Union Pacific is silent

with regard to who Wilson and Hampton’s superiors are, and Green’s affidavit

fails to indicate how his position as a “claims supervisor” qualifies him as a

superior for purposes of directing the two truck drivers to provide witness

statements.   [MR: 115-16].     Additionally, Rothman’s request that Green take

Hampton and Wilson’s witness statements does not satisfy Union Pacific’s burden

because Rothman is also not Hampton and Wilson’s superior.

      Relator attempts to stretch the attorney-client privilege by characterizing

Hampton and Wilson’s witness statements as relating to their performance as truck

drivers for Union Pacific. [MR: Petition for Mandamus p. 9]. But neither of

Union Pacific’s affidavits establishes the alleged privileged communications made

were within the scope of the employee’s duties. [MR: 115-16; 120]. Relator’s

argument also fails because Wilson’s duties as a truck driver for Union Pacific are

wholly unrelated to him witnessing the accident. Rothman’s affidavit simply states

                                        14
the purpose of Green’s interview was so she could hear Hampton and Wilson’s

impression at that time of how the accident occurred.          [MR: 120].    Green’s

affidavit is wholly silent with regard to how Hampton and Wilson’s witness

statements somehow address their duties as employees with Union Pacific.

[MR: 115-16].    They do not.     Consequently, Union Pacific cannot satisfy its

burden of establishing Wilson and Hampton’s witness statements relate to their

duties as employees.

      Union Pacific’s affidavits wholly fail to identify Hampton and Wilson’s

duties or how those duties were the subject of an attorney-client communication.

[MR: 115-16; 120]. The respondent did not abuse his discretion in ordering the

production of Hampton and Wilson’s statements because they are not Union

Pacific’s “representatives” meriting protection under the attorney-client privilege.

V.    IN PARTICULAR, WILSON WAS MERELY A UNION PACIFIC
      EMPLOYEE WHO WITNESSED AN ACCIDENT.
      An examination of Wilson’s witness statement independently illustrates the

expansive definition of attorney-client privilege communications Union Pacific is

asking this Court to adopt. Wilson was simply an eyewitness to the collision who

happened to also be a truck driver employed by Union Pacific. [MR: 56]. At the

time of the accident, Wilson was driving a truck immediately behind Hampton’s

truck. [MR: 56]. Wilson is not a party to this lawsuit, and his duties as a truck

driver for Union Pacific are irrelevant to the case. [MR: 1-2]. Wilson provided
                                         15
Green a recorded witness statement the same day Hampton provided his statement

and in Hampton’s presence. [MR: 115-16].

      Relator seeks to prevent a discoverable witness statement from disclosure

simply because Wilson worked for Union Pacific. As demonstrated above, Union

Pacific cannot meet the subjective test to establish Wilson was a representative of

Union Pacific for the purpose of rendering his witness statement privileged.

Additionally, Union Pacific should not be permitted to use a witness’s status as an

employee to make privileged his interviews with an attorney. See Huie, 922
S.W.2d at 923; Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 395-96 (1981) (a client

cannot cloak relevant information with a privilege merely by communicating it to

the attorney).   Similarly, Wilson’s witnessing of an accident is not in the

“performance of his duties” as a truck driver for Union Pacific.

      Wilson’s driving is not in question in this litigation; however, Union Pacific

insinuates Rothman provided legal services to Wilson because he was Mirandized

after the accident. [MR: 108; 120]. Relator fails to disclose that Wilson was not

Mirandized due to his performance as a truck driver for Union Pacific, but rather

due to suspicion that he lied to Corporal Talbert after Hampton’s accident.

[MR: 80-81; 120].     Once again, Union Pacific failed to meet its burden of

establishing Wilson was a representative of Union Pacific or Rothman’s client.

                                         16
The respondent did not abuse his discretion in determining Wilson’s witness

statement was not privileged.

      There are three ways to discover this information. One is through Wilson’s

deposition; unfortunately, Wilson passed away while he was on the job for Union

Pacific. [MR: 169-70]. Obviously, then, he is no longer available for deposition.

Perhaps some of the information contained in Wilson’s statement could be

independently corroborated by Hampton and Wilson’s cell phones; however,

according to Union Pacific, Hampton’s phone was wiped and Wilson’s phone was

stepped on by a horse. [RRIP: 65-95; 96-123; 317-319]. Third, Wilson’s account

of the accident is available in his recorded witness statement. Consequently,

Wilson’s recorded witness statement is a critical piece of evidence whose content

is not available from any other source.

VI.   ANY  COMMUNICATIONS    BETWEEN    UNION   PACIFIC,
      HAMPTON AND WILSON WERE NOT CONFIDENTIAL.
      The evidence before the respondent showed the recorded witness statements

were not intended to be confidential. If the parties present conflicting evidence on

the applicability of the privilege, the trial court’s decision “must be deemed

conclusive.” Cameron Cnty. v. Hinojosa, 760 S.W.2d 742, 745 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi 1988, orig. proceeding); Gulf Oil Corp. v. Fuller, 695 S.W.2d 769,

773 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1985, no writ).         Further, a reviewing court has no

authority to issue a writ of mandamus where an issue of fact exists. Dikeman v.
                                          17
Snell, 490 S.W.2d 183, 187 (Tex. 1973).

      Wilson’s presence during Hampton’s statement precluded any privilege

assertion for Hampton’s statement because he is an unrelated third party.

Moreover, Union Pacific’s failure to meet the subjective test highlights the fact that

Wilson’s presence during Hampton’s statement compromises the application of the

attorney-client privilege. The presence of a third person eliminates the intent for

confidentiality on which the privilege rests. In re JDN Real Estate-McKinney L.P.,

211 S.W.3d 907, 922 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, orig. proceeding); see In re

Auclair, 961 F.2d 65, 69 (5th Cir. 1992).

      Additionally, Hampton’s statements given to Union Pacific as an adverse

defendant represented by the same counsel also defeats Union Pacific’s claim of

attorney-client privilege. See TEX. R. EVID. 503(d)(5). Hampton is a separately

named defendant in this matter and was previously represented by Rothman—

Union Pacific’s counsel. [MR: 30-32]. It is undisputed that Rothman represented

both Union Pacific and Hampton individually. [MR 30-32; 237-51]. Rothman

continued to represent Hampton as his litigation counsel until shortly after his

November 10, 2014 deposition. [RRIP: 1-8]. Even if the witness statements could

be construed as attorney-client communications, because Hampton and Union

Pacific were joint clients of Rothman, the respondent did not abuse his discretion

by ordering the production of the witness statements. If there is controversy

                                         18
between two clients represented by the same attorney, “there is no privilege . . . as

to a communication relevant to a matter of common interest between two or more

clients if the communication was made by any of them to a lawyer retained or

consulted in common, when offered in an action between or among the clients.”

In re JDN Real Estate—McKinney L.P., 211 S.W.3d 907, 922 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2006, pet. denied) (emphasis added); see also TEX. R. EVID. 503(d)(5) (noting that

communications made by two or more clients to a lawyer retained in common are

not privileged “when offered in an action between or among any of the clients”).

      The evidence is replete with examples demonstrating Hampton is a joint

client of Rothman in this lawsuit for the common purpose of jointly attempting to

defeat the Trichels’ causes of action. [MR: 30-32; 237-51]. Rothman answered

discovery on behalf of Hampton and Union Pacific, asserted objections on behalf

of Hampton and Union Pacific, and held herself out as Hampton and Union

Pacific’s attorney.   [MR: 237-51].    Rothman represented Hampton during his

November 14, 2014 deposition before withdrawing as his counsel a week later.

[MR: 150-151; 155; RRIP: 1-8].

      Rothman withdrew as Hampton’s counsel shortly after his deposition, and he

has since obtained new counsel to represent him. [MR: 257-261; RRIP: 1-8, 54].

Thus, in addition to the fact that Hampton provided a witness statement to Union

Pacific, Hampton was Rothman’s separate client who is in an action with Union

                                         19
Pacific. The witness statements were communications at issue between Hampton

and Rothman, who was retained and consulted in common. And, the witness

statements at issue were provided in an action between the Trichels, Union Pacific

and Hampton.       Consequently, if the witness statements are confidential

communications, the Trichels met their burden establishing the joint client

exception.

VII. UNION PACIFIC WAIVED ITS CLAIM FOR PRIVILEGE WHEN IT
     KNOWINGLY WITHHELD THE WITNESS STATEMENTS FROM
     PRODUCTION.
      Union Pacific knowingly withheld discoverable witness statements for a

year and three months without providing any indication even of their existence to

the Trichels. On July 2, 2014, Union Pacific answered the Trichels’ request for

disclosure, which included a request to disclose witness statements. [MR: 237-47].

On October 2, 2014, Union Pacific answered a request for production seeking “the

audio records of all witness statement you have obtained in this matter.” [MR:

248-51]. Yet Union Pacific did not disclose the existence of the audio recorded

witness statements of Hampton and Wilson until Green’s deposition. [RRIP: 45-

49]. Nor did Union Pacific assert any objection or privilege, move for protection,

provide any privilege log, or disclose it was withholding witness statements prior

to Green’s deposition.

                                       20
      Rule 194 requires parties to provide basic discovery of specifically

enumerated categories of information upon request without asserting objections or

privileges. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 194. Union Pacific was required to move for

protection if it intended to claim any kind of privilege as to the witness statements.

See TEX. R. CIV. P. 194, cmt. 1.

      Additionally, Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 193.3 required Union Pacific to

describe the withheld materials in a way that allowed the other parties to assess the

applicability of the privilege. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.3. Union Pacific did not

comply with the procedural safeguards to assert privilege for witness statements

that are required to be produced in its responses to the request for disclosure.

Instead, Union Pacific attempts to paint discoverable witness statements as

privileged communications in a strained effort to justify its late disclosure and

improper withholding of Hampton and Wilson’s recoded statements.

      As demonstrated above, Union Pacific’s gathering of witness statements

with Rothman listening in the same room are not privileged communications.

Moreover, Union Pacific did not meet its burden establishing Hampton and

Wilson’s witness statements are exempt from disclosure. See Tex. R. Civ. P.

193.3(c).   Respondent conducted an in camera inspection of the recorded

statements and ordered their immediate production because they were

discoverable. [RRIP: 63]. Consequently, Union Pacific did not meet its burden

                                         21
establishing the witness statements respondent reviewed in camera concerned

claims in this litigation or that the witness statements were for the legal defense of

a specific claim asserted against Union Pacific.

      Union Pacific disregarded its obligation to produced discoverable witness

statements that it should have produced well over a year ago. Its intentional

withholding of discovery effectively waived any claim for privilege, and the

respondent did not err in overruling Union Pacific’s late assertion of privilege and

compelling the overdue production of the witness statements.

VIII. RELATOR FAILED TO PROVIDE THE RESPONDENT WITH THE
      AUDIO TAPES OF THE WITNESS STATEMENTS IT SEEKS TO
      EXCLUDE FROM DISCOVERY.
      Union Pacific requests extraordinary mandamus relief for two recorded

witness statements that it failed to produce to the Respondent for in camera

inspection.   Union Pacific withheld the recorded witness statements from

production for over a year and half—without providing any indication that they

existed. Upon their late disclosure, and Union Pacific’s late assertion of privilege,

the respondent ordered an in camera review of the recorded witness statements:

      THE COURT: I understand. I’m just asking the question
      because I may listen to these tapes in camera --
      MS. ROTHMAN: Okay.

      THE COURT: -- and listen to the statements to determine
      whether or not I think that there’s attorney-client privilege and
      parse through --

                                         22
       MS. ROTHMAN: We’re fine with that.

       THE COURT: That’s – that’s what I want to do. And I’m --

       MS. ROTHMAN: And we have -- we have the transcripts. Let
       me just say this to your Honor.

       THE COURT: Okay.
[RRIP: 47-48] (emphasis added).

       ***

       THE COURT: Well, I appreciate everything that I’ve gotten;
       and I’ll take a look at the -- the statements. And if I determine
       that they’re discoverable, I’ll make the appropriate order. But I
       just want to take a look at them so --
       MS. ROTHMAN: We’ll get them to you.

[RRIP: 52]. Despite the Respondent specifically stating that he wanted to listen to

the recorded statements, Union Pacific provided him a prepared transcript of the

recorded witness statements without providing the recordings themselves. [RRIP:

62].

       Neither the Trichels nor the respondent has had the benefit of comparing

Union Pacific’s unilaterally transcribed statements with the actual recorded witness

statements. Relator has offered no evidence of who transcribed the recorded

statements, whether the transcripts provided to the respondent accurately represent

what was recorded on the audio witness statements, or why it failed to provide the

respondent with the audio recorded statements it seeks to prevent from disclosure.

No one but Union Pacific has any idea whether the transcription is even remotely

                                        23
accurate. The respondent didn’t. And neither does this Court. Nonetheless,

Relator seeks to prevent the discoverability of the recorded witness statements

without providing any court the opportunity to listen to the audio tapes of the

statements in camera.

      Even assuming Union Pacific’s transcription of the recorded witness

statements is true and correct (of which there is no evidence whatsoever), Union

Pacific failed to comply with the respondent’s order, and the respondent correctly

determined based on the information presented by Union Pacific that the recorded

witness statements were discoverable and must be produced. [MR: 262].

                        CONCLUSION AND PRAYER
      Because Relators have failed to show an abuse of discretion, the petition for

writ of mandamus should be denied.

                                  Respectfully submitted,

                                  MARTIN, DISIERE, JEFFERSON & WISDOM, L.L.P.

                                  By: /s/ Levon G. Hovnatanian
                                     Levon G. Hovnatanian
                                     TBN: 10059825
                                     hovnatanian@mdjwlaw.com
                                     Dale Jefferson
                                     TBN: 10607900
                                     jefferson@mdjwlaw.com
                                     Raymond M. Kutch
                                     TBN: 24072195
                                     kutch@mdjwlaw.com
                                  808 Travis, 20th Floor
                                  Houston, Texas 77002

                                        24
                                   (713) 632-1700 – Telephone
                                   (713) 222-0101 – Facsimile

                                    VB ATTORNEYS, PLLC

                                   By: /s/ Vuk S. Vujasinovice
                                      Vuk S. Vujasinovic
                                      TBN: 00794800
                                      Vuk@vbattorneys.com
                                      Brian Beckcom
                                      TBN: 24012268
                                      Brian@vbattorneys.com
                                   6363 Woodway Drive, Suite 400
                                   Houston, Texas 77057
                                   (713) 224.7800 – Telephone
                                   (713) 224-7801 – Facsimile

                                   ATTORNEYS FOR REAL PARTIES IN
                                   INTEREST DONALD AND MARY
                                   TRICHEL, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS NEXT
                                   FRIENDS OF NICHOLAS TRICHEL

                      CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
     This is to certify that this computer-generated response to petition for writ of
mandamus contains 5,206 words.

                                     /s/ Levon G. Hovnatanian
                                     Levon G. Hovnatanian
                                     Dated: November 24, 2015

                                         25
                        CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
       This is to certify that a true and correct copy of the above and foregoing
response to petition for writ of mandamus has been forwarded to the individuals
listed below, by the methods indicated, on this 24th day of November, 2015.

                                   Kent Rutter
                         kent.rutter@haynesboone.com
                                Christina Crozier
                      christina.crozier@haynesboone.com
                                 Andrew Guthrie
                       andrew.guthrie@haynesboone.com
                           HAYNES AND BOONE, LLP
                          1221 McKinney, Suite 2100
                          Houston, Texas 77010-2007

                           Marcy Lynn Rothman
                           MRothman@krcl.com
                               Daniel Guerra
                            DGuerra@krcl.com
                     KANE RUSSELL COLEMAN & LOGAN PC
                        919 Milam Street, Suite 2200
                           Houston, Texas 77002

                              (via e-filing and e-mail)
             (Attorneys for relator Union Pacific Railroad Company)

                           Adolfo R. Rodriguez, Jr.
                           jr@therodriguezfirm.com
                              Wilson C. Aurbach
                        waurbach@therodriguezfirm.com
                             Christopher K. Rusek
                         crusek@therodriguezfirm.com
                          RODRIGUEZ LAW FIRM, P.C.
                         1700 Pacific Ave., Suite 3850
                              Dallas, Texas 75201

                             (via e-filing and e-mail)
            (Attorneys for real party in interest Jeremy Ray Hampton)

                                       26
The Honorable Kyle Carter
 125TH DISTRICT COURT
 201 Caroline, 10th Floor
  Houston, Texas 77002

      (via e-filing)
      (Respondent)

         /s/ Levon G. Hovnatanian
         Levon G. Hovnatanian

           27