Court Opinion

ID: 2802826
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-21 22:09:32.661359+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:46.180448
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/21/15
                          CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                           SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                    DIVISION FIVE

JUN KI KIM et al.,                              B255924

      Cross-complainants and                    (Los Angeles County Super. Ct.
Respondents.                                     No. BC459793)

        v.

THE TRUE CHURCH MEMBERS OF
THE HOLY HILL COMMUNITY
CHURCH et al.,

        Cross-defendants and Appellants,

        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, William
F. Fahey, Judge. Affirmed.
        Parker Mills, Gina A. Leago, David D. Yang, for Cross-defendants and
Appellants.
        Lee Law Offices, W. Dan Lee, for Cross-complainants and Respondents.
                               _____________________
       Cross-defendants and appellants1 appeal from a judgment after a court trial in
favor of cross-complainants and respondents.2 All claims but respondents’ claim for
declaratory relief were dismissed before trial, and the court found in favor of respondents
on that cause of action. In their timely appeal, appellants contend the trial court made
three errors that warrant reversal. First, the court erroneously found in favor of
respondents based on appellants’ excommunication from the Holy Hill Community
Church (Church) by the Western California Presbytery (WCP). Second, the court
erroneously admitted evidence of events occurring after the cross-complaint was filed.
Third, the court erred when it prevented appellants’ counsel from cross-examining a
representative of the WCP whose testimony was sought by respondents. Finding no
prejudicial error, we affirm the judgment.

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Overview

       In early 2011, competing factions emerged within the Church, with one group (the
Bang faction, consisting of respondents and others) initially in control. The WCP
intervened, excommunicating the Bang faction and placing the second group (the
Cho/Shin faction, consisting of appellants and others) in control of Church operations. In
April 2011, the WCP and appellants initiated the litigation which is the subject of this
appeal, and respondents filed a cross-complaint.

       1
       Cross-defendants and appellants are The True Church Members of the Holy Hill
Community Church, Joong Chil Kim, Chan Hyo Tak, Sung Ho Lee, Sung Yeol Yim,
Joong Hoon Kim, and Moon Kyu Yu.

       2
      Cross-complainants and respondents are Jun Ki Kim, Sang Yoon Cho, and
Kwang Nam Kim.

                                             2
      In the spring of 2013, a separate dispute arose between appellants and the WCP,
while around the same time, respondents repented for their past actions and sought
reinstatement into the Church. On May 11, 2013, the WCP excommunicated appellants
and reinstated respondents.
      In October 2013, the court held a bench trial and granted respondents declaratory
relief. Appellants appealed.

B. The Church and the Presbytery

      The Church is a nonprofit religious organization. It owns valuable real property
located near downtown Los Angeles, on Sunset Boulevard (Property). The Church’s
governing documents are its articles of incorporation and bylaws. The Church’s
governing body is called the “session,” comprised of the pastor, acting as moderator, and
Church elders.
      In 2007, the Church joined the WCP, which in turn is one of several presbyteries
within the Korean American Presbytery Church (KAPC). The WCP and its member
churches are governed, in ascending hierarchical order, by the WCP bylaws and the
KAPC’s Book of Church Order (BOCO). It is undisputed that until April 20, 2013, the
Church was a member of the WCP and therefore was subject to the WCP bylaws and
BOCO.

C. 2011 Schism

      In late 2010 and early 2011, Reverend Dong Sub Bang, who had been Church
pastor since 2003, excommunicated the Cho/Shin faction, consisting of 42 members of
the Church, including appellants. The following events then occurred in quick
succession: the Cho/Shin faction petitioned the WCP for reinstatement; the Bang faction
purported to withdraw the Church from the WCP; and the WCP determined the Bang
faction’s purported withdrawal was ineffective and removed Bang as pastor of the

                                            3
Church. The WCP also removed respondents from their positions as Church elders and
reinstated appellants and the other excommunicated members of the Cho/Sin faction.
       On April 1, 2011, Bang again attempted to withdraw from the WCP. He also
engaged in discussions with another congregation, LA Sarang, about a possible merger.
Shortly thereafter, the Bang faction and LA Sarang took physical control of the Property
and were holding worship services there. On April 17, 2011, the Cho/Shin faction took
back control of the Property.

D. Ongoing Dispute over Control of Church Property

       Appellants and other members of the Cho/Shin faction, with the WCP as a co-
plaintiff, filed a complaint on April 18, 2011, seeking declaratory relief, an injunction,
and an audit and accounting from Bang and respondents. Bang and respondents filed a
cross-complaint on April 22, 2011, claiming trespass and intentional interference with
prospective economic advantage, and seeking declaratory relief against appellants and the
WCP as cross-defendants. As concisely described by the trial court in its Final Statement
of Decision, “Throughout the rest of 2011 the struggle for control over the [Property]
continued. The litigation in this case was heavy and several interim court orders were
entered . . . . In addition and without authority, Rev. Bang entered into financial
arrangements with LA Sarang and other entities which had the effect of encumbering the
[Property] and led to other lawsuits which were filed in 2012 . . . .”
       In August 2011 and January 2012, the court denied preliminary injunctions sought
by Bang and respondents seeking possession and control over the Property. The orders
were upheld on appeal in November 2012.

E. Uncertainty over Church Leadership

       While litigation continued, the WCP appointed Albert Shin as the Church’s

                                              4
interim moderator in September 2011.3 Shin testified at trial4 that the WCP had
authority to appoint an interim moderator, and that the Church would need the WCP’s
approval for him to be the Church’s senior pastor.5 The Church did not seek the WCP’s
approval to make Shin a senior pastor until early in 2013. Instead of approving the
Church’s request, the WCP decided to remove Shin as an interim moderator and send
Reverend Jong Chun Suh to act as the Church’s interim moderator.

F. 2013 Schism

       After giving notice on April 13, 2013, appellants purported to conduct a
congregational vote to secede from the WCP on April 21, 2013. The WCP, in turn, held
a meeting on May 11, 2013, at which it: (1) concluded the Church’s April 21, 2013
congregational meeting was illegal; (2) dismissed Shin from the WCP for his role in the
April 21, 2013 meeting; (3) excommunicated appellants and several others from the
Church; and (4) reinstated respondents into the WCP and gave them legal and
administrative authority to protect Church Property.
       The WCP withdrew as a plaintiff on May 9, 2013. Trial was originally set for July
29, 2013, but was continued to October 2013. On October 23, 2013, just days before the
trial was scheduled to commence, respondents dismissed two causes of action from their
cross-complaint and elected to proceed to trial on only their claim for declaratory relief.
The following day, appellants dismissed their entire complaint, and Bang withdrew from

       3 Shin replaced Cho, a prior interim moderator, also appointed by WCP.
       4 The court found Shin’s testimony lacked credibility as to later events, but there is
no evidence to dispute his testimony regarding WCP’s approval of pastors.

       5 This is consistent with the Church’s bylaws, which state, “To call a senior pastor,
the invitation committee should make the recommendation and the Session and the
Officers’ Committee must pass a resolution and obtain permission from the individual
and then obtain more than 2/3 approval from the congregational meeting through a secret
anonymous vote before obtaining permission from the affiliated presbytery after which
the pastor is to be invited, installed and asked to serve.”

                                              5
the lawsuit, dismissing his claims from the cross-complaint.

G. Trial and Final Statement of Decision

       Judge Fahey conducted a bench trial limited to the declaratory relief cause of
action in the cross-complaint, and only against appellants. After posttrial briefing, the
court issued a tentative statement of decision, considered objections, and then entered a
final statement of decision finding in favor of respondents.

                                         DISCUSSION

       “To this appeal, like every other, we apply basic tenets prescribing the scope and
limits of appellate review, starting with the most fundamental—the presumption of
correctness. An appealed judgment is presumed to be correct. We will indulge all
intendments and presumptions to support the judgment on matters as to which the record
is silent and prejudicial error must be affirmatively shown. [Citations.]” (Shaw v.
County of Santa Cruz (2008) 170 Cal. App. 4th 229, 267.)
       “Article VI, section 13, of the California Constitution provides that a judgment
cannot be set aside ‘. . . unless, after an examination of the entire cause, including the
evidence, the court shall be of the opinion that the error complained of has resulted in a
miscarriage of justice.’ This fundamental restriction on the power of appellate courts is
amplified by Code of Civil Procedure section 475, which states that trial court error is
reversible only where it affects ‘. . . the substantial rights of the parties . . . ,’ and the
appellant ‘sustained and suffered substantial injury, and that a different result would have
been probable if such error . . . had not occurred or existed.’ Prejudice is not presumed,
and the burden is on the appealing party to demonstrate that a miscarriage of justice has
occurred. [Citations.]” (Waller v. TJD, Inc. (1993) 12 Cal. App. 4th 830, 833.)

                                                 6
A. Court Deference to the WCP’s 2013 Excommunication and Reinstatement
Decisions

       Appellants make four contentions regarding the trial court’s treatment of their
purported secession from the WCP and the WCP’s actions in removing them from the
Church. They contend that, contrary to the trial court’s ruling: (1) there was no internal
dispute permitting the WCP to intervene and assert control in 2013; (2) because any
remaining dispute did not involve Church Property, court intervention into matters of
Church membership was improper; (3) the WCP’s actions were a legal nullity because
appellants’ secession vote complied with applicable procedures; and (4) the WCP lacked
authority to excommunicate appellants because it violated its own procedures by acting in
the absence of a petition. None of these contentions meet appellants’ burden of
demonstrating reversible error.

1. Standard of Review

       To the extent the facts are undisputed, we review de novo the trial court’s
conclusion that the ecclesiastical rule limits the court’s authority to intervene in disputes
relating to ecclesiastical decisions made by the highest authority within a hierarchical
religious institution. (Concord Christian Center v. Open Bible Standard Churches
(2005) 132 Cal. App. 4th 1396, 1407-1408 (Concord Christian).) “To the extent our
determination of this question depends on the judicial interpretation of the articles of
incorporation, bylaws, and other governing documents . . . , we must apply neutral
principles of law de novo. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 1408.) The court’s factual findings are
reviewed for substantial evidence, keeping in mind “the well-established standard
applicable to any claim that a judgment or finding is not supported by the evidence in the
record. Under that standard, we must consider all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prevailing parties, giving them the benefit of every reasonable inference,
and resolving conflicts in support of the judgment. [Citations.]” (Id. at pp. 1408-1409.)

                                              7
2. Overview of Law Governing Judicial Deference to Ecclesiastical Decisions

       The First and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution apply to
“‘severely circumscribe[]’” the role of civil courts in litigation involving religious
institutions. (Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich (1976) 426 U.S. 696,
709 (Milivojevich).) “[W]here resolution of the disputes cannot be made without
extensive inquiry by civil courts into religious law and polity, the First and Fourteenth
Amendments mandate that civil courts shall not disturb the decisions of the highest
ecclesiastical tribunal within a church of hierarchical polity, but must accept such
decisions as binding on them, in their application to the religious issues of doctrine or
polity before them. [Citation.]” (Ibid.) “The prohibition against civil court participation
in sectarian disputes extends to issues involving membership, clergy credentials and
discipline, as well as religious entity governance and administration. (Jones [v. Wolf
(1979)] 443 U.S. [595,] 602, 603-604; Concord [Christian, supra,] 132 Cal.App.4th at p.
1411.)” (New v. Kroeger (2008) 167 Cal. App. 4th 800, 815.)
       “By definition, a hierarchical church is one in which individual churches are
‘organized as a body with other churches having similar faith and doctrine[, and] with a
common ruling convocation or ecclesiastical head’ vested with ultimate ecclesiastical
authority over the individual congregations and members of the entire organized church.
[Citations.] It has long been established that in such a hierarchical church, an individual
local congregation that affiliates with the national church body becomes ‘a member of a
much larger and more important religious organization, . . . under its government and
control, and . . . bound by its orders and judgments.’ [Citations.] In contrast, a
congregational church is defined as one ‘strictly independent of other ecclesiastical
associations, and [one that] so far as church government is concerned, owes no fealty or
obligation to any higher authority.’ [Citation.]” (Concord Christian, supra, 132
Cal.App.4th at p. 1409.)
       In Milivojevich, supra, 426 U.S. at pages 717-720, the United States Supreme

                                              8
Court held a civil court could not constitutionally invalidate an ecclesiastical decision to
defrock a bishop. The decision to defrock the bishop had been made by an ecclesiastical
tribunal of a hierarchical church. The Illinois Supreme Court held the defrocking
decision could be invalidated by a court because the church’s action violated its own
policies and rules. The United States Supreme Court concluded: “In short, under the
guise of ‘minimal’ review under the umbrella of ‘arbitrariness,’ the Illinois Supreme
Court has unconstitutionally undertaken the resolution of quintessentially religious
controversies whose resolution the First Amendment commits exclusively to the highest
ecclesiastical tribunals of this hierarchical church.” (Id. at p. 720; see also Silo v. CHW
Medical Foundation (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 1097, 1106 [“selection and termination of clergy
or ecclesiastical leadership should be essentially off-limits to courts”].) As originally
stated by the United States Supreme Court, within a hierarchical religious entity
“whenever the questions of discipline, or of faith, or ecclesiastical rule, custom, or law
have been decided by the highest of these church judicatories to which the matter has
been carried, the legal tribunals must accept such decisions as final, and as binding on
them, in their application to the case before them.” (Watson v. Jones (1871) 80 U.S. 679,
727.)
        There are limited exceptions to the general rule of judicial deference to
ecclesiastical decisions. When a property dispute between two religious groups is
susceptible to the application of neutral principles of law, it is proper for the civil courts
to apply those principles to the dispute, rather than deferring to the adjudicatory bodies of
the relevant ecclesiastical organizations. (Jones v. Wolf, supra, 443 U.S. at p. 604
[application of religiously neutral principles permits the court to examine religious
documents for language purporting to create trusts in favor of the general church].) As
the California Supreme Court recently clarified, “State courts must not decide questions
of religious doctrine; those are for the church to resolve. Accordingly, if resolution of a
property dispute involves a point of doctrine, the court must defer to the position of the
highest ecclesiastical authority that has decided the point. But to the extent the court can
resolve a property dispute without reference to church doctrine, it should apply neutral

                                               9
principles of law. The court should consider sources such as the deeds to the property in
dispute, the local church’s articles of incorporation, the general church’s constitution,
canons, and rules, and relevant statutes, including statutes specifically concerning
religious property, such as Corporations Code section 9142.” (In re Episcopal Church
Cases (2009) 45 Cal. 4th 467, 485.)

3. Substantial Evidence of Internal Dispute

       We are not convinced that reversal is required based on appellants’ contention that
there was no internal dispute to warrant the WCP’s intervention into Church affairs in
2013. Their argument rests on language in BOCO, which states “[w]hen an internal
dispute arises in the local church that is within the jurisdiction of a presbytery, regarding
membership in the presbytery and the ownership of church property, the right to manage
the church property shall temporarily be placed within the hands of the presbytery until
the dispute is resolved and the normal operation of the local church is restored.” (Italics
added.) Appellants acknowledge that an internal dispute led the WCP to intervene in
early 2011, excommunicating respondents, reinstating appellants, and participating as a
plaintiff in filing the complaint in this case. They try to distinguish the WCP’s actions
two years later by emphasizing that, in the interim, respondents had worshiped and
participated in the management of an entirely different church, and that appellants
continued to worship in and manage the affairs of the Church. They claim that by the
time of this court’s November 1, 2012 opinion affirming the trial court’s orders denying
the Bang faction’s motions for a preliminary injunction, the dispute between the two
previously internal factions had ended because “[a]t that point, respondents could no
longer reclaim their membership or status in the Church, reinstate Bang as Senior Pastor,
or otherwise prevail on their cross-complaint.” Once the Church had resumed “normal
operations,” there was no longer an “internal dispute” warranting the WCP’s
intervention.
       Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that there was “an

                                             10
internal church dispute which exists to this day.” “‘When a trial court’s factual
determination is attacked on the ground that there is no substantial evidence to sustain it,
the power of an appellate court begins and ends with the determination as to whether, on
the entire record, there is substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, which will
support the determination . . . .’” (Jameson v. Five Feet Restaurant, Inc. (2003) 107
Cal. App. 4th 138, 143.) “Substantial evidence is evidence that a rational trier of fact
could find to be reasonable, credible, and of solid value. Under the substantial evidence
standard of review, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment and
accept as true all evidence tending to support the judgment, including all facts that
reasonably can be deduced from the evidence, and must affirm the judgment if an
examination of the entire record viewed in this light discloses substantial evidence to
support the judgment. [Citations.]” (Mealy v. B-Mobile, Inc. (2011) 195 Cal. App. 4th
1218, 1223.)
       The mere fact that both factions—appellants and respondents—continued to
participate in this case demonstrates that the dispute continued for at least as long as the
case itself. After the trial court twice denied respondents’ motions for a preliminary
injunction, the parties briefed the matter on appeal, in which the court affirmed the lower
court’s decision. In March 2012, appellants obtained an injunction against respondents,
giving appellants control over the Property. Both the WCP’s former attorney Carl Sohn
and its moderator Reverend Suh testified about a meeting in March 2013 concerning
respondents’ ongoing efforts to get the complaint dismissed, as well as the option of
settling the dispute. While the character of the dispute may have evolved over the two
and a half years this case has been pending, there is no doubt the record contains
substantial evidence of the continuing dispute between the two factions. The dispute
about who should control Church operations and Church Property that began in April
2011 continued up to and including the WCP’s decision to excommunicate appellants and
reinstate respondents in April 2013, and continues during the pendency of this appeal.

                                             11
4. Because There was no Property Dispute, the Court Correctly Deferred to the
Decisions of the Highest Tribunal Within a Hierarchical Church, Here the WCP

       Appellants next contend that to the extent a dispute existed, the court lacked
jurisdiction to rule on the validity of the WCP’s actions because the questions at issue
were purely ones of church governance, and doctrine and control of the Church, and none
related to title to the Property or application of neutral principles of law to resolve a
property dispute. Appellants’ argument misconstrues the ecclesiastical rule, which
requires courts to defer to the ecclesiastical decisions made by the highest authority
within a hierarchical religious institution. (Milivojevich, supra, 426 U.S. at p. 720 [under
the First Amendment, questions of religious polity are left “exclusively to the highest
ecclesiastical tribunals of [a] hierarchical church”]; Concord Christian, supra, 132
Cal.App.4th at p. 1411 [civil courts must defer to resolution of religious issues by the
authoritative ecclesiastical body].) The trial court properly deferred to the WCP’s
determination that appellants’ attempted secession was invalid, and the Church remained
subject to the WCP bylaws as well as BOCO. Thus, appellants cannot show the court
erred in its application of the ecclesiastical rule.

5. Based on the Ecclesiastical Rule, We Decline to Entertain Appellants’ Arguments
Regarding the Validity of the WCP’s Actions

       Appellants’ last two arguments seek to overturn the trial court’s ruling on the
grounds that the WCP lacked authority to excommunicate them either because they
validly seceded from the WCP or because no one from the Church had petitioned for any
action by the WCP. They argue their secession was valid even though the WCP had
previously removed Shin as interim moderator, because BOCO rules permitted a
“minister from the presbytery” to act as a temporary moderator. However, in arguing the
validity of their secession vote, they highlight the entire reason behind the ecclesiastical
rule, which is that courts are ill-equipped to interpret ecclesiastical rules, particularly in
hierarchical church organizations. No party disputes that the KAPC is a hierarchical

                                               12
organization, consisting of various presbyteries, and that churches are subordinate to both
the KAPC and the presbytery to which they belong. (See Concord Christian, supra 132
Cal.App.4th at p. 1409 [explaining distinction between hierarchical and congregational
church structures].)
       We have already determined that the court correctly deferred to the WCP’s
decision as a higher ecclesiastical authority. Similarly, the ecclesiastical rule of judicial
deference to the highest authority within a hierarchical church on questions of church
governance and church membership requires that we defer to the WCP’s decision that
appellants’ vote to secede did not comply with BOCO, and that the WCP had authority to
intervene.

B. Admission of Evidence Post-Dating the Cross-Complaint

       Appellants contend the court erred when it admitted evidence regarding the
WCP’s May 2013 decisions to excommunicate appellants and reinstate respondents to the
Church. They argue that evidence regarding events in 2013 was inadmissible because
respondents never sought to amend the cross-complaint filed in April 2011 and appellants
had no right to conduct discovery after the October 6, 2012 discovery cutoff.
       “Broadly speaking, an appellate court applies the abuse of discretion standard of
review to any ruling by a trial court on the admissibility of evidence. [Citations.]”
(People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal. 4th 690, 717.) A party challenging a trial court’s
evidentiary rulings must demonstrate both an abuse of discretion and a consequent
miscarriage of justice. (Pannu v. Land Rover North America, Inc. (2011) 191
Cal. App. 4th 1298, 1317.)
       We reject appellants’ argument that evidence post-dating the filing of the cross-
complaint is inadmissible unless respondents filed a supplemental complaint under Code

                                              13
of Civil Procedure section 464.6 Section 464 permits, but does not require, a party to file
a supplemental pleading in order to assert a new claim or defense. (See 5 Witkin, Cal.
Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Pleading, § 1246, p. 690 [“A supplemental complaint or answer
is permissive in the sense that no claims or defenses are lost by failure to file it”].)
Respondents never attempted to assert any new legal claim or defense. They instead
simply sought to introduce evidence relevant to their existing claim for declaratory relief.
The bench trial was limited to a single cause of action in respondents’ cross-complaint
against appellants. The cause of action for declaratory relief described the competing
contentions of the two groups as centering around whether the Church is “subject to the
authority or control of [respondents or any of them] concerning the ownership, use and
control of its property”; and whether respondents “are the duly elected and presently
acting members of the Board of Elders of the [Church].” The nature of the relief sought
in respondents’ 2011 cross-complaint already encompassed facts relevant to respondents’
membership status, and because that status remained in dispute as between appellants and
respondents when the matter was tried before the court, there was no need to file a
supplemental complaint.
       Appellants also argue that the court’s decision to admit evidence relating the
WCP’s May 2013 actions amounted to a “trial by ambush” because appellants did not
learn of the May 2013 events until July 2013, two weeks before a scheduled July 2013
trial date. According to appellants, they “were forced to proceed to trial, without any
discovery or depositions of WCP or KAPC members.” However, appellants waived their
ability to argue they suffered prejudice because the record does not contain evidence they
requested additional discovery or asked the court for additional time to conduct discovery
about the recent events. Even taking as true appellants’ assertion they became aware of
the new facts in July 2013, the trial was continued to October 28, 2013, giving them
sufficient time to conduct discovery if needed. Instead, as the trial court pointed out in its

       6All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure, unless
otherwise stated.

                                              14
opinion, appellants’ attorneys “simply objected and failed to seek leave to conduct further
discovery, if in fact they really wished to do so.” The trial court also noted that
appellants’ witnesses were permitted to testify about their version of events of early 2013.
If anything, counsel’s tactical decision against seeking permission to conduct additional
discovery relating to May 2013 events waived any objection in that regard. (Lewinter v.
Genmar Industries, Inc. (1994) 26 Cal. App. 4th 1214, 1224.)

C. Denial Of Opportunity to Cross-Examine the WCP Officers

1. Standard of Review

       “Generally, a trial court’s decision on a disqualification motion is reviewed for
abuse of discretion. [Citations.] If the trial court resolved disputed factual issues, the
reviewing court should not substitute its judgment for the trial court’s express or implied
findings supported by substantial evidence. [Citations.] . . . However, the trial court’s
discretion is limited by the applicable legal principles. [Citation.] Thus, where there are
no material disputed factual issues, the appellate court reviews the trial court’s
determination as a question of law. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (City and County of San
Francisco v. Cobra Solutions, Inc. (2006) 38 Cal. 4th 839, 848.)

2. Relevant Facts

       Before considering appellants’ arguments that it was prejudicial error to prevent
their counsel from cross-examining Reverend Suh, we summarize the relevant facts based
on evidence in the record. Although the WCP’s corporate status is unclear, appellants do
not provide evidence to dispute the trial court’s understanding that the WCP is a
corporation and Reverend Suh, as moderator of the WCP, was a member of its “control
group.” (Nalian Truck Lines, Inc. v. Nakano Warehouse & Transportation Corp. (1992)
6 Cal. App. 4th 1256, 1263-1264 [a corporation’s control group includes officers,

                                              15
directors, and managing agents whose statements and actions may bind the corporation].)
The WCP and appellants were co-plaintiffs in the complaint that started the instant
litigation, as well as cross-defendants named in respondents’ cross-complaint. The WCP
and appellants were represented by Attorney Sohn from the time the complaint was filed
until May 9, 2013, when Sohn dismissed the WCP from the complaint. Parker
Shumaker Mills, LLP (Parker Mills) also acted as counsel for the WCP and appellants as
early as September 25, 2012, when Parker Mills attorney David Yang issued a notice of
expert deposition on behalf of the WCP and appellants. In addition, the court’s final
statement of decision notes that Parker Mills appeared in court on October 3, 2012, to
represent both the WCP and appellants. Appellants cite to no evidence establishing when
Parker Mills ceased acting as counsel for the WCP.
       The interests of appellants and the WCP diverged in the spring of 2013, when
appellants purported to secede from the WCP, and the WCP, in turn, purported to
excommunicate appellants from the Church and reinstate respondents. In the meantime,
the litigation between appellants and the WCP, on the one hand, and respondents and
Bang, on the other hand, proceeded towards a scheduled July 29, 2013 bench trial. On
July 15, 2013, respondents filed a Pre-Trial Report identifying the potential for a mistrial
if either of the WCP’s former counsel, Parker Mills or Sohn, were permitted to cross-
examine Reverend Suh, a WCP representative respondents intended to call as a witness at
trial. The trial was continued to October 28, 2013, and Bang filed a document entitled,
“Defendant Dong S. Bang’s Trial Brief in Support of an Order Enjoining Plaintiffs’
Attorneys from Cross-Examining Members of the Western California Presbytery, their
Former Client” arguing that any cross-examination of the WCP by its former attorneys
would violate the attorneys’ duties of loyalty and confidentiality to the WCP as a former
client. Appellants filed an opposition, and also addressed the issue in their own trial
brief. The issue then came up on the third day of trial, just before counsel for
respondents called two representatives of the WCP—Chang Woo Lee and Reverend
Suh—to testify. The court deferred the issue until appellant’s counsel sought to cross-
examine Reverend Suh after he was called a second time as a rebuttal witness for

                                             16
respondents.
       When appellant’s counsel sought to cross-examine Reverend Suh after
respondent’s counsel called him during his rebuttal case, the trial court heard appellant’s
counsel’s argument for permitting cross-examination. After confirming that counsel had
represented the WCP earlier in the litigation, it rejected appellant’s arguments, stating,
“Once you undertake that representation, the case law makes it pretty clear that you
cannot at a later time confront your own witnesses even if you delegated in part to [co-
counsel] Mr. Sohn representation of the WCP. . . . [¶] A bright line has to be drawn
about clients not being subjected to examination by their counsel or former counsel even
at a time period after it’s alleged that the representation ceased.”

3. Law Governing Attorney Disqualification for Conflict of Interest

       The trial court has inherent power “[t]o control in furtherance of justice, the
conduct of its ministerial officers, and of all other persons in any manner connected with
a judicial proceeding before it, in every matter pertaining thereto.” (§ 128, subd. (a)(5).)
This inherent power includes authority to disqualify an attorney who violates California’s
ethics rules. (People ex rel. Dept. of Corporations v. SpeeDee Oil Change Systems, Inc.
(1999) 20 Cal. 4th 1135, 1145.) “[D]etermining whether a conflict of interest requires
disqualification involves more than just the interests of the parties. [¶] . . . Ultimately,
disqualification motions involve a conflict between the clients’ right to counsel of their
choice and the need to maintain ethical standards of professional responsibility.
[Citation.] The paramount concern must be to preserve public trust in the scrupulous
administration of justice and the integrity of the bar. The important right to counsel of
one’s choice must yield to ethical considerations that affect the fundamental principles of
our judicial process. [Citations.]” (Ibid.)
       The Rules of Professional Conduct provide that an attorney “shall not, without the
informed written consent of the client or former client, accept employment adverse to the
client or former client where, by reason of the representation of the client or former

                                              17
client, the member has obtained confidential information material to the employment.”
(Rules Prof. Conduct, rule 3–310(E).) An attorney risks violating rule 3–310(E) in two
different scenarios: “(1) in cases of successive representation, where an attorney seeks to
represent a client with interests that are potentially adverse to a former client of the
attorney; and (2) in cases of simultaneous representation, where an attorney seeks to
represent in a single action multiple parties with potentially adverse interests.” (In re
Charlisse C. (2008) 45 Cal. 4th 145, 159.)
       “Case law has developed different standards for attorney disqualification
depending on whether the conflict arises out of successive representation or simultaneous
representation.” (Montgomery v. Superior Court (2010) 186 Cal. App. 4th 1051, 1055
(Montgomery).) Where an actual conflict of interest stems from simultaneous adverse
representation, the rule almost automatically requires disqualification “‘regardless of
whether the simultaneous representations have anything in common or present any risk
that confidences obtained in one matter would be used in the other. [Citation.]’
[Citation.]” (In re Charlisse C., supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 160.) Where the conflict “is one
that arises from the successive representation of clients with potentially adverse interests,
. . . . the governing test requires that the client demonstrate a ‘substantial relationship’
between the subjects of the antecedent and current representations.” (Flatt v. Superior
Court (1994) 9 Cal. 4th 275, 283 (Flatt.)) “[A] ‘substantial relationship’ exists whenever
the ‘subjects’ of the prior and the current representations are linked in some rational
manner.” (Jessen v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co. (2003) 111 Cal. App. 4th 698, 711.) “The
‘substantial relationship’ test mediates between two interests that are in tension in such a
context—the freedom of the subsequent client to counsel of choice, on the one hand, and
the interest of the former client in ensuring the permanent confidentiality of matters
disclosed to the attorney in the course of the prior representation, on the other.” (Flatt,
supra, at p. 283.) “When a substantial relationship has been shown to exist between the
former representation and the current representation, and when it appears by virtue of the
nature of the former representation or the relationship of the attorney to his former client
confidential information material to the current dispute would normally have been

                                              18
imparted to the attorney . . . , the attorney’s knowledge of confidential information is
presumed.” (Global Van Lines, Inc. v. Superior Court (1983) 144 Cal. App. 3d 483, 489.)
In such cases, disqualification of the attorney’s representation of the second client is
mandatory. (Flatt, supra, at p. 283.)

4. Actual Conflict of Interest

       Each of appellants’ arguments about why there was no actual conflict that would
trigger counsel’s ethical obligations under Rule 3-310(E) center around an attorney’s
duty to preserve attorney-client confidential communications. Appellants argue there
was no actual conflict because no one at Parker Mills ever communicated directly with
the WCP, and so there were no attorney-client confidential communications. They also
argue the joint-representation agreement between the WCP and appellants eliminates any
possibility that the WCP communicated information that was intended to be confidential
as to appellants. Finally, they argue that counsel’s continued representation of appellants
cannot be considered adverse because the WCP was no longer a party to the litigation,
and any conflict in the WCP’s position and appellant’s position arose at or near the time
the WCP was dismissed from the case. We examine and reject each argument below.

       a.     Presumption of Confidential Communications

       Appellants argue there cannot be a conflict between appellants’ and the WCP’s
interests because the WCP never communicated directly with any attorney at Parker
Mills, and therefore there was no risk of any Parker Mills attorney disclosing the WCP’s
confidential communications in the course of representing appellants. They also argue
that to the extent Parker Mills may have been privy to confidential information by virtue
of their association with attorney Sohn, who was the WCP’s primary contact, Reverend
Suh waived any attorney client privilege held by the WCP by testifying about his
communications with Sohn.

                                             19
       This argument ignores the fact that Parker Mills’ former representation of the
WCP as counsel of record in this case was, by definition, substantially related to the
firm’s continued representation of appellants in the same case. “Where the requisite
substantial relationship between the subjects of the prior and the current representations
can be demonstrated, access to confidential information by the attorney in the course of
the first representation (relevant, by definition, to the second representation) is presumed
and disqualification of the attorney's representation of the second client is mandatory;
indeed, the disqualification extends vicariously to the entire firm. [Citations.]” (Flatt,
supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 283.) Because appellants do not challenge that the two matters are
substantially related, the court correctly determined it did not need to inquire into what
confidential information, if any, was communicated to Parker Mills, because the
existence of such communications is presumed.
       Appellants’ argument that the WCP waived any attorney-client privilege is also
not legally significant, because there is no evidence the WCP consented to its former
attorney taking on an adversarial role. A former client must give an unqualified, written
waiver before an attorney can ethically act in a capacity that is adverse to his or her
former client. (Montgomery, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1057 [attorney must obtain
unqualified, written waiver of any conflict before cross-examining former client who is
an expert witness for opposing party].)

       b.     Joint Representation Exception is Inapplicable

       Relying on Croce v. Superior Court of City and County of San Francisco (1937)
21 Cal. App. 2d 18 (Croce) and Cornish v. Superior Court (1989) 209 Cal. App. 3d 467,
(Cornish), appellants argue the prohibition against continuing representation of one client
when the representation is adverse to a former client does not apply where the attorney
jointly represented the parties in the prior matter. Croce, supra, at page 20, relied on the
principle that “communications made by parties united in a common interest to their joint
or common counsel, while privileged against strangers, are not privileged as between

                                             20
such parties nor as between their counsel and any of them, when later they assume
adverse positions.” As thoroughly examined and explained in Fiduciary Trust
International of California v. Superior Court (2013) 218 Cal. App. 4th 465, 482-486
(Fiduciary Trust), this purported exception to the bar against adverse successive
representations has been widely rejected, and its continued viability has been called into
question. The Fiduciary Trust court concluded that the fact that two adverse parties had
previously been jointly represented by the attorney one party now seeks to disqualify
does not prevent a court from disqualifying the attorney. (Id. at p. 486.) We agree with
the holding in Fiduciary Trust that the mere fact of joint representation does not preclude
disqualifying an attorney when two jointly represented clients’ interests diverge.
       In Cornish, supra, 209 Cal.App.3d at pages 477-478, the court held that
disqualification was not required where the attorney had jointly represented a contractor
and his subcontractor, but the attorney did not agree to defend the contractor until he had
obtained the contractor’s informed written waiver of any objection to attorney’s
continued representation of subcontractor if a conflict arose between the two parties.
Appellant has provided no evidence that the WCP gave written consent to Parker Mills
continuing to represent appellants should the interests of the two parties diverge, and so
we consider Cornish inapplicable here.

       c.     Duty of Loyalty and Adverse Representation

       We are unconvinced by appellants’ argument that disqualification was not
warranted because any cross-examination of the WCP would not create an “actual
conflict” required to establish an ethical violation. The ethical bar against acting in a
manner adverse to a former client’s interests implicates not just the duty to maintain
client confidences, but the duty of loyalty, which counsel would have violated by cross-
examining a representative of their former client. (See Oasis West Realty, LLC v.
Goldman (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 811, 821.)
       Although the California Supreme Court has emphasized the duty of maintaining

                                             21
client confidences in successive representation cases (see, e.g., Flatt, supra, 9 Cal.4th at
p. 283), the duty of loyalty also plays a role, as recognized in the longstanding rule that
“‘an attorney is forbidden to do either of two things after severing his relationship with a
former client. He may not do anything which will injuriously affect his former client in
any manner in which he formerly represented him nor may he at any time use against his
former client knowledge or information acquired by virtue of the previous relationship.’”
(People ex rel. Deukmejian v. Brown (1981) 29 Cal. 3d 150, 155-156, citing Wutchumna
Water Co. v. Bailey (1932) 216 Cal. 564, 573-574.) Flatt held that the “chief” question
in successive representation cases is confidentiality, but did not hold that the duty of
loyalty may play no part in the trial court’s decision on a disqualification motion.
       Even if appellants’ counsel limited the scope of cross-examination to events
occurring after May 9, 2013, if appellant is arguing that the denial of such cross-
examination is prejudicial, then we can only presume that the questions would violate the
firm’s duty of loyalty to its former client. “The spectacle of an attorney skewering her
own client on the witness stand in the interest of defending another client demeans the
integrity of the legal profession and undermines confidence in the attorney-client
relationship.” (Hernandez v. Paicius (2003) 109 Cal. App. 4th 452, 467 (Hernandez),
disapproved on other grounds by People v. Freeman (2010) 46 Cal. 4th 993.) In other
words, cross-examining a former client results in an “actual conflict” prohibited under
rule 3-310.

5. No Unnecessary Delay

       Appellants next argue that respondents waived their right to prevent cross-
examination because they engaged in unreasonable delay by waiting until the third day of
trial. “‘[A]ttorney disqualification can be impliedly waived by failing to bring the motion
in a timely manner.’ [Citation.] As explained by one court, ‘it is not in the interests of
justice to make the “substantial relationship” rule so unyielding as to permit the former
client to inexcusably postpone objections without penalty. Therefore, a narrow exception

                                             22
should apply if the present client, by way of opposition, offers prima facie evidence of an
unreasonable delay by the former client in making the motion and resulting prejudice to
the current client.’ [Citation.] To operate as a waiver, however, the ‘the delay [and] . . .
the prejudice to the opponent must be extreme.’ [Citations.] If the opposing party makes
a prima facie showing of extreme delay and prejudice, the burden then shifts to the
moving party to justify the delay. [Citations.]” (Fiduciary Trust, supra, 218 Cal.App.4th
at p. 490.)
       Appellants’ argument ignores the fact that the conflict first arose in April and May
of 2013, when appellants voted to secede from the WCP and the WCP excommunicated
appellants and reinstated respondents’ membership in the Church. Respondents raised
the issue of conflict of interest in a pretrial report filed July 2013, just two months after
the conflict arose, and more than three months before the bench trial began on October
28, 2013. None of these facts establishes unreasonable delay.
       Additionally, appellants have offered no evidence demonstrating that they suffered
extreme prejudice as a result of any delay. Appellants’ opening and reply briefs make no
mention of what appellants sought to elicit through cross-examination that might have
changed the outcome of this case. Even if the court erroneously prevented counsel from
cross-examining Reverend Suh, appellants have not shown that such an error was
prejudicial. Indeed, other than simply protesting their inability to cross-examine a
witness they label as a “key witness,” appellants do not do not explain what they might
have done differently had the issue been raised and/or resolved earlier. We find no
unreasonable delay, but even if there had been one, appellants have failed to make a
prima facie showing of prejudice.

6. Trial Court’s Inherent Authority to Impose Lesser Sanctions

       Lastly, appellants argue that the court lacked authority to prevent cross-
examination, and its only available remedies were to disqualify counsel or declare a
mistrial. Appellants are essentially arguing that the court should have exercised its

                                              23
inherent authority by wielding a bludgeon rather than a scalpel. The court’s power to
disqualify an attorney stems from its inherent authority under section 128, subdivision
(a)(5), to control “the conduct of its ministerial officers, and of all other persons in any
manner connected with a judicial proceeding before it . . .” Nothing in the statutory
language or the case law supports appellants’ argument that the court’s exercise of that
inherent authority cannot include preventing cross-examination if doing so will also
prevent a breach of the ethical canons governing the officers appearing before the court.
       In Hernandez, supra, 109 Cal.App.4th at page 467, plaintiff initially sought to
limit cross-examination of plaintiff’s expert witness, on the grounds that the law firm
representing defendant was simultaneously representing plaintiff’s expert in an unrelated
matter. The trial court limited the scope of cross-examination to exclude any cases in
which defense counsel previously or currently represented the expert. However, the court
allowed defense counsel to impeach the expert based on information obtained from the
public record, even though the information related to the same cases giving rise to the
conflict of interest. (Id. at pp. 464-465.) The reviewing court reversed an order denying
plaintiff’s motion to declare a mistrial based on the cross-examination, but noted, “Our
disposition of this issue should not be construed as suggesting that disqualification of
counsel is the appropriate remedy in all cases in which one party’s attorney represents an
expert designated by the other side. A party’s right to select counsel of his or her own
choosing may trump the opposing party’s freedom to choose an expert whose designation
creates a conflict . . . . We can say without hesitation, however, that if the conflict has not
been resolved by the time the client/witness is called to the stand, the court is faced with
an insuperable obstacle to going forward—an attorney with two clients in circumstances
where he or she can be loyal only to one. The court cannot permit, much less preside
over, an attorney’s attack on his or her own client.” (Id. at pp. 467-468.) We construe
the Hernandez opinion as recognizing the crucial role trial courts play in achieving the
delicate balance necessary in the exercise of the court’s inherent authority, and decline to
second-guess the appropriate balance struck by the trial court in this case between
appellants’ right to retain counsel of their choice and the law firm’s duty of loyalty to its

                                              24
former client.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. Respondents are awarded costs on appeal.

                 KRIEGLER, J.

We concur:

                 MOSK, Acting P. J.

                 GOODMAN, J.*

       *Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                          25