Court Opinion

ID: 4154009
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-20 17:03:10.117271+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:46:36.875157
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/20/17

      IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,                          )
                                     )
           Plaintiff and Respondent, )
                                     )                             S099274
           v.                        )
                                     )
DONALD LEWIS BROOKS,                 )
                                     )                      Los Angeles County
           Defendant and Appellant.  )                    Super. Ct. No. PA032918
____________________________________)

        A jury convicted Donald Lewis Brooks of the first degree murder of Lisa
Kerr (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)),1 and found true two special-circumstance
allegations — that the murder was committed while defendant was engaged in the
commission of kidnapping (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(B)), and that the murder was
intentional and involved the infliction of torture (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(18)). The jury
also convicted defendant of arson causing great bodily injury (§ 451, subd. (a)),
and stalking (§ 646.9, subd. (a)). After a penalty phase, the jury returned a verdict
of death. Defendant moved for modification of his sentence to life without the
possibility of parole (§ 190.4, subd. (e)). The trial court denied the motion and

1      All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.

                SEE CONCURRING & DISSENTING OPINION
sentenced him to death.2 Defendant‘s appeal is automatic. (§ 1239, subd. (b).)
For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment.
                                      I. FACTS

       A. Guilt Phase Evidence

           1. Prosecution evidence
       Defendant met the homicide victim, Lisa Kerr, in October 1997 at a dance
sponsored by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), an organization to which they both
belonged. For about 10 months, defendant kept it a secret that he was having an
affair with Kerr, who was married and the mother of a young son. In August
1998, however, defendant revealed the affair during a lengthy conversation with
another AA member, Mark Harvey. Defendant told Harvey that he was in love
with Kerr, that their relationship was perfect, and that his life was finally falling
into place. But defendant also indicated that he was upset and frustrated because
Kerr had recently decided to reconcile with her husband for the sake of their son.
Defendant told Harvey that he did not want his relationship with Kerr to end, and
that he wanted to stab Kerr‘s husband or ―get him out of the picture.‖
       Kerr soon began expressing to friends that she was afraid of defendant.
One day in late September 1998, for example, she made a series of phone calls to
Harvey‘s girlfriend, Lynda Farnand, who also knew defendant. According to
Farnand, Kerr was talking very fast and sounded scared. After the last
conversation that day, Farnand accompanied Kerr to the local police station. Kerr
called Farnand again several days later, this time telling her she was concerned

2      The court also sentenced defendant to the upper term of nine years for the
arson conviction consecutive to eight months (one-third the midterm of
24 months) for the stalking conviction.

                                           2
about three messages defendant had left on her home telephone answering
machine. Farnand came to the house and listened to the messages. The first
message was simply music. The second message began with music and ended
with defendant calling Kerr a slut and a whore. In the final message, Farnand
heard defendant say that ―if he couldn‘t have her, nobody could have her.‖
      Around the same time that Kerr was starting to confide in others that she
feared defendant, defendant was talking to friends about the affair, saying he was
frustrated with being ―led on‖ by Kerr, and expressing open hostility toward
Kerr‘s husband. One of the individuals with whom defendant spoke about the
situation was Dwayne Kari, who also knew Kerr and was a good friend of Kerr‘s
husband. Kari disapproved of the affair and repeatedly advised defendant to put
an end to it. One morning in November 1998, Kari observed defendant driving his
van toward Kerr‘s home. Kari gave chase and eventually caught up with
defendant, accusing him of stalking Kerr and telling him it needed to stop. Kari
also warned defendant that ―it was going to get personal‖ after defendant admitted
having previously told Kari that he planned to stab Kerr‘s husband. Defendant
responded by saying Kerr was ―screwing him around.‖ To prove his point,
defendant retrieved some items from his van. The first item was a tape-recorded
message that Kerr had left on defendant‘s answering machine that said, ―All I can
say about last night was ‗yummy.‘ ‖ The other item was a piece of paper on which
Kerr had written ―Lisa Brooks.‖ Defendant said he was going to show these items
to Kerr‘s husband ―if she doesn‘t leave him.‖
      Defendant continued to follow Kerr. David Heiserman, who defendant had
hired to assist him in his plumbing business, was in the van with defendant when
they circled Kerr‘s home. Defendant explained to Heiserman that he wanted ―to
see what was going on,‖ then parked the van one block away and was gone for 25
minutes. In December 1998, Kerr told her friend Cheryl Zornes that she feared

                                         3
defendant because ―every time she turned around‖ he was outside her home or
workplace watching her. Kerr also told her friend that she was going to inform her
husband about the affair before defendant did, and that she and her husband were
going to split up after Christmas. At some point during that conversation, Kerr
mentioned that, for her birthday, defendant had arranged to have an airplane with a
banner fly over her house, telling her friend, ―Look what he‘s willing to do for
me.‖ According to Kerr‘s friend, Kerr seemed scared and confused when she said
that.
        Despite her expressions of fear, Kerr accepted defendant‘s offer of financial
assistance after separating from her husband and moving to her own apartment in
January 1999. Defendant signed the rental agreement, naming ―Donald Brooks
and Lisa Brooks‖ as the tenants. According to Kerr‘s close friend, Kimberlee
Hyer, Kerr said the only reason that defendant was in her life was ―for the
money.‖ Hyer eventually helped Kerr pay her bills, telling Kerr that ―she didn‘t
ever have to ask [defendant] for money again.‖ According to defendant‘s
plumbing assistant Heiserman, Kerr was sarcastic and rude to defendant and made
fun of him in front of others.
        Meanwhile, defendant‘s obsession with Kerr intensified, and he stepped up
his surveillance of her. He continued to follow Kerr to or from places he knew she
would be, such as her workplace, her apartment, and certain bars. Defendant also
showed Heiserman a package containing a mail-ordered listening device that he
was going to use to bug Kerr‘s apartment. According to Heiserman, defendant
was upset with Kerr because she wanted to go back to her husband and family and
because he believed she was ―running around on him‖ with fellow AA member
Mark Harvey. In February or early March 1999, defendant told Heiserman that he
was tormented by thoughts of Kerr, and said once or twice that he wanted to kill
her by blowing up her car or being a sniper. According to Heiserman, defendant

                                          4
also talked about blowing up Kerr‘s car or setting it on fire in order to get her ―off
his mind.‖
       In the days and weeks preceding Kerr‘s death, defendant appeared even
more consumed by his thoughts of Kerr. According to Heiserman, defendant‘s
appearance was uncharacteristically disheveled and he was so ―out of control‖ that
Heiserman quit working for him. Defendant told Heiserman that he wanted Kerr
to leave her family and start a family with him. He also said that, were she to
refuse, he ―wouldn‘t be able to live with it or be able to see her,‖ and again
mentioned blowing up her car. Meanwhile, Kerr‘s fear of defendant became more
acute. According to Kerr‘s friend Hyer, 10 days before Kerr‘s death she insisted
Hyer promise that she would take care of Kerr‘s son in the event anything
happened to her.
       On March 23, 1999, the day prior to Kerr‘s death, Kerr drove her car to
Harvey‘s house around 7:00 p.m. to babysit one of his two young daughters so that
he could attend an AA meeting. When Harvey returned to the residence around
10:00 p.m., he noticed the silhouette of someone and the glow of a cigarette at the
edge of the fence and driveway, near some bushes. His back neighbor‘s dogs were
barking, but he did not investigate. When Harvey entered the house, he saw Kerr
asleep on the couch and his daughter asleep in her crib.
       Kerr awoke around 11:00 p.m., and went outside to smoke. When she
came back inside, she was shaking and nervous, and Harvey asked what was
wrong. Kerr told him it would not be a good idea for her to accept his earlier offer
for her to rent a room in his home because defendant had threatened to kill Harvey
and his children in order to get to her. Kerr started to leave, but then said to
Harvey, ―We need to talk.‖ Kerr and Harvey went back inside the house and sat in
the living room on separate couches, one of which was located near an open heater
vent, and they talked for the next two hours, until 1:15 a.m. Sometime during

                                           5
their conversation, Kerr became very upset and told Harvey she was afraid of
defendant because he was following her to work and AA meetings, and had
threatened to kill her. Kerr also indicated that she was frustrated by her
relationships with her husband and defendant, who she described as
―overwhelmingly emotional.‖ She told Harvey she ―adored him‖ for being ―the
balance‖ between the two men. Kerr and Harvey talked about the possibility of
becoming physically involved, but they agreed that they would not do so. At one
point, however, Kerr sat on the floor while Harvey massaged her shoulders for a
minute.
       When Kerr and Harvey had finished talking and walked outside, Harvey
tried to give Kerr a hug goodbye. She warned, ―Be careful, ‗Squirrel Boy‘ might
be watching us.‖ Kerr previously had referred to defendant as ―Squirrel Boy.‖
Before Kerr departed, Harvey asked her to call him when she arrived home. He
never received a call.
       At 4:11 a.m., about three hours after Kerr and Harvey parted ways,
firefighters responded to a report of a fire adjacent to the southbound Hollywood
Freeway in the San Fernando Valley, at the Roscoe Boulevard exit ramp. An
intense fire had engulfed a vehicle located near the bottom of a 30- or 40-foot
embankment, and most of the flames were coming from the car‘s interior, not
from the engine. Firefighters succeeded in extinguishing the fire in two to three
minutes. An arson investigator was summoned when a body was discovered on
the floorboard behind the front seats.
       Arson investigator Michael Camello arrived shortly after being called to the
scene. His observations regarding the burn patterns and the amount, character,
and location of damage to the car led him to conclude that the fire most probably
had been intentionally set with a flammable liquid that was ignited with an open
flame. For example, the car‘s windows and much of the floorboard carpeting had

                                          6
burned away. This showed that the fire burned fast and low and had generated an
intense amount of heat, which is characteristic of fires started with the use of a
flammable liquid, rather than fires that began accidentally. Camello noticed a
piece of rolled-up paper on the driver‘s seat, which he believed may have been lit
and then thrown into the car from a safe distance to ignite the flammable liquid.
He also found, stuffed inside the filler neck of the gas tank, pieces of cloth that had
been lit and burned, which suggested to him a failed attempt to set the car on fire.
He explained that such a method is rarely successful, and that someone attempting
to set a car on fire in this manner might ―not [be] thinking clearly.‖
       Camello further concluded, based on the position of the victim‘s body and
the nature of her injuries, that the flammable liquid used to start the fire had also
been poured over her. Specifically, the victim was on the floorboard between the
front and back seats, lying on her right side with her head facing toward the rear of
the car and her legs wedged in behind the front passenger seat. The body was over
the differential tunnel, which created an ―open space‖ under her. In Camello‘s
opinion, the flammable liquid that had been poured on top of the victim drained
into this open space, burning away the carpeting, her hands, and the lower portion
of her legs and feet. Camello found it noteworthy that the side of the victim‘s
face, neck, and shoulder covering her purse on the floor had not burned away,
which suggested to him that when the fire was lit she had been in the same
position in which firefighters had found her. He also saw no evidence that the
victim had been restrained.
       Among the emergency personnel who responded to the scene of the car fire
was California Highway Patrol Officer Raul Campos. His search of the area
disclosed no evidence suggesting that the car had been involved in a traffic
collision. For example, the car‘s ―pop-up‖ headlights were closed, which would
not occur if the car was involved in an accident. The position of Kerr‘s body and

                                           7
the location of the vehicle itself also were inconsistent with having been involved
in a collision. Specifically, the car was at a 90-degree angle from the off-ramp.
Had the vehicle gone over the edge of the off-ramp as a result of an accident, it
would have come to rest at a 45-degree angle and possibly gone through the chain
link fence that bordered the bottom of the embankment. Campos believed that
foul play was involved and that the car had been either pushed or driven at a low
speed down the embankment.
       Heiserman learned from a morning news report that Kerr had died in a car
fire in the early morning hours, and he unsuccessfully tried to contact defendant.
Around 11:30 a.m., defendant called Heiserman, ignoring Heiserman‘s question
regarding his whereabouts and asking him, ―[I]s she okay?‖ When Heiserman
responded, ―Is who okay?,‖ defendant replied, ―C‘mon Smiley. Is she okay?‖
When Heiserman asked what was going on, defendant rephrased his question, this
time asking, ―Is she dead?‖ Heiserman said, ―Yes.‖ Defendant started to cry and
said he had to go. He called Heiserman again around 7:00 p.m., sounding scared
and upset. Defendant asked him to tell defendant‘s daughter that he loved her, and
he offered Heiserman his van and all of his plumbing tools.
       An autopsy performed the following day showed that Kerr died primarily
as a result of smoke inhalation and thermal injuries. Other factors, for example,
strangulation, also may have played some role in her death, but they could not be
evaluated due to the extensive charring of her body. According to the medical
examiner who conducted the autopsy, the presence of soot in Kerr‘s mouth,
airway, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, which can occur only through active
breathing, indicated that Kerr was alive at the beginning of the fire. He saw no
evidence of intoxication or the use of restraints that would explain why Kerr made
no attempt to escape the fire, and believed she was most likely unconscious when
the fire started. From the extensive charring of Kerr‘s body and toxicology reports

                                         8
showing low levels of carbon monoxide in the bloodstream, the medical examiner
further concluded that Kerr had been killed by a ―flash fire‖ that likely involved
the use of an accelerant.
       The investigation into Kerr‘s death involved further examination of the
burned-out car, which had been transported from the scene of the fire to a towing
yard. With the assistance of a dog trained to detect the odor of common liquid
accelerants, an arson investigator concluded from his examination of the debris
removed from the vehicle that an ignitable liquid had been distributed in the car
and that the fire had been intentionally set. In contrast, a criminalist who used a
gas chromatograph with mass selector detector and other methods to analyze the
same debris examined by the arson investigator was unable to ascertain either the
presence or absence of an ignitable liquid.
       The investigation also included a review of defendant‘s cellular telephone
records, which showed the times and general locations from which he made or
received calls. In the early evening the day before Kerr‘s death, defendant called
her pager four times, with no further calls after 7:18 p.m. In the early morning
hours of the next day, defendant made or received several calls close in time to the
fire. One call was transmitted near the fire scene at 4:23 a.m., just minutes after
the firefighters‘ arrival. Two calls were then transmitted at 5:00 and 5:01 a.m., in
close proximity to Kerr‘s residence.
       In the course of the investigation, one of the detectives drove from
Harvey‘s house to Kerr‘s residence and from Hervey‘s home and Kerr‘s residence
to the scene of the fire so as to calculate how long it took to reach each of those
locations. According to the officer, the trip from Harvey‘s home to Kerr‘s
residence would have taken about 20 minutes in the early morning hours. The
drive from Kerr‘s residence to the Roscoe Avenue off-ramp where the fire
occurred would have taken between five and 10 minutes at that time of the day.

                                          9
The drive from Harvey‘s house to the off-ramp would have taken 15 to 20
minutes.
       As indicated by telephone records, defendant fled the day of Kerr‘s death,
driving through Arizona and New Mexico until he reached Colorado about one
week later. He drove a sedan that he had purchased ―on the street‖ in California,
leaving behind his work van and plumbing tools.
       Defendant took the name ―Don Blanton,‖ and lived with others in a house
in Colorado Springs until his arrest four months later, in July 1999. He continued
his trade as a plumber, sometimes working with David Jayne, one of his
housemates. At some point, defendant told Jayne he was looking for new
identification because he had gotten in trouble in California. About three weeks
before his arrest, defendant disclosed to Jayne that he was in trouble because he
had strangled his girlfriend Lisa. Defendant explained that he suspected his
girlfriend was cheating on him, and that he had been shadowing her. He said he
followed her to the man‘s home and went into the crawl space underneath the
house to listen to their conversation. Defendant told Jayne he heard his girlfriend
belittling defendant‘s father, which angered him. He also told Jayne he heard his
girlfriend and the other man having sex. Defendant said he then followed his
girlfriend to her apartment, where he strangled her, ―like a spur-of-the-moment
type thing.‖ Defendant illustrated the act for Jayne by holding his hands in a
strangling motion and saying, ―I‘m going to go to jail for assault anyway, so
I might as well kill her.‖ According to Jayne, defendant was calm when
recounting the events.
       Defendant was arrested at the Colorado residence in late July 1999. The
prosecutor presented evidence at trial that defendant told the arresting officer that
at 1:30 a.m. on the day of the fire, he and Kerr had a brief argument at her
apartment, and she was very angry when she left in her car. According to

                                          10
defendant‘s account, he returned to the home he shared with his father. Later,
when defendant was driving on the freeway in the early morning hours, he saw
Kerr‘s car in flames and firefighters at the scene. Defendant explained that he
believed Kerr was having a sexual relationship with Harvey and that he felt angry
and betrayed by Kerr, particularly because he was paying for her apartment. He
also indicated that he had formed his suspicions and was feeling angry at Kerr well
before the night of her death.
       While in custody after extradition to California, defendant again spoke with
his former plumbing assistant Heiserman, this time describing the events leading
to Kerr‘s death. Specifically, defendant explained that he had followed Kerr to
Harvey‘s home, hid under the house, and heard them belittling him. Defendant
then told Heiserman he ―just couldn‘t take it,‖ and that he confronted Kerr when
she got to her car as she was leaving. He said he strangled Kerr and, when she
―was out,‖ put her in the backseat of her car.

           2. Defense evidence
       The defense did not dispute that defendant killed Kerr. Rather, the defense
presented evidence to support the theory that defendant was guilty of heat of
passion voluntary manslaughter, not murder. For example, the defense
investigator testified that Heiserman told him defendant had admitted becoming
incensed and fatally strangling Kerr after he overheard her calling him a ―jerk.‖
The defense also called several witnesses in an attempt to show that Kerr was not
fearful of defendant but rather happily involved with, or taking advantage of, him.
One such witness was Jody Wheeler, a bartender at the Van Nuys bar where
defendant often joined his father for lunch. She testified that defendant introduced
her to Kerr sometime in 1999 when he recommended Kerr for a job at the bar.
Wheeler trained Kerr as a bartender for one day but did not hire her because the

                                         11
bar had a policy against employees having their boyfriends at the bar. From that
point in time, until her death, Kerr would call the bar sometimes 10 times a day
asking for defendant.

       B. Penalty Phase Evidence

           1. Prosecution’s case in aggravation
       The prosecution called Kerr‘s family members and a friend to testify
regarding the impact of Kerr‘s death on themselves and other members of Kerr‘s
family, including her young son and mother.
       The prosecutor also presented the testimony of defendant‘s former wife,
Mary C., who described for the jury acts of domestic violence that occurred during
a tumultuous three-year marriage replete with bitter arguments and mutual
combat. According to Mary, when she was pregnant with the first of their two
children, defendant entered the bathroom where she was running water into the
bathtub, grabbed her by the hair, and pushed her into the hot water. She admitted
during cross-examination that the night before that incident, she had punched
defendant in the eye. Mary also related that when she was eight months pregnant
with their second child, defendant pointed a loaded 12-gauge shotgun at her
stomach during an argument, asking her, ―Do you want to die?‖ She responded by
saying, ―Pull the fucking trigger. I‘m tired of talking about it.‖ On another
occasion some months later, according to Mary, she returned home to find
defendant gone and a group of people she did not know in the house. Their
daughter, who was now four months old, was sitting on one person‘s lap. The
next day, when Mary angrily confronted defendant about leaving the child with
strangers, defendant grabbed the arms of the wicker chair she was sitting in and
jerked it toward a burning fireplace. She kicked him and took off running.

                                         12
       Mary told the jury that she separated from defendant because of the
violence, and that she had obtained a restraining order after commencing divorce
proceedings. Mary also related that defendant left the state for a short period of
time to ―straighten out his life.‖ When he returned, however, he came over to the
house, angry about the restraining order. According to Mary, defendant told her
he should frame the order so that he could ―always remember what you‘ve put me
through,‖ to which Mary responded that defendant could ―stick it up his ass.‖ A
fight ensued in which defendant picked up their daughter, grabbed the keys, and
said he was leaving with the children. Mary said, ―No you‘re not,‖ and tried to
call 911, but defendant ripped the phone out of the wall. Mary smacked defendant
and ran to a neighbor‘s house, with defendant in pursuit. Defendant climbed over
the neighbor‘s fence, placed Mary in a headlock, and dragged her back toward
their house. During cross-examination, Mary described defendant as a person
with a good heart, but said that when he helped someone, he believed that person
was indebted to him. She testified further that she never saw defendant seriously
hurt anyone.

            2. Defense case in mitigation
       The defense called five witnesses to testify regarding defendant‘s
background, his good character, and his love for, and dedication to, his three
children.
       Defendant‘s older half sister and mother testified regarding defendant‘s
upbringing in an environment of alcohol abuse and domestic violence. His sister
first chronicled for the jury their mother‘s many marriages and divorces. She
indicated that defendant was seven years old when his parents divorced, and that
from an early age defendant had witnessed his mother and father arguing and
fighting, which greatly upset him. Defendant‘s sister and his mother both testified

                                         13
that defendant‘s father was an alcoholic, as was his stepfather, Edwin Rawl. They
also indicated that two years after defendant‘s mother married Rawl, the incidents
of intoxication-fueled domestic violence in the household not only resumed, but
increased in severity. Defendant saw Rawl beat his mother often, and defendant
sometimes intervened. On one occasion, the children watched as Rawl chased
their mother around the house with a rifle, which he eventually discharged over
the refrigerator. In another incident, defendant dragged his mother away from her
bed when Rawl tried to set it on fire. Defendant‘s attempt to intervene in the
violent incidents continued for as long as he lived at the house, until he graduated
from high school and left home for the Army.
       Defendant‘s sister and mother also recounted for the jury several incidents
of extraordinary domestic violence. On one occasion, Rawl became enraged after
receiving an exorbitant medical bill in connection with the premature birth of
defendant‘s younger half brother. With defendant at home, Rawl poured gasoline
around the house the day before defendant‘s mother and the infant were to be
discharged from the hospital, although he ultimately did not set the house on fire.
While in a drunken rage on another occasion, Rawl shot defendant‘s mother in the
back with an M1 carbine. Defendant, who was 13 years old and home at the time
of the shooting, was very upset. Although Rawl was arrested for the assault,
defendant‘s mother eventually invited him back into the house and declined to
press charges. The alcohol abuse and violence continued, however, until she and
Rawl finally divorced years later.
       All of the defense witnesses testified regarding defendant‘s great kindness
toward others. For example, the owner of a plumbing business who frequently
gave defendant work as a subcontractor told the jury that defendant often hired
assistants who had been released from jail or prison in order to give them a
chance. The former wife of a general contractor who also regularly hired

                                         14
defendant as a plumbing subcontractor likewise indicated that defendant was a
caring person who ―would give anybody the shirt off his back.‖ According to
defendant‘s mother, defendant would let people live with him until they could get
back on their feet.
       Some of the witnesses testified furthermore regarding defendant‘s
dedication to his children. The plumbing business owner related, for example, that
defendant was adamant about declining work if it would have interfered with his
every-other-weekend custody of his younger daughter.
       All of the witnesses asked the jury to spare defendant‘s life.
                                   II. DISCUSSION

       A. Pretrial and Guilt Phase Issues

           1. Striking of defendant’s testimony at the suppression hearing
     The defense filed a pretrial motion to suppress defendant‘s statements to
interrogating officers on the ground that the statements were obtained in violation
of Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436. Defendant testified at a hearing on
the motion, but the trial court ordered defendant‘s testimony stricken in its entirety
after he refused to answer one of the prosecutor‘s questions during cross-
examination. The court ultimately granted the motion to suppress in part, ruling
that some of the custodial statements were improperly obtained. Of those
statements that the court found admissible, only one was presented to the jury in
the prosecution‘s case-in-chief.
     Defendant asserts that his conviction and death sentence must be reversed
because the ruling striking his testimony prevented the court from properly
evaluating his motion to suppress in violation of various state and federal
constitutional rights, including his due process rights to a fair trial and to present a
defense. Alternatively, defendant urges that the judgment be vacated and the

                                           15
matter remanded to the trial judge to reconsider his suppression motion in light of
defendant‘s testimony at the hearing. As we will explain, neither reversal nor
vacation of the judgment is required. Even were this court to conclude that the
trial court abused its discretion by striking defendant‘s testimony in its entirety,
any error could not have prejudiced defendant because the custodial statement that
was presented at trial was similar to, and less damaging than, defendant‘s other
properly admitted statements implicating himself in the murder.

                a. Background
     Defendant was arrested on July 21, 1999. He was taken to the Colorado
Springs police station, where Colorado Springs Detective Derek Graham
conducted an unrecorded interview of defendant. The next day, while still
detained in Colorado Springs, defendant spoke with Los Angeles Police
Department Detective Lindy Gligorijevic and her partner Detective Rick Gonzalez
in a videotaped interview. Four days later, on July 26, defendant made additional
statements to Gligorijevic and Gonzalez, first, while they transported him to the
airport and second, during the flight back to Los Angeles.
     Before trial, the defense moved to suppress all four of defendant‘s statements
to the interrogating officers on the ground they were obtained in violation of
Miranda v. Arizona, supra, 384 U.S. 436, arguing both that defendant had not
waived his Miranda rights and that the officers failed to stop their questioning
when defendant invoked his right to counsel. The court held a hearing over the
course of two days.

                    1. Testimony of Detective Graham
     Detective Graham of the Colorado Springs Police Department testified that
he spoke with defendant for approximately three hours, during which time Graham
mostly listened while defendant volunteered a substantial amount of information

                                          16
about the crimes. Graham indicated that he spent the first 30 minutes sitting with
defendant while he and defendant ate hamburgers out on a patio, listening to his
concerns and talking with him about his Miranda rights. When defendant was
then formally advised of his rights and presented with a written waiver form, he
signed the form and agreed to speak with Graham. According to Graham,
defendant never asked for an attorney at any time, either before or after signing the
waiver form or at any point during the three-hour interview.

                    2. Testimony of Detective Gligorijevic
     A transcript of the interrogation conducted by Detectives Gligorijevic and
Gonzales the day after defendant‘s arrest showed that Gligorijevic began her
formal interview by confirming with defendant that he had been advised of and
waived his Miranda rights before speaking with Detective Graham the previous
day. Detective Gligorijevic testified at the hearing that she interrogated defendant
for about two hours, stopping the interview at the point she believed defendant
clearly was asking for counsel.
     Detective Gligorijevic testified further that defendant spoke to her and her
partner four days later during the drive to the airport and the flight to Los Angeles.
The conversation began in the car when defendant asked Gligorijevic if she and
Detective Gonzalez were wearing wires or tape recording him. Gligorijevic
assured him that they were not. Defendant then asked whether making a fuller
statement could be used against him. Gligorijevic responded that whatever
defendant said now would not be used against him because they were merely
transporting him and he was ―outside Miranda.‖ According to Gligorijevic,
defendant then spoke with the officers nonstop for hours, providing detailed
information regarding his relationship with Kerr and the events leading up to and
including her death, which Gligorijevic related to the court.

                                         17
                    3. Defendant’s testimony on direct examination
     Defendant testified on his own behalf at the hearing. With regard to his
dealings with the arresting officers, defendant testified that at the time of his arrest
in Colorado Springs, he asked how he could speak with a lawyer but the officer
―blew it off.‖ According to defendant, he repeated that question about 30 minutes
later, when Detective Graham and his partner took him into a coffee room at the
police station. Defendant acknowledged at the hearing that he later signed a
written waiver of his Miranda rights, but he explained that he did so because the
officers had led him to believe they would help him.
     Defendant also described his interview with the detectives from Los Angeles.
According to defendant, during that interrogation, he repeatedly asked why there
was no one helping him, and told the detectives several times that he was
uncomfortable and wanted to leave the room. Defendant explained at the hearing
that he had not wanted to be in the interrogation room, both because he believed
he was being secretly videotaped and because no one was there speaking for him
or helping him.

                    4. Cross-examination of defendant
     The prosecutor began his cross-examination of defendant by asking him
several questions about his flight back to Los Angeles with Detectives Gligorijevic
and Gonzalez. When the prosecutor then asked defendant whether he told the
detectives during the flight that he had killed Kerr, defense counsel objected.
Specifically, he argued that the question went beyond the scope of direct
examination and was irrelevant to the issue before the court, which was whether
defendant had been told by the detectives while driving to the airport that anything
he said could not be used against him. Counsel acknowledged that he had not
objected when the prosecutor elicited from Detective Gligorijevic the substance of
defendant‘s incriminating statements during the ride to the airport and the flight to

                                           18
Los Angeles. Counsel pointed out, however, that he had not covered that subject
with defendant during his testimony, and argued that the prosecutor‘s cross-
examination had therefore exceeded the scope of direct examination.
     The court observed that the subject matter of all of the statements at issue in
the suppression motion seemed ―fair game‖ for questioning, and overruled the
defense objection.

                     5. Refusal to answer and striking of testimony
     When the proceedings resumed after a short recess, defense counsel moved
the court for reconsideration of its prior ruling. Counsel explained that he did not
question defendant about his statements en route to the airport and during the
flight to Los Angeles because the defense position was that those statements must
be suppressed on the ground defendant was told that anything he said would not be
used against him. Counsel also informed the court that although he had advised
defendant not to answer any questions about the flight, defendant was ―more than
willing‖ to answer all questions concerning the time period covered on direct
examination.
     The court denied the motion for reconsideration and reaffirmed its prior
ruling. The court emphasized that although defense counsel had questioned
defendant regarding only two of the four statements that had been placed in issue
by the suppression motion, Detective Gligorijevic had provided ―significant
testimony‖ regarding the other two statements, about which the prosecutor was
entitled to cross-examine defendant. When the court subsequently ordered
defendant to answer the prosecutor‘s question, defendant refused to do so. The
court then granted the prosecutor‘s motion to strike all of defendant‘s direct
examination testimony, observing that defendant was not permitted to ―pick and
choose‖ the questions he is willing to answer.

                                         19
                    6. Rulings on the motion to suppress defendant’s statements to
                        interrogating officers
     The court ruled that defendant‘s statements to Detective Graham during the
30-minute period prior to his signing the waiver form would be suppressed
because he had not been properly advised of his Miranda rights, but that any
statements he made thereafter were admissible.
     At trial, the prosecutor elicited defendant‘s postwaiver statements during
Graham‘s testimony.
     The court also granted in part and denied in part the motion to suppress
defendant‘s statements to Detectives Gligorijevic and Gonzalez. Relying
primarily on the transcript of the July 22 interrogation in the police station, the
court found that defendant had unequivocally and unambiguously invoked his
right to counsel well before the detectives ceased their questioning, and ordered all
statements after his request for a lawyer to be suppressed. Although the court
declined to suppress the portion of defendant‘s July 22 statement that he made
before invoking his right to counsel, the prosecution did not present that evidence
during its guilt phase case.
     Finally, the court ordered that defendant‘s statements to the detectives during
the ride to the airport and the flight to Los Angeles be suppressed in their entirety.
As the court put it, ―basic justice‖ demanded that all of these admissions be
excluded from the prosecution‘s case-in-chief.

                b. Discussion
     Defendant argues that the court erred by striking his suppression hearing
testimony in its entirety because the question he refused to answer was not
relevant to the issue before the court. He further asserts that the order to strike
prevented the court from accurately evaluating and determining whether all of his
admissions were obtained in violation of Miranda v. Arizona, supra, 384 U.S. 436

                                          20
and must be suppressed. We conclude that defendant is not entitled to relief, as
explained below.
     A criminal defendant‘s due process right to defend against the state‘s
accusations includes the right to testify in his or her own behalf. (Chambers v.
Mississippi (1973) 410 U.S. 284, 294; People v. Robles (1970) 2 Cal. 3d 205, 215;
People v. Reynolds (1984) 152 Cal. App. 3d 42, 45-46.) However, a defendant‘s
right to take the witness stand to offer his or her account of the events in question
coexists with the prosecutor‘s right to fairly test that testimony through cross-
examination. (Fost v. Superior Court (2000) 80 Cal. App. 4th 724, 733-734;
People v. Reynolds, at p. 46; see generally Chambers v. Mississippi, at p. 295.)
And it is well settled furthermore that ―[a] defendant cannot, by testifying to a
state of things contrary to and inconsistent with the evidence of the prosecution,
thus indirectly denying the testimony against him, . . . limit the cross-examination
to the precise facts concerning which he testifies.‖ (People v. Cooper (1991) 53
Cal. 3d 771, 822; accord, People v. Cornejo (1979) 92 Cal. App. 3d 637, 655.)
Courts have long recognized that when a defendant refuses to answer some or all
of a prosecutor‘s relevant questions during cross-examination, the trial court has
discretion to strike the defendant‘s direct testimony, either in part or in its entirety.
(People v. Miller (1990) 50 Cal. 3d 954, 999; People v. Reynolds, at p. 47; People
v. McGowan (1926) 80 Cal. App. 293, 298-299.)
     In People v. Reynolds, supra, 152 Cal. App. 3d 42, the Court of Appeal was
mindful that the trial court‘s order striking all of the defendant‘s direct testimony
in that case ―prevented [the] defendant from exercising a fundamental right.‖ (Id.
at p. 47.) Accordingly, the appellate court recommended that a court exercising its
discretion to strike testimony consider first whether the witness has refused to
submit to cross-examination altogether, rather than refused to answer only one or
more questions. In the latter circumstance, the Court of Appeal suggested, the

                                           21
witness‘s direct testimony need not be stricken in its entirety in every case, and the
court should consider both the motive for the refusal to answer and the materiality
of the answer. The Court of Appeal also suggested that the court consider
solutions short of striking a defendant‘s entire testimony, such as striking only a
portion of the testimony, or instructing the jurors that they may take into account
the refusal to answer when assessing the defendant‘s credibility. (Id. at pp. 47-
48.)
       We find that the decision in People v. Reynolds provides a useful framework,
not only for a trial court to follow in exercising its discretion in these
circumstances, but also for a reviewing court to use when assessing an appellant‘s
challenge to the trial court‘s ruling on a motion to strike his or her direct
testimony. We follow the suggested approach here to consider defendant‘s claim
that the court abused its discretion in striking his suppression hearing testimony in
its entirety.
       Defendant‘s motive for refusing to answer the prosecutor‘s question appears
to have been a matter of tactics. Defense counsel strongly disagreed with the trial
court‘s ruling rejecting his arguments that the prosecutor‘s line of questioning
went beyond the scope of direct examination and was irrelevant to the issue before
the court, which was whether the detectives had assured defendant that nothing he
said could be used against him. Counsel informed the court, moreover, that he had
advised defendant not to answer any questions about the flight to Los Angeles,
acknowledging that the court would likely strike defendant‘s testimony were
defendant to refuse to respond to the prosecutor‘s question. By accepting
counsel‘s advice and refusing to answer, defendant apparently decided that there
was more utility in keeping out of the record his response to the prosecutor‘s
question than there was in having the court consider his hearing testimony up to
that point. Defendant‘s tactical decision did not exempt him from cross-

                                           22
examination. (Cf. People v. Reynolds, supra, 152 Cal.App.3d at p. 46
[defendant‘s fear of attack by prison inmates for being a ―snitch‖ were he to
answer the prosecutor‘s question, although not baseless, did not constitute a legal
exemption from cross-examination].)
     Less clear is whether the prosecutor‘s question asking defendant whether he
told the detectives that he had killed Kerr was material to the issues at the
suppression hearing. We agree with the People that defendant‘s credibility was
central to the outcome of the hearing, which largely pitted defendant‘s word
regarding the timing of his invocation of the right to counsel and the possibility of
an improper inducement to waiving his rights against that of the testifying officers.
Although whether or not defendant admitted to the detectives that he killed Kerr
did not bear directly on either of those disputed issues, it may have been relevant
to his credibility. Were defendant to have said that he told the detectives he had
killed Kerr, that response might have bolstered his credibility, generally speaking,
in that such a statement would have been against his penal interest and could have
been used to impeach him in the event he decided to testify on his own behalf at
trial. (See People v. Seminoff (2008) 159 Cal. App. 4th 518, 527 [using similar
reasoning to conclude that the codefendant‘s responses to questions she refused to
answer on 5th Amend. grounds were crucial to an assessment of her credibility in
the suppression hearing].) By contrast, were defendant to deny having confessed
to killing Kerr, his denial might have reflected poorly on his credibility generally,
given Detective Gligorijevic‘s highly detailed testimony relating defendant‘s
account of events leading up to and including the homicide.
     Defendant‘s credibility was not critical to whether the statements defendant
made to detectives on the drive to the airport and on the flight to Los Angeles
should be suppressed, however. As previously mentioned, defense counsel had
successfully argued that those statements must be excluded because defendant had

                                          23
been assured by the detectives that anything he said to them at that time could not
be used against him. And as defendant points out, counsel‘s effort to suppress
those statements relied, not on defendant‘s own testimony, but on the testimony of
Detective Gligorijevic.
     Even assuming for argument, however, that the court abused its discretion by
declining to consider defendant‘s testimony when ruling on the motion to suppress
and that, had it done so, the court would have suppressed all of the challenged
statements, we conclude that any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
(Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24; People v. Davis (2009) 46 Cal. 4th
539, 598.) The court fully suppressed two of the four sets of challenged
statements, and suppressed sizeable portions of the other two. Of those portions of
the statements that the court found admissible, only one of them was presented to
the jury during the prosecution‘s case-in-chief, when Detective Graham recounted
what defendant had said regarding his relationship with Kerr and his activities
around the time of her death.
     Specifically, Graham testified that defendant told him that at 1:30 a.m. on the
day of the fire, he and Kerr had had a brief argument at her apartment and that she
was angry when she left in her car. According to defendant, he was driving on the
freeway in the early morning hours when he saw Kerr‘s car in flames and
firefighters at the scene. Defendant explained to Graham that he believed Kerr
was having a sexual relationship with Harvey and that he felt angry and betrayed
by Kerr, particularly because he was paying for her apartment. He also indicated
to the officer that he had formed his suspicions and was feeling angry at Kerr well
before the night of her death.
     But what Detective Graham told the jury about defendant‘s relationship with
Kerr and his activities around the time of her death was both cumulative of, and
less damaging than, other testimony and evidence admitted at trial that established

                                        24
defendant‘s guilt. Like Graham, defendant‘s plumbing assistant Heiserman
testified that defendant told him he was upset with Kerr because he suspected she
was having a sexual relationship with Harvey, and that defendant had argued with
Kerr on the night of her death. Both witnesses also indicated that defendant was
angry with Kerr well before her death. But Heiserman also testified that defendant
had expressed a desire to kill Kerr by blowing up her car or setting it on fire. And,
Heiserman informed the jury that defendant admitted following Kerr to Harvey‘s
house where he listened to their conversation, and then strangled her and put her in
the back of her car. Defendant‘s Colorado Springs roommate David Jayne
likewise testified that defendant admitted strangling his girlfriend after secretly
listening to a conversation between her and a man with whom, he believed, she
was sexually involved.
     The People point out that the defense did not challenge the evidence that
defendant killed Kerr, but had argued instead that he killed her in the heat of
passion and therefore was guilty of voluntary manslaughter, not murder.
Defendant asserts, however, that defense counsel‘s theory was substantially
impacted by the court‘s rulings striking defendant‘s testimony and refusing to
suppress his admissions to Graham. Had the court suppressed those statements as
well, he posits, it is likely the defense would not have conceded that defendant
killed Kerr.
     We find defendant‘s assertion highly speculative, given that defendant made
far more damaging admissions to other witnesses, as discussed above. For a
similar reason, we reject defendant‘s further contention that defense counsel‘s
concession was the only connection between defendant and Kerr‘s death.
Defendant‘s statements to Detective Graham indeed placed defendant at the
location where Kerr‘s burning vehicle had been found. But there was other, strong
evidence connecting defendant to her death, such as defendant‘s call to Heiserman

                                          25
on the morning of Kerr‘s death asking, ―Is she dead?‖ and the mobile telephone
records showing his immediate flight from Southern California. We conclude that
the court‘s striking of defendant‘s testimony at the suppression hearing and refusal
to suppress defendant‘s statements to Graham, even if error, was harmless beyond
a reasonable doubt.

           2. Failure to appoint a second attorney
     Section 987, subdivision (d), provides trial courts with discretion to appoint
at public expense a second attorney in a capital case ―upon a written request of the
first attorney appointed.‖ Implicitly acknowledging that defense counsel did not
make a request for the appointment of cocounsel, defendant contends that the
court‘s failure, on its own motion, to appoint a second attorney to represent him
violated his various rights under the state and federal Constitutions. We reject
defendant‘s assertion that to protect those constitutional rights, the court had a
duty to appoint cocounsel.
     Our decisions have long emphasized that ―[t]he appointment of a second
counsel in a capital case is not an absolute right protected by either the state or the
federal Constitution.‖ (People v. Clark (1993) 5 Cal. 4th 950, 997, fn. 22; accord,
People v. Cunningham (2015) 61 Cal. 4th 609, 667; People v. Lancaster (2007)
41 Cal. 4th 50, 71.) From this it follows that the failure to appoint a second
attorney does not, in itself, implicate any constitutional guarantees.
     Defendant asserts nonetheless that the constitutional requirements of
effective representation, heightened reliability, and an individualized
determination of guilt and penalty require capital defendants to be represented by
two attorneys. For support, he points to the recommendation in the 1989
American Bar Association‘s Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of
Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases (1989) (ABA Guidelines) that ―two

                                          26
qualified trial attorneys should be assigned to represent the defendant.‖ (ABA
Guidelines, guideline 2.1.) According to the commentary to this guideline, the
responsibilities of trial counsel in a capital case are ―sufficiently onerous‖ to
require the appointment of two attorneys ―in order to ensure that the capital
defendant receives the best possible representation.‖ (Id., comm. foll. guideline
2.1.)
        As defendant acknowledges, this court has long recognized that the
appointment of a second attorney to represent a capital defendant is a decision left
to the trial court‘s discretion, based on a proper showing by the defendant that an
additional attorney is necessary. (Keenan v. Superior Court (1982) 31 Cal. 3d 424,
430 (Keenan); People v. Jackson (1980) 28 Cal. 3d 264, 287.) We decline
defendant‘s invitation to overrule these decisions and to hold instead that
representation of a capital defendant by a single attorney, because it violates ABA
Guidelines, amounts to constitutionally inadequate performance as a matter of law.
Defendant is correct that the United States Supreme Court has recognized the
ABA Guidelines as ―useful ‗guides‘ ‖ for assessing the reasonableness of
counsel‘s performance in connection with a defendant‘s claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel. (Bobby v. Van Hook (2009) 558 U.S. 4, 7; see Strickland v.
Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 688.) But the high court has also indicated that
the ABA Guidelines are not controlling. (Bobby v. Van Hook, at p. 8.) This court
likewise has observed that the ABA Guidelines are ―far from binding precedent.‖
(People v. Brown (2014) 59 Cal. 4th 86, 113.) Aside from his quotation of
guideline 2.1 and its accompanying commentary, defendant fails to offer any
persuasive basis on which to conclude that representation by a single attorney
amounts to ineffective assistance in every capital case.
        Nor does defendant provide any support for his contention that the
constitutional requirement of heightened reliability in a capital case is undermined

                                          27
when the judgment of only one attorney is involved. We note that Keenan
emphasized Sixth Amendment concerns when explaining how a trial court should
exercise its discretion under section 987, subdivision (d). For example,
recognizing that ―death is a different kind of punishment from any other, both in
terms of severity and finality,‖ Keenan directed trial courts to be ―particularly
sensitive to insure that every safeguard designed to guarantee defendant a full
defense be observed.‖ (Keenan, supra, 31 Cal.3d at p. 430.) But Keenan also
made clear that the decision to appoint a second attorney in a capital case is one
left to the trial court‘s sound discretion, based on a showing that the additional
attorney is necessary. (Ibid.)
     Defendant‘s claim that representation by a single attorney denied him equal
protection under the law is likewise without merit. Section 987, subdivision (d),
authorizes the appointment of a second attorney at public expense in a capital case.
But not all capital defendants are similarly situated because not all capital cases
present a ―genuine need‖ for a second attorney to ―lend important assistance in
preparing for trial or presenting the case.‖ (Keenan, supra, 31 Cal.3d at p. 434.)
     We have expressly rejected in another case a capital defendant‘s claim that
the trial court‘s failure to appoint, on its own motion, a second attorney to
represent him infringed his federal constitutional rights under the Sixth and Eighth
Amendments. (People v. Cunningham, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 667.) Defendant
has presented no persuasive grounds for disturbing that prior conclusion.

           3. Admission of Kerr’s statements regarding her fear of defendant
     Defendant was charged with the crimes of murder, stalking, and arson. In
connection with the stalking count, the trial court permitted the prosecution to
elicit from several witnesses Kerr‘s out-of-court statements regarding her fear of
defendant. (See former § 646.9, subd. (e), as amended by Stats. 1998, ch. 825,

                                          28
§ 4, p. 5162; id., ch. 826, § 1, p. 5166; CALJIC No. 9.16.1 (1999 rev.) (6th ed.
1996) [the crime of stalking under former § 646.9 requires a showing that the
harassing conduct directed at a specific person actually caused that person
―substantial emotional distress‖]; cf. People v. Ewing (1999) 76 Cal. App. 4th 199,
211-212 [evidence that the victim experienced sleepless nights and had joined a
support group for battered women was insufficient to show that she suffered
substantial emotional distress for purposes of establishing the stalking charge].)
     Defendant contends the court erred in admitting Kerr‘s out-of-court
statements, in part, because the statements were not admissible under any hearsay
exception and should have been excluded as more prejudicial than probative under
Evidence Code section 352. His primary argument, however, is that, even if
Kerr‘s statements were relevant to prove the fear element of the stalking charge,
the court‘s limiting instructions were inadequate to prevent the jury from using
those statements for the improper purpose of finding that he killed Kerr
intentionally and with premeditation, rather than in the heat of passion. Although
we conclude that the statements in question were properly admitted, we need not
decide whether the court‘s limiting instructions provided adequate safeguards
against the improper use of that evidence because even if they did not, any error
was harmless.

                a. Background
     Prosecution witness Mark Harvey testified in large part about his interactions
with Kerr on the evening preceding her death. Over repeated defense objections,
and after extensive argument by the parties over the course of several court days,
the trial court ruled it would permit Harvey to recount several statements Kerr
made to him expressing her fear of defendant and relating that defendant had
threatened to kill her. In ruling the evidence admissible, the court found Kerr‘s

                                         29
expressions of fear fell within the state-of-mind exception to the hearsay rule.
(Evid. Code, § 1250, subd. (a).) In this regard the court found Kerr‘s statements
were both trustworthy and highly relevant to the issue of whether she was afraid of
defendant, an element of the crime of stalking. The court further found that Kerr‘s
statements regarding defendant‘s threats to kill her were also admissible, but as an
admission of a party opponent, not under the state-of-mind exception. In response
to defense counsel‘s objection under Evidence Code section 352, in which he
argued that the evidence of defendant‘s threats was highly prejudicial because the
jury would use this evidence to find intent to kill and premeditation, the court
determined that the probative value of the evidence far outweighed its prejudice.
Acknowledging that the prejudicial impact was considerable, however, the court
indicated it would instruct the jury to consider the evidence only when deciding
the charge of stalking, and for no other purpose. The court also granted defense
counsel‘s request to give the limiting instruction during Harvey‘s testimony, rather
than at the close of evidence.
     In accordance with the court‘s ruling, Harvey described for the jury his
conversations with Kerr on the night before her death. As mentioned in the factual
recitation, Kerr had come to Harvey‘s home to babysit while Harvey attended an
AA meeting. After Harvey returned, Kerr went outside to smoke a cigarette and
when she came back inside, she was shaking. When asked what was wrong, Kerr
stated that she did not believe it would be a good idea to accept Harvey‘s earlier
offer to rent her a room in his home because defendant had threatened her. More
specifically, she told Harvey that defendant had threatened to kill Harvey and his
children, if he had to, in order to get to her. The court interrupted Harvey‘s
testimony at this point to instruct the jury about the limited purpose of the
testimony, directing the jury ―not to consider it for . . . proof of an intent to
commit a murder or any sort of proof of premeditation.‖

                                           30
     Subsequent to Harvey‘s testimony, the court similarly overruled defense
counsel‘s hearsay and prejudice objections to testimony by three other prosecution
witnesses who related Kerr‘s statements regarding her fear of defendant.
Accordingly, Kerr‘s friend Lynda Farnand testified that Kerr mentioned in three
separate conversations that she was afraid of defendant. As during the Harvey
testimony, the court interrupted the questioning to instruct the jury that the
evidence of Kerr‘s statements to Farnand was being admitted only to show Kerr‘s
state of mind and whether she was afraid of defendant, for purposes of the stalking
charge. When Farnand then testified that Kerr told her defendant once said no one
could have Kerr if he could not have her, the court again admonished the jury that
the evidence was being introduced for the limited purpose of determining whether
or not the victim was afraid for purposes of the stalking count.
     Later, over defense counsel‘s Evidence Code section 352 objection, the court
permitted Kerr‘s friend Cheryl Zornes to testify briefly regarding a telephone
conversation in which Kerr told her she was afraid of defendant because ―every
time she turned around [defendant] was there, following her.‖ Another friend,
Kim Hyer, likewise was permitted to testify regarding Kerr‘s statements
suggesting she feared defendant. Specifically, Hyer told the jury that Kerr made
her promise to take care of Kerr‘s young son were anything to happen to her.
Immediately after this part of Hyer‘s testimony, the court reminded the jury that
the limited purpose of this evidence was its relevance to the fear element of the
stalking charge. The court also included a limiting instruction when instructing
the jury prior to its deliberations.

                                          31
                b. Discussion

                    1. Admissibility of Kerr’s statements
     Defendant argues that Kerr‘s statements regarding her fear of defendant were
not admissible, either as state-of-mind evidence under Evidence Code sections
1250 and 1252, or under Evidence Code section 352.3 We agree with defendant
that Kerr‘s statements fall into two categories for purposes of analyzing their
admissibility, namely, Kerr‘s statements that she feared defendant, and Kerr‘s
statements indicating that defendant had threatened her. Contrary to defendant‘s
assertions, however, both categories of Kerr‘s statements were properly admitted
below.
     Defendant acknowledges that Kerr‘s statements that she feared defendant
were relevant to the fear element of stalking and that they therefore fell within the
scope of the state-of-mind exception under Evidence Code section 1250,
subdivision (a)(1), which allows admission of a hearsay statement when the
declarant‘s statement of his or her then existing state of mind ―is itself an issue in
the action.‖ (See People v. Hernandez (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 835, 872 [―A murder
victim‘s fear of the alleged killer may be in issue when the victim‘s state of mind
is directly relevant to an element of an offense‖].) Defendant points out that
before the trial court ruled on the admissibility of Harvey‘s testimony relating
Kerr‘s statements, defense counsel indicated that he did not intend to challenge the
point that Kerr feared defendant. According to defendant, this rendered Kerr‘s

3      Evidence Code section 352 provides that ―[t]he court in its discretion may
exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the
probability that its admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or
(b) create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of
misleading the jury.‖

                                          32
statements inadmissible because they no longer were ―an issue in the action,‖ as
required by Evidence Code section 1250, subdivision (a)(1).
     Defendant‘s argument does not succeed. ―[A] fact . . . generally becomes
‗disputed‘ when it is raised by a plea of not guilty or a denial of an allegation [and]
remains ‗disputed‘ until it is resolved.‖ (People v. Rowland (1992) 4 Cal. 4th 238,
260; accord, People v. Scott (2011) 52 Cal. 4th 452, 471.)
     Defendant further argues that Kerr‘s statements that she feared defendant
were inadmissible because defense counsel also offered to stipulate that Kerr told
Harvey she was afraid of defendant. Contrary to defendant‘s assertion, however,
the proposed stipulation was not a concession of the fear element of the stalking
count and therefore did not remove that issue from dispute. In any event, and as
defendant acknowledges, the prosecutor refused the stipulation. It is well settled
that a prosecutor generally cannot be compelled to agree to a stipulation if it would
diminish the persuasiveness and forcefulness of the prosecution‘s case. (People v.
Rogers (2013) 57 Cal. 4th 296, 329; People v. Edelbacher (1989) 47 Cal. 3d 983,
1007.) Defendant argues nonetheless that the trial court‘s refusal to force the
prosecutor to accept the stipulation was error under Evidence Code section 352.
He relies on Old Chief v. United States (1997) 519 U.S. 172 for support, but that
decision reaffirms the general rule that ―the prosecution is entitled to prove its case
free from any defendant‘s option to stipulate the evidence away.‖ (Id. at p. 189.)
The general rule must bend, the high court explained, ―when the point at issue is a
defendant‘s legal status [as a convicted felon], dependent on some judgment
rendered wholly independently of the concrete events of later criminal behavior
charged against him.‖ (Id. at p. 190.) Defense counsel‘s proposed stipulation
concerned evidence from which the jury could draw the inferences necessary to
reach its verdict on the stalking count; it did not concern defendant‘s status as a
convicted felon. Old Chief‘s exception to the general rule is not applicable here.

                                          33
     Nor does defendant persuade that the trial court‘s failure to compel the
prosecutor to accept the proposed stipulation violated his right to due process. He
argues that although Kerr‘s hearsay statements were not admitted to prove the
murder charge, there was a significant risk the jury would conclude defendant
premeditated the murder based on those statements. As explained post, at page 37,
however, any inadequacy in the court‘s limiting instructions could not have
prejudiced defendant.
     Equally meritless is defendant‘s assertion that the admission of Kerr‘s
statements violated the confrontation clause, as interpreted in Crawford v.
Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36. As defendant recognizes, the confrontation
clause is implicated only when testimonial statements are involved. (Id. at p. 51.)
Kerr‘s statements to her friend Harvey were clearly nontestimonial in nature and
therefore fell outside the reach of confrontation clause protections. As Crawford
itself explained, the confrontation clause addresses the specific concern of ―[a]n
accuser who makes a formal statement to government officers‖ because that
person ―bears testimony in a sense that a person who makes a casual remark to an
acquaintance does not.‖ (Ibid.; accord, People v. Cage (2007) 40 Cal. 4th 965,
991; see People v. Griffin (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 536, 579-580, fn. 19 [statement made
to a friend at school does not constitute ― ‗testimonial hearsay‘ ‖ under
Crawford].)
     We likewise reject defendant‘s argument that the trial court erred by
admitting Kerr‘s statements that defendant had threatened to kill her. Defendant
asserts that these statements could not be admitted under the state-of-mind
exception in Evidence Code section 1250 because they showed defendant’s state
of mind, not Kerr‘s. Defendant‘s argument does not succeed, however, because
the statements in question were not being admitted for their truth; that is, they
were not presented to prove that defendant intended to kill her or thought about

                                         34
killing her. Rather, Kerr‘s statements that defendant had threatened to kill her
were relevant circumstantial evidence that she was afraid of defendant. (People v.
Green (1980) 27 Cal. 3d 1, 23, fn. 9; People v. Ortiz (1995) 38 Cal. App. 4th 377,
389-390.) Because the statements were being offered for a nonhearsay purpose,
they fell outside the reach of Evidence Code section 1250 and other exceptions to
the hearsay rule. The trial court found that evidence of defendant‘s threats to Kerr
were admissible under the hearsay exception for admissions by a party opponent
(Evid. Code, § 1220), rather than as statements not being offered for their truth.
Although this analysis is different from ours, we have explained that ― ‗we review
the ruling, not the court‘s reasoning and, if the ruling was correct on any ground,
we affirm.‘ ‖ (People v. Zamudio (2008) 43 Cal. 4th 327, 351, fn. 11.)
     Defendant relies on People v. Lew (1968) 68 Cal. 2d 774, to support his
argument that Kerr‘s out-of-court statements relating defendant‘s threats to kill her
were inadmissible because they amounted to double hearsay that concerned
defendant’s state of mind, not Kerr‘s. For several reasons, however, the reasoning
in that case does not assist defendant. In Lew, although the court determined that
the murder victim‘s out-of-court statements that the defendant had threatened to
kill her were relevant to an issue raised by the defense, the evidence was deemed
inadmissible, in part, because the statements referred to the defendant‘s past acts,
rather than threats of future conduct. (Id. at pp. 779-780.) But the decisional basis
for excluding the evidence for that reason, People v. Hamilton (1961) 55 Cal. 2d
881, 893, appears to have been largely undermined by the later enactment of the
Evidence Code. Under the Evidence Code, trial courts were granted broad
discretion to determine in every case whether the need for the state-of-mind
evidence outweighed the danger of misuse by the jury. (See People v. Ortiz,
supra, 38 Cal.App.4th at pp. 387-389; 1 Witkin, Cal. Evidence (5th ed. 2012)
Hearsay, § 211, pp. 1070-1071.) The other basis for exclusion in Lew was that the

                                         35
victim‘s statements were made under circumstances indicating they were probably
not trustworthy. (Lew, at pp. 779-780.) We observe, again, that Lew preceded
enactment of the Evidence Code, and that the codified state-of-mind exception
does not mention independent indicia of trustworthiness as part of the required
foundation. Here, moreover, nothing in the record contradicts the trial court‘s
determination that Kerr‘s statements to Harvey and her other friends were
trustworthy. This is not a case like Lew, in which the victim may have claimed
that the defendant had threatened her as a pretext for explaining to a college
professor why she had missed a midterm examination. (Id. at p. 780.)
     Finally, we find no merit in defendant‘s argument that Kerr‘s out-of-court
statements should have been excluded as more prejudicial than probative under
Evidence Code section 352. In People v. Green, supra, 27 Cal. 3d 1, this court
held that the trial court erred when it allowed the prosecution to present the murder
victim‘s statements that the defendant said ―he would kill her if she left him.‖ (Id.
at p. 23.) In Green, the victim‘s statements were relevant as circumstantial
evidence that she was in fear of the defendant on the morning of the murder and
would not have left with him willingly. We concluded, however, that the evidence
was improperly admitted because the trial court failed to determine that the risk of
undue prejudice from the evidence was outweighed by its probative value. (Id. at
p. 26.) Although a ―trial judge need not expressly weigh prejudice against
probative value — or even expressly state that he has done so‖ (People v. Mickey
(1991) 54 Cal. 3d 612, 656), here, the trial court specifically considered the
prejudicial impact of the evidence in question and reasonably determined that the
prejudice was outweighed by the substantial probative value of the evidence with
regard to the fear element of the stalking charge. The court properly exercised its
discretion and its ruling fell well within the bounds of reason.

                                         36
                        2. Adequacy of the court’s limiting instructions
     Defendant contends that even if Kerr‘s out-of-court statements were relevant
to the fear element of the stalking charge, the court abused its discretion in
admitting them, and their admission deprived him of his constitutional rights to
due process, jury trial, and a reliable fact finding process, because the court‘s
limiting instructions were not adequate to prevent the jury from using the evidence
as proof of first degree premeditated murder. In defendant‘s view, it was
impossible for the jury to have limited its consideration of Kerr‘s statements solely
to the stalking charge, and he asserts that this evidence was used by the
prosecution to convince the jury that he premeditated the murder.
     We need not resolve whether the court‘s limiting instructions did not
sufficiently protect against the jury‘s improper use of Kerr‘s statements that she
feared defendant. Even if the instructions were inadequate, the error was harmless
under any standard of review because the evidence of premeditation, including
defendant‘s own statements, was extremely strong. For example, several months
before Kerr‘s death, defendant told his plumbing assistant Heiserman that he
wanted to get Kerr ―off his mind‖ by blowing up her car or setting it on fire.
Defendant also told Heiserman, closer in time to the killing, that were Kerr to
refuse to leave her family for him, he ―wouldn‘t be able to live with it or be able to
see her,‖ and again mentioned blowing up her car. Premeditation was further
shown by strong circumstantial evidence, including the secluded location of Kerr‘s
burning car and evidence showing that defendant poured accelerant over Kerr and
the inside of her car, stuffed a burning rag into the gas tank and, when that did not
ignite the accelerant, lit a rolled-up piece of paper on fire and threw it inside the
car to set it ablaze.

                                             37
           4. Admission of defendant’s threats against Kerr’s husband
     Defendant‘s fellow AA member Mark Harvey testified for the prosecution.
At one point while he was on the witness stand, the court excused the jury and
conducted a hearing to decide the admissibility of Harvey‘s expected testimony
regarding a lengthy conversation he had with defendant about seven months
before Kerr‘s death. Harvey testified at the hearing that, during their conversation,
defendant disclosed that he was having an affair with Kerr, who was married and
living with her husband at the time. According to Harvey, defendant made threats
against Kerr‘s husband, saying he wanted to stab him or get rid of him.
     Defense counsel objected to the anticipated testimony, but it was the court
that articulated the basis of the objection, asking counsel if his position was that
the evidence of the threat should be excluded as more prejudicial than probative
under Evidence Code section 352 because the threat was directed at someone other
than Kerr. Although counsel indicated that the court had correctly stated the basis
of the defense objection, the court was not persuaded by the argument and
overruled the objection. In the court‘s view, the probative value of the evidence
— that months before Kerr‘s death, defendant had told Harvey he wanted to kill
Kerr‘s husband — substantially outweighed its prejudicial impact. In accordance
with the court‘s ruling, Harvey testified that defendant told him that he wanted to
stab Kerr‘s husband or ―get him out of the picture.‖
     Defendant contends the court erred in admitting this evidence. The evidence
was inflammatory, he asserts, because it involved death threats. And it lacked
probative value because the threat was uttered some seven months before Kerr‘s
death, which meant it had no relevance to whether defendant had killed Kerr in the
heat of passion.
     The People assert that defendant cannot raise such grounds for exclusion
under Evidence Code section 352 because defense counsel did not present these

                                          38
particular objections to the trial court during the hearing on the admissibility of the
evidence. This court has explained that an objection must ― ‗fairly inform the trial
court, as well as the party offering the evidence, of the specific reason or reasons
the objecting party believes the evidence should be excluded, so the party offering
the evidence can respond appropriately and the court can make a fully informed
ruling.‘ ‖ (People v. Geier (2007) 41 Cal. 4th 555, 609; see Evid. Code, § 353,
subd. (a) [a judgment cannot be reversed on the basis of erroneously admitted
evidence unless the defendant made a timely objection that ―make[s] clear the
specific ground of the objection or motion‖].) The People‘s call for forfeiture is
not well taken here, however, because the record indicates that the grounds for
exclusion defendant now advances on appeal were before the court at the time of
its ruling. In response to defense counsel‘s objection to the evidence, the
prosecutor pointed out that the evidence of the alleged threats would show that
seven months before Kerr‘s death, defendant was contemplating the notion of
homicide and violence in connection with his relationship with her. As the
prosecutor argued, such evidence was highly relevant to the issues of defendant‘s
intent to kill and premeditation, particularly because the defense theory was that
defendant killed during an explosion of rage. Although the court‘s articulation of
the defense position emphasized that the alleged death threats were directed at
someone other than Kerr, the court also would have considered the prosecutor‘s
points, which fairly included a response to the basis for exclusion of the evidence
that defendant presents for our review. Defendant‘s arguments are properly raised
here.
        Although we conclude that defendant has not forfeited his claim of error, we
nonetheless reject his contention that the court abused its discretion in admitting
Harvey‘s testimony that defendant told him he wanted to stab Kerr‘s husband and
―get him out of the picture.‖ The evidence was highly probative of defendant‘s

                                          39
frustration with the affair and Kerr‘s attempt to reconcile with her husband. It also
was relevant to show the progression of defendant‘s growing obsession with Kerr,
which included contemplating violence or even homicide against someone who
was coming between him and Kerr. Defendant argues that the evidence was too
remote to be relevant to whether he made a spur-of-the-moment decision to kill
while in the heat of passion. But this argument ignores the relevance of the
evidence with regard to the other theory of homicide, that defendant premeditated
and deliberated Kerr‘s killing. And, contrary to defendant‘s assertion, evidence of
a death threat against a person other than Kerr was not unduly prejudicial in that it
suggested to the jury that he would have killed other people if necessary to get to
Kerr. The evidence was more probative than prejudicial in that it showed both
that defendant wanted Kerr‘s husband ―out of the picture‖ because he was
obstructing defendant‘s relationship with Kerr, and the extent of defendant‘s
obsession with Kerr.
     Rulings under Evidence Code section 352 come within the trial court‘s broad
discretion and will not be overturned on appeal absent a showing of an abuse of
that discretion. (People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal. 4th 522, 586.) On this record, we
conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting defendant‘s
Evidence Code section 352 challenge to the admission of evidence of defendant‘s
threats against Kerr‘s husband.

           5. Exclusion of defense evidence
     Defendant asserts that the court erred in sustaining the prosecutor‘s
objections to defense evidence and questioning, and that the individual and
cumulative impacts of the court‘s rulings deprived him of his state and federal
constitutional rights to due process, fair trial, jury determination of the facts, and
meaningful cross-examination. We conclude to the contrary that none of the

                                           40
rulings in question amounted to prejudicial error, under either state law or the state
or federal Constitutions.4

               a. Harvey’s relationships with other women
     During opening statements, defense counsel remarked that the jurors would
hear testimony by prosecution witness Mark Harvey, who had spent time with
Kerr at his home on the night of her death. According to counsel, several months
before the killing, defendant observed Kerr becoming even closer to Harvey,
which was ―tremendously upsetting‖ to him. Counsel described Harvey as a ―very
nice looking guy‖ who ―spends a lot of time at the Alcoholics Anonymous Club,
dating women [who] are trying to recover from their problems with their alcohol
and drugs.‖
     Shortly after the parties‘ opening remarks, but outside the jury‘s presence, the
prosecutor indicated to the court that he intended to move in limine to exclude
evidence of Harvey‘s bad character to which defense counsel had alluded during

4       The People assert that defendant has forfeited his constitutional claims on
appeal, except for his claim of a due process violation, because he did not invoke
constitutional guarantees at trial. The People are correct that defendant failed to
explicitly raise some or all of the constitutional arguments he now advances.
However, ―[i]n each instance, unless otherwise indicated, it appears that either
(1) the appellate claim is of a kind . . . that required no trial court action by the
defendant to preserve it, or (2) the new arguments do not invoke facts or legal
standards different from those the trial court itself was asked to apply, but merely
assert that the trial court‘s act or omission, insofar as wrong for the reasons
actually presented to that court, had the additional legal consequence of violating
the Constitution. To that extent, defendant‘s new constitutional arguments are not
forfeited on appeal. [Citations.]‖ (People v. Boyer (2006) 38 Cal. 4th 412, 441,
fn. 17.) ― ‗No separate constitutional discussion is required, or provided, when
rejection of a claim on the merits necessarily leads to rejection of any
constitutional theory or ―gloss‖ raised for the first time here.‘ [Citations.]‖
(People v. Solomon (2010) 49 Cal. 4th 792, 811, fn. 8.)

                                         41
opening statement, specifically, evidence regarding Harvey‘s sexual relationships
with other women. The court conducted a hearing on that motion immediately
before Harvey was set to testify in front of the jury. Harvey stated at the hearing
that he had been attending AA meetings for the past 20 years and that during that
time he had formed romantic relationships with four women, but Kerr was not one
of them. In ruling on the motion, the court indicated that evidence regarding a
relationship between Kerr and Harvey was relevant to whether defendant killed
Kerr in the heat of passion. In the court‘s view, however, evidence of Harvey‘s
sexual conduct with women other than Kerr, was ―totally irrelevant‖ to proving
the existence of that relationship. Defense counsel argued that evidence regarding
Harvey‘s proclivity for ―hitting on‖ women at the AA Club would support the
defense theory that defendant believed Harvey and Kerr were romantically
involved, which would provide the basis of the provocation for the heat of passion
defense. The court was not persuaded and reiterated that it would not allow
evidence regarding other sexual or romantic relationships that Harvey may have
had with the unnamed women. The court explained that, under Evidence Code
section 352, the prejudicial impact of such evidence — that is, the undue
consumption of time required for its presentation — far outweighed any probative
value.
     Defendant insists that the court erred in excluding evidence that Harvey had
engaged in sexual relationships with women he met through his involvement in
AA because such evidence was relevant to the reasonableness of defendant‘s
belief that Harvey and Kerr were having a sexual relationship and was therefore
fundamental to his heat of passion defense. As mentioned previously, the court
found evidence that Harvey engaged in romantic relationships with women in AA
to be ―totally irrelevant.‖ Although the court reasonably concluded that such
evidence had no bearing on whether Harvey and Kerr were romantically involved,

                                         42
the evidence appears to have had at least some relevance to defendant‘s suspicions
in this regard. But even if the court mistakenly characterized the evidence as
completely lacking in relevance, the court did not abuse its discretion in excluding
it under Evidence Code section 352. The court weighed the arguably slight
probative value of evidence regarding Harvey‘s romantic relationships with four
women in AA against the likelihood that its admission would require an ―undue
consumption of time‖ (Evid. Code, § 352), and soundly determined that the
balance justified exclusion. Contrary to defendant‘s assertion, the excluded
evidence was far from ―fundamental‖ to his heat of passion defense because
several witnesses testified that defendant suspected Kerr was having a sexual
relationship with Harvey. (Cf. People v. Minifie (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 1055, 1070
[concluding that the court erred in excluding evidence of third party threats that
went to the ― ‗heart of‘ ‖ defendant‘s claim of self-defense and that would not
have required an undue consumption of time].) We conclude that no abuse of
discretion occurred.

               b. Kerr’s reference to herself as Lisa Brooks
     During cross-examination of Mark Harvey, defense counsel confirmed with
the witness that during his conversation with Kerr at his home on the night of her
death, she had referred to defendant as ―Squirrel Boy.‖ In response to further
questioning, Harvey indicated that Kerr did not use that name in defendant‘s
presence. When counsel then asked Harvey whether he knew that Kerr had been
calling herself ―Lisa Brooks‖ as opposed to Lisa Kerr, the prosecutor objected on
relevance and hearsay grounds. The court sustained the objection without
comment, at which point defense counsel indicated he had no further questions
and concluded his cross-examination.

                                         43
     Defendant argues that the court‘s ruling was in error because the fact Kerr
referred to herself using defendant‘s last name, rather than her married name, was
not being admitted for its truth, but rather to show her state of mind and thereby to
rebut the prosecutor‘s evidence that Kerr feared defendant.
     Counsel made no offer of proof and advanced no argument to counter the
prosecutor‘s relevance and hearsay objections to his cross-examination, and the
trial court did not explain the basis of its ruling sustaining the objection. We
conclude therefore that defendant has forfeited his claim of error. Even were we
to assume that the court abused its discretion in preventing counsel from pursuing
the challenged line of questioning, however, any error was harmless because
Kerr‘s use of the name Brooks was independently established. The parties
stipulated at trial that defendant signed a rental agreement with the names ―Donald
Brooks and Lisa Brooks‖ for an apartment in which Kerr lived. And defendant‘s
acquaintance, Kari, testified that defendant showed him a piece of paper with
―Lisa Brooks‖ written on it. The defense also called a number of witnesses who
testified to the effect that Kerr did not fear defendant. For example, Sheila Peet
told the jury that Kerr seemed happy and excited when she was around defendant.
On this record, even if the court erred in precluding defense counsel from asking
Harvey whether he was aware Kerr had been referring to herself as ―Lisa Brooks,‖
the ruling did not prejudice defendant.

               c. Defendant’s receipt of a package containing women’s panties
     As previously mentioned, the defense called several witnesses in an attempt
to show that Kerr was not fearful of defendant, but rather that she was happily
involved with him. Over the prosecutor‘s objection, Yreno Lujano testified that
defendant played for him several telephone messages that Kerr had left on
defendant‘s answering machine telling defendant that she loved him and missed

                                          44
him, and thanking him for helping her with her lawyer. However, the court did
not permit defense counsel to elicit from Lujano that he had seen defendant open a
package he had received in the mail that contained a pair of women‘s panties. In
the court‘s view, this evidence could not support a reasonable inference regarding
Kerr‘s state of mind because it lacked sufficient foundation that Kerr was the
person who had sent the package to defendant. In so ruling, the court rejected
defense counsel‘s argument that Lujano‘s statement that he saw defendant open a
package that had panties inside, standing alone, would support an inference that
the panties had come from Kerr. Defendant claims that the court erred in
excluding this evidence.
     The relevance, and thus the admissibility, of the evidence in question
depends on the existence of the preliminary fact that Kerr was the person who
mailed a pair of panties to defendant. Defendant, as the proponent of the
evidence, bore the burden of producing evidence in support of that preliminary
fact. (Evid. Code, § 403, subd. (a).) When, like here, the evidence at issue
concerns the ―conduct of a particular person and the preliminary fact is whether
that person . . . so conducted [herself],‖ the evidence is inadmissible ―unless the
court finds that there is evidence sufficient to sustain a finding of the existence of
the preliminary fact.‖ (Evid. Code, § 403, subd. (a)(4).) We have explained that
the trial court‘s role with regard to preliminary fact questions under Evidence
Code section 403, subdivision (a), ― ‗is merely to determine whether there is
evidence sufficient to permit a jury to decide the question.‘ ‖ (People v. Lucas
(1995) 12 Cal. 4th 415, 467.) The determination regarding the sufficiency of the
foundational evidence is a matter left to the court‘s discretion. (Id. at p. 466.)
Such determinations will not be disturbed on appeal unless an abuse of discretion
is shown. (People v. Tafoya (2007) 42 Cal. 4th 147, 165; People v. Cornwell
(2005) 37 Cal. 4th 50, 83-84.)

                                          45
     The defense was entitled to rebut the prosecution‘s evidence that Kerr feared
defendant, which supported the stalking charge, with evidence that Kerr did not
fear him. Evidence that Kerr had sent defendant a pair of panties in the mail might
tend to show she was not afraid of him. The preliminary fact necessary to permit
Lujano‘s testimony that he saw defendant open a package that contained women‘s
panties was that Kerr was the person who sent them. This fact may be established
by circumstantial evidence. (See People v. Coddington (2000) 23 Cal. 4th 529,
591; see also Evid. Code, §§ 1415-1421 [specifying some of the types of
circumstantial evidence that may authenticate a document].)
     Defendant argues that the court erred in excluding Lujano‘s testimony
regarding defendant‘s receipt of the package because the undisputed fact that
defendant and Kerr were involved in a sexual relationship, when coupled with
evidence defendant had received a package of panties in the mail, was sufficient to
allow the jury to infer that the package had come from Kerr. The People counter
that the defense produced no evidence that would adequately support such an
inference.
     Here, the court ruled it would permit Lujano to testify that on several
occasions during the period of defendant‘s relationship with Kerr, defendant
played for him tape-recordings of answering machine messages left by Kerr telling
defendant that she loved him. The court also allowed Lujano to testify that during
this same period, defendant showed him love letters from Kerr. Defendant‘s
receipt of the package presumably occurred close in time to the messages and love
letters. From this evidence the jury arguably might have been able to decide that it
was Kerr who had sent the package that Lujano saw defendant open.
     We need not decide, however, whether the court erred in excluding Lujano‘s
testimony regarding the package of panties because even if the evidence in
question should have been allowed, there is no reasonable probability defendant

                                         46
would have obtained a more favorable result had it been admitted. (People v.
Bacon (2010) 50 Cal. 4th 1082, 1104, fn. 4 [applying prejudice standard for state
law error under People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal. 2d 818, 836, to assess effect of
error in excluding evidence for lack of foundation].) As discussed above, the
purpose of the proffered evidence was to show that Kerr did not fear defendant.
The record shows, however, that the defense elicited strong evidence both during
cross-examination and the defense case itself to make that point. For example, as
noted earlier, prosecution witness Dwayne Kari testified that defendant played for
him a tape-recorded message that Kerr had left on defendant‘s answering machine
that said, ―All I can say about last night was ‗yummy.‘ ‖ Kari also testified that
defendant showed him a piece of paper on which Kerr had written ―Lisa Brooks.‖
Other evidence suggested that Kerr had willingly accepted defendant‘s offer of
financial assistance, including his signing an apartment rental agreement for her
that named ―Donald Brooks and Lisa Brooks‖ as the tenants. And defense witness
Jody Wheeler, a bartender at the bar where defendant often joined his father for
lunch, testified that Kerr would often call the bar asking for defendant, sometimes
10 times a day. On this record, it is not reasonably probable that the addition of
evidence from which it could be inferred that Kerr had mailed a pair of her panties
to defendant would have led the jury to agree with the defense that Kerr did not
fear defendant. Any error in the exclusion of this evidence does not warrant
reversal of the judgment.

               d. Domestic violence against Kerr
     Among the defense witnesses who testified that Kerr was not fearful of
defendant was Sheila Peet, who owned a plumbing business where defendant
purchased his plumbing supplies. According to Peet, defendant brought Kerr into
the shop on two or three occasions in early 1999, and Kerr talked with Peet about

                                         47
her relationship with defendant. When defense counsel asked the witness what
Kerr had said in this regard, the court held a sidebar conference with the parties to
discuss the anticipated out-of-court statements.
     At the sidebar, defense counsel confirmed that the expected testimony was
intended to show Kerr‘s state of mind, specifically, that she did not fear defendant.
The prosecutor objected, however, to counsel‘s plan to elicit Kerr‘s statement to
Peet to the effect that she had left her husband because he was violent and was
trying to kill her. The court found that the proffered testimony regarding why
Kerr left her husband was not relevant to the issue whether she feared defendant,
and would not be admitted. The court also took defense counsel to task for
attempting to ―dirty up the victim.‖
     Counsel pushed for admission of Kerr‘s statements regarding her husband
nonetheless, arguing the proffered evidence would explain that, rather than fearing
defendant, Kerr had a motivation to be with him. The court was not persuaded
and reiterated that it would not allow that point to come in under the state-of-mind
exception to the hearsay rule.
     When Peet‘s testimony resumed, she told the jury that when Kerr came into
the plumbing shop with defendant she appeared to be ―very happy‖ and talked
about defendant getting her a place to live and retaining an attorney for her.
According to Peet, Kerr did not appear to be afraid of defendant.
     Defendant contends the court erred in excluding evidence that Kerr said her
husband was physically abusing her, which would have shown that she had a
reason for being with defendant and did not fear him. According to defendant, the
court‘s exclusion of the evidence on the ground that it ―dirt[ied] up the victim‖
was erroneous because the proffered evidence portrayed Kerr‘s husband, not Kerr,
in a negative light. This was not the basis of the court‘s ruling, however. Rather,
the court excluded the evidence because it found Kerr‘s statements regarding her

                                         48
husband to have no bearing on the issue whether she feared defendant. We
conclude that the court acted well within its discretion in determining that Kerr‘s
statements concerning her husband‘s violence toward her had no tendency to show
her state of mind with respect to defendant.
     Defendant observes that the trial court admitted into evidence numerous out-
of-court statements by Kerr offered by the prosecution to show that Kerr feared
defendant. From this he argues for the first time that evidence of Kerr‘s
statements regarding physical abuse by her husband should have been admitted
under authority of Evidence Code section 356.5 We previously have referred to
that provision as the ―[r]ule of completeness‖ (People v. Samuels (2005)
36 Cal. 4th 96, 130, italics omitted), and have described its purpose as
― ‗prevent[ing] the use of selected aspects of a conversation, act, declaration, or
writing, so as to create a misleading impression on the subjects addressed.‘ ‖
(People v. Pearson (2013) 56 Cal. 4th 393, 460; accord, People v. Williams (2006)
40 Cal. 4th 287, 319.) Thus, ― ‗ ― ‗[i]n the event a statement admitted in evidence
constitutes part of a conversation or correspondence, the opponent is entitled to
have placed in evidence all that was said or written by or to the declarant in the
course of such conversation or correspondence, provided the other statements have
some bearing upon, or connection with, the admission or declaration in
evidence.‘ ‖ ‘ ‖ (People v. Harris (2005) 37 Cal. 4th 310, 334-335.)

5      Evidence Code section 356 provides: ―Where part of an act, declaration,
conversation, or writing is given in evidence by one party, the whole on the same
subject may be inquired into by an adverse party; . . . when a detached act,
declaration, conversation, or writing is given in evidence, any other act
declaration, conversation, or writing which is necessary to make it understood may
also be given in evidence.‖

                                          49
       According to defendant, Kerr‘s statements regarding her husband‘s physical
abuse were admissible under Evidence Code section 356 because it was
misleading to allow the prosecution to present Kerr‘s statements that she feared
defendant without also allowing statements suggesting she had a reason to be with
him.
       As a threshold matter, we conclude defendant forfeited his claim that the
proffered evidence was admissible under Evidence Code section 356 because
counsel did not raise that basis for admissibility below. (People v. Pearson, supra,
56 Cal.4th at p. 460.) In any event, Evidence Code section 356 has no application
here. Defendant acknowledges that Kerr‘s statement to Peet regarding her
husband‘s physical abuse of her did not occur in any of the conversations,
presented by the prosecutor, in which Kerr said she feared defendant. By its
terms, Evidence Code section 356 applies ―[w]here part of an act, declaration,
conversation, or writing is given in evidence by one party . . . .‖ (Evid. Code,
§ 356, italics added.) Nor does defendant persuade that the proffered statement
was necessary to the jury‘s understanding of the prosecution‘s evidence regarding
Kerr‘s fear of defendant. (See People v. Farley (2009) 46 Cal. 4th 1053, 1103
[trial court was not required under Evid. Code, § 356 to grant the defendant‘s
request to admit numerous additional letters from the defendant to the victim when
several such letters that had been placed into evidence were ― ‗independently
comprehensible‘ ‖ on the relevant topics of intent to kill and premeditation].)
       The defense was permitted to introduce evidence to the effect that Kerr did
not fear defendant. This evidence was admitted, not as a matter of completeness
under Evidence Code section 356, but rather because it tended to rebut the
prosecution‘s evidence that Kerr feared defendant. The court determined that
Kerr‘s statement regarding physical abuse by her husband was not relevant to

                                          50
whether she feared defendant. We conclude that the court did not err in excluding
the proffered evidence on that ground.

                e. Kerr’s prior conviction for welfare fraud
      At the end of the defense case, defense counsel sought admission of evidence
that in March 1998, about one year before her death, Kerr had been convicted of
welfare fraud. Counsel argued that the felony conviction was admissible to
impeach Kerr‘s out-of-court statements regarding her fear of defendant, which had
been admitted for their truth under the state-of-mind hearsay exception.
      The court excluded the prior conviction evidence, finding it both irrelevant
and more prejudicial than probative. As the court explained, the evidence was not
relevant to the case because the court had admitted the fear evidence under the
state-of-mind hearsay exception for only a limited purpose, that is, the stalking
charge. Invoking Evidence Code section 352, the court also explained that the
prejudicial impact of the proffered evidence far outweighed its probative value. In
the court‘s view, the welfare fraud conviction lacked any probative value
whatsoever because it was being offered against a dead victim who never testified
at trial.
      Defendant argues that the court prejudicially erred by refusing to allow the
defense to use Kerr‘s welfare fraud conviction to impeach her out-of-court
statements that she feared defendant and that he was stalking her, because
preventing the defense from demonstrating Kerr was willing to lie cloaked her
hearsay statements with a false air of truthfulness. Defendant‘s claim does not
succeed: As explained below, even were defendant to show that the court abused
its discretion in excluding the proffered evidence, the error did not prejudice him.
      The court‘s stated reason for concluding that the prior conviction evidence
lacked probative value suggests that the court was unaware of Evidence Code

                                         51
section 1202, which allows impeachment of hearsay statements with evidence that
would have been admissible had the declarant testified at trial.6 (See generally
People v. Blacksher (2011) 52 Cal. 4th 769, 806-808.) Although this court has not
addressed the issue whether a prior felony conviction may be used as
impeachment evidence under Evidence Code section 1202, the Courts of Appeal
have held that such evidence falls within the purview of that provision. (People v.
Little (2012) 206 Cal. App. 4th 1364, 1373-1377; People v. Jacobs (2000)
78 Cal. App. 4th 1444, 1449-1452.) The appellate courts also have concluded that,
like the use of prior felony convictions for purposes of impeachment generally
(People v. Castro (1985) 38 Cal. 3d 301, 312), the admission of a prior felony
conviction pursuant to Evidence Code section 1202 to impeach the credibility of a
declarant who does not testify at trial is subject to the trial court‘s discretion under
Evidence Code section 352. (People v. Little, at pp. 1377-1379; People v. Jacobs,
at pp. 1452-1453; see People v. Baldwin (2010) 189 Cal. App. 4th 991, 1005 [trial
court has discretion under Evid. Code, § 352 to exclude as more prejudicial than
probative evidence of a declarant‘s prior inconsistent statements proffered for
purposes of impeachment under Evid. Code, § 1202].)
     Because the court excluded, rather than allowed, the evidence of Kerr‘s
felony welfare fraud conviction, we need not decide in this case whether prior
felony convictions may be admitted pursuant to Evidence Code section 1202 to
impeach the hearsay statements of a declarant who does not testify at trial.

6      In relevant part, Evidence Code section 1202 provides that ―[e]vidence of a
statement or other conduct by a declarant that is inconsistent with a statement by
such declarant received in evidence as hearsay evidence is not inadmissible for the
purpose of attacking the credibility of the declarant though he is not given and has
not had an opportunity to explain or to deny such inconsistent statement or other
conduct.‖

                                           52
Assuming without deciding that evidence of a prior felony conviction may be
admitted under section 1202, we reject defendant‘s assertion that the court
prejudicially erred under Evidence Code section 352 when it prohibited the
defense from presenting the welfare fraud conviction to impeach Kerr‘s statements
admitted under the state of mind exception to the hearsay rule.
     In considering whether to admit evidence of a prior felony conviction of a
witness subject to impeachment concerning his or her credibility, the prominent
factors in determining the probative value of the prior conviction include ―whether
the conviction (1) reflects on honesty and (2) is near in time.‖ (People v. Clair
(1992) 2 Cal. 4th 629, 654; People v. Woodard (1979) 23 Cal. 3d 329, 335-337.)
As defendant points out, Kerr‘s felony welfare fraud conviction involved a crime
of moral turpitude reflecting on her honesty. (See People v. Barnett (1998)
17 Cal. 4th 1044, 1128.) Moreover, because the prior conviction occurred in
March 1998, during Kerr‘s relationship with defendant, it clearly was not remote
in time. Finally, and as previously related, the court found that the prior
conviction lacked probative value because it was being offered against a dead
victim who never testified at trial. At the time of the court‘s ruling, however,
People v. Jacobs, supra, 78 Cal. App. 4th 1444 established that a prior conviction
could be admitted pursuant to Evidence Code section 1202 to impeach the out-of-
court statement of a declarant who did not testify at trial. (Jacobs, at pp. 1449-
1452.)
     We need not determine whether the court abused its discretion by excluding
evidence of Kerr‘s prior felony conviction for lack of probative value, however.
Even if the court‘s ruling was an abuse of discretion, reversal is not warranted
because there is no reasonable probability that a more favorable result would have
occurred had the prior conviction evidence been admitted. (People v. Watson,
supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836.) The defense attempted to cast doubt on the veracity of

                                         53
Kerr‘s statements regarding her fear of defendant and his stalking activities with
testimonial evidence from which it could be inferred that Kerr was not afraid of
defendant. For example, as recounted earlier, a fellow plumber and friend of
defendant‘s, Yreno Lujano, testified that he heard a telephone answering machine
message from Kerr telling defendant that she loved him and missed him. The
owner of a plumbing supply store, Sheila Peet, told the jury that when defendant
brought Kerr into the shop with him, Kerr seemed happy and did not appear to be
afraid. In addition, the bartender at the bar where defendant often dined testified
that Kerr sometimes called the bar numerous times a day asking for defendant.
Given the defense evidence that was before the jury, the admission of
documentary proof that Kerr had committed welfare fraud, for the limited purpose
of impeaching her out-of-court statements, would not have led the jury to
disbelieve the prosecution‘s evidence that Kerr feared defendant. Even if the court
erred by preventing the defense from presenting evidence of Kerr‘s prior
conviction for welfare fraud, that error could not have prejudiced defendant.
      Defendant contends that the cumulative prejudicial impact of all of the
evidentiary rulings that he challenges in this claim of error rendered his trial
unfair. Whether viewing the asserted evidentiary errors individually or
cumulatively, we conclude that the rulings in question did not deprive defendant
of his right to a fair trial.

             6. Admission of photographs
      Defendant claims that the trial court‘s admission of inflammatory crime
scene and autopsy photographs showing Kerr‘s charred remains and her soot-filled
respiratory tract, and a photograph of Kerr while alive, violated Evidence Code
section 352 and defendant‘s state and federal constitutional rights to due process

                                          54
and a reliable death verdict. We conclude that the photographs were properly
admitted, as explained below.

                  a. Crime scene and autopsy photographs
        During the prosecution‘s case-in-chief, the prosecutor referred several of its
witnesses to exhibit No. 5, a large board containing six crime scene photographs
of Kerr‘s face, head, and body that were labeled A through F. The last of the
witnesses to be asked about the exhibit No. 5 photographs was Dr. Raffi
Djabourian, who performed the autopsy on Kerr and testified regarding his
findings. When Dr. Djabourian explained that the extensive charring of Kerr‘s
body showed she had suffered a thermal injury from the fire, the prosecutor
referred him to exhibit No. 5C, which depicted Kerr‘s badly charred body after it
had been removed from the car. Dr. Djabourian confirmed that his finding was
consistent with that photograph. Next referring to the entire board of photographs,
the prosecutor asked Dr. Djabourian his opinion as to why a certain area of Kerr‘s
hair and face appeared not to have burned. According to the witness, it may have
been caused by the positioning of the body and the use of accelerant to cause the
fire.
        The prosecutor then questioned Dr. Djabourian regarding his findings
following an internal examination of Kerr‘s body during the autopsy. According
to Dr. Djabourian, one of the most significant findings was the presence of soot in
the respiratory system, including inside the mouth and within the larynx, trachea,
and bronchi. The court interrupted the witness‘s testimony to conduct a sidebar
conference regarding defense counsel‘s objection to the admission of exhibit No.
27, which consisted of two autopsy photographs depicting these portions of Kerr‘s
upper respiratory system. Counsel argued that this evidence, and the exhibit No. 5
photographs of Kerr‘s body at the crime scene, were ―too gory for the jury‖ and

                                            55
therefore inadmissible under Evidence Code section 352. The court overruled the
objection, presumably agreeing with the prosecutor that the photographs were
highly relevant to significant issues in the case, including whether Kerr was alive
at the time of the fire.
     When Dr. Djabourian‘s testimony resumed and the prosecutor referred him to
exhibit No. 27, the witness indicated that the black discoloration in the larynx and
trachea was soot. Dr. Djabourian told the jury that, based on the distribution of the
soot in the respiratory tract, he had no doubt that Kerr was alive, at least at the
beginning of the fire.
     Defendant argues that the photographs in exhibits Nos. 5 and 27 were
unnecessary to prove any fact in dispute, and that they were inflammatory. As
defendant points out, for example, the defense did not contest that there was soot
in Kerr‘s respiratory tract, which rendered photographs depicting that condition
unnecessary.
     ―The admission of allegedly gruesome photographs is basically a question of
relevance over which the trial court has broad discretion. [Citation.] ‗A trial
court‘s decision to admit photographs under Evidence Code section 352 will be
upheld on appeal unless the prejudicial effect of such photographs clearly
outweighs their probative value.‘‖ (People v. Roldan (2005) 35 Cal. 4th 646, 713;
accord, People v. Cage (2015) 62 Cal. 4th 256, 283.)
     Even if the defense did not contest that Kerr had soot in her respiratory tract,
or that her charred body was found on the floorboard in the car, and was willing to
so stipulate, ― ‗[t]he prosecution was not obligated to ―accept antiseptic
stipulations in lieu of photographic evidence.‖ ‘ ‖ (People v. Johnson (2015) 61
Cal. 4th 734, 767.) The autopsy and crime scene photographs were relevant to
several issues, including whether the fire was started with accelerant and whether
Kerr was alive at the time. These issues in turn were relevant to the prosecution‘s

                                          56
theories that defendant premeditated the murder and committed torture. (See
People v. Brents (2012) 53 Cal. 4th 599, 617 [photograph of the victim‘s burned
body lying in the trunk of the car, combined with autopsy evidence indicating she
was alive when set on fire, was probative of premeditation and torture].) ―[T]he
jury is entitled to see details of the [victim‘s body] to determine if the evidence
supports the prosecution‘s theory of the case.‖ (People v. Gurule (2002)
28 Cal. 4th 557, 624.)
     We have examined the objected-to photographs and find they are not unduly
gruesome. Indeed, any ―revulsion they induce is attributable to the acts done, not
to the photographs.‖ (People v. Brasure (2008) 42 Cal. 4th 1037, 1054.) The court
did not abuse its discretion in admitting these photographs.

                b. Photograph of Kerr while alive
     Before opening argument, and outside the jury‘s presence, the prosecutor
informed the court that during opening argument he would be referring to a
number of photographs mounted on display boards. Defense counsel indicated he
had no objection to the prosecution‘s photographs, one of which depicted Kerr
while alive. Nor did defense counsel object when the court allowed the jury to
individually examine the photograph of Kerr after one of the jurors indicated
during the prosecutor‘s opening statement that he had not seen it clearly.
     The photograph of Kerr while alive was marked as People‘s exhibit No. 13
and first shown during the redirect examination of Detective Gligorijevic, who
identified the exhibit as a picture of Kerr. The prosecutor elicited from the
detective that she had obtained the photograph during the course of her
investigation. When asked from where she had obtained the photograph, the
detective indicated it had come from a friend of Kerr‘s, at which point defense
counsel objected on the grounds of relevance, hearsay, and lack of personal

                                          57
knowledge. The court immediately overruled the first two grounds for objection
but eventually sustained the objection based on personal knowledge.
     Later during trial, Kerr‘s friend Cheryl Zornes confirmed that she had given
Kerr‘s picture to Detective Gonzales, and that the photograph comprising exhibit
No. 13 depicted Kerr. The prosecutor also showed exhibit No. 13 to prosecution
witnesses Mark Harvey, Lynda Farnand, and Dwayne Kari, who likewise
identified Kerr as the person shown in the photograph. At the conclusion of the
guilt phase, the court admitted into evidence all of the prosecution‘s marked
exhibits. Counsel raised no new objections to the exhibits at that time, submitting
the issue of their admissibility on the objections he had raised during trial.
     Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the
photograph of Kerr while alive because it created an undue risk of sympathy for
the victim and prejudice against him. He argues that the court‘s ruling also
deprived him of his state and federal constitutional right to due process and
protection against cruel and unusual punishment.
     We agree with the People that defendant has forfeited his claim of error on
appeal because defense counsel did not object on these grounds when the
prosecutor used the photograph during opening remarks and while questioning
witnesses. Defendant insists that counsel‘s relevance objection to exhibit No. 13
at the time it was offered into evidence during Detective Gligorijevic‘s testimony
was sufficient to preserve his claim on appeal. We reject his reading of the record.
As summarized above, the record shows that defense counsel did raise a relevancy
objection to Gligorijevic‘s testimony, but never challenged the photograph itself.
Accordingly, he may not challenge its admission here. (See People v. Boyette
(2002 ) 29 Cal. 4th 381, 423-424.)
     In any event, defendant does not persuade that the court abused its discretion
in admitting the photograph of Kerr while alive. We have long advised trial courts

                                          58
to exercise care when deciding whether to admit during the guilt phase of trial
photographs of a capital murder victim while alive, because of the risk such
evidence ―will merely generate sympathy for the victim[].‖ (People v. Harris,
supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 331; accord, People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 622, 677.)
But the possibility that a photograph of the victim while alive will elicit sympathy
from the jury does not require exclusion if it is otherwise relevant. (Harris, at p.
331; People v. Osband, at p. 677; People v. DeSantis (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 1198,
1230.) Here, the photograph was relevant because it permitted the witnesses to
identify Kerr as the person ―about whom they were testifying.‖ (DeSantis, at p.
1230 [upholding on similar grounds the admission of a photograph of the capital
murder victim and his wife while on vacation].) Moreover, our examination of the
photograph suggests no basis on which to conclude that its admission was unduly
prejudicial. Exhibit No. 13 was a two-feet by three-feet poster board, but the
photocopy of the color photograph of Kerr that is mounted on the board measures
eight and one-half by 11 and one-half inches, and the actual image measures four
by 11 inches. The picture shows Kerr in a pair of shorts and a sleeveless shirt,
smiling and standing in what appears to be a park or garden. Although the
photograph arguably posed some risk it would elicit sympathy from the jury,
nothing about the manner in which Kerr‘s likeness was displayed or the
photograph‘s background suggests it was ― ‗particularly calculated‘ ‖ to do so.
(People v. Smithey (1999) 20 Cal. 4th 936, 975.) There was no error in admission
of the photograph. Nor did its admission violate defendant‘s federal and state
constitutional rights. (Cf. People v. DeSantis, at p. 1231 [in light of the strong
evidence of guilt, there was little possibility that any sympathy toward the victims
that was generated by the photograph lessened the reliability of the guilt verdict in
violation of the 8th Amend.].)

                                          59
           7. Sufficiency of the evidence
     The prosecution presented five theories of defendant‘s guilt of first degree
murder: (1) premeditated, deliberate murder, (2) murder during the commission of
kidnapping, (3) murder during the commission of arson, (4) murder by means of
torture, and (5) murder by means of lying in wait. Three of these theories, kidnap-
murder, torture, and lying in wait, were the underpinnings of the three special
circumstances alleged in the case.
     The jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder but did not specify the
theory or theories on which it rested its verdict. The jury also found the
kidnapping-murder and torture-murder special-circumstance allegations to be true,
but found the lying-in-wait special-circumstance allegation to be not true.
     Defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the
lying-in-wait theory of first degree murder. But he argues that the first degree
murder conviction and death judgment must be reversed because the evidence was
insufficient to prove any of the other four theories of first degree murder presented
by the prosecution. He asserts furthermore that there was insufficient evidence
supporting the kidnapping-murder and torture-murder special-circumstance
findings, which likewise would require reversal of the death judgment.
     The principles governing our assessment of defendant‘s various challenges to
the sufficiency of the evidence are well settled. We ― ‗ ―must review the whole
record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it
discloses substantial evidence — that is, evidence which is reasonable, credible,
and of solid value — such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.‖ ‘ ‖ (People v. Clark (2011) 52 Cal. 4th 856,
942.) The same standard applies when examining the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting a special circumstance finding. (Id. at p. 943.) ―Substantial evidence

                                         60
includes circumstantial evidence and any reasonable inferences drawn from that
evidence.‖ (In re Michael D. (2002) 100 Cal. App. 4th 115, 126.)
     Defendant‘s sufficiency challenge to the four theories of first degree murder
liability and the special circumstance findings is premised on the same factual
argument. According to defendant, the evidence showed that he confronted Kerr
at her apartment in a fit of jealousy and rage and fatally strangled her, then placed
the body in the back of her car and drove to the freeway off-ramp where he set the
car on fire to hide the killing. As explained below, however, there was evidence in
the record from which a reasonable trier of fact could have rejected that scenario
and found instead that defendant had incapacitated Kerr, that he was aware she
was still alive when he placed her in the back of the car, and that, after deciding
her fate, ultimately drove to the off-ramp to set Kerr and her car on fire. Although
the scenario defendant describes appears plausible, this court‘s role on review does
not involve a reevaluation of the evidence. Rather, ―we presume the existence of
every fact in support of the verdict that could reasonably be inferred from the
evidence.‖ (People v. Booker (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 141, 173.)
     Under the applicable standard of review, we conclude that the record contains
substantial evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could find that defendant
committed premeditated and deliberate murder, murder in the commission of
kidnapping and arson, and murder by means of torture, and that substantial
evidence likewise supports the true findings on the kidnapping-murder and torture-
murder special-circumstance allegations.

               a. First degree murder based on a theory of premeditation and
                   deliberation
     A ―willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing‖ is murder in the first degree.
(§ 189.) ― ‗Deliberation‘ refers to careful weighing of considerations in forming a
course of action; ‗premeditation‘ means thought over in advance.‖ (People v.

                                         61
Koontz (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 1041, 1080.) ―The true test is not the duration of time as
much as it is the extent of the reflection. Thoughts may follow each other with
great rapidity and cold, calculated judgment may be arrived at quickly, but the
express requirement for a concurrence of premeditation and deliberation excludes
from murder of the first degree those homicides . . . which are the result of mere
unconsidered or rash impulse hastily executed.‖ (People v. Thomas (1945)
25 Cal. 2d 880, 900-901.)
     People v. Anderson (1968) 70 Cal. 2d 15, 26-27 identified three categories of
evidence relevant to deciding whether to sustain a verdict of first degree murder
based on premeditation and deliberation: (1) evidence of planning activity prior to
the killing, (2) evidence of the defendant‘s prior relationship with the victim from
which the jury could reasonably infer a motive to kill, and (3) evidence that the
manner in which the defendant carried out the killing ―was so particular and
exacting that the defendant must have intentionally killed according to a
‗preconceived design‘ to take his victim‘s life in a particular way for a ‗reason‘
which the jury can reasonably infer from facts of type (1) or (2).‖ (Italics
omitted.)
     The identified categories of evidence are those we ― ‗typically‘ find
sufficient‖ to uphold first degree murder convictions. (People v. Thomas (1992)
2 Cal. 4th 489, 517.) But we have also observed that the Anderson factors are
simply an ―aid [for] reviewing courts in assessing whether the evidence is
supportive of an inference that the killing was the result of preexisting reflection
and weighing of considerations rather than mere unconsidered or rash impulse.‖
(People v. Perez (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 1117, 1125; accord, People v. Streeter (2012)
54 Cal. 4th 205, 242.)
     The record in this case discloses ample evidence from which it could be
inferred that defendant acted deliberately and according to a ―preconceived

                                          62
design‖ rather than from a rash impulse. Circumstantial evidence of planning
included evidence regarding the location of Kerr‘s burning car, which defendant
had driven to a secluded freeway off-ramp in the early morning hours when there
was likely to be little traffic, and either had maneuvered or pushed the car down
the embankment, hidden from view, to fake an accident and avoid detection.
Planning also could be inferred from evidence regarding the various materials
defendant used to set Kerr‘s car on fire. Specifically, defendant poured accelerant
over Kerr and the inside of her car, stuffed a burning rag into the gas tank and,
when that failed to ignite the accelerant, lit a rolled-up piece of paper on fire and
threw it inside the car to set it ablaze.
     With regard to motive, the record discloses evidence that in the months
preceding the killing, defendant had become obsessed and angry with Kerr. An
acquaintance of defendant testified that defendant told him Kerr was ―screwing
him around,‖ and that defendant threatened to disclose evidence of the affair to
Kerr‘s husband ―if she doesn‘t leave him.‖ Other witnesses testified that
defendant was suspicious and highly possessive of Kerr, that he routinely
monitored her whereabouts and activities, and that he had placed a listening device
inside her home. Defendant‘s plumbing assistant Heiserman testified, for
example, that he and defendant were on a job when defendant parked the van near
Kerr‘s home and was gone for 25 minutes ―to see what was going on.‖ Heiserman
testified, moreover, that in the weeks before Kerr‘s death, defendant appeared
even more consumed by his thoughts of Kerr, telling Heiserman that he wanted
Kerr to leave her husband and son and start a family with him. According to
defendant‘s Colorado roommate, defendant told him that he suspected Kerr was
cheating on him and that, on the night of the killing, he was in the crawl space
underneath the man‘s house when he overheard them having sex. Defendant also
told his roommate that he overheard them belittling his father, which made him

                                            63
angry. And, according to Mark Harvey, while he and Kerr stood outside the front
of his house saying goodnight, Kerr referred to defendant as ―Squirrel Boy.‖
     There was also evidence of a deliberate manner of killing. The crime scene
and arson investigation evidence suggested that defendant poured accelerant
around the car‘s interior and directly onto Kerr as she lay on her side, unconscious,
on the backseat floorboard. The evidence also indicated that defendant first
attempted to set the car afire by stuffing a lighted cloth into the gas tank. And,
when that plan did not succeed, he chose a different strategy, lighting a rolled-up
piece of paper on fire and tossing it into the front seat from a safe distance away,
which caused an intense and quick-burning fire.
     As described earlier, the record shows additional evidence from which a
rational trier of fact could find a premeditated, deliberate murder. On one or two
occasions several months before Kerr‘s death, defendant told his plumbing
assistant Heiserman that he wanted to get Kerr ―off his mind‖ by blowing up her
car or setting it on fire. And, close in time to the killing, defendant told Heiserman
that were Kerr to refuse to leave her family for him, he ―wouldn‘t be able to live
with it or be able to see her,‖ and again mentioned blowing up her car.
     Defendant acknowledges the testimony by the medical examiner that Kerr
was alive but unconscious when the car was set on fire, and that she died of
thermal injuries. But he argues there was no evidence suggesting that he knew
Kerr was alive at that time, thereby precluding a finding that he set out to kill her
in a deliberate and intentional manner by lighting her car on fire. Defendant
asserts that the evidence showed he confronted Kerr at her apartment in a fit of
jealous rage and fatally strangled her, then placed the body in her car and drove to
the freeway off-ramp where he set the car on fire to hide the killing.
     Notwithstanding defendant‘s argument, the record discloses substantial
evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could have rejected defendant‘s

                                          64
reading of the record and found instead that defendant had incapacitated Kerr
before driving her to the off-ramp, and that he knew she was alive, albeit
unconscious, at the time he set her and her car on fire. The evidence showed that
defendant had positioned Kerr‘s body so she was not visible, and he poured
accelerant not only on the interior of Kerr‘s car but also on Kerr herself. From this
evidence the jury could reasonably infer that defendant did so to cause her death,
not simply to cover up his crimes. The evidence showed furthermore that when
defendant called Heiserman some seven hours after firefighters responded to the
scene of Kerr‘s burning car, he ignored Heiserman‘s question about his
whereabouts and asked, ―Is she okay?‖ When Heiserman responded, ―Is who
okay?,‖ defendant said, ―C‘mon Smiley. Is she okay?‖ Heiserman asked what
was going on, and defendant rephrased his question, this time asking, ―Is she
dead?‖ When Heiserman said, ―Yes,‖ defendant started to cry. A reasonable trier
of fact could have inferred from these questions that defendant was asking whether
Kerr had survived the fire. Heiserman further testified about the substance of his
conversation with defendant after defendant had been returned to California
following his arrest in Colorado. As noted earlier, during that conversation
defendant explained that after hiding in the crawl space below Harvey‘s house and
overhearing Harvey and Kerr bad-mouthing him, he confronted Kerr at her car,
strangled her and, ―when she was out,‖ put her in the backseat of her car.
     This evidence is more than sufficient to raise an inference that defendant
knew Kerr was alive at the time he drove to the off-ramp and set her and her car
on fire. We therefore conclude there is substantial evidence in the record from
which a reasonable trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that
defendant committed a premeditated and deliberate murder.

                                         65
                b. First degree felony murder based on a kidnapping-murder
                    theory and kidnapping-murder special-circumstance finding
     We likewise conclude the evidence was sufficient to support both the first
degree murder verdict on a felony-murder theory based on kidnapping, and the
kidnapping-murder special-circumstance finding.
     ―All murder . . . which is committed in the perpetration of . . . kidnapping . . .
is murder of the first degree.‖ (§ 189.) At the time of defendant‘s crimes, section
207, subdivision (a), as now, provided that ―[e]very person who forcibly . . . steals
or takes, . . . or arrests any person in this state, and carries the person into another
. . . part of the same county, is guilty of kidnapping.‖ (§ 207, subd. (a), as
amended by Stats. 1990, ch. 55, § 1, p. 393.)
     The mental state required for felony murder is ―the specific intent to commit
the underlying felony‖ (People v. Gutierrez (2002) 28 Cal. 4th 1083, 1140), and
― ‗the evidence must establish that the defendant harbored the felonious intent
either prior to or during the commission of the acts which resulted in the victim‘s
death.‘ ‖ (People v. Ainsworth (1988) 45 Cal. 3d 984, 1016.) First degree felony
murder does not require proof of a strict causal or temporal relationship between
the felony and the killing. (Ibid.) Rather, a killing has been ―committed in the
perpetration of‖ the underlying felony within the meaning of section 189 ―if the
killing and the felony are parts of one continuous transaction.‖ (Ainsworth, at p.
1016; accord, People v. Booker, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 175.)
     The evidence showed that defendant formed an intent to kidnap Kerr prior to
committing the acts that caused her death. Kerr was last seen alive at 1:15 a.m.
when she left Mark Harvey‘s house to drive home to her apartment. Defendant
had told his plumbing assistant Heiserman that he confronted and strangled Kerr
when she got to her car and that when she ―was out,‖ he put her in the backseat.
But Kerr‘s burning vehicle and charred body were not discovered until three hours

                                           66
later, at the bottom of an embankment near a freeway off-ramp that was a 15 to
20-minute drive from Harvey‘s residence. From this evidence, a jury could
reasonably have inferred that defendant formed the intent to kidnap Kerr after
rendering her unconscious, and that he set her and her car on fire only after having
formed that intent. We conclude there is substantial evidence from which a
reasonable trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant
formed the intent to commit kidnapping before killing Kerr, and that he committed
both crimes as part of a continuous transaction.7
     Defendant argues that his belief he had killed Kerr at her apartment precludes
a finding that moving her from the apartment to the location where her charred
body was discovered constituted a kidnapping. (See People v. Hillhouse (2002)
27 Cal. 4th 469, 498 [kidnapping requires a living victim].) As previously
discussed, however (see ante, at p. 65), the record discloses substantial evidence
from which a reasonable trier of fact could have rejected that scenario and found
instead that defendant incapacitated Kerr after confronting her at her car as she
was leaving Harvey‘s house, and that he knew Kerr was still alive, albeit
unconscious, when he placed her in the back of her car and eventually drove to the
off-ramp embankment where he set her and her car on fire.
     We likewise reject defendant‘s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the kidnapping-murder special-circumstance finding. The prosecution
alleged that Kerr‘s murder was committed while defendant was engaged in the
commission of kidnapping. (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(B).) To prove that special

7       We reject defendant‘s further argument that the first degree murder verdict
based on a theory of murder perpetrated in the commission of kidnapping was
infected by prejudicial instructional error, as discussed more fully post, at page 75
et seq.

                                         67
circumstance allegation at the time the present crimes occurred, the prosecutor had
to show ―that the defendant had an independent purpose for the commission of the
felony, that is, the commission of the felony was not merely incidental to an
intended murder.‖ 8 (People v. Mendoza (2000) 24 Cal. 4th 130, 182; see also
People v. Raley (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 870, 902 [inquiring whether the defendant had a
―purpose for the kidnapping apart from murder‖].)
     Defendant argues that, even were the jury to have rejected the defense theory
and found instead that he drove to the embankment of the freeway off-ramp to
murder Kerr, the only logical conclusion would be that the kidnapping was merely
incidental to the murder. We conclude that substantial evidence supports the
contrary conclusion.
     Here, the record discloses substantial evidence from which a jury could
reasonably infer that defendant had not yet decided Kerr‘s fate after incapacitating
her and moving her into the back of her own car. First, the evidence established
an hours-long gap between the time Kerr said goodbye to Harvey at around 1:15
a.m. to return to her apartment and the firefighters‘ discovery of her burning car
and charred body. Heiserman testified that defendant told him he had confronted
Kerr and strangled her into unconsciousness when she got to her car after leaving

8       Subsequent to the crimes in this case, voters approved the adoption of
section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17)(M), which did away with the independent
felonious purpose requirement for the kidnapping and the arson special
circumstances. That subdivision provides that ―[t]o prove the special
circumstances of kidnapping in subparagraph (B), or arson in subparagraph (H), if
there is specific intent to kill, it is only required that there be proof of the elements
of those felonies. If so established, those two special circumstances are proven
even if the felony of kidnapping or arson is committed primarily or solely for the
purpose of facilitating the murder.‖ (Ibid.; see People v. Brents, supra, 53 Cal.4th
at pp. 608-609, fn. 4.)

                                           68
Harvey‘s house. But it was not until three hours later that firefighters arrived at
the scene of Kerr‘s intensely burning car.
       In addition to evidence of the three-hour time gap, there was substantial
evidence regarding the complicated relationship between defendant and Kerr from
which a reasonable jury could infer that defendant was conflicted regarding what
to do with Kerr after he had strangled her. By all accounts, their year-long affair
was tumultuous and consuming. Defendant conveyed to others that he was in love
with Kerr and wanted to marry her, and described their relationship as ―perfect.‖
The evidence showed that defendant was upset and frustrated by Kerr‘s decision to
try to reconcile with her husband. But even shortly before the murder, defendant
continued to profess his love for Kerr and his desire for her to leave her husband
and start a family with him. Moreover, although he suspected that Kerr was
―screwing him around,‖ defendant nonetheless rented an apartment for her after
she left her husband, signing the rental agreement as ―Donald Brooks and Lisa
Brooks.‖
       The record further showed that defendant had grown increasingly obsessed
with Kerr and ―tormented by thoughts‖ of her. It is during this period that
defendant made remarks to the effect that he wanted to burn or blow up Kerr‘s car.
Although the prosecutor used such statements to support his theory of
premeditated murder, a reasonable jury could also have inferred from this
evidence that defendant‘s mental and emotional state was highly unstable close in
time to the crimes. Evidence of defendant‘s complicated relationship with Kerr,
when coupled with evidence of his fragile mental and emotional state, raised a
reasonable inference that defendant was conflicted, confused, and possibly in a
state of panic after rendering Kerr unconscious, and that he decided her fate only
after having placed her on the floorboard of her car and driven off. Indeed, the
arson investigator testified during cross-examination that defendant‘s initial

                                         69
attempt to light the car on fire — by stuffing a burning cloth into the gas tank‘s
filler neck — is a method that is rarely successful, and suggested that defendant
may not have been ―thinking clearly.‖
        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury‘s true finding
on the kidnapping-murder special-circumstance allegation as we must, we
conclude that substantial evidence supports the conclusion that the kidnapping was
not merely incidental to the murder.

                c. First degree felony murder based on an arson-murder theory
      Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the first
degree murder conviction on a felony murder theory based on arson. We conclude
otherwise that substantial evidence supports that basis of first degree murder
liability.
      ―All murder . . . which is committed in the perpetration of, or attempt to
perpetrate, arson . . . is murder of the first degree.‖ (§ 189.) As previously
discussed, the mental state required for felony murder is ―the specific intent to
commit the underlying felony‖ (People v. Gutierrez, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 1140),
and ― ‗the evidence must establish that the defendant harbored the felonious intent
either prior to or during the commission of the acts which resulted in the victim‘s
death.‘ ‖ (People v. Ainsworth, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 1016.) A killing has been
―committed in the perpetration of the [underlying felony] if the killing and the
felony are parts of one continuous transaction.‖ (Ibid.)
      Defendant argues that his conviction for first degree felony murder based on
arson cannot stand because the arson was merely an afterthought to the killing.
Specifically, he asserts that the arson was for the purpose of concealing Kerr‘s
identity and destroying evidence connecting him to her killing. Defendant‘s
argument is premised on his view of the evidence, which is that he believed he had

                                          70
killed Kerr when he strangled her. However, as more fully discussed ante, at
page 65, there was substantial evidence from which a reasonable jury could
conclude that defendant knew Kerr was alive, albeit unconscious, at the time he
doused her and the interior of her car with accelerant and set the car on fire. And
although defendant may have intended to commit arson for the additional purpose
of concealing Kerr‘s identity and his role in her killing, we have observed that
concurrent intent to kill and to commit the target felony does not preclude a felony
murder theory of first degree murder. (People v. Gutierrez, supra, 28 Cal.4th at
p. 1141.) A jury reasonably could infer that the killing and the arson were ―parts of
one continuous transaction.‖ (People v. Ainsworth, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 1016.)

                d. First degree murder committed by means of torture and torture-
                    murder special-circumstance finding
     One of the prosecution‘s theories of first degree murder was murder
committed by means of torture. (§ 189.) To establish this theory of first degree
murder, the prosecution must prove ―(1) acts causing death that involve a high
degree of probability of the victim‘s death; and (2) a willful, deliberate, and
premeditated intent to cause extreme pain or suffering for the purpose of revenge,
extortion, persuasion, or for any other sadistic purpose.‖ (People v. Cook (2006)
39 Cal. 4th 566, 602.)
     The prosecution also alleged a torture-murder special circumstance under
section 190.2, subdivision (a)(18), which the jury found to be true. To prove that
special circumstance allegation, the prosecution had to establish that ―defendant
intended to kill and had a torturous intent, i.e., an intent to cause extreme pain or
suffering for the purpose of revenge, extortion, persuasion, or another sadistic
purpose.‖ (People v. Streeter, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 237.)
     For both first degree murder by means of torture and the torture-murder
special circumstance, the question of sufficiency is directed at evidence of the

                                          71
defendant‘s torturous intent. (People v. Hajek and Vo (2014) 58 Cal. 4th 1144,
1187; People v. Mincey (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 408, 433.) The perpetrator intends to ‗
―cause pain and suffering in addition to death,‖ ‘ and ‗ ―in the course, or as a result
of inflicting pain and suffering, the victim dies.‖ ‘ [Citation.]‖ (People v. Edwards
(2013) 57 Cal. 4th 658, 716.)
     An intent to cause extreme pain or suffering ― ‗may be inferred from the
circumstances of the crime, the nature of the killing, and the condition of the
victim‘s body.‘ ‖ (People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 1158, 1213-1214.)
Considering these factors, we conclude that there was substantial evidence in the
record from which a reasonable jury could have inferred that defendant intended to
cause Kerr extreme pain and suffering for the purpose of revenge, thus supporting
a verdict of murder committed by means of torture and the true finding on the
torture-murder special-circumstance allegation.
       Defendant‘s intent to cause extreme pain in order to exact revenge is shown
by evidence regarding the circumstances preceding the killing. Several months
before Kerr‘s death, defendant had become increasingly jealous and possessive of
Kerr, and he was angry and upset that she wanted to reconcile with her husband.
On one or more occasions during this time, defendant indicated to his plumbing
assistant that he wanted to get Kerr ―off his mind‖ by blowing up her car or setting
it on fire. The evidence also suggested that defendant had come to believe that
Kerr was using him for financial support, and he also began to suspect that she
was having a sexual relationship with fellow AA member Mark Harvey.
       The record further showed that, driven by his suspicions, defendant had
planted a listening device in Kerr‘s apartment and began following her to her work
and home. Then, on March 24, 1999, after having become even more obsessed
with Kerr, defendant crawled under Harvey‘s house to listen as Harvey and Kerr
talked into the early morning hours. Defendant believed he heard them having

                                          72
sex, and he may have overheard Kerr belittling him by referring to him as
―Squirrel Boy.‖ The record indicates that defendant then confronted Kerr, either
at her car as she was leaving Harvey‘s home or after she had returned to her own
apartment. Defendant strangled Kerr into unconsciousness, but he was aware that
she was not dead, and he placed her on her side on the floorboard between the
front and back seats of her own car.
         The nature of the killing and the condition of Kerr‘s body further show a
torturous intent. The record indicates that, once having decided Kerr‘s fate,
defendant either drove or pushed the car down the secluded embankment of a
freeway off-ramp. He then doused the car‘s interior and Kerr with a flammable
liquid, and ignited a fire by tossing a burning piece of rolled up paper onto the
driver‘s seat. The accelerant-induced fire burned quickly and intensely,
obliterating Kerr‘s hands, the lower portion of her legs, and her feet. As this court
has observed, ―[f]ire has historically been used as an instrument of torture and is
generally known to cause extreme pain.‖ (People v. Cole, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p.
1203.)
     In sum, a reasonable jury could infer from evidence of defendant‘s intense
possessiveness and all-consuming suspicions that Kerr was using him financially
and ―cheating‖ on him with Mark Harvey, coupled with his dousing her and her
car with accelerant and lighting them on fire, that defendant intended to inflict
severe pain on Kerr for the purpose of revenge.
     Defendant argues that he could not have intended to inflict extreme pain on
Kerr if he believed she was dead when he set the car on fire. As we have
previously explained, however, there is substantial evidence in the record from
which to infer that defendant knew Kerr was alive when he set the car on fire.
(See ante, p. 65.)

                                          73
     Referencing the medical examiner‘s conclusion that Kerr was most likely
unconscious when the fire was started, defendant asserts alternatively that, even if
he knew Kerr was alive, he would have known that she was unconscious when the
fire started, and therefore could not have harbored the intent to cause her to suffer.
     As defendant acknowledges, for purposes of murder by means of torture,
―there is no requirement that the victim be aware of the pain.‖ (People v. Cole,
supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1207; see id. at p. 1228 [awareness of pain is not an
element of the torture-murder special circumstance].) As our decisions have
explained, the torture-murder theory of first degree murder liability is premised on
the defendant‘s intent to cause pain to the victim, not on whether the victim
actually suffered pain. (People v. Wiley (1976) 18 Cal. 3d 162, 172-173.) From
this proposition we have observed that a defendant who, intending to inflict pain
and suffering, renders his victim unconscious at the outset of a homicidal attack
―may not assert the victim‘s condition as a fortuitous defense to his own
deplorable acts.‖ (Id. at p. 173.)
     Likewise here, the evidence that defendant had incapacitated Kerr by
rendering her unconscious before dousing her body with accelerant and setting her
car on fire does not foreclose the inference that defendant intended to cause her
extreme pain and suffering. That inference was amply supported by the evidence
recounted above.
     We conclude that the record contains substantial evidence from which to
infer that defendant intended to cause Kerr extreme pain and suffering for the
purpose of revenge, thus supporting a verdict of first degree murder based on
torture, and the torture-murder special-circumstance finding. We also reject
defendant‘s further assertion that the murder conviction and special circumstance
finding must be overturned because the definition of torture is unconstitutionally
vague. As defendant recognizes, this court has previously rejected the precise

                                          74
argument he advances here. (See People v. Chatman (2006) 38 Cal. 4th 344, 394-
395.) He provides no persuasive reason for this court to revisit the issue in his
case.

              8. Claims of instructional error at the guilt phase

                  a. Erroneous definition of asportation
        Defendant argues that the trial court‘s instruction explaining the elements of
the special circumstance allegation that defendant murdered the victim while
engaged in kidnapping stated an incorrect definition of the asportation
requirement. We agree with defendant that the court erred by instructing the jury
with a definition of asportation that was not in effect at the time of the crimes in
question. We conclude, however, that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt, and therefore does not require that either the kidnapping-murder special-
circumstance finding or the death sentence be set aside, as explained below.
        In connection with the kidnapping-murder special-circumstance allegation,
the jury was instructed under CALJIC No. 8.81.17. (1999 rev.) (6th ed. 1996) that
to establish the truth of the allegation, the prosecution must prove, in relevant part,
that ―[t]he murder was committed while the defendant was engaged in the
commission or attempted commission of kidnapping in violation of section 207 of
the Penal Code.‖ As noted, section 207, subdivision (a), defines the crime of
simple kidnapping and provides, in relevant part, that ―[e]very person who
forcibly . . . steals or takes, or holds, detains, or arrests any person in this state, and
carries the person . . . into another part of the same county is guilty of
kidnapping.‖ The statute does not refer to any particular distance the victim must
be moved. This court has long recognized, however, that the movement, or
asportation, of the victim must be ―substantial in character,‖ not slight or trivial

                                            75
(People v. Stanworth (1974) 11 Cal. 3d 588, 601), and juries were instructed
accordingly. (See CALJIC No. 9.50 (6th ed. 1996).)
     At the time defendant committed his crimes, in March 1999, the question
whether the movement of the victim was ―substantial in character‖ was
determined solely by the actual distance that the victim was moved. (People v.
Caudillo (1978) 21 Cal. 3d 562, 572-573.) Decisions applying Caudillo
established that 90 feet did not satisfy the element of asportation as a matter of law
(People v. Green, supra, 27 Cal.3d, at pp. 66-67), but that a movement of 200 feet
was sufficient (People v. Stender (1975) 47 Cal. App. 4th 413, 421-423).
     In April 1999, this court issued our decision in People v. Martinez (1999)
20 Cal. 4th 225, 236 (Martinez), which abandoned as ―ultimately unworkable‖
Caudillo‘s exclusive focus on the actual distance the victim was moved to
determine whether the movement was ―substantial in character.‖ Martinez
adopted in its place a ―totality of the circumstances‖ standard (id. at p. 237) that
took into account not simply the actual distance the victim was moved, but ―the
‗scope and nature‘ of the movement . . . , and any increased risk of harm‖ (id. at p.
236). The 1999 version of the standard instruction was revised accordingly.
     Defendant‘s trial was held in 2001 and the court instructed defendant‘s jury
with the 1999 revision of CALJIC No. 9.50. Like the former version of CALJIC
No. 9.50, the revised version told the jury in relevant part that ―[a] movement that
is only for a slight or trivial distance is not substantial in character.‖ The jury also
was told, however, pursuant to this revision, that ―in determining whether a
distance that is more than slight or trivial is substantial in character, you should
consider the totality of circumstances attending the movement, including, but not
limited to, the actual distance moved, or whether the movement increased the risk
of harm above that which existed prior to the movement or decreased the
likelihood of detection, or increased both the danger inherent in a victim‘s

                                           76
foreseeable attempt to escape and the attacker‘s enhanced opportunity to commit
additional crimes.‖ (See CALJIC No. 9.50 (1999 rev.) (6th ed. 1996).)
     We agree with defendant, and the People concede, that the court erred by
giving the 1999 version of CALJIC No. 9.50. Martinez expressly stated that
because its holding enlarged the reach of the kidnapping statute, the totality of the
circumstances standard for determining whether the movement of the victim was
substantial could not be applied retroactively to a defendant whose offense was
committed at the time Caudillo was the governing test. (Martinez, supra,
20 Cal.4th at p. 239.) Here, defendant committed the crimes against Kerr in
March 1999, one month before Martinez was issued. The court therefore should
have instructed the jurors with the version of the standard instruction on simple
kidnapping that preceded the revisions prompted by Martinez, which would have
focused their attention only on whether Kerr had been moved ―a substantial
distance . . . [that is] more than slight or trivial.‖
     Although we agree with defendant that the court erred by giving the jury the
revised 1999 version of CALJIC No. 9.50, which provided the jury with a more
expansive definition of asportation than the one in effect at the time of defendant‘s
crimes, we conclude that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
     ―Misdescription of an element of a charged offense is subject to harmless
error analysis and does not require reversal if the misdescription was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt.‖ (People v. Hagen (1998) 19 Cal. 4th 652, 670;
accord, People v. Harris (1994) 9 Cal. 4th 407, 424.) Notwithstanding defendant‘s
arguments to the contrary, we can say beyond a reasonable doubt that the
instructional error ―did not contribute to the verdict obtained.‖ (Chapman v.
California, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 24.)
     The court‘s instruction, although improperly expanding the factual basis on
which the jury could decide whether defendant committed simple kidnapping,

                                             77
nonetheless allowed the jury to consider all of the evidence relevant to the issue of
the actual distance Kerr was moved. (See People v. Hagen, supra, 19 Cal.4th at
p. 670.) The revised instruction given to defendant‘s jurors specifically directed
them to consider the ―actual distance‖ the victim was moved. Indeed, our decision
in Martinez contemplated that a jury instructed in accordance with its holding
could decide the asportation element solely on the basis of evidence of the actual
distance the victim was moved: ―While the jury may consider a victim‘s increased
risk of harm, it may convict of simple kidnapping without finding an increase in
harm, or any other contextual factors.‖ (Martinez, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 237.)
The instruction given here thus concerned, not the entirety of the definition of
asportation, but rather one of the theories under which the jury was told the
element of asportation could be established, a theory that was ― ‗not itself
necessary for the verdict.‘ ‖ (People v. Harris, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 430.)
Because the court‘s instruction on the post-Martinez theories of asportation
included actual distance, we presume, as we must, ―that the jury considered all
relevant evidence relating to [the actual distance the victim was moved].‖ (Harris,
at p. 431.)
     This court explained in People v. Harris, supra, 9 Cal. 4th 407, that in order
to conclude that an instructional error ― ‗did not contribute to the verdict‘ ‖ within
the meaning of Chapman (Harris, at p. 424) we must ― ‗find that error
unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered on the issue in
question, as revealed in the record‘ ‖ (id., at p. 430, quoting Yates v. Evatt (1991)
500 U.S. 391, italics omitted). Here, there was compelling, uncontroverted
evidence showing that the actual distance defendant moved Kerr was sufficient to
satisfy the asportation element of simple kidnapping as a matter of law. (See
People v. Caudillo, supra, 12 Cal.3d at p. 574, citing with approval People v.
Stender, supra, 47 Cal.App.3d at p. 423 [a movement of 200 feet is sufficient].)

                                          78
Evidence in the record showed two possible locations — either outside Mark
Harvey‘s home or at Kerr‘s apartment — where defendant rendered Kerr
unconscious and moved her into the back of her own car. It is true, as defendant
points out, that nothing in the record expressly indicated the precise number of feet
between either Harvey‘s or Kerr‘s residence and the Hollywood Freeway‘s Roscoe
Boulevard off-ramp where defendant ultimately set Kerr and the car on fire. The
police investigator testified, however, that to drive in the early morning hours from
those locations to the off-ramp would have taken 15 to 20 minutes, and five to 10
minutes, respectively. The substantial distance between Kerr‘s apartment and the
off-ramp was further shown by People‘s exhibit No. 12, an enlargement of a street
and freeway map on which the prosecutor had labeled both the location of Kerr‘s
residence and the off-ramp where her body was discovered. Also admitted into
evidence at trial was a coverage map showing the radio frequency range of
individual cellular telephone tower sites located in the San Fernando Valley, along
with testimony that different tower sites, rather than the same site, covered calls
placed or received from Kerr‘s apartment, Harvey‘s home, and the location where
Kerr‘s body was found.
     We note, moreover, that both the prosecutor and defense counsel argued to
the jury that defendant drove ―for hours‖ with Kerr in the car before arriving at the
off-ramp, the prosecutor asserting that defendant choked Kerr, placed her on the
floorboard, and drove around to avoid detection, and defense counsel arguing that
defendant drove around with Kerr‘s dead body in the backseat. Indeed, the
arguments of counsel suggested that the actual distance defendant moved Kerr was
even greater than the distance between the two possible locations where she was
incapacitated and the off-ramp where she was killed.
     Given the argument of counsel and the undisputed evidence presented to the
jury regarding the actual distance Kerr was moved, this jury could not possibly

                                         79
have found defendant guilty of committing arson near the freeway off-ramp where
Kerr‘s car and body were discovered without also finding that the actual distance
defendant moved Kerr after incapacitating her was substantial. We are convinced
by the record in this case that the instructional error was ―unimportant in relation
to everything else the jury considered on the [actual distance] issue.‖ (Yates v.
Evatt, supra, 500 U.S. at p. 403.) We therefore conclude, beyond a reasonable
doubt, that the court‘s error in giving a version of CALJIC No. 9.50 that was not
in effect at the time of defendant‘s crimes did not contribute to the true finding on
the kidnapping-murder special-circumstance allegation.

                b. Failure to instruct on mistake of fact
     Premised on the assertion that he mistakenly believed that Kerr was dead
when he placed her on the floorboard of her own car and drove off, defendant
argues that the kidnapping-murder special-circumstance finding must be vacated,
either because the court prejudicially erred by refusing defense counsel‘s request
to give a mistake of fact instruction for that allegation or because the court had a
duty to so instruct on its own motion and failed to do so. We agree with defendant
that a court has a sua sponte duty to instruct on a mistake of fact defense to
kidnapping when there is substantial evidence that the defendant mistakenly
believed the victim was dead at the time of the asportation. As explained below,
however, we conclude that there was no substantial evidence supporting
instruction on that defense in this case. Accordingly, we reject defendant‘s
argument that the court erred in failing to instruct the jury on mistake of fact.

                    1. Background
     After the close of evidence, but before the parties‘ closing arguments, the
court met with counsel to discuss jury instructions. The defense asked the court to

                                          80
instruct pursuant to CALJIC No. 4.35, regarding ignorance or mistake of fact.9
The court refused the mistake of fact instruction on the ground that the defense
might not make such an argument to the jury. However, the court also indicated
that its refusal to so instruct was without prejudice, and that defense counsel could
renew his request at the conclusion of closing remarks.
     After closing arguments, counsel again requested a mistake of fact
instruction. The court declined to give the requested instruction, agreeing with the
prosecutor that even if defendant mistakenly believed that he had killed Kerr by
strangling her, it would not have made any of his conduct after the strangulation
lawful. As the court remarked, ―The fact of the matter is he‘s driving around with
this body, and . . . he ultimately sets it on fire. There‘s nothing lawful about that.‖

                    2. Discussion
     As a threshold matter, the People argue that because defendant never asked
the court to give a mistake of fact instruction in connection with the kidnapping-
murder special-circumstance allegation, his claim that the court prejudicially erred
in failing to give the instruction with regard to that allegation is not properly
before this court. It is true that counsel repeatedly indicated to the court that the
requested instruction was directed to one of the prosecutor‘s theories of first
degree murder — that defendant harbored an intent to kill at the time he set the car
on fire — and that counsel never mentioned the kidnapping-murder special-
circumstance allegation in his request for instruction. The forfeiture rule is

9       The requested instruction would have informed the jury that ―[a]n act
committed or an omission made in ignorance or by reason of a mistake of fact
which disproves any criminal intent is not a crime. [¶] Thus a person is not guilty
of a crime if he commits an act or omits to act under an honest belief in the
existence of certain facts and circumstances which, if true, would make such act or
omission lawful.‖ (See CALJIC No. 4.35 (6th ed. 1996).)

                                          81
inapplicable to the claim defendant raises here, however. As we explain below, if
there was substantial evidence suggesting defendant believed he had killed Kerr
when he strangled her and then placed her on the back floorboard of her car, the
court would have been obligated to instruct on that defense to the kidnapping-
murder special-circumstance allegation notwithstanding counsel‘s failure to ask
the court to do so.
      ― ‗It is settled that in criminal cases, even in the absence of a request, a trial
court must instruct on general principles of law relevant to the issues raised by the
evidence‘ ‖ and ― ‗necessary for the jury‘s understanding of the case.‘ ‖ (People v.
Diaz (2015) 60 Cal. 4th 1176, 1189; accord, People v. Sedeno (1974) 10 Cal. 3d
703, 715.) It is also well settled that this duty to instruct extends to defenses ―if it
appears . . . the defendant is relying on such a defense, or if there is substantial
evidence supportive of such a defense and the defense is not inconsistent with the
defendant‘s theory of the case.‖ (People v. Sedeno, at p. 716; accord, People v.
Salas (2006) 37 Cal. 4th 967, 982; People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 342, 424.)
       We conclude that defendant‘s claim of instructional error comes within the
analytical rubric of People v. Mayberry (1975) 15 Cal. 3d 143, and therefore
implicates the rule that the court must instruct on any affirmative defense on
which the defendant is relying, or which is supported by substantial evidence and
is not inconsistent with the defendant‘s theory of the case. Mayberry involved a
prosecution against two brothers, one of whom was charged with kidnapping and
rape, among other crimes. At trial, the victim testified that she did not consent to
accompany the defendant from a grocery store to his apartment and did not
consent to sexual intercourse. She also indicated that she had ― ‗put on an act‘ ‖ to
try ― ‗to fool‘ ‖ the defendant. (Id. at p. 148.) The defendant testified that the
victim willingly walked to his home from the grocery store and agreed to sexual
intercourse. (Id. at p. 149.) The trial court refused the defendant‘s request for a

                                           82
mistake of fact instruction to the effect that the defendant must be acquitted of
kidnapping and rape if he reasonably and honestly believed that the victim
consented to accompany him to his apartment and engage in sexual intercourse.
The defendant was convicted of kidnapping and rape, but this court concluded the
court‘s refusal to give the instruction was prejudicial error and reversed the
convictions. (Id. at pp. 153-158.)
       In assessing the defendant‘s claim of error, Mayberry first looked to Penal
Code section 26, which provides that a person committing a charged act or
omission under a mistake of fact that disproves any criminal intent is not
criminally liable for that offense. (§ 26, par. Three.) As Mayberry explained, the
word ― ‗intent‘ ‖ means ― ‗wrongful intent,‘ ‖ and the requirement of a union of
act and wrongful intent is a necessary element in nearly every crime, including the
crimes of kidnapping and rape. (Mayberry, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 154; see id. at
pp. 155-156.) Relying on the requisite union of act and wrongful intent, and
decisions finding a mistake of fact defense available for crimes such as unlawful
sexual intercourse and bigamy, Mayberry held that ―if a defendant entertains a
reasonable and bona fide belief that [the alleged victim] voluntarily consented to
accompany [the defendant] and to engage in sexual intercourse, it is apparent he
does not possess the wrongful intent that is a prerequisite [to a conviction of either
kidnapping or rape].‖ (Id. at p. 155.) If believed by the fact finder, a defendant‘s
honest and reasonable, albeit mistaken, belief in the victim‘s consent is a complete
defense to a charge of kidnapping or rape. (Ibid.; see also People v. Isitt (1976)
55 Cal. App. 3d 23, 28.)
       Defendant‘s argument on appeal is that his belief he had killed Kerr when
he strangled her meant he did not commit a kidnapping for purposes of the special
circumstance allegation because a movement of the victim is a required element of
kidnapping, and the victim must be alive to be kidnapped. The asserted mistaken

                                          83
belief here is analogous to that at issue in Mayberry: If the victim is dead, she
cannot give or withhold her consent to the movement. In People v. Hillhouse,
supra, 27 Cal.4th at page 499, this court held that, like the crime of rape,
kidnapping requires a live victim. For this proposition Hillhouse cited People v.
Kelly (1992) 1 Cal. 4th 495, 524, which explained that the crime of rape requires a
live victim because rape is an act of intercourse against a person‘s will and a dead
body cannot consent to, or protest against, the intercourse.
     Defendant‘s challenge to the court‘s failure to instruct on a mistake of fact
defense therefore implicates the court‘s duty to instruct on its own motion either
when the defense is relying on that theory at trial, or when there is substantial
evidence to support the defense and it is not inconsistent with the defense theory
of the case. Nonetheless, for the reasons that follow, we conclude that the court in
this case did not have a duty to instruct on its own motion on a mistake-of-fact
defense to the kidnapping-murder special-circumstance allegation.
       First, defendant was not relying on a mistake-of-fact defense at trial, and
such a defense was arguably inconsistent with the defense he did present to the
jury. The defense theory was not that Kerr was alive but defendant honestly and
reasonably believed that she was dead. Rather, it was that defendant had
confronted, strangled, and actually killed Kerr ―on the spur of the moment‖ and in
the heat of passion, either outside Harvey‘s home or at Kerr‘s apartment. Notably,
counsel vigorously refuted the medical examiner‘s opinion that Kerr was alive at
the time of the fire, arguing to the jury that it was ―just an opinion,‖ and recalling
the examiner‘s testimony during cross-examination that strangulation ―may have
been a cause of death.‖ (Cf. People v. Dominguez (2006) 39 Cal. 4th 1141, 1148
[no Mayberry instruction was required, in part, because the defendant‘s defense at
trial was that the victim had consented to sexual intercourse, not that he reasonably
and honestly believed she had consented].)

                                          84
       Nor was there substantial evidence that defendant honestly and reasonably
believed he had killed Kerr when he strangled her. Substantial evidence
supporting sua sponte instruction on a particular defense is evidence that is
―sufficient to ‗deserve consideration by the jury, i.e., ―evidence from which a jury
composed of reasonable [persons] could have concluded‖ ‘ ‖ that the particular
facts underlying the instruction did exist. (People v. Wickersham (1982) 32 Cal. 3d
307, 325; People v. Flannel (1979) 25 Cal. 3d 668, 684–685, fn. 12.) Defendant
did not testify at trial, so there is no direct evidence that he honestly and
reasonably believed he had killed Kerr when he strangled her. And, contrary to
defendant‘s argument, testimony by his Colorado roommate Jayne and his
plumbing assistant Heiserman did not suggest any such a belief. Jayne testified
that when defendant explained to him that he had ―gotten in trouble‖ in California
for strangling his girlfriend, he held his hands in a C-shape and said, ―Well, I‘m
going to go to jail for assault anyway, so I might as well kill her.‖ This testimony
indicates only that defendant intended to kill Kerr; it says nothing about the timing
of that killing.
       Heiserman‘s testimony likewise does not support a mistake of fact defense
instruction. According to that witness, after defendant had been extradited, he told
Heiserman that he had ―confronted [Kerr] when she got to her car as she was
leaving, strangled her, she was out, put her in the back seat.‖ The words ―she was
out‖ do not raise the inference that defendant thought he had killed Kerr, only that
he had rendered her unconscious.
       Defendant maintains that it could be inferred he would not have known
Kerr was alive but unconscious while being transported in the back of the car
because defendant would not have been able to see her breathing. Such evidence
does not trigger the court‘s duty to instruct on a mistake-of-fact defense, however.
The inference it raises, that defendant would not have known Kerr was alive,

                                           85
provides no basis on which the jury could have concluded that defendant
reasonably believed he had killed Kerr at the time he strangled her.
       For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the court had no sua sponte
duty to instruct on a mistake-of-fact defense in connection with the kidnapping-
murder special-circumstance allegation. Because the defense did not request such
an instruction for that allegation, the court did not err in failing to give one.

                c. Failure to cross-reference the definitions of arson and
                    kidnapping
     The jury was instructed that the predicate crimes for the felony-murder
theory of first degree murder were arson and kidnapping. Defendant argues that
the murder conviction must be reversed because the court failed to instruct that the
definitions of arson and kidnapping given in connection with the count charging
arson causing great bodily injury and the kidnapping-murder special-circumstance
allegation, respectively, also applied to the felony-murder theory of first degree
murder. Defendant did not ask the court to clarify for the jury that the definitions
of arson and kidnapping in those instructions also applied to the felony-murder
instructions. He therefore has forfeited his claim of error. (People v. Kelly (2007)
42 Cal. 4th 763, 790.) His claim lacks merit in any event.
     Defendant argues there was nothing in the wording of the arson instruction or
the kidnapping-murder special-circumstance instruction that would have conveyed
to the jury that the definitions of arson and kidnapping in those instructions also
applied to the felony-murder instruction. We conclude to the contrary that, in light
of the instructions as a whole, there is no reasonable likelihood that the jury would
have used an erroneous definition of arson or kidnapping when considering the
felony-murder theory of first degree murder. The court referred to ―arson‖ and
―kidnapping‖ in both the felony-murder instructions and in the instructions that
included the definitions of those crimes. There was no suggestion that those terms

                                           86
meant one thing in connection with the arson charge and the kidnapping-murder
special-circumstance allegation and something different, and undefined, with
respect to felony murder. Indeed, were the jurors to have believed that different
definitions might apply, we would expect them to seek clarification. On similar
grounds, this court concluded in People v. Kelly, supra, 42 Cal.4th at page 790,
that there was no reasonable likelihood the jury in that case would have
understood that the definition of ―rape‖ and ―robbery‖ given in the instructions
regarding the special circumstance allegations applied only to those allegations,
and that some other definition of those crimes applied for purposes of first degree
murder based on a felony-murder theory.
     Defendant asserts that the jury received ―conflicting‖ instructions regarding
the mental state required for arson, a general intent crime, because the felony-
murder instruction told the jury that a killing committed during arson is first
degree murder ―when the perpetrator had the specific intent to commit that crime.‖
His argument is beside the point. The instruction on arson correctly informed the
jury that to establish the elements of arson causing great bodily injury in violation
of section 451, subdivision (a), the prosecutor must prove (1) that ―a person set
fire to or burned or caused to be burned property,‖ (2) ―the fire was set or burning
was done willfully and maliciously,‖ and (3) ―the fire caused great bodily injury to
another.‖ The definition of arson created no inconsistency with the felony-murder
instructions and would not have confused the jury.

               d. Failure to instruct on assault as a lesser offense of torture
                   murder
     Defendant contends that his conviction for murder perpetrated by torture
must be reversed and the torture-murder special-circumstance finding vacated
because the court failed to instruct the jury sua sponte on the crime of assault by

                                         87
means of force likely to cause great bodily injury (§ 245, subd. (a)(a)(1)), as a
lesser offense of torture. We reject his claim of error.
     Defendant acknowledges that he was not separately charged with the crime
of torture. He also acknowledges that this court has long held that a court‘s sua
sponte duty to instruct on lesser included offenses does not extend to an uncharged
offense supporting a special circumstance allegation, or a charge of first degree
felony murder. (See, e.g., People v. Valdez (2004) 32 Cal. 4th 73, 110-111 [when
robbery is not a charged offense but rather forms the basis of a felony-murder
charge and a robbery-murder special-circumstance allegation, the court has no sua
sponte duty to instruct on theft as a lesser offense to robbery]; accord, People v.
Combs (2004) 34 Cal. 4th 821, 856 [same].)
     We express no view regarding whether assault by means of force likely to
cause great bodily injury is included within the crime of torture. (Cf. People v.
Hamlin (2009) 170 Cal. App. 4th 1412, 1456 [holding that it is not].) But even
assuming for argument that this form of assault is a lesser included offense of
torture, under our precedent, the court had no duty to give an assault instruction
here because defendant was not separately charged with the crime of torture.
Defendant makes no attempt to explain why the court must instruct on a lesser
included offense of torture in connection with a charge of first degree torture
murder or a torture-murder special-circumstance allegation, but not on a lesser
included offense of the felony on which a charge of felony murder or a felony-
murder special-circumstance allegation is predicated. Nor does he present any
grounds for reconsidering our prior pronouncements on the subject.

               e. Refusal to omit portion of CALJIC No. 2.71 directing jurors to
                   “view with caution” defendant’s out-of-court admissions
     Over defense objection, the court instructed the jury pursuant to CALJIC No.
2.71 that defendant‘s out-of-court admissions ―should be viewed with caution.‖

                                          88
Defendant claims the court erred by refusing defense counsel‘s request to omit that
portion of the standard instruction. We conclude that even if the court should have
granted counsel‘s request, any error was harmless, as explained below.
     During its discussion with the attorneys regarding jury instructions, the court
stated its intention to give CALJIC No. 2.71, concerning a defendant‘s out-of-
court admissions. The prosecutor expressed the view that the standard instruction
was applicable, but defense counsel objected to the final paragraph, which stated
that ―[e]vidence of an oral admission of the defendant should be viewed with
caution.‖10 Counsel explained that evidence of defendant‘s out-of-court
statements to two prosecution witnesses — his plumbing assistant Heiserman and
his Colorado roommate Jayne — supported the defense theory that defendant
killed Kerr in the heat of passion. Counsel complained that the instruction, if not
modified as requested, would permit the prosecutor to urge the jury to view this
evidence with caution.
     After hearing argument from the prosecutor, and without further explanation,
the court ruled it would give CALJIC No. 2.71 in its entirety, impliedly agreeing
with the prosecutor that the out-of-court statements could be considered for
whatever relevant purpose was being asserted by the parties. The jury was
instructed accordingly.

10      At the time of defendant‘s trial, CALJIC No. 2.71 (6th ed. 1996) provided
that ―[a]n admission is a statement made by [a] [the] defendant which does not by
itself acknowledge [his] [her] guilt of the crimes for which the defendant is on
trial, but which statement tends to prove [his] [her] guilt when considered with the
rest of the evidence. [¶] You are the exclusive judges as to whether the defendant
made an admission, and if so, whether that statement is true in whole or in part.
[¶] [Evidence of an oral admission of [a] [the] defendant not made in court should
be viewed with caution.]‖

                                         89
     At the time of defendant‘s trial in 2001, the court had a duty to advise the
jury, on its own motion, to view with caution any out-of-court admissions by a
defendant. (People v. Carpenter (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 312, 392-393.) In People v.
Vega (1990) 220 Cal. App. 3d 310, the appellate court rejected the defendant‘s
argument that the trial judge should have modified the cautionary instruction in
that case, a prosecution for robbery and vehicle theft. The Court of Appeal
observed that the evidence showed defendant admitted to police that he took the
vehicle but only temporarily, for an emergency. The appellate court also observed
that ―it is not uncommon that a single statement may tend to prove guilt or
innocence, depending upon the state of the remaining evidence and the issue for
which it is being considered.‖ (Id. at pp. 317-318.) But the Court of Appeal
declined to require modification of the standard instruction in such circumstances,
concluding instead that a jury would understand that it must view with caution an
―admission,‖ that is, a statement tending to prove guilt, and would not view with
caution statements that are exculpatory to the extent they tended to eliminate or
reduce the defendant‘s criminal liability. (Ibid.)
     The Court of Appeal in People v. Senior (1992) 3 Cal. App. 4th 765, applied
the reasoning of Vega to resolve the defendant‘s claim that the court erred in
instructing the jury with CALJIC No. 2.71 to view with caution his extrajudicial
statements. The defendant in that case had been charged with numerous counts of
molesting his daughter by force or duress. The evidence at trial showed that the
defendant had admitted the molestation to several people, including his wife, a
member of the clergy, and a police officer, but that he did not admit using force or
duress, which was the key issue at trial. (Senior, at pp. 769, 771, 773.) Defense
counsel highlighted those statements during closing remarks to urge that jurors
find the defendant had committed a lesser crime, but the jury found him guilty as
charged. In rejecting the defendant‘s argument that the instruction caused the jury

                                         90
to view with caution the statements on which his defense relied, the appellate court
observed that although the defendant‘s statements tended to prove his guilt of a
sex crime, they also tended to prove he did not commit that crime with force or
duress, which served to exculpate the defendant. The jury would have understood
the instruction to apply only to statements proving guilt, and not to exculpatory
statements. (Id. at p. 777.)
     As summarized above, case law at the time of defendant‘s trial fully
supported the trial court‘s refusal to modify CALJIC No. 2.71. Recently,
however, this court reassessed the propriety of requiring trial courts to give the
cautionary instruction in the absence of a defense request. In People v. Diaz
(2015) 60 Cal. 4th 1176 (Diaz), we concluded that, in light of several statutory
developments occurring after this court first declared a sua sponte duty to direct
jurors to view a defendant‘s out-of-court admissions with caution, the trial court is
no longer obligated to give this cautionary instruction unless requested by the
defense. (Id. at p. 1189.) In reaching that conclusion, we acknowledged the
reasoning in Vega, that the jury would understand the standard instruction to mean
it should view with caution only the statements that incriminate the defendant.
(Diaz, at p. 1192.) We observed, however, that a defendant ―might prefer not to
rely on the jury‘s ability to discriminate between those incriminating admissions it
should view with special caution and those exculpatory statements that are not
subject to the instruction.‖ (Id. at p. 1193.) We observed furthermore that a
defendant may ―wish to avoid any risk that the jury might apply the cautionary
instruction to portions of the statements that he or she wanted the jury to accept.‖
(Ibid.) Accordingly, we concluded that the defense should be allowed to make the
tactical decision whether to request the instruction. (Ibid.) In the present matter,
the record plainly shows that defense counsel was concerned that the jury would
view with caution the statements supporting the defense theory that defendant

                                         91
killed Kerr in the heat of passion, and would not have requested the court to give
CALJIC No. 2.71.
     Notably, we did not decide in Diaz whether we must retroactively apply the
new rule eliminating the trial court‘s duty to instruct the jury on its own motion to
view with caution a defendant‘s out-of-court admissions, because the court‘s
failure to give the instruction in that case was harmless. (Diaz, supra, 60 Cal.4th
at p. 1195 [applying the standard for reviewing state law error established in
People v. Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at pp. 835-836].) Likewise here, we need not
decide whether Diaz governs the court‘s ruling in the present matter: Even if the
court erred in giving the cautionary instruction over defense objection, it is not
reasonably probable that the jury would have reached a result more favorable to
defendant had it not been instructed to view with caution defendant‘s out-of-court
admissions.
     This court has explained that the purpose of the cautionary instruction is to
assist the jury in determining whether the defendant actually made the statement
attributed to him. (People v. Pensinger (1991) 52 Cal. 3d 1210, 1268; People v.
Beagle (1972) 6 Cal. 3d 441, 456.) We can conclude from the verdict of guilt on
the first degree murder charge that the jury believed defendant had made the out-
of-court statements attributed to him, including those that supported his heat of
passion defense. Indeed, defense counsel strenuously urged the jury to accept the
testimony relating defendant‘s statements to Heiserman and Jayne that he
suspected Kerr was cheating on him. He emphasized furthermore defendant‘s
statements to those two witnesses that he followed Kerr to Harvey‘s house and hid
in the crawl space where he overheard Kerr and Harvey having sex and belittling
his father, and that he ―just couldn‘t take it.‖
     Counsel did point out one discrepancy between the testimony of Heiserman
and Jayne, arguing that Heiserman‘s testimony relating defendant‘s statement that

                                           92
he had confronted and strangled Kerr when she left Harvey‘s house ―makes more
sense.‖ Other than questioning Jayne‘s recollection that defendant said he
strangled Kerr at her apartment, however, counsel did not dispute that defendant
made any of the statements attributed to him by Heiserman and Jayne. Counsel
argued rather that those statements were fully consistent with the defense theory
that defendant killed Kerr in the heat of passion. In light of the record in this case,
the jurors would not have disbelieved defendant actually made the statements
attributed to him. Instead, they apparently disagreed with the defense that this
evidence showed he killed Kerr in the heat of passion rather than with
premeditation and deliberation, or in the perpetration of kidnapping or arson. We
therefore conclude that even had the court modified CALJIC No. 2.71 in
accordance with defense counsel‘s request, there is no reasonable probability that
the jury would have returned a verdict more favorable to defendant on the murder
count.

                f. Instruction regarding the “acquittal first” rule
     With regard to count 1, defendant‘s jury was instructed on first degree
murder and the lesser offenses of second degree murder and voluntary
manslaughter based on heat of passion. In connection with those options, and over
defense objection, the court instructed with CALJIC No. 8.75, which told the
jurors in relevant part that the court could not accept a verdict of guilt of second
degree murder unless the jury unanimously found defendant not guilty of murder
in the first degree, or a verdict of guilt of voluntary manslaughter unless the jury
unanimously found defendant not guilty of first degree and second degree murder.
     Defendant argues that the court‘s instruction regarding the so-called acquittal
first rule violated his federal constitutional rights to due process, jury trial, and the
prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, and their California

                                           93
constitutional counterparts, because it coerced a verdict in favor of conviction of
first degree murder by precluding the jury from considering his guilt of the lesser
offenses.
     CALJIC No. 8.75 directs the order in which the jury is permitted to return its
verdicts when deciding a defendant‘s guilt of a charged offense and lesser
included offenses, a procedure approved by this court in Stone v. Superior Court
(1982) 31 Cal. 3d 503, 519-520, as defendant acknowledges. The standard
instruction also reflects the holding of People v. Kurtzman (1988) 46 Cal. 3d 322,
329-331, which held that the jury has discretion to consider the lesser offenses
before reaching unanimous agreement on the greater offense. This court has
repeatedly upheld the validity of the acquittal first instruction against challenges
similar to those defendant raises here. (People v. Sattiewhite (2014) 59 Cal. 4th
446, 479-480; People v. Nakahara (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 705, 715; People v. Fields
(1996) 13 Cal. 4th 289, 309-311.)
     Defendant asserts nonetheless that the procedure set forth in CALJIC
No. 8.75 has been criticized for prejudicing defendants, and he invites this court to
abandon our acquittal first rule in favor of the ―reasonable efforts‖ rule adopted by
the Arizona Supreme Court in State v. LeBlanc (Ariz. 1996) 924 P.2d 441.
Arizona‘s high court concluded in LeBlanc that to better serve the interests of
justice and the parties, a jury need only use ―reasonable efforts‖ to reach
agreement on whether to acquit or convict on the charged offense before
beginning to discuss and consider the lesser offense. (Id. at p. 442.)
     We decline defendant‘s invitation to replace California‘s acquittal first rule
with the ―reasonable efforts‖ procedure adopted in LeBlanc. This court previously
has concluded that our acquittal first procedure, which permits the jury to consider
the lesser offenses before reaching agreement on the charged offense, protects
both ―the defendant‘s interest in not improperly restricting the jury‘s deliberations

                                          94
and the People‘s interest in requiring the jury to grapple with the prospect of
defendant‘s guilt of the greatest offense charged.‖ (People v. Kurtzman, supra,
46 Cal.3d at p. 334; see People v. Fields, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 304 [the acquittal
first rule represents ―an appropriate balancing of interests‖].) In reaching that
conclusion, this court was well aware of the reasoning in decisions from
jurisdictions that had adopted a rule permitting jurors to consider a lesser offense
if they were unable to agree on the greater offense. (Kurtzman, at pp. 333-334 &
fn. 10.) Nothing in LeBlanc or the decisions of other jurisdictions that have issued
after Kurtzman convinces us that the balancing of interests reflected in our
acquittal first rule is in need of recalibration.

                g. Absence of instruction requiring the jury to unanimously agree
                    on the theory of first degree murder
     Among the theories the prosecutor advanced in support of a verdict of guilt
on the count charging first degree murder were premeditated and deliberate
murder, and murder during the commission of kidnapping and arson. The jury
was instructed accordingly. Defendant claims he was deprived of various
constitutional rights by the court‘s failure to also instruct the jury that it must
unanimously agree whether defendant was guilty of murder based on
premeditation and deliberation, or on the felony-murder doctrine. As defendant
acknowledges, this court has repeatedly rejected the precise arguments he raises
here. (People v. Moore (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 386, 413; People v. Taylor (2010)
48 Cal. 4th 574, 626; People v. Morgan (2007) 42 Cal. 4th 593, 616-617.) He
presents no persuasive grounds for reconsidering this court‘s prior
pronouncements on the issue.

            9. Cumulative effect of the asserted errors at the guilt phase
     Defendant argues that the judgment must be reversed because the cumulative
effect of the trial court‘s asserted evidentiary and instructional errors at the guilt

                                            95
phase deprived him of his state and federal constitutional rights to due process and
a fair trial. We have rejected all of defendant‘s claims of evidentiary and
instructional error with the exception of five such claims. As to those claims, we
found, or assumed, error that did not prejudice defendant. (See ante, pp. 37, 44,
53-54, 75-80, 92-93.) Whether considered individually or cumulatively, these
errors do not warrant reversal of the judgment.

       B. Penalty Phase Issues

           1. Court’s directive to continue deliberations after the jury announced
               a deadlock
     Defendant asserts that his death sentence must be vacated because the court
erred in numerous respects by directing the jury to continue deliberations after
having been informed of a deadlock on penalty. For the reasons explained below,
we conclude that the court neither erred under state law, nor violated any of
defendant‘s state or federal constitutional rights.

                a. Background

                    1. Note regarding possible juror misconduct and oral
                        communication reporting jury deadlock
     The jury began penalty phase deliberations at 3:20 p.m. on June 19, 2001,
and recessed for the day at 4:00 p.m. The next day, the jury began deliberating at
9:10 a.m. Before the lunch break, the foreperson gave the bailiff a note for the
court in which he complained that two jurors had ―lied‖ about their death penalty
views and never intended to vote for death.
     Outside the jury‘s presence, the court shared the note with counsel for both
sides, commenting that it raised serious concerns. The court also informed
counsel that there had been an additional, unsolicited oral communication by the
foreperson. The bailiff reported that the foreperson told him the jury was
deadlocked, and provided a numerical division. Both the prosecutor and defense

                                          96
counsel suggested that the court conduct a general inquiry regarding the deadlock,
without singling out the two jurors referenced in the foreperson‘s note.

                    2. The court’s initial inquiry regarding deadlock
     Adopting the parties‘ suggestion, the court called the jury into the courtroom
and began its inquiry with the foreperson. Responding to the court‘s questions,
the foreperson first indicated that he felt the jury was hopelessly deadlocked and
that there was nothing the court could do such as providing additional jury
instructions or rereading testimony that might assist the jury in reaching a
decision. The court also elicited from the foreperson that the jury had taken three
votes and that the most recent division was seven to four to one. The court then
individually polled the remaining jurors, each of whom indicated that he or she
agreed with the foreperson that the jury was deadlocked and that further
deliberations would not result in a verdict.
     The court held a sidebar conference to discuss the significance of the
numerical division in the jury‘s most recent vote, commenting that any deadlock
could not be attributed to the two jurors mentioned in the foreperson‘s note. The
court also indicated its intention to conduct further questioning, including inquiry
into the numerical breakdown of the juror‘s prior ballots, to determine whether the
―one‖ vote meant a juror was sabotaging the deliberation process by abstaining
from voting. In the presence of the jury, the court elicited from the foreperson that
the juror in question was undecided, not refusing to vote. In response to the
court‘s inquiry, the foreperson also indicated that the numerical breakdown of the
second ballot was nine to two to one, and that, in the first ballot, the jury was
divided eight to three to one.
     Again at a sidebar conference, the court observed that the ―trend is moving
away from unanimity,‖ but indicated it intended to direct the jury to continue

                                          97
deliberating. Defense counsel objected, pointing out that all 12 jurors said they
were hopelessly deadlocked. Counsel also voiced his concern that the jurors
might interpret the court‘s directive to continue deliberations to mean they should
change their votes and reach a verdict. Counsel asked the court to declare a
mistrial as to the penalty phase or, alternatively, to expressly instruct the jurors
that, in ordering them to continue deliberations, the court was not asking them to
reach a verdict. After further discussion about the undecided juror, defense
counsel indicated that he had no objection to the prosecutor‘s suggestion to further
question the foreperson, who seemed to have hesitated when responding in the
negative to the court‘s inquiry whether there was anything the court or the parties
could do to assist the jury in its deliberations. At the same time, however, defense
counsel reiterated his concerns that the jury would misinterpret the court‘s
directive to resume deliberations as a command to reach agreement.

                     3. The court’s further inquiry into deadlock
     The court agreed to conduct further questioning and, at the outset, spoke to
the jury as a whole. Likely prompted by defense counsel‘s concerns, the court told
the jurors, ―Nothing that I say in asking any questions of you should be interpreted
in any way that I am looking for a certain decision from you or favoring a certain
decision from you. I am — I think if there‘s one thing we‘ve learned from the
beginning of this trial, that what I‘ve tried to do is be entirely fair to both sides, be
entirely neutral, be entirely objective. So nothing that I say now should be viewed
as being different from that approach that I have taken throughout. Okay?‖
     The court then called the foreperson to sidebar and questioned him regarding
his complaints that two jurors had misrepresented their views on the death penalty.
The foreperson indicated that there was at least one juror who said during

                                           98
deliberations that she would never feel comfortable voting for death, but that even
if that juror were excused, the jury would still be at an impasse.
     After the foreperson had left sidebar, the parties offered their views on
whether the juror in question had committed misconduct. The court then asked the
prosecutor, ―[I]f the court were to indicate that it‘s prepared to declare a mistrial,
is there an objection from the People?‖ The prosecutor replied that ―based upon
what we have on the record, no. It would seem appropriate.‖ However, the
prosecutor requested the court ask the jurors if there was ―anything we can do.‖
Defense counsel opposed such questioning, pointing out that the same question
had already been posed, and repeating his concern that the jury would misinterpret
the court‘s inquiry. But when the court observed that it had questioned only the
foreperson on that point, defense counsel asked whether, in that event, the court
would begin its inquiry with Juror No. 2, which the court agreed to do.
     Proceeding in numerical order beginning with Juror No. 2, the court asked
each of the members of the jury a simple yes or no question, whether there was
anything that the court could do, either rereading testimony or further instruction
on the law, that would assist the jury in reaching a decision. Jurors Nos. 2, 3, 7,
and 10 responded, ―No.‖ But Jurors Nos. 4, 5, 6, 11, and 12 replied, ―Yes,‖ and
Jurors Nos. 8 and 9 stated, ―Possibly.‖ The court then indicated to the jurors that
the court needed to know generally what they would find helpful, although the
court also indicated that it had not discussed the matter with the attorneys and had
not decided what type of assistance it would permit. The court remarked
furthermore that ―each and every one of us in this courtroom has a lot invested in
the case in terms of our time, our energy, and if we can reach a decision, I‘d like
to.‖ The court added, however, that ―By my saying that, I‘m not suggesting that
you should reach any decision one way or the other. I‘m just generally inquiring.‖

                                          99
     The court excused the jurors for the evening, and directed them to return to
court the next day to continue their deliberations and to identify what would assist
them, whether it be a rereading of instructions or testimony, or reargument by the
parties. After the jury left the courtroom, the court remarked to the attorneys that
―there is enough going on with some of these jurors who are saying that, with
some help, as yet unidentified, maybe they think it‘s worthwhile to continue with
the discussion, and I‘m not willing to simply ignore that for the time being.‖

                    4. The jury’s requests for assistance and the court’s denial of
                        those requests and defense motions for mistrial
     The next morning, the third day of deliberations, the jury sent the court two
―Jury Request‖ forms. The first form requested ―New Argument — different spin
on final arguments (15 minutes maximum w/no babbling (no visual aid).‖ The
second form requested ―to hear from Donald Brooks.‖ The court conferred with
the attorneys regarding the requests. The court first indicated that its tentative
decision was to preclude additional argument by the parties. Both the prosecutor
and defense counsel agreed. Defense counsel then moved for mistrial based on
jury deadlock, asking the court in the alternative to poll the jurors again to inquire
whether they were hung and, if so, to declare a mistrial at that time. Pointing to
the jury‘s request to hear from defendant, counsel also moved for mistrial on the
ground that the jury was disobeying the court‘s instruction not to consider
defendant‘s failure to testify.
     The court denied the motions for mistrial, but granted defense counsel‘s
further request that the court convey to the jurors its ruling on their request to hear
from defendant by simply saying, ―Denied,‖ rather than rereading the guilt phase
instruction regarding defendant‘s right not to testify. The court also indicated that
it intended to direct the jury to continue deliberating, but that if the jurors

                                          100
indicated sometime later that day that they were still deadlocked, the court would
consider declaring a mistrial at that point.

                     5. The jury’s request for further explanation of aggravating
                         and mitigating factors
     When the jurors were called back into the courtroom later in the morning on
the third day of deliberations, the court advised them of its rulings denying their
requests to hear additional argument by the attorneys and testimony by defendant.
The foreperson then indicated that an issue had just come to his attention, and he
asked the court to provide a ―deeper explanation of A through K.‖ (See § 190.3,
factors (a)-(k).) Specifically, the foreperson asked, ―If you find one item in
mitigation, is that enough for life in prison, if you find just one, or do you need
several for each, or is it a scale?‖ How does that operate?‖ The court replied that
it believed the standard instruction on the aggravating and mitigating factors
answered that question, but indicated that it would confer with the attorneys
regarding the issue. Confirming with the foreperson that no new votes had been
taken that morning, the court then asked the foreperson whether the three
deadlocked votes he had reported to the court the previous day reflected the jury‘s
current position. The foreperson responded that there had been a fourth vote that
previous day, in which the jury had split three to eight to one.
     After directing the jury to return to the deliberations room, the court reviewed
CALJIC No. 8.88, and concluded that the instruction directly answered the
foreperson‘s questions. Defense counsel pointed out, however, that a more
specific response would be that, under California law, a single factor in mitigation
is enough to justify a verdict of life without the possibility of parole. Counsel
asked the court to respond to the foreperson‘s question accordingly. Were the
court not to give such a response, counsel asserted, the jury might believe a single
factor is not sufficient.

                                         101
     The prosecutor strenuously opposed the response offered by defense counsel,
arguing that it ―feeds right into what the [standard] instruction says you can‘t do,
which is a mechanical weighing.‖ Defense counsel countered that his suggested
response was not inconsistent with the prosecutor‘s position, and he urged the
court to answer in the affirmative the specific question posed by the foreperson.
The court concluded that it would reread the relevant portions of CALJIC No. 8.88
to the jury, but that it would consider additional instruction as requested by the
parties.
     When the jurors again returned to the courtroom, the court read aloud the
reporter‘s transcript of the foreperson‘s question, and then reread selected portions
of CALJIC No. 8.88. The court then released the jury for a lunch break. A short
time later, outside the jury‘s presence, the court considered defense counsel‘s
written motion asking the court to respond to the foreperson‘s question by telling
the jury that ―one mitigating circumstance may be sufficient to support a decision
that death is not the appropriate punishment in this case.‖ The court observed that
the decisions cited by defense counsel in support of the suggested response
addressed a different standard instruction, which was replaced by CALJIC No.
8.88. After hearing additional argument from the parties, the court determined
that CALJIC No. 8.88 adequately answered the foreperson‘s question, and
declined to provide any additional response. The court pointed out, for example,
that the standard instruction informed the jury that each juror was free to assign
whatever moral or sympathetic value he or she deemed appropriate to all of the
various factors, and that, to return a verdict of death, each juror must be persuaded
that the aggravating circumstances are so substantial in comparison with the
mitigating circumstances that it warrants death instead of life without the
possibility of parole.

                                         102
     The court then denied counsel‘s motion for mistrial based on the court‘s
decision to provide only the standard instruction in response to the foreperson‘s
question.

                    6. The jury’s continued deliberations and verdict
     After the court‘s ruling denying defense counsel‘s request to respond more
specifically to the foreperson‘s question, counsel queried whether the court
intended to ask the jurors whether they were hopelessly deadlocked. The court
indicated that it had no intention of doing so at that point in time, given the
foreperson‘s report that the jury had not taken a vote since the previous day.
Rather, the court stated that it would direct the jury to continue deliberations, and
indicated that it had no set deadline for when it would declare a mistrial for jury
deadlock.
     The jury resumed deliberations after the lunch break. At 3:05 p.m. that same
day, the foreperson reported that the jury had reached a penalty verdict. On being
polled, each juror indicated that the verdict setting the penalty at death was his or
her individual verdict.

                b. Claims of error
     Defendant presents four interrelated claims of error based on the above
described events and rulings. None requires reversal of the death judgment.

                    1. Coercion of the verdict
     Defendant argues that the court‘s directive to the jurors to continue
deliberations after they had reported a deadlock coerced the jury‘s verdict in
violation of section 1140 and his federal and state constitutional rights to due
process, jury trial, and a reliable death verdict. His claim lacks merit on this
record.

                                         103
     Section 1140 provides in relevant part that a ―jury cannot be discharged‖
without having rendered a verdict unless, ―at the expiration of such time as the
court may deem proper, it satisfactorily appears that there is no reasonable
probability that the jury can agree.‖ ―The decision whether to declare a hung jury
or to order further deliberations rests in the trial court‘s sound discretion.‖ (People
v. Debose (2014) 59 Cal. 4th 177, 209; accord, People v. Breaux (1991) 1 Cal. 4th
281, 319.) However, a court must exercise its power under section 1140 without
coercing the jury, and ―avoid displacing the jury‘s independent judgment ‗in favor
of considerations of compromise and expediency.‘ ‖ (People v. Breaux, at p. 319.)
As this court has explained, ―[a]ny claim that the jury was pressured into reaching
a verdict depends on the particular circumstances of the case.‖ (People v. Pride
(1992) 3 Cal. 4th 195, 265; see Lowenfield v. Phelps (1988) 484 U.S. 231, 237
[whether the trial court coerced a verdict requires consideration of the court‘s
actions ― ‗in its context and under all the circumstances‘ ‖].)
     In arguing that the court erred by not granting defense counsel‘s first motion
for mistrial based on jury deadlock, defendant emphasizes that all 12 jurors had
indicated the jury was hopelessly deadlocked, and that there was a fairly close
numerical split in the votes and a trend away from unanimity. The record shows
that the first three ballots showed the jury was first divided eight to three to one,
then nine to two to one, and then seven to four to one. Contrary to defendant‘s
assertion, however, the circumstances of this case show neither an abuse of
discretion nor coercion of the penalty verdict. When the jury first informed the
court it was deadlocked, which occurred after only a brief period of deliberating,
the court elicited from the foreperson that each of the jury‘s first three ballots
reflected a different numerical split. And, after asking only the foreperson
whether he believed there was anything the court could do to assist the jury in
reaching a decision, the court reasonably conducted further inquiry into the

                                          104
deadlock by asking the remaining 11 jurors the same question. (See Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 2.1036(a) [when a deadlock is reported, the judge should ask jurors
whether they have ―specific concerns which, if resolved, might assist the jury in
reaching a verdict‖].) Given that seven jurors indicated that such assistance
would, or might, be helpful, the court had an ample basis on which to conclude
that there was a ―reasonable probability‖ a verdict could be reached. (§ 1140.)
     It is true, as defendant points out, that the court ultimately denied the jury‘s
specific requests for testimony and argument. But we disagree with defendant‘s
contention that because none of the tools for breaking the deadlock that were
requested by the jurors were provided to them, the death verdict must be
attributable to coercion. Contrary to defendant‘s reading of the record, the court
did assist the jury by rereading selected portions of CALJIC No. 8.88 in response
to the foreperson‘s question whether a single factor in mitigation could support a
verdict of life without possibility of parole. Furthermore, the jury‘s request to hear
from defendant was properly denied, at a minimum, because it fell outside the
court‘s offer to reread testimony. The court did mention to the jury the possibility
of having the attorneys present additional argument. When later denying that
request, however, the court explained that allowing further argument by the parties
was not a typical option for assisting deadlocked juries and that, on reflection, the
court believed the penalty phase of a capital trial was not a time for innovation.
That the court did not provide the specific assistance requested by the jury did not
render the penalty verdict a product of coercion in this case.
     Nor did the court either express or imply to the jurors that they must reach a
unanimous verdict, or a particular outcome. (People v. Sheldon (1989) 48 Cal. 3d
935, 959-960 [a judge‘s remarks regarding the necessity of reaching a unanimous
verdict might produce a coerced verdict].) Defendant argues that coercion is
shown by the court‘s remark that ―[e]ach and every one of us in this courtroom has

                                         105
a lot invested in the case in terms of our time, our energy, and if we can reach a
decision, I‘d like to.‖ But the record also shows that, after making that comment,
the court immediately clarified that it was ―not suggesting that [the jury] should
reach any decision one way or the other.‖ And, the court had expressly conveyed
to the jurors earlier that it was not ―looking for a certain decision . . . or favoring a
certain decision‖ from them. Viewing the court‘s remarks as a whole, and
contrary to defendant‘s assertions, we conclude the jury would not have
understood the comments as a warning that failure to reach a verdict would waste
both the parties‘ time and judicial resources. (See People v. Butler (2009) 46
Cal. 4th 847, 878, 884 [court‘s remarks to the deadlocked jury, which referred to
two years of ― ‗sacrifice‘ ‖ by the attorneys, the parties, and the witnesses in the
case, did not suggest to the jury that it should consider the waste and hardship that
would result from a mistrial, given that the court made no comments regarding the
costs or prospects of retrial, or the desirability of a verdict].)
     Defendant argues that the court‘s inquiry into the numerical split in the jury‘s
votes was coercive because it communicated to the jurors in the minority that the
court wanted them to change their minds. The record does not support defendant‘s
assertion, however. At no time did the court suggest to the jurors they should
reconsider their views in light of the numerical breakdown of the votes. (People v.
Gainer (1977) 19 Cal. 3d 835, 852 [a trial court is not permitted to give an
instruction encouraging jurors to consider the jury‘s numerical division when
reexamining their own views].) We note, furthermore, that when questioning the
foreperson, the court cautioned him to provide only the numerical breakdown of
the deadlock, and not to disclose which votes were for death and which were for
life without parole. This directive communicated to the jury that the court was not
concerned with the direction of the voting. (See People v. Pride, supra, 3 Cal.4th
at pp. 264-265 [court‘s admonition to the foreperson not to provide details of the

                                           106
jury‘s vote, and its lack of comment regarding the numerical breakdown,
suggested to the jurors that the court found the direction of the vote irrelevant].)
Given the fractured state of those votes, the jurors could not reasonably have
believed that the court wanted them to reach a verdict of death.
     Defendant relies on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals‘ decision in Jiminez
v. Myers (9th Cir. 1993) 40 F.3d 976 (Jiminez) to support his claim that the court
coerced the death verdict by inquiring into the numerical split of the jury‘s
deadlock. We are not bound by the decisions of the federal appellate courts,
although they may be considered for their persuasive weight. (People v. Linton
(2013) 56 Cal. 4th 1146, 1182, fn. 8.) But we need not decide whether to adopt the
Ninth Circuit‘s reasoning in Jiminez because we conclude that the decision does
not assist defendant. In Jiminez, after the jury reported a deadlock, the superior
court judge asked the foreperson for a numerical breakdown of the numerous
votes, and elicited from the foreperson that there had been some ―movement,‖ to
which the court remarked, ―[T]hat‘s what‘s important to me.‖ (Jiminez, at pp.
978-979.) When the jury reported a deadlock after three more hours of
deliberations, counsel for both sides indicated that a mistrial was appropriate at
that point, but the court decided to bring the jury into the courtroom to determine
if there had been ― ‗any substantial movement.‘ ‖ (Id. at p. 979.) The foreperson
informed the court that only a single juror remained in the minority, and he
confirmed there had been ― ‗substantial movement since the last time.‘ ‖ (Ibid.)
The court then remarked, ― ‗Due to the fact we have had that type of movement,
I would request, then, to finish the rest of today and see where we are at that point
in time.‘ ‖ (Ibid.) Defense counsel objected, asking the court to inquire whether
further deliberations would be productive. The court disagreed with counsel‘s
concern that the holdout juror would be subjected to undue pressure, noting that it

                                         107
had asked the jury to deliberate for the ― ‗rest of today,‘ ‖ which was only a period
of two hours. (Ibid.)
     The Ninth Circuit reversed the defendant‘s conviction, concluding that, under
the circumstances of that case, the trial judge had ―crossed the line‖ between
permissible inquiry regarding the numerical division of a deadlock and coercive
instruction. (Jiminez, supra, 40 F.3d at p. 981.) As the appellate court explained,
by expressing approval of the ― ‗movement‘ ‖ toward juror unanimity and
directing the jury to continue deliberations, the court in essence instructed the jury
to strive to reach a verdict. (Id. at pp. 980-981.) And when the court learned
following the second report of deadlock that only a single juror remained in the
minority, and again communicated its approval of the movement toward
unanimity, its directive to the jury to deliberate ―until the end of the day sent a
clear message that the jurors in the majority were to hold their positions and
persuade the single hold-out juror to join in a unanimous verdict, and the hold-out
juror was to cooperate in the movement toward unanimity.‖ (Id. at p. 981.)
     The circumstances in the present matter are distinguishable from those
presented in Jiminez in a significant respect. In that case, the court conveyed to
the jury its approval of the progression toward unanimity. No such approval was
communicated here and, therefore, it cannot be said that the court impliedly
instructed the jury to reach unanimity. Indeed, the court expressly indicated
otherwise, as previously mentioned.
     We conclude that, in light of all the circumstances, the court‘s directive to the
jury to continue its deliberations after the report of a deadlock neither violated
section 1140 nor coerced a penalty verdict.

                                          108
                    2. Inquiry into the numerical division of the jury
     Separate from his arguments regarding jury coercion, defendant claims the
trial court erred by even inquiring into the numerical breakdown of the jury‘s
deadlock because such an inquiry is inherently prejudicial.
     As a threshold matter, we disagree with the People that defendant has failed
to preserve his claim for appeal because counsel did not object below to the
court‘s inquiry into the numerical division of the jury. Instead, we agree with
defendant that his claim was preserved for appeal because an objection would
have been futile. As this court has explained, ―[r]eviewing courts have
traditionally excused parties for failing to raise an issue at trial where an objection
would have been futile or wholly unsupported by substantive law then in
existence.‖ (People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal. 4th 228, 237; cf. People v. Price (1991)
1 Cal. 4th 324, 386 [counsel did not render ineffective assistance by failing to raise
an objection on vicinage grounds, given Court of Appeal precedent to the
contrary].) Of relevance here, People v. Carter (1968) 68 Cal. 2d 810, 815, had
long ago approved the practice of conducting an inquiry into the numerical
breakdown of a deadlocked jury. The trial court therefore would have been bound
to reject any argument that conducting such an inquiry is inherently prejudicial.
     Although defendant‘s claim of error is properly before this court, we decline
his invitation to reconsider this court‘s approval of the practice of inquiring into
the numerical division of a deadlocked jury. Defendant argues that Carter‘s
reasoning is flawed because it relied on a series of cases that had assertedly
misstated the rule in Brasfield v. United States (1926) 272 U.S. 448, which held
that inquiry into the numerical division of a deadlocked jury is inherently
prejudicial and per se reversible in the federal courts. We have repeatedly rejected
the argument that defendant raises here. (People v. Johnson (1992) 3 Cal. 4th
1183, 1254; People v. Breaux, supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 319; People v. Rodriguez

                                          109
(1986) 42 Cal. 3d 730, 776, fn. 14.) He provides no persuasive reason to
reconsider the issue in the present case.

                    3. Request to “hear from” defendant
     As previously mentioned, the court learned on the second day of
deliberations that the jury was deadlocked. At a hearing conducted at the end of
that court day, seven members of the deadlocked jury indicated they believed there
might be something the court or the parties could do to assist them in their stalled
deliberations. The judge asked the jury to resume deliberations the following
morning, and to identify what would assist them, such as a rereading of certain
testimony, additional argument by the parties on a particular issue, or clarification
of any of the court‘s instructions.
     The next day, the jury responded to the court‘s invitation to identify what
would help its deliberations by submitting two Jury Request forms. One of the
forms asked ―to hear from Donald Brooks.‖ Defense counsel moved for mistrial
based on that request, arguing that the jury had disobeyed the court‘s guilt phase
instruction not to discuss or consider defendant‘s failure to testify. (CALJIC No.
2.60.)11 The court denied the mistrial motion, but accepted defense counsel‘s
suggestion to simply indicate to the jury that its request was denied, without
further instruction or explanation regarding defendant‘s right not to testify.
     Defendant argues that the jury‘s request ―to hear from‖ him was serious
misconduct, which established that his failure to testify was part of the jury‘s

11      The jury was informed at the guilt phase that ―[a] defendant in a criminal
trial has a constitutional right not to be compelled to testify. You must not draw
any inference from the fact that a defendant does not testify. Further, you must
neither discuss this matter nor permit it to enter into your deliberations in any
way.‖

                                            110
deliberative process and its decision to return a verdict of death, in violation of his
state and federal constitutional rights to silence and a reliable penalty verdict.
Defendant‘s claim does not ultimately succeed, as explained below.
     We can infer from the jury‘s request to hear from defendant that, contrary to
the court‘s directive, the jurors discussed the fact of defendant‘s failure to testify.
This was misconduct, which gives rise to a presumption of prejudice. (People v.
Holloway (1990) 50 Cal. 3d 1098, 1108.) To find the presumption of prejudice has
been rebutted, there must be either an affirmative evidentiary showing of no actual
bias, or a determination by the reviewing court after considering ―[a]ll pertinent
portions of the entire record, including the trial record . . .‖ (In re Carpenter
(1995) 9 Cal. 4th 634), that there is ― ‗no substantial likelihood‘ ‖ of actual harm to
the defendant from the misconduct. (Id. at p. 654; see id. at p. 657.)
     Here, there is no affirmative evidentiary showing that no juror was actually
biased. We can conclude from the trial record, and the record as a whole,
however, that the jury drew no adverse inferences from defendant‘s failure to take
the witness stand, and thus there was no substantial likelihood the jury‘s
misconduct in discussing defendant‘s failure to testify actually harmed defendant.
(See People v. Leonard (2007) 40 Cal. 4th 1370, 1425 [purpose of prohibiting
jurors from considering a defendant‘s failure to testify ―is to prevent the jury from
drawing adverse inferences against the defendant‖].)
       Indeed, an examination of the record as a whole strongly suggests that the
jury‘s request to hear from defendant was a request for evidence in mitigation that
would help the defense case. When the court asked the jurors to indicate what
would assist them in their stalled deliberations, their response included a request to
hear from defendant. But it cannot be inferred from that request that the jurors had
considered defendant‘s failure to testify as evidence in aggravation or for the
purpose of allaying any lingering doubt regarding his guilt. The jurors were

                                          111
already aware of highly damaging evidence against defendant. Their struggle to
reach a penalty verdict under these circumstances raises a strong inference that the
jury‘s request to hear from defendant meant it was seeking evidence in mitigation
that would help defendant‘s case. The inference that the jury‘s request amounted
to a plea to hear additional mitigating evidence is even stronger when viewed in
light of the jury‘s question, following the court‘s denial of the request to hear from
defendant, whether a single factor in mitigation could outweigh multiple factors in
aggravation to justify a sentence of life without the possibility of parole.
         We observe, furthermore, that the defense presented an extensive case in
mitigation; five witnesses testified regarding defendant‘s upbringing in an
environment of alcohol-fueled domestic violence, his good character, and his
dedication to his children. The case in mitigation therefore did not hinge on
defendant‘s version of events, and it was not undermined by his failure to testify.
The jury‘s penalty determination was a normative decision, not a ―he said, she
said‖ choice in which a jury might be likely to construe the defendant‘s failure to
testify as further evidence of his guilt. The jury‘s request to hear from defendant
in this case, was ― ‗not the same as punishing [defendant] for not testifying.‘ ‖
(People v. Leonard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1425.)
         The record discloses moreover that the jury‘s request to hear from
defendant was made in response to the court‘s inquiry asking the jurors to identify
what the court could do to assist them in their stalled deliberations. Significantly,
any improper discussion among the jurors regarding defendant‘s failure to testify
occurred, not during the jury‘s deliberative process, but rather while the jury was
preparing its response to the court‘s request. The jurors had no reason in that
context to draw an adverse inference from the fact defendant had not testified at
trial.

                                         112
       Finally, the record also shows that the court‘s request that the jury identify
what would assist its deliberations came at the end of the court day, and that the
jury responded soon afterward on the following morning. Any discussion of
defendant‘s failure to testify was likely to have been brief and innocuous.
(Cf. People v. Loker (2008) 44 Cal. 4th 691, 749 [jurors‘ comments on defendant‘s
failure to testify were brief and had no impact on their penalty determination].)
     Pointing to what he describes as ―substantial factors in mitigation,‖ defendant
argues that the jurors‘ improper consideration of his failure to testify ―pushed the
jury over the edge‖ to a death verdict. This argument ignores the prosecution‘s
compelling evidence of defendant‘s controlling, possessive behavior that induced
sustained and palpable fear in the victim in the months leading up to the murder,
and the grisly circumstances under which the murder occurred.
     Defendant further asserts that because the jury‘s request to hear from him
was refused, the jury likely held defendant‘s failure to testify against him when
deciding penalty. Nothing in the record supports the inference defendant asks us
to draw, however, as explained above.
     Defendant contends finally that the court‘s comments during its post-verdict
ruling denying the automatic motion for modification of the death sentence
support his argument that he was prejudiced by the jury‘s misconduct in
considering his failure to testify. The court observed that when it invited the
jurors to indicate what would help them in their stalled deliberations, they said
they would like to hear from defendant. What the jury wanted, the court believed,
was ―to know what was the defendant‘s motivation when he set that car on fire.‖
In the court‘s view, ―the answer to that question could very clearly have changed
the jury‘s thinking about this case.‖ The court remarked that knowing the answer
to that question would have made its ruling on the motion to modify more

                                         113
difficult, but observed that such evidence had not been presented to the jurors for
their consideration.
     Defendant‘s argument notwithstanding, the court‘s comments support the
conclusion that the jury‘s misconduct did not prejudice defendant because it can
be inferred that, by requesting to hear from him, the jurors were expressing the
view that his testimony ―might have assisted [them] in understanding him better.‖
(People v. Leonard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1425.) Fairly read, the court‘s remarks
simply acknowledged that such testimony might have provided the jury with
additional mitigating evidence helpful to defendant‘s case. Those comments do
not support defendant‘s argument that the jury drew adverse inferences from his
failure to offer such evidence by taking the witness stand.
     Having considered the relevant portions of the record as a whole, we
conclude that there was no substantial likelihood defendant suffered actual harm
from the jury‘s request to hear from him during the penalty phase, and that the
presumption of prejudice has been rebutted.

                       4. Single factor in mitigation
     As previously related (ante, at pp. 101-102), after the court denied the jury‘s
request to hear from defendant and for additional argument by the attorneys, the
foreperson asked for further explanation of the sentencing factors, specifically,
whether one item in mitigation was enough for a sentence of life without the
possibility of parole. The court declined to give defense counsel‘s proposed
special instruction answering that question in the affirmative, concluding instead
that CALJIC No. 8.88 adequately addressed the issue and indicating it would

                                           114
reread to the jury relevant portions of that standard instruction.12 Defendant
argues that the court‘s failure to respond to the jury‘s question by giving the
proposed special instruction violated his state and federal constitutional rights.
We find no error.
     As defendant acknowledges, this court has repeatedly rejected claims of error
based on the trial court‘s failure to specifically instruct the jury that a single factor
in mitigation could outweigh multiple factors in aggravation to justify a verdict of
life without the possibility of parole, as well as claims that CALJIC No. 8.88 fails
to adequately convey that principle. (See People v. Peoples (2016) 62 Cal. 4th
718, 769-770; People v. Jones (2012) 54 Cal. 4th 1, 79-80; People v. Kelly, supra,
42 Cal.4th at p. 799; see also People v. Salcido (2008) 44 Cal. 4th 93, 163
[observing that such an instruction was misleading in that it would wrongly imply
to the jury that at least one mitigating factor was required in order to return a
verdict of life without parole].)
     Defendant argues that his case is distinguishable in a significant respect from
this court‘s prior decisions addressing this issue because here, defense counsel‘s
proposed special instruction responded to the jury‘s expression of confusion

12      In rereading to the jurors selected portions of CALJIC No. 8.88, the court
reminded them that ―[t]he weighing of aggravating and mitigating circumstances
does not mean a mere mechanical counting of factors on each side of an imaginary
scale or the arbitrary assignment of weights to any of them. You are free to assign
whatever moral or sympathetic value you deem appropriate to each and all of the
various factors you are permitted to consider. [¶] In weighing the various
circumstances, you determine under the relevant evidence which penalty is
justified and appropriate by considering the totality of the aggravating
circumstances with the totality of the mitigating circumstances. [¶] To return a
judgment of death, each of you must be persuaded that the aggravating
circumstances are so substantial in comparison with the mitigating circumstances
that it warrants death instead of life without parole.‖

                                          115
regarding the concept that a single mitigating factor was sufficient for a verdict of
life without parole. This distinction does not compel the conclusion that the court
erred in refusing to give the proposed instruction, however. Section 1138 provides
that when the jury ―desire[s] to be informed on any point of law arising in the case
. . . the information required must be given.‖ However, ―[w]here the original
instructions are themselves full and complete, the court has discretion under
section 1138 to determine what additional explanations are sufficient to satisfy the
jury‘s request for information.‖ (People v. Beardslee (1991) 53 Cal. 3d 68, 97.) In
the present case, after a careful review of CALJIC No. 8.88, the court decided to
answer the foreperson‘s question by rereading selected portions of the standard
instruction. The court acted well within its discretion in choosing to so instruct
because, as this court has concluded, CALJIC No. 8.88 adequately conveys the
concept that even a single mitigating circumstance can support a sentence of life
without the possibility of parole. (See People v. Beardslee, at p. 97 [the court
―should decide . . . whether further explanation is desirable, or whether it should
merely reiterate the instructions already given‖].) We conclude the court did not
abuse its discretion in refusing defense counsel‘s proposed instruction.

           2. Juror’s exposure to information other than the evidence presented
               at trial
     Defendant contends the trial court erred in denying defense motions for
mistrial based on juror misconduct and the defense request to remove the juror in
question. As we explain, even assuming that juror misconduct occurred, the
presumption of prejudice arising from such misconduct has been amply rebutted.

               a. Background
     The evidentiary portion of the penalty phase ended on Friday, June 15, 2001.
Later that same day, outside the jury‘s presence, the prosecutor informed the court
that he had observed Juror No. 5 holding what he believed to be a copy of a

                                         116
nonfiction book on the subject of stalking called The Gift of Fear, in which the
prosecutor was referenced and quoted several times. The court indicated it would
inquire into the issue the following week. On Monday, June 18, the court
informed the parties that it would conduct the inquiry the next day. The court
remarked that it needed to find out more about the book, but that ―it seem[ed]
unusual that [someone] would be reading such a book during such a trial.‖
     The following day, Juror No. 5 was questioned by the court and the parties,
outside the presence of the other jurors. She described The Gift of Fear as a book
about ―protection‖ and ―listening to your intuition,‖ but also indicated that when
she realized the book concerned stalking and saw a reference to the prosecutor, she
stopped reading it. She also denied having discussed the book with any other
juror. Juror No. 5 explained that several weeks earlier she had been given the
book by her chiropractor, who was very enthusiastic about the book and said it
was a ―must-read‖ for all women. According to the juror, she did not open the
book right away. Rather, she started reading it at home one evening the previous
week and brought it to court the next day but got only as far as page 17 when she
stopped. Responding to the court‘s questions, Juror No. 5 indicated that nothing
she read in the book had caused her to favor one side over the other or had
otherwise affected her ability to be fair, impartial and objective. She added that
what she actually read were things she already knew.
     After Juror No. 5 had stepped outside chambers, defense counsel moved for
mistrial of the guilt phase, mistrial of the penalty phase, and, in the event the
mistrial motions were denied, removal of the juror. The court declined to declare
a mistrial as to either phase of trial or to excuse Juror No. 5, concluding that
nothing in the juror‘s responses warranted such measures. The court found it
significant that Juror No. 5 did not seek out the book but was given it by a health
professional. As the court pointed out, Juror No. 5 read the book briefly, and

                                         117
stopped once she came to the point at which the prosecutor was mentioned. The
court also emphasized the juror‘s assurances that the book had no effect on her
ability to be fair, objective, and impartial.

                b. Discussion
     The federal and state Constitutions guarantee a criminal defendant the right
to a trial by an impartial and unbiased jury. (U.S. Const., 6th & 14th Amends.;
Cal. Const., art. I, § 16; In re Hitchings (1993) 6 Cal. 4th 97, 110.) A deprivation
of that right can occur even if only one juror is biased. (People v. Nesler (1997)
16 Cal. 4th 561, 578 (lead opn. of George, C.J.).)
     Juror misconduct, such as the receipt of information other than what is
presented at trial, generally raises a rebuttable presumption of juror bias and that
the defendant suffered prejudice. (In re Hamilton (1999) 20 Cal. 4th 273, 295-296;
People v. Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 578.) This court has recognized that even
inadvertent exposure to out-of-court information may constitute misconduct giving
rise to the presumption of prejudice. (People v. Nesler, at p. 579; People v.
Cummings (1993) 4 Cal. 4th 1233, 1331 [misconduct for juror to inadvertently read
newspaper article regarding the trial].)
     However, ―the presumption of prejudice is rebutted, and the verdict will not
be disturbed, if a reviewing court concludes after considering the entire record,
including the nature of the misconduct and its surrounding circumstances, that
there is no substantial likelihood that the juror in question was actually biased
against the defendant. [Citations.] Our inquiry in this regard is a ‗mixed question
of law and fact‘ subject to independent appellate review. [Citation.] But ‗ ― [w]e
accept the trial court‘s credibility determinations and findings on questions of
historical fact if supported by substantial evidence.‖ ‘ ‖ (People v. Merriman
(2014) 60 Cal. 4th 1, 95-96.)

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     Applying these principles, we conclude that although Juror No. 5‘s exposure
to The Gift of Fear was misconduct, the presumption of prejudice was amply
rebutted and the court did not err, either by refusing to declare a mistrial based on
juror misconduct, or by denying the defense request to excuse Juror No. 5.
     The court initially expressed some concern regarding Juror No. 5‘s
impartiality, finding it ―unusual‖ that a juror would be reading a book on stalking
during the trial. After questioning the juror, however, the court concluded that her
exposure to The Gift of Fear did not affect her ability to be fair, impartial, and
objective. In reaching that conclusion, the court found that Juror No. 5 had been
given the book by her chiropractor rather than having sought out the material
herself, and that she had read the book only briefly before seeing a reference to the
prosecutor and setting it aside. These findings, which are based on the court‘s
assessment of the credibility of Juror No. 5‘s responses to questions posed by the
court and the parties, are supported by substantial evidence.
     Accepting the court‘s credibility determinations and factual findings, and in
light of the circumstances surrounding the misconduct and the record as a whole,
we conclude there is no substantial likelihood that Juror No. 5 was actually biased
against defendant. Juror No. 5‘s exposure to the out-of-court information occurred
because her chiropractor had loaned her The Gift of Fear, a book her chiropractor
had enthusiastically touted as something that ―all women should read.‖ That Juror
No. 5 did not herself seek out information on stalking belies any substantial
probability of actual bias. We observe furthermore that Juror No. 5‘s exposure to
the out-of-court information was brief and unremarkable, which further dispels
any inference of bias. According to the juror, the 17 pages she read before putting
down the book conveyed information that she already knew. Finally, there is
nothing in the record suggesting that Juror No. 5 interjected any of the book‘s
contents, or its references to the prosecutor, into her deliberations with follow

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jurors, which also tends to negate the inference of bias. Notably, Juror No. 5
expressly denied having done so. (See In re Carpenter, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 657
[that the juror had not revealed the forbidden out-of-court information to any other
juror tends to negate the inference that the juror was biased because one would
expect a biased juror to tell the other jurors what she had learned].)
     Defendant argues that Juror No. 5‘s actual bias is shown by her failure to
notify the court herself when she realized that the book she was reading on the
subject of stalking included quotes by the prosecutor. We note, however, that the
court was well aware that Juror No. 5 had not come forward but nonetheless
accepted her assurances that her exposure to the book did not cause her to favor
one of the parties, or that it had otherwise affected her ability to be fair, impartial
and objective. As explained above, the court‘s determination of Juror No. 5‘s
credibility in this regard is supported by substantial evidence.
     We observe, moreover, that a juror‘s failure to disclose his or her receipt of
out-of-court information does not necessarily show bias. ―Many jurors . . . might,
for many reasons unrelated to bias, be reluctant to go forward and actively inject
themselves into the proceedings.‖ (In re Carpenter, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 656.)
     In sum, although Juror No. 5 committed misconduct when she received and
briefly read a book on the subject of stalking that included quotations by the
prosecutor, we conclude from our consideration of the entire record that the
presumption of prejudice arising from this misconduct has been rebutted because
there is no substantial likelihood Juror No. 5 was actually biased against
defendant. We therefore reject defendant‘s assertions that the trial court erred in
denying his motions for mistrial based on juror misconduct and refusing to excuse
Juror No. 5 for cause.

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           3. Claims of instructional error at the penalty phase

               a. Absence of instruction defining the elements of the factor (b)
                   crimes
     As part of the prosecution‘s case in aggravation, the jury heard testimony by
defendant‘s ex-wife, who described a number of violent incidents that occurred
during the marriage. In connection with this evidence, which was admitted under
section 190.3, factor (b), the court instructed pursuant to CALJIC No. 8.85 that, in
determining penalty, the jury should consider ―the presence or absence of criminal
activity by the defendant, other than the crimes for which the defendant has been
tried in the present proceedings, which involved the use or attempted use of force
or violence or the express or implied threat to use force or violence.‖
     Defendant contends that the court had a sua sponte duty to further inform the
jury what crimes defendant had committed, and to define the elements of those
crimes. He acknowledges that this court has long held that a trial court has no
duty to give such an instruction absent a request. (People v. Carter (2003)
30 Cal. 4th 1166, 1227-1228; People v. Cain (1995) 10 Cal. 4th 1, 72-74; People v.
Hardy (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 86, 205-206.) Our decisions have recognized that the
defense may not want such instruction because it ―could lead the jury to place
undue emphasis on the crimes rather than on the central question of whether he
should live or die.‘ ‖ (People v. Cain, at p. 72.)
     Defendant nonetheless urges that we reconsider our prior pronouncements
because without instruction on the crimes defendant committed, he argues, a jury
would not know whether the acts were felonies or misdemeanors and therefore
lacked guidance on deciding whether the violent acts weighed in favor of death.
Defendant‘s argument provides no compelling reason to reopen the question. This
court observed in People v. Anderson (2001) 25 Cal. 4th 543 that ―[t]he California
capital sentencing scheme does require that violent conduct be criminal in fact in

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order to constitute valid penalty evidence.‖ (Id. at p. 588.) ―Moreover, ‗because
evidence that the defendant committed other violent crimes ‗is often of
―overriding importance . . . to the jury‘s life-or-death determination,‖ ‘ ‖ our law
requires ―that other-crimes evidence offered for this purpose be subject to the
reasonable doubt standard of proof. [Citations.] In other words, before a
sentencing juror weighs the culpable nature of such other violent criminal conduct
on the issue of penalty, he or she must be highly certain that the defendant
committed it.‖ (Id. at p. 589.) However, as this court has further observed, in
making what is an ―essentially normative determination,‖ the sentencer must
decide ―simply whether the aggravating circumstances, as defined by California‘s
death penalty law (§ 190.3), so substantially outweigh those in mitigation as to call
for the penalty of death, rather than life without parole.‖ (Ibid.) To require sua
sponte instructions on the elements of offenses that make up the defendant‘s
history of violent conduct ― ‗would immerse the jurors in lengthy and complicated
discussions of matters wholly collateral to the penalty determination.‘ ‖ (Ibid.) A
similar concern would arise were we to require instruction regarding the status of
those violent crimes as felonies or misdemeanors.

               b. Modification of instructions proposed by the defense
     Defendant contends the trial court violated his state and federal constitutional
rights to due process and the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment by
the manner in which the court modified four penalty phase instructions requested
by the defense. As explained below, the court did not err.

                    1. Victim impact evidence
     Defense counsel first requested that the jury be instructed on victim impact
evidence as follows: ―Evidence has been introduced in this case that may arouse
in you a natural sympathy for the victim or the victim‘s family. [¶] You must not

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allow such evidence to divert your attention from your proper role in deciding the
appropriate punishment in this case. You may not impose the penalty of death as
a result of an irrational, purely emotional response to this evidence.‖
     The court granted the request to instruct on victim impact evidence but
modified the requested instruction by omitting the italicized sentence, agreeing
with the prosecutor that the sentence at issue suggested to the jury that it could not
consider victim impact testimony when making its penalty determination.
     Defendant argues that the language omitted from the instruction was
necessary for the jury‘s understanding that victim impact testimony should not
divert its attention from making an individualized sentencing determination based
on the circumstances of the crime and defendant‘s general character. He points
out that, as modified, the instruction posed a risk that the emotionally powerful
victim impact evidence, and the prosecutor‘s argument highlighting it, would
prevent the jury from properly assessing defendant‘s culpability and character.
     People v. Edwards (1991) 54 Cal. 3d 787 cautioned trial courts deciding
whether and to what extent to allow victim impact evidence and argument at the
penalty phase to curtail ― ‗irrelevant information or inflammatory rhetoric that
diverts the jury‘s attention from its proper role or invites an irrational, purely
subjective response.‘ ‖ (Id. at p. 836.) However, this court has repeatedly rejected
claims of error based on a trial court‘s outright refusal to give a victim impact
instruction similar to the one requested by defendant here, which tracks the above
quoted language from Edwards. (See, e.g., People v. Sattiewhite, supra,
59 Cal.4th at pp. 483-484; People v. Montes, supra, 58 Cal.4th at pp. 884-885;
People v. Zamudio, supra, 43 Cal.4th at pp. 368-370.) As Zamudio explained in
relevant part, such an instruction would be misleading because jurors are permitted
to ― ‗exercise sympathy for the defendant‘s murder victims and . . . their bereaved
family members‘ ‖ when considering the circumstances of the crime. (Id. at

                                          123
p. 368, italics omitted; see People v. Sattiewhite, at p. 484 [to the extent the
proposed instruction would have suggested to jurors that emotion and sympathy
played no role in their penalty deliberations, the court was correct to reject it as
misleading].)
     Here, the court did not altogether refuse to give the victim impact instruction
proposed by the defense. Rather, the court modified the instruction to omit any
suggestion that the jury was not permitted to consider the victim impact evidence
when deciding penalty. The court did not err in doing so.

                    2. Mercy
     Defense counsel requested the following special instruction on mercy:
―After considering all the aggravating and mitigating factors that are applicable in
this case, you may decide to impose the penalty of life in prison without the
possibility of parole in exercising mercy on behalf of the defendant. You may
decide not to impose the penalty of death by granting the defendant mercy
regardless of whether or not you determine he deserves your sympathy.‖
     In response to the defense request, the court indicated that it wanted the
jurors to understand they could exercise mercy. Agreeing with the prosecutor,
however, the court found the italicized portion of the proposed instruction ―too
dictatorial‖ and decided to modify the instruction by omitting that second
sentence. In addition to giving the modified instruction on mercy, the court gave a
modified version of an instruction regarding sympathy that was also proposed by
the defense. In relevant part, that instruction stated, ―You may consider sympathy
or pity for the defendant if you feel it appropriate to do so in determining to
impose the penalty of life in prison without the possibility of parole, rather than
the penalty of death.‖ The court also instructed with CALJIC No. 8.85, which
conveyed to the jury that it could consider ―any sympathetic or other aspect of the

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defendant‘s character or record that the defendant offers as a basis for a sentence
less than death, whether or not related to the offense for which he is on trial.‖
     Defendant complains that the court‘s deletion of the proposed instruction‘s
second sentence, which would have told the jurors that they could exercise mercy
even if they found defendant undeserving of their sympathy, prevented the jury
from understanding it had absolute power to return a sentence of life without the
possibility of parole, regardless of other factors. We find no error.
     The defendant in People v. Caro (1988) 46 Cal. 3d 1035 raised a similar
claim, asserting that the court erred by failing to make clear to the jury that it had
― ‗the power to exercise mercy.‘ ‖ (Id. at p. 1067.) In that case, the trial court had
instructed the jurors that they ―could consider sympathy.‖ (Ibid.) This court
rejected the defendant‘s argument that additional instruction was necessary
because there was ―a crucial difference between pity, sympathy, and mercy,‖
concluding instead that the instructions as given could not have created any
ambiguity for the jury regarding its power to exercise mercy when making its
penalty determination. (Ibid.)
     Likewise here, the language omitted from the proposed instruction that drew
a distinction between sympathy and mercy was not necessary to the jurors‘
understanding that they were permitted to act with mercy or leniency in arriving at
their penalty verdict.

                    3. Lingering doubt
     Defense counsel requested the court give an instruction that would have
informed the jury in relevant part that ―a juror who voted for conviction at the
guilt phase may still have a lingering or residual doubt as to whether the defendant
truly did not kill Lisa Kerr in the heat of passion.‖ The court expressed concern
with the above quoted portion of the proposed instruction and, after discussing the

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matter with the parties, decided to modify the proposed instruction by omitting
that sentence and two others. The court ultimately instructed the jury that ―[i]t is
appropriate for you to consider in mitigation any lingering doubt you may have
concerning the defendant‘s guilt. Lingering or residual doubt is defined as that
state of mind between beyond a reasonable doubt and beyond all possible doubt.‖
     Defendant argues that the court violated his state and federal constitutional
rights to due process, jury trial, and a reliable death verdict by refusing to give the
proposed instruction in its entirety. We reject his claim of error.
     Defendant is correct that a penalty phase jury may consider lingering doubt
as a factor in mitigation. But, as defendant acknowledges, a trial court is under no
obligation, constitutional or otherwise, to give a lingering doubt instruction.
(People v. Streeter, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 265-266; People v. Brown (2003)
31 Cal. 4th 518, 567.) This court has observed that the standard instruction
(CALJIC No. 8.85) describing the factors the jury should consider when making
its penalty determination, which include any ―circumstance which extenuates the
gravity of the crime even though it is not a legal excuse for the crime,‖ together
with defense counsel‘s argument emphasizing the question of lingering doubt,
sufficiently covers the concept for the jury. (People v. Zamudio, supra, 43 Cal.4th
at p. 370; People v. Sanchez (1995) 12 Cal. 4th 1, 77-78.)
     Here, the defense case in mitigation included testimony from Sheila Peet
regarding defendant‘s fragile emotional state during his relationship with Kerr.
Moreover, the court instructed the jury with CALJIC No. 8.85 and with portions of
the lingering doubt instruction proposed by the defense, which further highlighted
the concept. Finally, defense counsel argued lingering doubt as to defendant‘s
state of mind at the time of the crimes. Contrary to defendant‘s argument here, the
trial court‘s modification of the proposed special instruction did not preclude the

                                          126
jury from giving meaningful consideration to the mitigating evidence tending to
show defendant committed manslaughter instead of murder.
     Defendant argues, however, that once the court decided to instruct on
lingering doubt, it was required to pinpoint for the jury that the defense theory of
lingering doubt was based on heat of passion. To support this proposition,
defendant cites to People v. Gay (2008) 42 Cal. 4th 1195, but that decision does
not assist him. In that case, the court gave the penalty jury a lingering doubt
instruction but prevented defense counsel from presenting a lingering doubt
defense and informed the jury that the defendant‘s responsibility for the murder
had been conclusively decided at an earlier trial on guilt. (Id. at p. 1225.) This
court reversed the penalty judgment, holding that these evidentiary and
instructional errors posed ―an intolerable risk‖ that the jury did not consider the
defense case in mitigation, which was largely based on lingering doubt. (Id. at p.
1226.) Gay did not state that instruction on lingering doubt is required, but that,
under our death penalty law, the defense is entitled to present evidence and
argument in support of a lingering doubt defense. In the present matter, defendant
received that to which he was entitled, and more.

                    4. Sympathy or pity
     The court agreed to instruct the jury with one of two paragraphs in a
proposed special instruction regarding sympathy. That portion of the proposed
instruction informed the jury that ―You may consider sympathy or pity for the
defendant, if you feel it appropriate to do so, in determining to impose the penalty
of life in prison without the possibility of parole rather than the penalty of death,‖
and the jury was so instructed. However, the court refused to give the portion of
the proposed instruction that would have told the jury that ―[i]f any of the evidence
arouses sympathy or compassion in you to such an extent as to persuade you that

                                          127
death is not the appropriate punishment, you may react in response to those
feelings of sympathy and compassion and impose life in prison without the
possibility of parole.‖
     Defendant complains that the court‘s refusal to give the remainder of the
proposed instruction violated the constitutional prohibition against cruel and
unusual punishment because, without the omitted sentence, the jury would not
have understood that sympathy or pity alone was a sufficient basis on which to
return a verdict of life without the possibility of parole, even in the absence of
mitigating evidence.
     Contrary to defendant‘s argument, the court did not err by refusing to give
the requested instruction in its entirety because other instructions adequately
informed the jury regarding the mitigating role of sympathy and pity in its penalty
determination. For example, in addition to the portions of the proposed
instructions on sympathy and mercy that the court agreed to give (see ante,
p. 124), the court also read CALJIC No. 8.88, which told the jurors in relevant part
that they were ―free to assign whatever moral or sympathetic value you deem
appropriate to each and all of the various factors you are permitted to consider.‖
That instruction informed the jury moreover that ―the weighing of aggravating and
mitigating circumstances does not mean a mere mechanical counting of factors on
each side of an imaginary scale, or the arbitrary assignment of weights to any of
them.
     During closing arguments, the parties further emphasized the process of
weighing aggravating and mitigating factors. The prosecutor argued, for example,
that ―when you put to [the aggravating factors] the weight and value that you deem
appropriate . . . what will be appropriate in this case is imposition of the death
penalty.‖ Defense counsel told the jury that ―each one of these factors you

                                         128
attribute weight to, and only one factor — only one factor — that you feel is an
important consideration in not fixing the punishment of death is enough.‖
     In People v. Berryman (1993) 6 Cal. 4th 1048, 1097-1098, this court rejected
the defendant‘s contention that the court erred in refusing, as duplicative, an
instruction identical to the instruction proposed in this case. As Berryman
explained, ―[a] reasonable juror would have understood and employed the
instructions [that were given] to allow him to consider and give effect to pity,
sympathy, and mercy to the extent he deemed appropriate in this case — and
indeed to require him to do so.‖ (Id. at p. 1098.) The jury in the present matter
was instructed with the same instructions given in Berryman. We likewise
conclude that, on this record, the court‘s instructions, together with the parties‘
closing arguments, adequately informed the jury that sympathy for the defendant
alone was enough to support a sentence of life without parole. The court did not
err in modifying defense counsel‘s proposed instruction regarding sympathy.

                c. Instruction directing the jury to decide which guilt phase
                    instructions applied at the penalty phase
     Defendant claims that the court prejudicially erred by failing to specify which
of the guilt phase instructions applied at the penalty phase and instead leaving that
issue for the jury to decide for itself. We agree that the court erred by failing to
provide the jury with the guilt phase instructions applicable to its penalty
determination, but conclude that the instructional error was harmless.

                    1. Background
     During discussion between court and counsel regarding the penalty phase
instructions to be given at the conclusion of evidence, the court expressed the view
that it must reread to the jury the guilt phase instructions that apply at the penalty
phase. Defense counsel strenuously objected to the court rereading any of the
instructions from the guilt phase, or making the original set of instructions

                                          129
available during deliberations. Counsel‘s primary concern was that the penalty
phase instructions proposed by the defense would ―be lost‖ and ―buried in the
pile‖ were the court to reread the guilt phase instructions or simply give them to
the jury.
     The court briefly consulted with another judge regarding the guilt phase
instructions issue. The court then returned to the courtroom and indicated to the
attorneys that it intended not to reread aloud the guilt phase instructions. Instead,
the court explained, it would send the packet of instructions into the jury room and
advise the jurors that they could consider those instructions they deemed
appropriate and should not consider those instructions they deemed inapplicable to
the penalty phase. The prosecutor agreed with that procedure, but defense counsel
again objected to the guilt phase instructions being sent into the jury room. The
court overruled the objection and announced it would proceed as planned.
     After the presentation of evidence and closing arguments by the attorneys,
the court gave the penalty phase instructions, beginning with the following.
―Ladies and gentlemen, we‘ve now completed the final arguments of counsel in
this, the penalty phase of the trial. It‘s my duty now to instruct you on the law that
will apply to the case. . . . [I]n the early guilt or innocence phase of the trial, I
instructed you on the law applicable to that phase of the trial. You should consider
those prior instructions on the law to the extent that you view them as properly
applying to any of the issues present in the penalty phase of the trial. However,
you should not consider any of the prior instructions on the law which you find to
be inapplicable to the questions and issues now before you in this penalty phase.‖
     The court then instructed with the standard penalty phase instructions and the
instructions requested by the defense, as modified by the court. In relevant part,
the jury was instructed that ―You will now be instructed as to all of the law that
applies to the penalty phase of this trial. . . . You must accept and follow the law

                                           130
that I shall state to you. Disregard all other instructions given to you in other
phases of this trial except as instructed by this court.‖ (See CALJIC No. 8.84.1.)

                    2. Discussion
     Defendant contends that the court erred in directing the jurors to apply the
guilt phase instructions they deemed applicable at the penalty phase because it was
the court’s obligation to specify which of those instructions applied. Defendant
asserts that the court‘s instruction deprived the jury of guidance regarding how to
evaluate the penalty phase evidence.
     As a preliminary matter, we reject the People‘s argument that defendant
invited any error because defense counsel requested that no guilt phase
instructions be given to the jury, either orally or in written form. ―The doctrine of
invited error bars a defendant from challenging an instruction given by the trial
court when the defendant has made a ‗conscious and deliberate tactical choice‘ to
‗request‘ the instruction.‖ (People v. Lucero (2000) 23 Cal. 4th 692, 723.) Were
defendant to claim here that the court should have reread the applicable guilt phase
instructions, we would agree with the People that defendant‘s contention was
barred by the invited error doctrine. (See People v. Harris (2008) 43 Cal. 4th
1269, 1319 [when counsel argued at length against reinstructing with the guilt
phase instructions, defendant‘s claim on appeal that the court erred by not
rereading the guilt phase instructions was barred by the invited error doctrine].)
But defendant‘s claim is that the court erred by leaving it to the jury to decide
which of the guilt phase instructions to apply at the penalty phase. Counsel did
not ask the court to have the jury make that determination. Indeed, he specifically
objected to having the original set of guilt phase instructions made available for
the jury‘s review during penalty phase deliberations. The court still had a duty ―to
instruct the jury on the ‗general principles of law that [were] closely and openly

                                         131
connected to the facts and that [were] necessary for the jury‘s understanding of the
case.‘ ‖ (People v. Moon (2005) 37 Cal. 4th 1, 37.)
     Regarding the merits of defendant‘s claim, we agree with defendant that the
court erred in directing the jury to decide which of the guilt phase instructions
applied at the penalty phase. The People do not argue otherwise. As previously
mentioned, the court instructed with CALJIC No. 8.84.1, telling the jury that it
must ―accept and follow the law that I shall state to you‖ and to ―[d]isregard all
other instructions given to you in other phases of this trial‖ except as instructed by
the court. We have concluded that ―if a trial court so instructs a capital jury, it
must later provide it with those instructions applicable to the penalty phase.‖
(People v. Moon, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 37.)
     People v. Harris, supra, 43 Cal. 4th 1269 is in accord. The trial court in that
case did not reinstruct the jury with the guilt phase instructions but, after reading
CALJIC No. 8.84.1, gave a special instruction directing the jury in relevant part to
― ‗be guided by the previous instructions given in the first phase of this case which
are applicable and pertinent to the determination of penalty.‘ ‖ (Harris, at
p. 1318.) Relying on Moon, this court concluded that the court erred, and urged
trial courts to ―take pains to ensure that penalty phase juries are fully and properly
instructed.‖ (Harris, at p. 1319.) Similarly here, the court‘s instruction leaving it
to the jury to decide which of the guilt phase instructions to apply to its penalty
determination, followed by instruction with CALJIC No. 8.84.1, provided no
assurance that the jurors were fully and properly instructed.
     Defendant asserts that, absent certain instructions from the guilt phase such
as CALJIC Nos. 2.00 through 2.81, the jury had no adequate standards by which
to assess the penalty phase evidence. For example, he argues, absent specific
instruction with CALJIC No. 2.20, regarding the believability of a witness, the
jury had no basis for determining the truthfulness of the defense witnesses.

                                         132
     The record does not disclose which guilt phase instructions, if any, the jury
decided to apply to its penalty determination. But even were the court‘s special
instruction to have led to the omission of the applicable guilt phase instructions
altogether, we conclude that defendant was not prejudiced because the jury was
not prevented from considering defendant‘s evidence in mitigation. (See People v.
Carter, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 1221.) The jury did not need to be instructed on
how to consider the defense evidence, such as the testimony of defendant‘s mother
and sister, who described for the jury defendant‘s difficult background and his
generous, loving character, or the testimony of the three other witnesses who
testified further regarding defendant‘s good character and his reputation as an
honest and hardworking plumber. None of the witnesses provided lengthy
testimony and none was extensively cross-examined by the prosecutor. Notably,
there was no testimony by expert witnesses for the jury to assess: Neither side
called a mental health or forensic professional, and the defense presented
defendant‘s social history through family members, rather than through an expert.
Furthermore, the evidence from both sides was direct, and neither the prosecution
nor the defense presented circumstantial evidence or evidence intended for a
limited purpose. ―In short, the penalty phase evidence was entirely
straightforward, and the trial court‘s failure to reinstruct the jury with any
applicable guilt phase instructions was harmless under any standard.‖ (People v.
Moon, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 39.)

                d. CALJIC No. 8.88
     The trial court instructed the jury with CALJIC No. 8.88, the standard
instruction on how to weigh the aggravating and mitigating evidence. Defendant
asserts that the instruction is constitutionally deficient because it failed to convey

                                          133
to the jury the scope of its discretion regarding imposition of the death penalty, in
violation of his constitutional rights to due process and a reliable death verdict.
     Defendant acknowledges that this court has repeatedly rejected the arguments
he raises here — that CALJIC No. 8.88 impermissibly requires the jury to return a
death verdict if aggravating factors outweigh mitigating factors, and allows the
jury to arbitrarily disregard mitigating factors. (See, e.g., People v. Brasure,
supra, 42 Cal.4th at pp. 1061-1064; People v. Duncan (1991) 53 Cal. 3d 955, 977.)
He observes, however, that none of the prior decisions considered People v. Smith
(2005) 35 Cal. 4th 334, in which this court concluded that a modified instruction
that was based on CALJIC No. 8.88 satisfied the constitutional command to
inform the jury of its sentencing discretion. (Smith, at p. 371.) The instruction in
that case told the jury in relevant part that ― ‗[y]ou may, but are not required to
return a judgment of death if each of you are persuaded that the aggravating
circumstances are so substantial in comparison with the mitigating circumstances
that it warrants death instead of life without parole.‘ ‖ (Ibid., italics added.) As
defendant points out, the italicized portion of the instruction in Smith was not part
of the version of the standard instruction given in the present matter, which told
the jury only that ―[t]o return a judgment of death, each of you must be persuaded
that the aggravating circumstances are so substantial that it warrants death instead
of life without parole.‖ Accordingly, he argues, this court‘s prior decisions
approving CALJIC No. 8.88 do not resolve whether the instruction was
constitutionally adequate in his case.
     Defendant misreads this court‘s decision in Smith. We did not hold that the
instruction given in that case was constitutionally adequate because it included the
italicized language. Rather, pointing to the decisions holding that CALJIC No. 8.88
satisfied the constitutional command to advise the jury regarding its sentencing
discretion, this court rejected the defendant‘s claim that the trial court erred in

                                          134
refusing his proposed supplemental instruction, which would have informed the jury
that ― ‗one mitigating factor can sometimes outweigh a number of aggravating
factors.‘ ‖ (People v. Smith, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 371.) It is axiomatic that a case
is not authority for an issue that was not considered. (People v. Alvarez (2002)
27 Cal. 4th 1161, 1176.)
     Although this court has not addressed the specific language in Smith that
defendant characterizes as ―critical‖ to the jury‘s understanding of its sentencing
discretion, we have rejected claims similar to the one defendant raises here. For
example, in People v. Butler, supra, 46 Cal. 4th 847, this court found no error in
the court‘s refusal to give a proposed instruction that would have informed the
jury in relevant part ―that it could, but was not required to, impose the death
penalty if aggravating circumstances outweighed mitigating circumstances.‖
(Id. at p. 874.) In rejecting the defendant‘s claim of error, we reiterated that
CALJIC No. 8.88 properly instructs the jury on the weighing of aggravating and
mitigating factors. (Butler, at p. 874.) Likewise in People v. Burney (2009)
47 Cal. 4th 203, this court rejected the defendant‘s argument that the trial court
erred by refusing defense counsel‘s request to instruct the jury that ― ‗you may
return a verdict of life imprisonment without possibility of parole even if you find
that the factors and circumstances in aggravation outweigh those in mitigation.‘ ‖
(Id. at pp. 263-264, fn. 19.) The proposed instruction, we concluded, ―merely
restated the principles that flowed from‖ CALJIC No. 8.88, which ―is adequate
and correct.‖ (Burney, at p. 264.) We decline defendant‘s invitation to reconsider
our prior pronouncements on the adequacy of CALJIC No. 8.88.

           4. Cumulative effect of the asserted errors at the penalty phase
     Defendant contends that the judgment of death must be reversed because the
cumulative effect of the trial court‘s asserted errors during the penalty phase

                                         135
deprived the jury of its ability to fairly and properly find the facts necessary to
determine that life without possibility of parole was the appropriate sentence. We
have concluded that the jury committed misconduct by discussing the fact of
defendant‘s failure to testify, that Juror No. 5‘s exposure to a book on the subject
of stalking constituted misconduct, and that the trial court erred by having the jury
decide for itself which of the guilt phase instructions applied at the penalty phase.
We concluded furthermore, however, that defendant was not prejudiced by any of
the errors. (See ante, at pp. 111-114, 119-120, 132-133.) We reach the same
conclusion viewing those errors singly or together.

       C. Denial of Automatic Motion to Modify Death Verdict
     At pages 111 through 115, ante, we agreed with defendant that the jury‘s
request to ―hear from‖ him was misconduct because it contravened the court‘s
instruction not to discuss defendant‘s failure to testify. We concluded nonetheless
that the presumption of prejudice has been rebutted because no adverse inferences
can be drawn from the jury‘s request for testimony by defendant at the penalty
phase. (Ibid.) In reaching that conclusion, we disagreed with defendant‘s
argument that certain comments made by the court when it denied the automatic
motion for modification of the death verdict supported his argument that he was
prejudiced by the jury‘s misconduct.
     Relying on the same comments by the trial court, defendant has reframed his
argument as a challenge to the court‘s denial of the automatic motion to modify
his sentence. (§ 190.4, subd. (e).) Specifically, defendant argues that the death
judgment must be reversed because the court erroneously considered defendant‘s
failure to testify when deciding not to modify the death verdict. For the reasons
that follow, we conclude that defendant‘s claim of error was not preserved for
appeal and that, in any event, it lacks merit on this record.

                                          136
           1. Background
     The court conducted a hearing on the automatic motion to modify the death
verdict. Before announcing its ruling, the court summarized the nature of its
inquiry and heard argument by the parties. Defense counsel reviewed the
evidence relating to the various sentencing factors, arguing that the evidence in
aggravation was limited and weak. In this regard, counsel expressed the view that
the jurors did not follow the court‘s instruction that each of them must find that
―the aggravating circumstances are so substantial in comparison to the mitigating
circumstances that it warrants death instead of life without parole.‖ (See CALJIC
No. 8.88.) Counsel also repeated his earlier argument that, after reporting a
deadlock, the jurors‘ request to hear from defendant ignored the court‘s instruction
not to consider defendant‘s failure to testify and was therefore misconduct.
     After hearing argument by the prosecutor, the court announced its ruling
finding that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating
circumstances, and denying the motion to modify sentence. In explaining the
reasons for its ruling, the court described the aggravating and mitigating evidence
the court had independently reweighed as it related to each of the 11 sentencing
factors provided in section 190.3, including the circumstances of the crime,
defendant‘s prior violent conduct, whether defendant was acting under extreme
mental or emotional disturbance, and other circumstances that extenuated the
gravity of the crime or aspects of defendant‘s character on which a sentence less
than death could be based. (See § 190.3, factors (a), (b), (d), (k).)
     After having discussed the evidence the court had independently considered
and reweighed in light of each of the sentencing factors, the court made the
following comments, which we set out in some detail. ―In response to my inquiry
of the jury if there was anything else we could do to assist them when they were
reporting being deadlocked in the penalty phase . . . , [¶] [o]ne of the things they

                                         137
said was ‗we‘d like to hear from the defendant.‘ [¶] I did not go into any great
length to explain to them that the defendant has a right not to testify and he chose
to exercise that right . . . . But I can guarantee you that what the jury wanted to
know was what was the defendant‘s motivation when he set that car on fire. Was
he finishing the job? Was she in the backseat moaning and groaning even though
in a semiconscious state, or did he think she was dead and was just destroying the
evidence?‖
     The court continued, ―I think the answer to that question could very clearly
have changed the jury‘s thinking about this case. And indeed, I‘ve thought long
and hard about it. I can‘t make up an answer to that question. I cannot speculate
or conjecture. That evidence is not before this court to be reweighed. It was not
before the jury to be considered. [¶] What the jury did decide, based upon the
evidence, was that she was killed by thermal injury. So I‘ve often thought that if
we knew the answer to my question, it might be a very difficult situation with
which we are all now confronted, but as I‘ve indicated, I cannot fill in the blanks.
I can only reweigh the evidence that was presented, and I have carefully
considered and weighed the aggravating and mitigating circumstances, as
previously stated.‖

           2. Discussion
     As a preliminary matter, we agree with the People that defendant has
forfeited his challenge to the court‘s ruling on the automatic motion for
modification of the death verdict because counsel did not raise in the trial court the
error he asserts here. (People v. Brady (2010) 50 Cal. 4th 547, 588; People v.
Mungia (2008) 44 Cal. 4th 1101, 1141 [a defendant must bring to the trial court‘s
attention any deficiency in its ruling on the automatic motion to modify so that the
court has an opportunity to correct any asserted error].)

                                         138
     Defendant argues that defense counsel was excused from objecting because
counsel reasonably would have believed that an objection would have been futile,
given that the court had already denied the defense motion for mistrial based on
the jury‘s request to hear from defendant. (See ante, at p. 111.) What appears
more likely, however, is that counsel viewed the court‘s comments simply as a
response to his argument at the hearing that the jury had violated the court‘s
instruction not to consider defendant‘s failure to testify, and not as an indication
that the court had considered defendant‘s failure to testify when ruling on the
motion to modify the death verdict, as defendant now argues. In any event,
defendant‘s claim of error is unsupported by the record.
     Fairly read, the court‘s comments demonstrate that the court did not base its
denial of the automatic motion to modify the death verdict, even in part, on
defendant‘s failure to testify. Likely in response to defense counsel‘s argument,
the court offered its view as to why the jury wanted to hear from defendant, that is,
the jury wanted to know defendant‘s motivation when he set the car on fire —
whether it was to ―finish the job‖ or, in the belief that Kerr was already dead, to
destroy evidence of the killing. The court was of the opinion that the answer to
that question could have changed the outcome of the case, or have affected the
motion to modify. But as shown above, the court emphasized, repeatedly, that it
could not speculate as to the answer to that question, and that such evidence was
neither presented to the jury for its consideration nor was it before the court for
reweighing. Defendant‘s argument that the court gave impermissible weight to his
failure to testify misreads the court‘s remarks. Contrary to defendant‘s assertion,
nothing in the record suggests the court viewed defendant‘s failure to testify as
having left an evidentiary gap concerning why he set Kerr and the car on fire. Nor
does defendant point to anything supporting his argument that the court, like the

                                         139
jury, relied on defendant‘s failure to testify to assume that he must have known
Kerr was alive when he set the fire.
        The court concluded its comments at the hearing by reiterating that it had
carefully considered and weighed the aggravating and mitigating circumstances.
The record bears out the court‘s observation, and establishes furthermore that the
court fully complied with its obligation to (1) independently reweigh the evidence
of aggravating and mitigating circumstances, (2) determine whether the weight of
the evidence supports the jury‘s death verdict, and (3) explain on the record the
reasons for its ruling. (People v. Brady, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 588; People v.
Mitcham (1992) 1 Cal. 4th 1027, 1079.) The court‘s belief that the jury asked to
hear from defendant because it wanted to know whether defendant‘s motivation in
setting fire to Kerr‘s car was to ―finish the job‖ is a questionable assertion, given
the jury‘s earlier verdicts finding true the kidnapping-murder and torture-murder
special-circumstance allegations, both of which require a live victim.
Nonetheless, the record belies defendant‘s argument that the court erroneously
considered his failure to testify in denying the automatic motion for modification
of the death verdict.

         D. Constitutionality of California’s death penalty scheme
        Defendant presents numerous challenges to the constitutionality of
California‘s death penalty law that, as he acknowledges, are identical to those that
this court has previously considered and rejected. We decline his request to
reconsider our prior conclusions here. (People v. Schmeck (2005) 37 Cal. 4th 240,
303.)
        The special circumstances listed in section 190.2 that render a murderer
eligible for the death penalty, which include felony murder and lying in wait, are
not so numerous and broadly interpreted that they fail to narrow the class of death-

                                          140
eligible first degree murderers as required by the Eighth and Fourteenth
Amendments. (People v. Johnson (2016) 62 Cal. 4th 600, 654-655; People v.
Myles (2012) 53 Cal. 4th 1181, 1224-1225.)
     Section 190.3, factor (a), which requires the jury to consider as evidence in
aggravation the circumstances of the capital crime, is not so broad as to allow the
arbitrary and capricious use of contradictory circumstances to support a death
verdict, in violation of the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the
federal Constitution. (People v. Merriman, supra, 60 Cal.4th at pp. 105-106;
People v. Brown (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 382, 401.)
     The jury‘s reliance on unadjudicated criminal activity as a factor in
aggravation under section 190.3, factor (b), without any requirement that the jury
unanimously find that the activity was proved beyond a reasonable doubt, does not
deprive a defendant of any federal constitutional rights, including the Sixth
Amendment right to trial by jury and the Fourteenth Amendment right to due
process. (People v. Clark, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 1007; People v. Balderas (1985)
41 Cal. 3d 144, 204-205.)
     Nor does section 190.3‘s use of adjectives such as ―extreme‖ and
―substantial‖ in factors (d) and (g), respectively, act as a barrier to the jury‘s
consideration of mitigating evidence, in violation of constitutional commands.
(People v. Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 656; People v. Adcox (1988) 47 Cal. 3d
207, 270.)
     Regarding defendant‘s various challenges to the penalty phase procedures,
this court has repeatedly rejected arguments that the federal Constitution requires
the penalty phase jury to make unanimous written findings beyond a reasonable
doubt that the aggravating factors exist, that they outweigh the factors in
mitigation, and that death is the appropriate penalty. (People v. Johnson, supra,
62 Cal.4th at p. 655; People v. Linton, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 1215.) This court

                                          141
has also concluded that ―neither the federal Constitution nor section 520 of the
Evidence Code requires that the jury be instructed that the prosecution has the
burden of proof with regard to the truth of aggravating circumstances or the
appropriateness of the death penalty, and the trial court is not required to explicitly
tell the jury that neither party bears the burden of proof.‖ (People v. Leonard,
supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1429.)
     There is no Eighth Amendment requirement that our death penalty
procedures provide for intercase proportionality review. (People v. Johnson,
supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 656; People v. Lang (1989) 49 Cal. 3d 991, 1043.)
     The failure to afford capital defendants at the penalty phase the same
procedural safeguards afforded to noncapital defendants does not offend equal
protection principles, because the two groups are not similarly situated. (People v.
Whalen (2013) 56 Cal. 4th 1, 91.)
     California does not regularly use the death penalty as a form of punishment,
and ―its imposition does not violate international norms of decency or the Eighth
Amendment‘s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.‖ (People v.
Clark, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 1008.)

                                         142
                              III. CONCLUSION
   The judgment is affirmed in its entirety.

                                                CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.

WE CONCUR:

WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
CORRIGAN, J.
CUÉLLAR, J.
KRUGER, J.

                                      143
             CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION BY LIU, J.
       I join today‘s opinion except its holding that the evidence here was
sufficient to support the jury‘s finding of the kidnapping-murder special
circumstance. (Pen. Code, § 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(B).)
       In addressing a sufficiency challenge, we review the record ― ‗in the light
most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it discloses substantial
evidence — that is, evidence which is reasonable, credible, and of solid value —
such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the [special circumstance allegation
true] beyond a reasonable doubt.‘ ‖ (People v. Boyce (2014) 59 Cal. 4th 672, 691.)
The standard is deferential, but the evidence in support of the judgment must be
reasonable, credible, and of solid value; ―a mere possibility‖ or ―[s]peculation is
not substantial evidence‖ (People v. Ramon (2009) 175 Cal. App. 4th 843, 851).
Moreover, we must examine whether the evidence is such that a reasonable jury
could find the special circumstance true beyond a reasonable doubt.
       The court makes two arguments in support of its conclusion that a jury
―could reasonably infer‖ beyond a reasonable doubt ―that defendant had not yet
decided Kerr‘s fate after incapacitating her and moving her into the back of her
own car‖ (maj. opn., ante, at p. 68) and therefore had ―an independent felonious
purpose to commit‖ kidnapping (People v. Brents (2012) 53 Cal. 4th 599, 608–609
(Brents)).
       First, the court notes there was a three-hour gap between the time Kerr left
Harvey‘s home and the firefighters‘ discovery of the burning car containing Kerr‘s
body, and it relies on a statement by Heiserman that Brooks said he (Brooks)

                                          1
strangled Kerr immediately after she left Harvey‘s home. (Maj. opn., ante, at
pp. 66, 68.) But this is not sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could
find beyond a reasonable doubt that Brooks had an independent felonious purpose
to kidnap Kerr. Indeed, the prosecution understood the entirety of the evidence to
support the theory that Brooks strangled Kerr after she returned to her apartment.
On appeal, the Attorney General‘s briefing does not deviate from this theory and
does not even mention Heiserman‘s statement in connection with the kidnapping
special circumstance, let alone rely on it as a basis for affirming the jury‘s true
finding. When pressed at oral argument on the timing of events, the Attorney
General did not point to Heiserman‘s statement or any other evidence suggesting
when the strangling took place. Moreover, the record contains no evidence
indicating how long Brooks drove around before setting the car on fire. The
evidence is not sufficient for a reasonable jury to infer the timing of the events
beyond a reasonable doubt.
       Second, the court points to Brooks‘s ―complicated relationship with Kerr‖
and ―fragile mental and emotional state.‖ (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 69.) This
evidence, the court contends, ―raised a reasonable inference that defendant was
conflicted, confused, and possibly in a state of panic after rendering Kerr
unconscious, and that he decided her fate only after having placed her on the
floorboard of her car and driven off.‖ (Ibid.) But this inference is highly
speculative and inconsistent with the prosecution‘s theory of the crime throughout
the trial, which was that Brooks had planned to kill Kerr weeks before the crime,
specifically by burning her in her car. In closing arguments, the prosecutor
repeatedly stressed ―[t]he evidence in this case shows time after time this man is
thinking about homicide . . . well beforehand, weeks beforehand.‖ Not once did
the prosecutor suggest that Brooks was in a ―state of panic‖ or unsure about Kerr‘s

                                           2
fate when he drove away, or that he had some additional motive in transporting
her unconscious body.
       This is not the first time we have struggled to find sufficient evidence to
support a true finding on the kidnapping-murder special circumstance. In Brents,
supra, 53 Cal. 4th 599, the defendant and several accomplices beat up Kelly
Gordon after an argument over proceeds from a drug sale. The defendant choked
Gordon, forced her into the trunk of his car, and told his accomplices, ― ‗[w]e got
to take her out . . . because she w[ill] tell.‘ ‖ (Id. at p. 604.) He then drove her 16
miles away, where he doused the car in gasoline and burned Gordon alive. (Id. at
pp. 604, 609–610.) We rejected the defendant‘s argument that there was ―no
evidence of an independent purpose to kidnap Gordon,‖ reasoning that he could
have killed Gordon when he initially assaulted her. (Id. at p. 609.) The fact that
he instead drove her almost half an hour away — and that he ―had not mentioned
to anyone an intent to burn Gordon alive‖ — suggested that the defendant ―was
not sure what he wanted to do with Gordon when he drove away with her in the
trunk.‖ (Id. at p. 610.) We also noted that the ―defendant must have known that
by driving [Gordon] such a long distance, he was increasing her terror.‖ (Ibid.) If
the defendant ―took some satisfaction in the terror [Gordon] was experiencing
during the drive,‖ we held, then he had an ―independent concurrent purpose for the
crime of kidnapping.‖ (Ibid.)
       In reaching this holding, we acknowledged that ―the evidence here of an
independent purpose to kidnap was weak‖ and ―far from overwhelming.‖ (Brents,
supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 614, 611; see id. at pp. 619–620 (conc. opn. of Liu, J.).)
The evidence in this case is even weaker. Here, unlike in Brents, the prosecutor‘s
consistent theory was that the defendant had long before planned to kill the victim,
specifically by means of burning her car, and that the defendant had revealed his
intent to kill the victim to others weeks before the incident. Nor is there any

                                           3
suggestion, as there was in Brents, that the defendant drove the victim to terrorize
her, since the parties agree she was unconscious. Finally, whereas the evidence
was clear in Brents that the defendant drove the victim, while conscious, for at
least 30 minutes, the record here contains no evidence regarding the length of time
Brooks drove with Kerr‘s unconscious body.
       Further, the jury here was never instructed that in order to find the special
circumstance to be true, it must first determine that Brooks had an independent
felonious purpose to commit the kidnapping. Brooks did not raise this
instructional issue on appeal, and his sufficiency claim requires us to consider only
whether a reasonable jury could find the special circumstance true beyond a
reasonable doubt. Nevertheless, in this case we cannot even say this jury found
that Brooks had an independent felonious purpose for the kidnapping, depriving us
of the positive inference that is usually implicit when considering a sufficiency
challenge to a jury verdict.
       The sufficiency standard is deferential but not toothless. Based on the
evidence here, I do not see how a reasonable jury could find beyond a reasonable
doubt that Brooks had an independent felonious purpose for the kidnapping.
Today‘s opinion reaches a contrary conclusion by relying on characterizations of
the evidence not urged by either the prosecution at trial or the Attorney General on
appeal. I therefore respectfully dissent from the court‘s decision to uphold the
kidnapping-murder special circumstance finding. In all other respects, I join the
court‘s opinion.
                                                  LIU, J.

                                          4
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion People v. Brooks
__________________________________________________________________________________

Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal XXX
Original Proceeding
Review Granted
Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion No. S099274
Date Filed: March 20, 2017
__________________________________________________________________________________

Court: Superior
County: Los Angeles
Judge: Warren G. Greene

__________________________________________________________________________________

Counsel:

John L. Staley, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Kathleen A. Kenealy, Acting Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette,
Chief Assistant Attorney General, Pamela C. Hamanaka, Assistant Attorney General, Sharlene A. Honnaka
and Allison H. Chung, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):

John L. Staley
11770 Bernardo Plaza Court, Suite 305
San Diego, CA 92128
(858) 613-1047

Allison H. Chung
Deputy Attorney General
300 South Spring Street, Suite 1702
Los Angeles, CA 90013
(213) 897-2058