Court Opinion

ID: 6112916
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-26 21:03:46.652001+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:54:26.942025
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U
                                          No. 2-19-0931
                                   Order filed January 26, 2022

      NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
      except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l).
______________________________________________________________________________

                                              IN THE

                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE                ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS,                           ) of Winnebago County.
                                       )
      Plaintiff-Appellee,              )
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 06-CF-2363
                                       )
RYAN T. HARMON,                        ) Honorable
                                       ) Brendan A. Maher,
      Defendant-Appellant.             ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       PRESIDING JUSTICE BRIDGES delivered the judgment of the court.
       Justices McLaren and Schostok concurred in the judgment.

                                             ORDER

¶1     Held: Trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for leave to file a successive
             postconviction petition. Therefore, we affirm.

¶2     Following a jury trial, defendant, Ryan T. Harmon, was convicted of three counts of

aggravated kidnaping (720 ILCS 5/10-2(a) (West 2006)) and one count of arson (720 ILCS 5/20-

1(a) (West 2006)). He currently appeals from the trial court’s denial of his motion for leave to file

a successive postconviction petition. We affirm.

¶3                                      I. BACKGROUND
2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

¶4      We previously summarized the evidence adduced at trial in defendant’s two prior appeals

(see People v. Harmon, 2013 IL App (2d) 120439; People v. Harmon, 2011 IL App (2d) 091278-

U), and we again restate the relevant facts here.

¶5     Witness testimony began on May 19, 2009. According to evidence presented by the State,

then-16-year-old Michael Feehan left the Billiard Café in Rockford on June 2, 2006, at about 11:50

p.m. He got into his car, a 1992 maroon Buick, and put his wallet, cell phone, and pool cue on the

passenger seat. Two black men, later identified as then-17-year-old defendant and Kenneth

Chandler, approached; defendant went to the driver side window and Chandler went to the

passenger-side window. Feehan had never seen the men before. Feehan rolled down his window,

and defendant asked if he had a lighter. Feehan said that he did not smoke. Defendant then asked

if he had any alcohol. Feehan said no, and he said that he would give them some money to buy a

lighter at the gas station across the street. Feehan reached over to get his wallet, and when he turned

to look back, defendant punched him in the left side of the face, knocking out some teeth.

¶6      The men dragged Feehan out of the car and hit and kicked him, telling him to get into the

trunk. Feehan complied because they threatened to kill him otherwise. The men searched Feehan

for his wallet, and after he told them that it was in the car, they closed the trunk. They drove off,

with Feehan screaming from the trunk. Feehan heard them talking to people during some stops,

and he also heard them talking to people using the speaker phone on his cell phone.

¶7     After several hours, the men popped the trunk and put Feehan’s pool cue “over the bed of

the trunk” so that he could not sit up or move. They told him that if he did not stop making noise

they would kill him, but if he stopped, he would make it through. Feehan saw that defendant had

duct tape with blood seeping through it on his left hand; defendant did not have that on his hand

before he punched defendant. The men closed the trunk again. For the majority of the time that

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2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

Feehan was in the trunk, the car was moving and Feehan was awake, though he fell asleep at some

point.

¶8       The next morning, Feehan asked for food and water, and the men stopped and gave him

food and water from McDonald’s while he was still in the trunk. Later, he heard them driving on

a gravel road that he felt they had already been on, but this time they stopped and popped the trunk

and started tying him up with duct tape. They were near an abandoned house in a forested area.

The men threw Feehan into an outhouse on the property and used branches to secure the door.

They told Feehan that they were going to come back, and if he tried to escape and they found him,

they would kill him.

¶9       After the men drove off, Feehan freed himself from the duct tape and got the door open.

He ran to a house and found some people outside. They helped him call the police and his family.

Feehan’s father drove him to the hospital, where he was diagnosed with having multiple blunt

contusions to his chest and face, a large abrasion on his upper lip, and a fractured front incisor.

Feehan identified defendant in a photo lineup and in court.

¶ 10     On June 4, 2006, the police located Feehan’s Buick in a wooded area near an intersection.

There were two sets of tire marks in a grassy area, showing that two vehicles had been there. The

Buick’s interior had smoke and heat damage, and a small area in the backseat was burned. A gas

can was in the front seat, with a pair of gloves under it. A partially burnt piece of paper, Feehan’s

class schedule, was outside on the ground next to the passenger side of the car. An arson

investigator testified that the fire originated in the backseat and was intentionally set. He opined

that the fire died out from a lack of oxygen because all of the car’s windows and doors were closed.

Inside the trunk, the police located a half-eaten burger and a cup from McDonald’s, as well as a

bag from McDonald’s containing a receipt. Pictures from McDonald’s security video cameras

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2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

from a time corresponding to that indicated on the receipt showed a man, identified as defendant,

purchasing food. The pictures also showed gauze or duct tape on his left hand.

¶ 11   An expert in fingerprint analysis and comparison testified that he recovered one latent

fingerprint from the outside of the driver’s-side window, which he matched to Chandler, and one

latent print from the back of the school schedule, which he matched to defendant’s left thumb.

¶ 12   Defendant provided the following testimony. He was helping his aunt move on “Thursday”

and “Friday” (June 2 and 3, 2006), and he cut his hand on Friday while helping move a couch.

Therefore, his hand was wrapped in gauze and tape. Also on Friday, Chandler, a friend of

defendant’s, called and told him that he had just come back from Texas. The following day,

Chandler picked him up in a maroon Buick, and defendant was with him for about 1½ hours.

During that time, they drove to Chandler’s friend’s house and later picked up a few friends they

saw outside. They next drove to the house of a person named Savante Brown. Defendant left

Brown’s house with Chandler, and Chandler asked defendant to buy some food for him at

McDonald’s because he was feeling lazy. Defendant admitted being in the video from

McDonald’s. Defendant gave Chandler the food and asked to be dropped off at his aunt’s house

so he could keep helping her move. He got there at about 1:30 or 2 p.m. That night, defendant

“rapped” with some friends and then went home.

¶ 13   Defendant testified that he was in the front passenger’s seat of the Buick when he was with

Chandler. He did not remember touching any papers in the car but might have. Defendant denied

striking Feehan and throwing him in the trunk.

¶ 14   On cross-examination, defendant admitted that he was left-handed. He did not recall telling

police officers on July 4, 2006, that he was homeless. Defendant believed that he told the officers

that he knew about a warrant for his arrest and was planning on turning himself in. Defendant did

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2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

not know if he told the officers that he had not been riding in a maroon Buick on June 2, 3, or 4.

Defendant agreed that he did not tell the officers that he had hurt his hand while moving furniture.

¶ 15   In rebuttal, an officer testified that on November 6, 2003, defendant had received juvenile

adjudications for attempted residential burglary and residential burglary. Another officer testified

that on July 4, 2006, defendant told the police that he was homeless. Defendant denied knowing

Chandler and Brown and said that he had not been in a red Buick on June 2 or 3. The officer asked

if defendant got the cut on his left hand from striking Feehan, and defendant said that he did not

know what the officer was talking about. Defendant also said that he did not know what the officer

was talking about when asked about being seen on the McDonald’s video.

¶ 16   Defendant was found guilty of six counts of aggravated kidnaping (720 ILCS 5/10-2(a)

(West 2006)), one count of robbery (720 ILCS 5/18-1(a) (West 2006)), one count of vehicular

hijacking (720 ILCS 5/18-3(a) (West 2006)), and one count of arson (720 ILCS 5/20-1(a) (West

2006)). Convictions were entered on three of the aggravated kidnaping counts and the arson count.

Defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms of 20 years’ imprisonment for the aggravated

kidnaping convictions and a consecutive 5-year term for the arson conviction.

¶ 17     On appeal, defendant argued that there was insufficient evidence to prove him guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt of arson, and that he was denied a fair trial when he was improperly

impeached with juvenile adjudications. This court affirmed defendant’s convictions. Harmon,

2011 IL App (2d) 091278-U.

¶ 18    Defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition on January 9, 2012, raising 11 claims. The

trial court summarily dismissed the petition on March 20, 2012. On appeal, defendant argued that

the dismissal was in error because his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to: (1) investigate

Willie Gulley and call him as a witness and (2) challenge the admissibility of expert testimony that

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2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

defendant’s thumbprint matched the print on Feehan’s schedule. We affirmed. Harmon, 2013 IL

App (2d) 120439.

¶ 19   On March 2, 2018, defendant filed a motion for leave to file a successive postconviction

petition alleging actual innocence. 1 In addition to his own affidavit, defendant attached the

affidavits of co-defendant Chandler and Nicole Collins. Defendant alleged that newly-discovered

evidence strongly indicated that he had been unjustly convicted.

¶ 20   In his affidavit dated September 30, 2017, Chandler averred as follows. On June 2, 2006,

he carjacked and robbed Feehan “with a person by the name of Troy Perkins.” They put Feehan

inside the trunk, and Perkins hit him in the mouth. They rode around with Feehan in the trunk and

stopped at several places, during which time they were getting high on marijuana and drinking

alcohol. After a “long time” Perkins told Chandler to drop him off and come back to get him the

next morning. At that point, Chandler was alone with Feehan in the trunk. Early the next day,

Chandler saw defendant walking down Oakley Street and picked him up. Defendant asked who

the car belonged to, and Chandler said that it was his. Chandler told defendant to get in the car

because he was “going the same way.” They hung out at Chandler’s girlfriend Tanisha’s house for

a couple of hours until it was time to pick up Perkins. “After stopping to get something to eat,”

Chandler dropped defendant off at his relative’s house. Defendant was never aware that the car

was stolen or that Feehan was in the trunk because there was loud music playing the whole time

that defendant was in the car. Defendant was “truly just in the wrong place at the wrong time.”

       1
           Defendant titled his document as a postconviction petition, but within the pleading he

requested leave to file the petition. On appeal, he characterizes his pleading as a motion for leave

to file a successive postconviction claim, which is how the trial court treated the pleading.

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2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

Chandler “wanted to reveal this at [defendant’s] trial but [he] had to look out for [his] own

interest.”

¶ 21       Collins averred as follows in her affidavit, dated November 27, 2017. In the summer of

2006, Troy Perkins, whom Collins knew as “Little T.P.,” came to her house late at night with

someone she knew as “Kenny Jr.” They were in a “purplish reddish Buick or Chevy car.” Perkins

asked Collins to come outside, handed her $10,000 in what he said was gambling winnings, and

asked her to hold the money for him. This request was not unusual because Collins had held money

for Perkins in the past. Collins heard some sounds like banging coming from the car’s trunk, and

she asked Perkins what was going on. He said that they were playing a joke on a guy. Collins said

that the man could die from a lack of oxygen, and one of the men said that they were going to let

him out once they left Collins’ place. About one week later, Perkins came back to get his money

and told Collins that he was “on the run” because the man in the trunk had actually been the car’s

owner, and the man went to the police about being put in the trunk. Collins had recently seen

Kenny Jr. “who contacted” her and asked if she remembered the day that he and Perkins came to

her house. She said yes, and he asked if she was willing to put what she knew in an affidavit, which

she did.

¶ 22    In his affidavit dated February 22, 2018, defendant averred that he did not know and had

not heard that Perkins was the person with Chandler until Chandler told him the previous year. He

also did not know that Collins was a witness until Chandler told him about her, and “even then

[he] was not convinced until she wrote to [him].” Defendant “knew all alone [sic]” that Chandler

had something to do with taking Feehan’s vehicle and robbing him, and he tried to reach out to

Chandler before trial. However, Chandler ignored defendant’s plea for him to come forward, and

there was nothing defendant could do about it or to prove that he himself was not involved.

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2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

¶ 23   Defendant argued that the evidence was newly discovered because he was not aware of

Collins being a witness until Chandler told him about her and he received a letter and affidavit

from her. He maintained that he tried to contact Chandler before trial, but Chandler ignored his

plea to come forward. Defendant asserted that Chandler may have been concerned that coming

forward would jeopardize his plea deal and that Chandler could be questioned about his

motivations during an evidentiary hearing.

¶ 24   Defendant additionally argued that the newly discovered evidence would likely change the

result on retrial because “the identification in this case wasn’t strong.” He argued that though

Feehan identified him as the offender, Feehan was impeached by his statement to the police that

the offender was 6 feet 1 inch tall, dark complected, and weighed 180 pounds, in that contrary

evidence was presented at trial. Defendant also argued that although his print was found on

Feehan’s school schedule, defendant had admitted being in the vehicle, and the print did not prove

that defendant committed the offense.

¶ 25    On September 25, 2019, the trial court issued a written order denying defendant leave to

file a successive postconviction petition. We summarize the trial court’s findings, in relevant part.

Chandler pled guilty to kidnapping on October 3, 2007, about 1½ years before defendant’s trial.

Chandler was sentenced to 12.5 years’ imprisonment on April 10, 2008. He was released on parole

on January 20, 2017, and his projected discharge date was January 21, 2020. He was subsequently

charged with possession with intent to deliver controlled substances. 2 In defendant’s motion, he

did not allege or aver any objective factors that impeded his ability to identify and obtain the

       2
           We take judicial notice that for the drug crime, Chandler’s parole date was December 27,

2021, and he has a projected discharge date of December 27, 2022.

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2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

affidavits from Chandler and Collins before he filed his initial postconviction petition. Defendant

did not describe any efforts he made personally or through his counsel to communicate with

Chandler or obtain an affidavit from him between Chandler’s guilty plea and sentencing, which

occurred before defendant’s trial, or between defendant’s conviction and sentence and the filing

of his first postconviction petition on January 9, 2012.

¶ 26    The trial court continued that Chandler’s affidavit did not provide any substantial

information about Perkins, such as his relationship to him, identifying characteristics, and how he

could be located. Further, nothing in Chandler’s affidavit asserted that Perkins bore any physical

resemblance to defendant such that Feehan’s identification of defendant was likely mistaken. He

also did not aver that if called as a witness at defendant’s trial, he would have refused to testify or

would have testified consistently with the affidavit. Chandler’s statement that he had to look out

for his own interests was unclear given that he had already pleaded guilty and been sentenced by

the time of defendant’s trial. Defendant’s and Chandler’s affidavits did not raise the probability

that the new evidence was of such a conclusive character that it would probably change the result

on retrial.

¶ 27    The trial court stated that Collins’ affidavit suffered from many of the same flaws regarding

a lack of information about Perkins. She also did not provide information about herself or her

relationship to Perkins, other than that she called him “Little T.P.” Collins further did not explain

why in November 2017 she had a specific memory of events on an unspecified date 11 years earlier

in the summer of 2006. She did not explain why she did not come forward sooner. Most

significantly, nothing in the affidavit led to the conclusion that it was more likely than not that no

reasonable juror would have convicted defendant in light of Collins’ “ ‘new evidence.’ ”

¶ 28    Defendant timely appealed.

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2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

¶ 29                                          II. ANALYSIS

¶ 30    The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2020)), which is

designed to provide a statutory route for criminal defendants to challenge their convictions based

on a substantial denial of constitutional rights, contemplates the filing of just one petition. People

v. Jackson, 2021 IL 124818, ¶ 27. However, a defendant may file a successive postconviction

petition if it is required by fundamental fairness, which applies in two possible circumstances.

People v. Taliani, 2021 IL 125891, ¶ 55. The defendant must either (1) satisfy the cause-and-

prejudice test for his constitutional claim, or (2) assert a claim of actual innocence. Jackson, 2021

IL 124818, ¶ 27. Before filing a successive postconviction petition, the defendant must obtain

leave of the trial court. Id.

¶ 31     Here, defendant asserted a claim of actual innocence. To establish such a claim, “the

supporting evidence must be newly discovered, material and not cumulative, and of such a

conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial. Id. ¶ 41. Newly discovered

evidence is evidence that was discovered after trial and that the petitioner could not have

discovered earlier through exercising due diligence. Id. ¶ 42. Evidence is material and not

cumulative if it is relevant and probative of the petitioner’s innocence, and it adds to the

information heard at trial. People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47. The most important element

of a claim of actual innocence is that the evidence be of a conclusive character, which means that

it would probably lead to a different result when considered in conjunction with the trial evidence.

Id. ¶ 47. “Ultimately, the question is whether the evidence supporting the postconviction petition

places the trial evidence in a different light and undermines the court’s confidence in the judgment

of guilt.” Id. ¶ 48. We focus on probability rather than certainty when considering whether the trier

of fact would reach a different result. Id.

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2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

¶ 32   All well-pleaded allegations in the petition and supporting documents that are not

positively rebutted by the trial record should be taken as true at the pleading stage. Id. ¶ 45.

“Credibility findings and determinations as to the reliability of the supporting evidence are to be

made only at a third-stage evidentiary hearing in a successive postconviction proceeding. Id. ¶ 61.

¶ 33   A trial court should deny a motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition

alleging actual innocence only if it is clear from reviewing the petition and supporting

documentation that the petition cannot set forth a colorable claim of actual innocence as a matter

of law. Jackson, 2021IL 124818, ¶ 41. Conversely, “leave of court should be granted where the

petitioner’s supporting documentation raises the probability that it is more likely than not that no

reasonable juror would have convicted the petitioner in light of the new evidence.” Robinson, 2020

IL 123849, ¶ 44. We review de novo a trial court’s denial of a motion for leave to file a successive

postconviction petition. Jackson, 2021IL 124818, ¶ 27.

¶ 34    Defendant argues that Chandler’s and Collins’ affidavits were newly discovered. For

Chandler’s affidavit, he argues that the evidence was unavailable to him at the time of trial and

due diligence could have forced Chandler to testify because he was a co-defendant and possessed

the fifth amendment right against self-incrimination. See People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶

38 (no amount of diligence could have forced the co-defendant to violate right against self-

incrimination). Defendant notes that the report of proceedings shows that before trial, Chandler’s

attorney stated that Chandler had an appeal pending in a postconviction matter and that he had

advised Chandler to assert his fifth amendment privilege not to testify in defendant’s case.

Defendant cites cases stating that a defendant who pleads guilty may still assert his fifth

amendment privilege. He also points to his own averments that he had tried to reach out to

Chandler before trial but Chandler ignored his plea to come forward, and he points to Chandler’s

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2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

attestation that he wanted to reveal at defendant’s trial that Perkins was involved, but he had to

look out for his own interests.

¶ 35   Defendant argues that Collins’ affidavit was also newly discovered because he only learned

of Collins from Chandler the previous year. Defendant maintains that there was also nothing in the

record indicating that Collins was a potential witness.

¶ 36     Defendant further argues that the affidavits presented evidence that was material and not

cumulative, in that evidence that Perkins was the assailant with Chandler, rather than defendant,

was relevant and probative of defendant’s innocence. Defendant argues that Collins’ affidavit also

recounts admissions by Perkins tying him to the charged offenses

¶ 37    Finally, defendant argues that evidence that Perkins and Chandler kidnapped Feehan, that

Perkins made third-party admissions, and that defendant was not involved in the crimes is of such

conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial. Defendant maintains that

Chandler’s affidavit undermines Feehan’s identification of defendant as one of his assailants.

Feehan testified at trial that he saw “the same two guys” four times, with defendant as the person

who punched him. Defendant argues that accepting Chandler’s affidavit as true, the person who

punched Feehan was Perkins. Defendant asserts that the affidavit is also consistent in several

respects with defendant’s otherwise uncorroborated trial testimony, in that defendant testified that

he was helping his aunt move on Friday, June 2, 2006, and that he was not involved in the offenses.

Defendant admitted at trial that he was the person in the McDonald’s surveillance video, and he

further testified that Chandler was feeling lazy, asked him to go into McDonald’s, and gave him

the money to buy food, which defendant did. Defendant testified that he then gave the food to

Chandler. Defendant argues that simply purchasing the food did not establish that he was one of

the assailants, and it makes sense that Chandler wanted defendant to get the food so that Chandler

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would not be on the video. Defendant maintains that Chandler’s statement in the affidavit that he

dropped defendant off at his relative’s house after getting something to eat corroborated

defendant’s testimony that he was with Chandler on Saturday but that after going to McDonald’s,

Chandler dropped him off at his aunt’s house. Feehan testified that his assailants gave him the food

while parked in a residential area and then quickly closed the trunk, after which they called out the

name “Ryan” several times. Defendant argues that the fact that the assailants were saying “Ryan”

suggest that he was not one of the assailants (as defendant’s name is Ryan).

¶ 38   Defendant argues that the only physical evidence purportedly connecting him to the

offenses was a single thumbprint on Feehan’s school schedule. At trial, Feehan testified that the

schedule was in his car. Defendant testified to being in a Buick with Chandler and that it was

possible that he could have touched papers that were inside, and he argues that his thumbprint

could have been left in a manner consistent with innocence.

¶ 39   Defendant acknowledges that at sentencing the State introduced Chandler’s handwritten

police statement, which stated that defendant was the other assailant and detailed their activities

during the time in question. Defendant asserts that although Chandler’s statement could serve to

impeach Chandler, he had not yet testified. He further argues that the purpose of impeaching

evidence is to attack the credibility of a witness, and credibility findings and determinations as to

the reliability of supporting evidence are to be made only at a third-stage postconviction

proceeding. See Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 61.

¶ 40   Regarding Collins’ affidavit, defendant again states that it shows that another person,

namely Perkins, committed the offenses. Defendant argues that although Collins does not give an

exact date on which Perkins and Chandler came to her house, there is no question that it would be

June 2, 2006. Defendant argues that the assertions that they were driving a maroon Buick, that

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Collins heard banging noises coming from the trunk, and that Perkins said that they were playing

a joke on someone, were consistent with Feehan’s testimony that his assailants stopped several

places while he was in the trunk. Defendant argues that Perkins’s inculpatory statements, that he

was on the run because the man in the trunk was the car’s owner and had gone to the police, were

also consistent with Feehan’s testimony. Defendant argues that the two affidavits put the trial

evidence in a different light and undermine confidence in his guilt, thus meeting the conclusive

character standard.

¶ 41    The State argues that the information in defendant’s affidavit was not newly discovered

because it contains information that he was clearly aware of before trial, and he did not allege any

objective factors that prevented him from obtaining the information after Chandler was convicted

and sentenced, which was before defendant’s trial, or after defendant’s own conviction and the

date of his original postconviction petition. The State further argues that nothing in Chandler’s

affidavit demonstrates that he would have refused to testify at defendant’s trial or would have

testified consistently with his affidavit at that time and does not explain why the information could

not have been discovered before defendant filed his first postconviction petition.

¶ 42   The State acknowledges that the assertion in the affidavits that someone other than

defendant was the co-defendant who committed the offenses with Chandler is information that

would be material and non-cumulative. The State argues that, however, the biggest flaw in

defendant’s argument is that the evidence at trial was overwhelming whereas the affidavits are

vague and conclusory and do not explain how the information contained therein would negate the

clear identification testimony at trial. The State maintains that defendant’s thumb print on Feehan’s

schedule, which was likely used to start the fire in the car, was powerful evidence implicating

defendant. The State also highlights that defendant purchased the food from McDonald’s that was

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given to Feehan, for which the receipt was left in the trunk with the remains of the meal. The State

argues that, in contrast, Chandler’s affidavit does not provide identifying information regarding

Perkins or any suggestion that he resembles defendant such that Feehan’s identification of

defendant could have been mistaken. The State points out that Chandler’s prior written statement

to the police clearly states that defendant was Chandler’s co-offender and the person who punched

Feehan. The State maintains that Collins’ affidavit has similar deficiencies regarding Perkins’

identity, and she does not explain why she did not provide the information earlier.

¶ 43   The State argues that this case is readily distinguishable from Robinson because there the

affiants had not given contrary recorded statements, and the affidavits were from uninvolved and

disinterested individuals. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶¶ 54, 83. The State maintains that, in

contrast, Chandler was a co-defendant/accomplice and interested and involved in the events, and

Collins’ interest or lack thereof cannot be determined from the vague representations in her

affidavit, such as how she knows Chandler, Perkins, and defendant. The State also points out that

in Robinson there was no physical, forensic, or eyewitness evidence linking the defendant to the

crime (id. ¶ 82), whereas here there was both physical evidence and eyewitness identification.

¶ 44    As stated, to establish such a claim of actual innocence, “the supporting evidence must be

newly discovered, material and not cumulative, and of such a conclusive character that it would

probably change the result on retrial. Jackson, 2021 IL 124818, ¶ 41. It is undisputed that the

statements in the affidavits that Perkins was Chandler’s co-defendant, and that defendant was not

involved in the crimes, would provide evidence that was material and not cumulative. However,

regardless of whether the evidence can be labeled as newly discovered, it is clear that the evidence

is not of such a conclusive character that it would likely change the result on retrial.

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¶ 45   The central issue that the new evidence raises is that defendant was convicted based on a

mistaken identity, as it was Perkins who committed the crimes for which defendant was convicted.

In defendant’s prior appeal, when discussing the evidence against him, we stated:

              “Feehan identified defendant as one of the assailants in a photo lineup and at trial.

       Feehan had four distinct opportunities to view and hear the men: when they first

       approached the car; when they opened the trunk and told him to stop making noise; when

       they gave him food; and when they put him in the outhouse. Although defendant takes

       issue with Feehan’s descriptions of the perpetrators to the police, the difference amounts

       to a few inches and 10 pounds.

              Moreover, even if Gulley corroborated defendant’s testimony that defendant hurt

       his hand helping someone move, it would not change the fact that defendant admitted at

       trial to riding around with Chandler in a maroon Buick while, according to Feehan’s

       testimony, he was locked in the trunk of the car. Defendant also admittedly bought food

       from McDonald’s, which is consistent with Feehan’s testimony that defendant and

       Chandler gave him food while he was in the trunk. Correspondingly, video footage showed

       defendant in McDonald’s, and the police found a McDonald’s bag and receipt in the trunk.

       Defendant’s admissions at trial contradict his initial statements to police, in which he

       denied being in the Buick or going to McDonald’s, thus decreasing defendant’s credibility.

       Given that Feehan identified defendant, whom he had never met before, as one of the

       assailants in an incident that took place during a time when defendant admittedly was

       present, defendant was not arguably prejudiced by counsel’s failure to have Gulley testify

       that defendant hurt his hand during a move.” Harmon, 2013 IL App (2d) 120439, ¶¶ 34-

       35.

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¶ 46   We additionally note the following testimony of a Rockford police officer at defendant’s

trial. On June 6, 2006, at about 7 p.m., he met with Feehan at a relative’s residence. Feehan

described the lighting conditions under which he viewed the assailants. The first time, there were

public streetlights that illuminated the parking lot and the surrounding area. When they opened the

trunk and gave him food, it was daylight out. When the perpetrators removed him from the trunk

and duct taped him, it was also broad daylight. At no time did the men mask or disguise their

appearance. The officer showed Feehan six photos of black males with birth dates of 1977 through

1988, which he laid on the table individually. He told Feehan that he wanted him to look at the

photos and see if he recognized anyone. The last photo the officer put down was defendant’s, and

Feehan immediately slapped his hand on the table and said “this is the guy who punched me.”

Feehan also identified defendant in court, saying “I am so sure it was you. I’m positive.”

¶ 47   Chandler’s and Collins’ statements that Perkins was actually the man with Chandler would

be very difficult to believe given that Feehan had never seen defendant before the incident but

immediately picked him out of the photo line-up, along with Feehan’s identification of defendant

being corroborated by: an injury to defendant’s hand that circumstantially resulted from him

punching Feehan 3; defendant’s admitted presence in Feehan’s car while Feehan was in the trunk;

defendant’s admitted presence in McDonald’s to buy food that was given to Feehan; and

defendant’s fingerprint on Feehan’s school schedule that had been in the car and which the

evidence circumstantially indicated was used to start the fire in the car. Though not used at trial,

Chandler’s statement to the police is in the record and names defendant as the other perpetrator,

       3
           The injury was on defendant’s left hand, and defendant admitted in his trial testimony

that he is left-handed.

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2022 IL App (2d) 190931-U

and Chandler’s affidavit does not explain why he named defendant if the other assailant had

actually been Perkins. The affidavits also give very little information about why the affiants

decided to come forward when they did and about Perkins’ identity and appearance, the latter of

which is especially significant given that Feehan was certain that it had been defendant.

¶ 48    In sum, we agree with the trial court that the evidence is not of such conclusive character

that it would likely change the outcome on retrial, with the result that the petition does not set forth

a colorable claim of actual innocence. See Jackson, 2021 IL 124818, ¶ 41. Therefore, the trial court

did not err in denying defendant’s motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition.

¶ 49                                     III. CONCLUSION

¶ 50    For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Winnebago County.

¶ 51    Affirmed.

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