Court Opinion

ID: 4640315
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-07 23:03:16.716929+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:13.160736
License: Public Domain

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                                  Appellate Court                             Date: 2020.12.07
                                                                              12:46:36 -06'00'

                  In re Marriage of Gabriel, 2020 IL App (1st) 182710

Appellate Court        In re MARRIAGE OF MICHELLE GABRIEL, Petitioner-Appellee,
Caption                and HASSAMO SHAMOUN, Respondent-Appellant.

District & No.         First District, Fourth Division
                       No. 1-18-2710

Filed                  March 31, 2020

Decision Under         Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 17-D2-30433; the
Review                 Hon. Jeanne M. Reynolds, Judge, presiding.

Judgment               Affirmed in part; reversed in part; remanded with directions.

Counsel on             Alexander Michael, of Michael D. Ettinger and Associates, of Palos
Appeal                 Heights, for appellant.

                       Marvin J. Leavitt, David C. Adams, and Laura M. Presto, of Grund &
                       Leavitt, P.C., of Highland Park, for appellee.

Panel                  JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                       opinion.
                       Presiding Justice Gordon and Justice Reyes concurred in the judgment
                       and opinion.
                                               OPINION

¶1       In this appeal from a judgment of dissolution of marriage, respondent Hassamo (Sam)
     Shamoun challenges the trial court’s awards of maintenance, child support, and attorney fees
     to petitioner Michelle Gabriel, as well as the court’s division of the marital estate. For the
     following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s awards of maintenance and attorney fees, but we
     reverse and remand with respect to the child support award because the court miscalculated
     Sam’s guideline support obligation. We conclude that we lack jurisdiction to review the trial
     court’s order dividing the marital estate because Sam’s notice of appeal did not identify that
     part of the court’s judgment. 1

¶2                                        I. BACKGROUND
¶3                 A. Petition for Dissolution of Marriage and Order of Protection
¶4       Sam and Michelle were married in August 2008 and have two minor children. In October
     2017, Michelle filed a petition for dissolution of marriage, seeking maintenance, child support,
     and attorney fees, as well as an equitable division of the parties’ marital estate. She also asked
     the court to grant her significant decision-making responsibilities for the children.
¶5       In November 2017, at Michelle’s request, the trial court entered a two-year order of
     protection prohibiting Sam from harassing, stalking, or physically abusing Michelle; granting
     Michelle sole possession of the parties’ marital residence; and prohibiting Sam from entering
     the residence or Michelle’s place of employment.

¶6               B. Temporary Support Order and Attorney Fees for Noncompliance
¶7       In March 2018, the trial court granted Michelle’s request for temporary maintenance and
     child support, ordering Sam to pay $1500 per month in unallocated support. When Sam failed
     to comply, Michelle filed a petition for a rule to show cause to hold him in contempt and
     requested attorney fees for her efforts to enforce the order. In June 2018, the court ordered Sam
     to pay Michelle $3083.33 in overdue support and $1600 in attorney fees.
¶8       In August 2018, in her posttrial petition for attorney fees, Michelle alleged that Sam had
     not complied with the court’s June 2018 order. The court allowed Sam time to respond and set
     the matter for a hearing, but Sam failed to file a response or appear for the hearing. The court
     found that Sam had not complied with the June 2018 order and directed him to pay the amount
     due by October 2. When Sam again failed to comply, the court extended the deadline to
     October 8. On that date, Sam paid the past-due support and related attorney fees.
¶9       Michelle then filed a petition for additional attorney fees arising from her attempts to
     enforce the June 2018 order. On November 19, 2018, the court ordered Sam to pay Michelle
     an additional $1917.50 in attorney fees within seven days. When Sam failed to comply with
     that order, the court increased the amount of attorney fees by $225, issued and stayed a body
     attachment, and indicated that the stay would be lifted if Sam failed to pay the full amount by
     December 4, 2018. The record does not reveal whether Sam complied with this order.

         In adherence with the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 352(a) (eff. July 1, 2018), this
         1

     appeal has been resolved without oral argument upon the entry of a separate written order.

                                                   -2-
¶ 10                   C. Discovery, Trial, and Posttrial Petition for Attorney Fees
¶ 11       In February 2018, Michelle served a notice on Sam to produce discovery documents, but
       neither the notice nor any description of the documents requested is included in the record on
       appeal. Sometime before trial, Michelle filed a motion in limine related to Sam’s failure to
       comply with her discovery requests. The motion is likewise missing from the record on appeal.
       In addition, there is no transcript of any hearing on the motion in the record. The trial court
       granted the motion based on Sam’s “deficient production of documents” and failure “to provide
       updated discovery.” As a result, the court barred Sam “from testifying as to new information
       not timely disclosed or offering documents into evidence other than what had been previously
       produced.”
¶ 12       The trial court held a two-day bench trial in August 2018, but there is no trial transcript in
       the record on appeal. Following the trial, Michelle filed a petition for attorney fees. Sam did
       not respond to the petition, and neither he nor his counsel appeared at the hearing on the
       petition. The record contains no transcript of the hearing, which was held in Sam’s absence.

¶ 13                                   D. The Trial Court’s Judgment
¶ 14       The trial court entered judgment on November 28, 2018, dissolving the parties’ marriage
       and resolving the ancillary issues of maintenance, child support, division of the marital estate,
       attorney fees, and allocation of parenting time and parental decision-making responsibilities.
¶ 15       The court began by determining the parties’ respective incomes for maintenance and child
       support purposes. The court found that Michelle’s gross annual income was $27,000. Sam’s
       income, however, was “difficult to ascertain” because his testimony “was inconsistent,
       contradicted by other evidence, and not credible.” As the court recounted, Sam testified that
       he was employed as a Christian apologist and Bible teacher, but he “could not remember” his
       income “for 2016, 2017, or 2018 year to date.” Although Sam’s 2016 W-2 form reported gross
       income of $116,500, he testified (and Michelle and the court accepted) that his gross income
       that year was only $100,000.
¶ 16       The income reported on Sam’s 2017 W-2 form “dropped to $50,081 without explanation.”
       Sam claimed that his 2017 income was even lower than the amount reported on his W-2, but
       he “could not credibly explain the discrepancy or inconsistencies [in] his statements.” In
       addition, Sam conceded that he “regularly receives gifts and donations” not reported on his W-
       2 forms, but he testified that he “does not consider [those sums] to be income.” Although “[n]o
       records of the actual amount of this additional income” were presented at trial, the court was
       able to identify an additional $15,078.24 of income that Sam received in 2017 based on
       deposits made to one of his checking accounts, raising his 2017 gross income to at least
       $65,159.24. However, as the court noted, Sam testified that gifts and donations were also
       deposited to his Patreon accounts, 2 but he “provided no documents” for those accounts and
       could not remember “what the exact amounts of deposits [to them] have been from year to
       year.”

           2
            Patreon “is a membership platform *** that provides *** tools for creators to run a subscription
       content service” and “allows creators and artists to earn a monthly income by providing exclusive
       rewards and perks to their subscribers.” Patreon, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patreon (last
       visited July 20, 2020) [https://perma.cc/4D45-WLPG].

                                                      -3-
¶ 17       Because Sam’s income remained “difficult to ascertain with specificity” due to his lack of
       credibility and the fact that he had “additional income available to him other than what [he]
       disclosed,” the court deemed it appropriate to use the average of his identifiable income in
       2016 and 2017 when determining his maintenance and child support obligations. Using this
       method, the court found that Sam’s gross annual income for support purposes was $82,579.62,
       although for unexplained reasons it used the slightly lower figure of $82,572 in the worksheets
       it used to calculate its maintenance and child support awards.
¶ 18       After determining the parties’ respective incomes, the court concluded that Michelle was
       entitled to maintenance based on “her historical earnings[,] her current income and potential
       earning capacity especially in comparison to Sam’s[,] the standard of living by the parties
       during the marriage[,] and her needs as established during the marriage.” Under the statutory
       guidelines, the court calculated the amount of maintenance by subtracting 20% of Michelle’s
       gross annual income from 30% of Sam’s gross annual income but capping the sum of the
       resulting maintenance award and Michelle’s gross income at 40% of the parties’ combined
       gross income. See 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1)(1)(A) (West Supp. 2017). Applying this formula, the
       court awarded Michelle maintenance of $1402.42 per month for 43 months. See id. § 504(b-
       1)(1)(B) (calculating duration of maintenance based on length of marriage). 3
¶ 19       The trial court then calculated Sam’s guideline child support obligation. That figure is
       calculated by taking each party’s monthly net income; adding those numbers to arrive at the
       parties’ combined monthly net income; determining the parties’ combined support obligation
       based on a schedule established by the Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services,
       which “reflects the percentage of combined net income that parents living in the same
       household in this State ordinarily spend on their child[ren]” (id. § 505(a)(1)); and then
       calculating each party’s share of the combined support obligation based on that party’s share
       of their combined net income (see id. § 505(a)(1.5)).
¶ 20       The court calculated each party’s net income by subtracting the party’s federal and state
       income taxes, Social Security and Medicare taxes, and self-employment taxes from each
       party’s gross income. According to the court’s calculations, Sam’s monthly net income was
       $5998, and Michelle’s monthly net income was $2470. The court then multiplied Sam’s share
       of the parties’ combined net income (70.83%) by the parties’ combined support obligation
       under the guidelines schedule ($1956) to arrive at Sam’s guideline child support obligation of
       $1385 per month. The court concluded, however, that an “upward deviation” from the
       guidelines was “appropriate” based on “the children’s needs and [the] history of this case,
       Sam’s demonstrated history of non-compliance with support, *** Sam’s lack of overnights
       and [Michelle’s] disproportionate exercise of parenting time, and [the] fact that Sam receives
       additional income which he has not disclosed.” Based on those findings, the court ordered Sam
       to pay $1500 per month in child support.
¶ 21       The court then divided the parties’ marital estate. The court found that the estate consisted
       of (1) the marital residence, valued at $142,000, with a balance of $80,000 on the mortgage;
       (2) a 2017 Chevy Tahoe, valued at $27,000, with the same amount remaining on the car loan;

           Later in the judgment order, the court stated that the amount of maintenance was $1421 per month.
           3

       On remand, the trial court should modify the judgment to correct the discrepancy.

                                                     -4-
       (3) a 2014 Ford Escape, of undetermined value; 4 (4) various bank accounts, of unnoted value;
       (5) credit card debt of $13,280; and (6) a debt to the Internal Revenue Service of approximately
       $4000 related to Sam’s 2016 income taxes. The court allocated 60% of the equity in the marital
       residence to Michelle and 40% to Sam. However, to provide Michelle with sole ownership of
       the residence, the court transferred Sam’s share of the equity to her and correspondingly
       reduced the duration of Sam’s maintenance obligation to 24.3 months. The court awarded the
       Chevy Tahoe and its accompanying debt to Michelle and awarded the Ford Escape and any
       debt owed on it to Sam. The court allocated responsibility for the credit card debt to Michelle
       and the IRS debt to Sam. And the court awarded each party “any [and] all bank accounts,
       financial accounts, [and] any [other] asset in his or her name, possession, and control.”
¶ 22       With respect to attorney fees, the court found that Michelle “lacks the ability to contribute
       further to her attorney[ ] fees without undermining her financial stability and security, whereas
       Sam has the ability to make a contribution to Michelle’s attorney[ ] fees ***, as well as pay
       his own, without undermining his financial stability or security.” Moreover, the court found
       that Sam had “needlessly increased the cost of [the] litigation” by failing to comply with
       discovery orders, failing to make court-ordered support payments and pay the attorney fees
       assessed against him for his noncompliance, and engaging in conduct that necessitated the
       entry of an order of protection against him. The court found that the attorney fees incurred by
       Michelle were reasonable and ordered Sam to contribute $15,000 toward those fees.
¶ 23       Finally, the court allocated the majority of parenting time and sole responsibility for
       making significant parental decisions to Michelle, with parenting time on alternating weekends
       allocated to Sam.

¶ 24                                       E. Notice of Appeal
¶ 25       On December 26, 2018, Sam filed a notice of appeal. Although Sam was represented by
       counsel at trial and is represented by counsel on appeal, he filed his notice of appeal pro se,
       using the standard form provided by the circuit court clerk’s office. Sam indicated on the notice
       that he was appealing a judgment or order entered by Judge Reynolds, but he left the space for
       the “[d]ate of the judgment/order being appealed” blank. In the space for describing the relief
       sought on appeal, Sam wrote: “(1) Attorney fees for the petitioner, (2) Alimony, (3) Child
       support is too high.”

¶ 26                                            II. ANALYSIS
¶ 27       On appeal, Sam challenges the trial court’s maintenance, child support, and attorney fee
       awards, as well as the court’s disproportionate division of the parties’ marital residence. He
       contends that the court erred in using the average of his 2016 and 2017 incomes for
       maintenance and child support purposes and in granting Michelle’s motion in limine, which he
       asserts prevented him from introducing evidence of his diminished 2018 income. He further
       contends that the trial court erred in calculating his guideline child support obligation by failing
       to account for the maintenance awarded to Michelle and that the court abused its discretion in
       deviating upward from the guidelines. In addition, Sam contends that the court failed to make

           4
            The trial court noted that Sam “did not offer any testimony as to the value of” the Ford Escape and
       was barred from testifying about any debt owed on the vehicle due to “his failure to disclose [that
       information] in discovery.”

                                                      -5-
       sufficient findings in support of its decision to award a disproportionate share of the marital
       residence to Michelle. Finally, Sam argues that the trial court’s award of attorney fees to
       Michelle was excessive and improper in light of what he deems to be a lack of disparity in the
       parties’ respective incomes.
¶ 28       Before turning to Sam’s contentions of error, we first address two threshold issues raised
       by Michelle concerning the adequacy of Sam’s notice of appeal and the sufficiency of the
       record on appeal.

¶ 29                                       A. Appellate Jurisdiction
¶ 30        Michelle argues that we lack appellate jurisdiction because Sam’s notice of appeal failed
       to specify the judgment from which he was appealing or his requested relief. “The filing of a
       notice of appeal is the jurisdictional step which initiates appellate review.” (Internal quotation
       marks omitted.) People v. Smith, 228 Ill. 2d 95, 104 (2008). The notice must “specify the
       judgment or part thereof *** appealed from and the relief sought from the reviewing court.”
       Ill. S. Ct. R. 303(b)(2) (eff. July 1, 2017). “[A] notice of appeal confers jurisdiction on a court
       of review to consider only the judgments or parts thereof specified in the notice of appeal.”
       Smith, 228 Ill. 2d at 104. A notice of appeal should be construed liberally and considered as a
       whole. Id. at 104-05.
¶ 31        Michelle argues that Sam’s notice of appeal does not accord us jurisdiction to review the
       trial court’s judgment because it failed to adequately identify or describe the judgment. As
       Michelle notes, Sam’s notice of appeal did not provide the date of the judgment being appealed.
       But Sam did identify the trial court’s awards of attorney fees, maintenance (which he called
       alimony), and child support as the subjects of his appeal, and each of those awards is contained
       in the trial court’s final judgment of November 28, 2018. Considered as a whole and liberally
       construed, Sam’s notice of appeal sufficiently identified the portions of the trial court’s final
       judgment that addressed maintenance, child support, and attorney fees.
¶ 32        Michelle also argues that Sam’s notice of appeal was insufficient because it did not specify
       the relief sought on appeal. But “the failure to include a prayer for relief in a notice of appeal
       is an error of form not substance and, absent prejudice to the appellee, does not deprive the
       appellate court of jurisdiction.” Maywood-Proviso State Bank v. Village of Lisle, 234 Ill. App.
       3d 206, 215 (1992). Michelle has not alleged, much less shown, that she was prejudiced by
       Sam’s failure to specify his requested relief in the notice of appeal.
¶ 33        We thus have jurisdiction to review the parts of the trial court’s final judgment that awarded
       Michelle maintenance, child support, and attorney fees. We likewise have jurisdiction to
       review the trial court’s order granting Michelle’s motion in limine, because “[a]n appeal from
       a final judgment draws into issue all previous interlocutory orders that produced the final
       judgment.” Knapp v. Bulun, 392 Ill. App. 3d 1018, 1023 (2009). However, we lack jurisdiction
       to review the portion of the trial court’s judgment that divided the parties’ marital estate,
       including the marital residence, because Sam’s notice of appeal, even liberally construed, did
       not fairly identify that part of the judgment. See Burtell v. First Charter Service Corp., 76 Ill.
       2d 427, 434 (1979) (“When an appeal is taken from a specified judgment only, or from a part
       of a specified judgment, the court of review acquires no jurisdiction to review other judgments
       or parts thereof not so specified or not fairly to be inferred from the notice as intended to be

                                                    -6-
       presented for review on the appeal.”). 5

¶ 34                                       B. The Record on Appeal
¶ 35       Michelle next argues that we should dismiss the appeal or summarily affirm the trial court’s
       judgment because Sam failed to present an adequate record on appeal. A record on appeal
       should contain “the entire original common law record” and “any report of proceedings.” Ill.
       S. Ct. R. 321 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994). “The common law record includes every document filed and
       judgment and order entered in the cause and any documentary exhibits offered and filed by
       any party.” Id. The report of proceedings should “include all the evidence pertinent to the issues
       on appeal.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 323(a) (eff. July 1, 2017). Here, the record on appeal does not include
       a transcript of the trial or any other hearing held in the trial court, nor does it contain any of
       the exhibits introduced by the parties during trial. Moreover, while Sam challenges the trial
       court’s order granting Michelle’s motion in limine, the motion itself is absent from the record
       on appeal.
¶ 36       Sam insists that the deficiencies in the record must be attributed to the clerk of the trial
       court, who is responsible for “prepar[ing] and certify[ing] the record on appeal.” Ill. S. Ct. R.
       324 (eff. July 1, 2017). But it is the appellant’s “burden to present a sufficiently complete
       record of the proceedings at trial to support a claim of error.” Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d
       389, 391-92 (1984). Material omissions in the record prepared by the clerk should have been
       corrected by Sam through a motion to supplement the record. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 329 (eff. July
       1, 2017). Sam further asserts that he was unable to include a trial transcript in the record on
       appeal because no court reporter was present for the trial. But that does not explain Sam’s
       failure to “prepare a proposed report of proceedings [or bystander’s report] from the best
       available sources, including recollection,” and “present [it] to the trial court for *** approval”
       and certification. Ill. S. Ct. R. 323(c) (eff. July 1, 2017).
¶ 37       Nevertheless, although the record on appeal is deficient, the deficiency does not fully
       inhibit our ability to review the issues presented on appeal. In particular, we are aided by the
       recitation of facts in the trial court’s judgment, which recounted many aspects of the testimony
       and evidence presented at trial. For that reason, we decline to dismiss the appeal or summarily
       affirm. However, we will resolve “[a]ny doubts which may arise from the incompleteness of
       the record” against Sam. Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 392. Moreover, where the record on appeal is
       insufficient to support any of Sam’s contentions of error, we will “presume[ ] that the order
       entered by the trial court was in conformity with [the] law and had a sufficient factual basis.”
       Id.

¶ 38                                   C. Averaging Sam’s Income
¶ 39       Sam’s first contention is that the trial court erred in calculating his income for maintenance
       and child support purposes by using the average of his 2016 and 2017 income. “The trial court
       has the discretion to determine the amount and duration of an award of maintenance,” and its
       decision “will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” In re Marriage of
       Walker, 386 Ill. App. 3d 1034, 1041 (2008). A trial court abuses its discretion when its ruling

           5
            For the same reason, we lack jurisdiction to review any of the trial court’s orders assessing attorney
       fees against Sam other than the fee award contained in the court’s final judgment, but we do not construe
       Sam’s appeal as challenging any of those separate orders.

                                                       -7-
       is “arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable or when no reasonable person would take the same
       view.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Estate of Andre T., 2018 IL App (1st) 172613,
       ¶ 34. In determining the amount of maintenance to award, “a trial court should consider the
       parties’ income[s] at the time of dissolution as well as their potential incomes.” In re Marriage
       of Walker, 386 Ill. App. 3d at 1041. We defer to a trial court’s “factual finding[s] as to the
       parties’ annual incomes” as long as the findings are not against the manifest weight of the
       evidence. Id.
¶ 40       Here, the trial court decided to rely on the average of Sam’s 2016 and 2017 income after
       concluding that Sam’s current income was difficult to ascertain due to his lack of credibility
       and failure to disclose all his sources of income. Sam argues that mere difficulty in ascertaining
       his current income cannot justify the decision to use the average of his prior years’ incomes.
       But when a party’s current income “is difficult to ascertain or uncertain, a court may consider
       [the party’s] past earnings.” In re Marriage of Karonis, 296 Ill. App. 3d 86, 92 (1998).
       Moreover, when a party’s income “fluctuates from year to year, income averaging is an
       approved method to apply” in determining the party’s current income. In re Marriage of
       Garrett, 336 Ill. App. 3d 1018, 1025 (2003). The trial court’s decision to average Sam’s 2016
       and 2017 income was supported by its finding that the income reported on Sam’s 2017 W-2
       dropped by nearly half from the income reported on his 2016 W-2 “without explanation.”
¶ 41       Sam asserts that income averaging was inappropriate here because his income did not
       fluctuate but simply declined. But the same was true in In re Marriage of Garrett, where the
       appellate court approved a trial court’s decision to average a party’s income over a three-year
       period during which the party’s income declined each year. Id. Sam also argues that the trial
       court should have used at least three years’ worth of income in its calculation. Although there
       is support for the proposition that “[a]t least the three prior years should be used to obtain an
       accurate income picture,” the number of years to consider generally “must be left to the
       discretion of the trial court, as facts will vary in each case.” In re Marriage of Freesen, 275 Ill.
       App. 3d 97, 103 (1995). While Sam suggests that the court should have included his 2018
       income in its income-averaging calculation, there is no indication in the record that Sam
       presented evidence of his 2018 income. Indeed, as the trial court recounted, Sam testified that
       he could not remember what his 2018 income was. Accordingly, we cannot say that the trial
       court abused its discretion in considering only Sam’s 2016 and 2017 income when calculating
       his average income for support purposes. 6
¶ 42       Nor can we say that the trial court abused its discretion in using the income-averaging
       method in the first place. The court had good reason to question the accuracy of Sam’s reported
       income. When determining a party’s income for support purposes, a court “may consider the
       party’s credibility and forthrightness in disclosing his or her income.” In re Marriage of Sweet,
       316 Ill. App. 3d 101, 109 (2000). Here, the court found that Sam’s testimony concerning his
       income lacked credibility, and we defer to that assessment. See In re Marriage of Walker, 386

           6
            Although the parties’ 2015 joint income tax return was apparently introduced at trial, Sam does
       not argue that the trial court erred in excluding his 2015 income from its income-averaging calculation.
       In any event, because the 2015 tax return is not in the record on appeal and because the record does not
       otherwise reveal the amount of Sam’s income in 2015, there is no basis for concluding that the inclusion
       of that year’s income in the trial court’s calculation would have materially lowered Sam’s average
       income.

                                                      -8-
       Ill. App. 3d at 1042 (“A reviewing court will defer to a trial court’s determination of credibility
       because the trial court is in the best position to observe the conduct and demeanor of
       witnesses.”).
¶ 43        In addition, the trial court noted that in 2017, the year Michelle filed for divorce, Sam’s
       reported income “dramatically dropped *** without explanation.” Sam asserts that the court
       ignored testimony that his income decreased in 2017 due to a loss of donors. But without a
       trial transcript or bystander’s report in the record, we have no way of assessing this contention
       and must presume that the trial court’s decision was supported by the evidence. See Foutch,
       99 Ill. 2d at 392. In any event, the trial court did discuss Sam’s testimony about his reliance on
       donors for income, but the court noted that Sam failed to produce records documenting “the
       actual amount of this additional income.” While the court was able to identify a portion of the
       donations Sam received in 2017 based on deposits to his checking account, it could not
       calculate the amount of donations Sam received through his Patreon accounts because Sam
       provided no records for those accounts and claimed that he did not remember how much money
       was deposited in the accounts.
¶ 44        For all these reasons, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in calculating
       Sam’s income for maintenance and child support purposes by using the average of his 2016
       and 2017 income.

¶ 45                                         D. Motion in Limine
¶ 46        In a related argument, Sam challenges the trial court’s order granting Michelle’s motion
       in limine, which barred Sam “from testifying as to new information not timely disclosed or
       offering documents into evidence other than what had been previously produced.” Sam asserts
       that the order prevented him from introducing evidence of his diminished 2018 income and
       was a disproportionate sanction for his discovery violations.
¶ 47        A trial court is “vested with broad discretion to grant a motion in limine as part of its
       inherent power to admit or exclude evidence.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Jacobs v.
       Yellow Cab Affiliation, Inc., 2017 IL App (1st) 151107, ¶ 35. In addition, a trial court is
       authorized “to prescribe sanctions, including barring witnesses from testifying, when a party
       fails to comply with discovery deadlines.” In re Marriage of Liszka, 2016 IL App (3d) 150238,
       ¶ 31 (citing Ill. S. Ct. R. 219(c)(iv) (eff. July 1, 2002)). “The imposition of sanctions is within
       the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion.” Id.
¶ 48        The record on appeal is inadequate to support Sam’s contention of error. For one thing,
       there is no indication in the record that the court’s order granting Michelle’s motion in limine
       barred Sam from presenting evidence or testimony concerning his 2018 income. The motion
       itself is not part of the record on appeal. Nor does the record contain any written or oral ruling
       by the court on the motion. In its judgment, the trial court recounted that it had granted
       Michelle’s motion in limine due to Sam’s “deficient production of documents” in response to
       Michelle’s discovery requests. But nothing in the record describes the documents requested by
       Michelle or the extent of Sam’s failure to comply with her requests.
¶ 49        Moreover, while the court’s judgment states that Sam was barred “from testifying as to
       new information not timely disclosed or offering documents into evidence other than what had
       been previously produced,” it does not indicate that Sam was prohibited from introducing
       evidence or testimony concerning his 2018 income. In fact, as a whole, the court’s judgment
       suggests that Sam was not prevented from offering such testimony or evidence. For instance,

                                                    -9-
       when discussing its distribution of the marital estate, the court expressly noted that Sam had
       been barred from testifying about any debt owed on his vehicle due to his failure to disclose
       such information in discovery. In contrast, when the court recounted Sam’s testimony about
       his income, it noted Sam’s claim that he could not remember what his income was “for 2016,
       2017, or 2018 year to date.” Notably, the court did not state that Sam had been prevented from
       testifying about or otherwise offering evidence concerning his 2018 income. In short, the
       record on appeal fails to support Sam’s assertion that he was barred from offering testimony
       or evidence concerning his 2018 income.
¶ 50       In addition, even if we assume that the trial court did bar Sam from offering testimony or
       evidence related to his 2018 income, there is no indication in the record on appeal that Sam
       preserved a challenge to the court’s order by making an offer of proof concerning the testimony
       or evidence he wished to present. “When a motion in limine is granted, the key to saving for
       review an error in the exclusion of evidence is an adequate offer of proof in the trial court.”
       Snelson v. Kamm, 204 Ill. 2d 1, 23 (2003). “An offer of proof informs the trial court, opposing
       counsel, and the reviewing court of the nature and substance of the evidence sought to be
       introduced” and “is the key to preserving a trial court’s alleged error in excluding evidence.”
       Colella v. JMS Trucking Co. of Illinois, Inc., 403 Ill. App. 3d 82, 93 (2010). Because the record
       on appeal does not show that Sam made an offer of proof at any time, we must conclude that
       he has forfeited any challenge to the trial court’s order granting Michelle’s motion in limine.
       See Guski v. Raja, 409 Ill. App. 3d 686, 695 (2011) (“Absent an adequate offer of proof, the
       issue is unreviewable on appeal.”). 7
¶ 51       Finally, even if we were to excuse Sam’s forfeiture, the record on appeal is insufficient to
       address the merits of his claim. The record contains no description of the scope of Michelle’s
       discovery requests or any evidence concerning the circumstances of Sam’s noncompliance
       with those requests. Neither Michelle’s motion in limine nor the transcript of any hearing on
       the motion is in the record. Nor does the record identify the evidence or testimony that Sam
       was barred from presenting as a sanction for his discovery violation. In light of these
       deficiencies in the record, there is no basis for us to conclude that the trial court abused its
       discretion in granting the motion in limine. In the absence of a sufficient record on appeal, we
       must “presume[ ] that the order entered by the trial court was in conformity with [the] law and
       had a sufficient factual basis.” Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 392.

¶ 52                                         E. Child Support
¶ 53       Sam next challenges the trial court’s child support order. He argues that the court erred in
       calculating his guideline support obligation and that the court further erred in deviating upward
       from the guideline amount.
¶ 54       When determining child support, a trial court must begin by calculating each party’s basic
       child support obligation under the statutory guidelines. See 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(1.5) (West
       Supp. 2017). The guidelines utilize “a schedule of basic child support obligations that reflects
       the percentage of combined net income that parents living in the same household in this State

           7
             Even on appeal, Sam does not state what evidence concerning his 2018 income he wished to offer
       at trial. He asserts that his income in 2018 was substantially lower than his income in previous years,
       but the only concrete evidence he cites is his 2018 tax return, which he concedes was not available at
       the time of trial.

                                                     - 10 -
       ordinarily spend on their child[ren]” (id. § 505(a)(1)), and “provide for an award of child
       support on an income-shares model, which takes into account the incomes of both parents”
       (In re Marriage of Connelly, 2020 IL App (3d) 180193, ¶ 16). To calculate each party’s basic
       child support obligation under the guidelines, the court first “determine[s] each parent’s
       monthly net income” and “add[s] the parents’ monthly net incomes together to determine the
       combined monthly net income of the parents.” 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(1.5)(A), (B) (West Supp.
       2017). The court then “select[s] the corresponding appropriate amount from the schedule of
       basic child support obligations based on the parties’ combined monthly net income and number
       of children” and “calculate[s] each parent’s percentage share of the basic child support
       obligation” based on each parent’s percentage share of the parties’ combined monthly net
       income. Id. § 505(a)(1.5)(C), (D).
¶ 55       The statute creates “a rebuttable presumption” that the amount of child support calculated
       under the guidelines “is the correct amount of child support.” Id. § 505(a)(3.3). A trial court
       may deviate from the guidelines to avoid “inequitable, unjust, or inappropriate” results, but
       any such deviation must “be accompanied by written findings by the court specifying the
       reasons for the deviation and the presumed amount under the child support guidelines without
       a deviation.” Id. § 505(a)(3.4). In deciding whether to deviate from the guidelines, a court may
       consider whether “extraordinary medical expenditures [are] necessary to preserve the life or
       health” of either parent or any child, whether any child will require “additional expenses” due
       to “special medical, physical, or developmental needs” and “any other factor” that would
       render application of the guidelines “inappropriate” in light of the “best interest[s]” of the
       children. Id. Such other factors include, but are not limited to, “the financial resources and
       needs” of the parents and children, “the standard of living the child[ren] would have enjoyed
       had the marriage *** not been dissolved,” and “the physical and emotional condition of the
       child[ren] and [their] educational needs.” Id. § 505(a)(2). The party seeking a deviation from
       the guidelines bears the burden of demonstrating that “compelling reasons” justify a deviation.
       In re Marriage of Abu-Hashim, 2014 IL App (1st) 122997, ¶ 35.
¶ 56       Ultimately, the trial court has discretion to determine the appropriate amount of child
       support, and we will not reverse its determination absent an abuse of discretion. Vance v.
       Joyner, 2019 IL App (4th) 190136, ¶ 66. The same is true when the trial court decides to
       deviate from the statutory guidelines. See In re Marriage of Hill, 2015 IL App (2d) 140345,
       ¶ 28 (“[A] trial court’s decision whether to deviate from the statutory guidelines in setting child
       support will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.”). Whether the court applied the
       correct statutory formula in determining the parties’ respective incomes for child support
       purposes, however, is a question of law that we review de novo. See In re Marriage of
       McGrath, 2012 IL 112792, ¶ 10; In re Marriage of Ruvola, 2017 IL App (2d) 160737, ¶ 18.
¶ 57       Here, the court plainly erred in calculating the parties’ respective net incomes for child
       support purposes. Under the version of the statute then in effect, “gross income” was defined
       as “the total of all income from all sources,” including “spousal maintenance received pursuant
       to a court order in the pending proceedings.” 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(3)(A) (West Supp. 2017).
       “Net income” was defined as gross income minus federal and state income taxes, Social
       Security and Medicare taxes, and any self-employment taxes. Id. § 505(a)(3)(B). In addition,
       the statute provided that “[o]bligations pursuant to a court order for spousal maintenance in the

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       pending proceeding *** payable to the same party to whom child support is to be payable ***
       shall be deducted from the parent’s gross income.” Id. § 505(a)(3)(F)(II). 8
¶ 58        In calculating the parties’ respective net incomes for child support purposes, the trial court
       failed to account for the amount of maintenance it ordered Sam to pay to Michelle. As the
       worksheet that the trial court attached to its judgment makes clear, the court failed to include
       the amount of maintenance in Michelle’s income or subtract it from Sam’s income. By doing
       so, the court attributed too large a share of the parties’ combined net income to Sam and thus
       overstated his “percentage share of the [parties’ combined] basic child support obligation.” Id.
       § 505(a)(1.5)(D). 9
¶ 59        Michelle does not address Sam’s contention that the court erred in calculating the guideline
       child support amount by failing to account for the maintenance award. Instead, she contends
       that Sam forfeited appellate review of the issue by failing to adequately cite authority in support
       of his argument. We decline to find the issue forfeited. Sam’s opening brief asserted that the
       trial court miscalculated the parties’ respective net incomes for child support purposes by
       failing to subtract the monthly maintenance award from Sam’s income and add it to Michelle’s
       income. He cited one of the statutory provisions discussed above concerning the inclusion of
       a maintenance award in the recipient’s net income for child support purposes and directed our
       attention to the page of the record containing the trial court’s child support calculation
       worksheet. He also explained the effect that the court’s error had on its determination of his
       guideline child support obligation. While Sam’s discussion of the issue was not extensive, that
       is largely a function of the relatively straightforward nature of the error he asserts. Because
       Sam’s brief adequately set forth his contention of error “and the reasons therefor, with citation
       of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on” (Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. May 25,
       2018)), we find that he did not forfeit review of the issue.
¶ 60        Sam further argues that the trial court abused its discretion in deciding to deviate upward
       from the amount of child support it calculated under the guidelines. Michelle contends that
       Sam waived appellate review of this issue because he failed to raise it in the trial court. We
       note that Sam was not required to raise the issue in a posttrial motion in order to preserve it for
       review. See Elsener v. Brown, 2013 IL App (2d) 120209, ¶ 53 (“A posttrial motion *** is not
       necessary to preserve issues in an appeal from a bench trial.” (citing Ill. S. Ct. R. 366(b)(3)(ii)
       (eff. Feb. 1, 1994))). We acknowledge, however, that Sam’s failure to provide a trial transcript
       or an appropriate substitute makes it impossible to determine whether he raised the issue in the
       trial court before entry of judgment. While we generally would resolve any doubts arising from
       the incompleteness of the record against Sam (see Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 392), we decline to do
       so in this instance. “It is well settled that the rules of waiver and forfeiture are limitations on
       the parties and not the courts.” In re Davion R., 2019 IL App (1st) 170426, ¶ 59. Because we

           8
             The current version of the statute reflects changes in the federal tax code affecting the tax treatment
       of maintenance awards but does not alter the basic principle that the calculation of each party’s income
       for child support purposes should account for any maintenance awarded by the court. See 750 ILCS
       5/505(a)(3)(A), (a)(3)(B), (a)(3)(F)(II) (West 2018).
           9
             The court attributed approximately 71% of the parties’ combined net income to Sam. Based on
       our rough calculation (keeping all of the trial court’s other figures constant), properly accounting for
       the maintenance award would reduce Sam’s share of the parties’ combined net income to approximately
       54% and reduce his guideline child support obligation from $1385 to $1062.

                                                        - 12 -
       ultimately conclude that a remand is necessary due to the trial court’s error in calculating Sam’s
       guideline child support obligation, we choose to address Sam’s further contention concerning
       the propriety of deviating from the guidelines to provide guidance to the parties and the trial
       court on remand.
¶ 61        As noted above, there is a rebuttable presumption under the statute that a guidelines child
       support award is appropriate (750 ILCS 5/505(a)(3.3) (West Supp. 2017)), and a trial court
       may deviate from the guidelines only if it makes written findings specifying its reasons for
       concluding that application of the guidelines would be “inequitable, unjust, or inappropriate”
       (id. § 505(a)(3.4)). The trial court here made the necessary written findings, and we cannot say
       that it abused its discretion in determining that a deviation was appropriate. The court found
       that an upward deviation from the guidelines was appropriate in light of (1) “the children’s
       needs and [the] history of this case,” (2) “Sam’s demonstrated history of non-compliance with
       support,” (3) “Sam’s lack of overnights and [Michelle’s] disproportionate exercise of parenting
       time,” and (4) “[the] fact that Sam receives additional income which he has not disclosed.”
       These grounds relate to “the financial resources and needs” of the parents and children (id.
       § 505(a)(2)(A), (B)) and the “best interest[s]” of the children (id. § 505(a)(3.4)(C)) and are
       thus appropriate bases for finding that a deviation from the guidelines is warranted.
¶ 62        Sam does not dispute that “the children’s needs” are an appropriate factor to consider in
       determining whether a deviation from the guidelines is appropriate. He argues, however, that
       the trial court did not make adequate written findings because it did not expressly identify what
       needs of the children warranted the deviation. But the statute requires the trial court to make
       “written findings *** specifying the reasons for the deviation” (id. § 505(a)(3.4)), which the
       trial court did. The statute does not require the court to include “a specific finding in its order
       regarding *** the actual needs of the children.” Melamed v. Melamed, 2016 IL App (1st)
       141453, ¶ 33.
¶ 63        Sam cites In re Marriage of Jelinek, 244 Ill. App. 3d 496 (1993), where the appellate court
       reversed a trial court’s decision to deviate from the guidelines. There, although the trial court
       “noted that it had considered the relevant factors,” the “record reveal[ed] that little evidence
       was adduced as to the needs of the children.” Id. at 508-09. Here, in contrast, we cannot say
       that there was inadequate evidence of the children’s needs presented at trial because Sam failed
       to include a trial transcript or an appropriate substitute in the record on appeal. As such, we
       must “presume[ ] that the order entered by the trial court was in conformity with [the] law and
       had a sufficient factual basis.” Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 392.
¶ 64        Sam argues that the additional circumstances cited by the trial court—his access to
       undisclosed income and history of noncompliance with his support obligations, and Michelle’s
       disproportionate exercise of parenting time—are not appropriate factors to consider as grounds
       for deviating from the guidelines. But these circumstances bear on “the financial resources and
       needs of the parents,” which is a “relevant factor[ ]” to consider in determining whether a
       deviation from the guidelines is appropriate. 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(2)(B) (West Supp. 2017).
       Sam’s access to undisclosed income is plainly relevant to assessing his financial resources.
       Moreover, while the trial court considered Sam’s failure to fully disclose his income as a reason
       justifying its decision to average his income for support purposes, nothing in the statute
       prohibited the court from further considering this factor when deciding whether to deviate from
       the guidelines. Similarly, Sam’s history of noncompliance with his support obligations is a
       relevant circumstance to consider when assessing Michelle’s financial resources, which were

                                                   - 13 -
       likely depleted during the period in which she was forced to financially support the children
       without assistance from Sam and expend time and resources seeking to enforce Sam’s
       compliance with the court’s orders.
¶ 65       Finally, Michelle’s disproportionate exercise of parenting time affects both her financial
       resources and her financial needs, as it is likely to force her to choose between altering her
       work schedule or securing outside childcare. Sam argues that the trial court erred in considering
       this factor because a separate statutory provision addresses circumstances in which the parties
       exercise relatively proportional amounts of parenting time. See id. § 505(a)(3.8). That
       provision increases the parties’ combined basic support obligation by 50% when “each parent
       exercises 146 or more overnights per year with the child” and computes each parent’s child
       support obligation “by multiplying that parent’s portion of the shared care support obligation
       by the percentage of time the child spends with the other parent.” Id. But nothing in the statute
       prohibits the trial court from considering the inverse situation—where one party exercises all
       or nearly all parenting time—as a relevant factor bearing on that party’s financial needs and
       resources when determining whether a deviation from the guidelines is appropriate.
¶ 66       While we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in deciding to deviate
       upward from the guidelines when making its child support award, we nevertheless must reverse
       and remand for further proceedings. Because the trial court relied in part on considerations
       related to Sam’s income when determining that a deviation was appropriate, we cannot be
       confident that the court’s decision to deviate from the guidelines or the extent of its deviation
       was not influenced by its error in calculating the parties’ net incomes and corresponding
       miscalculation of Sam’s guideline support obligation. On remand, the trial court should
       properly calculate Sam’s guideline support obligation in the manner discussed above and
       reconsider whether and, if so, to what extent a deviation from the guidelines is appropriate.

¶ 67                                           F. Attorney Fees
¶ 68       Finally, Sam challenges the trial court’s award of attorney fees to Michelle. We will not
       reverse a court’s order awarding attorney fees “absent an abuse of discretion.” In re Marriage
       of Heroy, 2017 IL 120205, ¶ 13.
¶ 69       A trial court may order one party to contribute “a reasonable amount” to the other party’s
       attorney fees. 750 ILCS 5/508(a) (West 2018). “Any award of contribution to one party from
       the other party shall be based on the criteria for division of marital property *** and, if
       maintenance has been awarded, on the criteria for an award of maintenance.” Id. § 503(j)(2);
       see also id. § 508(a) (providing that contribution to opposing party’s attorney fees “may be
       awarded *** in accordance with subsection (j) of Section 503”). The criteria for dividing
       marital property include, among other things, “the relevant economic circumstances of each
       spouse”; “the age, health, station, occupation, amount and sources of income, vocational skills,
       employability, estate, liabilities, and needs of each of the parties”; and “the reasonable
       opportunity of each spouse for future acquisition of capital assets and income.” Id. § 503(d)(5),
       (8), (11). Similarly, the criteria for awarding maintenance include “the income and property of
       each party”; “the needs of each party”; and “the realistic present and future earning capacity
       of each party.” 750 ILCS 5/504(a)(1)-(3) (West Supp. 2017). “The party seeking an award of
       attorney fees must establish her inability to pay and the other spouse’s ability to do so.” In re
       Marriage of Schneider, 214 Ill. 2d 152, 174 (2005). “[A] party is unable to pay if, after
       consideration of all the relevant statutory factors, the court finds that requiring the party to pay

                                                    - 14 -
       the entirety of the fees would undermine his or her financial stability.” In re Marriage of Heroy,
       2017 IL 120205, ¶ 19.
¶ 70        Here, the trial court ordered Sam to contribute $15,000 toward Michelle’s attorney fees
       after finding that Michelle “lacks the ability to contribute further to her attorney[ ] fees without
       undermining her financial stability and security” and that “Sam has the ability to make a
       contribution to Michelle’s attorney[ ] fees” and “pay his own [fees], without undermining his
       financial stability or security.” The court also found that Sam “needlessly increased the cost of
       [the] litigation” through his failure to comply with discovery orders, his noncompliance with
       court-ordered support payments, and by engaging in conduct that necessitated the entry of an
       order of protection against him. Finally, the court concluded that the attorney fees incurred by
       Michelle were reasonable.
¶ 71        Sam argues that the fee award is “unreasonable and excessive given the income of the
       parties.” He contends that, after accounting for the maintenance awarded to Michelle, his
       income is only slightly higher than Michelle’s. He further suggests that the attorney fees
       incurred by Michelle were not reasonable. Finally, he contends that the trial court’s reliance
       on his failure to comply with discovery requests as a basis for the fee award was improper
       because the court had already granted Michelle’s motion in limine as a sanction for his
       discovery violations. We conclude that Sam forfeited any challenge to the trial court’s fee
       award and that, in any event, the incomplete record on appeal does not support a finding that
       the trial court abused its discretion.
¶ 72        To begin, Sam forfeited any challenge to the trial court’s award of attorney fees by failing
       to respond to Michelle’s fee petition or appear for the hearing on the petition. By his inaction,
       Sam necessarily failed to raise in the trial court any of the arguments he now presents on appeal.
       A party’s “[f]ailure to raise an issue before the trial court forfeits review of that issue on
       appeal.” Finko v. City of Chicago Department of Administrative Hearings, 2016 IL App (1st)
       152888, ¶ 24. The purpose of this rule “is to encourage parties to raise issues in the trial court,
       thus ensuring both that the trial court is given an opportunity to correct any errors prior to
       appeal and that a party does not obtain a reversal through his or her own inaction.” 1010 Lake
       Shore Ass’n v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co., 2015 IL 118372, ¶ 14. Sam asserts that the
       trial court’s order was “so arbitrary [and] prejudicial” that we should “at least remand for
       further consideration.” But Sam had ample opportunity to raise his objections to Michelle’s
       request for attorney fees in the trial court. After choosing to forgo that opportunity, he is not
       now entitled to a do-over.
¶ 73        Even if we were to excuse Sam’s forfeiture, the incomplete record on appeal makes it
       impossible for us to say that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding Michelle attorney
       fees. Because the record contains neither a trial transcript nor a transcript of the hearing on
       Michelle’s fee petition, we do not know the amount of attorney fees that either party incurred
       and thus cannot determine what percentage of Michelle’s fees (or the parties’ combined fees)
       Sam was ordered to pay. Nor is there any evidence in the record that would allow us to evaluate
       Sam’s contention that the fees Michelle incurred were unreasonable. In addition, while Sam
       argues that the fee award was excessive considering the parties’ respective incomes, that is
       simply one of many factors to consider in making a fee award. Sam fails to address—and
       without a transcript of the trial or fee hearing we are unable to evaluate—“the relevant
       economic circumstances of each spouse”; “the reasonable opportunity of each spouse for future
       acquisition of capital assets and income”; or “the age, health, station, occupation, ***

                                                    - 15 -
       vocational skills, employability, estate, liabilities, and needs of each of the parties.” 750 ILCS
       5/503(d)(5), (8), (11) (West 2018). Due to the incomplete record, we cannot say that the trial
       court’s award of attorney fees to Michelle was unreasonable or arbitrary. Instead, we must
       “presume[ ] that the order entered by the trial court was in conformity with [the] law and had
       a sufficient factual basis.” Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 392.
¶ 74       Finally, Sam offers no authority for his contention that the trial court erred in considering
       his discovery violations when awarding attorney fees to Michelle. “[A] party forfeits review
       of an issue on appeal by failing to support its argument with citation to authorities.”
       International Union of Operating Engineers Local 965 v. Illinois Labor Relations Board, State
       Panel, 2015 IL App (4th) 140352, ¶ 20. In any event, we note that “[u]nnecessarily increasing
       the cost of litigation is a relevant factor in *** the allocation of attorney fees.” In re Marriage
       of Patel, 2013 IL App (1st) 112571, ¶ 117.

¶ 75                                        III. CONCLUSION
¶ 76       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s awards of maintenance and attorney
       fees, but we reverse the court’s award of child support and remand for further proceedings. As
       explained above, on remand the trial court should recalculate Sam’s guideline child support
       obligation, taking into account the court’s award of maintenance when determining the parties’
       respective net incomes, and should then reevaluate whether a deviation from the guidelines is
       appropriate. The trial court should also correct the discrepancy in its judgment identified above
       concerning the amount of the maintenance award.

¶ 77      Affirmed in part; reversed in part; remanded with directions.

                                                   - 16 -