Court Opinion

ID: 9839281
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-12 18:00:48.444955+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:54.952892
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        SEP 12 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LISA YEARICK, individually, as Personal         No.    22-16310
Representative of the Estate of Edward
Rudhman, and on behalf of Leigha Huber,         D.C. No. 2:20-cv-00545-SPL
statutory beneficiary; LEIGHA HUBER,

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,          MEMORANDUM *

 v.

ROBERT LEATHAM, Sergeant, husband;
KRISTY LEATHAM, wife; RYAN
KELLEHER, Sergeant, an unmarried
individual; PHILIP ASIEDU-DARKWA,
Deputy, husband; MORCELIA ASIEDU-
DARKWA, wife; PAUL PENZONE, Sheriff,
in his Official Capacity,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Arizona
                   Steven Paul Logan, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted July 12, 2023
                           San Francisco, California

Before: S.R. THOMAS, BENNETT, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
Dissent by Judge BENNETT.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      Lisa Yearick and Leigha Huber (collectively, Appellants) appeal the district

court’s grant of summary judgment to Appellees Sergeant Robert Leatham,

Sergeant Ryan Kelleher, and Deputy Philip Asiedu-Darkwa (collectively,

Appellees or officers) on all of the claims in their operative complaint: (i)

excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment, (ii) wrongful death,

pursuant to Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-611, and (iii) interference with familial

association in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

      We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the district

court’s grant of summary judgment, including its qualified immunity

determinations, de novo, Hughes v. Rodriguez, 31 F.4th 1211, 1218 (9th Cir.

2022), and may affirm “on any ground finding support in the record,” M & T Bank

v. SFR Invs. Pool 1, LLC, 963 F.3d 854, 857 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Cairns v.

Franklin Mint Co., 292 F.3d 1139, 1155 n.14 (9th Cir. 2002)). “To determine

whether the officers are entitled to qualified immunity, we consider (1) whether

there has been a violation of a constitutional right; and (2) whether that right was

clearly established at the time of the officer’s alleged misconduct.” O’Doan v.

Sanford, 991 F.3d 1027, 1036 (9th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation mark omitted).

Where there are material factual disputes, we “view the facts and draw reasonable

inferences in favor of the nonmoving party,” id. at 1035, unless the party’s

allegations are “blatantly contradicted by the record,” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S.

                                           2
372, 380 (2007). We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand. 1

         1. Appellants contend that (i) the decedent, Edward Rudhman, was “walking

toward the officers with his arms by his sides and his gun dangling from his right

hand,” (ii) the gun was swinging lightly in Rudhman’s hand, and (iii) Rudhman

“never raised the gun or pointed it at anyone.” Because we find that the record

does not blatantly contradict this view of the facts, id., we assume, for purposes of

this appeal, that “Rudhman’s arms stayed by his side as he walked, . . . the gun was

consistently aimed at the ground, and . . . he never raised or pointed the gun at the

officers.”

         2. Against these facts, we disagree with the district court’s determination

that Appellees were entitled to qualified immunity on the ground that their use of

force was objectively reasonable. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989) directs

us to consider, in assessing the government’s use of force, (i) the severity of the

suspected crime, (ii) whether Rudhman posed an immediate threat to the officers’

safety, and (iii) whether Rudhman was actively resisting or attempting to evade

arrest. See Rice v. Morehouse, 989 F.3d 1112, 1121 (9th Cir. 2021). The most

important of these factors is the second. Id. While the Fourth Amendment does not

require that officers “delay their fire until a suspect turns his weapon on them,” we

have also held that the use of deadly force is not rendered “per se reasonable under

1
    Because the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not recount them here.

                                            3
the Fourth Amendment” because a suspect is armed with a deadly weapon. George

v. Morris, 736 F.3d 829, 838 (9th Cir. 2013). Instead, we must examine whether an

armed individual has made “a furtive movement, harrowing gesture, or serious

verbal threat [that] might create an immediate threat.” Id.

      Although the first Graham factor clearly favors Appellees—who knew that

Rudhman possessed a gun, had repeatedly fired it, kicked in Yearick’s bedroom

door, and threatened to kill their pets—the second and third factors favor

Appellants on a summary judgment analysis.

      A reasonable jury could find that Rudhman did not make a furtive

movement, harrowing gesture, or serious verbal threat during his confrontation

with the officers, and that Rudhman therefore did not pose an immediate threat to

the officers’ safety. The second, and most important, Graham factor thus favors

Appellants. See Peck v. Montoya, 51 F.4th 877, 888 (9th Cir. 2022) (“[W]here, as

here, a jury could find that no [furtive movement, harrowing gesture, or serious

verbal threat] occurred, our cases clearly establish that the use of deadly force

would be impermissible.”).

      As to the third factor, while Rudhman verbally refused to follow the

officers’ commands, a reasonable jury could find that his resistance was not

particularly active. See Bryan v. MacPherson, 630 F.3d 805, 822, 829–30 (9th Cir.

2010) (suspect’s resistance was “closer to . . . passive,” though he failed to comply

                                          4
with an officer’s order to stay in his car, while yelling “gibberish” and hitting

himself in the thighs). A reasonable jury could also conclude that, although

Rudhman continued to walk toward the officers with a gun after being told to stop,

he did not attack, struggle with, threaten, or run from the officers, or actively

attempt to evade arrest. See, e.g., Smith v. City of Hemet, 394 F.3d 689, 703 (9th

Cir. 2005) (en banc) (suspect’s resistance was not “particularly bellicose”; though

he “continually ignored . . . officers’ requests to remove his hands from his

pajamas . . . [and] refused to place both his arms behind his back,” he did not

attack, threaten, or run from the officers); cf. Mattos v. Agarano, 661 F.3d 433, 446

(9th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (suspect “actively resisted arrest insofar as she refused to

get out of her car when instructed to do so and stiffened her body and clutched her

steering wheel to frustrate the officers’ efforts to remove her from her car”).

       Because the latter two factors favor Appellants, the balancing of the Graham

factors “does not clearly favor” the officers. See Seidner v. de Vries, 39 F.4th 591,

601 (9th Cir. 2022). Moreover, the additional factors of (i) Rudhman’s mental

state, (ii) the availability of less-lethal force, and (iii) the officers’ failure to warn

Rudhman that he would be shot, do not tip this analysis in the officers’ favor. See

Rice, 989 F.3d at 1121–22 (calling for an examination of “the totality of the

circumstances” under Graham). A jury could therefore conclude that the officers’

decision to shoot Rudhman was not objectively reasonable and that, by shooting

                                             5
Rudhman, the officers violated his Fourth Amendment right to be free of excessive

force.

         3. We nevertheless affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

Appellees as to Appellants’ excessive force claim. See Shafer v. County of Santa

Barbara, 868 F.3d 1110, 1115 (9th Cir. 2017) (both prongs of the qualified

immunity analysis must be satisfied to overcome a qualified immunity defense).

Taking the facts in the light most favorable to Appellants, Rudhman’s right to be

free of deadly force under the circumstances presented here was not “clearly

established” at the time of the shooting. Andrews v. City of Henderson, 35 F.4th

710, 718 (9th Cir. 2022).

         Appellants urge us to rely upon George, Estate of Lopez by & through Lopez

v. Gelhaus, 871 F.3d 998 (9th Cir. 2017), C.V. by & through Villegas v. City of

Anaheim, 823 F.3d 1252 (9th Cir. 2016), and Curnow by & through Curnow v.

Ridgecrest Police, 952 F.2d 321 (9th Cir. 1991), for the notion that Rudhman’s

right to be free of deadly force was clearly established. But the circumstances of

these four cases differ materially from the circumstances at issue here and do not

place the constitutional question beyond debate. See District of Columbia v.

Wesby, 583 U.S. 48, 64 (2018) (while there need not be “a case directly on point,”

appellants must identify a case in which “officer[s] acting under similar

circumstances . . . [were] held to have violated the Fourth Amendment”).

                                           6
      Whereas the suspect in George was standing still on a balcony with his gun

pointed at the ground, 736 F.3d at 832–33, Rudhman was walking toward the

officers while verbally refusing their commands. Unlike the decedent in Gelhaus,

who did not know that he was being addressed by law enforcement officers and

was not moving toward the officers, 871 F.3d at 1010, Rudhman verbally rejected

officers’ commands to drop his gun and continued to walk in the officers’

direction. While the decedent in Villegas was attempting to comply with the

responding officers’ commands, 823 F.3d at 1256, Rudhman, again, was verbally

rejecting the officers’ commands and slowly closing the gap between them and

him. And unlike the decedent in Curnow, who was not facing officers at the time

he was first shot, 952 F.2d at 325, Rudhman was not only facing the officers, but

advancing toward them while refusing their commands to stop. Because of the

differences between the circumstances of these cases and the circumstances here,

these cases would not have put Appellees on notice of Rudhman’s right to be free

of deadly force under the circumstances. The district court therefore properly

granted summary judgment to Appellees as to Appellants’ Fourth Amendment

excessive force claim.

      4. Appellants’ state law wrongful death claim is governed by the same

reasonableness standard that governs the first prong of the qualified immunity

analysis. See Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-410(C)(1) (stating that an officer’s use of deadly

                                          7
force against another is justified when the officer “reasonably believes that it is

necessary . . . [t]o defend himself or a third person from what the . . . officer

reasonably believes to be the . . . imminent use of deadly physical force”; Longoria

v. Pinal Cnty., 873 F.3d 699, 711 (9th Cir. 2017) (“Because we find a material

dispute of facts as to whether or not [the officer’s] use of deadly force was

reasonable, we reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment in the state

cause of action [under Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-611] as well.”)). Because, for the

reasons explained above, a jury could conclude that the officers’ decision to shoot

Rudhman was not objectively reasonable, we reverse the district court’s grant of

summary judgment to Appellees on Appellants’ wrongful death claim. We do not,

however, decide that the officers’ use of force violated Arizona law—only that, on

this record, the officers are not entitled to summary judgment on this claim. We

assume, moreover—as did the district court—that this claim was based on the

intentional tort theory of battery. We remand for further proceedings with respect

to this claim only.2

      AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.

2
 At oral argument, Appellants abandoned their challenge to the district court’s
determination regarding Appellants’ Fourteenth Amendment familial association
claim.

                                           8
                                                                             FILED
                                                                             SEP 12 2023
Lisa Yearick v. Robert Leatham, No. 22-16310
BENNETT, Circuit Judge, dissenting:                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

       I would affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on the

Arizona wrongful death claim, and thus affirm the district court’s summary

judgment grant in its entirety. Based on the undisputed and indisputable facts in

the record, the actions of Sergeant Robert Leatham, Sergeant Ryan Kelleher, and

Deputy Philip Asiedu-Darkwa (the “officers”) did not violate any constitutional

right of the deceased, Edward Rudhman. The officers’ conduct was objectively

reasonable under Arizona law given the obvious imminent threat and clear and

present danger to the lives of the officers and others. Thus, I respectfully dissent,

in part.

       Under A.R.S. § 13-410, an officer’s use of deadly force against another is

justified when the officer “reasonably believes that it is necessary . . . [t]o defend

himself or a third person from what the . . . officer reasonably believes to be the

use or imminent use of deadly physical force.” A.R.S. § 13-410(C)(1). The parties

here agree that if an officer’s conduct is objectively reasonable under Graham v.

Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989), in determining qualified immunity, it is also

objectively reasonable under Arizona state law.1

       1
              See also Quinn v. Cardenas, No. 1 CA-CV 22-0398, 2023 WL
4880442, at *5–9 (Ariz. Ct. App. Aug. 1, 2023) (holding that federal-law
determinations in a qualified immunity analysis can have issue-preclusive effect on
state law claims).
      The majority correctly looks to the objective reasonableness standard set out

in Graham. But the Graham inquiry “must be judged from the perspective of a

reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Id.

at 396. “The calculus of reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that

police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments—in circumstances

that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving—about the amount of force that is

necessary in a particular situation.” Id. at 396–97.

      The majority recognizes that the second Graham factor related to the state’s

interest—whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the

officers or others, Rice v. Morehouse, 989 F.3d 1112, 1121 (9th Cir. 2021)—is the

most important, but fails to recognize that not every use of force violates the law

even when “it may later seem unnecessary in the peace of a judge’s chambers.”

Graham, 490 U.S. at 397. In both the real world, and the world of judges looking

back at officers’ actions, Rudhman’s conduct posed a grave and immediate danger

to the lives of the officers and many others. Rudhman’s death was a tragedy. But

the officers faced split-second decisions bearing on the possibility of a tragedy of

even greater proportions. And no one knows what would have happened had the

officers not fired on Rudhman when they did.

      Viewed in any light, Rudhman posed an “immediate threat” to his wife, the

officers, and others nearby. When they fired, the officers knew that Rudhman was

                                          2
intoxicated, had kicked in the door to the bedroom that his wife was hiding in, had

threatened to kill his pets and himself, and had fired his .357 six times at an

unknown target or targets. As the district court described:

      [A] family of four lived in a recreational vehicle on the property. They had
      heard the six gunshots fired by Mr. Rudhman in the backyard and took cover
      inside. A next-door neighbor who was outside also heard the gunshots. He
      took cover in a workshop located on his property.

      The officers had probable cause to believe that Rudhman had committed and

was continuing to commit serious felonies—including domestic violence,

endangerment, and unlawful discharge of a firearm. 2 The officers also had

probable cause to believe that Rudhman’s domestic violence offense was

“especially egregious” and that he was “particularly dangerous,” as he had a gun in

his possession, both of which bear on our analysis under the second Graham

factor. See Smith v. City of Hemet, 394 F.3d 689, 702 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc).

“When officers respond to a domestic abuse call, they understand that violence

may be lurking and explode with little warning. Indeed, more officers are killed or

injured on domestic violence calls than on any other type of call.” Mattos v.

Agarano, 661 F.3d 433, 450 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc). And again, here, those at

risk of being shot and killed by Rudhman included his wife; the family of four that

      2
            All these crimes are felonies under Arizona state law. See A.R.S.
§ 13-3601(A)(1) (domestic violence); id. § 13-1201(A) (endangerment); id. § 13-
3107(A) (unlawful discharge of a firearm).

                                           3
lived on the property; neighbors, including those who had heard the six shots

Rudhman had already fired; the defendant officers; and their other colleagues on-

scene.

         When Rudhman stepped out of the house, he ignored the officers’ five

separate commands to come out without the gun.3 Despite Rudhman’s

noncompliance, the officers did not immediately shoot Rudhman as he carried the

loaded .357 while steadily advancing toward them—the officers told him four

times to drop his gun and once to stop advancing. 4 Rudhman did not simply ignore

the multiple commands—he specifically and clearly rejected them as he continued

         3
             Once the officers were positioned outside the house, Sergeant
Leatham made five announcements on the public address system of his vehicle
over approximately three minutes, asking Rudhman to come out of the house
without the gun.
         4
               As the district court recounted:

               Over the course of twenty-four seconds, Mr. Rudhman
               continued to walk directly toward the officers, closing the
               distance by approximately forty feet. Sergeant Leatham
               gave five non-amplified verbal commands, each
               approximately three to four seconds apart:

               18:29 (first command): “Edward, drop the gun.”
               18:32 (second command): “Drop the gun, Edward.”
               18:35 (third command): “Drop the gun, Edward.”
               18:39 (fourth command): “Drop the gun, Edward.”
               18:43 (fifth command): “Stop where you’re at.”

                                            4
to advance on the officers, .357 in hand: “I can’t do that . . . no I’m not stopping

right there”; “[t]hat’s not going to happen.”

      Many lives were at risk here, though the officers’ most of all. In context, the

officers waited a long time before firing, with every second increasing their mortal

danger. Neither federal nor analogous Arizona law requires officers to “delay their

fire until a suspect turns his weapon on them.” See George v. Morris, 736 F.3d

829, 838 (9th Cir. 2013). And, of course, here, not just the officers were in range.

      So, here, the officers will unjustifiably face trial. And the majority offers no

guidance on what officers are supposed to do in the future in a similar situation.

Should they have waited one more second? Should they have waited until

Rudhman started to raise the weapon? Of course, had they done that, one or more

of them, or others, might well have been shot and killed. There are close cases.

And there are cases that are close to close cases. This case is neither. This case

has the archetypal “tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving” circumstances that call

for “split-second judgments” from officers. Graham, 490 U.S. at 397.5 Because

the undisputed record demonstrates that Rudhman posed an immediate threat to the

safety of the officers and others, I would conclude that the “most important”

Graham factor favors the officers. Rice, 989 F.3d at 1121. Thus, like the district

      5
             Or as the district court correctly and aptly noted: “This Court will
not—indeed, it cannot—judge Defendants’ decision ‘with the 20/20 vision of
hindsight.’” (quoting Graham, 490 U.S. at 396).

                                           5
court, I would hold that the officers are entitled to a grant of summary judgment on

the first prong of the qualified immunity test as well as the second, and that the

officers are entitled to a grant of summary judgment on the state-law wrongful

death claim.

                                          6