Court Opinion

ID: 4075806
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-30 06:30:11.228709+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:47.688178
License: Public Domain

AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed November 30, 2015.

                                         S    In The
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      No. 05-14–01276-CV

                       GOODMAN FACTORS, Appellant
                                    V.
          TORRES FINAL CLEAN, INC. AND FONDA M. WILCOX, Appellees

                      On Appeal from the 298th Judicial District Court
                                   Dallas County, Texas
                           Trial Court Cause No. DC-14-03811

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION
                        Before Justices Lang-Miers, Brown and Schenck
                                  Opinion by Justice Schenck
       Appellant Goodman Factors (“Goodman”), plaintiff below, appeals from a no-answer

default judgment awarding it breach-of-contract damages against defendant Torres Final Clean,

Inc. (“Torres”), but denying its request for compensatory tort and punitive damages against

Torres and defendant Fonda M. Wilcox (“Wilcox”).            On appeal, Goodman challenges the

definiteness of the trial court’s judgment, and claims the trial court erred in failing to award

Goodman the greatest recovery possible, and in failing to file findings of fact and conclusions of

law. After Goodman filed its brief in this case, this Court ordered the trial court to make findings

of fact and conclusions of law as to Goodman’s tort claims. After the trial court did so, Goodman

filed a supplemental brief, by which it challenges three of trial court’s findings.         For the

following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. Because all issues are settled in law, we

issue this memorandum opinion. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
                                                           BACKGROUND

          On May 1, 2008, Goodman entered into a factoring agreement with Torres. Pursuant to

the agreement, Torres sold and assigned various accounts to appellant for which Goodman paid

Torres. Keith Reid and Juanita Torres signed the agreement on behalf of Goodman and Torres,

respectively.        After Goodman and Torres entered into the agreement, most of Goodman’s

dealings with Torres were through Torres’ employee Wilcox, who, at some undisclosed time,

assumed the position of president of the company. Goodman claims that after it purchased the

accounts, it discovered that some of them were invalid. In addition, Goodman claims Torres

collected and exercised control over some of the accounts it sold to Goodman.

          Goodman sued Torres for breach of contract, fraud, and conversion. Goodman sued

Wilcox, individually, for conspiracy and conversion. Torres and Wilcox did not answer and

Goodman moved for default judgment. In a no-answer default judgment, the failure to file an

answer operates as an admission of the material facts alleged in the petition, except as to

unliquidated damages. Holt Atherton Indus., Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 83 (Tex. 1992).

Recognizing it had to prove damages, Goodman submitted affidavits signed by Keith Reid

(“Reid”) and Goodman’s attorney. As to breach-of-contract damages, Reid stated Goodman paid

$127,356.27 for invoices that were not valid. 1 As to conversion damages, Reid stated Wilcox

attempted to pick up a check in the amount of $20,817.00 from account debtor Pogue

Construction. Regarding Goodman’s fraud claim, Goodman did not attempt to establish it

suffered any damages due to fraud separate and apart from its breach-of-contract damages.

          In considering Goodman’s request for default judgment, the trial court found:

     •    Torres failed to comply with the contract;

     1
           To clarify any confusion in this opinion about the minor discrepancies in the references to Goodman’s damages, we note that while
Goodman alleged breach-of-contract damages of $127,376.27, the evidence it offered showed damages of $127,356.27, the judgment awarded
Goodman $127,346.37 in damages, and the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law reference damages of $127,376.27. Goodman
does not raise these de minimis discrepancies as an issue on appeal. Therefore, we do not address them.

                                                                   –2–
   •   The damages for breach of contract were $127,376.27;

   •   Torres made a false, material promise to Goodman on which it relied to its detriment;

   •   The damages for fraud were the same as for breach of contract;

   •   The request for punitive damages was not supported by clear and convincing evidence;

   •   The amount of the check or checks Goodman claims were converted was included in the

       damages found for breach of contract and fraud; and

   •   There was insufficient evidence that Wilcox was acting in her individual capacity in

       connection with any conversion.

       The trial court rendered judgment against Torres awarding Goodman $127,346.37 for

breach-of-contract damages, and attorney’s fees of $8,000 below, with additional amounts as

conditional appellate fees, against both Torres and Wilcox.        The trial court did not award

Goodman any damages on Goodman’s fraud and conversion theories, and did not enter judgment

against Wilcox, individually. This appeal followed. Torres and Wilcox have not responded.

       In its initial brief, Goodman challenges the definiteness of the trial court’s judgment, and

claims the trial court erred in not awarding Goodman the greatest recovery possible, and in

failing to file findings of fact and conclusions of law. After the trial court made findings of fact

and conclusions of law, Goodman filed a supplemental brief challenging three of trial court’s

findings of fact; namely that (1) there was insufficient evidence that Wilcox was acting in her

individual capacity in connection with any conversion, (2) the amount of the check or checks

converted was included in the damages found for breach of contract, and (3) the request for

punitive damages was not supported by clear and convincing evidence. For the following

reasons, we resolve Goodman’s issues against it.

                                                –3–
                                            DISCUSSION

        In its first issue, Goodman claims the judgment entered in this case is not definite and

certain because it states the court found that “Torres Final Clean, Inc. and Fonda M. Wilcox did

knowingly and intentionally commit fraud, conspiracy to commit fraud and conversion,” granted

default judgment in its entirety against Torres and Wilcox, and then struck out all awards of

damages for fraud, conspiracy to commit fraud, and conversion.

        We note that although the judgment contained recitations related to Goodman’s tort

claims and Wilcox, they preceded the decretal portion of the judgment. Factual recitations or

reasons preceding the decretal portion of a judgment form no part of, and are thus not essential

to, the judgment itself. See Nelson v. Britt, 241 S.W.3d 672, 676 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no

pet.). Thus, in resolving Goodman’s first issue, we do not consider the recitations and; instead,

we focus on the decretal portion of the judgment. The decretal in this case reads as follows: “IT

IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that Goodman Factors recover judgment

against Defendant Torres Final Clean, lnc., for its contractual debt in the sum of $127,346.37

together with 5% interest from April 7 2014 until paid, compounded annually, together with

reasonable statutory and contractual attorneys’ [sic] fees of $8,000.00 as alleged, all costs of suit,

together with post-judgment interest on said total combined sum from the date of judgment at the

10% per annum, compounded annually.” This decretal is definite and clear and is in keeping

with the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law, in particular its findings that

Goodman suffered no extra-contractual damages, and its findings against Goodman on its claims

against Wilcox. Accordingly, we overrule Goodman’s first issue.

        Before we consider Goodman’s second issue, concerning election of remedies, and its

third supplemental issue, concerning the liability of Wilcox, we address Goodman’s remaining,

related issues.

                                                 –4–
          In its third issue, Goodman argues the trial court erred by failing to make findings of fact

and conclusions of law. As we previously stated, after Goodman filed its brief in this case, this

Court ordered the trial court to made findings of fact and conclusions of law concerning

Goodman’s fraud, conspiracy to commit fraud, and conversion claims, and the trial court

complied. We afforded Goodman the opportunity to challenge any and all of the trial court’s

findings and conclusions. Consequently, this issue is moot and is overruled.

          In its second supplemental issue, Goodman argues the trial court erred in finding that the

amount of the check or checks it claims Torres converted were included in the damages found

for breach of contract. We apply the same standard of review to a trial court’s findings that we

apply in reviewing a jury’s findings. See Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794

(Tex. 1991). We will reverse the trial court’s finding that appellant suffered no extra-contractual

damages only if the finding is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be

clearly wrong and unjust. See Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986).

          To support its request for extra-contractual damages on its conversion claim, Goodman

offered Keith Reid’s statement that Wilcox attempted to pick up a check in the amount of

$20,817.00 from account debtor Pogue Construction. This averment alone is not sufficient to

support an award for conversion damages. Goodman had to also establish that Torres actually

received the check, and that Goodman suffered an injury separate and apart from its breach-of-

contract damages. See Chapman Custom Homes, Inc. v. Dallas Plumbing Co., 445 S.W.3d 716,

718 (Tex. 2014). This it did not do. Instead, Goodman admitted in its pleadings that the

$127,376.27 breach-of-contract damage figure includes the amount paid to purchase invoices

which were not valid, or for which the defendants were directly paid. 2 The failure to answer

     2
           Goodman pleaded, “Goodman has been damaged by the breach of contract by the defendants in the sum of $127,376.27, the amount
paid to purchase invoices which are not valid or for which the defendants were paid directly.”

                                                                –5–
constitutes an admission of these pleaded facts.                          Nothing more.           Nothing less.          Thus, by

Goodman’s own admission, the check it references is included in its breach-of-contract damages.

Consequently, the trial court’s finding of no compensatory damages for conversion is supported

by the record, and is not against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence so as to be

manifestly unjust. We overrule Goodman’s second supplemental issue.

          In its third supplemental issue, Goodman argues the trial court erred in finding that the

request for punitive damages arising from fraud were not supported by clear and convincing

evidence. In order to recover punitive damages, a plaintiff must recover actual tort damages.

See Houston Mercantile Exch. Corp. v. Dailey Petroleum Corp., 930 S.W.2d 242, 249 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no writ).                           “The economic loss rule generally precludes

recovery in tort for economic losses resulting from a party’s failure to perform under a contract

when the harm consists only of the economic loss of a contractual expectancy.”                                          Chapman

Custom Homes, Inc., 445 S.W.3d at 718. The independent injury rule applies to claims for fraud.

See D.S.A., Inc. v. Hillsboro Indep. Sch. Dist., 973 S.W.2d 662, 663–64 (Tex. 1998) (per

curiam).

          While the trial court found Torres made a false material representation upon which

Goodman relied to its detriment, it also found the damages for fraud are the same as the damages

for breach of contract. This finding is supported by the record before this court as Goodman did

not attempt to establish it suffered any damages due to fraud separate and apart from its breach-

of-contract damages, and, in fact, admitted that the injury it suffered is one and the same. 3 In

addition, while the trial court found Torres committed conversion, it also found the amount of

the check or checks is included in the damages found for breach of contract and fraud. As noted

     3
           Regarding its fraud claim, Goodman pleaded, “Goodman was damaged by the misrepresentation in the sum of $127,356.27 paid to
Torres, Inc. for invoices which are not valid.”

                                                                –6–
previously, this finding is supported by the record. Based upon these findings, the trial court

entered a judgment awarding Goodman breach-of-contract damages only. When a plaintiff, like

Goodman, does not recover actual tort damages, it cannot recover punitive damages.             See

Houston Mercantile Exch. Corp., 930 S.W.2d at 249. Therefore, the trial court’s finding that

there was insufficient evidence to support an award of punitive damages is supported by the

record and is not against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence so as to be

manifestly unjust. We overrule Goodman’s third supplemental issue.

       In its second issue, Goodman argues the trial court erred in not allowing it to elect among

alternative measures of damages. Regarding Goodman’s fraud claim, as we have already noted,

the trial court correctly found Goodman did not suffer any injury independent and separate from

the economic losses recoverable under its breach-of-contract claim. Regarding Goodman’s

conversion claim, as we have also noted, the trial court correctly found the check or checks that

are the subject of Goodman’s conversion claim, were included in Goodman’s breach-of-contract

damages. Therefore, Goodman did not suffer an injury that is independent and separate from the

economic losses recoverable under a breach-of-contract claim, for which compensable tort

damages could be awarded. Consequently, there are no alternative measures of damages from

which Goodman could elect. Moreover, because Goodman did not recover actual tort damages,

it is not entitled to recover punitive damages. We overrule Goodman’s second issue.

       In its first supplemental issue, Goodman claims the trial court erred in finding that there

was insufficient evidence that Wilcox was acting in her individual capacity in connection with

any conversion of a check or checks issued by Pogue Construction.            The general rule of

corporate law is that officers of a corporation are insulated from personal liability arising from

their activities performed in the scope of their duties for the corporation. Portlock v. Perry, 852
S.W.2d 578, 582 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993, writ denied). We first note, that Goodman admitted

                                               –7–
that Wilcox acted in her capacity as President of Torres when the alleged conversion occurred. 4

While it is true that a corporate officer may be held individually liable for a corporation’s

tortious conduct if he or she knowingly participates in the conduct or has knowledge, either

actual or constructive, of the tortious conduct, no judgment can be had against the individual

absent proof of damages. See United Mobile Neworks, L.P. v. Deaton, 939 S.W.2d 146, 147

(Tex. 1997). Here, Goodman failed to establish that Torres or Wilcox received the property

allegedly converted. Therefore, there is no pleading or proof to support a judgment against

Wilcox for conversion and the trial court’s finding concerning Wilcox is not against the great

weight and preponderance of the evidence so as to be manifestly unjust.                                                       We overrule

Goodman’s first supplemental issue.

                                                               CONCLUSION

           We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                            /David J. Schenck/
                                                                            DAVID J. SCHENCK
                                                                            JUSTICE

141276F.P05

     4
          In Keith Reid’s affidavit he states, “Wilcox is the president of Torres and was so at the time of the actions specified in the paragraphs
below. Wilcox, on behalf of Torres, visited an invoice debtor, Pogue Construction, to request and receive a Check in the sum of $20,817.00 in
payment for accounts and invoices previously sold and assigned to Goodman. . . . As shown by the attached email, to which I was copied. I
was aware Wilcox, on behalf of Torres, was communicating with Pogue Construction regarding disputed [sic] over the work. . . . I, on behalf
of Goodman. Have personally met more than once with Wilcox, on behalf of Torres. . . . (emphasis added).

                                                                      –8–
                                         S
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                       JUDGMENT

GOODMAN FACTORS, Appellant                           On Appeal from the 298th Judicial District
                                                     Court, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-14-01276-CV         V.                        Trial Court Cause No. DC-14-03811.
                                                     Opinion delivered by Justice Schenck.
TORRES FINAL CLEAN INC. AND                          Justices Lang-Miers and Brown
FONDA M. WILCOX, Appellee                            participating.

     In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.
     It is ORDERED that appellee TORRES FINAL CLEAN INC. AND FONDA M.
WILCOX recover their costs of this appeal from appellant GOODMAN FACTORS.

Judgment entered this 30th day of November, 2015.

                                               –9–