Court Opinion

ID: 9573255
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 20:51:06.976237+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:39:10.906409
License: Public Domain

UDALL, Justice
(dissenting) :
We are confronted in this appeal with the constitutional question of whether the courts of the State of Arizona have refused to give full faith and credit to a sister state’s judgment in compliance with Art. IV, § 1 of the Constitution of the United States and Art. 2, § 3 of the Constitution of Arizona A.R.S. My analysis of the facts and interpretation of the law requires a conclusion that the question must be answered in the affirmative.
I cannot agree with the result reached by the majority of this Court for the following specific reasons: (1) There was never a final judgment in this state, prior to the Idaho judgment, that determined ownership of the Arizona Hotel property on the merits of the controversy; therefore, the Idaho trial court did not have to give full faith and credit to a prior Arizona judgment; (2) Even assuming a valid Arizona judgment, the Idaho judgment was subsequent in time and therefore entitled to full faith and credit; (3) The appellee, Gladys Porter, waived her rights in the Arizona property by appearing in the Idaho action, and by subsequent acts of executing quit claim deeds, assignments and releases of her interest in the Arizona Hotel property; (4) The first final determination on the merits of any interest of the Porter sisters in the Arizona Hotel property was by the Idaho court and the sisters were proper parties, according to the Idaho court’s construction of its own judicial rules, to intervene in the action in Idaho.
The Constitution of the United States requires each state to give full faith and credit to the judicial proceedings, of every *140other state. Article IV, § 1 of the Constitution of the United States provides as follows :
“Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.”
In 28 U.S.C.A. § 1738, Congress has prescribed the manner in which these records may be proved and this statute reads in part as follows:
“The records and judicial proceedings of any court of any such State, Territory or Possession, or copies thereof, shall be proved or admitted in other courts within the United States and its Territories and Possessions by the attestation of the clerk and seal of the court annexed, if a seal exists, together with a certificate of a judge of the court that the said attestation is in proper form.
“Such Acts, records and judicial proceedings or copies thereof, so authenticated, shall have the same full faith and credit in every court within the United States and its Territories and Possessions as they have by law or usage in the courts of such State, Territory or Possession from which they are taken.”
Thus, a judgment of a court of general jurisdiction of a sister state duly authenticated is prima facie evidence of the jurisdiction of the court to render it and of the rights which it purports to adjudicate. Barber v. Barber, 323 U.S. 77, 65 S.Ct. 137, 89 L.Ed. 82; Banco De Sonora v. Morales, 23 Ariz. 248, 203 P. 328.
The record in this case is clear that no court in Arizona, prior to this appeal, has decided, on the merits, that the Arizona Hotel is community property. In Porter v. Stanford, 86 Ariz. 402, 347 P.2d 35, cert. denied, 371 U.S. 829, 83 S.Ct. 23, 9 L.Ed.2d 66, this Court did not hold that title to the Arizona Hotel property had been determined by the Superior Court. In quashing the alternative writ of prohibition, we simply ruled that the Superior Court had acted within its jurisdiction in ordering the receiver of the property/ to make support payments to Gladys Porter, because a presumption that the property was community property obtained and would continue to prevail until destroyed by evidence to the contrary. This, of course, is fundamental community property law in this jurisdiction. The presumption is not conclusive, and if a party proves by clear, strong, satisfactory cogent and convincing evidence, at a trial on the issues, that property was held under a different form of ownership, the presumption is rebutted. Kingsbery v. Kingsbery, 93 Ariz. 217, 379 P.2d 893. The facts and circumstances in each case determine whether the presumption has been rebutted. In all cases, however, there must be a judicial determination of whether property is community. A mere allegation by one party that property is held under a form of ownership, an execution, and a sheriff’s sale are certainly not sufficient to confirm a presumption.
As was stated in Porter v. Stanford, supra, by Justice Johnson in his dissent:
“It is further stated in the majority decision that * * The presumption that it (Arizona Hotel) is community property therefore obtains and will continue to prevail in favor of Gladys E. Porter until it is destroyed by evidence to the contrary.’ I am definitely of the opinion that whatever presumption prevailed in favor of Gladys E. Porter that the hotel property was community property completely disappeared ‘in the sunshine of actual facts,’ Seiler v. Whiting, 52 Ariz. 542, 84 P.2d 452, 455; for at the hearing of June 19, 1959, the respondent court admitted in evidence a lease executed by Gladys E. Porter, leasing space in the Arizona Hotel, the preamble of which recited that the lessors, William A. Porter, Gladys E. Porter, and the petitioners herein were partners; and as we said in the Seiler case ‘ * * * The presumption, when the opposite party has *141produced prima facie evidence, has spent its force and served its purpose, and the party then, in whose favor the presumption operated, must meet his opponent’s prima facie evidence with evidence and not presumptions. * * *’.
[Further, evidence that this presumption completely disappeared is indicated by Gladys Porter’s counterclaim in Idaho, which stated: “the parties hereto own as community property an interest in the Arizona Hotel * * * ”, infra; the findings of the Idaho Court that the property was partnership as indicated by the finding of fact: “The court finds that the interest of [the Porter sisters] in and to the Continental Hotels System, a co-partnership, * * *, is a bona fide partnership interest therein, * * *. The Court further finds that at all times partnership tax returns have been filed with both the Federal and State governments and that the interests of the intervenors has at all times been so declared by the records, books and files of said co-partnership.”, infra; and, that the presumption was not conclusive by language approved by this Court in Kemble v. Porter, 88 Ariz. 417, 357 P.2d 155.]
“The net result of the majority opinion in upholding the action of the trial court in ordering the receiver to pay to Gladys E. Porter the sum of $1,000 per month for support of herself and minor children from the Arizona Hotel prior to an adjudication and a decree that such property was community property of William A. Porter and Gladys E. Porter, permits an individual creditor of a member of a partnership to have partnership property applied in liquidation of her claim before an accounting is had of the partnership and before the creditors of the partnership are satisfied. * * *” 86 Ariz. at 411, 347 P.2d at 40-41.
Prior to the separate maintenance decree in favor of Gladys Porter, the Porter sisters intervened in the suit and contended the hotel property was owned by a partnership. A perfunctory reading of the separate maintenance decree conclusively shows that Gladys Porter had a lien only on the parties’ “community property” in this state. The pertinent portion of the Arizona separate maintenance decree is as follows:
“ * * * The Court further finds that all of the community property of the plaintiff and defendant located in the State of Arizona should be charged with the support of the plaintiff, and for that purpose any community interest in the Arizona Hotel, being * * * is to be used for the payment of plaintiff’s and the minor children’s support and maintenance, and should be set aside for that purpose.
******
“4. That the plaintiff have a lien on all of the community property of the parties hereto for support under a pendente lite order, which has not yet been paid to her * * *. ■
“5. That any community interest of the parties hereto in the Arizona Hotel being * * * is hereby charged with payment of the support to the plaintiff and that the lien hereinabove set forth is to affix to any community interest in the Arizona Hotel.” [Emphasis added]
There is no doubt under the laws of this state that if the Arizona Hotel property was subsequently determined to be partnership property the above decree would be ineffective as to such. It scarcely seems necessary to cite authority for the proposition that partnership property, or the interests of an individual partner in partnership property, may not be sold under attachment or execution for the individual debt or other personal obligation of one of the partners. An unlimited sale of partnership property under an execution against only one of the partners is not in compliance with the statutory law of this state.
A.R.S. § 29-225 subsec. B(3) specifically prohibits the levying of an attachment or execution upon the partner’s interest in partnership property for a personal obligation. The only remedy is that provided *142by A.R.S. § 29-228, where a charging order may be permitted on a judgment charging the interest of the debtor partner. Prior to the enactment of the Uniform Partnership Act, this Court in Olds Bros. Lumber Co. v. Marley, 72 Ariz. 392, 236 P.2d 464, recognized the above rule. See also, Sherwood v. Jackson, 121 Cal.App. 354, 8 P.2d 943; State v. Elsbury, 63 Nev. 463, 175 P.2d 430, 169 A.L.R. 364.
Since A.R.S. § 29-225 prohibits the attachment or execution of a partner’s right ■in specific partnership property, except on a claim against the partnership, -the levy of .the general execution upon the Arizona Hotel property, the sale, issuance of a certificate, and the issuance of a deed were void, until the issue of whether the .property was. community property or partnership property .was determined.
.. It is well established that only the right, title and interest- of a judgment-debtor is sold at an execution sale, Fay v. Harris, 64 Ariz. 10, 164 P.2d 860,. and if the sheriff attempts to sell .property other than that of the judgment debtor, the- sale is void and the purchaser acquires no.Jitle to the property sold. Steinfeld v. Copper State Mining .Co., 37 Ariz.. 151, 290 P. 155; Costello v. Friedman, 8 Ariz. 215, 71 P. 935.
.- As was stated by this Court in Burney v. Lee, 57 Ariz. 41, 46, 110 P.2d 554-556:
“Was the ownership or right to possession of the premises determined in either cause No. 44643 ■ or No. 46685 ? It is clear that in the first, an action by Lee against the Millers for money due, it was not involved and could not have been. It is true the court rendered judgment for Lee' and at the same time ordered the judgment lien on the premises foreclosed and the property sold to satisfy the judgment but this did not determine that the premises whose title then stood in the name of Alice Luther and had for more than a year were the property of the Millers and not hers. When he filed the suit Lee caused the writ of attachment to be issued and levied on a number of parcels of real estate as the property of the Millers, among which was that in question here, but in ordering the lien foreclosed and the property sold to satisfy the judgment the court did not determine that the property was his. So, naturally, the order foreclosing the lien and directing the sale applied only to the interest of the Millers, whatever that was, and could not have deprived Alice Luther who was not even a party to the action of her interest, if she had any. This left open the question as to who was the owner, in fact it had not been raised, so when Lee became the purchaser of the premises at the sheriff’s sale he acquired no more than the Millers then had, a matter that was thereafter to be determined, provided it should be questioned by the record title holder or her grantee.”
Gladys Porter’s position and the majority "opinion are correct only if the Arizona Hotel property had been adjudicated community property of Arnold and Gladys Porter, and not partnership property belonging to the Continental Flotéis System. At the time of the sheriff’s sale, this issue had not been determined. This was the very reason given by this Court for dismissing the appeal, from the denial of a motion to set aside the execution sale, in Kemble v. Porter, 88 Ariz. 417, 357 P.2d 155. If it had been judicially determined that the Arizona Hotel property was community property, then the majority opinion might be correct in stating the property belonged to Gladys Porter as her separate property and Idaho should have given full faith and credit to an Arizona judgment. This was not the case before the Idaho court. The majority opinion would require that full faith and credit be given an Arizona sheriff’s sale which is not the law. Only final judgments on the merits by a competent court, absent fraud and with jurisdiction, are within the ambit of the full faith and credit clause of the United States Constitution.
Before this matter came to trial in Arizona, a court of competent jurisdiction, the *143Idaho District Court, determined that the Arizona Hotel property was the property of the Continental Hotels System partnership and not of the community consisting of Arnold and Gladys Porter. This determination is res judicata and entitled to full faith and credit in Arizona. Day v. Wiswall’s Estate, 93 Ariz. 400; 381 P.2d 217. The result is that Gladys Porter purchased nothing at the sheriff’s sale.
I do not agree that this Court “has held that the Arizona Hotel was community property as between Gladys and Arnold by virtue of a strong presumption which was never overcome and has recognized that Gladys Porter could obtain Arnold’s interest in the hotel as her separate property by purchasing it at the sheriff’s sale to satisfy her judgment for support payments due her.” We held in Porter v. Stanford, supra, that the lower court had authority to order the husband or receiver of community property to pay separate maintenance “pendente lite”, and that the property in issue was presumed community until shown otherwise. Pendente lite translates into “[p]ending the suit; during the actual progress of a suit; during litigation.” Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th ed., p. 1290. In this case it meant pending determination whether the property was partnership or community property. Our prior decisions did not hold the property to be community. Heretofore, a presumption has never meant the same as a judgment.
It is obvious from A.R.S. § 25-342, sub-sec. B that the amount of a final judgment for separate maintenance, “may be adjudged a lien upon the separate property of the husband.” The separate maintenance decree referred only to any community interest of Arnold Porter. This statute fixes the type property upon which a judgment lien in a separate maintenance action may attach, and we should limit the type of property to separate under the doctrine of inclusio unius est exchisio alterius. This statute recognized the theory of community property as explained in La Tourette v. La Tourette, 15 Ariz. 200, 137 P. 426, that until there is a dissolution of the community by death, annulment or divorce, the wife’s interest in the property is identical and inseparable from the husband’s. Therefore, a decree for separate maintenance cannot dispose of community property of the parties since the marriage relationship is not terminated. Jacquemart v. Jacquemart, 125 Cal.App.2d 122, 269 P.2d 951; O’Connor v. O’Connor, 91 Cal.App.2d 147, 204 P.2d 916; Ducasse v. Modica, 224 .La. 318, 69 So.2d 358; Radermacher v. Radermacher, 59 Idaho 716, 87 P.2d. 461. The trial court had no power to dissolve the community and make a division of the property in a separate maintenance action or cause community property to be sold. This rule of law should not.be permitted, to be circumvented.-by the issuance of a genr eral execution,- a levy on ’the property and a sale to the appellee. What the court could not directly, do by its decre.e, Gladys Porter could not- indirectly ' accomplish by a sale under a general execution.
-' Even if we assume that the trial court could permit a lien on any community property of the Porters, it does not follow that the property became community. The past due alimony became vested in Gladys and to this extent ;was entitled to recognition by the courts. While this was a final judgment, the subsequent execution could not have determined the ownership of the Hotel.
The judgment was dependent on a contingency and was not a final determination of the contention between all parties. The contingency was that the Hotel would subsequently be judicially declared community property. This fact never occurred.
The general law as to the conclusiveness of a judgment being of prime necessity to a valid execution is:
“ * * * a judgment is not generally considered final where further judicial action is necessary ■ in order fully and finally to settle the rights of the parties, as where the judgment settles only some of several issues of law or fact, or does not dispose of the case as to all the par-
*144ties; * * * . A judgment is not final which is to become effective only on the happening of a future event or contingency or which is made subject to revision at a future specified date.” 49 C.J. S. Judgments § 11, p. 38.
Not only must a judgment be final as between the parties to permit an execution, it must, also, dispose of claims and rights of all the parties. No judgment in this state disposed of the contention by Kemble and the Porter sisters that the property was partnership. Since the separate maintenance decree was final only as to past due alimony between Gladys and Arnold Porter, the Idaho Court was not obligated to give full faith and credit to any alleged determination of the Arizona Hotel property as affecting the Porter sisters. Gladys Porter never held the hotel as her separate property as between her and her husband if the property was later determined to be partnership, and certainly did not hold the property as separate as between her and the Porter sisters or Kemble, by the execution-'sale. See Miller v. Gregory, 82 Cal. App. 634, 256 P. 431; Takahaski v. Kunishima; 34 Cal.App. 367, 93 P.2d 645.
A second reason for reversal of this case is the Idaho decree. Even if we accept Gladys Portér’s view that the Idaho court, in decreeing the divorce, failed to give appropriate effect to the adjudication made in the former Arizona action, the courts of Arizona are compelled to accord full faith and credit to the Idaho judgment. The asserted denial of the Arizona separate maintenance decree by the Idaho court does not permit or justify retaliation by the courts in Arizona. Gladys Porter’s remedy to correct any alleged error was by appeal from the Idaho decree through the Idaho courts, and, if necessary to the Supreme Court of the United States.
The majority opinion adopts the questionable constitutional doctrine that where one state renders a judgment and the parties relitigate the issue in a second state, the original jurisdiction does not have to give full faith and credit to the second conflicting judgment. Support is found for this position in the case of Colby v. Colby, 78 Nev. 150, 369 P.2d 1019, cert. denied, 371 U.S. 888, 83 S.Ct. 186, 9 L.Ed.2d 122. This decision has been criticised by legal commentators. See, 63 Colum.L.Rev. 560; 31 Geo.Wash.L.Rev. 648; 16 Vand.L.Rev. 193; 15 Stan.L.Rev. 331.
A reading of United States Supreme Court cases does not permit such a tenuous and chimerical distinction. In Sutton v. Leib, 342 U.S. 402, 72 S.Ct. 398, 96 L.Ed. 448, a federal court applying Illinois law in a diversity case was required to give full faith and credit to a New York court’s finding that impeached the jurisdiction of a Nevada ex parte divorce since the New York judgment was res judicata. The Court stated the New York “decree is entitled to full faith throughout the Nation, in Nevada as well as in Illinois.” In Morris v. Jones, 329 U.S. 545, 67 S.Ct. 451, 91 L. Ed. 488, the state of Illinois was required to give full faith and credit to a Missouri judgment which was subsequent to an Illinois court order staying all suits against an unincorporated insurance association. The case of Treinies v. Sunshine Mining Co., 308 U.S. 66, 60 S.Ct. 44, 84 L.Ed. 85, held that where parties appear and litigate jurisdiction in one state and then relitigate the same issue in a second state to final judgment, the res judicata doctrine prohibits an assertion in a third action that the first judgment was entitled to full faith and credit in the second jurisdiction. See also, Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 61 S.Ct. 339, 85 L.Ed. 278; Roche v. McDonald, 275 U.S. 449, 48 S.Ct. 142, 72 L.Ed. 365. It is my judgment that the above cited cases conclusively answer this question and should be followed in deciding this matter.
Additional support for this position is found in the Restatement of Judgments, 342, which states:
“Where in two successive actions between the same parties inconsistent judgments are rendered, the judgment in the second action is controlling in a third action between the parties.”
*145Furthermore, subsection (e) of § 42 states:
“The rule stated in this Section is applicable not only where the actions are brought in the same State, but also where they are brought in different States.”
Specifically on point is subsection (d) of the above section which is as follows:
“The rule stated in this Section is applicable where a question of title to property is raised in the three actions. If in the first action it is held that one of the parties has the title to the property, and in the second action the prior judgment is not alleged or if it is alleged the court erroneously holds that it is not conclusive, and it is held that the other party has the title to the property, then in a third action the judgment in the second action and not the judgment in the first action is conclusive between the parties.”
This Court on numerous occasions has stated that in the absence of prior decisions to the contrary, this state will follow the Restatement whenever applicable. See MacNeil v. Perkins, 84 Ariz. 74, 324 P.2d 211; Bristor v. Cheatham, 75 Ariz. 227, 255 P.2d 173; Ingalls v. Neidlinger, 70 Ariz. 40, 216 P.2d 387; Waddell v. White, 56 Ariz. 525, 109 P.2d 843; Cole v. Arizona Edison Co., Inc., 53 Ariz. 141, 86 P.2d 946; Smith v. Normart, 51 Ariz. 134, 75 P.2d 38. It is not clear why we should deviate from this established rule in the instant case. The law enunciated in the Restatement of Judgments, § 42, is applicable to this matter and should be followed.
Gladys Porter did appeal a portion of the Idaho divorce decree and her single assignment of error to the Supreme Court of Idaho was as follows:
“The Court erred in enjoining appellant [Gladys Porter] from maintaining or instituting any action or from receiving the benefits of any judgment previously obtained against or affecting the property known as the Arizona Hotel.”
The Supreme Court of Idaho upheld the Idaho divorce decree except they modified the decree as to one section. In Porter v. Porter, 84 Idaho 400, 373 P.2d 327, that Court stated:
“Section 17 of the judgment enjoins the appellant ‘from maintaining, prosecuting or instituting any action against the plaintiff or intervenors affecting those properties known as Arizona Hotel from date hereof.’ This enjoinder will prevent appellant from exercising any rights which she may have outside the present action and to all rights which may enure to her in the future by virtue of this decree or otherwise.
“Appellant should not be precluded from enforcing her rights under this decree in this state or any other state providing she has fulfilled her obligations as provided therein. To this extent the trial court is directed to amend its decree.” [Emphasis added].
The Supreme Court of Idaho discussed the effect of a valid foreign divorce on a prior determination of the right to separate maintenance by a sister state. The court cited the case of Lynn v. Lynn, 302 N.Y. 193, 97 N.E.2d 748, cert. denied, 342 U.S. 849, 72 S.Ct. 72, 96 L.Ed. 640, which held that a Nevada divorce terminated support money obligation imposed by the prior New York separate maintenance judgment where both parties appeared in the Nevada action. Other states have held the right to support or maintenance does not survive a valid foreign divorce where both parties appear in the divorce action. See e. g., Barber v. Barber, 51 Cal.2d 244, 331 P.2d 628; Lowry v. Lowry, 174 Kan. 526, 256 P.2d 869; Chittick v. Chittick, 332 Mass. 554, 126 N.E.2d 495; Loeb v. Loeb, 118 Vt. 472, 114 A.2d 518. The Idaho Supreme Court then went one step, further than termination of the Arizona separate maintenance decree, and discussed the authority of the trial court in prohibiting Gladys Porter from enforcing the pre-existing judgment against that share of the community property awarded Arnold Porter. As to this matter, the Idaho Supreme Court concluded that Gladys Porter submitted to the jurisdiction of the Idaho trial court for *146determination of her rights, and by so doing, she had submitted her rights under the separate maintenance decree and any other claims or demands to the Idaho court. Accord, Gilbert v. Gilbert, 83 Ohio St. 265, 94 N.E. 421. This determination cannot be collaterally attacked in this state as it is res judicata.
We are not dealing with a foreign ex parte divorce decree affecting prior support claims. The case presented is where a divorce was granted by a sister state and both parties to the marriage were before the court. The Idaho court was capable, and did, affect the in personam rights of the parties. We are compelled to give full faith and credit to any disposition of the Arizona support claims made by the Idaho court, and cannot adjudicate the support claims since the Idaho court settled the relationship once and for all. Bates v. Bodie, 245 U.S. 520, 38 S.Ct. 182, 62 L.Ed. 444. We must look to the Idaho decree to determine the status of the support rights under the prior Arizona decree, which indicates the support rights were merged in the divorce decree by the Idaho court.
The United States Supreme Court, in Sherrer v. Sherrer, 334 U.S. 343, 351, 68 S.Ct. 1087, 1091, 92 L.Ed. 1429, stated: “ * * * the requirements of full faith and credit bar a defendant from collaterally attacking a divorce decree on jurisdictional grounds in the courts of a sister State where there has been participation b.y the defendant in the divorce proceedings, where the defendant has been accorded full opportunity to contest the jurisdictional issues, and where the decree is not susceptible to such collateral attack in the courts of the State which rendered the decree.” See also, Coe v. Coe, 334 U.S. 378, 68 S.Ct. 1094, 92 L.Ed. 1451. Certainly, general appearance is participation for the purpose of this rule. Haden v. Haden, 120 Cal.App.2d 722, 262 P.2d 73.
Gladys Porter appeared personally in Idaho and contested that court’s jurisdiction over the Arizona Hotel property. The trial court ruled adverse to her contention and determined ownership of the property.' This Court, by the command of the United States Supreme Court in the above cited cases, cannot now determine that the Idaho decree was rendered without jurisdiction.
A third reason why Gladys Porter should not now be permitted to claim an interest in the Arizona Hotel property is her actions in dealing with the property before the Idaho court. Gladys Porter in her counterclaim for divorce in Idaho alleged:
“ * * * that the parties hereto own as community property an interest in the Arizona Hotel located at the corner of Third Avenue and Washington Street in Phoenix, Arizona * * *
Thus, she admitted in her pleadings that the parties own as community property an interest in the Arizona Plotel. The Idaho trial court pursuant to the statutes of that state had jurisdiction to divide the community property of the marriage. Ida.Code § 32-712. Appellee placed the issue squarely before the Idaho court and should not be heard at this late date to contend that Idaho had no jurisdiction.
As a result of the Idaho divorce decree Gladys Porter executed the following documents :
“RELEASE OF JUDGMENT
“COMES NOW the above-named Plaintiff and Defendant in Intervention,
GLADYS E. PORTER, and hereby releases that certain Judgment and Decree entered by the above-entitled court [Arizona], on the 14th day of May, 1959.
“This release is made in compliance with that certain Judgment and Decree made and entered in that certain action designated as Civil Action No. 18556-A by the District Court of the Eighth Judicial District of the State of Idaho in and for the County of Kootenai on the 28th day of December, 1960.”
“ASSIGNMENT
“KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That the undersigned, Gladys E. Porter, does hereby sell, assign, set over, transfer and convey unto W. 'A. *147Porter, two-thirds of all of her right, title and interest in and to that certain partnership known as the Continental Hotels System; and the said Gladys E. Porter does hereby also sell, assign, set over, transfer and convey unto Pearline Porter and Pauline Porter Leonard, one-sixth each of all of her right, title and interest in and to that certain partnership known as the Continental Hotels System; this assignment being made and given pursuant to that certain Judgment and Decree made and entered by the District Court of the Eighth Judicial District of the State of Idaho in and for the County of Kootenai on the 28th day of December, 1960.
“DATED: February 27, 1961.”
“QUITCLAIM DEED
“For Value Received GLADYS E. PORTER
does hereby convey, release, remise and forever quitclaim unto PEARLINE PORTER and PAULINE PORTER LEONARD, an undivided one-sixth interest each in and to all of her right, title and interest in and to the following described premises, to-wit:
“Lots 1, 3 and 5, Block 74, original townsite of Phoenix according to the maps and records of the County Recorder of Maricopa County, State of Arizona, together with all good will, trade name, fixtures, furniture, furnishings and equipment and all supplies and every incident and appurtenant, including rental agreements, affecting the same. (Also known as the Arizona Hotel)
“AND That certain co-partnership known as the Continental Hotels System.”
Gladys Porter also executed a quitclaim deed identical to the above conveying an undivided two-thirds interest to Arnold Porter.
Even assuming the majority opinion correct, these instruments conveyed all of Gladys Porter’s interest in the Arizona Hotel and released the prior judgment. She has absolutely and unequivocally waived any right, title and interest in the property in dispute. The law does not permit a party to maintain such conflicting positions simultaneously.
Some reliance is placed upon the fact that the Arizona Hotel, being real property, was located in Arizona. This did not deprive the Idaho court of jurisdiction to adjudicate the interests of the various parties before the court and, acting in person-am, to make an effective order disposing of the property. We have discussed this matter previously, and our language in Kennedy v. Morrow, 77 Ariz. 152, 268 P.2d 326, is appropriate. It was argued in the Kennedy case that a deed executed pursuant to the order of a California court could not operate as an effective conveyance of real property in Arizona. In rejecting this contention, this Court said:
“The proposition contended for by plaintiff is not the law. When equity has jurisdiction of the parties it may adjudicate their interests in real property lying outside the territorial jurisdiction, and acting in personam, it will make such orders as the disposition of the case warrants. It is immaterial that the decree of the court could not of its own force transfer an interest in the realty, for equity may use its contempt process on the person, and compel the parties to execute deeds, releases, quitclaims, etc., which are effective of their own force.” 77 Ariz. at 161, 268 P.2d at 333.
This same principle was enunciated in Butterfield v. Nogales Copper Co., 9 Ariz. 212, 80 P. 345, and reiterated in Santa Cruz Ranch v. Superior Court, 76 Ariz. 19, 258 P.2d 413. The same rule has been applied in the State of Idaho. Idaho Gold Mining Co. v. Winchell, 6 Idaho 729, 59 P. 533.
The Idaho court did not try title to Arizona real property but merely computed and divided community debts and assets pursuant to personal jurisdiction over the parties. Gladys Porter voluntarily submitted to the jurisdiction of the Idaho court and *148having submitted her interest in the community estate to that court for determination, should now be bound by its decision. The fact that she deeded away title to the Arizona Hotel property can be of no avail. In addition, the Idaho court found:
“that the plaintiff [Arnold Porter] is able to pay and that the defendant [Gladys Porter] is entitled to receive the sum of $1200.00 per month as alimony.”
Having voluntarily submitted to the jurisdiction of the Idaho court, Gladys Porter cannot complain if the findings of fact and divorce decree are now binding upon her.
The United States Supreme Court has discussed the effect of an in personam judgment concerning real property in a case concerning land lying between Nebraska and Missouri. The Nebraska court litigated the matter and the losing party went to Missouri claiming the land was located in the State of Missouri. The United States Supreme Court in Durfee v. Duke, 375 U.S. 106, 84 S.Ct. 242, 11 L.Ed.2d 186, stated:
“With respect to questions of jurisdiction over the person, this principle was unambiguously established in Baldwin v. Iowa State Traveling Men’s Ass’n, 283 U.S. 522, 51 S.Ct. 517, 75 L.Ed. 1244. There it was held that a federal court in Iowa must give binding effect to the judgment of a federal court in Missouri despite the claim that the original court did not have jurisdiction over the defendant’s person, once it was shown to the court in Iowa that that question had been fully litigated in the Missouri forum. ‘Public policy,’ said the Court, ‘dictates that there be an end of litigation; that those who have contested an issue shall be bound by the result of the contest; and that matters once tried shall be considered forever settled as between the parties. We see no reason why this doctrine should not apply in every case where one voluntarily appears, presents his case and is fully heard, and why he should not, in the absence of fraud, be thereafter concluded by the judgment of the tribunal to which he has submitted his cause.’ 283 U.S., at 525-526, 1 S.Ct., at 518, 75 L.Ed. 1244.
“Following the Baldwin case, this Court soon made clear in a series of decisions that the general rule is no different when the claim is made that the original forum did not have jurisdiction over the subject matter. Davis v. Davis, 305 U.S. 32, 59 S.Ct. 3, 83 L.Ed. 26; Stoll v. Gottlieb, 305 U.S. 165, 59 S.Ct. 134, 83 L.Ed. 104; Treinies v. Sunshine Mining Co., 308 U.S. 66, 60 S.Ct. 44, 84 L.Ed. 85; Sherrer v. Sherrer, 334 U. S. 343, 68 S.Ct. 1087, 92 L.Ed. 1429. In each of these cases the claim was made that a court, when asked to enforce the judgment of another forum, was free to retry the question of that forum’s jurisdiction over the subject matter. In each case this Court held that since the question of subject-matter jurisdiction had been fully litigated in the original forum, the issue could not be retried in the subsequent action between the parties.” [Footnotes omitted]
The Court concluded by saying this rule of jurisdictional finality should apply to a case involving real property as between the parties to the litigation.
The majority opinion states, without any authority, that “Divorce actions where the court undertakes to divide community property both in and out of the forum must be carefully distinguished.” There is no reason or logic for such a conclusion. Every case that I have read on this point is just the opposite of the above statement.
The cases of Farley v. Farley, 227 Cal. App.2d 1, 38 Cal.Rptr. 357, cert. denied 379 U.S. 945, 85 S.Ct. 438, 13 L.Ed.2d 543, and Rozan v. Rozan, 129 N.W.2d 694 (N.D.), are illustrative of the usual rule. Both cases held that where a divorce court, having in personam jurisdiction over both parties, ordered one party to convey real property located in another state, the courts of the state where the real estate is located must give the entire decree full faith and credit as the facts thus determined are res judicata in the subsequent action.
*149Also, there can be no question at this date that if a divorce court has in personam jurisdiction over both parties, and orders the execution of a deed by one party, and if that party executed the deed, even under judicial duress or threat of contempt, the deed will convey title even though the land is located in another state. See e. g., Phillips v. Phillips, 224 Ark. 225, 272 S. W.2d 433; Rozan v. Rozan, supra; Fall v. Fall, 75 Neb. 104, 120, 113 N.W. 175, aff’d Fall v. Eastin, 215 U.S. 1, 30 S.Ct. 3, 54 L.Ed. 65. The Idaho court as an incident to the divorce action had jurisdiction to determine the rights and liabilities of the community. Gladys Porter, in her pleading, admitted the property was community and thus did not consent to jurisdiction or attempt to confer jurisdiction on the Idaho court.
There is yet another reason why the majority solution should not stand as the law in this area. The result deprives the Porter sisters and Kemble of property without due process of law. This Court, by its decision today, has taken it upon itself to overrule the Idaho court’s construction of its own court rules. I question our jurisdiction to make such an implied reversal of that court.
The majority opinion admits that a court may determine the rights of a third party claiming an interest in real property that is involved in a divorce action. Nevertheless, the solution adopted by this Court, after interpreting the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure, Rules 14 and 24(a), states there was no common question of law or fact permitting intervention. The ownership of the hotel property was a common disputed fact between Gladys Porter, Arnold Porter, the Porter sisters and Kemble.
The Porter sisters were permitted to intervene in Arizona; Kemble was permitted to intervene in Arizona; both contended the property belonged to the partnership. No determination occurred in the courts of this state as to the character of the property prior to the Idaho court’s determination that the Arizona Hotel was partnership property. The Porter sisters intervened in the Idaho divorce action claiming the property was partnership property; Gladys Porter in her pleadings stated the property was community; this was a common question of fact, i. e., the character of the property. This Court now holds the Idaho trial court erred in determining the ownership of the property and permitting the intervention. If there was error in the Idaho divorce action, it was a matter for the Idaho appellate court, not this Court. , •
Assuming, arguendo, that the Arizona sheriff’s sale decided the ownership of the hotel property, which it could,not have done, there is no way that it could have affected the rights of the Porter sisters or Kemble. They did not have their day in court in Arizona prior to the Idaho proceedings.
The property labeled Gladys Porter’s separate property by the majority was only between Gladys and Arnold Porter and had never been so adjudicated as to the Porter sisters. There was still pending a dispute in Arizona between the parties.
The Idaho trial court had jurisdiction to decide this matter. The subject matter, the divorce proceeding, was before the court; all of the parties claiming ownership to the property, except Kemble, were before the court; and there was no fraud involved.
The first determination of the ownership of the property between Gladys Porter and the Porter sisters was in Idaho. The trial court rendered a decree finding the property in Arizona belonged to the Continental Hotels System, a co-partnership. The decision was appealed and affirmed except as before mentioned, and the judgment became final. This Idaho judgment is entitled to full faith and credit pursuant to the United States Constitution and statutes enacted thereto.
It is no answer to say the partnership was not a party to the Idaho divorce action or the Continental Hotels System did not appear. Idaho has adopted the Uniform Partnership Act which does not make a *150legal partnership an independent juristic entity, and whatever recognition is given therein to the entity theory is solely for procedural or conveyancing purposes. McKinney v. Truck Ins. Exchange, 324 S.W. 2d 773 (Mo.App.) ; Church Budget Envelope Co. v. Cornell, Ohio App., 136 N.E.2d 101; Stilgenbaur v. United States, 115 F.2d 283 (9th Cir.); Thomas v. Industrial Comm., 243 Wis. 231, 10 N.W.2d 206, 147 A.L.R. 103. Therefore, there was no requirement that the partnership be a party to the suit. Ida.Code § 5-323; Ida. Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 4(d) (3). Each individual partner of the Continental Hotels System, a co-partnership, was before the court and the Idaho court could adjudicate the rights of the partners.
There is no question the Idaho trial court found the property in issue to be partnership as shown by the following portion of its decree:
“The court finds that the interest of Pauline Porter Leonard and Pearline Porter in and to the Continental Hotels System, a co-partnership, formerly the Rickett Hotel System, is a bona fide partnership interest therein, having been purchased and acquired by them by the contribution of capital assets in the early formation of said hotel enterprise. The Court further finds that at all times partnership tax returns have been filed with both the Federal and State governments and that the interest of the interveners has at all times been so declared by the records, books and files of said co-partnership.”
This finding is determinative of the issues in this appeal and must be given due faith and credit in this State.
For the numerous reasons set forth above, I cannot concur in the decision of this Court in the matter. Any of the single reasons enumerated would be sufficient to reverse this matter and require the lower court to give full faith and credit to the Idaho decree. The majority of this Court pounce upon a result that is not supported by law nor by facts in this matter. This case transcends equitable considerations or retaliatory justice, and must be decided pursuant to the Constitution of the United States. The underlying theory of the full faith and credit clause is to terminate a matter once it has received full consideration on the merits. This case received full consideration on the merits in a sister state. Hence, the judgment of the trial court should be reversed with an order to dismiss appellee’s action.