Court Opinion

ID: 4331588
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 00:14:57.756919+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:47:37.975226
License: Public Domain

110 T.C. No. 4

                UNITED STATES TAX COURT

    STEVEN R. AND TERRY D. WILLIAMS, Petitioners v.
      COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 18298-95.                    Filed January 21, 1998.

     P, a shareholder in an S corporation (S), received
a 3X distribution from S during 1990. S's Accumulated
Adjustment Account (AAA), under sec. 1368, I.R.C., had
a 3X balance as of the beginning of 1990. S had a 2X
loss for 1990. When subch. S status was elected for S,
its predecessor subch. C corporation had in excess of
2X accumulated earnings and profits. To the extent
that the 3X distribution for 1990 exceeds the balance
of the AAA, P would be taxable for such excess as a
dividend to the extent it did not exceed the
accumulated earnings and profits from the predecessor
subch. C corporation. R determined that the 2X loss
should be first subtracted from the 3X balance of the
AAA before considering the 1990 distribution. R's
determination would result in taxable ordinary income
to P. P counters that distributions should be first
subtracted from the AAA prior to any adjustments for
losses or deductions of the subch. S corporation for
the year. Held: Losses and deductions for the year
are to be first subtracted from the AAA prior to
considering shareholder distributions for the year.
Secs. 1367 and 1368 interpreted.
                                   - 2 -

     David J. Wood, for petitioners.

     Michael F. O'Donnell, for respondent.

     GERBER, Judge:   Respondent determined deficiencies in

petitioners' Federal income tax and a section 66621 accuracy-

related penalty as follows:

     Year             Deficiency           Sec. 6662 Penalty
     1990             $17,451.36                  ---
     1991              35,394.65                $7,079

     After concessions, the issue for our consideration is

whether petitioner Steven R. Williams received taxable

distributions of $264,078 from Maverick Transportation, Inc., an

S corporation, in 1990.   Respondent has conceded that petitioners

are not liable for the section 6662 accuracy-related penalty for

1991.2

     1
       Unless otherwise indicated, all section and subchapter
references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the
years in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court
Rules of Practice and Procedure.
     2
       The parties have also stipulated that petitioners are
entitled to depreciation deductions of $8,648 for 1991 in
addition to the amount claimed on petitioners' 1991 tax return.
The amount of petitioners' deficiency for 1991 is also affected
by a settlement entered into between Maverick Transportation,
Inc. (MTI), and respondent in a related case, Maverick Transp.,
Inc. v. Commissioner, docket No. 18322-95. In the notice of
deficiency to MTI, respondent determined that MTI was subject to
a built-in gains tax under sec. 1374 in the amount of $104,362
for 1991. In the notice of deficiency issued to petitioners,
respondent allowed petitioners a $104,362 passthrough deduction
in 1991 for MTI's built-in gains tax liability. In the
settlement in Maverick Transp., Inc. v. Commissioner, supra, for
which the Court has entered a decision document, the parties
agreed that MTI is liable for a built-in gains tax in 1991 of
$20,872, which reduces petitioners' 1991 passthrough deduction
allowed by respondent from $104,362 to $20,872.
                                - 3 -

FINDINGS OF FACT3

     At the time the petition was filed, petitioners resided in

Little Rock, Arkansas.    During the years in issue, Steven R.

Williams (petitioner) was the president and sole shareholder of

Maverick Transportation, Inc. (MTI).     MTI is a trucking company,

and petitioner has more than 20 years of experience in the

trucking industry.

     MTI was founded in 1980 and operated as a subchapter C

corporation for a number of years.      On July 1, 1988, MTI elected

to be taxed as an S corporation.    During the time that MTI was a

C corporation, MTI had accumulated in excess of $264,078 of

earnings and profits that were carried forward to 1990.

     During 1990, MTI made distributions to its sole shareholder

(petitioner) in the amount of $323,399.     Also, for the 1990

taxable year, MTI had a "nonseparately"4 computed ordinary loss

of $217,341.    MTI's Accumulated Adjustments Account (AAA), at the

beginning of the 1990 tax year, had a $349,256 balance.     Items of

income, loss, and deductions that resulted in positive or

negative5 adjustments to MTI's AAA during the 1990 tax year,

including the distributions to petitioner and net ordinary loss,

were as follows:

     3
       The stipulation of facts and the attached exhibits are
incorporated by this reference.

     4
       This is a term used in sec. 1367. See infra note 7, which
contains the pertinent part of that section.
     5
         Negative adjustments are in parentheses.
                                - 4 -

     Distributions                             ($323,399)
     Loss                                       (217,341)
     Contributions                                (1,730)
     Nondeductible officer insurance              (4,355)
     Sec. 274(n) expenditures                    (83,214)
     Nondeductible fines                          (1,225)
     Interest income                              17,930

OPINION   The controversy here is not over whether or which

reductions should be made to the AAA, but the order in which they

are to be made.    The adjustments are to be made to the

accumulated adjustments account, which was statutorily created to

track certain aspects and the character of S corporation

distributions.    In particular, the issue is whether an S

corporation's AAA must first be reduced by losses incurred by the

S corporation for the taxable year prior to determining the tax

treatment of shareholder distributions made during the year.

Petitioners argue that the tax treatment of distributions should

be considered prior to the consideration of annual losses, and

respondent argues the converse.    In order to understand the

technical aspects of the controversy, it is necessary to

understand some of the background concerning the S corporation

provisions and the purpose of the statutes in question.

     Sections 1367 and 1368 were enacted as part of the

Subchapter S Revision Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97-354, 96 Stat. 1669.

An S corporation, like a partnership, is a pass through entity

and, with certain exceptions, the shareholders report gain or

loss irrespective of any distributions made to them.    Generally,

under sections 1367 and 1368, shareholder distributions are to be

tax-free to the extent of the distributee's stock basis.     Further
                                   - 5 -

such tax-free distributions reduce the shareholder's stock basis.

In accord with these concepts, the above-mentioned act also

obviated the conceptual need for corporate earnings and profits,

except to the extent that an S corporation may possess

accumulated earnings from prior years in which it was a

subchapter C corporation.    See sec. 1371(c).

       Where earnings and profits accumulated by a predecessor C

corporation exist, they are taken into account in the tax

treatment of distributions to S corporation shareholders.      This

is accomplished through a clearing concept designated as the AAA.

The AAA is described and defined in section 1368(e)(1), as

follows:

            (e) Definitions and Special Rules.--For purposes
       of this section--
                 (1) Accumulated adjustments account.--
                      (A) In general.--Except as provided in
                 subparagraph (B), the term "accumulated
                 adjustments account" means an account of the
                 S corporation which is adjusted for the S
                 period in a manner similar to the adjustments
                 under section 1367 (except that no adjustment
                 shall be made for income (and related
                 expenses) which is exempt from tax under this
                 title and the phrase "(but not below zero)"
                 shall be disregarded in section
                 1367(b)(2)(A)) and no adjustment shall be
                 made for Federal taxes attributable to any
                 taxable year in which the corporation was a C
                 corporation. * * *

       An S corporation distribution from accumulated earnings and

profits of a predecessor C corporation is treated as a dividend

to the extent that the distribution exceeds the S corporation's

AAA.    Sec. 1368(c)(1) and (2).    The AAA is intended to measure

the accumulated taxable income of an S corporation that has not
                                 - 6 -

been distributed to the shareholders.    The portion of a

distribution to a shareholder that does not exceed the AAA is a

nontaxable return of capital to the extent of the shareholder's

basis in S corporation stock.    Sec. 1368(b) and (c)(1).    The AAA

is increased for the S corporation's income and decreased for the

S corporation's losses and deductions and for nontaxable

distributions to shareholders.    See secs. 1367 and 1368.

Distributions in excess of the AAA balance are treated in the

same manner as subchapter C dividend distributions.    Accordingly,

to the extent of an S corporation's accumulated earnings and

profits from a prior C corporation, such shareholder

distributions are taxable as ordinary income.

     In that regard, the controversy here focuses on the order in

which reductions are to be made to the AAA.    If petitioners are

correct, then no part of the 1990 distributions to petitioner

would result in taxable ordinary income.    If, however, respondent

is correct, a distribution in excess of the AAA would result in

taxable income and an income tax deficiency for petitioners.

     At the beginning of 1990, MTI had an AAA balance of

$349,256.   During 1990, MTI had an ordinary loss of $217,341 and

made distributions to petitioner of $323,399, both of which call

for negative adjustments to the AAA.     Petitioners argue that in

determining the tax consequences of the distributions, the

distributions should be applied in reduction of the AAA balance

as of the beginning of 1990 (i.e., prior to the $217,341

reduction attributable to the annual operating loss).    Under
                               - 7 -

petitioners' suggested approach, the distributions would be a

nontaxable return of capital that decrease petitioner's tax basis

in his stock rather than result in a taxable dividend because the

1990 distributions did not exceed MTI's beginning of the year

AAA balance.   Under respondent's determination, the $217,341 loss

for 1990 is subtracted from the AAA prior to considering the

effect of subtracting the distributions from the AAA.

Respondent's determination results in taxable dividends

attributable to MTI's accumulated earnings and profits of its

predecessor C corporation.

     No Court has specifically analyzed the question of the

ordering of items in applying the principles for computing the

AAA and any resulting income or basis reductions.   In Jones v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-400, we touched on, but did not

discuss, the point that adjustments to an S corporation's AAA for

losses and deductions incurred in a taxable year must be made

prior to adjustments for shareholder distributions.6    We do not

vary from that statement here but provide the rationale for our

holding and agreement.   In so holding, we agree with respondent.

     Petitioners contend that the order for required adjustments

to an S corporation's AAA is prescribed in section 1367(a).

Section 1367(a) provides a list of the positive and negative

     6
       The question of the ordering of reductions to the AAA was
not of critical import or effect in Jones v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 1997-400, and, apparently, was not focused on by the
parties. Here, however, the ordering question is the essence of
the inquiry and central to the resolution of the controversy.
                               - 8 -

adjustments to the basis of shareholder stock for items of

income, loss, and deductions of an S corporation for the taxable

year and for distributions to shareholders of the S corporation

during the year.   Petitioners maintain that the literal terms of

section 1367(a) require that the adjustments to stock basis be

made in the order listed in the statute.   Pursuant to the list

contained in section 1367(a), petitioners contend that basis is

decreased for distributions under subparagraph (A) of section

1367(a)(2) before it is decreased for current year losses under

subparagraphs (B) and (C) of section 1367(a)(2).7   Petitioners

     7
        Sec. 1367(a) provides for the following adjustments to
the basis of shares in an S corporation:

     (a) General Rule.--
          (1) Increases in basis.--The basis of each
     shareholder’s stock in an S corporation shall be
     increased for any period by the sum of the following
     items determined with respect to that shareholder for
     such period:
               (A) the items of income described in
          subparagraph (A) of section 1366(a)(1),
               (B) any nonseparately computed income
          determined under subparagraph (B) of section
          1366(a)(1), and
               (C) the excess of the deductions for
          depletion over the basis of the property subject
          to depletion.
          (2) Decreases in basis.--The basis of each
     shareholder’s stock in an S corporation shall be
     decreased for any period (but not below zero) by the
     sum of the following items determined with respect to
     the shareholder for such period:
               (A) distributions by the corporation which
          were not includible in the income of the
          shareholder by reason of section 1368,
               (B) the items of loss and deduction described
          in subparagraph (A) of section 1366(a)(1),
               (C) any nonseparately computed loss
          determined under subparagraph (B) of section
                                                    (continued...)
                               - 9 -

contend that section 1368(d) refers to the section 1367 stock

basis adjustments for the proper order of adjustments to the AAA.

     Respondent maintains that section 1368, and not section

1367, controls the order of adjustments to the AAA.   Section

1368(d), relied on by petitioners, provides that the tax

treatment of shareholder distributions under section 1368(b) and

(c) shall be determined by taking into account the adjustments to

the basis of the shareholder's stock under section 1367 and the

adjustments to the AAA under section 1368(e)(1).   Section 1368(e)

controls the adjustments to the AAA of an S corporation for

current year operating results and shareholder distributions and

provides that the AAA is to be adjusted in a manner similar to

the adjustments to the basis of S corporation stock provided in

section 1367.   Sec. 1368(e)(1)(A).

     Petitioners' reliance on section 1367 for the timing or

order of adjustments to the AAA is misplaced.   The section 1367

legislative history states that the current year's losses

decrease the basis of S corporation stock before the stock basis

is decreased for shareholder distributions and supports our

(...continued)
          1366(a)(1),
               (D) any expense of the corporation not
          deductible in computing its taxable income and not
          properly chargeable to capital account, and
               (E) the amount of the shareholder’s deduction
          for depletion for any oil and gas property held by
          the S corporation to the extent such deduction
          does not exceed the proportionate share of the
          adjusted basis of such property allocated to such
          shareholder under section 613A(c)(13)(B).
                              - 10 -

holding here that adjustments to the AAA for losses are made

prior to adjustments for any distributions made during the year.

In particular, the legislative history states:

        Under the bill, both taxable and nontaxable income
     and deductible and nondeductible expenses will serve,
     respectively, to increase and decrease a subchapter S
     shareholder's basis in the stock of the corporation.
     These rules generally will be analogous to those
     provided for partnerships under section 705. Under
     these rules, income and loss for any corporate taxable
     year will apply to adjust basis before the distribution
     rules apply for that year.   * * * [Emphasis added.]

H. Rept. 97-826, at 17 (1982); 1982-2 C.B. 730, 738; S. Rept. 97-

640, at 18 (1982); 1982-2 C.B. 718, 726.   Petitioners contend

that the section 1367 legislative history does not provide clear

guidance on the order of adjustments to the AAA.    Petitioners

rely on the statement in the legislative history that basis

adjustments to S corporation stock should be analogous to the

basis adjustments to partnership interests.   Under section 705 of

the partnership rules, a distribution to a partner decreases the

partner's basis in his partnership interest before the partner's

basis is reduced for partnership losses.   See Rev. Rul. 66-94,

1966-1 C.B. 166.   Under the partnership rules, the relevant basis

is the partner's basis in the partnership interest when the

distribution occurs.   However, petitioners' argument would

require us to ignore the explicit statement in the legislative

history that adjustments for losses of an S corporation are made

before adjustments for shareholder distributions.    The

legislative history states that subchapter S is meant only to be

generally analogous to subchapter K, and directly conflicts with
                              - 11 -

petitioners' interpretation of section 1367.    Section 1367 merely

lists the adjustments to basis of shareholder's stock and does

not prescribe the order in which those adjustments are to be made

for present purposes.

     The AAA must be adjusted for income, loss, and deductions of

an S corporation for the taxable year prior the adjustment to the

AAA for shareholder distributions.     Section 1368(c) requires that

if distributions made during a taxable year exceed the amount in

the AAA at the close of the taxable year, the balance of the AAA

is to be allocated among the distributions.    Petitioners contend

that adjustments for both losses and shareholder distributions

can occur at the end of the year, consistent with section

1368(c), and the adjustment for distributions could occur before

the adjustment for losses.   However, the legislative history of

section 1368(c), like that of section 1367, expressly states that

adjustments to the AAA for current year losses are made before

adjustments for distributions during the year.    The House report

provides:

     for any taxable year, the amount in the account (after
     taking into account income and loss for the taxable
     year) will be used up pro rata among all distributions
     made during the year. Thus, if the account balance at
     the end of a year, before distributions, is $100 and
     the corporation distributed $200 during the taxable
     year, one-half of each distribution will be treated as
     from the accumulated adjustments account and therefore
     will not be taxed as a dividend. [H. Rept. 98-432
     (Part II), at 1645 (1984); emphasis added.]

     Subsequent to the taxable years in question, regulations

under sections 1367 and 1368 were issued requiring taxpayers to
                              - 12 -

decrease the AAA by current year losses prior to determining the

tax consequences of any distribution made during the taxable

year.   Secs. 1.1368-1(e), 1.1368-2(a)(4), Income Tax Regs.    The

regulations apply to tax years of a corporation beginning on or

after January 1, 1994, and are not applicable to this case.     Sec.

1.1368-4, Income Tax Regs.

     Ironically, during 1996 Congress amended section 1368(e) to

provide for the result that petitioners seek.   Small Business Job

Protection Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-188, sec. 1309(c)(2), 110

Stat. 1755, 1784.   Section 1368(e)(1)(C), as amended, provides

that the AAA is adjusted for distributions made during the year

without regard to any net negative adjustment for the year.     A

net negative adjustment is the excess of reductions in the AAA

for losses and deductions for the year over any increase in the

AAA for the year.   The amendment applies to tax years beginning

after December 31, 1996.   The legislative history of section

1368(e)(1)(C) makes it clear that Congress intended to effect a

change in the existing law.   Congress characterized the existing

law as follows:

          Under present law, income (whether or not taxable)
     and expenses (whether or not deductible) serve,
     respectively, to increase and decrease an S corporation
     shareholder's basis in the stock of the corporation.
     These rules require that the adjustments for items of
     both income and loss for any taxable year apply before
     the adjustment for distributions applies.
          These rules limiting losses and allowing tax-free
     distributions up to the amount of the shareholder's
     adjusted basis are similar in certain respects to the
     rules governing the treatment of losses and cash
     distributions by partnerships. Under the partnership
     rules (unlike the S corporation rules), for any taxable
                             - 13 -

     year, a partner's basis is first increased by items of
     income, then decreased by distributions, and finally is
     decreased by losses for that year.
          In addition, if the S corporation has accumulated
     earnings and profits, any distribution in excess of the
     amount in an "accumulated adjustments account" will be
     treated as a dividend (to the extent of the accumulated
     earnings and profits). A dividend distribution does
     not reduce the adjusted basis of the shareholder's
     stock. The "accumulated adjustments account" generally
     is the amount of the accumulated undistributed post-
     1982 gross income less deductions. [S. Rept. 104-281,
     at 53-54 (1996); H. Rept. 104-586, at 89-90 (1996); fn.
     refs. omitted.]

     Sections 1367 and 1368, including the 1996 amendment to

section 1368, together with their legislative history, support

our holding that adjustments to the AAA for current year losses

are made prior to any adjustments to the AAA for shareholder

distributions made during the year.    Accordingly, respondent's

determination that petitioner received a taxable dividend from

MTI in 1990 is sustained.

     To reflect the foregoing,

                                      Decision will be entered

                                 under Rule 155.