Court Opinion

ID: 9390804
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-28 17:06:33.946263+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:37.321630
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                     No. 292A22

                                 Filed 28 April 2023

IN THE MATTER OF: H.B.

      Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-30(2) from the decision of a divided panel of

the Court of Appeals, 285 N.C. App. 1 (2022), affirming an order entered on 19 August

2021 by Judge Vanessa E. Burton in District Court, Robeson County. Heard in the

Supreme Court on 1 February 2023.

      J. Edward Yeager Jr. for petitioner-appellee Robeson County Department of
      Social Services; and Matthew D. Wunsche, GAL Appellate Counsel, for appellee
      Guardian ad Litem.

      Benjamin J. Kull for respondent-appellant mother.

      DIETZ, Justice.

      In this juvenile case, the trial court referenced a timeline introduced into

evidence and expressly relied on that timeline for its determination. The court also

made a key evidentiary finding that the timeline was “credible and reliable.”

      As explained below, this is a proper evidentiary finding because the trial

court’s order did not merely reference or recite a piece of evidence in the record.

Instead, the trial court expressly evaluated that evidence, determined that it was

credible, and stated that the court relied on that evidence to make findings of fact.

      It is always a better practice for trial courts, in their written orders, to make
                                             IN RE H.B.

                                         Opinion of the Court

specific findings about what the facts are, rather than reciting or referencing evidence

in the record. Nevertheless, the court’s findings in this case contain proper

evidentiary findings and support the trial court’s conclusion of law. Accordingly, we

affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals, which in turn affirmed the trial court’s

order.

                                Facts and Procedural History

         Respondent is the mother of Helena.1 In June 2019, when Helena was four

years old, the Robeson County Department of Social Services filed a petition alleging

that Helena was neglected and dependent. DSS had been investigating a child

protective services report involving respondent’s newborn child, who had tested

positive for cocaine and marijuana. Respondent told a social worker that she did not

have her own residence and did not have the resources to care for her newborn.

         During this time, Helena lived with her paternal grandmother. A social worker

made a visit to Helena’s grandmother’s home and found several children,

unsupervised and playing with dangerous objects. The social worker had a discussion

with Helena’s grandmother about the need for supervision. On a return trip, the

social worker saw a group of children playing in the road outside of the grandmother’s

home and narrowly avoided hitting a small child—later discovered to be Helena.

These events led DSS to file the initial juvenile petition.

         The trial court placed Helena and her newborn sibling in nonsecure custody.

         1   We use a pseudonym to protect the juvenile’s identity and for ease of reading.

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                                      IN RE H.B.

                                  Opinion of the Court

Respondent agreed to a case plan that required her to complete substance abuse

treatment and to maintain stable housing and employment.

      Later in 2019, the trial court adjudicated both children as neglected based

largely on respondent’s failure to complete the goals in the case plan. The trial court

found that respondent had not completed her substance abuse assessment, did not

have her own housing, and made intentional efforts to avoid the social workers who

were overseeing her case.

      After a review hearing early in 2020, the trial court found that social workers

had not been able to contact respondent since October 2019. The trial court also found

that respondent continued to require substance abuse treatment and mental health

treatment and lacked stable housing and employment.

      In July 2020, the trial court entered its first permanency planning order. The

court found that respondent was not regularly visiting Helena and was not working

on her case plan. The court also found that social workers had made numerous,

unsuccessful attempts to contact or locate respondent. Respondent indicated a desire

to relinquish her parental rights to Helena’s grandmother. The court determined that

relinquishment was not possible because of the grandmother’s own living situation

and history with social services. The trial court thus set a primary permanent plan

of reunification with a concurrent plan of adoption.

      Following a March 2021 hearing, the trial court entered a second permanency

planning order. The court again found that respondent had not consistently visited

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                                      IN RE H.B.

                                   Opinion of the Court

Helena and had not made herself available to social workers. Although the order

states that the court “does not change the plan,” the court directed DSS “to primarily

focus its efforts on the plan of adoption” with a secondary plan of guardianship with

a court-approved caretaker.

      In April 2021, DSS filed a petition to terminate respondent’s parental rights to

Helena. At the termination hearing, social worker Lataysha Carmichael testified

about her work on respondent’s case. During her testimony, DSS introduced a

timeline into evidence. The timeline summarized DSS’s interactions with respondent

and reflected much of the key testimony from Carmichael. The timeline is titled

“Affidavit” and is signed by Carmichael and notarized. Respondent did not object to

the admission of the timeline:

             [DSS Counsel:]: Have you created — have you or the
             Department created a time line of efforts to work with
             [respondent] to reunite the family?

             [Carmichael:] I have.

             ....

             Q. And to your understanding are those facts in that
             affidavit true and accurate?

             A. Yes.

             Q. It’s your understanding it is an accurate representation
             of all the efforts associated — strike that. Is it a recitation
             of the efforts by the Department to reunite this family?

             A. Yes.

             [DSS Counsel]: Your Honor, we would ask that Exhibit D

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                                       IN RE H.B.

                                   Opinion of the Court

              be accepted into evidence.

              [Respondent’s Counsel]: No objection.

              ....

              THE COURT: All right. It’s admitted.

       After the hearing, the trial court entered a written order terminating

respondent’s parental rights, with separate adjudicatory and dispositional sections.

In the adjudication portion of the order, the trial court made the following relevant

findings of fact:

              7.     That the Court takes judicial notice of the
                     underlying Juvenile File 19JA173 and the
                     Department’s efforts to work with [respondent] . . . .

              8.     The mother, [respondent] has willfully left the child
                     in foster care or placement outside the home for
                     more than 12 months without showing to the
                     satisfaction of the court that reasonable progress
                     under the circumstances has been made in
                     correcting those conditions which led to the removal
                     of the juvenile. . . .

              ....

              15.    The Court relies on and accepts into evidence the
                     Timeline, marked DSS Exhibit ‘__”, in making these
                     findings and finds the said report to [be] both
                     credible and reliable.

       Based on these findings, the trial court concluded that “grounds exist based on

clear, cogent and convincing evidence, to terminate the parental rights of the

Respondent mother” because respondent “has willfully left the child in the legal and

physical custody of the Robeson County Department of Social Services from June 11,

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                                   Opinion of the Court

2019 until the present, for over 12 months without making reasonable progress to

correct the conditions that led to the removal of the child.” The court then determined

that termination of parental rights was in Helena’s best interests.

        Respondent timely appealed to the Court of Appeals. In a divided opinion, the

Court of Appeals majority affirmed the trial court’s order, holding that the trial court

properly terminated respondent’s parental rights for willful failure to make

reasonable progress under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2). In re H.B., 285 N.C. App. 1, 17

(2022). The dissent asserted that there were insufficient findings to support the trial

court’s adjudication under subsection 7B-1111(a)(2); that the trial court’s best

interests findings were not supported by the record; and that the trial court

improperly permitted DSS to amend the juvenile petition during the hearing to add

an additional ground for termination under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(9). Id. at 20–30

(Wood, J., dissenting).

        Respondent appealed to this Court based on the dissent. See N.C.G.S. § 7A-

30(2) (2021).

                                       Analysis

   I.      Adjudication

        We begin with respondent’s challenge to the findings of fact in the adjudication

portion of the termination order. Respondent argues, based on the reasoning of the

Court of Appeals dissent, that the trial court’s findings of fact are insufficient to

support termination of parental rights for willful failure to make reasonable progress

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                                  Opinion of the Court

under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2).

      The crux of this issue is an exhibit that the parties referred to at the hearing

as a “timeline” of respondent’s interactions with DSS and its social workers. The

exhibit was prepared by the DSS social worker assigned to respondent’s case and

chronicles DSS’s involvement in this matter up to the time of the termination

hearing.

      The timeline demonstrates that Helena was in DSS custody for far more than

a year; that respondent continually missed scheduled visits with Helena; that

respondent continually failed to attend substance abuse and mental health

appointments; that respondent avoided contact with social workers; and that

respondent was aware of the scheduled visits with Helena and of the appointments

required by respondent’s case plan, primarily through conversations with Helena’s

grandmother, but simply failed to attend without explanation.

      Ordinarily, when a trial court intends to find facts mirroring those in an

exhibit, the best practice is to set out those findings in the written order. Here, for

example, the trial court could have made findings that respondent missed scheduled

visits with her daughter on each of the many specific dates set out in the timeline.

The court then could have made similar findings with respect to the missed substance

abuse and mental health appointments, with respect to respondent’s lack of

explanation for her failure to attend these meetings, and so on.

      Instead, the trial court incorporated the timeline by reference into the order.

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                                        IN RE H.B.

                                     Opinion of the Court

In Finding of Fact 15, the trial court stated that it “relies on and accepts into

evidence” this exhibit and finds it to be “both credible and reliable”:

             15.    The Court relies on and accepts into evidence the
                    Timeline, marked DSS Exhibit ‘__”, in making these
                    findings and finds the said report to [be] both
                    credible and reliable.

      Respondent argues that Finding of Fact 15 is deficient because the trial court

“made no findings of fact based on the content of that exhibit” and “the trial court’s

brief observations about the exhibit accomplish nothing.”

      We do not agree. The key portion of Finding of Fact 15 is the trial court’s

finding that the timeline and its contents are “credible and reliable.” This

distinguishes Finding of Fact 15 from findings in which a trial court merely

references evidence in the record. These mere references—such as recitations of

witness testimony at the hearing—are not proper evidentiary findings standing

alone. In re C.H., 381 N.C. 745, 759 (2022). But this sort of referential finding is

sufficient if it also includes “an indication concerning whether the trial court deemed

the relevant portion of the testimony credible.” In re A.E., 379 N.C. 177, 185 (2021)

(cleaned up). When a trial court makes a credibility determination about recited

evidence, that transforms the recited evidence from a “mere recitation” into a proper

“evidentiary finding.” Id. at 186.

      Applying this principle here, Finding of Fact 15 is a proper evidentiary finding

because the trial court did not merely accept and rely upon the timeline and its

contents; the court went further and expressly evaluated those contents and

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                                          IN RE H.B.

                                      Opinion of the Court

determined that they were credible and reliable based on other evidence received at

the hearing.

      We stress that our holding today is not an endorsement of this sort of fact

finding. As noted above, the better practice always will be to make specific, express

findings in the written order about what the trial court determined the facts to be,

rather than referencing evidence in the record and stating that the referenced

evidence is credible. Nevertheless, Finding of Fact 15 is a proper evidentiary finding

that incorporates all the contents of the timeline as the trial court’s findings of fact.

      Although respondent challenged the sufficiency of Finding of Fact 15,

respondent did not argue that this timeline and its contents are unsupported by clear,

cogent, and convincing evidence in the record. Thus, Finding of Fact 15 is binding on

this court. That finding, together with the trial court’s other findings, support the

trial court’s conclusion of law that respondent willfully left her child in DSS custody

for more than 12 months without making reasonable progress to correct the

conditions that led to the child’s removal. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals properly

affirmed the trial court’s adjudication under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2).2

      2   The Court of Appeals also made the following statement in its analysis:

            The trial court also makes a purported conclusion of law, which is better
            characterized as a finding of fact, in paragraph 3, subsection b, that
            reads: “The Respondent mother . . . has willfully left the child in the
            legal and physical custody of [DSS] from June 11, 2019 until the
            present, for over 12 months without making reasonable progress to
            correct the conditions that led to the removal of the child[.]

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                                           IN RE H.B.

                                     Opinion of the Court

   II.      Disposition

         We next address respondent’s challenge to the trial court’s disposition portion

of the trial court’s order. After a trial court determines that one or more grounds exist

for terminating parental rights, the court moves on to the dispositional stage, where

the court assesses whether termination of parental rights is in the child’s best

interests. N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110 (2021).

         We review the trial court’s best interests determination at the disposition stage

solely for abuse of discretion. In re Z.L.W., 372 N.C. 432, 435 (2019). “Abuse of

discretion results where the court’s ruling is manifestly unsupported by reason or is

so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” In re C.S.,

380 N.C. 709, 712 (2022) (cleaned up).

         In evaluating a child’s best interests, trial courts are required to consider a

series of enumerated statutory criteria:

            (1) The age of the juvenile.

            (2) The likelihood of adoption of the juvenile.

            (3) Whether the termination of parental rights will aid in the
                accomplishment of the permanent plan for the juvenile.

            (4) The bond between the juvenile and the parent.

            (5) The quality of the relationship between the juvenile and the

In re H.B., 285 N.C. at 15–16 (emphasis omitted). This is not a correct statement. This portion
of the trial court’s order, contained in Conclusion of Law 3(b), is a conclusion of law that
tracks the statutory language in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2). We must treat it as such. See, e.g.,
In re J.C.J., 381 N.C. 783, 793 n.3 (2022). We therefore modify this portion of the Court of
Appeals’ decision as contrary to well-established law.

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                                       IN RE H.B.

                                    Opinion of the Court

             proposed adoptive parent, guardian, custodian, or other
             permanent placement.

          (6) Any relevant consideration.

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a).

      The trial court must consider each of these statutory factors, but the court is

“only required to make written findings regarding those factors that are relevant.” In

re A.R.A., 373 N.C. 190, 199 (2019). “A factor is relevant if there is conflicting evidence

concerning the factor.” In re E.S., 378 N.C. 8, 12 (2021).

      “We review the trial court’s dispositional findings of fact to determine whether

they are supported by the evidence received before the trial court.” In re L.G.G., 379

N.C. 258, 272 (2021). Under this standard, we cannot reweigh the evidence or judge

its credibility; we must uphold that trial court’s fact findings if they are supported by

any evidence in the record. In re S.M., 380 N.C. 788, 791 (2022).

      Respondent, based on the dissent in the Court of Appeals, challenges the trial

court’s finding that “there is no bond between the minor child and [respondent].”

Respondent contends that no evidence supports this finding. This is wrong. There

was some evidence that respondent had no bond with her child, including

respondent’s repeated, consistent failure to visit her child and her failure to make

any efforts to contact or care for her child for a long period of time.

      To be sure, there was counterevidence as well, such as the report of the

guardian ad litem, which stated that the child “still has a bond” with respondent. But

under the applicable standard of review, we cannot weigh this competing evidence.

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                                       IN RE H.B.

                                    Opinion of the Court

The trial court, as the fact finder, “is the sole judge of the credibility and weight to be

given to the evidence, and it is not the role of the appellate court to substitute its

judgment for that of the trial court.” In re N.P., 374 N.C. 61, 66 (2020). The trial court,

examining all of the competing evidence in this case, credited most of the guardian

ad litem’s report but rejected that particular assertion, along with the other evidence

indicating a bond between respondent and her child. Instead, the court credited the

testimony and evidence indicating respondent had no bond with her child, and made

a corresponding finding of fact. That finding is supported by at least some evidence

in the record and is therefore binding on appeal.

       Respondent does not argue that the trial court’s best interests determination

is otherwise infirm, and it is not. The trial court made findings based on the relevant

statutory criteria and its determination, in light of those findings, was well within

the trial court’s sound discretion. We therefore reject respondent’s challenge to the

trial court’s disposition order.

   III.   Amendment of juvenile petition

       Finally, respondent argues that the trial court erred by permitting DSS to

amend the juvenile petition during the termination hearing. This amendment added

allegations under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(9), which applies when “parental rights of

the parent with respect to another child of the parent have been terminated

involuntarily by a court of competent jurisdiction and the parent lacks the ability or

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                                      IN RE H.B.

                                  Opinion of the Court

willingness to establish a safe home.”

      Any error in amending the petition is harmless in light of our holding above.

When “the trial court finds multiple grounds on which to base a termination of

parental rights, and an appellate court determines there is at least one ground to

support a conclusion that parental rights should be terminated, it is unnecessary to

address the remaining grounds.” In re E.H.P., 372 N.C. at 395 (cleaned up). Because

we hold that the trial court properly terminated respondent’s parental rights under

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2) for willfully failing to make reasonable progress, there is no

need to address the trial court’s findings and conclusions concerning the other

grounds. Thus, even if the trial court erred by permitting an amendment that added

an additional ground for termination, that error was harmless.

                                     Conclusion

      We modify and affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals.

      MODIFIED AND AFFIRMED.

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                                        IN RE H.B.

                                  Morgan, J., dissenting

       Justice MORGAN dissenting.

       Although I agree with the majority that potentially there was ample evidence

in the record from which the trial court in this case could have made findings to

support its termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights, I disagree with the

majority that the trial court fulfilled its factfinding duty by making findings with

sufficient specificity from which an appellate forum such as this Court could

determine whether those findings of fact, in turn, supported the trial court’s ultimate

findings of fact and conclusions of law. I also take issue with the majority’s conclusion

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion at the dispositional stage in finding

that there was no bond between Helena and respondent-mother, when all of the

competent record evidence indicated that a parent-child bond certainly did exist. I

would vacate the trial court’s order and remand the case for further findings by the

trial court.

                                   I.     Adjudication

       I agree with respondent-mother and with the dissenting view of the Court of

Appeals that the trial court did not make adequate material findings of fact upon

which to support its ultimate findings of fact and conclusions of law at the

adjudicatory stage of respondent-mother’s termination of parental rights proceeding.

This Court reviews a trial court’s findings at the adjudicatory stage in order to

determine whether the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by “clear and

convincing evidence,” In re W.K., 376 N.C. 269, 277 (2020) (citing N.C.G.S. § 7B-

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                                        IN RE H.B.

                                   Morgan, J., dissenting

1111(b) (2019)), with de novo review as to “whether those findings support the trial

court’s conclusions of law[,]” In re B.O.A., 372 N.C. 372, 379 (2019); see also In re J.S.,

374 N.C. 811, 814 (2020). The appellate courts, however, are not permitted to

supplement the trial court’s findings of fact with additional or different findings that

were not actually made by the trial court, although they may have been indicated by

record evidence. See In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 111 (1984) (“[W]e must review

the evidence in order to determine whether the findings are supported by clear,

cogent and convincing evidence and the findings support the conclusions of law . . .

[because] appellate courts should refrain from accepting as facts of a case[ ] findings

that are not part of the record on appeal.”); Coble v. Coble, 300 N.C. 708, 712–13

(1980) (“It is not enough that there may be evidence in the record sufficient to support

findings which could have been made. The trial court must itself determine what

pertinent facts are actually established by the evidence before it . . . .”).

       This standard recognizes the statutory duty of the trial court, when

determining a legal matter on the case’s facts without a jury, such as in a termination

of parental rights proceeding, to “find the facts specially and state separately its

conclusions of law thereon and direct the entry of the appropriate judgment.”

N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 52(a)(1) (2021).1 Under Rule 52(a), three “separate and distinct

acts” are required of the trial court: it must “(1) find the facts specially, (2) state

       1This Court has held that N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109(e) “places a duty on the trial court as
the adjudicator of the evidence” which is equivalent to that imposed by Rule 52(a)(1). In re
T.N.H., 372 N.C. 403, 407 (2019) (citing N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 52(a)(1) (2019)).

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                                       IN RE H.B.

                                   Morgan, J., dissenting

separately the conclusions of law resulting from the facts so found, and (3) direct the

entry of the appropriate judgment.” Quick v. Quick, 305 N.C. 446, 451 (1982). The

proper recognition and implementation of this principle is critical, because as this

Court has reasoned:

              The trial judge becomes both judge and juror, and it is his
              duty to consider and weigh all the competent evidence
              before him. He passes upon the credibility of the witnesses
              and the weight to be given their testimony and the
              reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom. If different
              inferences may be drawn from the evidence, he determines
              which inferences shall be drawn and which shall be
              rejected.

Knutton v. Cofield, 273 N.C. 355, 359 (1968) (citations omitted). Although the trial

court is not required to recite “all evidentiary facts presented at [the] hearing” in its

order, it is required to find “specially . . . those material and ultimate facts from which

it can be determined whether the findings are supported by the evidence and whether

they support the conclusions of law reached.” Quick, 305 N.C. at 451 (emphasis

added). “In other words, a proper finding of facts requires a specific statement of the

facts on which the rights of the parties are to be determined, and those findings must

be sufficiently specific to enable an appellate court to review the decision and test the

correctness of the judgment.” Id. (emphasis added).

       The trial court in the present case made the following fourteen findings of fact

when the tribunal entered its written termination order which terminated the

parental rights of respondent-mother with respect to Helena on 19 August 2021:

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                        IN RE H.B.

                    Morgan, J., dissenting

1. The name of the juvenile is [Helena], as evidenced by
   the child’s Birth Certificate attached to the filed
   Petition, which is to be made part of this paragraph as
   if fully set forth herein.

2. The child, [Helena], currently resides in a licensed
   foster home, under the supervision, direction and
   custody of the Robeson County Department of Social
   Services.

3. The mother of the child is [respondent-mother].
   [Respondent-mother] was served with a copy of the
   Petition to Terminate Parental Rights on April 8, 2021.
   [Respondent-mother] had notice of this proceeding
   today.

4. That there is no father listed on the child’s birth
   certificate. That an unknown father was served by
   process of publication.

5. That a Juvenile Petition and Non-Secure Custody
   Order were filed regarding the minor child, on June 11,
   2019.

6. On September 12, 2019, the [c]ourt adjudicated the
   child, [Helena], as a neglected juvenile pursuant to
   N.C.G.S. 7B-101 (15).

7. That the Court takes judicial notice of the underlying
   Juvenile File 19JA173 and the Department’s efforts to
   work with the Respondent mother . . . [and] the
   Respondent Unknown father of the child . . . .

8. The mother, [respondent-mother] has willfully left the
   child in foster care or placement outside the home for
   more than 12 months without showing to the
   satisfaction of the court that reasonable progress under
   the circumstances has been made in correcting those
   conditions which led to the removal of the juvenile.
   There is a high likelihood that the neglect would
   continue.
9.

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                                     IN RE H.B.

                                Morgan, J., dissenting

          10. The mother, [respondent-mother] has neglected the
              juvenile in that the juvenile lives in an environment
              injurious to the juvenile[’s] welfare.2

          11. The mother, [respondent-mother] failed to pay a
              reasonable portion of the costs of the children’s care for
              a continuous period of six months immediately
              preceding the filing of the petition, although physically
              and financially able to do so.

          12. The parental rights with respect to another child of the
              parent have been terminated involuntarily by a court of
              competent jurisdiction and the parent lacks the ability
              or willingness to establish a safe home.

          13. That the unknown father, has willfully left the child in
              foster care for more than twelve months without
              showing to the satisfaction of the Court that reasonable
              progress under the circumstances has been made in
              correcting the conditions that led to the child’s removal;
              has failed to file an affidavit of paternity in a central
              registry maintained by the Department of Health and
              Human Services; [has not] legitimated the juvenile
              pursuant to provisions of G.S. 49-10, G.S. 49-12.1, or
              filed a petition for this specific purpose; [has not]
              legitimated the juvenile by marriage to the mother of
              the juvenile; has not provided substantial financial
              support or consistent care with respect to the juvenile
              and mother; has not established paternity through G.S.
              49-14, 110-132, 130A-101, 130A-118, or other judicial
              proceeding.

          14. As such, and based on clear, cogent and convincing
              evidence, grounds exist to terminate the parental rights
              of the Respondent mother . . . and the Respondent
              unknown father.

          15. The Court relies on and accepts into evidence the
              Timeline, marked DSS Exhibit ‘__”, in making these

2   The trial court did not include a Finding of Fact 9 in its order.

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                                      IN RE H.B.

                                 Morgan, J., dissenting

                findings and finds the said report to [be] both credible
                and reliable.

Based upon these findings of fact, the trial court drew these conclusions of law:

             1. That the Court has jurisdiction over the parties and
                subject matter herein pursuant to Article 11 of Chapter
                7B of the North Carolina General Statutes.

             2. That the Petitioner, the Robeson County Department of
                Social Services, is authorized to file this petition
                pursuant to North Carolina General Statutes 7B-
                1103(3) for the reason that the Department has been
                awarded custody of the minor child, pursuant to
                Custody Orders entered by the undersigned, which are
                part of the underlying Juvenile File, 19JA173, and
                made part of this paragraph as if fully set forth herein.

             3. That grounds exist based on clear, cogent and
                convincing evidence, to terminate the parental rights of
                the Respondent mother . . . and Respondent unknown
                father, pursuant to North Carolina General Statute[s]
                7B-1111 in that:

                a. The juvenile has been placed in the custody of the
                   Robeson County Department of Social Services for a
                   continuous period of six months next preceding the
                   filing of the [p]etition, and

                b. The Respondent mother . . . has willfully left the
                   child in the legal and physical custody of the
                   Robeson County Department of Social Services from
                   June 11, 2019 until the present, for over 12 months
                   without making reasonable progress to correct the
                   conditions that led to the removal of the child; and

                c. The Respondent mother . . . has neglected the
                   juvenile in that the juvenile live[s] in an
                   environment injurious to the juvenile[’s] welfare;
                   and

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                                      IN RE H.B.

                                  Morgan, J., dissenting

                d. The Respondent mother . . . has willfully failed to
                   pay a reasonable portion of the costs of the child’s
                   care for a continuous period of six months
                   immediately preceding the filing of the petition,
                   although physically and financially able to do so; and

                e. The parental rights of the [parent] with respect to
                   another child of the parent have been [terminated]
                   involuntarily by a court of competent jurisdiction
                   and the parent lacks the ability or willing[ness] to
                   establish a safe home; and

                f. That the unknown father, has willfully left the child
                   in foster care for more than twelve months without
                   showing to the satisfaction of the Court that
                   reasonable progress under the circumstances has
                   been made in correcting the conditions that led to
                   the child’s removal; has failed to file an affidavit of
                   paternity in a central registry maintained by the
                   Department of Health and Human Services; [has
                   not] legitimated the juvenile pursuant to provisions
                   of G.S. 49-10, G.S. 49-12.1, or filed a petition for this
                   specific purpose; [has not] legitimated the juveniles
                   by marriage to the mother of the juveniles; has not
                   provided substantial financial support or consistent
                   care with respect to the juvenile and mother; has not
                   established paternity through G.S. 49-14, 110-132,
                   130A-101, 130A-118, or other judicial proceeding.

Among these conclusions, the trial court ultimately found four grounds to terminate

respondent-mother’s parental rights in its written order: (1) that respondent-mother

had neglected Helena by allowing her to live in an environment injurious to her

welfare pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1); (2) that respondent-mother had

willfully left Helena in foster care or placement outside the home for more than twelve

months without showing that reasonable progress had been made to correct those

conditions which had led to her removal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2); (3)

                                          -20-
                                          IN RE H.B.

                                    Morgan, J., dissenting

that respondent-mother had willfully failed to pay a reasonable portion of the cost for

Helena’s care for a continuous period of six months preceding the filing of the petition

although physically and financially able to do so pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-

1111(a)(3); and (4) that the respondent-mother’s parental rights with respect to

another child3 had been terminated involuntarily and that respondent-mother lacked

the ability or willingness to establish a safe home pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-

1111(a)(9). See N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1)–(3), (9) (2021).

      I disagree with the majority’s determination that the trial court’s findings of

fact were premised on clear, cogent, and convincing evidence in order to establish the

existence of grounds to terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights. The trial

court’s findings were woefully deficient and, while the evidence in the record possibly

may have amply supported sufficient findings of fact to substantiate grounds for the

termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights, the majority artificially bolsters

the trial court’s inadequate findings with an unfortunate relaxation of this Court’s

standards while simultaneously augmenting the trial court’s shallow findings.

Curiously, the majority readily acknowledges the trial court’s failure to comply with

the criteria for acceptable findings of fact, electing to couch the trial court’s

shortcomings in articulating sound findings as the forum’s mere neglect to follow “the

better practice” or the “best practice” of crafting proper findings of fact, instead of

deeming the findings here to fall short of our stated principle that a proper finding of

      3   Helena’s younger brother A.L.

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                                        IN RE H.B.

                                   Morgan, J., dissenting

facts requires a sufficiently specific statement of the facts. As a result, I view the trial

court’s material findings of fact to be inadequate to sufficiently support its ultimate

facts, and, in turn, the trial court’s conclusions of law are faultily reached.

       “Findings of fact are statements of what happened in space and time.” State ex

rel. Utils. Comm’n v. Eddleman, 320 N.C. 344, 351 (1987). “Facts are things in space

and time that can be objectively ascertained by one or more of the five senses or by

mathematical calculation” and that, “in turn, provide the bases for conclusions.” State

ex rel. Utils. Comm’n v. Pub. Staff, 322 N.C. 689, 693 (1988) (citing Eddleman, 320

N.C. at 351). Meanwhile, “any determination requiring the exercise of judgment or

the application of legal principles is more properly classified a conclusion of law.”

State v. Sparks, 362 N.C. 181, 185 (2008) (quoting In re Helms, 127 N.C. App. 505,

510 (1997)). “Ultimate facts are those found in that vaguely defined area lying

between evidential facts on the one side and conclusions of law on the other.”

Woodard v. Mordecai, 234 N.C. 463, 472 (1951). “Ultimate facts are the final resulting

effect reached by processes of logical reasoning from the evidentiary facts.” In re

Anderson, 151 N.C. App. 94, 97 (2002) (quoting Appalachian Poster Advert. Co. v.

Harrington, 89 N.C. App. 476, 479 (1988)).

       The trial court’s findings of material fact, findings of ultimate fact, and

conclusions of law comprised an amalgamation of cluttered entries which do not

afford meaningful appellate review. Except for the initial six findings of fact and the

first two conclusions of law which combine to address jurisdiction and standing, in

                                           -22-
                                       IN RE H.B.

                                   Morgan, J., dissenting

my view, none of the tribunal’s findings of fact are sufficient to support its conclusions

of law; consequently, the resulting conclusions of law are insufficient to support the

trial court’s termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights.

      There are several manifestations of these inadequacies in the trial court’s order

here. For example, Findings of Fact 8, 10, 11, and 12 are not findings of fact as

contemplated by our aforementioned appellate court precedents because they are

mere regurgitations of the relevant statutory language. Hence, they are plainly

insufficient to allow this Court to determine whether the trial court formed its

conclusions through the processes of logical reasoning and based on the specific

evidentiary record before it. In Coble, after vacating an order requiring a mother to

provide partial child support due to inadequate findings of fact by the trial court and

remanding the case, we explained the outcome in this manner:

                    Our decision to remand this case for further
             evidentiary findings is not the result of an obeisance to
             mere technicality. Effective appellate review of an order
             entered by a trial court sitting without a jury is largely
             dependent upon the specificity by which the order’s
             rationale is articulated. Evidence must support findings;
             findings must support conclusions; conclusions must
             support the judgment. Each step of the progression must
             be taken by the trial judge, in logical sequence; each link in
             the chain of reasoning must appear in the order itself.
             Where there is a gap, it cannot be determined on appeal
             whether the trial court correctly exercised its function to
             find the facts and apply the law thereto.

300 N.C. at 714 (emphases added). It is this Court’s responsibility, when called upon

to examine a trial court’s order, to ensure that the decree at issue comports with

                                           -23-
                                       IN RE H.B.

                                   Morgan, J., dissenting

required standards and principles. “Accordingly, this Court reviews the termination

order to determine whether the trial court made sufficient factual findings to support

its ultimate findings of fact and conclusions of law, regardless of how they are

classified in the order.” In re Z.A.M., 374 N.C. 88, 97 (2020); see also In re A.H.F.S.,

375 N.C. 503, 510 (2020) (“Regardless of whether [a trial court’s determination of

willfulness] is classified as an ultimate finding of fact or a conclusion of law, it still

must be sufficiently supported by the evidentiary findings of fact.”). Therefore, a trial

court’s findings must amount to more “than a recitation of allegations. They must be

the ‘specific ultimate facts . . . sufficient for the appellate court to determine that the

judgment is adequately supported by competent evidence.’ ” In re Anderson, 151 N.C.

App. at 97 (alteration in original) (quoting Montgomery v. Montgomery, 32 N.C. App.

154, 156–57 (1977)).

      Based upon these well-established guideposts for appellate review of a trial

court’s order—particularly an order which contains such far-reaching consequences

as the termination of a parent’s rights to a child—it is difficult to comprehend the

majority’s cavalier approach that the trial court’s order in the present case merely

constitutes an infraction of “better” or “best” practices, when Findings of Fact 8, 10,

11, and 12 here can hardly be rationalized to evince the trial court’s engagement in

the processes of logical reasoning required at an adjudicatory hearing. See In re J.W.,

241 N.C. App. 44, 45 (“At an adjudicatory hearing, the trial court must, through

processes of logical reasoning, based on the evidentiary facts before it, find the ultimate

                                           -24-
                                       IN RE H.B.

                                   Morgan, J., dissenting

facts essential to support the conclusions of law.” (emphasis added) (quoting In re

O.W., 164 N.C. App. 699, 702 (2004))), disc. review denied, 368 N.C. 290 (2015). My

application of the customary guideposts for appellate review of a trial court’s order

does not support the majority’s satisfaction with the identified findings of fact that

these findings exhibited a process of logical reasoning by the trial court when they

amount only to near-verbatim recitations of the relevant statutory language, with no

reference to the particular evidentiary facts or circumstances of the case which were

before the trial court. Therefore, I would hold that Findings 8, 10, 11, and 12 are not

sufficient determinations upon which the trial court could have drawn its conclusions

of law because these insufficient findings preclude effective appellate review as to

whether the trial court correctly exercised its function to find the specific facts of the

case and to apply the law to such facts.

      In its Finding of Fact 7, the trial court “takes judicial notice of the underlying

Juvenile File 19JA173 and the Department’s efforts to work with the Respondent

mother . . . [and] the Respondent Unknown father of the child.” As previously

observed and substantiated in this viewpoint, a determination such as Finding of

Fact 7 is an insufficient finding under Quick because no fact has been specially found,

with no material fact established or ultimate fact reached from which it can be

determined whether the finding is supported by the evidence. See Quick, 305 N.C. at

451. Additionally, such a finding which is based upon a trial court’s judicial notice of

an underlying case file fails to derive any factual determinations from it which could

                                           -25-
                                       IN RE H.B.

                                   Morgan, J., dissenting

be properly reviewed on appeal. Cf. In re J.C.M.J.C., 268 N.C. App. 47, 57 (2019) (“To

allow the trial court to find adjudicatory facts simply by taking judicial notice of its

prior findings . . . risks insulating the adjudicatory findings from appellate review

and undermines the procedural safeguards for adjudications prescribed by [the

General Statutes]”).

      In like fashion, the trial court’s Finding of Fact 15—the entry which attracts

the majority’s primary focus—is similarly lacking in that it is bereft of the necessary

emphasized features which properly qualify it to be a sufficient finding of fact and an

element of an actual ultimate fact which, in turn, could lead to a legally acceptable

conclusion of law. Finding of Fact 15 indicated that the trial court “relies on and

accepts into evidence the Timeline, marked DSS Exhibit ‘___”, in making these

findings and finds the said report to [be] both credible and reliable.” Although the

trial court clearly fails to identify what, if any, actual facts that it found in reliance

on this Timeline, nonetheless the majority expressly declares that Finding of Fact 15

is supported by the undisputed evidentiary standard of “clear, cogent and convincing”

by virtue of the majority’s willingness to gratuitously scour the records in order to

fortify the finding, despite this Court’s unequivocal admonition in In re Montgomery

against such an act which the majority has implemented.

      Based upon these observations, I would vacate the trial court’s written

termination order and remand the case for further and fuller development of

sufficient findings of fact in order to permit effective appellate review with regard to

                                           -26-
                                         IN RE H.B.

                                 Morgan, J., dissenting

the properness of the trial court’s ultimate findings of fact and resulting conclusions

of law.

                                   II.      Disposition

      I also agree with the positions of respondent-mother and the lower appellate

court’s dissent that the trial court abused its discretion by entering a finding that

there was no bond between Helena and respondent-mother. This Court reviews a trial

court’s determination at the dispositional stage of a termination of parental rights

proceeding for abuse of discretion, which requires an appellate court to defer to the

lower court’s decision “unless it is manifestly unsupported by reason or one so

arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” In re Z.A.M.,

374 N.C. at 100 (quoting Briley v. Farabow, 348 N.C. 537, 547 (1998)). “The standard

of review that applies to an assignment [of error] challenging a dispositional finding

is whether the finding is supported by competent evidence.” In re C.M., 183 N.C. App.

207, 212 (2007). “The court’s dispositional findings are binding on appeal if supported

by any competent evidence[,]” In re J.B., 379 N.C. 233, 235–36 (2021), even if there

was evidence presented that would support a finding to the contrary, In re K.S., 183

N.C. App. 315, 323 (2007).

      In relevant part, the trial court’s written order in this case contains the

following dispositional finding: “[T]here is no bond between the minor child and the

Respondent mother.” Despite the majority’s representations to the contrary, this

finding was not supported by any competent evidence. It is noteworthy that the

                                            -27-
                                     IN RE H.B.

                                 Morgan, J., dissenting

Robeson County Department of Social Services’ own witness testified during the

termination of parental rights hearing that Helena recognized respondent-mother as

her mother, that Helena was happy to see respondent-mother when visits between

the two of them occurred, and that said visits “[w]ent well.” Additionally, the

guardian ad litem’s report which was submitted as evidence to support the petition

to terminate parental rights specifically and candidly stated that “[e]ven though

[Helena had] been in foster care for over two years, she still [had] a bond with her

mother” and that Helena loved and missed her mother. While the majority heavily

relies upon its depiction of the record evidence that there was some evidence

presented which tended to indicate that Helena’s mother did not have a strong

maternal bond with Helena, nonetheless there was still no evidence presented which

showed that Helena and respondent-mother shared no bond whatsoever as indicated

by the trial court’s findings. Cf. In re R.G.L., 379 N.C. 452, 464–65 (2021) (holding

that a trial court’s finding that a minor child had “absolutely no bond” with his

parents was not supported by the evidence when the evidence tended to show that

the respondent-parents attended visits with the child and a social worker testified

that the child and his mother shared a bond even though evidence was presented that

the respondent-parents were repeatedly tardy for and demonstrated a lack of

engagement with the aforementioned visits). This is yet another example,

demonstrated in the appellate review of the disposition phase of the proceedings just

as it was in the adjudication phase, of the majority’s unfortunate penchant for

                                         -28-
                                       IN RE H.B.

                                   Morgan, J., dissenting

excusing the trial court’s failure to adhere to established standards for rooting the

lower court’s findings in the record evidence through the majority’s willingness to

relax our clear principles in this area of the law.

      Because “the weight assigned to . . . the various dispositional factors in

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a)[ ] is the sole province of the trier of fact[,]” In re B.E., 375 N.C.

730, 749, (2020), it is impermissible upon this dissenting view to speculate as to

whether the trial court would have made the same dispositional determination in the

absence of the trial court’s finding that Helena and respondent-mother shared no

bond. I would therefore remand this case to the trial court based on the disposition

phase as well.

                                    III.    Conclusion

      A trial court must make sufficiently specific material findings of fact to support

its ultimate findings of fact and conclusions of law such that an appellate court can

determine whether the trial court has properly exercised the forum’s function to find

the facts specially and to apply the pertinent law to the findings of fact. In the absence

of such findings which serve as the foundation for the remainder of the elements of a

trial court’s proper order as illustrated in Quick, I would vacate the trial court’s order

and remand for further findings.

      I respectfully dissent.

      Justice EARLS joins in this dissenting opinion.

                                           -29-