Court Opinion

ID: 9377232
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-07 14:05:26.039027+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:50.964300
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                   No. COA22-15

                                Filed 07 March 2023

Halifax County, Nos. 19-CVD-901; 20-CVD-448

COURTNEY RENEE AMAN, Plaintiff,

            v.

ERIC A. NICHOLSON, Defendant.

      Appeal by defendant from orders entered 12 August 2021 by Judge William C.

Farris in District Court, Halifax County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 10 May 2022.

      Lloyd C. Smith, Jr. and Lloyd C. Smith, III, for plaintiff-appellee.

      Manning, Fulton & Skinner, P.A., by Michael S. Harrell, for defendant-
      appellant.

      STROUD, Chief Judge.

      Defendant-Appellant (“Father”) appeals from the trial court’s Order on Child

Custody and Child Support (“Custody Order”) and Order Excluding Expert

Testimony and Expert Reports (“Expert Witness Order”). Father argues the trial

court erred in the Expert Witness Order under North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure

26(b). Father also argues the trial court erred in the Custody Order by awarding

Plaintiff-Appellee (“Mother”) primary legal custody of the parties’ child. As to the

Expert Witness Order, Father identified three proposed expert witnesses on the first

day of trial. Although the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining
                                        AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                             Opinion of the Court

Mother’s objection to two of Father’s proposed expert witnesses who had not been

previously disclosed to Mother, the trial court erred by excluding a report and

testimony from an expert who did an evaluation as directed by a court order which

was provided to Mother more than a year before trial. But based upon the trial court’s

findings of fact and statements regarding the primary issue addressed in that report,

Father has failed to demonstrate prejudice from the exclusion of the report and

witness. As to the Custody Order, Father has not challenged the trial court’s findings

of fact, and these findings support the trial court’s conclusions of law, so we affirm.

                                        I.      Background

          Mother and Father were married 6 June 2015. After both parties secured

advanced degrees, they moved to Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina, where Mother had

grown up and where she “has extensive community and family support locally.” In

April 2019, the parties’ son, Charlie,1 was born to the parties. Shortly after Charlie’s

birth, the parties separated in September 2019.

          On 21 October 2019, Mother filed a complaint seeking child custody. The same

day, the trial court entered a consent order for temporary child custody (“Consent

Order”) granting the parties temporary joint legal custody, with Mother to have

temporary primary physical custody.                  Father was granted temporary visitation

privileges which were set out in detail. The Consent Order required “[e]ach party [to]

1   We continue to use the pseudonym for the parties’ child as used in the proceeding below.

                                                    -2-
                                      AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                        Opinion of the Court

obtain a psychological evaluation with the results of said evaluation being

immediately provided to the other party[.]” In addition, both parties were required

“to continue to actively participate in individual and joint counseling at a frequency

determined by the psychologist for a period of one (1) year from the date of the entry

of this Order.”

       Approximately 10 months later, Mother filed a Motion to Modify Consent

Order, alleging that the Consent Order had provided for the parties to re-evaluate

the schedule one year after entry of the Consent Order, and if they were unable to

agree to a modification of the terms and conditions of the Order, either party would

have the right to file a motion to modify. Mother requested that the trial court modify

the Consent Order by granting her primary physical and legal custody, and if she was

awarded only primary physical custody, that the trial court “define[ ] what is meant

by joint legal custody.” After “each Judge in the Sixth Judicial District had recused

himself or herself” from hearing this case, on 18 February 2021 the case was

scheduled by special commission before a judge from another district for hearing on

the 28th, 29th, and 30th of April 2021.2

       On 28 April 2021, the first day of trial, Father’s counsel provided Mother’s

counsel a list of three potential expert witnesses he may call to testify, along with the

2 The reason why every judge in the Sixth Judicial District was recused from this case is not clearly
stated in the Record. The only reference to this mass-recusal is the single finding from the Expert
Witness Order.

                                                -3-
                                 AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

CVs of each witness and written reports from two of the experts. Father had noted

he was not sure if he would need to present testimony from the proposed witnesses,

depending upon Mother’s evidence. Mother presented her evidence on April 28 and

29, and when Father began presentation of his evidence, Mother’s counsel raised an

objection based upon North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(4)(a)(1) to Father’s

expert witnesses.

      Two of Father’s three proposed expert witnesses, Dr. Avram H. Mack and Dr.

Roger B. Moore, Jr. had prepared reports. The third expert, Dr. Evans E. Harrell,

had been counseling Father, as required by the Consent Order, from about October

2019 up to the date of trial. Father’s counsel had also provided a report from Dr.

Varley to Mother’s counsel, but Father did not intend to call Dr. Varley to testify. Dr.

Moore had conducted Father’s psychological evaluation, as directed by the Consent

Order, in December 2019, and Mother received a copy of his report at that time.

Father’s counsel noted that Dr. Harrell is “an ongoing treater” and “really more of a

fact witness but he’s an expert in the sense that he’s a Ph.D.”

      The trial court and counsel for both parties then engaged in an extensive

colloquy regarding Mother’s objection. Although Mother objected to evidence from

Dr. Mack and Dr. Harrell, it is not entirely clear Mother was objecting to Dr. Moore’s

report or testimony. Mother’s counsel acknowledged she had received a copy of Dr.

Moore’s report in December of 2019, arguing, based upon Myers v. Myers, 269 N.C.

App. 237, 837 S.E.2d 443 (2020), “from a selfish perspective, my response would be .

                                          -4-
                                  AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

. . we’d like it stricken except for the one that’s been disclosed to us, and we obviously

have no problem with that,” (emphasis added), referring to Dr. Moore’s report.

Mother’s counsel then noted that “we would offer a second position[,]” arguing that

since Father’s income was far higher than Mother’s income, “he ought to pay for us

to be able to depose these witnesses,” especially since one of the expert witnesses, Dr.

Varley, “criticizes one of these other experts and says he’s wrong.” Mother argued

that she could not have a fair hearing “if we don’t have a chance to at least depose

Dr. Mack and Dr. Varley, who is the only person that talked to Dr. Harrell, and all

three of the other reports that were given, and Dr. Harrell, psychologist.” Dr. Harrell

“was actually giving family therapy to these two people[.]” Mother’s counsel noted

that Father was “conveniently not calling” Dr. Varley because he was the only

psychologist who “says [Father’s] got a problem.” The trial court then rendered its

ruling allowing Mother’s motion to exclude all Father’s expert witnesses, including

Dr. Moore, and Father began presenting his evidence.

      On or about 10 August 2021, the trial court entered the written Expert Witness

Order addressing Mother’s objection to Father’s proposed expert witnesses. The trial

court found that Dr. Moore’s report had been provided to Mother’s attorney on 5

December 2019, in accord with the Consent Order, and Father produced this same

report for use at the trial. The trial court also found “[t]his was the first time that

[Father] disclosed his intent to call any expert witness for trial or to attempt to

introduce any expert witness report.” Father never gave [Mother] “any indication by

                                          -5-
                                  AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

any means that he intended to introduce any psychological evaluations at the trial[.]”

The trial court then, “as a Mixed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law determines

that it has discretion under N.C.G.S. Section 1A-1, Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1) to impose

sanctions for failure of a party to voluntarily disclose the existence of expert witnesses

and expert witnesses reports that he or she intends to introduce at trial[,]” and that

Father’s delay in disclosing his experts and their reports gave him “an unfair tactical

advantage” under Rule 26 of Civil Procedure.

      Then, the trial court excluded all three expert witnesses and their reports after

concluding:

                    1.     N.C.G.S. Section lA-1, Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(l) does
              require advanced disclosure and notice of expert witnesses
              who will testify at trial and their reports even without a
              discovery request, discovery plan, or court order.

                    2.    The Court has the inherent authority to
              impose sanctions for failure to disclose sufficiently in
              advance of trial the identity of expert witnesses and the
              proposed use of their reports.

                     3.    The Court also in its discretion can allow or
              exclude said evidence or impose other sanctions for failure
              to disclose.

                    4.     The Court has exercised its discretion in this
              matter and determined that the testimony and reports
              should be excluded as failure to do so would further delay
              this action and the [ ] Father offered no justification
              acceptable to the court for his failure to give sufficient
              advance notice of the proposed expert witnesses and
              documentation.

                    5.     As a Mixed Findings of Fact and Conclusions

                                          -6-
                                    AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                      Opinion of the Court

                 of Law, the late disclosure of said experts and their reports
                 gave the [ ] Father “an unfair tactical advantage”.

The trial proceeded and the Custody Order was entered on or about 4 August 2021.

      Father filed notice of appeal from both the Custody Order and Expert Witness

Order to this Court 2 September 2021. While settling the Record on Appeal, Mother

“served objections to the proposed Record on Appeal to the [Father] on the 13th day of

December, 2021 and served a copy of said objection on the undersigned Judge on the

15th day of December, 2021.” The trial court held a judicial settlement conference and

excluded Father’s proposed expert witness reports–including Dr. Moore’s report–from

the Record on Appeal. The trial court concluded Father’s proposed record evidence

“[was] never submitted for consideration to the undersigned Judge, [was] never

admitted into evidence or attempted to be admitted into evidence nor was there any

offer of proof tendered regarding said” evidence. Father filed a petition for writ of

certiorari in this Court, 18 January 2022, to preserve his challenge to the trial court’s

settlement of the Record on Appeal.

           II.      Appellant-Father’s Petition for Writ of Certiorari

      We first address Father’s Petition for Writ of Certiorari (“PWC”). Father

argues the trial court erred when settling the Record on Appeal. Father argues the

order settling the Record “does not follow the requirements of Rule 11(c) of the North

Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure by improperly excluding documents that are

properly included in the Record.” We first note there are two orders on appeal: the

                                             -7-
                                AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

Custody Order and the Expert Witness Order. Most of Father’s arguments on appeal

address the Expert Witness Order. Father’s notice of appeal does not address the

trial court’s order settling the Record. We grant Father’s PWC because the trial court

incorrectly applied Rule 11(c) of Appellate Procedure.

      After the trial and after filing notice of appeal, Father’s counsel included the

CVs from all three proposed experts and the reports from two of the experts in “a

proposed record and exhibit supplement[.]” Mother objected, and the trial court held

a judicial settlement conference. After this conference, the trial court entered an

order on or about 22 December 2021 and found the following:

             2.   The Appellant properly served the Appellee a proposed
                  Record on Appeal on the 15th Day of November, 2021.

             3.   The Appellee properly served objections to the
                  proposed Record on Appeal to the Appellant on the 13th
                  day of December, 2021 and served a copy of said
                  objection on the undersigned Judge on the 15th day of
                  December, 2021.

             4.   The undersigned Judge gave notice of this hearing to
                  which the parties consented . . . .

             5.   The Appellee is now requesting that the Court settle
                  the Record on Appeal, specifically as it refers to
                  Appellee’s objection to the inclusion of certain
                  documents, more specifically described in the
                  Appellant’s   Rule    9(d)(2)    document   Exhibit
                  Supplemental to the Printed Record on Appeal,
                  specifically as identified as [Father]’s Experts
                  Materials Excluded by the Trial Court.

             6.   At the trial of this action, the undersigned Judge
                  entered an Order excluding expert testimony and

                                         -8-
                                  AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

                expert reports.

           ....

           8.   In said Order, the undersigned Judge determined that
                the Appellant, through his counsel at trial on the
                morning of the first day of trial, April 28, 2021,
                delivered to the attorney for the Appellee, a list
                entitled “Possible Expert Trial Witnesses Disclosure”
                disclosing the identify of three potential expert
                witnesses with their expert reports that might be
                introduced and the curriculum vitae of the three expert
                witnesses.

           9.   The Appellee, through counsel, objected to the
                introduction of said expert reports or the testimony of
                said witnesses and the court after hearing arguments
                in his discretion excluded said expert reports and
                sustained the objection to said experts testifying.

           10. At no time during the trial were the [Father]’s Expert
               Materials submitted for consideration to the
               undersigned Judge.

           11. At no time during the trial were the [Father]’s Expert
               Materials admitted into evidence or attempted to be
               admitted into evidence.

           12. At no time during the trial was an offer of proof
               tendered regarding said [Father]’s Expert Materials.

           13. The Appellee argues that Rule 11(c) of the North
               Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure that states “[ ]
               provided that any item not filed, served, submitted for
               consideration, or admitted, or for which no offer of
               proof was tendered, shall not be included” controls and
               that said documents should be excluded from the
               Record on Appeal.

(Emphasis added.)

     The trial court then concluded “as a matter of law that:”

                                          -9-
                                AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

             1. The [Father]’s Documentary Exhibits entitled
                “[Father]’s Expert Materials Excluded by the Trial
                Court” were never submitted for consideration to the
                undersigned Judge, were never admitted into evidence
                or attempted to be admitted into evidence nor was there
                any offer of proof tendered regarding said [Father]’s
                Expert Materials excluded by the trial court.

             2. Under Rule 11(c) as said documents were not submitted
                for consideration or admitted into evidence or no offer
                of proof was tendered, they should not be included in
                the Record on Appeal.

      Father and Mother argue about how to interpret Rule 11 of Appellate

Procedure as it applies to Father’s “Expert Materials Excluded by the Trial Court.”

At the time the trial court judicially settled the Record on Appeal and denied Father

the inclusion of the proposed expert reports, Rule 11(c) stated:

             Amendments or objections to the proposed record on appeal
             shall be set out in a separate paper and shall specify any
             item(s) for which an objection is based on the contention
             that the item was not filed, served, submitted for
             consideration, admitted, or made the subject of an offer of
             proof, or that the content of a statement or narration is
             factually inaccurate. . . .

             . . . If a party requests that an item be included in the
             record on appeal but not all other parties to the appeal
             agree to its inclusion, then that item shall not be included
             in the printed record on appeal, but shall be filed by the
             appellant with the printed record on appeal in a volume
             captioned “Rule 11(c) Supplement to the Printed Record on
             Appeal,” . . . provided that any item not filed, served,
             submitted for consideration, or admitted, or for which no
             offer of proof was tendered, shall not be included. . . .

             ....

             The functions of the judge in the settlement of the record

                                         - 10 -
                                 AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

             on appeal are to determine whether a statement permitted
             by these rules is not factually accurate, to settle narrations
             of proceedings under Rule 9(c)(1), and to determine
             whether the record accurately reflects material filed,
             served, submitted for consideration, admitted, or made the
             subject of an offer of proof, but not to decide whether
             material desired in the record by either party is relevant to
             the issues on appeal, non-duplicative, or otherwise suited
             for inclusion in the record on appeal.

N.C. R. App. P. 11(c) (emphasis added).

      Again, we first note that Father has appealed from the Expert Witness Order,

and it is abundantly clear from the transcript that Father submitted the information

regarding the proposed expert witnesses and their reports to Mother’s counsel and to

the trial court. The arguments of counsel for both parties addressed details regarding

each proposed witness and why each should or should not be allowed to testify. This

is not a case involving materials which were never addressed at the trial court level,

and one of the orders on appeal is directed specifically to the exclusion of those

witnesses. And for purposes of the Record on Appeal, at this point we are considering

only whether the materials regarding the experts should be included in the Rule 11(c)

supplement, not whether the trial court erred by sustaining Mother’s objection to use

of the evidence at trial based upon North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b).

      Father argues Rule 11(c) defines five disjunctive categories and should

evidence “fit[ ] within any of these categories, then it must be included in the record

on appeal submitted to the appellate court.” Mother argues this language is broken

into three parts, and the first three categories are in fact one. Under Father’s reading

                                          - 11 -
                                AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

of the Rule, if evidence is (1) filed, (2) served, (3) submitted for consideration, (4)

admitted, or (5) made the subject of an offer of proof, then it must be included in the

record. Mother argues the additional “or” in the second recitation of categories in

Rule 11(c) results in three categories of evidence: (1) evidence filed, served, and

submitted for consideration, (2) evidence admitted, or (3) evidence made the subject

of an offer of proof. Under Mother’s reading of Rule 11(c), evidence must be filed,

served, and submitted for consideration to meet the first category of material for

inclusion in the record.

      This issue presents an issue of statutory construction, and we review this type

of issue de novo:

             [I]f the trial court’s ruling depends upon interpretation of
             a statute, we review the ruling de novo. Moore v.
             Proper, 366 N.C. 25, 30, 726 S.E.2d 812, 817
             (2012) (“[W]hen a trial court’s determination relies on
             statutory interpretation, our review is de novo because
             those matters of statutory interpretation necessarily
             present questions of law.”).

Myers v. Myers, 269 N.C. App. 237, 241, 837 S.E.2d 443, 448 (2020).

             “When the language of a statute is clear and without
             ambiguity, ‘there is no room for judicial construction,’ and
             the statute must be given effect in accordance with its plain
             and definite meaning.” Avco Financial Services v. Isbell, 67
             N.C. App. 341, 343, 312 S.E.2d 707, 708 (1984) (quoting
             Williams v. Williams, 299 N.C. 174, 180, 261 S.E.2d 849,
             854 (1980)). However, if a literal reading of the statutory
             language “yields absurd results . . . or contravenes clearly
             expressed legislative intent, ‘the reason and purpose of the
             law shall control and the strict letter thereof shall be
             disregarded.’” Id. (quoting State v. Barksdale, 181 N.C.

                                         - 12 -
                                  AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

             621, 625, 107 S.E. 505, 507 (1921)); see also Kaminsky v.
             Sebile, 140 N.C. App. 71, 76, 535 S.E.2d 109, 112–13 (2000).

Griffith v. North Carolina Dept. of Correction, 210 N.C. App. 544, 559, 709 S.E.2d

412, 423 (2011). Based upon the plain language of Rule 11(c) and applying basic rules

of grammar and punctuation, Father’s interpretation is correct. Rule 11(c) repeatedly

refers to materials that were or were not “filed, served, submitted for consideration,

admitted, or made the subject of an offer of proof.” (Emphasis added.)             “[T]he

disjunctive [conjunction] ‘or’ is used to indicate a clear alternative. The second

alternative is not a part of the first, and its provisions cannot be read into the first.”

In re Duckett’s Claim, 271 N.C. 430, 437, 156 S.E.2d 838, 844 (1967); see also Smith

v. Bumgarner, 115 N.C. App. 149, 152, 443 S.E.2d 744, 745-46 (1994) (“Those persons

who may bring a proceeding pursuant to G.S. § 49-14, et seq., are specifically

enumerated in G.S. § 49-16, separated by commas and the disjunctive ‘or.’ The

provision is not ambiguous and its natural and ordinary meaning indicates that

either of the listed persons may bring an action pursuant to G.S. § 49-14.”). Once,

Rule 11(c) uses the phrase: “any item not filed, served, submitted for consideration,

or admitted, or for which no offer of proof was tendered, shall not be included[.]”

(Emphasis added.) The additional “or” in this phrase does not change the meaning;

the second “or” maintains the parallel structure of the list. The first four verbs on

the list are introduced by the word “not,” addressing any item not filed, not served,

not submitted for consideration, or not admitted. But “not” cannot correctly introduce

                                          - 13 -
                                  AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

the last item “for which no offer of proof was tendered.” The additional “or” maintains

the grammatical structure of the sentence: “or for which no offer of proof was

tendered.” Mother’s interpretation of Rule 11(c) focuses on the phrase with the

additional “or,” and Mother asserts this additional “or” results in three categories of

evidence. But we must consider the entire statute in context. In three other phrases

within the same subsection, five categories of material are described and those

phrases do not include the additional “or.” The phrase with the additional “or” has

the same meaning as the other three phrases.

      Mother’s reading of Rule 11(c) is not supported by the plain language of Rule

11. Thus, if Father’s proposed “Expert Materials Excluded by the Trial Court” fall

within any of the five categories, they should have been included in a Rule 11(c)

Supplement by the trial court. This interpretation is also consistent with prior cases

from this Court.     See Morris v. Southeastern Orthopedics Sports Medicine and

Shoulder Center, P.A., 199 N.C. App. 425, 432, 681 S.E.2d 840, 845 (2009) (“The

PEWD was served on defendants, bringing it within the scope of documents allowed

to be included in a Rule 11(c) Supplement to the Record on Appeal. N.C. R. App. P.

11(c) (‘[A]ny item not filed, served, submitted for consideration, admitted, or for which

no offer of proof was tendered, shall not be included.’).        Accordingly, we grant

plaintiff’s petition for writ of certiorari as to the PEWD and will consider it as part of

our review.” (emphasis added)).

      In settling the Record on Appeal, the trial court erred by considering only the

                                          - 14 -
                                  AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                    Opinion of the Court

latter three categories of information, as indicated by the finding that Father did not

make an offer of proof of the expert testimony and reports, and not including in the

Rule 11(c) Supplement information that had been “served” upon Mother. “[S]ervice

may be made as follows: . . . [u]pon a party’s attorney of record . . . [b]y delivering a

copy to the attorney. Delivery of a copy . . . means handing it to the attorney[.]” N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 5(b)(1) (2021). It is apparent from the transcript all materials

were “served” upon Mother’s counsel, and one portion of the evidence, Dr. Moore’s

report, had been served upon Mother over a year earlier in compliance with the

Consent Order.     In addition, Father “submitted for consideration” the materials

regarding the expert witnesses, including their CVs and reports, and presented oral

summaries of the testimony each witness would offer. The trial court sustained

Mother’s objection and did not consider the materials, but Father did “submit” them

for consideration. Father argued Dr. Harrell would constitute “more of a fact witness”

and “he will be speaking to his ongoing counseling with [Father].” Dr. Mack “did an

evaluation of Dr. Nicholson with his son and read reports[,] and . . . he’s going to offer

an opinion . . . about [Father’s] parenting skills and his ability to take care of

[Charlie]”; and as to Dr. Moore’s report, as we have already noted, the report was

based upon a court-ordered evaluation and was served on Mother 17 months earlier.

Father’s counsel additionally argued that these expert witnesses and reports would

be used to rebut Mother’s case because Father “didn’t know that [Mother] [was] going

to, as it turns out, attack [Father]’s ability to take care of [Charlie.]”

                                           - 15 -
                                 AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

      Father “served” the materials regarding proposed expert witnesses and their

reports upon Mother at trial; the issue for purposes of North Carolina Rule of

Appellate Procedure 11(c) is not whether this service was timely for purposes of North

Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b), but only whether it was served. Counsel for

both parties presented arguments and the trial court conducted an extensive colloquy

regarding the information each expert witness would address. In addition, Father

appealed from the Expert Witness Order, and on appeal we must consider the parties’

arguments regarding that Order, not just the Custody Order. Because the trial court

erred in settling the Record by excluding Father’s proposed expert materials which

were served on Mother at the trial as directed by North Carolina Rule of Appellate

Procedure 11(c), we grant Father’s PWC, reverse the trial court’s order settling the

Record on appeal, and thus include the expert witness materials attached to his PWC

as a Rule 11(c) supplement to the Record on Appeal.

                         III.   Expert Witness Order

      Father appeals from both the Expert Witness Order and the Custody Order.

We begin with the Expert Witness Order.

A. Standard of Review

      Father first argues the trial court erroneously excluded all his expert

testimony and reports under North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b). This

Court has recently addressed a similar issue in Myers v. Myers:

             [Father]’s first issue arises from the trial court’s exclusion

                                         - 16 -
                                  AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

              of testimony of [his] expert witness based upon [his] failure
              to disclose the identity of the witness[es] sufficiently in
              advance of trial. As a general rule, we review the trial
              court’s rulings regarding discovery for abuse of
              discretion. See Miller v. Forsyth Mem’l Hosp., Inc., 174
              N.C. App. 619, 620, 625 S.E.2d 115, 116 (2005) (“It is well
              established that orders regarding discovery matters are
              within the discretion of the trial court and will not be upset
              on appeal absent a showing of abuse of that discretion. In
              addition, the appellant must show not only that the trial
              court erred, but that prejudice resulted from that error.
              This Court will not presume prejudice.” (citations and
              quotation marks omitted)). “An abuse of discretion is a
              decision manifestly unsupported by reason or one so
              arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a
              reasoned decision.” Briley v. Farabow, 348 N.C. 537, 547,
              501 S.E.2d 649, 656 (1998).

Myers, 269 N.C. App. at 240, 837 S.E.2d at 447-48. Father argues “the trial court

erred [both] as a matter of law and otherwise abused its discretion under North

Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 26 in precluding Father from presenting any

evidence or testimony from his expert witnesses.” (Capitalization altered.)

B. Analysis

      Father’s arguments address the trial court’s application of North Carolina Rule

of Civil Procedure 26. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 26 (2021). Father argues

“[t]he trial court erred as a matter of law in excluding” his experts and their reports

due to the fact the trial was scheduled with less than 120 days’ notice, and under Rule

26 “[t]here was no ‘unfair tactical advantage’ in the provision of Dr. Moore’s report

when Mother had had possession of that report for over a year prior to the trial date.”

Mother argues Father failed to preserve this issue for appellate review because he

                                          - 17 -
                                         AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                           Opinion of the Court

failed to comply with North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 43 by failing to make a

specific offer of proof as to the significance of the evidence. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-

1, Rule 43 (2021) (“[I]f an objection to a question propounded to a witness is sustained

by the court, the court on request of the examining attorney shall order a record made

of the answer the witness would have given. . . . In action tried without a jury the

same procedure may be followed[.]”); Currence v. Hardin, 296 N.C. 95, 99-100, 249

S.E.2d 387, 390 (1978) (In order to preserve the exclusion of evidence for appellate

review, “[u]nless the significance of the evidence is obvious from the record, counsel

offering the evidence must make a specific offer of what he expects to prove by the

answer of his witness.”). She also argues, even had Father complied with Rule 43,

“the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding [Father’s] expert testimony

and expert reports” because Father’s “argument is premised upon an improper

application of” North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 26. (Capitalization altered.)

        In the Expert Witness Order, the trial court based its exclusion of Father’s

expert evidence upon Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1). Father argues Rule 26(f) establishes “an

important exception to the timing requirements for disclosure of written reports”

under Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1).3 Rule 26(b)(4) states in relevant part:

3 Father argues “reports are to be served ‘[a]t least 90 days before the date set for trial or the case to
be ready for trial[.]’ N.C. R. Civ. P. 26(f)(1)[,]” and “‘[t]he time requirements of this sub-subsection shall
not apply if all parties had less than 120-days notice of the trial date.’ N.C. R. Civ. P. 26(f)(2)
(emphasis added).” We note that this precise language is found in Rule 26(b)(4)(f). Rule 26(f)
addresses discovery meetings following the filing of a complaint. Considering Rule 26’s lack of clarity,

                                                   - 18 -
                                        AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                          Opinion of the Court

                (4) Trial Preparation; Discovery of Experts.--Discovery of
                facts known and opinions held by experts, that are
                otherwise discoverable under the provisions of subdivision
                (1) of this subsection and acquired or developed in
                anticipation of litigation or for trial, may be obtained only
                as provided by this subdivision:

                a. 1. In general.--In order to provide openness and avoid
                      unfair tactical advantage in the presentation of a
                      case at trial, a party must disclose to the other parties
                      in accordance with this subdivision the identity of
                      any witness it may use at trial to present evidence . .
                      ..

                    2. Witnesses providing a written report.--The parties
                       shall have the option, in connection with the
                       disclosures required by this subdivision, of
                       accompanying the disclosure with a written report
                       prepared and signed by the witness if the witness is
                       one retained or specifically employed to provide
                       expert testimony in the case or one whose duties as
                       the party’s employee regularly involve giving expert
                       testimony. . . .

                ....

                f. Time to disclose expert witness testimony.--Parties
                   agreeing to the submission of written reports pursuant
                   to sub-sub-subdivision 2. of sub-subdivision a. of this
                   subdivision or parties otherwise seeking to obtain
                   disclosure as set forth herein by interrogatory shall,
                   unless otherwise stipulated, set by scheduling order or
                   otherwise ordered by the court, serve such written
                   report or in the case of no agreement on the submission
                   of written reports, interrogatory:

                    1. At least 90 days before the date set for trial or the

we do not fault Father for incorrectly citing the Rule, for as the trial judge in Myers noted, “I think . .
. [R]ule [26] is clear as mud.” Myers, 269 N.C. App. at 247, 837 S.E.2d at 451-52. This poorly worded
section of the Rule actually refers back to “sub-sub-subdivision 2. of sub-subdivision a. of this
subdivision.” See N.C. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(f).

                                                  - 19 -
                                   AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                    Opinion of the Court

                   case to be ready for trial; or

                2. If the evidence is intended solely to contradict or
                   rebut evidence on the same subject matter identified
                   by another party under sub-subdivision a. of this
                   subdivision, within 30 days after the other party’s
                   disclosure. If a party fails to provide timely disclosure
                   under this rule, the court may, upon motion, take
                   such action as it deems just, including ordering that
                   the party may not present at trial the expert witness
                   for whom disclosure was not timely made.

             The time requirements of this sub-subdivision shall not
             apply if all parties had less than 120-days’ notice of the
             trial date.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 26.

      Father cites our decision in Myers for the proposition that “[t]his Court has

already held that Rule 26 has no explicit time frame by which a party must give

advance notice of a party’s expert witnesses.” That much is true, and this lack of an

explicit time frame is the source of the problem. We note the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, upon which North Carolina’s rules were originally based, upon adoption

in 1967, have since been amended to clarify this and other issues under Rule 26, but

North Carolina’s Rule 26 no longer mirrors Federal Rule 26. See Sutton v. Duke, 277

N.C. 94, 99, 176 S.E.2d 161, 164 (1970) (“The North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure

are modeled after the federal rules. 48 N.C.L.Rev. 636 (1970). In most instances they

are verbatim copies with the same enumerations.             Sizemore, 5 Wake Forest

Intra.L.Rev. 1 (1969).”); Wickes Corp. v. Hodge, 7 N.C. App. 529, 530, 172 S.E.2d 890,

891 (1970) (“The 1967 General Assembly . . .enacted a new code of civil procedure . .

                                           - 20 -
                                   AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                    Opinion of the Court

. the effective date of the act [was] 1 January 1970[.]”). We addressed the changes to

Rule 26 in detail in Myers:

              The General Assembly has amended the rule of procedure
              in civil cases for discovery of information about another
              party’s expert witness. North [Carolina] Rule of Civil
              Procedure 26(b)(4) has largely been unchanged since 1975.
              With the amendments made by House Bill 376, S.L. 2015-
              153, the rule updates the methods of disclosing and
              deposing experts and implements some explicit work-
              product-type protections. The Rule now looks more like the
              corresponding provisions in Federal Rule of Civil
              Procedure 26 (after that Rule’s own significant round of
              changes in 2010).

Myers, 269 N.C. App. at 243, 837 S.E.2d at 449 (quoting Ann Anderson, North

Carolina’s Expert Witness Discovery Rule – Changes and Clarifications, On the Civil

Side:   A   UNC     School    of   Government       Blog   (4   Sept.   2015,   5:00   AM),

https://civil.sog.unc.edu/north-carolinas-expert-witness-discovery-rule-changes-and-

clarifications/).

                     As Professor Anderson’s blog post correctly noted,
              subsection (b)(4)(a)(1) which requires disclosure is now
              more similar to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26. In
              addition, other amendments to Rule 26 adopted at the
              same time also made North Carolina’s Rule 26 more
              similar to its federal counterpart. But since North Carolina
              has not adopted many of the other related provisions of the
              Federal Rules, the similarity is somewhat superficial.
              Regarding the 2015 amendments to Rule 26, Shuford’s
              North Carolina Civil Practice and Procedure notes that
              North Carolina Rule 26 and Federal Rule 26 both deal
              “with substantive aspects of discovery,” but they are
                     fundamentally different in their respective
                     approaches. Since 1993, when Federal Rule
                     26 was substantively rewritten, the discovery

                                           - 21 -
                                      AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                        Opinion of the Court

                      procedures were substantially changed to
                      establish what amounts, through mandatory
                      discovery    requirements,     to    standing
                      interrogatories and requests for disclosure
                      and production. The matter must be produced
                      no later than 14 days before a scheduled
                      conference to formulate a joint written
                      discovery plan. While the North Carolina
                      Rule now lays out the framework for a
                      discovery plan and conference to be crea[t]ed,
                      it is not mandatory unless one of the parties
                      requests to have a discovery meeting.
               Alan D. Woodlief, Jr., Shuford North Carolina Civil
               Practice and Procedure § 26:28 (2018).
                      Because the 2015 Amendments to Rule 26
               incorporated the concept of required disclosure of expert
               witnesses but set no procedure or timing for the disclosure,
               Rule 26(b[)](4)(a)(1) is ambiguous. The trial court
               appreciated this ambiguity, noting, “I think the rule is
               clear as mud.” We must therefore review the trial court’s
               interpretation of the 2015 Amendment to Rule 26 de novo.
               See Moore v. Proper, 366 N.C. at 30, 726 S.E.2d at 817.

Id. at 247, 837 S.E.2d at 451-52.

       Ultimately, we concluded in Myers that while Rule 26 sets no time frame for

the disclosure of expert witnesses: “Upon de novo review of Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1), we

hold the Rule does require advance disclosure of expert witnesses who will testify at

trial, even without a discovery request, discovery plan, or court order.” 4 Id. at 256,

837 S.E.2d at 456-57 (emphasis added). Additionally, “[t]he trial court [has] inherent

authority to impose a sanction for failure to disclose sufficiently in advance of trial.

4 Our holding the rule applies even absent discovery requests is important in the case at bar, as the
trial court found “[n]either party has served any written discovery on the opposing party and neither
party had, by written discovery, requested the identity of any expert witnesses.”

                                               - 22 -
                                  AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                    Opinion of the Court

The trial court has discretion to allow or to exclude [an expert]’s evidence or to impose

another sanction for the failure to disclose[.]” Id. at 256, 837 S.E.2d at 457 (emphasis

added).

      Our discussion in Myers also concluded, after a comparison with the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure:

             Since North Carolina General Statute § 1A-1, Rule
             26(b)(4)(a)(1) does not include a timeframe for voluntary
             disclosure and the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure
             do not include the other related rule provisions which give
             Federal Rule 26(a)(2)(D) clear time requirements and the
             Federal Rule 37 provisions which give it “teeth,” North
             Carolina’s Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1) leaves the matter of a party’s
             compliance and any sanction or remedy for noncompliance
             within the trial court’s inherent authority and discretion.
             The guiding purpose of disclosure in Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1) is
             “to provide openness and avoid unfair tactical advantage in
             the presentation of a case at trial[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-
             1, Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1). Thus, the trial court must make a
             discretionary determination of whether [Father]’s failure to
             disclose the expert sufficiently in advance of the trial gave
             [him] an “unfair tactical advantage” at trial or defeated the
             purpose of “providing openness” as contemplated by Rule
             26(b).

Id. at 255, 837 S.E.2d at 456 (emphasis added). In exercising its discretion, the trial

court is not required to exclude evidence should a party fail to disclose sufficiently in

advance experts that may testify at trial, but it may do so. See id. at 254-56, 837

S.E.2d at 456-57.

      As to the “important exception” carved out of Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1) by subdivision

26(b)(4)(f), “Rule 26(b)(4)(f) sets a time for disclosure of testifying expert witnesses if

                                           - 23 -
                                  AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

the parties have agreed to ‘submission of written reports pursuant to sub-sub-

subdivision 2. of sub-subdivision a. of this subdivision’ or by interrogatories. The time

for disclosure may also be set by stipulation, discovery plan, or court order.” Myers,

269 N.C. App. at 249 n.7, 837 S.E.2d at 452 n.7 (emphasis in original) (citations

omitted). Rule 26(b)(4)(f) therefore has no application “unless the parties have agreed

to exchange reports from expert witnesses, have stipulated to a schedule or there is

a discovery plan or order setting times for disclosure,” and as a result “Rule

26(b)(4)(a)(1) puts the parties in the difficult position of being bound by a vague

requirement to disclose expert witnesses without any particular time or method set

for making that disclosure.” Id. at 249, 837 S.E.2d at 453. In this case there was no

agreement, stipulation, discovery plan, or order setting disclosure timelines, so Rule

26(b)(4)(f) is inapplicable here. See id.

      The trial court was therefore vested with discretion to (1) exclude Father’s

expert testimony and reports and (2) impose any appropriate sanctions for failure to

comply with Rule 26. When making its “discretionary determination of whether

[Father] fail[ed] to disclose the expert[s] sufficiently in advance of the trial[,]” the

court was required to determine whether Father’s delay “gave [him] an ‘unfair

tactical advantage’ at trial or defeated the purpose of ‘providing openness’ as

contemplated by Rule 26(b).” Id. at 255, 837 S.E.2d at 456.

   1. Exclusion of Dr. Mack’s Report and Testimony and Dr. Harrell’s
      Testimony

                                            - 24 -
                                 AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

      Dr. Mack’s potential testimony and report and Dr. Harrell’s potential

testimony were both first disclosed by Father on the first day of trial. The trial court

did not abuse its discretion in excluding this evidence.

      The trial court made the following relevant findings of fact:

                    8.    This was the first time that the [ ] Father
             disclosed his intent to call any expert witnesses for trial or
             to attempt to introduce any expert witness report.

             ....

                   10.    The [ ] Father never gave the [ ] Mother or
             [her] attorney notice of his intent to introduce any
             psychological evaluation . . . .

                    11.   The attorney for the [ ] Mother objected to the
             testimony of these potential expert witnesses and to the
             introduction of any psychological evaluation or other
             reports prepared by said experts stating that the same had
             not been supplied to him within a reasonable time.

                     12.   The [ ] Father, through counsel, admitted that
             he had not previously produced the list of expert witnesses .
             . . other than the one that was required by the Temporary
             Custody Order stated above. . . .

                   13.    The [ ] Father had never given the [ ] Mother
             any indication by any means that he intended to introduce
             any psychological evaluations at the trial [of] this action.

                    14.       The attorney for the [ ] Mother requested that
             the Court consider sanctions in this matter by continuing
             this trial . . . or that the Court exclude said testimony and
             reports.

             ....

                   16.   The Court, as a Mixed Findings of Fact and
             Conclusions of Law determines that it has discretion under

                                          - 25 -
                                AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                 Opinion of the Court

            N.C.G.S. Section 1A-1, Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1) to impose
            sanctions for failure of a party to voluntarily disclose the
            existence of expert witnesses and expert witnesses reports
            that he or she intends to introduce at trial.

                   17.   The [ ] Father’s failure to disclose the expert
            witnesses’ identities and reports sufficiently in advance of
            the trial gave the [ ] Father “an unfair tactical advantage”
            at trial or at least defeated the purpose of “providing
            openness” as contemplated by N.C.G.S. Section 1A-1, Rule
            26(b).

                  18.       . . . the Court must either continue this
            matter . . . or . . . exclude the proposed witnesses and their
            reports.

                  19.    Given that the child custody portion of this
            case has been pending since the 21st day of October 2019
            and that this matter has been scheduled for trial before the
            undersigned Judge since the 18th day of February 2021, the
            Court cannot find any justification for not excluding said
            expert testimony and documentation in its discretion as
            allowed under N.C.G.S. Section 1A-1, Rule 26(a) as the [ ]
            Mother has been placed in an “unfair tactical position” by
            not having the opportunity to depose said expert witnesses
            and review their reports. Moreover, this case primarily
            involves custody and visitation issues which need to be
            resolved.

(Emphasis added.) Then, based upon these findings the trial court concluded:

                  1.     N.C.G.S. Section 1A-1, Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1)
            does require advanced disclosure of expert witnesses who
            will testify at trial and their reports even without a
            discovery request, discovery plan, or court order.

                  2.    The Court has the inherent authority to
            impose sanctions for failure to disclose sufficiently in
            advance of trial the identity of expert witnesses and the
            proposed use of their reports.

                   3.    The Court also in its discretion can allow or

                                        - 26 -
                                 AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

             exclude said evidence or impose other sanctions for failure
             to disclose.

                   4.     The Court has exercised its discretion in this
             matter and determined that the testimony and reports
             should be excluded as failure to do so would further delay
             this action and the [ ] Father offered no justification
             acceptable to the court for his failure to give sufficient
             advance notice of the proposed expert witnesses and
             documentation.

                   5.      As a Mixed Findings of Fact and Conclusions
             of Law, the late disclosure of said experts and their reports
             gave the [ ] Father “an unfair tactical advantage.”

(Emphasis added.) The trial court then ordered “[t]he expert witnesses identified . .

. the first day of trial in this hearing and the expert reports which were for the first

time disclosed as being proposed as exhibits . . . are excluded.”

      The trial court’s decision to exclude Drs. Mack and Harrell’s testimony and Dr.

Mack’s report was not an abuse of discretion. Instead, the trial court came to “a

decision manifestly [ ]supported by reason” and the order had to “have been the result

of a reasoned decision.” See Myers, 269 N.C. App. at 240, 837 S.E.2d at 447-48

(quoting Briley, 348 N.C. at 547, 501 S.E.2d at 656). The trial court found that Father

had waited until the last possible moment, the first day of trial, to disclose potential

expert witnesses to Mother. Even though Father was aware that the trial court was

concerned with his behavior, and had even ordered a psychological evaluation as part

of the Consent Order, Father had never given any indication up until trial that he

would be calling any expert witness or providing any expert report regarding the

                                          - 27 -
                                AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

psychological evaluation. By waiting until the eleventh hour Father placed himself

in an unfairly advantageous position at trial. And, although Rule 26 does not set

forth an explicit time frame for the disclosure of expert witnesses, it “does require

advance disclosure of expert witnesses who will testify at trial, even without a

discovery request, discovery plan, or court order[,]” as were the circumstances in the

present case. Id. at 256, 837 S.E.2d at 456-57.

      We also note, as to these expert reports, it appears Father had multiple

psychological evaluations completed during November and December 2019, yet

appears to only have intended to call the experts who offered favorable reports. On

the first day of trial, Mother’s attorney was also provided the name of a “Dr. Varley,

who is the only person that talked to Dr. Harrell,” and who apparently disagreed with

at least one of Father’s other proposed experts. Father’s counsel, however, did not

indicate he planned to call Dr. Varley. Father’s counsel instead referred to “three

expert witnesses,” and included Drs. Mack, Harrell, and Moore. The trial court also

considered the fact that this case had been pending for nearly 18 months, and that

visitation and custody issues would be delayed should the court continue the trial

rather than exclude Father’s proposed expert witnesses. The trial court did not

arbitrarily decide to exclude Father’s proposed experts. The decision whether to

exclude Father’s expert witnesses and reports was within the trial court’s discretion

and the circumstances of this case support exclusion of the expert witnesses and

reports provided to Mother’s attorney the first day of trial. See Myers, 269 N.C. App.

                                         - 28 -
                                        AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                          Opinion of the Court

at 240, 837 S.E.2d at 447-48 (citing Miller, 174 N.C. App. at 620, 625 S.E.2d at 116).

        The trial court’s decision to exclude Dr. Mack and Dr. Harrell’s expert

testimony and Dr. Mack’s report was not an abuse of discretion. The portion of the

trial court’s Expert Witness Order excluding these experts is affirmed.

    2. Exclusion of Dr. Moore’s Report and Testimony

        We address Dr. Moore’s report and testimony separately because the facts as

to his report and evaluation are quite different from those of the other proposed

experts. We first note that Dr. Moore’s report was prepared based upon the Consent

Order and served upon Mother over a year prior to trial.                          Father’s argument

regarding Dr. Moore’s report and testimony is thus much stronger than as to the

other proposed expert witnesses who were just identified immediately prior to trial.

There is no question that Mother had ample notice of Dr. Moore’s report and opinions,

and as noted above, it is not entirely clear that Mother objected to this evidence.5

        As to Dr. Moore’s report, the court found:

                      9.      The parties were required to secure a
                psychological evaluation as to custodial fitness by the
                Temporary Custody Order entered herein by Consent in
                the case having Halifax File Number 19-CVD-901. [ ]
                Father secured such a psychological evaluation from Dr.
                Roger B. Moore, Jr. which psychological evaluation was
                provided to [ ] Mother’s attorney on December 5, 2019, and
                which was the same report disclosed to [ ] Mother’s

5 Her counsel stated before the trial court: “[M]y response would be . . . we’d like it stricken except for
the one that’s been disclosed to us, and we obviously have no problem about that,” referring to Dr.
Moore’s report.

                                                  - 29 -
                                   AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                    Opinion of the Court

               attorney on April 28, 2021.

Addressing all three proposed expert witnesses, the court ultimately concluded “the

late disclosure of said experts and their reports gave the [ ] Father ‘an unfair tactical

advantage.’”

      When ruling on Mother’s motion to exclude Father’s proposed expert witness,

the trial court stated:

                      Regardless of the rule, basic fairness requires that a
               party tell the other party in advance that they intend to
               call expert witnesses so that the other side can be prepared,
               they can get their own expert witnesses to talk about it or
               they can interview or depose, as we say, your expert
               witness to find out what they might have an opinion about
               and what it’s based upon.

               ....

                      On reading the pleadings and listening to the
               evidence so far, it seems to me that nothing in the mother’s
               case should have been a surprise to the father. She
               obtained a domestic violence protective order in September
               of 2019 alleging domestic violence. And I think any experts
               to dispute his -- or to dispute that characterization of his
               tendency to violence could have been planned prior to trial
               with notice to her so she could have a chance to depose that
               witness or gather other witnesses in the field.

                      I’m not inclined to delay this trial. It’s been two
               years almost -- well, a year and a half, since they separated.
               We’ve got a two-year-old child here at stake. I think the
               parties and [Charlie] need a resolution of this matter.

The trial court also recognized shortly before denying the motion: “Well now, the first

one [, Dr. Moore’s report,] you mentioned that they’ve had for several months, I

believe that was required by the consent order that they signed in October. So -- and

                                           - 30 -
                                       AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                         Opinion of the Court

so I know what that’s all about.”6 (Emphasis added.) In addition, Finding of Fact No.

9 in the Expert Witness Order also recognized that Dr. Moore’s report was produced

based upon the prior court order and had been provided to Mother long before trial.

While the court noted that “nothing in the [M]other’s case should have been a surprise

to the [F]ather[,]” the trial court’s Expert Witness Order did not distinguish between

Dr. Moore’s report and the other expert witnesses who were disclosed just before trial.

Mother was served with the report long before trial and she had a full opportunity to

depose Dr. Moore, if she had wished to do so. Based upon the trial court’s own

findings, Father’s use of Dr. Moore’s report or his testimony at trial would not have

resulted in any surprise to Mother or unfair tactical advantage to Father.

       But even if we assume arguendo that the trial court erred by excluding Dr.

Moore’s evidence, Father has not demonstrated any prejudice from exclusion of this

expert witness. See Myers, 269 N.C. App. at 240, 837 S.E.2d at 447 (citing Miller v.

Forsyth Mem’l Hosp., Inc., 174 N.C. App. 619, 620, 625 S.E.2d 115, 116 (2005) (“It is

well established that orders regarding discovery matters are within the discretion of

the trial court and will not be upset on appeal absent a showing of abuse of that

discretion. In addition, the appellant must show not only that the trial court erred,

but that prejudice resulted from that error[.]” (citations and quotation marks

6 The trial court’s statements in rendering the custody order also tend to indicate it was aware of the
contents of Dr. Moore’s report. Although various witnesses testified about the “events of September
20th,” these events were the impetus to Mother’s request for a protective order and the entry of the
Consent Order, and Dr. Moore identified these events in his report.

                                                - 31 -
                                  AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                    Opinion of the Court

omitted))). Father argues he was prejudiced by the exclusion of his expert witnesses’

evidence, including Dr. Moore’s report and testimony, because the trial court granted

primary custody and full final decision-making authority to Mother. The trial court

decreed:

                     2.     In exercising primary physical and legal
              custody of [Charlie], the Mother shall consult with the
              Father about any significant decisions in the life of said
              child such as major healthcare procedures, educational
              decisions, or extracurricular activities. However, if the
              parties cannot agree after a reasonable period of
              consultation (defined as meaning no more than 72 hours)
              then the decision of the Mother as the primary physical and
              legal custodian will control the decision.

(Emphasis added.) Father contends the trial court granting Mother total and final

decision-making authority should the parties disagree, for any reason, as to “any

significant decision[ ] in the life of said child” effectively deprives him of his right to

co-parent his child.

       Mother contends that even if the trial court should have allowed Father to

present his proposed expert testimony and reports, he has failed to identify any

specific findings he contends are unsupported by the evidence, nor has he

demonstrated that the trial court abused its discretion by granting her primary

custody and final decision-making authority, so he was not prejudiced by the

exclusion. Father contends he was prejudiced because he was deprived of any right

to make decisions as to raising his child and the trial court may have ruled differently

if he had been allowed to present the expert evidence. We only address the potential

                                           - 32 -
                                  AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

prejudice to Father from the exclusion of Dr. Moore’s report because, as stated above,

even assuming arguendo the trial court erred in excluding Dr. Moore’s report, Father

has not shown any prejudice resulting from the exclusion of Dr. Moore’s report.

      When evidence is improperly excluded and not considered by the trial court,

the issue is not whether the findings of fact the trial court made were supported by

the evidence; the issue is we normally do not know what findings the trial court might

have made if it had considered the excluded evidence. We have reviewed Dr. Moore’s

report, and it is not apparent this evidence might have led the trial court to rule

differently upon Father’s decision-making authority or visitation schedule. And here,

the trial court’s rendition of the order and the findings of fact indicate Father was not

prejudiced from the exclusion of Dr. Moore’s report and testimony.

      Dr. Moore’s report notes that he prepared a “forensic psychological evaluation”

and noted as the “reason for referral” that Father had “presented for a forensic

psychological evaluation as agreed to in a consent order detailing temporary custody

in the aftermath of events that occurred in the family home in September of 2019.”

Based upon the trial court’s findings of fact and rendition of the rationale for the order

in open court, Father has not demonstrated prejudice from the exclusion of Dr.

Moore’s report or testimony. The trial court did not find that Father suffered from

any psychological disorder or that he presented any risk of harm to the child. To the

contrary, the trial court found that Father “has a healthy and nurturing relationship

with [Charlie,]” that he “has also been attentive and appropriate in his care of

                                          - 33 -
                                 AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                    Opinion of the Court

[Charlie] but has been less involved in the daily care of [Charlie] than the Mother

because of the terms of the temporary custody order and because he has worked more

hours than the Mother to provide financially for the family.” The trial court concluded

that Father is a “fit and proper person to have physical and legal custody of [Charlie.]”

The trial court specifically noted when rendering the ruling that “[i]n making findings

of fact that support this order, I do not find the events of September 20th to be

significant to the determination of custody or visitation and they really had little

bearing on my judgment. The arguments that day do not reflect the parties’ care and

concern for [Charlie].” (Emphasis added.) Therefore, even if we were to assume

arguendo the trial court should have allowed Father to present evidence from Dr.

Moore, based upon the trial court’s findings of fact regarding Father and its

determination that the events of September 20th did not have any real bearing upon

its ruling, Father has failed to show the exclusion of Dr. Moore’s evidence created any

prejudice.

      Because Father did not make a requisite showing of prejudice resulting from

exclusion of Dr. Moore’s evidence, see Myers, 269 N.C. App. at 240, 837 S.E.2d at 447-

48 (citing Miller, 174 N.C. App. at 620, 625 S.E.2d at 116), we affirm the trial court’s

Expert Witness Order as to Dr. Moore.

                              IV.     Custody Order

      “Visitation privileges are but a lesser degree of custody.” Clark v. Clark, 294

N.C. 554, 575-76, 243 S.E.2d 129, 142 (1978). Because both parents were found to be

                                           - 34 -
                                 AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

“fit and proper persons to have physical and legal custody of [Charlie],” and because

Mother was granted primary legal custody and Father was granted visitation, we

therefore “review a trial court’s deviation from pure joint legal custody for abuse of

discretion, [and] ‘[the] trial court’s findings of fact must support the court’s exercise

of this discretion.’” Eddington v. Lamb, 260 N.C. App. 526, 535, 818 S.E.2d 350, 357

(2018) (quoting Peters v. Pennington, 210 N.C. App. 1, 17, 707 S.E.2d 724, 736 (2011);

citing Diehl v. Diehl, 177 N.C. App. 642, 647, 630 S.E.2d 25, 28 (2006)). We must

determine “whether, based on the findings of fact below, the trial court made specific

findings of fact to warrant a division of joint legal authority.” Id. (quoting Hall v.

Hall, 188 N.C. App. 527, 535, 655 S.E.2d 901, 906 (2008)). However, as to the trial

court’s division of legal custody, we note “[o]ur trial courts have wide latitude in

distributing decision-making authority between the parties based on the specifics of

a case.” Id. at 535, 818 S.E.2d at 357 (quoting Peters, 210 N.C. App. at 17, 707 S.E.2d

at 736 (in turn citing Diehl, 177 N.C. App. at 647, 630 S.E.2d at 28)).

      We first note Father does not specifically challenge any findings of fact in the

Custody Order.    He also does not argue the trial court abused its discretion in

awarding Mother primary physical and legal custody.           Father’s arguments are

instead limited to non-specific and general references to the trial court’s findings and

that these findings do not support its conclusions. Father argues there are “literally

no findings to support an abrogation of Father’s right to exercise joint legal custody

over Charlie as a fit and proper parent of Charlie.” (Emphasis in original.) Father

                                          - 35 -
                                 AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

argues the trial court erred by giving “‘primary’ legal custody of Charlie” to Mother

after finding both parents “fit and proper persons to have physical and legal custody

of Charlie” because “primary legal custody gives Mother final decision[-]making

authority over all significant decisions concerning Charlie[,]” and “[t]he trial court’s

order improperly denies Father his ability as a fit and proper parent to co-parent

Charlie.” Mother notes Father’s failure to make any specific challenges to the trial

court’s Findings of Fact, and argues Father misunderstands the current law in North

Carolina and “improperly asks this Court to overturn the award of primary legal

custody to [Mother] and order [pure] joint legal custody[.]” The trial court did not

abuse its discretion in awarding Mother primary legal custody, and the trial court’s

findings of fact support its conclusions of law.

      The trial court awarded Mother primary legal custody and final decision-

making authority should the parties be unable to reconcile their positions as to “any

significant decisions in the life of [Charlie] such as major healthcare procedures,

educational decisions, or extracurricular activities.” The award of primary physical

custody was made after the trial court concluded:

                   3.     The Mother and Father are fit and proper
             persons to have physical and legal custody of [Charlie].

                    4.      As a Mixed Findings of Fact and Conclusions
             of Law, the undersigned Judge determined that, at this
             time, it is in the best interest of the minor child, [Charlie],
             for the Mother to have primary physical and legal custody
             of [Charlie] with the Father having the visitation privileges
             as hereinafter set forth.

                                          - 36 -
                                AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

To support this conclusion of law, the trial court also made “specific findings of fact

to warrant a division of joint legal authority.” Eddington, 260 N.C. at 535, 818 S.E.2d

at 357 (quotation marks omitted).      In the Custody Order, the trial court found

“Mother has extensive community and family support locally” and “Father is not from

the Roanoke Rapids area” where the family lived. The trial court found “[t]he parties

agreed after the birth of [Charlie]” that Mother’s mother and cousin “would be

caregivers of [Charlie], whenever either of the parties worked.” The trial court also

found Father returned to work full time, while Mother was able to structure her

professional obligations so that she can spend significantly more time caring for

Charlie. This includes having her mother and cousin care for Charlie while Mother

is at work. Additionally, Mother has taken additional steps to ensure a healthy and

balanced life for Charlie, including making “certain [Charlie] did not eat store-bought

baby food or other such foods” by making “baby food from scratch as soon as he began

eating solid food[,]” by making “him nutritious dishes which has resulted in [Charlie]

having an extraordinary exposure to a number of healthy foods[,]” by clothing him

and making all healthcare appointments, by “expos[ing] [Charlie] to a number of new

friends in outdoor settings and places as reasonably possible given the COVID-19

pandemic and her valid concerns for [Charlie]’s safety,” and by “limiting her income

and work schedule so that she could spend time with [Charlie].” The trial court

summarized its findings well when rendering the judgment in open court:

                    It is clear to me that the mother has been the

                                         - 37 -
                                AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

             primary caregiver of [Charlie] since birth. She has been an
             extraordinary caregiver, absolutely devoted to [Charlie]’s
             care and development. She drastically limited her work
             schedule and her income.

                   But I also find that the father has been attentive and
             appropriate in his care of [Charlie], just much less involved
             than the mother.

      Although the trial court also found Father spent significant time with Charlie,

fed and clothed him, and developed “a healthy and nurturing relationship with

[Charlie] . . . by reading to him; exposing him to music, and involving [Charlie] in

indoor structured play and outdoor play and activities when weather allows[,]” the

trial court’s decision to grant mother primary legal and physical custody was not an

abuse of discretion. “Our trial courts have wide latitude in distributing decision-

making authority between the parties based on the specifics of a case.” Eddington,

260 N.C. App. at 535, 818 S.E.2d at 357 (quotations marks omitted). The trial court

here granted Mother primary legal and physical custody after finding that Mother

had made great efforts to ensure a stable, balanced, and healthy lifestyle for Charlie,

and that Mother was “the primary caregiver” of Charlie. Mother was able to provide

a greater degree of flexibility and support in her caretaking of Charlie and was able

to leverage her local family for additional support. The trial court recognized Father

had also taken good care of Charlie but determined Mother was in a better position

to understand Charlie’s medical, educational, and social needs. And, ultimately,

when two parties are unable to effectively communicate or resolve a decision, there

                                         - 38 -
                                   AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                                        Opinion of the Court

necessarily must be a way to defeat any stalemate as to “any significant decision[ ]”

in Charlie’s life. As the trial court stated, “one parent has to be in charge when you

can’t agree, and this is the only way it works.”

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding Mother primary

physical and legal custody of Charlie, including final decision-making authority

should Mother and Father be unable to agree as to important decisions regarding

Charlie’s health, wellbeing, and education. The trial court’s findings of fact also

support its conclusions of law. The trial court’s Custody Order is affirmed.

                                   V.       Conclusion

       The trial court’s conclusion excluding Dr. Moore’s report and testimony based

upon failure to timely disclose this expert under Rule 26(b) of Civil Procedure was

not supported by its findings of fact since the report had been disclosed over a year

prior to trial.   However, Father has not demonstrated any prejudice from the

exclusion of Dr. Moore’s report or testimony.             The trial court did not abuse its

discretion in excluding Father’s other expert witnesses, who were identified for the

first time on the first day of trial.

       We also conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by awarding

Mother primary physical and legal custody, with final decision-making authority

when Mother and Father are unable to agree as to important decisions regarding

Charlie’s health, wellbeing, and education. The Custody Order and Expert Witness

Order are affirmed.

                                               - 39 -
                       AMAN V. NICHOLSON

                         Opinion of the Court

AFFIRMED.

Judge COLLINS concurs.

Judge CARPENTER concurs in Parts II, III-A, and IV and concurs in result

only in Part III-B.

                                - 40 -