Court Opinion

ID: 2807470
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-11 16:02:00.220327+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:24:16.291632
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

)

DL, et al., )
)

Plaintiffs, )

)

v. ) Civil Case No. 05-1437

)

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., )
)

Defendants. )

)

)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Plaintiffs in this class action challenge the District of Columbia’s alleged failure to
implement policies, procedures, and practices to ensure its compliance with its duties under the
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400, et seq.; Section 504 of the
Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794(a); and District of Columbia law.

Plaintiffs now move the Court for partial summary judgment as to the District’s liability
through 2007 with respect to each subclass’s claims. Plaintiffs also seek judgment pursuant to Rule
52(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on the District’s liability for the period from January
1, 2008, through April 6, 2011, with respect to each subclass’s claims.

The District moves the Court to exclude the expert reports and testimony of Drs. Carl Dunst

and Leonard Cupingood. Defs.’ Mot. to Exclude,, and to grant summary judgment in its favor as

to the claims of all plaintiffs from March 22, 2010 to the present.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Statutory Scheme

Plaintiffs—residents of the District of Columbia and former preschool-age children with
various disabilities—ﬁled suit in 2005, alleging that the District failed to provide them a free
appropriate public education (“FAPE”) in violation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education
Act (“IDEA”).

Congress enacted the IDEA “to ensure that all children with disabilities have available to
them a free appropriate public education that emphasizes special education and related services
designed to meet their unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and
independent living.” 20 U.S.C. § l400(d)(1)(A). In exchange for federal funding, the IDEA
requires that states and the District of Columbia “establish policies and procedures to ensure . . .
that free appropriate public education [FAPE] . . . is available to disabled children.” Reid ex rel.
Reid v. District of Columbia, 401 F.3d 516, 518 (DC. Cir. 2005) (internal quotations omitted); see
also 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A). Under the IDEA, “[s]chool districts may not ignore disabled
students’ needs, nor may they await parental demands before providing special instruction.” Reid,
401 F.3d at 518. Instead, the IDEA imposes an afﬁrmative obligation on school systems to “ensure
that all children with disabilities residing in the State . . . regardless of the severity of their

disabilities, and who are in need of special education and related services, are identiﬁed, located,

and evaluated.” Id. at 519 (internal quotations omitted); 20 U.S.C. § l412(a)(3)(A). The District’s

laws implementing the IDEA require that once a potential candidate for special education services
is identiﬁed, the District must conduct an initial evaluation and make an eligibility determination
within 120 days. DC. Code § 38-2561.02(a). The duties to identify, evaluate, and determine

eligibility for disabled children are collectively known as the “Child Find” obligation.

In its prior grant of summary judgment, this Court analyzed the District’s compliance with
each of the four obligations at issue under the IDEA with respect to each of the four duties. After
extensive discovery, the Court set forth material undisputed facts supporting its conclusion that
there was no genuine dispute that the District’s attempts to identify, evaluate, determine eligibility
of, and transition disabled children were inadequate through and including 2007. These facts are
sufﬁcient to establish the District’s liability under the IDEA on each subclass’s claim.

a. Identifying children

In 2010, this Court found no genuine issue of material fact on the issue of the District’s
failure to identify children. This Court held: “There is no genuine dispute that defendants’ attempts
to ﬁnd disabled children in the District . . . were inadequate. Further, there is no genuine dispute
that defendants actually failed to ﬁnd these disabled children.” 2010 Opinion at 97.

The Court reasoned that “[t]he parties agree that, at least through and including the year
2007, ‘defendants’ refusal to accept and act on referrals made by primary referral sources was
impeding identiﬁcation of children eligible for preschool special education.”’ Id. at 96. The parties
also agreed that “[d]efendants h[ad] pursued the same Child Find activities for several years
without achieving a signiﬁcant increase in the number of preschool-age children served under Part
B.” Id.

Thus, plaintiffs have already shown and the Court has already found that there is no
material dispute: Prior to 2007, the District failed to adequately identify children pursuant to its
duties under the IDEA.

b. Initial evaluations and eligibility determinations
Similarly, this Court held: “[T]here is no genuine dispute that defendants’ initial

evaluations were inadequate.” Id. at 97.

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The parties agreed that in 2001, OSEP determined that the District had not met the
requirement for timely evaluations under their Compliance Agreement, and thus designated the
District as a “high risk grantee.” Id. at 96. OSEP thus attached special conditions to the District’s
federal grant for that year, including requirements to ensure that the District conducted timely
evaluations. Id. The parties agreed that OSEP cited the District for their failure to comply in each
subsequent year through and including 2008. Id.

Relatedly, the Court found no genuine issue of material fact as to the issue of eligibility

determinations.

Plaintiffs assert that [ﬂrom 2000 through 2008, 62.02% of all children ages 3
through 5 received an eligibility determination within 120 days of referral.
Plaintiffs further assert that [f]rom 2000 through 2008, only 65.80% of children
ages 3 through 5 deemed eligible for special education received an eligibility
determination within 120 days of referral. Defendants challenge these two
assertions solely on the basis that they are based on Dr. Cupingood’s
testimony, which they argue is inadmissible. The Court held in a separate order
issued this same date, however, that Dr. Cupingood’s testimony is admissible as
expert testimony. The Court therefore agrees with plaintiffs’ assertions.

Id. at 97 (quotations omitted). The District did not dispute—then or now—that it failed to timely
make initial evaluations and eligibility determinations through 2007. These two subclasses have
therefore met their burden under Rule 56.

c. Transitions

Finally, the Court speciﬁcally held that at least through and including the year 2007,
“defendants failed to comply with their obligation to ensure a smooth and effective transition for

disabled children from Part C to Part B, in violation of § 1412(a)(9) of the IDEA.” Id. at 98. This

Court stated:

There is no genuine dispute that defendants failed to ensure effective transitions
from Part C to Part B, as an overwhelming majority of disabled children in certain
years did not have an individualized education plan and enrollment in preschool

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special education by their third birthdays. There is no genuine dispute that the
District’s procedures to facilitate these transitions were inadequate.

Id. The Court explained this holding by noting several undisputed facts. The parties agreed that:

o Defendants’ actions “didn’t result in effective transitions for children into Part B from Part C.”
1d. at 98.

o For the 2004-05 school year, only 17% of the eligible children referred by Part C to Part B had
an individualized education plan developed and implemented by their third birthdays. Id..

0 For the 2006-07 school year, 4% of Part C graduates were enrolled in preschool special
education by their third birthdays. Id.

0 At least through and including the year 2008, the District’s “most signiﬁcant challenge . . .
[was] getting children through this [transition] process in a timely manner with the least amount
of disruption to the child and family.” Id.

0 At least through and including the year 2007, “the procedures used by defendants to screen
children exiting Part C were in many cases not necessary and delayed provision of preschool
special education.” Id.

0 At least through and including the year 2007, “the screening procedures used by defendants
with preschool children were unreliable and were not always aligned with accepted practices
in the ﬁeld.” Id.

Clearly the Court thoroughly considered the fourth subclass’s claims relating to transitions and
determined that then, as now, there were no genuine disputed facts. As such, this subclass of
plaintiffs is entitled to summary judgment on their claims.
2. District of Columbia Law

District of Columbia law incorporates the federal FAPE and Child Find obligations.

All local education agencies (LEA) in the District of Columbia shall ensure,

pursuant to the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA), that all

children with disabilities, ages three to twenty-two, who are residents or wards of

the District of Columbia, have available to them a free appropriate education

(F APE) and that the rights of these children and their parents are protected.

D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 5, § 3000.1 (emphasis added). As the law states and this Court previously
noted, this D.C. law creates the same standards as those in federal law. The Court found above that

the District’s policies to identify, evaluate, determine eligibility, and transition failed to comply

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with its obligations under federal law. Therefore, the Court ﬁnds that at least through and including

the year 2007, the District’s actions constituted Violations of the DC. law as to each subclass.

3. Rehabilitation Act Claims

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act provides that “no otherwise qualiﬁed individual with
a disability in the United States . . . shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from
the participation in, be denied the beneﬁts of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program
or activity receiving Federal ﬁnancial assistance . . . .” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). The implementing
regulations state: “A recipient that operates a public elementary or secondary education program
or activity shall provide a free appropriate public education to each qualiﬁed handicapped person
who is in the recipient’s jurisdiction, regardless of the nature or severity of the person’s handicap.”
34 CPR. 104.33. In order to state a claim under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff
must show that “something more than a mere failure to provide the “free and appropriate public
education’ required by the IDEA has occurred.” Walker v. District of Columbia, 157 F. Supp. 2d
11, 35 (D.D.C. 2001). Generally, planitiffs who show either “bad faith or gross misjudgrnent” can
prevail under Section 504 for IDEA Violations. Id. Liability is not imposed where “state ofﬁcials
involved have exercised professional judgment, in such a way as not to depart grossly from
accepted standards among educational professionals.” Monahan v. Nebraska, 687 F.2d 1 164, 1 171
(8th Cir. 1982). The Court should grant summary judgment for plaintiff on their Section 504
claims if they show “bad faith or gross misjudgrnent” by defendants as to each subclass.

However, the Court did not make such ﬁndings in its earlier opinion and it is not equipped
to do so today. While the Court previously analyzed the District’s four distinct obligations under

the IDEA, its ﬁndings of liability under the Rehabilitation Act were based on the District’s general

history of procedural and statistical failures. In fact, plaintiffs speciﬁcally noted that they were not

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trying to prove “that defendants demonstrated ‘bad faith or gross misjudgment’ in denying a FAPE
to a speciﬁc class member;” rather, they sought to prove “the longstanding, gross departures from
accepted educational practice within defendants’ Child Find system that have resulted, and
continue to result, in the systematic denial of FAPE to the entire plaintiff class.” 2010 Opinion at
99 (citing plaintiffs’ motion) (emphasis added). Accordingly, the Court made only general ﬁndings
of bad faith rather than tying it to speciﬁc procedures or policies:

There is no genuine dispute that defendants knew, based on communications with

OSEP, that they were not in compliance with their legal obligations, yet they failed

to change their actions. There is no genuine dispute that defendants’ relative

provision of services under the IDEA was lower than that of every state in the

country, and in most cases signiﬁcantly lower. There is no genuine dispute that
defendants’ failures were a departure from accepted educational practices
throughout the country. All of these facts show defendants’ bad faith or gross
misjudgrnent.
Id. at 100. The Court concluded that “these facts show defendants’ bad faith or gross misjudgment”
and granted plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on liability as to plaintiffs’ claims under the
Rehabilitation Act. Id. But the Court did not consider—and was not asked to consider—whether
the District’s actions reached “bad faith or gross misjudgment” as to each subclass.

The plaintiffs concede this in a footnote of their reply brief. Pls.’ Reply in Further Support
of Pls.’ Mot. SJ. 5 n. 1. However, they argue that “[a]s discussed herein, the Court made more than
sufﬁcient ﬁndings of facts to establish violations of the Rehabilitation Act as to each of the four
subclasses. Therefore, the Court can easily point to the material facts that establish the District’s
liability on each subclass’s Rehabilitation Act claim.” Id. The Court disagrees: This is no easy
task. Because this issue—as applied to the four subclasses or duties, speciﬁcally—was not

previously briefed in this case, and plaintiffs fail to elaborate on this footnote in their pending

motions, the Court declines to grant plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on this issue.

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Because the plaintiffs have not made it clear there is no genuine issue of material fact relating to
whether the District displayed “bad faith or gross misjudgment” as to each subclass, plaintiffs’

motion for summary judgment on Rehabilitation Act claims will be denied.

III. PLAINTIFF 8’ MOTION FOR JUDGMENT UNDER RULE 52(C) AS TO
DEFENDANTS’ LIABILITY FOR THE PERIOD FROM JANUARY 1, 2008,
THROUGH APRIL 6, 2011

Plaintiffs also move for judgment on partial ﬁndings under Rule 52(0) of the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure on defendants’ liability for the period from January 1, 2008, through the date
of the previous trial, April 6, 2011, with respect to each subclass’s claims.

A. Rule 52(C) Standard

Rule 52(C) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides, in pertinent part, that:
If a party has been fully heard on an issue during a nonjury trial and the court ﬁnds against

the party on that issue, the court may enter judgment against the party on a claim or defense
that, under the controlling law, can be maintained or defeated only with a favorable ﬁnding

on that issue.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(C); see also Nkpado v. Standard Fire Ins. Co., 697 F. Supp. 2d 94, 98 n.4 (D.D.C.
2010) (quoting Advisory Committee Notes to Rule 52(0)) (1991 amendment to the rule “authorizes

the court[ ] to enter judgment at any time that it can appropriately make a dispositive ﬁnding of

fact on the evidence”).

When considering a Rule 52(C) motion, “a district court may not draw any special
inferences in favor of the non-movant”; rather, “the court must weigh the evidence, resolve any
conﬂicts in it, and decide where the preponderance lies.” United States ex rel. Ervz'n & Assocs. v.
Hamilton Secs. Grp., Inc., 298 F. Supp. 2d 91, 92—93 (D.D.C. 2004) (citations omitted). In so

doing, the trier of fact “retains, the authority, if not the obligation, to draw reasonable inferences

from the facts found.” Id. at 93 n.3.

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B. Analysis
1. IDEA and DC. Law Claims

The District argues that it was not fully heard on all issues relevant to a ﬁnding of liability
as to plaintiffs’ subclass claims from January 1, 2008 through April 6, 2011. Furthermore, it argues
that the ﬁndings issued by the Court in 2011 are not dispositive of plaintiffs’ individual subclass
claims. See Defs.’ Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. S]. 4—1 1.

a. “Fully heard”

The District has already been fully heard on the issue of their liability under the IDEA and
related D.C. law claims. The Court issued ﬁndings of fact and conclusions of law on these issues
after a full trial on the merits. See 2013 Opinion at 19 (the Court stating it “has made ﬁndings of
fact regarding the District’s IDEA performance through April 2011”). Indeed, the District
concedes this. See Defs.’ Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. SJ. 4 (noting that the Court previously “made
ﬁndings against Defendants that relate to the period of January 1, 2008 to April 6, 2011, and those
ﬁndings address, in certain respects, the four categories of procedural harms underlying Plaintiffs’
subclasses”).

The Court previously rejected the District’s argument that the new subclasses would have
warranted a different litigation strategy, ﬁnding that “[s]ince the inception of this case, the
plaintiffs have alleged that the District failed to meet its statutory obligations to (1) identify
disabled children; (2) timely evaluate identiﬁed children; (3) make timely eligibility
determinations; and (4) provide smooth and effective transitions from Part C to Part B services.”
2013 Opinion at 22. “The district therefore conducted discovery, deposed and cross examined
witnesses, and made motions to this court knowing that these four claims were the subject of this

case.” Id. For the same reasons, the Court today holds that the District has been “fully heard” on

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the issue of their liability under IDEA and related D.C. law claims as to each individual subclass,

as Rule 52(c) requires.

The District also contends that fact discovery was not closed for the period before 2011, as
demonstrated by plaintiffs’ requests for documents allegedly pertaining to that time period. Defs.’
Opp’n 5—6. Plaintiffs counter that the District itself has prohibited discovery on pre-2011 issues.
Pls.’ Reply 11. Regardless of the parties’ conduct during discovery, this Court reopened discovery
on post-2011 issues only. After the DC. Circuit vacated and remanded to this Court, this Court
“commence[d] proceedings to make ﬁndings of fact on the District’s IDEA compliance with
respect to each subclass since April 2011,” 2013 Opinion at 19 (emphasis added), suggesting that
discovery prior to 2011 was indeed closed.

b. Dispositive of claims

The District argues that the prior ﬁndings are not dispositive of the plaintiffs’ claims. The
District argues that a more thoroughly developed record—one that includes evidence subsequent
to the 2011 trial——would demonstrate that “policies that were implemented prior to trial in 2011
were, indeed, well designed, thoughtfully implemented over time, and are now functioning
effectively.” Defs.’ Opp’n 9. Post-trial evidence may indeed suggest “that new policies and
procedures that took effect in 2010 would quickly lead to considerable progress for the District’s

Child Find system.” Id. at 8.
That is beside the point. As already explained, the District was fully heard on the issue of

its liability through the trial date, and this Court made speciﬁc ﬁndings that the District failed to
implement policies that should have ensured these outcomes. See generally 2013 Opinion. What
is at issue is not whether the policies enacted in 2010 produced results “over time.” Defs.’ Opp’n

to Pls.’ Mot. SJ. 8. The question before the Court is whether the District’s policies were

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successfully implemented, thus ensuring that the District met the required conditions. It is not
enough that the policies may have been effective in the future. Indeed, the District concedes that
the IDEA “holds states accountable for ensuring that the framework they create is implemented at
the local level.” Id. And unfortunately for them, this Court previously found that the District did
not implement successful policies at least through the 2011 trial date.

The District suggests that such a holding would amount to holding the District strictly liable
for procedural violations. Id. But this Court never sought to demand perfection, and instead found
that the District failed to provide required services to signiﬁcant numbers of preschool-aged
disabled children.

0. Analysis

The Court speciﬁcally extended its ﬁndings, ﬁnding the District liable under the IDEA as
to each plaintiff subclass. The Court found that “defendants failed to identify and provide timely
initial evaluations to all preschool-age children with disabilities in the District of Columbia, in
violation of 20 U.S.C. §§ 1412(a)(3)(A) and l414(a)(1)(C).” 2011 Opinion at 22. “[D]efendants
failed to offer timely eligibility determinations to all preschool-age children with disabilities in the
District of Columbia, in violation of 20 U.S.C. § l414(b)(4).” Id. Finally, “[D]efendants failed to
comply with their obligation to ensure a smooth and effective transition for disabled children from

part C to Part B, in violation of 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(9).” Id. at 32.
The Court also found the District liable under D.C. law through at least the trial date as to

each plaintiff subclass, after noting that “local law creates the same standards as those in federal
law.” Id. at 21. The Court held that “from 2008 to April 6, 2011 (the ﬁrst day of trial), defendants

failed to identify and provide timely initial evaluations to all preschool-age children with disabilities

in the District of Columbia, in violation of District of Columbia law, 5 D.C.M.R. §§ 3000.1, 3002.1(d),

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DC. Code 38-2561.2(a).” Id. at 22. Additionally, “from 2008 to April 6, 2011 (the ﬁrst day of trial),
defendants failed to offer timely eligibility determinations to all preschool-age children with

disabilities in the District of Columbia, in violation of District of Columbia law, 5 D.C.M.R. §§ 3000.],
3002.1(d).” Id.
2. Rehabilitation Act claims

For substantially the same reasons stated in Part II(B)(3) of this Opinion, the Court denies
partial judgment on the issue of plaintiffs’ Rehabilitation Act claims. The Court has never made
speciﬁc ﬁndings on this issue as it pertains to each individual subclass, instead holding that the
District’s general policies were so obviously ineffective as to rise to “bad faith or gross
misjudgment” as required by the statute. See, e. g., id. at 23 (ﬁnding a Rehabilitation Act Violation
based on the fact that the District’s “special education policies were a gross departure from
accepted educational practices” and that the District knew its actions were legally insufﬁcient and
did nothing). Because plaintiffs have not shown why each class is entitled to judgment on their
Rehabilitation Act claims, partial judgment is denied as to all claims under the Rehabilitation Act.

IV. DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS TO EXCLUDE EXPERT REPORTS AND
TESTIMONY

The District has moved to exclude the testimony of Drs. Dunst and Cupingood, plaintiffs’
expert witnesses, pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 702. Defs.’ Mot. to Exclude at 3.
A. Legal Standard
An expert opinion is excluded if it fails to satisfy the criteria for admissibility set out in

Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm, Inc, 509 US. 579 (1993).

Rule 702 provides:
A witness who is qualiﬁed as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training,

or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert's
scientiﬁc, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to

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Children under three years of age who are identiﬁed, evaluated, and determined eligible
may receive early intervention services under Part C of the IDEA. For these children, the Act
requires a “smooth and effective” transition from Part C’s early intervention services to Part B’s
preschool special education programs. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(9). A smooth and effective transition
is one that (1) begins no less than 90 days prior to the child’s third birthday; (2) does not include
a disruption in services between Part C and Part B services; and (3) involves Part B personnel.
Pls.’s Mot. for Class Cert. and Reinstatement of Findings of Liability and Order Granting Relief,
Ex. 6 (Expert Report of Carl J. Dunst, May 11, 2009), at 14; 34 C.F.R. 303.209. The transition
process must include a conference between the child’s family and school ofﬁcials to determine
eligibility for Part B services and to develop a transition plan and an Individualized Education
Program (“IEP”). The goal is “a seamless transition between services” under Parts C and B of the
Act. 34 C.F.R. 303.209.

When executed properly, the early intervention mandated by the IDEA “can work a
miracle,” allowing an estimated 75—80% of disabled children to enter “kindergarten alongside
every other ordinary ﬁve-year-old~without needing further supplemental special education.” DL
v. District ofColumbia, 845 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2011) (“2011 Opinion”).

B. Procedural History

The plaintiffs allege that the District has failed in its obligations to a large number of
disabled children. Speciﬁcally, the plaintiffs aver that the District has engaged in a practice of
failing to identify disabled children, failing to evaluate and make eligibility determinations for
identiﬁed children, and failing to provide a smooth and effective transition from Part C to Part B

special education services. And because they allege that the District’s failure is pervasive and

understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based
on sufﬁcient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and
methods; and (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the

facts of the case.

Fed. R. Evid. 702.

“Courts take a ﬂexible approach to deciding Rule 702 motions and have broad discretion
in determining whether to admit or exclude expert testimony.” H & R Block, Inc, 831 F. Supp. 2d
27, 30 (DC. Cir. 2011) (quotations omitted); see also Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 US.
137, 152—53 (1999) (noting that the trial judge has substantial discretion in determining whether
an expert’s testimony is reliable), superseded by statute on other grounds, 11 Del. C.
§ 4209(d)(2003), as recognized in Rivera v. State, 7 A.3d 961, 972 (Del. 2010). “In general, Rule
702 has been interpreted to favor admissibility.” Khairkhwa v. Obama, 793 F. Supp. 2d 1, 10
(D.D.C. 2011) (citing Daubert, 509 US. at 587; Fed. R. Evid. 702 Advisory Committee’s Note
(2000) (“A review of the caselaw after Daubert shows that the rejection of expert testimony is the
exception rather than the rule.”)). “The adversarial system remains the ‘traditional and appropriate’
mechanism for exposing ‘shaky but admissible evidence.” Id. (citing Fed. R. Evid. 702 Advisory
Committee’s Note (2000) (quoting Daubert, 509 US. at 596)). “In considering Rule 702 motions,
the court assumes only a ‘limited gate-keep[ing] role’ directed at excluding expert testimony that
is based upon ‘subjective belief or unsupported speculation.” Harris v. Koem'g, 815 F. Supp. 2d
6, 8 (DC. Cir. 2011) (quoting Ambrosini v. Labarraque, 101 F.3d 129, 135—36 (DC. Cir. 1996)).

Under Rule 703, the facts or data underlying an expert’s opinion “need not be admissible
in evidence in order for the opinion or inference to be admitted” if the facts or data are “of a type

reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular ﬁeld.” Fed. R. Evid. 703; see also H & R Block,

831 F. Supp. 2d at 30. In addition, such “facts or data that are otherwise inadmissible” may be

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disclosed by the proponent of the opinion if their probative value substantially outweighs any

prejudicial effect. Id.

Additionally, the gatekeeping requirement is substantially relaxed when the judge will
serve as factﬁnder in a trial. H & R Block, 831 F. Supp. 2d at 30 (quoting Whitehouse Hotel Ltd.
P’ship v. Comm ’r of Internal Revenue, 615 F.3d 321, 330 (5th Cir. 2010)) (holding that, without
the danger of “tainting the trial by exposing a jury to unreliable evidence,” the importance of the
court’s role as gatekeeper is greatly reduced); Window Specialists, Inc. v. Forney Enterprises, Inc,
No. CV 11-1610 (RMC), 2014 WL 2592300, at *5—6 (D.D.C. June 10, 2014). This is because
“[w]here the gatekeeper and the factﬁnder are one and the same—that is, the judge—the need to
make such decisions [regarding reliability] prior to hearing the testimony is lessened.” In re Salem,
465 F.3d 767, 777 (7th Cir. 2006) (citing United States v. Brown, 415 F.3d 1257, 1268— 69 (11th
Cir. 2005)); see also United States v. Wood, 741 F .3d 417, 425 (4th Cir. 2013). This is not to say
that expert testimony in this situation need be any less reliable; it simply means that “the court can
hear the evidence and make its reliability determination during, rather than in advance of trial.” In
re Salem, 465 F.3d at 777.

Although Daubert can be used at the summary judgment stage, the First Circuit has warned

of the dangers of excluding expert evidence before trial:

The fact that Daubert can be used in connection with summary judgment motions
does not mean that it should be used proﬂigately. A trial setting normally will
provide the best operating environment for the triage which Daubert demands. . . .
[G]iven the complex factual inquiry required by Daubert, courts will be hard-
pressed in all but the most clearcut cases to gauge the reliability of expert proof on
a truncated record. Because the summary judgment process does not conform well
to the discipline that Daubert imposes, the Daubert regime should be employed

only with great care and circumspection at the summary judgment stage.

Cortes-Irizarry v. Corporacion Insular de Seguros, 111 F .3d 184, 188 (1 st Cir. 1997).

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In sum, the District faces a steep burden to exclude expert testimony at this stage in the

litigation.
B. Carl Dunst

The District has moved to exclude the expert report and testimony of Dr. Carl Dunst,
plaintiffs’ expert witness. The Court previously determined Dr. Dunst to be a “qualiﬁed expert in
analyzing the District of Columbia’s Child Find-related obligations, as they relate to preschool
children, ages three to ﬁve.” 2011 Opinion at 4. The District now argues that Dr. Dunst’s expert
opinions are inadmissible because they “(1) rest nearly entirely on the analysis of Plaintiffs’
counsel, not on their own merit; (2) derive from a methodology that he himself rejects; (3) are
inadmissible hearsay; and (4) require an analytical leap from data to conclusion that no reasonable
person could credit.” Defs.’ Mot. to Exclude 4.

As discussed in more detail below, having reviewed the report of plaintiffs’ expert, Dr.
Dunst, the Court ﬁnds that it meets the criteria for admissibility. Dr. Dunst is an accomplished
special education expert. His conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the District’s policies in
meeting its obligations under the IDEA and DC. law are not based solely on the results of the
Sample Analysis data to which the defendants object. See Expert Report of Karl Dunst, Def.s’
Mot. S.J. Ex. C at 1-2, ECF 1-2, ECF No. 417-23 (noting the numerous documents Dr. Dunst
reviewed in coming to his conclusions, including various legal requirements; depositions; the
District’s communications; ﬁndings of fact previously made by this Court; and much more). As

for the Sample Analysis itself, the Court ﬁnds that Dr. Dunst’s use of the analysis as a datum in
reaching his conclusions is not unreliable. While the District has identiﬁed cogent concerns about

the methodology underlying the summary, the Court ﬁnds that these concerns go to the weight,

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not the admissibility, of his report, especially in a bench trial where there is no concern about jury
confusion or prejudice, as noted above.
1. Foundation

The District alleges that Dr. Dunst relied only on Plaintiffs’ counsel’s analysis of the facts
(the “Sample Analysis”), and thus the conclusions he rendered cannot stand independent of the
lawyers’ analysis. Mot. to Exclude 5. The District asserts that plaintiffs’ counsel “unilaterally
manufactured analytical assumptions, formulated a litigation-driven methodology, and conducted
the analysis reﬂected in [Dr. Dunst’s report] without the consultation or feedback from their
programmatic expert.” Id. The District then provides examples of instances where assumptions

underlying the lawyers’ analysis were allegedly contrary to Dr. Dunst’s opinions. Id.

Plaintiffs’ lawyers’ role in creating the Sample Analysis was to review ﬁles and describe
facts relating to, for example, when communications to place and when eligibility determinations
were made. The results were thus treated as raw data: Dr. Dunst reviewed the data and plaintiffs’
conclusions therefrom, and agreed with those conclusions. Furthermore, Dr. Dunst did confer with

plaintiffs during and after the preparation of the Sample Analysis. Declaration of Carl Dunst, Jan.
15, 2015 (“Dunst Decl.”), Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. S.J. Ex. 10 11 2.

Although the District may be correct that the role of plaintiffs’ attorneys was suspect, the
Court ﬁnds that Dr. Dunst’s report is based on a reasonable foundation and is certainly not based
in mere “subjective belief or unsupported speculation.” Daubert, 509 US. at 593—95. As such,
any issue the District has on these grounds goes to the weight of the proffered testimony, not to its

admissibility for purposes of Rule 702. The District is free to question the assumptions underlying

the analysis at trial.

24

2. Valid Methodology

The District also argues that Dr. Dunst failed to “adhere to a demonstrably valid
methodology.” Defs.’ Mot. to Exclude 9. The District claims that Dr. Dunst did not explain to
plaintiffs’ counsel the “background on the IDEA criteria being researched, along with examples
for what the ﬁle reviewers should be searching” and “advise and clarify information . . . when
questions or issues arose regarding the case ﬁles,” as he has in other research projects with his own
assistants. 1d. at 12.

However, the Court agrees with plaintiffs that Dr. Dunst’s prior research method is not
necessarily the only appropriate procedure to analyze the District’s data concerning its IDEA
compliance. Dr. Dunst said in his declaration that he did not need to explain the task to plaintiffs’
counsel because it was clear that their understanding of the issues was adequate for the ﬁle review.
Dunst Decl. 1i 4. Dr. Dunst had conﬁdence in the ability of plaintiffs’ counsel to summarize and
draw conclusions about the data, based on the level of detail in the analysis, his ability to
understand the summaries and the categories, his history of communication with counsel, over
eight years about this case, and the care evident in the Sample Analysis itself. Id. Dr. Dunst also
noted that other experts in special education would also reasonably rely on the facts described in
the Sample Analysis for the same reasons. Id. And importantly, as noted previously, Dr. Dunst did

discuss the analysis with plaintiffs’ counsel.

Dr. Dunst considered the Sample Analysis, and other relevant information, and then formed
his own conclusions using his own extensive experience. Although the District alleges that this
methodology is contrary to those used in the special education ﬁeld, Defs.’ Mot. to Exclude 11, it
does not state which standards it refers to or how the Sample Analysis conﬂicts. The methodology

used here is far different from the serious issues cautioned in Daubert, as Dr. Dunst’s methodology

25

constitutes more than subjective belief or unsupported speculation. As such, any issue the District
has on these grounds goes to the weight of the proffered testimony, not to its admissibility for
purposes of Rule 702.1
3. Hearsay
The District alleges that plaintiffs’ lawyers’ analysis is inadmissible hearsay: an out-of-
court statement of plaintiffs’ lawyers offered as proof of the truth of the ﬁle reviews. Defs.’ Mot.
to Exclude 12. An expert is entitled to rely on inadmissible evidence in forming his or her opinion,
though the expert “must form his [or her] own opinions by applying his [or her] extensive
experience and a reliable methodology to the inadmissible materials,” rather than simply
“transmit” the hearsay to the jury. United States v. Mejia, 545 F.3d 179, 197 (2d Cir. 2008). Here,
the underlying analysis was only part of the foundation of Dr. Dunst’s expert report and was
attached as an exhibit. Dr. Dunst used this data as well as several other sources to form his own
opinions, based on his own experience. Though the District quotes Dr. Dunst in an attempt to show
the contrary, his words are taken out of context. Defs.’ Mot. to Exclude 12. Because it was
reasonable for Dr. Dunst to rely in part on the lawyers’ analysis when forming his expert report,
the admissibility of the Sample Analysis is irrelevant at this stage. See Fed. R. Evid. 703.
4. Analytical Leap
The District argues that several of Dr. Dunst’s conclusions regarding the District’s Child
Find policies are defective because “there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data

and the opinion proffered.” Defs.’ Mot. to Exclude 13 (citing Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 US.

1 The District also argues that Dr. Dunst’s failure to use or review the District’s data system and his lack of familiarity

with the program precludes him from rendering any expert opinions relating to the data system. Defs.’ Mot. to Exclude
11. But it is not clear why Dr. Dunst needed to understand how the database operates in order to analyze the data

pulled from it.

26

136, 146 (1997)). According to the District, Dr. Dunst cannot express an opinion regarding the
District’s policies because he provides no foundation for his conclusions and he “has no sense of
what policies area procedures currently govern Child Find work in the District.” Id. However, Dr.
Dunst explained more thoroughly the foundation for such conclusions in his deposition. See Pls.’
Ex. 6 at 216113—217221 (describing the speciﬁc failures of the District’s policies and explaining
that he evaluated them based on a review of students’ Individualized Education Programs, or
“IEPs”). Indeed, evidence that the District is failing to identify, evaluate, determine eligibility for,
and transition large numbers of students may necessarily reﬂect a failure in policies and

procedures.

The District also argues that Dr. Dunst’s other conclusions are unsupported, including his
belief that the District should only report children who are actually receiving services, that the
District is over-counting “parental delay,” and that the District is applying an incorrect deﬁnition
of “presumptive eligibility” in its transition work. Defs.’ Mot. to Exclude 14. Although it is true
that Dr. Dunst does not explain the OSEP requirements or how other jurisdictions treat these issues,
the Court ﬁnds that such questions are within Dr. Dunst’s expertise. As a special education expert,
he is qualiﬁed to express his own opinions regarding whether the District is ensuring identiﬁcation,
timely evaluation, timely eligibility determination, and smooth and effective transitions—and in
order to do so, he may also have opinions about the most accurate way to measure the District’s
success. If the District disagrees with Dr. Dunst’s opinions, or ﬁnds them inconsistent with federal
standards, it may further probe the issue at trial.

5. Conclusory Opinions
Finally, the District argues that Dr. Dunst’s opinions must be excluded because they are

“largely generalized conclusions that require no expertise to draw.” Defs.’ Mot. to Exclude at 15.

27

Basically, the District contends that Dr. Dunst simply compared the results of the lawyers’ analysis
to this Court’s prior injunction and reached conclusions that do not require any expertise. 1d. But
as already mentioned, Dr. Dunst did consult with the lawyers as they performed their data analysis,
and thus he has done more than simply compare “apples to apples.” Furthermore, rather than
failing “to explain why a failure to reach any given benchmark by any speciﬁc margin, or to satisfy
any particular substantive requirement of the injunction, is or is not indicative of deﬁcient policies
or a failure to implement them,” id., Dr. Dunst expressed that in his expert opinion, he concurred
with “Judge Lamberth’s ﬁndings of facts and conclusions of law, and injunction . . . [which]
appropriately reﬂect the requirements of IDEA and the need for improvement by the District to
comply with the IDEA and OSEP indicators.” ECF 422-19 at 7. The Court believes that Dr.
Dunst’s report will be helpful, as will his testimony regarding how to determine the District’s
compliance with federal and DC. law.
6. Conclusion

Having reviewed Dr. Dunst’s report as well as his testimony, the Court is satisﬁed that Dr.
Dunst’s report and testimony meet the requirements of the Federal Rules of Evidence and relevant
case law for the purposes of the summary judgment motion. The District has identiﬁed a number
of aspects about Dr. Dunst’s methodology and conclusions that “go to the weight of the proffered
testimony, not to its admissibility.” Crowe v. Marchland, 506 F.3d 13, 18 (lst Cir. 2007). These
alleged defects do not undermine Dr. Dunst’s report so overwhelmingly as to render his report
wholly irrelevant or unreliable—and therefore inadmissible. While it might be a closer question in
the context of a jury trial, since this hearing is not before a jury, “the importance of the trial court’s

gatekeeper role is signiﬁcantly diminished . . . because, there being no jury, there is no risk of

28

tainting the trial by exposing a jury to unreliable evidence.” Whitehouse Hotel Ltd. P’s/zip, 615
F.3d at 330. Accordingly, the Court will deny the motion to exclude Dr. Dunst’s report.

Thus, the District’s motion is denied without prejudice and the Court will hear all the expert
testimony at trial. The Court believes that the District’s arguments are best addressed at trial with
question—specific objections and “the adversary process” of “competing expert testimony and
active cross—examination.” Ruiz-Trache v. Pepsi Cola of RR. Bottling C0., 161 F.3d 77, 85 (lst
Cir. 1998). The District may move to exclude the expert testimony after the testimony is offered
at trial or renew its motion to exclude the expert testimony following the bench trial.

C. Leonard Cupingood

The Court has previously determined Dr. Cupingood to be a “qualiﬁed expert in
statistic[s].” 2011 Opinion at 8. The District now argues that his report and testimony should be
excluded because his conclusions rest entirely on the analysis of plaintiffs’ lawyers, he failed to
follow any accepted methodology to render opinions on the District’s special education data
systems, his opinions rest on inadmissible hearsay, and statistical expertise is no longer necessary
because the relevant calculations are elementary. Defs.’ Mot. S.J. at 17.

1. Foundation

The District argues that Dr. Cupingood “did not analyze—or even understand—Plaintiffs’
data; he merely ran numbers as instructed by Plaintiffs’ lawyers,” serving as plaintiffs’ lawyers
“calculator.” Id. at 18. The Court disagrees for largely the same reasons explained in consideration
of Dr. Dunst’s foundation. This argument is especially unavailing because this expert was retained
not for his opinions or knowledge about special education policy, but his statistical expertise. Dr.

Cupingood’s role was to calculate revised statistics based on the data provided him, a task for

which he is qualiﬁed.

29

2. Methodology

The District argues that Dr. Cupingood failed to follow an appropriate methodology for
reviewing special education data systems. It asserts that Dr. Cupingood’s opinions regarding the
District’s data systems should be excluded because he never accessed the database or had any
training relating to the database. Therefore, it asserts, “any opinions offered by Dr. Cupingood
regarding the databases would concern subjects he knows nothing about.” Defs.’ Mot. 8.]. at 19.
But Dr. Cupingood does not need to have any particular understanding of special education
policies or databases to assess the data provided to him. Furthermore, it is entirely unclear to the
Court why Dr. Cupingood needed to access the database himself rather than rely on the data
provided by the District. Dr. Cupingood’s expertise is in statistics. If the assumptions underlying
the data he used are proven false at trial, his testimony will be weakened—but this is not a reason
to exclude his report or testimony.

3. Hearsay

For the same reasons Dr. Dunst’s testimony is admissible regardless of whether the sample
analysis is hearsay, Dr. Cupingood’s report and testimony are also admissible.
4. Helpfulness

Finally, the District argues that Dr. Cupingood’s opinions should be excluded because his

work involved very simple counting and calculations. The District asserts that because plaintiffs’
samples consist of small batches of children, only “simple, straightforward calculations” are

required and therefore statistical expertise is not required. Defs.’ Mot. to Exclude 21. However,
the Court ﬁnds that Dr. Cupingdoo’s report “will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence
or to determine a fact in issue.” Fed. R. Evid. 702(a). Dr. Cupingood used several Excel

workbooks, requiring him to match children across spreadsheets using student identifying

30

systemic, plaintiffs sought to represent a class of children who, like themselves, were denied
special education services by the District.

In August 2006, this Court certiﬁed a plaintiff class pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 23(b)(2), deﬁning the class as:

All children who are or may be eligible for special education and related services,
who live in, or are wards of, the District of Columbia, and (l) whom defendants did
not identify, locate, evaluate or offer special education and related services to when
the child was between the ages of three and ﬁve years old, inclusive, or (2) whom
defendants have not or will not identify, locate, evaluate or offer special education
and related services to when the child is between the ages of three and ﬁve years

old, inclusive.

DL v. District ofColumbia, 237 F.R.D. 319, 324 (D.D.C. 2006), ECF No. 57.

Following extensive discovery on the District’s IDEA performance through 2007, the
parties ﬁled cross motions for summary judgment. The parties did not dispute that “the systems in
place to serve the birth-to-ﬁve population in the District of Columbia were inadequately designed,
supported, and facilitated across many years.” DL v. District of Columbia, 730 F. Supp. 2d 84, 96
(D.D.C. 2010) (“2010 Opinion”). The District’s systemic failure to comply with the IDEA resulted
in yearly citations for noncompliance from the federal Ofﬁce of Special Education Programs
(“OSEP”). Id. at 97. Finding no genuine dispute that the District’s attempts to identify, evaluate,
and determine eligibility for disabled children were inadequate, the Court granted summary
judgment on liability as to the plaintiff class’s Child Find claim. Id.

Additionally, the parties agreed that “the procedures used by [the District] to screen
children exiting Part C were in many cases not necessary and delayed provision of preschool
special education.” Id. at 98. Moreover, these screening procedures “were unreliable and were
not always aligned with accepted practices in the ﬁeld.” Id. The Court therefore granted summary

judgment on liability as to the plaintiff class’s Part C to Part B transition claim. Id. The Court also

information, ECF No. 422—23 at 5—7, drawing conclusions from that data. He then helped select
random samples of children~apparently not a straightforward matter, since the District expressed
concerns about the methodology, prompting the District to explain Dr. Cupingood’s work. See
Pls.’ Ex. 43 (Letter from Chad Copeland to Todd Gluckman, April 24, 2014); Pls.’ Ex. 44 (Email
from Todd Gluckman to Chad Copeland, April 25, 2014). Then, Dr. Cupingood applied the results
of the plaintiffs” analysis to the entire population, making some adjustments to account for
population size. Sampling and the application of sample results to the overall population fall within
his expertise as a statistician. Indeed, there is not “an implicit requirement in Fed. R. Evid. 702 for
the proffered expert to make complicated mathematical calculations.” WWP, Inc. v. Wounded
Warriors Family Support, Inc., 628 F.3d 1032, 1040 (8th Cir. 2011). “[W]hat is a simple
mathematical computation to one person may be mind-numbingly complicated to another. [I]f
these calculations are as simple as defendants suggest they are . . . , then those jurors who are
mathematically knowledgeable will immediately so recognize and wonder why the plaintiffs
utilized [an expert] to prove the obvious.” Id. n. 7 (citing Arnold v. Ambulance Serv. of Bristol,
Inc., No. 2:06-cv-105, 2007 WL 5117409, *1 (ED. Tenn. Aug. 21, 2007)). Indeed, it seems
contradictory for the District to complain that it was inapprOpriate for plaintiffs’ lawyers to
perform a sample analysis using the District’s raw data, yet argue that those same lawyers should
have performed the necessary statistical calculations rather than employing a statistician to do so.

The Court ﬁnds that Dr. Cupingood’s report and testimony will ultimately be helpful to the
trier of fact, and as such there is no basis for exclusion under Rule 702.

V. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
The District also moves this Court for summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule 56 as

to all of plaintiffs’ claims from March 22, 2010 to the present. The District contends that summary

31

judgment is warranted because its motion “unequivocally and indisputably demonstrates” that its
policies and procedures comply with its Child Find and FAPE obligations ever since March 22,
2010 when “comprehensive, deliberative policies” were issued. Defs.’ Mot. SJ. 1. In its motion,
the District extensively details the policies that it has enacted since 2010. Plaintiffs agree that the
District has improved many of its policies, but argue that the District’s action is insufﬁcient. Pls.’
Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. SJ. 1.

In consideration of the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment and the District’s
opposition, the Court has already granted plaintiffs summary judgment on all claims—except for
those under the Rehabilitation Act—through April 6, 2011. Therefore, the Court now determines
whether it will grant the District summary judgment on its IDEA and DC. law for the period aﬁer
April 6, 2011. The Court also considers whether it is appropriate to grant the District summary
judgment on plaintiffs’ Rehabilitation Act claims for the period beginning March 22, 2010.

A. Motion for Leave to File Sur-Reply

As an initial matter, plaintiffs have ﬁled for leave to ﬁle a sur-reply in response to
defendants’ reply in further support of their motion for summary judgment. ECF No. 436.

As plaintiffs acknowledge, sur—replies are generally disfavored. Nonetheless, they are
generally granted “when a party is unable to contest matters presented to the court for the ﬁrst time
in the last scheduled pleading.” Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp, 2014 WL 4746256, at *3 (D.D.C. Sept.
23, 2014) (quoting Ben-Kate] v. Howard Univ. 319 F.3d 532, 536 (DC. Cir. 2003)). “A district
court should consider whether the movant’s reply in fact raises arguments or issues for the ﬁrst
time, whether the nonmovant’s proposed sur-reply would be helpful to the resolution of the

pending motion, and whether the nonmovant would be unduly prejudiced were leave to be

granted.” Id. (citations and quotations omitted).

32

Plaintiffs argue that the District raised new arguments in its reply regarding the plaintiffs’
use of expert testimony and statistics and that they should be afforded an opportunity to respond
to the new arguments. Relatedly, they argue that the proposed sur-reply would be helpful to the
resolution of the District’s motion for summary judgment.

However, plaintiffs had ample opportunity to respond to the District’s criticisms of
plaintiffs’ proffered expert testimony or use of statistical data in their opposition to the District’s
motion to exclude those witnesses. Indeed, plaintiffs” proposed sur-reply merely reiterates the
same arguments previously advanced in their opposition to the District’s motion for summary
judgment or in their opposition to the District’s motion to exclude. The Court will consider all of
these brieﬁngs in deciding the motion for summary judgment, and therefore the plaintiffs proposed
sur—reply would not be helpful to the Court.

Accordingly, plaintiffs’ motion for leave to ﬁle a sur-reply will be denied.

B. Legal Standard

A court should grant summary judgment when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on ﬁle, together with the afﬁdavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact” suitable for trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(0). To ascertain whether

an issue involves “material” facts, a court must look to the substantive law on which the claim or

defense rests. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 US. 242, 248 (1986). An issue is “genuine” if
its resolution could establish an essential element of the nonmoving party’s challenged claim or

defense. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 US. 317, 322 (1986). “[T]he party seeking summary
judgment always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis of its
motion,” and of identifying the evidence “which it believes demonstrate[s] the absence of a

genuine issue of material fact.” Id. at 323. The court must accept the nonmoving party’s evidence

33

as true and must draw “all justiﬁable inferences” in his favor. Anderson, 477 US. at 255.
“Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences
are jury functions, not those of a judge . . . .” Id. at 255. Yet “[t]he mere existence of a scintilla of
evidence in support of the [nonmoving party’s] position will be insufficient.” Id. at 252.

C. Analysis

1. IDEA and DC. Law Claims (Claims 1, 4, and 5)

The IDEA requires the District to put in place “policies and procedures” to effectively meet
the Act’s various conditions, 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a), including the obligations to identify, locate, and
evaluate children with disabilities and to appropriately transition children from Part C to Part B.
Id. §§1412(a)(3) & (9), 1414. While the District thoroughly details the policies it has enacted since
2010, this Court must also consider the effectiveness of these policies in achieving compliance
with the IDEA and DC. law.

The Court must determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact as to each of
plaintiffs’ subclass claims after April 6, 2011, and considers each in turn.

i. Identiﬁ/ing/locating children

Pursuant to the Child Find Policy, DC. is required to have policies and procedures in effect
to ensure that all children with disabilities who are in need of special education and/or related
services are identiﬁed. Under the IDEA, “[s]chool districts may not ignore disabled students’
needs, nor may they await parental demands before providing special instruction.” Reid ex rel.
Reid v. District of Columbia, 401 F.3d 516, 518 (DC. Cir. 2005). Instead, the IDEA imposes an
affirmative obligation on school systems to “ensure that all children with disabilities residing in

the State . . . regardless of the severity of their disabilities, and who are in need of special education

34

and related services, are identiﬁed, located, and evaluated.” Id. at 519 (internal quotations
omitted); U.S.C. § 1412(a)(3)(A).

The District has extensively detailed the policies and procedures it has in place to meet its
obligations to locate these children, but the Court also considers the effectiveness of these policies.
Based on the risk factors present in the District of Columbia, this Court concluded in 2011 that
“on the low end, the District should expect to be serving 8.5% of its preschool-age population with
Part B services.” 2011 Opinion at 10. While that Order was vacated and is not controlling in this
case, the facts and statutory framework underlying this conclusion remain unchanged. The Court
therefore ﬁnds that a potential failure to meet those benchmarks is at least sufﬁcient to create a
genuine issue of material fact as to the District’s liability in this case.

The District contends that its current policies “ensure that District of Columbia preschool
children in need of special education and related services are appropriately located, identiﬁed, and
referred for special education services.” Defs.’ Mot. 8.]. 17. However, plaintiffs have submitted
evidence that tends to suggest that the District has not been identifying a sufﬁcient number of
children. Plaintiffs put forth calculations based on newer census estimates, demonstrating that the
District served between 7.00 and 7.35 percent of preschool age children in 2014. Pls.’ Opp’n to
Defs.’ Mot. S.J. 16. If true, the District failed to identify up to 315 children last year. Id. This
would suggest that the District has in fact failed in its obligation to locate disabled children.

Although the District argues that using newer census estimates is inappropriate, the Court
ﬁnds that this is unclear and best addressed at trial. The Court thus ﬁnds that there are genuine

issues of material fact precluding a grant of summary judgment as to this issue for the period

beginning April 6, 2011.

35

ii. Evaluating children

The IDEA and relevant D.C. laws provide that the District must conduct an initial
evaluation of a child “to determine whether a child is a child with a disability . . . [and] the
educational needs of such child” within 120 days of the date that the child was referred for an
evaluation. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(a)(1)(C); 34 C.F.R. 300.301; DC. Code 38-2561(a); S—E DCMR
§ 3005(1). In their Second Amended Complaint, plaintiffs allege that the District has failed to meet
the 120 day timeline, including a failure to timely hold evaluations or to “convene timely ‘IEP’
meetings.” Second Am. Compl., ECF No. 398 at 111] 99, 101, 103. Plaintiffs elaborate in their
motion for class certiﬁcation that “the District’s policies, procedures, and practices regarding the
timely evaluation of disabled children for the purposes of offering special education fail to ensure
that preschool-aged disabled children receive timely evaluations.” Mot. Class Certif., ECF No.
358 at 20—22.

The District contends that the record “unequivocally demonstrates” that the District’s
practices ensure compliance with the IDEA as it pertains to timely evaluations. Defs.’ Mot. S.J.
18. In support of that statement, the District explains its Evaluation Policy, which is tailored to
meet its legal obligations. Id. at 19—22.

Plaintiffs, by contrast, present no evidence suggesting that the District has failed to comply
with its evaluation obligations. Plaintiffs’ experts do not identify a single inadequate policy or
procedure in place today as it relates to the evaluation process. Additionally, plaintiffs concede
that they “have no data related to this benchmark.” Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. SI. 18. They point
only to the fact that Sean Compagnucci, the Executive Director of Early Stages, testiﬁed that, on

average, it takes about 60 days after the referral date to have the ﬁrst assessments (as opposed to

36

the completion of all assessments). Id. But this is irrelevant and does not suggest a general failure
to complete evaluations within 120 days, as mandated.

Because plaintiffs have put forth no evidence tending to suggest that the District has failed
in its duties to timely evaluate children with disabilities, there is no genuine issue of material fact.
Therefore, the District’s motion for summary judgment is granted on claims 1, 4, and 5 (the IDEA
and DC. law claims) as to the second plaintiff subclass for the period beginning April 6, 2011.

iii. Determining eligibility

This Court previously held that the District should provide timely eligibility determinations
to at least 95% of all preschool children. Order, ECF No. 295 1111 2—3. It is worth repeating that the
Court’s order has since been vacated, but that the facts and statutory background underlying its
conclusion are still relevant. Indeed, the law requires that all eligibility determinations be timely.

Again, the District points to the procedures and policies in place to ensure that all eligibility
determinations are timely, and asserts that plaintiffs have no evidence that the policies are
ineffective. Defs.’ Mot. SJ. 22—25. The plaintiffs argue that the District incorrectly assesses its
own rate of compliance, and that the District’s own data demonstrates that the District fails to
ensure timely eligibility determinations. Plaintiffs allege that the District uses incorrect referral
dates when calculating the number of timely eligibility determinations and drives up its timeliness
percentages by over-counting parental delay, among other errors. Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. 8.1.
19. After correcting for these alleged errors, plaintiffs argue that from December 1, 2012, to
November 30, 2013, the District provided timely eligibility determinations to only 80.46% of the
3—5 year old population—resulting in nearly four times as many untimely eligibility
determinations than this Court previously determined was acceptable. Although the District

critiques plaintiffs’ experts’ methodology, this again is more appropriately considered at trial,

37

because the Court does not ﬁnd plaintiffs’ methodology so unreliable as to exclude the reports.
The Court now holds that this data creates a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the
District’s policies are generally insufficient to ensure timely eligibility determinations, as required
by law.

The District argues that plaintiffs’ experts “did not review the current policy, procedures,
or practices for evaluation and eligibility determinations” and cannot point to a single policy that
is ineffective or problematic. Defs.’ Mot. 8.]. 23. However, plaintiffs’ statistics tend to show that
the District’s policies—whatever they may be—have failed to ensure that eligibility
determinations are timely. In this way, plaintiffs have created a genuine issue of material fact
without the need to analyze specific policies, and summary judgment is denied for the period
beginning April 6, 2011.

iv. Timely transitions

Finally, the District must:

[E]ffect policies and procedures to ensure that . . . [c]hildren participating in early

intervention programs assisted subchapter III [Part C], and who will participate in

preschool programs assisted under this subchapter [Part B], experience a smooth

and effective transition to those preschool programs in a manner consistent with

section 1437 (a)(9) of this title. By the third birthday of such a child, an

individualized education program or, if consistent with sections 1414 (d)(2)(B) and

1436 (d) of this title, an individualized family service plan, has been developed and

is being implemented for the child.

20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(9). In 201 1, the Court determined that the District should “ensure that at least

95 percent of all Part C graduates that are found eligible for Part B receive a smooth and effective

transition by their third birthdays.” Order, ECF No. 295 1[ 4.

38

Plaintiffs allege that the District has violated the IDEA because “Defendants have failed to
ensure a ‘smooth and effective transition’ for disabled infants and toddlers transitioning from Part
C of the IDEA to Part B of the IDEA by their third birthday.” Second Am. Compl. ﬂ 105.

The District describes in great detail the policies and procedures in place to ensure timely
transitions and again argues that plaintiffs have no evidence that any particular aspect of the
structural framework is deﬁcient or missing. Defs.’ Mot. S.J. 26—34.

Plaintiffs argue that a timely transition occurs only when services actually begin by the
deadline. Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. S.J. 24. Plaintiffs submit evidence that when a child is
considered to have a smooth and effective transition only once services have begun, only 69.7%
of transitions are timely. Id. After reviewing the available data, Dr. Dunst concluded that the
District’s estimates on timely transitions are thus overstated and many transitions are still untimely.
Dunst Rep., Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. SJ. Ex. 19 11 24. Though the District alleges that the
plaintiffs interpreted “service delivery” under the IDEA as exclusively relating to “related
services” (such as speech or occupational therapy, instead of educational services), Defs.’ Mot. to
Exclude 7—8, the Court ﬁnds the distinction irrelevant: All services must commence for a transition

to be smooth and effective.

For these reasons, the Court thus ﬁnds that there are genuine issues of material fact
precluding a grant of summary judgment as to this issue, and summary judgment will be denied
for the period beginning April 6, 2011.

2. Rehabilitation Act Claims (Claim 2)

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act provides that “no otherwise qualified individual with

a disability in the United States . . . shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from

participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or

39

activity receiving Federal ﬁnancial assistance . . . .” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). The implementing

regulations state: “A recipient that operates a public elementary or secondary education program
or activity shall provide a free appropriate public education to each qualiﬁed handicapped person
who is in the recipient’s jurisdiction, regardless of the nature or severity of the person’s handicap.”
34 C.F.R. 104.33. In order to state a claim under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff
must Show that “something more than a mere failure to provide the ‘free and appropriate public
education” required by the IDEA has occurred.” Walker v. District of Columbia, 157 F. Supp. 2d
11, 35 (D.D.C. 2001). Generally, plaintiffs who show either “bad faith or gross misjudgment” can
prevail under Section 504 for IDEA violations. Id. Liability is not imposed where “state ofﬁcials

involved have exercised professional judgment, in such a way as not to depart grossly from

accepted standards among educational professionals.” Monahan v. Nebraska, 687 F.2d 1164, 1171
(8th Cir. 1982). The Court should grant summary judgment for plaintiffs on their Section 504
claims if they show “bad faith or gross misjudgment” by defendants as to each subclass. “Only in
the rarest of cases will a plaintiff be able to prove that a school system’s conduct is so persistent

and egregious as to warrant such a unique remedy [under the Rehabilitation Act] not otherwise

provided for by the IDEA itself. . . .” Walker, 157 F. Supp. 2d at 13—14, 36.

Applying this standard, the District is entitled to summary judgment as to Claim 2 of the
Second Amended Complaint because plaintiffs provide no evidence tending to suggest bad faith
or misjudgrnent in the period beginning March 22, 2010.

Previously, this Court determined that the District violated the Rehabilitation Act because
its special education policies were a gross departure from accepted educational practices
throughout the country. 201 1 Opinion at 23. The District knew its actions were legally insufﬁcient,

yet failed to bring itself into compliance with its legal obligations. Id. This time, plaintiffs have

40

found that, at least through 2007, defendants had violated the Rehabilitation Act by demonstrating

“bad faith or gross misjudgment” in failing to bring themselves into compliance with the IDEA.
Id. at 100.

As the data available at the time of summary judgment was limited to the period through
2007, summary judgment and the initial ﬁndings as to the District’s liability were limited to that
time period.

On April 6 and 7, 2011, the Court held a bench trial to determine the District’s liability for
the period of 2008 through the trial date. Based on evidence presented at trial, the Court found that
the District provided special education services to less than 6% of its total child population, despite
statistical projections that the District should identify and serve at least 12%. 2011 Opinion at 10.
Of those disabled children who were identiﬁed, the District failed to provide timely evaluations to
25—45% and timely eligibility determinations to 56.75%. Id. at 11. As for transitions from Part C
to Part B services, the District provided smooth and effective transitions for 8.22% of children in
2008, 30.25% in 2009, and between 38—79% in 2010-2011. Id. at 12. The Court noted the
District’s efforts to reform its special education services in response to this litigation, but found
that even given those reforms, the District’s policies were inadequate to meet its obligations under
the IDEA. Id. at 15—17. Indeed, notwithstanding its reform efforts, the District was cited by the
federal OSEP for noncompliance for each of the four years prior to trial. Id. at 17. Thus, the Court
found that the District’s failure to institute adequate Child Find practices resulted in the denial of
a FAPE to a substantial number of disabled children and that the District failed to comply with its
legal duty to provide a smooth and effective transition to a significant portion of disabled children.
Id. at 21—23. The Court also found that the District demonstrated bad faith or gross misjudgment

by knowingly failing to comply with the IDEA and therefore violated Section 504 of the

not raised an issue of material fact as to whether the District’s educational decision-makers have
exercised “bad faith or gross misjudgment.” Their general allegations about broad violations of
the law are unavailing in light of signiﬁcant evidence that the District’s decision-makers have
worked hard to improve their special education services. Although the District may still not be in
compliance with federal and DC. law, it is clear that vast improvements have been made—
strongly suggesting a lack of bad faith. In the last few years, the District has “thoughtfully and
carefully worked to build a system that supports the needs of 3—5 year old children identiﬁed for
services provided under the IDEA in an effective and sustainable way.” Expert Report of Maxine
Freund, Defs.’ Mot. 8.]. Ex. 8 at 2, ECF No. 417-8. Similarly, OSEP has determined that the
District has complied with special conditions requirements in two long-term areas of non-
compliance, noting the “signiﬁcant progress” in addressing systemic noncompliance.” Ex. 29 at
10—1 1. As the Blackman-J ones Court Monitor recently noted:

[T]he current state of special education in the District of Columbia is vastly

different than it was when the Consent Decree was entered. The focus on education

reform in the District has led to signiﬁcant structural reforms in local government,

including the establishment of a strengthened Ofﬁce of State Superintendent of

Education to carry out the state supervisory role in education. With each year that

has passed, the execution of this oversight role has improved and broadened. The

quality of monitoring of special education services has improved and become more

regular, and more effective strategies for the identiﬁcation and correction of

deﬁciencies have been developed. . . . All of these are notable accomplishments of

the leadership and staff at DCPS and the OSSE that must be acknowledged and

applauded.
Report of the Court Monitor on the 2012-2013 School Year 64.

The speciﬁc allegations raised by plaintiffs could not support a ﬁnding of a violation of the
Rehabilitation Act, either. Plaintiffs allege that Dr. Maisterra, who oversees the division

responsible for compliance with IDEA, was not aware that the District’s enrollment data has been

falling for over a year. Pls.’ Opp’n to SI. 38. Additionally, Mr. Compagnucci, the Executive

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Director of Early Stages, did not have information on “indicators . . . critical to the questions of
how many children are identiﬁed and how quickly that is done.” Id. But again, even if true this

does not rise to the level of “bad faith or misjudgment” making this a rare case in which a
Rehabilitation Act violation is found.

Unlike before, the District is no longer responding to its failures with indifference and
inaction. Although there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the District is now in full
compliance with its legal obligations, much progress has been made since this lawsuit began—
undoubtedly because of the hard work of the District’s decision-makers. Plaintiffs have thus failed
to present a genuine issue of fact relating to their Rehabilitation Act claims. The Court will grant
Defendants summary judgment on the Rehabilitation Act claims for the period after March 22,
2010.

VI. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated in this Opinion, the Court will grant plaintiffs’ motion for summary
judgment on their IDEA and DC. law claims as to the period through 2007, but deny summary
judgment for plaintiffs’ Rehabilitation Act claims. Similarly, plaintiffs’ motion for partial
judgment pursuant to Rule 52(c) from 2008 through April 6, 2011 will be granted as to plaintiffs’
claims under the IDEA and DC. law, but denied as to all Rehabilitation Act claims.

The Court will deny defendants’ motion to exclude opinions and testimony by plaintiffs’
witnesses and deny plaintiffs’ motion for leave to ﬁle a sur-reply in response to defendants’ reply
in further support of their motion for summary judgment.

Defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be denied as to the ﬁrst, third, and fourth
plaintiff subclass’s claims under the IDEA and DC. law. Defendants’ motion for summary

judgment will be granted as to all of the second plaintiff subclass’s claims under the IDEA and

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D.C. law after March 22, 2010. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be granted as to

all claims under the Rehabilitation Act for all plaintiff subclasses after March 22, 2010. These

claims will be dismissed.

Remaining for trial are plaintiffs’ claims under the Rehabilitation Act for the period prior
to March 22, 2010 as to each plaintiff subclass, and plaintiffs’ claims under the IDEA and DC.
law from April 6, 2011 to present as to the ﬁrst, third, and fourth plaintiff subclasses.

A separate order consistent with this Opinion shall issue on this 10th day of June, 2015.

 

C. 
The norable Royce C. Lamberth
US. District Court Judge

43

Rehabilitation Act, which prohibits discrimination in programs receiving federal funding. Id. at

23; 29 U.S.C. § 749(a).

Given these ﬁndings, the Court granted the plaintiff class declaratory relief and imposed
a structural injunction enjoining the District to comply with its legal obligations under the IDEA.
Id. at 24—30.

Two months after the April 2011 trial, and before this Court issued its ﬁnal decision, the
Supreme Court decided Wal—Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S. Ct. 2541 (2011), which clariﬁed
the proper interpretation of the commonality requirement for class certiﬁcation under Rule
23(a)(2). Wal—Mart involved a putative class of one and a half million women, all current or former
employees of Wal-Mart, alleging that “the discretion exercised by their local supervisors over pay
and promotion matters Violate[d] Title VII by discriminating against women.” 131 S. Ct. at 2546.
Noting that the pay and promotion decisions were made by thousands of geographically-dispersed
managers, the Court held that “[w]ithout some glue holding the alleged reasons for all those
decisions together, it will be impossible to say that examination of all the class members’ claims
for relief will produce a common answer to the crucial question why was I disfavored.” Id. at 2552
(emphasis in original). To establish commonality, the Court held that a class must present a
common contention that is “capable of classwide resolution—which means that determination of
its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of each one of the claims in

one stroke.” Id. at 2551.

Based in part on the Wal—Mart decision, the District sought to decertify the class, arguing
that the plaintiff class improperly “bundled together [in their Complaint] multiple different
allegations of a variety of different provisions of the IDEA, the Rehabilitation Act, and local

District of Columbia law” and “amalgamat[ed] . . . a variety of provisions of a single statutory

scheme.” DL v. District of Columbia, 277 F.R.D. 38, 42 (D.D.C. 2011). In effect, the District
argued that the IDEA could be violated in many different ways, and that it was improper to
combine these multiple forms of IDEA violations in one broad class. The plaintiffs responded by
seeking to recertify the class as four distinct subclasses, each consisting, respectively, of disabled
children that the District failed to (1) identify; (2) timely evaluate; (3) determine eligibility; and
(4) provide a smooth and effective transition from Part C to Part B services. This Court denied the
District’s motion, holding that members of the plaintiff class had suffered a common injury,
namely “denial of their statutory right to a free appropriate public education.” Id. at 45. Moreover,
this Court held that the plaintiffs presented the common question whether class members received
a FAPE and noted that the class members” “differing allegations only represent the differing ways
in which defendants have caused class members’ common injury.” Id. At the same time, the Court

extended the Court’s liability through the trial date of April 6, 201 1. 201 1 Opinion at 1. The District

appealed.

On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed

and remanded this Court’s certiﬁcation of the plaintiff class, holding:

After Wal—Mart it is clear that deﬁning the class by reference to the District’s pattern and
practice of failing to provide FAPEs speaks too broadly because it constitutes only an
allegation that the class members “have all suffered a violation of the same provision of
law,” which the Supreme Court has now instructed is insufficient to establish commonality
given that the same provision of law “can be violated in many different ways.” Wal-Mart,
131 S.Ct. at 2551. In the absence of identiﬁcation of a policy or practice that affects all
members of the class in the manner Wal—Mart requires, the district court’s analysis is not

faithful to the Court’s interpretation of Rule 23(a) commonality.

DL v. District of Columbia, 713 F.3d 120, 126 (DC. Cir. 2013). The Circuit therefore vacated the

class certification order and remanded the case to this Court “for reconsideration of whether a

class, classes, or subclasses may be certiﬁed, and if so, thereafter to redetermine liability and
appropriate relief.” Id. at 129.

On remand, plaintiffs sought certiﬁcation of four subclasses for their claims for declaratory
and injunctive relief under Rule 23(b)(2), as well as reinstatement of the Court’s previous ﬁndings
of liability and order granting relief. Pls.’ Mot. to Certify Class and for Reinstatement of Findings
of Liability and Order Granting Relief, ECF No. 358. The Court granted plaintiffs’ request for the
certiﬁcation of subclasses, certifying four classes. Brieﬂy, the classes include children who did not
or will not: (1) be identiﬁed and/or located; (2) receive an initial evaluation within 120 days of
referral; (3) receive a determination of eligibility within 120 days of the date of referral; and (4)
have a “smooth and effective” transition from part C to Part B by the child’s third birthday. DL v.
District of Columbia, 302 F.R.D. 1, l8 (D.D.C. 2013) (“2013 Opinion”). However, the Court
denied plaintiffs’ request for reinstatement of the Court’s previous ﬁndings of liability, stating that
“[r]einstatement of the prior liability and remedial orders would [ ] be plainly inappropriate.” Id.
The Court stated:

The Court has made ﬁndings of fact regarding the District’s IDEA performance
through April 2011, but it is clear that much has changed since that time. As such,
the Court will, as speciﬁed in a separate order issued this date, commence
proceedings to make ﬁndings of fact on the District’s IDEA compliance with

respect to each subclass since April 2011. The Court will then, as instructed by the
Circuit, redetermine liability and the appropriate remedy.

Id. at 19.
The parties then conducted discovery: Fact discovery closed on August 29, 2014, and

expert discovery closed on September 26, 2014.

II. PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT AS TO
DEF ENDANTS’ LIABILITY THROUGH 2007

Plaintiffs move the Court for partial summary judgment as to the defendants’ liability
through 2007 with respect to each subclass’s claims.
A. Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure
materials on ﬁle, and any afﬁdavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). The burden is
on the moving party to demonstrate that there is an “absence of a genuine issue of material fact”
in dispute. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 US. 317, 323 (1986). The non-moving party’s evidence
is to be believed, and all reasonable inferences from the record are to be drawn in the non-moving
party’s favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc, 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). Summary judgment is
appropriate if the non-movant fails to offer “evidence on which the jury could reasonably ﬁnd for
the [non-movant].” 1d. at 252.
B. Analysis
As noted above, this Court previously granted summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs.
See 2010 Opinion. Plaintiffs rely on these ﬁndings in arguing for summary judgment in their favor.
The District argues that this would be inappropriate because upon decertifying the single class, the
DC. Circuit vacated this Court’s orders ﬁnding liability and ordering relief. Furthermore, this
Court previously declined to automatically reinstate liability after the DC. Circuit remanded the
case.

While automatic reinstatement would have been inappropriate, plaintiffs are not precluded

from moving for summary judgment on remand. As this Court stated, “[e]ach of the claims asserted

by the subclasses was part of the initial complaint” and has been “since the inception of this case.”

2013 Opinion at 22. “The district therefore conducted discovery, deposed and cross examined
witnesses, and made motions to this court knowing that these four claims were the subject of this
case.” Id. The four new subclasses merely correspond to four separate duties that have been the
subject of the plaintiffs’ claims from the beginning and were indeed stated in their Amended
Complaint. First Am. Compl., ECF No. 61 at 24—27, 29—31. The District has not explained why
this changes the substance of plaintiffs” complaint or its answer.

Of course, on remand the plaintiffs are again held to the standards of Rule 56 and must
demonstrate an absence of material fact as to each of the individual subclass claims. Indeed, the
District seems to concede that plaintiffs would be entitled to the relief they seek for this period if
“the facts and analysis justifying [the previously granted] summary judgment to Plaintiffs’ now-
decertified class . . . are legally sufﬁcient to justify summary judgment as to _ea_ch of Plaintiffs’
subclass claims.” Defs.’ Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. SJ. 2.

1. IDEA Claims

The IDEA, in conjunction with implementing regulations and the DC. Code and
Regulations, sets forth duties and processes schools must follow in offering special education
services to children with disabilities. Pursuant to these laws and regulations, the District is required
to put in effect policies and procedures to ensure that all children with disabilities who are in need
of special education and related services are identiﬁed, located, and evaluated. 20 U.S.C. §
l412(a)(3)(A); 34 CPR. 300.125(a). The IDEA also requires that defendants ensure a “smooth
and effective transition” from Part C to Part B services for disabled infants and toddlers by their

third birthday. 20 U.S.C. § l412(a)(9). Plaintiffs have the burden of proving a violation of the

IDEA. See Schaffer v. Weast, 546 US. 49, 51 (2005).

10