Court Opinion

ID: 3628929
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 00:08:52.297333+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:45:35.957373
License: Public Domain

As it stood before 1920 the Code of Civil Procedure permitted service by publication upon *Page 45 
non-resident who could not be found within the state secs. 438, 439), where the claim was for a sum of money only (sec. 1217) in a certain class of actions (sec. 635). before a judgment by default was allowed, however, a warrant of attachment granted in the action must have been levied upon the property of the defendant (sec. 1217), and the judgment was conclusive only as to the property which had been so attached (sec. 443, subd. 6). Only so far as the judgment may be satisfied from such property did it bind the defendant and it imposed no personal obligation upon him. (Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 14.)
While these rules were well understood there was some conflict as to whether it was essential that the property of the defendant should be seized before the order of publication was authorized. On the one hand it was said that the Code permitted the warrant to be issued at any time before final judgment (sec. 638). On the other Pennoyer v. Neff was construed as meaning that service by publication gave the required notice only when coupled with the prior seizure of the defendant's property. (Helme v.Buckelew, 229 N.Y. 363, 371.)
Apparently to set at rest all doubts, sections 438 and 439 were amended by chapter 478 of the Laws of 920. Service might be made by publication upon a non-resident defendant in the limited class of actions without the need of an attachment. Among them was the case where the plaintiff sought to enforce rights as to specific personal or real property situated here. To his was now added the provision that the order of publication might be obtained "where it appears by affidavit that a warrant of attachment granted in the action has been levied upon property of the defendant within the state." This clause clearly did not increase the power of the court. Already a summons might be served by publication upon a non-resident in any action to recover a sum of money only where a warrant might be issued. *Page 46 
The only result of the amendment was to limit by express words the power to grant the order of publication to cases where a warrant of attachment being a prerequisite to a judgment it had already been levied. And to further the same thought section 439 was also amended by providing that where the action was to recover a sum of money only the papers on which the order was granted must contain a statement that the warrant had been levied.
Doubts seem, however, to have still existed. (Del Piatta v.Mendoza, 195 App. Div. 833; Cahill v. BroadwellProductions, 190 N.Y. Supp. 225.) Therefore, when the Civil Practice Act was adopted the intent of the legislature was still further clarified. (Civ. Prac. Act, secs. 232, 493.) The latter section enumerates specifically the three classes of cases in which judgment for a sum of money might be obtained against a non-resident upon service by publication. The former consolidated sections 438 and 439 of the Code. Certain verbal alterations were made as to provisions contained in section 438; a new clause was added and then applying to all these provisions, some of which contemplated actions in rem where no attachment was required and others actions in personam, there was also added the condition that the order must be founded on a verified complaint showing a cause of action against the defendant (actions inrem) or in an action in personam, a complaint and proof that a warrant of attachment had been levied upon the defendant's property. The intent is unmistakable. Whatever may have been the former rule now no order of publication in an action to recover a sum of money only against a non-resident may be made except upon proof that his property has been seized.
This being so the action of the Special Term and of the Appellate Division in this case was erroneous. The defendants were non-residents. The action is to recover a sum of money only. An order of publication was *Page 47 
obtained against them as individuals on July 19, 1922. The papers upon which it was based did not show that any warrant of attachment had been levied upon their property. As a matter of fact such warrant was granted and the levy made only some seven or eight days later. No jurisdiction of the defendants was obtained. There was no authority for the order and it and subsequent proceedings based upon it were without jurisdiction.
It is unnecessary for us to pass upon the various other questions argued by the appellants.
The orders of the Appellate Division and of the Special Term should be reversed, with costs in all courts, and the motion of the appellants granted, with ten dollars costs. First question certified answered in the negative; other question not answered.
HISCOCK, Ch. J., HOGAN, CARDOZO, POUND, McLAUGHLIN and CRANE, JJ., concur.
Ordered accordingly.