Court Opinion

ID: 2824070
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-11 04:26:47.411218+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:27:42.646675
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                               Appellate Court

                   Connour v. Grau, 2015 IL App (4th) 130746

Appellate Court    SCOTT CONNOUR, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. HIRAM GRAU, Director
Caption            of State Police; and MICHAEL W. VORREYER, FOID Enforcement
                   Manager of The Department of State Police, Defendants-Appellants,
                   and THE McLEAN COUNTY STATE’S ATTORNEY, Defendant.

District & No.     Fourth District
                   Docket No. 4-13-0746

Filed              July 7, 2015
Rehearing denied   July 31, 2015

Decision Under     Appeal from the Circuit Court of McLean County, No. 11-MR-148;
Review             the Hon. Rebecca Simmons Foley, Judge, presiding.

Judgment           Affirmed as modified and remanded with directions.

Counsel on         Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Chicago (Carolyn E. Shapiro,
Appeal             Solicitor General, and Brett E. Legner (argued), Assistant Attorney
                   General, of counsel), for appellants.

                   Todd A. Roseberry (argued) and John P. Schwulst, both of Schwulst
                   & Roseberry, P.C., of Bloomington, for appellee.

Panel              JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                   opinion.
                   Presiding Justice Pope and Justice Knecht concurred in the judgment
                   and opinion.
                                               OPINION

¶1       In March 1999, plaintiff, Scott Connour, was convicted of misdemeanor domestic battery
     and sentenced to a one-year term of conditional discharge. In February 2011, plaintiff applied
     for a card under the Firearm Owners Identification Card Act (FOID Act) (430 ILCS 65/1 to
     16-3 (West 2010)). In March 2011, the Illinois State Police (hereinafter, Department) denied
     plaintiff’s application, citing a provision of the federal Gun Control Act of 1968 (Gun Control
     Act) (18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9) (2006)) that made it unlawful for a person convicted of
     misdemeanor domestic violence to possess a firearm. In May 2011, plaintiff filed a petition in
     the trial court for the issuance of a FOID card pursuant to section 10 of the FOID Act (430
     ILCS 65/10 (West 2010)). In July 2011, the court granted plaintiff’s petition and ordered the
     Department to issue plaintiff a FOID card. In August 2011, the Department issued plaintiff a
     FOID card that bore the following language: “WARNING: The individual shown on this card
     is prohibited from possession firearms or ammunition under Federal Law 18 USC 44 922 g
     [sic].” (Emphasis in original.)
¶2       In May 2012, plaintiff filed a petition for writ of mandamus against the
     Department–specifically, Hiram Grau (director of the Department) and Michael W. Vorreyer
     (FOID enforcement manager of the Department)–seeking an order directing the Department to
     issue plaintiff a valid FOID card “without any qualifiers thereon prohibiting [its] full and
     lawful use.” In August 2013, following a hearing, the trial court granted plaintiff’s mandamus
     petition and ordered the Department to (1) issue plaintiff a FOID card without any qualifying
     language and (2) “report to the appropriate federal agency that [plaintiff’s] rights have been
     restored to possess firearms and ammunition.”
¶3       The Department appeals, arguing only that the trial court erred by ordering it to report to
     the appropriate federal agency that plaintiff’s right to possess firearms and ammunition had
     been restored. Although we affirm the court’s judgment, we modify it and remand with
     directions that the court modify its order by directing the Department to report to federal
     authorities that plaintiff’s rights to possess firearms and ammunition have been restored as a
     matter of Illinois law.

¶4                                         I. BACKGROUND
¶5        The following facts were gleaned from the parties’ pleadings, exhibits, evidence presented
     at the hearings, and the trial court’s orders.
¶6        Upon his March 1999 conviction for misdemeanor domestic battery, plaintiff lost his right
     to possess a firearm under Illinois law (430 ILCS 65/8(l) (West 1998)) and federal law (18
     U.S.C. § 922(g)(9) (1994)). In May 2011, plaintiff initiated proceedings under section 10 of
     the FOID Act, which at that time provided, in pertinent part, as follows:
             “(a) Whenever an application for a [FOID] Card is denied, *** the aggrieved party may
             petition the circuit court in writing in the county of his or her residence for a hearing
             upon such denial, revocation, or seizure.
                 (b) At least 30 days before any hearing in the circuit court, the petitioner shall serve
             the relevant State’s Attorney with a copy of the petition. The State’s Attorney may
             object to the petition and present evidence. At the hearing the court shall determine
             whether substantial justice has been done. Should the court determine that substantial

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                justice has not been done, the court shall issue an order directing the Department of
                State Police to issue a Card.
                     (c) Any person prohibited from *** acquiring a [FOID] Card under Section 8 of
                this Act may *** petition the circuit court in the county where the petitioner resides,
                *** requesting relief from such prohibition[,] and the *** court may grant such relief if
                it is established by the applicant to the court’s *** satisfaction that:
                         (0.05) *** the State’s Attorney has been served with a written copy of the
                     petition at least 30 days before any such hearing in the circuit court and at the
                     hearing the State’s Attorney was afforded an opportunity to present evidence and
                     object to the petition;
                         (1) the applicant has not been convicted of a forcible felony under the laws of
                     this State or any other jurisdiction within 20 years of the applicant’s application for
                     a [FOID] Card, or at least 20 years have passed since the end of any period of
                     imprisonment imposed in relation to that conviction;
                         (2) the circumstances regarding a criminal conviction, where applicable, the
                     applicant’s criminal history and his reputation are such that the applicant will not be
                     likely to act in a manner dangerous to public safety; and
                         (3) granting relief would not be contrary to the public interest.” 430 ILCS
                     65/10(a)-(c) (West 2010).
¶7          The McLean County State’s Attorney, after receiving notice of plaintiff’s petition pursuant
       to section 10(b) of the FOID Act, raised no objection to plaintiff’s petition. In July 2011,
       following a hearing, the trial court found “that [plaintiff] will not be likely to act in a manner
       dangerous to public safety and granting a FOID card to [plaintiff] would not be contrary to the
       public interest.” Accordingly, the court granted plaintiff’s petition, ordering that “the disability
       preventing [plaintiff] from obtaining and possess[ing] a FOID card, specifically relating to the
       prior conviction [for domestic battery], is hereby remove[d] and the [Department] shall issue a
       FOID card to [plaintiff].”
¶8          As already stated, in August 2011, the Department issued plaintiff a FOID card that bore
       the following language: “WARNING: The individual shown on this card is prohibited from
       possession firearms or ammunition under Federal Law 18 USC 44 922 g [sic].” (Emphasis in
       original.) In the months that followed, plaintiff and his attorneys attempted, unsuccessfully, to
       obtain from the Department a FOID card that did not contain qualifying language.
¶9          In May 2012, plaintiff filed a petition for writ of mandamus, alleging that defendants were
       obligated under the trial court’s July 2011 order and the FOID Act to issue plaintiff a FOID
       card without qualifying language. In his prayer for relief, plaintiff sought an order “directing
       [defendants] to issue [plaintiff] a valid [FOID card] without any qualifiers thereon prohibiting
       [its] full and lawful use ***.”
¶ 10        In July 2012, defendants filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s mandamus petition pursuant
       to section 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2012)), arguing that
       (1) placing the warning label on plaintiff’s FOID card was within the Department’s
       discretionary powers under the FOID Act and (2) because plaintiff was prohibited from
       possessing firearms under the federal Gun Control Act, (a) he had no clear right to a FOID card
       indicating he could legally possess firearms and (b) defendants had no clear duty to issue such
       a card.

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¶ 11       Following a May 2013 hearing, the trial court denied defendants’ motion to dismiss and
       granted plaintiff’s mandamus petition. The court explained its reasoning, as follows:
               “The court does find that in July of 2011, [plaintiff’s] rights were restored, the
               disability was removed, and it was the intent of the court’s order that the [Department]
               issue a valid FOID card without the language contained on the card that he currently
               has which prevents him from using it. It makes no sense that the court would order that
               they just issue a card. It was the intent of the court that a card be issued that he could
               actually and validly use.”
       At the conclusion of the May 2013 hearing, the court directed plaintiff to draft a written order
       embodying the court’s judgment and submit the proposed order to the Department for
       approval.
¶ 12       In July 2013, before the parties reached an agreement as to the appropriate language to
       include in the order, the Department issued plaintiff a FOID card that contained no qualifying
       language. Later that month, plaintiff went to a sporting-goods store to purchase a firearm using
       the newly issued FOID card. At the store, the owner–who submitted an affidavit to the trial
       court–used the seven-digit number contained on the FOID card to run a background check on
       plaintiff to “verify his eligibility to purchase a firearm.” According to the store owner’s
       affidavit, “[u]pon completion of the background check[,] the FOID card was denied.”
¶ 13       At an August 1, 2013, hearing, plaintiff contended that the July 2013 FOID card the
       Department issued to him was invalid because the Department had not reported to federal
       authorities that plaintiff’s rights had been restored. Plaintiff paraphrased the following
       provision of the Gun Control Act:
               “A person shall not be considered to have been convicted of [domestic battery] for
               purposes of this chapter if the conviction has been expunged or set aside, or is an
               offense for which the person has been pardoned or has had civil rights restored (if the
               law of the applicable jurisdiction provides for the loss of civil rights under such an
               offense) unless the pardon, expungement, or restoration of civil rights expressly
               provides that the person may not ship, transport, possess, or receive firearms.” 18
               U.S.C. § 921(a)(33)(B)(ii) (2012).
¶ 14       Citing section 921(a)(33)(B)(ii), plaintiff contended that because the trial court reinstated
       his right to hold a FOID card pursuant to section 10 of the FOID Act, plaintiff’s “civil rights”
       had been “restored” within the meaning of the Gun Control Act. According to plaintiff, the
       Department was responsible for reporting to the federal database (known as the National
       Instant Criminal Background Check System, or “NICS”) the identities of individuals whose
       prior convictions bar them from possessing a firearm under federal law. Plaintiff argued that
       because the NICS database still considered him barred from possessing a firearm due to his
       previous domestic battery conviction, the FOID card the Department issued in July 2013 was
       essentially worthless. Even with the qualifying language omitted from the FOID card, plaintiff
       could still not pass a federal background check due to the Department’s failure to report to the
       NICS database that his civil rights had been restored.
¶ 15       At the conclusion of the August 1, 2013, hearing, the trial court entered a written order
       directing the Department to issue plaintiff, by August 22, 2013, “an unrestricted, valid[,] and
       useable [FOID card] without any restrictions not authorized by Illinois law.” The following
       statement, written by hand, appeared at the bottom of the court’s order: “[The Department]

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       shall report to the appropriate federal agency that [plaintiff’s] rights have been restored to
       possess firearms and ammunition.”
¶ 16       This appeal followed.

¶ 17                                            II. ANALYSIS
¶ 18       On appeal, the Department argues only that the trial court erred by ordering it to report to
       the appropriate federal agency that plaintiff’s right to possess firearms and ammunition had
       been restored. (The Department does not contest the court’s finding that plaintiff was entitled
       to a valid FOID card as a matter of Illinois law.) Because we conclude that the court’s
       restoration of plaintiff’s right to a FOID card under the FOID Act did not automatically remove
       plaintiff’s disability to possessing a firearm under the federal Gun Control Act, we remand
       with directions that the court clarify its order by directing the Department to report to federal
       authorities that plaintiff’s rights to possess firearms and ammunition have been restored as a
       matter of Illinois law.

¶ 19                                     A. The Standard of Review
¶ 20       “In order to obtain a mandamus remedy, the plaintiff must establish a clear right to the
       requested relief, a clear duty of the public officer to act, and clear authority of the public officer
       to comply with the order.” McFatridge v. Madigan, 2013 IL 113676, ¶ 17, 989 N.E.2d 165. “A
       writ of mandamus is appropriate when used to compel compliance with mandatory legal
       standards but not when the act in question involves the exercise of a public officer’s
       discretion.” Id.
¶ 21       In this case, whether plaintiff was entitled to the mandamus relief at issue–namely, the trial
       court’s order directing the Department to inform federal authorities that plaintiff’s right to
       possess firearms and ammunition had been restored–depends upon the proper interpretation of
       the Gun Control Act. The interpretation of a statute is a question of law, which we review
       de novo. People v. Simpson, 2015 IL 116512, ¶ 29, 25 N.E.3d 601.

¶ 22                                      B. The Gun Control Act
¶ 23       The Gun Control Act makes it unlawful for any person “who has been convicted in any
       court of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence” to “possess in or affecting commerce, any
       firearm or ammunition; or to receive any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or
       transported in interstate or foreign commerce.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9) (2012). However, “[a]
       person shall not be considered to have been convicted of [a misdemeanor crime of domestic
       violence] for purposes of this chapter if the conviction has been expunged or set aside, or is an
       offense for which the person has been pardoned or has had civil rights restored (if the law of
       the applicable jurisdiction provides for the loss of civil rights under such an offense) unless the
       pardon, expungement, or restoration of civil rights expressly provides that the person may not
       ship, transport, possess, or receive firearms.” (Emphasis added.) 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(33)(B)(ii)
       (2012).
¶ 24       In this case, plaintiff argues that the Gun Control Act does not prohibit him from
       possessing a firearm because his civil rights were restored when the trial court granted his
       petition for a FOID card under section 10 of the FOID Act. However, the rights restored under
       section 10 of the FOID Act are not necessarily the type of “civil rights” referred to in section

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       921(a)(33)(B)(ii). In Logan v. United States, 552 U.S. 23, 28 (2007), the Supreme Court
       interpreted section 921(a)(20) of the Gun Control Act (18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20) (2006))–which
       used the same “civil rights restored” language as section 921(a)(33)(B)(ii)–and stated, “While
       § 921(a)(20) does not define the term ‘civil rights,’ courts have held, and petitioner agrees, that
       the civil rights relevant under [§ 921(a)(20)] are the rights to vote, hold office, and serve on a
       jury.” It appears this statement was dicta because the petitioner in Logan conceded that “civil
       rights” under the Gun Control Act means only those three core civil rights. It remains an open
       question whether the restoration of the right to keep arms as a matter of state law constitutes
       the restoration of civil rights within the meaning of the Gun Control Act.
¶ 25       The Supreme Court in Logan also held that a person who retains his civil rights upon
       conviction cannot have his civil rights restored. Logan, 552 U.S. at 36-37 (“Congress
       explicitly distinguished between ‘restored’ and ‘retained’ in §921(a)(33)(B)(ii).”). In this case,
       because plaintiff did not lose his core civil rights when he was convicted of domestic battery,
       he never had his core civil rights restored within the meaning of the Gun Control Act.
¶ 26       After the trial court entered its final judgment in this case, the Illinois Supreme Court
       decided Coram v. State of Illinois, 2013 IL 113867, 996 N.E.2d 1057, which controls the
       outcome of this appeal. In Coram, two concurring justices and two dissenting justices–a
       majority of the court–agreed that the restoration of FOID card rights under section 10 of the
       FOID Act does not automatically remove the federal disability to the possession of firearms
       under the federal Gun Control Act. See id. ¶ 103, 996 N.E.2d 1057 (Burke, J., specially
       concurring, joined by Freeman, J.) (“The only thing that can be established with finality under
       a state regulatory scheme such as the FOID Card Act is whether or not an applicant is
       compliant with state law.”); id. ¶ 118, 996 N.E.2d 1057 (Theis, J., dissenting, joined by
       Garman, J.) (“A section 10 hearing cannot make it lawful for Coram to acquire or possess a
       firearm that he concedes he is prohibited from possessing under federal law.”); see also People
       v. Lampitok, 207 Ill. 2d 231, 238, 798 N.E.2d 91, 97 (2003) (“The concurring and dissenting
       justices agree on the resolution of some issues so that they become the holding of the appellate
       court even though they are not found in the principal order.”). In other words, a majority of the
       supreme court in Coram held that when an Illinois state court restores a person’s right to
       possess firearms and ammunition for purposes of Illinois law pursuant to section 10 of the
       FOID Act, such restoration does not automatically restore the person’s right to possess
       firearms and ammunition under the federal Gun Control Act.
¶ 27       In this case, plaintiff’s principal argument–that the trial court’s restoration of his firearm
       rights under section 10 of the FOID Act removed his federal disability to firearm
       possession–rests on the three-justice plurality’s holding in Coram. See Coram, 2013 IL
113867, ¶ 69, 996 N.E.2d 1057 (“Given the broad powers Congress has given the states to
       restore rights and grant relief from federally imposed firearms disabilities, we believe the
       power to grant relief, or restore rights, to those who have lost them as a result of state
       misdemeanor convictions is necessarily implied.”). However, a majority of the justices
       rejected that conclusion. See id. ¶ 105, 996 N.E.2d 1057 (Burke, J., specially concurring,
       joined by Freeman, J.) (“Although this result answers the question of whether Coram has
       established the right to possess a firearm as a matter of state law, it remains an open question as
       to whether Coram is prohibited from possessing a firearm as a matter of federal law. However,
       that is a matter to be resolved between Coram and the federal authorities.”); id. ¶ 118, 996

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       N.E.2d 1057 (Theis, J., dissenting, joined by Garman, J.) (“[N]othing in the FOID Act relieves
       Coram of the disability imposed under the federal Gun Control Act ***.”).
¶ 28        Because the trial court’s restoration of plaintiff’s right to a FOID card under section 10 of
       the FOID Act did not automatically remove plaintiff’s federal firearm disability under the Gun
       Control Act, plaintiff had no clear right to have federal authorities informed–and the
       Department had no clear duty to inform federal authorities–that plaintiff’s “rights have been
       restored to possess firearms and ammunition.” Instead, a more accurate message would have
       been that plaintiff’s rights to possess firearms and ammunition have been restored as a matter
       of Illinois law. Accordingly, we affirm the court’s judgment as modified and remand with
       directions that the court modify its order by directing the Department to report to federal
       authorities that plaintiff’s rights to possess firearms and ammunition have been restored as a
       matter of Illinois law. In so doing, we recognize that plaintiff’s FOID card, even if valid under
       Illinois law, may be worthless to plaintiff so long as his 1999 misdemeanor conviction for
       domestic battery still prevents him from passing a federal background check or otherwise
       legally possessing a firearm under federal law. However, as four justices of the supreme court
       concluded in Coram, that is not a matter to be resolved through state proceedings.

¶ 29                                       III. CONCLUSION
¶ 30       For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified and remand with
       directions.

¶ 31      Affirmed as modified and remanded with directions.

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