Court Opinion

ID: 4239246
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-01-25 17:00:25.911217+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:48:03.958097
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eighth Circuit
                       ___________________________

                               No. 16-3366
                       ___________________________

             Timothy L. Ashford; Timothy L. Ashford, P.C.L.L.O.

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs - Appellants

                                          v.

                      Douglas County; State of Nebraska

                           lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants

   John Does, 1-1000; Jane Does, 1-1000; W. Russell Bowie, in his Official
            Capacity; Craig McDermott, in his Official Capacity

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees

Douglas Johnson; Leslie Johnson; John Doe; Shelly Stratman; Horacio Wheelock

                           lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants

            Thomas Riley, Individually and in his Official Capacity

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee

                                   Denise Frost

                            lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant

   James Gleason, Individually and in his Official Capacity; Timothy Burns,
Individually and in his Official Capacity; Derick Vaughn, Individually and in his
                                 Official Capacity

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees
                                   ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                       for the District of Nebraska - Omaha
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: November 16, 2017
                              Filed: January 25, 2018
                                    [Published]
                                  ____________

Before BENTON, SHEPHERD, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

PER CURIAM.

      Nebraska lawyer Timothy Ashford appeals a district court order dismissing his
race discrimination suit on grounds of judicial and quasi-judicial immunity. We
conclude that Ashford lacked standing in the district court, so we vacate the district
court’s judgment and remand with instructions to dismiss the case without prejudice.

       Our decision turns on the facts that were before the district court when it
granted the motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “When considering a
Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court generally must ignore materials outside the pleadings,
but it may consider some materials that are part of the public record or do not
contradict the complaint, as well as materials that are necessarily embraced by the
pleadings.” Smithrud v. City of St. Paul, 746 F.3d 391, 395 (8th Cir. 2014)
(quotation omitted). We must treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true. See
Taxi Connection v. Dakota, Minnesota & E. R.R. Corp., 513 F.3d 823, 825–26 (8th
Cir. 2008).

                                         -2-
       Ashford’s pleadings necessarily embrace Nebraska Fourth Judicial District
Local Rule 4-17.1 That rule sets out the process for appointing lawyers to represent
indigent defendants in Douglas County. To be appointed to the panel of attorneys
eligible to represent indigent defendants, licensed Nebraska lawyers must submit an
application to the Douglas County District Court Administrator. R. 4-17(H). A
selection committee then meets and decides whether each applicant is eligible to join
the panel, and what types of cases the applicant is eligible to receive. R. 4-17(F)(2).
The selection committee is made up of four judges, two private attorneys with
criminal defense experience, and the Douglas County Public Defender. Id. Beyond
requiring that the selection committee “meet at least once each year, and at such other
times as the Committee deems appropriate,” the rule does not set out the dates for
committee meetings. Id.

        Rule 4-17 went into effect on April 1, 2015, three months after Ashford
initially filed this lawsuit. On June 29, 2015, Ashford filed his Rule 4-17 application.
He sought eligibility to represent indigent murder defendants. About six weeks later,
on September 1, 2015, Ashford filed his now operative second amended complaint.
That complaint alleged only that Ashford had not yet received a response from the
selection committee.

       The district court dismissed Ashford’s claims under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)
because it concluded that the selection committee members were protected by judicial
and quasi-judicial immunity. We express no opinion on that determination. Instead,
we conclude that Ashford’s second amended complaint did not adequately allege an
injury in fact, and so did not vest the district court with jurisdiction.

      1
        Although Ashford’s complaint does not explicitly cite Rule 4-17, its
allegations refer to the Rule 4-17 selection committee members, and it references the
Rule 4-17 panel-selection process. The named defendants are parties to this case by
virtue of their membership on the Rule 4-17 selection committee. The rule is also a
matter of public record.

                                          -3-
       Before a federal court may resolve the merits of a plaintiff’s claims, the
“plaintiff must show that he is under threat of suffering ‘injury in fact’ that is concrete
and particularized; the threat must be actual and imminent, not conjectural or
hypothetical.” Missourians for Fiscal Accountability v. Klahr, 830 F.3d 789, 794 (8th
Cir. 2016) (quotation marks omitted).

        Ashford’s complaint alleges that he applied to represent indigent murder
defendants on June 29, 2015, and had not heard back by September 1, 2015. But the
selection committee is only required to meet once per year. See R. 4-17(F)(2).
Ashford does not allege that the selection committee has even considered his
application. Nor does the selection committee’s six-week silence raise an inference
that it de facto denied Ashford’s application through inaction.

        We are mindful that facts may have developed during the long pendency of this
litigation. But those facts are not now before us. We are bound to evaluate standing
based on the record that was before the district court. That record lacked factual
allegations sufficient to establish an injury in fact and permit meaningful evaluation
of judicial and quasi-judicial immunity. The district court therefore lacked
jurisdiction to adjudicate Ashford’s claims.

      We deny as moot Ashford’s pending motions to take judicial notice,2 vacate the
judgment of the district court, and remand with instructions to dismiss the case
without prejudice.
                      ______________________________

      2
        Ashford’s November 16, 2017, motion is styled a motion “to seal a document,”
but is in fact a motion to take judicial notice of a sealed document.

                                           -4-