Court Opinion

ID: 4554554
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-11 14:08:06.530932+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:17:08.530372
License: Public Domain

RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-1314-18T3

NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,

         Plaintiff-Appellant/
         Cross-Respondent,

v.

D.S.,

     Defendant-Respondent.
_____________________________

IN THE MATTER OF THE
GUARDIANSHIP OF
X.S., a Minor,

and

D'A.S., a Minor,

     Respondent/Cross-Appellant.
_____________________________

                   Argued telephonically June 24, 2020 –
                   Decided August 11, 2020

                   Before Judges Accurso and DeAlmeida.
            On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
            Chancery Division, Family Part, Union County,
            Docket No. FG-20-0026-18.

            Sara M. Gregory, Deputy Attorney General, argued
            the cause for appellant/cross-respondent (Gurbir S.
            Grewal, Attorney General, attorney; Donna Sue Arons
            and Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant Attorneys General, of
            counsel; Elizabeth Erb Cashin, Deputy Attorney
            General, on the briefs).

            Todd S. Wilson, Designated Counsel, argued the cause
            for respondent/cross-appellant D'A.S. (Joseph E.
            Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian, attorney;
            Todd S. Wilson, on the briefs).

            Ted Gary Mitchell, Deputy Public Defender, argued
            the cause for respondent D.S. (Joseph E. Krakora,
            Public Defender, attorney; Ted Gary Mitchell, of
            counsel and on the brief).

            Nancy P. Fratz, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,
            argued the cause for minor X.S. (Joseph E. Krakora,
            Public Defender, Law Guardian, attorney; Nancy P.
            Fratz, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      The Division of Child Protection and Permanency and the Law Guardian

for sixteen-year-old David1 appeal from a November 1, 2018 order terminating

this guardianship litigation based on the trial judge's decision that the Division

1
  The boys' names and that of the resource parent are fictitious. We employ
pseudonyms to protect their privacy. See R. 1:38-3(d)(12).
                                                                          A-1314-18T3
                                        2
failed to prove the second and fourth prongs of the best interests standard,

N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a), at trial. The Law Guardian for David's twin brother,

Samuel, although urging termination at trial, now sides with the boys' father,

defendant D.S., urging that we affirm. Because we are convinced by our

review of the record that the trial court failed to apply the correct legal

standard in analyzing the second and fourth statutory prongs, frustrating the

paramount goal of permanency, and erroneously excluded the opinion of the

Division's testifying psychologist, we vacate the order and remand for

expedited proceedings to bring this case to conclusion.

      The issue in this appeal is the judge's interpretation of the second and

fourth prongs of the best interests standard applied to the facts. The facts

themselves are almost entirely undisputed. Neither defendant nor the Law

Guardians presented any evidence at trial, and the judge found the Division's

witnesses competent and credible, with the exception of his rejection of Dr.

Dyer's opinion on the boys' need for permanency, which is at the center of the

case. Defendant did not testify and absented himself for part of the trial.

      Here are the essential facts. The boys lost their mother when they were

not yet three. Their father, defendant D.S., has long-standing mental health

problems that have seriously affected his ability to care for his sons.

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                                         3
Defendant has never held an identifiable job, and the Division has never had

more than a temporary address for him, although it's been involved with

defendant and his sons for over ten years now. The boys' teachers reported the

boys missed school and Samuel sometimes appeared dirty, smelly and hungry.

Samuel also reported some fear of his father, whom he claimed hit him when

he didn't do well, or things didn't go right.

      The boys lived with a girlfriend of defendant's for some unspecified time

and his sister may have likewise had a custody order in her favor at some

point, but they were not removed from his care until December 2012, after

defendant was twice substantiated for abuse and neglect.2 The boys were then

eight-years-old. They were placed with their maternal grandmother, who kept

them for over two years while the Division tried to effect reunification. David

and Samuel were returned to their father's care in February 2015, but the

reunion was brief, lasting only three months. The Division removed the boys

again after defendant failed to pick them up from an after-school program.

Defendant told police at 7:00 p.m. that he was on his way over, but he never

2
  The trial judge's decision to not "clutter the record" with the worker's contact
sheets and summaries has made some of the specifics of the history difficult to
ascertain. Although annoying, it has not impeded our review.
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                                         4
arrived. He was apparently so drunk he didn't realize the children weren't

home until the following morning.

      The boys could not be placed with their grandmother again on account of

her advancing dementia. No other relatives were available, so the Division

placed the boys in a resource home with "Ms. K," who has cared for them

since and wishes to adopt both boys.

      Although referred by the Division to a myriad of programs, defendant

has never meaningfully engaged in mental health or substance abuse treatment,

although the experts opined he needs both. Defendant's failure to even return

for a follow-up appointment prevented the Division's psychiatric expert from

offering more than a "rule-out" diagnosis. Dr. Sostre testified that defendant is

enormously suspicious and guarded and his thoughts so disorganized that it is

difficult to have a normal conversation with him. She had no doubt defendant

suffered from a mental disorder, manifested by a "detachment from reality,"

but could not say whether it was a psychotic disorder, a bipolar disorder, or

paranoid personality disorder. She did offer that defendant's thoughts were so

disorganized that she would be concerned with him having any children in his

care, no matter their age, "[e]ven if they were 17 years old."

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                                        5
      Before talking about the remainder of the trial testimony, we divert to

address something about the procedural history, which appears to have colored

the judge's analysis of the issues. The Division first brought this case to trial

in 2017. After the Division presented the testimony of at least one witness, the

parties engaged in mediation to explore the possibility of kinship legal

guardianship, "an alternative permanent placement option without the need for

termination of parental rights and 'where adoption is neither feasible nor

likely[.]'" N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. L.L., 201 N.J. 210, 223

(2010) (quoting the Kinship Act, N.J.S.A. 3B:12A-1(c)).

      That solution was abandoned when the resource parent, Ms. K,

determined she was not prepared to partner with defendant after he showed up

drunk at her house one Sunday morning at 6:00 a.m., demanding to see the

boys. Defendant was yelling something about not letting anyone bully his sons

and wanted to accompany them to school. Ms. K explained it was Sunday, and

there was no school. Defendant insisted it was Friday. He appeared again the

following night, pursuing the same theme. Because the Division believed the

boys were against adoption at that point, the guardianship was not immediately

reinstated.

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                                         6
      After the Division reinstated the guardianship action in January 2018,

counsel were before the court on the order to show cause explaining that the

twins, who were then thirteen, had different views on adoption. David wanted

to be adopted by Ms. K, while Samuel wanted to remain with her but not be

adopted. Counsel for defendant expressed frustration with Ms. K's rejection of

KLG, defendant's preferred resolution.

            KLG was accepted by this foster parent. And, then,
            all of a sudden, I don't know what happened. She says
            she doesn't want it anymore. This — this is the tail
            wagging the dog. Is — is she in charge of this? That
            — does the Division have anything to say? Do the
            children's opinions mean anything? Is — is it just this
            woman that says one day, "KLG, I think, is great."
            The next day, "KLG is not so great." You know? We
            — I hear about backlogs, this is the kind of thing that
            backlogs our courts. Cases that don't need to be tried.
            Somebody has got to sit down and tell these foster
            parents, you know, which is it? You can't just be
            playing with people's lives. It makes her feel better. I
            read all sorts of documents about what this woman
            says. It will make her feel better. Well, it's not her
            that has to feel better. It's the children. One of them
            specifically says, "I don't want to be adopted." And I
            thought we had the perfect solution. Kids that don't
            want to be adopted, a woman willing to do KLG, we'll
            do KLG. Well, if she doesn't want to do KLG
            anymore, then return these children. We'll find
            somebody who probably wants the best of both worlds
            for these children.

      The judge responded to counsel's statement as follows:

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                                         7
            Well, there's a part of me that understands precisely
            what [counsel for defendant] is saying. And I don't
            know — I don't really see the huge difference between
            KLG and adoption. And the closer a child gets to age
            18, and these children are 13 — 13 and a half, I — I
            just can't see — and they obviously know their father.
            Father is interested in them. I just really don't — don't
            see the distinction between adoption and KLG, by that
            point, becomes almost meaningless. Because the only
            basic fundamental difference is, in adoption, the —
            the adopting parents get complete discretion as to
            whether or not the children will see — have any time
            at all, or any contact with the father. And, in KLG,
            the judge gets to decide that. So, that's the only
            difference. I don't get it.

      When defense counsel again expressed his frustration with having to go

forward, the judge ended the discussion by saying:

            Did you just hear me explain how little difference
            there is between KLG and adoption? And how the
            children get older the less difference there is between
            those two things? . . . I'm going to repeat it.
            Termination is a last resort. That's the last thing we
            want to do. Period.

      When the case came on for trial, the Division presented two fact

witnesses who testified about their observations of defendant's relationship

with his sons, Samantha Maytidu, a licensed masters mental health clinician,

who oversaw defendant's therapeutic visitation of his sons for Cooperative

Counseling Services, and Leonard J. Cusumano, the adoption worker assigned

to the family.

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                                       8
      Maytidu testified that defendant rarely missed a weekly visit with his

sons, that the visits often went well because there was genuine affection

among the three of them, but that defendant also often acted or spoke in ways

that were inappropriate, causing her to have to counsel and redirect him, with

varying degrees of success. Maytidu explained the counseling service does not

permit parents "to discuss court proceedings," or to "speak negatively about

the children's resource parent," and "also [doesn't] expect that the parent is

going to disclose and discuss hardships of their own in front of the children."

      Maytidu testified defendant often had difficulty following those rules ,

especially the last one. She explained that defendant could sometimes be so

inappropriate, blaming the children, particularly Samuel, for things clearly not

their fault, that Samuel would cry. Asked for an example, she recounted a

time recently when defendant "agitated and upset" over having been

discharged unsuccessfully from his mental health day program, "ended up

telling [Samuel] that it was his fault that the program had discharged"

defendant.

      Maytidu testified defendant appeared to favor David, having "higher

expectations" for him and paying him more attention during visits "either

doing his hair, or talking about his grades or his sports rather than focusing on

                                                                          A-1314-18T3
                                        9
both children evenly." In contrast, defendant would sometimes "just display so

much anger onto [Samuel], where he would tell [Samuel] it's your fault, I'm

kicked out of my program. It's your fault that you and your brother are not

with me anymore."

      Maytidu testified that "obviously, as a child, when you're — you're

hearing that from your parent, whom you love, it's hard. It's hard for a child to

understand." She testified such episodes occurred often. Although she would

try to explain to defendant "that it's not appropriate to discuss these [problems]

with your children, because there's nothing — they don't have control. They

can't help you, and it puts a burden on them, emotionally, and

psychologically," she could not make defendant understand how his actions

affected his sons.

      According to Maytidu, David and Samuel are very different, and

responded differently to their father's complaints about his hardships and

difficulties. "[S]o — while [David] is still impressionable, he does not present

as vulnerable as [Samuel]. He does not present as emotional as [Samuel] and

he's able to articulate a little bit more than [Samuel] can." Maytidu described

Samuel as "a lot more vulnerable, more impressionable and much more

parentified." Asked to explain, she testified that in "the child/parent dynamic,

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                                       10
it's the parent who usually is the one to attend to the child's emotional needs,

physical needs, psychological needs." With a child who is parentified, there's

"a role reversal between parent and child." Here, in Maytidu's view, Samuel

has been made to feel responsible for his father.

      Maytidu referred to a visit following Father's Day as an example.

According to Maytidu, defendant was irate because the children had neglected

to reach out to him on the holiday. Defendant "made inappropriate statements

toward his children," and also complained that he was "broke, and he ha[d] no

electricity, and no place to sleep, and disclosed his hardships — his financial

hardships, his unstable financial ability, his housing, and just repetitively kept

saying to them that it was unacceptable that they didn't reach out to him

despite him just celebrating their birthday with them."

      Although both boys told Maytidu that they were used to his rants, David

told her in June 2018 that he wanted "normalcy" and "not having the Division,

essentially, control his life." He explained that "coming to these visits," while

allowing him to see "his father, . . . also put a barrier between the things that

were important to him," such as sports and going to games. Maytidu saw

Samuel, on the other hand, surreptitiously pass his father money under the

table once when defendant told him he needed money.

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                                        11
      Maytidu testified she never saw defendant "put his hands" on either boy,

but that he would threaten to do so on occasion, causing Samuel, who had

previously claimed his father beat him, to be fearful and cry. When she

confronted defendant, he told her "he didn't care that [she] was there, that if,

you know, he needs to hit them, like, he will, regardless of the circumstance or

who is present, or who is watching." Cooperative Counseling Services ended

their oversight of defendant's visits shortly before the re-scheduled

guardianship trial in July 2018, when defendant made a reference to "going

postal" when Maytidu tried to talk to him about the trial. Those remarks

prompted defendant's two-week involuntary commitment to a mental hospital

and the adjournment of the guardianship trial for three months.

      Cusumano, the adoption worker, testified to defendant's minimal

compliance with services, Cusumano's observations of defendant with his sons,

the boys' life with their resource parent, and their changing views on adoption

during the almost three years he worked with the family. Cusumano stressed

that it was "very hard" to describe his conversations with defendant. He

described defendant's conversational style as "tangential in nature." They

would one minute be discussing "something that's serious like we'll talk about

a service or we'll talk about maybe finances or something of that nature, and

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                                       12
then it's going to be about this persecution kind of field, and then it just goes

on — it snowballs out of control."3 Cusumano explained "it was always very,

very difficult to get real salient information" from defendant and Cusumano

was never "entirely sure that [defendant] got the message that [Cusumano] was

trying to relay."

      Cusumano had observed several recent visits between defendant and his

sons. He testified the visits had been generally positive but noted a marked

change in Samuel's interaction with his father, in that he recently "stood up for

himself" more, and was less inclined to "do[] as he was immediately

instructed."

      Cusumano testified the boys were "thriving" in Ms. K's care. He

described the relationship between the boys and Ms. K as very warm, and that

they had developed "a comradery with one another to where they would be

able to joke, and tease, and, you know, play . . . like just normal like family

interaction." Cusumano agreed that Samuel was "the more emotional" of the

brothers, and that Ms. K, who the boys referred to as "Ma" or "Grandma,"

3
  Cusumano testified that defendant was enormously defensive and often
responded to suggestions for services as an insult to his intelligence, or
"[Cusumano] as a white man coming at him." Defendant was also resistant to
a medication regimen, believing "the medicines may have been concocted with
things that could get him in trouble, like THC or alcohol."
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                                       13
"kind of coddles him a little bit more on that level, because he has that

emotionality about himself." Cusumano testified that Samuel was doing better

in school, "had a good understanding" of Ms. K's expectations of him and

worked to meet them, adhering to the rules she established.

      As for David, Cusumano described him as a gifted athlete, "almost 6'2"

and likely has room to grow a ton more." Cusumano explained that Ms. K

can't impress on David enough "that he needs to be able to focus on school in

the event that an athletic career cannot be achievable," but also goes to all of

his games, "yelling, and, you know, being the fan. So, she . . . presents that

element" in David's life.

      Cusumano testified that Ms. K has adult children and that her daughter

and her family live a block away. Ms. K's grandson, Eric, who is in his mid-

twenties, "is very involved with the boys," playing video games with them and

taking them places. He's helped David get involved with AAU basketball, and

acts, not only "like the big brother" but as a mentor to both boys.

      Cusumano explained that he had several conversations with the boys

about "permanency planning." In January 2017, when he asked David how he

felt about adoption, David told him "he did not care so long as he could see his

                                                                            A-1314-18T3
                                       14
father." David also said "he felt safe and comfortable" living with Ms. K and

felt close to her and her family.

      A few months later in April, after the Division had dismissed the

guardianship, David asked him what was going on with the adoption.

Cusumano told him it was "off the table" because neither he nor his brother

wanted to be adopted. David immediately replied that that was not true as far

as he was concerned, and that, so long as he didn't have to change his last

name, he wanted to be adopted by Ms. K.

      Cusumano had a conversation around the same time with defendant

about his desires. Cusumano noted defendant "did not feel he was capable of

taking custody of his children, but he was opposed to adoption because he

thought there would be some middle ground, where he could continue to have

contact with his children." Cusumano testified it was clear to him through

conversation with defendant that "he did not really understand KLG," but

thought it "was a good idea."

      In May 2018, Samuel told Cusumano he didn't "mind being adopted,"

but had reservations "because he didn't want his . . . dad to feel that he was

choosing one side over the other." He also didn't want to be known "as the

adopted kid." Notwithstanding, his father's feelings, Samuel thought adoption

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                                       15
by Ms. K would be a "better plan" for himself. David was clear that he wanted

to be adopted. The boys argued briefly, with David accusing Samuel of being

responsible for the delay in the case by going "back and forth" about adoption.

Cusumano immediately corrected that misconception, explaining to both boys

that Samuel's feelings about adoption were not a contributor to the delay in the

case.

        Cusumano testified that David remained disturbed by how long

everything was taking. Cusumano explained that David's AAU team had

upcoming tournaments in Baltimore and somewhere in California, and David

was frustrated that in addition to "Ma's" approval, he needed to secure the okay

of the Division to go. David told Cusumano, "I just want this to be over, and

. . . to be normal." Cusumano testified David was getting "more fed up" with

the Division's involvement in their lives and his situation remaining unsettled.

        Cusumano talked to both boys again about adoption in June 2018, in

advance of the July trial date, Samuel reiterated, on balance, that he'd prefer

adoption by Ms. K. Weighing the pros and cons, he'd decided living in a home

is better than "being on the streets." David likewise remained committed to

adoption.

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                                       16
      Cusumano testified that the Division's plan for the boys was adoption by

Ms. K. Asked why, he responded: "[b]ecause she has provided this

environment, this stable home. She's [been] able to meet all of the children's

basic needs, and — and other needs that aren't identified as basic needs." Ms.

K has provided the boys "consistent direction" and "a loving home."

Cusumano also stressed that Ms. K has the support of her family, and

particularly of her grandson, Eric, who has become an important figure in the

boys' lives. Cusumano explained that Ms. K and Samuel and David have just

become this tight knit "little family." He again described both boys as

"thriving" in Ms. K's care.

      Ms. K also testified. She immigrated to the States from Africa, and

reading the transcript makes clear English is not her first language. She

testified that both Samuel and David were doing "[v]ery well. In school and

activities and my house they are doing very well." She explained that when

the boys first arrived, both misbehaved for about two months, Samuel more

seriously than David. Samuel "had a temper" and would "get mad" and throw

fits. Ms. K explained that "[y]ou know, I figure out if it's my grandson I

wouldn't throw him out. I have to take care of him. So, I make sure he calm

down, and feeling good." Now both boys are doing better in school, David

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                                      17
making the honor roll and Samuel getting close. The boys clean their rooms,

take turns taking out the garbage and even do their own laundry.

      Asked about her plans for Samuel and David, Ms. K replied:

            My plan for them to go to school, and finish their
            college, and be somebody that they're supposed to be.
            Because [David] like basketball a lot, and he always
            practice it, and now he's have a team, and doing well
            in school, and then practice — you know, playing the
            basketball, I'd like him to — I'd like both of them to
            be in their feet as somebody — you know, everybody
            supposed to be.

      Asked what she wanted her relationship with the boys to be, she said,

"I'd like them to be my children. I like them to be my family." Ms. K

explained she was "raising them like I raised my kids." She testified that she

had defendant to her home and included him in Thanksgiving dinner with her

family but "changed her mind" after the incident of him appearing drunk and

demanding to see the boys at 6:00 a.m. on a Sunday morning. Asked whether

she understood that defendant was mentally ill, she replied that she felt "like

something wrong with him, because he came back again the next day, Monday

evening with somebody. That time he's not drunk, but still on the same case.

So, I think something wrong with him."

      Ms. K testified that she took the boys to see their grandmother in a

nursing home every few weeks and would be willing to have the boys see their

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                                       18
father also, just not in her home. Asked by the judge whether she would let

the boys meet with their father at a restaurant or elsewhere, she testified she

knew the boys wanted to see their father and would allow that.

      Dr. Frank Dyer, a New Jersey licensed psychologist, conducted

psychological evaluations in January 2018 of defendant and David and Samuel

as well as the bonding evaluations relied on by the Division, and his testimony

is central to the issues on appeal.

      Dr. Dyer testified that defendant reported "his capability in terms of

parenting these two children as being 100 percent adequate." Defendant

assured the doctor "that the only reason that the boys have been in placement

for so long a time is housing, that he has not been able to secure adequate

housing, and that other than that — every other factor that might pertain to the

safety, and health, and welfare of the children has been covered satisfactorily."

      Dr. Dyer diagnosed defendant as suffering from schizotypal personality

disorder with paranoid antisocial and borderline features. He opined that

defendant "does not possess adequate parenting capacity, and that his

prognosis for acquiring adequate parenting capacity within the foreseeable

future was poor." Specifically, Dr. Dyer concluded defendant's

             personality problems and, again, the tangential,
             scattered, convoluted thinking processes, the

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                                       19
             emotional volatility, the irresponsibility, the
             dismissiveness regarding the expectations of others in
             terms of standards of care, rules, laws and so forth,
             and the — the general wariness — suspiciousness
             regarding the motives of others, which would interfere
             with [defendant's] accepting direction by child welfare
             professionals who are attempting to work with him, all
             of those indicate that [defendant] is a very high risk
             for a disruption of another reunification.

      Regarding his evaluation of both boys, Dr. Dyer noted the number of

different placements the thirteen-year-olds had already endured, their

"placement with [defendant's] girlfriend, removal from that placement,

transferring to the grandmother, removal from the grandmother, reunification

with [defendant]," then having that fail and finally placement with Ms. K.

When Dr. Dyer conducted his assessments, the boys had already been in Ms.

K's care for almost three years.

      As to David, Dr. Dyer reported that the boy told him "first and foremost,

he wants to be a professional athlete," which the doctor concluded was not

fanciful, as David may have a chance at a career in professional sports. David

told Dr. Dyer that he likes visiting his father, but is very satisfied with his

current placement with Ms. K. He said Ms. K treats him well and meets all of

his needs. Dr. Dyer testified that judging from David's words and tone that he

"has a very positive emotional connection" to Ms. K.

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                                        20
      David reported that if it were possible "for his father to take him back

then that's where he would like to go, because he wants to be with family."

Dr. Dyer believed that David's early loss of his mother "played into that very

strongly because he's lost one parent and does not want to lose another."

David, however, was also very clear that if it were not possible for him to

return to his father, then "his preference would absolutely be to remain

permanently with his resource parent." Dr. Dyer reported that David

"expressed trust and confidence in Ms. K's promise to him that she would

continue contact between [David] and his father."

      Dr. Dyer opined, based on testing he conducted, that David, while of

normal intelligence, has a previously unreported learning disability, affecting

his reading. He also believed the boy suffered some residual effects of

witnessing a domestic violence incident between his father and his father's

girlfriend. Dr. Dyer found David an open and gregarious person, not at all

suspicious or wary. He noted, however, that David has a sense of

powerlessness and lack of control over his circumstances, that is not

uncommon "in children who have been moved around and who have suffered a

number of disruptions in the continuity of their care."

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                                      21
      Dr. Dyer concluded that David does not suffer from any pathology.

Instead, his "problems seem to be more related to situational factors" that

could be overcome. Dr. Dyer offered the opinion that "[t]he greatest

intervention for countering these adverse situational factors, in [his] view, is

permanency, stability in the . . . the family environment where he has realistic

expectations. He's confident that the caretaker is going to provide for him and

so forth."

      Dr. Dyer found Samuel "the much more problematic member of the

family." Samuel told Dr. Dyer about his many placements, describing each

one. He spoke warmly of his father, recounting the times he had rubbed his

back during an asthma attack and would confront anyone smoking around

Samuel and warn them to stop because of the boy's asthma.4 Samuel was very

impressed by that.

      Samuel also spoke fondly of Ms. K, telling Dr. Dyer "about some of the

things that he was able to persuade [her] to allow him to do like sleeping over

4
  Samuel suffers from severe asthma. One of defendant's substantiations for
abuse and neglect arose out of his failure to provide the school, after several
requests, with a nebulizer or medications to be administered to the boy in the
event of an asthma attack. After Samuel suffered from an attack at school, he
had to be taken by ambulance to the hospital. In the course of its
investigation, the Division learned the boys didn't have a pediatrician, despite
Samuel's chronic asthma condition.
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                                       22
at a friend's house." Samuel also told him about other privileges he'd earned,

including his own cell phone, and a tablet. He was excited about getting a

laptop computer "pretty soon." Regarding the boy's wishes for his future, Dr.

Dyer reported that Samuel told him

            in no uncertain terms, that he's already lost one parent,
            and he wants to be with his other parent. If he can't be
            with his other parent, then he wants to be with a
            family member, because his connection to his family
            is something that is extremely important to him after
            suffering the tragic loss of his mother when he was a
            year old.

      Based on his testing, Dr. Dyer concluded that Samuel was a "good

artist," with fine hand/motor coordination, and that he does not suffer from the

reading problem David does. Dr. Dyer testified that his psychological testing

of Samuel "conveyed two seemingly opposite psychological characteristics";

the first being "a great deal of anger and aggression," reflected in the school

reports of fighting and Ms. K's early assessment of his behavior in her home,

and the second "a real emotional neediness," reflected in the testimony of

Cusumano and Maytidu. Dr. Dyer explained his overall impression of Samuel

was that he was

            in need of therapy to strengthen his capacity for
            impulse control, specifically control over his
            aggressive impulses, and also to help him to process
            some of his experiences, primarily the loss of his

                                                                          A-1314-18T3
                                       23
               mother, but additionally the number of disruptions in
               the continuity of his care that he has experienced
               along with his brother.

         Turning to the bonding evaluations, Dr. Dyer explained that "the nature

and purpose of bonding assessments vary according to the age of the child."

When a child is young, the evaluator is focused on "the attachment profile" of

the child, because in a child generally younger than six, "attachment is a

critical determinant of how the personality is going to be structured in the

future." Dr. Dyer explained that at that age, "disruptions in the continuity of a

child's care, difficult attachments, unstable attachments, and other types of

ways in which the attachment can go awry have profound effects" on a young

child.

         When dealing with thirteen-year-olds, like Samuel and David, "the focus

changes because the child's personality is relatively structured." Dr. Dyer

explained that what an evaluator is assessing with an older child are "more

conventional issues" of whether the child feels secure and the present

placement is meeting his needs. The evaluator is also interested in whether the

child is able to respond behaviorally to the caretaker. The evaluator needs to

understand the child's conscious attitudes toward the parent, and gauge the

strength of the child's attachment to the parent in order to determine "whether

                                                                         A-1314-18T3
                                        24
a complete separation from the parent is going to cause the child to experience

some psychological harm."

      Dr. Dyer reported that during his evaluation of defendant and his sons,

defendant was preoccupied with giving them "moralistic lectures" that the boys

were "somewhat responsive to." Defendant talked of going to dental school

and learning to make the sort of gold dental grills popular with rappers for

which he could charge $50,000 apiece. Dr. Dyer concluded the boys were

accustomed to these sorts of flights by their father and didn't view them as

genuine plans. Dr. Dyer found the boys enjoyed the contact with their father,

with David being "much more enthusiastic and comfortable" than Samuel.

      When the judge noted that the doctor's testimony seemed somewhat

contradictory vis-a-vis Samuel and asked that he expound on his thoughts, Dr.

Dyer explained:

            What I was attempting to convey, Your Honor, was
            that [Samuel] was very protective of his father during
            his interview. He did not want to say anything
            negative about his father. He highlighted his father's
            protecting him in terms of the asthma . . . , and
            rubbing his back, and abruptly confronting individuals
            who were smoking around [him]. So, he's trying to
            point out all of the good things that his father was
            doing for him. At the same time, now we have this
            incident where [Samuel] presented in the nurse's
            office wheezing with a severe asthma attack and there
            was no paperwork on file, and nobody could reach

                                                                        A-1314-18T3
                                      25
            [defendant]. And, so, [Samuel] had to go to the
            hospital for treatment. So, [Samuel] has had a lot of
            experiences of his father letting him down, but in
            terms of telling anyone outside the family that he was
            not satisfied with his father, that — that doesn't
            happen. He's very protective of his father, Your
            Honor.

      Regarding his evaluation of Ms. K with the boys. Dr. Dyer reported "the

children were very responsive, emotionally, to Ms. K." Ms. K discussed

things with Samuel and David, and they shared their experiences with her.

The boys taught Ms. K how to play a popular game she wasn't familiar with,

which they all enjoyed. They talked about Ms. K's children and grandson,

Eric, and Samuel addressed Ms. K "as mom, which is consistent with some of

[Dr. Dyer's] observations about how he structured psychologically." Dr. Dyer

testified both boys appeared to have a very good time interacting with Ms. K;

they were well-behaved and responsive to her and she was "entirely

appropriate with them," affectionate and attentive.

      Dr. Dyer testified that Samuel and David get along well, and that it is

important that they remain together. Dr. Dyer emphasized that the boys "have

been each other's constant companion through their entire odyssey of

placements, and they have come to rely on each other for support." While

noting they "have the usual sibling rivalry experiences, of course," Dr. Dyer

                                                                        A-1314-18T3
                                      26
found "they have a great deal of affection toward each other . . . reinforced by

the fact that they have been through so many adverse experiences together."

      Asked for his recommendation as to permanency, Dr. Dyer opined in

light of both boys "very good adjustment" to their resource parent and her

commitment to them, the "deficits" in defendant's parenting capacity and the

"poor prognosis" for defendant achieving even minimal capacity in the

reasonably foreseeable future, that the boys be adopted by Ms. K.

      Asked whether he believed either David or Samuel would be harmed by

the termination of defendant's parental rights, Dr. Dyer opined that termination

would "basically [be] a net gain for [David] in terms of stability." While

opining that David might "suffer some frustration that he would no longer have

regularly scheduled visits with his father that were enforceable by the court,"

and that all contact would be in Ms. K's control, he did not perceive it to be a

serious problem in light of David's confidence that she would ensure a

continued relationship between him and his father.

      As to the potential of harm to Samuel from the termination of

defendant's parental rights, Dr. Dyer said "[t]hat would depend on whether

there was continuing contact [with his father] or not." Dr. Dyer opined that if

defendant's "parental rights were terminated and it was made clear to [Samuel]

                                                                          A-1314-18T3
                                       27
that he was going to be with his resource mother permanently, then that would

enable him to move on" and "more fully accept what the resource mother has

to offer in terms of nurturance, structure, stability, guidance, positive role

modeling and so forth, and this is if [Samuel] understood that there was no

threat to his continuing contact with his birth father."

      Dr. Dyer testified that "[i]f, on the other hand," Ms. K were to decide

that contact with defendant was not in the children's best interests, "then I

think that [Samuel] would have a problem." Dr. Dyer believed in that

circumstance, Samuel "would be preoccupied with this theme of having lost

his entire family now, and that would exacerbate his behavior problems."

      Asked for his opinion of the likelihood of Ms. K cutting off the boys'

contact with their father, Dr Dyer testified that based on his interview with her,

his observation of her with the boys, and the case history, he believed there

would be "a low likelihood," that Ms. K would put a halt to the visitation, so

long as defendant "continues to conduct himself in an appropriate manner and

does not appear under the influence of drugs, or under the influence of alcohol,

[and] does not say wildly inappropriate things to the kids." Dr. Dyer explained

that Ms. K "understands what [defendant] means to these children. She

understands the importance of their having a continuing relationship with him.

                                                                           A-1314-18T3
                                        28
And, so, absent some egregious threat to their safety I feel certain that Ms. K

would continue to allow contact."

      Asked why he considered permanency so important to children, Dr. Dyer

responded:

             Permanency is important because there is empirical
             evidence that says, very convincingly, that on a broad
             range of life adjustment criteria, including school,
             success, occupational success, avoidance of contact
             with law enforcement, having good mental health,
             avoidance of drug and alcohol problems, and just
             about anything else that one can imagine in terms of
             positive life adjustment, the children who have
             permanency fare much better than children who are
             continued in the limbo status of resource care, and I
             have a reference for that. It's Brodzinski and
             Brodzinski, Drs. David and Ann Brodzinski. The title
             of the work is “Children's Adjustment to Adoption,”
             and I think it was published sometime in the early
             '90's. That is a literature review of all the studies
             available at that time, that show, very powerfully, that
             permanency is enormously helpful to children as
             opposed to keeping them in the uncertain status of
             foster care.

      Asked whether adoption is still the best plan, given the boys were then

fourteen, Dr. Dyer replied:

             Adoption is still the best plan because they would
             continue to have a stable, nurturing environment that
             meets their needs, and contact with a caretaker who is
             unequivocally committed to their welfare without any
             legal impediment to that situation continuing as would

                                                                         A-1314-18T3
                                       29
            be the case with continuing foster care or even with
            kinship legal guardianship.

      Dr. Dyer was asked by the Law Guardian for Samuel if the doctor had

considered kinship legal guardianship. He replied it "would have the

disadvantage of granting a legally enforceable right of visitation to defendant."

The judge broke in: "Oh, really? Is that — is that what your understanding of

what the law is?" That led to the following exchange:

            DR. DYER: That's my understanding —

            THE COURT: What do you think the law is that
            somebody has to show to get visitation or parenting
            time or — or custody? What do you think the law is?

            DR. DYER: It's my understanding that a kinship legal
            guardianship agreement is worked out, it specifies
            visitation in the form of visitation, or telephone
            contact, and that that is binding, and can only be
            modified by going into court.

            THE COURT: [To the Law Guardian for Samuel] Are
            you happy you asked that question? That's a totally
            wrong answer. Totally misinformation about what —
            what kinship legal guardianship is. It can be an
            agreement like that, but that's not the law.

            THE LAW GUARDIAN FOR SAMUEL: Um-hum.
            Your Honor — I mean, not Your Honor — Doctor,
            would your opinion about adoption versus kinship
            legal guardianship be any different if you were told
            that a kinship legal guardianship visitation
            arrangement would be ordered by the Court, it's not
            necessarily something that's developed by the parties,

                                                                         A-1314-18T3
                                      30
            so the Court can be informed by that, but at the end of
            the day it's the Court that decides what the visitation
            would be?

            THE COURT: All right. Hold on. I'm — I'm not
            going to allow that. Doctor, I'm going to explain to
            you the fundamental difference between adoption and
            kinship legal guardian status.

            DR. DYER: Yes, Your Honor.

            THE COURT: And I'd like your honest opinion about
            it, because that's what counsel for one of the children
            wants.[5] The fundamental difference is, if the child is
            adopted it's completely up to the control of the
            adopting parent as to whether or not the child has any
            contact with the father or mother.

            DR. DYER: Yes, Your Honor.

            THE COURT: Kinship legal guardian status does not
            guarantee that the biological parent will have any
            contact with the child. The biological parent must
            make an application to the Court and be able to prove
            to the judge, by clear and convincing evidence, that
            either he should have any parenting time at all, or
            possibly get custody back. That's the difference.
            Now, I'd be happy to hear your thoughts on that.

            DR. DYER: Okay. My thoughts about that is that a
            relationship, such as the one that Your Honor first
            described in which the adoptive parent had complete
            control over what would happen with the adopted

5
  As we mentioned at the beginning of this opinion, the Law Guardians for
both boys advocated at trial for termination of defendant's parental rights and
their adoption by Ms. K.
                                                                         A-1314-18T3
                                      31
            child is preferable in this case to anything that would
            be less than that.

                  ....

            LAW GUARDIAN FOR SAMUEL: Okay. And what
            would be the reason for that?

            DR. DYER: The reason for that is, as I responded to
            your earlier question [defendant] has demonstrated a
            well-developed capacity to display emotional
            volatility during visits, to behave in a menacing and
            hostile manner toward the children, to upset the
            children by yelling and cursing at visitation
            supervisors, making comments such as "I've been
            praying for death ever since you guys were born."
            That's as recently as May of this year, and also as
            recently as May of this year, making the statement
            about — or alluding to [David's] school being reduced
            to ashes, which is a veiled threat. [6] So, given those
            particulars I would say that the most satisfactory
            course for protecting these children would be to place
            the complete control over what happens to them in the
            hands of the adoptive parent.

            LAW GUARDIAN FOR SAMUEL: Do you think
            that [Samuel] is psychologically amenable to being
            adopted?

            DR. DYER: As I testified on direct, I would say that
            if [Samuel] did have some ongoing contact with
            [defendant] then that would greatly ease his situation.
            It would enable him to move on if he were adopted
            and he knew that the — the resource parent would

6
  Maytidu testified that defendant threated to "reduce the school to ashes"
when David wanted to cut short his weekly visit with his father to attend a
basketball game at school.
                                                                        A-1314-18T3
                                      32
            provide him with opportunities to see his father,
            providing his father behaved appropriately and
            substance free. If [Samuel] experienced a total loss of
            contact with his father, then I think that that would
            have a harmful effect on him, because it would call up
            all of these concerns that he has about being totally
            disconnected from his family, which is very painful
            for him.

            LAW GUARDIAN FOR SAMUEL: And you have
            confidence in this caregiver in providing ongoing
            contact if she had the opportunity to adopt? Because,
            as we know in New Jersey, . . . there's no such thing as
            an open adoption in New Jersey. You can't — you
            can't force a caregiver — an adoptive parent to
            continue visits beyond adoption.

            DR. DYER: No, I understand that, and as I stated on
            direct, I have complete confidence in this particular
            resource parent to make good on her promise of
            continuing contact between the children and
            [defendant] providing that [defendant] did not — did
            not pose any sort of threat to the children by irrational
            behavior, menacing behavior or appearing under the
            influence of some kind of substance or alcohol.

      The Law Guardian for David returned to the subject of permanency in

her cross-examination of Dr. Dyer, asking him to expand on the benefits to

"permanency of an adoption" for David and Samuel "at this point." Before the

doctor could answer, the judge broke in again, saying, "All right. I'm going to

need to square away that question because you mixed adoption and

permanence." The Law Guardian rephrased her question, saying:

                                                                        A-1314-18T3
                                      33
"Considering that the goal is adoption, and that the goal of adoption is

permanency, can you elaborate on how else permanency and the goal of

adoption would benefit" Samuel and David.

      Dr. Dyer replied by explaining his view that "[p]ermanency would also

afford these two boys continuing opportunities that are present in the home of

this resource parent that are really unusually good, and would not be present in

many other placements." He concluded his response by stating:

            Anything short of adoption, I would say, runs the risk
            of, at some point, derailing the process or negatively
            influencing it, because of some legally enforceable
            visitation or other form of contact, or other
            modification that [defendant] may persuade some
            judge in the future would be appropriate for — either
            or both boys. So, my — my preference would be to
            continue them with absolute control of their
            environment, and of their welfare placed in the hands
            of this — this caretaker whom I view as a mature,
            affectionate and appropriate person who is totally
            committed to the welfare of both children.

      Asked by the law guardian for Samuel to explain the view he expressed

about the importance of adolescents having a permanent and stable home, Dr.

Dyer replied:

            Because adolescents are more heavily involved in peer
            relationships than are younger children. Peer contact
            and being like one's peers, and having the same
            advantages as one's peers, all of that plays a part in the
            adolescent's sense of self and in their adjustment. For

                                                                           A-1314-18T3
                                       34
            an adolescent to be moving around from place to
            place, living in temporary quarters one month and then
            moving somewhere else another month, and then
            having a disruption, all of that would severely
            interfere with the very thing that is most important to
            adolescents in terms of getting along with other people
            socially, and that is fitting in with their peers.

                   Permanency with the current caretaker would
            guarantee that to the extent that it is possible for her,
            through her directed efforts, that this caretaker would
            structure the boys' environments to promote positive
            connections with their peers, and would provide them
            with whatever they needed in terms of stable home,
            clothing, transportation, tutoring, whatever else they
            needed to allow them to fit in, and I would like to add
            that in this particular case, with two adolescent boys,
            who have been through such chaotic conditions in the
            past, the tragic loss of their mother when they were a
            year old, repeated disruptions in the continuity of their
            care, witnessing domestic violence when they were
            with their father, that fitting in and feeling normal,
            feeling like they fit in is a very important part of their
            healing process.

      On continued cross-examination of Dr. Dyer, defendant's counsel asked

him "what would be the risk of harm to the boys if they resided [in] the foster

home under a plan of KLG?" The deputy representing the Division objected

on the basis that KLG was "not the plan," as Ms. K had rejected KLG and

wished to adopt the boys. The judge overruled the objection, stating:

            It's certainly not the plan, but it's certainly an issue,
            and I will ask counsel to brief me, because I think
            there's case law that tells me — that, in going through

                                                                         A-1314-18T3
                                       35
           the four prong test, the fact that there might be an
           alternative . . . of KLG should not be considered by
           the Court. I think it's a little ambiguous, because still
           in Prong IV, I still have to find more harm than good
           would come out of the failure to terminate. So, I don't
           think there's any secret what our issues are. So, I'm
           going to allow the question.

Dr. Dyer responded by stating:

           Okay. Here's my concern. Either this court or
           perhaps some future court, [if] there's a plan of KLG
           may be convinced by [defendant] that a legally
           enforceable visitation schedule would be an
           appropriate thing for the boys. Now, at the present
           time, it's my understanding [defendant] is not
           receiving any services. He's not receiving any drug or
           alcohol monitoring, no therapy, and in May of this
           year he said the egregiously inappropriate things that I
           just went over in my testimony, telling the children he
           was — praying for death since they were born, and
           alluding to [David's] school going into ashes. So, my
           concern is that if he had legally enforceable visitation
           that there might be a regression to these kinds of
           behaviors and, in fact, I would — I would go further
           than — than saying, there might be a regression. I
           perceive a likelihood of there being a regression to
           these kinds of behaviors because the record abounds
           with such instances during visitation. And that would
           have a negative effect on the boys. Also, it is not
           beyond [defendant's] capacity, in my view, to refrain
           from doing things to try to undermine the parental
           authority of the kinship legal guardian, which would
           also be very confusing for the boys and injurious to
           them. So, those are the kinds of concerns that I have.
           Anything less than adoption would permit these
           scenarios that I just went through.

                                                                       A-1314-18T3
                                     36
      After hearing two days of testimony, the judge put an oral opinion on the

record. The judge had no hesitation in finding the Division established the

first prong of the best interests standard, that the children's "safety, health or

development has been or will continue to be endangered by the parental

relationship," N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(1), by clear and convincing evidence.

      Relying on the expert testimony of Dr. Sostre and Dr. Dyer, the judge

found "[t]he evidence is overwhelming that [defendant] has had a significant,

longstanding mental health issue or issues." He noted defendant's recent

hospitalization requiring an adjournment of the trial "triggered by [defendant]

making a serious implied threat regarding, 'going postal,' in his discussion with

the therapeutic visitation coordinator." He credited the testimony of

Cusumano, which he found "objective, and wholly credible," as to defendant's

inability to engage in treatment for any length of time, and of Maytidu, whose

testimony he likewise found "credible, helpful and insightful," as to the effect

defendant's often angry and aggressive verbal assaults had on the children's

emotional and psychological wellbeing.

      In making his findings on the first prong, the judge also relied on Dr.

Dyer's opinion that defendant had a personality disorder, manifesting itself in

his extreme suspicion of others and "convoluted thinking," and that he misused

                                                                            A-1314-18T3
                                        37
alcohol and marijuana. The judge found Dr. Dyer's testimony regarding his

evaluations and his opinion that defendant could not safely parent his children

"credible and helpful to the court" in its evaluation of defendant's mental

health. The judge concluded the uncontroverted evidence "certainly

demonstrates that the children's safety, health or development will continue to

be endangered by the parental relationship insofar as it means that the children

would live or be parented solely by [defendant]." The judge found "[t]he

evidence is clear and convincing that he will not, in any foreseeable future, be

able to have physical custody of his two sons."

      Although our Supreme Court has noted that the first and second prongs

"are related to one another, and evidence that supports one informs and may

support the other," In re Guardianship of DMH, 161 N.J. 365, 379 (1999), the

trial judge determined "to skip over" analysis of the second prong and proceed

to analyze the proofs on the third prong, that is whether the "[t]he Division has

made reasonable efforts to provide services to help the parent correct the

circumstances which led to the child's placement outside the home and the

court has considered alternatives to termination of parental rights," N.J.S.A.

30:4C-15.1(a)(3).

                                                                         A-1314-18T3
                                      38
      As to the third prong, the judge deemed the evidence "overwhelming"

that the Division had "made more than reasonable efforts to provide services to

help [defendant] correct the circumstances which led to the children 's

placement outside of his home." The judge again relied on the testimony of

Leonard Cusumano,7 whom he found "demonstrated extreme dedication to the

mission of the Division," who "very credibly documented over a course of

many years efforts to provide for and engage [defendant] in services" to no

real avail. As to alternatives to termination, the judge concluded that because

N.J. Div. of Youth and Family Servs. v. R.G., 217 N.J. 527, 558 (2014), made

clear he could not consider KLG "as an alternative," here, he found the

Division had "met its burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence" on

the first and third prongs.

      The judge next turned to consider the second and fourth prongs. As to

the second prong, whether "[t]he parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the

harm facing the child or is unable or unwilling to provide a safe and stable

home for the child and the delay of permanent placement will add to the

7
  The judge said "[i]t would be difficult to imagine a division worker who
more thoroughly understood and implemented the legal mandates that the
Division is required to adhere to in these matters of abuse or neglect to
children" than Mr. Cusumano. Having reviewed the record, we agree with the
judge's assessment.
                                                                          A-1314-18T3
                                      39
harm," N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(2), the judge found "[t]he evidence is

overwhelming that [defendant] has been unable to eliminate the harm facing

the children, and is unable to provide a safe and stable home" for them. Based

on "the length of time that [defendant] has been unable to engage consistently

in mental health treatment," the judge found, by clear and convincing

evidence, that it was "extremely unlikely that [defendant] will ever be able to

successfully and safely parent his children."

      The judge also found, however, that "there is a second aspect of Prong 2

that must be met. That is the delay of permanent placement will add to the

harm." Because the court's findings on this point are critical to the issues on

appeal, we quote them at length.

            Now, it is clear from the evidence that these two
            children are happy to be in the home that they have
            had with Ms. K. Not only are they happy, but the
            testimony is that they are doing much better with the
            stable and loving life that they have had with her since
            2015. Ms. K is one of those . . . extraordinary and
            wonderful humans that takes children in from the
            Division without knowing how it's going to turn out.
            It is hard to imagine a teenage placement that could
            have worked out better for these two teenage boys. I
            certainly find that under no circumstances should
            these children be removed from Ms. K's home. This is
            proven by clear and convincing evidence.

            Will the delay of a designation of a permanent
            placement add to the harm of these two children who

                                                                         A-1314-18T3
                                       40
            are teenagers? These children should know they are
            not going anywhere other than where they are right
            now. In that sense, it is clearly and convincingly
            demonstrated that the division has proven Prong 2.
            However, given that they are not going to be moved
            under the authority of this Court, and it is proven by
            clear and convincing evidence that the father will not
            be able to reunify with his children, there is a question
            in the court's mind regarding these teenagers, just
            three and a half years away from 18 years — 18 year
            old adulthood are in need of a permanent designation
            at this moment given the bond that they have with
            their father. This analysis flows over to the
            considerations of the fourth prong of the statute.

Thus, the judge proceeded to resolve the question presented by the fourth

prong, whether "[t]ermination of parental rights will not do more harm than

good," N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(4), by considering whether the boys "are in

need of a permanent designation," at fourteen-and-a-half, "given the bond they

have with their father."

      Although recognizing that the facts in R.G. were not analogous to those

in the case before the court — that case involving a father incarcerated when

his daughter was six months old, to whom the Division had not offered

services during his five-year prison term, who was defending against the

Division's efforts to terminate his parental rights as he was re-entering society

— the judge nevertheless looked to that case for guidance here. He found two

points particularly instructive. First, the judge noted the Supreme Court's

                                                                          A-1314-18T3
                                       41
admonition there that "[t]erminations should be granted sparingly and with

great caution because they irretrievably impair imperative constitutionally -

protected liberty interests and scores of centuries of societal family

constructs." R.G., 217 N.J. at 553. The judge noted that "as it happens, family

constructs in our nation, as part of its history, were deliberately and

systematically destroyed for a certain segment of our population. [8] And, so,

we must be very careful when we're interfering with family constructs. And I

emphasize centuries of societal family constructs."

      Notwithstanding his acknowledgment of the Court's emphatic statement

in R.G. that "a child's need for permanency is an extremely important

consideration" for the fourth prong, id. at 559, the judge chose to focus instead

on a statement the Court made criticizing our finding on the second prong. We

had concluded that the defendant's approval of his daughter's placement with

her grandmother while he was in prison, and his unwillingness to immediately

seek custody of her on his release, established he was unable to abate the harm

his incarceration had caused his daughter. Id. at 560-61. The Court found

"that interpretation suggests that a parent, by virtue of his unwillingness to

8
  We assume the judge was referring to our country's mistreatment of blacks
and historical efforts to undermine and destabilize black families. Defendant
and his sons are black, as is their resource parent.
                                                                          A-1314-18T3
                                       42
seek full custody of his child, relinquishes the other parental rights protected

by both the United States and New Jersey Constitutions." Id. at 561. The

Court rejected that notion as inconsistent with common experience. Adverting

to the "visitation rights . . . almost invariably granted to the non-custodial

parent in a divorce," the Court observed it was "not uncommon . . . for a parent

to relinquish custody of his or her children but maintain other parental rights."
Ibid. (quoting V.C. v. M.J.B., 163 N.J. 200, 228 (2000)).

      The trial judge interpreted the Court's remark to mean that "the inability

of a parent to actually take a child into his or her custody is not the dispositive

issue for Prong 4." The trial judge concluded the "[c]ritical facts were that the

child in R.G. displayed an affection for[,] an[d] emotional bond with her

father," and "the father['s] testimony that immediately preceding the hearing,

[the defendant's daughter] told [the defendant] that she loved him, and looked

forward to spending time with him in the future." With that guide, the judge

proceeded to evaluate whether termination of defendant's parental rights would

do more harm than good by considering the bond David and Samuel have with

their father.

      Turning to Dr. Dyer's testimony, the only expert to testify about

defendant's relationship with his sons in the case, the judge again noted his

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                                        43
acceptance of the expert's opinion that defendant "would not have the capacity

to safely parent his children by having custody of them." The judge also

credited the expert's assessment of both boys and his opinions as to the

connection they had with their father and the one they had developed with Ms.

K in the more than three years she'd cared for them. The judge, however,

rejected Dr. Dyer's opinion that termination of defendant's parental rights and

adoption by Ms. K would be in the children's best interests, deeming it neither

persuasive nor credible. Indeed, the judge deemed Dr. Dyer's testimony that

termination would not do more harm than good, a "net opinion." Although

stating that "many of [Dr. Dyer's] observations were credible," the judge found

the psychologist's "bottom line opinions with respect to the absolute need to

proceed to adoption do not seem to fit the facts to which he . . . testified,"

specifically, the existence of the bond "the boys have with their father."

      The judge was particularly troubled that "Dr. Dyer did not seem to

understand the fundamental difference between kinship legal guardian status

and adoption," although stating he was "not making part of my ruling that the

alternative kinship legal guardianship to be put into place." The judge noted in

that regard that "[w]hatever happens after [his] decision" to dismiss the

guardianship complaint "is undetermined."

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                                        44
      The judge noted that Dr. Dyer was the Division's expert in N.J. Div. of

Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 98 (2008), in which the Supreme

Court reversed both the trial court's and this court's finding that termination

was warranted under the fourth prong in the case of a twelve-year-old who had

cycled through seven foster homes with no real prospect of "permanent

placement with an adoptive family" and whose "only enduring emotional and

loving bond" was with her mother. The judge concluded Dr. Dyer is "very

adoption biased as indicated in the E.P. case and is willing to put aside other

factors that I believe are present in this case."

      Discussing those factors, the judge noted the testimony of both the

adoption worker, Cusumano, and the mental health clinician, who oversaw

defendant's therapeutic visitation, Maytidu, that defendant rarely missed a visit

with his sons. And although defendant was "sometimes inappropriate," the

judge noted, "[o]f course, he's a severely mentally ill person, whose not getting

treatment."

      The judge also took into account what he characterized as the boys'

"ambivalence and uncertainty" about adoption. He found their reaction

"understandable. They are teenagers. They are in a loving home, yet they love

their father." The judge likewise reflected that defendant grasped that he could

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                                        45
not provide a home for his sons but believed "breaking the family bond should

not happen." While agreeing with Dr. Dyer's assessment that defendant would

likely never have the capacity to safely parent his children, the judge found

"given the age of the children, and the relationship with their dad, reunification

and adoption are not the only things that can happen."

      Considering those factors, the judge concluded "the children have a

caring relationship with their significantly mentally ill father. They appear to

care about him, and he cares about them." In light of that relationship, the

judge deemed himself "not persuaded" that the Division had clearly and

convincingly established that termination of defendant's parental rights would

not do more harm than good. The court declared that

            These two boys are not going anywhere, other than
            where they are now for as long — for the long and
            foreseeable future. They are doing very well where
            they are, under the care of a perfect, and I emphasize
            from my point of view, perfect resource parent, who
            would be happy to adopt them. She will never
            abandon them regardless of the court's decision.

            She testified she wants to care for these children
            forever onward. That relationship should definitely
            continue in the best interests of the children. At the
            same time, completely severing the legal relationship
            between [defendant] and his two children carries with
            it significant danger and harm.

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                                       46
             A fair argument is made that termination will not do
             more harm than good. I am not convinced of that
             based upon the credibility of the witnesses and the
             overall best interests of these two children. They are
             just under 14 and a half years old. They lost their
             mother very early in their lives. They continue to
             have a significant connection with their father. They
             know he will not be able to take them into any home,
             or provide for them. Not too many years from now, at
             the age of 18, these two boys will be able to declare,
             on their own, whether they want to be legally, fully,
             and completely adopted by Ms. K. The evidence
             demonstrates that they will remain in that home
             almost assuredly until they reach the age of 18. Ms. K
             certainly welcomes that up to 18 and beyond,
             according to her testimony, and I believe her. She
             wants those two boys to go to college.

      Declaring that he saw "potential harm coming to these twin boys if their

father's rights are fully and finally terminated" by "cut[ing] a cord that the

children have had with their biological family," the judge dismissed the

guardianship complaint. This appeal followed.

      Our standard of review is well established. We ordinarily accord

deference to the Family Part based on its special jurisdiction and expertise.

Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-13 (1998). We defer to the court's factual

findings if supported by adequate, substantial and credible evidence in the

record. R.G., 217 N.J. at 552. The scope of our review, however, is expanded

"where the focus of the dispute is . . . alleged error in the trial judge's

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                                        47
evaluation of the underlying facts and the implications to be drawn therefrom."
Ibid. (quoting In re Guardianship of J.T., 269 N.J. Super. 172, 188-89 (App.

Div. 1993)). Our review of questions of law is, of course, de novo. Nicholas

v. Mynster, 213 N.J. 463, 478 (2013); Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm.

of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).

      Although we are mindful that a decision that the Division did not prove

its case is entitled to enhanced deference because the Division is always free to

file a new action seeking to terminate the parents' rights, R.G., 217 N.J. at 553-

54, the analytical errors here, including the trial court's conclusion that long-

term placement with a resource family remains an appropriate alternative to

termination, notwithstanding twenty years of explicit case law to the contrary,

see In re Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 360 (1999), and the

intolerably long delay in providing Samuel and David the permanency they are

entitled to under our law, compel vacating the decision and remanding for

further expedited proceedings.

      We begin our analysis with a fundamental principle the trial court

appears to have lost sight of: "[p]arental rights, though fundamentally

important, are not absolute." Id. at 347. A parent's constitutional right to raise

his or her child is tempered by the State's parens patriae obligation to protect

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                                       48
that child's welfare. Ibid. How a court balances those two conflicting ideas is

by faithfully applying the statutory best interests of the child standard to the

evidence presented at a guardianship trial. Ibid. Termination of a parent's

rights to his or her child may be ordered only upon the State's clear and

convincing proof of each of the following four prongs of the best interests

standard:

            (1) The child's safety, health or development has been
            or will continue to be endangered by the parental
            relationship;

            (2) The parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the
            harm facing the child or is unable or unwilling to
            provide a safe and stable home for the child and the
            delay of permanent placement will add to the harm.
            Such harm may include evidence that separating the
            child from his resource family parents would cause
            serious and enduring emotional or psychological harm
            to the child;

            (3) The division has made reasonable efforts to
            provide services to help the parent correct the
            circumstances which led to the child's placement
            outside the home and the court has considered
            alternatives to termination of parental rights; and

            (4) Termination of parental rights will not do more
            harm than good.

            [N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a).]

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      The four prongs of the best interests standard "are not discrete and

separate; they relate to and overlap with one another to provide a

comprehensive standard that identifies a child's best interests." N.J. Div. of

Child Prot. & Permanency v. R.L.M., 236 N.J. 123, 145 (2018) (quoting

K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 348). As the Supreme Court has often reiterated, "[t]he

considerations involved in determinations of parental fitness are 'extremely

fact sensitive' and require particularized evidence that address the specific

circumstances in the given case." K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 348.

      The trial court's analytic errors in this case flowed, in part, from the

judge looking for guidance in this 'extremely fact sensitive' decision of

whether to terminate defendant's parental rights to a case, R.G., which is

wholly dissimilar from the one before us. As we mentioned above, the

defendant in R.G. was sent to prison for five years when his daughter was six

months old. 217 N.J. at 536. While he was incarcerated, the child's mother's

abuse of alcohol rendered her unable to care for their daughter. Ibid. The

defendant consented to the child's placement with her maternal grandmother.
Id. at 536-37. The Division's efforts at reunifying the child with her mother

were unsuccessful, and the defendant being unavailable to assume her care, the

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Division filed a guardianship action to terminate the rights of both parents to

be followed by the child's adoption by her grandmother. Id. at 537.

      The case came to trial just as the defendant was leaving prison. Id. at

539. The defendant acknowledged his situation made it impossible for him to

assume custody of his daughter immediately but opposed termination because

he wanted "contact and visitation with [his daughter] in order to foster and

enhance their present relationship." Id. at 538.

      In R.G., the Division claimed the defendant's incarceration resulted in

the abandonment of his daughter. Id. at 536-37. The Division did not provide

the defendant with services, and he had no personal contact with his daughter

while in prison as he did not want her visiting him there given her young age.
Ibid. The defendant's psychological evaluation revealed no pathology, and the

defendant's crimes were not of the nature that might suggest concern for

parenting. Id. at 536, 539. There was no bonding evaluation conducted of him

and his daughter, as the years he spent away from her in prison would have

made the presence of any bond unlikely. Id. at 540.

      In short, R.G. is completely dissimilar from this matter, and the trial

court's effort to force an analogy based on defendant's inability to assume

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physical custody of his sons, for very different reasons than the defendant in

R.G. could not assume custody of his daughter, led the court into error.

      Specifically, the trial court looked to R.G. in assessing the second prong,

whether "the parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the harm or . . . provide

a safe and stable home for the child and the delay of permanent placement will

add to the harm," N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(2). Although finding "it extremely

unlikely that [defendant] will ever be able to successfully and safely parent his

children," the judge found "there is a second aspect of prong 2 that must be

met," that "the delay of permanent placement will add to the harm." That was

clear error here.

      As the Court explained in K.H.O., the second prong of the best interests

statutory standard "relates to parental unfitness," which the Division can

establish in more than one way. 161 N.J. at 352. The Division can

"demonstrate[] that the parent is 'unwilling or unable to eliminate the harm'

that has endangered the child's health and development," N.J.S.A. 30:4C-

15.1(a)(2), or, alternatively, that "the parent has failed to provide a 'safe and

stable home for the child' and a 'delay in permanent placement' will further

harm the child." K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 352. The Division need prove only one

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of those alternatives, not both, to establish the second prong of the statutory

standard.

      The first and second prongs are inextricably intertwined. The test of the

second prong "is aimed at determining whether the parent has cured and

overcome the initial harm that endangered the health, safety, or welfare of the

child, and is able to continue a parental relationship without recurrent harm to

the child." Id. at 348. In order to make that determination, of course, one has

to be clear about the harm the parent has to cure and overcome. Id. at 350-53

(explaining in the case of an infant born addicted to drugs, the proofs on the

second prong "may be met by indications of parental dereliction and

irresponsibility," including the parent's continued or recurrent drug abuse,

inability to provide a stable home, the withholding of parental attention , and

the diversion of family resources to support a drug habit, resulting in neglect

and lack of nurture).

      Here, there is no dispute that the judge found the Division had carried its

burden of establishing the first prong, that the boys' "safety, health or

development has been or will continue to be endangered by the parental

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relationship," as a result of defendant's "significant, longstanding mental

health issue or issues." 9

      Although also finding "[t]he evidence is clear and convincing that

[defendant] will not, in any foreseeable future, be able to have physical

custody of his two sons," because of those longstanding mental health issues,

the judge did not recognize that finding conclusively established the second

prong. Instead, as we previously noted, the judge erroneously found — likely

because of his having latched onto R.G. as the case having the most to offer

here to guide his analysis — that the Division needed to also prove that

delaying permanent placement of David and Samuel will add to the harm.

      But the Division in R.G. moved to terminate the defendant's parental

rights based on his inability to provide a safe and stable home for his daughter

because of his incarceration, not because he lacked capacity to care for his

child, as defendant here. R.G., 217 N.J. at 542 (noting "the trial court

considered whether appellant's incarceration constituted abandonment . . .

because abandonment was the only harm that the Division's complaint alleged

against appellant"). Because the identified harm in R.G. was abandonment,

9
  Although the judge also found defendant had been unable to provide his
children a safe and stable home, defendant's "severe mental illness" was
obviously the driver in all his failings as a parent.
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                                       54
not incapacity, the second prong inquiry in R.G. necessitated the further

consideration of whether a "delay in permanent placement" will further harm

the child. K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 352. That inquiry is not relevant when the harm

to the child follows from the parent's incapacity to safely parent due to severe

mental illness the parent has never been willing to treat. See In re

Guardianship of A.A.M., 268 N.J. Super. 533, 545 (App. Div. 1993); see also

N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. A.G., 344 N.J. Super. 418, 436 (App.

Div. 2001). Additional time will not cure the problem.

      This second prong error infected the judge's analysis of the proofs under

the fourth prong, whether termination will not do more harm than good.

N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(4). As the Supreme Court has instructed, when a child

is in the care of a resource parent, the trial judge "must inquire into the child's

relationship both with her biological parents and her foster parents." K.H.O.,
161 N.J. at 355. "The question to be addressed under [the fourth] prong is

whether, after considering and balancing the two relationships, the child will

suffer a greater harm from the termination of ties with her natural parents than

from the permanent disruption of her relationship with her foster parents."

Ibid.; see also Fall & Romanowski, N.J. Family Law, Child Custody,

Protection & Support, § 13:5-5 (2020) ("Harm under the fourth prong is

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                                        55
relative, requiring the court to compare the potential harm resulting from an

involuntary termination of parental rights, which has as its goal permanency

and stability for the child, to the potential harm if parental rights are not

terminated and the child is not afforded the opportunity for permanency and

stability.").

       Instead of undertaking that inquiry, as required under the statutory

standard and the case law interpreting it, the judge considered whether the

children, at fourteen-and-a-half, needed the permanency that adoption by Ms.

K would provide them. Overlooking a legion of published cases stressing

"New Jersey's strong public policy in favor of permanency," K.H.O. 161 N.J.

at 357, and "the paramount need . . . children have for permanent and defined

parent-child relationships," In re Guardianship of J.C., 129 N.J. 1, 26 (1992),

the trial judge put the goal of permanency on one side of the scale and

improperly "balanced" that against the children's biological tie to their father.

Thus, instead of weighing whether terminating defendant's parental rights to

his sons would do more harm to the boys than permitting their adoption by Ms.

K, the trial judge decided the children's biological bond to their father

outweighed their need for adoption and permanency, and he could continue

them in the legal limbo of long term foster care until they turn eighteen and

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                                        56
can decide for themselves whether "they want to be legally, fully, and

completely adopted by Ms. K."

       That also was clear error. Our courts have no authority to eschew the

Legislature's goal of providing children permanency, either with their natural

parents or adoptive parents. With the repeal of The Long Term Foster Care

Act, N.J.S.A. 30:4C-26.13, in 2004, L. 2004, c.130, §128, long-term placement

is no longer an appropriate alternative permanency plan in this State. Fall &

Romanowski, § 32:3-4. Even before the repeal of the Act, the Supreme Court

instructed in K.H.O. that "[l]ong-term foster care is the exception to the

general rule favoring adoption, . . . available under only very limited

circumstances," and certainly not where, as here, in the trial judge's words, a

"perfect resource parent" stood ready to adopt. K.H.O. 161 N.J. at 360-61 and

n.8.

       K.H.O. involved a mother "still capable of maintaining a limited benign

relationship with her child," but unable, due to long term drug addiction, to

"strengthen or extend that bond and function as a parent in providing for

K.H.O.'s physical and emotional needs and assuring her normal development."
Id. at 356. Applying the four prong statutory standard, the trial court

terminated parental rights. Id. at 345-46. We reversed. In re Guardianship of

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                                       57
K.H.O. 308 N.J. Super. 432, 456-58 (App. Div. 1998). Because we were not

convinced the record clearly and convincingly established that severing the

child's bond with her biological parent would not harm her, and we doubted

that the resource parents would "disappear" if denied the right to adopt the

child, we reinstated the mother's parental rights but maintained the status quo

by continuing custody in the Division and placement with the resource parents.
Ibid. In the event the Division were to continue to pursue guardianship, we

directed that "expert evidence should be provided that forms a basis for the

trial judge to cogently consider the viability of long-term foster care with

continuing biological family visitations as an appropriate alternative to

termination and adoption on the one hand, and reunification on the other." Id.

at 458.

      In a landmark decision, regularly cited more than twenty years later, the

Supreme Court reversed. K.H.O. 161 N.J. at 363. The Court held we

"incorrectly treated long-term foster care on a par with the creation of

permanent lasting ties with either the natural parents or the adoptive parents ,"

which did "not accord with the best interests of the child" as reflected in State

law and public policy. Id. at 360. The Court recognized that "[t]he risk to

children stemming from the deprivation of the custody of their natural parent is

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                                       58
one that inheres in the termination of parental rights and is based on the

paramount need the children have for permanent and defined parent -child

relationships." Id. at 355 (quoting J.C., 129 N.J. at 26).

      Given the Legislature's clear policy choice of "favoring reunification or

adoption over long-term foster care," and acknowledging there "can be no

genuine replacement or substitute for the deprivation of nurture by the natural

parent," the Court in K.H.O. held "the fourth prong of the best interests

standard cannot require a showing that no harm will befall the child as a result

of the severing of biological ties." Id. at 355, 360. Instead, "[t]he question to

be addressed under that prong is whether, after considering and balancing the

two relationships, the child will suffer a greater harm from the termination of

ties with her natural parents than from the permanent disruption of her

relationship with her foster parents." Id. at 355.

      Neither trial courts nor appellate courts are free to duck the painful

choices presented in those cases where a parent's inability "to transfer affection

or care to their children may be attributed to the parents' being short-changed

by either nature or society." Id. at 357 (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family

Servs. v. A.W., 103 N.J. 591, 615 (1986)). "As tragic as the consequences to

the parents of the loss of their children may be," the courts of this State are not

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                                       59
free to "ignore evidence of serious injury. It is inappropriate to disregard a

clear and essentially undisputed showing of such injury and its probable

consequences because society may have been unfair to the parents." A.W.,
103 N.J. at 614.

      This record here contains that "essentially undisputed showing of such

injury and its probable consequences" to Samuel and David. In addition to the

analytic errors caused by trying to shoehorn the facts of this case into R.G., the

trial court mistakenly avoided confronting the injury to these boys and its

probable consequences through its evidentiary error of dismissing Dr. Dyer's

testimony as a net opinion.

      The net opinion rule, of course, "mandates that experts 'be able to

identify the factual bases for their conclusions, explain their methodology, and

demonstrate that both the factual bases and the methodology are reliable. '"

Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 55 (2015) (quoting Landrigan v. Celotex

Corp., 127 N.J. 404, 417 (1992)). In the usual shorthand, it requires an expert

to "'give the why and wherefore' that supports the opinion, 'rather than a mere

conclusion.'" Id. at 54 (quoting Borough of Saddle River v. 66 E. Allendale,

LLC, 216 N.J. 115, 144 (2013)).

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      Dr. Dyer's opinions in this matter, quoted extensively above, are

obviously not excludable net opinions under N.J.R.E. 703. Dr. Dyer is a well-

qualified expert whose opinions have been cited in a dozen published cases

involving the termination of parental rights. He conducted psychological

assessments of defendant and his sons as well as the only bonding evaluations

in the case. He explained his methods and the purpose of each inquiry, noting

the differences in a bonding evaluation of a caretaker and a young child from

one involving an adolescent. The facts Dr. Dyer relied on in coming to his

conclusions were the same ones the trial judge relied on in his opinion.

Indeed, the judge accepted Dr. Dyer's opinion that defendant lacked the

capacity to parent his sons either now or, likely ever, as well as his

assessments of the boys and the connections they have, both to their father and

Ms. K.

      It wasn't the "why and wherefores" of Dr. Dyer's opinion that troubled

the trial judge, it was Dr. Dyer's conclusion that termination of defendant's

parental rights to David and Samuel and their adoption by Ms. K was in their

best interests. But that conclusion was thoroughly explained on the record,

including with reference to the professional literature supporting the doctor's

view that children fare better by being adopted by a caring resource parent

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                                       61
than remaining in long term foster care, and why he believed these boys would

fare better by being adopted by Ms. K, even given their ages, than remaining

in her care in their indeterminate status. A trial judge presiding over a bench

trial is, of course, free to reject the opinion of an expert. Brown v. Brown, 348
N.J. Super. 466, 478 (App. Div. 2002). The judge is not free, however, to

label it a net opinion as the means of excluding it so as to avoid confronting its

content.

      The judge's ostensible reason for rejecting Dr. Dyer's "bottom line

opinions with respect to the absolute need to proceed to adoption," was

because the judge found him "frankly . . . very adoption biased as indicated in

the E.P. case." E.P. was decided over ten years ago, in 2008. It represents a

particularly extreme example of the difficult choices facing courts and experts

where a parent has exposed a child to continuing harm through abuse or

neglect, has been unable to remediate the danger, making reunification

unlikely, but there is no permanent placement with a loving family awaiting

the child on the other side. E.P., 196 N.J. at 108. Dr. Dyer testified for the

Division in that case, opining that a "failed reunification" with the child's drug-

addicted mother was not in the emotionally fragile thirteen-year-old's best

interests, that the child had a closing window of opportunity to become

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attached to another caretaker, and that a permanent caretaker was especially

important in that case because of the child's need for "a great deal of structure,

supervision, therapeutic attention, . . . medication monitoring by a psychiatrist,

and also special education geared towards her emotional and behavioral

problems." Id. at 98.

      The Supreme Court did not find Dr. Dyer's opinion "adoption biased," it

simply disagreed with his view, as well as that of the trial court and this court,

that termination was in the child's best interests in light of her emotional

attachment to her mother and the remote chance of her adoption. Id. at 109.

There are two things to note about the trial court's "bias" finding. First, the

judge did not raise E.P. with Dr. Dyer, and none of the lawyers brought it up.

Rejecting an expert's view as "biased" based on an opinion he offered in a

different case a decade earlier, without even asking him about it, is plainly

unsound and simply unfair to the witness and the party presenting him. For all

anyone knows, the witness could have changed his mind on the issue in the

ensuing decade. More to the point here, however, is that the "bias" in favor of

permanency the trial judge criticized in Dr. Dyer's testimony is a bias

incorporated in our law and public policy. See id. at 110-11 (noting "[the

Supreme] Court, the State Legislature, and even the United States Congress,

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                                       63
have emphasized that permanency must be the Division's goal") (footnote

omitted).

      That brings us to the court's troubling comments about KLG in this case.

Having reviewed the entire record, it is obvious that there was a veiled, and

sometimes not so veiled, frustration among some of the participants in this trial

with Ms. K's change of heart on KLG. While we can understand the

frustration of a lawyer who cannot secure his client's desired outcome in a

matter, defense counsel's statement on the record, which culminated in the

comment that if the resource parent "doesn't want to do KLG anymore," then

she should "return these children," and "[w]e'll find somebody who probably

wants the best of both worlds" for them, obviously crossed the line. Counsel

should have been immediately admonished by the trial judge that his

comments were wholly inappropriate. The judge, instead, sympathized with

the statements, saying, there was "a part of [him] that under[stood] precisely

what [counsel] [was] saying." The judge then went on to say he found the

difference between KLG and adoption "almost meaningless" at the boys' ages

and concluded by confessing he didn't "get it."

      Those comments by the judge, and his decision to permit defendant to

question Dr. Dyer about the risk of harm to the boys under a KLG, overruling

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                                      64
the Division's objection that KLG was "not the plan," with the statement that

"It's certainly not the plan, but it's certainly an issue," because the judge "still

[had] to find more harm than good would come out of the failure to terminate,"

give his later exchange with Dr. Dyer about the difference between adoption

and KLG, and the judge's reflection on it in the course of delivering his

opinion from the bench, a more disturbing cast.

      KLG was not an issue in this case, although it came up again and again.

Unlike the trial judge, we do not find the doctor's explanation of why he

believed KLG to be a less desirable option here than adoption, because it

"would have the disadvantage of granting a legally enforceable right of

visitation to defendant," a gross misunderstanding of the law. No less an

authority than our Supreme Court has stated that in a KLG, "the parent remains

entitled to visitation." R.G., 217 N.J. at 558 (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. S.V., 362 N.J. Super. 76, 87 (App. Div. 2003)).

      We find the remarks the judge made in the course of his ruling about his

exchange with Dr. Dyer particularly troubling. In expressing surprise about

Dr. Dyer not "seem[ing] to understand the fundamental difference between

kinship legal guardian status and adoption," the judge said he was "not making

part of my ruling that the alternative kinship legal guardianship be put into

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place. Whatever happens after my decision is undetermined" (emphasis

supplied).

      Ms. K, the resource parent here, is not related to defendant or his sons.

She testified she was 71 years old at the time of trial and had never

volunteered to serve as a resource parent before. Samuel and David were the

first children she'd ever fostered. Although she has family nearby, she lives

alone with the boys. It is undisputed that she has provided them a safe and

loving home, effecting a remarkable change in both their lives. It is hard to

imagine a more successful placement for these teenaged boys.

      Ms. K changed her mind about KLG after defendant appeared early one

morning at her house, drunk, demanding to see his sons. For much of the time

during this litigation, defendant was only permitted therapeutic supervised

visitation with his sons. After his comments about "going postal" to Maytidu,

the licensed mental health clinician supervising his visits, her employer,

Cooperative Counseling Services, refused to continue to supervise them

without security, requiring they be moved to the Division's offices. Although

both Maytidu and Cusumano testified the visits often went well, the record is

replete with reports of defendant's aggressive and threatening conduct toward

the boys on multiple occasions during those supervised visits. The trial judge

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acknowledged defendant was sometimes inappropriate, noting "[o]f course,

he's a severely mentally ill person, who's not getting treatment."

      There are certainly reasons that might militate against an unrelated, or

indeed, any resource parent from entering into a KLG on this record. KLG, of

course, "is not intended as an equally available alternative to termination ,"

R.G. 217 N.J. at 558 (quoting S.V., 362 N.J. Super. at 88), and "when the

permanency provided by adoption is available, [KLG] cannot be used as a

defense to termination of parental rights." Id. at 558-59 (quoting N.J. Div. of

Youth & Family Servs. v. P.P., 180 N.J. 494, 513 (2004)). As acknowledged

by the trial judge, KLG was not appropriate here as an alternative to

termination under the third prong as Ms. K wants to adopt Samuel and David.

It was, therefore, an inappropriate consideration under the fourth prong in

determining whether termination would do more harm than good. Obviously,

applying pressure on a resource parent to effect a KLG, otherwise unavailable

because the resource parent would prefer the permanency of adoption, would

be wholly inappropriate under any circumstances.

      Instead of erroneously considering an option statutorily unavailable, the

trial judge should have focused on the resource parent's "willingness to permit

continued visitation" between the boys and their father, which Dr. Dyer

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deemed important to both, and critical to Samuel's wellbeing, as an integral

part of its analysis under the fourth prong as expressly permitted by the

Supreme Court in N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261,

288 (2007); see also In re Guardianship of J.N.H., 182 N.J. 29, 31 (2004).

      We think it plain that the trial judge's analytical errors in assessing the

second and fourth prongs, his erroneous ruling rejecting Dr. Dyer 's testimony

about the best interests of Samuel and David as a net opinion, thus avoiding

the evidence in the record about the harm their father's untreated mental illness

continues to pose to them and its probable consequences for the future, and the

judge's mistaken belief that long term foster care was an appropriate

alternative permanency plan for these boys compel vacating the decision

dismissing the guardianship complaint.

      We have considered a further direction to the trial court to enter a

judgement terminating defendant's parental rights, as the Division and David's

Law Guardian urge us to do. There is support for that in this record, which, as

we have noted, is almost entirely undisputed. Neither defendant nor the Law

Guardians put in any evidence. Further, there is no question but that the

Division has proved by clear and convincing evidence the first three prongs of

the best interests standard. The judge found the evidence "overwhelming" that

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defendant's longstanding, severe mental health issues have, and will continue,

to endanger the children's safety, health or development; that defendant has

been unable to eliminate the harm facing the children, and will likely never be

able to safely parent them; that the Division "made more than reasonable

efforts to provide services to defendant" to help him correct the problems that

led to the boys' placement and that there are no alternatives to termination.

We agree.

      That leaves only the fourth prong: whether termination would not do

more harm than good. In our view, this would not have been a difficult call on

this record. Considering that David's position for well over two years has been

that he is desperate to have the Division out of their lives and wants to be

adopted by Ms. K so he could have a "normal" life, coupled with Dr. Dyer's

opinion that termination would "basically [be] a net gain for [David] in terms

of stability," it is difficult to see how one could find that termination would do

more harm than good as to David, especially as Ms. K has committed to David

that she will assist him in maintaining his relationship with his father.

      The issues as to Samuel are more complex. Samuel has sometimes

expressed the desire to be adopted by Ms. K, the position he took at trial, and

at other times to remain in her care but not be adopted by her, thus maintaining

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his father's parental rights, the position he takes on appeal. The testimony of

Maytidu and Cusumano reflect that Samuel is the more sensitive of the twins ,

and that his father appears to have higher expectations for his brother. Further,

defendant often inappropriately directed his anger and frustration for

upheavals and setbacks in his own life at Samuel. Both Maytidu and Dr. Dyer

testified that Samuel has been made to feel responsible for his father, in a

reversal of the usual roles.

      Dr. Dyer opined that whether Samuel would suffer any harm from the

termination of parental rights would depend on whether he was afforded

contact with his father. Significantly, Dr. Dyer opined that if defendant's

"parental rights were terminated and it was made clear to [Samuel] that he was

going to be with his resource mother permanently, then that would enable him

to move on" and "more fully accept what the resource mother has to offer i n

terms of nurturance, structure, stability, guidance, [and] positive role

modeling. If, on the other hand," Samuel's contact with his father was ended,

Dr. Dyer believed Samuel could likely "be preoccupied with this theme of

having lost his entire family now, and that would exacerbate his behavior

problems."

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      Dr. Dyer stressed that both these adolescent boys had not only suffered

the early loss of their mother, but also carry with them the experiences of the

chaotic conditions of their childhood, including repeated disruptions in the

continuity of their care. He offered that for them, "feeling like they fit in is a

very important part of their healing process." Adoption by Ms. K offered them

the best chance of moving past those experiences and not having them burden

and dictate the rest of their lives. As the Supreme Court observed in E.P.,

"[w]hen a parent has exposed a child to continuing harm through abuse or

neglect," and been "unable to remediate the danger," and the child has found a

"nurturing and safe home" with resource parents committed to adoption, "in

those circumstances termination of parental rights likely will not do more harm

than good." 196 N.J. at 108. "The 'good' done to a child in such cases in

which reunification is improbable is permanent placement with a loving

family, which after all is the principal goal of our foster care system." Ibid.

      These two sixteen-year-old boys have now been out of their father's care

for half their lives. They have lived with their resource parent for over five

years. Long-term foster care for children who had the promise of adoption by

a resource parent who has provided them a loving home and could secure their

future, because the court has decided the children do not need permanency,

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contrary to State law and public policy, is unacceptable. Although we might

debate the trial judge's opinion about how little difference there is between

KLG and adoption, there can be no debate that the difference between long

term foster care and adoption is vast. See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs.

v. D.P., 422 N.J. Super. 583, 593-94 (App. Div. 2011) (noting the standard

contract between the Division and the resource parent acknowledges the aim of

providing the child in placement a safe and stable home-life by accepting and

nurturing adults, while recognizing the Division alone holds the responsibility

"for making permanent plans for each child placed" and prohibits the resource

parent from making "their own plans for the child's future").

         Although we believe these boys are owed a prompt resolution of their

situation, we reluctantly conclude we cannot bring this case to conclusion. It

has been over eighteen months since the trial court's decision in this matter.

Although we do not know the reasons for the delay, we think it too long to act

ourselves in resolving the matter. The children's situation and their wishes and

concerns about adoption could have changed from what it was at the time of

trial.

         Accordingly, we reinstate the Division's complaint for guardianship,

conclude the Division has carried its burden of clear and convincing evidence

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on the first three prongs of the statutory best interests standard and remand for

a determination on the fourth prong as to whether termination of defendant's

rights will do more harm than good, with findings made as to each child, see

N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. C.J.R., 452 N.J. Super. 454, 474-75

(App. Div. 2017). The court may direct updated expert reports in its

discretion. In considering whether termination will not do more harm than

good, the court should consider any offer by the resource parent to permit

continued contact between the boys and defendant. See M.M., 189 N.J. at 288

(considering the resource parents' "willingness to permit continued visitation"

as "[i]ntegral to [the Court's] analysis under the fourth prong").

      Because the judge who heard the matter has rendered an opinion on the

credibility of the Division's expert, the hearing on remand should take place

before a different judge. See A.W., 103 N.J. at 617. Accordingly, we direct

the matter be specially assigned to a new judge for expeditious disposition,

which shall occur within the next sixty days.

      Vacated and remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this

opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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