Court Opinion

ID: 9393116
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-09 14:11:13.851468+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:51.069119
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
PUBLISHED

            Present: Judges Chaney, Raphael and Callins
            Argued by videoconference

            JENNIFER M. PAYNE
                                                                                OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 0065-22-2                                  JUDGE DOMINIQUE A. CALLINS
                                                                                 MAY 9, 2023
            DAVID RAY PAYNE

                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HANOVER COUNTY
                                       Theodore J. Markow, Judge Designate

                           Theresa Rhinehart for appellant.

                           No brief or argument for appellee.

                   On December 16, 2021, the Hanover County Circuit Court entered a final decree of

            divorce between Jennifer M. Payne (“wife”) and David Ray Payne (“husband”). On appeal, wife

            contends that the trial court abused its discretion by (1) finding that she deserted the marriage,

            (2) denying her an immediate award of permanent spousal support, and (3) crediting husband for

            all mortgage and home equity line of credit (HELOC) payments he made from the date of

            separation to the date of the trial court’s letter opinion. We disagree and hold that the trial court

            did not err in its judgment.

                                                     BACKGROUND1

                   In March 2020, wife filed a complaint seeking a divorce a vinculo matrimonii from

            husband based on the parties’ separation for more than one year. Husband filed an answer and

                   1
                     “When reviewing a trial court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light
            most favorable to the prevailing party, granting it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.”
            Nielsen v. Nielsen, 73 Va. App. 370, 377 (2021) (quoting Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App.
            255, 258 (2003)). Husband is the prevailing party in this case.
counterclaim, contesting wife’s grounds for divorce and asserting that wife deserted the

marriage. In her answer to husband’s counterclaim, wife denied the claim that she had

abandoned the marriage. During the pendency of the proceedings, the trial court ordered

husband to pay to wife $1,000 per month as pendente lite spousal support.

       In a pleading titled “Equitable Distribution and Spousal Support Factors,” wife listed

certain marital assets and debts and asserted her monetary and non-monetary contributions to the

marriage. Relying on Code § 20-107.1, wife’s pleading requested $1,000 per month in

permanent spousal support. Among other things, wife explained her decision to leave husband:

               As our children got older, it seemed we grew apart. We spent less
               and less time together. It seemed that we would never talk. Our
               separation took several months. I was seeing a psychiatrist for
               depression. I wanted to go to couple’s counseling. I told my
               husband that if he would not go, I was going to leave him. I
               brought him different counselors’ information, but he refused to
               go.

       At the equitable distribution trial, both parties testified and presented evidence. Wife

testified that she and husband wed while husband was enrolled at Old Dominion University.

During that period, wife worked at a bank. The parties used husband’s student loan proceeds to pay

rent, while wife’s earnings were used to pay family bills and entertainment costs. After husband

graduated from college, the parties moved to Richmond. Following the birth of their first child,

wife became a stay-at-home mother and husband worked outside the home. When the parties’

children entered preschool, wife taught at the preschool, securing free daycare tuition for the

children. One year after the parties’ youngest child began primary school, wife became a substitute

teacher and then a full-time employee of Henrico County Public Schools. At the time of trial, wife

was an office assistant and earned approximately $35,700 annually.

       During the marriage, wife’s earnings went into a joint account shared with husband, and the

parties used the funds for family purposes. At the time of the hearing, husband earned just over

                                                 -2-
$132,000 per year and had received an annual bonus in 2020 totaling approximately $18,000. Wife

testified that the parties enjoyed a comfortable standard of living during the marriage. Husband

disagreed, testifying that the parties lived paycheck to paycheck, refinanced the HELOC on the

marital home, and regularly consolidated credit card debt.

       Toward the end of 2018, wife began sleeping in a spare bedroom. During this time, wife

also struggled with anxiety and depression upon the children moving out of the marital home. Wife,

who was accustomed to having a home “full of kids,” was left “alone a lot at the house.” She

suffered panic attacks. She testified that her “relationship with [husband] [got] worse” and

acknowledged using alcohol to soothe her anxiety and depression. Wife also testified that her trust

in husband eroded after discovering that there had been “females” at a bachelor party husband

attended.

       In early January 2019, wife left the marital home to move in with her parents. She told

husband that she no longer felt comfortable in the marital home and “just needed to leave.” A short

time later,2 wife returned to the marital home and resumed living in the spare bedroom, as she had

done before she moved out. In the same month, wife expressed a desire to attend couples

counseling with husband. She told husband that if “they didn’t get things settled by then,” she

would move out. At trial, wife acknowledged that she considered her proposal an “ultimatum” to

which husband “just didn’t respond.”

       On April 1, 2019, husband helped wife move out of the marital home into an apartment of

her own. Wife eventually moved out of the apartment, as she could no longer afford it, and back in

with her parents, where she remained through the time of the equitable distribution trial. According

       2
         At trial, husband testified that when wife first left the marital home, she was gone for
“several weeks.” Wife testified that she moved into her parents’ home for “two or three days.”
                                                -3-
to husband’s testimony, he neither told nor forced wife to leave the marital home, nor did he request

a divorce.

          At trial, wife introduced into evidence her income and expense worksheet but acknowledged

that she had not incurred many of the expenses listed. Wife testified that the statement reflected

projected, rather than her current, expenses, including an apartment that she could not then afford.

Wife testified that she “sometimes” paid $400 in monthly rent to her parents, but that she

occasionally could not pay due to medical bills. Wife further testified that after husband began

paying temporary spousal support, she made regular rent payments to her parents. Wife’s grocery

expense was $200 per month, not $400 per month as reflected on her income and expense

worksheet. She also included several other items on the worksheet that did not match her current

spending patterns and expenses. Wife argued that she needed spousal support because her income

was far lower than husband’s, that the parties had a long-term marriage, and that husband was able

to continue doing “fun things” that were part of their married lifestyle that she could no longer

afford.

          Husband testified that his earnings were insufficient to pay wife any amount of spousal

support and that he borrowed money to pay part of the temporary spousal support amount. After

wife moved out of the marital home, husband became solely responsible for the mortgage and

HELOC payments, as well as other marital debt. Husband argued that he could not continue paying

spousal support because of the parties’ marital debts. He testified that he was also responsible for

their adult children’s student loans if the children defaulted. While acknowledging that he had

played golf, gone hunting, and travelled since the separation, husband stated that the vacations were

paid for with his annual bonus.

          The parties stipulated that since the separation, husband had paid the mortgage and HELOC

principal down by $14,321.86. At trial, wife argued that the trial court should limit husband’s

                                                  -4-
separate credit for the mortgage paydown to $7,000 because the parties benefitted equally from his

payments during their separation period. Husband argued that the $14,321.86 represented only the

mortgage and HELOC principal and he had actually paid approximately $40,000, including interest.

Husband sought credit for the full principal amount that he paid on the loans during the separation

period. He also argued that because wife abandoned the marriage, she was not entitled to spousal

support and further, he could not afford to pay any amount of support.

       After considering the evidence and argument, the trial court took the matter under

advisement and subsequently issued a letter opinion. The trial court granted husband a divorce on

the grounds that wife willfully deserted the marriage, finding that “[n]either Wife nor Husband

testified as to Wife’s reason for leaving the marriage” and that “Husband testified that he never

wanted Wife to leave.” The trial court considered the factors enumerated in Code § 20-107.1(E),

including the fault grounds for divorce, which it considered “heavily.” The trial court found that

wife did not demonstrate a present need for spousal support, discrediting wife’s income and

expense worksheet because she testified that many of the items “were not reflective of her

current cost of living” and did “not accurately reflect her current needs.” However, the trial court

granted wife a reservation of spousal support in the future. After reviewing the factors enumerated

in Code § 20-107.3(E), including wife’s desertion, the trial court determined that husband was

“entitled to a credit in the amount he has paid toward the [m]ortgage and H[ELOC] from the date of

separation to the date of this opinion.” The trial court ordered that husband’s separate credit be paid

from wife’s equitable share of the marital home proceeds.

       The trial court also observed that “a large amount of debt” had been acquired during the

marriage. Given “the large disparity in income” between wife and husband, its decision not to

award spousal support, and the financial resources available to husband, the trial court ordered

husband to continue to make the debt payments.

                                                 -5-
        Wife filed a motion for reconsideration, arguing that the trial court abused its discretion in

finding that wife deserted the marriage and granting husband a divorce on that ground. Wife

contended that her departure did not constitute “abandonment, [but] was for her to get better

mentally.” Wife also argued that the trial court erred in failing to award her spousal support and in

giving husband credit for the entire principal amount he paid toward the mortgage and HELOC.

After hearing the parties’ arguments, the trial court denied wife’s motion and entered the final

divorce decree. The decree stated that husband’s credit for the entire amount he paid toward the

mortgage and HELOC should be deducted “prior to the distribution of the equity in the marital

residence.” Wife appeals.

                                              ANALYSIS

               I. The trial court did not err in finding that wife deserted the marriage.

        Wife argues that the trial court abused its discretion in finding that she willfully deserted the

marriage and claims that the evidence, instead, supported a decree of divorce based on one-year

separation grounds. She asserts that she did not desert the marriage but had to leave the marital

home to protect her mental health.

        “[W]here dual or multiple grounds for divorce exist, the trial [court] can use [its] sound

discretion to select the grounds upon which [it] will grant the divorce.” Williams v. Williams, 14

Va. App. 217, 220 (1992) (quoting Lassen v. Lassen, 8 Va. App. 502, 505 (1989)). That is, there is

no mandate for a trial court “to give precedence to one proven ground of divorce over another.” Id.

(quoting Robertson v. Robertson, 215 Va. 425, 426 (1975). “A trial [judge’s] determination of

matters [that lie] within [the trial judge’s] discretion is reversible on appeal only for an abuse of that

discretion.” Hughes v. Hughes, 33 Va. App. 141, 146 (2000) (alterations in original) (quoting

Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 328 (1990)). “Furthermore, a trial judge’s factual finding will

‘not be set aside unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Id. (quoting Farley, 9

                                                   -6-
Va. App. at 328). However, this Court reviews de novo all issues of law, including those involving

“examination of the proper interpretation and application of [Code § 20-91(A)(6)].” Dixon v.

Dixon, 71 Va. App. 709, 718 (2020).

             a. Wife broke off marital cohabitation with the intent to end the marriage.

       Code § 20-91(A)(6) provides that “[w]here either party has . . . willfully deserted or

abandoned the other, [a] divorce may be decreed to the innocent party after a period of one year

from the date of such act.”3 Notwithstanding Code § 20-91(A)(6)’s use of the disjunctive “or” to

distinguish “desertion” and “abandonment,” our Supreme Court has found that “[i]n the domestic

relations context, ‘abandonment’ is generally used synonymously with ‘desertion.’” Purce v.

Patterson, 275 Va. 190, 195 (2008). Desertion or abandonment is defined “as ‘a breach of

matrimonial duty—an actual breaking off of the matrimonial cohabitation coupled with an intent to

desert in the mind of the deserting party,’” id. (quoting Petachenko v. Petachenko, 232 Va. 296,

298-99 (1986)), and is usually effected when a party physically leaves the marital home and does

not return. We have held, however, that a spouse may abandon their marital “duty” even where the

deserting spouse has not left the marital home. Jamison v. Jamison, 3 Va. App. 644, 647-48 (1987)

(holding that evidence of “the willful withdrawal of sexual privileges without just cause or excuse

and the willful breach and neglect of other marital duties” is sufficient to support grounds for

willful desertion where the parties continue to live together in the marital home). Although there

exists no single, monolithic matrimonial duty, the practical obligations that accompany marital life

are manifold. Accordingly, “[d]omestic relations cases have considered ‘matrimonial duty’ to

include cooking, cleaning, support, and contributing to the well-being of the family.” Purce, 275

       3
         Although Code §§ 20-91, 20-107.1, and 20-107.3 were revised following the initiation of
these divorce proceedings, none of the revisions are relevant to the instant case. All subsequent
references to Code §§ 20-91, 20-107.1, and 20-107.3 refer to the versions of the statutes in effect
when wife began divorce proceedings in March 2020.
                                                -7-
Va. at 195. Historically, the duty has also encompassed sexual intimacy. See Jamison, 3 Va. App.

at 647-48. Thus, desertion or abandonment entails the “termination of the normal indicia of a

marital relationship” coupled with the intent to not resume the marital relationship. Purce, 275 Va.

at 195. Moreover, this willful breaking off occurs “without the consent and against the will of the

other spouse.” Barnes v. Barnes, 16 Va. App. 98, 101 (1993).

        Here, the record supports dual grounds for divorce. With their relationship under strain,

husband and wife began to sleep in separate bedrooms before wife left the marital home in early

January 2019. When wife returned to the marital home, she and husband continued living apart

from each other. Although they shared a residence and continued contact, they no longer shared a

joined life consistent with marriage. Indeed, wife averred that during this period she and husband

“lived separate and apart . . . without cohabitation, and with the intent to remain separate and apart

permanently.” Wife admitted that she conditioned her remaining in the marital home on husband’s

participation in marital counseling. When husband did not respond to her demand, wife left the

marital home and moved into an apartment. In her motion for reconsideration, wife acknowledged

that she left the marital home as a means of self-care, “to get better mentally.” Husband testified

that he did not force wife to leave the marital home, did not tell wife to leave the marital home, and

did not tell wife that he wanted a divorce. According to husband, when wife left the marital home

the first time, she told him that “[s]he did not want to be there.” Even as her physical residence

varied, wife maintained marital separation from husband from the time she initially left the marital

home in January 2019 through the entry of the final decree of divorce in December 2021.

        Based on this evidence, the trial court found that wife deserted the marriage, having

broken off the matrimonial cohabitation with the intent to end the marriage. It is true that the

same evidence supports a divorce based on the parties’ separation of one year. See Code

§ 20-91(A)(9). Yet, “because multiple grounds existed . . . the [trial] court was free to choose

                                                 -8-
between those grounds in granting the divorce, and did not abuse its discretion by granting the

divorce on the grounds of” desertion. Fadness v. Fadness, 52 Va. App. 833, 840 (2008).

       Wife asserts that there “was no corroboration of th[e] finding” that wife deserted

husband. For support, she points to the trial court’s finding that “[n]either Wife nor Husband

testified as to Wife’s reason for leaving the marriage.” Yet, the record is not silent on the issue

of wife’s reason for leaving the marriage. Wife physically left the marital home after husband

did not respond to her request for marriage counseling. The evidence establishes that she took

additional actions to terminate or discontinue all indicia of the marital relationship: wife chose to

live in a spare bedroom, in her parents’ home, and in a separate apartment to be separate from

husband; she did not hold herself out as married; and she stopped contributing to marital debts

and obligations. Husband’s testimony reflects that he did not seek or compel marital separation.

He testified that wife told him that she “just had to leave.” Combined, this evidence supports the

trial court’s finding of desertion. See Ringgold v. Ringgold, 128 Va. 485, 499 (1920)

(recognizing that “protracted absence, with other circumstances, may establish the original

intent” of desertion (quoting Bailey v. Bailey, 62 Va. 43, 47 (1871))).

            b. Wife’s reason for leaving the marital home was not legally justifiable.

       Wife challenges the trial court’s finding of desertion by asserting that her departure was

justified by her mental health, arguing that “her leaving was not abandonment, it was for her to get

better mentally.” Wife’s reason for leaving the marital home does not constitute legal justification

for desertion under Virginia law.

       “[A] party may be justified in leaving a marital [home] even if grounds of divorce do not

exist and may do so without committing desertion.” Kerr v. Kerr, 6 Va. App. 620, 624 (1988).

Although our jurisprudence supplies “no fixed formula for determining when justification exists, [it]

recognize[s] the underlying premise that leaving the marital home is justified when a spouse’s

                                                -9-
conduct creates conditions so intolerable that the other spouse cannot reasonably be expected to

remain in the home.” Id. Thus, we have held that “[t]he burden of going forward with evidence of

justification or showing that leaving was for a reason other than the intent to desert rests on the party

who claims his or her leaving was without an intent to desert.” D’Auria v. D’Auria, 1 Va. App. 455,

459 (1986) (citing Graham v. Graham, 210 Va. 608, 610 (1970)).

        Virginia has consistently recognized desertion or abandonment as justified in circumstances

that feature patterns of intimate partner violence and other forms of intolerable mistreatment and

cruelty. See Pillow v. Pillow, 13 Va. App. 271, 276 (1991); Kerr, 6 Va. App. at 625-26; Brawand v.

Brawand, 1 Va. App. 305, 310-11 (1985); Breschel v. Breschel, 221 Va. 208, 211-12 (1980); Capps

v. Capps, 216 Va. 382, 385 (1975); Rowand v. Rowand, 215 Va. 344, 345-46 (1974); Graham, 210

Va. at 616. Indeed, we have held that even

                a single act of physical cruelty will constitute [such justified] grounds
                . . . if it is so severe and atrocious as to endanger life, if it indicates an
                intention to do serious bodily harm, if it causes reasonable
                apprehension of serious danger in the future, or if the precedent or
                attendant circumstances show that the acts are likely to be repeated.

Davis v. Davis, 8 Va. App. 12, 15 (1989).

        Such a “single act” or patterns of intimate partner violence or intolerable mistreatment or

cruelty are not present here. Sprott v. Sprott, 233 Va. 238 (1987), better resembles the case before

us. There, our Supreme Court traced the gradual deterioration of the parties’ marital relationship,

noting how, over time, wife “began to build what she described as a ‘psychological wall’ between

herself and [husband]” and “[a]fter each perceived affront, [wife] added another brick to the wall.”

Id. at 241. When wife eventually left the marriage, the Court declined to “hold[] that one spouse is

legally justified in leaving the other merely because there has been a gradual breakdown in the

marital relationship.” Id. at 242. Similarly, we held in D’Auria that, although “wife’s physician

testified that her physical problems were the result of severe anxiety in contemplation of divorce,”

                                                   - 10 -
the evidence failed to “establish that husband’s behavior was the cause of wife’s emotional

difficulties,” and, thus, that wife was legally justified in deserting her husband. 1 Va. App. at 460.

        Here, wife testified to trust problems within the marriage, as well as to her recurring “mental

problems.” But her assertions fail to establish unreasonably intolerable conditions or conduct—

unreasonable or otherwise—by husband that created or contributed to wife’s mental-health issues.

        Conflicts concerning trust, mental health, and other intangible elements can, we

acknowledge, work like a potent solvent to slowly dissolve the bonds of intimacy and unity in a

marital relationship. Yet whether such elements are sufficient to dissolve the legal bonds of

marriage is a different matter. And the relevant question before us concerns whether the

non-departing spouse “‘caused conditions in the marital home to be intolerable’” and whether, as a

result, “the departing spouse ‘reasonably believe[d] that . . . her health [wa]s endangered by

remaining in the household . . . .’” Gottlieb v. Gottlieb, 19 Va. App. 77, 82 (1994) (first quoting

Kerr, 6 Va. App. at 623; and then quoting D’Auria, 1 Va. App. at 459). Even if wife’s mental

health was impacted by staying in the marital home, the record lacks evidence to show that her

health was endangered due to husband’s conduct.

        While providing that “cruelty” or “reasonable apprehension of bodily hurt” may serve as

justified grounds for divorce, Code § 20-91(A)(6) expresses no similar recognition of mental health

issues, generally, as sufficiently deleterious to justify unilateral termination of a marital

relationship.4 But whether and to what extent the law keeps pace with evolving social perspectives

regarding marriage, divorce, and mental health is a determination reserved to the legislature. Even

if addressing this intersection in the law “may be highly desirable from the standpoint of social

        4
         Under current law, any spouse who breaks off marital cohabitation with the intent to
leave their marriage, whose departure is neither legally justifiable nor consented to by the other
spouse, may be found to have deserted or abandoned their marriage. This is true even, plausibly,
where a marital relationship has deteriorated to the point of compelling separation and divorce.
                                               - 11 -
policy . . . it would represent a marked change from the settled rule in Virginia.” Lane Co., Inc. v.

Saunders, 229 Va. 196, 199 (1985). Hence, our applicable legal standards do not justify wife’s

legal fault in deserting the parties’ marriage.

          II. The trial court did not err in its decision not to award wife spousal support.

        Wife contends that the trial court abused its discretion in declining to award her spousal

support. Wife’s argument reduces to three claims. First, wife claims that the trial court erred by

“heavily consider[ing] the fault grounds” when determining whether to award her spousal

support. Second, wife claims that the trial court’s decision not to award spousal support is

inequitable and fails to properly account for wife’s contributions to the marriage, her sacrifices,

and, in turn, her earning potential compared to that of husband. Third, wife contests the trial

court’s finding that her “financial statement was not credible” and argues that a trial court should

craft an award of spousal support reflecting the “marital standard of living.” We disagree with

wife’s contention and hold that because the trial court awarded wife a reservation of spousal

support in accordance with Code § 20-107.1(D), her claims are without merit.

        Whether to award spousal support is a matter within the broad discretion of the trial

court. See Northcutt v. Northcutt, 39 Va. App. 192, 196 (2006). Thus, the judgment of the trial

court will be disturbed only when there has been “a clear abuse of discretion.” See Giraldi v.

Giraldi, 64 Va. App. 676, 682 (2015) (quoting Fadness, 52 Va. App. at 845). The abuse of

discretion standard recognizes that a court has a “range of choice” and that “its decision will not

be disturbed as long as it stays within that range and is not influenced by any mistake of law.”

Galiotos v. Galiotos, 300 Va. 1, 10 (2021) (quoting Landrum v. Chippenham & Johnston-Willis

Hosps., Inc., 282 Va. 346, 352 (2011)). In other words, “[w]e will reverse the trial court only

when its decision is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Gamble v. Gamble, 14

                                                  - 12 -
Va. App. 558, 574 (1992). However, “[w]e review the trial court’s statutory interpretations and

legal conclusions de novo.” Chaney v. Karabaic-Chaney, 71 Va. App. 431, 434 (2020).

                          a. The trial court properly weighed wife’s fault.

        We begin by recognizing that “[t]he courts of this Commonwealth are empowered to assess

spousal support awards, not to penalize or reward either party to the marriage contract, but rather to

do equity between the two and to protect society’s interests in the incidents of the marital

relationship.” Jacobs v. Jacobs, 219 Va. 993, 995 (1979). To that end, the scope and breadth of the

trial court’s authority to make an initial award of spousal support is contained within Code

§ 20-107.1. A trial court may, in its discretion, award a party spousal support to be paid “in

periodic payments for a defined duration, or in periodic payments for an undefined duration, or

in a lump sum award, or in any combination thereof.” Code § 20-107.1(C). Nonetheless, “in

lieu of an award pursuant to subsection C,” a trial court may also exercise its discretion to

“reserve the right of a party to receive support in the future.” Code § 20-107.1(D). In other

words, a court-ordered reservation of the right to receive spousal support pursuant to Code

§ 20-107.1(D) is a “decree concerning maintenance and support” of a spouse. When a trial court

grants a reservation of spousal support it is awarding the right to seek periodic or lump sum

support and maintenance at a later date. See Wyatt v. Wyatt, 70 Va. App. 716, 720 (2019)

(“When a court does not award [a] spousal support [sum], it may ‘reserve the right of a party to

receive [spousal] support in the future.’”). We have previously held that a trial court is mandated

to grant this reservation when a party requests it. See id.; Bacon v. Bacon, 3 Va. App. 484, 491

(1986) (holding that “it is reversible error for the trial court, upon request of either party, to fail

to make a reservation in the decree of the right to receive spousal support”). But absent such

request, the award of a reservation is entirely within the discretion of the trial court. Thus, the

                                                 - 13 -
trial court here did not deny wife spousal support but rather awarded her the right to seek support

at another, future time.

        An order for reservation of spousal support, like an order granting or denying support

under subsection C, must “be accompanied by written findings and conclusions of the court

identifying the factors in [Code § 20-107.1] subsection E which support the court’s order.” Code

§ 20-107.1(F). The primary considerations of a trial court in determining whether to award

spousal support—including a reservation of spousal support—are “the circumstances and factors

which contributed to the dissolution of the marriage, specifically including adultery and any

other ground for divorce [including desertion and cruelty].” Wyatt, 70 Va. App. at 719

(alteration in original) (emphases added) (quoting Code § 20-107.1(E)).

        Wife argues that the trial court “heavily” considered her fault when determining whether

to award her a specific spousal support amount. Although a trial court is not required “to

quantify or elaborate exactly what weight or consideration it has given to each of the statutory

factors,” Pilati v. Pilati, 59 Va. App. 176, 183 (2011) (emphasis added) (quoting Duva v. Duva,

55 Va. App. 286, 300 (2009)), given that it must, under subsection F, provide written findings

and conclusions, the fact that the trial court here did expressly state the weight given to wife’s

fault is not inconsistent with its statutory obligation, and thus not reversible error.5

        5
         We note, however, that Code § 20-107.1(F) requires that an order reserving a right of
spousal support “state whether the retirement of either party was contemplated by the court and
specifically considered by the court in making its award.” The trial court did not include such
statement in the final decree of divorce. As neither husband nor wife assign error to that
statutory noncompliance, we do not address it here. See Commonwealth ex rel. Breakiron v.
Farmer, 32 Va. App. 430, 437 (2000) (“A matter not in dispute before the trial court will not be
considered for the first time on appeal[.]” (quoting Connelly v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 888,
891 (1992))).
                                                - 14 -
                    b. The trial court properly considered all statutory factors.

        Moreover, the trial court’s spousal support decision did not turn on the single fulcrum

point of fault. Although the trial court expressed the “heavy weight” it attributed to wife’s

desertion, it is clear from the record that fault was not the exclusive—or even the “heaviest”—

factor to which the trial court gave weight in its spousal support decision. The trial court also has

discretion in determining “the ‘nature, amount and duration’ of the award.” Robinson v. Robinson,

54 Va. App. 87, 91 (2009) (quoting Code § 20-107.1(E)). To make this determination, it must make

and weigh findings regarding the statutory factors of Code § 20-107.1.

        In addition to considering “the standard of living established during the marriage,” “the

duration of the marriage,” and the “contributions, monetary and nonmonetary, of each party to the

well-being of the family,” the trial court must also weigh, among other considerations, the

obligations, needs, and financial resources of the parties. Code § 20-107.1(E). See also Wyatt, 70

Va. App. at 719 (“In determining the appropriate amount of spousal support, the trial court must

consider the needs of the requesting party and the other spouse’s ability to pay.” (quoting Alphin

v. Alphin, 15 Va. App. 395, 401 (1992))). But the “party seeking spousal support bears the burden

of proving all facts necessary for an award including evidence of financial need[.]” Andrews v.

Creacey, 56 Va. App. 606, 634 (2010) (quoting Robbins v. Robbins, 48 Va. App. 466, 484 (2006)).

        Here, the record demonstrates that the trial court took care to balance the fault grounds for

the divorce against wife’s established financial need. At trial, wife admitted that her financial

statement included estimated future expenses rather than expenses establishing a baseline for her

current need. The trial court found that wife provided an unreliable financial statement that failed to

track wife’s “current needs.” Based on wife’s testimony, the trial court’s conclusion that wife failed

to meet her evidentiary burden was not plainly wrong. See Andrews, 56 Va. App. at 634.

                                                 - 15 -
        The trial court also took care to balance its spousal support decision against other

considerations, including its decision to make husband solely responsible for the paying down of the

marital debt. See Code § 20-107.1(E)(8) (“[T]he court shall consider . . . [t]he provisions made with

regard to the marital property under § 20-107.3.”). The court found that wife and husband had

“acquired a large amount of debt during the marriage.” In recognition of “the large disparity in

income between the Parties [and] Husband’s ability to continue making payments,” the trial court

assigned to husband the task of maintaining the debt and accordingly found that “Wife is not

entitled to spousal support at this time.” Even so, the trial court awarded wife a reservation of

spousal support, in recognition that she may, in the future, demonstrate a need for support. The trial

court expressly found that it would be “manifest[ly] unjust” to withhold such a reservation.6

        Code § 20-107.1(E) tasks trial courts with a complex balancing act. See Robinson, 54

Va. App. at 96 (recognizing that the 13 economic and noneconomic factors include factor “number

thirteen . . . an open-ended directive that ‘the court shall consider . . . [s]uch other factors . . . as are

necessary to consider the equities between the parties’” (emphasis added)). Although a trial court

may struggle to craft judgments with perfect Solomonic precision, the trial court here balanced the

equities by fashioning a judgment that accounted for the financial, fault, and other complexities that

accompanied the parties’ divorce. On appeal, this Court does not question whether it would have

rendered the same judgment. Rather, “only when reasonable jurists could not differ can we say an

abuse of discretion has occurred.” Galiotos, 300 Va. at 11 (quoting Sauder v. Ferguson, 289 Va.

449, 459 (2015)). That is, it is only when reasonable jurists would uniformly agree that an abuse of

discretion has occurred.

        6
         Although the trial court found that “it would present a manifest injustice” to deny wife a
reservation of spousal support, we do not consider this statement indicative of the trial court
applying the “manifest injustice” exception to a bar to spousal support under Code
§ 20-107.1(B), which is implicated only in cases where a party has established adultery grounds.
                                               - 16 -
       Here, where it stayed within the fixed parameters of law, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in awarding to wife a reservation of spousal support in lieu of a sum.

                           III. Credit for Mortgage and HELOC Payments

       Wife further challenges the judgment of the trial court in awarding husband credit for the

full amount that he paid toward the mortgage and HELOC during the parties’ separation and

divorce. Wife argues that although “Virginia law does not require . . . any specific credit be given

for postseparation mortgage payments,” the trial court’s decision to make a dollar-for-dollar award

is “unprecedented.” We find wife’s arguments unpersuasive and hold that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in awarding husband credit for his mortgage and HELOC payments.

       “Code § 20-107.3, which governs awards of equitable distribution, ‘is intended to recognize

a marriage as a partnership and to provide a means to divide equitably the wealth accumulated

during and by that partnership based on the monetary and non-monetary contributions of each

spouse.’” von Raab v. von Raab, 26 Va. App. 239, 245 (1997) (quoting Williams v. Williams, 4

Va. App. 19, 24 (1987)). In rendering its equitable distribution judgment, a trial court must first

determine property “ownership and value,” including legal title, and then classify the property as

either marital, separate, or partially both. Code § 20-107.3(A). Next, “the court may (1) order the

division or transfer, or both, of jointly owned marital property, (2) apportion and order the payment

of marital debts, or (3) grant a monetary award to either party.” von Raab, 26 Va. App. at 246.

“The court must determine the amount of its award of any of these remedies ‘upon the factors listed

in [Code § 20-107.3(E)].’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Code § 20-107.3(C), (D)).

       “[T]o the extent that the appeal requires an examination of the proper interpretation and

application of Code § 20-107.3, it involves issues of law, which the Court reviews de novo on

appeal.” Dixon, 71 Va. App. at 718. At the same time, “[i]n reviewing an equitable distribution

award on appeal, we have recognized that the trial court’s job is a difficult one, and we rely heavily

                                                - 17 -
on the discretion of the trial judge in weighing the many considerations and circumstances that are

presented in each case.” Stark v. Dinarany, 73 Va. App. 733, 749-50 (2021) (quoting Wright v.

Wright, 61 Va. App. 432, 449-50 (2013)). “Accordingly, ‘decisions concerning equitable

distribution rest within the sound discretion of the trial court.’” Id. at 750 (quoting Wright, 61

Va. App. at 450). “The [trial] court’s ‘discretion is limited only in that the [trial] court must

consider all of the factors in Code § 20-107.3(E).’” Id. (quoting Fadness, 52 Va. App. at 842).

These factors, like the other provisions in Code § 20-107.3, reflect the larger purpose of the statute,

having been designed to affect a distribution of assets and liabilities that is equitable. But such a

distribution need not be numerically equal to be equitable. Indeed, “[i]t is within the discretion of

the court to make an equal division or to make a substantially disparate division of assets as the

factors outlined in Code § 20-107.3(E) require.” Rinaldi v. Rinaldi, 53 Va. App. 61, 76 (2008)

(quoting Matthews v. Matthews, 26 Va. App. 638, 645 (1998)). Although “the trial court must

consider each of the statutory factors, [it] may determine what weight to assign to each of them.”

Robbins, 48 Va. App. at 481 (quoting Owens v. Owens, 41 Va. App. 844, 859 (2003)).

        Subdivision 2 of Code § 20-107.3(E) provides that a court may consider “contributions,

monetary and nonmonetary, of each party in the acquisition and care and maintenance” of marital

property. Code § 20-107.3(E)(2). We have held that “Code § 20-107.3 does not mandate that the

trial court award a corresponding dollar-for-dollar credit for such contributions.” von Raab, 26

Va. App. at 250. Accepting arguendo wife’s contention that the trial court’s award was

“unprecedented,” it does not follow that the trial court’s decision exceeded statutory bounds. The

statute does not prescribe a set formula that trial courts must apply when dividing assets and

liabilities. See Hart v. Hart, 27 Va. App. 46, 57 (1998) (“Fashioning an equitable distribution award

lies within the sound discretion of the trial judge and that award will not be set aside unless it is

plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” (quoting Srinivasan v. Srinivasan, 10 Va. App.

                                                  - 18 -
728, 732 (1990))). Just as the plain text of Code § 20-107.3 does not mandate a dollar-for-dollar

credit for post-separation payments, neither does it preclude a trial court, in the exercise of its

discretion, from awarding the same.

        Further, the trial court weighed the factor of “the dissolution of the marriage and the efforts

made by husband to maintain this marital asset upon wife’s desertion.” See Code § 20-107.3(E)(5).

After weighing the factors, the trial court crafted an award that it concluded approximated equity.

In so doing, it rendered a judgment that was responsive to evidence in the record. Wife argues that

the equitable distribution award was not equitable because it failed to consider that husband had

exclusive use and possession of the marital home. But husband had exclusive use of the marital

home by virtue of wife’s desertion, so the trial court did not err by assigning little weight to wife’s

argument.

        The trial court determined that “Husband is entitled to a credit in the amount he has paid

toward the Mortgage and H[ELOC] from the date of separation to the date of this opinion.” On

appeal, wife assumes the credit granted to husband by the trial court encompasses the total amount

husband paid toward the mortgage and HELOC, including principal and interest. Wife’s

assumption is inconsistent with the record before us. The parties stipulated that, at the time of trial,

husband had paid down the mortgage and HELOC principal by $14,321.86 since the date of

separation. Husband also presented evidence supporting these payments. This is the only evidence

in the record regarding the “amount [husband] paid toward the mortgage and H[ELOC] from the

date of separation to the date of this opinion,” which is the credit that the trial court gave husband.

Hence, husband’s credit is confined to the $14,321.86 husband paid from the date of separation

through the date of trial, plus any additional payments husband made between the date of trial

through the date of the court’s letter opinion of July 14, 2021. Contrary to wife’s contention, the

trial court neither awarded husband more than he requested nor more than that amount which was

                                                  - 19 -
supported by the evidence.7 Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding husband

full credit for the payments introduced at trial, we find no error.

                                            CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                                             Affirmed.

        7
          At oral argument, wife argued that the trial court erred in its application of the credit to
wife’s share of the total marital equity. Put differently, wife claimed that the trial court did not
direct that husband’s separate credit be taken “off the top” of the total amount before dividing
between the parties. Although wife did not make this argument on brief, we note that the
argument mischaracterizes the court’s order. In the final decree of divorce, the trial court
adjudged, ordered, and decreed that “prior to the distribution of the equity in the real property,
Husband shall be entitled to a credit in the amount that he has paid towards the . . . mortgage and
the HELOC mortgage from the date of separation (January 1, 2019) to the date of the Opinion
letter (July 14, 2021).” (Emphasis added.)
                                                - 20 -