Court Opinion

ID: 9957700
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-04 21:02:19.858308+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:34.386707
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/4/24 P. v. Gray CA6
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,                                                          H049267
                                                                     (Santa Clara County
           Plaintiff and Respondent,                                  Super. Ct. No. B1899044)

           v.

 JASON SCOTT GRAY,

           Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant Jason Scott Gray was convicted by jury of forcible sodomy, forcible
rape, forcible oral copulation, forcible sexual penetration, and misdemeanor possession of
methamphetamine. He was sentenced to 24 years in prison, including aggravated terms
on the four sexual assault counts, and ordered to pay various fines and fees. On appeal,
he contends the prosecutor committed misconduct in closing argument and defense
counsel was ineffective for failing to object. He also argues he is entitled to resentencing
under Senate Bill No. 567 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.) and vacatur of a criminal justice
administration fee under Assembly Bill No. 1869 (2019–2020 Reg. Sess.). We will
uphold defendant’s convictions and remand the matter for resentencing.
                                  I.     TRIAL COURT PROCEEDINGS
    A. TRIAL EVIDENCE
         The events described at trial occurred in 2018. Defendant lived in an apartment
with his mother, and defendant’s sister lived next door with her daughters. One of her
daughters, referred to here and at trial as Sophia Doe to protect her privacy (see
California Rules of Court, rule 8.90, subdivision (b)(4)), was 18 years old at the time.
Defendant was in his forties and was bigger and stronger than Doe. Doe saw defendant
almost every day, and he regularly drove her to school and work. The two were friendly
and sometimes smoked marijuana together.
       Following an argument with her mother (defendant’s sister), Doe moved out of her
mother’s apartment and moved in with her grandmother (defendant’s mother). Defendant
was not there when Doe moved in, and defendant’s mother had changed the locks.
Defendant’s mother went out of town shortly after Doe moved in. She told Doe to keep
the door locked and not let defendant inside.
       A few days later, Doe forgot to lock the door and defendant let himself inside the
apartment. Defendant told Doe that his mother had given him permission to be there, and
she believed him. Doe described that she and defendant were “hang[ing] out” that night
“just like normal.” She recalled they probably smoked marijuana. Defendant also
showed Doe methamphetamine, which she had never tried before. Defendant smoked
some crystal methamphetamine, and Doe “did a line” of powdered methamphetamine. It
made her “really tired,” which confused her because she thought methamphetamine
would have the opposite effect. She went to sleep in her grandmother’s room.
       Defendant’s mother returned from her trip the next day. She went to sleep in her
room around 9:00 or 10:00 that night; she took sleeping pills every night and slept very
soundly. After her grandmother went to sleep, Doe asked defendant if he wanted to
smoke marijuana, which they did in defendant’s room because they were not allowed to
smoke in the living room. They also smoked methamphetamine. The methamphetamine
made Doe tired again and defendant told her, “ ‘Maybe you’re just not taking enough.’ ”
She smoked more and then lay down on a mattress defendant put in the living room for
her.
       While Doe was lying face down on the mattress, defendant sat in a chair next to
her. He started rubbing her back and told her she would be okay. Defendant at first
                                             2
seemed to be comforting Doe, but he then moved his hand down to her buttocks. Doe
froze up and felt like she could not move, speak, or “do anything.”
      Doe was wearing a bra, underwear, a shirt, and basketball shorts. A blanket was
covering her. Defendant removed the blanket and started touching Doe’s vagina through
her clothes. He got on top of Doe and started “dry humping” her. After removing Doe’s
shorts and underwear, defendant penetrated her vagina with his fingers. Doe’s legs were
closed until defendant opened them. Defendant touched Doe’s vagina with one hand
while pressing down on the back of her head with his other hand.
      Defendant removed his pants and inserted his penis into Doe’s anus. Feeling a lot
of pain, Doe whispered “ ‘no’ ” but was not sure if defendant heard her. (Doe did not say
anything else during the encounter.) Defendant told Doe, “ ‘You’re going to be okay.’ ”
He asked her to “roll over” but she did not move, so he rolled her onto her back.
Defendant put his mouth and tongue on her vagina. He then inserted his penis into her
vagina multiple times.
      At some point during the encounter, defendant told Doe she was beautiful like her
mother. Defendant said, “ ‘I’m about to come’ ” while his penis was inside Doe’s
vagina. He pulled his penis out of Doe’s vagina and asked her if she was mad at him.
She did not respond. When defendant left the room to change his clothes, Doe got
dressed and ran out of the apartment.
      Doe called her then-boyfriend and asked him to pick her up, which he did. Doe
and her boyfriend were not sexually active and she was a virgin at the time. She had
never been “flirty” with defendant or “done anything sexual” with him, and found the
idea “gross.” When Doe’s boyfriend picked her up, she was crying and told him that her
uncle had sexually assaulted her. Doe’s boyfriend took her to his house, where she spoke
to his mother. Her boyfriend’s mother suggested that Doe go to the hospital, and she
reluctantly agreed. Doe was still in pain and was bleeding from her anus and vagina.

                                            3
       A nurse at the hospital called police after Doe told her what happened. One of the
responding officers testified that he could tell Doe “had been crying” because “her eyes
were still kind of bloodshot” and had red marks underneath them. He recalled Doe “was
pretty somber” and “wasn’t really enthusiastic about talking” with police, although she
did. Police drove Doe to another medical facility, where she underwent a Sexual Assault
Response Team (SART) exam.
       The SART nurse testified “as an expert in forensic nursing, including the
collection and preservation of evidence of sexual assaults, and in the determination of
whether a patient’s injuries are consistent with their history of sexual assault.” In the
nurse’s opinion, Doe’s injuries were consistent with her report of a nonconsensual sexual
assault. Doe’s injuries included a red spot on her throat, “a very red blood oozing injury”
and “significant bleeding laceration” in her genital area, and “multiple splits” at the “anal
verge,” which the nurse described as “the wrinkling part of the opening to the rectum.” A
hair not belonging to Doe was also found inside her labia. The SART exam was
conducted roughly seven hours after the alleged assault, by which point “open bleeding”
would typically have subsided, but Doe was still bleeding significantly. The nurse had
seen patients with similar injuries from consensual sex, “but not quite to this extent.”
Doe told the nurse, “ ‘I tried to push him off. I pushed him—I pushed against his
forearm.’ ”
       The next day, Doe’s older sister drove her to the police station. Doe had an
anxiety attack and vomited in her sister’s car. At the station, Doe spoke to a detective
about what had happened. She told him that “her legs were closed” while she was lying
on her stomach but defendant “was trying to spread them apart.” Doe also told the
detective that defendant had kissed and licked “her butt and her back.” She “said she
wiggled and moved a lot” when defendant inserted his penis into her anus, and that she
said “no” and shook her head around the same time. The detective’s report referenced

                                              4
Doe’s account of defendant saying, “ ‘I am about to come’ ”; “ ‘you’re so wet’ ”; and “ ‘it
feels so good’ ” during the encounter.
       Doe’s sister told police defendant would be at her grandmother’s apartment. She
then went to the apartment while Doe stayed at the police station. Defendant was at the
apartment and asked Doe’s sister where Doe was. Doe’s sister got in her car to leave, but
defendant “jumped into the car” and told her to drive. Police stopped the car and arrested
defendant. A black bag found on the passenger seat contained items including
defendant’s wallet, methamphetamine, and drug paraphernalia.
       A test of Doe’s blood was positive for methamphetamine. Semen was not found
on swabs taken from Doe’s anus and vagina. A small amount of male DNA was found,
but it was insufficient for testing. A swab taken from Doe’s back also contained a small
amount of male DNA, most likely from saliva. The sample appeared to contain a mixture
of DNA from multiple people and could not be used to identify a particular individual.
DNA testing could not establish whether defendant’s DNA was present or not present on
Doe.
   B. CLOSING ARGUMENT
       It appears from the record that due to a mechanical failure, no reporter’s notes
exist for the prosecutor’s closing argument which is therefore not included in the
reporter’s transcript; defense counsel’s closing argument and the prosecutor’s rebuttal do
appear in the transcript. In lieu of a transcript, the trial court has provided us with a
settled statement concerning the prosecutor’s closing argument. Attached to the settled
statement are images and text from a digital slideshow that the prosecutor presented to
the jury during her closing argument. Certain slides are accompanied by associated notes
not shown to the jury, but spoken by the prosecutor “almost verbatim” in her
presentation. The prosecutor’s presentation consisted of 42 slides. Defense counsel did
not object to any aspect of the prosecutor’s argument.

                                               5
       Slide No. 3 contains a picture of Doe. It is accompanied by notes reading in part,
“ ‘I remember when he put his penis inside… it hurt so bad’ [¶] ‘I remember saying no
no no and he just was like its okay, your [sic] okay’ [¶] ‘I told him no. I remember
saying no.’ [¶] No means NO [¶] ‘no, this isn’t happening to me. I know this isn’t
happening’ [¶] Statements made by [Doe] to describe what can only be described as the
worst night of her life […] [¶] Pain is still there… you saw it. Her testimony was hard,
hard to hear, hard to see, feel her pain she was raw, she was honest and she was brave.”
       Slide No. 38 also contains a picture of Doe. It is accompanied by notes reading in
part, “Saw her, heard her—run off the witness stand crying. [¶] [Doe] was a virgin…
think she wanted this for her first time… wanted this nightmare. [¶] Waited, didn’t have
sex with your boyfriend… wait for this? [¶] You saw her, remember when she ran out of
here. [¶] Talk about her 1st sexual experience in that fashion … in front of strangers and
a judge, and a woman talking [sic] down everything you say. Who on earth wants that?
[¶] Use your common sense[.]”
       Slide No. 39 reads, “In this case, there is no other reasonable interpretation of the
evidence except that the defendant is guilty as charged[.]” The slide is accompanied by
notes reading, “WITH CHOICES ARE CONSEQUENCES [¶] DEFENDANTS
CHOOSE TO COMMIT THESE CRIMES[.]”
       Slide No. 40 contains another picture of Doe. It also includes text reading
“Defendant is Guilty of All Counts”. It is accompanied by notes reading in part, “We all
want to think someone who would rape and sodomize are somehow identifiable by how
they look or act. We want to think that we can spot danger and protect ourselves from it.
We want them to be the guys in ski masks who look scary. Or unkempt, dirty, creepy.
But think about it, in order to commit these crimes, the molester[] must lure in his victims
and make them feel safe. [¶] Truth is, often the abuser is someone the victim knows.”
       Slide No. 41 contains a quote attributed to Theodore Roosevelt: “ ‘No man is
above the law and no man is below it; nor do we ask any man’s permission when we ask
                                              6
him to obey it. Obedience to the law is demanded as a right; not asked as a favor[.]’ ”
The next and final slide, No. 42, is blank.
       Defense counsel argued that defendant reasonably believed the sex was
consensual. He also discussed the prosecution’s burden of proving defendant guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt. In her rebuttal, the prosecutor noted, “First of all, remember
that the burden, which I’ve always said is on me, and it’s proof beyond a reasonable
doubt. Proof that leaves you with an abiding conviction the charge is true.”
   C. SENTENCING
       Defendant was found guilty as charged. The trial court sentenced defendant to 24
years in prison, consisting of the upper term of eight years for forcible sexual penetration
as the principal count, fully consecutive upper terms of eight years on the rape and
sodomy counts, and a concurrent upper term of eight years for forcible oral copulation.
In selecting the aggravated terms, the court considered five factors: the victim’s
particular vulnerability; defendant’s use of a position of trust or confidence to commit the
offenses; defendant’s numerous prior convictions as an adult; defendant’s prior prison
term; and defendant’s previous unsatisfactory performance on probation or parole. The
court also considered “as a potential mitigating factor” defendant’s participation in
substance abuse treatment programs while in custody. Defendant was also sentenced to a
concurrent 30-day term on the misdemeanor methamphetamine possession count and
ordered to pay various fines and fees, including a $129.75 criminal justice administration
fee.
                                    II.   DISCUSSION
   A. COUNSEL’S PERFORMANCE WAS NOT INEFFECTIVE
       Defendant contends he received ineffective assistance from trial counsel, who did
not object to the prosecution’s statements during closing argument. He argues the
prosecutor misstated the burden of proof, misstated Doe’s testimony, referenced facts not
in evidence, and improperly appealed to the jury’s sympathies and values. We see
                                              7
nothing improper in the portion of the prosecutor’s presentation discussing the burden of
proof. Even assuming other portions of the prosecutor’s closing argument were
objectionable, defense counsel may have made a tactical choice not to object, and
defendant was not prejudiced in any event.
        To establish ineffectiveness of trial counsel in violation of a defendant’s right to
counsel under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a defendant must
show both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced by the
deficiency. (People v. Ledesma (1987) 43 Cal.3d 171, 216–217.) Deficient performance
is rarely shown if there was a tactical reason for trial counsel’s conduct. (See People v.
Cruz (1980) 26 Cal.3d 233, 255–256 [“except in rare cases, an appellate court should not
attempt to second-guess trial counsel as to tactics”]; People v. Bolin (1998)
18 Cal.4th 297, 317 [affirming conviction when alleged failure to object “may well have
been ‘an informed tactical choice within the range of reasonable competence’ ”].)
Because “the decision facing counsel in the midst of trial over whether to object to
comments made by the prosecutor in closing argument is a highly tactical one” (People v.
Padilla (1995) 11 Cal.4th 891, 942), failure to object is rarely a basis for a finding of
deficient performance. (People v. Lopez (2008) 42 Cal.4th 960, 972.) And to establish
prejudice, a defendant must affirmatively show a reasonable probability that, but for trial
counsel’s errors, the result would have been different. (Ledesma, 43 Cal.3d at pp. 217–
218.)
        1. Statements Regarding the Standard of Proof
        Defendant cannot show that trial counsel was deficient for not objecting to the
content of slide No. 39, which reads, “In this case, there is no other reasonable
interpretation of the evidence except that the defendant is guilty as charged[.]” The
statement does not suggest a lesser standard of proof than beyond a reasonable doubt, nor
that the jury need only find the prosecution’s theory of the case “reasonable” in order to
find defendant guilty. It simply urges the jury to accept the prosecution’s interpretation
                                               8
of the evidence as reasonable and to reject any unreasonable interpretation. And it is
consistent with the court’s instruction regarding the use of circumstantial evidence:
“Before you may rely on circumstantial evidence to conclude that a fact necessary to find
the defendant guilty has been proved, you must be convinced that the People have proved
each fact essential to that conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt. [¶] Also, before you
may rely on circumstantial evidence to find the defendant guilty, you must be convinced
that the only reasonable conclusion supported by the circumstantial evidence is that the
defendant is guilty. If you can draw two or more reasonable conclusions from the
circumstantial evidence, and one of those reasonable conclusions points to innocence and
another to guilt, you must accept the one that points to innocence. However, when
considering circumstantial evidence, you must accept only reasonable conclusions and
reject any that are unreasonable.”
       Defendant’s reliance on People v. Centeno (2014) 60 Cal.4th 659 is misplaced. In
Centeno, the prosecutor “confounded the concept of rejecting unreasonable inference
with the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt” and “repeatedly suggested that the
jury could find defendant guilty based on a ‘reasonable’ account of the evidence.” (Id. at
p. 673.) Here, by contrast, the prosecutor clearly and consistently stated both elsewhere
in her main presentation and in her rebuttal argument that the prosecution bore the burden
of proving defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. To that she added a single slide
urging the jury to reject unreasonable interpretations of the evidence inconsistent with
defendant’s guilt. Even if potentially conflicting when viewed in isolation, the slide does
not rise to the level of prosecutorial misconduct “because in the context of the entire
argument and jury instructions it was not reasonably likely the jury understood or applied
the statement in an improper or erroneous manner.” (People v. Meneses (2019)
41 Cal.App.5th 63, 73.) “Nothing in the prosecutor’s explanation lessened the
prosecution’s burden of proof. The prosecution must prove the case beyond a reasonable

                                             9
doubt, not beyond an unreasonable doubt.” (People v. Romero (2008) 44 Cal.4th 386,
416.) Defense counsel thus cannot be faulted for not objecting to these points.
       2. Statements Regarding Doe’s Testimony and Demeanor
       Without a transcript of the prosecutor’s closing argument, we recognize the
possibility that the prosecutor may have misstated Doe’s testimony. Slide No. 3 is
accompanied by notes consisting of statements purportedly made by Doe. Defendant
notes that two of those statements—“ ‘I remember saying no no no and he just was like
its okay, your [sic] okay’ ” and “ ‘I told him no. I remember saying no’ ”—were not in
evidence at trial. The Attorney General does not appear to dispute defendant’s assertion,
instead relying on language from the settled statement to suggest the prosecutor’s “almost
verbatim” reading of her notes to the jury may not have included those statements.
Assuming the prosecutor did misstate Doe’s testimony, as seems likely, that was
misconduct. It is “well settled” that basing argument on facts not in evidence constitutes
misconduct. (People v. Mendoza (2016) 62 Cal.4th 856, 906 (Mendoza).) But because
the challenged statements are generally consistent with Doe’s transcribed testimony,
defense counsel may have reasonably determined that objecting would merely underscore
Doe’s actual statements without yielding any meaningful strategic benefit.
       We do not read the notes accompanying slide No. 3 as prejudicial to defendant. It
is clear that Doe testified she told defendant “ ‘no’ ” while he was sexually assaulting her
and defendant then told her, “ ‘You’re going to be okay.’ ” She repeatedly and
consistently acknowledged that she did not say anything else to defendant during the
assault. Given Doe’s testimony, it is unlikely the jury would conclude from the
prosecutor’s presentation that Doe told defendant “no” multiple times. It is also unlikely
the jury would interpret the prosecutor’s statement “No means NO”—which defendant
agrees is an accurate quote drawn from Doe’s trial testimony—as something Doe said to
defendant during the assault. That interpretation would be inconsistent with other

                                             10
testimony from Doe, and also with the prosecutor’s presentation which clearly referred to
the assault in the past tense.
       Defendant also objects to the prosecutor’s characterization of Doe’s demeanor
while testifying: “Pain is still there… you saw it. Her testimony was hard, hard to hear,
hard to see, feel her pain she was raw, she was honest and she was brave.” Defendant
contends the description was an improper appeal to the jury’s sympathies, and he raises
the same objection to a portion of the prosecutor’s notes accompanying slide No. 38:
“Saw her, heard her—run off the witness stand crying. [¶] [Doe] was a virgin… think
she wanted this for her first time… wanted this nightmare. [¶] Waited, didn’t have sex
with your boyfriend… wait for this? [¶] You saw her, remember when she ran out of
here. [¶] Talk about her 1st sexual experience in that fashion … in front of strangers and
a judge, and a woman talking [sic] down everything you say. Who on earth wants that?
[¶] Use your common sense[.]”
       A prosecutor may not vouch for the credibility of a witness by referring to
evidence outside the record but may mention the “ ‘apparent honesty or reliability’ ” of
the witness based on facts in the record or reasonable inferences drawn from those facts.
(People v. Romero and Self (2015) 62 Cal.4th 1, 39.) In assessing the credibility of a
witness, the jury is permitted to consider a witness’s demeanor while testifying, the
character of the testimony, and the attitude of the witness toward the case or “toward the
giving of testimony.” (Evid. Code, § 780, subds. (a), (b), (j).) It was therefore not
improper for the prosecutor to argue that the circumstances surrounding Doe’s testimony
reflected favorably on her credibility. The prosecutor’s notes reflect fair commentary
applying permissible factors and do not imply the prosecutor had access to facts not
known to the jury. Here again, even if we were to assume these portions of the
prosecutor’s presentation exceeded the scope of Evidence Code section 780, defense
counsel could have reasonably decided that an objection would simply appear combative
to the jury without actually diminishing the effect of the prosecutor’s argument.
                                             11
       3. Statements Beyond the Evidence
       Slide No. 39 (which contains the “reasonable interpretation” language that we
have concluded did not lower the prosecution’s burden or misstate the standard of proof)
is accompanied by notes reading, “WITH CHOICES ARE CONSEQUENCES [¶]
DEFENDANTS CHOOSE TO COMMIT THESE CRIMES[.]” Defendant argues the
statement “DEFENDANTS CHOOSE TO COMMIT THESE CRIMES” imputes guilt to
“defendants” as a class and by extension to defendant as a member of that class. The
prosecutor’s reason for using the plural “defendants” in her notes is unclear from the
record. The phrase may have related to a different case (as did other references in the
prosecutor’s notes with the name of a victim other than Doe), and the plural construction
may not have actually been spoken to the jury. But even assuming the notes were read to
the jury verbatim, we see no reasonable probability that the jury would have interpret use
of the plural as suggesting defendant should be found guilty based solely on being
charged with a crime. Given the prosecutor’s consistent acknowledgment of having the
burden of proof, it is far more likely that the jury would interpret the word choice as an
isolated misstatement.
       More problematic are the notes accompanying slide No. 40 reading, “We all want
to think someone who would rape and sodomize are somehow identifiable by how they
look or act. We want to think that we can spot danger and protect ourselves from it. We
want them to be the guys in ski masks who look scary. Or unkempt, dirty, creepy. But
think about it, in order to commit these crimes, the molester[] must lure in his victims and
make them feel safe. [¶] Truth is, often the abuser is someone the victim knows.”
Assuming those notes were read to the jury, they improperly refer to facts not in evidence
regarding the frequency of sexual abuse committed by a perpetrator that a victim knows.
(See Mendoza, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 906; see also People v. Robbie (2001) 92
Cal.App.4th 1075, 1084–1088 [“profile evidence” can be prejudicial under certain
circumstances].) But defense counsel, having conceded defendant’s involvement in the
                                             12
sexual encounter in order to argue the encounter was consensual, may have assessed the
statement as insufficiently damaging to warrant objection, or may have refrained from
objecting to downplay the implication that sexual abuse occurred in this case. Given
Doe’s uncontroverted testimony about the details of the encounter and the nature of her
relationship with defendant, a result more favorable to defendant is improbable even if
defense counsel had objected and the jury had been instructed to disregard the
prosecutor’s commentary.
       4. Statements Quoting Theodore Roosevelt
       Defendant contends the final substantive slide of the prosecutor’s presentation was
an improper appeal to the jury’s sense of patriotism and community values using a
quotation from Theodore Roosevelt: “ ‘No man is above the law and no man is below it;
nor do we ask any man’s permission when we ask him to obey it. Obedience to the law is
demanded as a right; not asked as a favor[.]’ ” We acknowledge that appeals to outside
authority should be avoided, but we do not believe the prosecutor’s use of the quotation
here rose to the level of misconduct or prejudiced defendant. As the Supreme Court
found in People v. Mayfield (1997) 14 Cal.4th 668, 803–804, the “[a]ppeal to patriotism
was not a significant theme of the argument, nor was the argument reasonably likely to
inflame the passions of any juror or to cause any juror to disregard defendant’s
individuality and to view him merely as a symbol or personification of society’s criminal
element.” Within the context of the prosecutor’s argument, we view the quotation merely
as a permissible means of exhorting the jury to faithfully apply the law and determine
defendant’s guilt based on the evidence. (See People v. Covarrubias (2016)
1 Cal.5th 838, 894–895.)
       Many portions of the prosecutor’s presentation to which defendant now objects do
not constitute misconduct. To the extent that other portions may have been
objectionable, we see no reasonable probability that they affected the outcome. Nor was
any misconduct, even cumulatively, so pervasive as to deprive defendant of a fair trial.
                                            13
(See People v. Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, 692.) And as we have explained, for
largely the same reasons that the prosecutor’s argument did not prejudice defendant, it
would be a reasonable tactical decision by defense counsel to let the argument pass
without objection. We therefore reject defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance.
   B. DEFENDANT IS ENTITLED TO THE BENEFIT OF SENATE BILL NO. 567
       After defendant was sentenced, the Legislature amended Penal Code section 1170
to allow an aggravated prison term to be imposed only if the aggravating factors
supporting it are admitted by the defendant or found true by a jury. (Stats. 2021, ch. 731,
§ 1.3.) As an ameliorative change, that legislation applies retroactively to this case that is
not yet final on appeal. (In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 747.) Defendant was
sentenced to an aggravated term on each of the four sexual assault counts. He seeks
resentencing under the new standards because he did not admit the aggravating facts
relied on by the court nor did a jury find them true.
       Intermediate appellate courts are divided regarding the standard for determining
prejudice in this situation, and the issue is pending before the California Supreme Court.
(See, e.g., People v. Flores (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 495, 500 [remand not required if
appellate court concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that jury would have found at least
one aggravating factor true]; People v. Lopez (2022) 78 Cal.App.5th 459, 466–467 [if
appellate court does not conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that jury would have found
all aggravating factors true, but concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that some factors
would have been found true, remand is required if it is reasonably probable a lesser
sentence would have been imposed based on only those factors]; People v. Dunn (2022)
81 Cal.App.5th 394, 409–410, rev. granted Oct. 12, 2022, S275655 [if appellate court
concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that at least one aggravating factor would have
been found true, but finds reasonable probability that any other aggravating factors relied
on in imposing sentence would not have been found true, it must assess likelihood of
lesser sentence being imposed absent factors not meeting that standard]; People v. Lewis
                                             14
(2023) 88 Cal.App.5th 1125, 1137–1138, rev. granted May 17, 2023, S279147 [remand
not required if appellate court concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that jury would have
found at least one aggravating factor true and record clearly indicates trial court would
have imposed the same sentence under the new law]; see also People v. Ross (2022)
86 Cal.App.5th 1346, 1354, rev. granted Mar. 15, 2023, S278266 [rejecting the reasoning
of Flores in favor of the Lopez test].)
       We agree with the majority of published opinions that prejudice can be shown
even if at least one aggravating factor would have been found true beyond a reasonable
doubt. In our view the proper approach is to determine which aggravating factors relied
on by the trial court would have been found true beyond a reasonable doubt if decided by
the jury, and then to assess the probability of a different sentence had the trial court been
limited to considering only those aggravating factors.
       The trial court relied on five aggravating factors to impose upper term sentences.
Under amended Penal Code section 1170, one of those factors—defendant’s prior
convictions—may be considered by a trial court based on certified records of conviction
without being submitted to a jury. (Pen. Code, § 1170, subd. (b)(3).) Two others—
defendant’s prior prison term and previous parole or probation violations—are factors
that would have been found true beyond a reasonable doubt if decided by a jury, as there
is no apparent dispute as to those facts. But whether the victim was “particularly
vulnerable” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.421(a)(3)), and whether defendant “took
advantage of a position of trust or confidence to commit the offense” (Id.,
rule 4.421(a)(11)), are more subjective determinations. On this evidentiary record we
cannot say beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have adopted those
characterizations. We must decide the likelihood that the trial court would have imposed
the upper term on all four counts without considering Doe’s vulnerability or defendant’s
exploitation of trust or confidence. Given the weight of those factors in the sentencing
calculus, we find it reasonably probable the court would have imposed a lesser sentence
                                             15
had it considered only defendant’s prior record. We will therefore remand for
resentencing for the trial court to apply the current version of Penal Code section 1170,
subdivision (b)(2).
   C. A CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION FEE IS NO LONGER AUTHORIZED
       The parties correctly agree that the $129.75 criminal justice administration fee
imposed as part of the sentence is invalid and must be vacated. Under Assembly Bill
No. 1869, effective July 1, 2021, the criminal justice administration fee is no longer
statutorily authorized. (Stats. 2020, ch. 92, § 24.) On resentencing no criminal justice
administration fee may be imposed.
                                  III.   DISPOSITION

       The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded for resentencing. On
remand, the prosecution may elect to proceed by meeting the requirements of Penal Code
section 1170, subdivision (b)(2) regarding aggravating circumstances or may elect to
proceed on the current record. After the prosecution makes that election, the trial court
shall resentence defendant according to current law.

                                            16
                               ____________________________________
                               Grover, J.

WE CONCUR:

____________________________
Greenwood, P. J.

____________________________
Lie, J.

H049267
People v. Gray