Court Opinion

ID: 4103677
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-01 16:07:23.701932+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:37.642886
License: Public Domain

2016 IL 120526

                                            IN THE
                                   SUPREME COURT
                                                OF
                             THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                       (Docket No. 120526)

                  PEGGY ZAHN, Appellant, v. NORTH AMERICAN
     POWER & GAS, LLC, Appellee (The People of the State of Illinois ex rel. Lisa Madigan,
                   Attorney General of Illinois, Intervenor-Appellant).

                                 Opinion filed December 1, 2016.

           CHIEF JUSTICE KARMEIER delivered the judgment of the court, with
        opinion.

            Justices Freeman, Thomas, Kilbride, Garman, Burke, and Theis concurred in
        the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1          The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has certified for
        instruction from this court the following question of Illinois law: Does the Illinois
        Commerce Commission have exclusive jurisdiction over a reparation claim, as
        defined in Sheffler v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 2011 IL 110166, brought by a
     residential consumer against an alternative retail electric supplier, as defined by
     section 16-102 of the Electric Service Customer Choice and Rate Relief Law of
     1997 (220 ILCS 5/16-102 (West 2014))? Zahn v. North American Power & Gas,
     LLC, 815 F.3d 1082, 1095 (7th Cir. 2016). We accepted the Seventh Circuit’s
     invitation to consider this question pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 20 (eff.
     Aug. 1, 1992).1 For the reasons that follow, we answer the question in the negative.
     Under Illinois law, the Illinois Commerce Commission does not have exclusive
     original jurisdiction over such claims. The claims may be pursued through the
     courts.

¶2                                       BACKGROUND

¶3       We take the facts as the Seventh Circuit has stated them in its certification
     ruling. They are simple and straightforward. Peggy Zahn is a residential consumer
     of electric power. North American Power & Gas, LLC (NAPG), is an alternative
     retail electric supplier (ARES) within the meaning of section 16-102 of the Electric
     Service Customer Choice and Rate Relief Law of 1997 (Rate Relief Law) (220
     ILCS 5/16-102 (West 2014)), which is part of the Public Utilities Act (Act) (220
     ILCS 5/1-101 (West 2014)).

¶4       As defined by section 16-102, an ARES is any “person, cooperative,
     corporation, municipal corporation, company, association, joint stock company or
     association, firm, partnership, individual, or other entity, their lessees, trustees, or
     receivers appointed by any court whatsoever, that offers electric power or energy
     for sale, lease or in exchange for other value received to one or more retail
     customers, or that engages in the delivery or furnishing of electric power or energy
     to such retail customers, and shall include, without limitation, resellers, aggregators
     and power marketers,” subject to various exceptions. 220 ILCS 5/16-102 (West

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           In the proceedings before our court, the Illinois Commerce Commission sought and
     was granted leave to file a friend of the court brief pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule
     345 (eff. Sept. 20, 2010) in support of Peggy Zahn, plaintiff in the federal action. The
     Illinois Competitive Energy Association, in turn, requested permission to file a friend of
     the court brief supporting North American Power & Gas, LLC, the defendant in the federal
     action. Its request was also allowed. In addition, we allowed the State of Illinois to
     intervene. As with the Commerce Commission, the State supports Zahn’s position.

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     2014). ARESs were authorized by the General Assembly when it enacted the Rate
     Relief Law as part of an effort to partially deregulate our state’s electricity market
     and make it more competitive. Under this new system, consumers are no longer
     confined to purchasing their power from their local public utility. Rather, they have
     the option of buying their power from the local public utility, an electric utility
     other than their local public utility, or an ARES. Zahn, 815 F.3d at 1084-85.

¶5        In August 2012, Zahn decided to purchase her electricity from NAPG based on
     its promise of lower rates. NAPG sent Zahn a letter stating that she would receive
     its “New Customer Rate” of $0.0499 per kilowatt-hour during her first month of
     service and a “market based variable rate” thereafter. The company also sent her its
     “Electricity Sales Agreement Customer Disclosure Statement.” The statement
     indicated that the term of the agreement was month-to-month and that “[o]ther than
     fixed and/or introductory/promotional rates, all rates shall be calculated in response
     to market pricing, transportation, profit and other market price factors.” It also
     disclosed, under the heading “Open Price,” that its prices were “variable” based on
     “market prices for commodity, transportation, balancing fees, storage charges,
     [NAPG] fees, profit, [and] line losses ***. Your price may be higher or lower than
     your [local public utility] ***.”

¶6      Zahn never received the $0.0499 per kilowatt-hour “New Customer Rate” she
     was promised. During her first two months of service, September and October
     2012, NAPG charged her $0.0599 per kilowatt-hour. Thereafter, from November
     2012 through June 2014, the rate it charged her was always higher than what she
     would have been required to pay her local public utility, Commonwealth Edison
     (ComEd), had she not switched to NAPG. At times, NAPG’s rate was nearly triple
     ComEd’s.

¶7      Zahn objected to NAPG’s higher charges and filed a class action against the
     company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.
     Zahn’s complaint invoked the court’s diversity jurisdiction (28 U.S.C. § 1332
     (2012)) and sought damages based on violation of the Consumer Fraud and
     Deceptive Business Practices Act (815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2014)),
     common-law breach of contract, and unjust enrichment. NAPG moved to dismiss
     Zahn’s complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim.
     The district court granted that motion. Zahn then appealed to the United States

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       Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. It is in that appeal that the question before
       us was certified.

¶8          In assessing whether the district court erred in dismissing Zahn’s complaint, the
       Seventh Circuit has concluded that the dispositive threshold issue is whether an
       Illinois state court would have had subject-matter jurisdiction to hear plaintiff’s
       claims or whether exclusive jurisdiction over those claims lies, instead, with the
       Illinois Commerce Commission. The Seventh Circuit reasoned that if the
       Commerce Commission alone has jurisdiction to hear claims of this kind under
       Illinois law and such claims are not within the subject-matter jurisdiction of the
       Illinois state courts, it necessarily follows that a federal district court sitting in
       diversity cannot entertain them either. Zahn, 815 F.3d at 1087 (citing Tacket v.
       General Motors Corp., Delco Remy Division, 93 F.3d 332, 334 (7th Cir. 1996)).

¶9          In Sheffler v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 2011 IL 110166, this court addressed
       the lines of demarcation between the jurisdiction of the Illinois Commerce
       Commission and the jurisdiction of the courts with respect to claims against public
       utilities. Citing section 9-252 of the Public Utilities Act (220 ILCS 5/9-252 (West
       2014)), which pertains to complaints “concerning any rate or other charge of any
       public utility,” and in accordance with precedent from our appellate court, we held
       there that if a claim is deemed to be one for “reparations” rather than for civil
       damages, jurisdiction lies with the Commerce Commission, not the courts. A
       reparations claim is one where the essence of the grievance is that a public utility
       has charged too much for a service. A civil damages claim, by contrast, is one
       where the gist of the complaint is that a public utility has done something else to
       wrong the plaintiff. Sheffler, 2011 IL 110166, ¶¶ 41-42.

¶ 10       In the case before us, the Seventh Circuit has characterized Zahn’s claims as
       being in the nature of “reparations” as that term is used in Sheffler. There is an
       important difference, however, between this case and Sheffler. Sheffler involved a
       claim against a conventional public utility. The claim asserted here is against an
       ARES. Under section 3-105(b)(9) of the Public Utilities Act (220 ILCS
       5/3-105(b)(9) (West 2014)), ARESs are expressly excluded from the definition of
       public utility. Pursuant to section 16-102 of the Rate Relief Law (220 ILCS
       5/16-102 (West 2014)), ARESs do not qualify as “electric utilities” either. They are

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       merely “nonutilities licensed to sell retail electricity.” Commonwealth Edison Co.
       v. Illinois Commerce Comm’n, 328 Ill. App. 3d 937, 939 (2002).

¶ 11       Because NAPG is an ARES and ARESs are not utilities, the Seventh Circuit
       recognized that Sheffler does not resolve the question of whether claims against
       NAPG by customers seeking reparations for overbilling may only be brought
       before the Commerce Commission. Finding no other decision by this court directly
       on point, the Seventh Circuit looked to the legislature’s stated and implied intent,
       the Rate Relief Law’s consumer protection provisions and remedial measures, an
       unpublished order by our appellate court, an interim order by the Commerce
       Commission in an unrelated case, and a published decision by the appellate court
       involving a reparations claim against a telecommunications carrier in an attempt to
       estimate how we would decide the question if it came before us. The Seventh
       Circuit ultimately concluded that these sources failed to yield a definitive answer. It
       has therefore reached out to us directly here, through the mechanism of a certified
       question, for instruction.

¶ 12                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 13       As set forth above, the viability of Zahn’s state law claims against NAPG in her
       federal diversity action turns on whether an Illinois state court would have had
       subject-matter jurisdiction to hear them or whether, under Illinois law, she would
       have been limited to pursuing those claims in an administrative proceeding before
       the Commerce Commission. The general principles governing this inquiry were
       recently discussed by our court in J&J Ventures Gaming, LLC v. Wild, Inc., 2016
IL 119870. As we noted there, subject-matter jurisdiction refers to a tribunal’s
       power to hear and determine cases of the general class to which the proceeding in
       question belongs. Id. ¶ 23. The Illinois Constitution vests the circuit courts with
       original jurisdiction of all “justiciable matters” except when our court possesses
       “original and exclusive jurisdiction relating to redistricting of the General
       Assembly and to the ability of the Governor to serve or resume office.” Ill. Const.
       1970, art. VI, § 9. Accordingly, so long as a matter brought before a circuit court is
       justiciable and does not fall within the original and exclusive jurisdiction of our
       court, a circuit court has subject-matter jurisdiction to consider it. McCormick v.
       Robertson, 2015 IL 118230, ¶ 20.

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¶ 14       In this case, there is no issue as to justiciability, and the matter is not one that
       falls within this court’s original and exclusive jurisdiction. The only reason there is
       any doubt as to whether an Illinois circuit court would have jurisdiction to consider
       plaintiff’s claims is that there is a line of Illinois authority holding that our General
       Assembly may vest original jurisdiction in an administrative agency rather than the
       courts when it enacts a comprehensive statutory scheme that creates rights and
       duties that have no counterpart in common law or equity. J&J Ventures Gaming,
       LLC, 2016 IL 119870, ¶ 23.2 Even if one puts aside the question of whether the
       claims asserted by Zahn in this case can properly be said to involve rights or duties
       unknown in common law or equity, we do not believe that exception is applicable.

¶ 15       If the legislature intends for exclusive original jurisdiction to lie with the
       agency rather than with the circuit courts when it has enacted such a comprehensive
       statutory scheme, it must make that intention explicit. Id. ¶¶ 23-24. It has not done
       so here. While section 9-252 of the Public Utilities Act (220 ILCS 5/9-252 (West
       2014)) does give the Commerce Commission exclusive original jurisdiction over
       claims that a public utility has charged “an excessive or unjustly discriminatory
       amount for its product, commodity or service,” ARESs are not public utilities. In
       defining public utilities, the Act expressly excludes them. See 220 ILCS
       5/3-105(a)(9) (West 2014). The claims asserted by plaintiff in this case therefore do
       not fall within the Commerce Commission’s exclusive jurisdiction under section
       9-252 of the Act. To hold otherwise would require us to interpret the statute in a
       way that is directly contrary to its express terms. That, of course, is something we
       may not do. No rule of construction authorizes us to declare that the legislature did
       not mean what the plain language of the statute imports, nor may we rewrite a
       statute to add provisions or limitations the legislature did not include. Illinois State
       Treasurer v. Illinois Workers’ Compensation Comm’n, 2015 IL 117418, ¶ 28.

¶ 16       NAPG argues that section 9-252 alone is not dispositive and that, in assessing
       the legislature’s intentions regarding the Commerce Commission’s jurisdiction, we
       should consider the overall statutory framework. There is support for this approach

           2
             Although our precedent refers to the “jurisdiction” of administrative agencies, that is
       something of a misnomer. The term “jurisdiction” is not strictly applicable when referring
       to an administrative agency. We use it as shorthand for describing the agency’s authority to
       act. J&J Ventures Gaming, LLC, 2016 IL 119870, ¶ 23 n.6.

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       in J&J Ventures Gaming, LLC, 2016 IL 119870, where we recently held that
       legislative intent to divest circuit courts of jurisdiction and to place exclusive
       original jurisdiction in an administrative agency may be discerned by considering
       the statute as a whole, with the relevant provisions construed together and not in
       isolation and with an eye toward the reason for the law, the problems sought to be
       remedied, and the purposes to be achieved. Id. ¶¶ 24-25. Application of that
       approach, however, does not support NAPG’s assertion that the legislature
       intended for the Commerce Commission to have exclusive jurisdiction over claims
       such as plaintiff asserted against ARESs.

¶ 17        The Rate Relief Law, which created ARESs, is a component of the Public
       Utilities Act (220 ILCS 5/1-101 et seq. (West 2014)), and it is the Public Utilities
       Act that provides the foundational statutory scheme at play in this case. The Public
       Utilities Act was enacted to assure the provision of efficient and adequate utility
       service to the public at a reasonable cost. Local 777 v. Illinois Commerce Comm’n,
       45 Ill. 2d 527, 535 (1970). The Commerce Commission was created under the Act
       as the body responsible for maintaining “a balance between the rates charged by
       utilities and the services performed.” Sheffler v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 2011
IL 110166, ¶ 40.

¶ 18        The rate-making process is a complicated one. See, e.g., Ameren Illinois Co. v.
       Illinois Commerce Comm’n, 2012 IL App (4th) 100962, ¶¶ 8-13 (describing how
       the Commerce Commission establishes the rates a public utility may charge its
       customers). The legislature’s decision to place responsibility for that process on the
       Commerce Commission is a reflection of that complexity. In creating the
       Commerce Commission, the legislature understood that insuring that a public
       utility’s rates are just and reasonable and that its services are adequate would
       require consideration of complex technological and scientific data and expert
       opinion, and it determined that such matters are best addressed by a tribunal that is
       itself capable of passing upon complex data. See Sheffler, 2011 IL 110166, ¶ 40.

¶ 19       When the legislature established the regulatory structure for public utilities
       under the Public Utilities Act and then conferred on the Commerce Commission
       responsibility for determining whether rates charged by those utilities are just and
       reasonable, it also vested exclusive jurisdiction in the Commerce Commission to
       consider complaints that a utility has charged an amount for its product, commodity

                                               -7-
       or service that is excessive or unjust. Id. ¶ 41; 220 ILCS 5/9-252 (West 2014). This
       is entirely logical. If technical expertise is needed to determine whether a utility
       rate is just and reasonable, it follows that the same technical expertise may be
       necessary to ascertain whether the rate subsequently charged by the utility is unjust
       or excessive. The two go hand in hand.

¶ 20        Such considerations are not present, however, when it comes to ARESs.
       ARESs were not part of the traditional regulatory system established to govern
       public utilities. They were introduced under the Rate Relief Law as part of an effort
       to partially deregulate Illinois’s electricity market (Zahn, 815 F.3d at 1084-85).
       As we have already pointed out, ARESs are expressly excluded from the definition
       of “public utility” under the Public Utilities Act (220 ILCS 5/3-105(b)(9) (West
       2014)) and are not “electric utilities” under section 16-102 of the Rate Relief Law
       (220 ILCS 5/16-102 (West 2014)). They are simply “nonutilities licensed to sell
       retail electricity” (Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Illinois Commerce Comm’n, 328
Ill. App. 3d 937, 939 (2002)). As such—and there is no dispute on this point—the
       prices they are permitted to charge are not established by the Commerce
       Commission through the conventional rate-making process and do not have to be
       submitted to the Commerce Commission for approval under the “just and
       reasonable” standard. In contrast to public utilities, an ARES’s prices are a matter
       of contract between the ARES and its customers. The technical and regulatory
       expertise of the Commerce Commission does not come into play. Accordingly, the
       justification for giving the Commerce Commission exclusive original jurisdiction
       over the disputes involving rates charged by public utilities is absent where, as here,
       the complaint concerns overcharging by an ARES.

¶ 21       NAPG correctly points out that ARESs are subject to numerous statutory
       requirements that are under authority of the Commerce Commission. For example,
       there are provisions obligating ARESs to obtain certificates of service authority
       from the Commerce Commission before serving residential customers (220 ILCS
       5/16-115(a) (West 2014)); that forbid ARESs from discriminating against
       customers based on race, gender, or income (220 ILCS 5/16-115A(d) (West
       2014)); that require them to obtain authorization in prescribed form before
       switching customers from another supplier (220 ILCS 5/16-115A(b) (West 2014));
       and that impose standards regarding their marketing and billing practices (220
       ILCS 5/16-115A(e) (West 2014)). Under section 16-115B(a) of the Rate Relief

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       Law (220 ILCS 5/16-115B(a) (West 2014)), complaints alleging violation or
       nonconformance with these or other provisions of the law applicable to ARESs
       may be entertained by the Commerce Commission. If the Commerce Commission
       determines that an ARES is in violation or noncomformance, it may order the
       ARES to cease and desist; impose financial penalties; or alter, modify, revoke, or
       suspend the ARES’s certificate of service authority. 220 ILCS 5/16-115B(b) (West
       2014).

¶ 22       Zahn, the State, and the Commerce Commission differ somewhat in their
       assessment of the significance of these additional provisions. In the State’s view,
       they should be read as permitting claims such as those asserted by Zahn to be heard
       and disposed of by the Commerce Commission if an aggrieved residential
       consumer elects to pursue them in that forum. The Commerce Commission itself
       suggests that, at the most, its jurisdiction extends only to claims that an ARES’s
       rates or services are impermissible because they contravene the particular factors
       set forth in section 16-115A(d) of the Rate Relief Law (220 ILCS 5/16-115A(d)
       (West 2014)), a situation not present here. As for Zahn, she asserts that
       notwithstanding whatever other authority the Commerce Commission may
       possess, the absence of a provision expressly authorizing it to order reparations to
       consumers precludes a construction of the law that would confer exclusive
       jurisdiction over such claims on the Commerce Commission.

¶ 23       We express no view on the relative merits of these respective positions, for it is
       unnecessary for us to do so. Whatever the precise scope of the Commerce
       Commission’s authority to consider claims asserted by residential consumers
       against ARESs, it is clear that nothing in the additional sections of the Public
       Utilities Act, including the provisions of the Rate Relief Law cited by NAPG, can
       fairly be read as expressing an explicit intention by the legislature that the
       Commerce Commission has exclusive original jurisdiction over those claims.
       Where the General Assembly has intended to confer exclusive jurisdiction on the
       Commerce Commission regarding a particular issue, it has said so specifically. See,
       e.g., 220 ILCS 5/16-125(h) (West 2014) (‘[r]emedies provided for under this
       Section [governing transmission and distribution reliability] may be sought
       exclusively through the Illinois Commerce Commission as provided under Section
       10-109 of [the Public Utilities] Act”). NAPG can cite no similar language with
       respect to claims of overcharging asserted by residential consumers against

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       ARESs. Consideration of the statute as a whole, as well as the reason for the law,
       the problems sought to be remedied, and the purposes to be achieved, therefore
       reaffirms the conclusion we reached at the outset of this opinion based our
       examination of section 9-252 of the Public Utilities Act: the claims of the type
       asserted by plaintiff in this case do not fall within the Commerce Commission’s
       exclusive jurisdiction. That being so, an Illinois circuit court would have
       subject-matter jurisdiction to entertain them.

¶ 24                                     CONCLUSION

¶ 25       For the foregoing reasons, we answer the certified question “Does the Illinois
       Commerce Commission have exclusive jurisdiction over a reparation claim, as
       defined in Sheffler v. Commonwealth Edison Company, 2011 IL 110166, brought
       by a residential consumer against an alternative retail electric supplier, as defined
       by section 220 ILCS 5/16–102?” in the negative.

¶ 26      Certified question answered.

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