Court Opinion

ID: 9387330
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-17 17:07:00.414315+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:12.960367
License: Public Domain

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                    :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                    :          PENNSYLVANIA
                                                    :
                v.                                  :
                                                    :
                                                    :
    SAMUEL LUGARO                                   :
                                                    :
                       Appellant                    :     No. 958 MDA 2022

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 25, 2022
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-22-CR-0001893-2019

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., OLSON, J., and DUBOW, J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.:                                FILED: APRIL 17, 2023

        Appellant, Samuel Lugaro, appeals from the January 25, 2022 Judgment

of Sentence imposed by the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas. He

challenges the sufficiency and weight of the evidence supporting his conviction

for Aggravated Assault.1 After careful review, we affirm.

                                               A.

        We glean the facts and procedural history from the trial court’s opinion

and the record. Appellant and Sierra Morales lived together in the Hall Manor

housing community with their two children and had an historically volatile

relationship for over 7 years that involved physical, verbal, and emotional

abuse.

____________________________________________

1   18 Pa.C.S. §2702(a)(1).
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      On the evening of March 1, 2019, Ms. Morales was at her cousin’s house

for a bingo night with her aunt and other family members. After Appellant

discovered that Ms. Morales was not at home, he telephoned her several

times. Ms. Morales ignored Appellant’s calls, so Appellant showed up at the

cousin’s house and started yelling at her. Ms. Morales agreed to return to

their home, but as Ms. Morales was attempting to enter Appellant’s car,

Appellant sped off. Ms. Morales then walked the short distance to their home,

saw food thrown all over the kitchen, and found Appellant sitting in his car.

Their argument resumed and escalated to a physical altercation. Appellant

punched Ms. Morales in the face five times with a closed fist and choked her

with both hands while violently shaking her and threatening to kill her. Ms.

Morales lost consciousness several times. She ultimately escaped and ran back

to her cousin’s house.

      When Ms. Morales arrived, her nose and mouth were bloody, she had

marks on her neck, and was shaking and sobbing. Someone called 911. When

police officers arrived, Officer Mark Howell took statements from Ms. Morales,

her cousin, Katheria Figueroa, and others. The officers also photographed the

injuries on Ms. Morale’s face and neck. Ms. Morales did not go to the hospital

for treatment of her injuries. She did, however, complete a domestic violence

form and submitted a strangulation report.

      The   Commonwealth     arrested   Appellant   and   charged   him   with

Aggravated Assault and Strangulation.        Prior to opening arguments, the

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parties stipulated that evidence of the volatile nature of Appellant’s and Ms.

Morales’s relationship would be admissible.

        The Commonwealth presented testimony from Ms. Morales, Ms.

Figueroa, and Officer Howell, each of whom testified regarding the March 1,

2019 incident consistent with the above facts.           In addition, Ms. Morales

testified to Appellant’s controlling and overbearing nature, as well as several

prior incidents when Appellant physically and verbally abused her and

threatened to kill her. Ms. Figueroa also testified that she observed Appellant

verbally and physically abusing Ms. Morales. Ms. Figueroa attempted to

protect Ms. Morales by persuading Ms. Morales not to return to her home with

Appellant.

        Appellant initially elected not to testify, and the court conducted a

thorough waiver colloquy. However, the next morning before the jury entered

the courtroom, Appellant requested that his attorney be discharged and

informed the court that he (Appellant) “may want to testify.”2 He explained

that he wanted to subpoena telephone and text message records that he

believed would show that Ms. Morales and her family had lied and conspired

against him, thus, exonerating him.            Appellant then expounded at length

about Ms. Morales’s past violent conduct towards him, stating that it was she

who had physically abused him.           He also stated that Ms. Morales and Ms.

Figueroa had lied on the stand to get him sent to jail. He added that he was
____________________________________________

2   N.T. Trial, 10/19/21, at 113.

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worried about their children and stated that he had been taking care of them

for the past year because Ms. Morales had been in jail.3

       The trial court denied Appellant’s motion to dismiss his counsel and

indicated it would not continue the trial for Appellant to subpoena records,

noting that Appellant had had ample opportunity to do that before trial. When

the court again asked Appellant if he wanted to testify, Appellant said no.

Defense counsel presented no evidence. Counsel presented closing arguments

and the court instructed the jury.

       The jury found Appellant guilty of both Aggravated Assault and

Strangulation. The court ordered a Pre-Sentence Investigation.4

       On January 25, 2022, the court sentenced Appellant to a mitigated

range sentence of 3½ to 7 years’ incarceration on each conviction, to be

served concurrently. Appellant filed a post-sentence motion, which the court

denied. Appellant appealed to this Court and both Appellant and the trial court

complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

                                               B.
____________________________________________

3 On September 11, 2020, Ms. Morales was convicted of a crime involving food
stamps and the court released her on probation that same day. Id. at 131.
She remained on probation until approximately one week prior to Appellant’s
trial when she was incarcerated for an offense unrelated to Appellant’s case.
Id. at 119. Ms. Morales testified that she had been convicted twice for
endangering the welfare of children. The trial court instructed the jury to
consider evidence of Ms. Morales’s prior convictions only to determine whether
she had a motive that would affect her testimony. Id. at 149.

4 Prior to sentencing, the court allowed trial counsel to withdraw and after
Appellant petitioned for the appointment of a public defender, the court
appointed current counsel, Drew F. Deyo, Esq., as conflict counsel.

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        Appellant presents the following questions for our review:

        [1]. Whether the trial court should have granted Appellant’s Post-
        Sentence Motion for acquittal on the charge of Aggravated Assault
        because there was insufficient evidence presented at trial to prove
        beyond a reasonable doubt that [Ms. Morales] suffered serious
        bodily injury or that Appellant attempted to cause [Ms. Morales]
        serious bodily injury?

        [2]. Whether Appellant should be granted a new trial because the
        Jury’s verdict finding him guilty of Aggravated Assault was against
        the weight of the evidence with respect to the element of serious
        bodily injury?

Appellant’s Br. at 6.

                                        C.

        In his first issue, Appellant argues that the court erred in denying his

motion for acquittal of the Aggravated Assault charge because “there was

insufficient evidence produced at trial for the Jury to conclude that [Ms.

Morales] suffered an injury of the type that would cause substantial risk of

death[,] . . . a serious permanent disfigurement, or . . . a protracted loss or

impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.”             Id. at 9.

Appellant also contends that “the record is also void of sufficient evidence that

Appellant attempted to cause [Ms. Morales] serious bodily injury.” Id.

        Our review of a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is well-

settled. “A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a question of

law.”    Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000).                “We

review claims regarding the sufficiency of the evidence by considering

whether, viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable

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to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to

find   every     element   of     the   crime   beyond     a   reasonable   doubt.”

Commonwealth v. Miller, 172 A.3d 632, 640 (Pa. Super. 2017) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted).           “Further, a conviction may be

sustained wholly on circumstantial evidence, and the trier of fact—while

passing on the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the evidence—is

free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence.” Id. “In conducting this

review, the appellate court may not weigh the evidence and substitute its

judgment for the fact-finder.” Id.

       “A person is guilty of [A]ggravated [A]ssault if he . . . attempts to cause

serious bodily injury to another, or causes such injury intentionally, knowingly

or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the

value of human life[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1) (emphasis added).              The

Crimes Code defines “serious bodily injury” as “[b]odily injury which creates

a substantial risk of death or which causes serious, permanent disfigurement,

or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or

organ.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2301.

       “Attempt, for aggravated assault purposes, is found where ‘the accused

intentionally acts in a manner which constitutes a substantial or significant

step    toward     perpetrating     serious     bodily   injury   upon   another.’”

Commonwealth v. Galindes, 786 A.2d 1004, 1012 (Pa. Super. 2001)

(internal citation omitted). “A person acts intentionally with respect to a

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material element of an offense when . . . it is his conscious object to engage

in conduct of that nature or to cause such a result[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. §

302(b)(1)(i). “Intent can be proven by direct or circumstantial evidence; it

may be inferred from acts or conduct or from the attendant circumstances.”

Miller, 172 A.3d at 641 (citation omitted).

      Where the defendant inflicts on the victim an injury that does not rise

to the level of a “serious bodily injury,” a factfinder may still convict a

defendant of Aggravated Assault if the factfinder determines that the

defendant intended to inflict a “serious bodily injury.” Commonwealth v.

Dailey, 828 A.2d 356, 359 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted). See, e.g.,

id. at 361-62 (concluding that two punches to the victim’s face before the

defendant could be restrained “while positioned to continue the attack” was

sufficient to support an aggravated assault conviction); Commonwealth v.

Alexander, 383 A.2d 887, 889 (Pa. 1978) (concluding that where the

appellant punched the victim once in the back of the head and walked away,

the Commonwealth failed to prove aggravated assault because there was no

evidence that the defendant would have escalated the attack and no evidence

of statements made before, during, or after the attack indicating an intent to

inflict further injury on the victim).

      In denying Appellant’s post-trial motion for acquittal of the Aggravated

Assault charge, the court concluded that Ms. Morales’s testimony regarding

Appellant’s multiple punches to her face, his threats to kill her, and his choking

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her to the point of her blacking out established that Appellant attempted to

inflict a “serious bodily injury” on Ms. Morales:

      In the instant matter, Ms. Morales testified that she and
      [Appellant] were arguing in [Appellant’s] car when the argument
      turned physical. Ms. Morales testified that [Appellant] struck her
      in the face with a closed fist approximately five times.
      Additionally, Ms. Morales testified that [Appellant] choked her
      using both hands, causing her to lose consciousness for a couple
      of seconds to a minute. He also violently shook her head while he
      choked her and threatened to kill her. According to Ms. Morales’s
      testimony, the assault and choking only stopped because she was
      able to fight back against [Appellant] and escape. We find that
      this Testimony is more than sufficient to show that [Appellant]
      attempted to cause serious bodily injury to Ms. Morales. Thus,
      [Appellant’s] conviction of aggravated assault is supported by
      sufficient evidence, and he is not entitled to relief.

Tr. Ct. Op., 6/2/22, at 3.

      We agree that the evidence supports Appellant’s conviction for

Aggravated Assault because Appellant attempted to inflict “serious bodily

injury” on Ms. Morales. Ms. Morales testified that Appellant punched her in the

face with a closed fist approximately five times, followed by his choking her

until she briefly lost conscientiousness. N.T. Trial, 10/18, 2021, at 56-57. She

also testified that she suffered pain around her neck, head, and face for a day

or two after the event. Id. at 73. In addition to Ms. Morales’s testimony, Ms.

Figueroa testified that Ms. Morales returned to her house with a bloody nose

and mouth and marks around her neck that were not there before the incident.

Id. at 37. Finally, photographs taken by a police officer after the incident

depicted Ms. Morales’s bloody face after the assault. See id. at 38-39 (where

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Ms. Figueroa testified that Ms. Morales “actually had more blood on her” when

she got to the house than depicted in the photographs).

      Considering the totality of this evidence and the reasonable inferences

to be drawn therefrom, we conclude that the Commonwealth presented

sufficient evidence from which the jury could reasonably conclude that

Appellant took substantial and significant steps to inflict serious bodily injury

on her and, thus, established Appellant’s intent to cause serious bodily injury

and the elements of Aggravated Assault.

      Appellant’s argument on this issue is conclusionary and we reject it as

meritless.

                                       D.

      In his last issue, Appellant summarily avers that he should be granted

a new trial based on the weight of the evidence because Ms. Morales “did not

suffer a serious bodily injury, and [ ] Appellant did not attempt to cause her

the type of injury that would cause a substantial risk of death.” Appellant’s

Br. at 15-16. No relief is due.

      A trial court will not grant relief on a weight of the evidence claim unless

the verdict is so contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice.

Commonwealth v. West, 937 A.2d 516, 521 (Pa. Super. 2007). On appeal,

this Court may not consider the underlying question of whether the verdict is

against the weight of the evidence; instead, we are limited to evaluating only

the trial court’s exercise of discretion in denying that claim. Commonwealth

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v. Morales, 91 A.3d 80, 91 (Pa. 2014). As our Supreme Court has made

clear, reversal is only appropriate “where the facts and inferences disclose a

palpable abuse of discretion[.]” Id. (emphasis in original). The trial court’s

denial of a weight claim is the least assailable of its rulings. Commonwealth

v. Diggs, 949 A.2d 873, 879-80 (Pa. 2008).           See Commonwealth v.

Morgan, 913 A.2d 906, 909 (Pa. Super. 2006) (stating that because the trial

court is in best position to view the evidence presented, an appellate court will

give that court “the utmost consideration” when reviewing its weight

determination).

      In its Opinion denying Appellant’s post-sentence motion for a new trial,

the trial court noted that “the jury was free to weigh the testimony of Ms.

Morales and judge her credibility which they did in ultimately finding

[Appellant] guilty of Aggravated Assault.” Tr. Ct. Op. at 4. The court observed

that Ms. Morales testified that “the assault and choking only stopped because

she was able to fight back against [Appellant] and escape.” Id. at 3.

      Appellant argues that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence

because (1) neither Ms. Morales nor her cousin “describe[d] seeing any

physical injuries consistent with serious bodily injury,” (2) Ms. Morales “did

not go to the hospital following the incident,” (3) Ms. Morales “was able to

‘run’ away following the incident,” and (4) “[Ms. Figueroa] testified that [Ms.

Morales] walked to her house fifteen to thirty minutes following the incident,

. . . the weight of the evidence presented shows that [Ms. Morales] did not

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suffer a serious bodily injury and that Appellant did not attempt to cause her

the type of injury that would cause a substantial risk of death.” Appellant’s

Brief at 16. He concludes that he ”should, therefore, be afforded a new trial.”

Id. at 17.

      Appellant’s argument is neither legally nor factually supportable. As

noted above, the fact that Ms. Morales did not actually suffer a serious bodily

injury is irrelevant to the issue of whether Appellant intended to inflict a

serious bodily injury. Dailey, 828 A.2d at 359. In addition, while Appellant

argues that the fact that Ms. Morales managed to flee from Appellant

demonstrates that he did not intend to inflict serious bodily injury, the jury

chose not to place substantial weight on the fact that Ms. Morales managed

to flee from Appellant. Rather, the jury relied on the fact that Appellant hit

Ms. Morales five times, leaving her face bloody, to conclude that Appellant

intended to inflict serious bodily harm.

      Based on the “facts and inferences” presented in this case, we conclude

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the verdict was

not “so contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice and make

the award of a new trial imperative.” West, 937 A.2d at 521. Accordingly,

Appellant’s weight challenge merits no relief.

                                           D.

      In sum, the Commonwealth’s evidence—that Appellant repeatedly

punched and strangled Ms. Morales to the point of unconsciousness while

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threatening to kill her—supports Appellant’s conviction for Aggravated

Assault.   The jury weighed the evidence and judged the credibility of the

witnesses in reaching its verdict, as was its task as factfinder. Appellant has

failed to convince us that the trial court abused its discretion in denying him

a new trial based on the weight of the evidence.

Judgment of Sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 04/17/2023

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