Court Opinion

ID: 4582507
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-30 19:02:20.317309+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:46:47.626361
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/30/20 P. v. Willis CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE

 THE PEOPLE,

      Plaintiff and Respondent,                                        G058130

           v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 97NF2316)

 ANDRE WILLIS,                                                         OPINION

      Defendant and Appellant.

                   Appeal from a postjudgment order of the Superior Court of Orange County,
Lance P. Jensen, Judge. Reversed and remanded.
                   Valerie G. Wass, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
                   Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Thomas S. Patterson, Assistant Attorney
General, Tamar Pachter and Nelson R. Richards, Deputy Attorneys General, as Amicus
Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant.
                   Todd Spitzer, District Attorney, and Seton B. Hunt, Deputy District
Attorney, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
              Appellant Andre Willis challenges an order denying his petition for relief
under Senate Bill No. 1437 (SB 1437), which restricts the scope of vicarious liability for
the crime of murder. The trial court ruled this restriction unlawfully amended
Proposition 7 and Proposition 115 in violation of the California Constitution. However,
like every published decision that has considered the issue, we find SB 1437 to be a
constitutional legislative enactment. We therefore reverse the trial court’s ruling to the
contrary and remand for further proceedings.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
              In 2001, appellant was convicted of first degree felony murder for
participating in a robbery during which his codefendant shot and killed a bystander. In
2019, appellant petitioned for relief pursuant to SB 1437. He sought to have his murder
conviction vacated and to be resentenced on the basis he did not actually kill the victim or
possess the requisite mental state to be guilty of murder as redefined by SB 1437.
              The district attorney opposed the petition on two grounds. He argued first
that even though SB 1437 narrowed the scope of the felony murder rule, appellant’s
conviction was proper because he was a major participant in the robbery and acted with
reckless indifference to human life. The district attorney also argued SB 1437 violates
the California Constitution by amending Proposition 7 and Proposition 115 without voter
approval. The trial court denied appellant’s petition on the second basis, without
considering the first. It did not believe SB 1437 was constitutional, due to the changes it
made to the law of murder in this state.
                                      DISCUSSION
              Appellant contends the trial court erred in finding SB 1437
unconstitutional, and the Attorney General, acting in his role as the chief law officer of
California, agrees. So do we. Although the district attorney assails SB 1437 as an
unlawful encroachment on the People’s initiative powers, as manifested in Propositions 7
and 115, we believe the law passes constitutional muster for the reasons explained in six

                                             2
recent decisions from this appellate district: People v. Superior Court (Gooden) (2019)
42 Cal.App.5th 270, review denied Feb. 19, 2020 (Gooden) and People v. Lamoureux
(2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 241, review denied Feb. 19, 2020 (Lamoureux), from division
one; People v. Johns (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 46, from division two; and People v. Prado
(2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 480 (Prado), People v. Solis (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 762 (Solis)
                                                                                                1
and People v. Cruz (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 740 (Cruz) from our division.
                  SB 1437 limits the scope of vicarious liability for the crime of murder by
changing the mens rea requirement for that offense. Prior to its enactment, any person
involved in the commission of a felony that resulted in death was liable for murder under
the felony murder rule, regardless of their specific intent or conduct. (See Gooden,
supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at pp. 275-276.) However, SB 1437 amended the felony murder
statute such that the felony murder rule only applies if the defendant 1) was the actual
killer, 2) harbored the intent to kill and assisted the actual killer in committing first
degree murder, or 3) was a major participant in the underlying felony and acted with
                                                                                                         2
reckless indifference to human life. (Id. at p. 276; Pen. Code, § 189, subd. (e).)
                  SB 1437 also eliminated the natural and probable consequences doctrine for
murder, by requiring proof of actual malice. Although the natural and probable
consequences doctrine generally ascribes the perpetrator’s mental state to all of his or her
accomplices, SB 1437 states, “Malice shall not be imputed to a person based solely on his
or her participation in a crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3).)
                  SB 1437 made these changes to the felony murder rule and the natural and
probable consequences doctrine retroactive by allowing a defendant who was convicted

         1
                 These decisions have been echoed in other appellate districts. (See, e.g., People v. Lopez (2020)
51 Cal.App.5th 589 [2nd DCA, Div. 2]; People v. Alaybue (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 20 [6th DCA]; People v. Smith
(2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 85 [2nd DCA, Div. 5]; People v. Bucio (2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 300 [2nd DCA, Div. 6].)
                 We grant the district attorney’s unopposed request for judicial notice of documents related to the
passage of SB 1437, Proposition 7 and Proposition 115, as well as former provisions of various murder statutes.
         2
                  These limitations do not apply if the victim was a police officer. (Pen. Code, § 189, subd. (f).
                  All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.

                                                          3
of murder before its passage to petition for vacatur and resentencing if his conduct did
not meet these newly-established criteria. (§ 1170.95.)
              The question we must decide is whether SB 1437 impermissibly amended
Proposition 7 and Proposition 115 in violation of our state Constitution, which generally
prohibits the Legislature from undoing what the People have accomplished through the
initiative process without voter consent. (People v. Kelly (2010) 47 Cal.4th 1008, 1025.)
That prohibition is contained in article II, section 10 of the California Constitution.
Intended as a bulwark against legislative overreach, it provides: “The Legislature may
amend or repeal an initiative statute by another statute that becomes effective only when
approved by the electors unless the initiative statute permits amendment or repeal without
the electors’ approval.” (Cal. Const., art. II, § 10, subd. (c).)
              Per its terms, this prohibition applies only when the Legislature amends or
repeals an “initiative statute.” As explained above, SB 1437 narrowed the scope of the
felony murder rule and the natural probable consequences doctrine for murder by
amending sections 189 and 188, respectively. However, those sections are legislative
statutes, not initiative statutes. (Prado, supra, 49 Cal.App.5th 480.) Therefore, they are
not protected by article II, section 10 of the state Constitution, and SB 1437 did not run
afoul of that provision by amending them. (Ibid.)
              Assuming SB 1437 applies not just to initiative statutes, but more broadly
to initiative measures, it still would not render SB 1437 unconstitutional because SB
1437 did not “amend” Proposition 7 or Proposition 115 within the meaning of article II,
section 10. For purposes of that section, an amendment occurs when the Legislature adds
or takes away from some particular provision of an initiative. (People v. Superior Court
(Pearson) (2010) 48 Cal.4th 564, 571.) “But this does not mean that any legislation that
concerns the same subject matter as an initiative, or even augments an initiative’s
provisions, is necessarily an amendment for these purposes. ‘The Legislature remains

                                               4
free to address a “‘related but distinct area’” [citations] or a matter that an initiative
measure “does not specifically authorize or prohibit.”’ [Citations.]” (Ibid.)
              Proposition 7 was approved by the voters in 1978 and does not permit
legislative amendment without voter approval. (Gooden, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p.
278.) The initiative changed the law in two primary respects. First, it increased the
punishment for the crime of murder in both the first and the second degree. And, it
strengthened the death penalty by expanding the special circumstances under which a
person convicted of first degree murder may be put to death. (Ibid.)
              With respect to the second change, the district attorney argues SB 1437
weakens the deterrent effect of the death penalty by requiring a greater mental state for
first degree felony murder than Proposition 7 established for special circumstances felony
murder. Actually, however, SB 1437 “uses the same criteria in determining that an
individual may not be prosecuted for felony murder as [Proposition 7] uses in
determining whether a person convicted of felony murder may be subject to the penalty
of death. (Compare § 189, subd. (e) with § 190.2, subds. (c), (d).) In other words,
individuals spared prosecution for felony murder and murder based on the natural and
probable consequences doctrine under [SB] 1437 would not have been subject to the
death penalty under Proposition 7. [SB] 1437 has no effect on the imposition of the death
penalty[.]” (Solis, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 779.) Therefore, it “does not affect
[Proposition 7’s] goal of increasing the use of the death penalty as a deterrent to violent
crime.” (Ibid.)
              The district attorney also argues SB 1437 frustrates the voters’ intent to
ensure persons convicted of noncapital murder receive adequate punishment, i.e., the
heightened punishment the voters affixed to the crimes of first and second degree murder
in passing Proposition 7. The district attorney admits SB 1437 does not specifically
address the issue of punishment and that the penalties for murder are the same now as
they were before SB 1437 was enacted. However, he insists that by changing the

                                               5
elements of murder, SB 1437 effectively amended the punishment the voters prescribed
for that offense. We cannot agree.
              The elements of a crime and its punishment are related concepts, but they
are not synonymous. Whereas the elements describe the type of conduct that is
prohibited, the punishment represents the consequences that flow from that behavior. In
enacting Proposition 7, the electorate was simply saying that if a person is convicted of
murder, this is what his punishment should be. They did not address the preliminary
issue of what the elements of murder should be or which participants in a crime could be
convicted of that offense. Thus, there was nothing preventing the Legislature from
addressing those topics in SB 1437. (Gooden, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 282 [by
addressing the elements of murder, as opposed to the punishment for that offense, SB
1437 “presents a classic example of legislation that addresses a subject related to, but
distinct from, an area addressed by an initiative.”]; accord, Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at
pp. 754-757 and Solis, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 779.)
              In arguing otherwise, the district attorney relies on the fact Proposition 7
specifically refers to the crime of murder. In fact, it refers to both “‘murder in the first-
degree’ and ‘murder in the second-degree[.]’” (Gooden, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p.
282.) The district attorney asserts these references demonstrate the electorate intended to
incorporate the judicially-established definition of those crimes as they existed at the time
Proposition 7 was enacted in 1978. If that were true, SB 1437 would amount to an
impermissible amendment of Proposition 7 because it changed the definition of murder as
far as the felony murder rule and the natural and probable consequences doctrine are
concerned. But that is simply not the case.
              The flaw in the district attorney’s argument is that while Proposition 7
refers to first and second degree murder, it does so in a general fashion without
identifying any specific statutory provisions related to those crimes or including any
time-specific references, either of which would have been easy to do. Absent such

                                               6
indicia, it would be unreasonable to presume the voters who passed Proposition 7
intended to “freeze the definition of murder in place as it existed in 1978.” (Gooden,
supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 283.) Indeed, “[n]either the plain language of Proposition 7
nor its ballot materials included any restriction on the Legislature’s ability to define
murder, malice, or the felony-murder rule.” (Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 758.)
Thus, it cannot be said that SB 1437 amended Proposition 7 by altering the definition of
those terms.
               We now turn to the district attorney’s claim that SB 1437 unlawfully
amended Proposition 115. As relevant here, that measure added five felony offenses
(kidnapping, train wrecking and certain sex offenses) to the list of predicate felonies that
can be used to support a conviction for first degree felony murder. (Gooden, supra, 42
Cal.App.5th at p. 244.) Proposition 115 also expanded the scope of liability under the
felony murder special circumstance to include aiders and abettors who are major
participants in the underlying felony and act with reckless indifference to human life,
which is the same standard SB 1437 incorporated into its definition of first degree felony
murder. (Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 759.)
               As part of Proposition 115, the voters further declared, “The statutory
provisions contained in this measure may not be amended by the Legislature except by
statute passed in each house by rollcall vote entered in the journal, two-thirds of the
membership concurring, or by a statute that becomes effective only when approved by
the electors.” (Prop. 115, § 30.) SB 1437 did not receive a two-thirds vote in both
houses of the Legislature, nor was it submitted to the electorate for approval. (Cruz,
supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 750.) It is therefore subject to the prohibition against
legislative amendments set forth in article II, section 10 of our state Constitution.
               The district attorney argues SB 1437 amended Proposition 115 by
restricting the mens rea requirement for felony murder. But “[t]he only change made to
section 189 (the felony murder statute) by Proposition 115 was the addition of five

                                              7
serious felonies to the list of predicate felonies for first degree felony-murder liability.
That is all the electorate voted on in this regard. The voters were not asked to consider
the circumstances under which an aider and abettor should be liable for first degree
felony murder. While the Legislature cannot remove Proposition 115’s five felonies
from the list for first degree felony-murder liability, it can limit liability for accomplices
under the felony-murder rule.” (Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 760.)
              Just as SB 1437 had no effect on the list of felonies included in the felony
murder rule under Proposition 115, it had no effect on the other aspect of Proposition 115
at issue here, i.e., the mens rea requirement for special circumstances felony murder. The
district attorney would have us believe that because Proposition 115 addressed
accomplice liability in the context of capital murder, the Legislature was not at liberty to
address accomplice liability in the context of first degree felony murder, as it did by
enacting SB 1437. But as we explained in Cruz, “Accomplice liability for first degree
murder in section 189 is an area of law related to but distinct from accomplice liability in
special circumstance murder in section 190.2. As Proposition 115 did not specifically
authorize or prohibit restrictions on the application of the first degree felony-murder rule
to accomplices, [SB] 1437 did not improperly amend Proposition 115 by adding such
restrictions to felony murder in section 189.” (Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 760.)
              In Cruz, we also rejected another argument the district attorney puts forth
here, namely, “that language in Proposition 115 prohibiting amendment to its ‘“statutory
provisions”’ has greater significance than the commonly used language that amendment
of an initiative’s ‘“provisions”’ is prohibited. He asserts the ‘“statutory provisions”’
language in Proposition 115 indicates the ‘voters wanted to prevent the Legislature from
amending any of the specific statutes included in the initiative, without regard to how
much of the language of the statute was changed and regardless of the general rule’ ‘that
mere restatement of existing language in a statute as required by the [California]
Constitution [citation] does not prevent legislative amendment . . . .’ We do not import

                                               8
such meaning into the fact Proposition 115 states its ‘statutory provisions’ rather than its
‘provisions’ shall not be amended absent certain circumstances. To us, it appears to be a
distinction without a difference.” (Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at pp. 760-761.)
              Lastly, the district attorney argues SB 1437 violates the rights of criminal
defendants because it imposes felony murder liability when a major participant in the
underlying felony acts with reckless indifference to human life, which is the same
standard Proposition 115 adopted for imposing capital punishment under the felony
murder special circumstance. Given this overlapping standard, the district attorney
contends California no longer sufficiently narrows the class of murderers eligible for the
death penalty, as required by the Eighth Amendment. (See generally Brown v. Sanders
(2006) 546 U.S. 212, 216 [the Eighth Amendment’s narrowing requirement mandates
that states limit the class of murderers to which the death penalty may be applied by
establishing criteria that reasonably justifies the imposition of that penalty against some
murderers as opposed to others].)
              The claim fails for several reasons. First, the district attorney lacks
standing to challenge SB 1437 based on an alleged violation of the rights of criminal
defendants. (Lamoureux, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th 241, 275.) Second, even if the district
attorney had standing, his challenge would be misplaced in this case because appellant
was not sentenced to death. (Gonzalez v. Prunty (C.D. Cal. 1997) 959 F.Supp. 1264,
1273.) Third, our Supreme Court has consistently upheld the felony murder special
circumstance against the claim that if fails to adequately narrow the class of death-
eligible murderers (People v. Covarrubias (2016) 1 Cal.5th 838, 934), and we are bound
by this authority (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455).
              We reject the district attorney’s claim SB 1437 amends Proposition 115
within the meaning of article II, section 10 of the California Constitution. As our
colleagues in the first district rightly observed, the voters who approved that initiative,
and the voters who approved Proposition 7, “got, and still have, precisely what they

                                              9
enacted – stronger sentences for persons convicted of murder and first degree felony-
murder liability for deaths occurring during the commission or attempted commission of
specified felony offenses. By enacting [SB] 1437, the Legislature has neither
undermined these initiatives nor impinged upon the will of the voters who passed them.”
(Gooden, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 289.)
                                      DISPOSITION
              The trial court’s order denying appellant’s petition for relief under SB 1437
is reversed, and the matter is remanded for the court to address the merits of the petition.

                                                  BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

I CONCUR:

MOORE, J.

                                             10
Fybel, J., Concurring:

      I concur for the reasons stated in People v. Solis (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 762 and
People v. Cruz (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 740.

                                        FYBEL, J.

                                            1