Court Opinion

ID: 5137112
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-21 14:36:57.266505+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:00.499675
License: Public Domain

IN THE UTAH COURT OF APPEALS

                                      ‐‐‐‐ooOoo‐‐‐‐

State of Utah,                             )          MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                           )
       Plaintiff and Appellee,             )            Case No. 20110097‐CA
                                           )
v.                                         )                   FILED
                                           )             (September 20, 2012)
David Steele Harrison,                     )
                                           )              2012 UT App 261
       Defendant and Appellant.            )

                                          ‐‐‐‐‐

Third District, West Jordan Department, 091403146
The Honorable Terry L. Christiansen

Attorneys:       Brittany D. Enniss and Daniel M. Torrence, Salt Lake City, for
                 Appellant
                 Mark L. Shurtleff and Andrew F. Peterson, Salt Lake City, for Appellee

                                          ‐‐‐‐‐

Before Judges McHugh, Voros, and Orme.

ORME, Judge:

¶1      Defendant appeals his convictions for three sex offenses: rape, object rape, and
forcible sexual abuse. See Utah Code Ann. §§ 76‐5‐402, ‐402.2, & ‐404 (2008 & Supp.
2012). Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motions for directed
verdict and arrest of judgment. Defendant also asserts that the trial court erred in
allowing evidence regarding the victim’s sexual history and cognitive limitations. We
affirm.

¶2   The victim was 52 years old in 2009 when she visited a massage studio to get a
massage to help alleviate pain caused by myriad health problems. Due to the victim’s
obesity and joint pain, her mobility was limited. She could lift herself onto and off of a
massage table only with great difficulty and the use of a chair.

¶3     On the victim’s initial visit to the studio, Defendant was randomly assigned to be
her massage therapist. The victim testified that during this visit, Defendant “cupped
his hand” over her breast for “a short time.”1 The victim did not report this incident at
the time. She was again assigned to Defendant upon her second visit to the massage
studio a few days later.2 During the second visit, Defendant did not inappropriately
touch the victim, and she spoke with Defendant about her ongoing struggle with
cancer.

¶4      When the victim returned to the studio for a third massage, she requested
Defendant by name, although she later testified that she did not realize the person she
requested was the same man who had been her massage therapist on the two prior
visits. During this visit, Defendant began massaging the victim’s breasts. He also
massaged the victim’s legs, “plac[ing] his hand in [her] vagina and . . . rubbing.”
Defendant asked the victim to position herself on her stomach, after which he digitally
penetrated the victim’s vagina from behind. Defendant then inserted his penis into her
vagina. During this penetration, which lasted three to four minutes, the victim testified
that she told Defendant that “it hurt” and asked him to “stop” or told him “no.”

¶5     Upon returning home, the victim noticed that she was bleeding from her
“privates” and told her mother what had happened. Soon after, the victim reported the
incident to the police. Swabs taken from the victim confirmed the presence of
Defendant’s sperm in her vagina and on her anal area.

¶6     The victim also reported the conduct to the studio owner, who suspended
Defendant and obtained a written statement from him. Defendant’s statement asserted
that the victim made sexual advances during the third visit, asking Defendant to

       1
        Defendant characterized this contact as being only for the purpose of
repositioning the victim’s breast to better access her pectoral muscles. Except when
otherwise specifically noted, we state the facts in the light most consistent with the
jury’s verdict. See Chen v. Stewart, 2004 UT 82, ¶ 78, 100 P.3d 1177.
       2
        The victim testified that this was without her input. The studio’s records
indicate that she specifically requested Defendant.

20110097‐CA                                  2
massage her breasts and genitals and grabbing his crotch. Defendant claimed to have
complied with the victim’s requests for intimate touching “out of compassion for her
situation” because the victim pleaded, “Please, I’m dying of cancer.” But in his
statement, Defendant did not admit to having sexual intercourse with the victim.

¶7      Because the victim also had some cognitive limitations, Defendant filed a pretrial
motion in limine seeking to exclude any evidence relating thereto. The State objected,
explaining that it did not intend to use such evidence to show that the victim lacked the
ability to consent, but only to show “that her actions and resistance were reasonable
considering her personality and limitations.” The trial court ruled that the evidence
would be admissible but that the victim could only testify as to her special education
courses, limitations on employment, and trouble with basic tasks due to her mental
infirmities and physical limitations.

¶8     At trial, the victim explained that she did not ask Defendant to stop when he
began to touch her chest because she “wasn’t sure just how to respond to what he had
done.” The victim explained that she “ha[d] never been touched, [had] never been
kissed, [and had] never had sex.” Defendant did not object to these statements at trial.

¶9      At the close of the State’s case‐in‐chief, Defendant moved for a directed verdict
as to the forcible sexual abuse and object rape counts, arguing insufficiency of the
evidence. The trial court denied the motion but noted that although it saw the case as
“a close call,” it believed there was sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find lack
of consent beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial court also noted that the standard by
which it evaluates a motion for a directed verdict is “certainly not proof beyond a
reasonable doubt, which is the standard the jury has.” The jury later returned a guilty
verdict on all charges, and Defendant filed a Motion to Arrest Judgment that was also
denied. Defendant appeals.

¶10 We first examine Defendant’s claim that the trial court erred when it denied his
motion for a directed verdict and, later, his motion to arrest judgment.3 The only

       3
       The State contends that Defendant failed to adequately marshal the evidence
and, thus, that we should decline to consider the merits of Defendant’s arguments.
When challenging the sufficiency of evidence, the challenging party has a duty to
                                                                           (continued...)

20110097‐CA                                   3
element of the crimes that was contested at trial—and the element on which Defendant
sought a directed verdict—was lack of consent. Our “standard of review of a directed
verdict is the same as that imposed upon a trial court.” Merino v. Albertsons, Inc., 1999
UT 14, ¶ 3, 975 P.2d 467 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally,
our standard for reviewing motions for a directed verdict and to arrest judgment are the
same. Cf. State v. Workman, 852 P.2d 981, 984 (Utah 1993) (“The standard for
determining whether an order arresting judgment is erroneous is the same as that
applied by an appellate court in determining whether a jury verdict should be set aside
for insufficient evidence.”). That standard has been explained as follows: “[W]e will
uphold the trial court’s [denial of a motion for directed verdict or to arrest judgment] if,
upon reviewing the evidence and all inferences that can be reasonably drawn from it,
we conclude that some evidence exists from which a reasonable jury could find that the
elements of the crime had been proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Montoya,
2004 UT 5, ¶ 29, 84 P.3d 1183 (first alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted).

¶11 Defendant contends that the trial court applied a standard that was too narrowly
focused and, as a result, that his motion was denied despite a lack of sufficient
evidence. Defendant also points out that the trial court, in considering his motion for
directed verdict, characterized the State’s evidence on the issue of consent as “certainly
not proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” Defendant seemingly attempts to use the trial
court’s apparent trepidation about the weakness of the State’s case as an indication that
it did not employ the correct standard, that is, if the court was truly attempting to
identify whether a reasonable jury could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that there
was no consent, the trial court would not have denied the motion while in the same
breath recognizing that the State’s evidence was “certainly not proof beyond a

       3
        (...continued)
“marshal all record evidence that supports” a court’s ruling that there is sufficient
evidence. Utah R. App. P. 24(a)(9). We consider the marshaling requirement a very
important obligation for appellants. While Defendant does seem to claim in his brief
that the State failed to present any evidence as to the consent issue, he nonetheless sets
about to marshal the relevant evidence, including the testimony tending to show that
the victim did not consent. We conclude that Defendant has satisfied his marshaling
duty.

20110097‐CA                                  4
reasonable doubt.” However, a careful reading of the court’s words, in context, shows
that the trial court was recognizing an entirely different point in making this statement.

¶12 In discussing the motion for directed verdict, the trial court correctly explained
that the applicable standard required denial where reasonable minds could conclude
beyond a reasonable doubt that the elements of the crime have been met. See id. The
court then clarified that the analysis it was engaging in at that time was with reference
to a standard that was “certainly not proof beyond a reasonable doubt, which is the
standard the jury has [to apply in making its decision].” Thus, the court was only
observing that in order to deny the motion, it did not need to conclude that the State
had proved the lack of consent beyond a reasonable doubt, but only that the jury could
reasonably so conclude on the facts then of record. And contrary to Defendant’s
erroneous interpretation of the court’s words, the trial court did not conclude that the
State’s evidence was “certainly not proof beyond a reasonable doubt” but rather that
the standard it employed to rule on the motion for directed verdict was “certainly not
proof beyond a reasonable doubt.”

¶13 Satisfied that the court applied the correct standard in making its determination,
we will not disturb the court’s conclusion that there was sufficient evidence for the
consent issue to go to the jury. The victim testified that she either told Defendant that
“it hurt” and to “stop” or told him, “No.” The victim recounted that she held her arms
in such a way as to stop Defendant from continuing to touch her inappropriately. The
victim testified that she thought she should scream and that in her mind she was
screaming but no sound came out. Nonetheless, at one point Defendant asked her to be
quiet, so as not to disturb other customers in neighboring rooms.

¶14 Defendant contends that the victim’s testimony was inherently unbelievable. See
State v. Robbins, 2009 UT 23, ¶ 16, 210 P.3d 288 (holding that where “testimony is
inherently improbable, the court may choose to disregard it”). We agree that there were
some inconsistencies in the victim’s testimony. The victim gave conflicting statements
about whether she protested the penetration. Defendant also contends that the
following parts of the victim’s account make her story highly improbable: her fear of
screaming for help despite the thin walls and occupied neighboring rooms; Defendant
penetrating the victim without her repositioning herself to accommodate the sexual
activity; and her insistence that she did not consent despite requesting Defendant by
name even after believing that he had touched her inappropriately on a prior visit.
While we recognize that this was not a case with overwhelming evidence

20110097‐CA                                 5
demonstrating a complete lack of consent, the victim’s testimony was not so inherently
unbelievable that it should have been categorically rejected. And so long as a
reasonable jury could determine that the victim did not consent, a motion for directed
verdict focused on consent will be unavailing. See Montoya, 2004 UT 5, ¶ 29.
Considering the evidence of record, we agree that a reasonable jury could properly
conclude that there was no consent, as it in fact did.

¶15 Next, Defendant contends that the victim’s mention in her testimony that she
was “shy,” “never dated,” and was a “virgin” violated rules 404(a) and 412 of the Utah
Rules of Evidence. Defendant failed to preserve this issue at trial. In order to preserve
an issue for appellate review, “the issue must be sufficiently raised to a level of
consciousness before the trial court and must be supported by evidence or relevant
legal authority.” State v. Prawitt, 2011 UT App 261, ¶ 13, 262 P.3d 1203 (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted). Accord State v. Brown, 856 P.2d 358, 361 (Utah Ct.
App. 1993).

¶16 Defendant did not object to the victim’s two references to her being a virgin, nor
did he object during the prosecutor’s reference to the same in closing argument.
Defendant claims that because trial counsel objected to a line of questioning regarding
the victim’s religious beliefs concerning premarital sex, counsel adequately preserved this
issue. However, the victim’s religious beliefs regarding premarital sex are wholly
distinct from her social and sexual history. Defendant’s objection to testimony
regarding the victim’s beliefs did not raise Defendant’s rule 412 concerns regarding the
victim’s social and sexual history to a “level of consciousness” that would have
prompted the trial judge to consider it. Prawitt, 2011 UT App 261, ¶ 13.

¶17 “When a party fails to preserve an issue for appeal, we will address the issue
only if (1) the appellant establishes that the [trial] court committed ‘plain error,’ (2)
‘exceptional circumstances’ exist, or (3) in some situations, if the appellant raises a claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to preserve the issue.” State v. Low, 2008
UT 58, ¶ 19, 192 P.3d 867 (citation omitted). Defendant claims that the plain error
doctrine provides this court with an avenue to consider this issue, even if unpreserved.
In order to show plain error, Defendant must prove that “(i) an error exists; (ii) the error
should have been obvious to the trial court; and (iii) the error is harmful, i.e., absent the
error, there is a reasonable likelihood of a more favorable outcome for [Defendant].”
State v. Hassan, 2004 UT 99, ¶ 10, 108 P.3d 695 (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). The State argues that Defendant inadequately briefed his plain error

20110097‐CA                                   6
argument. We disagree and will consider the argument’s merit. Having done so,
however, we are not persuaded that any error would have been obvious to the trial
court.

¶18 In order for an error to be obvious, by definition, it must be clear. Quite simply,
Defendant fails to demonstrate how the law in this area would have been clear to the
trial court. While Defendant’s brief discusses the purpose behind rule 412 and provides
some examples of its application, Defendant recognizes the essential lack of clarity in
the law when he concedes that “Utah courts have never specifically addressed whether
evidence of virginity is irrelevant and inadmissible under Rule 412.” It follows that any
error in this regard committed by the trial court would not have been obvious.

¶19 Finally, Defendant asserts that the court should not have allowed evidence
regarding the victim’s virginity and cognitive disabilities under rule 404. See Utah R.
Evid. 404(a)(1) (“Evidence of a person’s character or character trait is not admissible to
prove than on a particular occasion the person acted in conformity with the character or
trait.”). Defendant’s motion before trial to prevent the State from presenting evidence
that the victim had poor social skills, lived at home with her parents at age 52, and
attended “special ed classes” in high school, was denied. The State maintained that it
had no intention of presenting such evidence as a means of asserting and establishing
the victim’s inability to consent. See Utah Code Ann. § 76‐5‐406(6) (2008) (providing
that rape may occur when “the actor knows that as a result of mental disease or defect,
the victim is at the time of the act incapable either of appraising the nature of the act or
of resisting it”). Instead, the State sought to introduce such evidence for the limited
purpose of showing “that [the victim’s] actions and resistance were reasonable
considering her personality and limitations.” The trial court found this to be proper.

¶20 “We grant a trial court broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence and will
disturb its ruling only for abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion may be
demonstrated by showing that the district court relied on an erroneous conclusion of
law or that there was no evidentiary basis for the trial court’s ruling.” Daniels v. Gamma
West Brachytherapy, LLC, 2009 UT 66, ¶ 32, 221 P.3d 256 (citations, brackets, and internal
quotation marks omitted).

¶21 Rule 404(a) prohibits a party from introducing evidence about a person’s
character “to prove that on a particular occasion the person acted in conformity with the
character or trait.” Utah R. Evid. 404(a). In State v. Archuleta, 747 P.2d 1019 (Utah 1987),

20110097‐CA                                  7
the Utah Supreme Court approved the use of evidence regarding the victim’s mental
disabilities as it pertained to her lack of consent to sexual acts to show “that under the
circumstances of this case, her resistance was reasonable.” Id. at 1022. Defendant
argues that the State introduced such evidence to show that the victim acted in
conformity with her character and therefore did not consent. However, we do not see
that any such argument was presented by the State and agree that Archuleta is
instructive in this case.

¶22 The State did not argue that the victim’s “characteristic” of having cognitive
disabilities indicated that she would not have consented. Rather, it argued that the
victim’s limitations help explain what might otherwise appear to be peculiar behavior
for a non‐consenting victim, namely, failing to more aggressively resist Defendant’s
advances or to call for help. Here, the victim explained that she was frightened and had
a difficult time processing what was happening. Meanwhile, Defendant sought to
undercut the victim’s contention that she withheld consent. The State established that
the victim was somewhat cognitively limited to counter Defendant’s argument that the
victim acted inconsistently with what might be expected from a non‐consenting party.
Evidence of the victim’s mental limitations used in such a way was not violative of rule
404(a), and considering the broad discretion given to trial courts as to such matters, we
have no basis on which to reverse the trial court’s decision in this case.

¶23    Affirmed.

____________________________________
Gregory K. Orme, Judge

                                            ‐‐‐‐‐

¶24    WE CONCUR:

____________________________________
Carolyn B. McHugh,
Presiding Judge

20110097‐CA                                  8
____________________________________
J. Frederic Voros Jr.,
Associate Presiding Judge

20110097‐CA                            9