Court Opinion

ID: 4668093
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-16 07:03:55.635466+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:00.973655
License: Public Domain

SECOND DIVISION
                            MILLER, P. J.,
           MERCIER, J., SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                              https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                   DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS
                   COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN
                   THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.

                                                                     March 5, 2021

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A20A2118. AMBROSIO et al. v. GIORDANO, JR. et al.

      MILLER, Presiding Judge.

      In this property action, the trial court ordered specific performance in favor of

the sellers, directing the buyers, Rosa and Giovanni Ambrosio, to complete the

purchase of two parcels of real estate in Tattnall County. When the buyers failed to

comply, the trial court issued a money judgment in favor of the sellers. The buyers

appeal, arguing that (1) there was a lack of mutual assent in the sale agreements; (2)

the sale agreements contained certain conditions which rendered performance

impossible; (3) the money judgment was unlawful for various reasons; and (4) the

trial court erred in granting the sellers attorney fees under OCGA § 13-6-11 because

the sellers did not properly assert a claim for these fees. Our review of the record

shows that we lack jurisdiction over the buyers’ claims regarding the money judgment
and that all of the remaining enumerations of error lack merit. We therefore affirm in

part and dismiss in part.

      “On appeal from a grant of a motion for summary judgment, we review the

evidence de novo, viewing it in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, to

determine whether a genuine issue of fact remains and whether the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” (Citation omitted.) Simprop Acquisition Co.

v. L. Simpson Charitable Remainder Unitrust, 305 Ga. App. 564 (1) (699 SE2d 860)

(2010).

      So viewed, the record shows that Rosa learned through the Internet that the

sellers were offering two parcels of real estate for sale in Tattnall County: a 54.9-acre

parcel and a 10-acre parcel. The buyers understood that the properties consisted of

a residence and acreage. After they viewed the properties, the buyers offered

$195,000 for the residence and 10-acre parcel and $185,000 for the 54.9-acre parcel

with furniture and other items included. The sellers accepted the offer, and the buyers

returned to New York where they lived. The buyers later signed two sale agreements,

each of which was subject to a 10-day due diligence period during which the buyers

could refuse to proceed with the sales. The buyers inspected the properties after the

due diligence period ended. Upon consulting with the inspector, Giovanni became

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concerned by the acreage of wetlands on the properties and other “minor issues”

regarding the properties. Giovanni requested a reduction in the amount of $6,000, but

the sellers declined. The buyers told the realtor that they were no longer interested in

the property. They did not attend the closings which were scheduled for January 3,

2017, and they did not return to Georgia.

      In September 2017, the sellers filed a complaint for specific performance to

convey the real estate, claiming that the buyers did not terminate the agreements

during the due diligence period and that they no longer had the right to do so. In the

complaint, the sellers also requested that they be awarded attorney fees for the buyers’

alleged “stubborn and litigious actions.” The sellers then filed a motion for summary

judgment, and the buyers responded and filed a cross-motion for summary judgment.

The trial court granted the sellers’ motion for summary judgment, denied the buyers’

cross-motion for summary judgment, and determined that the sellers were entitled to

specific performance of the sale agreements. On May 28, 2019, the trial court issued

a final judgment awarding the sellers $27,000 in attorney fees and litigation expenses

under OCGA § 13-6-11. The buyers filed their initial notice of appeal and amended

notice of appeal on June 24, 2019.

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        After the trial court awarded specific performance, the sellers filed a motion for

contempt on the basis that the buyers had not yet bought the properties. The trial court

denied the sellers’ motion because the court had not established a date and time by

which the buyers were obligated to perform. The trial court then mandated that the

buyers contact the sellers’ realtor within 30 days to schedule the closings and further

ordered that the closings occur within 60 days. In June 2019, the sellers filed another

motion for contempt, arguing that the buyers had not contacted their realtor within the

time mandated by the court and that the closings had not yet occurred. In September

2019, the trial court issued an order in which it (1) found the buyers in contempt; (2)

issued a money judgment in the amount of $380,000 plus post-judgment interest; and

(3) directed the sellers to deed the land to the buyers within 10 days of the satisfaction

of the money judgment. The buyers filed a supplemental notice of appeal on June 22,

2020.

        1. Preliminarily, we address the sellers’ motion to dismiss the buyers’ appeal,

granting it in part and denying it in part. In their motion, the sellers argue that (1) the

buyers cannot challenge the award of attorney fees because they agreed to the order;

and (2) the buyers did not file a timely notice of appeal from the contempt and money

judgment order.

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      The record before the Court does not support the sellers’ argument that the

buyers agreed to the attorney fee award. It shows that the buyers withdrew their jury

trial demand on the issue but that they “retain[ed] all defenses” on the claim. In

another filing, the buyers plainly argued that the sellers were not entitled to fees under

OCGA § 13-6-11. And while the sellers point to a supplemental record as evidence

for their argument, no supplemental record appears in this case.1 Accordingly, we

have jurisdiction over the buyers’ challenge to the award of attorney fees.

      The sellers are correct, however, that the buyers cannot challenge the contempt

and money judgment order because it was issued after the buyers filed their notices

of appeal. The trial court entered the attorney fee award on May 28, 2019. This was

a final appealable judgment because no other claims were pending before the trial

court once the attorney fees issue was resolved.2 OCGA § 5-6-34 (a) (1). The buyers

then filed timely notices of appeal. The contempt and money judgment order,

      1
        The buyers state that their counsel negotiated as to the final amount of
attorney fees but they never agreed that the sellers were entitled to attorney fees.
      2
        The sellers argue that the May 28, 2019 attorney fee award was not a final
judgment because the buyers had until May 31, 2019 to close on the sales, as
provided for in the court’s April 1, 2019 order setting the deadlines for the closings.
This argument fails because when the trial court entered the attorney fee award, the
court had adjudicated all the pending claims. See Sotter v. Stephens, 291 Ga. 79, 84
(727 SE2d 484) (2012).

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however, was issued after the filing of the notices of appeal, on September 24, 2019.

The buyers did not file a timely notice of appeal from that order, but instead, filed a

“supplement” to their previous notices of appeal nine months later in June 2020.

OCGA § 5-6-38 (a) (“A notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days after entry of

the appealable decision or judgment complained of[.]”). We recognize that under

OCGA § 5-6-34 (d), we review “all judgments, rulings, or orders raised on appeal

which may affect the proceedings below and which were rendered subsequent to the

first judgment, ruling, or order held erroneous.” Nevertheless, because the contempt

and money judgment order in this case was entered subsequent to the buyers’ notices

of appeal, we lack jurisdiction to consider the buyers’ challenge to that order.

Norman v. Ault, 287 Ga. 324, 330-331 (6) (695 SE2d 633) (2010) (Supreme Court

lacked jurisdiction over enumeration regarding contempt order where the order was

issued after the final judgment and filing of the application for discretionary appeal);

Bloomfield v. Bloomfield, 282 Ga. 108, 112 (5) (646 SE2d 207) (2007) (appellant

could not enumerate rulings as error where they were entered after he filed his notice

of appeal). See also Sewell v. Cancel, 295 Ga. 235, 240 n.3 (759 SE2d 485) (2014)

(recognizing the Supreme Court of Georgia’s precedent “involving attempts by

appellants to effectively amend the original notice of appeal to encompass orders

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subsequently issued.”). Accordingly, we will only review the buyers’ enumerations

of error concerning the summary judgment order and the award of attorney fees.

      2. First, the buyers argue that the sale agreements were unenforceable due to

a lack of mutual assent. They contend that the acreage of the wetlands was

significantly larger than originally disclosed and that this was a material fact which

affected the nature of the properties being purchased. We determine that the parties

mutually assented to the terms of the agreements.

      In order for a court of equity to decree the specific performance of a contract

for the sale of land, there must be

      a definite and specific statement of the terms of the contract. The
      contract must identify the land to be sold with reasonable definiteness
      by describing the particular tract or furnishing a key by which it may be
      located with the aid of extrinsic evidence. Because a decree for specific
      performance operates as a deed, the description in the decree should be
      as definite as that required for a deed.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Scheinfeld v. Murray, 267 Ga. 622, 623 (1) (481

SE2d 194) (1997). “The test as to the sufficiency of the description of property

contained in a deed is whether or not it discloses with sufficient certainty what the

intention of the grantor was with respect to the quantity and location of the land

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therein referred to, so that its identification is practicable.” (Citation omitted;

emphasis supplied.) Gold Creek SL, LLC v. City of Dawsonville, 290 Ga. App. 807,

809 (1) (660 SE2d 858) (2008). On the issue of mutual assent, in some cases

      the circumstances surrounding the making of the contract, such as
      correspondence and discussions, are relevant in deciding if there was a
      mutual assent to an agreement. Where such extrinsic evidence exists and
      is disputed, the question of whether a party has assented to the contract
      is generally a matter for the jury.

(Citation omitted.) Terry Hunt Constr. Co. v. AON Risk Svcs., Inc., 272 Ga. App. 547,

552 (3) (613 SE2d 165) (2005). In other cases, however, “the only evidence of the

parties’ intent is the express language of the contract[.]” Id.

      The buyers do not identify any extrinsic evidence surrounding the making of

the sale agreements that is pertinent to the amount of wetlands on the properties.

Although the buyers rely on Rosa’s affidavit, in which she avers that “the wetlands

acreage had been misrepresented,” the buyers do not support this conclusory

statement by identifying any evidence showing that the sellers made representations

to them concerning the acreage of any wetlands. See Miller v. Calhoun/Johnson Co.,

230 Ga. App. 648, 650 (3) (b) (497 SE2d 397) (1998) (“Conclusory statements in

affidavits unsupported by factual evidence are insufficient to avert summary

                                            8
judgment.”) (citation omitted). Further, the record does not contain any evidence that

the buyers engaged in correspondence or discussions with the sellers regarding what

portion of the properties, if any, constitutes wetlands. Compare Moreno v. Smith, 299

Ga. 443, 446 (1) (788 SE2d 349) (2016) (jury had to decide whether an enforceable

contract existed where there was evidence of discussions between the parties about

the land being a gift, which was bolstered by other evidence of the circumstances

surrounding the purported contract).

      Instead, the only evidence in this case of the parties’ intent appears to be the

express language of the agreements. And, as discussed above, a sufficient property

description discloses a grantor’s intent with respect to the quantity and location of the

land. Gold Creek SL, LLC, supra, 290 Ga. App. at 809 (1). Insofar as the buyers take

no issue with the agreements’ property descriptions as they pertain to the quantity and

location of the properties, the trial court correctly ruled that the parties mutually

assented to the terms of the agreements. Compare Plantation Land Co. v. Bradshaw,

232 Ga. 435, 440 (IV) (207 SE2d 49) (1974) (enforcement of the contract through

specific performance was not permissible where the contract gave “no definite

indication of the size, shape or location” of the land at issue). Thus, the agreements

do not fail for a lack of mutuality.

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      3. Next, the buyers contend that because each sale was contingent on the other

closing at the same time, these “conflicting” conditions made it impossible for either

party to perform on the agreements. We find that the trial court correctly rejected the

buyers’ impossibility defense.

      “Impossible, immoral, and illegal conditions are void and are binding upon no

one.” OCGA § 13-3-5. “And impossibility of performance is a defense to the

enforcement of a contract.” Allen v. CFYC Constr., LLC, 354 Ga. App. 890, 894 (2)

(842 SE2d 297) (2020). The contract for the sale of the 54.9-acre section provided:

“This contract is contingent on the contract at 401 Laddie Kennedy Road, Reidsville

closing at the same time.” Similarly, the contract for the 10-acre section provided that

the agreement was contingent on the sale for the 54.9-acre section closing at the same

time. These conditions were specifically negotiated by the parties. According to the

buyers, it was impossible for them and the sellers to perform because the acreage sale

did not close, preventing the home sale from closing, and vice versa. But as the trial

court recognized, the buyers were the source of this “impossibility.” There is no

dispute that the sellers attended the scheduled closings on the date to which the

parties had agreed. The fact that the buyers admittedly lost interest in the properties

and willfully failed to attend the closing does not show that it was impossible for both

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sales to be consummated at the same time. “A party cannot by its own act place itself

in a position that renders it unable to perform, then plead that this inability to perform

provides an excuse for nonperformance.” Williston on Contracts § 77:9 (4th ed.); see

also Bright v. Stubbs Properties, Inc., 133 Ga. App. 166, 166-167 (210 SE2d 379)

(1974) (“It is generally well settled that subjective impossibility, that is, impossibility

which is personal to the promisor and does not inhere in the nature of the act to be

performed, does not excuse nonperformance of a contractual obligation.”) (citation

omitted). Cf. United Ben. Soc. of America v. Freeman, 111 Ga. 355 (36 SE 764)

(1900) (facts offered as an excuse for not performing in the time required by the

insurance contract did not show that it was impossible for the insured to have

complied with the condition precedent). Similarly, the buyers’ refusal to attend the

closings is not a legitimate basis for arguing that the sellers could not possibly meet

their contractual obligations; the buyers’ decision to not continue with the sales

preceded the sellers’ inability to perform. See, e.g., J & E Builders, Inc. v. R C Dev.,

Inc., 285 Ga. App. 457, 458-459 (2) (646 SE2d 299) (2007) (“Where a contract

provides for performance of an obligation, the party bound to perform the obligation

may be relieved and the obligation waived, where the other party to the contract

repudiates the obligation by act or word, or takes a position which renders

                                            11
performance of the obligation useless or impossible.”) (citation omitted).

Accordingly, the trial court properly rejected the buyers’ impossibility argument and

denied their motion for summary judgment.

      Further, insofar as the buyers argue that the conditions were ambiguous and

created fact issues for a jury’s determination, the buyers failed to raise this argument

in their response to the sellers’ summary judgment motion or in their cross-motion for

summary judgment, and the trial court did not address such an argument in its order.3

“[A]fter summary judgment is granted to a movant/plaintiff, a nonmovant/defendant

may not raise an argument or defense not asserted in the trial court.” MALAGA Mgmt.

Co. v. John Deere Co., 208 Ga. App. 764, 766 (4) (431 SE2d 746) (1993).

Accordingly, this contention has not been preserved for appellate review. See

Bramley v. Nationwide Affinity Ins. Co. of America, 345 Ga. App. 624, 626 (1) (814

SE2d 770) (2018) (declining to review appellant’s argument that a policy term was

ambiguous because the argument was not raised in the appellant’s response to the

      3
        Additionally, there are no hearing transcripts in the record, and we cannot
presume that the buyers raised an ambiguity argument in any hearing. Hann v.
Harpers Boutiques Intl., 284 Ga. App. 531, 533 n.5 (1) (644 SE2d 337) (2007)
(discussing the absence of the hearing transcript and explaining that the appellants
had not met their responsibility for providing a complete record showing that the
issues raised on appeal were properly and timely raised in the court below).

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summary judgment motion or at the hearing on the motion for summary judgment)

(physical precedent only). Accordingly, the trial court properly granted summary

judgment to the sellers.

      4. Lastly, the buyers contend that the trial court erred by awarding attorney fees

to the sellers because they did not properly assert a claim for attorney fees under

OCGA § 13-6-11 in their initial complaint or amended complaint. This argument is

belied by the record.

      “An award of attorney fees is authorized under OCGA § 13-6-11 where a

plaintiff specifically prays for attorney fees and refers either to the Code section or

to the criteria set forth therein, by alleging the defendant acted in bad faith in the

underlying transaction, was stubbornly litigious, or caused the plaintiff unnecessary

trouble and expense.” Goldsmith v. Peterson, 307 Ga. App. 26, 29 (2) (703 SE2d 694)

(2010). In their initial complaint, the sellers made a specific prayer to recover attorney

fees due to the buyers’ “stubborn and litigious actions.” Thus, the sellers properly

pleaded a claim for attorney fees under OCGA § 13-6-11.4 Id. (defendants properly

raised the issue of attorney fees under OCGA § 13-6-11 where their counterclaim

      4
       Indeed, in their answer to this complaint, the buyers asserted that they had not
been stubbornly litigious and that the sellers’ claim for attorney fees was barred.

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tracked the language of the statute and they made a specific prayer to recover their

attorney fees).

      Given the foregoing, we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to

the sellers, the denial of the buyers’ cross-motion for summary judgment, and the

award of attorney fees to the sellers. We dismiss the buyers’ challenge to the trial

court’s contempt and money judgment order for their failure to timely appeal from

that decision.

      Judgment affirmed in part and dismissed in part. Mercier, J., and Senior

Appellate Judge Herbert E. Phipps, concur.

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