Court Opinion

ID: 1033692
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-13 00:02:17.774841+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:26:58.222318
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/12/13 Dudley v. Faustine CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                       (Nevada)
                                                            ----

REBECCA DUDLEY,                                                                              C066469

                   Plaintiff and Appellant,                                     (Super. Ct. No. T09/3745C)

         v.

WILLIAM P. FAUSTINE, Individually and as
Trustee, etc., et al.,

                   Defendants and Respondents.

         Plaintiff Rebecca Dudley sought to recover possession of real property her
deceased parents had jointly owned more than 50 years ago. In her second amended
complaint, she alleged her father forged a quitclaim deed in 1960 to transfer title to
himself in violation of a divorce decree that had awarded the property to her mother, and
then in 1966 fraudulently sold the property as his separate property. She asserted that as
the sole heir of her mother, she was entitled to the property under the laws of intestate
succession.

                                                             1
       The trial court sustained for a second time a demurrer filed by the property‟s
current owners, defendants William and Cathy Faustine, and it did so without granting
leave to amend. Appearing before us pro per, plaintiff claims the trial court erred in
sustaining the demurrer. She asserts she pleaded sufficient facts to state a cause of action
and that her complaint is not time barred. She also claims the court committed various
procedural errors.
       We disagree with plaintiff‟s contentions and affirm the trial court‟s judgment. We
conclude she is estopped from recovering on her cause of action by laches.
                                           FACTS
       Because this is an appeal following a successful demurrer, we accept as true all
facts properly pleaded in plaintiff‟s complaint. We also incorporate any facts of which
we may take judicial notice. (Gu v. BMW of North America, LLC (2005) 132
Cal. App. 4th 195, 200.)
       In 1959, plaintiff‟s parents, Robert and Genevieve Dudley, purchased real
property in Truckee, Nevada County, near Donner Lake. The property has a cabin on it.
       Genevieve later that year petitioned for divorce. On October 9, 1959, the trial
court entered an interlocutory order dividing the couple‟s property. Among other
matters, the court awarded to Genevieve the “cabin at Donner Lake.”
       However, by a deed dated and recorded in 1960, Genevieve quitclaimed her
interest in the property to Robert. Later that same year, the trial court entered the final
judgment of divorce, and it incorporated the interlocutory order into its judgment. It
made no modification for Genevieve‟s transfer of the property to Robert. A copy of the
judgment was recorded in Nevada County in 1964.
       Plaintiff alleges that despite the quitclaim deed to Robert, Genevieve and Robert
acted as if Genevieve still owned the property. Genevieve continued to pay taxes on the
property after the quitclaim deed was filed up until 1966. In a 1961 affidavit in support

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of a motion to modify the divorce decree, Robert stated Genevieve had received “a cabin
located at Donner Lake and the equity was approximately $3500.00.”
         In 1966, however, Robert conveyed ownership of the property to Laurence and
Ruth Cadwell. The grant deed documenting this transaction stated Robert had held the
property as his separate property.
         In 2004, the Cadwells‟ successors in interest conveyed the property to defendants.
         Genevieve died in 1979. Robert died in 2007. Plaintiff alleges she did not learn
about the property and its history until after her father‟s death.
         Plaintiff sought to obtain title to the property. She filed her original complaint on
October 5, 2009. In that complaint for declaratory relief, plaintiff alleged the final
divorce judgment confirmed ownership of the property on Genevieve and superseded the
quitclaim deed. She sought a declaration that the property belonged to her as
Genevieve‟s sole heir.
         Before defendants filed a responsive pleading, plaintiff filed her first amended
complaint. In that complaint, plaintiff alleged causes of action for fraud, cancellation of
documents, quiet title, and declaratory relief. She continued to assert the final divorce
judgment vested title in Genevieve, and she also alleged Robert‟s conveyance of the
property in 1966 to the Cadwells was fraud. In addition, she alleged the existence of a
“transfer deed” that had conveyed title in the property from Robert back to Genevieve.
She sought the cancellation of all documents on which defendants based their claim of
title.
         Defendants filed a demurrer. They argued the alleged facts demonstrated they
were bona fide purchasers who acquired the property without notice of any interest in the
property by Genevieve. They claimed Genevieve could not have obtained title to the
property under the divorce judgment. The interlocutory divorce order and the final
divorce judgment could not convey title to Genevieve by operation of law, and neither
document satisfied the statutory requirements to qualify as a written conveyance of

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property. Defendants also claimed the complaint was barred by the applicable statutes of
limitations and laches.
        The trial court sustained the demurrer with leave to amend. It ruled the divorce
judgment did not convey title, and, in light of the quitclaim deed, plaintiff could not state
a claim to the property via Genevieve. Even if she could, any such claim would be
barred by the statute of limitations and laches. However, the court stated her claim
regarding the alleged deed that transferred title from Robert back to Genevieve lacked
specificity, and it granted leave to amend on that basis. To provide the needed
specificity, the court ordered plaintiff to attach to her new pleading a copy of the alleged
deed.
        Plaintiff‟s second amended complaint continued to allege causes of action for
fraud, quiet title, cancellation of documents, and declaratory relief. Contrary to the trial
court‟s instruction, however, plaintiff did not attach a copy of the deed she had claimed in
her first amended complaint transferred the property from Robert back to Genevieve.
Instead, she alleged that while searching for documents, she saw on a computer screen in
the Nevada County Recorder‟s Office an electronic copy of a warranty deed by which
Robert conveyed his interest in the property to Genevieve. This deed was allegedly dated
later than the quitclaim deed from Genevieve to Robert. She allegedly saw this deed
shortly before the recorder‟s office closed for the day. She did not provide any other
identifying information concerning this deed or allege that whatever she saw had been
officially recorded.
        Also in her second amended complaint, plaintiff raised a new factual allegation.
She no longer asserted title to the property passed to Genevieve through the divorce
decrees. Instead, she asserted for the first time that the 1960 quitclaim deed from
Genevieve to Robert was a forgery, and that it thus voided the chain of title derived from
it.

                                              4
       To support her forgery allegation, plaintiff hired Michael Nattenberg, allegedly “a
person qualified as a[n] examiner of questioned documents,” for an opinion on whether
the quitclaim deed was forged. Plaintiff attached as an exhibit to her second amended
complaint a letter from Nattenberg wherein he summarized his review of the deed. He
wrote: “The Document in Question is of such poor quality that no date or signature of
the person on the deed can be established. [¶] The document is nearly totally illegible
and therefore can have no standing as establishing any facts relating to the property in
question. [¶] It is a document with no legible signature.”
       Defendants again filed a demurrer. This time, the trial court sustained defendants‟
demurrer without leave to amend. It found the complaint was ambiguous, unintelligible,
filled with conclusions and legal arguments, and missing a prayer for relief. In addition,
the one document necessary to support her claims, the alleged deed from Robert to
Genevieve, had not been attached as the court had directed. The court stated that
document was necessary because of the fact-based pleadings plaintiff used in her first
amended complaint.
       The court also determined the complaint failed to state sufficient facts for each
cause of action. The Nattenberg letter failed to support plaintiff‟s claim of forgery, as it
stated the quitclaim deed was so unintelligible it had no standing to establish any facts
regarding the property. Plaintiff‟s assertion that she saw a deed transferring title from
Robert back to Genevieve was not sufficient to state a cause of action. Without a copy of
that deed, the court could assume only that the deed did not exist.
       The court also stated at oral argument that it found the causes of action for
equitable relief were barred by laches. The failure of Genevieve to attempt to quiet title
while she lived, coupled with plaintiff‟s attempt to do so more than 30 years after
Genevieve‟s death, constituted unjustifiable delay.
       Plaintiff appeals. She asserts the trial court committed errors by (1) instructing her
at one point to retain an attorney; (2) not allowing her to file an opposition to the

                                              5
demurrer to the second amended complaint; and (3) requiring her to present evidence of
the deed she alleged transferred title from Robert to Genevieve. She also claims the trial
court abused its discretion in not granting her leave to amend her complaint a third time.
                                       DISCUSSION
                                               I
                                     Procedural Errors
       Plaintiff asserts the court committed various procedural errors. We disagree with
her contentions. We review each alleged error separately.
A.     Instructing plaintiff to retain an attorney
       Plaintiff, who appeared in pro per before the trial court, claims the court
wrongfully directed her to hire an attorney. The record, however, indicates plaintiff
understood at trial that the court had not required her to retain an attorney, but instead had
addressed her within the context of her ongoing attempts to retain counsel when it made
the contested remark. The court did not err.
       After defendants filed their demurrer to the second amended complaint, plaintiff
requested an extension of time to respond. Her request was based in part on her inability
to retain counsel. The trial court granted the request, but in resetting the hearing on the
demurrer, the court informed plaintiff she was “to be here with a lawyer ready to rock
and roll” on the new hearing date. The court‟s minute order stated plaintiff was to
“appear with an attorney . . . .”
       At the beginning of the hearing on the demurrer, however, the court (a different
judge than the one who granted the extension of time) clarified the prior judge‟s direction
that plaintiff appear with an attorney. The court stated it appeared to him the prior judge
was not ordering plaintiff to appear with counsel, but was instead encouraging her to
retain counsel because that was the ground on which it granted the extension. The court
stated to plaintiff: “[W]e‟re not in the business of forcing people to get a lawyer if they

                                               6
choose not to. I hope you understand that.” Plaintiff replied: “Yes, I understand that.”
Plaintiff continued to represent herself without any objection by the trial court.
       We agree with the trial court‟s interpretation of the record. Plaintiff sought the
extension of time because she had been unable to retain counsel and was still attempting
to do so. The court thus was not requiring plaintiff to retain counsel, but instead was
encouraging her and the attorney she was seeking to find to be prepared for the next
hearing. The record indicates plaintiff understood this was the trial court‟s meaning. In
understanding the court‟s meaning, she acknowledged the court was not requiring her to
retain counsel, nor was it precluding her from representing herself. The trial court
committed no error on this point.
B.     Prohibiting plaintiff from filing an opposition
       Plaintiff claims the court erred in not considering her opposition to the demurrer.
We disagree, as the opposition was filed late.
       Upon plaintiff‟s request for an extension of time, the court continued the hearing
on the demurrer to August 16, 2010. On August 5, 2010, defendants notified the court
that they had received no opposition to their demurrer. Plaintiff contends she attempted
to file an opposition on August 12, 2010, by fax. The record includes no opposition by
plaintiff.
       At the hearing on the demurrer, the court as a preliminary matter noted that
plaintiff on August 12, 2010, had attempted to file a motion to strike the demurrer. The
court stated the motion was not timely filed and it would not consider it.
       Plaintiff contends the court erred, but she is incorrect. Opposition papers are to be
filed no later than nine court days before the scheduled hearing. (Code of Civ. Proc., §
1005, subd. (b).) In plaintiff‟s case, her opposition papers were due August 3, 2010. Her
attempt to file them on August 12 was obviously tardy.
       A court has discretion to refuse to consider papers filed late. (Cal. Rules of Court,
rule 3.1300(d).) The court here did not abuse its discretion in refusing to consider

                                              7
plaintiff‟s motion to strike. She had been given extended time to file her opposition, and
her attempt to file a motion to strike the demurrer two court days before the hearing
would not have given the court and defendants sufficient time to consider it.
C.     Requirement to attach deed to second amended complaint
       Plaintiff argues the trial court erred in requiring her to attach to her second
amended complaint a copy of the deed she alleged transferred title from Robert back to
Genevieve. She claims the court should have taken as true her allegation of the deed‟s
existence for purposes of the demurrer. Under the circumstances of plaintiff‟s complaint,
the court did not err. Without a copy of the recorded deed, or at least sufficient
information by which defendants could locate the deed, the amended complaint failed to
give defendants sufficient notice of the cause of action against them.
       “The essence of the matter is fairness in pleading to give the defendant such notice
by the complaint that he may prepare his case.” (Leet v. Union Pac. R. R. Co. (1944) 25
Cal. 2d 605, 619.) “The Supreme Court has consistently stated the guideline that „a
plaintiff is required only to set forth the essential facts of his case with reasonable
precision and with particularity sufficient to acquaint a defendant with the nature, source
and extent of his cause of action.‟ (Youngman v. Nevada Irrigation Dist.[ (1969) 70
Cal. 2d 240,] 245; Smith v. Kern County Land Co.[ (1958) 51 Cal. 2d 205,] 209.) It has
also been stated that „[the] particularity required in pleading facts depends on the extent
to which the defendant in fairness needs detailed information that can be conveniently
provided by the plaintiff; less particularity is required where the defendant may be
assumed to have knowledge of the facts equal to that possessed by the plaintiff.‟
(Jackson v. Pasadena City School Dist.[ (1963)] 59 Cal. 2d 876, 879; Burks v. Poppy
Construction Co.[ (1962)] 57 Cal. 2d 463, 474.)” (Semole v. Sansoucie (1972) 28
Cal. App. 3d 714, 719.)
       At the time the trial court imposed the requirement to attach the alleged transfer
deed, plaintiff had not yet pleaded the 1960 grant deed was a forgery. Instead, she had

                                               8
claimed title to the property had transferred back to Genevieve by means of the divorce
judgment and the alleged transfer deed. The trial court correctly stated the divorce
judgment did not convey title, and thus, in light of the quitclaim deed from Genevieve,
plaintiff could not claim an interest in the property except by the alleged transfer deed she
claimed existed.
       Simply asserting, as plaintiff did in her first amended complaint, that Robert had
transferred the property back to Genevieve by the transfer deed did not sufficiently plead
the elements of her causes of action or provide defendants with the information they
needed to defend against her claims. She did not allege defendants had notice of the
conveyance, nor did her allegation give them sufficient information by which they could
understand the claim, find the conveyance, and prepare a defense. The trial court
correctly concluded the bare allegation of a reconveyance lacked specificity.
       By directing plaintiff to attach a copy of a recorded deed, the court was instructing
plaintiff how she could satisfy her pleading burden. She could have satisfied the burden
by providing enough information about the deed so that defendants could have identified
and found it. The trial court recognized the easiest way of doing this, however, was by
attaching a copy of the alleged deed, a deed plaintiff claimed she had seen. Plaintiff had
already attached every other relevant conveyance and document to her complaints. The
court did not abuse its discretion by asking plaintiff to attach the one additional document
that mattered most.
                                              II
                            Decision Denying Leave to Amend
       Plaintiff claims she pleaded sufficient facts to state a cause of action and to
overcome any statute of limitations or laches defense. Because we and the trial court
have concluded she cannot state a claim of title in the property based on the divorce
judgment or any purported transfer deed, her complaint lives or dies based on the validity
of her forgery claim.

                                              9
       A bona fide purchaser of real property generally takes the property free of any
unknown rights in the property held by others. (Hochstein v. Romero (1990) 219
Cal. App. 3d 447, 451.) However, “a forged deed is a nullity, even as to bona fide
purchasers . . . .” (Estates of Collins & Flowers (2012) 205 Cal. App. 4th 1238, 1247.)
Thus, if plaintiff can successfully allege an interest in the land based on the 1960
quitclaim deed being a forgery, her complaint would survive a demurrer.
       Defendants argue plaintiff cannot base her claim on forgery as a matter of law and
that we should uphold the trial court‟s sustaining of their demurrer without leave to
amend. They contend (1) plaintiff is equitably estopped from attacking the quitclaim
deed based on laches; (2) her claims are barred by the statute of limitations; and (3) she is
prevented from attacking the quitclaim deed because her forgery allegations are
inconsistent with the allegations in her previous complaints.
       We conclude this is the rare case where laches can be determined on the pleadings
alone, and we affirm the trial court‟s action on that basis.
       The affirmative defense of laches may estop a party from attacking a forged
instrument. (See Merry v. Garibaldi (1941) 48 Cal. App. 2d 397, 401.) Laches is
ordinarily a question of fact. (Lasko v. Valley Presbyterian Hospital (1986) 180
Cal. App. 3d 519, 527.) However, the defense may be raised by demurrer, “but only if the
complaint shows on its face unreasonable delay plus prejudice or acquiescence.
[Citations.]” (Conti v. Board of Civil Service Commissioners (1969) 1 Cal. 3d 351, 362,
original italics.)
       Plaintiff‟s second amended complaint pleads sufficiently detailed facts from which
we can determine as a matter of law her cause is barred by laches. First, the second
amended complaint shows on its face unreasonable delay. Although plaintiff herself
acted without delay upon discovering the property after her father‟s death, she as a
successor in interest to her mother‟s claim is held responsible for the delay of her

                                              10
predecessor, namely, her mother Genevieve. (See N. Hollywood M. Co. v. N. Amer. B.
etc. Co. (1934) 137 Cal. App. 180, 187.)
       As shown by plaintiff‟s allegations, Genevieve unreasonably delayed bringing an
action to enforce her alleged interest in the property. The complaint alleges facts that
show Genevieve knew by 1966 the property had been transferred, but yet she took no
action to regain her interest in it for the rest of her life, a period of 13 years. According to
the complaint, Genevieve stopped paying property taxes on the property in 1966, the
same year Robert transferred the property to the Cadwells. Her decision not to pay taxes
on the property after 1966 indicates she was aware the property had been transferred and
she was no longer responsible for paying property tax. At that point, Genevieve knew or
should have known she no longer held an interest in the property, and if she believed she
had been deprived of her interest wrongfully, she needed to act to protect it. Her refusal
to act for the 13 years of her remaining life was unreasonable under these circumstances.
       Second, the second amended complaint shows on its face that defendants will be
prejudiced if plaintiff is not estopped from prosecuting the action. Where “an action is
commenced many years after its accrual, the death of witnesses or destruction of
evidence, presumed as well as actual, may prejudice the defendant and justify denial of
relief because of staleness of the claim. [Citations.]” (Maguire v. Hibernia S. & L. Soc.
(1944) 23 Cal. 2d 719, 736, original italics.) Such is the case here. The only two
witnesses who could testify concerning the 1960 quitclaim deed, Genevieve and Robert,
are deceased. In addition, plaintiff submitted evidence by a forensic document examiner
who stated, in effect, that the handwriting on the quitclaim deed was so illegible it was
impossible to determine whether the deed was in fact a forgery.
       Thus, based on the facts and evidence pleaded by plaintiff, there is no possibility
she can establish the 1960 quitclaim deed is a forgery. Under these circumstances,
allowing the action to proceed against defendants would work a great prejudice to them.

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For this reason, we conclude the trial court correctly denied plaintiff a third opportunity
to file an amended complaint and sustained the demurrer without leave to amend.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed. Costs on appeal are awarded to defendants. (Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a).)

                                          NICHOLSON          , Acting P. J.

We concur:

      BUTZ            , J.

      MAURO           , J.

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