Court Opinion

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Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

3-21-2007

Hare v. Postmaster General
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-5238

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                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                        No. 05-5238

                                     JAMIE G. HARE,

                                            Appellant

                                              v.

                     JOHN E. POTTER, POSTMASTER GENERAL,
                        UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                                (D.C. Civil No. 02-cv-07373)
                   District Court Judge: Honorable Bruce W. Kauffman

                                   Argued March 13, 2007

         Before: FUENTES, VAN ANTWERPEN, and SILER*, Circuit Judges.

                                   (Filed March 21, 2007)

Kathryn Boockvar (Argued)
Jordan B. Yeager
Boockvar & Yeager
8 West Oakland Avenue
Doylestown, PA 18901

       Counsel for Appellant

_____________
* The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, Jr., Senior United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth
Circuit, sitting by designation.
Viveca D. Parker (Argued)
K.T. Newton
Office of the United States Attorney
615 Chestnut Street, Suite 1250
Philadelphia, PA 19106

       Counsel for Appellee

                               OPINION OF THE COURT

VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.

       Appellant Jamie G. Hare brought a variety of Title VII retaliation and gender

discrimination claims against her employer, the United States Post Office. The District

Court granted the Postmaster General’s motion for summary judgment as to all of her

claims. We will reverse and remand as to two of Hare’s claims under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-

3(a) and as to one of her claims under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a): that the Post Office

retaliated against her by not selecting her for an internal managerial skills improvement

class; that the Post Office retaliated against her by creating a hostile work environment;

and that the Post Office retaliated against her based on her sex.

                                             I.

       Because we write solely for the benefit of the parties, we will set forth only those

facts necessary to our analysis. Furthermore, because this case was decided against Hare

in the District Court on the Postmaster General’s motion for summary judgment, we

                                             1
recite the facts in the light most favorable to Hare.1

Encounter with Lawrence McCullough

       Hare’s claims arise from a series of events that began when Postal Inspector

Lawrence McCullough contacted her on February 10, 2000, about her encounter with an

irate customer earlier in the month. McCullough contacted Hare by phone and asked her

questions that seemed to her intrusive, embarrassing, and irrelevant, such as the

following: Are you white? How tall are you? How much do you weigh? What color hair

do you have? What is your husband’s name? How old is your husband? Do you have any

scars or tattoos? What kind of car do you drive? Did you go to college? App. at 406. The

next day, on February 11, 2000, McCullough met with Hare, and asked her to reenact her

run-in with the irate customer, pretending that he was the customer. At one point during

this reenactment, Hare claimed McCullough pressed his body up against hers and said,

“This is good. This is really, really good.” App. at A38. Also during this meeting,

McCullough told Hare that she was a “very beautiful woman” and essentially accused

Hare of being a prostitute with a substance abuse problem. App. at A408. McCullough

also said, “I can audit you and make your life hell.” App. at A38. Overall, McCullough’s

behavior during this meeting made Hare uncomfortable and scared.

       After the meeting with McCullough adjourned, McCullough left Hare’s office.

Hare later spotted McCullough in the parking lot of her Post Office as she was leaving for

   1
    The Postmaster General disputes Hare’s characterization of the facts and claims that
she engages in exaggeration and embellishment.

                                               2
lunch. McCullough positioned his car so that Hare could not pull out of her parking space

and then asked Hare to join him for lunch. Hare refused. McCullough then said that he

wanted to take her to lunch “to make her feel better.” App. at A38. He also repeatedly

said, “I just want to comfort you.” App. at A.38. Out of fear, Hare eventually agreed to

accompany McCullough to McDonald’s for lunch.

       After lunch, McCullough dropped Hare off at the Post Office, and Hare believed

that he had left the premises for the day. However, he came back into her office later in

the afternoon and told Hare that he was sorry for how he treated her. He also said that he

“wanted to be there” for Hare. App. at A41.

       After these incidents, Hare contacted a friend and asked the friend to follow her

home from work out of fear of McCullough. She also contacted her children and told

them not to answer the door if McCullough came to their home.

       It appears from the record that Hare and McCullough never had any further

interactions after February 11, 2000.

Hare Complains about McCullough

       After McCullough left for the day, Hare contacted her manager Dan Reiss and told

him about the incident. He instructed her to record what had happened to her in writing.

Hare did so, and submitted a statement to Reiss on February 13, 2000.

       Over the next few days, Reiss communicated with McCullough’s manager,

William Burmeister. Burmeister made some negative comments about Hare to Reiss, and

he ultimately indicated that he would not discipline McCullough for the incident and that

                                              3
Reiss should contact Edward Burke, Reiss’ manager. Reiss did so, and he, Burke, and

Hare met in late February and then again on March 24, 2000. At their second meeting,

Burke explained that he thought McCullough was “a very straightforward family guy,”

and, since there were no other incidents in his past, he believed the incident was a

“misunderstanding.” App. at 308. He then told Hare he did not believe there was

“anything to be gained by going further” with her claim. Id. Ultimately, no action was

taken against McCullough by Burke or Burmeister.

Hare Not Selected for POOM or CMP

       In the midst of reporting the McCullough incident to her superiors, Hare was

nominated by Reiss on March 21, 2000, to participate in a special program for promising

employees called the Career Management Program (“CMP”). Reiss thought highly of

Hare, as evidenced by his rating her as “Far Exceeds” (the highest performance rating) in

1999 and 2000 and his nomination email discussing her accomplishments in 1998 and

1999. Hare also believed Burke thought highly of her, as evidenced by his twice awarding

her with performance awards in 1999. These accolades, Hare believed, positioned her

well for a slot in the CMP. However, on March 28, 2000, just four days after Burke told

Hare to drop her claims, Burke chose not to send Hare to the CMP. He claimed his

decision was based on Hare not having a sufficiently high job grade.

       On March 29, 2000, the day after being rejected for the CMP, Hare applied for a

job as a Post Office Operations Manager (“POOM”), a position for which Reiss believed

her qualified. On May 25, 2000, Burke held interviews for the position but did not extend

                                             4
an interview to Hare. Hare claims the five candidates Burke interviewed were less

qualified than she in that they had little or no experience as Acting POOM’s or

Postmasters. Hare had been Postmaster of Nesquehoning since 1999 and had repeatedly

served as an Acting POOM. Burke claims that a review board selected the five people

that he interviewed, and that he played no role in deciding not to interview Hare. On June

29, 2000, Burke selected another candidate for the POOM position.

       As a result of the incident with McCullough and being denied participation in

CMP and the POOM job, Hare contacted a counselor at the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) and reported her problems on July 18, 2000.

Postmaster Job in Nazareth

       Hare continued to work as Postmaster of Nesquehoning until April 2001, when she

was promoted to Postmaster of Nazareth, a position for which she had applied.2

Apparently, Burke made this promotion possible. Hare’s manager in Nazareth was Jeffrey

Ruth. Hare and Ruth maintained a good working relationship during their first few

months together. Then, on August 9, 2001, Hare requested time off from Ruth to attend a

deposition on August 21, 2000, in connection with her EEOC claim. Ruth was agitated by

this request and he began talking to Hare about her claim. He told her that she should not

pursue it and that she was wrong to implicate Burke, especially after he promoted her to

   2
    Even though Hare continued to hold the title of Postmaster in Nazareth, her job
“level” was increased from 18 to 20 when she moved. She claims, however, that she had
been receiving level 20 pay in Nesquehoning because of an additional assignment she had
undertaken there.

                                             5
Nazareth. Hare defended her decision to pursue the claim, indicating that it was a matter

of principle, and eventually started to cry. In response to her crying, Ruth said, “There’s

no room for that in this corporation.” App. at A366. Hare eventually asked Ruth whether

her claim would affect his perception of her, to which Ruth responded, “I don’t know.”

App. at 367.

       As a result of this conversation, Hare became distressed and suicidal. She

immediately left work for the day, and she contacted a counselor at an employee

assistance program. On September 13, 2001, Hare amended her complaint with the EEOC

to include retaliation and hostile work environment claims against Ruth based on their

August 9, 2001, conversation.

       After their heated exchange, Ruth began to treat Hare poorly. Over the next few

months, he failed to respond to Hare’s emails, refused to provide her with sufficient

resources to run the Nazareth Post Office, gave her contradictory instructions, yelled at

her, and monitored her work excessively. In addition, the Nazareth Post Office became

the target of multiple audits. Because of these audits, the poor treatment by Ruth, and

operating problems at the Post Office, Hare had to work six days a week for up to 12 to

14 hours a day, well in excess of what other Postmasters worked. Hare believes that Ruth

treated her even more poorly after she amended her EEOC complaint to include him.

       Hare eventually “broke down” emotionally, and, on October 23, 2001, she went to

her doctor, complaining of stress. Hare’s doctor referred her to a psychiatrist, whom she

met on October 30, 2001. Hare was out sick from work from the end of October until

                                              6
November 6, 2001. While she was out sick, Post Office employees contacted Hare on a

daily basis to ask her questions, and, at the direction of Ruth, no employee was assigned

to cover Hare’s work. When Hare returned, her Post Office was in disarray and Ruth

continued to treat her poorly. He required that witnesses be present whenever he spoke

with Hare.

       In December 2001, Hare “broke down” once again and went out on leave as

provided under the Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”). While she was on leave, Ruth

ordered that the Nazareth Post Office locks be changed and sealed her stamp stock. This

latter action, Hare believes, damaged her reputation because it made it look like she had

done something improper with the stamps.

       On January 11, 2002, while out on leave, Hare contacted Ruth and Burke, told

them that she was pregnant, and asked that she be able to report to someone other than

Ruth when she returned. Burke granted her request, assigning her to Charlie Osmond, and

Hare returned to work in mid-January 2002.

Hare’s Return to Work in 2002

       When Hare first returned to the office in January 2002, she assisted in an audit of

her sealed stamp stock. In providing this assistance, she performed some heavy lifting. A

few weeks after this heavy lifting, she suffered a miscarriage. She believes the heavy

lifting caused her miscarriage.

       Hare claims Ruth continued to mistreat her after she returned from FMLA leave,

                                             7
even though he was no longer her manager. As evidence of this she points to the

following: Ruth gave her a “Met Objectives” rating instead of a “Far Exceeds” for 2001,

even though Reiss recommended that she receive a “Far Exceeds” for the work she had

done under him during the first half of that year;3 Ruth called the Office of the Inspector

General to investigate some irregularities with the Nazareth Post Office’s fuel credit card

instead of simply asking Hare about them; Ruth warned Hare’s subsequent managers

about her EEOC claims; Ruth, in a presentation in front of 40 to 50 Postmasters that Hare

did not attend, “made it seem like [Hare] was the worst Postmaster in history”; and, at the

end of 2003 or the beginning of 2004, Ruth indicated to a postal customer that Hare was a

difficult employee. App. at 80.

       Hare also claims other employees mistreated her in the years following her EEOC

claim. She says subsequent managers made comments to her about her claim and, like

Ruth, made it difficult for her to get her work done. In addition, throughout 2004, several

things occurred that made her believe the Post Office wanted her to leave: her Post

Office’s utility bills were not paid as they should have been; her computer login was

mysteriously deleted; there was an error in her paycheck; and her Post Office was the

subject of a security audit that she believed was not necessary.

       On December 16, 2004, Hare’s manager told her that he could not find someone to

cover for an absent employee on December 24 (i.e., Christmas Eve) and, as a result, she

   3
   “Met Objectives” is the second highest performance rating and is one rating below
“Far Exceeds.”

                                             8
would have to work. Hare was supposed to have that day off. Hare became very upset and

decided she could no longer tolerate working for the Post Office. On December 18, 2004,

Hare submitted her letter of resignation, indicating that December 24, 2004 would be her

last day.

                                             II.

       The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction over Hare’s Title VII claims

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have jurisdiction to review the District Court’s grant of

summary judgment pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

       Our review of the District Court’s grant of summary judgment is plenary.

Anderson v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 297 F.3d 242, 246 (3d Cir. 2002) (citation omitted).

Accordingly, “we apply the same test as the District Court should have applied initially.”

Id. That is, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment if “the

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with

the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that

the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)

(emphasis added). In our review, we consider the facts and any inferences that follow

from them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and we determine

“whether a jury could reasonably find either that the plaintiff proved his case by the

quality and quantity of the evidence required by the governing law or that he did not.”

Anderson, 297 F.3d at 247 (internal quotation omitted).

       “Summary judgment against a party who bears the burden of proof at trial . . . is

                                              9
proper . . . [only if that party] fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence

of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden

of proof at trial.” Anderson, 297 F.3d at 247 (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 322, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265, 106 S. Ct. 2548 (1986)). In this situation, “there can be no

genuine issue as to any material fact, since a complete failure of proof concerning an

essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts

immaterial.” Id. (internal quotations omitted).

                                              III.

       Hare essentially makes three claims under Title VII. First, she argues the Post

Office violated 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) by retaliating against her for filing a claim with

the EEOC. She claims this retaliation is evidenced by her not being selected for the

POOM job or the CMP, receiving a lower performance rating, and being harassed by

Burmeister, Burke, Ruth, and her subsequent managers. Second, she argues the Post

Office discriminated against her based on her sex in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-

2(a)(1). Specifically, she claims she was sexually harassed by McCullough, her complaint

against McCullough was inadequately investigated because she is a woman, and she was

subjected to a hostile work environment created by her supervisors. Finally, she claims

the Post Office violated Title VII by constructively discharging her.

       With respect to Hare’s retaliation and gender discrimination claims, we note at the

outset that they are controlled by the three-step burden-shifting framework of McDonnell

Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-03, 93 S. Ct. 1817 (1973). See Moore v. City

                                              10
of Philadelphia, 461 F.3d 331, 342 (3d Cir. 2006) (applying the framework to a

retaliation claim); Atkinson v. LaFayette College, 460 F.3d 447, 454 n.7 (3d Cir. 2006)

(applying the framework to a gender discrimination claim). First, Hare must establish a

prima facie case of retaliation or sex discrimination. Second, if she succeeds, the burden

shifts to the Post Office to advance a legitimate, nonretaliatory or nondiscriminatory

reason for its actions. Finally, if the Post Office advances such a reason, the burden shifts

back to Hare to prove that the nonretaliatory or nondiscriminatory explanation is merely a

pretext for discrimination. See Atkinson, 460 F.3d at 454. We also note that, in order for

Hare to defeat the Post Office’s motion for summary judgment, she “must ‘point to some

evidence, direct or circumstantial, from which a factfinder could reasonably either (1)

disbelieve the employer’s articulated legitimate reasons; or (2) believe that an invidious

discriminatory reason was more likely than not a motivating or determinative cause of the

employer's action.’” Tomasso v. Boeing Co., 445 F.3d 702, 706 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing and

quoting Fuentes v. Perskie, 32 F.3d 759, 764 (3d Cir. 1994)). That is, she must

“demonstrate such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or

contradictions in the employer’s proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a

reasonable factfinder could rationally find them unworthy of credence, and hence infer

that the employer did not act for [the asserted] non-discriminatory reasons.” Id. (citations

and quotations omitted; alteration in original).

A. Retaliation Claim Under § 2000e-3(a)

       To establish a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII, a plaintiff must show

                                             11
the following: (1) she engaged in conduct protected by Title VII; (2) after or

contemporaneous with engaging in that conduct, her employer took an adverse action

against her; (3) the adverse action was “materially adverse”;4 and (4) there was a causal

connection between her participation in the protected activity and the adverse

employment action. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, — U.S. —, 126 S. Ct.
2405, 2415 (2006); Moore, 461 F.3d at 340-41; Weston v. Pennsylvania, 251 F.3d 420,

430 (3d Cir. 2001).

       “Materially adverse” in this context means “it well might have dissuaded a

reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington, —

U.S. at —, 126 S. Ct. at 2415 (citation and internal quotation omitted); Moore, 461 F.3d at

341. Stated differently, a plaintiff may meet her burden by demonstrating that her

employer’s conduct is “likely to deter victims of discrimination from complaining to the

EEOC.” Burlington, — U.S. at —, 126 S. Ct. at 2415 (internal quotation and citation

omitted). “[P]etty slights, minor annoyances, and simple lack of good manners” are

normally not sufficient to deter a reasonable person. Id.

   4
    This definition of adverse employment action is the result of the Supreme Court’s
decision in June 2006 in Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, — U.S. —, 126 S. Ct.
2405 (2006). Prior to Burlington Northern, this Court defined an adverse employment
action as one that “alter[ed] the employee’s compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges
of employment, deprive[ed] him or her of employment opportunities, or adversely
affect[ed] his or her status as an employee.” Robinson v. City of Pittsburgh, 120 F.3d
1286, 1300 (3d Cir. 1997) (internal quotation and citation omitted). The District Court in
Hare’s case applied the old standard. The new standard “protects an employee from a
wider range of conduct” than the old one. Phelan v. Cook County, 463 F.3d 773, 781 n.3
(7th Cir. 2006).

                                             12
       Whether an action is materially adverse “often depends on a constellation of

surrounding circumstances, expectations, and relationships which are not fully captured

by a simple recitation of the words used or the physical acts performed.” Id. However, the

Supreme Court has stated that “excluding an employee from a weekly training lunch that

contributes significantly to the employee’s professional advancement might well deter a

reasonable employee from complaining about discrimination.” Id. Similarly, ordering an

employee to do work assignments that are “more arduous and dirtier” may constitute

“materially adverse” action. Id. at 2417.

       With respect to the causation prong, we consider whether a reasonable jury could

link the employer’s conduct to retaliatory animus. See Jensen v. Potter, 435 F.3d 444, 449

n.2 (3d Cir. 2006) (explaining “[t]he ultimate question in any retaliation case is an intent

to retaliate vel non”). In assessing this, we may consider the “temporal proximity”

between the plaintiff’s protected activity and the employer’s allegedly retaliatory

response, and “the existence of a pattern of antagonism in the intervening period.” Id. at

450 (quotations and citations omitted). Above all, however, “each case must be

considered with a careful eye to the specific facts and circumstances encountered.”

Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271, 279 n.5 (3d Cir. 2000).

       Hare claims the Post Office retaliated against her for filing claims with the EEOC

by doing the following: (1) failing to select her for the CMP; (2) failing to promote her to

the POOM position; (3) rating her as “Met Objectives” instead of “Far Exceeds” in 2001;

                                             13
and (4) creating a hostile work environment.5 We consider each of these below. She also

claims the Post Office retaliated against her by constructively discharging her. Because

we find Hare was not constructively discharged, see infra Section III.C., we find this

claim lacks merit.

1. Failing to Select for CMP

       Hare first claims the Post Office retaliated against her by not selecting her for the

Career Management Program. She argues this is a materially adverse action because the

program “is designed to train and fast-track employees with leadership skills into

management-level positions.” Hare’s Br. at 10. She also argues that the timing of her

being rejected by Burke for the program—just four days after he had met with Hare about

the incident with McCullough—casts suspicion on Burke’s motives. The Post Office

argues Hare was not negatively affected by being excluded from the program, as the CMP

is not a requirement for advancement. It further argues it had a nondiscriminatory reason

for not selecting her: Burke limited his selection to individuals who were in a higher job

“level” than Hare.

       Applying the pre-Burlington Northern standard, the District Court found Hare’s

exclusion from the CMP did not rise to the level of an adverse employment action. In

light of Burlington Northern, however, we find Hare’s failure to be selected a “materially

   5
   Hare also claims that the Post Office retaliated against her by not placing her “in
Acting POOM positions or advanced OIC assignments.” Hare’s Br. at 51-52. Because
Hare does not further elaborate or discuss these claims, we do not consider them.

                                             14
adverse” action. An email to Hare’s manager from a CMP coordinator describes the

program as follows: “The Managerial Skills program provides participants strategies for

managing USPS operations and the workforce. During the course the participants engage

in a variety of learning activities and develop a draft IDP.” App. at A486. In addition,

Burke himself explained that the program helps participants “enhance their skills,” and

when asked whether the program is a stepping stone to advancement, he said, “It’s

important.” App. at A299, A968. Given how the program may “contribute[] significantly

to [an] employee’s professional advancement,” we find not being selected for it is a

“materially adverse” action. Burlington, — U.S. at —, 126 S. Ct. at 2415.

       Viewing all of the facts in Hare’s favor, we also find Hare has shown a causal

connection between her not being selected for the CMP and her discussing her sexual

harassment complaint with Burke. First, these two events occurred just four days apart,

establishing “temporal proximity.” Second, Hare presents evidence that Burke had a

reason to retaliate against her—Burke knew when he made the CMP decision that she

would continue to pursue her claim in direct contravention of Burke’s advice that she

drop it. During her meeting with Burke, Hare claims Burke told her to “keep [her] mouth

shut,” and Burke admits that he told Hare that she had “nothing to gain” by pursuing her

claim any further. App. at A42, A308. At the end of their meeting, however, Burke

admitted that he knew Hare was not satisfied with his response and would not likely

follow his advice. He explained, “I had hoped that that would be the end of it, but from

talking to her and the way she conveyed to me, I could tell that she was not happy or

                                             15
satisfied with that.” App. at A307. Third, Hare presents evidence that Burke expressly

threatened to retaliate against her if she pursued her claim. She claims Burke told her he

would order a “random audit” of her Post Office by the Inspection Service if she did not

drop her claim. App. at A42. Finally, as we explain below, Hare presents evidence that

Burke may not have strictly relied on objective criteria in selecting CMP attendees, as he

maintains. On these facts, we conclude Hare establishes a causal connection between her

protected conduct and her not being selected for the CMP. Accordingly, she establishes a

prima facie case.

       The Post Office argues Burke’s decision was based on objective criteria and not on

any retaliatory animus against Hare. Specifically, it claims when Burke and his direct

reports met to discuss potential candidates, they only considered people who had a job

level of 19 or 20. Since Hare had a job level of 18, she was excluded. Hare argues this is

pretext, pointing to the inclusion of an employee with a job level of 16 in an email from

Burke summarizing who he and his staff had selected. The Post Office argues, however,

that the lower level employee included in the email actually reported to Burke’s peer and

that this peer, and not Burke, selected this employee.

       Hare disputes the Post Office’s explanation, pointing to the language in Burke’s

email that introduces the list of employees selected for the program (which included the

lower level employee): “As a result of yesterday’s discussion at staff meeting, these are

the folks that were suggested to be signed up . . . .” App. at A491. In no way does the

email indicate that the lower level employee was not considered during Burke’s staff

                                            16
meeting, and Burke admits that his peer did not attend this meeting. App. at A491, A968.

In addition, it appears as if a person who directly reported to Burke, not his peer, emailed

him a list with the lower level employee’s name on it. App. at A490. Given these

discrepancies, a reasonable jury could rationally find the Post Office’s asserted

nonretaliatory reason unworthy of credence. Accordingly, we must reverse the District

Court and remand this claim for disposition on the merits.

2. Failure to Promote to POOM

       Hare next claims her not being promoted to POOM was the result of her pressing

her claim. She argues she was well qualified for the POOM position, as evidenced by her

high performance rating and her manager’s recommending her for the position to Burke,

and, despite her qualifications, Burke chose not to interview her. As evidence of

causation, she points to the temporal proximity of her meeting with Burke (on March 24,

2000) and her not being selected to interview for the POOM position (on May 25, 2000).

The Post Office argues that the list of people who Burke ultimately interviewed was

generated by an independent committee. This committee did not include Burke or anyone

else who knew of Hare’s harassment claim. Accordingly, Burke did not have input into

the list of interviewees and could not have excluded Hare out of retaliatory animus.

       The District Court determined that not selecting Hare for the POOM job was an

adverse employment decision, but it found Hare had failed to prove causation in light of

the role of the independent committee. Hare disputes this finding and points to evidence

that one member of the committee, John Philbin, reported directly to Burke. She

                                             17
speculates Burke told Philbin about her claim, and, as a result, Philbin quashed her

candidacy.

       We agree with the District Court and find no evidence in the record that could lead

a jury to reasonably find that Burke told Philbin about Hare’s claim or that the committee

otherwise knew about it. In his deposition, Philbin explicitly denied talking to Burke

about Hare: Q. Did you say that you never talked to Ed Burke about Jamie Hare at all? A.

That’s correct. App. at A325. In addition, Burke testified that he did not know Philbin

was on the committee because its members were kept confidential. App. at A296. Hare

further claims that Philbin likely knew about Hare’s complaint because he worked in the

same building as Burmeister and McCullough. She points to no evidence in the record,

however, that indicates that Philbin ever interacted with either of these men or that he

discussed Hare’s claim with them. Overall, we find the District Court properly found that

Hare did not make out a prima facie case of retaliation based on the Post Office’s not

selecting her for the POOM position.

3. Assigning a Lower Performance Rating

       Hare next claims a reasonable jury could find that her receiving a performance

rating in 2001 that was lower than the one she had received in 1999 or 2000 was the result

of retaliatory animus on the part of the Post Office. Hare, however, never fully develops

this claim.6 In addressing it in her brief, she argues that the assignment of a lower

   6
     It is perhaps for this reason that the District Court did not explicitly address this claim
in its opinion.

                                              18
performance rating constitutes an adverse action, but she never directly addresses the

issue of causation. See Hare’s Br. at 51-52. In her reply brief, she argues that her

accomplishments during the review period merit a higher performance rating, and she

asserts that “Defendant presents no evidence to contradict Hare’s explanations as to why

she deserves a ‘Far Exceeds’ [rating].” See Hare’s Reply Br. at 25-27.

       First, we note Hare has the burden of establishing a prima facie case, which

includes proving causation. Consequently, the Post Office need not present evidence

refuting Hare’s claim until she establishes a causal link. Second, beyond her own

speculation and the temporal proximity of her protected conduct and her receiving a

review, Hare presents no convincing evidence on which a jury could reasonably conclude

that she would have received a “Far Exceeds” had she not filed claims with the EEOC.

She details her achievements of 2001, but does not explain whether these achievements

are similar to or better than those for which she received higher performance ratings in

1999 and 2000. Also, Hare argues that because she received a 2001 mid-year rating of

“Far Exceeds” from Reiss, she should have received a similar 2001 full-year rating from

Ruth. Because, however, she started a challenging new assignment in Nazareth just after

this mid-year rating period, it is not necessarily true that she performed as well in the

second half of the review period as she did in the first. In sum, based on this record, we

cannot say that Hare has presented sufficient evidence for a jury to find that her 2001

performance rating would have been higher had she not filed claims with the EEOC.

4. Retaliatory Harassment

                                             19
       Finally, Hare asserts a retaliation claim predicated upon a hostile work

environment. She argues the following evidence, when considered as a whole, supports

her claim: (1) Burmeister (McCullough’s manager) made negative comments about Hare

to Reiss (Hare’s manager); (2) Burke and Ruth told her that it would be in her best

interest to drop her claim; (3) Burke did not select Hare for the CMP or POOM position;

(4) Ruth yelled at her and treated her poorly after he found out about her claim; (5) Hare

had to work excessive hours because her managers did not provide her with sufficient

resources after she pursued her claim; (6) Ruth damaged her reputation in front of other

Postmasters and a customer; (7) those who managed Hare after Ruth made negative

comments to Hare about her claim; (8) Hare’s computer password was deleted, her Post

Office’s utility bills were not paid, her paycheck contained an error, and she was

excessively audited; (9) Hare’s performance rating in the year after she made her claim

(i.e., 2001) was lower than the performance ratings she had received in prior years (i.e.,

1999 and 2000); and (10) Hare lost the support of her managers after she began pursuing

her claim.

       The District Court did not analyze Hare’s retaliation claim as it related to a hostile

work environment. This is likely because this Court did not recognize such a claim until

Jensen v. Potter, 435 F.3d 444 (3d Cir. 2006), a case decided over two months after the

District Court ruled on the Postmaster’s summary judgment motion. In Jensen, this Court

found that retaliation claims predicated upon a hostile work environment are cognizable

under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) in the presence of “severe and pervasive” retaliatory

                                             20
harassment. Id. at 448. In light of Burlington Northern, however, we have since explained

that such claims may go forward upon a showing by the plaintiff that “a reasonable

employee would have found the alleged retaliatory actions ‘materially adverse.’” Moore,
461 F.3d at 341. Nevertheless, Jensen remains instructive. It explains that it would be

improper for us to “to isolate incidents of facially neutral harassment and conclude, one

by one, that each lacks the required discriminatory animus.” Jensen, 435 F.3d at 450. It

further explains that, because “it is often difficult to determine the motivations of an

action[,] . . . [the] discrimination analysis must concentrate not on individual incidents,

but on the overall scenario.” Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted).

       It may be that some of the evidence Hare cites in support of her claim cannot be

considered because of hearsay problems, and much of it, standing alone, is not very

persuasive. See Shelton v. Univ. of Med. & Dentistry of N.J., 223 F.3d 220, 223 n.2 (3d

Cir. 2000) (noting that we may not consider hearsay statements on a motion for summary

judgment unless they are capable of admission at trial). Furthermore, the evidence she

presents may not be demonstrative of a level of harassment that is severe and pervasive.

However, when we consider the evidence as a whole and under the less-demanding

standard of “materially adverse,” we believe there is competent evidence from which a

jury could reasonably find the Post Office’s actions, and particularly those that occurred

while Hare worked for Ruth, were motivated out of retaliatory animus and created a

hostile work environment.

       Considering the facts in a light most favorable to Hare, we note that Ruth treated

                                              21
Hare well up until he discovered she complained to the EEOC about his manager, Burke.

Then, when he found out about her claim, he told her that he disapproved of it, that she

was “ending her career” by pursing it, and that he did not know if he could treat her

impartially in light of it. App. at A52. After telling Hare these things, Ruth began to treat

her poorly. For example, he “screamed” at Hare for reporting that mail in the Nazareth

Post Office had been delayed, even though Hare could lose her job for not reporting

delayed mail. See App. at A67. When Hare’s Post Office was short-staffed, Ruth refused

to provide her resources that could help her meet her deadlines, even though this would

seem to have been within his power. When Hare moved to Nazareth, she experienced a

significant increase in the number of audits. For example, Nazareth was the subject of

three to four “External First Class” audits from April 2001 to the end of 2002. In the years

prior to her coming to Nazareth, Hare experienced just one of these kinds of audits. See

App. at A69-A70. In addition, things that had never happened to Hare in the past, such as

her computer login being deleted and her Post Office’s utility bill not being paid, began to

impede her work.

       In its brief, the Postmaster General addresses many of these incidents individually

and offers plausible nondiscriminatory reasons for their occurrence. We are bound,

however, to consider the evidence as a whole and evaluate the “overall scenario.” Jensen,
435 F.3d at 450. In doing this, we find it suspicious that an employee who had excelled in

previous assignments and who had good working relationships with her supervisors

encountered so many problems just after she told her supervisor that she had engaged in

                                             22
protected conduct. In addition, while we agree that any one of the incidents explained

above, standing alone, does not constitute adverse conduct or demonstrate retaliatory

animus, the incidents, when considered together, could. In sum, we find it would not be

unreasonable for a jury to conclude that Ruth treated Hare more severely than he

otherwise would have because of her pressing her EEOC claim, that such treatment would

deter a reasonable employee from exercising her rights, and that the Post Office’s

explanations for all of the problems that befell Hare after she pressed her claim are not

credible. Consequently, we must remand this claim to the District Court for disposition on

the merits.

B. Gender Discrimination Claims

       Hare asserts three gender discrimination claims under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1):

First, she claims she was sexually harassed by McCullough. Second, she argues Burke

and Burmeister discriminated against her by failing to investigate adequately her charge

against McCullough. Finally, she argues McCullough, Ruth, Burke, Burmeister, and her

other managers harassed her for complaining because she was a woman.7 We address

   7
    The District Court also analyzed whether the Post Office discriminated against Hare
based on her gender when it did not select her for the POOM job or the CMP. Although
Hare claims to appeal “all aspects of the below decision, except for the Equal Pay Act
claim,” we find no references to the POOM or CMP discrimination claims in her brief.
Hare’s Br. at 3. Since she did not brief these claims, we consider them waived. See United
States v. Pelullo, 399 F.3d 197, 222 (3d Cir. 2005) (explaining “an appellant’s failure to
identify or argue an issue in his opening brief constitutes waiver of that issue on appeal”)
(citation omitted). Even if we were to reach these issues, however, we would find Hare
failed to make out a prima facie case because women were selected for the POOM job
and the CMP.

                                             23
each of these claims below. Hare also claims the Post Office discriminated against her by

constructively discharging her. Again, because we find Hare was not constructively

discharged, see infra Section III.C., we find this claim lacks merit.

1. Sexual Harassment by McCullough

       Hare concedes that she waited more than 45 days to report her February 2000

encounter with McCullough and that this violates EEOC regulations (29 C.F.R. §

1614.105).8 She argues, however, that her claim should be equitably tolled because Burke

and other managers discouraged her from filing it. The District Court found Hare’s claim

could not be equitably tolled, and, for the reasons stated below, we agree with this

decision.

       At the outset, we note that equitable tolling “should be applied sparingly.”

Podobnik v. U.S. Postal Service, 409 F.3d 584, 591 (3d Cir. 2005) (citations and

quotations omitted). Furthermore, it is only appropriate in such circumstances as the

following: “(1) where the defendant has actively misled the plaintiff respecting the

plaintiff’s cause of action; (2) where the plaintiff in some extraordinary way has been

prevented from asserting his or her rights; or (3) where the plaintiff has timely asserted

his or her rights mistakenly in the wrong forum.” Oshiver v. Levin, Fishbein, Sedran &

Berman, 38 F.3d 1380, 1387 (3d Cir. 1994).

       Hare presents no evidence on which we can equitably toll her claim. First, Hare

   8
    The 45-day time limit is applicable because Hare is a federal sector employee.

                                             24
was fully aware that she had a claim. During her deposition, when asked how she felt

immediately after her encounter with McCullough, she said, “I felt like I was being

sexually harassed . . . .” App. at A39. Second, Hare’s managers did not mislead her with

respect to her claim. To the contrary, they asked her not to file a claim because they

recognized that she could do so. Third, the efforts on the part of Hare’s managers to

dissuade her from filing a claim seem far from “extraordinary,” as they consisted of

simply asking her not to do so. Finally, Hare presents no evidence that she was otherwise

prevented from filing a claim.

       Hare also argues her sexual harassment claim against McCullough should be saved

by the continuing violations doctrine. She argues his conduct should be viewed as part of

a series of continuing hostile work environment violations, including Hare’s poor

treatment by her managers after she began pressing her claim. We disagree. Hare was

immediately aware of her being sexually harassed, and, consequently, the continuing

violations doctrine does not apply. See Morganroth & Morganroth v. Norris, McLaughlin

& Marcus, P.C., 331 F.3d 406, 417 n.6 (3d Cir. 2003) (explaining the doctrine “does not

apply when plaintiffs are aware of the injury at the time it occurred”). Accordingly, this

sexual harassment claim fails because Hare did not timely report it.

2. Gender Discrimination by Failure to Investigate

       Hare claims that, because she is a woman, Burke and others did not adequately

investigate her charge that McCullough harassed her. This conduct, she claims, violates

Title VII. Hare, however, does not fully develop this claim and cites no law supporting it.

                                             25
In addition, she fails to show how the Post Office’s deficient investigation constituted an

“adverse employment action” under Title VII. See Weston, 251 F.3d at 431 (explaining

that an adverse employment action “effect[s] a material change in the terms or conditions

of [a person’s] employment”). Accordingly, we have no basis to credit this claim.

3. Retaliatory Harassment

       Hare claims her managers retaliated against her not just because she complained,

but because she was a woman who complained. As Hare explains in her brief, she would

not have been harassed “had [she] been male.” Hare’s Br. at 65. The District Court did

not address this claim of Hare’s.

       In Jensen, we considered the same two types of retaliation claims raised by Hare in

this appeal: one based on retaliation for protected conduct in violation of § 2000e-3(a)

(discussed supra), and one based on gender discrimination in violation of § 2000e-2(a).

With respect to the latter, we explained as follows:

              As an abstract matter, retaliation against a person based on the
              person’s complaint about sexual harassment is not necessarily
              discrimination based on the person’s sex. If the individuals
              carrying out the harassment would have carried out a similar
              campaign regardless of the sex of the person making the
              complaint, the harassment, while actionable as illegal
              retaliation, would not also be actionable as discrimination
              based on sex. In reality, however, when a woman who
              complains about sexual harassment is thereafter subjected to
              harassment based on that complaint, a claim that the
              harassment constituted sex discrimination (because a man
              who made such a complaint would not have been subjected to
              similar harassment) will almost always present a question that
              must be presented to the trier of fact. In such a situation, the
              evidence will almost always be sufficient to give rise to a

                                            26
              reasonable inference that the harassment would not have
              occurred if the person making the complaint were a man.

Jensen, 435 F.3d at 454.

       While the record shows Hare attributed her poor treatment to her filing a complaint

with the EEOC, we cannot say on the evidence before us that she would have suffered the

same treatment had she been a man. Accordingly, we hold that Hare’s retaliation claim

based on gender discrimination should proceed on its merits.

C. Constructive Discharge Claim

       Hare claims that conditions at the Post Office were so intolerable that she was

constructively discharged. We disagree.

       “Constructive discharge occurs when an employer knowingly permit[s] conditions

of discrimination in employment so intolerable that a reasonable person subject to them

would resign.” Spencer v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 469 F.3d 311, 317 n.4 (3d Cir. 2006)

(internal citation and quotation omitted). “To prove constructive discharge, the plaintiff

must demonstrate a greater severity or pervasiveness of harassment than the minimum

required to prove a hostile working environment.” Id. (internal quotation and citation

omitted).

       While we agree that the conduct Hare challenges, including the excessive audits,

Ruth’s yelling at her, and Ruth’s refusal to allocate more resources to Hare’s Post Office,

made it more difficult for Hare to complete her work, there is no evidence in the record

that could lead a jury to reasonably find that the Post Office’s conduct was so extreme as

                                            27
to force Hare to resign. Furthermore, we do not believe a jury could reasonably find the

incident that led to Hare’s departure—her manager asking her to work on one of the

busiest mail days of the year (i.e., Christmas Eve)—was so outrageous as to necessitate

her resignation, particularly given her role as Postmaster. Accordingly, there was no

constructive discharge and Hare’s damages will be limited.9

                                             IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the District Court’s blanket grant of

summary judgment in this case and remand for the District Court to consider Hare’s

retaliation claims involving her not being selected for the CMP and her managers creating

a hostile work environment and her gender discrimination claim based on retaliatory

harassment. In all other respects, we will affirm the Order of the District Court.

   9
    Given that Hare was not constructively discharged, it appears that she probably will
not be able to seek back pay or front pay. See, e.g., Hertzberg v. SRAM Corp., 261 F.3d
651, 659 (7th Cir. 2001) (explaining front pay and back pay may not be awarded in the
absence of an actual or constructive discharge); Mallinson-Montague v. Pocrnick, 224
F.3d 1224, 1237 (10th Cir. 2000) (same); Caviness v. Nucor-Yamato Steel Co., 105 F.3d
1216 (8th Cir. 1997) (same with respect to back pay). She will, however, probably be able
to seek compensatory damages and attorneys fees and costs.

                                             28