Court Opinion

ID: 2769091
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-01-12 23:03:20.954598+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:10:14.116448
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                           Appellate Court

                             People v. Whalum, 2014 IL App (1st) 110959-B

Appellate Court               THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                       DAMIAN WHALUM, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.                First District, First Division
                              Docket No. 1-11-0959

Modified opinion filed        November 10, 2014

Held                          Defendant’s conviction for unlawful use of a weapon by a felon was
(Note: This syllabus          upheld, but his sentence for a Class 2 felony based on his prior
constitutes no part of the    Wisconsin conviction for delivery of a controlled sentence was
opinion of the court but      reversed and the cause was remanded for resentencing as a Class 3
has been prepared by the      felony, since the Wisconsin conviction did not qualify to enhance the
Reporter of Decisions         classification under section 111-3(c) of the Code of Criminal
for the convenience of        Procedure; furthermore, the mittimus was directed to be corrected to
the reader.)                  reflect the correct presentence incarceration credit and the mandatory
                              supervised release term was directed to be reduced to one year.

Decision Under                Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-CR-11294; the
Review                        Hon. Nicholas Ford, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                      Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded for
                              resentencing.
     Counsel on               Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, and Jeffrey B. Svehla, all of
     Appeal                   State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                              Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
                              Michelle Katz, Tasha-Marie Kelly, and Gina DiVito, Assistant State’s
                              Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

     Panel                    PRESIDING JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court,
                              with opinion.
                              Justices Connors and Simon concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                OPINION

¶1         This cause comes before us on remand from our supreme court to determine whether a
       different result is warranted in our December 24, 2012, decision in People v. Whalum, 2012 IL
       App (1st) 110959, in light of its March 20, 2014, decision in People v. Easley, 2014 IL 115581.
       People v. Whalum, 2014 IL 115582. We held that the State failed to give defendant notice
       pursuant to section 111-3(c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/111-3(c)
       (West 2010)) of its intent to seek an increase in the classification of defendant’s conviction for
       unlawful use of a weapon by a felon (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a), (e) (West 2010)) from a Class 3
       offense to a Class 2 offense. Whalum, 2012 IL App (1st) 110959, ¶ 37. Our supreme court in
       Easley held that notice to a defendant, also convicted of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon,
       albeit for a second time (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2008)), did not have to be given because
       “section 111-3(c) applies only when the prior conviction is not an element of the offense.”
       Easley, 2014 IL 115581, ¶ 19. Our supreme court explained that the defendant’s prior
       conviction as charged in the indictment, i.e., his first conviction for unlawful use of a weapon
       by a felon, was a required element of the offense with only one resulting possible classification
       of felony. Id.; see 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2008) (providing that “second or subsequent
       violation” of the unlawful use of a weapon by a felon statute results in “a Class 2 felony for
       which the person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 3 years and not
       more than 14 years”).
¶2         In this case, a jury convicted defendant, Damian Whalum, of unlawful use of a weapon by
       a felon. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a), (e) (West 2010). The underlying felony, as put forth in the
       State’s charging instrument, was defendant’s felony conviction for “delivery of a controlled
       substance *** under the laws of the State of Wisconsin.” After carefully considering Easley,
       we hold that under the unique facts of this case, a different result is not warranted. Section
       24-1.1(e) of the Criminal Code of 1961 lists the classification and possible sentences for

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     unlawful use of a weapon by a felon violations. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010).
     Defendant’s Wisconsin felony conviction for delivery of a controlled substance is not listed as
     an elevated classification under section 24-1.1(e). 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010).
     Therefore, the State needed to provide defendant here, unlike the defendant in Easley, with
     notice pursuant to section 111-3(c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure in order to enhance the
     classification of the offense by using another one of defendant’s felony convictions not stated
     in the charging instrument. 725 ILCS 5/111-3(c) (West 2010). The State, however, failed to do
     so. Therefore, on remand, defendant’s conviction should be classified as a Class 3 felony.

¶3                                          BACKGROUND
¶4       We will only address the facts relevant to our supreme court’s holding in Easley. A more
     in-depth discussion of the facts of defendant’s arrest and trial can be found in our prior opinion
     and need not be repeated here. Whalum, 2012 IL App (1st) 110959, ¶¶ 4-15.
¶5       The State charged defendant by information with two counts of unlawful use of a weapon
     by a felon. Under count I, the State charged defendant with committing the unlawful use of a
     weapon by a felon as follows:
             “He, knowingly possessed on or about his person firearm ammunition, to wit: .357
             caliber rounds, after having been previously convicted of the felony offense of delivery
             of a controlled substance, under case number 03CF000296, under the laws of the State
             of Wisconsin.”
     Count II is identical to count I, except the firearm ammunition listed was “.40 caliber rounds.”1
¶6       After trial, the jury returned a verdict finding defendant guilty of unlawful use of a weapon
     by a felon. The circuit court denied defendant’s motion for a new trial.
¶7       At sentencing, the State asserted that due to defendant’s background, he qualified for
     mandatory Class X sentencing of between 6 and 60 years’ imprisonment. The State provided
     certified copies of conviction for the following five offenses, all from Wisconsin: battery by a
     prisoner, bail jumping, “substantial battery intend bodily harm,” “vehicle operator flee/elude,”
     and felony delivery of a controlled substance. The State also informed the court that defendant
     had been convicted in Wisconsin of the following three misdemeanor offenses: resisting or
     obstructing a police officer, battery, and disorderly conduct. After considering the evidence in
     aggravation and mitigation, the presentence investigative report, the arguments of counsel, and
     the evidence at trial, the circuit court found that because defendant had two prior Class 2
     felonies, it had to sentence him as a Class X offender. The court sentenced defendant to 10
     years in prison with 2 years of mandatory supervised release (MSR). The circuit court
     calculated that defendant should receive 174 days of credit for time served. Although the
     mittimus initially showed defendant’s sentence to include a two-year term of MSR upon his
     release from prison, the circuit court issued a corrected mittimus showing defendant was to
     serve a three-year term of MSR.
¶8       Defendant raised one trial issue and several issues regarding his sentence on appeal.
     Whalum, 2012 IL App (1st) 110959, ¶ 1. The State disputed the trial issue and two of

        1
         In our prior opinion, we held the circuit court merged defendant’s two convictions under one
     count. Whalum, 2012 IL App (1st) 110959, ¶ 42.

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       defendant’s sentencing issues, but agreed that the matter had to be remanded for resentencing
       because the circuit court improperly sentenced defendant as a Class X offender and that
       defendant’s mittimus needed correction to reflect the full number of days spent in custody
       prior to sentencing. Id. We entered judgment in the State’s favor regarding the trial issue but in
       defendant’s favor regarding the disputed sentencing issues. Id. Relevant here, we held that the
       State failed to provide defendant notice according to section 111-3(c) of the Code of Criminal
       Procedure (725 ILCS 5/111-3(c) (West 2010)) of its intention to seek an enhanced felony
       classification and sentence for defendant’s conviction for unlawful use of a weapon by a felon
       (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a), (e) (West 2010)). Whalum, 2012 IL App (1st) 110959, ¶ 37.

¶9                                               ANALYSIS
¶ 10       As discussed in our previous opinion, the parties agreed that the circuit court improperly
       sentenced defendant as a Class X offender and that defendant’s mittimus needed to be
       corrected to reflect 261 days of presentence credit. Whalum, 2012 IL App (1st) 110959, ¶¶ 1,
       28-29. We also held that defendant’s mittimus needed further correction to reflect only one
       conviction for unlawful use of a weapon by a felon. Id. ¶¶ 39-42. Below we will address, in
       light of our supreme court’s decision in Easley, whether a different result is warranted on the
       issue of whether the State was required to provide defendant notice pursuant to section
       111-3(c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (725 ILCS 5/111-3(c) (West 2010)) of its intention
       to seek an enhanced classification of defendant’s conviction.
¶ 11       Defendant argues the circuit court erred when it enhanced his conviction from a Class 3
       offense to a Class 2 offense because the State failed to give notice in its charging instrument
       that it was seeking an enhanced sentence under section 111-3(c) of the Code of Criminal
       Procedure. 725 ILCS 5/111-3(c) (West 2010). Defendant admits that he did not properly
       preserve this issue for appellate review, but contends that his sentence is void and, therefore,
       can be challenged at any time.
¶ 12       In response, the State argues defendant forfeited review of this claim for failing to properly
       preserve it for appellate review. Alternatively, the State argues that it was not required to give
       defendant notice because it was not seeking an enhanced sentence based on defendant’s prior
       conviction; rather, it was imposing the sentence that was mandated by statute. The State
       maintains that defendant’s Wisconsin convictions qualify as forcible felonies under the
       residual clause of section 2-8 of the Criminal Code. 720 ILCS 5/2-8 (West 2010).
¶ 13       In supplemental briefing before this court, defendant argues that his prior conviction that
       the State alleged in its charging instrument, i.e., his Wisconsin conviction for delivery of a
       controlled substance, cannot support a Class 2 felony as section 24-1.1(e) of the Criminal Code
       (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010)) lists only Illinois convictions. Defendant maintains this
       court should rely on the plain language of section 24-1.1(e) of the Criminal Code. 720 ILCS
       5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010). In response, the State argues defendant’s Wisconsin conviction for
       delivery of a controlled substance is at least the equivalent of a Class 2 felony under the Illinois
       Controlled Substances Act, which requires a Class 2 sentence. The State argues defendant’s
       interpretation of section 24-1.1 of the Criminal Code (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1 (West 2010)) leads to
       an absurd result.
¶ 14       We will review the merits of defendant’s claim because he challenges his sentence as void,
       an error that can be corrected at any time. People v. Arna, 168 Ill. 2d 107, 113 (1995). Our
       review is de novo because it involves interpreting the construction of a statute. People v.

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       Robinson, 172 Ill. 2d 452, 457 (1996). In doing so, we must ascertain and give effect to the
       legislature’s intent. Easley, 2014 IL 115581, ¶ 16. The legislature’s intent is best shown by the
       plain and ordinary meaning of the language of the statute. Id.
¶ 15       Section 111-3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure addresses the requirements and form of a
       criminal charging instrument. 725 ILCS 5/111-3 (West 2010); People v. Nowells, 2013 IL App
       (1st) 113209, ¶ 23. Subsection (c) of section 111-3 provides, in relevant part:
                “When the State seeks an enhanced sentence because of a prior conviction, the charge
                shall also state the intention to seek an enhanced sentence and shall state such prior
                conviction so as to give notice to the defendant. However, the fact of such prior
                conviction and the State’s intention to seek an enhanced sentence are not elements of
                the offense and may not be disclosed to the jury during trial unless otherwise permitted
                by issues properly raised during such trial. For the purposes of this Section, ‘enhanced
                sentence’ means a sentence which is increased by a prior conviction from one
                classification of offense to another higher level classification of offense set forth in
                Section 5-4.5-10 of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-10); it does not
                include an increase in the sentence applied within the same level of classification of
                offense.” 725 ILCS 5/111-3(c) (West 2010).
¶ 16       Section 111-3(c) ensures “that a defendant received notice, before trial, of the offense for
       which he is charged.” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Jameson, 162 Ill. 2d 282, 290 (1994).
       In enacting the statute, the legislature “intended [the] statute to reach those instances in which
       a prior conviction elevates the classification of the offense with which a defendant is charged
       and convicted, rather than simply the sentence imposed.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 288.
       The notice provision contained in section 111-3(c), however, “applies only when the prior
       conviction that would enhance the sentence is not already an element of the offense.” Easley,
       2014 IL 115581, ¶ 19. Where a prior conviction is a required element of the offense, “only one
       class of felony conviction is possible for the offense as alleged in the charging instrument.” Id.;
       Nowells, 2013 IL App (1st) 113209, ¶ 26 (“notice is not necessary when the prior conviction is
       a required element of the offense, such that only one class of felony conviction is possible for
       that offense as alleged in the charging instrument”).
¶ 17       In the case at bar, the State charged defendant by information with unlawful use of a
       weapon by a felon for possessing ammunition “after having been previously convicted of the
       felony offense of delivery of a controlled substance *** under the laws of the State of
       Wisconsin” in violation of section 24-1.1(a) of the Criminal Code. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West
       2010) (“It is unlawful for a person to knowingly possess *** any firearm ammunition if the
       person has been convicted of a felony under the laws of this State or any other jurisdiction.”
       (Emphasis added.)). At trial, the State proved, and defendant does not dispute here, that
       defendant knowingly possessed the ammunition and, through a certified copy of his Wisconsin
       conviction for delivery of a controlled substance, that he had a prior felony. Accordingly,
       under section 24-1.1 of the Criminal Code, the class of the offense, and the possible sentence,
       is dictated by subsection (e). 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010). An initial violation of section
       24-1.1 by a person not in a penal institution results in a Class 3 felony, with a possible sentence
       of between 2 and 10 years in prison. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010). A second or
       subsequent violation of section 24-1.1 results in a Class 2 felony with a sentencing range of
       between 3 and 14 years in prison. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010). The other Class 2
       felonies, as dictated by section 24-1.1(e), are as follows:

                                                    -5-
               “Violation of this Section by a person not confined in a penal institution who has been
               convicted of a forcible felony, a felony violation of Article 24 of this Code or of the
               Firearm Owners Identification Card Act, stalking or aggravated stalking, or a Class 2 or
               greater felony under the Illinois Controlled Substances Act, the Cannabis Control Act,
               or the Methamphetamine Control and Community Protection Act is a Class 2 felony for
               which the person shall be sentenced to not less than 3 years and not more than 14 years.
               Violation of this Section by a person who is on parole or mandatory supervised release
               is a Class 2 felony for which the person, if sentenced to a term of imprisonment, shall
               be sentenced to not less than 3 years and not more than 14 years.” 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e)
               (West 2010).
¶ 18       Applying defendant’s underlying felony as stated in the charging instrument, i.e., “delivery
       of a controlled substance *** under the laws of the state of Wisconsin,” to the possible
       classification and sentences he could receive under section 24-1.1(e), we hold his Wisconsin
       felony could only result in a Class 3 felony and a prison sentence of between 2 and 10 years.
       720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010). Defendant’s Wisconsin felony does not fall under any of
       the specific types of felonies listed under section 24-1.1(e) that require a violation to be
       classified as a Class 2 felony because it is not a violation of article 24 of the Criminal Code of
       1961, the Firearm Owners Identification Card Act, the Illinois Controlled Substances Act, the
       Cannabis Control Act, or the Methamphetamine Control and Community Protection Act, or a
       second violation of section 24-1.1. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010). Similarly, it also does
       not fall under any of the more general categories listed under section 24-1.1(e), i.e., a
       conviction for a forcible felony,2 stalking, aggravated stalking, or status as a parolee.3 720
       ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010). Had defendant’s prior Wisconsin felony fallen into any one of
       the above categories, defendant’s conviction would be a Class 2 felony and notice under
       section 111-3(c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure would not have been required because
       “such notice is unnecessary when the prior conviction is already a required element of the
       offense and only one class of felony is possible for that offense as alleged in the charging
       instrument.” Easley, 2014 IL 115581, ¶ 24. Defendant’s Wisconsin felony conviction for
       delivery of a controlled substance, however, does not fall into any of the delineated categories
       under section 24-1.1(e). 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010).
¶ 19       Accordingly, it follows that if the State wanted defendant’s conviction for unlawful use of
       a weapon by a felon to be a Class 2 felony, it could have done so by using a different prior
       conviction or by giving defendant notice. The State could have used a different prior
       conviction for the enhanced classification and sentence, one that falls under one of the
       categories listed in section 24-1.1(e), as an element of the offense. This would have eliminated
       the need to provide notice for an enhanced sentence under section 111-3(c) of the Code of
       Criminal Procedure. Easley, 2014 IL 115581, ¶ 19. Or, the State could have used defendant’s
       Wisconsin felony conviction for delivery of a controlled substance, as it did, but given
       defendant notice in the charging instrument according to section 111-3(c) of the Code of
       Criminal Procedure. Here, as argued by the State, that other prior conviction is defendant’s

           2
           See 720 ILCS 5/2-8 (West 2010) (for the list of forcible felonies).
           3
           The State does not raise any argument that defendant was on parole at the time of his arrest for the
       underlying conviction of delivery of a controlled substance.

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       Wisconsin conviction for substantial battery. 4 The State’s failure to do either results in
       defendant’s proper felony classification being a Class 3 felony under section 24-1.1(e) and its
       resulting possible prison sentence, 2 to 10 years. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010).
¶ 20        The State’s use of defendant’s prior felony conviction for delivery of a controlled
       substance under the laws of Wisconsin as an element in its charge of unlawful use of a weapon
       by a felon makes this case factually unique because it does not fall into any of the Class 2
       felony categories in section 24-1.1(e) of the Criminal Code. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West
       2010). We disagree with the State’s contention that notice under section 111-3(c) of the Code
       of Criminal Procedure was not required because defendant’s Wisconsin conviction for
       delivery of a controlled substance would be the equivalent of a Class 2 or greater felony under
       the Illinois Controlled Substances Act or one of the other drug-related Acts listed in section
       24-1.1(e) of the Criminal Code. See 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010). The legislature’s
       intent is best shown by the plain and ordinary meaning of the language of the statute. Easley,
       2014 IL 115581, ¶ 16. Here, the legislature listed the following Illinois statutes specifically:
       the Illinois Controlled Substances Act, article 24 of the Criminal Code, the Firearm Owners
       Identification Card Act, the Cannabis Control Act, and the Methamphetamine Control and
       Community Protection Act. Had the legislature wanted to include violations of similar crimes
       in other states, it would have done so. Presumably, it would have done so not by listing specific
       statutes but, rather, setting out a general description of the crime. For example, within section
       24-1.1(e), the legislature listed the following crimes generally, without stating the specific
       Illinois statute they fall under, as Class 2 felonies: a forcible felony, stalking, aggravated
       stalking, and status as a parolee. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010). As discussed above, the
       prior conviction the State charged as an element of the offense of unlawful use of a weapon by
       a felon, defendant’s Wisconsin conviction for delivery of a controlled substance, does not fall
       within any of the specific or general categories listed under section 24-1.1(e).
¶ 21        The unique factual situation of this case also makes it distinguishable from other recent
       Illinois cases where a defendant convicted of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon alleges
       improper notice under section 111-3(c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In People v.
       Easley, the defendant, like defendant here, was convicted of unlawful use of a weapon by a
       felon. Easley, 2014 IL 115581, ¶ 1. Unlike defendant in the case at bar, however, the Easley
       defendant’s prior conviction supporting the charge, as stated in the indictment, was a prior
       conviction for unlawful use of a weapon by a felon. Id. ¶ 22. Section 24-1.1(e) of the Criminal
       Code provides that “ ‘any second or subsequent violation’ ” of the unlawful use of a weapon
       statute is a Class 2 felony with a sentencing range of 3 to 14 years’ imprisonment. (Emphasis
       omitted.) Id. ¶ 21 (quoting 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2008)). Our supreme court held that
       the notice provision of section 111-3(c) did not apply “because the State did not seek to
       enhance defendant’s sentence with his prior conviction. Rather, as alleged in the indictment,
       defendant’s Class 2 sentence was the only statutorily allowed sentence under section 24-1.1(e)
       of the Criminal Code.” Id. ¶ 22.

           4
            As explained by the parties, Wisconsin has a category of battery titled substantial battery, which is
       a step below aggravated battery. Wis. Stat. § 940.19 (2010). The parties dispute whether a Wisconsin
       substantial battery is a forcible felony. Due to our conclusion in this case, we need not resolve this
       dispute.

                                                       -7-
¶ 22       Other divisions of this court have also addressed similar factual situations to Easley and
       held that notice according to section 111-3(c) of the Criminal Code of Procedure was not
       necessary where the prior conviction used as an element of the crime of unlawful use of a
       weapon mandated a specific classification under section 24-1.1(e). See Nowells, 2013 IL App
       (1st) 113209, ¶ 24 (defendant’s prior conviction for delivery of a controlled substance under
       the Illinois Controlled Substances Act); People v. Wilbourn, 2014 IL App (1st) 111497, ¶ 4
       (prior conviction of aggravated battery resulting in great bodily harm, a forcible felony);
       People v. Polk, 2014 IL App (1st) 122017, ¶ 13 (prior conviction of the forcible felony of
       conspiracy to commit murder); People v. Lewis, 2014 IL App (1st) 122126, ¶¶ 29-30 (prior
       conviction of the forcible felony of aggravated robbery); People v. Pryor, 2014 IL App (1st)
       121792-B, ¶ 7 (prior conviction for unlawful use of a weapon by a felon). In the case at bar,
       however, the State is attempting to have defendant’s conviction classified as a Class 2 felony
       based on a substantial battery conviction from Wisconsin. Because the substantial battery
       conviction was not charged as an element of the offense of unlawful use of a weapon by a
       felon, the State needed to provide notice under section 111-3(c) of the Criminal Code of
       Procedure before the substantial battery conviction could elevate the classification of the
       conviction from a Class 3 felony to a Class 2 felony. 5 The State failed to do so here.
       Accordingly, on remand, defendant should be classified and sentenced for a Class 3 felony.
¶ 23       To avoid confusion, we will repeat our conclusion from our initial opinion, but stress that
       we have carefully considered our supreme court’s holding in Easley upon reconsideration. The
       unique facts of this case, specifically the State’s use of defendant’s Wisconsin felony
       conviction for delivery of a controlled substance as the element of a prior felony conviction in
       the charging instrument, render this case factually distinguishable to the facts of Easley.
       Accordingly, as stated in our prior opinion, we affirm defendant’s conviction but remand the
       matter for resentencing. Whalum, 2012 IL App (1st) 110959, ¶ 1. Upon resentencing,
       defendant should be sentenced for a Class 3 felony pursuant to section 24-1.1(e) of the
       Criminal Code. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2010). Defendant’s mittimus should also be
       corrected to reflect 261 days of presentence credit and a conviction for a single count of
       unlawful use of a weapon by a felon. Whalum, 2012 IL App (1st) 110959, ¶¶ 1, 28-29, 42.
       Defendant’s term of MSR should also be reduced to one year. Id. ¶ 44 (citing 730 ILCS
       5/5-4.5-40(l) (West 2010)).

¶ 24                                       CONCLUSION
¶ 25      The judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and
       remanded for resentencing.

¶ 26       Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded for resentencing.

           5
            We stress that we make no judgment on whether defendant’s substantial battery conviction would
       qualify as a forcible felony under section 24-1.1(e). Rather, we merely hold that if the State wanted to
       enhance the classification of defendant’s felony from a Class 3 to a Class 2, it had to provide defendant
       with notice in this case because the substantial battery conviction was not an element of the offense
       charged.

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