Court Opinion

ID: 4333425
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 01:11:43.928172+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:47:11.170726
License: Public Domain

T.C. Memo. 2001-217

                     UNITED STATES TAX COURT

                  PAULA M. OLSEN, Petitioner v.
          COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

     Docket No. 13705-98.                    Filed August 13, 2001.

     Paula M. Olsen, pro se.

     R. Craig Schneider, for respondent.

                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

     COUVILLION, Special Trial Judge:   Respondent determined the

following deficiencies in Federal income taxes and additions to

tax against petitioner for the years shown:1

     1
           Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to
the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years at issue. All
Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and
Procedure.
                               - 2 -

                                     Additions to Tax
     Year       Deficiency    Sec. 6651(a)(1)     Sec. 6654

     1994        $3,361           $  616             $123
     1995         4,738            1,080              232
     1996         1,504              331              ---

     The issues for decision are: (1) Whether petitioner, under

section 61, is liable for Federal income taxes on income of

$26,457, $31,759, and $15,937, respectively, for 1994, 1995, and

1996; (2) if so, whether petitioner is entitled to itemized

deductions in excess of amounts conceded by respondent at trial;

and (3) whether petitioner is liable for the additions to tax

shown above.2

     Some of the facts were stipulated, and those facts, with the

annexed exhibits, are so found and are incorporated herein by

reference.   At the time the petition was filed, petitioner's

legal residence was Salt Lake City, Utah.

     Petitioner did not file a Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income

Tax Return, for the years at issue.    In lieu of a return, for the

     2
          At trial, respondent conceded that petitioner's filing
status was single rather than married filing separately as
determined in the notice of deficiency, the effect of which
reduces the deficiencies and additions to tax. In addition, the
notice of deficiency allowed petitioner the standard deduction
under sec. 63 in lieu of itemized deductions for each of the
years at issue. At trial, respondent conceded petitioner's
entitlement to itemized deductions for the years 1994 and 1995.
As to this issue, the question is petitioner's entitlement to
itemized deductions in excess of the amounts conceded by
respondent. A decision will be necessary under Rule 155.
                               - 3 -

year 1994, petitioner filed with the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,

office of respondent a two-page document entitled "Statement",

which included two copies of Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement,

relative to income payments to petitioner during 1994.   The first

page of the statement listed the income and Social Security taxes

withheld, as to which, on the bottom line, petitioner identified

that amount to be refunded.   For the year 1995, petitioner filed

with the Washington, D.C., office of respondent a six-page

document captioned "Actual and Constructive Notice of

Declaration".   This document included copies of a Form SSA-1099-

SM, Social Security Benefit Statement, evidencing Social Security

benefits paid to petitioner during 1995, one Form W-2, and one

Form 1099-R, Distributions From Pensions, Annuities, Retirement

or Profit Sharing Plans, IRAs, Insurance Contracts, Etc.,

evidencing retirement benefits paid to petitioner.   In this

document, among other things, petitioner stated her citizenship

to be that of the "Utah Republic", that the place and source of

her income was "within the territorial jurisdiction of the

government of Utah, 'without U.S.'", and that her "allegiance"

was "to Utah, and the Republic for which it stands and is joined

with".   The document further included a denial that petitioner

was a "U.S. resident living or working within any federal area,

district, country, state, or land subject to the (imperial)

taxation powers of the U.S." or that she had any "sources" of
                               - 4 -

income within the United States.   Predictably, respondent did not

consider nor accept petitioner's filings for 1994 and 1995 as

income tax returns.   For 1996, petitioner did not file anything

with respondent with respect to her income tax for that year.

The notice of deficiency followed in due course.3   In her

petition with this Court, petitioner's sole allegation is that

"Taxes were timely filed with Philadelphia IRS as I was

instructed by IRS to do.   IRS should go by tax forms that they

originally accepted."   After the petition was filed and the case

was assigned to one of respondent's Appeals officers, petitioner

submitted unsigned Forms 1040 for the years 1994 and 1996, in

which some of petitioner's income was listed.   The 1994 Form 1040

showed an overpayment of $502, and the 1996 Form 1040 showed a

tax due of $1,091.4   The only apparent effects of the unsigned

returns submitted were respondent's concessions regarding

petitioner's filing status and her entitlement to itemized

deductions for 2 of the years at issue.   See supra note 2.

     Prior to trial, petitioner filed a Motion For Summary

     3
          The income adjustments in the notice of deficiency are
based on information returns filed by payers, some of which were
not included on the statements and declarations petitioner filed
with respondent.
     4
          In respondent's trial memorandum, as well as in a
posttrial memorandum, respondent refers to petitioner's
submission of an unsigned Form 1040 for the year 1995. Although
the unsigned Forms 1040 for the years 1994 and 1996 were offered
into evidence, no such Form 1040 was offered into evidence for
1995.
                                - 5 -

Judgment, claiming that she did not have a "taxable source of

income"; therefore, she owed no Federal income taxes.     Such

arguments and positions have been raised before in countless

numbers of cases and have been dismissed summarily as tax

protester arguments.    Petitioner's motion was denied.   At trial,

petitioner presented no evidence to dispute the income payments

to her during the years in question, nor did she present any

evidence to increase the itemized deductions conceded by

respondent.    Her sole position was to have the attorney for

respondent removed from her case, and, in lieu of that,

petitioner testified: "So then why don't we just do this: Let's

make it very simple.    Why don't you just rule against me and I'll

take it to appeal and I'll get rid of him somewhere along the

line there."    No motions were filed by petitioner to have the

attorney recused from the case.    Following the trial, the Court

ordered the parties to file memoranda.    The memorandum filed by

petitioner was another motion for summary judgment on the same

grounds as the previous motion that was denied.    This posttrial

motion was also denied.

     Petitioner's arguments, as outlined above in her "statement"

and "declaration" in lieu of tax returns and in her two motions

for summary judgment, are tax protester arguments that have been

heard on numerous occasions by this Court, as well as other

courts, and have been consistently rejected.    The Court sees no
                                - 6 -

need to further respond to such arguments with somber reasoning

and copious citations of precedent, as to do so might suggest

that such arguments have some measure of colorable merit.      Crain

v. Commissioner, 737 F.2d 1417 (5th Cir. 1984).   In short,

petitioner is a taxpayer subject to the income tax laws, and the

payments she received during the years at issue constituted gross

income subject to Federal income taxes.    Abrams v. Commissioner,

82 T.C. 403, 406-407 (1984).    Respondent is, therefore, sustained

on this issue.

     Section 6651(a)(1) provides for an addition to tax for a

taxpayer's failure to file timely returns, unless the taxpayer

can establish that such failure "is due to reasonable cause and

not due to willful neglect".    Petitioner's sole reason for filing

"statements" and "declarations" with respondent in lieu of income

tax returns was her stated disenchantment with the Internal

Revenue Service because of collection actions taken against her

and her husband several years earlier for income tax deficiencies

arising out of their investment in a fraudulent tax shelter.

Petitioner felt that these actions against her and her husband

were unjustified when no punitive actions were taken against the

promoters of the shelter.   The Court does not view this position

as a reasonable cause for the failure to file income tax returns

and the failure to pay taxes.   Section 6654 provides for an

addition to tax "in the case of any underpayment of estimated tax
                                - 7 -

by an individual".    There is no exception for relief based upon

reasonable cause and lack of willful neglect.    Subject to certain

exceptions provided by statute, this addition to tax is otherwise

automatic if the amounts of the withholdings and estimated tax

payments do not equal statutorily designated amounts.

Niedringhaus v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. 202, 222 (1992).

Petitioner's situation does not fall within any of these

statutory exceptions.    Respondent, therefore, is sustained on the

sections 6651(a)(1) and 6654 additions to tax.

     Finally, respondent moved for a penalty against petitioner

under section 6673.    Section 6673(a)(1) authorizes this Court to

require a taxpayer to pay a penalty to the United States, in an

amount not to exceed $25,000, whenever it appears that

proceedings have been instituted or maintained by such taxpayer

primarily for delay, or that the taxpayer's position in a

proceeding is frivolous or groundless.    A petition in the Tax

Court is frivolous "if it is contrary to established law and

unsupported by a reasoned, colorable argument for change in the

law."   Coleman v. Commissioner, 791 F.2d 68, 71 (7th Cir. 1986).

At trial, petitioner acknowledged that she had filed income tax

returns up to 1994.   She had been employed for 23 years as a

schoolteacher and was retired during the years at issue.    She

quite frankly testified at trial that her views on the Internal

Revenue Service had "soured" after she and her husband were made
                               - 8 -

to pay tax deficiencies over a tax shelter that she viewed as

fraudulent.   Her actions in not filing proper tax returns were

nothing more than acts of civil disobedience.     Her pleadings, as

noted above, were frivolous and consumed the time and efforts of

this Court.   Moreover, her testimony to the Court that the only

relief she sought was the recusal of respondent's attorney

evinced an intent to delay this proceeding and its ultimate

conclusion.   The Court holds that petitioner is liable for the

penalty under section 6673 and imposes such penalty in the amount

of $750.

     Because of respondent's concessions,

                                            Decision will be entered

                                       under Rule 155.