Court Opinion

ID: 9567052
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 19:47:50.532164+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:52:37.107650
License: Public Domain

GIBSON, C. J.
Plaintiff, a taxpayer, seeks by this action on behalf of Los Angeles County to recover from defendant Sharp and several officers of the county the salary paid by the county to Sharp, to enjoin further payment of salary to him, and to obtain a judgment declaring the rights and duties of the parties. Defendant Harold W. Kennedy, County Counsel, was not named as a defendant in the original or the first amended complaint but was made a defendant for the first time in the second amended complaint. The sole basis for recovery alleged as to him appears in the second count of the complaint, which purports to state a cause of action only against him. The trial court granted a motion to strike the second count, and plaintiff has appealed from the order granting the motion.
The original complaint and the two amended complaints allege as follows: The Los Angeles County Civil Service Commission called a promotional examination to fill a vacancy in the classified services and knowingly fixed the requirements so that only Sharp could qualify. The commission made an eligible list showing that Sharp was the only applicant and determined his rating by investigation rather than by competitive examination. After certification by the commission, the county clerk appointed Sharp to the position, and he was paid for his services out of public funds. It was further averred that the eligible list and Sharp’s appointment were void and that the payment of public money to him was unauthorized.
*677In the second cause of action of the second amended complaint, which is the one involved here, it is alleged that Kennedy, as County Counsel, was given written notice of the assertedly illegal payments and that he failed, after demand, to institute an action against Sharp. Plaintiff seeks to recover the portion of the salary paid to Sharp which was barred by the statute of limitations at the time this action was commenced. He claims that the barred payments could have been recovered if timely suit had been brought by the county counsel.
The order granting the motion to strike operated to remove from the ease the only cause of action alleged against the county counsel and to leave no issues to be determined between him and plaintiff, and it was appealable as a “final judgment” within the meaning of section 963 of the Code of Civil Procedure.* (Young v. Superior Court, 16 Cal.2d 211, 214-215 [105 P.2d 363]; Howe v. Key System Transit Co., 198 Cal. 525 [246 P. 39]; People v. Buellton Dev. Co., 58 Cal.App.2d 178, 181 [136 P.2d 793] ; County of Humboldt v. Kay, 57 Cal.App.2d 115, 119 [134 P.2d 501] ; see Herrscher v. Herrscher, 41 Cal.2d 300, 303-304 [259 P.2d 991].)
The motion to strike was made on the ground that specified allegations were irrelevant, and it was argued that the second cause of action attempted to set up, by way of amendment, a wholly different cause of action based upon a wholly different legal liability. It is unnecessary to consider whether the trial court should have granted the motion on the grounds stated because, as we shall see, the stricken matter fails to state a cause of action, and plaintiff was not prejudiced by the ruling. (See Wilson v. Shea, 194 Cal. 653, 659 [229 P. 945] ; Barr Lumber Co. v. Shaffer, 108 Cal.App.2d 14, 23 [238 P.2d 99] ; Neal v. Bank of America, 93 Cal.App.2d 678, 683 [209 P.2d 825].)  The objection that a complaint does not state a cause of action is not waived by a failure to demur and may be raised at any time. (Code Civ. Proc., §434; Horacek v. Smith, 33 Cal.2d 186, 191 [199 P.2d 929] ; Ryan v. Holliday, 110 Cal. 335, 337 [42 P. 891].)
The stricken cause of action seeks relief on the theory that section 26525 of the Government Code imposed on the *678county counsel a mandatory duty to institute proceedings to recover assertedly unauthorized payments to Sharp. Section 26525 provides in part: “If the board of supervisors without authority of law orders any amount paid . . . and the money is actually paid, or if any county officer draws any warrant . . . without authorization by the board or law and the warrant is paid, the district attorney shall institute suit in the name of the county to recover the money paid, and 20 per cent damages for the use thereof.” It is conceded that the County Counsel of Los Angeles County has the functions and duties of a district attorney under this statute, and we will discuss the problem as if the statute expressly mentioned the county counsel.
Section 26525 creates a cause of action against the recipients of illegal payments. (Miller v. McKinnon, 20 Cal. 2d 83, 95-96 [124 P.2d 34, 140 A.L.R. 570] ; County of Santa Barbara v. Janssens, 177 Cal. 114, 118 [169 P. 1025, L.R.A. 1918 C 558] ; see Galli v. Brown, 110 Cal.App.2d 764, 778-779 [243 P.2d 920].) It does not, however, purport to create a cause of action against a district attorney or county counsel, and we must consider whether, under general principles of law, an action will lie for failure to institute suit against the recipient of illegal payments.  The references in the statute to payments ordered and made “without authority of law” or “without authorization by the board or law” show that the decision as to whether the circumstances of a particular case warrant the institution of proceedings is a matter involving the determination of questions of law and fact. Such a determination necessarily requires the exercise of discretion, and it would seem obvious that the legal officer of the county is the proper person to exercise this discretion. (See Boyne v. Ryan, 100 Cal. 265, 267 [34 P. 707]. Compare Board of Supervisors v. Simpson, 36 Cal.2d 671 [227 P.2d 14] [mandate granted where statute imposed nondiscretionary duty upon district attorney to bring abatement action when so directed by board of supervisors].) The Boyne case was decided when the statute on which section 26525 is based provided, in somewhat stronger language, that it was the “duty” of the district attorney to institute suit to recover illegal payments. It was nevertheless held that he was vested with discretion and could not be compelled by mandamus to bring suit. The same discretion is vested under the present statute.
In exercising his discretion, the county counsel must *679determine not only whether there has been a violation of law but also whether action is justified under all the facts, and the public welfare requires that the decision should be made free from fear of civil liability. A clear analogy is to be found in the cases holding that officials who are directly connected with the judicial processes are immune from civil liability while acting within the scope of their authority. (White v. Towers, 37 Cal.2d 727, 729 et seq. [235 P.2d 209, 28 A.L.R.2d 636] [malicious prosecution, fish and game investigator] ; Coverstone v. Davies, 38 Cal.2d 315, 322 [239 P.2d 876] [malicious prosecution, sheriff]; Turpen v. Booth, 56 Cal. 65, 68 [38 Am.Rep. 48] [grand juror]; Downer v. Lent, 6 Cal. 94 [95 Am.Dec. 489] [pilot commissioners, revocation of pilot’s license] ; Norton v. Hoffmann, 34 Cal.App.2d 189, 198-199 [93 P.2d 250] [malicious prosecution, city attorney] ; White v. Brinkman, 23 Cal.App.2d 307, 311 [73 P.2d 254] [malicious prosecution, district attorney]; Pearson v. Reed, 6 Cal.App.2d 277, 280 et seq. [44 P.2d 592] [prosecuting attorney].)  While the cases cited above concerned the question of liability for affirmative action, it would seem clear that the same rule of immunity should apply where, as here, the county counsel refrains from acting in a matter coming within the scope of his authority and where his decision to act or refrain from acting necessarily involves the exercise of discretion.  It follows that the second count of the second amended complaint fails to state a cause of action, hence plaintiff was not prejudiced by the order granting the motion to strike.
The order is affirmed.
Shenk, J., Edmonds, J., Traynor, J., Sehauer, J., and Spence, J., concurred.

Section 963 of the Code of Civil Procedure reads in part, “An appeal may be taken from a superior court in the following cases:
‘‘1.From a final judgment, entered in an action, or special proceeding, commenced in a superior court, or brought into a superior court from another court; . . ..”