Court Opinion

ID: 9637445
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 15:06:57.394872+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:37:44.295377
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
                                Docket No. 49537

 In Re: Medical Indigency Application of K.J., D.J., )
 and Corey A. Jacobs.                                )
 Ada County Case Nos. 1803-092 & 1803-085            )
 ----------------------------------------------      )
 STEPHANIE OWENS, individually,                      )
                                                     )          Boise, January 2023 Term
     Petitioner-Appellant,                           )
                                                     )          Opinion Filed: March 15, 2023
 v.                                                  )
                                                     )          Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
 ADA COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS, )
 in its official capacity as the Board of Ada County )
 Commissioners,                                      )
                                                     )
     Respondent.                                     )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Ada County.
       Lynn Norton, District Judge.

       The order of the district court is reversed.

       Idaho Injury Law Group, PLLC, Boise, for appellant, Stephanie Owens. Edward
       Dindinger argued.

       Jan M. Bennetts, Ada County Prosecuting Attorney, Boise, for respondent, Ada
       County Board of Commissioners. Claire S. Tardiff argued.

                                    _____________________

STEGNER, Justice.
       This case stems from a district court’s review of an agency action regarding two
applications for medical indigency. Stephanie Owens appeals the district court’s order affirming
the findings of fact and conclusions of law made by the Ada County Board of Commissioners (the
“Board”) in which it determined that Owens was an “applicant” under the Medical Indigency Act
(the “Act”) and, therefore, required to pay reimbursement for the medical expenses incurred by
her two children at public expense. In 2017, Owens’s children were involved in a serious car
accident and suffered substantial injuries, which later resulted in the death of one of the children.
The children were taken to Saint Alphonsus Regional Medical Center where they received medical
treatment. Because the children’s father, Corey Jacobs, was unable to pay for the children’s

                                                  1
medical bills, he filed two applications for medical indigency with the Board. Owens and Jacobs
were never married and do not have a formal custody agreement for their children. At the time of
the accident, the children resided with their father. He is not a party to this appeal.
        The Board determined that Owens and her children met the statutory requirements for
medical indigency. Although Jacobs filed the applications for medical indigency, the Board
concluded that Owens was also an “applicant” under the Act and liable to repay the Board. As a
result, the Board “recorded notices of statutory liens” against Owens’s real and personal property
and ordered Owens to sign a promissory note with Ada County to repay the medical bills. 1 Owens
refused to sign the note and instead challenged the sufficiency of her involvement with the
applications via a petition for reconsideration with the Board and a subsequent petition for judicial
review. Both the Board and the district court ultimately concluded that Owens was an “applicant”
and liable for repayment of a portion of the children’s medical bills. Owens timely appealed. For
the reasons discussed below, we reverse.
                              I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
        Stephanie Owens’s two children, K.J. and D.J., were involved in a serious car accident in
December 2017. Both children were transported to Saint Alphonsus Regional Medical Center
(“Saint Alphonsus”) in Boise for medical treatment. K.J. was later discharged from the hospital,
but D.J. passed away as a result of her injuries. Corey Jacobs and Owens have never married, live
separately, and do not have a formal custody arrangement for their children. At the time of the
accident, the children were living full-time with their father. The cost of both children’s medical
treatment totaled $421,768.35, though the obligation was later adjusted to $115,362.83 to reflect
Medicaid reimbursement rates. Ultimately, the $115,362.83 payment was made to
Saint Alphonsus by Ada County and the Idaho Catastrophic Health Care Costs Program (“CAT
Fund”). In turn, the Board sought reimbursement from Jacobs and Owens. Unable to pay for the
cost of the medical treatment, Jacobs filed two applications for medical indigency with the Board.
        Jacobs signed the children’s applications for medical indigency as the “Patient/Applicant.”
D.J.’s application was originally completed with “N/A” under the section provided to list a
co-applicant, a spouse, or a significant other, but it was later amended by someone other than
Owens to include Owens’s name. K.J.’s application has “a typed ‘N/A’ with names and other

1
  It appears from the record that the County also issued an order of reimbursement to Jacobs, but only Owens’s order
is at issue in this appeal.

                                                         2
information scratched out in black in that section.” K.J.’s application lists Phyllis Jacobs as the
child’s mother, and both K.J.’s and D.J.’s applications list “Stephanie Jacobs” as their
non-custodial parent. Owens never signed these applications or “any documents acknowledging
the effect of the medical indigency applications[,]” though the Board subpoenaed her twice to
testify in the matter of the applications.
         In February 2018, the Board perfected certain statutory liens against Owens’s real and
personal property. 2 The following month, the Board denied the medical indigency applications for
lack of information, but in December 2018, issued a partial approval and partial denial after Saint
Alphonsus (as a third-party applicant) appealed. As a result of the partial approval, the Board then
issued orders of reimbursement (one per application) against Owens and Jacobs to pay Ada County
and the CAT Fund for the portion of their children’s medical bills that had been paid by Ada
County and the CAT Fund. 3 The orders also required Owens and Jacobs to sign promissory notes
with Ada County to acknowledge their purported financial obligation. Each of the orders of
reimbursement “requires Owens to make payments totaling $3,600 in 144 monthly installments of
$25. Owens’s total reimbursement for both D.J. and K.J. under the Orders will be $7,200 over 12
years, although the Orders for Reimbursement specify that reimbursement can be required up to
the full amount expended.” Owens never signed the promissory notes evidencing her purported
obligations. It should also be noted that Ada County takes the position that payments made by
Owens in the amount indicated in the orders of reimbursement would not extinguish Owens’s
obligation to the Board. The lien on Owens’s property was for the entire amount paid to Saint
Alphonsus or $115,362.83.
         In April 2020, Owens filed a “Petition for Reconsideration or in the Alternative a
Declaratory Ruling as to the Non-Applicability of the Final Determination and Order of
Reimbursement” with the Board, arguing in part that she was not an “applicant,” and, therefore,
could not be required to reimburse Ada County. The Board denied the petition for reconsideration,

2
  Idaho Code section 31-3503 authorizes the creation of an automatic lien upon the filing of an application pursuant
to the Medical Indigency Act. Unlike a lien in the traditional sense, which does not create a security interest until some
debt or obligation has been imposed upon the obligor, section 31-3503 permits the attachment of a lien at the time a
request for public funds is filed. See Lien, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 922 (6th ed. 1990) (defining “lien” as “[a] claim,
encumbrance, or charge on property for payment of some debt, obligation or duty”).
3
  Specifically, the Board ordered Owens “to reimburse Ada County and the Catastrophic Health Care Costs Program
for the medical assistance paid” on behalf of her children. Idaho Code section 31-3517 limits county responsibility of
indigent medical costs to $11,000 per claim and obligates the State of Idaho (with money from the CAT Fund) to pay
for any additional obligation above $11,000.

                                                            3
explaining that the Idaho Administrative Procedure Act does not control and the proper methods
for review are set forth in chapter 35 of title 31 of the Idaho Code (the Medical Indigency Act),
which requires reconsideration by the Board before, not after, a Final Determination has been
issued. Owens then challenged the Board’s decision via a petition for judicial review in district
court. In her petition, Owens raised several issues, including in relevant part:
              a. Whether Stephanie Owens is a “Patient” or “Applicant” as defined by
                 Chapter 35, Title 31, Idaho Code.
              b. Whether the Ada County Board of County Commissioners exceeded their
                 [sic] statutory authority by claiming a lien on the personal and real property
                 owned by Stephanie Owens.
        ...
              d. Whether the Board’s findings, inferences, conclusions or decisions were
                 (1) in violation of constitutional or statutory provisions; (2) in excess of the
                 statutory authority of the agency; (3) made upon unlawful procedure;
                 (4) not supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole; or
                 (5) arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion, and the agency decision
                 substantially prejudices the rights of the appellant.
        The district court concluded that “[j]udicial review of an agency action is governed by the
Idaho Administrative [P]rocedure[] Act[.]” Then, the district court remanded the case back to the
Board to determine whether Owens was an “applicant” as defined in Idaho Code section
31-2505G, and, therefore, able to seek judicial review of the denial of K.J.’s and D.J.’s applications
for medical indigency. Regarding the liens, the district court found that, because they had
automatically perfected, the only method to challenge them was via a separate legal action and not
a petition for judicial review of the denial of the indigency applications.
        On remand, the Board found that Owens was “an ‘applicant’ and/or ‘obligated person’
under the Medical Indigency Act[.]” 4 Before the district court, Owens did not challenge the
conclusion that she was an “obligated person” as that term is defined by Idaho Code section
31-3502(19), nor does she dispute this conclusion on appeal. Because Owens met the definition of
an “ ‘applicant’ and/or an ‘obligated person[,]’ ” the Board determined that she “is legally
responsible for both children[,]” and, therefore, liable to reimburse Ada County.

4
 We interpret the Board’s use of “and/or” to mean the Board concluded that Owens could be an “applicant” or an
“obligated person” or both. However, it is not clear from the Board’s decision which of those interpretations it was
making, and the statutes attach significance to this distinction.

                                                         4
       After the case returned to the district court, the district court affirmed the findings of the
Board, concluding that Owens never sought to reject the payments made from Ada County or the
CAT Fund. Though the district court determined that an individual’s receipt of financial assistance
under the Act is not enough on its own to classify that individual as an “applicant,” it still
concluded that the Board had properly categorized Owens as an applicant because “she appeared
before the Board, participated in testimony, [and] ultimately submitted documentation that led to
the Board approving and paying financial assistance for her children.” The district court further
explained that Owens’s participation in this manner was sufficient to uphold the Board’s
determination that she was both an applicant and an obligated person. The district court then
affirmed the Board’s orders of reimbursement for both K.J.’s and D.J.’s medical indigency
applications. Owens timely appealed.
                                     II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
       Decisions of a board of county commissioners are treated as decisions of an agency. Saint
Alphonsus Reg’l Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Bd. Comm’rs Ada Cnty., 146 Idaho 51, 53, 190 P.3d 870, 872
(2008). “This Court independently reviews the agency’s decision.” Id. “We give serious
consideration to the district court’s decision, but review the matter as if the case were directly
appealed from the agency.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “This Court will
not substitute its judgment for that of the agency on questions of fact and it will uphold the agency’s
findings if supported by substantial and competent evidence.” Mercy Med. Ctr. v. Ada County, 146
Idaho 226, 229, 192 P.3d 1050, 1053 (2008) (internal citations omitted). However, we freely
“correct errors of law in the agency’s decision.” Id.
       [T]he Board’s decision may only be overturned if this Court finds that it:
       (a) violates statutory or constitutional provisions; (b) exceeds the Board’s statutory
       authority; (c) is made upon unlawful procedure; (d) is not supported by substantial
       evidence in the record; or (e) is arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion.
Id. Barring the reasons described above, “agency action shall be affirmed unless substantial rights
of the appellant have been prejudiced.” I.C. § 67-5279(4).
                                           III. ANALYSIS
   A. The Board erred by concluding that Owens is an “applicant,” as defined in the
      Medical Indigency Act; because she is not an “applicant”, she is not subject to a
      reimbursement order.
       1. Owens is not an “applicant,” as defined in the Medical Indigency Act.

                                                  5
       The bulk of Owens’s appeal challenges the district court’s affirmation of the Board’s
determination that she requested financial assistance from the County, making her an “applicant”
as defined in the Act. I.C. §§ 31-3501 to -3558. In its first review of Owens’s petition for judicial
review, the district court was unable to determine whether Owens was an “applicant” under the
Act, so it remanded the question to the Board for additional fact finding. On remand, the Board
determined that Owens was “an ‘applicant’ and/or ‘obligated person’ ” under the Act for purposes
of K.J.’s and D.J.’s medical indigency applications. (Italics added.) The Board found that Jacobs,
the children’s father, had signed the applications “as an applicant[,]” and on both K.J.’s application
and D.J.’s application, “Owens was listed as a coapplicant and [K.J.’s and D.J.’s] mother.”
       The Board further found that, in connection with both applications, Owens had
conversations with staff from the Ada County Indigent Services to discuss the necessary
documentation that she needed to provide for the application to be processed. Under the direction
of Indigent Services staff, Owens then submitted an Ada County Indigent Services Required
Documentation Form, listing K.J. and D.J. as her dependents. This form also listed Owens as an
“applicant.” The Board interpreted the use of the term “applicant” on the required documentation
form to be sufficient to also classify Owens as an “applicant” on the medical indigency form.
Because Owens was listed as an “applicant” on the required documentation form and because she
participated in the application process via a subpoena, which threatened her with contempt of court
if she did not comply with its mandates, the Board concluded that she had been involved in the
application processes for K.J. and D.J., and, therefore, classified her as “an ‘applicant’ and/or
‘obligated person’ ” under the Act.
       The district court agreed and found that the Board’s findings were supported by substantial
and competent evidence. The district court explained that the Act does not “support[] a broad
finding that anyone who receives assistance is an applicant and such a broad reading would make
other terms within the Act superfluous. So, Owens can’t be labeled an Applicant simply by
receiving financial assistance approved by the Board.” However, the district court still concluded
that Owens was an applicant because she participated in the application process. The district court
found that, although Owens’s participation in the indigency application process was compulsory
(i.e., the result of being served with a subpoena), she still actively complied with the process in an
effort to seek an approval of the applications, never objected to the subpoena or to any payments
made on behalf of her children, and made no other attempts to set up a payment plan with Saint

                                                  6
Alphonsus. Therefore, the district court concluded that Owens had applied for and “received”
financial assistance from Ada County and the CAT Fund.
        On appeal, Owens argues that the Act’s definition of “ ‘applicant’ as ‘any person who is
requesting financial assistance under this chapter[]’ ” is much narrower than the Board’s
application in this case and does not apply to her because she never actually requested financial
assistance. I.C. § 31-3502(1) 5 (italics added). Owens asserts that, because she was compelled by
subpoena to participate in the application process, she had no choice whether to participate, so the
Board’s reliance on that involvement to support its conclusion that she “complete[d] a written
application” and thereby requested financial assistance was erroneous. I.C. § 31-3504(1).
        As a result of this erroneous classification, Owens argues that the orders of reimbursement
and automatic liens created by the medical indigency applications must be voided because she was
never given notice of the possible encumbrances. This lack of notice, Owens contends, rises to the
level of a due process violation. In sum, Owens concludes that a request for financial assistance
must be an affirmative, voluntary action.
        In contrast, the Board argues that passive involvement or involvement compelled by the
issuance of a subpoena under threat of consequences is sufficient to characterize an individual as
an applicant and to order reimbursement. According to the Board, classifying Owens as an
“applicant” under the Act is appropriate because she “had the right not to cooperate and be
personally responsible for her children’s medical care costs[,]” but because she did not exercise
that right, she cannot now argue that she did not participate in the application process.
        In response, Owens emphasizes the Act’s distinct delineation between an applicant, a
third-party applicant, and an obligated person. Owens argues that classifying her as both an
obligated person and an applicant renders superfluous the definition of an obligated person and the
Act’s intentional distinction between the two. Additionally, Owens argues that, even under the
Board’s interpretation of “applicant,” the Board’s classification is still incorrect. Owens explains
that the first medical indigency application was denied because Owens refused to submit the
required documentation; it was only after Saint Alphonsus appealed, and a subpoena compelled

5
  The numbering for the code provisions in the Act changed significantly at the end of the 2022 regular legislative
session due to numerous sections of the Act being repealed. However, because the old numbering was still in place at
the time this case arose, we use that same numbering scheme here. See, e.g., Horton v. Horton, 171 Idaho 60, 70 n.2,
518 P.3d 359, 369 n.2 (2022).

                                                         7
her to produce the financial documents, that the application was partially approved, and she was
then deemed an “applicant.”
       We hold that the Board erred in its interpretation of the Act and subsequent conclusion that
Owens is “an ‘applicant’ and/or ‘obligated person[.]’ ” Despite the inclusion of the word “or,” the
Board found that Owens had “requested financial assistance under the Medical Indigency Act . . .
and is thus an ‘applicant’ as that term is defined[.]” The Board also found that Owens was an
“obligated person” because she “is legally responsible” for her children.
       The purpose of statutory interpretation is “to give effect to legislative intent.” Saint
Alphonsus Reg’l Med. Ctr. v. Elmore County, 158 Idaho 648, 652–53, 350 P.3d 1025, 1029–30
(2015) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “Provisions . . . must be interpreted in the
context of the entire document.” Id. This Court is required to “give effect to all the words and
provisions of the statute so that none will be void, superfluous, or redundant.” Id. This Court also
reads statutes in pari materia, or “construed together . . . to be interpreted with other acts relating
to the same matter or subject.” Id.
       Idaho Code section 31-3502(1) defined “applicant” as “any person who is requesting
financial assistance under this chapter.” An “obligated person,” on the other hand, is “the person
or persons who are legally responsible for an applicant including, but not limited to, parents of
minors or dependents.” I.C. § 31-3502(19). Section 31-3502(7) explained that a “ ‘[c]ompleted
application’ shall include at a minimum the cover sheet requesting services, applicant information
including diagnosis and requests for services and signatures, personal and financial information
of the applicant and obligated person or persons, patient rights and responsibilities, releases and
all other signatures required in the application.” (Italics added.)
       The Board erred when it concluded that Owens had “requested financial assistance” simply
because she had provided her personal and financial information when it was demanded and was,
therefore, an applicant. A plain reading of a completed application explains that obligated persons
must also provide personal and financial information. When the Board conflated the obligations
of applicants and obligated persons, it drew an incorrect legal conclusion.
       Additionally, a determination of medical indigency relies on analysis of the finances of
both applicants and obligated persons. See, e.g., I.C. §§ 31-3502(7), (17), (25). The Board
erroneously failed to distinguish between Jacobs’s involvement with the applications as an
applicant (an undisputed designation) and Owens’s involvement as an obligated person. (“Mr.

                                                  8
Jacobs and Ms. Owens also provided testimony and documents in support [D.J.’s application] . . .
The hearing was then continued . . . to give them more time to gather documents[.]”).
        The Act consistently refers to both obligated persons and applicants as separate individuals.
However, as the Board reads the obligations of those parties in the application process, they are
one and the same. Again, this interpretation renders superfluous much of the language in the Act.
For example, in the definition of “medical indigent[,]” the Act refers to the application of both the
applicant and the obligated person:
        Nothing in this definition shall prevent the board and the county commissioners
        from requiring the applicant and obligated persons to reimburse the county and the
        catastrophic health care cost program, where appropriate, for all or a portion of their
        medical expenses, when investigation of their application pursuant to this chapter,
        determines their ability to do so.
I.C. § 31-3502(17) (italics added). The use of “their” refers to the application of both the applicant
and the obligated person. However, this statutory definition continues to differentiate between
applicant and obligated person, despite the presence of a shared application. Under this plain
reading of the statute, the Board’s argument that because Owens participated in the application
process, then she must be an applicant, is overbroad.
        The Board’s conclusion that compliance with the subpoena is sufficient to classify Owens
as an applicant is also erroneous and renders superfluous much of the language of the Act.
According to the Board, Owens’s involvement in the application process makes her an applicant,
and the only way that she could not be classified as an applicant is if she affirmatively challenged
or failed to comply with the subpoena. This interpretation is not only contrary to the plain language
of the statute, but it is also overbroad in light of the definitions within the Act.
        Nowhere in the Act is there support for the proposition that the only way to avoid
classification as an applicant is to challenge the subpoenas in medical indigency applications. To
the contrary, the Act requires both obligated persons and applicants to provide financial
information, the production of which, in this case, was commanded by the subpoena.
I.C. § 31-3502(7) (“ ‘Completed application’ shall include at a minimum . . . financial information
of the applicant and obligated person or persons[.]”) There is nothing in the statute that supports
the Board’s position that compliance with a subpoena is sufficient to classify someone as an
applicant. Moreover, challenging subpoenas requires a formal response within the court system. If
the individuals subject to the subpoenas are, in fact, indigent, then access to qualified legal
representation in such a matter is almost, by definition, out of reach.

                                                   9
       In addition to the plain reading of the statute above, previous case law from this Court
supports a narrower interpretation of the word “applicant” as used in the Act. Though this Court
has not previously determined whether an individual can be both an applicant and an obligated
person, as demonstrated below, it has engaged in statutory interpretation regarding other portions
of the Act.
       The lack of Owens’s signature indicates that she never submitted a “completed
application,” as is required by the Act. A completed application requires in part “releases and all
other signatures required in the application.” I.C. § 31-3502(7) (italics added). This Court has
previously stated that an application must be signed by either an applicant or a third-party applicant
in order to be deemed “completed.” Saint Alphonsus Reg’l Med. Ctr., 158 Idaho at 652, 350 P.3d
at 1029. In Saint Alphonsus, the hospital submitted a third-party application on behalf of two
patients to whom the hospital had provided medical care. Id. at 649, 350 P.3d at 1026. The patients
did not sign the portions of the applications that said “that by completing this application form, it
[the application] will be used to determine my eligibility[,] . . . that I have read, understand, and
will comply with the rules promulgated . . . pursuant to [the Act,] . . . Patient Rights and
Responsibilities for State and County Assistance, . . . Release of Information.” Id. However, a
representative from Saint Alphonsus signed the portion of the application that acknowledged its
submission “by a third[-]party applicant on behalf of the applicant[.]” Id. (italics added). The
Board in Saint Alphonsus concluded that these were not “completed applications” because they
did not contain the patients’ signatures or their contact and financial information. Id. at 649–50,
350 P.3d at 1026–27.
       This Court reversed and concluded that “a third[-]party’s application does not require the
signature of the patient to be ‘completed’ under the Act” because the plain language of the statute
said an application could be submitted by an applicant or a third-party applicant. Id. at 652, 350
P.3d at 1029. Because “a determination of a ‘completed application’ depends on the identity of the
party submitting the application and the knowledge and ability of that party to respond to the
inquiries and requests in the application[,]” the party actually “submitting the application does not
have to provide the signatures of any other individual or entity besides its own, even if the
application requests those signatures in other parts of the document.” Id. at 653–54, 350 P.3d at
1030–31 (italics added).

                                                 10
       Under our analysis in Saint Alphonsus, Owens cannot be classified as an “applicant” unless
she signed the applications. Saint Alphonsus distinguished between applicants and third-party
applicants but clearly required the applicant (third-party or individual) who is submitting the
application to sign it. Id. Owens never signed the applications, nor did she write her initials on the
form acknowledging her rights and responsibilities as an applicant. Because Owens never signed
the applications, the Board erred when it classified her as an applicant.
       As described above, the Board erred as a matter of law in its interpretation of the Act and
by not distinguishing between applicants and obligated persons. In addition, its factual findings
are also clearly erroneous. The Board failed to distinguish in its findings of fact between the
evidence supporting its conclusion that Owens was an “obligated person” and the evidence
supporting its conclusion that Owens was an “applicant.” The Board concluded that Owens had
“supported [K.J.’s application] by submitting copies of her paystubs, bank statements, home loan
documentation, and bills, which were necessary for this Board to make a determination as to the
approval or denial of [K.J.’s application].” However, as described in the definition of “completed
application,” this type of financial information is necessary for both applicants and obligated
persons. I.C. § 31-3502(7). It cannot be said that Owens provided this information voluntarily
because she was compelled by a subpoena to provide it.
       Additionally, unlike Jacobs, Owens was never apprised of her substantial responsibilities
if she were to sign and file an application. When Jacobs completed the application, he was notified
by the Indigency Office of the possibility of encumbrances on his property and his possible liability
for repayment. The Indigency Office also required Jacobs to initial his name to demonstrate that
he consented to various parts of the application process, including the retrieval of personal
information from the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare and from previous tax returns. By
contrast, Owens was never apprised of the possible liability, nor did she consent to the application
process in the same manner as Jacobs. Therefore, as asserted by Owens, “evidence that a person
was compelled to provide information and attend hearings does not make it more or less probable
that a person is an applicant than the person is an obligated person.”
       We agree with Owens that the distinction between an obligated person and an applicant
can be found in her lack of signature on the medical indigency application. The Board’s conclusion
to the contrary is clearly erroneous. An applicant is someone who “request[s] financial assistance
under this chapter.” I.C. § 31-3502(1). As asserted by Owens, the word “request” implies an

                                                 11
affirmative act, yet her participation in this case was not volitional; it was compelled. Further,
Owens argues that she could not have “requested” assistance because she never signed the
applications, never provided her initials as an acknowledgment and acceptance of the rights and
responsibilities that would be incurred by the application, and, therefore, she never provided a
“completed application,” as required by the Act.
           Because Owens never signed the applications and did not receive notice of her possible
obligations, as did Jacobs, the Board erred in classifying Owens as an “applicant.”
Merriam-Webster defines “request” as “to make a request to or of[;] to ask as a favor or privilege[;]
to ask (a person) to come or go to a thing or place[; or] to ask for[.]” 6 Based on the plain language
of “request,” the Board erred in finding that Owens’s compelled participation could be construed
to mean that she “made a request . . . of” financial assistance because she did not have a choice to
participate. Id.
           In sum, Owens is not an applicant as defined by the Act. The Board’s classification of
Owens as an applicant because she provided financial information is not only an overbroad (and,
therefore, legally erroneous) reading of section 31-3502(7), but it also fails to account for the
different ways in which Jacobs and Owens participated in the application process. The Board erred
in classifying Owens an “applicant” for the medical indigency applications. Therefore, the Board’s
action in this manner amounts to improper agency action as defined in Idaho Code section 67-
5279(3)(e) because it was arbitrary and capricious.
           However, section 67-5279(4) requires a two-step process – identifying improper agency
action and showing that the action prejudiced the individual’s substantial rights. Only then will
this Court be permitted to overturn agency action. I.C. § 67-5279(4). There is no question in this
case that Owens’s substantial rights have been prejudiced. The Board issued an order of
reimbursement imposing significant obligations against Owens, including the imposition of an
automatic lien on her home. Owens has demonstrated that the actions of the Board were arbitrary
and capricious and that her substantial rights were prejudiced by action. Therefore, we reverse the
Board’s conclusion that Owens is an applicant as defined in the Act and its subsequent Order of
Reimbursement that ordered Owens to reimburse Ada County and the CAT Fund and imposed a
statutory lien on Owens’s home.

6
    Request, MERRIAM-WEBSTER, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/request (last visited Jan. 31, 2022).

                                                        12
           2. The Board’s Reimbursement Orders and Statutory Liens are void because the Board
              can only compel applicants to reimburse Ada County, and Owens is not an applicant.
           As explained above, Owens is not an applicant under the Act. Since she is not an applicant,
the Board acted outside its authority when it placed a lien on Owens’s real and personal property
and improperly ordered reimbursement from Owens. Idaho Code section 31-3510A 7 explained
that “[r]eceipt of financial assistance pursuant to this chapter shall obligate an applicant to
reimburse the county from which assistance is received and the board for such reasonable portion
of the financial assistance paid on behalf of the applicant[.]” (Italics added.) Similarly, Idaho Code
section 31-3504(4) stated that “[u]pon application for financial assistance pursuant to this chapter
an automatic lien shall attach to all real and personal property of the applicant[.]” These provisions
only obligate applicants to repay the obligated county and the state and permit automatic liens to
attach only to the property of applicants. Because the Act only requires an applicant to reimburse
the obligated county, non-applicants, such as Owens, are not liable for reimbursement, nor will the
automatic liens attach. As a result, the Board’s classification of Owens as an applicant was
arbitrary and capricious, as described in the preceding section. Likewise, the attachment of
automatic liens to Owens’s property was arbitrary and capricious of a non-applicant. As described
above, we also conclude that Owens was prejudiced by the Board’s actions and reverse the orders
of reimbursement imposed against her, including the attachment of automatic liens.
      B.       Owens is entitled to attorney fees under Idaho Code section 12-117.
           The district court determined that the Board was the prevailing party. The district court
further determined that the Board was not entitled to attorney fees pursuant to Idaho Code section
12-117 because the case presented an issue of first impression and Owens did not “act[] without a
reasonable basis of law.” The district court also determined that Owens, as the losing party, was
not entitled to attorney fees pursuant to section 12-117. Neither party provides argument on
whether the district court erred in concluding that each party would bear their own fees. However,
on appeal, Owens argues that she is entitled to attorney fees pursuant to section 12-117 because

7
    Now codified at I.C. § 31-3503(1), modified to read:
          An approved application for financial assistance for services received through March 31, 2022,
          shall obligate an applicant to reimburse the obligated county and the state for such reasonable
          portion of the financial assistance paid on behalf of the applicant as the county commissioners
          may determine that the applicant is able to pay from resources over a reasonable period of time.
This change made during the legislative session in 2022 is not a substantive alteration that affects our analysis, since
both versions only obligate “an applicant” to reimburse the obligated county.

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“[t]he Board of Ada County Commissioners acted without a reasonable basis in fact or law” when
it concluded that Owens was an applicant, even though she never signed the application and her
participation was compelled only via subpoena. On the other hand, the Board argues that Owens
pursued this appeal frivolously because she is required to reimburse Ada County and the CAT
Fund either as an applicant or as an obligated person, 8 so her request to differentiate between the
two was unreasonable. As a result, the Board posits, it—not Owens—is entitled to attorney fees
pursuant to section 12-117.
         In Saint Alphonsus Regional Medical Center, Inc. v. Board of County Commissioners of
Ada County, 146 Idaho 51, 55, 190 P.3d 870, 874 (2008), this Court declined to award attorney
fees to either party on an issue of first impression. However, an issue of first impression is not a
“free pass” to bring unreasonable arguments. Ada County v. Browning, 168 Idaho 856, 861, 489
P.3d 443, 448 (2021) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). In Browning, this Court
explained that, although the case had presented an issue of first impression, the prevailing party
(Browning) was entitled to attorney fees because Ada County had acted unreasonably. Id. This
Court said that “[a] nonprevailing party’s position is unreasonable when it contradicts the plain
reading of a statute or where the nonprevailing party does not appear to have suffered actual harm
from the prevailing party’s actions.” Id. This Court concluded that, although an appellate court had
not previously considered the exact question, the plain reading of the statutes at issue were clear
enough to dispose of any reasonable argument to the contrary. Id. at 862, 489 P.3d at 449.
         Here, Owens is entitled to attorney fees because she is the prevailing party, and the Board
unreasonably conflated the definitions of obligated person and applicant. Though this Court’s
review was necessary to determine whether compelled participation in the medical indigency
application makes someone both an applicant and an obligated person or simply an obligated
person, a plain reading of the statute necessarily leads to the conclusion that the legislature intended
to distinguish between applicants and obligated persons. It is possible that someone could be both
an applicant and an obligated person. However, we are not required to make that decision today.

8
  The Board failed to provide any citation supporting its claim that an obligated person must reimburse Ada County.
It is possible that the Board meant that, as the parent of minor children, Owens would be liable to reimburse Ada
County pursuant to the definition of “obligated person” in Idaho Code section 31-3501(19), in its form before the 2022
legislative session (defining an obligated person as “the person or persons who are legally responsible for an applicant,
including but not limited to parents of minors or dependents[.]”). However, “[w]e will not consider assignments of
error not supported by argument and authority[.]” Weinstein v. Prudential Prop. and Cas. Ins. Co., 149 Idaho 299,
313, 233 P.3d 1221, 1235 (2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

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It is enough to conclude that Owens was not an applicant because she never signed an application,
was never apprised of the attendant responsibilities of an applicant, and never requested that the
Board pay for her children’s medical bills. Because the Board’s conflation of the issue “contradicts
the plain reading of the statute,” we find that Owens is entitled to attorney fees pursuant to Idaho
Code section 12-117. Id. at 861, 489 P.3d at 448. “Section 12-117 exists to prevent Idaho citizens
from footing the bill when a local government desires to bring an unsuccessful test case in the face
of clearly established law.” Id. at 862, 489 P.3d at 449.
       We also take issue with the Board’s formulation of its response to the district court’s
remand for the Board to determine if Owens was an “applicant.” In its order of remand, the district
court requested a determination “on whether Owens is an ‘applicant’ and/or ‘obligated person’ on
each application.” The Board seemingly followed this directive when it phrased its response as
follows: Owens is “an ‘applicant’ and/or an ‘obligated person.’ ” We recognize that the Board in
this instance appears to be following the language used by the district court in its order of remand;
however, as discussed above, we directly review agency decisions, rather than those of the district
court. The use of “and/or” in this fashion is insufficient for any of the Board’s tasks, but
particularly so in its mandate to carry out the administration of medical indigency applications.
       Simply put, the Board erred as soon as it classified Owens “an ‘applicant’ and/or ‘obligated
person[.]’ ” This locution can be interpreted to mean that the Board found Owens was an applicant,
an obligated person, or both. However, one of those possible findings, and the one which we find
most plausible, is that Owens was an obligated person but not an applicant. Not only does the
Board’s characterization run afoul of the plain language of the statute, which distinguishes between
applicants and obligated persons, but it also fails to provide any clarity to individuals like Owens
as to what their positions are in the application process. The Board’s decision leaves Owens and
others similarly situated without knowledge as to what their obligations are under the Act. Owens’s
status matters, as evidenced by the question before this Court, and our jurisprudence prevents us
from inferring that the legislature intended the distinction to be without meaning.
       As a result, we find the Board’s response to the district court and its failure to give precise
meaning to the difference between applicants and obligated persons was unreasonable. Owens is
entitled to attorney fees and costs on appeal.

                                                 15
                                        IV. CONCLUSION
       We reverse the district court’s conclusion that Owens was an “applicant” as defined in the
Act because she never signed the medical indigency applications for her children and she did not
affirmatively participate in the application process. Nor was she ever apprised of the potential
financial responsibilities for which she would be liable if she were to submit a medical indigency
application. Finally, she never requested reimbursement. As a result, the Board acted outside its
authority when it ordered Owens to reimburse Ada County for its expenses and when it placed
automatic liens on her property. As the party who succeeded on several arguments based on the
plain reading of the applicable statutes, Owens is the prevailing party. She is entitled to attorney
fees pursuant to Idaho Code section 12-117 and costs as a matter of right. I.A.R. 40.
       Chief Justice BEVAN, Justices BRODY, MOELLER and ZAHN CONCUR.

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