Court Opinion

ID: 3178502
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-02-18 16:29:48.632848+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:38:54.583280
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court

                                                     No. 2014-165-Appeal.
                                                     (PC 13-4518)

  John Izzo et al.              :

         v.                     :

Victor Realty et al.            :

  NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
  publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
  notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 250
  Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone 222-
  3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that
  corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
                                                                     Supreme Court

                                                                     No. 2014-165-Appeal.
                                                                     (PC 13-4518)

              John Izzo et al.                 :

                     v.                        :

            Victor Realty et al.               :

              Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

                                          OPINION

       Justice Robinson, for the Court.            The defendant, Victor Realty,1 appeals from a

Providence County Superior Court order vacating an August 9, 2013 final decree which barred

the rights of redemption of the plaintiffs—viz., John Izzo and his mother, Carmel Izzo.2 Victor

Realty contends that the trial justice erred in determining that the plaintiffs were not provided

with adequate notice of the petition, filed by Victor Realty, to foreclose the plaintiffs’ rights of

redemption with respect to property located at 93-105 Manton Avenue in Providence (the

Property). This case came before the Supreme Court pursuant to an order directing the parties to

appear and show cause why the issues raised in this appeal should not be summarily decided.

After a close review of the record and careful consideration of the parties’ arguments (both

written and oral), we are satisfied that cause has not been shown and that this appeal may be

1
       The Narragansett Bay Commission, at one time a defendant in this case, was dismissed
from the action by stipulation before this appeal.
2
       Due to the fact that the persons involved in this case share the same last name, we shall
hereinafter refer to them by their first names. In doing so, we intend no disrespect.

                                               -1-
decided at this time.   For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we vacate the judgment of the

Superior Court.

                                                  I

                                         Facts and Travel

       It is undisputed that, prior to the final decree barring plaintiffs’ rights of redemption, John

was the owner of the Property and his mother held a mortgage on the Property. The complaint in

the instant case reflects the following facts with respect to the Property. On May 3, 2012, after

the failure to pay sewer fees, the Property was put up for sale at a tax sale and defendant

purchased it. Subsequently, on May 6, 2013 (in a separate action from the one being considered

on this appeal), defendant filed a petition in the Providence County Superior Court to foreclose

plaintiffs’ rights of redemption to the Property (the Petition), pursuant to G.L. 1956 § 44-9-25.

Neither plaintiff responded to the Petition in accordance with § 44-9-29. On August 9, 2013, a

hearing was held on defendant’s Petition; it is undisputed that plaintiffs were not given notice of

this hearing. A final decree was entered following the hearing, which final decree foreclosed

plaintiffs’ rights of redemption to the Property. The issue in the action before us is the adequacy

of notice of the Petition as it pertains to John and Carmel.

       The plaintiffs filed the complaint commencing the instant case on September 9, 2013,

pursuant to § 44-9-24.3 They sought entry of an order vacating the final decree of August 9,

3
       General Laws 1956 § 44-9-24 provides as follows:

                       “The title conveyed by a tax collector’s deed shall be
               absolute after foreclosure of the right of redemption by decree of
               the superior court as provided in this chapter. Notwithstanding the
               rules of civil procedure or the provisions of chapter 21 of title 9, no
               decree shall be vacated except in a separate action instituted within
               one year following entry of the decree and in no event for any
               reason, later than one year following the entry of decree.

                                                -2-
2013, which had foreclosed their rights of redemption; due to what they alleged was inadequate

notice of the Petition. On March 6, 2014, a bench trial took place before a justice of the Superior

Court.

         At the bench trial both plaintiffs testified. Carmel testified that she gave John the money

to buy the Property and held a mortgage on the Property. She further testified that she lived in

Florida for some portion of the year; but, on cross-examination, she conceded that she was a

part-time resident of 20 Woodlake Avenue in Johnston. She also conceded on cross-examination

that, on June 18, 2013—the date notices of the Petition arrived by certified mail to her Johnston

address and the accompanying certified mail receipts were signed—she was living at the

Johnston address; she stated, “I was definitely in Rhode Island June 18th, I will concede to that.”

Carmel acknowledged in her testimony that another son, Carl, signed the certified mail receipts

when the notices were delivered to the Johnston address.4           Carmel also explained in her

testimony that the notices were addressed to her husband and herself but that her husband had

passed away before the notices were sent. It was her testimony that Carl never gave her those

notices.

                Furthermore, the action to vacate shall only be instituted for
                inadequacy of notice of the petition amounting to a denial of due
                process or for the invalidity of the tax sale because the taxes for
                which the property was sold had been paid or were not due and
                owing because the property was exempt from the payment of such
                taxes. The superior court shall have exclusive jurisdiction of the
                foreclosure of all rights of redemption from titles conveyed by a
                tax collector’s deed, and the foreclosure proceedings shall follow
                the course of equity in a proceeding provided for in §§ 44-9-25 --
                44-9-33.” (Emphasis added.)
4
       The certified mail receipts were entered into evidence at trial and reflected the fact that
they were signed by Carl on June 18, 2013.

                                                -3-
       It was Carmel’s further testimony that, prior to the commencement of the instant action,

she was not aware of the Petition or the original tax sale, despite the fact that notice of both had

been sent to her Johnston address. She added that, other than the two certified mailings signed

for by Carl, she had received no other correspondence of any kind from Victor Realty. She also

testified that she would have paid the sewer fees if she had been aware of the pending tax sale;

she added that she was “financially able to do so.”

       The certified mail receipts entered as exhibits at trial indicate that notice of the Petition

was also sent to John by certified mail with return receipts requested at both 93 Manton Avenue

and 105 Manton Avenue. John testified that, on June 20, 2013, his employee, Maria Mayen,

signed both of the certified mail receipts relative to the notices of the Petition that were sent to

him. He indicated that he was not informed of the notices, but he further stated that, on June 20,

2013, he discovered them “behind the cash register.” In his testimony, John acknowledged that,

on June 21, 2013, he placed a phone call to counsel for Victor Realty to inquire about the

redemption amount for the Property; he acknowledged that he was then provided with that

information by fax. When specifically asked at trial if he had notice of the Petition, John

responded in the affirmative.

       Despite conceding that he had actual notice of the Petition, John acknowledged in his

testimony at trial that he did not file an answer to the Petition nor did he make an offer to

redeem. He did state that he tried to come up with the money to redeem the Property on his own,

without “bringing [his] mother into it.” It was his further testimony that he never heard from

counsel for Victor Realty again after he was provided with the redemption amount and that he

only discovered that his right of redemption had been foreclosed when the locks on the building

were changed and “all the machinery disappeared.”

                                               -4-
       John testified that, even though he had actual notice of the Petition, he “didn’t know the

ramification[s] of it.” However, on recross-examination by counsel for Victor Realty, John was

asked the following question:

               “Okay. Now, Mr. Izzo, you’re certainly literate, as a businessman,
               a successful businessman.
                       “The citation [(i.e., the notices sent to John and signed for
               on June 20, 2013)] that you received states as follows. You notice
               what I’ve underlined for you on your copy, that if you desire to
               make any objection or defense to said petition you or your attorney
               must file a written appearance and answer under oath setting forth
               clearly and specifically your objection or defense. And it says
               further on down, Unless your appearance is filed, which is a
               written filing, by or for you, your default would be recorded and
               said petition will be taken as confessed, meaning the request of the
               petition to foreclose will be confessed and granted. So that
               language is fairly straightforward and simple. And you stated that
               you had a copy of this citation, and yet you did not file an answer,
               an offer to redeem, as required by the citation and by the statute on
               which it’s based.
                       “Is that correct?”

John stated “[Y]es” in response. No other witnesses were called.

       During closing argument, plaintiffs’ attorney pointed out that notice to John was sent to

his business address rather than his home address. He also argued that, regardless of the

adequacy of notice, John “effectively entered an appearance” in the proceeding on the Petition

when he called counsel for Victor Realty to inquire about the redemption amount. The plaintiffs’

attorney contended that, for that reason, it was necessary for John to be notified of the August 9

hearing. He also contended that Carmel never received actual notice of the Petition. Counsel for

Victor Realty responded by positing that notice was sent in accordance with the statutory

requirements (he stated that it was sent by certified mail, return receipts requested) and that there

was no requirement that notice of the August 9 hearing be provided to John because he had never

filed an answer.

                                                -5-
        The trial justice issued a bench decision on the same day on which the trial took place.

He noted that this Court had stated that “equity has been especially vigilant to relieve against

forfeitures * * *.”   (Internal quotation marks omitted.)     The trial justice also engaged in a

carefully considered analysis of our precedent and its applicability to the instant case. He

ultimately found that Carmel did not receive adequate notice when she did not have actual notice

and a family member signed the certified mail receipts; therefore, the trial justice concluded that

she was never given an opportunity to present her objections to the Petition. He also decided that

notice to John was “deficient” because it was sent to his business address and that that fact

“exacerbated” the failure to notify him of the August 9 hearing. However, the trial justice did

state that notifying John of the August 9 hearing “may not have been required under the statute.”

        Accordingly, the trial justice granted plaintiffs’ request to vacate the final decree

foreclosing their rights of redemption on the basis of inadequate notice that amounted to a denial

of due process. In early April of 2014, an order entered implementing the trial justice’s bench

decision; it denied a motion for summary judgment which had been filed by Victor Realty and

vacated the August 9, 2013 final decree foreclosing plaintiffs’ rights of redemption. Victor

Realty filed a timely notice of appeal to this Court with respect to the trial justice’s vacating the

August 9, 2013 final decree.

                                                 II

                                         Issues of Appeal

        Victor Realty contends on appeal that the Superior Court erred in vacating the final

decree foreclosing plaintiffs’ rights of redemption because: (1) John had actual notice of the

Petition; (2) John was not entitled to notice of the August 9, 2013 hearing; and (3) Carmel was

served with notice “in the manner required by the * * * statute.” This Court is tasked with

                                                -6-
determining whether the Superior Court erred in deciding that the notice provided to John and/or

Carmel was so inadequate as to amount to a denial of due process, pursuant to chapter 9 of title

44 of the General Laws.

                                                III

                                       Standard of Review

       We have specifically stated that, when considering an appeal from a judgment denying a

party’s request to vacate a final decree foreclosing that party’s right of redemption to property,

we “exercise a de novo standard of review.” Kildeer Realty v. Brewster Realty Corp., 826 A.2d
961, 962, 965 (R.I. 2003). Our reasoning in that opinion was that a request “which contends that

a judgment is void is one which is not addressed to the court’s discretion. A judgment is either

valid or it is not and discretion plays no part in resolving the issue.” Id. at 965 (quoting

Nisenzon v. Sadowski, 689 A.2d 1037, 1047 (R.I. 1997)) (emphasis in original). Although

Kildeer dealt with the denial of a motion to vacate a final decree whereas the instant case deals

with a trial justice having actually vacated a final decree, it is our view that the same standard of

review should apply. Thus, we will proceed to conduct a de novo review.

                                                 IV

                                             Analysis

       In Rhode Island, “a person holding an interest in * * * property has an absolute right,” for

one year following a tax sale of the property, “to redeem the property by paying the purchase

price to the buyer at the tax sale [(in this case, Victor Realty)] * * *, along with any accumulated

fees, taxes, and penalties.” Johnson v. QBAR Associates, 78 A.3d 48, 52 (R.I. 2013); see § 44-

9-21. If the property has not been redeemed within a year of the tax sale, the purchaser at the tax

sale may file a petition in Superior Court to “foreclose upon any interested party’s right of

                                                -7-
redemption.” Johnson, 78 A.3d at 52; see § 44-9-25(a). The purchaser must then send notice to

all interested parties, including the mortgagee. Johnson, 78 A.3d at 52; see § 44-9-27. After

“notice * * * is effectuated, any interested party may redeem the property by filing an answer to

the petition along with an offer to redeem * * *.” Johnson, 78 A.3d at 52; see § 44-9-29. If an

interested party fails to do so, “a decree shall be entered which shall forever bar all rights of

redemption.” Johnson, 78 A.3d at 52 (internal quotation marks omitted); see § 44-9-30. The

only means to challenge such a decree is specifically provided for by statute; as plaintiffs did in

the instant case, a separate action can be brought alleging inadequate notice of the petition to

foreclose the rights of redemption which amounts to a due process violation. Sec. 44-9-24.

                                                 A

                                          Notice to John

                                     1. Notice of the Petition

       The first issue with which we are confronted is whether or not notice of the Petition to

John was adequate. It is undisputed that John had actual notice of the Petition given that John

expressly acknowledged as much in his testimony at trial.

       The situation in the instant case has been expressly addressed by the General Assembly in

§ 44-9-11(c). That statute provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

                       “Once a petition is filed under § 44-9-25, and any party in
               interest entitled to notice of the tax sale receives actual notice of
               the pendency of the petition to foreclose, the party must raise the
               notice defense in accordance with the provisions of § 44-9-31 or be
               estopped from alleging lack of notice in any action to vacate a final
               decree entered in accordance with § 44-9-30.” Sec. 44-9-11(c).

In the instant case, a petition was filed under § 44-9-25 by Victor Realty. John had actual notice

of the Petition. He did not raise a notice defense in that action. In fact, he acknowledged at trial

that the notices he received of the Petition made it clear that he had to file a written appearance

                                                -8-
and answer to the Petition setting forth his objection or the Petition would be granted pursuant to

§ 44-9-31, and he acknowledged that he nonetheless took no action. As such, by the clear and

unambiguous terms of the statute, he is estopped from alleging lack of notice in this separate

action to vacate the final August 9, 2013 decree foreclosing his right of redemption with respect

to the Property. See Olamuyiwa v. Zebra Atlantek, Inc., 45 A.3d 527, 534 (R.I. 2012) (holding

that clear and unambiguous statutory language must be interpreted literally). Moreover, in

Johnson, 78 A.3d at 53, where an individual brought an action alleging inadequate notice under

§ 44-9-24 but had, in fact, received actual notice of a petition to foreclose her right of

redemption, we held that, in view of the fact that actual notice was received, there was no

deprivation of due process. See also ABAR Associates v. Luna, 870 A.2d 990, 995 (R.I. 2005)

(stating that it has been the repeated holding of this Court that, “upon notice of a petition for

foreclosure of the right of redemption, the failure by one who owns an interest in real estate to

file an answer or specifications on or before the return day forever bars that party from later

contesting the validity of the tax title”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, the statutory

scheme at issue and our precedent lead us to the conclusion that the trial justice erred in finding

that notice of the Petition as it pertained to John was inadequate since John was estopped from

raising such an argument.

                            2. Notice of the August 9, 2013 Hearing

       The defendant argues on appeal that, since John received actual notice of the Petition and

failed to file an answer or enter a written appearance, as required under chapter 9 of title 44 of

the General Laws, he had not entered an appearance and was not entitled to notice of the August

9, 2013 hearing.

                                               -9-
        As we turn to this issue, we begin by noting that it is by no means clear from the record

that the trial justice actually held that John was entitled to notice of the August 9, 2013 hearing.

In his decision, the trial justice stated:

                “Mr. Izzo was not properly served, the failure of the defendant to
                subsequently notify him of the motion for foreclosure on August
                9th is exacerbated. Although that may not have been required
                under the statute, as [counsel for Victor Realty] likes to remind the
                Court to the strictures of the statute, since notice was not properly
                served on Mr. Izzo, then his obligation to answer had not run, and
                notice should have been provided to him * * *.”

The trial justice’s comments, although unclear, suggest to this Court that he did not hold that

John was entitled to notice of the August 9, 2013 hearing. However, despite our view in that

regard, we will very briefly address the subject of John’s right to notice of the August 9, 2013

hearing.

        This Court has indicated, with respect to defaults under Rule 55 of the Superior Court

Rules of Civil Procedure, that an appearance is “broadly defined and [is] not limited to a formal

court appearance.”      Val-Gioia Properties, LLC v. Blamires, 18 A.3d 545, 548 (R.I. 2011)

(internal quotation marks omitted). However, we have also expressly stated that the Superior

Court Rules of Civil Procedure do not apply to tax foreclosure actions. Johnson, 78 A.3d at 53

n.7 (“[T]ax sale foreclosure proceedings are specifically exempted from the operation of the

Rules of Civil Procedure by Rule 81(a)(2) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil

Procedure * * *.”). The notices of the Petition which John testified he eventually received were

in compliance with the form required under § 44-9-46 and contained the following language:

                “If you desire to make any objection or defense to said petition,
                you or your attorney must file a written appearance and an answer,
                under oath, setting forth clearly and specifically your objection or
                defense to each part of said petition, in the office of the Superior
                Court in Providence on or before the 20th day following the day of

                                               - 10 -
               receipt of this Citation next, that you may then and there show
               cause, if any, why the prayer of the petition should not be granted.
               “Unless your appearance is filed by or for you, your default will be
               recorded, the said petition will be taken as confessed, and you will
               be forever barred from contesting said petition or any decree
               entered thereon.” (Emphasis in original.)

Therefore, John was on notice that he had to enter a written appearance and an answer or his

default would be recorded. He did not file a written appearance or an answer. Thus, in the

context of this case, we are unable to hold that John had entered an appearance and was thereby

entitled to notice of the August 9, 2013 hearing.

                                                    B

                                         Notice to Carmel

       Victor Realty contends that the Superior Court erred in finding notice to Carmel was

inadequate because Victor Realty followed the requirements of the statute in providing notice to

Carmel and actual notice was not required. The plaintiffs counter by averring that notice was

inadequate and should be found to be so in order to accord with “the practice and procedure of

equity.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

       The requirements of notice pertinent to the instant case are set forth in the following clear

statutory language:

                        “Upon the filing of a petition, the petitioner shall, at his or
               her own cost, select, with the approval of the court, a title company
               or an attorney familiar with the examination of land titles. This
               company or attorney shall make an examination of the title
               sufficient only to determine the persons who may be interested in
               the title, and the petitioner shall, upon the filing of the examiner’s
               report, notify all persons appearing to be interested, whether as
               equity owners, mortgagees, lienors, attaching creditors, or
               otherwise, as well as the tax collector in the municipality where the
               subject property is located, of the pendency of the petition, the
               notice to be sent to each by registered or certified mail and return
               of receipt required.” Sec. 44-9-27(a) (emphasis added).

                                                - 11 -
In addressing whether notice to Carmel was adequate, we are keenly mindful of the maxim that

“[E]quity never * * * lends its aid to enforce a forfeiture * * *.” ABAR Associates, 870 A.2d at

994 (quoting Albertson v. Leca, 447 A.2d 383, 387 (R.I. 1982)).           However, despite that

venerable principle, we cannot overlook the statutory language; the statute specifically requires

that notice be sent to a mortgagee (in the instant case, Carmel) by certified mail with a return

receipt requested. There is no dispute that defendant followed the terms of the statute. The issue

with which we must contend is whether, in the instant case where Carmel’s son signed for the

certified mailings but did not inform her of those mailings, notice is still adequate so as not to

amount to a denial of due process. A thorough review of the United States Supreme Court

precedent, as well as our own precedent, leads to the conclusion that notice to Carmel was in

compliance with the statute and was adequate, even though Carmel never received actual notice.

       Due process requires “notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to

apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present

their objections.” Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950); see

also Flynn v. Al-Amir, 811 A.2d 1146, 1151 (R.I. 2002). However, “[d]ue process does not

require that a property owner receive actual notice before the government may take his

property.” Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 226 (2006); see also Weigner v. City of New York,

852 F.2d 646, 649 (2d Cir. 1988) (“The proper inquiry is whether the state acted reasonably in

selecting means likely to inform persons affected, not whether each property owner actually

received notice.”).   Also, in Jones, 547 U.S. at 226, the United States Supreme Court

acknowledged its “ample precedent” allowing for notice by mail. 5 See, e.g., Dusenbery v.

5
        It is worth noting that, in Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 226, 239 (2006), the United
States Supreme Court held that adequate notice of a tax sale was not provided when notice was
sent by certified mail but it was returned to the sender marked “unclaimed.” The instant case is

                                              - 12 -
United States, 534 U.S. 161, 164, 169, 172 (2002) (holding that notice sent by certified mail to

an inmate was adequate).

       Furthermore, this Court has followed the Supreme Court in holding that, when providing

notice of a tax sale,6 § 44-9-10 permits notice by certified mail to the individual’s last known

place of abode and that a hearing justice erred in finding such notice to be inadequate. Amy

Realty v. Gomes, 839 A.2d 1232, 1235 (R.I. 2004). We specifically stated that “[a]ctual notice

was not required.” Id. We have also held, when discussing service of process rather than notice

under the tax foreclosure statute, that service sent by certified mail and signed for by the

defendant’s mother was adequate. Flynn, 811 A.2d at 1151-52. Importantly, we stated: “Service

by registered or certified mail should be regarded as equally efficacious [as personal service]

from a constitutional perspective to invoke personal jurisdiction since the return receipt normally

guarantees that the defendant or someone related or associated with him has received the

process * * *.” Id. at 1151 (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The testimony in the instant case reflects the fact that Carmel did not have actual notice.

However, that does not necessarily mean that the notice provided to her was inadequate. See

Jones, 547 U.S. at 226. Her testimony and the exhibits at trial reflect the fact that defendant sent

her notice by certified mail with return receipts requested at her last known address, which is all

the above-referenced precedent requires.         See, e.g., Amy Realty, 839 A.2d at 1235.

Additionally, Carmel testified that, despite spending some of the year in Florida, she was

“definitely” in Rhode Island and living at the address where the certified mailings were sent on

easily distinguishable in view of the fact that Carmel’s son signed for the two notices that were
sent to her address. As such, defendant had no reason to know that notice was not received.
6
        While we are dealing with a petition to foreclose rights of redemption in the instant case,
rather than a tax sale, cases addressing notice required before a tax sale are instructive since
similar property interests are implicated.

                                               - 13 -
the date they were signed for by Carl. In our judgment, such notice was reasonably calculated to

apprise her of the Petition and allow her to present an objection. See Mullane, 339 U.S. at 314.

       Moreover, our precedent is instructive with respect to the fact that Carl, not Carmel,

signed for the certified mailings; service of process by certified mail is adequate since it typically

guarantees that the individual to whom the service is addressed “or someone related” would

receive service. Flynn, 811 A.2d at 1151 (emphasis in original). It follows that notice of a

petition to foreclose rights of redemption which is sent by certified mail and signed for by a

relative of the intended recipient is adequate notice and does not amount to a denial of due

process. We note that we have specifically stated that the statutory scheme at issue, which

requires only notice by certified mail with return receipts requested, “strikes a fair balance

between the interests of the government and private property rights * * *.” Mortgage Electronic

Registration Systems, Inc. v. DePina, 63 A.3d 871, 876 (R.I. 2013) (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also § 44-9-27. Furthermore, the fact that Carmel testified that she was “financially

able” to redeem does not overcome the fact that she was provided legally adequate notice of the

Petition and did not file an answer or an offer to redeem.

       It is worth noting that the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, in Town of Andover

v. State Financial Services, Inc., 736 N.E.2d 837, 840 (Mass. 2000), held that the notice

provision of the Massachusetts tax title foreclosure law requiring notice by certified mail

“satisfied * * * due process.” It is likewise our opinion that, in the particular circumstances of

the instant case, the defendant’s compliance with § 44-9-27 in providing notice by certified mail

with return receipts requested ensured adequate notice to Carmel.

                                                - 14 -
                                                V

                                           Conclusion

       For the reasons stated in this opinion, we vacate the order of the Superior Court. We

remand the record to that tribunal for entry of judgment in accordance with this opinion.

                                              - 15 -
                                  RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S
                                                OFFICE

                                  Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet

TITLE OF CASE:        John Izzo et al. v. Victor Realty et al.

CASE NO:              No. 2014-165-Appeal.
                      (PC 13-4518)

COURT:                Supreme Court

DATE OPINION FILED: February 18, 2016

JUSTICES:             Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

WRITTEN BY:           Associate Justice William P. Robinson III

SOURCE OF APPEAL:     Providence County Superior Court

JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:

                      Associate Justice Luis M. Matos

ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:

                      For Plaintiffs: Maurene Souza, Esq.
                                      William T. Carline III, Esq.

                      For Defendants: Patrick T. Conley, Esq.