Court Opinion

ID: 5175600
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-03 14:02:00.407857+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:59:48.997632
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

BENEFYTT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.          )
(F/K/A HEALTH INSURANCE              )
INNOVATIONS, INC.)                   )
                       Plaintiff,    )
                                     )
             v.                      ) C.A. No. N21C-02-143 PRW
                                     )                      CCLD
CAPITOL SPECIALTY INSURANCE )
CORPORATION, MAXUM                   )
INDEMNITY COMPANY, CERTAIN )
UNDERWRITERS AT LLOY ‘S’ OF          )
LONDON, and ARGONAUT                 )
INSURANCE COMPANY,                   )
                 Defendants/Counter )
                 Plaintiffs,         )
                                     )
and                                  )
                                     )
XL SPECIALTY INSURANCE               )
COMPANY, EXECUTIVE RISK              )
INDEMNITY, INC., and                 )
ENDURANCE ASSURANCE                  )
CORPORATION,                         )
                         Defendants. )

                        Submitted: December 3, 2021
                          Decided: January 3, 2022

                MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

 Upon Defendant Executive Risk Indemnity, Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss the Second
                           Amended Complaint,
                GRANTED IN PART, DENIED IN PART

Jennifer C. Wasson, Esq., Carla Jones, Esq., POTTER ANDERSON & CORROON LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware, Counsel for Plaintiff Benefytt Technologies, Inc.
Robert J. Katzenstein, Esq., SMITH, KATZENSTEIN & JENKINS LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware, Counsel for Defendants Maxum Indemnity Company, XL Specialty
Insurance Company, and Executive Risk Indemnity, Inc.

Patricia A Winston, Esq., MORRIS JAMES LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Counsel for
Defendant Endurance Assurance Corporation.

Timothy Jay Houseal, Esq., Jennifer M. Kinkus, Esq., YOUNG CONAWAY STARGATT
& TAYLOR LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Counsel for Defendants Certain
Underwriters at Lloyd’s of London.

John C. Phillips, Jr., Esq., David Bilson, Esq., PHILLIPS MCLAUGHLIN & HALL, P.A.,
Wilmington, Delaware, Counsel for Defendant Argonaut Insurance Company.

Joanna J. Cline, Esq., Emily L. Wheatley, Esq., TROUTMAN PEPPER HAMILTON
SANDERS LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Counsel for Defendant Capitol Specialty
Insurance Corporation.

WALLACE, J.
      This is an insurance coverage dispute. Plaintiff Benefytt Technologies, Inc.

had two towers of directors and officers liability (“D&O”) insurance: one for the

2017–2018 policy period, and another for 2018–2019. Benefytt has faced a series

of lawsuits that implicated this insurance coverage. But Benefytt’s insurers have

attempted to limit their coverage obligations by sundry means; those means include

disputing the policy period to which certain claims should be assigned. So Benefytt

filed this action to determine its coverage rights once and for all. The parties have

taken a variety of positions on how the dispute should be resolved, with few agreeing

on anything.

      A notable exception is Defendant Executive Risk Indemnity, Inc. Benefytt

and Executive Risk agree on how Benefytt’s claims should be allocated between the

2017–2018 and 2018–2019 policy periods. And if this litigation establishes that

their position is the correct one, then Executive Risk will owe Benefytt nothing. This

has left Executive Risk wondering why Benefytt named it as a defendant. In

Executive Risk’s view, there is no controversy between them. The only way that

Executive Risk’s coverage obligations might be triggered is if Benefytt were to fail

in obtaining its desired resolution.

      Consequently, Executive Risk has moved to dismiss under Civil Rules

12(b)(6) and Rule 12(b)(1). According to Executive Risk, Benefytt has failed to

allege that an actual controversy currently exists between them and any dispute that

                                        -1-
may eventually arise between them is not yet ripe for adjudication. Not so.

       Benefytt and Executive Risk are aligned in the coverage dispute—for now. If

Benefytt succeeds in this litigation, their alignment will continue. But if not,

Executive Risk’s coverage obligations to Benefytt will be triggered. Benefytt has

no assurance that Executive Risk will honor its obligations without further dispute,

and Executive Risk has expressly refused to give any such assurance. The Court is

satisfied, therefore, that there is an actual controversy between Executive Risk and

Benefytt.     And because it is reasonably conceivable that Executive Risk’s

obligations could be triggered, the controversy is ripe for adjudication. Accordingly,

Executive Risk’s motion is DENIED with respect to Benefytt’s declaratory

judgment claims.       But the motion is GRANTED with respect to Benefytt’s

alternative claim for breach of contract because Benefytt has not pleaded that

Executive Risk breached any present coverage obligations.

                            I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

    A. THE PARTIES

        Benefytt is a Delaware corporation that operates its health insurance

technology business principally in Tampa, Florida.1 Defendants are seven insurance

companies from whom Benefytt purchased policies with 2017–2018 and 2018–2019

1
    Second Am. Compl. at ¶ 35 (D.I. 114).

                                            -2-
policy periods. They are Capitol Specialty Insurance Corporation (“CapSpecialty”),

Maxum Indemnity Company (“Maxum”), Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s of

London (“Lloyd’s”), XL Specialty Insurance Company (“XL”), Executive Risk,

Argonaut Insurance Company (“Argonaut”), and Endurance Assurance Corporation

(“Endurance”).2

          The movant-insurer, Executive Risk, provided second-layer excess D&O

insurance coverage to Benefytt during the 2017–2018 policy period.3

    B. BENEFYTT’S INSURANCE POLICIES

          At the relevant times, Benefytt had two separate lines of liability insurance.4

One was for “Insurance Agents and Brokers Professional Liability” (“E&O

insurance”). The other was for “Directors, Officers, and Company Liability” (“D&O

insurance”).5 Only Benefytt’s D&O policies are relevant to the pending motion.

          During the 2018–2019 policy period, Lloyd’s was the primary D&O insurer,

with a limit of $10 million.6 During the same period, XL was the first-layer excess

insurer, Argonaut was the second-layer excess insurer, and Endurance was the third-

2
    Id. at ¶¶ 36–42.
3
    Id. at ¶ 52.
4
    Id. at ¶ 32.
5
    Id.
6
    Id. at ¶ 55.

                                            -3-
layer excess insurer.7 Each D&O excess policy had a limit of $5 million.8 Each

D&O policy during this period ran from June 8, 2018, to June 8, 2019.9

           The D&O insurance scheme for the 2017–2018 policy was largely the same.10

The only two differences are that the policy period ran from May 8, 2017, to May 8,

2018,11 and that Executive Risk was the second-layer excess insurer instead of

Argonaut.12 Executive Risk’s policy limit was also $5 million.13

     C. THE COVERAGE DISPUTES

           The coverage disputes spawning this litigation relate to several lawsuits filed

against Benefytt that are summarized here only to the extent relevant to Executive

Risk’s motion.

           First, the Belin Claim is a consumer class action lawsuit filed against Benefytt

and its former CEO in June 2019.14 Second, the Keippel Claim is a securities class

7
     Id. at ¶¶ 57–59.
8
     Id.
9
     Id. at ¶¶ 55–59.
10
     See id. at ¶¶ 50–54.
11
     See id.
12
     Id. at ¶ 52.
13
     Id.
14
     Id. at ¶¶ 66–67.

                                             -4-
action filed against Benefytt in February 2019.15 Finally, three securities class

actions and shareholder derivative actions were filed against Benefytt in 2017 and

2018 (the “2017–2018 Actions”).16

        Benefytt sought coverage for both the Belin Claim and the Keippel Claim

under its 2018–2019 policies. But Lloyd’s, Argonaut, and Endurance each either

expressly denied coverage for the Belin Claim or otherwise failed to acknowledge

any coverage obligations.17 And although Lloyd’s and XL initially agreed to fund

the defense and settlement of the Keippel Claim up to the limits of their respective

2018–2019 policies, they reserved the right later to seek recoupment from

Benefytt.18 The settlement and defense costs for the Keippel Claim exhausted

Lloyd’s and XL’s underlying limits.19

        The coverage disputes that have emerged relate, in part, to the policy period

under which the Keippel Claim is made and whether the Keippel Claim is related to

the Belin Claim.20 Lloyd’s and XL now take the position that the Keippel Claim and

15
     Id. at ¶ 87.
16
     Id. at ¶ 14.
17
     Id. at ¶¶ 76–78.
18
     Id. at ¶¶ 89–90.
19
     Id. at ¶ 23.
20
     Id. at ¶ 14.

                                         -5-
Belin Claim are related, and as such, they constitute a single claim.21 From there,

Lloyd’s and XL diverge. XL contends the Keippel Claim was first made in the

2018–2019 policy period,22 as does Endurance.23 Conversely, Lloyd’s and Argonaut

contend the Keippel Claim is related to the 2017–2018 Actions, such that they

constitute a single claim under the 2017–2018 policy period.24    Finally, Benefytt

and Executive Risk believe the Keippel Claim falls under the 2018–2019 policy

period and the Keippel Claim is not related to the 2017–2018 Actions.25

     D. THIS LITIGATION

        Benefytt filed its first complaint here in February 2021.26 Benefytt didn’t

name Lloyd’s, Executive Risk, or XL as defendants because it believed Lloyd’s

would keep its payment of the Keippel Claim under the 2018–2019 policy period.27

Benefytt filed its First Amended Complaint a month later, after Lloyd’s signaled it

21
     Id. at ¶ 87.
22
     Id. at ¶ 91.
23
     Id. at ¶ 117.
24
     Id. at ¶¶ 115–16.
25
     Id. at ¶¶ 19, 117.
26
     D.I. 1.
27
     Benefytt’s Br. in Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss at 9 (D.I. 69).

                                               -6-
intended to litigate the policy-period issue.28 The First Amended Complaint added

Lloyd’s, Executive Risk, and XL as defendants.29

           Executive Risk moved to dismiss the First Amended Complaint as to itself in

May 2021.30 At a hearing thereafter, a question arose as to whether Benefytt could

address Executive Risk’s arguments by amending the First Amended Complaint to

assert claims in the alternative. So the Court set a schedule for Benefytt to file a

Second Amended Complaint, for Benefytt and Executive Risk to supplement their

briefing, and for the other parties to file responses as they deemed appropriate. 31

Executive Risk renewed its arguments for dismissal of the Second Amended

Complaint through its supplemental briefing.32

           The Second Amended Complaint sets out six causes of action. Count I is a

declaratory judgment claim against all Defendants. Among other things, Count I

requests a declaration that: (1) the Belin Claim is a claim first made in the 2018–

2019 period; (2) Argonaut and Endurance must provide insurance coverage up to

28
    Id.; see also Lloyd’s Countercl. at ¶¶ 72–73, 81, 86, 92 (counterclaims alleging the Keippel
Claim was first made under the 2017–2018 policy period) (D.I. 60); Argonaut’s Countercl. at ¶ 96
(D.I. 48) (same).
29
     Id.
30
     D.I. 54.
31
     D.I. 113.
32
     D.I. 118.

                                             -7-
their respective policy limits for the Belin Claim; (3) the Keippel Claim was first

made in the 2018–2019 policy period and is not related to the 2017–2018 Actions,

and Lloyd’s may not seek reimbursement from Benefytt for amounts Lloyd’s paid

under its 2018–2019 policy for the Keippel Claim; and (4) Argonaut must cover the

outstanding defense costs incurred for the Keippel Claim.33 The only reference to

Executive Risk in Count I is to note it agrees with Benefytt’s position that the

Keippel Claim was first made under the 2018–2019 policy period and is not related

to the 2017–2018 Actions.34

        Count IV is an alternative claim for declaratory judgment against the D&O

insurers concerning the Keippel Claim. Count IV requests a declaration that: (1) the

Keippel claim was first made in the 2018–2019 policy period and is not related to

the 2017–2018 Actions, and Lloyd’s may not seek reimbursement from Benefytt for

amounts Lloyd’s paid under its 2018–2019 policy for the Keippel Claim; and (2) “if

not, then Lloyd’s, XL, Executive Risk and Endurance must pay the Keippel Claim

in full under the 2017–2018 policy period.”35 In other words, Count IV seeks to

ensure coverage for the Keippel Claim in the event that Lloyd’s succeeds in

establishing that the claim falls under the 2017–2018 policy period.

33
     Second Am. Compl. at ¶ 122.
34
     Id. at ¶ 117.
35
     Id. at ¶ 149.

                                        -8-
        Count V is a corresponding breach-of-contract claim. Through it, Benefytt

charges that if the Keippel Claim falls under the 2017–2018 policy period, then

Lloyd’s, XL, Executive Risk, and Endurance will have breached their coverage

obligations by failing to promptly pay the claim under their 2017–2018 policies.36

        Finally, Counts II, III, and VI in no way implicate Executive Risk and so need

not be further addressed now.

                          II. THE PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

     A. EXECUTIVE RISK’S MOTION TO DISMISS

        Executive Risk moves to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint as to itself

for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) and for lack of ripeness under Rule

12(b)(1). The crux of Executive Risk’s argument is that Benefytt agrees with

Executive Risk’s position in the coverage dispute.37 In other words, Benefytt and

Executive Risk agree that the Keippel Claim should be deemed first made in the

2018–2019 policy period.38            And so, says Executive Risk, dismissal of any

declaratory judgment count as to itself is due under Rule 12(b)(6).

        Declaratory relief requires an actual controversy between the parties, but

36
     Id. at ¶ 154.
37
     See Executive Risk’s Mot. to Dismiss at 10; Executive Risk’s Suppl. Br. at 1.
38
     See Executive Risk’s Suppl. Br. at 1.

                                              -9-
Executive Risk sees none between itself and Benefytt.39 Instead, Executive Risk

argues any interest it may have in this dispute is “aligned with Benefytt in support

of Benefytt’s claim.”40 Therefore, Executive Risk argues, Benefytt has failed to state

a claim for declaratory judgment.

           Additionally, Executive Risk argues for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack

of ripeness. A dispute is not ripe where the claim is based on “uncertain and

contingent events” or where “future events may obviate the need” for judicial

intervention.41 Here, Executive Risk argues any dispute between itself and Benefytt

is based on “uncertain and contingent events that may not occur;”42 specifically, a

finding that the Keippel Claim falls under the 2017–2018 policy period.

           Finally, Executive Risk argues Benefytt cannot salvage its declaratory

judgment claim by recasting it as a breach-of-contract claim. Executive Risk points

out that Benfeytt’s breach-of-contract claim “exists only if Benefytt fails to succeed

on its main claims against the 2018–2019 D&O Insurers.”43 But because Benefytt

“does not allege any existing obligation by Executive Risk to pay any money toward

39
     See id. at 5 (collecting cases).
40
     Id. at 5 (emphasis in original).
41
     See id. at 8 (collecting cases).
42
     Id.
43
     Id. at 7–8.

                                            - 10 -
the Keippel Claim,” it “cannot allege any breach.”44

     B. BENEFYTT’S OPPOSITION

        Benefytt insists its interests and Executive Risk’s are both real and adverse.

Benefytt “seeks insurance protection from Executive Risk for the Keippel Claim,

and Executive Risk disclaims any obligation to pay.”45            And, Benefytt says,

Executive Risk simply accords too much weight on the fact that they, for now, share

the same positions in the coverage dispute. According to Benefytt, its primary

interest is “securing coverage for the Keippel Claim,” and “not which insurance

tower ‘wins’ the legal dispute over Keippel Claim placement.”46 And if the Keippel

Claim were to be assigned to the 2017–2018 policy period through this litigation,

Benefytt has no assurance that “Executive Risk will honor any payment obligations

immediately or without further dispute, given the contentious nature of the policy

placement issue.”47

        Benefytt also insists that the dispute is ripe. If Lloyd’s succeeds in switching

its payment of the Keippel Claim to the 2017–2018 policy period, then “Executive

44
     Id. at 8.
45
     Benefytt’s Suppl. Br. at 3 (D.I. 125).
46
     Id. at 5.
47
     Benefytt’s Answering Br. at 15 (D.I. 69).

                                                 - 11 -
Risk’s full excess limits” will be implicated.48 “As such, this contested coverage

issue is ripe for judicial resolution, and the Court’s rulings will have a direct bearing

on Executive Risk’s rights and obligations.”49 Benefytt’s original answering brief

added that controlling Delaware case law confirms the dispute is ripe for

adjudication.50

        Finally, Benefytt refutes Executive Risk’s suggestion that it has not

adequately alleged an actionable breach of contract.               Benefytt repeats that it

requested Executive Risk to fund the Keippel Claim settlement and that Executive

Risk refused.51

                       III. APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARDS

     A. RULE 12 AND CHALLENGING SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION

        Whenever it appears by suggestion of the parties or otherwise that the Court

lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a claim, the Court must dismiss that claim.52

48
     Benefytt’s Suppl. Br. at 8.
49
     Id. at 9.
50
   See Benefytt’s Answering Br. at 20–22 (citing Schick Inc. v. Amalgamated Clothing & Textile
Workers Union, 533 A.2d 1235, 1238 (Del. Ch. 1987)).
51
     See Benefytt’s Suppl. Br. at 3–4.
52
     Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 12(h)(3) (“Whenever it appears by suggestion of the parties or
otherwise that the Court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter, the Court shall dismiss the
action.”); see Lima USA, Inc. v. Mahfouz, 2021 WL 5774394, at *6 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 31, 2021)
(citing Webster v. Brosman, 2019 WL 5579489, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. Oct. 29, 2019) (“Superior
Court Rule of Civil Procedure 12(h)(3) mandates the Court to dismiss a claim if it appears from

                                            - 12 -
In considering a jurisdictional challenge, the Court “need not accept [the movant’s]

factual allegations as true and is free to consider facts not alleged in the complaint.”53

Accordingly, where the movant “need only show that the Court lacks jurisdiction,”54

the non-movant bears the “far more demanding” burden of “prov[ing]” the Court’s

jurisdiction exists.55 A motion to dismiss challenging jurisdiction of the subject

matter based on a lack of ripeness is properly considered under Rule 12(b)(1).56

     B. RULE 12(B)(6) MOTIONS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM

        A party might move to dismiss under this Court’s Civil Rule 12(b)(6) for

failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.57 In resolving a Rule

12(b)(6) motion, the Court (1) accepts as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in

the complaint; (2) credits vague allegations if they give the opposing party notice of

the claim; (3) draws all reasonable factual inferences in favor of the non-movant;

the record that the Court does not have jurisdiction over the claim.”)); see generally Del. Super.
Ct. Civ. R. 12(b)(1).
53
    Appriva S’holder Litig. Co., LLC v. EV3, Inc., 937 A.2d 1275, 1284 n.14 (Del. 2007) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
54
    Airbase Carpet Mart, Inc. v. AYA Assocs., Inc., 2015 WL 9302894, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Dec.
15, 2015), aff’d, 2016 WL 4938890 (Del. Sept. 16, 2016).
55
     Appriva, 937 A.2d at 1284 n.14 (internal quotation marks omitted).
56
    See Energy Transfer Equity, L.P. v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 2020 WL 5758027, *5 (Del.
Super. Ct. Sept. 28, 2020); B/E Aerospace, Inc. v. J.A. Reinhardt Holdings, 2020 WL 4195762, at
*2 (Del. Super. Ct. July 21, 2020).
57
     Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 12(b)(6).

                                             - 13 -
and (4) denies dismissal if recovery on the claim is reasonably conceivable.58 The

Court, however, need not “accept conclusory allegations unsupported by specific

facts or . . . draw unreasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.”59 Nor

must the Court adopt “every strained interpretation of the allegations the plaintiff

proposes.”60 Still, even with those cautions in mind, Delaware’s pleading standard

is “minimal.”61         Dismissal is inappropriate unless “under no reasonable

interpretation of the facts alleged could the complaint state a claim for which relief

might be granted.”62 “Generally, matters outside the pleadings should not be

considered in ruling on a motion to dismiss.”63 But the Court may consider

documents or exhibits outside the pleadings when they’re “integral to a . . . claim

and incorporated into the complaint.”64

58
     Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Cap. Holdings LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 535 (Del. 2011).
59
    Price v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 26 A.3d 162, 166 (Del. 2011), overruled on other
grounds by Ramsey v. Ga. S. Univ. Advanced Dev. Ctr., 189 A.3d 1255, 1277 (Del. 2018).
60
     Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1083 (Del. 2001).
61
     Cent. Mortg., 27 A.3d at 536 (citing Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 895 (Del. 2002)).
62
    Unbound Partners Ltd. P’ship v. Invoy Holdings Inc., 251 A.3d 1016, 1023 (Del. Super. Ct.
2021) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Cent. Mortg., 27 A.3d at 537 n.13 (“Our governing
‘conceivability’ standard is more akin to ‘possibility . . . .’”).
63
     In re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 68 (Del. 1995).
64
   Windsor I, LLC v. CWCap. Asset Mgmt. LLC, 238 A.3d 863, 873 (Del. 2020); see also
Malpiede, 780 A.2d at 1083 (“[A] claim may be dismissed if allegations in the complaint or in the
exhibits incorporated into the complaint effectively negate the claim as a matter of law.”).

                                              - 14 -
                                        IV. DISCUSSION

        Executive Risk moves for dismissal of the Second Amended Complaint as to

itself under Rules 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(1). Dismissal of the declaratory judgment

claims found in Counts I and IV is not warranted. So Executive Risk’s motion is

DENIED as to them. But with respect to Count V’s breach-of-contract claim,

Executive Risk’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED.

     A. DISMISSAL OF THE DECLARATORY JUDGMENT CLAIMS IS NOT
        WARRANTED UNDER RULE 12(b)(6).

        Delaware courts are authorized to entertain an action for a declaratory

judgment, provided that an “actual controversy” exists between the parties.65 For an

“actual controversy” to exist, there must be the following:

            (1) It must be a controversy involving the rights or other legal
            relations of the party seeking declaratory relief; (2) it must be a
            controversy in which the claim of right or other legal interest is
            asserted against one who has an interest in contesting the claim;
            (3) the controversy must be between parties whose interests are
            real and adverse; (4) the issue involved in the controversy must
            be ripe for judicial determination.66

Executive Risk’s argument under Rule 12(b)(6) focuses on the second and third

elements. The questions, then, are: (1) Does Executive Risk have an interest in

65
    See XL Specialty Ins. Co. v. WMI Liquidating Tr., 93 A.3d 1208, 1217 (Del. 2014) (citing
Stroud v. Milliken Enter., Inc., 552 A.2d 476, 479 (Del. 1989)).
66
     Id. (internal citation omitted).

                                             - 15 -
contesting Benefytt’s claim?; and (2) Are the interests of Executive Risk and

Benefytt are real and adverse? As to each, the answer is yes.

        1. Executive Risk has an interest in contesting Benefytt’s claims.

        Executive Risk argues—albeit inconsistently—that it has no interest in

contesting Benefytt’s claims.67 Executive Risk is correct on one thing; the Second

Amended Complaint doesn’t “allege that Executive Risk’s coverage position is

incorrect.”68 But Executive Risk is mistaken in believing this warrants dismissal.

Three Delaware cases help to illustrate why:                      Hoeschst,69 Philips,70 and

XL Specialty.71

        While Hoeschst focused primarily on the element of ripeness, it is instructive

on the issues of interest and adversity as well. There, the plaintiff-corporation faced

67
      Executive Risk’s opening brief highlighted “against one who has an interest in contesting the
claims” as one of the “basic requirements to plead a cause of action for declaratory relief” that
Benefytt fails to satisfy. See Executive Risk’s Opening Br. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss at 9–10.
But at argument, Executive Risk agreed it has an interest in the Court’s ruling on whether the
claims fall under 2017–2018 or 2018–2019. See Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 20, July 12, 2021 (D.I. 100).
And then Executive Risk changed its mind again. See id. at 21–22 (Q: “But you’re saying that . .
. it’s not in Executive Risk’s interest to be a part of that determination?” A: “Well, no, it’s not,
because Executive Risk doesn’t have anything to defend. Nobody is suing Executive Risk for
Executive Risk taking the wrong position.”).
68
     Executive Risk’s Opening Br. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss at 13.
69
   Hoeschst Celanese Corp. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 623 A.2d 1133 (Del.
Super. Ct. 1992).
70
     N. Am. Philips Corp. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 565 A.2d 956 (Del. Super. Ct. 1989).
71
     XL Specialty Ins. Co. v. WMI Liquidating Trust, 93 A.3d 1208, 1221–22 (Del. 2014).

                                              - 16 -
significant exposure through numerous products liabilities claims. Accordingly, it

sought a judgment determining its rights and the duties of its primary, umbrella, and

excess liability insurers. Several excess insurance companies argued the insurance

claims were not justiciable because there was too much uncertainty as to whether

their excess coverage obligations might ever be triggered. This Court rejected those

arguments, explaining that the plaintiff “demonstrated sufficient likelihood that at

least some of the higher level excess coverage might be implicated.”72 The Court

acknowledged it could not precisely determine which excess insurers were

implicated and which were not.            “Such demarcation being impracticable, the

principles of judicial economy and comprehensive, final resolution require[d] that

all of the excess insurers potentially implicated remain in this action.”73

           A similar situation had been addressed a few years earlier by this Court in

Philips.      There, the plaintiff-corporation faced substantial liability from suits

challenging its environmental practices. So, it filed a declaratory judgment action

against its many insurance providers to determine its coverage rights. Certain excess

insurers sought dismissal of the claims against them insisting that the possibility of

their policies being triggered was just too remote.74 Not so, said the Court: the

72
     Hoeschst, 623 A.2d at 1140.
73
     Id.
74
     N. Am. Philips Corp., 565 A.2d at 958.

                                              - 17 -
plaintiff’s then-present and future liabilities were sufficient to establish a reasonable

likelihood that at least some of the excess policies would be triggered.75 Like in

Hoescht, the Court emphasized the need to “afford a prompt resolution of [the]

matter for the plaintiff to avoid delayed, sporadic and costly litigation.”76

           In XL Specialty, the Supreme Court of Delaware described Hoeschst and

Philips as cases in which this Court “concluded that it would be difficult to

distinguish between those excess policies that would be triggered and those that

would not. In those cases, therefore, the most efficient use of judicial resources was

to resolve all claims as to all excess insurers simultaneously.”77           The Court

distinguished those cases from the case then before it, where the plaintiff had not

alleged facts from which one could reasonably infer that “any” of the policies were

likely to be triggered.78

           The relationship between Benefytt and Executive Risk is similar to that of the

plaintiff and the excess insurers in Hoeschst. Like Executive Risk, the defendants

in Hoeschst had “no present obligation to pay benefits under the policies”79 and it

75
     Id.
76
     Id.
77
     XL Specialty Ins. Co., 93 A.3d at 1221–22.
78
     Id. at 1222 (emphasis in original).
79
     Id. at 1138.

                                             - 18 -
wasn’t certain whether that would change. But that uncertainty didn’t mean the

Hoeschst defendants had no interest in the coverage dispute, nor did it warrant

dismissal of the claims against them. Just so here.

        Executive Risk doesn’t owe anything to Benefytt—yet. But that might change

depending on how this litigation resolves the dispute about the Keippel Claim.

Maybe Executive Risk will ultimately owe Benefytt nothing. Or maybe Executive

Risk will owe Benefytt the full limits of its 2017–2018 D&O policy. Right now,

that is uncertain. But either way, Benefytt has a legitimate interest in binding all

potentially interested and at-risk insurers to the judgment—including Executive

Risk.

        When arguing otherwise, Executive Risk overstates Benefytt’s agreement

with its coverage position. It matters not whether Benefytt subjectively agrees or

disagrees with the opinions of its insurers. Rather, this litigation is brought to

determine how the Keippel Claims affects Benefytt’s rights under all its insurance

policies and the obligations of all its insurers for the two policy periods in question.

Executive Risk has a clear interest in this determination regardless of whether it

currently agrees with Benefytt’s position.80

80
     As Benefytt summarized well at argument:

           Our issue here is that we keep hearing Executive Risk saying we haven’t
           asserted anything against them that they’ve done wrong. And that is not the
           declaration we are seeking at this stage, we’re not claiming a breach of
           contract against them, nor do we have to under the D.J. Act. What we are

                                             - 19 -
        Executive Risk’s positions at argument remove any doubt as to its interest.

The Court inquired more than once whether Executive Risk would dispute its

liability to Benefytt if the Keippel Claim were assigned to the 2017–2018 policy

period.81 Executive Risk’s response:

            Well, that all depends. That all depends on what the findings
            were, what the Executive Risk policy says, what [Benefytt]
            decides to do, and probably a host of other factors that we just
            don’t know. So it is all just guesswork at this point as to what’s
            ultimately going to occur.82

In other words, maybe Executive Risk will bring a separate action to determine its

liability—or force Benefytt to later do so—and maybe not. That will depend on

many things, most principally the outcome of this litigation. That is sufficient for a

determination that Executive Risk now has the type of interest necessary for Benefytt

to maintain a declaratory judgment claim against it.

            saying is that they absolutely have an interest in the determination [the
            Court] will be making as to whether or not the Keippel Claim goes in their
            tower and triggers $5 million in follow-form excess D&O coverage, or it
            goes into the year two tower where certainly both sides have asserted it most
            properly belongs.

Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 25.
81
     See id. at 5, 6, 20, and 21.
82
     Id. at 6. Executive Risk’s response was equally noncommittal each time the Court asked. See
id. at 5, 20, and 21.

                                               - 20 -
        2. Executive Risk’s interests are real and adverse to Benefytt’s.

        Executive Risk’s main argument under Rule 12(b)(6) is that “a controversy

does not exist between Benefytt and Executive Risk” because they agree the Keippel

Claim falls under the 2018–2019 policy period.83                 But as mentioned before,

Executive Risk makes no promises on whether that agreement will survive into the

future. And as seen at oral argument, Executive Risk tried to leave the door open

for a future action against Benefytt if the current action triggers its liability. No

doubt, the interests of Benefytt and Executive Risk when it comes to this declaratory

judgment action are real and adverse. And so, Executive Risk’s motion to dismiss

under Rule 12(b)(6) is DENIED with respect to Benefytt’s declaratory judgment

claims.

     B. DISMISSAL OF THE DECLARATORY JUDGMENT CLAIMS IS NOT
        WARRANTED UNDER RULE 12(b)(1).

        For there to be an “actual controversy” the controverted issue involved must

be ripe for judicial determination.84 A ripeness determination requires a “common

sense assessment” of whether the interests of the party seeking relief outweigh the

concerns of the Court in postponing review until the question arises in some more

83
     See Executive Risk’s Opening Br. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss at 12–13.
84
    See XL Specialty Ins. Co., 93 A.3d at 1217 (citing Stroud v. Milliken Enters., Inc., 552 A.2d
476, 479 (Del.1989)).

                                             - 21 -
concrete and final form.85 Generally, a dispute will be deemed ripe if “litigation

sooner or later appears to be unavoidable and where the material facts are static.”86

Conversely, a dispute will be deemed not ripe where the claim is based on “uncertain

and contingent events” that may not occur, or where “future events may obviate the

need” for judicial intervention.87 In the insurance coverage context, the plaintiff

must establish a “reasonable likelihood” that coverage under the disputed policies

will be triggered.88 “[A]bsolute proof that an excess insurer’s policies will be

triggered is by no means required . . . [but] it would be a waste of judicial resources

and an unnecessary expense to the parties to force excess insurers to defend a

coverage action when their coverage is unlikely to ever be implicated.”89

        Executive Risk’s ripeness argument reiterates that Benefytt agrees with

Executive Risk’s position. Executive Risk takes this to mean that Benefytt is not

claiming that Executive Risk’s policy is potentially triggered, but rather the

opposite.90 Now, Executive Risk acknowledges that its coverage could be triggered

85
     See id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).
86
     Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).
87
     Id. at 1217–18 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
88
     Id. (citing Hoeschst, 623 A.2d at 1137).
89
     Hoeschst, 623 A.2d at 1137 (internal citations omitted).
90
     Executive Risk’s Opening Br. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss at 14.

                                                - 22 -
if Benefytt fails in certain ways in this litigation. But, in Executive Risk’s view, that

outcome is too uncertain and contingent to create a ripe controversy between it and

Benefytt. Not so.

        1. It is reasonably likely that coverage under Executive Risk’s policy
           could be triggered.

        The Court must determine whether Benefytt has established a reasonable

likelihood that Executive Risk’s policy could be triggered. As Executive Risk

acknowledged, this question turns on the policy period to which the Keippel Claim

is assigned. If it is assigned to 2018–2019, Executive Risk will be off the hook. But

if it is assigned to 2017–2018, Executive Risk could be “duty-bound to cover the

Keippel Claim, thereby exhausting its $5 million in insurance coverage limits.”91

The question, then, is whether the latter outcome is at least reasonably likely. At

this point in the life of this action, the Court must say it is.

        It appears certain that one of the second-layer excess insurers will have its

policy triggered—whether that be Executive Risk, if the Keippel Claim is assigned

to 2017–2018, or Argonaut, if 2018–2019. The only question is which. So there is

just one contingent event that must occur for Executive Risk’s policy to trigger—

that’s a ruling in this action that the Keippel Claim fell within 2017–2018. These

facts align with those of Hoeschst and Philips, where this Court “concluded that it

91
     Benefytt’s Br. in Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss at 11.

                                              - 23 -
would be difficult to distinguish between those excess policies that would be

triggered and those that would not. In those cases, therefore, the most efficient use

of judicial resources was to resolve all claims as to all excess insurers

simultaneously.”92        And these facts also distinguish the current dispute from

XL Specialty, where the plaintiff failed to allege facts from which one could

reasonably conclude that “any” of the policies would likely be triggered.93

        Consequently, Benefytt has established a reasonable likelihood that Executive

Risk’s policy could be triggered. The dispute on this point between Benefytt and

Executive Risk is ripe for adjudication.

        2. The Schick Factors Confirm That the Dispute is Ripe.

        “A ripeness determination requires an assessment of whether the interest of

the party seeking immediate relief outweighs the concerns of a party ‘in postponing

review until the question arises in some more concrete and final form.’”94 This

analysis is guided by the Schick factors:

            (1) a practical evaluation of the plaintiff’s legitimate interest in
            prompt resolution of the question presented, (2) the hardship that
            further delay may threaten, (3) the possibility of future factual
            development that might affect the determination made, (4) the

92
   See XL Specialty, 93 A.3d at 1221–22 (citing Hoechst, 623 A.2d at 1140 and N. Am. Philips
Corp. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 565 A.2d 956, 962 (Del. Super. Ct. 1989)).
93
     See id. at 1222 (emphasis in original).
94
    Dewey Beach Enter., Inc. v. Drass Ins. Agency, 2021 WL 1930513, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. May
13, 2021) (quoting Stroud v. Milliken Enter., Inc., 552 A.2d 476, 480 (Del. 1989)).

                                               - 24 -
              need to conserve scarce judicial resources, and (5) a due respect
              for identifiable policies of the law touching upon the subject
              matter dispute.95

           Here, the Schick factors confirm that Executive Risk’s obligations are ripe for

determination. First, Benefytt has a legitimate interest in the prompt resolution of

its coverage dispute with respect to all its insurers, including Executive Risk. The

possibility that Executive Risk may dispute its liability in the future—which

Executive Risk refuses to rule out96—confirms the legitimacy of Benefytt’s interest

in a resolution of its coverage rights here and now.

           Second, delay may threaten hardship for Benefytt in the form of piecemeal

litigation. If Executive Risk were dismissed, Benefytt would face the risk of

litigating the current dispute, losing, and then facing a second dispute with Executive

Risk. “The burden on a party to re-litigate issues is a well-recognized ‘obvious

prejudice.’”97 Too, piecemeal litigation is contrary to judicial economy and the need

to conserve the Court’s resources recognized in the fourth Schick factor.98 These

95
    Schick Inc. v. Amalgamated Clothing & Textile Workers Union, 533 A.2d 1235, 1239 (Del.
Ch. 1987).
96
     See Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 5, 6, 20, and 21.
97
    IDT Corp. v. U.S. Specialty Ins. Co., 2019 WL 413692, at *16 (Del. Super. Ct. Jan. 31, 2019)
(quoting Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. AIU Ins. Co., 2014 WL 605753, at *5 (Del. Super. Ct. Jan.
21, 2014)).
98
     Id.

                                              - 25 -
factors weigh heavily in favor of denying dismissal. Benefytt’s insurers are all

parties to this case. Executive Risk is the only one that has moved to excuse itself.

It is in the best interests of the parties and the Court that Executive Risk remain so

that a single resolution can be reached without risk of later litigation and the

attendant potential for inconsistent results.

         As to the third Schick factor, there is no need to wait for additional facts to

develop with respect to Executive Risk. The sole condition affecting Executive

Risk’s liability is whether the Keippel Claim is assigned to 2017–2018 or 2018–

2019—a key issue to be resolved in this litigation.

         Finally, denying dismissal on the present motion is consistent with the

“policies of the law touching upon the subject matter of the dispute.”99 Benefytt is

seeking a declaratory judgment on its insurance coverage rights. This Court has long

observed that “[t]he question of liability under insurance contracts has proved to be

particularly susceptible to declaratory adjudication.”100

         Under these circumstances, the issue of Executive Risk’s coverage obligations

is now ripe for adjudication and declaration. Executive Risk’s Motion to Dismiss

under Rule 12(b)(1) is, therefore, DENIED.

99
      Schick, 533 A.2d at 1239.
100
      See Harleysville Mut. Cas. Ins. Co. v. Carroll, 123 A.2d 128 (Del. Super. Ct. 1956).

                                              - 26 -
      C. BENEFYTT’S BREACH-OF-CONTRACT CLAIM FAILS TO STATE A CLAIM
         AGAINST EXECUTIVE RISK.

        Count V alleges that if the Keippel Claim falls under the 2017–2018 policy

period, then Lloyd’s, XL, Executive Risk, and Endurance will have breached their

coverage obligations by failing to promptly pay the claim under their 2017–2018

policies.101 Executive Risk correctly posits that this claim fails to adequately allege

that it breached any contractual obligations. The Second Amended Complaint

makes clear that Benefytt seeks coverage for the Keippel Claim under its 2018–2019

D&O policies.102 But Executive Risk provided D&O insurance only for 2017–2018.

Therefore, Executive Risk has no present obligation to cover the Keippel Claim that

it could have breached.

        Benefytt claims it requested that Executive Risk fund the Keippel Settlement

since the fall of 2020, and that Executive Risk refused.103 Furthermore, Benefytt

complains that “Executive Risk was fully aware that if the Keippel Claim was a

Claim under the 2017–2018 policy period, then . . . its D&O was triggered with

respect to the Keippel Claim.”104 But the fact remains that if the Keippel Claim is a

101
      Second Am. Compl. at ¶ 154.
102
      Id. at ¶ 19.
103
      Executive Risk’s Suppl. Br. at 3 (citing Second Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 97–105).
104
      Second Am. Compl. at ¶ 102.

                                             - 27 -
claim under the 2018–2019 policy period, as Benefytt currently claims it to be, then

Executive Risk had and has no coverage obligations whatsoever. It simply cannot

be said that Executive Risk could retroactively breach its obligations by refusing to

cover a claim that, at the time, Benefytt itself said it had no obligation to cover.

Accordingly, Executive Risk’s motion is GRANTED with respect to Count V of the

Second Amended Complaint.

      D. EXECUTIVE RISK MAY EXIT THIS LITIGATION IF IT AGREES TO BE BOUND
         BY ITS DETERMINATIONS.

        In Hoeschst, this Court explained that an excess insurance company may have

another option if it does not wish to participate in a coverage dispute:

           An excess insurer who seeks dismissal has an alternative, albeit
           a severe one, with which it might satisfy the Court’s concern for
           judicial economy. The excess insurers could agree to be
           bound by the conduct of the case by the remaining
           defendants and to abide by the law of the case in every
           respect as it is composed. In this fashion, an excess insurer
           could be dismissed and avoid the legal expenses associated
           with the defense of this action. In the event that an excess
           insurer was later brought back into this action, there would be no
           need to relitigate matters resolved in its absence. If the excess
           insurers are truly as certain as they claim to be that their levels of
           coverage will never be implicated, this prospect should not be
           unattractive, as they would have nothing to lose.105

Executive Risk is free to exercise this option if it so chooses. But in the absence of

such an agreement, the Court finds that the need for a comprehensive and

105
      Hoeschst, 623 A.2d at 1140 (emphasis added).

                                            - 28 -
economical resolution of this dispute, and the reasonable likelihood that Executive

Risk’s policy could be implicated, create a controversy sufficient to warrant

Executive Risk’s continued presence in this declaratory judgment action.106

                                V. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, Executive Risk’s Motion to Dismiss is DENIED

on the declaratory judgment claims in Counts I and IV and GRANTED on the

breach-of-contract claim in Count V. If, and only if, Executive Risk agrees to be

bound by the Court’s determinations in this case despite its absence may Executive

Risk be dismissed. That dismissal would occur only upon separate application or

stipulation expressly memorializing such assent. Otherwise, Executive Risk must

remain a party to defend against its potential coverage exposure.

                                                   IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                   Paul R. Wallace, Judge

Original to Prothonotary

cc: All Counsel via File and Serve

106
      See id. at 1140–41.

                                       - 29 -