Court Opinion

ID: 9411868
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-28 07:09:28.172192+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:15.984209
License: Public Domain

In The

                               Court of Appeals

                   Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

                              __________________

                              NO. 09-21-00222-CV
                              __________________

               GICOR, INC., MEMO EXPRESS, L.L.C., AND
                   FLORENCIO GUERRA, Appellants

                                        V.

         WAYNE BREWER AND MELINDA BREWER, Appellees

 ________________________________________________________________

                On Appeal from the 457th District Court
                     Montgomery County, Texas
                   Trial Cause No. 17-10-12045-CV
__________________________________________________________________

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      This lawsuit relates to a dispute over a townhome purchased by the Appellees,

Wayne and Melinda Brewer (“Appellees,” “Plaintiffs,” or “the Brewers”), located

in “Bellago,” a community on Lake Conroe. The Bellago Townhomes were

developed by Appellant Memo Express, L.L.C. (“Memo”) and designed and

constructed by Appellant Gicor, Inc. (“Gicor”), and Appellant Florencio Guerra

(“Guerra”), the President of Gicor and the sole member and Manager of Memo

                                        1
(collectively “Defendants” or “Appellants”). The Brewers purchased their

townhome in September 2016. The townhome was approximately one year old at

the time of purchase and the Brewers did not purchase the townhome directly from

the Defendants.

      The Brewers filed suit against the Defendants alleging damages relating to

erosion, drainage, foundation, and related design and construction problems. After a

jury trial, the jury rendered a verdict in favor of the Brewers finding (1) violations

of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DTPA”), (2) knowing and intentional

violations of the DTPA, (3) negligence, (4) negligent misrepresentation, (5) gross

negligence, and (6) fraud. The jury also found that Defendants Memo and Guerra

were responsible for the conduct of Defendant Gicor, and that Defendant Guerra was

responsible for the conduct of Defendant Memo. The jury found that the Plaintiffs

were entitled to $67,500 for actual damages;1 and the jury awarded exemplary

      1
          In the charge, Question 13 and its instructions asked the Jury the following:

      If you answered “Yes” to Question 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, or 9, then answer the
      following question. Otherwise, do not answer the following question.

      Question No. 13
      What sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly and
      reasonably compensate Wayne and Melinda Brewer for their damages,
      if any, that resulted from such conduct?

      Consider the following element of damages, if any, and none other.
      1. the reduction in current market value of the Property.
                                          2
damages in the amount of $90,000 as to defendant Gicor, $90,000 as to defendant

Memo, and $90,000 as to defendant Guerra. The Brewers filed a motion for entry of

a judgment and sought a recovery under theories of negligence, negligent

misrepresentation, fraud, and gross negligence.2 The trial court rendered a Final

      “Market value” means the amount that would be paid in cash by a
      willing buyer who desires to buy, but is not required to buy, to a willing
      seller who desires to sell, but is under no necessity of selling.

      In answering questions about damages, answer each question
      separately. Do not increase or reduce the amount in one answer because
      of your answer to any other question about damages. Do not speculate
      about what any party’s ultimate recovery may or may not be. Any
      recovery will be determined by the court when it applies the law to your
      answers at the time of judgment. Do not add any amount for interest on
      damages, if any.

      Answer separately in dollars and cents for damages, if any, for any of
      the following questions you answered “Yes.”

      1. the reduction in current market value of the Property:
             For Question 1: Answer: $67,500
             For Question 2: Answer: $67,500
             For Question 3: Answer: $67,500
             For Question 6: Answer: $67,500
             For Question 7: Answer: $67,500
             For Question 9: Answer: $67,500
      2
        The Brewers did not seek a judgment for a recovery of attorney’s fees even
though the Jury awarded them $156,915 for attorney’s fees. Presumably the Brewers
knew the claims on which they elected to seek a judgment would not allow for a
recovery of attorney’s fees. See MBM Fin. Corp. v. Woodlands Operating Co., L.P.,
292 S.W.3d 660, 667 (Tex. 2009) (attorney’s fees are not allowed for torts like
fraud); Brosseau v. Ranzau, 81 S.W.3d 381, 398 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2002, pet.
denied) (“Generally, attorney’s fees are not recoverable in tort actions unless
provided by statute.”).
                                          3
Judgment awarding actual damages in the amount of $67,500, prejudgment interest

at 5%, together with exemplary damages in the amount of $90,000 from Gicor,

$90,000 from Memo, and $90,000 from Guerra. Appellants raise six issues on

appeal. We affirm.

                                  Issues On Appeal

      Appellants raise six issues on appeal, which they state as follows:

      Issue One. Because Todd Rotholz’s appraisal impairment testimony is
      unreliable, the evidence was legally insufficient and there was no
      evidence to support the jury’s verdict of damages as to diminution in
      value. Therefore, the trial court erred in awarding actual damages based
      upon that testimony.

      Issue Two. The trial court erred, in submitting to the Jury, Question 13
      with respect to actual damages, because it was not the proper measure
      of damages under Texas law, which is the difference in value, when
      Appellees purchased the Townhome between the property as
      represented, and the actual market value of the Townhome at that time.
      Similarly, the trial court should not have overruled the submission of
      the properly worded question, when Gicor, Memo, and Guerra
      submitted it with respect to the actual damages issue. Similarly, the trial
      court erred when it entered judgment on an improper measure of actual
      damages.

      Issue Three. Because Question 13 with respect to actual damages was
      the improper measure of damages, the trial court erred in entering
      judgment on that measure of damages, the Jury’s finding of which was
      immaterial.

      Issue Four. The trial court erred in permitting Appellees to amend their
      pleadings post-trial and after entry of the final judgment, because the
      amendment operated as a surprise which was severely prejudicial to
      Gicor, Memo, and Guerra.

                                          4
      Issue Five. The trial court erred in submitting exemplary damages
      questions to the Jury, and in rendering final judgement thereon, because
      there can be no exemplary damages, if there are no actual damages.

      Issue Six. The trial court erred in awarding prejudgment interest in the
      final judgment, because Appellees had not pled their claim for damages
      until after the trial court had rendered a final judgment.

                         Procedural and Factual Background

      The Brewers filed an Original Petition against Defendants in October 2017

complaining of issues associated with a townhome the Brewers purchased in

September 2016 (“unit 55”). They then filed a Second Amended Petition in July

2020. In September 2020, the Brewers filed a Third Amended Petition (“the

Petition”), which was the live petition at the time of trial.

      According to the Petition, Guerra submitted a plat for the Bellago townhome

community and obtained a permit for construction. As a requirement for its permit,

Gicor submitted a drainage plan for controlling water flow toward Highway 105

West, which Montgomery County approved. In 2010 and 2011, Montgomery

County received complaints from the April Villas Homeowners’ Association, which

owned the property adjacent to Bellago, about surface water runoff allegedly caused

by “the sharp angled drop-off of the grading for fill soil used by Gicor.” The County

notified Gicor in May 2011 about the complaints and noted that certain elements of

the approved drainage had not been constructed. According to the Petition,

Defendants made some improvements to the drainage plan in February 2012.

                                           5
      The Petition alleged that construction of the Bellago community included

bringing in sixty-six loads of fill dirt, which resulted in a steep grade behind the

townhomes, and the Defendants allegedly did nothing to reinforce the sloped

embankment. According to the Petition, Gicor built unit 55 in early 2015, which

Gicor sold to Joseph and Sherry Marinari. By June 2016, the homeowner’s

association for neighboring April Villas complained about drainage issues. The

Petition alleged that Defendants tried to fill foundation gaps with sand, the sand

washed away when it rained, they dug a swale and installed underground drainage,

but these efforts did not resolve the problems.

      The Brewers alleged in the Petition that over twelve years, Defendants

repeatedly and intentionally failed to comply with industry standards, best practices,

municipal codes, and ordinary care. And in the Petition, they alleged that they were

unaware of this history when they started considering buying a new townhome at

Bellago in 2016. The Brewers alleged that when they met with Defendants about the

more recently built townhomes, the Defendants made representations about the

quality and reliability of homes constructed at Bellago, and based on this meeting

and the representations, the Brewers later purchased unit 55 from the Marinari

family, who had owned the unit for less than a year. According to the Petition, within

months after the Brewers bought unit 55 from the Marinaris, the Brewers noticed

visible signs of construction defects:

                                          6
      There was erosion and damage to soil fill, especially after rainfall, due
      to an improper drainage system. This erosion included development of
      gaps in the soil along the grassy slope edge in the backyard (which
      created the risk of tripping and/or falling in the backyard) as the soil
      began to pull away from the foundation, the deterioration and migration
      of the grassy slope every time it rained, and the resulting reduction of
      the overall size of the Brewers’ already small backyard. Rainwater
      runoff further eroded the soil, which led the Bellago Homeowners
      Association (controlled by Defendants) to install a subterranean drain
      line or French drain system. The slope of the soil was too steep. The
      soil was relaxing and deforming, and continues to relax and affect the
      bearing of the foundation.

In May 2017, the Brewers approached the City and County to attempt to resolve the

construction and drainage issues, but they alleged after they were unable to achieve

a resolution on their own, their attorney sent the Defendants a DTPA demand letter

on July 7, 2017.

      The Brewers alleged that Gicor and Memo should be vicariously liable for

Guerra’s acts and omissions. They also requested to pierce the corporate veil and

impose direct liability on Guerra for acts and omissions of Gicor and Memo. The

Brewers asserted claims against the Defendants for violations of the Texas

Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DTPA”), negligence, negligent misrepresentation,

gross negligence, fraud, fraud by non-disclosure, private nuisance, breach of the

implied warranty of habitability, and breach of the implied warranty of good and

workmanlike services. The Brewers sought to recover actual, economic,

consequential, compensatory, exemplary, treble, and mental anguish damages; the

reasonable cost of repairs needed to cure defects in construction and to replace any
                                         7
damaged goods in the home; engineering and consulting fees; temporary housing

during repairs; and damages for a “[r]eduction in current market value, if any, after

the construction defect is repaired if the construction defect is a structural failure;”

pre- and post-judgment interest; and attorney fees and costs.

      The Defendants filed a general denial and claimed that comparative fault

barred the Plaintiffs’ claims. The Defendants also alleged that Memo and Guerra

were not liable in the capacity in which they were sued. After a jury trial in May

2021, the jury rendered a verdict in favor of the Brewers, finding violations of the

DTPA, knowing and intentional violations of the DTPA, negligence, negligent

misrepresentation, gross negligence, and fraud. The jury also found that Defendants

Memo and Guerra were responsible for the conduct of Defendant Gicor, and that

Defendant Guerra was responsible for the conduct of Defendant Memo. The jury

found that the Plaintiffs were entitled to $67,500 for actual damages, and it awarded

exemplary damages in the amount of $90,000 as to Defendant Gicor, $90,000 as to

Defendant Memo, and $90,000 as to Defendant Guerra.

      Following the jury’s verdict, the Defendants filed a motion for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict, alleging the verdict was not supported by the pleadings.

In their response, Plaintiffs argued that their pleadings supported the jury’s verdict,

and alternatively they requested leave to file an amended petition that conforms to

                                           8
the evidence. The trial court granted the Plaintiffs leave to file a Fourth Amended

Petition and signed the Final Judgment. Defendants timely filed a notice of appeal.

                                 Evidence at Trial

Testimony of Melinda Brewer

      Melinda testified that she and her husband looked at the Bellago townhome

community in the fall of 2016 because they were interested in buying a townhome.

The Brewers met with Mr. Guerra and Mr. Villalba at the Memo-Gicor office, and

their discussion included the development and construction process, the plans, and

the quality of the work. According to Melinda, Guerra and Villalba told the Brewers

that Bellago was “designed by licensed architects and engineers[,]” and that Villalba

was a licensed architect and was onsite during the construction to make sure that

codes and standards were followed. Melinda testified that they were shown “a

material list[,]” and she identified Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 100 as what the Brewers were

shown. Exhibit 100 is titled, “Bellago Townhomes[,] Material Specifications

Sheet[,]” and at the bottom of the page is the following statement: “Over 25 years of

experience in quality craftsmanship or several hundred new construction and

renovations of commercial and residential projects in Montgomery County Texas.

Building plans, specifications, and construction are completed by licensed

professionals in accordance with the International Building Codes.” Melinda also

testified that Guerra told them, “[f]rom dirt to the roof, you have licensed

                                         9
professionals on-site overseeing this work[.]” According to Melinda, Guerra did not

indicate that his statements only applied to the new townhomes being built at the

time.

        Melinda testified that she and her husband Wayne were impressed to meet

with the owner, builder, and developer, and they felt reassured that if they bought a

home in Bellago, they would get a quality townhome. Melinda testified that they

told their realtor they wanted to “go with” new construction at Bellago because they

were impressed with the builder, but their realtor told them an existing unit—unit

55—was currently for sale and had upgrades the Brewers were interested in as well

as a boat lift and boat cover. Within a few days of meeting with Guerra, the Brewers

made an offer on unit 55. According to Melinda, the seller’s disclosure for unit 55

did not indicate any problems, and the inspection only identified a few minor repairs

to be made.

        Melinda testified that she and her husband noticed that the townhomes were

built at “a significant amount of elevation[]” from the ground. After they moved in,

the Brewers noticed issues with the backyard, including a slope between the back

patio and a white fence, and some loss of land due to erosion. Melinda also testified

they noticed that “the land [was] actually pulling away from the foundation.”

According to Melinda, she became concerned about the voids between the grass and

slab, the loss of backyard area, and the slope movement. Melinda told Guerra about

                                         10
these issues, she hired a civil engineer to inspect the property, and she contacted the

City of Conroe. The Brewers also poured play sand into the gaps between the

foundation and the ground about every six months, to try to fill the voids.

      Melinda did not hear back from Guerra about her concerns, and later she

approached him at a Property Owners Association (“POA”) meeting and told him

they needed a retaining wall. According to Melinda, Guerra replied that a retaining

wall was not needed because the property “had been designed by a licensed engineer

and architect[.]” Melinda repeated the need for a retaining wall at another POA

meeting, and Guerra responded that “no one was going to dictate to him, that he

worked on his own time.” Melinda testified that downspouts and an underground

drain system were installed, and Guerra said this would solve the problem, but this

did not take care of the surface water that would flow off the roof and go into her

backyard, and water still collected in a low point next to the foundation of the

Brewers’ home. According to Melinda, after having tried to work with Guerra and

after contacting the City and County, the Brewers hired an attorney.

      Melinda testified that cracks had developed in the stone on the home’s

exterior, cracks developed in the interior walls and corners, and cabinets and the

fireplace started to separate from the wall. She also testified there was a separation

between the patio and an exterior wall, there had been significantly more soil

                                          11
erosion, and the ground was at varying levels. Several photo exhibits were admitted

into evidence showing areas inside and outside of the Brewers’ townhome.

      Melinda testified that based on the current conditions of their home, Melinda

did not believe that anything Guerra told them in their 2016 meeting was true. She

also testified that if the Brewers had not met with Guerra and listened to what he had

told them in 2016, they would not have purchased unit 55.

Testimony of Wayne Brewer

      Melinda’s husband Wayne testified that Guerra told the Brewers in the

meeting in 2016 that the contractors he used were professional and licensed, and that

Guerra would be supervising the contractors. Wayne testified that when Guerra met

with the Brewers, Guerra did not differentiate between the then-existing units (such

as unit 55) and the ones that were being built. According to Wayne, the Brewers

would not have purchased unit 55 if they had not met with Guerra because Guerra

gave them a “comfort level” and because it meant a lot to them to talk with the

developer himself.

      Wayne estimated that there had been a loss of one to two feet of the sloped

backyard after they bought the unit, and at the time of trial, the area was “half now

compared to what it was.” Wayne testified that he had observed gaps of an inch-and-

a-half to two inches between the end of the slab and the soil along the foundation.

Wayne testified that he put play sand in the void at the suggestion of Chris Bogert,

                                         12
who worked for the City and Wayne had observed a neighbor doing the same thing.

According to Wayne, he had used a tape measure and determined the gap went down

about sixteen inches into the fill soil.

Testimony of Florencio Guerra

      Guerra testified that he is the president, manager, and sole member of Memo,

that Memo developed Bellago, and Gicor built the townhomes. Guerra also

explained that Mr. Villalba is the director of construction for Gicor, and Villalba was

construction superintendent at Bellago.

      Guerra testified that he did not have records for unit 55 or other units that have

sold “because it would be just too much paperwork[,]” and he could not find the

records of soil sampling or geotechnical testing of the soil for the construction of

unit 55. According to Guerra, Rusty Tejcek was the contractor who did the soil

testing and provided fill dirt for unit 55. Guerra testified that because the County did

not require compliance with the International Building Code (“IBC”), Gicor decided

not to reference the IBC in connection with the construction of the townhomes.

Guerra recalled that he left it up to the contractors that Gicor hired to decide how to

pour the foundation on fill soil and how to build the adjacent slope. According to

Guerra, nothing was wrong with the construction of the Bellago townhomes because

everything was built according to the plans and requirements. Guerra testified that

Wanda Fick, who is an architect, drew the plans for Bellago.

                                           13
      According to Guerra, at one point, the owner of unit 41 had complained about

water getting into the foundation, and Guerra hired a company to make an

underground drain. At another time, piers were placed under the foundation of units

54 and 55 to support the weight of the fire wall. After Guerra received complaints

about drainage from Melinda in April or May 2017, he contacted Stabilicore, who

recommended installing downspouts and an underground drain, and as far as Guerra

knew, the drainage issue was resolved. Guerra agreed that he had received

complaints from the City of Conroe about water drainage at Bellago but according

to Guerra “everything was corrected.” Guerra believes the state of the backyard

common area of the townhomes is a maintenance issue, not a construction issue, and

it is the POA’s responsibility. Guerra did not recall whether he had heard complaints

about the slope of the fill soil deteriorating and moving, nor did he recall hearing

any such complaint from Villalba.

      Guerra testified that American Civil Engineers (“ACES”) designed the

drainage plan, and he did not know whether the plan called for using fill soil, but

using fill soil was a common practice. Guerra believed that the slope behind unit 55

had stabilized. Guerra also testified that April Villas, the neighboring development,

built the fence along the property line, and Guerra had not seen that fence move.

                                         14
Testimony of Dan Wilds

      Dan Wilds testified that he is the First Assistant County Engineer for

Montgomery County where he reviews drainage plans to make sure they meet the

County’s criteria. He reviewed the drainage plan for Bellago, which was originally

submitted in 2005. According to Wilds, an initial concern with the Bellago drainage

plan was that it did not account for a detention pond to mitigate runoff to the

highway. After he reviewed the plans, he was not involved with drainage at Bellago

until there was a complaint. Wilds then went to look at the property and saw that the

site was not in compliance with the approved drainage plan because there was

supposed to be a swale or ditch along the eastern boundary of Bellago to bring the

water into a storm sewer pipe and into the lake, but the swale had not been

constructed. Wilds testified that he wrote a letter to Guerra in May 2011, which was

admitted into evidence as Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 2D, and another letter in November

2011, which was admitted as Exhibit 2E, that stated that the drainage work had not

been done. According to Wilds, the matter was referred to the County Attorney’s

office, and he believed the work was completed in early 2012. Wilds testified that

based on his visit to Bellago in April 2012, it appeared that the drainage at Bellago

was in substantial compliance with the approved drainage plan.

                                         15
Testimony of Luis Villalba

       Luis Villalba testified that he is the director of construction for Gicor, that he

oversaw the construction at Bellago, and that Guerra is his boss. Villalba testified

that he is an architect licensed in Colombia but not in Texas, and that Fick, who

prepared the architectural plan, was a designer and he did not know if she was an

architect. Villalba testified that Exhibit 100, the Materials Specification Sheet,

should not be read to suggest that architects were used in the design of the structure.

       According to Villalba, construction of buildings 4 and 5 at Bellago, which

includes unit 55, required the use of fill soil to be brought into the property to level

the ground. Villalba agreed that he was responsible for making sure the soil was

prepared before pouring the foundation, and that outside contractors did the actual

work. According to Villalba, Rusty Tejcek was the contractor who brought in the fill

soil, and Keelan Engineer designed the foundation. Villalba testified that Keelan

conducted an evaluation of the native soil before bringing in fill soil, and Keelan’s

report stated that the soil was “brown, sandy clay with scattered limey rocks[]” and

“soil is hard and brittle when dry, but somewhat plastic when moistened.” Villalba

testified that building 5, which includes unit 55, was built on fill soil and not on

native soil. Villalba also testified that it was not clear to him what the IBC required

for slope stability.

                                           16
      According to Villalba, although Keelan’s plan, admitted as Exhibit 7, reflects

that Keelan required fill soil of eight inches, more than eight inches of fill soil was

placed in the area where building 55 was constructed, and the bottom of the porch

beam for unit 55 does not rest in native soil, but rather in fill soil material, which he

agreed does not comply with the specifications in Exhibit 7. Villalba calculated that

the fill soil under unit 55 on the porch beam side was between two and three feet.

According to Villalba, Stabilicore did not create a swale for drainage behind unit 55,

but they placed a pipe connection to reduce the hydraulic weight on the back part of

the unit. Villalba also testified that Stabilicore modified ACES’s drainage plan when

they installed downspouts and an underground drain, and that ACES was not

consulted about this modification.

      Villalba testified that the POA was responsible for maintaining the area from

the back patio of building 5 to the white picket fence eastward, and that neither Gicor

nor Memo was responsible for the maintenance. Villalba also testified that in the

construction, he deviated from the drawings of the beams (per Exhibit 7) due to “lot

conditions[.]” According to Villalba, a photograph of the property admitted into

evidence depicted a slope of thirty-three to forty-five degrees, but he stated he does

not think the slope looks unstable. Villalba testified that, when he looked at the

Brewers’ home about a year before trial, he did not think the foundation looked like

it was failing nor did he see any cracks in the foundation, and he thought the cracks

                                           17
inside the Brewers’ home could be caused by normal settling. Villalba testified that

the slope leading to the fence separating Bellago and April Villas was designed to

be thirty-three degrees, and he agreed it has eroded to a forty-five-degree slope.

Villalba agreed there had been issues with erosion of the slope for years. He also

testified that if Gicor wanted to build a retaining wall, it would require the permission

of the POA.

Testimony of Christopher Bogert

      Christopher Bogert testified that he is the City engineer for the City of Conroe,

and his work includes reviewing site development work “from the ground down[.]”

Bogert recalled that the Bellago property was involuntarily annexed by the City, and

that two or three of the seven units were already constructed at the time of

annexation.

      Bogert testified that he had been asked to look at a building on the east side

of the Bellago property. The City had received a complaint, and Bogert investigated

it to see whether the drainage plan had been complied with. Bogert identified Exhibit

3 as the drainage plan for Bellago. Bogert recalled meeting with Guerra and another

City inspector in August 2016, and the purpose of the meeting was to tell Guerra

that construction needed to comply with the drainage plans. Bogert told Guerra that

the construction did not comply, and Guerra indicated he would make sure it was

built according to the plans. Bogert recalled another contact with Guerra about a year

                                           18
later about a complaint from a neighbor. Bogert met with Guerra again in May 2017,

and Guerra said he would make corrections to address another drainage issue.

Testimony of James Drebelbis

      James Drebelbis testified that he is a licensed professional engineer in Texas,

and he does forensic engineering to diagnose problems of construction and

sometimes causation of problems. His supplemental report was admitted as Exhibit

48. According to Drebelbis, when he visited the Bellago site in October 2018, he

knew there was concern about the foundation having moved, and he understood

there was a slope to the land before the townhomes were built. Upon visiting the site,

he saw that the slope was almost forty-five degrees, and he observed about a sixteen-

inch drop from the Brewers’ back porch to the ground, and another three-to-five feet

drop to the grade below. Drebelbis described the slope as “slightly failed[,]” and

testified that there was some shallow rotational failure in the slope. Drebelbis

testified that there was bulging in the soil that pushed the fence out and away from

the soil, which indicated to him that there was mass movement of the soil, and he

explained that such mass movement is a slow migration of clay soil material that

occurs because clay is “plastic[.]” According to Drebelbis, when a slope has both

rotational and mass movement failure, it means the slope is not stable, which may

occur when a slope is too steep. Drebelbis observed instances where the soil had

pulled away from the foundation of the Brewers’ townhome, which he testified may

                                         19
occur when there is mass movement of soil or when the soil shrinks. Drebelbis

testified that the steepness of the slope and rotational and mass movement failures

of the soil would typically manifest in the structure of the house, but it could take

years to occur. Drebelbis testified that “the most likely effect is that the resisting soil

that’s holding [] up the foundation is going to go away[,]” and ultimately there will

be settlement on the east side of the townhome and “[i]t’s going to start dropping on

that side.” He further testified to a reasonable degree of engineering certainty that as

the soil underneath the townhome continues to migrate to the east without anything

to support it, there will be progressive movement of soil underneath the foundation.

According to Drebelbis, the most common way to address such issues is to put in a

retaining wall, and without a retaining wall, the soil will continue to slough and move

to the east away from the foundation and will affect the foundation. Drebelbis

testified that, when he met with the Brewers in October 2018, they told him that the

POA had denied requests to install a retaining wall.

Testimony of Scott McCaslin

      Scott McCaslin testified that he is an architect and construction manager, he

owns McCaslin Associates, Incorporated, and he is a licensed architect in Texas. He

testified that he was retained to provide a cost analysis based on Drebelbis’s report.

According to McCaslin, when he visited the Bellago site, he thought the problem

was that the site was sloping off, which he stated was “fairly common” when fill soil

                                            20
is added around a building during construction. McCaslin proposed building a

retaining wall along the entirety of building 5 and beyond that would be a “terraced

wall with a rack-back system” with three levels of terrace, using precast materials

and soil anchors, which reduces the need for big equipment in the area, and including

an underground drain system with a sump pump. McCaslin testified that the total

project cost for the retaining wall would be $193,386, and he developed a second

estimate based on not moving the fence on the April Villas property and using one

retaining wall that was not terraced, and the cost estimate for this second plan was

$111,255.

      McCaslin also testified that he reviewed Guerra’s and Villalba’s depositions,

and in McCaslin’s opinion, for a construction superintendent to admit he did not

know of nor follow the building code was “not very responsible construction.”

McCaslin’s report was admitted into evidence as Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 58, in which he

wrote, in part, “Many of these problems appear to have been the result of improper

or incomplete construction, that resulted from poor construction practices by Gicor.

Since Gicor did not have proper inspections[] during construction, which is required

and is standard practice.”

Testimony of Todd Rotholz

      Todd Rotholz testified that he is a commercial real estate appraiser in the

Houston area, and he has been registered in Texas to appraise real estate for more

                                         21
than twenty years. Rotholz testified that he used the comparable sales approach in

this case, which looks at comparable sales and he makes adjustments for specific

characteristics of the property. According to Rotholz, he visited unit 55 in October

2018, when he did the original appraisal, and again in October 2020.

      Rotholz described the property as generally “a very nice townhome[]” in

“very good condition.” In Rotholz’s opinion, fill dirt had been put in to raise the

townhome slabs to a certain level, and the main concern was at the rear of the

property where there was a “relatively severe drop” and “significant slope to the

property line.” He testified that there was “some undulation in the soil[,]” and the

property-line fence was “bowed out a little bit[]” with some “evidence of soil

movement.”

      Rotholz testified that he looked at market data available through the MLS, as

well as information from the Montgomery County Appraisal District. In his 2020

report, he included information from three sales in Bellago. His 2020 evaluation

indicated a “Hypothetical Market Value Unencumbered[]” of $225,000 for unit 55,

which he explained would be the likely “list price” for the property, not adjusted for

any potential issues with the property. He testified that he used the Drebelbis report

to arrive at an encumbered value for the property, specifically regarding the steep

incline at the edge of the rear of the property, and the engineer’s opinion that a

retaining wall was necessary to stop soil movement. Then he

                                         22
      . . . simply evaluated [] the exposure or fear factor that a buyer would
      be faced with, to determine at what point would a buyer be willing to
      accept this risk, at what price point would he be able to accept this risk
      and still move forward with the purchase, knowing the issue at hand.

In Rotholz’s opinion and based on his experience and training in the industry, the

Drebelbis report, and McCaslin’s estimated cost to repair, a thirty-percent

discount—or $67,500—would be enough of a discount to entice someone to risk

purchasing the unit. Rotholz testified that his opinion was subjective but based on

thousands of hours of appraisals, work experience, discussions with realtors, and

knowledge of how buyers and sellers act in the marketplace.

      On cross-examination Rotholz was questioned about the source and basis of

his 30 percent reduction and estimate and the following exchange occurred:

      Q. This number, you don’t -- you didn’t get from any comparably
      impaired properties. Correct?

      A. Correct.

      Q. But this number, then, you apply to the other 38 pages of your report,
      which gave you the fair market value appraisal. Correct?

      A. Yes, sir.

      Q. And so all you did was you took the sentence that I just read to you,
      which is your entire analysis of getting the 30 percent as a specific
      quantity, and you applied it to your appraisal, which is 38 pages long.
      Correct?

      A. Well, no. It’s -- I mean, our analysis covers more than a sentence.
      We have --

      Q. Well --
                                         23
      A. -- two pages right here that discusses it. So it’s just -- it’s not fair to
      say we -- this was handled in a sentence. It’s not fair.

      Q. Well, but okay. So let’s look, then, at page 38 of your report. Is there
      anything on page 38 of your report that would give you a 30 percent
      number specifically?

      A. No. We don’t have -- we -- I’ve testified that we don’t have
      comparable data that would -- that would be able to be extracted from
      a market sale to come up with the 30 percent. It’s based on
      circumstantial information, right, which is the environment of this
      property, and the risks, absolutely, are considered in here and the costs
      are absolutely considered in here, and most importantly, the inability
      for the property owners to act individually to resolve this issue. Those
      are all considered in the 30 percent that we discuss on both of these
      pages.

      Q. Okay. Well, if -- and so you would say, then, even on page 39, other
      than the very last paragraph that starts with the words “In summary,”
      there’s nothing that gives you a quantifiable number of .3, 30 percent,
      or 30 of a hundred.

      A. No, sir. That is strictly my opinion.

      Q. And it’s an opinion that you pulled from the frische luft.[3] Isn’t that
      right?

      A. No. That is not correct, no.

      On redirect, Rotholz explained he did not pull his 30% diminution number out

of thin air. He testified that his “opinion is based on thousands and thousands of

hours and thousands of appraisals and work experience of just evaluating properties,

      3
        Frische Luft is a German phrase that translates to “fresh air,” in English.
Interglot Translation Dictionary, https://www.interglot.com/dictionary (last visited
on July 18, 2023).
                                          24
how they interact in the marketplace, and most importantly, how buyers and sellers

in the marketplace interact to problems that they incur or see during the process.”

Testimony of Jeremiah Jackson

      Jeremiah Jackson testified that he had previously owned unit 42 in building 4

of Bellago. He agreed that there was a slope from unit 42 down to the original soil,

and he had observed issues with the foundation, including cracks in the sheetrock,

cracks in the trim, cracks in the caulk points, and doors and windows sticking.

Jackson testified that one of the reasons he decided to move out of the Bellago

community was because of “a lack of want-to with the [POA] and the developer to

repair things.” According to Jackson, when he brought up the foundation issue to

Guerra, “it was sort of swept under the rug[]” although Guerra told him “it would be

looked into and possibly fixed[.]” Jackson recalled that, at the time, Guerra had

majority voting rights in the POA. When Jackson listed his unit for sale in 2017, he

ended up pulling the listing because a potential buyer had identified foundation

issues during an inspection. After that buyer backed out, Jackson dropped the listing

price of $175,000, and the unit ultimately sold for $167,000.

Testimony of Julian Duron

      Julian Duron testified that he had a home at unit 41 in the Bellago community,

which he bought in 2016. He agreed that the unit is built on a slab that is common

with other townhomes and that the soil slopes down to a lower level on the property.

                                         25
Duron agreed he was aware of foundation issues when he purchased unit 41 and that

the price was reduced about $15,000 due to foundation issues. According to Duron,

after he moved into unit 41, he observed some doors that would not close completely,

cracks that had been painted over, and cracks outside the unit. Duron testified that at

the back of the home, he could “clearly see that the soil there had eroded[]” and

dropped.

      Duron testified that he hired someone to inspect the foundation before he

bought unit 41, and after he bought it, he hired a company to place “14 to 16 piers”

to level the foundation, which cost about $12,000. Duron recalled that he spoke with

Guerra about three months after buying the home about the foundation issues to say

it was dropping and needed repair, and Guerra told him “he would take care of it.”

The second time he talked with Guerra, Guerra told him he thought that it could get

fixed with about four piers and his men could do the work. According to Duron, after

meeting with Guerra again, he “more or less figured out [Guerra] [] wasn’t going to

do” the work, and Guerra told him that because of business and financial issues, he

would not be able to do the work. 4

      4
        Plaintiffs’ attorney Jason Wagner testified about the legal fees that Plaintiffs
had incurred. His expert report, admitted as Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 95, reflects a total of
$116,297.04 in attorney and paralegal fees plus costs in connection with their claims
under the DTPA.
                                         26
      After the Plaintiffs rested their case, the defense then moved for a directed

verdict. The trial court granted a directed verdict on the Plaintiffs’ claim for private

nuisance but denied the motion on all other claims. The Plaintiffs withdrew their

claim on breach of habitability. The trial court also instructed the parties that he was

going to limit the damages to the diminution in value of the townhome.

            Defendants’ Witnesses and Presentation of Evidence at Trial

Testimony of Florencio Guerra

      Florencio Guerra testified again as a witness for the defense. He explained

that Gicor buys lots and builds homes in the Lake Conroe area. He testified that

GAM Enterprises is a holding company that owns Gicor, Memo Express, and several

convenience stores, and that GAM is owned by the Guerra Family Trust. According

to Guerra, Memo bought Bellago from some investors and then transferred

ownership to Gicor, who was the builder. Guerra testified that “Gicor, through Louis

Villalba[]” hired the soil engineers for Bellago and the trade workers. Guerra also

testified that the architect for Bellago was not required to be licensed.

      Guerra recalled that he met with the Brewers in 2016 before they purchased a

townhome in Bellago. According to Guerra, he talked with the Brewers about unit

53, which was a new unit that was for sale at the time. Guerra testified that neither

Gicor, Memo, nor Guerra had anything to do with the real estate transaction in which

the Brewers bought unit 55. Guerra further testified that he would not have told the

                                          27
Brewers that the City and County became involved due to drainage issues because

“those things were related with the drainage with the water that went into [] April

Villas, not related with problems with the Bellago project.” Guerra agreed that he

did not tell the Brewers that the foundation for unit 55 had not been built in

accordance with the plans that Keelan had designed, and he did not recall any

mention of drainage when he met with the Brewers.

      Guerra testified that there are five people on the Bellago POA board, and he

occupies one seat. He also testified that there were forty-eight votes in the POA

because there are forty-eight lots, and Gicor owned thirteen of the forty-eight lots at

the time of trial. Guerra testified that he was not involved in any discussion about

how the Bellago POA opposed building a retaining wall, and that the first time he

learned of it was when he read the Drebelbis report in this lawsuit. Guerra agreed

that when he installed the gutters and connected drainage in 2017, it was necessary

to get the POA’s agreement.

      Guerra agreed that the permit for construction of unit 55 was issued to Memo,

and he could not remember when ownership of the lot transferred from Memo to

Gicor. He agreed that he personally received the permit to build unit 55. Guerra

agreed that he trusted Villalba to get reports on the soil, but he did not have those

reports, and there was no way for him to tell what the nature of the soil was under

the foundation.

                                          28
Testimony of George Gordon
      George Gordon, an attorney licensed in Texas since 1976, testified that he was

asked to give an opinion on Plaintiffs’ attorney’s fees based on an assumption of

$67,500 in damages. After reviewing the billing records and the Third Amended

Petition, Gordon’s opinion was that the Plaintiffs’ attorney’s fees are not the usual,

reasonable, and customary fees that would be charged in a like or similar case. In

Gordon’s opinion, Plaintiffs’ counsel’s billings were more than three times the

amount of damages. He also testified that he had not seen any segregation of

attorney’s fees by cause of action in this case.

      After the close of the Defendants’ case, the Defendants again moved for a

directed verdict, which the court denied.

                                       Analysis

                              Appraisal Testimony and
                      Sufficiency of the Evidence on Damages

      In their first issue, Appellants challenge the reliability of Appellees’ expert’s

opinion testimony and argue that Todd Rotholz’s “appraisal impairment testimony”

is unreliable under Robinson. See generally E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc.

v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549 (Tex. 1995) (setting forth “non-exclusive factors” for

courts to use to determine whether scientific evidence is relevant and reliable and

may be admitted under Rule of Evidence 702). According to Appellants, Rotholz

offered his opinion that there is a thirty percent diminution in value for the Brewers’

                                            29
home “[w]ithout explaining any basis whatsoever[.]” Appellants argue that Rotholz

failed to apply the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (“USPAP”)

analysis of risk, use, cost, and comparably impaired properties to render his opinion

on the thirty percent impairment in the townhome’s market value. Appellants assert

that Rotholz’s opinion was pulled “out of the air” and is unreliable under Robinson.

According to Appellants, because Rotholz’s opinion testimony about the reduction

in current market value was the sole measure of actual damages that the jury

considered, the evidence is not legally sufficient to support the jury’s damages

award.

      When, as here, a party attacks the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support

an adverse finding on an issue for which it did not have the burden of proof, the party

must show on appeal that no evidence supports the adverse finding. See Croucher v.

Croucher, 660 S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex. 1983); Royce Homes, L.P. v. Humphrey, 244

S.W.3d 570, 574 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2008, pet. denied). Evidence is legally

sufficient if it “would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict

under review.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). In

evaluating whether the evidence is legally sufficient, “we credit evidence that

supports the verdict if reasonable jurors could, and disregard contrary evidence

unless reasonable jurors could not.” Kroger Tex. Ltd. P’ship v. Suberu, 216 S.W.3d

788, 793 (Tex. 2006); Humphrey, 244 S.W.3d at 574-75. We sustain legal

                                          30
sufficiency challenges when there is no more than a scintilla of evidence on the issue.

See Suberu, 216 S.W.3d at 793. “When the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is

so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion of its existence,

the evidence is no more than a scintilla and, in legal effect, is no evidence.” Kindred

v. Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983); see also Ford Motor Co. v.

Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex. 2004). The jurors are the sole judges of the

credibility and weight of the witnesses’ testimony, and on review, we do not

substitute our own opinion for the jury’s verdict. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819.

Rather, we assume the jurors made credibility determinations in favor of the verdict

if reasonable persons could do so. Id.

      In Robinson, the Texas Supreme Court set forth six non-exclusive factors for

courts to consider when determining whether an expert’s scientific opinions are

reliable and admissible.5 See 923 S.W.2d at 557. However, the Texas Supreme Court

      5
        In Robinson, the court stated,
      There are many factors that a trial court may consider in making the
      threshold determination of admissibility under Rule 702. These factors
      include, but are not limited to:
      (1) the extent to which the theory has been or can be tested;
      (2) the extent to which the technique relies upon the subjective
      interpretation of the expert [];
      (3) whether the theory has been subjected to peer review and/or
      publication;
      (4) the technique’s potential rate of error;
      (5) whether the underlying theory or technique has been generally
      accepted as valid by the relevant scientific community; and
                                          31
later noted that these factors “cannot always be used with other kinds of expert

testimony.” See Gammill v. Jack Williams Chevrolet, Inc., 972 S.W.2d 713, 726

(Tex. 1998). In Gammill, the Court stated that “the criteria for assessing relevance

and reliability must vary, depending on the nature of the evidence[,]” and

“[e]xperience alone may provide a sufficient basis for an expert’s testimony in some

cases[.]” Id. at 726, 727. An expert’s mere ipse dixit will not suffice, and the expert

must show how his observations support his conclusions, else the opinion is not

reliable due to “‘too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion

proffered.’” Id. at 727 (quoting Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997)).

      To be admitted into evidence, a real estate appraiser’s expert opinion must be

relevant and reliable. Humphrey, 244 S.W.3d at 579 (citing Guadalupe-Blanco River

Auth. v. Kraft, 77 S.W.3d 805, 807 (Tex. 2002); see also Tex. R. Evid. 702. As a

general rule the proper measure of damages in cases involving injury to real property

is “the cost to restore or replace, plus loss of use for temporary injury, and loss in

fair market value for permanent injury.” Gilbert Wheeler, Inc. v. Enbridge Pipelines

(E. Tex.), L.P., 449 S.W.3d 474, 481 (Tex. 2014). The Texas Supreme Court has

      (6) the non-judicial uses which have been made of the theory or
      technique.
      We emphasize that the factors mentioned above are non-exclusive.
See E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 557 (Tex.
1995). Here, the Defendants did not make a challenge to the admissibility of
Rotholz’s testimony.
                                       32
cautioned that this rule should be applied with flexibility and with consideration of

the facts and circumstances of the case. See id. When valuing real property, the

comparable sales method of determining the market value of real property is a

traditional method—and the preferred method—of determining the market value of

real property. See City of Harlingen v. Estate of Sharboneau, 48 S.W.3d 177, 182

(Tex. 2001). “Under a comparable sales analysis, the appraiser finds data for sales

of similar property, then makes upward or downward adjustments to these sales

prices based on differences in the subject property.” Id.; see also Humphrey, 244

S.W.3d at 579 (citing Kraft, 77 S.W.3d at 808). Making adjustments is particularly

appropriate for real estate experts to support their appraisal opinions with their

experience. See Williams v. State, 406 S.W.3d 273, 291 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2013, pet. denied) (analyzing expert market value opinions in a condemnation

proceeding). We have previously recognized that downward adjustments for

“stigma” have been allowed in real estate cases. See Humphrey, 244 S.W.3d at 576.6

The Texas Supreme Court has explained, “‘[s]tigma damages’ essentially constitute

‘damage to the reputation of the realty.’ They ‘represent[] the market’s perception

      6
        Citing Country Village Homes, Inc. v. Patterson, 236 S.W.3d 413, 443-44
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. granted, judgm’t vacated w.r.m.)
(construction defects); Perry Homes v. Alwattari, 33 S.W.3d 376, 385-86 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied) (defective foundation); Smith v. Levine, 911
S.W.2d 427, 434 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1995, writ denied) (defective
foundation); Terminix Int’l, Inc. v. Lucci, 670 S.W.2d 657, 663-64 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1984, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (termite damage).
                                          33
of the decrease in property value caused by the injury to the property.’” Houston

Unlimited, Inc. v. Mel Acres Ranch, 443 S.W.3d 820, 824 (Tex. 2014) (citations

omitted).

      To be sure, damages may not be based on speculative or conjectural evidence.

See Humphrey, 244 S.W.3d at 580. That said, “[t]he proper way of attacking shaky

but admissible evidence is through cross examination.” Williams, 406 S.W.3d at 291

(citing Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at 728).

      Todd Rotholz testified that he used the sales comparison approach to develop

his opinion, which he explained is based on comparable sales and then the sales are

adjusted in comparison with the specific characteristics of the subject property.

Rotholz also testified that he looked at market data available from MLS and he

reviewed the values applied by the Montgomery County Appraisal District. When

developing his appraisal opinion for 2020, he reviewed sales of three townhomes in

the Bellago community and determined that the “unencumbered market value” of

unit 55 was $225,000. Rotholz testified that he also used the Drebelbis report to

arrive at an “encumbered” value for the property, considering the steep incline at the

edge of the rear of the property and the engineer’s opinion that a retaining wall was

necessary to stop soil movement. Rotholz further explained that his adjustment of a

30% reduction in value was based on Rotholz’s more-than-twenty years of

experience as a real estate appraiser and dealing with buyers and sellers, he

                                         34
      . . . evaluated [] the exposure or fear factor that a buyer would be faced
      with, to determine at what point would a buyer be willing to accept this
      risk, at what price point would he be able to accept this risk and still
      move forward with the purchase, knowing the issue at hand.

According to the testimony at trial, Rotholz reached an opinion that a thirty percent

discount would be enough of a discount to entice someone to risk purchasing the

unit, and during cross-examination, he referred to this discount as “stigma.” On

cross-examination, he testified that he had considered risk, usability, and cost of

repairs in arriving at his opinion. Although Appellants allege that Rotholz “admitted

he merely rendered an opinion out of the air,” the record reflects that Rotholz

testified as follows:

      [M]y opinion is not pulled out of thin air. My opinion is based on
      thousands and thousands of hours and thousands of appraisals and work
      experience of just evaluating properties, how they interact in the
      marketplace, and most importantly, how buyers and sellers in the
      marketplace interact to problems that they incur or see during the
      process.

      The record does not reflect that the defense objected in the trial that Rotholz’s

testimony was not admissible under Rule 702, and we find no pretrial challenges

were made to the admissibility of Rotholz’s opinions. Defense counsel cross-

examined Rotholz, and Rotholz did agree that “there’s nothing that gives you a

quantifiable [discount of] 30 percent.” The defense offered no witnesses to testify

about a comparable sales value nor about damages. On appeal, Appellants concede

that “Rotholz arguably did a proper comparable value study of the unimpaired

                                         35
Townhome[.]” Appellants’ sole complaint on appeal pertains to the 30% reduction

in value due to the problems identified at trial.

      It was the jurors’ responsibility to determine the weight and credibility of

Rotholz’s testimony. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819. The record reflects that

Rotholz used comparable properties—other townhomes in the Bellago

community—to derive a comparable sales approach of an unencumbered value for

the home and that his reduction of 30% was explained by him as being based on

more than “two decades” of his professional experience as a real estate appraiser and

his knowledge of what it would take to entice a willing buyer to purchase the

townhome with the existing problems. The defense had an opportunity to cross-

examine Rotholz, and the defense offered no competing testimony on the home’s

value or impaired value.

      “The line determining whether an expert opinion is conclusory is difficult to

draw, and close calls must go to the trial court.” Windrum v. Kareh, 581 S.W.3d 761,

770 (Tex. 2019) (internal quotation omitted) (a medical malpractice case). “[W]hen

the evidence falls within the zone of reasonable disagreement, the court may not

substitute its judgment for that of the fact finder.” Id.

      Based on this record, we cannot agree with Appellants that Rotholz’s

testimony was unreliable or plucked out of thin air. We conclude there is more than

a scintilla of evidence to support the damages, and we overrule Appellants’ first

                                           36
issue. See Perry Homes v. Alwattari, 33 S.W.3d 376, 385 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2000, pet. denied) (concluding that a realtor’s opinion of the “stigma” of a defective

foundation was legally sufficient evidence to support a damages award for

diminution in value).

                              Submission of Question 13

      Appellants’ second issue argues that the trial court erred in submitting

Question 13 to the jury because it was not the proper measure of damages. According

to Appellants, the proper measure of damages is “the difference in value, when

Appellees purchased the Townhome between the property as represented, and the

actual market value of the Townhome at that time.” Appellants argue that because

the instruction on damages was incorrect, the trial court further erred in entering

judgment based on an incorrect measure of damages.

      We review an allegation of jury charge error under an abuse of discretion

standard. See Shupe v. Lingafelter, 192 S.W.3d 577, 579 (Tex. 2006) The omission

of an instruction is reversible error only if the error probably resulted in the rendition

of an improper judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1); Union Pac. R.R. Co. v.

Williams, 85 S.W.3d 162, 166 (Tex. 2002).

      Appellants argue that the proper measure of damages for a claim under the

DTPA for misrepresentation is either (1) out-of-pocket damages reflecting the

difference between the value the buyer paid and the value received or (2) benefit-of-

                                           37
the-bargain damages reflecting the difference between the value as represented and

the value received. 7 In this case, however, the jury found the Defendants liable for

engaging in a false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice (Jury Question 1);

engaging in an unconscionable action or course of action (Jury Question 2); failure

to comply with a warranty (Jury Question 3); negligence (Jury Question 6); negligent

misrepresentation (Jury Question 7); and fraud (Jury Question 9). Question 13

instructed the jury on damages as to the above-listed claims of liability as follows:

      What sum of money, if any, if paid now in case, would fairly and
      reasonably compensate Wayne and Melinda Brewer for their damages,
      if any, that resulted from such conduct?
      Consider the following element of damages, if any, and none other.
      1. the reduction in current market value of the Property.
      “Market value” means the amount that would be paid in cash by a
      willing buyer who desires to buy, but is not required to buy, to a willing
      seller who desires to sell, but is under no necessity of selling.

The Final Judgment states that “[t]he jury unanimously answered ‘$67,500.00’ in

answer to Question 13 concerning damages for all liability theories (DTPA,

negligence, negligent misrepresentation, and fraud).”

      When defense counsel argued his motion for directed verdict, he stated that

the date of damage should be the date of the misrepresentation. The trial court

responded that the testimony on damages “went by the date that the problem

manifested itself.” Plaintiffs’ counsel argued that when the representations were

      7
          Citing Leyendecker & Assocs., Inc. v. Wechter, 683 S.W.2d 369, 373 (Tex.
1984).
                                         38
made, the Brewers had not even bought the unit. The trial court stated that damages

should be determined by “diminution of value because it’s less than the cost to

repair[.] . . . Any current damage must be loss of value.”

      The Brewers testified that the problems to the foundation, soil, and drainage

were not apparent when they purchased the home. Under Texas law, “a recovery of

damages for a permanent injury to real property is generally limited to the difference

in value before and after the injury.” ExxonMobil Corp. v. Lazy R Ranch, LP, 511

S.W.3d 538, 540 (Tex. 2017). The Texas Supreme Court has explained that “[a]s a

general rule, when an injury to real property is temporary, the owner is entitled to

damages commensurate with the cost of restoring his property, but when an injury

to the same property is permanent, the owner is entitled to damages commensurate

with the loss in the fair market value to the property as a whole.” Gilbert Wheeler,

Inc., 449 S.W.3d at 476; see also Houston Unlimited, Inc., 443 S.W.3d at 825

(“Generally, we have permitted landowners to recover either the lost value of their

land if the injury to the land is permanent or the cost to repair or remediate the land

if the injury is temporary.”). In this case, the Defendants do not contend, and the

Brewers do not allege, the injury to their property is temporary.

      Melinda Brewer testified that their buyer’s inspection did not show an issue

associated with the structure or the foundation, but that after they moved in, she

noticed erosion behind the house and the land “pulling away from the foundation.”

                                          39
According to Melinda, even after gutters and an underground drainage system were

installed, the erosion and gaps between the foundation and soil did not stop. Melinda

testified that, over time, they noticed damage to the inside and outside of the house,

including cracks in the wall and ceiling, cracks around the garage, and cracks in the

foundation, and cabinets and the fireplace separating from the wall. Wayne Brewer

testified that their backyard had lost one-to-two feet since they bought the unit.

Appellants complain that the trial court used the wrong measure of damages because

it should have instructed the jury to measure the difference between the value

Appellees paid and the value they received, as of the date when they purchased the

Townhome. In their brief they cite to Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. Co.,

945 S.W.2d 812, 815 (Tex. 1997) and Mid-State Homes, Inc. v. Ricks, No. 09-97-

362-CV, 1999 Tex. App. LEXIS 7705, at **2-3 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Oct. 14,

1999, no pet.).

      In Arthur Andersen, Perry Equipment Corporation (PECO) sued the

accounting firm of Arthur Andersen for a faulty audit of Maloney Pipeline Systems,

a company that PECO sought to purchase and did purchase. 945 S.W.2d at 814. At

trial, PECO presented uncontradicted evidence that the purchase price it paid for

Maloney “was a total loss from which PECO realized no return” and evidence that

Arthur Andersen’s pre-purchase audit of Maloney contained serious errors. Id. The

                                         40
trial court rendered judgment for PECO, and on appeal, one of the issues was the

measure of damages. Id.

      Arthur Andersen as appellant complained that the jury charge allowed the jury

to award PECO the entire purchase price of Maloney without instructing the jury to

subtract the value of Maloney stock at the time of the sale. Id. at 815. As appellee,

PECO argued that it was entitled to direct damages and also the purchase price it

paid for Maloney as consequential damages. Id. at 816. According to Arthur

Andersen, PECO had not introduced any evidence showing that the Maloney stock

was valueless at the time of purchase, so that PECO failed to establish that it was

entitled to the entire purchase price under either benefit-of-the-bargain or out-of-

pocket damages. Id. In discussing damages, the Texas Supreme Court explained that

both out-of-pocket and benefit-of-the-bargain damages are recoverable under the

DTPA, and each is determined at the time of sale. Id. at 817. However, the Court

remanded the case for a new trial not only because the charge failed to instruct the

jury on the proper measure of direct damages but also because there was some

evidence that Arthur Andersen’s misrepresentation was a producing cause of

PECO’s loss. Id.

      We conclude that Arthur Andersen is not relevant to the appeal currently

before us. The final judgment in this case did not include a damages award under the

DTPA, and the challenges on appeal only concern the proper measure of damages

                                         41
for real property—which the Texas Supreme Court addressed in Gilbert Wheeler

and Houston Unlimited, as we previously discussed. See 449 S.W.3d at 476; 443

S.W.3d at 825. Likewise, the judgment in the Mid-State Homes was based on DTPA

claims and the judgment in this appeal is based on claims arising from fraud;

therefore, Mid-State Homes is also not relevant here. See 1999 Tex. App. LEXIS

7705, at **2-3.

      To be fair, we agree the Appellees submitted a DTPA claim to the jury, and

the jury awarded them damages on that claim. But since the Appellees also prevailed

on their claims of negligence, negligent misrepresentation, fraud, and gross

negligence, they moved for judgment on those claims, not on their claim under the

DTPA.

      The evidence at trial reflects the condition of the home deteriorated and

increased in severity over time, and the evidence supports the Brewers’ allegations

that their damages were permanent, not temporary. Therefore, based on the evidence

the trial court did not err in allowing them to recover for the diminished fair market

value of their property. See Gilbert Wheeler, Inc., 449 S.W.3d at 476 (“[W]hen an

injury to the same property is permanent, the owner is entitled to damages

commensurate with the loss in the fair market value to the property as a whole.”).

      “[T]he trier of fact is afforded considerable discretion in evaluating opinion

testimony on the issue of damages.” See McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694,

                                         42
697 (Tex. 1986). We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing

the jury to consider awarding damages according to Question 13 on a record where

some evidence was admitted that would allow a reasonable factfinder to conclude

the home suffered a reduction in market value after it was purchased as a result of

the defendants’ conduct. See id.; see also Houston Unlimited, Inc., 443 S.W.3d at

825. Additionally, the Appellants have not shown that the trial court’s submission

of Question 13 probably resulted in an improper judgment. See Tex. R. App. P.

44.1(a)(1); Williams, 85 S.W.3d at 166. We overrule Appellants’ second and third

issues.

                        Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amended Petition

      In issue four, Appellants argue that the trial court erred in permitting

Appellees to amend their pleadings after trial and after entry of the Final Judgment

because the amendment “operated as a surprise which was severely prejudicial” to

the Defendants. According to Appellants, filing the Fourth Amended Petition was

prejudicial on its face because Appellants “never had a need to designate a rebuttal

expert on appraisals as Appellees’ designated expert had never rendered an opinion

germane to Appellees’ pleadings[]” or “to present rebuttal evidence to Rotholz’s

opinions.”

      We generally review a trial court’s decision to allow or deny a trial

amendment before the judgment is signed under an abuse of discretion standard. See

                                         43
Greenhalgh v. Serv. Lloyds Ins. Co., 787 S.W.2d 938, 939 (Tex. 1990); Candelier v.

Ringstaff, 786 S.W.2d 41, 43 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1990, writ denied). However,

after judgment is rendered, it is generally too late to amend a pleading. See Banker

v. Banker, 517 S.W.3d 863, 881-82 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2017,

pet. denied). But we will not reverse a judgment on appeal unless the Appellant

demonstrates that the trial court erred and that the error probably caused the rendition

of an improper judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1).

      “An issue is tried by consent when a party introduces evidence to support an

issue that is not included in the written pleadings and no objection is made to the

lack of pleadings.” See Mid-State Homes, Inc., 1999 Tex. App. LEXIS 7705, at *5

(citing Duncan Land & Exploration, Inc. v. Littlepage, 984 S.W.2d 318, 327-28

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1998, pet. denied)). Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 67

provides,

      When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried by express or implied
      consent of the parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had
      been raised in the pleadings. In such case such amendment of the
      pleadings as may be necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence
      and to raise these issues may be made by leave of court upon motion of
      any party at any time up to the submission of the case to the Court or
      jury, but failure so to amend shall not affect the result of the trial of
      these issues; provided that written pleadings, before the time of
      submission, shall be necessary to the submission of questions, as is
      provided in Rules 277 and 279.

Tex. R. Civ. P. 67 (emphasis added). The party opposing the amendment bears the

burden to show that it was prejudiced—that the amendment asserts a new cause of
                                          44
action or defense or caused “surprise.” State Bar of Tex. v. Kilpatrick, 874 S.W.2d

656, 658 (Tex. 1994); Greenhalgh, 787 S.W.2d at 939. An amended pleading that

changes only the amount of damages sought does not necessarily operate as a

surprise. See Greenhalgh, 787 S.W.2d at 940.

      “A petition is sufficient if it gives fair and adequate notice of the facts upon

which the pleader bases his claim[,]” and “[w]hen there are no special exceptions, a

petition will be construed liberally in favor of the pleader.” Roark v. Allen, 633

S.W.2d 804, 809-10 (Tex. 1982). Where the facts are set up in the pleadings, and the

cause of action as alleged is supported by the evidence, the measure of damages is a

question of law for the court to determine. See McDaniel Bros. v. Wilson, 70 S.W.2d

618, 622 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1934, writ ref’d); see also Boswell v. Farm &

Home Sav. Ass’n, 894 S.W.2d 761, 771 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1994, writ denied);

Hedley Feedlot, Inc. v. Weatherly Trust, 855 S.W.2d 826, 834-35 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 1993, writ denied). “It is not necessary for a complainant to allege the

measure of damages in order to recover damages.” Hedley Feedlot, Inc., 855 S.W.2d

at 834; see also Bowen v. Robinson, 227 S.W.3d 86, 94 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) (“Under Texas law, a party is not required to plead his

measure of damages.”). “When a party erroneously alleges the measure of his

damages, and the competent testimony reveals the proper measure, the court may

charge the jury on the proper measure.” Bowen, 227 S.W.3d at 95.

                                         45
      In their Third Amended Petition, the live petition when the trial began, the

Brewers prayed for damages as follows:

      Pursuant to the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code and common
      law, the Brewers are entitled to recover actual damages; economic
      damages; consequential damages; compensatory damages; reasonable
      cost of repairs necessary to cure any construction defect; reasonable and
      necessary cost for the replacement of any damaged goods in the
      residence; reasonable and necessary engineering and consulting fees;
      reasonable expenses of temporary housing reasonably necessary during
      the repair period; reduction in current market value, if any, after the
      construction defect is repaired if the construction defect is a structural
      failure; mental anguish damages; reasonable and necessary attorneys’
      fees; court costs; exemplary damages; treble damages; pre-judgment
      interest; post-judgment interest; and all other relief to which the
      Brewers may be entitled.

In Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amended Petition, the Brewers included the following prayer

for relief (we have italicized that portion containing a change from the Third

Amended Petition):

      Pursuant to the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code and common
      law, the Brewers are entitled to recover actual damages; economic
      damages; consequential damages; compensatory damages; reasonable
      costs of repairs necessary to cure any construction defect; reasonable
      and necessary cost for the replacement of any damaged goods in the
      residence; reasonable and necessary engineering and consulting fees;
      reasonable expenses of temporary housing reasonably necessary during
      the repair period; diminution of value of their property and/or a
      reduction in the current market value of Unit 55, whether assessed at
      the time of the purchase of Unit 55 by the Brewers or at any time
      subsequent thereto; mental anguish damages; reasonable and necessary
      attorneys’ fees; court costs; exemplary damages; treble damages; pre-
      judgment interest; post-judgment interest; and all other relief to which
      the Brewers may be entitled.

                                         46
      Appellants do not claim that the Brewers asserted a new cause of action in

their Fourth Amended Petition, but only that the Brewers pleaded a diminution in

value of the property for the first time in this amended pleading. The Brewers’ Third

Amended Pleading requested damages for “reduction in current market value,” with

the qualifying clause, “if any, after the construction defect is repaired if the

construction defect is a structural failure[.]”

      As we have explained, a party need not plead a measure of damages provided

its petition pleads sufficient facts from which the court may determine the proper

measure of damages as a matter of law. See McDaniel Bros., 70 S.W.2d at 622. The

reworded measure of damages in the Fourth Amended Petition was raised by Todd

Rotholz’s testimony and report. See id. Defense counsel cross-examined Rotholz at

trial, and nothing in the record show the defense was not prepared for his testimony

or that the defense had not received Rotholz’s report during discovery.8 As far back

as their Original Petition, which they filed in October 2017, the Brewers had prayed

for damages that included but were not limited to the “[r]eduction in current market

value” of their townhome after “the construction defect [in it had been] repaired if

the construction defect [was due to] a structural failure[.]” Nothing in the record

shows the Defendants filed special exceptions to the damages allegation in the

Brewers’ Third Amended Petition, so any defects as to damages in the allegations

      8
          Rotholz’s report is in the record and contains a bates-stamp.
                                            47
are deemed to have been waived. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 90 (any defect in pleading that

is not identified in a written special exception is deemed waived).

      The record reflects that the trial court granted the Brewers leave to file their

Fourth Amended Petition on July 16, 2021, at 3:43:50 p.m. The court signed the

Final Judgment on July 16, 2021, at 3:46:30 p.m. Based on the record before use,

we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting the Brewers

leave to file the petition. See Candelier, 786 S.W.2d at 43. Additionally, Appellants

have not met their burden to show surprise or prejudice, and they have not shown

that the filing of the Fourth Amended Petition probably caused the rendition of an

improper judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1); Greenhalgh, 787 S.W.2d at 940.

We overrule Appellants’ fourth issue.

                   Exemplary Damages and Prejudgment Interest

      Appellants’ fifth issue argues that the trial court erred in submitting questions

on exemplary damages to the jury and rendering a Final Judgment that awards

exemplary damages because “there can be no exemplary damages [] if there are no

actual damages.” 9 Because we overruled Appellants’ second and third issues on

      9
        In their Statement Regarding Oral Argument, Appellants state that their fifth
issue relates to “improper and incorrect instruction on corporate veil piercing[.]” To
the extent Appellants intended to raise an issue related to corporate veil piercing,
they have waived the issue for failure to brief it. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i);
Fredonia State Bank v. Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284-85 (Tex. 1994)
(“error may be waived by inadequate briefing[]”); Atkins-January v. State Office of
                                          48
actual damages, we also overrule the fifth issue. Appellants’ sixth issue argues that

the trial court erred in awarding prejudgment interest in the Final Judgment because

the Brewers did not plead their claim for damages until after the trial court rendered

its Final Judgment. We have already determined that the jury’s responses to

Question 13 and the Final Judgment awarding $67,500 damages based on the

damages awarded by the jury were supported by sufficient pleadings and evidence.

Therefore, we also overrule Appellants’ sixth issue. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

      Having overruled all Appellants’ issues, we affirm the trial court’s Final

Judgment.

      AFFIRMED.

                                                    _________________________
                                                        LEANNE JOHNSON
                                                              Justice

Submitted on January 25, 2023
Opinion Delivered July 27, 2023

Before Golemon, C.J., Horton and Johnson, JJ.

Risk Mgmt., No. 09-16-00439-CV, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 7330, at **3-5 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont Aug. 3, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.).
                                    49