Court Opinion

ID: 7374923
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-28 23:00:23.729005+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:21:04.392616
License: Public Domain

USCA4 Appeal: 20-2181      Doc: 47        Filed: 07/27/2022   Pg: 1 of 29

                                             PUBLISHED

                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                              No. 20-2181

        BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SHEET METAL WORKERS’ NATIONAL PENSION
        FUND,

                            Plaintiff − Appellee,

                     and

        BOARD OF TRUSTEES, INTERNATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE FOR THE
        SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING INDUSTRY; BOARD OF
        TRUSTEES,   NATIONAL    ENERGY    MANAGEMENT      INSTITUTE
        COMMITTEE; BOARD OF TRUSTEES, NATIONAL STABILIZATION
        AGREEMENT FOR THE SHEET METAL INDUSTRY TRUST FUND; BOARD
        OF TRUSTEES, SHEET METAL OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH INSTITUTE
        TRUST FUND; BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SHEET METAL WORKERS’
        INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION SCHOLARSHIP FUND,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        FOUR-C-AIRE, INC.,

                            Defendant – Appellant.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
        Alexandria. Liam O’Grady, Senior District Judge. (1:16−cv−01613−LO−IDD)

        Argued: January 26, 2022                                       Decided: July 27, 2022

        Before NIEMEYER, AGEE, and DIAZ, Circuit Judges.
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        Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Diaz wrote the opinion, in which Judge Niemeyer
        and Judge Agee joined.

        ARGUED: Michael E. Avakian, PRAEMIA LAW, PLLC, Reston, Virginia, for
        Appellant. Diana Migliaccio Bardes, MOONEY, GREEN, SAINDON, MURPHY &
        WELCH, PC, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: John R. Mooney, Lauren P.
        McDermott, MOONEY, GREEN, SAINDON, MURPHY & WELCH, PC, Washington,
        D.C., for Appellee.

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        DIAZ, Circuit Judge:

               The Board of Trustees of the Sheet Metal Workers’ National Pension Fund (“the

        Fund”) seeks to recover a delinquent exit contribution from Four-C-Aire, Inc., a former

        participating employer, under § 515 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of

        1974 (“ERISA”). 29 U.S.C. § 1145. The Fund claims Four-C-Aire’s obligation arose

        under a collective-bargaining agreement (“the CBA”) between the Sheet Metal Workers’

        International Association Local Union No. 58 and the Central New York Sheet Metal

        Contractors Association, a multiemployer bargaining unit. According to the Fund, Four-

        C-Aire signed on to this preexisting agreement while it was a member of the Contractors

        Association.

               In Board of Trustees, Sheet Metal Workers’ National Pension Fund v. Four-C-Aire,

        Inc. (“Four-C-Aire I”), we reversed the district court’s dismissal of the Fund’s claim,

        allowing the case to proceed to discovery. 929 F.3d 135, 138 (4th Cir. 2019). From there,

        Four-C-Aire’s liability turned on whether it had adopted Local 58’s CBA with the

        Contractors Association.

               On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court held that Four-C-Aire

        had adopted the agreement and granted judgment to the Fund. Four-C-Aire appeals,

        arguing (primarily) that the district court erred in holding that (1) the company signed a

        “me-too” agreement binding it to the CBA; and (2) it adopted the CBA by its conduct.

               Because we agree with the district court that Four-C-Aire adopted the agreement by

        its conduct, we affirm.

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                                                     I.

                                                    A.

               The Sheet Metal Workers’ National Pension Fund is a multiemployer pension plan

        that provides benefits to thousands of workers nationwide. Employers participate in the

        plan by negotiating a collective-bargaining agreement with a union that requires

        contributing to the Fund or by adopting a preexisting agreement between an employer

        association and the union.

               A trust document governs the Fund.         That document requires a participating

        employer to pay an exit contribution upon a “Triggering Event.” J.A. 252. A triggering

        event occurs if the employer “ceases to have an obligation to contribute to the Fund . . .,

        but is not required to pay any withdrawal liability under Title IV of ERISA.” Id. 1 In 2015,

        the Fund’s Board of Trustees amended the trust documents to expressly provide that the

        exit-contribution requirement survives a collective-bargaining agreement’s termination.

               Here, we consider the agreement between the Sheet Metal Workers’ International

        Association Local Union No. 58 and the Central New York Sheet Metal Contractors

        Association. Three documents define the parties’ benefits and obligations under the CBA:

        the Standard Form of Union Agreement, its Addenda, and the Wage and Fringe Benefits

               1
                 Withdrawal liability, which Congress created under the Multiemployer Pension
        Plan Amendments Act of 1980, is a “mechanism by which an employer that decides to
        withdraw from a multiemployer pension plan” must pay a sum “intended to cover that
        employer’s share of the unfunded vested benefits in existence at the time of withdrawal.”
        Borden, Inc. v. Bakery & Confectionery Union & Indus. Int’l Pension, 974 F.2d 528, 529–
        30 (4th Cir. 1992).

                                                     4
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        Sheet summarizing payment obligations for participating employers. Of these documents,

        only the Wage Sheet contains a signature block.

               The CBA requires employers to contribute to the Fund and binds them to the Fund’s

        trust documents. The Standard Form doesn’t mention the Fund, but it provides that

        signatories “agree to be bound by . . . the separate agreements and declarations of trusts of

        all [] local or national programs to which it has been agreed that contributions will be

        made.” J.A. 122. The same provision binds employers to the trust agreements for those

        programs. An addendum identifies the Fund as one such program. See J.A. 141–42. And

        the Wage Sheet lists the required contribution rates to the Fund.

               For our purposes, the effect of these scattered provisions is straightforward. Any

        signatory employer to the CBA between the Contractors Association and Local 58 must

        contribute to the Fund and is bound by the Fund’s trust documents. So, after a triggering

        event, an employer must pay an exit contribution to the Fund—even if its obligations under

        the agreement have expired.

                                                     B.

                                                     1.

               Four-C-Aire is a small, New York–based sheet-metal contractor. In early 2014,

        Local 58 representatives visited Four-C-Aire’s office and met with Aaron and Barbara

        Clothier. Aaron Clothier is Four-C-Aire’s owner and president, and Barbara Clothier is

        the company’s secretary-treasurer. The Clothiers were interested in the union’s benefits

        package, as Four-C-Aire had none.

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               The Local 58 representatives communicated with the Clothiers over the ensuing

        weeks, but the parties dispute what the union shared. The Fund asserts the union sent the

        Clothiers several copies of the full CBA, including the Standard Form, Addenda, and Wage

        Sheet. They support this contention with declarations from the Local 58 representatives.

        But Four-C-Aire insists it never saw the CBA during its negotiations with the union.

               In May 2014, the Clothiers agreed to join the union. They went to the union hall

        and signed the Wage Sheet on Four-C-Aire’s behalf. The Fund again tells us that the Local

        58 representatives gave the Clothiers the full CBA with the Wage Sheet as the signature

        page, but Four-C-Aire maintains that the Clothiers only ever received the Wage Sheet.

               Despite these disputes, several facts are clear from the record. About a week after

        the Clothiers signed the Wage Sheet, Local 58 representatives met with Four-C-Aire

        employees to explain union membership and its benefits.         The representatives gave

        everyone a folder containing, among other things, the Wage Sheet, membership

        applications, and dues-deduction authorization cards. After this meeting, the Clothiers and

        their employees joined the union.

               Four-C-Aire then contributed to the Fund and other fringe-benefit funds under the

        CBA for nearly two years. It also deducted union dues from its employees and responded

        to letters demanding late remittance. Sometime during the two-year period, Four-C-Aire

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        complied with the Fund’s payroll audit, which the CBA authorized. And at least one

        employee enrolled in Local 58’s apprenticeship program. 2

                                                     2.

               In November 2015, Four-C-Aire sent Local 58 a letter saying, “At this time we are

        opting to not renew our contract agreements with [the union]. Please allow this letter to be

        accepted as a notice of our non-renewal.” J.A. 143. Local 58’s business manager

        responded that the company’s “attempt to terminate the [CBA] between Four-C-Aire, Inc.

        [] and Local Union No. 58 . . . is invalid and ineffective,” citing the CBA’s termination

        clauses. J.A. 146. Four-C-Aire replied with a new letter noting its “150 day notice of non-

        renewal[,] as required” under the CBA. J.A. 144. It said, “When our contract expires on

        April 30, 2016[,] we will not renew. We have also notified the Central New York Sheet

        Metal Contractors Association of our decision to withdraw from the Association at the end

        of our contract.” Id.

               After the CBA expired, Four-C-Aire’s obligation to contribute to the Fund ceased.

        Yet the company kept performing covered work in the same area, thus satisfying the

        conditions for an ERISA withdrawal. See 29 U.S.C. § 1383(b)(2). After determining that

        ERISA didn’t require Four-C-Aire to pay statutory withdrawal liability, the Fund assessed

        a $97,601.01 exit contribution.

               2
                 Four-C-Aire disputes this fact. Appellant’s Br. at 9. But the employee’s
        apprenticeship profile is in the record. Decl. of Diana M. Bardes, Ex. 16, Bd. of Trs., Sheet
        Metal Workers’ Nat’l Pension Fund v. Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 16-cv-1613 (E.D. Va. Apr.
        17, 2020), ECF No. 93-16. And the “Apprentice Start Date” is June 17, 2014—after Four-
        C-Aire unionized. Id.

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              Four-C-Aire refused to pay. The Fund sued under ERISA § 515, which allows

        multiemployer benefit plans to collect delinquent contributions from employers under the

        plain terms of their collective-bargaining agreement. See id. § 1145.

                                                    C.

                                                    1.

              On Four-C-Aire’s motion, the district court dismissed the Fund’s claim. But we

        reversed. We held the complaint adequately stated a § 515 claim because “the plain

        language of the contribution requirements as set forth in those documents provided that

        Four-C-Aire was obligated to pay an exit contribution even after the expiration of the

        CBA.” Four-C-Aire I, 929 F.3d at 147. 3

              A summary of our reasoning in that case offers useful context. First, we accepted

        as true the Fund’s allegation that Four-C-Aire signed on to the CBA. Id. From there, we

        found the CBA’s text (as alleged) “expressly incorporated” the Fund’s trust documents.

        Id. (cleaned up). “Thus, Four-C-Aire clearly agreed by signing the CBA to abide by the

        contribution requirements set forth in the Trust Documents and any amendments to those

        Documents.” Id. So we said we could “look to both the CBA and the Trust Documents to

        determine the extent of Four-C-Aire’s obligations.” Id.

              Second, we found that the Fund adequately alleged that a triggering event occurred

        under the trust documents, so Four-C-Aire had to pay an exit contribution. Four-C-Aire

              3
                 In doing so, we readily disposed of Four-C-Aire’s contention that the exit
        contribution wasn’t a qualifying “contribution” under § 515. See Four-C-Aire I, 929 F.3d
        at 147 n.15.

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        “ceased having an obligation to contribute to the Fund because of the CBA’s expiration;

        this cessation resulted in an event of withdrawal; but Four-C-Aire did not have to pay the

        statutory withdrawal liability because of ERISA’s de minimis rule.” Id. at 148. 4

               Third, we said that the exit-contribution requirement survived the CBA’s expiration.

        The CBA bound Four-C-Aire to the trust documents and any amendments thereto. And in

        2015, the Fund amended the trust documents to clarify that an employer’s “obligation to

        pay an Exit Contribution . . . is independent of the Employer’s [CBA] and continues to

        apply after the termination of the [CBA].” Id. at 143.

               But we also found that the Fund’s claim would survive even without the

        amendment. Id. at 148 n.17. The original trust documents conditioned the exit contribution

        on Four-C-Aire “ceas[ing] to have an obligation to contribute to the fund.” Id. at 148. So

        they plainly “required Four-C-Aire to pay an exit contribution upon the expiration of the

        CBA (if no successor CBA had been reached), even prior to the Amendment.” Id.

               Finally, because the Fund alleged Four-C-Aire refused to pay the exit contribution,

        it stated a claim for relief under ERISA § 515. Id. at 149.

                                                     2.

               Following remand and discovery, the parties cross-moved for summary judgment.

        The district court granted the Fund’s motion. Bd. of Trs. Sheet Metal Workers’ Nat’l

        Pension Fund v. Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 16-cv-1613, 2020 WL 5468620, at *12 (E.D. Va.

               4
                This rule “is intended to eliminate or reduce the withdrawal liability certain
        employers—generally smaller companies—would owe, to the extent that their calculated
        withdrawal liability is less than $150,000.” Four-C-Aire I, 929 F.3d at 143 n.9.

                                                     9
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        Sept. 10, 2020). It found that Four-C-Aire adopted the CBA between the Contractors

        Association and Local 58 for two reasons.

              First, it said that the Wage Sheet the Clothiers signed was a “me-too” agreement, 5

        which bound the company to the larger CBA. Alternatively, relying on our decision in

        Trustees of the Plumbers & Pipefitters National Pension Fund v. Plumbing Services, Inc.,

        791 F.3d 436, 448 (4th Cir. 2015), the court held that Four-C-Aire adopted the CBA by its

        conduct.

              Then, mirroring our analysis in Four-C-Aire I, the district court held that there was

        no genuine dispute that the CBA incorporated the trust documents; the trust documents

        required Four-C-Aire to pay an exit contribution; and the exit-contribution requirement

        survived the CBA’s expiration.

              After rejecting Four-C-Aire’s collateral arguments against the exit-contribution

        provision’s enforceability, the district court assessed $166,958.07 in damages—including

        the delinquent contribution, interest, and liquidated damages. The court also found that

        Four-C-Aire owed the Fund reasonable attorneys’ fees. 6

              5
                 A “me-too” agreement is “a contract where an employer agrees to be bound by the
        terms of a CBA negotiated by a multiemployer association and local union.” Four-C-Aire
        I, 929 F.3d at 142 n.4.
              6
                 The district court has since awarded the Fund $202,766.30 in attorneys’ fees. Bd.
        of Trs. Sheet Metal Workers’ Nat’l Pension Fund v. Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 16-cv-1613,
        2021 WL 837341, at *1 (E.D. Va. Feb. 3, 2021). Four-C-Aire has also appealed that order.
        We agreed to hold that matter in abeyance pending our decision here. Order Granting
        Appellant’s Unopposed Mot. to Hold Case in Abeyance, Bd. of Trs. Sheet Metal Workers’
        Nat’l Pension Fund v. Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 21-1235 (4th Cir. June 2, 2022), ECF No.
        22.

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               This appeal followed.

                                                     II.

               “We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standards as

        the district court.” DENC, LLC v. Phila. Indem. Ins. Co., 32 F.4th 38, 46 (4th Cir. 2022).

        “Summary judgment is appropriate if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as

        to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Defs. Of

        Wildlife v. N.C. Dep’t of Transp., 762 F.3d 374, 392 (4th Cir. 2014) (cleaned up). When

        considering cross-motions for summary judgment, “we resolve all factual disputes and any

        competing, rational inferences in the light most favorable to the party opposing that

        motion.” Id. at 392–93 (cleaned up).

               When facts a party alleges at the dismissal stage prove true after discovery, “the

        law-of-the-case doctrine [will] continue to govern how the law applies to those facts” at

        summary judgment. Graves v. Lioi, 930 F.3d 307, 318 (4th Cir. 2019).

                                                    III.

               This case turns on whether Four-C-Aire adopted the CBA between Local 58 and the

        Contractors Association. If it did, the district court properly granted judgment to the Fund.

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              The law-of-the-case doctrine resolves the remaining issues in the Fund’s favor. 7 In

        Four-C-Aire I, we took as true the Fund’s allegations on the contents of the CBA and trust

        documents. Our review of the record reveals that the Fund’s allegations were true. So our

        application of ERISA § 515 principles to the CBA and the Fund’s trust documents from

        Four-C-Aire I bind our review here. See id.

              As the Fund urges, it’s settled that (1) the CBA incorporated the trust documents,

        including the exit-contribution obligation; (2) the exit contribution is a proper § 515

        contribution; (3) assuming Four-C-Aire adopted the CBA, its withdrawal from the Fund

        triggered the exit-contribution requirement; and (4) that obligation survived the CBA’s

        expiration. Four-C-Aire I, 929 F.3d at 147, 147 n.15, 148–49.

              As we’ll explain, we agree with the Fund and the district court on the sole remaining

        issue: Four-C-Aire adopted Local 58’s CBA with the Contractors Association by its

        conduct.

                                                    A.

              We begin with general principles. Multiemployer pension plans enjoy a more

        favored position under ERISA than at common law. As third-party beneficiaries to

        collective-bargaining agreements, plans’ ability to recover delinquent contributions from

        withdrawing employers historically fell victim to an employer’s contract defenses against

        a union. “Injecting these tangential issues into collection actions consumed plan resources

              7
                “The law-of-the-case doctrine recognizes that when a court decides upon a rule of
        law, that decision should continue to govern the same issues in subsequent stages in the
        same case.” Graves, 930 F.3d at 318 (cleaned up).

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        by increasing the cost and delay involved in litigation” and left plans without expected

        contributions. Bakery & Confectionery Union & Indus. Int’l Pension Fund v. Ralph’s

        Grocery Co., 118 F.3d 1018, 1021 (4th Cir. 1997). Employee beneficiaries and other

        employers nationwide bore these costs “through reduced benefits” and “increased

        contributions.” Id.

               As we explained in Four-C-Aire I, “Congress amended ERISA by enacting the

        Multiemployer Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1980 with the goal of stabilizing plans

        that had suffered financial setbacks when participating employers ceased contributing to

        the plan.” 929 F.3d at 138. To advance that goal, § 515 allows plans to collect delinquent

        contributions under a collective-bargaining agreement’s plain meaning, “even if an

        employer might have an otherwise valid common law defense against contribution.” Id. at

        147.

               Again, we’ve already determined that the CBA and incorporated trust documents

        would require Four-C-Aire to pay the Fund an exit contribution. See id. at 147–49. But

        that premise holds only if Four-C-Aire bound itself to the CBA. We turn to that question

        now.

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                                                     B.

               The outcome here depends on whether Four-C-Aire adopted Local 58’s CBA with

        the Contractors Association, of which Four-C-Aire was a member. 8 The Fund contends

        that the Wage Sheet was the signature page to the CBA, and by signing that document,

        Four-C-Aire joined the agreement in full. It also argues the district court properly held that

        the Wage Sheet was a me-too agreement, and that Four-C-Aire adopted the agreement by

        conduct. Four-C-Aire counters that it never saw the Standard Form or Addenda; that the

        Wage Sheet can’t be a me-too agreement because it doesn’t reference or otherwise

        incorporate the CBA; and that the company didn’t knowingly comply with the CBA, so it

        didn’t adopt the agreement by conduct.

               We agree with the Fund that Four-C-Aire adopted the CBA by its conduct. Because

        we affirm on that basis, we don’t reach the Fund’s other arguments. 9

               In Plumbing Services, we held that employers can adopt a collective-bargaining

        agreement by “manifesting an intention to be bound by its terms.” 791 F.3d at 448

        (citing Bricklayers Local 21 of Ill. Apprenticeship & Training Program v. Banner

        Restoration, Inc., 385 F.3d 761, 766 (7th Cir. 2004); Carpenters Amended & Restated

               8
                In its opening brief, Four-C-Aire baldly asserts it was never a member of the
        Contractors Association. Appellant’s Br. at 3. The record says otherwise. In the
        company’s letter noticing nonrenewal with Local 58, Aaron Clothier said it had “notified
        the Central New York Sheet Metal Contractors Association of [its] decision to withdraw
        from the Association at the end of [their] contract.” J.A. 144.
               9
                 Our prior statement that “Four-C-Aire entered into a ‘me-too agreement’” accepted
        as true the Fund’s allegation that the company signed on to the CBA. Four-C-Aire I, 929
        F.3d at 142 n.4. It’s not the law of the case.

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        Health Benefit Fund v. Holleman Constr. Co., 751 F.2d 763, 770 (5th Cir. 1985); Trs. of

        Atlanta Iron Workers, Local 387 Pension Fund v. S. Stress Wire Corp., 724 F.2d 1458,

        1459–60 (11th Cir.1983)). There too, a pension fund sought statutory withdrawal liability

        from an employer, which responded that it “never agreed to be bound by an existing

        collective bargaining agreement requiring participating employers to make contributions

        to the Fund.” Id. at 440.

               We rejected the employer’s argument for two reasons. First, it had signed a “Letter

        of Assent” agreeing “to be bound by provisions of the [] labor Agreement,” under which

        the obligation to contribute to the Fund arose. Id. at 441, 447–48. But more importantly,

        we said that “even if the Letter of Assent alone did not bind [the employer] to make future

        contributions to the Fund, its conduct certainly did.” Id. at 448. 10 We explained the

        employer made it “unmistakably clear” that “it intended to be bound” by “contribut[ing] to

        the Fund in accordance with the governing collective bargaining agreements for thirteen

        years before its complete withdrawal.” Id.

               Our sister circuits have identified other actions that might signal an employer’s

        intent to bind itself to a collective-bargaining agreement. Evidence that an employer paid

        union wages, remitted union dues, or submitted itself to union jurisdiction (such as in a

        grievance procedure) all support adoption by conduct. See Banner Restoration, Inc., 385

        F.3d at 766–67 (collecting cases). Courts have also weighed an employer’s use of the

               10
                 Four-C-Aire insists this holding was dictum. Appellant’s Br. at 52 n.11. It’s
        wrong. “Where a court makes alternative holdings to support its decision, each holding is
        binding precedent.” See United States v. Ford, 703 F.3d 708, 711 n.2 (4th Cir. 2013).

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        union’s hiring halls and submission to a trust fund’s audit to the same end. S. Stress Wire

        Corp., 724 F.2d at 1460.

               Here, we’re convinced that Four-C-Aire manifested such an intent to be bound by

        the CBA. For starters, it regularly contributed to the Fund under the agreement’s terms

        throughout the contract period. See Plumbing Servs., 791 F.3d at 448. And while it’s true

        that the Wage Sheet doesn’t expressly incorporate the CBA like the Letter of Assent in

        Plumbing Services, it does list all of Four-C-Aire’s wage and contribution obligations

        under the CBA, including those to the Fund. So by signing the Wage Sheet, Four-C-Aire

        intended to agree to something.

               There’s more evidence still. Four-C-Aire deducted Local 58 union dues from its

        employees’ pay and responded to letters demanding late remittance.             See Banner

        Restoration, Inc., 385 F.3d at 766. Indeed, the Clothiers themselves joined the union. And

        their membership applications “authorize[d] [Local 58] to represent [them] for purposes of

        Collective Bargaining, and in [their] behalf, to negotiate and conclude all agreements as to

        hours of labor, wages, and other conditions of employment.” Four-C-Aire’s Mot. for

        Summ. J., Ex. K, Bd. of Trs., Sheet Metal Workers’ Nat’l Pension Fund v. Four-C-Aire,

        Inc., No. 16-cv-1613 (E.D. Va. Apr. 17, 2020), ECF No. 96-11.

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               The company also complied with the Fund’s payroll audit, which the CBA

        authorized. 11 See S. Stress Wire Corp., 724 F.2d at 1460. And a Four-C-Aire employee

        enrolled in Local 58’s apprenticeship program.

               Four-C-Aire’s communications with the union are also telling. After the company

        first tried to end its relationship with Local 58 (incidentally, referencing its “contract

        agreements” with the union), the union’s business manager responded that its “attempt to

        terminate the collective bargaining agreement . . . [was] invalid and ineffective,” citing two

        Standard Form provisions. J.A. 145–46. Four-C-Aire didn’t respond that there was no

        CBA or that it had never seen a “Standard Form.” Rather, it sent a new notice that complied

        with the Standard Form’s termination procedures.

               For these reasons, we agree that Four-C-Aire adopted the CBA between Local 58

        and the Contractors Association by its conduct. And as we’ll now discuss, none of its

        contrary arguments persuade us otherwise.

               11
                  Four-C-Aire contends its compliance with the payroll audit doesn’t “demonstrate
        adoption of the collective bargaining agreement by conduct” because “the Fund demanded
        this in part based on federal law and the force of its prior default judgment.” Appellant’s
        Br. at 49. As support, the company points to the district court’s statement that “[i]n June
        of 2015, the Fund notified Four-C-Aire that pursuant to federal law and the CBA, it was
        authorizing an accountancy firm to conduct a compliance payroll audit.” Four-C-Aire,
        Inc., 2020 WL 5468620, at *3. But the Fund insists it “[did] not have any legal standing
        to pursue an audit independent of Four-C-Aire’s obligations as an employer bound to the
        CBA,” which the company hasn’t refuted. Appellee’s Br. at 26. That such an audit is
        allowed under federal law is expected—and irrelevant here.

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                                                   C.

                                                   1.

              The company first contends that the adoption-by-conduct doctrine violates

        § 302(c)(5) of the Labor Management Relations Act. The Act requires that “the detailed

        basis on which [payments to trust funds] are to be made [be] specified in a written

        agreement with the employer.” 29 U.S.C. § 186(c)(5)(B). 12

              Plumbing Services forecloses this argument.       We—like several of our sister

        circuits—have held that employers may owe contributions to a benefit plan under a written

        collective-bargaining agreement if it adopted the agreement by conduct. Plumbing Servs.,

        791 F.3d at 448.

              Nor does this rule conflict with the Labor Management Relations Act. In cases like

        this, § 302(c)(5) doesn’t preclude adoption by conduct because the written CBA and trust

        documents satisfy the Act’s writing requirement. That Four-C-Aire adopted a preexisting

              12
                  The Fund asserts Four-C-Aire waived this argument by failing to argue it in the
        district court. We disagree. Even though the company didn’t expressly argue that the
        adoption-by-conduct doctrine violated § 302(c)(5), it did argue that enforcing the exit-
        contribution requirement here would do so. Four-C-Aire’s Mot. for Summ. J., at 15–17,
        Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 16-cv-1613, ECF No. 96. Both here and below, the thrust of the
        company’s argument is that the fact it never signed a document expressly mentioning the
        exit contribution precludes recovery under § 302(c)(5).

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        agreement rather than negotiate its own is of no moment—and in any event, typical with

        multiemployer associations. 13

               Four-C-Aire’s authority doesn’t help its position. It’s true that in Merrimen v. Paul

        F. Rost Electric, Inc., the Sixth Circuit refused to bind an employer to a collective-

        bargaining agreement, which it hadn’t signed, just because it made voluntary payments to

        a pension fund for a time. 861 F.2d 135, 139 (6th Cir. 1988). But critically, the agreement

        in that case “expressly provided that its adoption was to occur only through the signing of

        a ‘Letter of Assent.’” Id. at 137 (emphasis added).

               The Sixth Circuit later clarified Merrimen’s reach, explaining that it “did not decide

        if a collective bargaining agreement negotiated by a multi-employer association that was

        not signed by an individual employer may satisfy [§ 302’s] ‘written agreement’

        requirement.” Nat’l Leadburners Health & Welfare Fund v. O.G. Kelley & Co, 129 F.3d

        372, 374 (6th Cir. 1997). The court then ruled that § 302(c)(5) “is satisfied by a written

        agreement to which an employer is bound, not a written agreement to which an employer

        is bound which also carries that employer’s signature.”            Id. at 376.     Adopting a

        multiemployer association’s written agreement with a union by conduct fits that criterion.

               The company’s remaining authority falters for the same reason. Neither Firesheets

        v. A.G. Building Specialists, Inc. nor Moglia v. Geoghegan considered whether an

               13
                  Confusingly, Four-C-Aire separately concedes that a writing does exist. It titles
        the next section of its brief, “The district court erred in finding that the adoption by conduct
        doctrine applies when a writing exists.” Appellant’s Br. at 48. But that’s the whole point
        of the doctrine—to decide whether an employer has bound itself to a written collective-
        bargaining agreement without signing the document.

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        employer’s conduct can bind it to a valid, preexisting agreement between a multiemployer

        association and a union without violating § 302(c)(5). See 134 F.3d 729, 731 (5th Cir.

        1998); 403 F.2d 110, 116–18 (2d Cir. 1968). And while both courts declined to find

        adoption by conduct, their decisions were based on insufficient evidence—not tension with

        federal law. See Firesheets, 134 F.3d at 731–32; Moglia, 403 F.2d at 118.

                                                       2.

              Four-C-Aire next argues it didn’t “knowingly compl[y]” with the CBA. Appellant’s

        Br. at 49. Put another way, the company claims its conduct only incidentally complied

        with the agreement. We’re not persuaded.

              We first note that the adoption-by-conduct doctrine typically calls for an objective

        inquiry. See Banner Restoration, Inc., 385 F.3d at 767–68 (discussing “objective evidence

        of intent to be bound”); Holleman Constr. Co., 751 F.2d at 770–71 (denying a Fund’s claim

        for want of evidence of “objective conduct . . . manifesting [the employer’s] intent to be

        bound” to the labor agreement). To be sure, the adoption-by-conduct doctrine would carry

        little force if all an employer had to do to avoid an adverse ruling was claim it didn’t

        intentionally abide by an agreement’s terms. Unsupported assertions of an employer’s

        subjective intent aren’t enough to create a factual dispute in the face of conduct that

        objectively manifests an intent to be bound.

              What’s more, we agree with the Fund that Four-C-Aire’s actions “necessitated

        knowledge” of the CBA. See Appellee’s Br. at 26. For example, Four-C-Aire used the

        Fund’s online payment system and remitted union dues. Before entering the payment

        portal, the system notifies users: “Submissions are made in accordance with obligations

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        under applicable collective bargaining agreement(s) or similar type agreements to which

        the Employer is signed, as well as, provisions of all applicable plan rules and trust

        documents.” Decl. of Kenneth Anderson Jr., Ex. 15, Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 16-cv-1613,

        ECF No. 92-15 (emphasis added). So too, the dues-deduction authorization cards, which

        the Clothiers themselves signed, read:

               This assignment, authorization and direction shall be irrevocable for a period
               of one year from the date of delivery hereof to you, or until the termination
               of the collective bargaining agreement between the Company and the Union
               which is in force at the time of delivery of this authorization whichever
               occurs sooner.

        Four-C-Aire’s Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. K, Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 16-cv-1613, ECF No. 96-

        11 (emphasis added).

               And even if we were to assume that Four-C-Aire was wholly ignorant of the CBA

        and trust documents when it joined the union and began contributing to the Fund (which

        strains credulity), the company admits it received copies of these documents in May 2015.

        In its statement of undisputed facts below, Four-C-Aire says it received copies of the

        Standard Form and trust documents during the Fund’s prior action to recover delinquent

        contributions, for which the Fund received a default judgment. Four-C-Aire’s Mot. for

        Summ. J., at 7–8, Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 16-cv-1613, ECF No. 96; see Judgment and

        Order, Bd. of Trs. Sheet Metal Workers’ Nat’l Pension Fund, et al. v. Four-C-Aire, Inc.,

        No. 15-cv-00105 (E.D. Va. June 5, 2015), ECF No. 19. And the company kept contributing

        to the Fund for nearly a year still.

               Through at least these examples, the record shows Four-C-Aire was on notice that

        it was acting under a collective-bargaining agreement and related trust documents.

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               The company insists that evidence it “paid wages,” “made contributions,”

        “responded to letters regarding funds,” and “deducted and remitted dues” doesn’t prove

        that it complied with the CBA because the Wage Sheet “specifically mentioned” each

        payment. Appellant’s Br. at 48–49. Not so.

               The Wage Sheet says nothing of union dues. Nor does it set out any information on

        how to make payments. It doesn’t even list the Fund’s full title. While we must draw all

        reasonable factual inferences in Four-C-Aire’s favor, it’s implausible that anyone could

        comply with payment obligations under the CBA based only on the barebones list of

        contribution requirements in the Wage Sheet.

               Relatedly, Four-C-Aire argues it didn’t comply with some CBA terms, which

        “show[s] its lack of intent to adopt” the agreement. Appellant’s Br. at 50. We disagree.

        The company doesn’t detail its noncompliance in its opening brief, but it argued in the

        district court that it (1) failed to post bond to the union; (2) didn’t (at first) follow mandatory

        online reporting; (3) never used the union’s hiring hall; and (4) allowed its employees to

        use personal tools, which violated the CBA. Four-C-Aire, Inc., 2020 WL 5468620, at *6.

               We agree with the district court that this evidence doesn’t raise genuine factual

        disputes for trial because (1) Local 58 could waive the bond requirement under the CBA;

        (2) Four-C-Aire later switched to the online reporting system, as required; and (3) there

        was no requirement that Four-C-Aire use Local 58’s hiring hall—it’s simply a benefit of

        which the company declined to avail itself. Id.

               Four-C-Aire disputes none of this. And while it’s true the company didn’t abide by

        the CBA’s ban on using personal tools, we don’t think that alone creates a genuine dispute

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        of fact on whether it objectively manifested its intent to adopt the agreement. See

        Humphreys & Partners Architects, L.P. v. Lessard Design, Inc., 790 F.3d 532, 540 (4th

        Cir. 2015) (“To create a genuine issue for trial, the nonmoving party must rely on more

        than . . . a scintilla of evidence.” (cleaned up)).

                                                        3.

               Finally, Four-C-Aire tries in vain to distinguish Plumbing Services. It leans on the

        fact that the employer in that case signed a Letter of Assent in which it agreed to “make

        contributions to the . . . [Plumbers and Pipefitters National] Pension Fund . . . as provided

        for by the [labor] Agreements.” Appellant’s Br. at 51–52 (quoting Plumbing Servs., 791

        F.3d at 441). The company (fairly) points out that the Wage Sheet it signed doesn’t contain

        such language.

               But that omission isn’t dispositive. While we said that the Letter of Assent in

        Plumbing Services was the “most obvious manifestation” of the company’s intent, we also

        said that the company’s regular contributions to the Fund made its intent “unmistakably

        clear.” Plumbing Servs., 791 F.3d at 448. And besides, as we’ve discussed, there’s other

        evidence of Four-C-Aire’s intent to adopt the CBA that wasn’t present in Plumbing

        Services.

               The company also contends that, unlike the employer in Plumbing Services, it “paid

        no portion of its fund contributions on a prescribed regular basis.” Appellant’s Br. at 52.

        The record belies this assertion.

               Four-C-Aire’s own statement of undisputed facts below admits it “made fund

        payments under the Wage Sheet until April 30, 2016.” Four-C-Aire’s Mot. for Summ. J.,

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        at 12, Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 16-cv-1613, ECF No. 96. Indeed, the company remitted

        thousands of dollars to the Fund throughout the contract period.

                And if Four-C-Aire meant to reference its regular delinquency in underpaying the

        Fund, that fact cuts against the company, not for. As we’ve mentioned, the Fund has

        already obtained a separate default judgment against Four-C-Aire to collect these amounts

        under the CBA, which (if anything) supports again holding the company to the agreement

        here.   See Judgment and Order, Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 15-cv-00105, ECF No. 19

        (“Judgment by default in the total sum of $29,892.96 is entered pursuant to 29 U.S.C.

        § 1132(g)(2), Defendant’s collective bargaining agreement(s), and the Funds’ Trust

        Document.” (emphasis added)).

                Four-C-Aire lastly posits that “other authority runs counter to Plumbers,” citing a

        Sixth Circuit case. Appellant’s Br. at 52 (citing Cent. States, SE & SW Areas Pension Fund

        v. Gen. Materials, Inc., 535 F.3d 506, 508 (6th Cir. 2008)). But of course, if out-of-circuit

        precedent conflicts with our own, ours controls.

                In sum, we reject Four-C-Aire’s efforts to resist the adoption-by-conduct doctrine

        and conclude it “manifest[ed] an intention to be bound by [the CBA’s] terms.” Plumbing

        Servs., 791 F.3d at 448.

                                                    IV.

                Four-C-Aire raises several other arguments on why we shouldn’t enforce the exit-

        contribution requirement in the trust documents. None persuades.

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               To start, Four-C-Aire appears to contest the district court’s jurisdiction. It says that

        “[t]he exit contribution is not statutory withdrawal liability,” so it’s an unrecoverable post

        contract obligation under ERISA § 515. Appellant’s Br. at 37. The company is wrong.

        We’ve already held that “exit contributions operate as a subset of withdrawal liability

        payments,” so “it follows that exit contributions also constitute a contribution under ERISA

        § 515.” Four-C-Aire I, 929 F.3d at 147 n.15. There’s no jurisdictional defect here.

               The company also insists our decision creates a circuit split with the First Circuit’s

        opinion in Manchester Knitted Fashions, Inc. v. Amalgamated Cotton Garment & Allied

        Industries Fund, 967 F.2d 688 (1st Cir. 1992). Again, this isn’t so.

               It’s true the First Circuit held that a benefit fund couldn’t unilaterally impose

        withdrawal liability on an employer through a post-contract amendment. Id. at 694. But

        the original trust documents in that case didn’t contain any withdrawal-liability provision—

        they only authorized the trustees to “establish a policy and method of funding.” Id. at 693

        (cleaned up). Here, the trust documents in effect when Four-C-Aire adopted the CBA

        required an exit contribution. So Manchester Knitted Fashions isn’t on point.

               Next, Four-C-Aire contends it repudiated its contract with Local 58, which ended

        its exit-contribution obligation. Not true.

               Under the CBA, employers waive their right to repudiate the agreement. But even

        assuming the company could lawfully repudiate the CBA, it didn’t. Rather, after Local 58

        told Four-C-Aire that its letter seeking to end their relationship violated the CBA, the

        company responded with a new letter noticing nonrenewal once the agreement expired. So

        Four-C-Aire never repudiated the agreement—both parties kept performing until its end.

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               The company also argues that collecting exit contributions violates the Labor

        Management Relations Act § 302’s requirement that an employer’s contribution to a trust

        fund be for the “sole and exclusive benefit of the employees of such employer, and their

        families and dependents.” 29 U.S.C. § 186(c)(5); Appellant’s Br. at 53–56. But the

        company ignores the rest of the provision, which adds that the funds can benefit “such

        employees, families, and dependents jointly with the employees of other employers making

        similar payments, and their families and dependents.” 29 U.S.C. § 186(c)(5). This is the

        very promise of multiemployer pension plans. See Concrete Pipe & Prods. of Cal., Inc. v.

        Constr. Laborers Pension Tr. for S. Cal., 508 U.S. 602, 637–38 (1993) (“[T]he nature of

        multiemployer plans” is that they “operate by pooling contributions and liabilities,” and

        “[a]n employer’s contributions are not solely for the benefit of its employees . . . alone”).

               And to boot, we’ve already held that the exit contribution “operate[s] as a subset of

        withdrawal liability,” which (of course) no one contends violates § 302. Four-C-Aire I,

        929 F.3d at 147 n.15. So it’s a proper “contribution” under ERISA § 515. Id.; see also

        Plumbing Servs., 791 F.3d at 445 (“An action to compel an employer to pay overdue

        withdrawal liability is treated the same as an action to collect delinquent contributions.”).

               Last, Four-C-Aire complains that the Fund’s governing documents violate § 302

        because “there [is] no evidence the Fund operates as a qualifying ‘trust fund.’” Appellant’s

        Br. at 57 (cleaned up). It argues there was “no signed Declaration of Trust in existence at

        the time of signing the Wage Sheet,” so employer-contribution requirements (including the

        exit contribution) are unenforceable. Appellant’s Br. at 58 (quoting Bricklayers, Masons

        & Plasterers Int’l Union, Loc. No. 15 v. Stuart Plastering Co, 512 F.2d 1017, 1029 (5th

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        Cir. 1975)). The company relies on Stuart Plastering—in which the Fifth Circuit refused

        to enforce payment obligations in an unexecuted trust document—to support its claim of

        deficiency under the Labor Management Relations Act. 512 F.2d at 1020, 1023 n.8.

               We agree with the Fund that Four-C-Aire failed to preserve this argument for

        appeal. In the district court, the company argued only that “the Fund offered no evidence

        of trustee voting creating the exit contribution provision.” Four-C-Aire’s Mot. for Summ.

        J., at 19, Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 16-cv-1613, ECF No. 96. There, the company focused on

        the lack of evidence that the trustees’ vote on the exit contribution was unanimous. See id.

        This is a very different argument than the one the company makes here, which urges that—

        on the whole—the Fund is a noncomplying trust under § 302(c)(5). 14

               True, Four-C-Aire did say in the district court that the Fund hadn’t produced “a

        single trust agreement signed by its trustees,” and so “the Fund cannot meet its burden of

        proving a valid, formal, written trust agreement existed.” Four-C-Aire’s Mot. for Summ.

        J., at 19, Four-C-Aire, Inc., No. 16-cv-1613, ECF No. 96 (cleaned up). But “[a] skeletal

        ‘argument,’ really nothing more than an assertion, does not preserve a claim. Especially

        not when the brief presents a passel of other arguments, as [Four-C-Aire]’s did. Judges are

        not like pigs, hunting for truffles buried in briefs.” United States v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d 955,

        956 (7th Cir. 1991) (per curiam).

               14
                 Four-C-Aire hasn’t pressed the unanimity issue on appeal, following the district
        court’s ruling that “neither the statute nor the cases cited by Four-C-Aire impose that
        requirement on the Board.” Four-C-Aire, Inc., 2020 WL 5468620, at *9.

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               Four-C-Aire’s argument that the Fund wasn’t a qualifying trust was no more than

        that, and we won’t fault the Fund (or, for that matter, the district court) for failing to sniff

        it out. As the Fund points out, had Four-C-Aire more squarely presented this issue below,

        it would have had the opportunity to produce the documents the company now claims

        simply don’t exist. See Appellee’s Br. at 48 n.20; United States v. Hodge, 902 F.3d 420,

        429 (4th Cir. 2018) (“[I]t is unfair to allow parties to surprise one another with new

        arguments they did not make at the appropriate procedural juncture.” (cleaned up)).

               In any event, even if Four-C-Aire had preserved the issue, it’s meritless. The record

        contains several iterations of the written trust documents, including those imposing the

        exit-contribution requirement. And the Fund’s Director of Operations verified each

        version of the document in a declaration to the district court.

               Beyond that, we’re unfazed by the lack of signature page to the trust documents in

        the record. Stuart Plastering doesn’t counsel otherwise. In that case, the union “admit[ted]

        that the declaration of trust was never executed in fact.” Stuart Plastering, 512 F.2d at

        1023 n.8. The Fund admits nothing of the sort here.

               Nor is there any evidence the trust documents are invalid. And we decline the

        company’s request that we infer from the lack of signature page that the Fund has, for many

        years, been operating illegally under unexecuted trust documents. 15

               15
                   Four-C-Aire also argues that the unsigned trust documents are hearsay that the
        district court shouldn’t have considered, but it waived that argument by failing to raise it
        below. See Appellant’s Br. at 59–60; Reply Br. at 30–31.

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               Four-C-Aire’s related challenges to the 2015 amendment to the exit-contribution

        requirement too must fail. The company argues there’s no evidence the trustees voted to

        amend the trust documents or followed proper voting procedures. Even if that were true,

        it’s irrelevant.

               We held in Four-C-Aire I that the exit-contribution requirement survived the CBA’s

        expiration under the plain meaning of the trust documents in effect when Four-C-Aire

        signed the Wage Sheet. So the outcome here is the same regardless of the amendment’s

        validity.

               In short, Four-C-Aire offers no reason why we shouldn’t enforce the plain terms of

        the agreement and trust documents, as ERISA requires. The district court’s judgment is

                                                                                    AFFIRMED.

                                                   29