Court Opinion

ID: 6112116
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-24 21:02:40.174925+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:54:22.085873
License: Public Domain

Case: 21-1815   Document: 29     Page: 1    Filed: 01/19/2022

        NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

                    TODD GESSEL,
                      Petitioner

                            v.

      MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD,
                    Respondent
              ______________________

                       2021-1815
                 ______________________

    Petition for review of the Merit Systems Protection
 Board in No. SF-1221-21-0023-W-1.
                 ______________________

                Decided: January 19, 2022
                 ______________________

    TODD GESSEL, Santa Paula, CA, pro se.

     DEANNA SCHABACKER, Office of General Counsel,
 United States Merit Systems Protection Board, Washing-
 ton, DC, for respondent. Also represented by TRISTAN L.
 LEAVITT, KATHERINE MICHELLE SMITH.
                  ______________________

 Before TARANTO, CHEN, and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges.
 TARANTO, Circuit Judge.
Case: 21-1815    Document: 29      Page: 2    Filed: 01/19/2022

 2                                             GESSEL   v. MSPB

      Todd Gessel was an employee of the Department of the
 Air Force for a brief time. After Mr. Gessel lost a key to a
 government building, requiring costly rekeying, the agency
 fired him for loss of government property. Mr. Gessel chal-
 lenged his termination before the Merit Systems Protection
 Board, alleging that he had been wrongfully terminated
 based on whistleblowing—specifically, Mr. Gessel’s notify-
 ing his supervisor about behavior of one of Mr. Gessel’s
 non-supervisory coworkers that he found troubling. The
 Board dismissed the challenge, concluding that Mr. Gessel
 failed to present a nonfrivolous allegation that he made a
 disclosure protected by the Whistleblower Protection Act
 (WPA). Mr. Gessel appeals. We affirm.
                               I
      Beginning in June 2019, the Air Force employed Mr.
 Gessel as a Recreation Specialist (Youth Activities), subject
 to a 2-year probationary period. He soon began complain-
 ing about a non-supervisory coworker, T.V. Mr. Gessel no-
 tified his supervisor of the “[c]ontinued hostile work place
 and (perceived) harassment by [T.V.]” in a small number of
 communications between September 2019 and April 2020.
 Appx. 31–34, 41–42, 49–58.
      In a September 2019 message, Mr. Gessel reported to
 his superiors that T.V. made him “uncomfortable in the
 shared office space,” was “confrontational and attempt[ed]
 to supervise or discipline” him, and “often watche[d] foolish
 and juvenile rap videos and other material,” which Mr.
 Gessel found “offensive.” Appx. 49, 51. In an October 2019
 message, Mr. Gessel reported that he overheard T.V. say
 “[t]hera aint no Whiteboys upstairs.” Appx. 51. According
 to Mr. Gessel, based on his “past interactions with [T.V.]
 and the racial component of [Mr. Gessel] being White and
 the other two employees [apparently including T.V.]
 Black,” he believed that T.V.’s remark was “intended for
 [him] to hear” and was “mean-spirited and retaliatory.” Id.
 Mr. Gessel said that T.V.’s “remarks and behavior hurt
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 GESSEL   v. MSPB                                           3

 [him] considerably” and made him “afraid to be around”
 T.V. Id. In a late February 2020 incident that the Board
 accepted as having been reported to his superiors shortly
 after its occurrence, Mr. Gessel was putting away equip-
 ment in an isolated storage area. Appx. 33. Mr. Gessel
 claimed that T.V. entered the area, blocked the exit, then
 began walking toward Mr. Gessel. Mr. Gessel reported
 feeling “frightened and alarmed [T.V.] would attack [him].”
 Id. Mr. Gessel said he “side stepped so [T.V.] could pass,”
 and Mr. Gessel “quickly walked out of the storage area.”
 Id.
      In March 2020, when the coronavirus pandemic began,
 Mr. Gessel’s workplace was ordered to remain open. Appx.
 3. In early April 2020, Mr. Gessel requested leave because
 of his concerns about the coronavirus. His supervisor re-
 quested that Mr. Gessel return a key to the recreation cen-
 ter, but Mr. Gessel never returned it, and he provided
 changing explanations for where the key might be located.
 That a key was not accounted for “put government property
 and sensitive information of staff and families at risk” and
 necessitated rekeying the building, at a cost of more than
 $4,000. Appx. 77. By the end of May 2020, Mr. Gessel—
 still in probationary employment status—was fired for
 “[l]oss of government property.” Appx. 77–79.
      Mr. Gessel filed a whistleblower retaliation complaint
 with the Office of Special Counsel (OSC), pursuant to 5
 U.S.C. § 1214(a)(1)(A), seeking corrective action for alleged
 “prohibited personnel practices” by the Air Force, namely,
 retaliation for whistleblowing in violation of the WPA, cod-
 ified as relevant at 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8), (9). The asserted
 whistleblowing was his disclosing to his supervisors his
 hostile treatment by T.V. in 2019 and 2020. Appx. 95. OSC
 closed its investigation without action. Id. Mr. Gessel then
 appealed his removal to the Board in an individual right of
 action (IRA) appeal under 5 U.S.C. §§ 1214(a)(3), 1221(a).
 Appx. 88–95.
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 4                                            GESSEL   v. MSPB

     The administrative judge assigned by the Board in-
 formed Mr. Gessel of his burden to establish the Board’s
 jurisdiction: besides showing exhaustion of his OSC rem-
 edy (not in dispute here), Mr. Gessel had to make a non-
 frivolous allegation that he made protected whistleblowing
 disclosures or engaged in protected whistleblowing activity
 that contributed to the Air Force’s decision to take a cov-
 ered personnel action against him. Appx. 80–87. The ad-
 ministrative judge reiterated Mr. Gessel’s jurisdictional
 burden in two additional orders and directed him to re-
 spond because it was unclear how his alleged disclosures
 qualified. Appx. 43–46, Appx. 59–60. Mr. Gessel re-
 sponded by submitting copies of his emails and letters to
 his supervisors regarding his conflict with T.V. Appx. 31–
 34; Appx. 49; Appx. 51; Appx. 52–54.
     The administrative judge issued a subsequent order re-
 stating Mr. Gessel’s burden of proof and again requesting
 clarification of his allegations of protected disclosures.
 Appx. 26–29. In response, Mr. Gessel stated that the dis-
 closures on which he rested his claim were his “reporting a
 continued campaign directed at [his] person with malice by
 T.V.,” and he referred to his medical condition, a “conspir-
 acy and/or cooperation” among his superiors, and “their
 failure to protect [him] from T.V.” Appx. 23. Mr. Gessel
 alleged that his “termination was a retaliation for continu-
 ing to report the situation and my inability to work.” Appx.
 24.
     Based on Mr. Gessel’s submissions, the administrative
 judge dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. Gessel
 v. Dep’t of the Air Force, No. SF-1221-21-0023-W-1, 2021
 WL 236515 (M.S.P.B. Jan. 21, 2021) (Board Op.). The ad-
 ministrative judge found that, although Mr. Gessel ex-
 hausted his claim, he failed to make a nonfrivolous
 allegation that he made a protected disclosure. Id. The
 administrative judge determined that Mr. Gessel’s disclo-
 sures to his supervisors did not evince a reasonable belief
 of the wrongdoing required for coverage by the WPA. Id.;
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 GESSEL   v. MSPB                                              5

 see 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8). The administrative judge con-
 cluded that Mr. Gessel had not alleged facts that, if proven,
 would show that he made a protected disclosure and so the
 nonfrivolous allegation required for Board jurisdiction was
 missing. Board Op. at 10.
     The administrative judge’s decision became the final
 decision of the Board on February 25, 2021. Id. at 11. This
 court received Mr. Gessel’s notice of appeal within the per-
 mitted 60 days. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B). We have juris-
 diction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(9).
     Mr. Gessel stated to this court, in his Federal Circuit
 Rule 15(c) Statement Concerning Discrimination (Form
 11), that he raised a discrimination claim to the Board—
 answering “yes” to the question whether he had argued to
 the Board that his removal was “attributable to discrimi-
 nation on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, age, national
 origin, or handicapping condition” or was “retaliation for
 pursuing Equal Employment Opportunity activity”—and
 that he did not wish to abandon that claim. That assertion
 does not bar our jurisdiction. We have held that an IRA
 appeal to the Board cannot involve a discrimination ground
 and, therefore, an IRA appeal is never a “mixed” case (in-
 volving discrimination and nondiscrimination challenges)
 that is precluded from this court’s jurisdiction by 5 U.S.C.
 § 7702 and Perry v. Merit System Protection Board, 137 S.
 Ct. 1975 (2017). See Young v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 961 F.3d
 1323, 1327–28 (Fed. Cir. 2020).
                                II
     We must affirm the Board’s decision unless it is “(1) ar-
 bitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not
 in accordance with law; (2) obtained without procedures re-
 quired by law, rule, or regulation having been followed, or
 (3) unsupported by substantial evidence.”           5 U.S.C.
 § 7703(c). “Whether the board had jurisdiction to adjudi-
 cate a case is a question of law, which we review de novo.”
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 6                                                GESSEL   v. MSPB

 Forest v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 47 F.3d 409, 410 (Fed. Cir.
 1995).
      The Board has jurisdiction over an IRA appeal under
 the WPA if the appellant, having exhausted the possibility
 of OSC administrative remedies, makes to the Board “non-
 frivolous allegations” that (1) the appellant engaged in
 whistleblowing activity by making a protected disclosure
 under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) [or § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C),
 or (D), which are not at issue here] and (2) the disclosure
 was a contributing factor in the agency’s decision to take or
 fail to take a “personnel action” against the appellant. 5
 U.S.C. § 1221(a); see Hessami v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 979
 F.3d 1362, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2021); Cahill v. Merit Sys. Prot.
 Bd., 821 F.3d 1370, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2016); Kahn v. Dep’t of
 Justice, 528 F.3d 1336, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Yunus v.
 Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 242 F.3d 1367, 1371–72 (Fed. Cir.
 2001). A nonfrivolous allegation “is an assertion that, if
 proven, could establish the matter at issue” under the WPA
 requirements; it must be plausible on its face and more
 than conclusory. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.4(s); see Hessami, 979
 F.3d at 1367–69; Yunus, 242 F.3d at 1371–72. A protected
 disclosure is one that the employee “reasonably believes ev-
 idences (i) any violation of any law, rule, or regulation, or
 (ii) gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse
 of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public
 health or safety.” 5 U.S.C § 2302(b)(8). The employee’s be-
 lief that a disclosure is protected must be objectively rea-
 sonable. See Lachance v. White, 174 F.3d 1378, 1380–81
 (Fed. Cir. 1999).
      The crux of Mr. Gessel’s allegations is that a non-su-
 pervisory coworker was rude, unpleasant, and physically
 intimidating and that Mr. Gessel was terminated for re-
 porting the conduct. See Appx. 30–42; Pet. Br. 2–3. But
 the conduct reported does not reasonably fall within the
 categories of protected disclosures enumerated in the WPA:
 “(i) any violation of any law, rule, or regulation, or (ii) gross
 mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of
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 GESSEL   v. MSPB                                            7

 authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public
 health or safety.” 5 U.S.C § 2302(b)(8). In a number of
 cases, when it is a supervisor who has engaged in certain
 similar kinds of behavior, we have found a report of such
 behavior to fall outside the WPA. See Nelson v. Dep’t of
 Army, 658 F. App’x 1036, 1038 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (no pro-
 tected disclosure where employee reported her then-
 trainer harbored a hostile and disrespectful attitude);
 Suggs v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 415 F. App’x 240, 242
 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (no protected disclosure where employee
 reported conflicts with a supervisor); Winfield v. Dep’t of
 Veterans Affairs, 348 F. App’x 577, 580 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (no
 protected disclosure where employee disclosed grievances
 about supervisor). We have noted that “statements relat-
 ing to conflict with a superior do not rise to the level of
 fraud, waste, or illegal activity, the disclosure of which the
 WPA protects.” Suggs, 415 F. App’x at 242. Reports that
 a supervisor and employee had “a strained working rela-
 tionship” or “did not get along,” we have ruled, “do not find
 protection under the WPA.” Nelson, 658 F. App’x at 1039.
 The same must be true of comparable conduct by or rela-
 tions with a co-worker who has no authority to abuse, as
 here.
      Mr. Gessel has not alleged disclosures of conduct that
 reasonably, objectively can be believed to go further so as
 to meet the WPA standards. Mr. Gessel initially alleged in
 his complaint that T.V. assaulted him, see Appx. 93, but
 Mr. Gessel never disclosed an assault to his supervisors,
 see Appx. 33–34; Appx. 49; Appx. 51; Appx. 52–54, and he
 did not detail an assault in his subsequent filings to the
 Board or this court, see Appx. 23–25; Pet. Br. 1–3. Mr. Ges-
 sel did not report gross mismanagement or a danger to pub-
 lic health or safety. Although he mentioned to his
 supervisors T.V.’s alleged habit of watching videos on his
 phone during work hours, he has not provided a basis for
 finding a gross waste of funds by the agency for that rea-
 son.
Case: 21-1815      Document: 29      Page: 8     Filed: 01/19/2022

 8                                                GESSEL   v. MSPB

      Finally, although Mr. Gessel, in one of his emails to his
 superiors, made a reference to a “racial component” of the
 effect on him of T.V.’s alleged hostile acts, Appx. 32, none
 of his disclosures report a violation of law governing dis-
 crimination. Even if the email is read to report an allega-
 tion that T.V. himself was on at least one occasion hostile
 based on race, he has not suggested a reasonable basis for
 finding that report to be enough, by itself, to constitute a
 report of a “violation of . . . law,” 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8), given
 that T.V. was a non-supervisory coworker in his relations
 with Mr. Gessel. The pre-termination disclosures, besides
 containing no reports of pervasive race-based harassment,
 contain no reports of failure of supervisors to respond to
 what they knew or should have known was race-based har-
 assment. More generally, Mr. Gessel simply has not iden-
 tified any pre-termination disclosure to his superiors of
 discrimination that is unlawful under governing legal
 standards, e.g., the standards of Title VII of the Civil
 Rights Act of 1964 (especially under § 717, 42 U.S.C. §
 2000e-16, applicable to the federal government as em-
 ployer) addressing when one employee’s discriminatory
 harassment may give rise to a violation of law by the em-
 ployer. See, e.g., Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 542 U.S.
 775 (1998); Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S.
 742 (1998); Fried v. Wynn Las Vegas, LLC, 18 F.4th 643,
 647–48 (9th Cir. 2021). At least in these circumstances,
 the lone discrimination-related reference by Mr. Gessel in
 one of his messages to his superiors supplies no plausible
 basis for a WPA violation here. 1

     1   In addition, we long ago held that a challenge based
 on formal disclosures of even the employer’s discrimina-
 tion, see 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(1), falls outside the WPA, 5
 U.S.C. § 2308(b)(8), (9), and hence outside authorized IRA
 appeals, 5 U.S.C. § 1221, but must be pursued through
 Equal Employment Opportunity processes. See Spruill v.
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 GESSEL   v. MSPB                                            9

                              III
     Mr. Gessel suggests that his termination is unreason-
 able because “there was no key control or chain of custody
 for secure government property [that he] was fired for al-
 legedly losing.” Pet. Br. 2. This suggestion goes to the mer-
 its of the agency’s specified basis for Mr. Gessel’s
 termination. The Board neither did nor could decide that
 question where Mr. Gessel did not make a nonfrivolous al-
 legation of a protected disclosure, which was required for
 Board jurisdiction here.
                              IV
    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the
 Board.
     The parties shall bear their own costs.
                         AFFIRMED

 Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 978 F.2d 679, 689–92 (Fed. Cir. 1992).
 The Board has treated less formal disclosures of discrimi-
 nation similarly. See Redschlag v. Dep’t of the Army, 89
 M.S.P.R. 589, 634 (M.S.P.B. 2001). This treatment fits the
 exclusion of discrimination claims from IRA appeals, an ex-
 clusion that is the basis for this court’s own jurisdiction to
 review the Board’s ruling in this case, as noted above. See
 Young, 961 F.3d at 1327–28.