Court Opinion

ID: 6115771
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-03 16:07:33.696952+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:21:55.366833
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                          Lansing, Michigan
                                                             Chief Justice:               Justices:

Syllabus                                                      Bridget M. McCormack        Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                          David F. Viviano
                                                                                          Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                                          Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                                                          Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                                                          Elizabeth M. Welch

This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been                Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.                  Kathryn L. Loomis

                                          PEOPLE v WASHINGTON

             Docket No. 160707. Argued on application for leave to appeal on April 7, 2021. Decided
      July 29, 2021.

              In 2004, Gregory C. Washington was convicted following a jury trial in the Wayne Circuit
      Court of second-degree murder, MCL 750.37; two counts of assault with intent to commit murder
      (AWIM), MCL 750.83; possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-
      firearm), MCL 750.227b; and being a felon in possession of a firearm (felon-in-possession), MCL
      750.224f. The court, Patricia P. Fresard, J., sentenced defendant as a second-offense habitual
      offender, MCL 769.10, to 40 to 60 years in prison for second-degree murder; the 40-year minimum
      sentence was a 12-month upward departure from the sentencing guidelines range. The trial court
      also sentenced defendant to life in prison for AWIM, 2 to 71/2 years in prison for felon-in-
      possession, and 2 years in prison for felony-firearm. Washington appealed his convictions and
      sentences in the Court of Appeals. In an unpublished opinion issued June 13, 2006 (Docket
      No. 260155), the Court affirmed defendant’s convictions but remanded the case for resentencing
      because the trial court had failed to articulate substantial and compelling reasons for its departure
      from the second-degree murder sentencing guidelines. Before defendant was resentenced, he filed
      an application for leave to appeal in the Supreme Court. While the Supreme Court was considering
      defendant’s application, the trial court resentenced defendant, and he applied in the Court of
      Appeals for leave to appeal his new sentence. The Supreme Court ultimately denied defendant’s
      application for leave to appeal his original convictions. 477 Mich 973 (2006). After the Court of
      Appeals also denied defendant’s application for leave to appeal, he filed his second application for
      leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, which was also denied. 480 Mich 891 (2007). Defendant
      then filed a motion in the trial court for relief from judgment, which the trial court denied.
      Defendant applied for leave to appeal that decision in the Court of Appeals, which denied his
      application; the Supreme Court denied his application to appeal the Court of Appeals’ denial. 486
      Mich 1042 (2010). In June 2016, after exhausting all available postconviction relief, defendant
      filed a second motion for relief from judgment in the trial court, arguing that the trial court had
      lacked jurisdiction to resentence him in 2006 because his application for leave to appeal in the
      Supreme Court was pending at the time. The trial court agreed and granted the motion, vacated
      defendant’s sentence, and ordered resentencing. The prosecution appealed. The Court of Appeals,
      O’BRIEN, P.J., and JANSEN and STEPHENS, JJ., upheld the trial court’s ruling in a published per
      curiam opinion, holding that although defendant’s successive motion for relief from judgment was
      barred by MCR 6.502(G), the trial court had lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to enter the second
judgment of sentence, and it had correctly exercised its inherent power to recognize its lack of
jurisdiction when it vacated that judgment and ordered another resentencing hearing. 321 Mich
App 276 (2017). The prosecution sought leave to appeal that decision in the Supreme Court. In
lieu of granting the application, the Supreme Court vacated the Court of Appeals’ decision and
remanded the case for reconsideration in light of Luscombe v Shedd’s Food Prod Corp, 212 Mich
App 537 (1995). 503 Mich 1030 (2019). On remand, the Court of Appeals, O’BRIEN, P.J., and
JANSEN and STEPHENS, JJ., reversed the trial court’s 2016 order vacating the 2006 resentencing.
The Court noted the differences between a lack of jurisdiction and an error in the exercise of
jurisdiction, discussed the two accepted categories of jurisdiction (subject-matter jurisdiction and
personal jurisdiction), and cited a Florida law review article that advocated for a third category of
jurisdiction to be recognized in Florida—procedural jurisdiction—to refer to the exercise of
jurisdiction. The Court analyzed Luscombe before concluding that the trial court’s resentencing
before the remand order took effect was not a structural error caused by a lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction but was, instead, error that was procedural in nature and was rendered harmless by the
lack of any objection. 329 Mich App 604 (2019). Defendant sought leave to appeal in the Supreme
Court. The Supreme Court directed oral argument on the application. 505 Mich 1046 (2020).

      In an opinion by Justice CLEMENT, joined by Chief Justice MCCORMACK and Justices
BERNSTEIN and CAVANAGH, the Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, held:

         When a judgment of sentence is appealed, the trial court loses subject-matter jurisdiction
over those aspects of the case that are involved in the appeal. The restrictions on a trial court’s
authority in MCR 6.500 et seq. only limit a court’s ability to review a judgment of conviction and
sentence; although MCR 6.502(G)(2) does not contain an exception allowing successive motions
for relief from judgment on the basis of jurisdictional errors, a trial court may vacate a judgment
of sentence on such a motion when the court recognizes that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction
when the judgment was entered.

        1. Subject-matter jurisdiction concerns a court’s authority to hear and determine a case;
the authority is not dependent on the particular facts of the case but, instead, is dependent on the
character or class of the case pending. Michigan’s 1963 Constitution and statutes set the authority
of circuit courts and appellate courts to hear cases. Article VI, § 13 of the state Constitution
provides that circuit courts have original jurisdiction in all matters not prohibited by law. In
tandem with the constitutional grant of authority, MCL 600.601(1) provides that circuit courts
have the power and jurisdiction over (1) that which was possessed by courts of record at common
law, as altered by Michigan’s Constitution, statutes, and rules of the Supreme Court; (2) that which
was possessed by courts and judges in chancery in England on March 1, 1847, as altered by
Michigan’s Constitution, statutes, and rules of the Supreme Court; and (3) that which is prescribed
by the rules of the Supreme Court. Under these provisions, a circuit court has jurisdiction over all
felonies from the bindover from the district court. Article VI, § 10 of Michigan’s Constitution
provides that the jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals shall be provided by law. In turn, MCL
600.308(1) provides that the Court of Appeals has jurisdiction on appeals from all final judgments
and final orders from the circuit court, court of claims, and probate court. Thus, circuit courts have
original jurisdiction and the Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction. MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a)
provides that a Court of Appeals judgment is effective after the expiration of the time for filing an
application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court, or, if such an application is filed, after the
disposition of the case by the Supreme Court.
         2. People v George, 399 Mich 638 (1977), controlled the outcome of the case. Analyzing
former court rule GCR 1963, 802.1, the George Court concluded that the circuit court had lost
jurisdiction over a case once an appeal had been filed in the Court of Appeals and that jurisdiction
would not revest in the circuit court until the Supreme Court resolved the prosecution’s pending
application for leave to appeal that decision; accordingly, until the pending application was
addressed, the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to retry the defendant. Under our present rule, MCR
7.203(A), which is materially similar to the court rule analyzed in George, the Court in People v
Swafford, 483 Mich 1 (2009), likewise concluded that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to try or
convict the defendant when the defendant’s application was still pending in the Supreme Court. A
trial court’s original jurisdiction is fundamentally incompatible with an appellate court’s appellate
jurisdiction. To that end, a trial court is divested of subject-matter jurisdiction over those aspects
of the case involved in an appeal; this rule preserves the integrity of the appellate process and
prevents confusion related to having the same matter before two courts at the same time. Although
both state and federal courts often use the term “jurisdiction” imprecisely—referring to subject-
matter jurisdiction, personal jurisdiction, and a court’s general authority to take action—the
George Court’s consistent use of the term “jurisdiction” and the facts of the case support the
conclusion that the Court was referring to subject-matter jurisdiction, not to its exercise of
jurisdiction. Although there is a presumption against divesting a court of its jurisdiction once it
has attached, that presumption applies to the acquisition and retaining of original jurisdiction
among trial courts, not to the transfer of jurisdiction during the appellate process. In this case,
defendant’s appeal of the trial court’s judgment of sentence divested the trial court of subject-
matter jurisdiction of those aspects of the case involved in the appeal. Jurisdiction remained with
the appellate courts after the Court of Appeals’ 2006 judgment, which included a remand for
resentencing, until the Supreme Court disposed of defendant’s application for leave to appeal the
Court of Appeals’ judgment. The Court of Appeals’ decision in Luscombe did not undermine
George because it was factually distinguishable: Luscombe involved the trial court acting before
the Court of Appeals could complete a custodial task with no substantive impact while in George,
the trial court acted before the Supreme Court rendered a decision on a party’s pending application,
a decision with the potential for fundamental substantive impact. Therefore, the trial court lacked
subject-matter jurisdiction when it resentenced defendant in 2006 before the Supreme Court
rendered a decision on defendant’s application.

        3. Defects in a court’s subject-matter jurisdiction render a judgment void ab initio. Courts
must take notice of the limits of their authority and act accordingly at any point in the proceedings,
whether in the trial court, on direct appeal, or on collateral attack. The lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction cannot be ignored for purposes of finality because the existence of subject-matter
jurisdiction concerns the trial court’s authority to bind the parties to the action at hand. MCR 6.501
provides that a judgment of conviction and sentence entered by the circuit court that is not subject
to appellate review under Subchapters 7.200 or 7.300 may be reviewed only in accordance with
MCR 6.500 et seq. Other than the two exceptions in MCR 6.502(G)(2) (a retroactive change in
law that occurred after the first motion for relief from judgment was filed or a claim of new
evidence that was not discovered before the first such motion), MCR 6.502(G)(1) provides that
one and only one motion for relief from judgment may be filed with regard to a conviction. The
MCR 6.500 et seq. restrictions on a trial court’s authority only limit a court’s ability to review a
judgment of conviction and sentence, and although MCR 6.502(G)(2) does not contain an
exception for jurisdictional errors, a trial court may vacate a judgment of sentence on a successive
motion for relief from judgment when the court recognizes that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction
when the judgment was entered. In this case, the 2006 resentencing judgment was void ab initio
because the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to resentence defendant while defendant’s
application was pending in the Supreme Court. Thus, there was no valid sentence to review in
2016, and MCR 6.501 did not limit the trial court’s authority to recognize and remedy a subject-
matter jurisdiction error even though it was raised in a successive motion for relief from judgment.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it granted defendant’s successive motion for relief
from judgment, vacated defendant’s 2006 sentence, and ordered resentencing; the Court of
Appeals’ judgment to the contrary was reversed.

       Reversed and remanded for resentencing.

         Justice VIVIANO, joined by Justices ZAHRA and WELCH, dissenting, disagreed with the
majority’s conclusion that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to resentence defendant
in 2006 while his application was pending in the Supreme Court. Subject-matter jurisdiction is
the right of a court to exercise judicial power over a class of cases and can generally be decided at
the outset on the basis of the pleadings; subject-matter jurisdiction is not about the particular case
before the court but, rather, the abstract power to try a case of that kind or character. Subject-
matter jurisdiction is distinct from claims-processing rules, the elements of a cause of action, and
a trial court’s erroneous exercise of jurisdiction. Article VI, § 13 of Michigan’s Constitution and
MCL 600.601 define the class of cases over which circuit courts have subject-matter jurisdiction.
While circuit court jurisdiction over a particular subject matter can only be denied by those
provisions, it is presumed that a circuit court continues to have subject-matter jurisdiction unless
divestiture is required by the clear mandate of law, with any doubt resolved in favor of retaining
jurisdiction. Our court rules did not divest the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction while
defendant’s application was pending in the Supreme Court. MCR 7.208(A)—which provides that
after a claim of appeal is filed or leave to appeal is granted the trial court or tribunal may not set
aside or amend the judgment or order appealed from except in a few enumerated circumstances—
is the only rule that restricts a trial court’s authority while a case is on appeal, and nothing in that
rule purported to divest the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction. MCR 7.208 does not
distinguish between classes of cases. Two court rules, MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a) and MCR
7.305(C)(7)(a), restrict a trial court’s power when a case is before the Supreme Court, but those
rules also did not divest the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction in this case. Under MCR
7.215(F)(1)(a), a Court of Appeals judgment is not effective until after the time for filing an
application in the Supreme Court has passed or after the Supreme Court has otherwise disposed of
the case; the rule only concerns the effectiveness of the Court of Appeals’ judgment, not the trial
court’s authority or subject-matter jurisdiction. In turn, MCR 7.305(C)(7) provides that when a
Court of Appeals judgment remands to the trial court for further proceedings in an appeal by right
or by leave granted, the case is automatically stayed on remand unless ordered otherwise by the
Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court. The necessity of a stay in that situation simply stops,
temporarily, the trial court from taking actions it would otherwise be empowered to take. Thus,
neither court rule strips a trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction or speaks to the general class of
cases a circuit court can hear. Justice VIVIANO disagreed with the majority’s interpretation of the
Court’s holding in George; contrary to the majority’s assertion, George did not suggest that its use
of the term “jurisdiction” referred to subject-matter jurisdiction rather than the court’s mere legal
power or authority to act. The majority’s interpretation of George ignored the persuasive
reasoning from other states that have concluded that trial courts are not divested of subject-matter
jurisdiction during any appeal. The majority’s decision effectively carved out an exception to the
subject-matter jurisdiction granted to circuit courts by Michigan’s Constitution, statutes, and court
rules. Justice VIVIANO would have held that the trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction over the
case when it was before that court and did not lose that jurisdiction when defendant filed his
application in the Supreme Court in 2006.
                                                                              Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                    Lansing, Michigan
                                                     Chief Justice:                 Justices:

OPINION                                               Bridget M. McCormack          Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                    David F. Viviano
                                                                                    Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                                    Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                                                    Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                                                    Elizabeth M. Welch

                                                                      FILED July 29, 2021

                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                      SUPREME COURT

  PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

                Plaintiff-Appellee,

  v                                                                   No. 160707

  GREGORY CARL WASHINGTON,

                Defendant-Appellant.

 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 CLEMENT, J.
        At issue in this case is whether the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction when

 it resentenced defendant in 2006 pursuant to a Court of Appeals order while defendant’s

 application for leave to appeal that order was still pending in this Court. We hold that it

 did. We also hold that the trial court did not err 10 years later in 2016 when it granted

 defendant relief on this ground, which was raised in defendant’s successive motion for

 relief from judgment.
                      I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       In November 2004, defendant, Gregory C. Washington, was convicted of second-

degree murder, MCL 750.317; two counts of assault with intent to commit murder

(AWIM), MCL 750.83; possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-

firearm), MCL 750.227b; and felon in possession of a firearm (felon-in-possession), MCL

750.224f. The trial court sentenced defendant as a second-offense habitual offender, MCL

769.10, to 40 to 60 years’ imprisonment for the second-degree murder conviction; the 40-

year minimum sentence was a 12-month upward departure from the sentencing guidelines

range. The trial court also sentenced defendant to concurrent life sentences for each AWIM

conviction, to 2 to 71/2 years’ imprisonment for the felon-in-possession conviction, and to

a mandatory consecutive 2 years’ imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction.

       The Court of Appeals previously described the relevant procedural history of this

case as follows:

               On January 7, 2005, defendant appealed as of right his convictions
       and sentences on a number of grounds.2 Relevant here, defendant challenged
       the propriety of the trial court’s upward departure from the sentencing
       guidelines range for second-degree murder without stating on the record
       “substantial and compelling reasons” for the departure as required under
       MCL 769.34(3).3 In a June 13, 2006 unpublished opinion, [the Court of
       Appeals] affirmed defendant’s convictions, but agreed that “the trial court
       did not satisfy MCL 769.34(3) when imposing a sentence outside the
       prescribed sentencing guidelines range.” People v Washington, unpublished
       per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued June 13, 2006 (Docket
       No. 260155), p 8. [The Court of Appeals] remanded for resentencing,
       directing the trial court to reconsider the propriety of its sentence and
       articulate substantial and compelling reasons for any departure as required
       by MCL 769.34(3). Id. at 8-9.

              On August 8, 2006, defendant filed an application for leave to appeal
       in the Michigan Supreme Court. On October 4, 2006, while the application
       was still pending, the trial court resentenced defendant pursuant to [the Court

                                             2
of Appeals’] June 13, 2006 opinion and remand, imposing identical
sentences and offering a number of justifications for the departure. The
Supreme Court denied defendant’s application for leave to appeal on
December 28, 2006. People v Washington, 477 Mich 973 (2006).

       On December 4, 2006, about three weeks before the Supreme Court
denied defendant’s initial application, defendant filed in [the Court of
Appeals] a delayed application for leave to appeal the resentencing order,
again arguing that the trial court failed to articulate on the record the required
“substantial and compelling reasons” for the upward departure from
defendant’s sentencing guidelines for second-degree murder. [The Court of
Appeals] denied defendant’s application “for lack of merit.” People v
Washington, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 4, 2007
(Docket No. 274768). Defendant filed an application for leave to appeal in
the Michigan Supreme Court on June 28, 2007, which that Court denied.
People v Washington, 480 Mich 891 (2007).

        Several months later, on March 25, 2008, defendant filed a motion for
relief from judgment in the trial court pursuant to MCR 6.502, raising claims
of (1) insufficient evidence, (2) denial of his right to present an insanity
defense, (3) ineffective assistance of trial counsel, and (4) ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel. On July 9, 2008, the trial court denied
defendant’s motion under MCR 6.508(D)(3) for failure to demonstrate good
cause for not raising the issues in a prior appeal and failure to show actual
prejudice. [The Court of Appeals] denied defendant’s July 8, 2009 delayed
application for leave to appeal the trial court’s decision, People v
Washington, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered October 19,
2009 (Docket No. 292891), and the Michigan Supreme Court denied
defendant leave to appeal [the Court of Appeals’] denial, People v
Washington, 486 Mich 1042 (2010).

        On June 22, 2016, after exhausting all available postconviction relief,
defendant filed his second motion for relief from judgment—the motion
giving rise to the instant appeal. Defendant challenged his sentences on
jurisdictional grounds, arguing that the trial court’s October 4, 2006 order
after resentencing was invalid because the court lacked jurisdiction to
resentence defendant while his application remained pending before the
Michigan Supreme Court. In response, the prosecution argued that
defendant’s successive motion for relief from judgment was clearly barred
by MCR 6.502(G), which prohibits successive motions for relief from
judgment unless there has been a retroactive change in the law or new
evidence has been discovered. In a November 22, 2016 written order and
opinion, the trial court indicated its agreement with the prosecution’s

                                        3
      argument but noted that the prosecution had failed to address the
      jurisdictional issue, which “may be raised at any time.” The trial court
      concluded that under MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a), MCR 7.305(C)(6)(a), and
      relevant caselaw, it had lacked jurisdiction to enter the October 4, 2006
      judgment of sentence. The trial court granted defendant’s motion, vacated
      defendant’s sentences, and ordered resentencing.4

      2
        Defendant’s issues on appeal included ineffective assistance of trial counsel
      for failure to raise an insanity defense and failure to file a motion for a new
      trial based on the assertion that defendant’s convictions were against the
      great weight of the evidence, violation of a sequestration order by the
      prosecution’s witnesses, and prosecutorial misconduct.
      3
        On the date of defendant’s sentencing, MCL 769.34(3) provided that “[a]
      court may depart from the appropriate sentence range established under the
      sentencing guidelines . . . if the court has a substantial and compelling reason
      for that departure and states on the record the reasons for departure.” MCL
      769.34(3) was later struck down in People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 391-
      392; 870 NW2d 502 (2015), and the substantial and compelling reason
      requirement was replaced with a requirement that a departure be reasonable.
      4
        Defendant also requested that, on resentencing, the trial court determine the
      applicable guidelines range for both defendant’s second-degree murder
      conviction and his AWIM convictions and take them into account pursuant
      to Lockridge, 498 Mich 358. The trial court concluded that defendant was
      not entitled to any relief under Lockridge because the rule articulated in that
      case does not retroactively apply to sentences on collateral review.
      Defendant does not challenge this decision on appeal.

      [People v Washington, 321 Mich App 276, 279-282; 908 NW2d 924 (2017).]

      The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s order. Id. at 278. The Court held

that “[i]t is indisputable that the trial court lacked jurisdiction” to perform the 2006

resentencing because of the trial court’s violation of MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a) and MCR

7.305(C)(6)(a)—i.e., because the trial court resentenced defendant before the Court of

Appeals’ 2006 remand order was final. Id. at 284. The Court also rejected the prosecutor’s

argument that the trial court’s mistake was merely procedural, reasoning that this Court

                                             4
had characterized a similar error as a jurisdictional error in People v Swafford, 483 Mich

1, 6 n 5; 762 NW2d 902 (2009). Id. at 285. Because the trial court lacked subject-matter

jurisdiction when it resentenced defendant, the Court concluded that the trial court’s

resentencing was void. Id.

       With regard to the manner in which defendant’s argument was raised—a successive

motion for relief from judgment—the Court of Appeals agreed with the prosecutor that

MCR 6.502(G)(2) provides only two exceptions to the prohibition of successive motions

for relief from judgment and that neither of the two exceptions encompasses errors in

subject-matter jurisdiction. Id. at 286. However, the Court disagreed that the trial court

impermissibly created a third exception to the successive-motion bar through its order

vacating the judgment of sentence and ordering resentencing. Id. Instead, the Court

reasoned that the trial court had properly used its “inherent power to ‘recognize its lack of

jurisdiction or any pertinent boundaries on its proper exercise’ ” of power. Id., quoting

People v Clement, 254 Mich App 387, 394; 657 NW2d 172 (2002).

       The prosecutor applied for leave to appeal in this Court, and we heard oral argument

on the application in October 2018. People v Washington, 905 NW2d 597 (2018). We

vacated the previous judgment of the Court of Appeals and remanded back to that court for

reconsideration in light of Luscombe v Shedd’s Food Prod Corp, 212 Mich App 537; 539

NW2d 210 (1995). People v Washington, 503 Mich 1030 (2019).

       On remand, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s order vacating the

resentencing. People v Washington (On Remand), 329 Mich App 604, 606; 944 NW2d

142 (2019). The Court noted that, despite a recognized difference between a lack of

jurisdiction and an error in the exercise of jurisdiction, courts habitually use the term

                                             5
“jurisdiction” generally instead of specifying which type of error is at issue. Id. at 611-

612. Considering that a lack of jurisdiction renders an action void and that an error in the

exercise of jurisdiction renders an action only voidable, this specification is essential. See

id. The Court of Appeals also extensively cited a law review article that advocated for the

recognition in Florida of a third category of jurisdiction—“procedural jurisdiction”—to

refer to the exercise of jurisdiction. Id. at 612.

       The Court of Appeals determined that Luscombe concerned an error in the exercise,

rather than the existence, of jurisdiction. Id. at 613. The Court understood Luscombe as

“obviously not discussing subject-matter or personal jurisdiction” when analyzing “a trial

court’s surrendering jurisdiction of a particular case to an appellate court and then

reacquiring it after appellate proceedings,” because subject-matter and personal

jurisdiction do not “come[] or go[] depending on a case’s procedural posture[.]” Id. The

Luscombe Court had held that the trial court’s premature action in response to the Court of

Appeals order at issue—trying the defendant after the period for appeal expired without

the filing of an application but before this Court returned the record to the trial court—was

merely a procedural error subject to harmless-error review. Id.

       Ultimately, the Court concluded that “[i]n light of the authorities endeavoring to

observe the distinction between the existence of subject-matter jurisdiction and the exercise

of it, and in light especially of the Supreme Court’s call for deciding this case in accord

with Luscombe,” the trial court’s resentencing before the remand order took effect “was

not a structural error occasioned by a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.” Id. at 614.

Instead, the Court determined that the error was “merely procedural in nature” and was

“rendered harmless by the lack of any objection.” Id. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals

                                               6
reversed the trial court’s November 22, 2016 order vacating its October 4, 2006 judgment

of sentence. Id.

       Defendant subsequently applied for leave to appeal in this Court, and we directed

oral argument on the application regarding the following issues: “(1) whether the trial

court’s act of resentencing the defendant while an application for leave to appeal was

pending in this Court constituted a defect in subject-matter jurisdiction; and (2) if so,

whether defects in subject-matter jurisdiction can be challenged in a successive motion for

relief from judgment.” People v Washington, 505 Mich 1046 (2020).

                          II. CATEGORIZATION OF ERROR

       As the lower courts and parties have agreed, the trial court erred when it resentenced

defendant in 2006 while defendant’s application for leave to appeal in this Court was

pending. Under MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a), “the Court of Appeals judgment is effective after the

expiration of the time for filing an application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court, or,

if such an application is filed, after the disposition of the case by the Supreme Court[.]” 1

In this case, defendant timely filed an application for leave to appeal from the Court of

Appeals’ 2006 decision, 2 and neither the Court of Appeals nor this Court issued an order

1
  See also MCR 7.305(C)(7)(a) (providing that a timely filed application for leave to appeal
from a Court of Appeals decision remanding for further proceedings “stays proceedings on
remand unless the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court orders otherwise”).
2
  When the Court of Appeals issues an opinion that remands the case to the trial court,
MCR 7.305(C)(6)(a) provides that “an application for leave to appeal may be filed
within . . . 56 days in criminal cases, after the date of” the opinion. The Court of Appeals
issued its opinion remanding for resentencing on June 13, 2006. Defendant filed an
application for leave to appeal the Court of Appeals’ judgment on August 8, 2006, exactly
56 days later.

                                              7
affecting the automatic stay of the Court of Appeals’ judgment. This Court did not render

a decision on defendant’s application for leave to appeal until December 28, 2006.

Accordingly, the Court of Appeals’ remand order was not final when the trial court

resentenced defendant on October 4, 2006.

       At issue for our determination is whether this error is an error of subject-matter

jurisdiction. This is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Hillsdale Co Senior

Servs, Inc v Hillsdale Co, 494 Mich 46, 51; 832 NW2d 728 (2013).

       Subject-matter jurisdiction is a legal term of art that concerns a court’s authority to

hear and determine a case. Bowie v Arder, 441 Mich 23, 36; 490 NW2d 568 (1992). This

authority is “not dependent on the particular facts of the case” but, instead, is dependent on

the character or class of the case pending. People v Lown, 488 Mich 242, 268; 794 NW2d

9 (2011) (quotation marks, citations, and emphasis omitted).

       The courts do not have inherent subject-matter jurisdiction; it is derived instead

from our constitutional and statutory provisions. Under Michigan’s 1963 Constitution,

circuit courts have “original jurisdiction in all matters not prohibited by law . . . .” Const

1963, art VI, § 13. MCL 600.601 similarly provides:

              (1) The circuit court has the power and jurisdiction that is any of the
       following:

               (a) Possessed by courts of record at the common law, as altered by the
       state constitution of 1963, the laws of this state, and the rules of the supreme
       court.

              (b) Possessed by courts and judges in chancery in England on March
       1, 1847, as altered by the state constitution of 1963, the laws of this state, and
       the rules of the supreme court.

              (c) Prescribed by the rules of the supreme court.

                                               8
In construing these provisions, we have recognized that circuit courts have subject-matter

jurisdiction over felony cases. See Lown, 488 Mich at 268; MCR 6.008(B) (“The circuit

court has jurisdiction over all felonies from the bindover from the district court unless

otherwise provided by law.”).

       The Michigan Constitution and the Legislature also provide for the appellate

jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals. “The jurisdiction of the court of appeals shall be

provided by law,” Const 1963, art VI, § 10, and MCL 600.308(1) accordingly provides that

“[t]he court of appeals has jurisdiction on appeals from all final judgments and final orders

from the circuit court, court of claims, and probate court . . . .” See also MCR 7.203(A)

through (D).

       Under these constitutional and statutory provisions, in the present case, the trial

court undoubtedly had subject-matter jurisdiction over defendant’s case once he was bound

over by the district court. See MCR 6.008(B); Lown, 488 Mich at 268. Further, the Court

of Appeals had appellate jurisdiction over defendant’s appeal of right from the trial court’s

judgment. See MCL 600.308(1). Given the trial court’s initial jurisdiction over the case

and the Court of Appeals’ subsequent appellate jurisdiction, the question this Court must

answer is whether the trial court was divested of subject-matter jurisdiction when the Court

of Appeals assumed its appellate jurisdiction over the case.

       This Court answered this question under the former court rules when it encountered

an error similar to the present one in People v George, 399 Mich 638, 640; 250 NW2d 491

(1977). Therein, the defendant challenged the jurisdiction of the trial court to retry him

while the prosecutor’s application for leave to appeal the Court of Appeals’ order that

remanded the case for retrial was still pending before this Court. Id. at 639-640. This

                                             9
Court reasoned that, pursuant to GCR 1963, 802.1, 3 “jurisdiction of this case was vested

in the Court of Appeals, and thus removed from the circuit court” upon the defendant’s

filing of his claim to appeal in the Court of Appeals. Id. at 640. And until this Court

resolved the prosecutor’s pending application for leave to appeal, “jurisdiction is not

revested in the circuit court.” Id. Accordingly, this Court concluded that the trial court

lacked jurisdiction to retry the defendant. Id. More recently, under the present court rules,

we commented that “the trial court did not have proper jurisdiction to bring defendant to

trial or convict defendant” when the defendant’s application for leave to appeal was still

pending before this Court. See People v Swafford, 483 Mich 1, 7 n 5; 762 NW2d 902

(2009).

        The prosecutor does not argue that George should be overturned. Instead, the

prosecutor argues that when this Court referred to jurisdiction in George, it meant the trial

court’s exercise of jurisdiction, not the existence of subject-matter jurisdiction. 4 The

3
    GCR 1963, 802.1 provided:

                Filing Claim of Appeal; Fees. Every appeal to the Court of Appeals
        shall be taken by filing a claim of appeal with the Court of Appeals and
        paying the entry fee required by sub-rule 822.3(1). A docket number shall
        thereupon be assigned to such appeal by the clerk of the Court of Appeals.
        See also sub-rule 803.5. The Court of Appeals shall thereupon have
        jurisdiction of the case. No such appeal shall be dismissed except on
        stipulation, on special motion and notice, or by the Court of Appeals on its
        own motion, subject, however, to the provisions of Rule 809.
4
  To the extent that the prosecutor also argues that George concerned the 1963 court rules
and is therefore not applicable to the present court rules, we disagree. GCR 1963, 802.1,
upon which this Court based its decision in George, provided that “[t]he Court of Appeals
shall . . . have jurisdiction of the case” after the filing of a claim of appeal. MCR 7.203(A)
similarly provides that the Court of Appeals “has jurisdiction of an appeal of right filed by
an aggrieved party . . . .” The prosecutor fails to identify a material difference in this

                                             10
prosecutor is correct that there is a widespread and unfortunate practice among both state

and federal courts of using the term “jurisdiction” imprecisely, to refer both to the subject-

matter and the personal jurisdiction of the court, and to the court’s general authority to take

action. See Union Pacific R Co v Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers & Trainmen, 558

US 67, 81; 130 S Ct 584; 175 L Ed 2d 428 (2009) (“Recognizing that the word ‘jurisdiction’

has been used by courts, including this Court, to convey ‘many, too many, meanings,’ we

have cautioned, in recent decisions, against profligate use of the term.”) (citation omitted).

See also Jackson City Bank & Trust Co v Fredrick, 271 Mich 538, 544-545; 260 NW 908

(1935). However, there are no indications in the George opinion that this Court was

engaging in such casual use of the term jurisdiction. In fact, the language used by this

Court in the George opinion—its consistent use of the term “jurisdiction” rather than

“power” or “authority,” as well as its consistent use of the term “vest”—affirmatively

indicates otherwise. See George, 399 Mich at 640; see also Detroit Police Officers Ass’n

v Detroit, 419 Mich 1207 (1984) (citing George in support of the conclusion that “[a]ny

action by the trial court setting aside its order granting defendant’s motion for summary

language, and we identify none. The remainder of the court rules cited by this Court in
George are superfluous to its holding, but those also have parallel provisions in the
contemporary rules and contain no language alterations material to the issue on appeal.
Compare, e.g., 1963 GCR, 853.2(1) (establishing the timeliness requirements for an
application for leave to appeal in this Court) with MCR 7.205 (same). See also Swafford,
483 Mich at 7 n 5 (stating in dicta that under the current court rules, the trial court “did not
have proper jurisdiction to bring defendant to trial or convict defendant” given that the
defendant’s application for leave to appeal the Court of Appeals’ decision was still
pending).

                                              11
deposition [taken while an application for leave to appeal was pending in this Court] is

void for want of jurisdiction”). 5

       Further, the circumstances in George support the conclusion that this Court was

indeed referring to the existence of subject-matter jurisdiction and not to its exercise of

jurisdiction. When the trial court was attempting to retry the defendant, this Court, through

the prosecutor’s application for leave to appeal, had the ability to greatly alter the course

of the case, including obviating the need for retrial. It is this fundamental incompatibility

between the trial court’s original jurisdiction and the appellate court’s appellate jurisdiction

that has led many of our sister courts to hold that “[t]he effect of the appeal is to remove

the subject matter of the order from the jurisdiction of the lower court . . . .” Varian Med

Sys, Inc v Delfino, 35 Cal 4th 180, 197; 106 P3d 958 (2005) (quotation marks and citation

omitted). . See also In re Whispering Pines Estates, Inc, 369 BR 752, 757 (Bankr CA 1,

2007) (“The purpose of the general rule is to avoid the confusion of placing the same matter

5
  Although the usage of these terms is not wholly consistent, generally, the terms “vest”
and “jurisdiction” are used to refer to the existence of jurisdiction. See, e.g., Paley v Coca
Cola Co, 389 Mich 583, 599; 209 NW2d 232 (1973) (discussing the subject-matter
jurisdiction of the circuit court and using the terms “vest,” “vested,” and “jurisdiction”
rather than “power” or “authority”); Campbell v St John Hosp, 434 Mich 608, 613-614;
455 NW2d 695 (1990) (same); Davis v Dep’t of Corrections, 251 Mich App 372, 374, 378;
651 NW2d 486 (2002) (same). In contrast, the terms “power” and “authority” are generally
used to refer to errors in the exercise of jurisdiction and other nonjurisdictional errors. See,
e.g., People v Comer, 500 Mich 278, 292-293; 901 NW2d 553 (2017) (discussing a trial
court’s nonjurisdictional error using the language “authorized” and “authority” rather than
“vest” and “jurisdiction”). Similarly, the conclusion in Detroit Police Officers that the trial
court’s action was “void for want of jurisdiction” suggests that George held that filing an
application for leave to appeal deprives a trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction because
an error in subject-matter jurisdiction renders the trial court’s actions void. Detroit Police
Officers, 419 Mich at 1207. See also Jackson City Bank, 271 Mich at 544-545.

                                              12
before two courts at the same time and preserve the integrity of the appeal process.”). 6 This

reasoning also supports our holding in George. 7

       Having clarified George, we apply it here to hold that defendant’s appeal from the

trial court’s 2004 judgment of sentence divested the trial court of subject-matter

jurisdiction over those aspects of the case involved in the appeal. When the Court of

Appeals rendered its 2006 judgment, which included a remand for resentencing,

jurisdiction remained with the appellate courts until this Court’s disposition of defendant’s

application for leave to appeal the Court of Appeals’ judgment. See George, 399 Mich at

640; MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a); MCR 7.305(C)(7)(a).           The trial court accordingly lacked

6
  See also, e.g., In re Marriage of Chester, 172 Or App 462, 466; 18 P3d 1111 (2001);
Sports Courts of Omaha, Ltd v Meginnis, 242 Neb 768, 773; 497 NW2d 38 (1993); State
ex rel Van Dyke Ford, Inc v Cane, 70 Wis 2d 777, 782; 235 NW2d 672 (1975); State v
Moore, 225 SW3d 556, 568-569 (Tex Ct Crim App, 2007); Clark v State, 727 NE2d 18,
20 (Ind App, 2000); First American Trust Co v Franklin-Murray Dev Co, LP, 59 SW3d
135, 142 (Tenn App, 2001). While not holding specifically that the trial court is divested
of subject-matter jurisdiction by an appeal, the United States Supreme Court has alluded
to the same fundamental incompatibility that motivated our sister courts to so hold. See
Griggs v Provident Consumer Discount Co, 459 US 56, 58; 103 S Ct 400; 74 L Ed 2d 225
(1982) (“Even before [the] 1979 [Amendments to the Federal Rules of Appellate
Procedure], it was generally understood that a federal district court and a federal court of
appeals should not attempt to assert jurisdiction over a case simultaneously. The filing of
a notice of appeal is an event of jurisdictional significance—it confers jurisdiction on the
court of appeals and divests the district court of its control over those aspects of the case
involved in the appeal.”).
7
  The dissent implies that this conclusion is not consistent with the characterization of
subject-matter jurisdiction as a court’s abstract power to try a class of cases. See Lown,
488 Mich at 268 (stating that subject-matter jurisdiction “concerns a court’s abstract power
to try a case of the kind or character of the one pending and is not dependent on the
particular facts of the case”) (quotation marks, citations, and emphasis omitted). We do
not believe this characterization is dispositive regarding the case at hand. Cases may just
as easily be organized into classes based on the amount of relief requested or the allegations
made as they may be based on whether they are before the trial court or on appeal.

                                             13
subject-matter jurisdiction when it resentenced defendant before this Court rendered a

decision regarding defendant’s appeal.

       The Court of Appeals’ decision in Luscombe, 212 Mich App 537, does not

undermine our application of George. In Luscombe, the Court of Appeals considered the

effect of the trial court’s error in proceeding to trial before the return of the record to the

trial court following a prior appeal. Id. at 538. The Court categorized this error as an error

in the exercise of jurisdiction and not an error in the existence of subject-matter jurisdiction.

Id. at 541-542. It reasoned that “where it is apparent from the allegations of a complaint

that the matter alleged is within the class of cases in which a particular court has been

empowered to act, subject-matter jurisdiction is present” and “[a]ny subsequent error in the

proceedings is only error in the ‘exercise of jurisdiction[.] Id. (citation omitted). However,

the Court of Appeals also specifically differentiated the error at issue from George, stating,

“[U]nlike that situation in George, . . . no appellate action was pending or available to

plaintiff at the time this case came on for trial[.]” Id. at 542. The only action available for

the Court of Appeals to take was “the clerical process of re-transmission [of the record] to

the lower court,” as the appeal period to this Court had expired. Id. (quotation marks and

citation omitted). We agree that the situation in Luscombe, wherein the trial court acted

before the Court of Appeals could complete a custodial task with no substantive impact, is

not analogous to the situation here and in George, wherein the trial court acted before this

Court could render a decision as to a party’s pending application for leave to appeal, a

decision with potentially fundamental substantive impact.

       Outside George and Luscombe, the prosecutor argues that because there is a

presumption against “divesting a court of its jurisdiction once it has properly attached, and

                                               14
any doubt is resolved in favor of retaining jurisdiction,” People v Veling, 443 Mich 23, 32;

504 NW2d 456 (1993), the trial court maintains subject-matter jurisdiction over a case as

it proceeds to appeal. Even if this position would not require overruling George—which

it would, and the prosecutor offers no argument in favor of this action—we disagree.

Veling concerned 1988 amendments of the Revised Judicature Act; 8 those amendments

allowed prosecutors to try juvenile defendants accused of certain enumerated crimes in

circuit court rather than juvenile court. Id. at 25-27. On appeal, this Court considered

whether the circuit court maintained jurisdiction to sentence a juvenile offender when the

juvenile was convicted only of lesser included nonenumerated offenses at trial and whether

the circuit court had jurisdiction in the first instance to try the juvenile defendant for

nonenumerated offenses arising from the same transaction as the enumerated offense. Id.

at 27. This Court answered both issues in the affirmative. Id. at 42-43. In so doing, this

Court relied, in part, on the principle that “[i]n the exercise of circuit court jurisdiction over

adult offenders, there is a presumption against divesting a court of its jurisdiction once it

has properly attached, and any doubt is resolved in favor of retaining jurisdiction.” Id. at

32 (emphasis added). As the context demonstrates, Veling concerned the acquisition and

retaining of original jurisdiction among trial courts; it did not concern the transfer of

jurisdiction during the appellate process.

        Further, even if that presumption existed regarding the vertical movement of a case

from trial court to appeal, our jurisdictional rules plainly establish that the circuit court has

original jurisdiction and the Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction. See Const 1963,

8
    MCL 600.101 et seq.

                                               15
art VI, § 13; MCL 600.308(1). And while these provisions may not explicitly state that the

Court of Appeals’ appellate jurisdiction is exclusive to the original jurisdiction of the

circuit courts, as discussed earlier, the two are fundamentally incompatible when exercised

simultaneously upon the same aspects of a case.           Given the plain language of the

constitutional and statutory provisions and the incompatibility between appellate

jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals and the original jurisdiction of the circuit court, any

presumption against divestment would be defeated.

       In sum, we find George applicable precedent to the case at bar and see no reason to

overrule George or to narrow its holding. As in George, the trial court here lacked subject-

matter jurisdiction when it resentenced defendant pursuant to the Court of Appeals order

while defendant’s application for leave to appeal was pending in this Court.

           III. SUCCESSIVE MOTION FOR RELIEF FROM JUDGMENT

       Having determined that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction when it

resentenced defendant, we must next determine whether defendant is entitled to relief.

       It is a longstanding rule that defects in a court’s subject-matter jurisdiction render a

judgment void ab initio. Fox v Bd of Regents of Univ of Mich, 375 Mich 238, 242; 134

NW2d 146 (1965). Further, this Court has also recognized that courts are bound to take

notice of the limits of their authority and act accordingly. See id. at 242. Courts may take

such action at any point in the proceedings—whether in the trial court, on direct appeal, or

on collateral attack—and by their own initiative or upon motion of the parties. See Attorney

General ex rel O’Hara v Montgomery, 275 Mich 504, 510; 267 NW 550 (1936); Jackson

City Bank, 271 Mich at 544 (“When there is a want of jurisdiction . . . , the action thereof

                                              16
is void because of its want of jurisdiction, and consequently its proceedings may be

questioned collaterally as well as directly.”).

       The prosecutor argues that, despite these longstanding rules rendering the trial

court’s judgment of sentence void, defendant is not entitled to relief because defendant

raised this argument in a successive motion for relief from judgment, and the court rules

prohibit consideration of this argument in a successive motion for relief from judgment. 9

Motions for relief from judgment are governed by MCR 6.500 et seq. MCR 6.501 provides

that “a judgment of conviction and sentence entered by the circuit court not subject to

appellate review under subchapters 7.200 or 7.300 may be reviewed only in accordance

with the provisions of this subchapter.” Generally speaking, “one and only one motion for

relief from judgment may be filed with regard to a conviction.” MCR 6.502(G)(1). MCR

6.502(G)(2) provides two exceptions to this prohibition of successive motions for relief

from judgment: “a retroactive change in law that occurred after the first motion for relief

from judgment was filed or a claim of new evidence that was not discovered before the

first such motion.” 10 The prosecutor argues that defendant has not alleged either of these

9
  This Court reviews a trial court’s decision regarding a motion for relief from judgment
for an abuse of discretion. People v Swain, 288 Mich App 609, 628; 794 NW2d 92 (2010).
“An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s decision falls outside the range of
reasonable and principled outcomes.” People v Franklin, 500 Mich 92, 100; 894 NW2d
561 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
10
   MCR 6.502(G)(2) also provides that “[t]he court may waive the provisions of this rule
if it concludes that there is a significant possibility that the defendant is innocent of the
crime.” This provision is irrelevant to the case at hand because defendant has not presented
an argument of actual innocence.

                                              17
exceptions in his successive motion for relief from judgment and that, therefore, MCR

6.502(G)(1) precludes defendant from obtaining relief.

       The prosecutor is correct that a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction is not

encompassed by either of MCR 6.502(G)(2)’s exceptions to the successive-motion bar of

MCR 6.502(G)(1). However, the restrictions on a trial court’s authority contained in MCR

6.500 et seq. are not implicated here because these provisions only limit a court’s ability to

review a “judgment of conviction and sentence,” and as already discussed, our caselaw

establishes that the trial court’s judgment of sentence, rendered when the trial court lacked

subject-matter jurisdiction, was void ab initio. Thus, there was no valid sentence to review,

and MCR 6.501 does not limit a trial court’s ability to recognize a subject-matter

jurisdiction error and remedy it.

       Rather, upon defendant’s raising of the issue, the trial court had the duty to recognize

its lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and act accordingly. See Fox, 375 Mich at 242. In

light of these longstanding rules, the trial court did not err when it granted relief to

defendant. The trial court’s judgment of sentence was void and defendant’s failure to raise

the issue on direct appeal, on his first motion for relief from judgment, or in a habeas

petition cannot render the judgment of sentence valid. Unlike other errors that a defendant

eventually loses the ability to raise, the lack of subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be ignored

for purposes of finality because the existence of subject-matter jurisdiction goes to the trial

court’s very authority to bind the parties to the action at hand. See Jackson City Bank, 271

Mich at 545 (stating that an action taken without subject-matter jurisdiction is void and “of

no more value than as though [it] did not exist”). The trial court acted in accordance with

its duty to recognize its lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Therefore, although MCR

                                              18
6.502(G)(2) does not contain an exception for jurisdictional errors, the trial court did not

err when it vacated its earlier judgment of sentence and set the matter for resentencing.

                                  IV. CONCLUSION

       The trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction when it resentenced defendant in

2006 while defendant’s application for leave to appeal was pending in this Court.

Accordingly, the 2006 judgment of sentence is void. Further, although defendant raised

this argument in a successive motion for relief from judgment and jurisdictional error is

not an exception to the successive-motion bar, the trial court did not err by vacating its

judgment of sentence and setting the matter for resentencing in 2016. Trial courts are

obligated to take notice of their own jurisdictional limits and act accordingly when

jurisdiction is lacking, and that is exactly what the trial court did here. Therefore, we

reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand to the trial court for resentencing

consistent with its 2016 order.

                                                        Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                        Bridget M. McCormack
                                                        Richard H. Bernstein
                                                        Megan K. Cavanagh

                                            19
                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT

    PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

    v                                                            No. 160707

    GREGORY CARL WASHINGTON,

               Defendant-Appellant.

VIVIANO, J. (dissenting).
        Defendant, Gregory C. Washington, was resentenced in 2006 pursuant to a Court of

Appeals judgment. 1 No one contends that there were substantive defects with either the

judgment or the subsequent resentencing. Nor does anyone claim that the trial court lacked

the general authority to resentence in this class of cases. Nevertheless, the majority grants

defendant a pro forma resentencing on the basis that the trial court lacked subject-matter

jurisdiction in 2006 because an application to appeal in our Court was pending at the time.

But the relevant constitutional provisions, statutes, and court rules gave the trial court

subject-matter jurisdiction over this case and did not divest it of that jurisdiction during the

appeal. Nothing in our precedent requires a contrary conclusion. Accordingly, I would

hold that the trial court did not lack subject-matter jurisdiction when it resentenced

defendant in 2006.

1
  People v Washington, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued
June 13, 2006 (Docket No. 260155).
                                                 I

         Jurisdiction is an elusive concept that has taken on many uses. 2 But the core

meaning of subject-matter jurisdiction is clear enough; it is

         the right of the court to exercise judicial power over that class of cases; not
         the particular case before it, but rather the abstract power to try a case of the
         kind or character of the one pending; and not whether the particular case is
         one that presents a cause of action, or under the particular facts is triable
         before the court in which it is pending, because of some inherent facts which
         exist and may be developed during the trial.[3]

“A court either has, or does not have, subject-matter jurisdiction over a particular case.” 4

For example, in a prosecution of breaking and entering, the “subject matter” for purposes

of jurisdiction is the crime of breaking and entering. 5 A jurisdictional rule of this nature

stands in contrast to claims-processing rules and to a cause of action’s elements, which

have been commonly mischaracterized as jurisdictional. 6 It is also distinct from a court’s

2
  See Kontrick v Ryan, 540 US 443, 454-455; 124 S Ct 906; 157 L Ed 2d 867 (2004)
(“ ‘Jurisdiction,’ the Court has aptly observed, ‘is a word of many, too many, meanings.’ ”)
(citation omitted); Buczkowski v Buczkowski, 351 Mich 216, 222; 88 NW2d 416 (1958)
(“The loose practice has grown up, even in some opinions, of saying that a court had no
‘jurisdiction’ to take certain legal action when what is actually meant is that the court had
no legal ‘right’ to take the action, that it was in error.”).
3
  Winkler v Marist Fathers of Detroit, Inc, 500 Mich 327, 333-334; 901 NW2d 566 (2017)
(cleaned up).
4
    Travelers Ins Co v Detroit Edison Co, 465 Mich 185, 204; 631 NW2d 733 (2001).
5
  See People v Johnson, 427 Mich 98, 106 n 7; 398 NW2d 219 (1986) (opinion by BOYLE,
J.) (“ ‘The jurisdiction of the [circuit] court over the subject matter [(breaking and
entering)] [was] not . . . questioned . . . .’ ”) (cleaned up).
6
 Hamer v Neighborhood Housing Servs of Chicago, 583 US__; 138 S Ct 13, 17; 199 L Ed
2d 249 (2017).

                                                2
erroneous exercise of jurisdiction. 7 Given that subject-matter jurisdiction concerns a

court’s power to try the type of case before it, the issue of whether the court has that power

generally can be decided at the outset on the basis of the pleadings. 8

       The sources of subject-matter jurisdiction are critical for understanding whether the

trial court here lost that jurisdiction. Because subject-matter jurisdiction concerns the

abstract power to try classes of cases, “[i]t is fundamental that the classes of cases over

which the circuit courts have subject-matter jurisdiction are defined by this state’s

constitution and Legislature.” 9 Under Michigan’s 1963 Constitution, circuit courts

       shall have original jurisdiction in all matters not prohibited by law; appellate
       jurisdiction from all inferior courts and tribunals except as otherwise
       provided by law; power to issue, hear and determine prerogative and
       remedial writs; supervisory and general control over inferior courts and
       tribunals within their respective jurisdictions in accordance with rules of the

7
  Jackson City Bank & Trust Co v Fredrick, 271 Mich 538, 544; 260 NW 908 (1935)
(noting the distinction between “a want of jurisdiction, in which case the court has no power
to adjudicate at all, and a mistake in the exercise of undoubted jurisdiction, in which case
the action of the trial court is not void although it may be subject to direct attack on
appeal”); Palmer v Oakley, 2 Doug 433, 475-476 (1847) (“By issuing and serving a citation
upon the minor, the probate court would have acquired jurisdiction over the subject matter
and the person, and any error of fact committed by him in the exercise of that jurisdiction,
might have justified a reversal of the decree upon appeal ; but such error in judgment would
not render void the decree ; nor could it be successfully assailed in a collateral action.”).
8
  See Hodge v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 499 Mich 211, 217; 884 NW2d 238 (2016)
(“Our cases have long held that courts are to determine their subject-matter jurisdiction by
reference to the pleadings.”).
9
  Harris v Vernier, 242 Mich App 306, 319; 617 NW2d 764 (2000). See also 1
Restatement, Judgments, 2d, § 11, comment a, p 108 (“The authority of courts derives
from constitutional provisions or from statutory provisions adopted in the exercise of a
legislative authority, express or implied, to establish courts and to provide for their
jurisdiction.”).

                                              3
         supreme court; and jurisdiction of other cases and matters as provided by
         rules of the supreme court.[10]

The general statute on the circuit courts’ jurisdiction states, in pertinent part:

                (1) The circuit court has the power and jurisdiction that is any of the
         following:

                 (a) Possessed by courts of record at the common law, as altered by the
         state constitution of 1963, the laws of this state, and the rules of the supreme
         court.

                (b) Possessed by courts and judges in chancery in England on March
         1, 1847, as altered by the state constitution of 1963, the laws of this state, and
         the rules of the supreme court.

                (c) Prescribed by the rules of the supreme court.[11]

More specifically, we have recognized that the circuit courts “unquestionably have

jurisdiction over felony cases.” 12 “Jurisdiction of a criminal defendant is acquired by the

circuit court ‘upon the filing . . . of the return of the magistrate before whom [the

defendant] had waived preliminary examination’ or ‘before whom the defendant had been

examined[.]’ ” 13

         Relatedly, we have stated that “[c]ircuit court jurisdiction over a particular subject

matter is denied only by constitution or statute.” 14 But “[t]he divestiture of jurisdiction

10
     Const 1963, art 6, § 13.
11
     MCL 600.601.
12
     People v Lown, 488 Mich 242, 268; 794 NW2d 9 (2011).
13
     Johnson, 427 Mich at 106 n 7 (opinion by BOYLE, J.) (cleaned up).
14
   Campbell v St John Hosp, 434 Mich 608, 614; 455 NW2d 695 (1990). There is no need
to address whether a court rule can divest the circuit courts of subject-matter jurisdiction.
The cited constitutional and statutory provisions suggest that the Court has a role, through
its rulemaking authority, to specify the circuit courts’ jurisdiction. But it is unclear whether

                                                 4
from the circuit court is an extreme undertaking.” 15 As a result, “[i]n dealing with statutes

intended to affect or claimed to affect the continuance of jurisdiction in courts of original

and general authority the law has always recognized a principle of construction which

served to favor the retention of jurisdiction.” 16 Thus, we presume that a circuit court

continues to have subject-matter jurisdiction unless divestiture is required by the “clear

mandate of the law . . . .” 17 “[A]ny doubt is resolved in favor of retaining jurisdiction.” 18

                                               II

         Here, the trial court clearly had subject-matter jurisdiction over the case when it

came before the court. The question is whether it lost that jurisdiction when defendant

filed his application for leave to appeal in this Court. No constitutional or statutory

provision divests the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction when a party files an

application for leave to appeal in this Court. The only rule that restricts the trial court’s

this extends to carving out exceptions to jurisdiction given by the Constitution or the
statutes. See 1 Longhofer, Michigan Court Rules Practice, Forms (3d ed), § 2.7, p 31 n 2
(“Mich. Const. 1963, art. 6, § 13 provides that the supreme court may, by court rule, expand
the jurisdiction of the circuit court. In this limited case, jurisdiction may be provided by
court rule.”). As I will explain, even assuming our court rules could divest the trial court
of subject-matter jurisdiction pending appeals, I do not believe that the rules at issue here
have done so.
15
     Wikman v Novi, 413 Mich 617, 645; 322 NW2d 103 (1982).
16
  Crane v Reeder, 28 Mich 527, 532 (1874); see also id. (“As long ago as Charles II, it
was laid down as something well settled and understood, that the jurisdiction of the King’s
bench could not be ousted without particular words in acts of parliament . . . .”).
17
     Wikman, 413 Mich at 645.
18
     People v Veling, 443 Mich 23, 32; 504 NW2d 456 (1993).

                                               5
authority while a case is on appeal to the Court of Appeals is MCR 7.208(A), which states,

“After a claim of appeal is filed or leave to appeal is granted, the trial court or tribunal may

not set aside or amend the judgment or order appealed from” except in a few enumerated

circumstances. 19

        But this rule leaves a lot for a trial court to do while a case is on appeal. Indeed, the

only limitation concerns the trial court’s authority to set aside or amend the judgment or

order appealed from, but even those actions can be taken if the Court of Appeals so orders,

if the parties agree to it, if a decision on the merits is reached after a preliminary injunction

was granted, or as provided by law. 20 In criminal cases in which a claim of appeal has been

filed, the trial court also has the power to entertain “a motion for a new trial, for judgment

of acquittal, to withdraw a plea, or to correct an invalid sentence.” 21 And, in all cases, a

trial court has authority to correct defects before the record reaches the Court of Appeals;

specifically, “to grant further time to do, properly perform, or correct any act in the trial

court or tribunal in connection with the appeal that was omitted or insufficiently done,”

except for a few things not relevant here. 22

        Nothing in the rule purports to divest the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction.

Indeed, with one exception not germane to this case, the text does not mention the term

19
   Because MCR 7.208 has received some attention in the parties’ briefing, I will address
it here even though it is located in the chapter on procedures for the Court of Appeals and
does not seem to apply to the Supreme Court at all.
20
     MCR 7.208(A).
21
     MCR 7.208(B).
22
     MCR 7.208(C)(1).

                                                6
“jurisdiction” at all. 23   Instead, it describes the areas in which the trial court lacks

continuing powers concerning a case that has gone on appeal; in all other matters, the trial

court would retain authority to act in the case. While two courts might have concurrent

subject-matter jurisdiction over a case, I have not discovered any descriptions of subject-

matter jurisdiction that treat the concept as applicable to the different actions a court might

take in a given case, such that one court has subject-matter jurisdiction to do some things

while another court has subject-matter jurisdiction to do others.

       Moreover, some of the powers the rule expressly reserves for a trial court are quite

significant and inconsistent with the conclusion that the trial court lacks subject-matter

jurisdiction. For example, under MCR 7.208(A)(2), the parties can stipulate to set aside or

amend the precise matter that has been appealed. This gives the trial court, by agreement

of the parties, the authority to obviate the appeal altogether. It is impossible to square such

a power with a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction: how can a court, without that

jurisdiction, nonetheless enter an order that essentially disposes of the appeal and perhaps

the entire case? Further, these provisions do not distinguish between classes of cases,

which is the touchstone of subject-matter jurisdiction. Consider, too, that if a provision

like MCR 7.208(A)(2)—which allows a trial court to set aside or amend the judgment or

23
   MCR 7.208(C) uses the term “jurisdiction” with regard to the trial court’s power under
this rule. But the term does not invoke subject-matter jurisdiction, i.e., the classes of cases
that the trial court can hear. Nor does the rule suggest that the trial court’s jurisdiction over
a class of cases is divested when the record reaches the Court of Appeals. Indeed, even
after a record goes to the Court of Appeals, a trial court can undertake corrective actions
permitted by the appellate court. In any event, MCR 7.208(C) is not implicated in the
present case.

                                               7
order appealed by stipulation of the parties—did reendow the trial court with subject-matter

jurisdiction, it would upend the longstanding rule that subject-matter jurisdiction cannot

arise by the parties’ consent. 24 In a similar manner, it would be odd to conclude that the

Court of Appeals could, by order, reconfer subject-matter jurisdiction on the trial court

under either MCR 7.208(A)(1) or (C).

       In addition, MCR 7.208(A) applies only if the appeal is by right or leave to appeal

is granted, and MCR 7.208(B) seems to operate under the same limitations. 25 There are no

restrictions on the trial court’s powers when an application for leave to appeal is filed.26

This is significant because the action at issue in this case occurred while defendant’s

application for leave to appeal was pending. Even if MCR 7.208 applies to this Court, it

would not have restricted the trial court’s power, let alone subject-matter jurisdiction, in

the present case.

       Instead, the restrictions on the trial court’s power when the case is before us come

from MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a) and MCR 7.305(C)(7)(a). Under the former, the Court of

Appeals’ judgment is not “effective” until either the time for filing an application in our

Court has passed or we have otherwise disposed of the case. This rule speaks only to the

effectiveness of the Court of Appeals’ judgment, not to the trial court’s authority much less

24
  See People v Phillips, 383 Mich 464, 469; 175 NW2d 740 (1970) (“Jurisdiction over the
subject matter, of course, could not be conferred by consent . . . .”).
25
   Although MCR 7.208(B) itself is silent on this point, Subrule (A) states that “[i]n a
criminal case, the filing of the claim of appeal does not preclude the trial court from
granting a timely motion under subrule (B).”
26
  This framework largely mirrors MCR 7.203(A) and (B): the former states that the Court
of Appeals “has jurisdiction of an appeal of right,” while the latter gives the Court of
Appeals the ability to grant applications for leave to appeal.

                                             8
to subject-matter jurisdiction. At most, it prevents the trial court and the parties from acting

upon the Court of Appeals’ judgment pending on appeal here.

       MCR 7.305(C)(7)(a) is the more significant restriction, but it, too, falls far short of

stripping the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction during the pendency of the appeal

here. When a Court of Appeals judgment remands to the trial court for further proceedings

in an appeal by right or on leave granted, MCR 7.305(C)(7)(a) imposes an automatic stay

on “proceedings on remand unless the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court orders

otherwise.” For any other type of decision by the Court of Appeals that leads to a remand,

there is no such stay per MCR 7.305(C)(7)(b). So in a case like the present one, the trial

court lacked the authority to resentence pursuant to the Court of Appeals’ judgment only

because that judgment was not yet effective pending an automatic stay.

       These rules do not work to divest the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction. They

say nothing about jurisdiction. Indeed, we only obtain “jurisdiction” of an appeal once we

grant leave. 27 Nor do the rules speak to the general class of cases that a circuit court can

hear. There is no doubt that the trial court here had the authority to adjudicate the felony

at issue and to resentence defendant. The only thing standing in its way when it resentenced

defendant was an automatic stay. The need for a stay affirms the trial court’s continuing

subject-matter jurisdiction over the case—the stay simply stops, temporarily, the trial court

from taking actions it would otherwise have the power to take. 28

27
  MCR 7.305(H)(3) (providing that “jurisdiction over the case is vested” in this Court once
leave has been granted).
28
  Cf. Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed) (defining “stay” as, in relevant part, “[t]he
postponement or halting of a proceeding, judgment, or the like”).

                                               9
                                             III

         In reaching the opposite conclusion, the majority heavily relies on its exegesis of

People v George. 29 The very need for such an extended treatment to uncover the intended

meaning of a judicial opinion casts doubt on whether the opinion truly stands for the rule

the majority discovers. In George, this Court stated that “jurisdiction of this case was

vested in the Court of Appeals, and thus removed from the circuit court, when the

defendant’s claim of appeal was filed in the Court of Appeals . . . .” 30 But, contrary to the

majority’s assertion, we did not suggest that our use of the term “jurisdiction” referred to

subject-matter jurisdiction rather than the court’s mere legal power or authority to act. 31

29
     People v George, 399 Mich 638, 640; 250 NW2d 491 (1977).
30
   Id. The facts of George are readily distinguishable from this case. The prosecution’s
pending application with this Court in George concerned whether the Court of Appeals had
properly reversed the defendant’s conviction on the basis of the admission of improper
evidence. See People v George, 69 Mich App 403; 245 NW2d 65 (1976). As previously
mentioned, MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a), at most, prevents the trial court and the parties from
acting upon the Court of Appeals’ judgment while it is pending on appeal. Such would be
the case in George because the trial court was asked to retry the defendant in accordance
with the Court of Appeals’ judgment that was pending on appeal. In contrast, the trial court
here was not acting on the portion of the Court of Appeals’ judgment being appealed in
this Court. Accordingly, defendant’s appeal of his convictions could not have affected
defendant’s resentencing. If this Court denied defendant’s appeal, the resentencing
proceedings would not have been affected, and if this Court granted defendant’s request
for relief, the resentencing proceedings would become irrelevant.
31
  Cf. Buczkowski, 351 Mich at 221 (noting that we sometimes used the term in the latter
sense). The same goes for Detroit Police Officers Ass’n v Detroit, 419 Mich 1207 (1984),
and People v Swafford, 483 Mich 1, 6 n 5; 762 NW2d 902 (2009). In neither of these cases
did the Court refer to subject-matter jurisdiction or examine the relevant court rules. And
while Detroit Police Officers did casually (and unnecessarily) refer to the trial court’s
potential judgment being “void,” the relevant court rule at the time of our decision provided
that “all jurisdiction over the cause” would be “vested” in this Court if we granted the
application for leave to appeal. GCR 853.2(2) (1984) (emphasis added). By contrast, the
present rule simply states that “jurisdiction over the case is vested” in this Court. MCR

                                             10
           By reading George as applying to subject-matter jurisdiction, the majority today

ignores the persuasive reasoning from other states that have concluded trial courts are not

divested of subject-matter jurisdiction during an appeal. 32 As the Kentucky Supreme Court

has explained, subject-matter jurisdiction goes to the “kind of case” at issue, rather than a

court’s power to hear a particular case at a particular moment. 33 Consequently, an “appeal

does not implicate the relevant inquiry: whether the [trial court] has the authority to hear

‘this kind of case.’ ” 34 Indeed, because subject-matter jurisdiction concerns the general

types of cases that can be heard, courts often say that two courts can have concurrent

subject-matter jurisdiction over a case, even though the case is only before one of those

courts. 35 Having subject-matter jurisdiction means that a court can hear a type of case, not

7.305(H)(3). It is also noteworthy that the jurisdictional argument in both Detroit Police
Officers and George arose on direct appeal, as this Court was considering the application
for leave to appeal and not, as here, in a collateral attack many years later.
32
   See, e.g., Commonwealth of Kentucky, Finance & Administration Cabinet v Wingate,
460 SW3d 843, 847-848 (Ky, 2015); see also Maryland v WBAL–TV, 187 Md App 135,
151; 975 A2d 909 (2009) (“The Court of Appeals has made clear that a circuit court retains
fundamental jurisdiction in cases where an appeal is pending so long as the exercise of that
jurisdiction does not preclude or hamper the appellate court from acting on the matter
before it, and any post-judgment ruling by a circuit court that precludes or hampers judicial
review may be subject to reversal on appeal, but it is not void ab initio for lack of
jurisdiction to enter it.”) (cleaned up).
33
     Wingate, 460 SW3d at 848.
34
     Id.
35
  See, e.g., Office Planning Group, Inc v Baraga-Houghton-Keweenaw Child Dev Bd, 472
Mich 479, 493; 697 NW2d 871 (2005) (“It has long been established that, so long as
Congress has not provided for exclusive federal-court jurisdiction, state courts may
exercise subject-matter jurisdiction over federal-law claims whenever, by their own
constitution, they are competent to take it.”) (cleaned up); Schell v Schell, 257 Mich 85,
89; 241 NW 223 (1932) (noting the possibility that “courts hav[e] concurrent jurisdiction

                                              11
that the court is hearing a particular case falling within that type. 36 Thus, a trial court’s

action affecting an appeal is simply an improper exercise of its subject-matter

jurisdiction. 37

        It is true that many other jurisdictions have labeled the defect here as one of subject-

matter jurisdiction. 38   But these courts have not explained how their conclusion is

of any given subject-matter,” and explaining that, with regard to a particular case raising
that subject matter, the court to first entertain the case can exercise its “jurisdiction free
from any interference by any other court having a like jurisdiction.”) (cleaned up).
36
   Cf. BNSF R Co v Tyrrell, 581 US__; 137 S Ct 1549, 1553; 198 L Ed 2d 36 (2017) (“[T]he
term ‘concurrent’ jurisdiction[] refers to subject-matter jurisdiction . . . . It simply clarifies
that the federal courts do not have exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction over [Federal
Employers’ Liability Act] suits; state courts can hear them, too.”); In re MIW, 365 NC 374,
379; 722 SE2d 469 (2012) (“Exercising jurisdiction, in the context of the Juvenile Code,
requires putting the court’s jurisdiction into action by holding hearings, entering
substantive orders or decrees, or making substantive decisions on the issues before it. In
contrast, having jurisdiction is simply a state of being that requires, and in some cases
allows, no substantive action from the court.”); Pratts v Hurley, 102 Ohio St 3d 81, 86;
2004-Ohio-1980; 806 NE2d 992 (2004) (“[W]here it is apparent from the allegations that
the matter alleged is within the class of cases in which a particular court has been
empowered to act, jurisdiction is present. Any subsequent error . . . is only error in the
exercise of jurisdiction . . . .”) (cleaned up); Martineau, Subject Matter Jurisdiction as a
New Issue on Appeal: Reining in an Unruly Horse, 1988 BYU L Rev 1, 27 (1988) (“ ‘Type’
[of case for purposes of subject-matter jurisdiction] means the general type without regard
to the facts of the particular case.”).
37
   See Jackson v State, 358 Md 612, 620; 751 A2d 473 (2000) (“[W]e have made clear that
a circuit court is not divested of fundamental jurisdiction to take post-judgment action in a
case merely because an appeal is pending from the judgment. What the court may not do
is to exercise that jurisdiction in a matter that affects either the subject matter of the appeal
or the appellate proceeding itself—that, in effect, precludes or hampers the appellate court
from acting on the matter before it.”).
38
  See, e.g., Sports Courts of Omaha, Ltd v Meginnis, 242 Neb 768, 773; 497 NW2d 38
(1993) (“A district court is divested of subject matter jurisdiction over a particular case
when an appeal of that case is perfected to an appellate court.”). It is worth noting that
even in these states, the divestiture is partial, and the trial court retains jurisdiction to issue

                                                12
consistent with the view that subject-matter jurisdiction relates to a court’s abstract power

to adjudicate a class of cases. Rather, these courts assert their holding as a “judge-made

doctrine designed to avoid the confusion and waste of time that might flow from putting

the same issues before two courts at the same time.” 39 In other words, it is based on a

judicial policy of efficiency rather than on the determination that a court has been divested

by the constitution or other appropriate legal authority of the power to adjudicate a class of

cases. 40 In general, “ ‘the principle is not derived from the jurisdictional statutes or from

orders in aid of the appeal or in matters unrelated to the appeal. See, e.g., May Trucking
Co v Northwest Volvo Trucks, Inc, 238 Or App 21, 33; 241 P3d 729 (2010) (“The trial
court did not lose jurisdiction over the portion of the litigation that was not involved in the
appeal.”).
39
   California Dep’t of Toxic Substances Control v Commercial Realty Projects, Inc, 309
F3d 1113, 1120 (CA 9, 2002) (cleaned up); see also 16A Wright & Miller, Federal Practice
& Procedure, Juris (4th ed), § 3949.1, p 64 (“[T]he rule discussed here [i.e., the divestiture
rule] is a judge-made doctrine designed to implement a commonsensical division of labor
between the district court and the court of appeals,” and the rule “has been softened [in
various instances] so as to guard against the risk that a litigant might manipulate the
doctrine for purposes of delay.”).
40
  The majority hints at, but does not elaborate upon or even clearly adopt, another rationale
that has been put forward for the rule: that trials and appeals are different classes of cases
and thus two different subject matters for jurisdictional purposes. See Brickwood
Contractors, Inc v Datanet Engineering, Inc, 369 F3d 385, 393 (CA 4, 2004). I have only
found one case and one article discussing this view in the present context. See id.;
Stephens, Florida’s Third Species of Jurisdiction, 82 Fla B J 11, 16 (Mar, 2008). Neither
source elaborates on this view. The article, which was cited and relied on by the Court of
Appeals here, fails to cite any supporting authority, and the Brickwood court’s comments
on the subject were dicta because the case did not involve this issue.

        Moreover, Brickwood cited only Griggs v Provident Consumer Disc Co, 459 US
56, 58; 103 S Ct 400; 74 L Ed 2d 225 (1982), which stated, “The filing of a notice of appeal
is an event of jurisdictional significance—it confers jurisdiction on the court of appeals and
divests the district court of its control over those aspects of the case involved in the appeal.”
This statement does not purport to distinguish trials and appeals as different classes of

                                               13
the rules, but is a prudential, or judge-made, doctrine,’ ” and accordingly, “ ‘should not be

employed to defeat its purposes or to induce endless paper shuffling.’ ” 41 Adopting this

rule by judicial decision, as the majority does today, has the effect of carving out an

exception to the subject-matter jurisdiction granted to circuit courts by Michigan’s

Constitution, statutes, and, where applicable, court rules. Given our caselaw establishing

that the Constitution and statutes are the sources of subject-matter jurisdiction, it remains

an open question whether we have the authority to create that exception.

cases. If it did, it would be in some tension with the Court’s canonical description of
appellate jurisdiction in Marbury v Madison, 5 US [1 Cranch] 137, 175; 2 L Ed 60 (1803):
“It is the essential criterion of appellate jurisdiction, that it revises and corrects the
proceedings in a cause already instituted, and does not create that cause.” That line does
not suggest that an appeal becomes an entirely new type of case. The Court in Griggs very
clearly did not say the trial court was divested of subject-matter jurisdiction, but only of
“control.” See Griggs, 459 US at 52. Consequently, the view of trials and appeals as two
separate classes of cases for purposes of subject-matter jurisdiction is not well grounded.
Cf. State v Brown, 358 SC 382, 387; 596 SE2d 39 (2004) (suggesting a distinction between
trial and appellate subject-matter jurisdiction: “The failure of a party to comply with the
procedural requirements for perfecting an appeal may deprive the court of ‘appellate’
jurisdiction over the case, but it does not affect the court’s subject matter jurisdiction”)
(cleaned up; emphasis omitted); 4 CJS, Appeal and Error, § 78, p 90 (“An appellate court
derives its jurisdiction from the lower court, and can have no greater subject
matter . . . jurisdiction than the lower court.”) (citations omitted); 15A Wright & Miller,
Practice & Procedure, Juris (2d ed, April 2015 supplement), § 3905, p 301 n 6 (“The
growing tendency to refer to appeal jurisdiction as involving subject-matter jurisdiction is
worrisome. The concerns that allocate authority between trial and appeal courts within a
single system are important, but are quite different from the concerns that allocate authority
between federal courts and state courts. There is a real risk of artificial and nonfunctional
results if the limits on appeal jurisdiction come to be treated in the same way as limits on
district-court jurisdiction.”).
41
   Ides, The Authority of a Federal District Court to Proceed After Notice of Appeal has
been Filed, 143 FRD 307, 309 n 18 (1992), quoting 9 Moore’s Federal Practice (2d ed),
¶ 203.11.

                                             14
       I also do not believe that the policy behind this divestiture rule requires that the trial

court’s lack of authority be characterized as a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. For one

thing, applying the rule to require a pro forma resentencing works against the very purpose

of the exception, judicial efficiency. More significantly, the chief distinction between a

bare lack of authority and a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction is that the latter defect is

unwaivable and, in our state at least, can be challenged collaterally. 42 But even when

waivable, the trial court’s exercise of authority in these circumstances is still an error that

can be rectified in the normal course of a direct appeal. It also appears that even those

jurisdictions that call this subject-matter jurisdiction do not go much further than this.

Instead, the trending rule appears to be that subject-matter jurisdiction defects cannot be

challenged on collateral attack. The United States Supreme Court, along with many other

courts and the Restatement, generally bar those collateral attacks. 43 Consequently, in these

42
   See Shannon, Reconciling Subject-Matter Jurisdiction, 46 Hofstra L Rev 913, 933
(2018) (noting that the “primary difference” between subject-matter jurisdiction and other
procedural rules such as personal jurisdiction and venue is that subject-matter jurisdiction
defects cannot be waived).
43
   See Ins Corp of Ireland v Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 US 694, 702 n 9; 102
S Ct 2099; 72 L Ed 2d 492 (1982) (noting that res judicata applies to subject-matter
jurisdiction defects that the parties had an opportunity to litigate); Sousa v Sousa, 322 Conn
757, 773; 143 A3d 578 (2016) (applying the Restatement’s rule that allows collateral
attacks only in “exceptional” cases) (cleaned up); O’Neill v Simpson, 958 P2d 1121, 1123
(Colo, 1998) (relying on United States Supreme Court precedent to hold that a party who
had the opportunity to litigate subject-matter jurisdiction is barred from raising those
jurisdictional defects on collateral attack); In re Interest of HNT, 125 Wis 2d 242, 252; 371
NW2d 395 (App, 1985) (adopting the Restatement approach and holding that “well-
established principles of res judicata and collateral estoppel” can apply to bar collateral
attacks); 1 Restatement, Judgments, 2d, § 12, comment a, pp 116-117 (recognizing that
courts have moved away from the traditional rule allowing collateral attacks); see also
Berch, Waiving Goodbye to Non-Waivability: The Case for Permitting Waiver of Statutory
Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Defects, 45 McGeorge L Rev 635, 663 (2014) (“Even the

                                              15
states, a decision that the defect here relates to subject-matter jurisdiction would not have

the same far-reaching consequences as it would in Michigan, where parties can raise

defects in subject-matter jurisdiction collaterally. 44

                                               IV

       A straightforward application of our precedent and interpretation of our court rules

leads to the conclusion that the trial court did not lack subject-matter jurisdiction in this

case. 45 This outcome is also consonant with well-reasoned authorities from other states,

resting on the longstanding principle that subject-matter jurisdiction involves the types of

cases a court can hear and not the jurisdiction of a court in particular cases. The majority

does not grapple with these arguments and instead hides behind a labored misconstruction

of our precedent. Nothing in our caselaw, however, prevents us from reaching the correct

conclusion in this case.

       Under today’s decision, the trial court must once again resentence defendant, but

not because the last sentence imposed in 2006 was erroneous and not because defendant

modern no-waiver rule admits of at least one ‘black letter’ exception: subject-matter
jurisdiction is not reviewable on collateral attack.”) (citation omitted); Subject Matter
Jurisdiction as a New Issue, 1988 BYU L Rev at 33 (supporting the trend in courts treating
“the issue of subject matter jurisdiction as foreclosed in all postappeal challenges, whether
technically considered as direct or collateral.”) (citation omitted).
44
  See In re Hatcher, 443 Mich 426, 439; 505 NW2d 834 (1993) (“Generally, lack of
subject matter jurisdiction can be collaterally attacked and the exercise of that jurisdiction
can be challenged only on direct appeal.”), overruled on other grounds by In re Ferranti,
504 Mich 1 (2019).
45
   Because I do not believe that the trial court’s error here deprived it of subject-matter
jurisdiction, there is no need to address whether such defects can be raised in a successive
motion for relief from judgment under MCR 6.502.

                                               16
has been prevented from raising any errors with the process on direct appeal. And the

resentencing will serve as a new source for potential errors that can be appealed and

collaterally attacked for years to come. All of this because the last sentencing occurred

while an application for leave to appeal was pending. I do not believe this decision

comports with the law, and therefore, I respectfully dissent.

                                                        David F. Viviano
                                                        Brian K. Zahra
                                                        Elizabeth M. Welch

                                            17