Court Opinion

ID: 4369483
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-02-20 21:00:41.400557+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:25.255354
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        FEB 20 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

HEATHER MARLOWE,                                No.    17-15205

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No. 3:16-cv-00076-MMC

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN
FRANCISCO, a governmental entity; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of California
                   Maxine M. Chesney, District Judge, Presiding

                          Submitted February 15, 2019**
                            San Francisco, California

Before: McKEOWN and W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judges, and EZRA,*** District
Judge.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable David A. Ezra, United States District Judge for the
District of Hawaii, sitting by designation.
      Heather Marlowe appeals the district court’s dismissal, as time-barred and

for failure to state a claim, of her claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Because the

parties are familiar with the facts, we do not recite them here. We have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.

      We need not decide whether Marlowe’s Monell claim against the City and

County of San Francisco accrued upon incurring her injury or when she knew, or

reasonably should have known, that an official custom or policy caused her injury,

because, in any event, her claim had accrued by October 2012. By that time, she

had experienced a delay of more than two years in testing her rape kit (the injury),

and the San Francisco Police Department had informed her that the delay and

backlog resulted from prioritizing “more important crimes” (the custom or policy).

Marlowe’s Monell claim had accrued following this injury, value judgment, and

prioritization. Applying California’s two-year statute of limitations, the Monell

claim was time-barred when Marlowe filed suit in January 2016. Lukovsky v. City

& Cty. of S.F., 535 F.3d 1044, 1048 (9th Cir. 2008) (claims under § 1983 adopt the

forum state’s statute of limitations for personal injury actions); Cal. Civ. Proc.

Code § 335.1 (two-year statute of limitations).

      Equitable estoppel does not bar San Francisco from relying on the statute of

limitations. For equitable estoppel to apply, a plaintiff must actually and

reasonably rely on a defendant’s misleading conduct. Lantzy v. Centex Homes, 73

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P.3d 517, 533–34 (Cal. 2003), as modified (Aug. 27, 2003); see Butler v. Nat’l

Cmty. Renaissance of Cal., 766 F.3d 1191, 1198 (9th Cir. 2014) (claims under

§ 1983 borrow the forum state’s equitable defenses to the statute of limitations).

Marlowe does not allege that she relied, in delaying filing suit, on the San

Francisco Police Department’s May 2013 statement that all rape kits had been

tested. Nor would any such reliance have been reasonable, because the status of

rape kit testing in May 2013 was irrelevant to Marlowe’s claim that San

Francisco’s policy or custom violated her constitutional rights between 2010 and

2012.

        Even if timely, Marlowe’s other claims fail on the merits. Apart from

several conclusory allegations, which we do not consider, Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 679 (2009), the second amended complaint fails to allege facts that

plausibly suggest a failure to train caused the alleged equal protection violation.

The allegations against Police Commission President Suzy Loftus, Police Chief

Greg Suhr, and Deputy Police Chief Mikail Ali, are similarly conclusory, and they

do not plausibly suggest that these officials violated the Constitution through their

“own individual actions.” Id. at 676; see Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1205–07

(9th Cir. 2011) (distinguishing between supervisory liability and vicarious

liability).

        AFFIRMED.

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