Court Opinion

ID: 3159361
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-12-02 17:01:58.918712+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:28:28.387571
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                  No. 14-251 C

                            (Filed December 2, 2015)

                                UNPUBLISHED

**********************
BISHOP HILL ENERGY LLC,  *
                         *                  Anti-Assignment Act, 31 U.S.C.
              Plaintiff, *                  § 3727 (2012); Attempted
                         *                  Assignment of Claim to Parent
         v.              *                  Corporation When Subsidiary Is
                         *                  Sold to Third Party.
THE UNITED STATES,       *
                         *
              Defendant. *
**********************

      John C. Hayes, Jr., Washington, DC, for plaintiff. Alycia A. Ziarno and
Brian P. Donnelly, Washington, DC, of counsel.

      Miranda Bureau, United States Department of Justice Tax Division, with
whom were Caroline D. Ciraolo, Acting Assistant Attorney General, David I.
Pincus, Chief, G. Robson Stewart, Assistant Chief, Blaine G. Saito, Trial Attorney,
Washington, DC, for defendant.

                          ________________________

                                  OPINION
                          ________________________

Bush, Senior Judge.

       The court has before it Plaintiff’s Motion to Substitute Invenergy Wind
LLC as Plaintiff, filed October 7, 2015. The impetus for the motion is the pending
sale of plaintiff to another corporate entity. Defendant opposes the motion and
proposes a compromise solution where Invenergy Wind LLC would be joined as
an additional plaintiff under Rule 25(c) of the United States Court of Federal
Claims (RCFC), rather than substituted as the sole plaintiff. Because defendant’s
compromise solution avoids a violation of the Anti-Assignment Act, 31 U.S.C.
§ 3727 (2012), and preserves plaintiff’s claim, the court endorses defendant’s
compromise solution. Accordingly, as explained below, plaintiff’s motion must be
denied because the substitution of plaintiff proposed therein is invalid under the
Act.

I.    Proposed Assignment of Claim and Substitution of Plaintiff

        There is a parent-subsidiary relationship between Invenergy Wind LLC (the
parent, hereinafter “Invenergy Wind”) and Bishop Hill Energy LLC (the
subsidiary and plaintiff in this suit, hereinafter “Bishop Hill”). The relationship
between these entities has been described by plaintiff in three different filings.
First, in a prior discovery dispute, plaintiff described the relationship in this
manner:

             From an organizational chart perspective, Bishop Hill is
             connected up through eight other entities to Invenergy
             Wind LLC (DE).

Pl.’s Mot. of Apr. 7, 2015, at 2. More recently, arguing for substitution of
Invenergy Wind as plaintiff in this suit, plaintiff has provided more detail
regarding this chain of “eight other entities”:

             At the time this lawsuit was filed, Bishop Hill was a
             direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Bishop Hill Holdings
             LLC (“BH Holdings”). One hundred percent of the
             active, controlling membership interests in BH Holdings
             are owned by Bishop Hill Class B Holdings LLC (“BH
             Class B Holdings”), which in turn is an indirect, wholly
             owned subsidiary of Invenergy Wind LLC (“Invenergy
             Wind”).

Pl.’s Mot. at 2 (footnote omitted). Plaintiff noted, however, that there is another
owner of interests in one of the entities separating Bishop Hill from Invenergy

                                          2
Wind:

             Firststar Development LLC (“Firstar”), a subsidiary of
             U.S. Bancorp, owns certain passive, non-controlling
             membership interests in BH Holdings. Firstar is the tax
             equity investor for the Bishop Hill Facility.

Id. at 2 n.1. Finally, in plaintiff’s reply brief regarding its motion to substitute,
after noting that Invenergy Wind is “a parent” of Bishop Hill, Pl.’s Reply at 1,
plaintiff asserts that “Invenergy Wind is selling two wholly owned subsidiaries,
but retaining all rights to pending lawsuits through an assignment agreement,” id.
at 2. Although what plaintiff means by “wholly owned subsidiaries” in its reply
brief is far from clear, plaintiff has adequately identified the nature of the
relationship between Bishop Hill and Invenergy Wind for the purposes of deciding
plaintiff’s motion to substitute Invenergy Wind for Bishop Hill as the sole plaintiff
in this suit.

     The next entity referenced in plaintiff’s motion is the proposed purchaser of
Bishop Hill:

             Invenergy Wind, through its subsidiaries, has agreed to
             sell Bishop Hill to an affiliate of SunEdison, Inc., an
             unrelated third party.

Pl.’s Mot. at 2. The affiliate of SunEdison, Inc. which has agreed to purchase
Bishop Hill is identified by plaintiff in its reply brief as “TerraForm IWG
Acquisition Holdings,” or “TerraForm.” Pl.’s Reply at 3. Thus, if the court
understands plaintiff’s upcoming business transaction, the subsidiaries of
Invenergy Wind, which include at least one entity owned in part by Firststar
Development LLC, intend to sell Bishop Hill to TerraForm. Id. As to the nature
of Bishop Hill’s current business, it appears to include a “wind energy facility
[put] into service in 2012.” Pl.’s Mot. at 1.

       Rather than attempting to sell all of Bishop Hill’s assets to TerraForm, the
subsidiaries of Invenergy Wind intend to split off and retain the claim presented in
this suit by assigning it to Invenergy Wind:

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             Since this lawsuit was filed, Invenergy Wind, through its
             subsidiaries, has agreed to sell Bishop Hill to an affiliate
             of SunEdison, Inc., an unrelated third party. As part of
             the purchase and sale agreement, Invenergy Wind will
             retain ownership of all rights and interests in this lawsuit.
             Consequently, Bishop Hill now seeks to substitute
             Invenergy Wind, as transferee of Bishop Hill’s interest in
             this case, as plaintiff in the lawsuit.

Pl.’s Mot. at 2. Both parties recognize that the assignment of plaintiff’s claim
against the United States implicates the Anti-Assignment Act. The parties
disagree, however, as to whether the substitution of Invenergy Wind for Bishop
Hill as plaintiff would violate the Act.

II.   Relevant Statutory Framework

      The court begins with the plain text of the Act:

             (a) In this section, “assignment” means –

              (1) a transfer or assignment of any part of a claim
             against the United States Government or of an interest in
             the claim; or

              (2) the authorization to receive payment for any part of
             the claim.

             (b) An assignment may be made only after a claim is
             allowed, the amount of the claim is decided, and a
             warrant for payment of the claim has been issued.

31 U.S.C. § 3727 (emphasis added). Nonetheless, for over one hundred years
courts have interpreted the Act to permit the assignment of claims, even when the
claim has not been litigated to a conclusion, under certain conditions which do not
implicate the hazards which the Act was designed to prevent. Goodman v.
Niblack, 102 U.S. 556, 559-62 (1880). The largest group of judge-made
exceptions to the Act falls under the category of transfers “by operation of law,” a

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category to which the court now turns.

III.   Exceptions to the Act in Caselaw

       The Court of Claims has reviewed exemptions from the Act created by
judicial decision:

            Despite the broad language of the Act, and the courts’
            tendency at an earlier time to read it as an all-inclusive
            prohibition, numerous classes of assignments, although
            literally within the statutory ambit, have been judicially
            exempted from its operation. The largest category of
            excised assignments are those which, in one form or
            another, occur by operation of law. Various such
            assignments which are regularly held to be unaffected by
            the Act include the passage of claims to heirs and
            devisees, transfers made incident to proceedings in
            bankruptcy or receivership, transfers by the succession of
            one business entity for another, assignments made by
            judicial sale or order, and assignments produced by
            operation of the law of subrogation. These classes of
            assignments are all thought to be outside the statute’s
            scope because none of them threatens the dangers
            Congress sought to avoid by enacting the prohibition.

Keydata Corp. v. United States, 504 F.2d 1115, 1118 (Ct. Cl. 1974) (citations
omitted). The court notes that the sale of a subsidiary to an unrelated third party,
and the simultaneous assignment of a legal claim of that subsidiary to a “parent”
company, are not among the identified transfers of claims against the United States
that are exempted from the operation of the Anti-Assignment Act in precedent
binding upon this court. Instead, there is a split in non-binding authority as to
whether such an assignment violates the Act.

       In one case, National Australia Bank v. United States, 54 Fed. Cl. 238
(2002), the court determined that certain corporate assignments of claims against
the United States did not violate the Act. Id. at 240 (“The Anti-Assignment Act is
not offended by National Australia Bank choosing to refrain from collapsing its

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corporate structure and merely retaining the claim [when it sold its subsidiaries]”).
There may have been particular factual circumstances in National Australia Bank
which influenced the court’s analysis of assignments under the Act. For example,
the subsidiaries in National Australia Bank were wholly owned by the parent. 54
Fed. Cl. at 239. Here, in contrast, Bishop Hill’s owners are mixed. See Pl.’s Mot.
at 2 n.1. When multiple owners of a subsidiary are involved, as here, the sale of
the subsidiary is not as straightforward as the scenario outlined in National
Australia Bank. Cf. 54 Fed. Cl. at 240 (noting in that case that the parent
corporation could have “collapsed” its structure to absorb its wholly owned
subsidiaries and their claims against the United States). Thus, National Australia
Bank is factually distinguishable from this case, and the holding in that case is not
necessarily applicable here.

       Furthermore, National Australia Bank, a very short opinion, summarizes
precedent pertaining to the Anti-Assignment Act in ways which could be
misconstrued. For example, the court states that when “a claim is transferred to a
different corporation by virtue of a merger or sale, [such] an event . . . does not
trigger the Anti-Assignment Act.” National Australia Bank, 54 Fed. Cl. at 239
(citing Kingan & Co. v. United States, 44 F.2d 447, 451 (Ct. Cl. 1930)). The
holding in Kingan, however, is more narrow in scope than the above-cited
statement in National Australia Bank.

      Much of the holding in Kingan is founded upon a discussion of the Act in a
case decided by the United States Supreme Court:

             “We cannot believe that Congress intended to
             discourage, hinder or obstruct the orderly merger or
             consolidation of corporations as the various states might
             authorize for the public interest. There is no probability
             that the United States could suffer injury in respect of
             outstanding claims from such union of interests and
             certainly the result would not be more deleterious than
             would follow their passing to heirs, devisees, assignees
             in bankruptcy, or receivers, all of which changes of
             ownership have been declared without the ambit of the
             statute. The same principle which required the
             exceptions heretofore approved applies here.”

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44 F.2d at 451 (quoting Seaboard Air Line Ry. v. United States, 256 U.S. 655, 657
(1921)). Kingan thus stands for the proposition that when corporations are
merged or consolidated, the assignment of claims against the United States from
the former entities to the newly-created entities does not offend the Anti-
Assignment Act. In addition, corporate restructuring which cannot be strictly
classified as a merger or a consolidation is also, by analogy, inoffensive under the
Act. See id. (“[C]ertainly Congress did not intend to discourage or obstruct an
orderly reorganization under the laws of the various states any more than it
intended to discourage and obstruct orderly merger or consolidation of
corporations under these laws.”).

       It is also important to note that Kingan is not on all fours with the case at
bar. In Kingan, a British company was reformed as an American company, which
later split off its non-American business to a newly-formed British company of its
own creation and control. 44 F.2d at 447-48. A claim against the United States,
held by the old British company, was transferred to the American successor
company as the old British company dissolved, and this transfer was held to not
offend the Anti-Assignment Act. Id. at 451. Because that transaction was more
akin to a testamentary transfer, merger or bankruptcy, the assignment in Kingan
raised no concerns of the type addressed by the Act. Plaintiff’s proposed
substitution, on the other hand, arises from very different facts – instead of a
reborn company with a slightly altered name (changed from Kingan & Co., Ltd. to
Kingan & Co., Inc.), the assignment here involves a sale of assets to a third party
while a parent company simultaneously retains a subsidiary’s legal claim against
the United States.

       Not only is the corporate transaction in Kingan entirely different from the
one envisioned by Bishop Hill and Invenergy Wind, the underlying business
context is also markedly distinguishable. In the case of Kingan, the physical asset
involved in the claim against the United States was a packing plant whose
operations triggered disputes over income tax liabilities which later matured into
the plaintiff’s claims. 44 F.2d at 447-48. The packing plant, along with all related
claims and liabilities, was transferred from the old British company to the
American successor. Id. The American successor continued to operate the plant.
Here, in contrast, a third party owner will take over Bishop Hill’s wind energy
facility. Because Kingan approved of an assignment under radically different

                                         7
facts,1 the court cannot endorse plaintiff’s reading of National Australia Bank,
which relied almost exclusively on Kingan for this issue. Further, to the extent
that National Australia Bank may be construed to have extended Kingan beyond
the scope of the precedential holding in that case, the court declines to follow such
a reading of National Australia Bank in this case.

        At least one judge of this court has declined to follow National Australia
Bank and its interpretation of the Anti-Assignment Act. Centers v. United States,
71 Fed. Cl. 529 (2006). The court in Centers noted that the facts under review in
that case were basically indistinguishable, in all material aspects, from those in
National Australia Bank. Id. at 535. A corporation, “Centennial,” attempted to
sell a small portion of its assets to a third party, while assigning its claim against
the United States and most of its assets to its sole shareholder, Mr. Centers. Id. at
531. The court ruled that the assignment of the claim against the United States to
Mr. Centers violated the Act:

              We think that transfers such as these implicate one, and
              perhaps two, of the recognized policies behind the Act.
              First, voluntary assignments such as the Centennial-
              Centers assignment present the possibility of double
              claimants. Indeed, in our case that possibility became
              manifest when Centennial sought reimbursement from
              [the United States] even after the assignment. That the
              subsidiary corporations in National Australia Bank did
              not attempt to recover on the assigned claim should not
              obscure the fact that the Government was vulnerable to
              multiple claimants and double payment. It is the very
              possibility of multiple claimants that the Anti-
              Assignment Act is intended to prohibit.

              Second, these transfers may adversely affect the
              availability of defenses and set-offs that the Government

       1
        / A similar case is Kawneer Co. v. United States, 100 Ct. Cl. 523, 538-39 (1943), which
held that a corporate parent could consolidate its wholly-owned subsidiary into the parent and
simultaneously assign the subsidiary’s claim against the United States to the parent without
offending the Act.

                                               8
             would have had against the assignor. In this case, [the
             government] may have lost the ability to raise defenses
             and set-offs available vis-à-vis Centennial with respect
             to the claim now being advanced by Mr. Centers. Under
             the law of assignments, the Government’s defenses in a
             suit by Mr. Centers would be limited to those offsets and
             counterclaims against Centennial that existed at the time
             of the assignment. The Government would lose those
             defenses and counterclaims that arose after the
             assignment. No such limits exist if Centennial sues on
             its retained claim.

Id. at 535 (citations omitted).

        Most important, in the court’s view, is the fact that the Centers opinion gave
significant weight to the potential dangers of the assignment in question, and also
noted that corporate sales which split assets from claims against the United States
are not recognized as an exception to the Anti-Assignment Act in precedent
binding on this court. Id. This is a prudent approach and Centers guides the
court’s analysis in this case. Because the sale of Bishop Hill to TerraForm does
not fit within any of the recognized exceptions to the Anti-Assignment Act, under
Centers this fact weighs against plaintiff’s request to substitute Invenergy Wind
for Bishop Hill as plaintiff in this suit. The court now turns to the parties’
arguments regarding the dangers inherent in the assignment proposed by plaintiff
in this case.

IV.   Dangers Avoided by Enforcement of the Anti-Assignment Act

       It is not necessary to review all of the dangers that the Anti-Assignment Act
is designed to prevent. As in Centers, only two types of dangers are potentially
present here. First, the Act seeks to “prevent possible multiple payment of claims,
to make unnecessary the investigation of alleged assignments, and to enable the
Government to deal only with the original claimant.” United States v. Aetna Cas.
& Sur. Co., 338 U.S. 366, 373 (1949) (Aetna) (citations omitted). Another
purpose is to preserve the government’s defenses, counterclaims and rights to set-
off against the claim. United States v. Shannon, 342 U.S. 288, 291-92 (1952)
(citation omitted). The parties vigorously debate whether these dangers are

                                          9
present in the substitution of plaintiff proposed here.

        The court finds that some of these dangers are already demonstrably
present, and others are potentially present. The government has already been
obliged to “investigate the alleged assignment” in order to discern whether the sale
agreement clearly resolves the future ownership of the claim presented in this suit.
See Def.’s Mot. for an Enlargement of Time of Oct. 21, 2015, at 2-3 (detailing
government counsel’s efforts to research the terms of the purchase and sale
agreement underlying the assignment at issue in plaintiff’s motion). The purchase
and sale agreement attached to defendant’s opposition brief includes one hundred
eighty-seven pages, and the business transactions described therein appear to be
quite complex.2 The assignment of plaintiff’s claim envisioned in this corporate
sale does not appear to be nearly as simple as the assignments approved in Kingan
or Kawneer, for example. On these facts, the assignment of plaintiff’s claim to
Invenergy Wind already poses one of the types of dangers addressed by the Act,
i.e., the need for the government to investigate “alleged assignments” of claims
against the United States. Aetna, 338 U.S. at 373.

       In addition, according to defendant, “[t]he Purchase Agreement [which
governs the sale of Bishop Hill to TerraForm] says nothing about future
counterclaims that could arise.” Def.’s Opp. at 5. Plaintiff’s reply brief does not
refute defendant’s assertion. It is therefore unclear to the court whether defendant
will “deal only with the original claimant,” i.e., Bishop Hill, or will be obliged to
prosecute any counterclaims against both Bishop Hill, under new ownership, and
Invenergy Wind. This, too, is a danger that the Act seeks to prevent.

       As far as the danger of multiple payments is concerned, plaintiff argues that
multiple payments are not a concern here because Bishop Hill will have assigned
its rights under this suit to Invenergy Wind. Pl.’s Reply at 3. In plaintiff’s view,

               there is no legitimate possibility that Bishop Hill . . . ,
               following the substitution of Invenergy Wind as plaintiff
               in this case, will then file [a] separate suit[] against

       2
       / The court has not conducted an in-depth review of the documents attached to
defendant’s opposition brief and states no position as to the legal effect of the purchase and sale
agreement’s terms.

                                                10
             Treasury. Bishop Hill . . . ha[s] agreed to transfer all
             rights in [its] claims to Invenergy Wind in full view of
             both Treasury and this Court. It would defy all reason
             and common sense for Bishop Hill . . . to then attempt to
             bring separate claims following such a public
             assignment.

Id. Defendant argues that such assurances do not prevent a subsequent suit from
being filed, which could result in multiple claimants and multiple payments.
Def.’s Opp. at 10-11.

        The court must agree with defendant. Although plaintiff insists that it is
only multiple payments that concern courts when considering the Act, Pl.’s Reply
at 3, it is clear that multiple claimants are also a legitimate concern. See, e.g.,
Aetna, 338 U.S. at 373 (stating that the Act “enable[s] the Government to deal
only with the original claimant”); Kingsbury v. United States, 563 F.2d 1019, 1024
(Ct. Cl. 1977) (holding that the Act “protects the Government from responding to
others than [the original claimant], on her claim”). The court considers the danger
of multiple payments and/or multiple claimants to be potentially present in this
proposed assignment as well.

       Finally, the court turns to the issue of government counterclaims, defenses
and rights to set-off. Defendant argues that cases of the same type as this one
sometimes involve counterclaims, defenses and rights to set-off, and that the Act
functions to preserve those defenses for the government. Def.’s Opp. at 9-10.
Plaintiff asserts, inaccurately, that there is no binding precedent which holds that
the preservation of counterclaims and defenses is a purpose of the
Anti-Assignment Act. Pl.’s Reply at 7. The Court of Claims in Kingsbury clearly
noted such a purpose in the Act and that decision of the Court of Claims, among
others, provides binding precedent for this court. See 563 F.2d at 1024 (stating
that one of the three basic objectives of the Act is “to preserve for the Government
defenses and counterclaims which might not be available against an assignee”);
see also, e.g., Webster Factors, Inc. v. United States, 436 F.2d 425, 430 (Ct. Cl.
1971) (holding an assignment to be “violative of the Anti-Assignment of Claims
Act [in part because] it would deny the Government the right to set off certain
downward tax adjustments from the upward tax adjustments in rent”) (citations
omitted).

                                         11
      Plaintiff’s fall-back position is that defendant has failed to identify potential
counterclaims that are at risk in the proposed assignment of its claim to Invenergy
Wind. Plaintiff argues, for example, that any counterclaims would be as viable
against Invenergy Wind as against Bishop Hill. Pl.’s Reply at 8-9. Plaintiff also
contends that the government could always join Bishop Hill as a party if a
counterclaim arose that was only valid against Bishop Hill and not against
Invenergy Wind. Id. at 9.

        The court is not convinced by plaintiff’s arguments. It is well-established
that the impairment of the government’s defenses, counterclaims and rights to set-
off are valid concerns enshrined in the Anti-Assignment Act. Splitting the claim
against the United States from the company operating the wind energy facility has
the potential for limiting the government’s ability to protect its interests in this
litigation. Defendant has adequately identified potential counterclaims that it
might choose to raise in this suit. Def.’s Opp. at 9-10 & n.5. The assignment
proposed by Bishop Hill, which could impair if not eliminate some of the
defenses, counterclaims and rights to set-off that might otherwise be available to
defendant, therefore poses yet another danger which the Act seeks to eliminate.

V.    Preservation of Plaintiff’s Claim

       The numerous dangers inherent in the assignment envisioned by plaintiff
and the substitution of Invenergy Wind for Bishop Hill as plaintiff in this suit
show that the procedure proposed by plaintiff violates the Anti-Assignment Act.
Binding precedent compels the conclusion that the purchase and sale agreement,
as summarized by plaintiff, cannot, by itself, be effective under the Act to assign
plaintiff’s claim to Invenergy Wind. In such a circumstance, the claim against the
United States would remain with Bishop Hill. See, e.g., Wall Indus., Inc. v. United
States, 10 Cl. Ct. 82, 106 (1986) (“‘[A]n attempted assignment of a claim against
the United States does not forfeit the claim. It leaves the claim where it was
before the purported assignment [i.e., with the assignor].’” (quoting Colonial
Navigation Co. v. United States, 181 F. Supp. 237, 247 (Ct. Cl. 1960)) (emphasis
removed) (alteration in the original)). Thus, defendant’s compromise solution,
whereby plaintiff and Invenergy Wind would be joined as co-plaintiffs in this suit,
generously provides plaintiff with the means for litigating its claim and avoiding
plaintiff’s proposed violation of the Anti-Assignment Act.

                                          12
      Plaintiff, somewhat incongruously, urges the court to reject defendant’s
compromise solution (and the proposed preservation of plaintiff’s claim) on
standing grounds. Pl.’s Reply at 9-10. According to plaintiff, Bishop Hill and
“Invenergy Wind would not both have standing to simultaneously bring the
same . . . claim.” Id. at 9. Plaintiff cites no authority, however, for its standing
argument, and the court declines to adopt plaintiff’s contentions with regard to the
standing issue where only a bare unsupported assertion has been presented for the
court’s review.

       The court agrees with plaintiff, however, that there are fundamental
differences between this case and Rochester Gas & Electric Corp. v. United
States, 65 Fed. Cl. 431 (2005), the case relied upon by defendant as authority for
its compromise solution. Nonetheless, the procedural innovation in Rochester,
which permitted joinder, rather than substitution, of the buyer and seller of a
nuclear power plant as co-plaintiffs, appears just as appropriate in this case. As
defendant argues, “joining Invenergy Wind as a plaintiff to the case[] would help
preserve set-offs and counterclaims that could arise and prevent multiple claims.”
Def.’s Opp. at 14. Even plaintiff notes the utility of having Invenergy Wind
participate in this suit, because TerraForm, the new owner of Bishop Hill, would
basically be a stranger to this suit. Pl.’s Reply at 4-5. The court finds that
defendant’s compromise solution advances many of the purposes of the Act and
provides for practical litigation efficiencies as well.

       The court acknowledges that there is slim authority for the solution that the
government proposes. This court has, at least once, permitted co-plaintiffs to
continue to pursue a claim against the United States, even after an attempted
assignment between the plaintiffs was held to be void because of the Anti-
Assignment Act. Sun Cal, Inc. v. United States, 21 Cl. Ct. 31, 36-37 & n.3 (1990)
(citations omitted). But it is clear that the assignee of an invalid assignment
occupies a precarious position in the litigation. Id. at 37 n.3. The court notes, too,
that joinder, in certain circumstances, was disfavored in Shannon. See 342 U.S. at
293-94 (“[T]his theory that an assignee can avoid the Act by joining his assignor
as a party defendant or an unwilling party plaintiff, would not only subvert the
purposes of the Act but flood the courts with litigation . . . . We do not believe the
Act can be by-passed by the use of any such procedural contrivance.”).

      The deciding factor in the current dispute, in the court’s view, is that

                                         13
defendant has consented to joinder in this case. It is clear that the government
may waive the protections provided by the Anti-Assignment Act. See, e.g.,
Delmarva Power & Light Co. v. United States, 542 F.3d 889, 893 (Fed. Cir. 2008)
(“We see no valid reason why the government should not . . . be able to waive the
Anti-Assignment Act’s prohibition in section 3727(a) against the assignment of
claims.”). Although the full extent of the waiver here is not clear, at the very least
defendant does not object to Invenergy Wind’s participation in this suit. That is
enough to proceed with this litigation with Bishop Hill and Invenergy Wind as co-
plaintiffs.

                                  CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion to
Substitute Invenergy Wind LLC as Plaintiff, filed October 7, 2015, is DENIED.
Plaintiff shall FILE either a Motion to Join Invenergy Wind LLC as Plaintiff
under RCFC 25(c), or a Notice informing the court of any agreed-upon
alternative to its proposed assignment, on or before December 15, 2015.

                                                     /s/Lynn J. Bush
                                                     LYNN J. BUSH
                                                     Senior Judge

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