Court Opinion

ID: 2718346
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-15 19:00:38.416048+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:29:38.558992
License: Public Domain

Case: 13-10710        Date Filed: 08/15/2014      Page: 1 of 39

                                                                             [PUBLISH]

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             _________________________

                                     No. 13-10710
                              _________________________

                     D.C. Docket No. 8:11-cr-00548-VMC-MAP-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                           Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                            versus

IHAB STEVE BARSOUM,

                                                                       Defendant-Appellant.

                              _________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Middle District of Florida
                           _________________________
                                  (August 15, 2014)

Before TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge, and MOORE * and SCHLESINGER, ** District
Judges.

*
   Honorable K. Michael Moore, United States District Court Chief Judge for the Southern
District of Florida, sitting by designation.
**
   Honorable Harvey E. Schlesinger, United States District Court Judge for the Middle District of
Florida, sitting by designation.
              Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014    Page: 2 of 39

MOORE, District Judge:

      Ihab “Steve” Barsoum appeals his convictions and 204-month sentence,

imposed after a jury convicted him of one count of conspiring to dispense

Oxycodone not for a legitimate medical purpose and not in the usual course of

professional practice, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C), and 846,

and five counts of distributing Oxycodone outside the course of professional

practice, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C). Barsoum appeals

several of the District Court’s rulings before, during, and after trial, including its

drug-quantity findings, which it based on estimates derived from the record

evidence. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.

 I.   FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      This case centers around a complex web of schemes Barsoum implemented

with his coconspirators to illegally distribute tens of thousands of Oxycodone pills

from several pharmacies between sometime in 2007 and July 2011.                 After

Barsoum’s trial and sentencing hearing, the District Court made drug-quantity

findings for sentencing and ultimately found Barsoum responsible for 56,000 30-

mg Oxycodone pills. The overall drug-quantity finding was based on the number

of pills across four categories: (1) sales to an associate named Scott—16,000 pills;

(2) fraudulent prescriptions in the name of one Dr. Belsole (the “Belsole

prescriptions”)—11,000 pills; (3) sales to an associate named Stevens—24,000

                                          2
              Case: 13-10710     Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 3 of 39

pills; and (4) sales to Stevens during controlled buys orchestrated by the Drug

Enforcement Administration (“DEA”)—5,000 pills.

      A. Barsoum’s First Pill Scheme (St. George’s Pharmacy)
      In 2006, Barsoum began working at St. George’s Pharmacy, which was run

by Barsoum’s cousin, Wahba, in Pinellas County, Florida. Wahba and a few drug

dealers had already established a pill racket at St. George’s by the time Barsoum

started there. Barsoum’s soon-to-be drug associate, Pat Stevens, and others would

bring prescriptions under fake patient names to be filled by Wahba. Wahba would

then issue large amounts of Oxycodone and OxyContin without asking for

identification. Soon after starting at St. George’s, Barsoum also began accepting

and filling the falsified prescriptions. Barsoum would fill prescriptions for Stevens

as often as once a day. He never asked for identification even though Stevens’

prescriptions used various patient names. In some instances, Stevens would hand

Barsoum a pile of prescriptions all at once, paying large amounts of cash at a set

rate per pill. The pills Barsoum distributed at St. George’s Pharmacy were not

figured into his Sentencing Guidelines calculation and are not at issue in this

appeal. Nevertheless, St. George’s is where Barsoum got his start—where he

learned the tactics he would employ over the next several years at other pharmacies

to conceal his illegal pill distribution schemes.

                                           3
              Case: 13-10710     Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 4 of 39

      B. Barsoum’s Pill Scheme with Scott (Trinity Pharmacy)
      In 2007, Barsoum opened his own pharmacy, Trinity Pharmacy, where he

soon began accepting falsified prescriptions from an Oxycodone addict and dealer

named Christopher Scott. Barsoum coordinated the scheme closely with Scott to

avoid DEA suspicion. Barsoum provided Scott actual doctors’ names and DEA

numbers 1 so that the prescriptions appeared genuine. Whenever Scott presented

Barsoum with an incorrect DEA number or a prescription written for suspiciously

too many pills, Barsoum would tell Scott to rewrite the prescription. Scott would

then leave Trinity Pharmacy, correct the prescription, and return minutes later to

fill it. Barsoum educated Scott on several other strategies for avoiding DEA

scrutiny as well.

      Despite Barsoum’s best efforts, the pill scheme drew the attention of the

authorities. The local police department began investigating Scott, whom they

suspected of dealing Oxycodone. The police approached Barsoum for information

about Scott and asked that he notify them when he saw Scott again. Instead,

Barsoum alerted Scott to the investigation and never notified the police.

      Scott was eventually, and inevitably, arrested in 2008.          At trial, Scott

testified that Barsoum filled 4 prescriptions at a time for him, usually for 240 pills

1
  The DEA assigns a unique number to every health care provider authorized to prescribe
controlled substances.
                                          4
                 Case: 13-10710       Date Filed: 08/15/2014     Page: 5 of 39

each, about once a month, 2 for 17 months (4 x 240 x 1 x 17 = 16,320). The

District Court attributed 16,000 Oxycodone pills to Barsoum for this scheme.

These pills comprise the first category of the District Court’s drug-quantity

findings for Barsoum’s Guidelines calculation. We further discuss the finding in

this category below. See infra Part II.D.ii.a.

         Our takeaway from Barsoum’s scheme with Scott is that through teaching

Scott how to avoid the DEA, and through dispensing such large quantities of pills,

Barsoum had positioned himself as the centerpiece of a sophisticated Oxycodone

distribution conspiracy.

         C. Barsoum’s Pill Scheme with Stevens (Trinity Pharmacy)
         In 2008, Barsoum’s prior associate from the St. George’s scheme, Stevens,

also began filling falsified prescriptions at Trinity Pharmacy.                  Barsoum

coordinated with Stevens, as he did with Scott, to embellish prescriptions so that

they would appear genuine and elude DEA suspicion. Barsoum provided Stevens

the names, addresses, phone numbers, and DEA numbers of actual doctors.

Barsoum and Stevens communicated via disposable, non-registered phones to

further cover their tracks.         Between 2009 and 2010, Stevens visited Trinity

Pharmacy up to three times a week. He testified at trial that he obtained between

2
    Scott estimated he visited Barsoum approximately once every 20 days.
                                                5
              Case: 13-10710     Date Filed: 08/15/2014    Page: 6 of 39

300 and 700 pills each week. He paid Barsoum $4 per pill and resold them for $10

each.

        The DEA arrested Stevens in November 2010.             The DEA confiscated

approximately $203,000 in cash, which Stevens later stated was mostly drug

money from reselling Barsoum’s pills. He also gave three different post-arrest

statements as to the number of pills he had obtained from Barsoum. Stevens gave

widely varying estimates of 700 to 800 pills per week for the year, only 500 pills

per month for the year, and only 8,000 pills total. The pills Barsoum illegally

passed Stevens before Stevens began cooperating with the DEA were figured into

his Guidelines calculation as the third category of pills. We further discuss the

District Court’s finding in this category below. See infra Part II.D.ii.c.

        D. DEA Controlled Buys through Stevens (Platinum Pharmacy)
        Barsoum later opened another pharmacy, Platinum Pharmacy, where he

continued distributing to Stevens. Barsoum was unaware that Stevens had begun

cooperating with the DEA in a series of undercover, controlled buys.           Each

undercover buy operated the same way as Barsoum’s prior schemes. Stevens

exchanged falsified yet authentic-looking prescriptions and large amounts of cash

for large quantities of Oxycodone. Just as in his previous schemes, Barsoum

accepted and filled the prescriptions without ever asking for identification. He also

created a phone record of feigned prescription verification calls. He pretended to

                                           6
                  Case: 13-10710       Date Filed: 08/15/2014       Page: 7 of 39

call doctors’ offices to verify the prescriptions, but he was actually calling his own

throwaway phones. The pills Barsoum distributed during the controlled buys were

figured into his Guidelines calculation as the fourth category of pills. 3 Barsoum

does not contest this category on appeal.

          E. Belsole Prescriptions
          The DEA arrested Barsoum in October 2011, searched Platinum Pharmacy,

and seized over sixty prescriptions dated February 2011 to July 2011.                   The

prescriptions were purportedly signed by one Dr. Belsole and accounted for over

11,000 Oxycodone pills. Evidence suggested that the Belsole prescriptions were

fraudulent and were used similarly to the fraudulent prescriptions in Barsoum’s

other schemes. Thus after hearing the evidence, the District Court attributed the

11,000 pills authorized by the Belsole prescriptions to Barsoum as the second

category of pill amounts for sentencing. We discuss these further below. See infra

Part II.D.ii.b.

          Ultimately, the jury convicted Barsoum of the conspiracy count and all five

distribution counts charged in the indictment.                 The District Court calculated

Barsoum’s Guidelines range at 235 to 293 months after aggregating the four

categories of drug-quantity findings. The District Court departed downward and

sentenced Barsoum to 204 months.

3
    These pills alone were the basis for Barsoum’s substantive distribution counts.
                                                  7
                    Case: 13-10710   Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 8 of 39

II.      DISCUSSION

         A. Denial of the Motion to Suppress and Request for Franks Hearing
         Below, Barsoum filed a motion 4 to suppress evidence and a request for a

hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 57 L. Ed.

2d 667 (1978), which the District Court denied. Barsoum alleged that the special

agent who swore out the affidavit either recklessly or intentionally omitted

information from the warrant application. Barsoum contends on appeal that the

District Court erred in denying his request for a Franks hearing, because “[h]ad

there been a Franks hearing, the defense would have been able to show that the

affidavit deliberately omitted material information as to make its probable cause

presentation meaningless.” Appellant’s Br. at 31. As to his motion to suppress,

Barsoum points on appeal to a flurry of supposed deficiencies in the warrant

application and affidavit. He believes these deficiencies negated probable cause to

search Platinum Pharmacy for any evidence.

               i.     Standard of Review

         We generally review a district court’s denial of an evidentiary hearing for an

abuse of discretion. United States v. Arbolaez, 450 F.3d 1283, 1293 (11th Cir.

2006). We have not, however, explicitly adopted a standard of review for a district

4
    D.C. Docket Entry 25.
                                              8
                 Case: 13-10710   Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 9 of 39

court’s denial of a Franks hearing. Id. Nonetheless, abuse of discretion review is

appropriate. See United States v. Sarras, 575 F.3d 1191, 1218 (11th Cir. 2009).

      A district court’s denial of a motion to suppress is a mixed question of law

and fact. United States v. Delancy, 502 F.3d 1297, 1304 (11th Cir. 2007). We

review a district court’s factual findings for clear error and review its application of

law to the facts de novo. Id.

           ii.     Analysis

      A Franks hearing is warranted where a defendant “makes a substantial

preliminary showing” that an affiant made intentionally false or recklessly

misleading statements (or omissions), and those statements are “necessary to the

finding of probable cause.”       Franks, 438 U.S. at 155–56.        “When assessing

whether the alleged false statements and omissions were material, the trial court is

to disregard those portions of the affidavit which the defendant has shown are

arguably false and misleading.” Sarras, 575 F.3d at 1218 (citations omitted).

“The defendant bears the burden of showing that, absent those misrepresentations

or omissions, probable cause would have been lacking.” Id. (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted).

      We need not address the statements Special Agent Zdrojewski allegedly

omitted from the affidavit. The heart of Barsoum’s argument is that a Franks

hearing would have allowed him to show that the information was deliberately

                                           9
             Case: 13-10710     Date Filed: 08/15/2014    Page: 10 of 39

omitted. This argument misunderstands the Franks standard. Franks requires that

a defendant make a substantial preliminary showing that statements or omissions

are intentionally false or recklessly misleading, and that those statements or

omissions altered the probable cause showing. 438 U.S. at 171. The allegations of

deliberate omission “must be more than conclusory and must be supported by more

than a mere desire to cross-examine.” Id. To the extent Barsoum argues that only

a Franks hearing could have shown that information was deliberately omitted from

the Affidavit, he concedes that he failed to make a substantial preliminary showing

of deliberate falsity and omission. See id. The District Court fully addressed

Barsoum’s allegations of falsity and concluded that they were unpersuasive. For

these reasons, we find no abuse of discretion in the District Court’s denial of

Barsoum’s request for a Franks hearing.

      As to the flurry of supposed deficiencies in the warrant application and

affidavit, after a de novo review of the record, the motion to suppress, Barsoum’s

appeal brief, and the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation,5 we also

find Barsoum’s arguments unpersuasive.             Barsoum’s arguments raise no

substantial issue for consideration.6 Because our analysis of Barsoum’s motion to

suppress tracks the Magistrate Judge’s extensive analysis, it is unnecessary to

5
 D.C. Docket Entry 41.
6
  We also note that Barsoum’s Appellate Counsel declined to argue the motion to suppress
before us at oral argument.
                                          10
                    Case: 13-10710   Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 11 of 39

address the many supposed deficiencies Barsoum points to. We conclude that the

application and affidavit supported a finding of probable cause. The District Court

correctly denied Barsoum’s motion to suppress.

         B. Denial of the Motion for Judgment of Acquittal
         Barsoum argues the District Court erred in denying his motion for judgment

of acquittal because the Superseding Indictment 7 charged one conspiracy to

distribute Oxycodone between an unknown date in 2007 and July 2011, whereas he

believes the government proved at least four separate conspiracies at trial. He

argues the evidence showed that (1) Scott, (2) Stevens before his arrest, (3) Stevens

after he began cooperating with the DEA, and (4) “the unknown [person]

responsible for the Belsole prescriptions,” Appellant’s Br. at 57, all had separate

conspiracies and that he was improperly convicted of a single overarching

conspiracy.

               i.     Standard of Review

         We review the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal de novo, but

viewing the evidence “in the light most favorable to the government, with all

reasonable inferences and credibility choices made in the government’s favor.”

United States v. Ortiz, 318 F.3d 1030, 1036 (11th Cir. 2003) (citations omitted).

7
    D.C. Docket Entry 90.
                                              11
                Case: 13-10710   Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 12 of 39

          ii.     Analysis

      We will not reverse a conviction because a single conspiracy is charged in

the indictment yet multiple conspiracies were proved at trial unless the variance is

(1) material and (2) substantially prejudiced the defendant.        United States v.

Richardson, 532 F.3d 1279, 1284 (11th Cir. 2008). Because the jury determines

the factual question of whether the evidence established a single conspiracy, a

“material variance” between the indictment and the evidence results only where

there is no evidentiary foundation for the jury to find a single conspiracy. Id. To

assess whether a material variance resulted, we must consider: “(1) whether a

common goal existed; (2) the nature of the underlying scheme; and (3) the overlap

of participants.” Id. To demonstrate “substantial prejudice,” a defendant must

show either:

               1) that the proof at trial differed so greatly from the
               charges that [he] was unfairly surprised and was unable
               to prepare an adequate defense; or 2) that there are so
               many defendants and separate conspiracies before the
               jury that there is a substantial likelihood that the jury
               transferred proof of one conspiracy to a defendant
               involved in another.

Id. at 1286–87 (quoting United States v. Calderon, 127 F.3d 1314, 1327 (11th Cir.

1997)).

                                          12
             Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 13 of 39

                   a. Material Variance

      A hub-and-spoke conspiracy is one in which a “‘key man’ [or hub] directs

and coordinates the activities and individual efforts of various combinations of

people.”   Id. at 1284–85; Edouard, 485 F.3d 1324, 1347 (11th Cir. 2007).

Barsoum’s rationale is that he was the spoke of several different hub-and-spoke

conspiracies, see Appellant’s Br. at 35, while the individuals he passed thousands

of pills to and taught how to avoid DEA scrutiny were the hubs of those

conspiracies. He advances this rationale because in cases in which the defendant

was a spoke, rather than a key man or hub, he must have knowledge of the other

spokes in order to be properly convicted of a single, overarching conspiracy with

those other spokes. See, e.g., Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 754–55, 66

S. Ct. 1239, 1242–43, 90 L. Ed. 1557 (1946); United States v. Chandler, 388 F.3d

796, 807 (11th Cir. 2004). However, where the defendant was the key man or hub,

a jury may properly conclude that a single conspiracy was proved at his trial, even

where the spokes had no knowledge of each other. See Richardson, 532 F.3d at

1284–85; Edouard, 485 F.3d at 1347. “It is irrelevant that particular conspirators

may not have known other conspirators,” because when a “‘key man’ directs and

coordinates the activities and individual efforts of various combinations of people,”

the hub may be properly convicted of a single conspiracy. Richardson, 532 F.3d at

1284–85, 1286.

                                          13
             Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 14 of 39

      Thus the question is whether, when viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the government, the jury had an evidentiary basis to conclude that

Barsoum was the key man or hub of a single conspiracy.

      We first consider whether a common goal existed. “[C]ommon for the

purposes of this test means similar or substantially the same . . . .” Richardson,

532 F.3d at 1285 (internal quotation marks omitted). The jury heard evidence

regarding Barsoum’s scheme with Scott, that: (1) Scott fraudulently made

prescriptions under a real doctor’s name—Dr. Jesus Martinez—using the doctor’s

DEA number; (2) Scott filled prescriptions at Barsoum’s Trinity Pharmacy under

fictitious or stolen names and without presenting identification; (3) Barsoum never

turned Scott away even though he presented no identification; (4) Scott filled

prescriptions under those varying names approximately once every twenty days;

(5) Barsoum usually passed 240 30-mg Oxycodone pills to Scott each visit (the

equivalent of one pill every two hours for twenty days); (6) Barsoum coached Scott

with tactics to avoid the DEA’s suspicion, such as reducing extraordinarily large

quantities of pills, including auxiliary drugs an actual physician might prescribe in

conjunction with Oxycodone, and correcting wrong DEA numbers; and (7) the last

time Scott went to Trinity Pharmacy, Barsoum warned him that the police were

looking for him.

                                         14
             Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 15 of 39

      As for Barsoum’s scheme with Stevens, the jury heard evidence that: (1)

Stevens had been a part of a pill ring that filled prescriptions under various names

for Oxycontin at St. George’s, where Barsoum was previously a clerk; (2)

Barsoum notified Stevens in 2008 that he was opening his own pharmacy and was

willing to continue a pill ring with him; (3) Barsoum coached Stevens with

information including a doctor’s name, DEA number, address, and phone number;

(4) Barsoum gave Stevens blank prescriptions; (5) Barsoum and Stevens

communicated through non-registered disposable phones; (6) Stevens visited

Barsoum’s pharmacy up to three times a week between October 2009 and

November 2010, obtaining 300 to 700 pills each week; and (7) Stevens eventually

cooperated with the DEA to carry out controlled buys from Barsoum wherein

Stevens used doctors’ names and DEA numbers that he and Barsoum had shared

with each other.

      Viewing the foregoing in the light most favorable to the government, we

conclude that a common goal existed between Barsoum and each of his

coconspirators. Specifically, Barsoum shared with each of his coconspirators the

common goal of filling unauthorized prescriptions for large amounts of Oxycodone

and Oxycontin at his pharmacies, through the use of fictitious names, stolen

doctors’ information, and otherwise fraudulent prescriptions.

                                        15
             Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 16 of 39

      Second, we consider the nature of the underlying scheme.           Viewing

Barsoum’s aforementioned schemes in the light most favorable to the government,

we conclude that each sub-scheme was part and parcel of Barsoum’s overarching

conspiracy. Specifically, each of Barsoum’s coconspirators worked with him to

use fictitious names, stolen doctors’ information, and fraudulent prescriptions to

disguise his unauthorized distribution of Oxycodone.

      Third, Appellant concedes there is an overlap of participants as he

overlapped each of the schemes. Appellant’s Br. at 38. Nevertheless we review

the evidence de novo in the light most favorable to the government. While there

were various players between 2007 and 2011, most notably Scott and Stevens,

Barsoum was the common denominator in each of the schemes. Barsoum played

the same role in each scheme—he was the gatekeeper and the hub. The thousands

of pills all flowed from Barsoum, who directed and coached his coconspirators to

help them all avoid the DEA.           Viewed in the light most favorable to the

government, the fact that Barsoum overlapped the schemes in this way weighs

towards finding a single conspiracy.

      Based on our foregoing analysis, we conclude that the jury had an

evidentiary basis to find that Barsoum was the key man or hub of a single

conspiracy to illegally distribute Oxycodone between 2007 and 2011. No material

variance occurred.

                                          16
               Case: 13-10710       Date Filed: 08/15/2014      Page: 17 of 39

                          b. Substantial Prejudice

       We need not address this issue because the lack of a material variance,

alone, is sufficient to affirm the denial of Barsoum’s motion for judgment of

acquittal. Nevertheless, we find no substantial prejudice.

       Barsoum only argues the confusion of proof theory. 8 Barsoum was the key

man of the conspiracy and was the only defendant in his trial. We have held that a

defendant cannot be substantially prejudiced under this test if “[he] was the hub of

the conspiracy and was tried alone.” Richardson, 532 F.3d at 1287. There is

therefore no “likelihood that the jury transferred proof of one conspiracy to a

defendant involved in another.” Id.

       C. Denial of the Motion to Dismiss the Conspiracy Charge as
          Duplicitous
       Barsoum argues the District Court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the

conspiracy charge as duplicitous, for the same reasons he argued there was a

material variance.      See Appellant’s Br. at 43–45.            He believes the evidence

presented at trial forced him to defend against several separate conspiracies.

Because we have concluded that the jury properly found a single conspiracy was

proved at trial, we reject Barsoum’s duplicity arguments.

8
  Barsoum did not raise an argument that the proof at trial created an unfair surprise preventing
him from preparing an adequate defense.
                                               17
               Case: 13-10710      Date Filed: 08/15/2014      Page: 18 of 39

         D. The District Court’s Drug-Quantity Findings Based on Estimates
         As we stated before, the District Court found Barsoum responsible for

56,000 30-mg Oxycodone pills, across four categories: (1) the scheme with Scott—

16,000 pills; (2) the Belsole prescriptions—11,000 pills; (3) the scheme with

Stevens—24,000 pills calculated by estimating 500 pills per week for one year; 9

and (4) controlled buys by Stevens while he was cooperating with the DEA—5,000

pills.

         As to the first two categories, Barsoum argues that he did not enter into an

agreement with Scott or the “unknown” individual responsible for the Belsole

prescriptions, and that the government failed to prove an overall conspiracy. He

therefore argues the District Court clearly erred by including Categories 1 and 2 in

his Sentencing Guidelines calculation.

         As to the third category, Barsoum argues generally that because the District

Court’s finding was based on varying estimates, it was not supported by a

preponderance of the evidence.          Specifically, he argues the evidence did not

support an estimate of 500 pills per week, (1) because Stevens gave shifting

estimates of the number of pills he acquired from Barsoum and (2) because

Stevens’ testimony and Special Agent Zdrojewski’s testimony conflicted in a few

key aspects. Special Agent Zdrojewski is the DEA agent who swore out the
9
  Rather than extrapolating 500 pills per week over 52 weeks in the year (26,000), the District
Court estimated 500 pills per week, multiplied by 4 weeks per month and 12 months in the year
(500 x 4 x 12 = 24,000).
                                              18
                Case: 13-10710   Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 19 of 39

affidavit and was integral in investigating and arresting Barsoum. Special Agent

Zdrojewski testified at the sentencing hearing about the number of pills attributable

to Barsoum. A substantial portion of his testimony was devoted to explaining why

Stevens’ estimates differed from his and from each other, and why 24,000 pills was

an appropriate estimate.

      Barsoum does not contest the District Court’s finding of 5,000 pills in the

fourth category.

           i.      Standard of Review

      We review a district court’s application of the facts to the Sentencing

Guidelines de novo. United States v. Norris, 452 F.3d 1275, 1280 (11th Cir. 2006).

However, we review drug-quantity findings only for clear error. United States v.

Almedina, 686 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2012), cert. denied, --- U.S. ---, 133 S.

Ct. 629, 184 L. Ed. 2d 408 (2012); see United States v. Jordi, 418 F.3d 1212, 1214

(11th Cir. 2005). “For a finding to be clearly erroneous, [we] must be left with a

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Almedina, 686

F.3d at 1315 (quoting United States v. Rothenberg, 610 F.3d 621, 624 (11th Cir.

2010)). Arguments not raised on appeal are deemed abandoned. United States v.

Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir. 1998).

                                          19
                Case: 13-10710   Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 20 of 39

          ii.     Analysis

      When a defendant challenges one of the factual bases of his sentence, such

as a drug quantity set forth in the presentence report (“PSR”), the government has

the burden of establishing that fact by a preponderance of the evidence. United

States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1296 (11th Cir. 2005). When calculating drug

quantities, if the amount seized does not reflect the entirety of the offense, the

sentencing court must find the total drug quantity by estimating. United States v.

Frazier, 89 F.3d 1501, 1506 (11th Cir. 1996). In estimating drug quantities, the

sentencing court must consider all acts committed, induced, or willfully caused by

the defendant. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A). The sentencing court may base its

calculation on evidence showing the average frequency and amount of a

defendant’s drug sales over a given time period. Frazier, 89 F.3d at 1506. The

calculation may be based on “fair, accurate, and conservative estimates,” but not

on mere speculation. Almedina, 686 F.3d at 1316.

      “We accord great deference to the district court’s credibility determinations”

of drug-quantity witnesses. United States v. Gregg, 179 F.3d 1312, 1316 (11th Cir.

1999). Where evidence gives rise to two reasonable and different constructions, as

conflicting witnesses’ testimony may, the fact finder’s choice between the two

constructions cannot be clearly erroneous. Almedina, 686 F.3d at 1315.

                                          20
              Case: 13-10710      Date Filed: 08/15/2014    Page: 21 of 39

                    a. First Category of Pills (Scheme with Scott)

      The District Court found Barsoum responsible for 16,000 Oxycodone pills

from his scheme with Scott. Barsoum only argues that the District Court erred in

attributing the pills to him because he had no agreement with Scott, i.e., that

Barsoum and Scott were not coconspirators. We reject this argument as we have

already concluded that the jury properly found Barsoum guilty of a single

conspiracy that included Scott as a coconspirator. Nevertheless, we review the

finding in this category for clear error. See Almedina, 686 F.3d at 1315.

      We reiterate our discussion of Barsoum’s scheme with Scott. See supra,

Parts I.B, II.B.ii.a. We note specifically that, at trial, Scott testified that he filled 4

prescriptions at a time with Barsoum, usually for 240 pills each, about once a

month, for 17 months (4 x 240 x 1 x 17 = 16,320). Barsoum never turned Scott

away and never required him to present identification. The District Court heard

evidence that Barsoum coached him to include auxiliary drugs on the prescriptions

that a real doctor might prescribe alongside Oxycodone. Scott also testified that

Barsoum warned Scott that the police were investigating him. Additionally, the

District Court considered the PSR, which stated that “Barsoum supplied Scott with

approximately 16,080 dosage units of 30 milligram Oxycodone pills.”                   PSR

Addendum ¶ 14. Under these facts, the District Court did not clearly err in finding

                                            21
             Case: 13-10710      Date Filed: 08/15/2014    Page: 22 of 39

by a preponderance of the evidence that Barsoum was responsible for illegally

passing 16,000 pills to his coconspirator, Scott.

                    b. Second Category of Pills (the Belsole Prescriptions)

      Barsoum argues that the District Court erred in including the pills associated

with the Belsole prescriptions in his Guidelines calculation, because he had no

agreement with “the unknown [person] responsible for the Belsole prescriptions.”

Appellant’s Br. at 57. We review the finding of 11,000 pills in this category for

clear error. Almedina, 686 F.3d at 1315.

      The record included the following evidence on the Belsole prescriptions: (1)

the DEA searched Platinum Pharmacy after Barsoum’s arrest and discovered over

sixty prescriptions for Oxycodone in the name of Dr. Belsole, totaling over 11,000

30-mg pills; (2) the prescriptions were dated between February 2011 and July

2011—during the time of the conspiracy for which he was convicted; (3) the

prescriptions had been cut unevenly and to awkward sizes, similar to the way

Barsoum cut prescriptions when asked to as part of the investigation; (4) some of

the prescriptions included the same fictitious patient names that Stevens had

previously presented him; (5) Barsoum signed the back of some of the

prescriptions in the same way that he signed other prescriptions to indicate he had

made a verification call to a doctor’s office; (6) the real Dr. Belsole testified that he

did not write prescriptions for Oxycodone as part of his practice, that he was

                                           22
             Case: 13-10710     Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 23 of 39

unfamiliar with the healthcare facility from which the prescriptions purportedly

originated, and that the “Belsole” signature found on the prescriptions was not his.

       Under these facts, it was not clear error for the District Court to include the

Belsole prescriptions as relevant conduct of the conspiracy and substantive counts

for which he was convicted.        See Norris, 452 F.3d at 1280; U.S.S.G. §§

1B1.3(a)(1) – (2). The evidence showed that Barsoum, rather than some unknown

person, fraudulently created the Belsole prescriptions and illegally dispensed pills

pursuant to them. The District Court stated “[t]here’s no question that those

Belsole prescriptions were dispensed[,] . . . that [they] were fake[,] . . . [or] that

[Barsoum] absolutely knew that they were fake.” We agree. The District Court

therefore properly included 11,000 Oxycodone pills from the Belsole prescriptions

in Barsoum’s Guidelines calculation.

                   c. Third Category of Pills (Scheme with Stevens)

      The District Court attributed 24,000 Oxycodone pills to Barsoum for his

scheme with Stevens. To make its determination, the District Court considered the

evidence at trial, including Stevens’ testimony, and Special Agent Zdrojewski’s

testimony at the sentencing hearing. Stevens’ estimates of the number of pills he

acquired from Barsoum were internally inconsistent and differed from Special

Agent Zdrojewski’s testimony in a few aspects. The District Court eventually

                                         23
             Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 24 of 39

settled at 24,000 pills—an amount far fewer than the 60,000 pills the PSR

recommended under this category.

      As we stated before, the DEA arrested Stevens in November 2009.

Throughout the course of several post-arrest statements and trial, Stevens gave four

different estimates. First, the DEA took statements from Stevens immediately after

his arrest. He told the DEA that he had been obtaining approximately 700–800

pills per week (2,800–3,200 pills per month) for a year and reselling them for $10

each. He also told the DEA that the $203,000 confiscated was mostly drug money

from reselling Barsoum’s pills. Second, sometime later, Special Agent Zdrojewski

debriefed and interviewed Stevens. He told Stevens it was his practice to ask

informants for conservative estimates of drug quantities.      He therefore asked

Stevens for a “low ball” estimate, to which Stevens replied he had been obtaining

only 500 pills per month. Stevens later gave a third estimate in a typed a letter

stating he had only obtained 8,000 pills total. He then eventually gave a fourth

estimate when testifying at trial—300–700 pills per week.

      Special Agent Zdrojewski gave extensive direct and cross-examination

testimony regarding the drug amounts attributable to Barsoum. He corroborated

that Stevens originally gave DEA agents an estimate of 700–800 pills per week.

He also stated that he specifically asked for a “low ball” estimate when Stevens

                                        24
                 Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014    Page: 25 of 39

estimated 500 pills per month. Special Agent Zdrojewski also testified regarding

the $203,000, that:

                Once looking into it, the amount of money, $10 per pill,
                you figure . . . even if we went off the low end, went off
                his original debrief when he had said [700] to 800, even
                if that’s not consistent, if you went just 500 pills per
                week time four weeks per month, you’re looking at
                [2,000] – then over the year, that’s 24,000 pills times
                $10, that’s $240,000.

                He had [$]203,000 in the safe, or in the house, and figure
                expenses and whatever else he’s purchased, it would
                roughly come back to the original debrief post arrest . . . .

Sentencing Hr’g Tr. 10 at 41. In other words, conservatively estimating 500 pills

per week (2,000 pills per month or 24,000 pills for the year) from Stevens’ original

700–800 pills per week estimate, the $203,000 confiscated was consistent with

Stevens having sold 24,000 pills at $10 each.            The District Court found this

evidence “pretty compelling,” and eventually settled at a finding of 500 pills per

week over a year, which aggregates to the 24,000 pills in this category.

         Barsoum argues that the District Court’s finding is not supported by a

preponderance of the evidence because Stevens’ testimony is internally

inconsistent, and because Stevens and Special Agent Zdrojewski gave differing

accounts. Barsoum points to the four, very different estimates: (1) 700–800 pills

per week (2,800–3,200 pills per month); (2) 500 pills per month; (3) 8,000 pills

10
     D.C. Docket Entry 242.
                                             25
             Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 26 of 39

total (about 665 pills per month); and (4) 300–700 per week (1,200–2,800 pills per

month). He also notes that Stevens had additional income from his business, a

gentleman’s club, which would account for some of the $203,000 confiscated.

      We find no clear error in the District Court’s determination. We conclude

that its estimate was based on a “fair, accurate, and conservative estimate,”

Almedina, 686 F.3d at 1316, and supported by a preponderance of the evidence.

First, because the government was unable to seize and present as evidence all the

pills Barsoum passed to Stevens, the District Court necessarily estimated to make

its drug-quantity finding. Frazier, 89 F.3d at 1506. The District Court properly

relied on evidence at trial and the sentencing hearing showing the average

frequency and number of pills Barsoum passed Stevens over a one-year period. Id.

      We recognize that the average estimates Stevens gave vary widely from each

other and from Special Agent Zdrojewski’s 500 per-week estimate. However, the

District Court’s finding of 500 pills per week is logically consistent with the 300–

700 pills per week Stevens testified to at trial. The finding was also based on the

500 pills per week that Special Agent Zdrojewski suggested as a conservative

estimate of Stevens’ original 700–800 per week estimate. As for Stevens’ most

discrepant estimate of only 500 pills per month, the District Court heard evidence

that he only gave that number when specifically asked for a “low ball” estimate.

As for the estimate of 8,000 pills total, Stevens responded at trial that the number

                                        26
             Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 27 of 39

seemed low and he suggested it was likely a mistake.          Lastly, despite what

Barsoum argues, 500 pills per week sold for a total $240,000 is consistent with the

$203,000 the DEA confiscated, which Stevens stated was derived mostly from

reselling Barsoum’s pills.

      Given the foregoing, the District Court’s drug-quantity finding of 24,000

pills, based on an estimated 500 pills per week, was supported by a preponderance

of the evidence. “We accord great deference to the [D]istrict [C]ourt’s credibility

determinations.” Gregg, 179 F.3d at 1316. We therefore find no clear error. The

District Court was presented with two reasonable yet differing accounts, and based

its drug-quantity finding on Special Agent Zdrojewski’s account, which it found

more credible. Almedina, 686 F.3d at 1315. The District Court properly attributed

24,000 Oxycodone pills under this category for Barsoum’s Guidelines calculation.

                   d. Fourth Category of Pills (DEA Controlled Buys)

      The District Court also included in Barsoum’s Guidelines calculation 5,000

Oxycodone pills he passed Stevens as part of the DEA controlled buys. Barsoum

did not contest these pills at sentencing. Likewise, he advances no argument

before us against these pills being included. We therefore deem any argument

against these pills abandoned. Cunningham, 161 F.3d at 1344.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the overall finding of 56,000

Oxycodone pills attributable to Barsoum for purposes of sentencing.

                                        27
                 Case: 13-10710   Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 28 of 39

      E. Joinder of the Substantive Counts with the Conspiracy Count
      Barsoum argues that joinder of his conspiracy count with his substantive

counts in the Superseding Indictment was improper, and that the District Court

abused its discretion in denying his motion to sever the counts.

            i.     Standard of Review

      “We undertake a two-step analysis to determine whether separate charges

were properly tried at the same time.” United States v. Slaughter, 708 F.3d 1208,

1213 (11th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 2868 (2013) (quoting United States

v. Hersh, 297 F.3d 1233, 1241 (11th Cir. 2002)). We first review de novo whether

counts were properly joined in one indictment under Federal Rule of Criminal

Procedure 8(a). Id. We then review the denial of a motion to sever under Federal

Rule of Criminal Procedure 14 for abuse of discretion. Id.

           ii.     Analysis

      Joinder of offenses is proper where they “are of the same or similar character

. . . or are connected with or constitute parts of a common scheme or plan.” Fed.

R. Crim. P. 8(a). We construe this requirement broadly, in favor of initial joinder.

See Hersh, 297 F.3d at 1241. We look only to the allegations stated on the face of

the indictment to make our determination. United States v. Diaz, 248 F.3d 1065,

1102 (11th Cir. 2001).

                                           28
             Case: 13-10710     Date Filed: 08/15/2014    Page: 29 of 39

      Barsoum argues joinder was improper because “the conspiracy [was]

substantially different than the substantive counts” and “because the charged

offenses were not connected to a common scheme or plan.” Appellant’s Br. at 47.

For instance, he argues some of the events comprising the conspiracy took place

earlier in time and at a different pharmacy than the substantive distribution acts.

Id. Barsoum’s argument is meritless. Looking only to the Superseding Indictment,

it is obvious that the substantive distribution counts (distributing Oxycodone not

for a legitimate medical purpose and outside the course of professional practice)

are similar in character to his conspiracy count (conspiracy to distribute

Oxycodone not for a legitimate medical purpose and outside the course of

professional practice). The fact that Barsoum also distributed pills at a later date or

pharmacy is irrelevant.

      We turn now to the second step of the analysis. We will reverse the denial

of Barsoum’s motion to sever only if he “demonstrate[s] that he received an unfair

trial and suffered compelling prejudice. This is a heavy burden . . . which mere

conclusory allegations cannot carry.” Slaughter, 708 F.3d at 1213 (quoting United

States v. Walser, 3 F.3d 380, 386 (11th Cir. 1993)).

      Barsoum argues the District Court abused its discretion in refusing to sever

the conspiracy counts from the substantive counts because: (1) the refusal to sever

prejudiced him by ultimately preventing him from advancing an entrapment

                                          29
              Case: 13-10710       Date Filed: 08/15/2014      Page: 30 of 39

defense; 11 (2) the jury may have used evidence of the substantive counts to infer

guilt of the conspiracy count, and vice versa; and (3) the jury may have cumulated

the evidence to find overall guilt. Appellant’s Br. at 49–51.

       First, Barsoum’s argument that the refusal to sever ultimately prevented him

from advancing an entrapment defense is premised only on the unfounded and

conclusory assertion that, had the counts been severed, “evidence of the conspiracy

. . . would not have clouded the court’s judgment.” Appellant’s Br. at 49–50.

Such a conclusory assertion fails to meet the heavy burden of demonstrating an

unfair trial and compelling prejudice. Slaughter, 708 F.3d at 1213.

       As to Barsoum’s second argument, regarding potential jury confusion, it is

based on hypothetical (not proven) jury confusion. Furthermore, evidence of his

substantive distribution was relevant evidence of his conspiracy, so it was

necessary for the jury to consider such evidence when deciding his culpability for

the conspiracy.

       As to Barsoum’s third argument, it is also speculative in that he only

contends the jury may have cumulated evidence to improperly infer guilt. We

reject such speculation. The District Court properly instructed the jury to consider

each count separately, and we presume the jury followed these instructions. See

11
  Barsoum’s logic is that, had his conspiracy count and distribution counts been separated into
separate trials, the District Court might have looked more favorably on his entrapment defense
and granted an entrapment instruction.
                                              30
                 Case: 13-10710     Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 31 of 39

United States v. Williams, 526 F.3d 1312, 1321 (11th Cir. 2008). There is nothing

in the record to suggest otherwise.

         Having addressed each of Barsoum’s arguments on this issue, we find no

abuse of discretion in the District Court’s denial of Barsoum’s motion to sever.

         F. Denial of Barsoum’s Rule 801(d)(2)(E) Motion
         The District Court denied, without explanation, Barsoum’s pretrial motion to

exclude the portion of Stevens’ testimony that the government offered as

coconspirator statements under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E). 12 Barsoum

then objected on the same basis to that portion of Stevens’ testimony during trial,

but the District Court overruled his objection, without explanation.

         At trial, the government asked Stevens about the scheme at St. George’s

Pharmacy wherein he could bring prescriptions under any patient name and have

them filled. Specifically, the government asked how Stevens knew that Wahba

understood that the prescriptions Stevens had been providing him at St. George’s

were fake. 13 Stevens responded: “We have spoken quite a few times on changing

names [for the prescriptions], [to] get different names in.”              Stevens later

expounded on the scheme stating Wahba had a list of names, but that at some point

“[they] had to discontinue using these names and [] come up with some new

names.”

12
     D.C. Docket Entry 150.
13
     D.C. Docket Entry 236 at 148–150.
                                             31
             Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 32 of 39

      Barsoum argued in his pretrial motion that any evidence the government

sought to admit as coconspirator testimony would be inadmissible at trial until the

government proved a single conspiracy involving the coconspirator at issue. The

government responded that the evidence at trial would amply demonstrate that

Barsoum was involved in a conspiracy to illegally distribute Oxycodone, that

Barsoum had conversations with his coconspirators, and that some of these

conversations would be coconspirator statements admissible under Rule

801(d)(2)(E).

      Barsoum argued in his trial objection that Stevens’ testimony, specifically,

was inadmissible because the government had not yet proved a conspiracy. The

government responded that it had established a conspiracy, implicitly arguing that

Wahba and Barsoum were coconspirators.

      Here, Barsoum argues that Wahba was the out-of-court declarant in Stevens’

testimony, and that the testimony is inadmissible under Rule 801(d)(2)(E) because

there was no conspiracy between Wahba and Barsoum. In other words, Barsoum

argues that the testimony was inadmissible as coconspirator statements because

Wahba and Barsoum were not coconspirators. The government responds that any

error in admitting Stevens’ testimony was harmless, given the “plethora” of

evidence that Barsoum had interacted with Oxycodone dealers and provided them

names and other information to create fake prescriptions.

                                        32
                 Case: 13-10710   Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 33 of 39

            i.     Standard of Review

      We review the District Court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.

General Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 141, 118 S. Ct. 512, 517, 139 L. Ed. 2d

508 (1997). Additionally, we may affirm for any reason supported by the record,

even if not relied upon by the District Court. United States v. Hall, 174 F.3d 1270,

1272 (11th Cir. 2013).

           ii.     Analysis

      A coconspirator’s out-of-court statements may be admitted against a

defendant if the government shows by a preponderance of the evidence that there

was a conspiracy involving the declarant and the defendant, and the statement was

made during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy.            Fed. R. Evid.

801(d)(2)(E); United States v. Hasner, 340 F.3d 1261, 1274 (11th Cir. 2003);

United States v. Turner, 871 F.2d 1574, 1581 (11th Cir. 1989). Such statements

are not hearsay and are therefore not excluded by the rule against hearsay. Fed. R.

Evid. 801(d).

      We affirm the District Court’s decision to admit this portion of Stevens’

testimony because it did not relay any out-of-court statement. See Hall, 174 F.3d

at 1272.   Stevens’ first statement was about “his involvement with Wahba,”

Appellant’s Br. at 52, and only conveyed that he had spoken with Wahba quite a

few times about the subject matter of changing names. Stevens’ second statement

                                           33
             Case: 13-10710   Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 34 of 39

merely describes the course of action they took to avoid suspicion from the

authorities. Stevens’ testimony references the existence of conversations with

Wahba, but does not convey an out-of-court assertion. See Fed. R. Evid. 801(a).

Instead, Stevens testified only to his personal knowledge; namely, what led

Stevens to believe that Wahba understood the prescriptions were fraudulent.

      We also disagree with Barsoum’s argument that the government had not

sufficiently established a conspiracy involving Wahba and Barsoum as

coconspirators. The District Court heard evidence that: (1) Barsoum is Wahba’s

cousin; (2) Wahba passed Oxycodone and Oxycontin pursuant to fake

prescriptions at St. George’s Pharmacy before Barsoum began working there; (3)

Barsoum worked at St. George’s under Wahba; (4) Barsoum accepted fake

prescriptions and large amounts of cash in exchange for large numbers of pills at

St. George’s; and (5) Barsoum conferred with his coconspirators in several sub-

schemes to use certain fake or stolen patient names and change other information

on the prescriptions he accepted. Thus even if Stevens’ testimony conveyed out-

of-court assertions by Wahba, we would find no abuse of discretion because the

evidence showed that there was a conspiracy involving Wahba and Barsoum, and

that Wahba’s statements to Stevens were made in furtherance of that conspiracy.

We therefore need not address whether the admission of Stevens’ testimony was

harmless error.

                                        34
             Case: 13-10710     Date Filed: 08/15/2014    Page: 35 of 39

      Because Stevens’ testimony was admissible without resort to 801(d)(2)(E),

we affirm its admission as nonhearsay.

      G. Denial of Barsoum’s Motion for Mistrial Based on Prosecutor’s
         Response to his 801(d)(2)(E) Objection
      When responding to Barsoum’s 801(d)(2)(E) objection described above, the

prosecutor stated in the presence of the jury:

             “Your Honor, at this—at this time I think we pretty
             squarely established a conspiracy, an agreement between
             these individuals, uh, changing names, changing DEA
             numbers. It’s obviously in furtherance of that
             conspiracy.”

D.C. Docket Entry 236, Trial Tr. (Aug. 15, 2012) at 149. Barsoum argued at trial

that the prosecutor’s remark conveyed a legal statement to the jury, and that the

District Court validated the remark when the Court overruled Barsoum’s objection

in front of the jury. Barsoum argues here that the prosecutor’s statement was so

prejudicial that it shifted the burden to Barsoum to disprove the existence of a

conspiracy, and that no instruction could cure this prejudicial effect.

           When Barsoum moved for a mistrial on the basis of the prosecutor’s

statement, the District Court denied his motion and gave a lengthy curative

instruction, which had been formulated in large part by Barsoum’s counsel. The

instruction stated:

             Earlier today the defense objected to the introduction of
             certain testimony, and the Government responded that in
             its view there was a conspiracy proven and I ruled.

                                          35
                Case: 13-10710   Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 36 of 39

            You are instructed that it will be up to you to decide
            whether or not a conspiracy exists in this case.
            Everybody understands that? That’s your decision to
            make whether or not a conspiracy exists in this case.

            The questions and the objections of the lawyers, as I told
            you earlier, that is not evidence. The lawyers’ questions
            are not evidence, the lawyer’s objections are not
            evidence. Only the witnesses’ answers are evidence.

            And it is up to you again to decide whether a conspiracy
            exists in this case. And you need to make your decision
            based on the evidence and not on what the lawyers say.

            So you are instructed to follow that request and to follow
            the instructions that I gave earlier. And I’ll repeat right
            now, the lawyers’ questions are not evidence, that
            lawyers’ objections are not evidence.

D.C. Docket Entry 236 at 192–93. Barsoum contends that, despite this instruction,

there is a reasonable probability the outcome of his trial would have been different

absent the prosecutor’s statement.

           i.     Standard of Review

      We review for abuse of discretion the denial of a motion for mistrial based

on the prejudicial statements of a prosecutor. United States v. Newsome, 475 F.3d

1221, 1227 (11th Cir. 2007).

          ii.     Analysis

      A defendant must show substantial prejudice to be granted a mistrial.

United States v. Soto, 399 F. App’x 498, 502 (11th Cir. 2010).             Substantial

                                          36
              Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014    Page: 37 of 39

prejudice occurs where there is a reasonable probability that, without the remarks,

the result of the trial would have been different. Newsome, 475 F.3d at 1227.

However, “when a district court gives a curative instruction, [we] will reverse only

if the evidence is so highly prejudicial as to be incurable by the [instruction].” Id.

      We cannot conclude that the prosecutor’s remark was so highly prejudicial

that it could not be cured by an instruction. See id. This is the exact circumstance

for which curative instructions are intended.        Especially where, as here, the

defendant helped formulate the instruction given, and where that instruction

specifically identified the prosecutor’s controversial statement and reminded the

jury that it was their decision whether or not a conspiracy had been proved, the

instruction cured any prejudice. See id. Because the instruction eliminated any

reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been different, we

affirm. Id.

      H. The Denial of Barsoum’s Motion for New Trial on the Basis of New
         Evidence
      Barsoum moved for a new trial on the basis of “newly-discovered” evidence.

The District Court granted him a hearing to present the testimony of three inmates

who had purportedly gleaned new evidence from conversations in prison with

Scott and Stevens. The first inmate told the District Court (1) that Stevens told

him that at one point he had to threaten Barsoum with a gun to make him continue

in the conspiracy, and (2) that Scott may have testified untruthfully because of the

                                          37
                    Case: 13-10710   Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 38 of 39

prospect of a shortened sentence. 14 The second inmate stated (1) that Scott told

him Barsoum was unaware their scheme was fraudulent and (2) that Scott said

Stevens had to threaten Barsoum. The third inmate said that Stevens admitted that

he owned the guns found at Barsoum’s arrest and also that he had to pressure

Barsoum. The District Court found that all of the “new” evidence was merely

impeachment evidence or cumulative of other evidence presented at trial, and

therefore denied Barsoum’s motion.

               i.     Standard of Review

         We review for the denial of a motion for new trial on the basis of newly-

discovered evidence only for abuse of discretion. United States v. Johnson, 596

F.2d 147, 148 (5th Cir. 1979); United States v. Spellissy, 346 F. App’x 446, 451

(11th Cir. 2009).

              ii.     Analysis

         To succeed on a motion for new trial based on newly discovered evidence,

Barsoum must prove that:

                 (1) The evidence was discovered after trial, (2) the failure
                 of the [Appellant] to discover the evidence was not due
                 to a lack of due diligence, (3) the evidence is not merely
                 cumulative or impeaching, (4) the evidence is material to
                 issues before the court, and (5) the evidence is such that a
                 new trial would probably produce a different result.

14
     See D.C. Docket Entry 215 at 5–7.
                                              38
             Case: 13-10710    Date Filed: 08/15/2014   Page: 39 of 39

United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003) (citations

omitted). Courts should use “great caution” in granting such motions as they are

highly disfavored. Id.

       We find no abuse of discretion in the denial of Barsoum’s motion. The

District Court was in the best position to assess the testimony at its hearing. It

determined that the purportedly “newly-discovered” evidence was either

impeachment evidence or cumulative of other evidence presented at trial. The

District Court fully reasoned through this evidence and the trial record to make its

determination. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the District Court on all issues

presented on appeal.

       AFFIRMED.

                                        39