Court Opinion

ID: 9417036
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-02 20:01:15.92559+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:27.925892
License: Public Domain

Mr. Justice Field
dissenting.
I am compelled to dissent from the judgment of the majority of the court in this case, for the following reasons : —
1st, The cotton for which the present action was brought was not, in my opinion, either abandoned or captured property within the meaning of those terms as defined by the legislation of Congress, or the circulars and regulations of the Treasury Department. The act of July 2, 1864, in its third section, declares that property “ shall be regarded as abandoned when the lawful owner thereof shall be voluntarily absent therefrom, *201and engaged, either in arms or otherwise, in aiding or in encouraging the rebellion.” The owner here, whether voluntarily absent or not, was not engaged, in arms or otherwise, in aiding or in encouraging the rebellion at the time the cotton was taken: he had, months before, renounced all adhesion to the rebellion, and taken an oath of allegiance to the United States.
Captured property was defined by a circular of the Treasury Department, issued on the 3d of July, 1863, to be “that which has been seized or taken from hostile possession by the military or naval forces of the United States.” This definition was repeated in subsequent treasury regulations, and was approved by this court in Padelford's Case, 9 Wall. 531. It is there said that this definition must be taken as the interpretation practically given to the act by the department of the government charged with its execution; and the court added, “We think it correct.”
The cotton here in controversy was never seized or taken from any hostile possession. It was at the time stored, in the name of the plaintiff, in the'warehouse at Thomasville; and, for many months previously, his status was that of a loyal citizen of the United States. He had taken, in January, 1865, the oath of amnesty under the President’s proclamation of Dec. 8,. 1863, by virtue of which a full pard'on was extended to him, with “ restoration of all rights of property; ” and this fact was known to the special agent of the Treasury Department when the cotton was turned over to him.
2d, The defendant Browne had no authority, in my opinion, to meddle, as treasury agent, with the cotton in controversy, after the 30th of June, 1865, assuming it to have been captured or abandoned. The instructions of the Treasury Department, issued by the Secretary on the 27th of that month, directed the treasury agents to refrain, after the 30th of June, from receiving captured or abandoned property from the naval or military authorities, excepting in cases in which they were then engaged in receiving or collecting property recently captured or surrendered. The cotton of the plaintiff was not within this exception; for, on the 30th of June, the defendant was not engaged in receiving or collecting it. The command*202ing general did not order it to be turned over to him Until the 9th of August, and it was not received by him until the 15th of the month. In receiving it then, he violated, in my judgment, the positive instructions of the department. After the 30th of June, 1865, the duty of receiving captured or abandoned property, not embraced within the exceptions stated, was devolved, by express direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, upon the usual and regular officers of the customs at the several places where they were located.
It is certainly desirable that full protection should be extended to the agents and officers of the Treasury Department, whilst engaged in executing during the war the commands of their superiors within the insurrectionary districts; but it is equally important that protection should not be extended to acts which were not only not authorized, but were expressly forbidden.
It seems to me that the ruling of the majority of the court has carried the principle of protection in this case beyond all former precedents; and that the reasoning of the opinion, in its logical consequences, will justify in many instances the most wanton interference with the private property of citizens.