Court Opinion

ID: 2700616
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 19:23:18.116721+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:00:46.375746
License: Public Domain

[Cite as New Hope Community Church v. Patriot Energy Partners, L.L.C., 2013-Ohio-5882.]
                         STATE OF OHIO, COLUMBIANA COUNTY

                                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                      SEVENTH DISTRICT

NEW HOPE COMMUNITY CHURCH,     )
et al.                         )                        CASE NO. 12 CO 23
                               )
        PLAINTIFFS-APPELLEES,  )
                               )
        - VS -                 )                        OPINION
                               )
PATRIOT ENERGY PARTNERS, LLC, )
et al.,                        )
                               )
        DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS. )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                               Civil Appeal from Common Pleas
                                                        Court, Case No. 11 CV 616.

JUDGMENT:                                               Reversed.

JUDGES:
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite

                                                        Dated: December 20, 2013
[Cite as New Hope Community Church v. Patriot Energy Partners, L.L.C., 2013-Ohio-5882.]
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiffs-Appellees:                               Attorney Robert Guehl
                                                        Attorney Chad Burton
                                                        Attorney Brandon Cogswell
                                                        70 Birch Alley, Suite 240
                                                        Beaverscreek, OH 45440

For Defendants-Appellants:                              Attorney William Dowling
                                                        Attorney Christopher S. Humphrey
                                                        Buckingham, Doolittle &
                                                        Burroughs, LLP
                                                        3800 Embassy Parkway, Suite 300
                                                        Akron, OH 44333
                                                        For Patriot Energy Partners and
                                                        Andrew Blocksom

                                                        Attorney Michael Matasich
                                                        Buckingham, Doolittle &
                                                        Burroughs, LLP
                                                        1375 East Ninth Street, Suite 1700
                                                        Cleveland, OH 44114-1700
                                                        For Patriot Energy Partners and
                                                        Andrew Blocksom

                                                        Attorney John Keller
                                                        Attorney Mitchell Tobias
                                                        Vorys, Sater, Seymour and
                                                        Pease, LLP
                                                        52 East Gay Street
                                                        P.O. Box 1008
                                                        Columbus, OH 43216-1008
                                                        For Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C.
[Cite as New Hope Community Church v. Patriot Energy Partners, L.L.C., 2013-Ohio-5882.]
DeGenaro, P.J.
        {¶1}    Defendants-Appellants, Patriot Energy Partners, LLC and Chesapeake
Exploration, LLC, oil and gas lessees, appeal the May 15, 2012 judgment of the
Columbiana County Court of Common Pleas denying their motion to stay the claims of
Plaintiffs-Appellees, numerous property owners and lessors, pending arbitration,
pursuant to an arbitration clause in the leases. On appeal, Patriot and Chesapeake
contend that the trial court erroneously concluded that the arbitration provisions were
unconscionable and therefore unenforceable.
        {¶2}    Upon review, Patriot and Chesapeake's arguments are meritorious.
While the trial court correctly concluded that the arbitration provision is substantively
unconscionable, the trial court erred by concluding that the arbitration clause is
procedurally unconscionable. Although none of the Property Owners had any past
training in oil and gas leases, many had executed oil and gas leases in the past; were
given time to review these leases and ask questions prior to signing, some proposing
amendments to the leases.            Some simply did not read the leases including the
arbitration provision or did not understand the arbitration clause, but conceded they
could have sought outside counsel before signing and chose not to do so. In order for
an arbitration provision to be held unconscionable, both substantive and procedural
unconscionability must be present. Because the Property Owners only demonstrated
that the arbitration clause was substantively unconscionable, the arbitration clause is
valid. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the matter stayed
pending arbitration.
                                 Facts and Procedural History
        {¶3}    In 2008, several independent contractors, called landmen in the oil and
gas industry, associated with Patriot, began securing oil and gas leases from
landowners in Columbiana and Carroll Counties.                 These landmen included Patriot
president Andrew Blocksom, Thomas Blocksom, Benjamin Dickey and Robert Dickey.
Bass Energy, a company headed by geologist Dr. William Hlavin, was the primary
company behind Patriot. Hlavin, via Bass Energy and Patriot, sought to secure as
much leasehold acreage as possible within an area targeted due to its location along a
specific geological fault-line. The business of securing the leases generally began
                                                                                  -   2-

with a telephone contact to prospective lessors by the landmen. Those who were
interested were sent leases by mail to review. Sometimes the lessors would send the
executed leases directly back to Patriot. In other cases, the landmen would personally
visit the landowners to close the deals.
       {¶4}   All of the subject leases were granted in favor of Patriot in 2008, and
were substantially the same, though some contained addenda negotiated by the
Property Owners. The leases had primary terms of 5 years and specified a certain
amount per acre, generally $10 in delay rentals; an annual amount the lessee is
obligated to pay if no drilling is commenced on the property. The leases also provided
for royalties on wells that were ultimately drilled and were productive.
       {¶5}   In 2010, Patriot assigned the deep rights under the subject leases to
Chesapeake, for $1,100 per acre.
       {¶6}   On August 31, 2011, the Property Owners filed the present action
against Patriot and Chesapeake, and pertinent to this appeal, sought rescission of the
leases, a declaration that the leases were null and void, and the invalidation of the
assignments to Chesapeake. During the course of the proceedings, the trial court
granted Chesapeake's motion for equitable tolling of the primary terms of the leases.
On October 7, 2011, Patriot and Chesapeake jointly moved to stay the proceedings
pending arbitration.   The Property Owners opposed the motion, arguing that the
arbitration provision was unconscionable and therefore unenforceable.
       {¶7}   Each of the subject leases contains the following identical arbitration
clause, which is set forth in the same size print and format as every other lease
clause:

       NOTICES AND ARBITRATION * * * Any controversy arising out of or
       relating to this agreement shall be settled by arbitration. Either party
       may initiate any arbitration proceeding by notifying the other party in
       writing, but only after the aforementioned notice of breach has been
       served and the time period for cure provided for in this lease has
                                                                                  -   3-

       expired. The procedure to be followed in the event of any arbitration
       shall be that prescribed in the Rules of the American Arbitration
       Association. Judgment upon the award rendered by the arbitrators may
       be entered in any Court having jurisdiction thereof.

       {¶8}   Three days of hearings were held on Patriot and Chesapeake's motion
to stay pending arbitration in April 2012, prior to which the parties stipulated: (1) if
paragraph 13 is enforceable the issues presented in the pleadings are arbitrable
matters; (2) that all plaintiffs agreed to be bound by the trial court's decision and the
decision would apply to each plaintiff individually, but that such agreement did not
preclude appeal by either side. Thus, the hearings focused on the issue of whether
the arbitration clauses were unconscionable.
       {¶9}   Twenty-three of the Property Owners testified about matters such as: the
genesis of the leases, the contact they had with the landmen from Patriot, their prior
business experience and their experience with oil and gas leases more generally.
Several landmen and Hlavin also testified. The trial court took judicial notice of the
American Arbitration Association (AAA) rules. Since not all of the Property Owners
testified at the hearings, the parties stipulated that the Property Owners' educational
backgrounds ranged from a minimum of a GED to a maximum of a master's degree
with some work towards a doctorate. The parties also agreed that the remaining
Property Owners who did not testify would have testified substantially the same as the
others who had testified, with some minor personal variations.
       {¶10} On May 15, 2012, the trial court issued a detailed decision denying
Patriot and Chesapeake's motion to stay pending arbitration. The court concluded
the "arbitration clause * * * [is] substantively and procedurally unconscionable and
therefore not binding on the parties in this case."
                                                                                    -   4-

                          Enforceability of the Arbitration Clause
       {¶11} In their sole assignment of error, Patriot and Chesapeake assert:
       {¶12} "The trial court erred in denying the Motion to Stay Proceedings Pending
Arbitration of Defendant-Appellants Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C., Patriot Energy
Partners LLC, and Andrew Blocksom because it incorrectly held that the arbitration
provision was both substantively and procedurally unconscionable. (See Opinion and
Order Denying Motion to Stay, attached as Appendix A.)"
                           Arbitration and Standard of Review
       {¶13} The Property Owners raise several issues that were not raised in the trial
court, first that the arbitration clauses are against public policy in Ohio, and second
that Patriot's alleged non-payment of delay rentals renders both the leases
themselves, along with the arbitration clauses therein null and void. Generally, errors
not raised in the trial court may not be raised for the first time on appeal. See, e.g., In
re Retaining Vorys, Sater, Seymour & Pease, L.L.P., as Special Counsel, 192 Ohio
App.3d 357, 2011-Ohio-640, 949 N.E.2d 84, ¶24. However, as this is an emerging
area of Ohio law, we will exercise our discretion to address these issues. See Kuhn v.
21st Century Ins. Co., 5th Dist. No. 2011 CA 00232, 2012-Ohio-2598, ¶19 ("Because
waiver is a discretionary doctrine, an appellate court may decline to apply it in the
interests of justice.")
       {¶14} Turning to the public policy argument, Ohio's Arbitration Act has been
codified in Revised Code Chapter 2711, and arbitration is encouraged as a method of
settling disputes. See Williams v. Aetna Fin. Co., 83 Ohio St. 3d 464, 700 N.E.2d 859
(1998). "Arbitration agreements are 'valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, except upon
grounds that exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.' " Taylor Bldg.
Corp. of Am. v. Benfield, 117 Ohio St. 3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, ¶33
(quoting R.C. 2711.01(A)). "A presumption favoring arbitration arises when the claim
in dispute falls within the scope of the arbitration provision. An arbitration clause in a
contract is generally viewed as an expression that the parties agree to arbitrate
disagreements within the scope of the arbitration clause, and, with limited exceptions,
                                                                                      -   5-

an arbitration clause is to be upheld just as any other provision in a contract should be
respected." Id. at 471.
        {¶15} The Ohio Supreme Court has noted there is a "strong public policy
favoring arbitration" in Ohio as developed through case law over many years.
Schaefer v. Allstate Ins. Co., 63 Ohio St. 3d 708, 711-712, 590 N.E.2d 1242 (1992),
citing e.g., Brennan v. Brennan, 164 Ohio St. 29, 128 N.E.2d 89 (1955), paragraph
one of the syllabus; Mahoning Cty. Bd. of Mental Retardation v. Mahoning Cty. TMR
Edn. Assn. (1986), 22 Ohio St. 3d 80, 488 N.E.2d 872 (1986); and Bd. of Edn. Of the
Findlay City School Dist. v. Findlay Edn. Assn., 49 Ohio St. 3d 129, 551 N.E.2d 186
(1990).
        {¶16}   The Property Owners cite no direct, supporting authority that arbitration
clauses, generally, or in oil and gas leases specifically, are against Ohio public policy;
only citing to Conny Farms Ltd. v. Ball Resources, Inc., 7th Dist. No. 09 CO 36, 2011-
Ohio-5472, which is wholly inapplicable to their argument. In Conny Farms, this court
held that judicial ascertainment clauses in oil and gas leases are unenforceable as
against public policy in Ohio. Id. at ¶28.
        {¶17} The Property Owners also argue that Patriot's alleged failure to pay
delay rentals in a timely fashion renders the leases null and void, which, in their view,
means that the arbitration clauses contained therein are also void and unenforceable.
Patriot and Chesapeake counter that a motion for partial summary judgment on the
delay rental nonpayment issue, filed by the Property Owners, remains pending in the
trial court.
        {¶18} " '[A]n arbitration clause is, in effect, a contract within a contract, subject
to revocation on its own merits. * * * Because the arbitration clause is a separate
entity, it only follows that an alleged failure of the contract in which it is contained does
not affect the provision itself.' " Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am. v. Benfield, 117 Ohio St. 3d
352, 884 N.E.2d 12, ¶41, quoting ABM Farms Inc. v. Woods, 81 Ohio St. 3d 498, 501-
502, 692 N.E.2d 574.
        {¶19} Thus, "an alleged failure of the overall contract does not necessarily
                                                                                        -   6-

invalidate the arbitration clause," and a general challenge to the entire contract must
be submitted to the arbitrator to determine the contract's validity. Garber v. Buckeye
Chrysler-Jeep-Dodge of Shelby, 5th Dist. No. 2007-CA-0121, 2008-Ohio-3533, ¶16,
citing Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna, 546 U.S. 440, 445-446, 126 S. Ct.
1204, 163 L. Ed. 2d 1038 (2006) (holding that regardless of whether the challenge is
brought in federal or state court, a challenge to the validity to the contract as a whole,
not specifically to the arbitration clause, must be submitted to the arbitrator in the first
instance.) See also Mingo Junction Safety Forces Assoc. Local 1 v. Chappano, 7th
Dist. No. 10 JE 20, 2011-Ohio-3401, ¶53-54 (holding that the trial court properly
ordered the parties submit to the grievance and arbitration procedures in the collective
bargaining agreement notwithstanding appellants' assertion that the contract had
expired.)
           {¶20} Accordingly, the Property Owners' argument concerning the overall
validity of the leases due to the alleged non-payment of delay rentals is irrelevant to
the issue of whether the arbitration clauses are enforceable.
           {¶21} Where, as in this case, an action has been filed by one of the parties to
an arbitration agreement raising issues which may be arbitrable pursuant to their
written agreement, the other party may move the trial court for a stay of those
proceedings "until the arbitration of the issue has been had in accordance with the
agreement[.]"       R.C. 2711.02(B).    An order that grants or denies the stay of trial
proceedings pending arbitration is a final appealable order. Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am.
at ¶31, citing R.C. 2711.02(C).
           {¶22} Regarding the standard of review, a court of appeals generally applies
an abuse of discretion standard to a trial court's decision regarding a stay pending
arbitration. Reynolds v. Crockett Homes, Inc., 7th Dist. No. 08 CO 8, 2009-Ohio-1020,
¶11.       However, "the proper standard of review of a determination of whether an
arbitration agreement is enforceable in light of a claim of unconscionability is de novo."
Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am. at ¶2. Any factual findings made by the trial court in support
of   its     unconscionability   determination,   particularly   those   involving   credibility
                                                                                   -   7-

determinations, should be afforded appropriate deference. Id. at ¶38.
                                     Unconscionability
       {¶23} Patriot and Chesapeake argue that the trial court erred in concluding that
the arbitration provisions in the leases are unconscionable and therefore ordering the
matter proceed to trial before the court rather than stayed pending arbitration.
       {¶24} "Arbitration agreements are 'valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, except
upon grounds that exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.' " Taylor
Bldg., Corp. of Am. at ¶33 (quoting R.C. 2711.01(A)). Unconscionability is a valid
basis for revoking a contract. Id.
       {¶25} It is settled law in Ohio that generally: "In order to determine whether a
contract   provision   is   unconscionable, courts must examine the facts and
circumstances surrounding the agreement." Peltz v. Moyer, 7th Dist. No. 06 BE 11,
2007-Ohio-4998, ¶43.        There are two facets to unconscionability: procedural and
substantive.   Both prongs must be met for a contract provision to be found
unenforceable due to unconscionability; with the focus on whether the arbitration
provision itself is unconscionable, as opposed to the overall contract itself. Taylor
Bldg. Corp. of Am., 117 Ohio St. 3d 352, at ¶42. However, there is a dearth of case
law specifically addressing the enforceability of arbitration clauses in oil and gas
leases.
                                  Substantive Unconscionability
       {¶26} Whether a contract provision is substantively unconscionable requires
an analysis of the terms of the provision itself and a determination of whether those
terms are commercially reasonable. Hayes v. Oakridge Home, 122 Ohio St. 3d 63,
2009-Ohio-2054, 908 N.E.2d 408, ¶33. No bright-line set of factors for determining
substantive unconscionability has been adopted by the Ohio Supreme Court.              Id.
"The factors to be considered vary with the content of the agreement or provision at
issue." Id.
       {¶27} When reviewing arbitration provisions for substantive unconscionability,
courts have considered factors such as the cost of arbitration; the specificity of the
                                                                                   -   8-

provision, e.g., whether the rules governing arbitration and any required fees are
disclosed; the relative prominence of the provision, e.g., whether the arbitration clause
is set forth in fine print buried within a larger contract or is contained in a separate
document; and whether the obligation to arbitrate applies equally to all parties. See,
e.g., Taylor Bldg Corp. of Am., ¶54-60; Peltz, 7th Dist. No. 06 BE 11, ¶47-48. Robbins
v. Country Club Ret. Ctr. IV, Inc., 7th Dist. No. 04 BE 43, 2005-Ohio-1338, ¶37;
Wascovich v. Personacare of Ohio, 190 Ohio App. 3d 619, 2010-Ohio-4563, 943
N.E.2d 1030, ¶43-54 (11th Dist.); Eagle v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 57 Ohio App. 3d
150, 2004-Ohio-829, 809 N.E.2d 1161 (9th Dist.); Vanyo v. Clear Channel Worldwide,
156 Ohio App. 3d 706, 2004-Ohio-1793, 808 N.E.2d 482, ¶20 (8th Dist.). The party
challenging the enforceability of the arbitration agreement bears the burden of
presenting evidence to support that challenge. Hayes v. Oakridge Home, 122 Ohio
St.3d 63, 2009-Ohio-2054, 908 N.E.2d 408, ¶27. The evidence regarding substantive
unconscionability in this case is mixed.
       {¶28} Turning first to factors weighing against substantive unconscionability,
the leases are part of the record, and the obligation to arbitrate clearly applies to both
parties, not just the lessors. See, e.g., Vanyo v. Clear Channel Worldwide, 156 Ohio
App.3d 706, 2004-Ohio-1793, 808 N.E.2d 482, ¶20 (8th Dist.). The clause specifically
informs the parties about the procedures under which the arbitration will proceed:
"[t]he procedure to be followed in the event of any arbitration shall be that prescribed
in the Rules of the American Arbitration Association." See Peltz at ¶48. Nor is an
arbitration clause substantively unconsicionable because the word "binding" was not
used, see generally Schaefer v. Allstate Ins. Co., 63 Ohio St. 3d 708, 711, 590 N.E.2d
1242 (1992), or requires the parties to waive their right to a jury trial, and does not
warn them of this fact. Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am., 117 Ohio St. 3d 352 at ¶55. Finally,
the text of the arbitration clause was set forth in the same sized text as every other
clause in the contract, not in "fine print," which would weigh somewhat against
substantive unconscionability as well. See, e.g., Moran v. Riverfront Diversified, Inc.,
197 Ohio App. 3d 471, 2011-Ohio-6328, 968 N.E.2d 1, ¶25.
                                                                                     -   9-

       {¶29} Moreover, both the trial court and the Property Owners incorrectly assert
that the arbitration agreement precludes the Property Owners from the remedies of
the Consumer Sales Practices Act.         The agreement itself does not provide any
limitation of remedies. "With respect to the arbitrability of CSPA claims, R.C. Chapter
1345 does not expressly preclude arbitration clauses in consumer sales contracts. * *
* " 'The fact that R.C. 1345.04 confers jurisdiction upon common pleas and municipal
courts in cases arising under the CSPA does not preclude arbitration of such claims.' "
Eagle, 157 Ohio App. 3d 150, ¶27.
       {¶30} We turn next to the factors that weigh in favor of substantive
unconscionability. The clause itself is very brief and does not provide much in the way
of specific information about arbitration proceedings. Further, the Property Owners
allege that the arbitration provision is misleading in that it sets forth an oversimplified
explanation about how one initiates arbitration proceedings, one that is contrary to the
procedure set out in the AAA handbook. Appellants counter that the fact that the
provision may have been misleading has "no bearing on the determination of any
potential unconscionability."
       {¶31} The Eighth District held that the misleading nature of an arbitration
clause rendered it substantively unconscionable in Olah v. Ganley Chevrolet Inc., 8th
Dist. No. 86132, 2006-Ohio-694, at ¶26.        There the clause stated, inter alia, that
"ARBITRATION PROCEDURES ARE SIMPLER AND MORE LIMITED THAN RULES
APPLICABLE IN COURT."           Id. at ¶20.    The Eighth District concluded that this
statement was misleading and ambiguous, which factored into its ultimate decision
that the clause was substantively unconscionable. Id. at ¶20-21, ¶26.
       {¶32} Here the arbitration clause states: "[e]ither party may initiate any
arbitration proceeding by notifying the other party in writing * * *"          This is an
oversimplified explanation of the AAA rules which state:

       R-4 Initiation under an Arbitration Provision in a Contract
       (a) Arbitration under an arbitration provision in a contract shall be initiated
                                                                                    -    10 -

       in the following manner:
              (i) The initiating party (the "claimant") shall, within the time period,
                 if any, specified in the contract(s), give to the other party (the
                 "respondent") written notice of its intention to arbitrate (the
                 "demand"), which demand shall contain a statement setting
                 forth the nature of the dispute, the names and addresses of all
                 other parties, the amount involved, if any, the remedy sought,
                 and the hearing locale requested.
              (ii) The claimant shall file at any office of the AAA two copies of the
                 demand and two copies of the arbitration provisions of the
                 contract, together with the appropriate filing fee as provided in
                 the schedule included with these rules.
              (iii) The AAA shall confirm notice of such filing to the parties.

Thus, the clause is misleading in this respect.
       {¶33} Further, the trial court found, and the Property Owners assert on appeal,
that "arbitration would result in multiple arbitrations, potential inconsistent findings and
enormous     costs,"   and   therefore    the   arbitration   clause   was    commercially
unreasonable. Only the concerns regarding costs are well-founded.
       {¶34} The trial court took judicial notice of the AAA Rules during the hearing
on the motion to stay, and AAA rules do provide for class arbitrations; specifically the
Supplementary Rules for Class Arbitrations.          And the arbitration clause here is
distinguishable from the one in Rude v. NUCO Edn. Corp., 9th Dist. No. 25549, 2011-
Ohio-6789, cited by the Property Owners, which expressly prohibited class claims. Id.
at ¶22. Thus, there does not appear to be a risk of multiple arbitrations or inconsistent
findings.
       {¶35} However, arbitration costs would be substantially higher than a court
proceeding. The AAA filing fees are based upon the amount of the claim, and must
be advanced by the filing party. Here the Property Owners prayed for over $20 million
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in compensatory and punitive damages.         The Initial Filing Fee under the AAA's
Standard Fee Schedule for a $20 million claim is $13,800. Even under the Flexible
Fee Schedule, which offers lower initial filing fees but potentially higher total
administrative costs, the Initial Filing Fee for a $20 million claim would be $4,500. In
addition, the parties would be responsible for other expenses, including half of the
arbitrator's travel and expenses and half of the cost of renting a hearing room.
       {¶36} In Taylor Bldg. Corp of Am., 117 Ohio St. 3d 352, the plaintiffs failed to
put on evidence of the costs of arbitration and thus the Ohio Supreme Court did not
conclude the clause was substantively unconscionable. But the court alluded to the
fact that at some point an arbitration clause could become so cost-prohibitive as to
render it substantively unconscionable as a matter of law. Taylor Bldg. Corp. at ¶60.
See also Rude, 2011-Ohio-6789, ¶24, quoting Felix v. Ganley Chevrolet Inc., 8th Dist.
No. 86990, 86991, 2006-Ohio-4500, ¶21: ("Although silence of an arbitration clause
with respect to costs does not, by itself, make the clause unconscionable, 'if the costs
associated with the arbitration effectively deny a claimant the right to a hearing or an
adequate remedy in an efficient and cost-effective manner,' then the clause is
invalid.")
       {¶37} Patriot and Chesapeake argue that the Property Owners failed to prove
that the arbitration fees would be cost-prohibitive to them specifically. However, each
Property Owner who testified offered information about his or her education and
employment history, and as a group, the Property Owners appeared to be middle-
class, not people of great wealth. In its Opinion, the trial court found the Property
Owners to be "average to above average educationally and financially[.]"
       {¶38} The administrative costs of arbitrating this matter would be many
thousands of dollars, with the Property Owners having to shoulder the burden of
advancing the filing fees. Although the AAA rules provide that "[u]nless the parties
agree otherwise, arbitrator compensation and administrative fees are subject to
allocation by the arbitrator in the award," there is no guarantee that the Property
Owners would be awarded those costs and thus they are taking a substantial financial
                                                                                -   12 -

risk by filing. Further although Patriot and Chesapeake are correct that AAA Rule R-
49 does provide for deferred or reduced administrative fees in the event of "extreme
hardship," the rules do not define this and it is unclear whether the Property Owners
would qualify.
      {¶39} In sum, the very high administrative costs, coupled with the lack of
specificity in the arbitration clause, along with the misleading nature of the clause,
render it substantively unconscionable; we agree with the trial court's determination in
this regard and we reach this conclusion mindful of our standard of review. Resolution
of these particular issues depends upon the credibility of the witnesses; a central
factor in the trial court's determination of whether or not the arbitration clause is
unconscionable. By design, this court's ability to make credibility determinations is
significantly limited; thus our deference to the trial court particularly when issue
resolution is fact-driven. Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am., supra. However, both substantive
and procedural unconscionability must be present to for a court to deem an arbitration
clause unenforceable due to unconscionability.
                                Procedural Unconscionability
      {¶40} "Procedural unconscionability concerns the formation of the agreement
and occurs when no voluntary meeting of the minds is possible." Ball v. Ohio State
Home Servs., Inc., 168 Ohio App. 3d 622, 2006-Ohio-4464, 861 N.E.2d 553, ¶7,
quoting Porpora v. Gatliff Building Co., 160 Ohio App. 3d 843, 2005-Ohio-2410, 828
N.E.2d 1081, ¶7.    Thus, courts must consider the circumstances surrounding the
parties' bargaining. Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am., 117 Ohio St. 3d 352 at ¶44. Such
circumstances include the parties' respective ages, educational backgrounds,
intelligence, business acumen and experiences, along with who drafted the contract,
whether alterations in the printed terms were possible and whether there were
alternative sources of supply for the subject goods or services. Id.
      {¶41} In addition, other factors that may contribute to a finding of procedural
unconscionability include:
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      '[a] belief by the stronger party that there is no reasonable probability
      that the weaker party will fully perform the contract; knowledge of the
      stronger party that the weaker party will be unable to receive substantial
      benefits from the contract; knowledge of the stronger party that the
      weaker party is unable reasonably to protect his interests by reason of
      physical or mental infirmities, ignorance, illiteracy or inability to
      understand the language of the agreement, or similar factors.'

Id. at ¶44, quoting Restatement of the Law 2d, Contracts (1981), Section 208,
Comment d.
      {¶42} First, with regard to financial and educational background, the parties
stipulated that the Property Owners' educational backgrounds ranged from a minimum
of a GED to a maximum of a master's degree with some work towards a doctorate. In
its Opinion, the trial court found the Property Owners to be "average to above average
educationally and financially[.]" Regarding business acumen, a number of Property
Owners ran businesses. One managed the books for a spouse's business for over 24
years; one was the president of an industrial packaging distribution company with over
$5 million in annual sales; one ran a storage unit rental business, and another
managed 40 residential rental units; and others had experience working in banks and
law offices. A number of Property Owners had prior oil and gas or coal leases on their
property.    All of these factors would appear to weigh against procedural
unconscionability.
      {¶43} There is some evidence of unequal bargaining power. Through their
experience as landmen, Patriot's representatives certainly had more experience with
oil and gas leases than the Property Owners.          However, "[m]ere inequality of
bargaining power is insufficient to invalidate an otherwise enforceable arbitration
agreement." Vanyo v. Clear Channel Worldwide, 156 Ohio App. 3d 706, 2004-Ohio-
1793, 808 N.E.2d 482, ¶19, citing Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S.
20, 33, 111 S. Ct. 1647, 114 L. Ed. 2d 26 (1991).
                                                                                -   14 -

       {¶44} Importantly, there is no evidence of duress or coercion by the landmen.
None of the Property Owners testified that they felt pressured into signing the leases.
To the contrary, almost all of the Property Owners were sent copies of the leases by
mail to review before signing. The Property Owners as a whole testified that they had
time to review the leases before signing, sometimes months. This situation is readily
distinguishable from Rude, supra, which involved an arbitration provision in a nursing
school enrollment contract. A major factor in finding procedural unconscionability in
Rude was that each student "testified, entirely consistently, that [the admissions
representative] urged her to sign the enrollment agreement during the meeting or risk
losing [her] spot in the program. This representation acted as an impetus for each
[student] to sign the enrollment form." Id. at ¶14.
       {¶45} And despite having ample time to review the leases, some Property
Owners testified they signed without reading them first. A party's decision "not to read
the agreement does not relieve [that party] of [the] obligations incurred by * * *
signing." Robbins, 7th Dist. No. 04 BE 43, ¶34. It is a fundamental legal principle that
one may not "enter into a contract, and, when called upon to respond to its
obligations, to say that he did not read it when he signed it, or did not know what it
contained. If this were permitted, contracts would not be worth the paper on which
they are written." McAdams v. McAdams, 80 Ohio St. 232, 240-241, 88 N.E. 542
(1909), quoting Upton v. Tribilcock, 91 U.S. 45, 50, 23 L. Ed. 203 (1875). In other
words, "[t]he legal and common-sensical axiom that one must read what one signs
survives[.]" ABM Farms, 81 Ohio St. 3d at 503.
       {¶46} Other Property Owners testified they read the provision and did not
understand it, but conceded they could have consulted with counsel or other advisors,
yet chose not to do so. For example, the following testimony was adduced: "Q. So
you and your wife specifically discussed, should we take this to a lawyer and decided
not to * * * A. Yeah, we talked about it, we mentioned it to each other." "Q. * * * You
could have also consulted with an attorney if you chose to do so if you had a question
about the lease? A. I could have." "Q. Okay. I understand you did not [contact an
                                                                                  -   15 -

attorney].   But you could have contacted someone if you wanted to ask further
questions? A. We could have, yes, sir. Q. But you just chose not to? A. Being
trustful [sic], that's all I chose to do. Yes."
       {¶47} Still others, although a minority, did some due diligence before signing.
A few actually consulted with legal counsel. One Property Owner called around to
different oil and gas companies to see if he could get a better deal elsewhere. All
these considerations weigh against procedural unconscionability.
       {¶48} Further, the trial court's determination that the oil and gas leases at issue
herein were procedurally unconscionable insofar as they were "contracts of adhesion"
is unsupported by the record. A contract of adhesion is "a standardized form contract
prepared by one party, and offered to the weaker party, usually a consumer, who has
no realistic choice as to the contract term." Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am. 117 Ohio St. 3d
352, at ¶49, citing Black's Law Dictionary (8th Ed.2004) 342.
       {¶49} Here, although a form contract was utilized, Property Owners were given
ample opportunity to review it and propose any revisions, and in fact, some did. There
was evidence introduced at the hearing that several of the leases were in fact modified
pursuant to negotiations: one Property Owner negotiated and received a higher delay
rental with Patriot; another negotiated for the inclusion of a provision protecting his
well water. The fact that no Property Owner requested modification of the arbitration
clause specifically does not transform the agreements into contracts of adhesion.
       {¶50} In sum, the evidence weighs against procedural unconscionability.
Since both substantive and procedural unconscionability must be met, the trial court
erred in determining that the arbitration clause was unconscionable.         Accordingly,
Patriot and Chesapeake's sole assignment of error is meritorious.
                                         Conclusion
       {¶51} Patriot and Chesapeake's arguments are meritorious. While the trial
court correctly concluded that the arbitration provision is substantively unconscionable,
the trial court erred by concluding that the arbitration clause is procedurally
unconscionable. Although none of the Property Owners had any past training in oil
                                                                                  -   16 -

and gas leases, many had executed oil and gas leases in the past; were given time to
review these leases and ask questions prior to signing, some proposing amendments
to the leases. Some simply did not read the leases including the arbitration provision
or did not understand the arbitration clause, but conceded they could have sought
outside counsel before signing and chose not to do so. In order for an arbitration
provision   to   be      held   unconscionable,   both   substantive    and   procedural
unconscionability must be present. Because the Property Owners only demonstrated
that the arbitration clause was substantively unconscionable, the arbitration clause is
deemed valid. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the matter
stayed pending arbitration.
Vukovich, J., concurs.
Waite, J., dissents, see dissenting opinion.

Waite, J., dissenting.

       {¶52} I must dissent from the majority opinion in this case. After review, I
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to send the case to
arbitration. Also, at a minimum, the delay rental question must be heard by the court
and not by an arbitrator. These two points will be treated separately. First, I believe
that the majority mistakenly concludes the arbitration clause was not procedurally
unconscionable, improperly rejecting the trial court’s findings. It is long settled that:
“The doctrine of unconscionability exists to prevent oppression and unfair surprise.
‘Oppression’ refers to burdensome or punitive terms of a contract, whereas ‘unfair
surprise’ refers to unconscionability in the formation of the contract, where one of the
parties is overborne by superior bargaining power or is otherwise unfairly induced into
entering into the contract.” Schamer v. Western & Southern Life Ins. Co., 1st Dist. No.
C-040057, 2004-Ohio-4249, ¶16.          The trial court articulated that unfair surprise
defines the essence of a procedurally unconscionable contract provision, and I see no
reason to reverse the trial court’s conclusion that the arbitration clause was both
substantively and procedurally unconscionable.
                                                                                   -   17 -

       {¶53} The “surprise” element includes much more than the size of the font
used to give notice of the arbitration clause. It primarily refers to the question of
whether the parties ever had a contract in the first place, particularly when crucial
contract terms were never negotiated or agreed upon, or most importantly, never even
appear in the contract.         In this case, the arbitration clause merely contains the
declaration that the parties will use the “Rules of the American Arbitration
Association.” A cursory examination of the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”)
website     presents        a    list   of     seventy-four   sets   of   rules.       See
http://www.adr.org/aaa/faces/rules.          One of the first that appears is “Non-binding
arbitration rules for consumer disputes and business disputes.” Is this the set of rules
that is to be applied? Did the parties agree? Did the parties ever discuss this matter?
       {¶54} The trial court noted that there was no meeting of the minds as to
whether binding or non-binding rules would apply, but the majority rejects this
ambiguity out of hand with a citation to Schaefer v. Allstate Ins. Co., 63 Ohio St. 3d
708, 590 N.E.2d 1242 (1992). Schaefer was a plurality decision and has no clear
majority holding that could apply in the instant appeal. The main point that can be
gleaned from Schaefer is that an arbitration clause that provides for something other
than a final and binding result is not the type of arbitration described in R.C. 2711.01.
This sort of arbitration clause cannot be enforced under the statutory rules governing
arbitration. Id. at 716. In the instant appeal, the generic reference to the “Rules of the
American Arbitration Association” may refer to both binding and non-binding
arbitration alternatives.       Thus, my reading of Schaefer leads to the inescapable
conclusion that the arbitration clause was unenforceable pursuant to Schaefer, not
that the parties should be referred to arbitration pursuant to Schaefer as the majority
declares.
       {¶55} To compound the ambiguity of the arbitration clause in this case, the
AAA also has a specific and distinct set of rules that applies to real estate disputes.
Since a mineral lease is a real estate transaction, it can be argued that those rules
should apply. AAA presents yet another set of rules for resolving disputes through a
                                                                                  -   18 -

judicial settlement conference. We cannot determine whether these rules may have
been intended to apply.       There are various sets of rules for resolving consumer
disputes with businesses that could also conceivably apply. There may be other sets
of AAA rules that also apply: the parties never specifically agreed to use or exclude
any of them.      The majority assumes that the commercial rules apply, but the
commercial rules are specific as to exactly what an arbitration clause must contain if
these rules apply:
       The parties can provide for arbitration of future disputes by inserting the

       following clause into their contracts:

       Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the

       breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration administered by the

       American Arbitration Association under its Commercial Arbitration Rules, *

       * *. [Emphasis added.]

See Commercial Arbitration Rules and Mediation Procedures (Including Procedures

for Large, Complex Commercial Disputes), at http://www.adr.org/aaa/faces/rules.

       {¶56} The arbitration clauses in this appeal do not follow the standard
language and do not refer to the commercial arbitration rules. The ambiguity or lack
of agreement as to which rules apply is only one aspect evidencing the surprise
element in the arbitration clause. As the majority points out, the arbitration clause
misstates or contradicts the Commercial Arbitration Rules governing the initiation of
the arbitration process. It is also silent about the enormous costs that may be involved
in filing for arbitration, particularly when a large mineral lease is involved.
       {¶57} While there is a strong public policy argument favoring arbitration, this is
not identical to a public policy in favor of all of the rules of the AAA. Courts have
regularly found the fee structure of the AAA, or similar types of oppressive fee
requirements, to be unconscionable. Williams v. Aetna Fin. Co., 83 Ohio St. 3d 464,
                                                                                  -   19 -

700 N.E.2d 859 (1998); Brunke v. Ohio State Home Servs., 9th Dist. No. C. A. No.
08CA009320, 2008-Ohio-5394. The majority cites Rude v. NUCO Edn. Corp., 9th
Dist. No. 25549, 2011-Ohio-6789, for the principle that the fees associated with
arbitration could render an arbitration clause substantively unconscionable, and in this
same case the court also holds that failure to include the fee structure in the
arbitration clause renders the clause procedurally deficient as well:       “whether the
students read the clause thoroughly before signing or within the five-day cancellation
period is ‘ultimately inconsequential in this particular case ... [because, as discussed
below,] nothing on the face of the [arbitration] clause could have put [them] on notice
of excessive, prohibitive costs associated with the arbitration.’ Eagle v. Fred Martin
Motor Co., 157 Ohio App. 3d 150, 2004-Ohio-829, 809 N.E.2d 1161 at ¶54.                The
arbitration provision is procedurally unconscionable as applied to these students.” Id.
at ¶17.
       {¶58} There are many aspects of this arbitration clause that look to be
procedurally unconscionable, and we could rely on any one of them as a basis for
affirming the trial court’s judgment on that particular issue. Thus, I would simply affirm
the trial court’s judgment based on the valid reasons cited by the trial judge in its
judgment entry.
       {¶59} Even if I were to agree with the majority that the arbitration clause is
enforceable, I must nevertheless conclude that the delay rental issue may not properly
be sent to arbitration. Arbitration clauses “do not apply to controversies involving the
title to or the possession of real estate.” R.C. 2711.01(B)(1). See Blanchard Valley
Health Sys. v. Canterbury Holdings, Inc., 3d Dist. No. 5-12-08, 2012-Ohio-5134, ¶15.
In this particular case, the claim that Appellants failed to pay delay rentals was
presented as a possession action. Appellees were not trying to collect unpaid rentals.
Instead, they sought a declaration from the court that they had a right to repossess
their property when delay rentals were not paid.
       {¶60} Delay rentals are not rental payments in the tradition sense, but rather,
are seen as a recurring advance payment allowing the oil company or driller the right
                                                                                   -   20 -

to delay drilling on the land for a limited time period, usually twelve months. East Ohio
Gas v. Duncan, 63 Ohio App. 2d 163, 410 N.E.2d 769 (9th Dist.1978). Under the
usual delay rental language, a lease automatically terminates if the delay rental fee is
not paid in full and on time. 3 Kuntz, The Law of Oil and Gas, Section 29.2[c] (2012).
       {¶61} The payment of delay rentals is not generally treated as an obligation of
the lessee. They are, instead, seen as an option available to the lessee, and the
failure to pay delay rentals does not usually give rise to a breach of contract action
under Ohio law. Van Etten v. Kelly, 66 Ohio St. 605, 611, 64 N.E. 560 (1902). Delay
rental clauses typically state that the lease will automatically terminate and become
null and void “unless” delay rentals are paid or “unless” drilling commences. The
leases in this appeal contain this type of language.
       {¶62} The following case, although not from Ohio, explains the origin and
effect of an “unless clause” as part of the delay rental provisions in oil and gas leases:
       The courts generally hold that a lease containing an “unless” clause

       terminates automatically upon the failure of the lessee to make a full

       payment of the delay rental. The “unless” clause was developed to allow

       the lessee under an oil and gas lease to terminate the obligation to drill or

       pay delay rentals where no oil and gas were found on the property subject

       to the lease. Summers, Oil and Gas, Vol. 2, s 334 (1980). The clause

       allows the lessor to receive delay rentals in the absence of exploration

       operations. The policy of strictly construing the “unless” clause has been

       followed even though harsh results may occur.          Similarly, the rule of

       automatic termination of a lease containing an “unless” clause has been

       applied with equally harsh results. Williams, Oil and Gas Law, Vol. 3, s

       606.2 (1980).
                                                                               -    21 -

Norman Jessen & Associates, Inc. v. Amoco Production Co., Denver, Colo., 305
N.W.2d 648, 651 (N.D.1981).

      {¶63} Turning back to Ohio law, the key cases on this topic are over one
hundred years old, and the basic understanding of the effect of failure to continue
paying delay rentals has not changed over the years:
      As the only monthly rental provided for in the lease is that found in this

      ‘unless’ clause, and as that rental is to prevent the lease from becoming

      null and void, it seems fairly clear that the subsequent understanding that

      the monthly rental should apply to any well or wells not completed as

      therein specified, is for the same purpose, that is, to prevent the lease

      from becoming null and void, and that upon failure to pay such monthly

      rental in advance while the completion of any well was so delayed, the

      lease by its terms became null and void, and the lessor had the option to

      so treat the lease, and recover possession, * * * she could not recover

      rentals for breach of contract to complete wells, because there is no

      agreement to pay rentals for such breach, and there being no such

      agreement, there can be no breach thereof. (Emphasis added.)

Van Etten, supra, 66 Ohio St. at 611, 64 N.E. 560. See also, Brown v. Fowler, 65
Ohio St. 507, 63 N.E. 76 (1902); Dickerhoff v. Cameron, 41 Ohio App. 430, 180 N.E.
72 (9th Dist.1931); East Ohio Gas v. Duncan, 63 Ohio App. 2d 163, 410 N.E.2d 769

(9th Dist.1978); Tisdale v. Walla, 11th Dist. No. 94-A-0008, 1994 WL 738744 (Dec.

23, 1994).

      {¶64} While Appellees’ complaint placed the delay rental issue under the
                                                                                 -   22 -

general heading of “breach of contract” claims, the actual cause of action they allege
is that Appellees have a right to regain possession of their leaseholds because the
leases terminated automatically when payment of delay rentals ceased. (4/12/12
Amended Complaint, p. 15.) When determining whether a court has jurisdiction over
a claim, it does not look to the label or caption, but rather, at the substance of the
complaint. State ex rel. The Illuminating Co. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Court of Common
Pleas, 97 Ohio St. 3d 69, 2002-Ohio-5312, 776 N.E.2d 92, ¶21.            The relief being
requested as a result of the cessation of delay rentals is not a money judgment for
unpaid rentals. It is a declaration from the court that the lease has expired by its own
terms.     (4/12/12 Amended Complaint, p. 19.)        Appellees have alleged a proper
possession action premised on the failure of the lessee to pay delay rentals.          A
possession action cannot properly be sent to arbitration, and thus, should be exempt.
         {¶65} There is some confusion in the record as to the status of the delay rental
cause of action. At the time the judgment entry under review in this appeal was filed,
there was a claim for repossession of Appellees’ property for failure to pay delay
rentals. This was included in Appellees’ amended complaint, and Appellees filed a
motion for summary judgment on this claim. The trial court, though, asked Appellees
to resubmit the delay rental claim as part of another amendment to the complaint. It is
not clear from the record as to the current status of that claim, but because there was
a properly filed cause of action based on failure to pay delay rentals at the time the
trial court issued its judgment, it is properly reviewed on appeal.
         {¶66} One final aspect of the delay rental issue that I would address is whether
any of the remaining claims should be submitted to arbitration until the delay rental
issue is resolved, assuming these remaining claims should be arbitrated at all. Some
of Appellees’ remaining claims are dependent on the existence of a valid contract at a
certain point in time, such as claims that the leases were improperly assigned or
claims involving improprieties in the process of renewing the leases in 2010.
Obviously, if the leases had already terminated due to the failure to pay delay rentals,
then questions about the assignment or renewal of the leases would be moot. The
                                                                                     -   23 -

nature and amount of damages arising from the remaining claims would likely be
significantly, perhaps drastically, altered by the results of the possession action. This
additional quandary only reinforces my conclusion that none of these claims should go
to arbitration, whether by reason of the invalidation of the arbitration clause or
because the arbitration claims are dependent on the results of the possession action.
As I see it, this case falls under the line of cases that have refused to submit claims to
arbitration until the trial court resolves all non-arbitratable claims, because “[u]ntil such
a determination is made, there is nothing to arbitrate.” Slusher v. Ohio Valley Propane
Servs., 177 Ohio App. 3d 852, 2008-Ohio-41, 896 N.E.2d 715, ¶26 (4th Dist.).
       {¶67} For all the aforementioned reasons, I dissent from the majority Opinion
and I would affirm the judgment of the trial court.