Court Opinion

ID: 4704711
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-19 21:21:14.462202+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:31.678180
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 In the Matter of the Detention of          No. 81758-2-I

 P.P.-J.,                                   DIVISION ONE

                       Appellant.           UNPUBLISHED OPINION

       SMITH, J. — P.P.-J. appeals the trial court’s 14-day involuntary commitment

order. He contends that he was deprived of his constitutional right to a jury trial at the

probable cause hearing. Since the trial court appropriately applied established

precedent that there is no right to a jury trial in this type of proceeding, we affirm.

                                           FACTS

       In July 2020, several individuals close to P.P.-J., including his mother, former

significant other, property manager, and girlfriend, all reported that P.P.-J. had been

acting erratically in the previous weeks. As a result, the Downtown Emergency Service

Center performed a crisis assessment on P.P.-J. and found that he presented in a

manic and altered mental state. On July 27, Seattle police responded to a call at P.P.-

J.’s residence. They reported significant property damage, including the removal of

cabinets, drywall, and other furnishings that were thrown into the apartment dumpster.

The designated crisis responder (DCR) estimated the total damages at P.P.-J.’s

apartment to exceed $10,000 during their assessment on or about the evening of July

26. At the request of the DCR, a King County Superior Court commissioner issued an

order on July 30, 2020, to detain P.P.-J. for up to 72 hours.
No. 81758-2-I/2

       A probable cause hearing for a 14-day detention was held on August 11. P.P.-J.

was advised on the record that he would not be heard by a jury, but would retain that

right for future hearings relating to further detention in accordance with RCW 71.05.310.

The court found by a preponderance of the evidence that P.P.-J. presented a likelihood

of serious harm to others and others’ property, and that he was gravely disabled under

prong (b) of RCW 71.05.020(23). P.P.-J. was involuntarily committed to Harborview

Medical Center on July 31, 2020, and released on August 19, 2020.

                                          ANALYSIS

       P.P.-J. contends that the court deprived him of his constitutional right to a jury

trial at his probable cause hearing. He asks this court to disregard precedent that has

established that a jury trial is not required at 14-day involuntary commitment hearings.

We disagree.1

       We review issues of constitutional interpretation de novo. In re Det. of S.E., 199

Wn. App. 609, 614, 400 P.3d 1271 (2017). The Washington Constitution states that

“[t]he right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.” W ASH. CONST. art. I, § 21.

RCW 71.05.240(4)(a) provides for a probable cause hearing without a jury to determine

       1  As a preliminary issue, this case is not moot. Although P.P.-J. has already
been released, a reversal of the ruling would restrict this commitment from being
included as evidence in future civil or criminal proceedings. This action would provide
appropriate redress for the appellant, negating mootness. See In re Det. of B.H., No.
81128-2-I, slip op. at 3 (Wash. Ct. App. June 21, 2021),
https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/811282.pdf.
        Additionally, P.P.-J. has asked this court to consider his appeal despite his failure
to raise the issue below. Although under RAP 2.5, this court can refuse to review any
claim of error on appeal that was not raised at the trial court level, we address it
because it raises an important constitutional issue. See State v. Mayfield, 192 Wn.2d
871, 880 n.4, 434 P.3d 58 (2019) (holding that a constitutional argument not raised at
the trial level can be heard “because it is an important, unresolved question of law”).
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No. 81758-2-I/3

whether a person’s mental disorder warrants a 14-day involuntary commitment.2 We

have previously held that RCW 71.05.240(4)(a) does not violate an individual’s right to a

jury trial because:

       This civil commitment process is distinguishable from indefinite civil
       commitment schemes that require jury trials on initial commitment
       because the [involuntary treatment act, chapter 71.05 RCW,] involves only
       short periods of commitment and requires the State to file a new petition
       and carry a high burden of recommitment at the expiration of each period.

In re Det. of M.W., 185 Wn.2d 633, 663, 374 P.3d 1123 (2016).

       In reviewing the case on its merits, we reach the same conclusion as S.E. We

look to a two-part test in reviewing the statute for compliance with article 1, section 21 of

the Washington Constitution. S.E., 199 Wn. App. at 614-15. “‘First, we determine the

scope of the right to a jury trial as it existed at the time of our founding in 1889; second,

we determine if the type of action at issue is similar to one that would include the right to

a jury trial at that time.’” S.E., 199 Wn. App. at 615 (quoting M.W., 185 Wn.2d at 662).

The appellant bears the burden of proving that the proceeding is the type of action for

which the constitution would have guaranteed the right to a jury trial.

       First, at the time that our constitution was passed in 1889, the right to a jury trial

was attached to a trial before the probate court, at which a party would be declared

       2 RCW 71.05.240(4)(a) provides:
       Subject to (b) of this subsection, at the conclusion of the probable cause
       hearing, if the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that such
       person, as the result of a behavioral health disorder, presents a likelihood
       of serious harm, or is gravely disabled, and, after considering less
       restrictive alternatives to involuntary detention and treatment, finds that no
       such alternatives are in the best interests of such person or others, the
       court shall order that such person be detained for involuntary treatment
       not to exceed fourteen days in a facility licensed or certified to provide
       treatment by the department or under RCW 71.05.745.
                                                  3
No. 81758-2-I/4

“insane” or not in a single contested trial. S.E., 199 Wn. App. at 617. While awaiting

trial, the individual could be detained for up to 60 days or more if a judge determines the

individual to be unsafe to be at large. S.E., 199 Wn. App. at 619-20. If declared insane,

the person was to be committed indefinitely. S.E., 199 Wn. App. at 617. No

proceedings seeking to temporarily commit a person suffering from mental illness

existed in 1889. S.E., 199 Wn. App. at 617. Thus, there was no right to a jury trial for

such proceedings at the time of our founding. S.E., 199 Wn. App. at 617.3

       Second, we conclude that probable cause hearings for involuntary commitment

are not analogous to the type of indefinite commitment proceedings afforded a jury trial

in 1889. Instead, the pretrial 60-day detention is most analogous to the 14-day

detention at issue here, indicating that at our founding, a jury trial right would not have

attached to this type of proceeding.

       P.P.-J. also notes that involuntary commitment temporarily suspends a person’s

right to possess a firearm and exposes them to possible criminal penalties. While this is

true, we have previously held that there is no jury trial right in other contexts where a

person’s right to possess a firearm is restricted. See Blackmon v. Blackmon, 155 Wn.

App. 715, 720-23, 230 P.3d 233 (2010) (holding that there is no right to a jury trial when

a person petitions the court for a domestic violence protection order, even though

firearms are to be surrendered). Firearms are routinely surrendered at the time of

voluntary or involuntary commitment and can be retrieved after “sanity” has been

       3“Indeed, there was no territorial proceeding akin to the probable cause hearing
provided for in RCW 71.05.240.” S.E., 199 Wn. App. at 617.
                                                 4
No. 81758-2-I/5

established pursuant to RCW 9.41.047(1)-(3). Therefore, we are not persuaded that a

jury right should attach.4

       We conclude that P.P.-J. has failed to prove that the proceeding is the type of

action for which the right to a jury trial is guaranteed under the Washington Constitution.

       We affirm.

WE CONCUR:

       4 Furthermore, on the notion of lost liberties, this court would like to respond to
the lower court’s commentary that five witnesses is an overlitigation on the side of the
petitioner. As this is a case concerning the detention of an individual for two weeks
where there is definite loss of liberty, it is the duty of the court to do its due diligence in
assessing all available evidence on the matter. It is our sincere belief that in this
situation, more evidence, not less, should be the court’s goal in the interest of justice.
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