Court Opinion

ID: 4621174
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:44:08.614985+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:55:57.643399
License: Public Domain

Edgar R. Stix, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent.  Lawrence C. Stix, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentStix v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 603, 609, 604United States Tax Court4 T.C. 1140; 1945 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 186; April 17, 1945, Promulgated *186 Decisions will be entered for the respondent.  Income of property transferred by petitioners' mother to two trusts, of one of which each of petitioners was designated as "primary beneficiary" and of which the two petitioners were trustees with broad discretionary powers, including authority to distribute income to their children and to invade corpus for their benefit or that of their children, held, taxable to petitioners under section 22(a), notwithstanding that the income was actually paid to the children in the tax years.  Edward J. Mallinckrodt, Jr., 2 T. C. 1128; affd. (C. C. A., 8th Cir.), 146 Fed. (2d) 1, followed.  Harry Silverson, Esq., and Charles H. Meyer, Esq., for the petitioners.Arthur Groman, Esq., for the respondent.  Opper, Judge.  Van Fossan, J., dissents.  Harron, J., dissenting.  Arundell and Black, JJ., agree with this dissent.  OPPER*1140  In these proceedings the respondent has determined deficiencies in income tax as follows:PetitionerDocket No.193819391940Edgar R. Stix603, 609$ 377.74$ 516.15$ 1,986.18Lawrence C. Stix6041,447.272,035.992,474.33The only contested question is whether the income from certain trusts is taxable to the petitioners.*1141  FINDINGS OF FACT.Part of the facts have been stipulated.  The stipulation is adopted as part of our findings of fact and is incorporated herein by reference.Edgar R. Stix and Lawrence C. Stix are residents of Scarsdale, New York.  For the year 1938 Edgar filed his income tax return with the collector for the third district of New York, and for the years 1939 and 1940 he filed his returns with the collector for the second district of New*188  York.  For the years 1938, 1939, and 1940 Lawrence filed his returns with the collector for the second district of New York.Petitioners are brothers, sons of Robert L. Stix and Lena Stix.  Robert L. Stix died in 1916.  He bequeathed his estate, including life insurance, to his wife, Lena Stix.  In 1935 the net worth of the assets of Lena Stix was approximately $ 400,000.Lawrence has two sons and Edgar has two sons.  The sons of Lawrence are Lawrence C. Stix, Jr., born January 23, 1915, and Edgar R. Stix, 2nd, born January 22, 1920.  They were 23 and 18 years of age, respectively, in 1938.  The sons of Edgar are Robert L. Stix, born September 26, 1916, and Donald Stix, born January 23, 1920.  They were 22 and 18 years of age, respectively, in 1938.In 1935 Lena Stix was 70 years of age.  On November 27, 1935, she executed two trust indentures having identical terms except for the differences in the beneficiaries. The trustees under each trust were the same.  They were her two sons, the petitioners here, Lawrence and Edgar Stix.  Property was not transferred separately to each trust, but each trust was given an undivided one-half interest in cash and securities having a value of *189  $ 200,000 at the time of the creation of the trusts.  One trust is for the benefit of Lawrence Stix and his two sons and the second trust is for the benefit of Edgar Stix and his two sons.In one trust Lawrence Stix is designated the "Primary Beneficiary" and in the other trust Edgar Stix is designated the "Primary Beneficiary." Each trust is to endure for the life of the primary beneficiary. Upon his death, the trustee is to distribute the corpus in equal shares to the sons of the primary beneficiary, if they have become 28 years of age, or, to hold each share in trust until such time, unless the primary beneficiary shall have designated in his will that the corpus should be distributed otherwise.  The income of each trust is to be paid to the primary beneficiary, a son of the grantor, except that the trustees may in their sole discretion, at any time or from time to time, pay all or any of the income to the sons of the primary beneficiary, the grandsons of the grantor. There are no provisions for accumulating income and adding it to principal.  The trustees, in their sole discretion, at any time or from time to time, may pay over a portion or portions of the corpus to the primary*190  beneficiary or to either or both of his sons.*1142  The indentures provide that there shall always be two trustees under each trust, the original trustees and successor trustees.  The original trustees are given broader powers of management of the trust estate than the successor trustees.  All powers given to all trustees are discretionary. The original trustees are given the following discretionary powers: To invest any funds of the trust in any bonds, mortgages, real estate, stocks of any kind, and to lend funds to any person, firm, or corporation, and to invest funds in any business, at the risk of the business, and to become a partner or participant in any business, and to lend any of the funds to one of the trustees (one of the petitioners), individually, or to any partnership, enterprise, or corporation in which one of the trustees may be a partner, or participant, or officer, director, or stockholder, or to participate with one of the trustees in any business or venture as a partner or participant, at the risk of such business.  The foregoing powers, subject only to the limitation mentioned in clause (10) of article second, shall be absolute, and may be exercised on any*191  terms and without restriction, and within the sole discretion of the trustees, notwithstanding the fact that such investment would not be a proper one for trustees, otherwise, and that it may be speculative, hazardous, and nonproductive of income.  Clause 10 authorizes the trustees to enter into contracts with one of the trustees individually, provided that the trustees in their capacity of trustees shall not enter into any contract with one of the trustees in his individual capacity unless at least one other trustee has no individual interest therein.  The trustees are also authorized to register the securities in the individual names of the trustees or in names of nominees, provided that securities so registered shall be earmarked as trust property by being placed in envelopes which are so marked; to maintain a bank account in the individual names of the trustees, designated as "Special," in which bank account shall be deposited only funds belonging to the trust; to withdraw funds of the trust on deposit in any bank by check signed by either of the trustees alone without the signature of the other trustee, and any bank is authorized to honor a check so signed even if it is payable*192  to the trustee signing the checks; to borrow money and guarantee obligations for any purpose connected with the trust, or for any purpose connected with any person, firm, or corporation to whom the trust may have extended credit, or any business or venture in which the trust may be interested as partner or otherwise, and to pledge all or any of the assets of the trust as security therefor.The general powers which may be exercised by a successor trustee, as well as an original trustee in their discretion, are as follows: To retain trust property for as long as they deem advisable, even though the property may be hazardous, speculative, and nonproductive of *1143  income; to sell, mortgage, or exchange any of the trust property upon whatever terms they consider advisable without application to court; to keep funds uninvested for as long as they consider advisable; to invest funds of the trust in the same investments as funds of any other trust are invested of which the trustees may be trustees, and to deposit funds of the trust in the same bank account as funds of such other trusts; to distribute as income the entire interest on securities originally transferred to the trust without*193  allocating accrued interest to principal; to distribute as income the entire interest on securities purchased at a premium without setting aside a fund to amortize the premium; to purchase, sell, and exercise conversion, subscription, and other rights; to participate in reorganizations of any business in which the trust has an interest; to determine whether any property or funds constitute principal or income, and whether any sum paid out shall be charged to principal or income; to compromise or settle any claim which may have been made against the trustees.Between November 27 and December 6, 1935, petitioners met, in their capacity as trustees, to decide upon future distributions of income from the two trusts.  They determined, orally, that all of the income of one trust was to be distributed to Edgar R. Stix, 2nd, and that all of the income of the other trust was to be distributed to Robert L. Stix.  As between the two sons of Lawrence C. Stix, it was decided that income should be distributed to Edgar R. Stix, 2nd, rather than to Lawrence C. Stix, Jr., because the latter was employed and was earning a good income.  With respect to the sons of Edgar R. Stix, it was decided that *194  the income should be distributed to Robert L. Stix because he was then at college and was the older of the two children of Edgar R. Stix.  The trustees wanted to build up some capital for the time when Robert L. Stix would be graduated from college and would attain his majority.No change was made with respect to the decisions as to the use of the income of the trusts, as set forth above, until the end of 1937.  At that time, it was decided to distribute all of the income of one trust to Donald Stix, a son of Edgar, who was then in college.  Robert Stix had attained his majority at the end of 1937 and the trustees decided to distribute the income to his young brother.  No change was made with respect to the use of all of the income of the other trust.  The trustees continued to pay the income to Edgar R. Stix, 2nd.In 1939 petitioners reduced to writing the decisions which they had made orally in 1935 and 1937 as to the distribution of the income of the two trusts.None of the principal of either trust has ever been distributed and petitioners have never received any income from the trusts.*1144  During the taxable years the amounts of all of the income of one trust, and the use*195  thereof, were as follows:IncomeDistributee1938$ 4,019.93Edgar R. Stix, 2d.19394,627.24"19405,168.52"The above amounts were included in the income tax return of Edgar R. Stix, 2nd, for each of the above years.During the taxable years the amounts of all of the income of the other trust, and the use thereof, were as follows:IncomeDistributee1938$ 4,019.93Donald Stix.19394,627.24"19405,168.52"The above amounts were included in the income tax return of Donald Stix for each of the above years.The income of petitioner Edgar R. Stix for the years 1938, 1939, and 1940 was approximately $ 15,000, $ 15,000, and $ 20,000 respectively.  Petitioner Edgar R. Stix fully supported his son Donald during the taxable years and paid for Donald's education, except that Donald contributed towards his education the sums of $ 1,027 in 1939 and $ 1,029 in 1940.The income of petitioner Lawrence C. Stix for the years 1938, 1939, and 1940 was approximately $ 65,000, $ 100,000, and $ 100,000, respectively.  During the taxable years petitioner Lawrence C. Stix fully supported his son Edgar R. Stix, 2nd, and paid all of the cost of*196  his education.During the taxable years Donald Stix had an income of about $ 400 a year, exclusive of income received by him from the trust, and Edgar R. Stix, 2nd, had an annual income of about $ 1,000 a year, exclusive of the income received by him from the trust.  Each maintained his own separate bank account, in which distributions of trust income were deposited.  Securities owned by each were registered in their respective names.All decisions concerning distributions from both trusts were made jointly by the two trustees.Petitioners have never been in business together.  Neither one has ever been indebted to the other, or under any financial obligation to the other.No loans have ever been made by either trust to anyone, nor has either trust ever made any investments in any business in which either trustee was interested.*1145  The cash balances of each trust were kept in a separate bank account under the name Lena Stix Trust and the securities owned by the trust were registered in the same name.  A double entry set of books for each trust was kept by a certified public accountant, who submitted semiannual written reports on the financial status of the two trusts.Edgar*197  R. Stix has made claims for refunds of overpaid taxes for the years 1938 and 1939, and Lawrence C. Stix has made claims for refunds of overpaid taxes for the years 1938, 1939, and 1940.OPINION.The disposition of this proceeding seems to us to be governed by Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr., 2 T. C. 1128. There, equally, the petitioner was the beneficiary of a trust created for him by another, but he could obtain the trust income by directing the remaining trustees to that effect.  His failure to make that direction with the consequent absence of any payment to him was relied upon as requiring the application of section 162, taxing trust income to the trust if undistributed.  There were other aspects of control in the petitioner similar to those here, but our decision may be summed up by the statement in the opinion that:Certainly with such powers and rights in and to the trust corpus, and particularly to the income produced, there can be no question that if petitioner were the grantor he would be taxable on the income under section 22 (a), Helvering v. Clifford, supra, and petitioner makes no claim to the contrary.  The *198  fact that the powers and rights are not the retained powers and rights of a grantor but were received by the petitioner as beneficiary of the trust and by grant from his father makes them no less substantial. * * *The case was affirmed (C. C. A., 8th Cir.), 146 Fed. (2d) 1:* * * because the power of petitioner to receive this trust income each year, upon request, can be regarded as the equivalent of ownership of the income for purposes of taxation.  * * * It seems to us, as it did to the majority of the Tax Court, that it is the possession of power over the disposition of trust income which is of significance in determining whether, under section 22 (a), the income is taxable to the possessor of such power, and that logically it makes no difference whether the possessor is a grantor who retained the power or a beneficiary who acquired it from another.  See Jergens v. Commissioner, supra, at p. 498 of 136 F. (2d).  Since the trust income in suit was available to petitioner upon request in each of the years involved, he had in each of those years the "realizable" economic gain necessary to make the income taxable to him. * * *Certiorari has been*199  denied 324 U.S. 871">324 U.S. 871.In one aspect the present facts vary slightly from those in the Mallinckrodt case.  Here, as we read the trust instrument, it was unnecessary for either petitioner to make a request in order for the income from his trust to be paid to him.  Only by the affirmative action of the petitioners as cotrustees in exercising their discretion to pay the income to their children would there be the necessary conduct resulting *1146  in a failure on the part of the respective petitioners to receive the entire trust income. That they undertook in the years before us to engage in that affirmative act cannot, it seems clear, place these circumstances in any stronger light than where the failure of the beneficiary to take action has a similar effect.  "* * * it does not matter whether the permission is given by assent or by failure to express dissent." Corliss v. Bowers, 281 U.S. 376">281 U.S. 376.The only action which could deprive either petitioner of his respective right to the trust income was thus the concurrent action of both as reciprocal trustees in directing the income elsewhere.  If the trustees, including in*200  each case one of the petitioners, could not agree, the discretion under New York law could not be exercised. In re Johnson's Will, 123 Misc. Rep. 834; 207 N. Y. S. 66; In re Campbell's Will, 13 N. Y. S. (2d) 773; affd., 26 N. Y. S. (2d) 491. And in the absence of that discretionary action the income would be left to the destination directed by the trust instrument and necessarily find its way to the respective petitioner as "primary beneficiary." The failure of either to concur was all that was necessary for him to obtain the income from his own trust.  We need not, accordingly, resort to the reciprocal trust theory presented by the Lehman case, 1 for the conclusion that it was within the unhampered power of each petitioner to obtain the current income of the trust if that suited his purpose.  See also Edward E. Bishop, 4 T. C. 862.*201  Strenuous effort is made to satisfy us that, in spite of the express direction for the distribution of income, the true purpose of the trust was to benefit the grandsons, rather than or at least equally with the petitioners.  But the whole tenor of the instrument contradicts any such conclusion, aside from the provisions dealing with income.  Each trust is limited to the life of the respective primary beneficiary. Upon the termination of the trust no provision is made for the grandsons except in the event that the primary beneficiary shall have failed to make a valid testamentary disposition as to his trust.  Not only are the two primary beneficiaries appointed the only two trustees, but if they resign they may designate successor trustees.  And, finally, the duty of the trustees to account is specified to be only to the primary beneficiary during his life.  Thus we can not view the trust as establishing an interest in the grandsons paramount to that in petitioners, of which a court of equity would take cognizance.  Cf.  Phipps v. Commissioner (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 137 Fed. (2d) 141; see Commissioner v. Irving Trust Co. (Beugler Estate) (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 147 Fed. (2d) 946;*202 Morsman v. Commissioner (C. C. A., 8th Cir.), 90 Fed. (2d) 18; certiorari denied, 302 U.S. 701">302 U.S. 701; Greene v. Greene, 125 N. Y. 506; 26 N. E. 739.*1147  But even were the evidence stronger on this point, it would not suffice to distinguish the Mallinckrodt case, where it was recognized that "the grantor's intention in creating the trust was primarily to provide for petitioner's children and grandchildren," and that "the powers conferred upon the petitioner and upon the trustees over the disposition of the income and corpus of the trust were not granted with the thought that they would be exercised for the sole use or benefit of petitioner."Finally, the fact that petitioners chose to make their sons the beneficiaries from year to year can not alter the significance of their command over the income.  The situation each year was as though the petitioner-beneficiary determined to assign to the designated grandson his share of the trust income, prior to distribution, without to any extent releasing his basic interest in the trust or his opportunity to grant *203  or withhold similar gifts in the years to come.* * * By §§ 161 (a) and 162 (b) the tax is laid upon the income "of any kind of property held in trust," and income of a trust for the taxable year which is to be distributed to the beneficiaries is to be taxed to them "whether distributed to them or not." In construing these and like provisions in other revenue acts we have uniformly held that they are not so much concerned with the refinements of title as with the actual command over the income which is taxed and the actual benefit for which the tax is paid.  See Corliss v. Bowers, 281 U.S. 376">281 U.S. 376; Lucas v. Earl, supra; Helvering v. Horst, supra; Helvering v. Eubank, supra; Helvering v. Clifford, supra. It was for that reason that in each of those cases it was held that one vested with the right to receive income did not escape the tax by any kind of anticipatory arrangement, however skillfully devised, by which he procures payment of it to another, since, by the exercise of his power to command the income, he enjoys the benefit of the income on which the tax is laid.  [Harrison v. Schaffner, 312 U.S. 579">312 U.S. 579, 581.]*204 We are of the opinion that respondent correctly charged petitioners with the trust income.Decisions will be entered for the respondent.  HARRON Harron, J., dissenting: Respondent has taxed the income of each of the Lena Stix trusts to each petitioner, respectively, although the income was received by other persons who were income beneficiaries named in each trust instrument. The majority have concluded that the income of the trusts is taxable to petitioners under section 22 (a), and that conclusion carries with the further conclusion that section 162 (b) does not apply in the taxation of the income of these trusts.  The conclusion by the majority has been made under the egis of Corliss v. Bowers, 281 U.S. 376">281 U.S. 376, and Helvering v. Clifford, 309 U.S. 331">309 U.S. 331. I use the word egis rather than the word rationale, advisedly, because the reasoning of these cases can not be applied to the Lena Stix trusts.  *1148  That is because the facts, which must be distilled from the particular income clause of each Lena Stix trust, are not the facts which were found in the trusts created by Corliss and by Clifford. *205  Corliss and Clifford were taxed upon the income of property which each put into trusts but over which each retained so much control and received such economic benefit that the framework of the trusts did not insulate each one from his original ownership of the income.  A recent case, the Mallinckrodt case, applied the reasoning of Corliss and Clifford cases in taxing the income of a trust created by a father to the son who was the sole beneficiary of remainder income under the trust, and who, as an individual, was given the right to take the income or to let it be added to principal over which he was given also a power of appointment.  Under those facts it was considered proper to tax the income from A's property, transferred to a trust, to B, a beneficiary of the trust because B could not successfully escape the ownership of the income by not taking it into his possession.  It was B's income whether or not he asked for it, as the trust was constructed.  The Mallinckrodt case is the authority relied upon by the respondent and by the majority as giving legal sanction to taxing the income in question to petitioners.It is an established rule that each case must be decided*206  upon its own particular facts, and, where the issue relates to the taxation of trust income, each trust is entitled to receive a fair construction, free from stretching one written clause into the pattern of the written clause found in some other trust instrument previously analyzed in some other case.  The Lena Stix trusts contain an income clause which is entirely different from the income clause in the Edward Mallinckrodt, Sr., trust.  In these proceedings, the taxpayers are entitled to have the special trusts involved considered upon their special terms.  There can be no reconciliation whatever between the interpretation which the majority gives to the income clause in each Stix trust and the interpretation which I feel should be given.  The majority view, in my opinion, is tantamount to a conclusion that Lena Stix did not create any trusts at all, but gave property to each petitioner; and that the form of a trust was a sham.  In effect, the majority view deletes from the Lena Stix trusts, for all practical purposes, the word "Trustees" following the names of petitioners in the trust instruments, and the words in the fifth clause, "The Trustees hereby accept the trusts and agree*207  to execute the same to the best of their ability."In the Mallinckrodt case the trustees of the trust acted under the trust in accumulating the remainder current income.  But in each year Mallinckrodt, Jr., was the only person entitled to receive that income if it was distributed. Therefore, he owned it, and he could not avoid tax on the income by resting upon a provision in the trust to the effect that the trustees were required to pay the income to him only if he *1149  asked them to do so.  The courts which have considered that trust have held that for tax purposes the provision in the trust which made distribution of certain income by the trustees dependent upon a request from the sole beneficiary was a nullity where the incidence of the tax upon such income came into question, in so far as the taxpayer's argument that it saved him from tax was concerned.  Under such provisions, the trust income was taxable to the named beneficiary and not to the trust.  While the Circuit Court which considered the Mallinckrodt, Sr., trust adopted the view that the tax should be imposed under section 22 (a) rather than under section 162 (b), a technical choice of alternative statutory*208  provisions, an argument had been made that the remainder income could be classed as income "to be distributed currently" and taxed under section 162 (b) to Mallinckrodt, Jr., and I think the practical result of the conclusion of the Circuit Court was to do just that, even though the Circuit Court put its holding under section 22 (a) rather than under section 162 (b).I think there is good cause for caution in selecting the Mallinckrodt case as the authority for the decision of the issue presented here under the Lena Stix trusts.  In fact, I think these trusts are distinguishable from the Mallinckrodt trust, and the income in question should not be taxed to petitioners under section 22 (a).  Furthermore, the reasons which were given for taxing the undistributed income from the Mallinckrodt trust to Mallinckrodt, Jr., under section 22 (a) can not be found in these trusts.  Trusts such as the Lena Stix trusts have not been analyzed and considered before.  These proceedings should be considered upon their own special trusts, giving rise to their own special facts.In each trust created by Lena Stix the terms are identical except for names.  There are two trustees under each trust. *209  Lena Stix transferred property to the trustees under one trust for the following use and purpose, among others:(1) To receive the income therefrom * * * during the life of Edgar R. Stix, one of the sons of the Grantor, hereinafter referred to as the "Primary Beneficiary", and to pay over said income to the Primary Beneficiary; except that the Trustees may, in their sole and exclusive discretion, at any time or from time to time, pay over all or any of said income to Robert L. Stix and Donald Stix, the sons of the Primary Beneficiary, or either of them.In the other trust the provision is the same, except that the name of Lawrence C. Stix appears as the primary beneficiary, and the names of his sons are set forth, namely, Lawrence C. Stix, Jr., and Edgar R. Stix, 2nd.The majority view stresses a familiar rule, which is followed under the laws of New York, that, where there is more than one trustee and they are given discretionary powers, they must all agree in a decision *1150  made under such powers; one can not act alone.  But to state that rule here is only to describe what the trustees were authorized to do under a Lena Stix trust.  Bearing the rule in mind, the above *210  clause may be paraphrased, as follows: The trustees are to pay the income to the primary beneficiary, except that they may pay the income to Robert L. Stix and Donald Stix, or either of them, upon their agreement that the income should be so paid.The authorization to the trustees under each Lena Stix trust to pay the income to persons other than the primary beneficiary if the trustees should agree that such disposition should be made constitutes much more than a slight variance in the facts here from those in the Mallinckrodt case.  It is error and a tortured construction to construe the above quoted clause in a Lena Stix trust as saying the same thing as was said in the income clause in the Mallinckrodt, Sr., trust.  In the trust for the life of Robert L. Stix the trustees were to pay him the trust income unless they agreed in their discretion to pay it to other named beneficiaries. The same was true under the trust for the life of Lawrence C. Stix.  The distribution of trust income was not made dependent upon the request of a primary beneficiary. It was not so provided in the Lena Stix trusts.  The grant of the discretionary power to the trustees to distribute income to others*211  did not write into the Lena Stix trusts any such provision, not even indirectly.There are, however, very important variances in the Stix trusts from the Mallinckrodt trust.  One is that income had to be distributed and could not be accumulated.  A second is that under each trust two persons (four in all) were named to whom the trustees were authorized to distribute income under the exercise of their sole discretion, other than the two primary beneficiaries. A third is that the trustees were given discretionary powers over the distribution of the principal of each trust during the existence of each trust.  The trustees held the trust corpus for the following use:(2) To pay over to the Primary Beneficiary, or to either or both of the aforesaid sons of the Primary Beneficiary, at any time or from time to time, such portions of the principal of the trust, if any, as the Trustees in their sole discretion may consider proper.The majority view is, in substance, that under clause (1), the income clause, an exercise of the discretionary power by the two trustees was not an act by fiduciaries at all, but was an act of one of the trustees, namely, the one who was named as a primary beneficiary; *212  and that he acted in his individual capacity, and that he exercised powers of ownership of trust income; and that the payment of the trust income to the other named beneficiaries was not a distribution by the trustees, but was in reality a gift or an assignment by the primary beneficiary of his own income.  Thus, the majority view makes a nullity of the grant *1151  of fiduciary powers under clause (1) of each trust, but says nothing about the fiduciary powers given to the trustees under clause (2).  Does this contention mean that a distribution of principal to a son or sons of the primary beneficiary under clause (2) is an act of the trustees, but that a distribution of income to a son or sons of the primary beneficiary under clause (1) is not an act of the trustees, but, instead, is an act of the primary beneficiary, himself?  It can not be held that under clause (1) it is an impossibility for the trustees to act in a fiduciary capacity and that under clause (2) it is a possibility, the two clauses having the same quality as authorizations to the trustees from the grantor of the trusts.There is either logical inconsistency in the view expressed by the majority, or the*213  majority view is that Lena Stix did not create any trusts, and petitioners were not trustees, but each petitioner was the donee of property purportedly placed in a trust for the duration of his life.The evidence in these proceedings shows that each trustee acting under the Lena Stix trusts was independent of the other, and was active, and was not complacent and amenable to his cotrustee.We have here two trusts created by the mother of petitioners out of her own property.  The trustees named in each trust accepted the trust and agreed to exercise it to the best of their ability.  In the taxable years they were able to and did exercise the discretionary power they had over the income under clause (1), and they distributed the income to grandsons of the grantor. Thus, they carried out the directives of the grantor; they carried out the trusts.  Those who received the income were named as beneficiaries of income if the trustees in their discretion should elect to pay it to them.  The income of the trusts was "to be distributed currently" (see section 161 (a) (2)), and it should be taxed under section 162 (b).  Under section 162 (b) the income is taxable to those who received it, and*214  not to petitioners, who did not receive it directly or indirectly.The income should not be taxed under section 22 (a) to petitioners as individuals.  They did not own the trust property, under either trust, and they did not own the income by virtue of any personal dominion and control equal to ownership. The facts under the Lena Stix trusts differ greatly from the facts under the Corliss and Clifford trusts, and the Mallinckrodt trust.  The question presented in these proceedings is not controlled by the rationale of the Corliss and Clifford cases.  In the Mallinckrodt case, Mallinckrodt, Jr., had a "power * * * to receive * * * trust income each year, upon request," which was the equivalent of ownership of the income for purposes of taxation.  In these proceedings neither Edgar R. Stix nor Lawrence C. Stix had such "power to receive income upon request." Each one, *1152  under each trust, had only a right to receive income subject to being divested of the right by the joint action of two trustees who were given the authority to pay the income to other persons, in their sole discretion. Footnotes1. Allan S. Lehman et al., Executors, 39 B. T. A. 17; affd. (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 109 Fed. (2d) 99; certiorari denied, 310 U.S. 637">310 U.S. 637↩.