Court Opinion

ID: 9490943
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 13:59:25.906779+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:54:24.974059
License: Public Domain

CLAY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which SUHRHEINRICH, J., joined. MOORE, J. (pp. 1098-1104), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
OPINION
CLAY, Circuit Judge.
In this case involving the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), defendant, Prevo’s Family Market, Inc., (Prevo’s) appeals the district court’s order on motion by plaintiff, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), for summary judgment on the issue of liability and award of compensatory damages, back pay, pre-judgment interest, punitive damages and reinstatement of one of its employees, Steven Sharp (Sharp), who has claimed to be HIV positive. The district court held Prevo’s unlawfully dismissed Sharp after his refusal to submit to a medical examination and allowed trial on the issues of compensatory and punitive damages. Pre-vo’s post-trial motion for a judgment as a matter of law, which was denied, argued that there was insufficient evidence to support an award of punitive damages by the jury.
For the reasons stated herein, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the EEOC on the issue of liability and instead enter judgment in favor of Prevo’s, holding that Prevo’s did not violate the Americans with Disabilities *1091Act in its treatment of Steven Sharp. Accordingly, we VACATE the award of compensatory damages, back pay, pre-judgment interest and reinstatement. Having found no liability on the part of Prevo’s, we do not reach the issue of whether its actions warrant an award of punitive damages; therefore, we VACATE the district court’s award of punitive damages.
I. Factual Background
Prevo’s Family Market, Inc., is a family owned grocery store chain in western Michigan. Prevo’s began in the 1940’s and now operates seven stores in that portion of the state. Steven Sharp worked for Prevo’s at its store in Traverse City, Michigan, in August of 1992 as a part time produce clerk. He had been transferred to this position from a position within Prevo’s as a full-time employee.1 On January 13,1993, after working at Prevo’s for several months, Sharp told his employers that he had tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is known to cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).2 Sharp also told his employers he was planning to participate in an AIDS awareness and education program and would be speaking at Traverse City High School. He told his employers he would not be mentioning where he worked inasmuch as he did not believe it to be related to his affliction. A number of Prevo’s employees have children who attend Traverse City High School, and Sharp thought that news of his speaking about HIV and AIDS to his employer should come from him rather than someone else. In a conversation with Dan Prevo, the president of the grocery chain, Sharp and Prevo’s discussed the possibility of Sharp working in another part of the store. Since Sharp was interested in an opening in the cash room, he did not initially object. Prevo’s proceeded to reassign Sharp to a part-time position in the receiving area, with comparable hours and pay.
After two days in the receiving position, upon inquiry by Dan Prevo about how he was doing, Sharp explained that he wasn’t interacting with customers, which was something he enjoyed in the produce area, and that other employees were commenting about disrupted work schedules and asking a lot of questions about why he had been reassigned. Prevo and Sharp next agreed that Sharp would be placed on a leave of absence with pay and health benefits to get Sharp out of the situation of being asked questions and to give Prevo’s a chance to get the information that they needed to properly handle the situation. It was not at all clear why Sharp experienced discomfort at being asked about the reason for the change in his work assignment since Sharp had indicated his desire to perform public speaking in connection with an AIDS awareness and education program.
Sharp promised his employer that he would obtain verification of his HIV condition from his personal physician and furnish the information to his employer. While on paid leave, Prevo’s provided health benefits to Sharp although Sharp was not entitled to them as a part-time employee.
By March of 1993, Sharp had not provided the medical information; rather, he consulted attorneys as to whether he should provide such information. In May of 1993, Prevo’s, Sharp and their attorneys attempted to reach an agreement on Sharp’s continued employment. Dan Prevo again requested that Sharp provide the store with his medical information so that he could make a decision about Sharp’s employment situation. He also expressed concern about Sharp’s use of knives and the typical cuts and nicks suffered by produce clerks in preparing produce for show. Both parties agree that produce clerks often cut themselves in the course of *1092their regular duties.3 Additionally, Prevo’s raised concerns that Sharp would be susceptible to other infectious diseases, including hepatitis and tuberculosis.4 Sharp’s attorney advised him to provide the requested medical information. Sharp continued to promise medical information about his condition from his personal physician, but the information was never forthcoming. Finally, in November of 1993, Prevo’s asked that Sharp consent to a medical examination. According to Prevo’s, Sharp agreed to a medical examination by an infectious disease expert at the company’s expense. Prevo’s made an appointment for Sharp with David Baumgart-ner, M.D., in Grand Rapids, for November 19, 1993. Prevo’s requested that Dr. Baum-gartner provide a complete diagnosis and prognosis concerning whether Sharp tested positive for HIV, hepatitis or any related conditions; an opinion concerning whether future treatment would require Sharp to be absent from work; an opinion concerning whether Prevo’s should consider assigning Sharp to office work; an opinion regarding the transmittal of HIV on tools and produce; and an opinion concerning the degree of risk Sharp posed to customers and co-workers in the produce position. Sharp did not attend the appointment, claiming he had no transportation to get to the doctor’s office. Instead, Sharp saw his own physician who provided a simple opinion that Sharp tested negative for tuberculosis and hepatitis; the tests administered to Sharp by his own physician did not reveal whether Sharp was HIV-positive.
At the same time Prevo’s was setting up Sharp’s appointment, Prevo’s also offered alternative employment to Sharp that would have entailed working at home developing marketing information by computer. Sharp wrote to Prevo’s to decline the at-home marketing position. Attached to Sharp’s letter of refusal was a letter from his physician stating that Sharp tested negative for hepatitis and tuberculosis. Prevo’s rejected the letter from Sharp’s physician because it did not provide the requested information about Sharp’s diagnosis, prognosis, or suitability for employment.
On December 3, 1993, Prevo’s human resources coordinator called Sharp regarding the missed appointment in order to find acceptable dates on which Sharp could be examined. The coordinator gave Sharp twenty-four hours in which to advise Prevo’s of an acceptable date to reschedule the doctor’s appointment. The coordinator also told Sharp that failure to respond would be interpreted as a refusal to have the examination. When Sharp failed to call back with an acceptable date, Prevo’s terminated his employment. The termination ended nearly a year during which Sharp received paid leave and medical benefits.
II. Procedural Background
After a period of discovery, Prevo’s and the EEOC filed cross-motions for summary judgment on the issue of liability for violating the ADA. The district court granted the EEOC’s motion and held that Prevo’s had discriminated against Sharp in violation of the ADA. The court cited 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d)(4)(A) which provides as follows:
(A) Prohibited Examination and Inquiries A covered entity shall not require a medical examination and shall not make inquiries of an employee as to whether such employee is an individual with a disability or as to the nature and extent of the disability, unless such examination is shown to be job-related and consistent with business necessity.
Prevo’s contended that a medical examination was appropriate in this case to determine whether Sharp could continue to safely perform his job duties without risk of exposing others to HIV or other diseases to which Sharp may have been susceptible. The dis*1093trict court noted that Sharp’s situation was outside of the typical circumstances that called for medical examinations as outlined in the ADA Technical Assistance Manual. The court also distinguished the eases cited by Prevo’s in support of its motion for summary judgment, most notably Leckelt v. Board of Commissioners of Hosp. Dist. No. 1, 909 F.2d 820 (5th Cir.1990), on the grounds that the cases cited by Prevo’s involved hospital employees whose risk of exposure to patients was greater than the risk of exposure in the produce department setting.
The medical testimony before the court consisted of depositions of Sharp’s doctor and Prevo’s doctor. Sharp’s medical expert witness testified that the general risk of Sharp transmitting the disease to a co-worker or customer was one in ten million. If direct blood-to-wound contact occurred, the risk would increase to one in three thousand.5 Prevo’s doctor, who had not examined Sharp, did not testify in terms of specific odds of transmission; rather he spoke more generally about the risks involved in exposure of open wounds to contaminated blood. There was testimony that the already low risk of transmission could be further reduced by proper hygiene procedures.6 In light of this evidence, the district court concluded-that inquiries into Sharp’s health and a demand for a medical examination were not strictly necessary. The court concluded that it was unlawful, therefore, for Prevo’s to suspend and discharge Sharp for failure to undergo a medical examination.
The issue of damages was tried to a jury, which awarded Sharp $10,000 in compensatory damages and $45,000 in punitive damages. The district court also ordered reinstatement of Sharp to his former position in the produce department along with back pay and, pending reinstatement, payment of Sharp’s usual wages of $192.50 per week. Prevo’s posted $100,000 supersedeas bond, and the district court approved a stay of the monetary damages judgment but did not stay the order of reinstatement. Prevo’s filed a Motion for Stay of Reinstatement Order Pending Appeal, which we granted in March of 1997.
We find the medical examination of an alleged HIV positive employee, in the unique circumstances of this particular case, to be job-related and consistent with a business necessity. As such, we do not reach a determination of punitive damages, though it appears that the employer’s behavior in this instance was not sufficiently unreasonable or malicious to justify an award of punitive damages in any event.
III. Standard of Review
This court reviews the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Brooks v. American Broadcasting Cos., 982 F.2d 495, 500 (6th Cir.1991). Summary judgment is proper if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of demonstrating that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2553-54, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the court must determine whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to the factfinder or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2511-12, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
IV. Discussion of Liability

Medical Examination Must Be Job-Related and Consistent with Business Necessity

The Americans with Disabilities Act protects “qualified individuals with a disability” from discrimination based on their disability. 42 U.S.C.A. § 12112(a). The prohibition *1094against discrimination referred to in section (a) includes medical examinations and inquiries. 42 U.S.C.A. § 12112(d)(1). Once an individual has been hired, the statute provides as follows:
A covered entity shall not require a medical examination and shall not make inquiries of an employee as to whether such employee is an individual with a disability or as to the nature and extent of the disability, unless such examination is shown to be job-related and consistent with business necessity.
42 U.S.C.A. § 12112(d)(4)(A).
The statute clearly permits medical examinations, but only in certain limited circumstances. The focus is on the nature of job-relatedness and what constitutes a business necessity. The interpretative guidelines to the ADA explain that the statute was intended to prevent against “medical tests and inquiries that do not serve a legitimate business purpose.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.13(b) App. (1996).7 The regulations provide an example of prohibited medical examination: “[I]f an employee suddenly starts to use increased amounts of sick leave or starts to appear sickly, an employer could not require that employee to be tested for AIDS, HIV infection, or cancer unless the employer can demonstrate that such testing is job-related and consistent with business necessity.” Id. The hypothetical of prohibited action by an employer is factually different from the case before us. Prevo’s legitimate business purpose and business necessity was to protect the health of Sharp, its other employees and the general public from HIV infection. Because of the frequency of bleeding in the produce area, Prevo’s needed to verify Sharp’s medical condition, determine whether he had other conditions associated with HIV, and determine whether he was aware of and able to follow safety procedures to reduce or eliminate any risk of infection. HIV is a blood borne pathogen and can be transmitted in an environment such as that of a produce department of a grocery store, where one is susceptible to cuts and scrapes on a regular basis. Sharp himself was prone to cuts and scrapes through the use of knives in preparing produce and scraping himself against stapled produce boxes. He acknowledged that “[mjany times the cleaning and sanitation of the knives [was] not done from one item to the next as it should have been done.” (J.A. at 61.) Sharp also admitted there were probably times he did not clean knives after using them. There was also testimony that it was not uncommon for Pre-vo’s workers to have several lacerations at the same time. Dan Prevo, who had once worked in the produce department, gave testimony that employees shared knives and, at times, knives on which one had bled.
Furthermore, Prevo’s behavior is not based on a mere suspicion that Sharp may be sick. Rather, Sharp has directly communicated his alleged HIV status to Prevo’s. This is not the sort of unfounded and biased discrimination that the ADA was created to prevent.8 Instead, Prevo’s actions were based on Sharp’s statements and Prevo’s concerns about the health and safety measures needed to prevent further infection.
At the same time, the employer need not take the employee’s word for it that the employee has an illness that may require special accommodation. Instead, the employer has the ability to confirm or disprove the employee’s statement. If this were not the case, every employee could claim a disability warranting a special accommodation yet deny the employer the opportunity to confirm whether a need for the accommoda*1095tion exists. We believe the purpose of the ADA was not to create impediments for such employer-employee co-operation, but to promote an interactive dialogue between an employer and employee to discover to what extent the employee is disabled and how the employee may be accommodated, if at all, in the workplace.

Determination of a Direct Threat

Next, Prevo’s argues that in order to determine whether Sharp posed a direct threat to the health and safety of other workers, it was authorized to require Sharp to undergo a medical examination of his condition. The EEOC argues that a medical opinion as to Sharp’s direct threat was necessary prior to the medical examination, and that medical testimony showed the risk of transmission to be so low that a medical examination to determine the existence of a direct threat was unnecessary.
The statute allows employers to require as a qualification for employment that the disabled individual does not pose a “direct threat to the health or safety of other individuals in the workplace.” 42 U.S.C.A 12113(b); 29 C.F.R. 1630. 15(b)(2) (1996). “Direct threat” is defined as a “significant risk to the health or safety of others that cannot be eliminated by reasonable accommodation.” 42 U.S.C.A. § 12111(3); 29 C.F.R. 1630.2(r) (1996). Even if an employee is a direct threat, as long as a reasonable accommodation can be made to eliminate that threat, the employee may remain employed. Id. The Code of Federal Regulations further provides:
The determination that an individual poses a “direct threat” shall be based on an individual assessment of the individual’s present ability to safely perform the essential functions of the job. This assessment shall be based on a reasonable medical judgment that relies on the most current medical knowledge and/or on the best available objective evidence. In determining whether an individual would pose a direct threat, the factors to be considered include:
(1)The duration of the risk;
(2) The nature and severity of the potential harm;
(3) The likelihood that the potential harm will occur; and
(4) The imminence of the potential harm.
29 C.F.R. 1630.2(r) (1996).
The information sought via the medical examination was whether Sharp could safely perform the function of his job involving cuts and scrapes without exposing others to HIV infection. The EEOC contends that this information can be obtained without a medical examination, either by consulting health care officials or by simply asking Sharp himself, and that the determination of the necessity of a medical examination is to be made by consulting a health care official before demanding that the employee undergo a medical examination. At trial, the EEOC presented the testimony of its expert medical witness, Dr. Rodger MacArthur, who stated that a medical examination would be an opportunity to evaluate Sharp’s intellect and personal hygiene; an opportunity to assess Sharp’s understanding of how the condition can be transmitted and to determine whether Sharp is acquainted with universal precautions for preventing transmission. Dr. MacArthur also stated that it would be reasonable for an employer to be concerned about an HIV positive employee in the workplace. The EEOC also pointed out that the testimony of Prevo’s medical expert, Dr. David Baumgartner, was that a medical examination of Sharp rises only to the level of being beneficial in determining the risks he posed and not a necessity as construed by the ADA The EEOC contends Dr. Baumgartner explained that a medical examination of an HIV positive employee would be necessary only if the employee has uncontrolled diarrhea or sufficiently advanced dementia to hamper short-term memory and the ability to maintain personal hygiene, and that there was no evidence that Sharp fell into either of these categories. However, a review of the record reveals Dr. Baumgartner equated the issue of bleeding and lack of maintenance of hy*1096giene.9 Furthermore, Dr. Baumgartner agreed that assuming there is bleeding occurring on a regular basis, he could not render an opinion as to whether Sharp could have remained working in the produce department without examining him. (J.A. at 179.) Therefore, we do not believe Dr. Baumgartner limited his testimony to individuals who have uncontrollable diarrhea and HIV induced dementia.
The EEOC argues that the medical examination to determine whether Sharp posed a direct threat was unwarranted under Leckelt because in his position as a produce clerk, Sharp posed a low risk of transmitting HIV to his co-workers or customers. The district court also noted that Leckelt was inapplicable because “the risk of spreading [HIV] to coworkers is extremely small and that the risk of spreading [HIV] to customers is negligible.” 10 However, as Prevo’s points out, Leckelt held that the probabilities of the transmission of an infectious disease is just one of four factors to be considered.11 Yet, it is the existence of exposure and transmission opportunities that are instrumental in determining if a medical examination is necessary. Leckelt, at 829. As in Leckelt, we are dealing with a profession and environment in which there is continuous blood exposure. It is undisputed that Sharp’s condition presented potential transmission opportunities. Sharp testified himself to scrapes, cuts, and puncture wounds incurred regularly in the course of his employment. Additional testimony was heard on the sharing of cutting utensils, some of which were not properly cleaned; and Sharp, again, testified he was sure at times he did not properly clean his knives.
As inLeckelt, Sharp’s refusal to provide necessary medical information from his own physician, then his refusal to submit to a company-paid examination prevented Prevo’s from ever knowing Sharp’s HIV status and from deciding what, if any, measures were necessary to protect the health of Sharp, other Prevo’s employees and Prevo’s customers. Indeed, Sharp prevented Prevo’s from knowing whether he had a condition for which federal law may require accommodation. In fact, it is unknown by all of the parties that have ever been associated with this case whether Sharp is HIV positive.12
Furthermore, Prevo’s is simply a grocery store chain. There is no evidence that Pre-vo’s has within its organization, access to “the most current medical knowledge” as required by the statute. Therefore, Prevo’s needed to contact a third party to obtain a medical examination of Sharp to confirm his HIV status and to determine what steps were necessary concerning Sharp’s employment. The EEOC contends Prevo’s could have obtained this information from a health care source without an examination of Sharp or by simply asking Sharp. As we stated *1097earlier, there was evidence at trial that the type of assessment authorized in the statute and regulation of an employee in an environment in which there was bleeding could not have been made without a medical examination. Nor do we believe Sharp himself could answer the four factors suggested by the statute. There was testimony at trial that Dan Prevo initially consulted Spartan Stores to ask if they had any experience in employing an HIV positive employee.13 However, nothing in the record indicates Spartan could provide Prevo’s with anything other than information of a general nature rather than an individualized assessment specific to Sharp and the operations at Prevo’s. As Prevo’s contends, the EEOC’s argument would impose upon Prevo’s a duty to become an expert in the field of HIV transmission and control. We do not believe the statute and regulation impose such a burden.
The EEOC argues the regulation must be read in light of its purpose. We agree that the principal purpose of the regulation is to prohibit employers from making adverse employment decisions based on stereotypes and generalizations associated with the individual’s disability rather than on the individual’s actual characteristics. 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630 App. (1996). However, we find that the language of the regulation is instructive on how to discover an individual’s actual characteristics of disability; and in order to understand those characteristics under these particular circumstances, a medical examination was needed.
Furthermore, we do not believe Prevo’s actions rise to the level of “adverse employment decisions based on stereotypes and generalizations.” Id. Prevo’s made a concerted effort to continue employing Sharp and at the same wage and time scale. When Sharp disclosed his alleged HIV condition, he was moved to a position located only a few feet away from his previous one. He continued to receive the same pay and benefits. When Prevo’s placed Sharp on leave, it was paid leave, a benefit to which, as a part time employee, Sharp was not entitled; nor was Sharp entitled to the benefits Prevo’s continued to provide. Finally, after nearly a year of paid leave and after repeated promises by Sharp to provide medical information from his personal doctor, Sharp skipped the medical examination Prevo’s had scheduled and for which it offered to pay. Yet, Prevo’s extended Sharp another job offer as a data analyst. None of Prevo’s actions rises to the level of discrimination guarded against by the statute.
Another portion of Prevo’s argument is that Sharp represents a direct threat to the health and safety of others in the workplace and there can be no reasonable accommodation for him, thereby justifying his dismissal. Because we do not have in the record whether Sharp is indeed, HIV positive, we will not address this part of Prevo’s argument. However, we do not need to reach that issue in order to reverse the summary judgment order imposed by the district court.
V. Punitive Damages
Because we have found that Prevo’s did not discriminate against Sharp in violation of the ADA, we do not reach the merits of the punitive damage claim. However, we briefly outline our finding of insufficient evidence to justify such an award.
At no time during the course of this case did Prevo’s actions rise to the level of intentional or careless conduct. When Sharp informed Prevo’s of his condition, Prevo’s continued to employ Sharp, placing him in a similar position and with the same pay and benefits. Prevo’s did not act out of malice but acted according to what it reasonably perceived as being job-related and a business necessity. When Sharp expressed that he was unhappy with his position, Prevo’s and Sharp agreed to place Sharp on paid leave. Prevo’s also provided Sharp with paid medical benefits to which he was not entitled as a part-time employee. In the meantime, Sharp promised to provide Prevo’s with the needed medical information from his own physician. Even when Sharp failed to provide the information, Prevo’s continued to *1098pay his wages and medical insurance. Sharp consented to undergo the medical examination at company expense after consulting his attorney.
The EEOC contends that the award of punitive damages should be upheld for the reason that Prevo’s violated the ADA by asking Sharp to submit to a medical examination and then suspending him. We do not believe a reasonable juror would conclude Prevo’s exhibited any malicious or reckless behavior warranting a punitive damage award in Sharp’s favor. We note that Sharp agreed to the paid leave of absence and only sought legal recourse for the medical examination requirement after he was fired. The EEOC argues that the employer had a duty to obtain the current medical knowledge in order to determine whether they could ask Sharp to submit to a medical examination, yet Prevo’s allowed 10 months to pass, then fired Sharp for not producing the medical information. However, it was Sharp who continued to tell Prevo’s he would soon provide them with the information from his own doctor. Even if what occurred in this case were a violation of the ADA, we do not believe a reasonable juror would conclude that it was reckless behavior on the part of Prevo’s to ask Sharp to provide medical information from his personal doctor. Contrary to the EEOC’s argument, not every violation of the ADA is reckless; and, again, we find no violation of the ADA by the employer under the circumstances of this ease.
VI. Conclusion
Based on the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the EEOC on the issue of liability and enter summary judgment in favor of Prevo’s, holding that it did not violate the ADA in its treatment of Sharp. Accordingly, we VACATE the award of compensatory damages, back pay, prejudgment interest and reinstatement. Having found no liability on the part of Prevo’s, we do not determine whether its actions warrant an award of punitive damages; therefore, we VACATE the district court’s award of punitive damages.

. Sharp had applied for a full-time position in the produce department, but the position was given to someone else. Sharp does not argue it was the result of discriminatory action. Sharp asked if a part-time position was available in the produce department. He was told there was and was warned that in moving from full-time to part-time he would not be eligible to receive company paid medical benefits. Nonetheless, Sharp chose to take the part-time produce position.

. Sharp admits that he had worked from May 2, 1992 until August 31, 1992 as a produce clerk knowing he had tested positive for HIV, but did not disclose this to Prevo's or his co-workers.

. Produce clerk duties include trimming and packaging produce for sale to the public. At Prevo's the trimming and preparation is performed in a small area. At times, there are up to six clerks working in the produce department. In the course of their duties, clerks use a variety of cutting instruments such as paring knives, chef knives, cleavers and pineapple corers, all of which are shared by the clerks.

. According to the EEOC, Prevo's initially wanted Sharp to confirm his HIV status, but later requested additional information about other conditions related to HIV.

. The hypothetical used to bring out this figure involved an HIV-positive person bleeding directly into an open wound of an uninfected person.

. Hygiene procedures that could have minimized the risk of transmission include: (1) wearing protective, steel-lined gloves; (2) using an individual set of knives and other utensils; and (3) enhanced clean-up procedures.

. In Gilday v. Mecosta County, 124 F.3d 760, 766 (6th Cir.1997) (Kennedy, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part), it was suggested that the appendix to the ADA is only interpretive and is not binding law. Without addressing this issue, we find that the guidelines constitute helpful interpretations in this case.

. Part of the concern of the Congress in creating the ADA and the ability of employers to require employees to undergo medical examinations was the unwanted exposure of the employee’s disability and the stigma it may carty. Chai R. Feld-blum, Medical Examinations and Inquiries Under the Americans with Disabilities Act: A View from the Inside, 64 Templ.L.Rev. 521, 539 (1991), citing H.R.Rep. No. 485 101st Cong.2d Sess. pt. 3 at 26; S.Rep. No. 116, 101st Cong. 1st Sess. (1990). In the present case, Sharp has already identified himself to Prevo’s as HIV positive and planned to identify himself further by discussing HIV and AIDS at a local high school.

. In arguing that Dr. Baumgartner did not believe a medical examination was necessary, the EEOC points to a letter from Baumgartner to Prevo’s attorneys discussing his testimony. In this letter Baumgartner states that under ordinary circumstances an HIV infected person working in a food service area does not pose any threat of transmission and needs no restriction in employment. (J.A. at 194.) The exception to this rule is if the individual was suffering from an illness that interferes with his personal hygiene. Id. Baumgartner gives two examples, those being intractable diarrhea and any neurological disease like HIV related dementia. Id. He then states that bleeding would be a threat and that if these factors were playing a role, then a medical examination would be of benefit. Id.

. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Prevo’s Family Market, Inc., 1996 WL 604984 (W.D .Mich. 1996).

. Leckelt held that "in the context of the employment of a person handicapped with a contagious disease, ... [the "otherwise qualified”] inquiry should include: '[findings of] facts, based on reasonable medical judgments given the state of medical knowledge, about (a) the nature if the risk (how the disease is transmitted), (b) the duration of the risk (how long is the carrier infectious), (c) the severity of the risk (what is the potential harm to third parties) and (d) the probabilities the disease will be transmitted and will cause varying degrees of harm” Leckelt, 909 F.2d at 829 (5th Cir.1990) citing School Board of Nassau County v. Arline, 480 U.S. at 287-89, 107 S.Ct. at 1131.

.Although both parties have regarded Sharp as disabled, his condition remains a mystery. The district court's finding that Sharp is HIV positive is based solely on Sharp's word. 1996 WL 604984, *2, FN2. The district court’s finding may be regarded as suspect in view of the lengths to which Sharp has gone to avoid a medical evaluation of his HIV status.

. Spartan Stores, Inc., is a grocery wholesaler owned by the grocery stores it serves. Spartan makes available to the stores specialized knowledge in various area such as marketing, advertising and human resources.