Court Opinion

ID: 2836264
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-02 20:42:35.740667+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:32:05.932779
License: Public Domain

In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
____________

NO. 01-01-00457-CV
____________

ALGENARD FRANCIS, Appellant

V.

COASTAL OIL & GAS CORPORATION, Appellee

* * *
COASTAL GAS CORPORATION, Appellant

V.

ALGENARD FRANCIS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 215th District Court 
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 99-20235 

O P I N I O N
          Appellant, Algenard Francis, sustained serious personal injuries in an
explosion that occurred while he was working as an independent subcontractor on the
premises of appellee, Coastal Gas Corporation (Coastal).
  Having settled with
another subcontractor, Acock Engineering, Francis proceeded to trial solely against
Coastal.  A jury awarded Francis damages, but the trial court set that verdict aside and
rendered a take-nothing judgment in Coastal’s favor, in accordance with chapter 95
of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code.
  Francis presents seven issues.  In support
of his contention that the trial court erred by setting aside the jury’s verdict, Francis
argues that chapter 95 does not apply because this is an ordinary negligence case in
which the record establishes that Coastal was negligent, and also because the trial
court’s application of chapter 95 violates the open-courts provision of the Texas
Constitution.
  Francis further contends that the trial court erred by granting Coastal
leave to file a trial amendment to plead chapter 95 and by granting partial summary
judgment in Coastal’s favor under chapter 16, section 3.2 of the Administrative Code,
a Railroad Commission regulation governing fire prevention and swabbing.
  Francis
also challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s finding that
Acock was negligent.  Coastal brings a conditional cross-appeal to challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence, the jury charge, and evidentiary rulings.  We affirm.  
Facts and Procedural History
          Francis was working for Reeled Tubing on a coiled-tubing washing of the M.
Salinas No. 6 well on Coastal’s premises when gas that had formed over an open top
collecting tank exploded suddenly.  The explosion resulted when the diesel motor that
had been generating the power for the coiled tubing process backfired and ignited the
gas over the tank.  The motor had backfired once before the explosion.
          Coastal held the mineral leases on the M. Salinas No. 6 well and operated the
well.  Coastal had rights, under these leases, to use the surface to access the minerals. 
Coastal hired others to drill and to service the wells.  Coastal had a written
subcontract with Acock to provide on-site consulting at the well site. Clauses four
and 16 of this contract included Acock’s warranties to perform its work safely,
efficiently, and economically.  Paragraph eight recognized Acock’s status as an
independent contractor with none of the benefits that Coastal normally extended to
its employees.  Clause eight recognized Coastal’s rights to oversee and inspect
Acock’s services, but disclaimed association or connection with actual performance
of the details of those services, and placed financial responsibility for all labor,
materials, and other expenses on Acock.  Acock had an extensive safety manual.  
          Acock, in turn, contracted with another independent contractor, Alan Bickham. 
Bickham worked as a consultant whose chief responsibilities were to coordinate the
activities of many independent contractors at the well site and to report to Coastal
about those activities.  In that capacity, he was known, in oil-field vernacular, as the
“company man” for Coastal.
  His contract was with Acock, however, and he
collected his wages from Acock.  He had no contract with Coastal.  
          Coastal also subcontracted with Reeled Tubing to perform coiled-tubing work
at the site.  Reeled Tubing’s contract with Coastal contained specific clauses,
identical to those contained in the Acock subcontract, by which Reeled Tubing
warranted to perform work safely, efficiently, and economically.  The contract
acknowledged that Reeled Tubing was an independent contractor and was not entitled
to Coastal employee benefits.  Reeled Tubing had its own manual of departmental
operating guidelines. 
          Coastal, in addition, had internal operating guidelines that applied to wells
within its Corpus Christi district, in which the M. Salinas No. 6 well was located. 
The purpose of these guidelines was to make the field consultant aware of factors to
be considered while performing different types of work.  The operating guidelines
that pertained to coiled-tubing operations stated that tanks “should be placed 100 feet
downwind of wellhead and any source of ignition.”  Those guidelines applied to
Reeled Tubing’s work, but were apparently never conveyed to Bickham.
          When gas at the M. Salinas No. 6 well was not flowing as expected, Coastal
formulated an 11-point outline of a “Procedure to Run Tubing” to rehabilitate the
well and increase the flow of gas by installing smaller diameter tubing inside the
larger, existing casing.  Reeled Tubing undertook step 10 of this plan after the first
nine steps were completed by others.
  Reeled Tubing’s work involved cleaning the
well by conducting a “coiled tubing wash out.”  In this process, an engine pumped
debris out of the well and into a receptacle, in this case, an open top tank.  The debris
included gas, water, and sand.
          Pool Well Servicing (Pool) owned the open top tank Reeled Tubing was to use
at the M. Salinas No. 6 well.  Before Reeled Tubing was to begin its step 10 of the
“Procedure to Run Tubing,” Bickham instructed Pool to move the tank from another
well site, where Reeled Tubing was washing out another well, to the M. Salinas No.
6 well.  Bickham proposed to meet the Pool driver at the M. Salinas No. 6 well, but
was delayed at another well site.  When the driver contacted Bickham by cell phone,
asking where to leave the tank, Bickham gave instructions based on his recollection
of where Reeled Tubing had spotted its equipment on other jobs.  Bickham explained
that he typically allowed the subcontractors to place their equipment safely and he
sought “to fulfill the wishes of Reeled Tubing’s on-site supervisor” in the instructions
he gave.  Bickham indicated landmarks (a heater and two coolers), but had difficulty
communicating with either the dispatcher or the driver.  At some point, to “get the
truck gone,” Bickham directed the driver to “spot” or “place” the tank on the location,
adding that, if “we need to move it, we will move it.”  This occurred two days before
Reeled Tubing arrived at the site with its equipment, which included the diesel pump. 
          When he arrived at the M. Salinas No. 6 well on the day of the accident,
Bickham indicated to Tony Hough, Reeled Tubing’s supervisor, that the tank was not
located where Bickham had instructed, and that Hough should do what he needed to
do to get the tank moved if that became necessary.  Bickham did not discuss
placement of the tank with Gail Anderson, the engineer to whom he reported.
  As
placed, the tank was approximately 30 feet away from the well head.  The consensus
after the accident was that the explosion resulted from proximity of the open top tank
to Reeled Tubing’s diesel motor.  
          Bickham contended that Reeled Tubing had sufficient on site equipment to
move the 30 foot tank, but Reeled Tubing’s district manager disagreed.  The district
manager further contended, however, that Hough should never have begun work
without getting the tank moved and that Hough should have shut the job down
instead.
          Francis sued several defendants, including Coastal.  Against Coastal, Francis
alleged several theories including negligence, premises liability, and negligence per
se.  The trial court rendered partial summary judgment in Coastal’s favor on the claim
of negligence per se and denied Francis’s motion for summary judgment on that
claim.  
          The case was submitted to the jury under the charge proposed by Francis and
included instructions on borrowed employee, over Coastal’s objection.  The charge
inquired as to the negligence of three parties, Coastal, Francis, and the settling
defendant, Acock.
  Over Coastal’s objection, negligence was submitted to the jury
under the three theories of liability, as follows:  chapter 95 of the Civil Practice and
Remedies Code,
 common-law negligence, and premises liability, under a business-invitee theory of liability.  The jury answered “yes,” in response to question three,
which asked, in accordance with chapter 95, whether Coastal exercised or retained
some control over the work Francis performed.  However, in response to question
four, the second chapter 95 liability question, the jury answered “no” as to Coastal
and “yes” as to Acock and then attributed 100% of negligence to Acock in response
to question six.  The jury thus attributed no chapter 95 liability to Coastal.  The jury
responded to the common-law negligence and premises liability questions by finding
that Coastal and Acock were both negligent and apportioned their negligence equally. 
In addition, the jury found that Francis’s injuries arose from the discharge of
hydrocarbons.  
          In response to the parties’ post-verdict motions, the trial court (1) concluded
that the jury’s “no” answer in response to question four, the chapter 95 liability
question, was dispositive of all Francis’s claims against Coastal; (2) set aside the
jury’s answers to questions one and two, the common-law negligence question and
related proportionate liability question, and questions six and seven, the premises-liability (invitee) question and related proportionality question; and (3) rendered a
take-nothing judgment in favor of Coastal.  
 
Civil Practice and Remedies Code Chapter 95
          Chapter 95 of the Civil Practices and Remedies Code was enacted in 1996 as
part of a sweeping tort-reform package.  Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§
95.001-.004 (Vernon 1997); see Fisher v. Lee & Chang P’ship, 16 S.W.3d 198, 201
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied).  Chapter 95 governs “Property
Owner’s Liability for Acts of Independent Contractors and Amount of Recovery” and
pertains to claims “for damages caused by negligence” against a “property owner.”
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.001(1)-(3) (Vernon 1997).  Section
95.001(3) defines “property owner” as “a person or entity that owns real property
primarily used for commercial or business purposes.”  Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code
Ann. § 95.001(3). 
          Chapter 95 specifies that it “applies only to a claim” described as follows:
(1)  against a property owner, contractor, or subcontractor for
personal injury, death, or property damage to an owner, a contractor, or
a subcontractor or an employee of a contractor or subcontractor; and
 
(2)  that arises from the condition or use of an improvement to
real property where the contractor or subcontractor constructs, repairs,
renovates, or modifies the improvement.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.002(1)-(2) (Vernon 1997) (emphasis added). 
          When chapter 95 applies, a property owner will not be liable for negligence
claims arising from the failure to provide a safe workplace unless: 
(1)  the property owner exercises or retains some control over the
manner in which the work is performed, other than the right to order the
work to start or stop or to inspect progress and receive reports; and 
 
(2) the property owner had actual knowledge of the danger or
condition resulting in the personal injury, death or property damage  and
failed to adequately warn. 
 
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003(1)-(2) (Vernon 1997) (emphasis added). 
Both conditions of section 95.003 must be met before liability will be imposed upon
the property owner.  Id.; see Kelly v. LIN Television, 27 S.W.3d 564, 567 (Tex.
App.—Eastland 2000, pet. denied).  The “failure to provide a safe workplace” means
that the injuries must relate to work being done by the injured party, but the injury-producing defect need not be the object of the injured party’s work.  See Fisher, 16
S.W.3d at 202 (construing legislative history and holding that injury resulting from
defective ladder contractor used to access air-conditioning unit contractor was hired
to repair was injury within scope of section 95.002(2)). 
Applicability of Chapter 95
          Whether chapter 95 applies is a preliminary issue that underlies all issues
Francis presents.  Issues of statutory construction raise questions of law that we
properly review de novo.  Subaru of America, Inc. v. David McDavid Nissan, Inc., 84
S.W.3d 212, 222 (Tex. 2002); see Fisher, 16 S.W.3d at 200-202 (analyzing
applicability of chapter 95).  Francis contends that Chapter 95 does not apply for the
following reasons: (1) the statute does not encompass negligence by a property owner;
(2) Coastal was an operator only and therefore cannot be a chapter 95 “owner”; (3) the
well was not an improvement to real property; and (4) the cleaning of the well was not
a construction, repair, renovation or modification of the well.  We conclude, as did the
trial court, that chapter 95 governs all of Francis’s negligence claims against Coastal. 
We address each of Francis’s challenges to the applicability of chapter 95 in turn.    
1.       Whether Chapter 95 Excludes a Negligent Owner
          Francis’s challenge raises the broad contention that a negligent owner lies
beyond the scope of chapter 95.  Francis points out that section 95.002(1) includes the
property owner among potential defendants.  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.
§ 95.002(1) (listing “property owner, contractor, or subcontractor”).  Section
95.002(2), however, mentions only “the contractor or subcontractor” as actors who
construct, repair, renovate, or modify an improvement to real property.  Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.002(2).  Likewise, Francis argues, section 95.003
excludes liability in the owner solely for “personal injury, death, or property damage
to a contractor, subcontractor, or an employee of a contractor or subcontractor.”  Tex.
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.002(3).  Therefore, Francis contends, chapter 95
protects only “passive” property owners against claims of negligence.  We disagree. 
          In isolating certain provisions of the statute to support his interpretation, Francis
ignores that the negligence of a property owner, as contemplated by chapter 95 and as
claimed by Francis in his pleadings, is premised on failure to provide a safe workplace
due to a “condition or use of an improvement to real property” when a contractor or
subcontractor “constructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies” that improvement.  See
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.002(3); see also Fisher, 16 S.W.3d at 201
(examining provisions of chapter 95 “as a whole,” rather than by isolated portions
taken out of context).  
          When a contractor or subcontractor claims that a property owner was negligent,
as Francis claims Coastal was here with respect to the tank, the property owner “is not
liable” under chapter 95 “unless” the plaintiff, here Francis, satisfies both conditions
of section 95.003.  Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003(1)-(2) (emphasis
added).  Subsections (1) and (2) of section 95.003 thus specify the negligence by a
property owner, which, if proven, will trigger liability against a property owner under
chapter 95.  Id.  Under chapter 95, a negligent and, therefore, liable property owner is
one shown (1) to have exercised or retained “some control over the manner in which
work is performed” and (2) to have had “actual knowledge of the danger or condition
resulting in the personal injury, death, or property damage,” yet “failed to adequately
warn” of that danger.  Id.  Imposing proof of these active and subjective conditions as
prerequisites to liability for negligence, section 95.003, and thus chapter 95, negates
passivity in the premises owner.  A property owner who is liable under chapter 95,
therefore, cannot be the “passive” owner whom Francis contends the statute protects
exclusively.  
2.       Whether Coastal Was a “Property Owner” 
          Francis contends that Coastal cannot escape liability under chapter 95 because
Coastal was merely the “operator” of the real property premises, here the M. Salinas
No. 6 well.  Francis further contends that the statute protects only “owners.”  The final
judgment recites the trial court’s determination that Coastal was both the mineral
interest owner and the well operator.  The trial court determined that the statutory
provisions do not exclude an owner who is also an operator.  We agree.  
          Coastal was a “property owner” under chapter 95 of the M. Salinas No. 6 gas
well because it held the mineral leases pertaining to those premises and obtained
mineral interests pursuant to those leases.  Well-settled law holds that a mineral lease
conveys a fee simple determinable interest in real property.  E.g., Jupiter Oil Co. v.
Snow, 819 S.W.2d 466, 468 (Tex. 1991).  We therefore hold that Coastal was an
owner of real property, as contemplated by section 95.001(3), by virtue of its status
as lessee.  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.001(3).  As owner of the
leased property, Coastal used the property in its commercial or business purposes of
producing and marketing oil and gas, as further contemplated by section 95.001(3). 
See id.  Nothing in the plain language of the statute supports Francis’s interpretation
that an owner of a premises who also operates the premises is removed from the
protections of chapter 95.  3.        Whether the Well Was an Improvement to Real Property 
          Francis claims that the M. Salinas well is not an improvement to real property
as a matter of law.  Francis relies solely on Holley v. NL Indus./NL Acme Tool Co., 718
S.W.2d 813 (Tex. App.—Austin 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.).  Holley arose from a judgment
awarding damages for misapplication of construction-contract trust funds.  Id. at 813-14.  Holley holds that, “drilling an oil and gas well is not the construction of an
improvement on real property” for purposes of chapter 162 of the Property Code.  Id.
at 814-15 (emphasis added).  Because Chapter 162 governs construction payments
held in trust under a construction contract, the court of appeals rendered a take-nothing
judgment against the party claiming that Holley misapplied the funds.  Id. at 814-15;
see Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 162.001(a) (Vernon Supp. 2003).  Holley focuses solely
on whether “construction,” specifically the activity of drilling, constitutes an
improvement under the construction-payments provisions of the Property Code.  In
deciding that “construction” does not constitute an improvement, however, Holley
reasons that drilling does not “involve the assembly of various materials into a
permanent structure,” in contrast to the well that remains after the drilling.  Holley,
718 S.W.2d at 815.  Holley thus conforms with settled law recognizing that mineral
wells constitute improvements to real property.  E.g., Fox v. Thoreson, 398 S.W.2d 88,
89 (Tex. 1966) (referring to gas well constructed on real property premises as
“improvements”); Hunt v. HNG Oil Co., 791 S.W.2d 191, 194 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi 1990, writ denied) (referring to four producing wells and well in process of
completion as “improvements”).  
4.       Whether Cleaning the Well Was Construction, Repair, Renovation, or
Modification
 
          Francis further contends that, if a well is an improvement to real property, the
cleaning of the well was not a construction, repair, renovation or modification of
improvement.  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.002(2).  Francis cites no
authority holding or suggesting that the coiled-tubing washout that Francis was
performing for Reeled Tubing at the M. Salinas No. 6 well does not qualify as repair,
renovation, or modification under section 95.002(2).The record reflects that the
purpose of the coiled-tubing washout was to rehabilitate the well so that the flow of
gas could increase.  Accordingly, we hold that the coiled-tubing washout Francis was
performing qualified as either repair or renovation of the well.  See id.
Coastal’s Liability under Chapter 95
          Francis’s first, third, and fourth issues challenge the trial court’s setting aside
the jury’s verdict and rendering a take-nothing judgment in favor of Coastal.  In
determining whether there is no evidence of probative force to support a jury’s
finding, we must consider all the record evidence in the light most favorable to the
party in whose favor the verdict has been rendered and indulge every reasonable
inference from the evidence in that party’s favor.  Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997).  We will sustain a no-evidence point
when (1) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (2) the rules of law
or evidence preclude giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact,
(3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or (4) the
evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact.  Id.  (citing Robert W.
Calvert, “No Evidence” and “Insufficient Evidence” Points of Error, 38 Tex. L. Rev.
361, 362-63 (1960)). 
          The record reflects that Francis drafted and tendered the charge submitted to the
jury, subject only to the following objections by Francis, which the trial court
overruled:  an objection regarding sole proximate cause, an objection that chapter 95
did not apply, and objections to the lack of evidence of negligence by Francis or the
settling defendant Acock.
 
          Question one of the charge and the jury’s responses to question one are as
follows:
Question No. 1
Did the negligence, if any, of those named below proximately
cause the injury in question?
 
Answer “Yes” or “No” for each of the following:
 
a.Coastal Oil & Gas Corporation__Yes__
          b.       Algenard Francis                                            __No___
          c.       Acock Engineering & Associates, Inc.           __Yes__
 
Over Coastal’s objection, Question one defined “negligence” for all parties solely in
terms of the common-law duty of “ordinary care.”  Comm. on Pattern Jury
Charges, State Bar of Tex., Texas Pattern Jury Charges, General Negligence 
PJC 2.1 (2002 ed.).  In response to Question two, the jury found Coastal 50%
negligent and Acock 50% negligent.  
          Question three of the charge inquired solely as to Coastal and incorporated the
first element of section 95.003.  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003(1). 
Question three and the jury’s responses to question three are as follows:
Question No. 3
Do you find that, on the occasion in question, Coastal Oil & Gas
Corporation exercised or retained some control over the manner in which
the work was performed, other than the right to order the work to start or
stop or to inspect progress or receive reports?
 
          Answer “Yes” or “No.”
 
          Answer:  __Yes__
 
By responding “yes,” the jury found that Francis met the first element required to
impose negligence liability on Coastal.  See id.  
          Question four and the jury’s responses to question four are as follows:
Question No. 4
Did the negligence, if any, of those named below proximately
cause the injury in question?
 
          Answer “Yes” or “No” for each of the following:
 
a.Coastal Oil & Gas Corporation__No__
          b.       Algenard Francis                                            __No___
          c.       Acock Engineering & Associates, Inc.           __Yes__
 
(Emphasis added.)
 
          Question four of the charge thus began by repeating question 1 verbatim, and
continued to track question one by defining “negligence” solely in terms of “ordinary
care,” but only as to Francis and Acock.  Concerning Coastal, question four defined
“negligence” essentially in conformity with subsection (2) of section 95.003, and thus
the second element required as a prerequisite to imposing liability on Coastal, as
follows:  
For purposes of this question only, “Negligence,” when used with
respect to Coastal Oil & Gas Corporation, means failure to use ordinary
care to reduce or eliminate an unreasonable risk of harm created by the
condition or use of an improvement to real property; provided however
that Coastal must have had actual knowledge of such risk and failed to
adequately warn of it.
 
 
An additional instruction followed, which defined “ordinary care,” as follows:
 
For purposes of this question only, “Ordinary care[,]” when used
with respect to the conduct of Coastal Oil & Gas Corporation as an
owner/operator of a premises, means the degree of care that would be
used by an owner/operator of ordinary prudence under the same or similar
circumstances.
 
          In contrast to the response to question one, in which the jury answered “yes” as
to both Coastal and the settling defendant Acock, and thus found both negligent under
the “ordinary negligence” standard, the jury answered question four by finding that
Coastal was not negligent under the second element of section 95.003.  See Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003(2).  In response to question five, the jury
apportioned total negligence liability to the settling defendant Acock.  
          Over Coastal’s objection, question six submitted yet another question to the jury
concerning the negligence of Coastal, Francis, and the settling defendant Acock. 
Question six of the charge and the jury’s responses to question six are as follows:  
Question No. 6
Did the negligence, if any, of those named below proximately cause
the injury in question?
 
Answer “Yes” or “No” for each of the following:
 
 

a.Coastal Oil & Gas Corporation__Yes__
          b.       Algenard Francis                                            __No___
          c.       Acock Engineering & Associates, Inc.           __Yes__
 
          Like Question four, question six began by repeating question one verbatim and
continued to track question one by defining “negligence” solely in terms of “ordinary
care” as to Francis and Acock.  Concerning Coastal, and over several objections by
Coastal, question six defined “negligence” differently again, this time in terms of
“business invitee” liability, as follows:
With respect to the condition on the premises, Coastal Oil & Gas
Corporation was negligent if—
 
a.The condition posed an unreasonable risk of harm, and
b. Coastal Oil & Gas Corporation knew or reasonably should
have known of the danger, and
c.Coastal Oil & Gas Corporation failed to exercise ordinary
care to protect Algenard Francis from the danger, by failing
to adequately warn Algenard Francis of the condition and
failing to make the condition reasonably safe.

 
The definition of “ordinary care” in question six differed slightly from the definition
in question four, but was essentially the same.  In response to question seven, as in
response to question two, the jury determined that Coastal was 50% negligent and that
the settling defendant Acock was also 50% negligent.   
          The trial court’s judgment reflects its determination, post-verdict and in response
to Coastal’s motion to render a take-nothing judgment based on the jury’s response to
question four, that the jury’s “no” response to that question was dispositive of all
Francis’s claims against Coastal.  Question four inquired as to subsection (2), the
second element of section 95.003, of which Francis had to meet both elements in order
to trigger liability in Coastal.  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003(1)-(2). 
In accordance with this ruling, the trial court (1) set aside the jury’s answers to
questions one and two, which contemplated Coastal’s negligence solely in terms of
“ordinary care,” and questions six and seven, which contemplated Coastal’s negligence
under a “business invitee” theory of liability, and (2) rendered a take-nothing judgment
in Coastal’s favor.  The take-nothing judgment includes a footnote, which reads, in
part, as follows:  
To be clear, this court finds that there is some evidence in the trial record
supporting the Jury’s findings in response to question nos[.] 1, 2, 6 and 7,
as there is some evidence of Coastal’s negligence proximately causing
Plaintiff’s damages.  However, the Court concludes that Chapter 95 . . .
preempts Francis’[s] common[-]law claims against Coastal. . . . 
Accordingly, this Court likely erred in submitting any liability question
other than one comporting with the statute .  The jury answered no to the
sole question pertaining to the statute.  This Court therefore has a duty and
obligation to disregard all other answers made by the jury.   
 
Exclusive Remedy
          In his first issue, Francis contends that the trial court erred by disregarding the
jury’s verdict and by rendering a take-nothing judgment in favor of Coastal.  Francis
contends that disregarding the verdict conflicts with the court’s footnote recited above,
that “there is some evidence” that Coastal was negligent and proximately caused
Francis’s injuries.  Francis’s arguments propose that he may still recover against
Coastal under the common law, beyond chapter 95, and thus challenge the trial court’s
conclusion that chapter 95 preempts all common-law negligence claims against Coastal
under the circumstances of this case and is, therefore, Francis’s exclusive remedy
against Coastal.  
          We agree with the trial court that chapter 95 controls this case, is Francis’s
exclusive remedy against Coastal, and precludes common-law negligence liability in
Coastal.  See Fisher, 16 S.W.3d at 201 (holding that chapter 95 controlled liability for
injuries arising from failure to provide a safe workplace); see also Dyall v. Simpson
Pasadena Paper Co., No. 14-01-00432-CV, slip op. at 5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] July 25, 2001, motions for rehearing and for rehearing en banc pending; not yet
reported) (holding that chapter 95 precludes common-law negligence claims); Kelly,
27 S.W.3d at 570-71 (affirming summary judgment for property owner shown not to
have control over details of work performed by injured party).   
          Francis’s contention that chapter 95 does not preclude recovery ignores the plain
language of the statute.  See Fisher, 16 S.W.3d at 201.  As addressed above, Coastal
is a “property owner,” as defined by section 95.001(3).  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code Ann. § 95.001(3).  Francis sued Coastal for “damages caused by negligence,”
as contemplated by chapter 95, claiming personal injuries arising from an improvement
to real property, specifically, the well Francis was working on while performing the
coiled-tubing washout.  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 95.001(1),
95.002(1), (2); see also Kelly, 27 S.W.3d at 569-70 (applying chapter 95 to assertions
of negligence, negligence per se, res ipsa loquitur, and negligent misrepresentation). 
Under the clear language of the statute, Francis had to meet the evidentiary burdens
imposed by section 95.003(1) and (2) to prevail against Coastal on his negligence
claims.  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003(1)-(2).  We hold that
Francis’s exclusive remedy against Coastal for its alleged negligence in causing
Francis’s injuries was pursuant to chapter 95.  
Specific JNOV Challenges
          In his first issue challenging the trial court’s rendering judgment notwithstanding
the verdict, Francis emphasizes the role of Bickham at the worksite, as well as
Coastal’s 100-foot guideline for the proximity of tanks to any ignition source. 
          Concerning Bickham, Francis relies on evidence that Bickham was referred to
at the worksite as Coastal’s “company man.”  Therefore, Francis contends, Bickham
was Coastal’s employee or agent, and Coastal should be held responsible for
Bickham’s conduct.  Francis claims that because Bickham was Coastal’s “company
man” and directed the placement of the tank, Bickham had actual knowledge of the
danger, and Coastal therefore had actual knowledge of the danger, yet failed to warn. 
          Francis’s contention conflicts, at the outset, with the jury’s finding, in response
to question four, that Coastal was not negligent under the second element required by
section 95.003 to impose liability.  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §
95.003(2).  Francis ignores this finding and does not challenge it.  Question four
defined “negligence” closely in compliance with section 95.003(2) as failing to “use
ordinary care to reduce or eliminate an unreasonable risk of harm created by the
condition or use of an improvement to real property,” provided, however, that “Coastal
must have had actual knowledge of such risk and failed to adequately warn of it.”  See
id.
          Moreover, instructions included in the jury charge at Francis’s request and
adopted by the trial court over lengthy objections by Coastal, fail to compel the
conclusion that Bickham’s knowledge should be attributed to Coastal.  These
instructions, which preceded the questions in the charge, read as follows:
Unless otherwise specifically instructed in a given question, you are
instructed that a corporation acts through certain of its employees and
agents and in that regard is responsible for the actions of any person who:
 
On the occasion in question was in furtherance of a mission
for the benefit of the corporation and subject to the control
of the corporation as to the details of the mission; or 
 
On the occasion in question, was in the service of the
corporation with the understanding, express or implied, that
the corporation had the right to direct the details of the work 

and not merely the result to be accomplished, and was acting in
furtherance of the business of the corporation.

 
          These instructions are not expressly tied to Bickham or any individual, however,
and could apply equally to the settling defendant Acock or others.  The jury charge, as
proposed by Francis, did not include a question asking the jury to determine whether
Bickham was Coastal’s employee.  See Comm. on Pattern Jury Charges, State
Bar of Tex., Agency and Special Relationships, Texas Pattern Jury Charges PJC
(7.1) (2002 ed.) (question concerning status as employee); see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 279
(waiver of grounds or defenses not submitted to jury).  The charge Francis submitted
did not sufficiently present Bickham’s claimed status as an employee or agent and
completely disregarded the status that the record indicates Bickham held, that of an
independent contractor.  See Oliver v. Marsh, 899 S.W.2d 353, 357 (Tex. App.—Tyler
1995, no writ) (recognizing that status as independent contractor presents inferential
rebuttal issue that is properly submitted to jury by instruction rather than question); see
also Comm. on Pattern Jury Charges, State Bar of Tex., Agency and Special
Relationships, Texas Pattern Jury Charges PJC (7.8) (2002 ed.) (independent
contractor instruction).  
          Moreover, the term “company man” does not refer definitively to either an
employee or an independent contractor.  See Yeager v. Drillers, Inc., 930 S.W.2d 112,
116 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ) (using term “company man” to
describe supervisor employed by leaseholder of well site); see also Melvin Green, Inc.
v. Questor Drilling Corp., 946 S.W.2d 907, 908 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1997, no pet.)
(applying term “company man” to independent contractor hired to direct drilling
operations; citing Yeager as noting term commonly used in oil and gas industry). 
          The evidence establishes that Bickham was an independent contractor hired by
the settling defendant Acock.  Acock, in turn, was an independent contractor hired by
Coastal.  Bickham had no contract with Coastal.  His contract was with Acock and he
was paid by Acock.  Although Coastal had delegated “stop and start” authority to
Bickham ,that authority is not sufficient control to trigger liability in Coastal under the
plain language of the controlling statute.  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §
95.003(1).  The analysis is the same for the reports that Bickham issued to Coastal four
times daily.  See id. Moreover, as this case demonstrates, control alone is not sufficient
to establish liability under chapter 95, which requires additional proof to meet the
second element of section 95.003.  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §
95.003(2).  
          As under pre-chapter 95 case law, Coastal’s unwritten “100-foot-rule” guideline
for placing tanks no closer than 100 feet of an ignition source, which was apparently
not communicated to Bickham, would merely set a minimum safety standard that is
also insufficient to trigger liability.  See Coastal Marine Servs. v. Lawrence, 988
S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 1999).  
          Francis did not establish that Bickham was acting as Coastal concerning
placement of the tank.  Accordingly, Francis did not establish that Coastal—and not
Bickham—had actual knowledge of the proximity of the tank to Reeled Tubing’s diesel
motor and failed to warn Francis of the danger that proximity presented.  A trial court
properly renders judgment notwithstanding the verdict when the law, in this case
chapter 95, precludes according any weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital
fact, here, that Coastal was negligent.  See Havner, 953 S.W.2d at 711; Min v. Avila,
991 S.W.2d 495, 507 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (citing Havner,
953 S.W.2d at 711).  
          We overrule Francis’s first issue.  
            Francis’s third and fourth issues challenge the trial court’s disregarding the jury’s
answers to questions one and six.
  As addressed above, question one defined
Coastal’s negligence in terms of the failure to use ordinary care and thus, ordinary
negligence.  Likewise, question six defined Coastal’s negligence in terms of the duty
owed a business invitee concerning a premises defect.  Both fall short of the negligence
standard imposed by chapter 95 and were therefore incorrect.  Accordingly, the trial
court properly concluded that submitting those questions was error and properly set the
jury’s responses to those questions aside as in conflict with chapter 95, which
precluded according any weight to evidence offered to prove Coastal’s negligence
under simple negligence or premises-defect theories of liability.  See Havner, 953
S.W.2d at 711; Min, 991 S.W.2d at 507.  
          We overrule issues three and four.  
          Francis’s sixth issue is styled as a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the
evidence to support the jury’s finding that Acock was negligent and attributing fault
to Acock in response to questions one through two and four through seven.  Analysis
of this issue, however, shows that it is contingent on this Court’s having sustained
Francis’s first, third, and fourth issues by reinstating the jury’s findings premised on
ordinary negligence and premises-defect liability.  Having overruled issues one, three
and four, and having held that chapter 95 is Francis’s exclusive remedy against Coastal,
we overrule issue six as moot.  
Trial Amendment to Assert Chapter 95
          In his second issue, Francis contends that the trial court erred in granting Coastal
leave to file a trial amendment, after the close of evidence, to plead chapter 95.  Francis
argues that chapter 95 is an affirmative defense and that the trial amendment allowing
its assertion was prejudicial on its face.
  In granting Coastal leave, the trial court
noted that the issue had been tried by consent.  
          A trial court has no discretion to refuse a trial amendment unless (1) the
opposing party presents evidence of surprise or prejudice or (2) the amendment is
objected to and asserts a new cause of action or defense and is thus prejudicial on its
face.  Tex. R. Civ. P. 66; Chapin & Chapin, Inc. v. Tex. Sand & Gravel Co., 844
S.W.2d 664, 665 (Tex. 1992); Stephenson v. LeBoeuf, 16 S.W.3d 829, 839 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied).  An amendment is mandatory if it is
merely procedural in nature, as when conforming the pleadings to evidence presented
at trial.  Stephenson, 16 S.W.3d at 839. An amendment is not necessary if it is
substantive, i.e., changes the nature of the trial.  Id.  If the amendment is not necessary,
the decision to allow or deny the amendment is within the sound discretion of the trial
court.  See State Bar of Tex. v. Kilpatrick, 874 S.W.2d 656, 658 (Tex. 1994);
Stephenson, 16 S.W.3d at 839.  Thus, the trial court’s decision to allow or deny the
amendment may be reversed only if the trial court clearly abuses its discretion. 
Stephenson, 16 S.W.3d at 839. 
          A proposed trial amendment that asserts a new cause of action may be prejudicial
on its face.  Id.  Amending pleadings to assert a new cause of action, however, is not
prejudicial to the opposing party as a matter of law, but must be evaluated in the
context of the entire case.  Id.  For an amendment to be prejudicial on its face, it must
(1) assert a new substantive matter that reshapes the nature of the trial itself, (2) be of
such a nature that the opposing party could not have anticipated it in light of the
development of the case, and (3) detrimentally affect the opposing party’s presentation
of the case.  Id.   
          Although Coastal’s trial amendment to assert chapter 95 may have been
substantive, it was not prejudicial on its face.  The record reflects that both parties
proceeded to trial with the understanding that chapter 95 was an issue to be tried. 
Francis’s pleadings allege all essential elements necessary to sustain a claim under
chapter 95, including ownership, control, improvement, and actual knowledge. 
Furthermore, Francis was aware of Coastal’s reliance on chapter 95 at the conclusion
of Francis’s case-in-chief, when Coastal moved for a directed verdict premised on
chapter 95 grounds.  Francis did not challenge assertion of chapter 95 in opposing
Coastal’s motion for directed verdict.  
          Moreover, although Francis objected to including chapter 95 elements in the
charge on the grounds that the statute did not apply, Francis did not object that
Coastal’s asserting chapter 95 was prejudicial.  From our review of the record, we
conclude that the trial court properly concluded that the chapter 95 issues had been
tried by consent.  Francis has not shown that Coastal’s asserting chapter 95 either
reshaped the nature of trial or surprised Francis detrimentally and affected his case
adversely.  Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
allowing Coastal’s trial amendment.
          We overrule issue two. 
          Chapter 95 and “Open Courts” Provision
          In his fifth issue, Francis contends that chapter 95, as applied in this case,
violates the Texas “open courts” provision of the Texas Constitution because it
forecloses his right to seek redress for injuries caused by Coastal’s negligence.  The
“open courts” provision provides that, “all courts shall be open, and every person for
an injury done him, in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have remedy by due
course of law.”  Tex. Const. art. I, § 13.  The provision bars restricting a well-established common-law cause of action in a manner that is unreasonable or arbitrary
in view of the statute’s purpose.  Earle v. Ratliff, 998 S.W.2d 882, 889 (Tex. 1999). 
          Francis argues that permitting chapter 95 to preclude recovery against Coastal
unconstitutionally “forecloses,” “redefines,” or “abolishes” his common-law claim for
negligence.  We disagree.  Chapter 95 does not “abolish” negligence claims against
property owners.  Rather, the statute delineates the evidentiary showing a plaintiff must
meet to prevail on a claim of negligence against a property owner.  Under chapter 95,
a property owner is not liable for the acts of independent contractors unless the owner
exercises control over the contractor’s work and has knowledge of the danger or
condition resulting in injury.  Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003.  The only
claims that chapter 95 arguably “abolishes” are those that seek to hold property owners
strictly liable for the negligence of their contractors.  See Fisher, 16 S.W.3d at 201.  We
fail to see how “abolishing” strict liability unreasonably or arbitrarily restricts claims
for negligence.  Provided the plaintiff meets the evidentiary burdens imposed by
chapter 95, the statute unequivocally permits negligence recovery.  Id.  Accordingly,
we hold that applying chapter 95 in this case does not violate the “open courts”
provision of the Texas Constitution.
          We overrule issue five.
Negligence Per Se under Railroad Commission Regulation
          In his seventh issue, Francis contends that the trial court erred by granting partial
summary judgment in Coastal’s favor under chapter 16, section 3.21 of the
Administrative Code, a Railroad Commission regulation that governs fire prevention
and swabbing.  See 16 Tex. Admin. Code § 3.21 (Tex. R.R. Comm’n, Fire Prevention
and Swabbing) (prohibiting, among other things, hydrogen-flow tanks from being
placed within 150 feet of power plants).  Francis and Coastal filed traditional cross-motions for summary judgment on this claim, and Coastal also sought a no-evidence
summary judgment.  Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c), (i).  The trial court denied Francis’s
motion and granted Coastal’s.  In reviewing the trial court’s ruling, we apply the usual
standards of review.  Id.; Randall’s Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 644
(Tex. 1995) (traditional motion for summary judgment); Morgan v. Anthony, 27
S.W.3d 928, 929 (Tex. 2000) (no-evidence motion for summary judgment).
          Coastal moved for summary judgment on Francis’s claims under the Railroad-
Commission regulation by claiming that the regulation did not, as a matter of law, give
rise to a duty in Coastal to Francis.  In challenging Coastal’s right to prevail by
summary judgment, Francis asserts that Coastal violated the Commission’s regulation
and was, therefore, negligent per se.  Negligence per se is a common-law doctrine that
imposes a duty based on a penal statute, as opposed to the reasonably-prudent-person
standard that applies to pure negligence claims.  Reeder v. Daniel, 61 S.W.3d 359, 361-62 (Tex. 2002); Smith v. Merritt, 940 S.W.2d 602, 607 (Tex. 1997).  Because Railroad
Commission regulations are not penal statutes, they do not provide a basis for claims
of negligence per se.  See Entex v. Gonzales, 94 S.W.3d 1, 8-9 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] pet. denied) (holding negligence per se not applicable to violation of
Railroad Commission regulation); Hicks v. Humble Oil & Ref. Co., 970 S.W.2d 90, 95
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. denied) (same). 
          Moreover, allegations of negligence per se are “claims for damages caused by
negligence” for the purposes of chapter 95.  See Kelly v. LIN Television of Texas, 27
S.W.3d 564, 569 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2000, pet. denied).  To prevail on his theory of
negligence per se, therefore, Francis had to meet all evidentiary prerequisites of chapter
95, including the requirement that Coastal had actual knowledge.  See Tex. Civ. Prac.
& Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003(2).  As addressed above, Francis did not meet that
requirement.  
          Because negligence per se does not apply under the circumstances of this case,
we hold that the trial court did not err by granting partial summary judgment in favor
of Coastal on that claim.  
          We overrule issue seven.  
Coastal’s Conditional Cross-Appeal
          Coastal preserved its right to present several issues by filing its own notice of
appeal, but these issues are conditioned on our sustaining Francis’s issues.  Having
overruled Francis’s issues, we need not address Coastal’s issues.  See Tex. R. App. P.
47.1.
 

 
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.  We overrule all pending motions.
 
 
   Elsa Alcala
   Justice
 
Panel consists of Justices Taft, Alcala, and Price.