Court Opinion

ID: 4334647
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 01:47:01.011338+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:04.536248
License: Public Domain

FEDERAL HOME LOAN MORTGAGE CORPORATION, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentFed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp. v. Comm'rNo. 3941-99; No. 15626-99 United States Tax CourtT.C. Memo 2003-298; 2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 300; 86 T.C.M. (CCH) 492; October 27, 2003, Filed Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp. v. Commissioner, 121 T.C. 254">121 T.C. 254, 2003 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 35">2003 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 35 (2003)*300  Decision was entered for respondent.  P was originally exempt from Federal income taxation.   However, on Jan. 1, 1985, P became subject to taxation under the   Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (DEFRA), Pub. L. 98-369, sec. 177,   98 Stat. 709. During 1983 and 1984, when it was still exempt   from income tax, P incurred certain costs relating to its   "Freddie Mac" trade name and its trademark   "Gnomes". In its return for 1985, P filed a statement   signifying its election to amortize its 1983 and 1984 trademark   and trade name expenditures under sec. 177, I.R.C.      Held: Sec. 177(a), I.R.C., provides an election to   amortize trademark and trade name expenditures over a period of   not less than 60 months for expenditures "paid or incurred   during a taxable year beginning after December 31, 1955".   P's trademark and trade name expenditures were not paid or   incurred during P's taxable years because P was exempt from   income tax during those years. P is not entitled to deductions   under sec. 177, I.R.C.*301 Robert A. Rudnick, Stephen J. Marzen, James F. Warren, and Neil H. Koslowe, for petitioner.Gary D. Kallevang, for respondent.  Ruwe, Robert P.RUWEMEMORANDUM OPINIONRUWE, Judge: Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income taxes in docket No. 3941-99 for 1985 and 1986, as follows:YearDeficiency1985$ 36,623,695198640,111,127 Petitioner claims overpayments of $ 9,604,085 for 1985 and $ 12,418,469 for 1986.Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income taxes in docket No. 15626-99 for 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990, as follows:YearDeficiency1987$ 26,200,358198813,827,654 19896,225,404 199023,466,338 Petitioner claims overpayments of $ 57,775,538 for 1987, $ 28,434,990 for 1988, $ 32,577,346 for 1989, and $ 19,504,333 for 1990.Petitioner and respondent filed cross-motions for partial summary judgment under Rule 1211 on the issue of whether petitioner's election under section 177 to amortize certain trademark and trade name expenditures, which were incurred in 1983 and 1984 when petitioner was tax exempt, was valid where the election was filed with petitioner's Federal income tax return for its first taxable year commencing January 1, 1985.Background*302  Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of facts and the attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. At the time of filing the petition, petitioner's principal office was located in McLean, Virginia. At all relevant times, petitioner was a corporation managed by a board of directors.Petitioner was chartered by Congress on July 24, 1970, by the Emergency Home Financing Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91-351, title III (Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Act), 84 Stat. 451">84 Stat. 451. Petitioner was originally exempt from Federal income taxation. However, Congress repealed petitioner's Federal income tax exemption status in the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (DEFRA), Pub. L. 98-369, sec. 177, 98 Stat. 709">98 Stat. 709. Pursuant to this act, petitioner became subject to Federal income taxation, effective January 1, 1985.During 1983, petitioner incurred expenses in creating the trade name "Freddie Mac". Petitioner claims that these expenses amount to $ 33,089. 2 In 1984, petitioner launched a campaign to develop a new advertising concept to project a distinct identity and increase the market's awareness of petitioner. Petitioner settled on "Gnomes", 11 tiny elfin*303  cartoon characters representing the legend of the "Gnomes of Zurich", who were supposedly shrewd financial experts. Petitioner intended the Gnomes to help it present the image of financial prowess, resourcefulness, and ingenuity. Petitioner contends that during 1984, it developed and registered 14 separate "Gnome" trademarks at a total out-of-pocket cost of $ 215,349.69. 3 Whatever costs petitioner incurred for trademarks and trade names in 1983 and 1984, it expensed those costs currently on its books in the respective years 1983 and 1984.Petitioner claims that under section 177(a), it is entitled to amortization deductions based on trademark and trade name expenditures that it incurred in 1983 and 1984 when it was exempt from income tax. Section 177(a) provides an election to amortize, over a period of not less than 60 months, trademark and trade name expenditures paid*304  or incurred during a taxable year beginning after December 31, 1955. In order to amortize its claimed trademark and trade name expenditures, petitioner was required under section 177(c) and section 1.177-1(c), Income Tax Regs., to attach a statement, signifying its election to amortize, to its return for the taxable year in which the expenses were incurred. Petitioner attached a statement to its return for the year 1985, which petitioner claims meets the requirements in the regulations. Petitioner claims that on page 34, statement 17 of its original income tax return for the taxable year 1985, it elected to defer and amortize its trademark and trade name expenditures over a period of 60 months, starting on January 1, 1983, in the case of the "Freddie Mac" item, and on January 1, 1984, in the case of the "Gnome" items. Petitioner deducted $ 49,688 in respect of trademark and trade name expenditures on its income tax returns for each of the taxable years 1985 through 1987 and $ 43,070 in the taxable year 1988.             DiscussionSummary judgment is intended to expedite litigation and avoid unnecessary and expensive trials. *305  FPL Group, Inc. v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 73">116 T.C. 73, 74 (2001). Either party may move for summary judgment upon all or any part of the legal issues in controversy. Rule 121(a);  FPL Group, Inc. v. Commissioner, supra at 74. A decision will be rendered on a motion for partial summary judgment if the pleadings, answers to interrogatories, depositions, admissions, and other acceptable materials, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that a decision may be rendered as a matter of law. Rule 121(b);  Elec. Arts, Inc. v. Commissioner, 118 T.C. 226">118 T.C. 226, 238 (2002). The moving party has the burden of proving that no genuine issue of material fact exists, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.  Rauenhorst v. Commissioner, 119 T.C. 157">119 T.C. 157, 162 (2002).Petitioner claims that under section 177(a) it is entitled to deductions in 1985, 1986, and 1987 for part of the trademark and trade name expenditures that it incurred during 1983 and 1984 when it was exempt from income tax. Section 177(a)4 in effect for the taxable years at issue provided:*306       SEC. 177(a). Election to Amortize. -- Any trademark or   trade name expenditure paid or incurred during a taxable year   beginning after December 31, 1955, may, at the election of the   taxpayer (made in accordance with regulations prescribed by the   Secretary), be treated as a deferred expense. In computing   taxable income, all expenditures paid or incurred during the   taxable year which are so treated shall be allowed as a   deduction ratably over such period of not less than 60 months   (beginning with the first month in such taxable year) as may be   selected by the taxpayer in making such election. The   expenditures so treated are expenditures properly chargeable to   capital account for purposes of section 1016(a)(1)(relating to   adjustments to basis of property).Respondent contends that petitioner cannot meet the requirements of section 177(a) because it was not taxable in 1983 and 1984 when its expenditures were incurred. Neither party cites court opinions supporting its respective interpretations of section 177, and the issue appears to be one of first impression.It is a well-settled*307  principle that tax deductions are a matter of legislative grace, and taxpayers must show that they come squarely within the terms of the law conferring the benefit sought. See Rule 142(a);  INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79">503 U.S. 79, 84, 117 L. Ed. 2d 226">117 L. Ed. 2d 226, 112 S. Ct. 1039">112 S. Ct. 1039 (1992);  New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435">292 U.S. 435, 440, 78 L. Ed. 1348">78 L. Ed. 1348, 54 S. Ct. 788">54 S. Ct. 788, 1 C.B. 194">1934-1 C.B. 194 (1934);  Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111">290 U.S. 111, 115, 78 L. Ed. 212">78 L. Ed. 212, 54 S. Ct. 8">54 S. Ct. 8, 2 C.B. 112">1933-2 C.B. 112 (1933);  Wilkins v. Commissioner, 120 T.C. 109">120 T.C. 109, 112 (2003). Further, in interpreting a statute, as in the instant cases, we start as always with the language of the statute itself.  Consumer Product Safety Comm'n v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102">447 U.S. 102, 108, 64 L. Ed. 2d 766">64 L. Ed. 2d 766, 100 S. Ct. 2051">100 S. Ct. 2051 (1980);  Fed. Home Loan Mortgage Corp. v. Commissioner, 121 T.C. ___, ___ , 121 T.C. 129">121 T.C. 129, 2003 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 27">2003 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 27 (Sept. 4, 2003). We look to the legislative history primarily to learn the purpose of the statute and to resolve any ambiguity in the words contained in the text.  Fed. Home Loan Mortgage Corp. v. Commissioner, supra at 2003 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 27;  Wells Fargo & Co. v. Commissioner, 120 T.C. 69">120 T.C. 69, 89 (2003);  Allen v. Commissioner, 118 T.C. 1">118 T.C. 1, 7 (2002). If the language of the statute is plain, clear, and unambiguous, we generally apply it according to its terms.  United States v. Ron Pair Enters., Inc., 489 U.S. 235">489 U.S. 235, 241, 103 L. Ed. 2d 290">103 L. Ed. 2d 290, 109 S. Ct. 1026">109 S. Ct. 1026 (1989);*308  Fed. Home Loan Mortgage Corp. v. Commissioner, supra at 2003 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 27;  Burke v. Commissioner, 105 T.C. 41">105 T.C. 41, 59 (1995). If the statute is ambiguous or silent, we may look to the statute's legislative history to determine congressional intent.  Burlington N. R.R. v. Oklahoma Tax Comm'n, 481 U.S. 454">481 U.S. 454, 461, 95 L. Ed. 2d 404">95 L. Ed. 2d 404, 107 S. Ct. 1855">107 S. Ct. 1855 (1987);  Fed. Home Loan Mortgage Corp. v. Commissioner, supra at 2003 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 27;  Ewing v. Commissioner, 118 T.C. 494">118 T.C. 494, 503 (2002).Section 177 literally requires that the item to be amortized be an "expenditure paid or incurred during a taxable year". It is clear that petitioner was not taxable in 1983 and 1984, when the expenditures were made, and that those years were not taxable years with respect to petitioner. Indeed, petitioner's first taxable year was 1985.Section 177(a) and the regulations thereunder provide that deductions be allowed ratably over a period of not less than 60 months beginning with the first month of the taxable year in which the expenditure is paid or incurred. Section 1.177-1(a)(2), Income Tax Regs. provides:     (2) The number of continuous months selected by the   taxpayer may be equal to or greater, *309  but not less, than 60, but   in any event the deduction must begin with the first month of   the taxable year in which the expenditure is paid or incurred.   The number of months selected by the taxpayer at the time he   makes the election may not be subsequently changed but shall be   adhered to in computing taxable income for the taxable year for   which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years.Petitioner computed its amortization deductions using a 60-month amortization schedule commencing in 1983 and 1984, the years in which it incurred the trademark and trade name expenditures. But, petitioner did not, and could not, claim deductions for any "amortization" in 1983 and 1984 with respect to its trademarks and trade name costs because it was tax exempt during those years. Simply put, petitioner cannot comply with the literal requirements of section 177(a) and section 1.177-1(a)(2), Income Tax Regs.Our reading of section 177(a) and the regulations thereunder is also supported by the election rules specified in section 177(c). Section 177(c) provides:     SEC. 177(c). Time for and Scope of*310  Election. -- The   election provided by subsection (a) shall be made within the   time prescribed by law (including extensions thereof) for filing   the return for the taxable year during which the expenditure is   paid or incurred. The period selected by the taxpayer under   subsection (a) with respect to the expenditures paid or incurred   during the taxable year which are treated as deferred expenses   shall be adhered to in computing his taxable income for the   taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent   years.Section 1.177-1(c), Income Tax Regs., which interprets section 177(c), provides:     (c) Time and manner of making election. (1) A   taxpayer who elects to defer and amortize any trademark or trade   name expenditure paid or incurred during a taxable year   beginning after December 31, 1955, shall, within the time   prescribed by law (including extensions thereof) for filing his   income tax return for that year, attach to his income tax return   a statement signifying his election under section 177 and   setting*311  forth the following:        (i) Name and address of the taxpayer, and the taxable     year involved;        (ii) An identification of the character and amount of     each expenditure to which the election applies and the     number of continuous months (not less than 60) during which     the expenditures are to be ratably deducted; and        (iii) A declaration by the taxpayer that he will make     an accounting segregation on his books and records of the     trademark and trade name expenditures for which the     election has been made, sufficient to permit an     identification of the character and amount of each such     expenditure and the amortization period selected for each     expenditure.     (2) The provisions of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph   shall apply to income tax returns and statements required to be   filed after May 4, 1960. Elections properly made in accordance   with the provisions of Treasury Decision 6209, approved October   26,  1956 (21 F.R. 8319,*312  C.B. 1956-2, 1370), continue in effect.The fact that petitioner's election must be made in the tax return for the taxable year in which the expenditures were incurred supports our conclusion that section 177(a) applies only to expenditures made during a taxable year.Petitioner argues that its election was timely since it had no prescribed due date for any income tax returns for 1983 and 1984, and its first opportunity to file an election under section 177(a) occurred in 1985 when petitioner first became subject to Federal income tax. If timeliness of the election were the only issue we might agree. 5 But the issue here is whether petitioner meets the substantive requirements of section 177(a).*313  Petitioner argues that the language in section 177(a), referring to a taxable year, must be read in its full context. Petitioner points to the following language in section 177(a): "Any trademark or trade name expenditure paid or incurred during a taxable year beginning after December 31, 1955". (Emphasis added.) Petitioner argues that this language merely establishes the effective date of section 177. See Act of June 29, 1956, ch. 464, sec. 4, 70 Stat. 406">70 Stat. 406. We disagree. While the above quoted language certainly specifies that section 177 applies only to expenditures made after December 31, 1955, it also specifies that qualifying expenditures be paid or incurred during a "taxable year" after that date. We cannot simply read this requirement out of the statute. Petitioner cites no authority for doing so, and there is nothing in the legislative history indicating that Congress intended such a limited application.Indeed, the legislative history of section 177 indicates that Congress was trying to help smaller companies qualify for a tax deduction, for what would otherwise be nondeductible expenditures, because larger companies were already deducting these expenditures in the form of*314  salaries paid to their employees who performed work regarding trademarks and trade names. 6Congress believed that this disparity in tax treatment resulted in a "hardship" on small companies that were not able to deduct these expenses in computing their taxable income. The references in section 177 to expenditures "paid or incurred during a taxable year" are consistent with Congress's objective to establish parity between the way large and small companies compute their taxable income. Nothing in the statute or legislative history indicates that Congress wanted to extend this type of deduction to expenditures that were incurred during a year when the taxpayer was already exempt from income tax.*315  We hold that petitioner is not entitled to the claimed amortization deductions under section 177(a).An appropriate order will be issued.  Footnotes1. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure, and all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the taxable years in issue.↩2. Respondent disputes petitioner's substantiation of these expenses.↩3. Respondent also disputes petitioner's substantiation of this cost.↩4. Sec. 177(a) was repealed by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514, sec. 241(a), 100 Stat. 2181">100 Stat. 2181↩, effective for expenditures paid or incurred after Dec. 31, 1986.5. See  Dougherty v. Commissioner, 60 T.C. 917">60 T.C. 917 (1973) (election held effective where filed in response to the Commissioner's indication of intention to include additional amount in the taxpayer's return years after time prescribed in regulations for making the election); see also  Roy H. Park Broad. v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 1093">78 T.C. 1093 (1982) (election filed in amended returns more than 4 years after filing of original return allowed where taxpayer was unable to secure required certification at time original return filed);  Bayley v. Commissioner, 35 T.C. 288">35 T.C. 288 (1960) (election to compute gain on installment basis which was made in amended petition to this Court held effective where taxpayer treated gain in original return as deferred under sec. 1034↩).6. The legislative history provides:     Under present law, expenditures paid or incurred by smaller   companies in connection with trademarks and trade names, such as   legal fees, are not deductible but must be capitalized.   Moreover, such expenditures ordinarily are not amortizable over   any period of time since the useful life of most trademarks and   trade names is indefinite and not ascertainable. However,   certain larger corporations are in a position to hire their own   legal staffs to handle such matters. Because of difficulties of   identification, these large corporations deduct, in some   instances, compensation paid to their legal staffs for   performing the same functions. Smaller companies, however,   cannot afford to maintain their own legal staffs but must   acquire outside counsel to perform their legal work. By this   amendment your committee intends to eliminate an existing   hardship in the case of small companies. [S. Rept. 1941, 84th   Cong., 2d Sess. (1956), 2 C.B. 1227">1956-2 C.B. 1227↩, 1232.]