Court Opinion

ID: 3217279
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-06-27 18:07:23.41739+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:32:53.189207
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

THE WILLIAMS COMPANIES, INC.,         )
                                      )
             Plaintiff and            )
             Counterclaim Defendant, )
                                      )
     v.                               ) C.A. No. 12168-VCG
                                      )
ENERGY TRANSFER EQUITY, L.P.          )
and LE GP, LLC,                       )
                                      )
             Defendants and           )
             Counterclaim Plaintiffs. )
                                      )
                                      )
THE WILLIAMS COMPANIES, INC.,         )
                                      )
             Plaintiff and            )
             Counterclaim Defendant, )
                                      )
     v.                               ) C.A. No. 12337-VCG
                                      )
ENERGY TRANSFER EQUITY, L.P.,         )
ENERGY TRANSFER CORP LP, ETE          )
CORP GP, LLC, LE GP, LLC, and         )
ENERGY TRANSFER EQUITY GP,            )
LLC,                                  )
                                      )
             Defendants and           )
             Counterclaim Plaintiffs. )

                     MEMORANDUM OPINION

                     Date Submitted: June 23, 2016
                      Date Decided: June 24, 2016

Kenneth J. Nachbar and Zi-Xiang Shen, of MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT &
TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington, DE; OF COUNSEL: Sandra C. Goldstein, Antony L.
Ryan, and Kevin J. Orsini, of CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP, New York,
NY, Attorneys for the Plaintiff and Counterclaim Defendant.

Rolin P. Bissell, Tammy L. Mercer, and James M. Yoch, Jr., of YOUNG
CONAWAY STARGATT & TAYLOR LLP, Wilmington, DE; OF COUNSEL:
Michael C. Holmes, John C. Wander, Michael L. Charlson, and Craig E. Zieminski,
of VINSON & ELKINS LLP, Dallas, TX, Attorneys for the Defendants and
Counterclaim Plaintiffs.

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
                This matter is before me after expedited discovery and a two-day trial,

in light of the imminent proposed merger (the “Proposed Transaction”) between The

Williams Companies, Inc. (“Williams”), a Delaware corporation, and Energy

Transfer Equity, L.P. (the “Partnership” or “ETE”), a Delaware limited partnership.

The companies are substantial participants in the gas pipeline business.           The

Proposed Transaction is an unusual structure, accommodating Williams’ desire for

its stockholders to continue to be holders of publicly traded common stock (as

opposed to partnership units) and to receive a substantial cash payment, in return for

Williams’ assets being acquired by the Partnership. The Proposed Transaction had

been pursued assiduously by the Partnership and it was heavily negotiated. Those

negotiations were “tax-intensive”; in other words, there were many potential

negative tax ramifications to the Proposed Transaction, which the parties found

substantial, and to avoid which the parties negotiated comprehensively.

         Under the final terms of the Proposed Transaction, as set out in Agreement

and Plan of Merger dated September 28, 2015 (the “Merger Agreement”),1 the

Partnership created Energy Transfer Corp LP (“ETC”), a Delaware limited

partnership that is taxable as a corporation, into which Williams would merge. ETC

would then transfer the former Williams assets and 19% of ETC’s common stock to

the Partnership, in return for partnership units equivalent in value to the ETC stock

1
    JX 52 (the “Merger Agreement”).
                                            1
on a one-share-for-one-unit basis, together with $6 billion in cash. The cash would

then be distributed to the former Williams stockholders.

      After the Merger Agreement was entered, the energy market—and thus the

value of assets used in the transport of energy, of the type held by Williams and the

Partnership—experienced a precipitous decline. The Partnership units, which are

publicly traded, within a few months after signing the deal had dropped to between

a third and a half of their value at signing. Since a part of the consideration for

Williams was $6 billion in cash, to obtain which the Partnership would have to

borrow against its devalued assets, the Proposed Transaction quickly became

financially unpalatable to the Partnership. It became clear to the parties and to the

interested public that the Partnership desired an exit from the Merger Agreement as

strongly as it had desired to enter the agreement in the first place.

      It is against this background that I examine the issues presented to me for

determination. While these are described more fully below, of primary importance

to my decision is a condition precedent to consummation of the Merger Agreement:

the issuance of an opinion by the Partnership’s tax attorneys, Latham & Watkins

LLP (“Latham”), that a specific transaction between ETC and the Partnership

“should” be treated by the tax authorities as a tax-free exchange under Section 721(a)

of the Internal Revenue Code (the “721 Opinion”). At present, Latham is unable to

issue such an opinion; should that continue, under the terms of the Merger

                                           2
Agreement between the parties, that will allow the Partnership to terminate the

Merger Agreement. Williams maintains that the Partnership materially breached its

contractual obligations by failing to use “commercially reasonable efforts” to secure

the required 721 Opinion. As a result, according to Williams, the Partnership should

be estopped from terminating the Merger Agreement on the ground that a condition

precedent has not been met.

       It is clear to me that the Proposed Transaction, so ardently desired by the

Partnership at the time the deal was inked, is now manifestly unattractive to the

Partnership. It is in the Partnership’s interest to avoid the transaction if possible. It

is that motivation on which Williams primarily relies to demonstrate lack of

“commercially reasonable efforts” on the part of the Partnership. I approached this

matter with a skeptical eye, in light of that motivation, as well as the Partnership’s

post-signing issuance of new ETE units, through which (according to Williams at

least) certain large ETE equity holders have insulated themselves from the adverse

effects of the Proposed Transaction, at the expense of both Williams stockholders

and other ETE unit holders.2 Just as motive alone cannot establish criminal guilt,

however, motive to avoid a deal does not demonstrate lack of a contractual right to

do so. If a man formerly desperate for cash and without prospects is suddenly flush,

2
  A class of ETE unit holders has brought an expedited action to rescind this equity issuance, which
is also among the relief sought by Williams here. That matter is proceeding before me separately.
See In re Energy Transfer Equity, L.P. Unitholder Litig., C.A. No. 12197-VCG (Del. Ch.).
                                                 3
that may arouse our suspicions. Nonetheless, even a desperate man can be an honest

winner of the lottery. Because I conclude that Latham, as of the time of trial, could

not in good faith opine that tax authorities should treat the specific exchange in

question as tax free under Section 721(a); and because Williams has failed to

demonstrate that the Partnership has materially breached its contractual obligation

to undertake commercially reasonable efforts to receive such an opinion from

Latham, I find that the Partnership is contractually entitled to terminate the Merger

Agreement, assuming Latham’s opinion does not change before the end of the

merger period, June 28, 2016 (the “Outside Date”).3

         The Merger Agreement is subject to Delaware law.4 Delaware is strongly

contractarian, and the presence of a provision in favor of specific performance in

case of breach, as the parties contracted for here, must be respected. Conditions

precedent to the transaction must be enforced as well, and granting Williams’ request

to use the power of equity to consummate the Proposed Transaction would force the

Partnership to accept a risk—potential imposition of substantial tax liability—

without the comfort of a tax opinion from Latham. This, the parties did not contract

for, and the equitable equivalent of an order of specific performance as sought here

by Williams is unavailable.

3
    Merger Agreement § 7.01(b)(1).
4
    Id. § 8.08.
                                         4
       My reasoning, and my treatment of the other issues presented, follows.

                                     I. BACKGROUND

       A. The Parties5

       Plaintiff Williams is a Delaware corporation with its principal executive

offices located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The company’s stock is traded on the New York

Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “WMB.” Williams is a leading

North American energy infrastructure company focused on connecting North

America’s hydrocarbon deposits to the growing market for natural gas, natural gas

liquids, and olefins. The company owns and operates midstream gathering and

processing assets and interstate natural gas pipelines.

       Defendant ETE is a Delaware limited partnership with its principal executive

offices located in Dallas, Texas. The Partnership’s common units trade on the NYSE

under the symbol “ETE.” The Partnership’s family of companies owns and operates

approximately 71,000 miles of natural gas, natural gas liquids, refined products, and

crude oil pipelines.

       Defendant ETC is a Delaware limited partnership taxable as a corporation.

Pursuant to the Proposed Transaction, Williams will merge with and into ETC.

Following the consummation of the Proposed Transaction, ETC will be the

5
  Information about the parties is drawn from the Joint Pre-Trial Stipulation and Order (“Pre-Trial
Order”). The facts are admitted by the parties and require no further proof. See Pre-Trial Order,
at 5–6.
                                                5
managing member of the general partner of the Partnership.

      Defendant ETE Corp GP, LLC (“ETE Corp”) is a Delaware limited liability

company and the general partner of ETC.

      Defendant LE GP, LLC (“LE GP”) is a Delaware limited liability company

and the general partner of the Partnership.

      Defendant Energy Transfer Equity GP, LLC (“ETE GP”) is a Delaware

limited liability company. Pursuant to the Proposed Transaction, ETE GP will

merge with LE GP such that ETE GP will be the surviving company and general

partner of the Partnership.

      B. Relevant Non-Parties

       A number of individuals played key roles in the Proposed Transaction and

are mentioned throughout my decision: Frank MacInnis, Chairman of Williams;

Alan Armstrong, CEO of Williams; Kelcy Warren, Chairman and CEO of the

Partnership; Brad Whitehurst, the Partnership’s Executive Vice President and Head

of Tax; and Jamie Welch, the former CFO of the Partnership.

      In addition, there are several law firms that played key roles in the Proposed

Transaction. Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP (“Cravath”) served as Williams’ deal

counsel and provided tax advice. Working with Williams was Minh Van Ngo, a

corporate partner, and Andrew Needham, a tax partner, from Cravath. Cravath also

served as litigation counsel to Williams. In addition, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP

                                          6
(“Gibson”) served as deal counsel to Williams.

       Latham provided tax advice to the Partnership and was appointed in the

Merger Agreement to deliver the 721 Opinion. Timothy Fenn and Larry Stein are

tax partners at Latham who were consulted by the Partnership. The Partnership also

received tax advice from Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP (“Morgan Lewis”) and

Morgan Lewis tax partner Bill McKee.                  Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz

(“Wachtell”) served as deal counsel to the Partnership. Corporate partner Alison

Preiss from Wachtell was one of the partners advising the Partnership. Finally,

Vinson & Elkins LLP (“V&E”) served as litigation counsel to the Partnership.

       C. The Parties Execute the Merger Agreement

       Following negotiations between Williams and the Partnership,6 the parties

executed the Merger Agreement on September 28, 2015. The Merger Agreement

contemplates a series of transactions, or exchanges, that together form the “Proposed

Transaction.”

       Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Williams will merge into ETC, a newly

created affiliate of the Partnership, with ETC surviving the merger (the “Merger”).7

As a result of the Merger, the former Williams assets (the “Williams Assets”) will

be held by the surviving entity, and the former Williams stockholders will receive a

6
  The parties have provided a thorough description of the background of the negotiations, which I
refer to throughout when necessary.
7
  Merger Agreement § 1.01(a).
                                               7
right to consideration consisting of (1) ETC shares representing approximately 81%

of the surviving entity; (2) $6.05 billion in cash; and (3) certain contingent

consideration rights.8

       The Merger Agreement also contemplates two transactions, or “legs,”

between the Partnership and ETC. In one leg, the Partnership will transfer $6.05

billion to ETC in exchange for ETC shares (the “Hook Stock”) representing

approximately 19% of ETC (the “Cash Transaction”).9 ETC is then required to

distribute the $6.05 billion directly to the former Williams stockholders.10 In the

other leg, ETC will transfer, or “contribute,” the Williams Assets to the Partnership

in exchange for newly issued Class E partnership units from the Partnership (the

“Class E Units”) (the “Contribution Transaction”).11 The number of Class E Units

issued to ETC will equal the aggregate number of ETC shares held by the Partnership

and the former stockholders of Williams.12 The Proposed Transaction is illustrated

in the following diagram:13

8
  See id. § 2.01(b).
9
  Id. § 2.02(d).
10
   Id. § 2.04(b).
11
   Id. § 1.01(b).
12
   Id. § 1.01(b)(iii).
13
   Pl’s Opening Pre-Trial Br. 19.
                                         8
          In sum, upon consummation of the Proposed Transaction, ETC will own Class

E Units representing approximately 57% of the limited partner interest of the

Partnership. The Partnership will own the Williams Assets, as well as 19% of the

outstanding ETC shares. Finally, the former Williams stockholders will own 81%

of the outstanding ETC shares and will have received $6.05 billion in cash.

Following the consummation of the Proposed Transaction, therefore, the

relationship of the parties will be as follows:14

14
     Id. at 20.
                                           9
         I note that, because the number of Class E Units issued will equal the number

of ETC shares issued, each ETC share will correspond to an equivalent Class E Unit.

Thus, any distribution that ETC pays on its common shares will directly correspond

to the distributions ETC receives on the Class E Units it holds.

         D. The Energy Markets Decline

         Since the Merger Agreement was executed, conditions in the energy markets

have deteriorated.15 In light of its obligation to deliver $6.05 billion in cash, the

Partnership and its Chairman Kelcy Warren have become increasingly troubled with

15
     Trial Tr. 84:7–10 (Van Ngo).
                                           10
its potential overall debt levels, as ratings agencies have indicated concern.16 In

December 2015, Warren led discussions within the Partnership that highlighted the

problems with the Proposed Transaction. He suggested that the Partnership seek to

renegotiate the terms of the Merger Agreement.17 Further, the Partnership’s former

CFO Jamie Welch testified that, by January 2016, Warren would have preferred

terminating the Merger Agreement to restructuring.18 The parties have since

discussed the possibility of restructuring and even terminating the Merger

Agreement.19 Thus far, however, such talks have been unsuccessful.

       E. The Partnership Announces a Special Equity Issuance

       Due to its concerns regarding the cash component of the Proposed

Transaction, the Partnership began considering various financing alternatives.20 It

eventually determined to issue a new class of equity units that would require its

holders to forgo normal cash distributions in exchange for the right to later convert

the units into common units of the Partnership.21 The Partnership expected that by

reducing its cash distributions in the short term, it could increase its cash available

to manage its bridge financing.22

16
   Id. at 193:24–194:15 (Whitehurst).
17
   Id. at 194:24–195:10 (Whitehurst).
18
   Id. at 115:11–24 (Whitehurst).
19
   Id. at 31:16–32:8 (MacInnis); id. at 196:5–21 (Whitehurst).
20
   JX 83.
21
   JX 295.
22
   McReynolds Dep. 136:7–17.
                                               11
      Initially, the Partnership sought to issue the new class of securities to the

public (the “Proposed Public Offering”).23 Williams, however, refused to cooperate

with the Partnership and effectively blocked the Proposed Public Offering. To offer

securities to the public, the Partnership is required to file a Form S-3 to register the

securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission.            In that filing, the

Partnership must include updated financial information from Williams, as well as an

opinion from Williams’ external auditor, which in turn requires the auditor’s

consent.24 In February 2016, the Partnership asked Williams to agree to provide

these items, and Williams refused.25

      Still determined to execute an offering, the Partnership announced on March

8, 2016 that it had completed a private offering (the “Special Issuance”) of Series A

Convertible Preferred Units representing a limited partner interest in the Partnership

(the “Convertible Units”).26 The Convertible Units were issued to select investors

who elected to participate in a plan (the “Plan”) for a period of up to nine fiscal

quarters, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2016 (the “Plan

Period”).27   Each investor that elected to participate in the Plan (“Electing

Unitholders”) received one Convertible Unit for each common unit participating in

23
   JX 295.
24
   Armstrong Dep. 206:15–207:1.
25
   Id. at 207:12–22.
26
   JX 323.
27
   Id.
                                          12
the Plan (“Participating Units”).28 In order to perfect the Special Issuance, I note,

the Partnership was required to amend its limited partnership agreement.29

         The Special Issuance has two notable features: a dividend reinvestment

feature and a preferred dividend feature. With respect to the dividend reinvestment

feature, Electing Unitholders will forgo any quarterly cash distribution exceeding

$0.11 per unit for the period leading up to the consummation (or termination) of the

Proposed Transaction.30 Electing Unitholders will instead receive an accrual of

value equal to the difference between $.285 per quarter and the actual cash

distribution received (the “Conversion Value”).31 At the end of the Plan Period, the

total Conversion Value will automatically convert into common units of the

Partnership based on a unit price equal to 95% of the five-day volume-weighted

average closing price of the Partnership’s unit price immediately prior to the Special

Issuance.32

         With respect to the preferred dividend feature of the Plan, for each quarter

following the consummation (or termination) of the Proposed Transaction, Electing

Unitholders are entitled to receive $0.11 per Convertible Unit before the Partnership

is permitted to pay any cash distributions to its common unitholders.33 During that

28
   Id.
29
   Id.
30
   Id.
31
   Id.
32
   Id.
33
   Id.
                                          13
time, Electing Unitholders will forgo all distributions that would otherwise flow to

their Participating Units.34

       According to its public filings, the Partnership issued 329,299,267

Convertible Units to Electing Unitholders, representing participation by

approximately 31.5% of the Partnership’s total outstanding common units.35

Notably, the Partnership’s Chairman, Kelcy Warren, participated in the Plan with

respect to substantially all of his common units, which represent approximately 18%

of the Partnership’s total outstanding common units.36

       Barely a month after announcing the Special Issuance, the Partnership

announced on April 18, 2016 that it “does not expect to make any cash distributions

with respect to its common units prior to the distribution payable with respect to the

quarter ending March 31, 2018.”37 Instead, its available cash will be “used to make

cash distributions on Convertible Units and to repay a portion of the indebtedness

incurred by the Partnership in connection with the merger.”38          Therefore, as

explained in ETC’s final proxy statement, the Partnership “does not expect to receive

any cash distribution savings until such time from forgone distributions on

[Participating Units], or to repay any debt from such cash distribution savings.”39

34
   Id.
35
   Id.
36
   Id.
37
   JX 153, at 25.
38
   Id.
39
   JX 186.
                                         14
       F. Latham Determines It Is Unable to Issue the 721 Opinion

       A significant aspect of the Proposed Transaction are the tax consequences of

each of the transactions encompassed therein. Accordingly, the Merger Agreement

includes several provisions that define the parties’ understandings of, and

obligations related to, the tax considerations of the Proposed Transaction.

       Among the important tax issues is the application of Section 721(a) of the

Internal Revenue Code to the Contribution Transaction. Section 721(a) provides

that “[n]o gain or loss shall be recognized to a partnership or to any of its partners in

the case of a contribution of property to the partnership in exchange for an interest

in the partnership.”40 Again, the Contribution Transaction is the exchange in which

ETC will transfer, or “contribute,” the Williams Assets to the Partnership in

exchange for Class E Units. It was the parties’ intention that the Contribution

Transaction would qualify as a tax-free contribution pursuant to Section 721(a).41 In

addition, the parties negotiated an assurance that the Contribution Transaction would

receive such tax treatment as of the date of closing: the Merger Agreement includes

a condition to closing that Latham provide ETC and Williams a written opinion—

which I refer to as the 721 Opinion—dated as of the closing date, “to the effect that

40
  I.R.C § 721(a).
41
  In the recitals to the Merger Agreement, the parties state that the “Contribution and the Parent
Class E Issuance are intended to qualify as an exchange described in Section 721(a) of the Code.”
Merger Agreement, at 1–2.
                                               15
the Contribution and the Parent Class E Issuance should qualify as an exchange to

which Section 721(a) of the Code applies.”42 As of the date of the trial, however,

Latham has determined that it cannot issue the 721 Opinion.

       While Latham is ultimately responsible for making the determinations

encompassed in its 721 Opinion, the parties represented their understanding of the

tax consequences in the Merger Agreement. In Article III of the Merger Agreement,

Williams, the Partnership, and ETC represented that neither they, nor any of their

subsidiaries, “has taken or agreed to take any action or knows of the existence of any

fact that would reasonably be expected to prevent . . . the Contribution and Parent

Class E Issuance from qualifying as an exchange to which Section 721(a) of the

Code applies.”43 In addition, Latham believed that it could deliver the 721 Opinion

and considered the Section 721(a) issue “fairly straightforward.”44 Cravath likewise

had no concern about the delivery of the 721 Opinion.45 Therefore, at the time the

Merger Agreement was executed, the parties and their tax advisors understood that

the Contribution Transaction should qualify as a tax-free contribution under Section

721(a).46

        In early 2016, however, the Partnership and its tax counsel Latham began to

42
   Id. § 6.01(h) (emphasis added).
43
   Id. §§ 3.01(n)(1), 3.02(n)(i).
44
   Trial Tr. 218:5–9, 222:9–21, 282:12–15 (Fenn).
45
   Id. at 346:8–11 (Needham).
46
   Id. at 341:14–342:6 (Needham).
                                              16
reevaluate the two legs between the Partnership and ETC. Following the decline in

energy markets, Whitehurst, the Partnership’s Head of Tax, began evaluating the tax

implications of potential actions that the Partnership might take in response to the

distress in the energy sector.47 In particular, he was considering tax issues that could

arise if the Partnership decided to cut a portion of its cash distributions.48 In late

March, while reviewing a draft of the S-4, Whitehurst discovered an aspect of the

Cash Transaction that—according to Whitehurst—he had not before considered.49

To reiterate, the Cash Transaction is the leg in which the Partnership will transfer to

ETC $6 billion in cash in exchange for 19% of ETC’s stock. Despite the fact that

he had reviewed drafts of transaction documents and other deal-related materials that

said otherwise,50 and while no one else shared his view,51 Whitehurst testified that

he originally understood the Cash Transaction to require the Partnership to exchange

$6 billion in cash for a floating number of ETC shares.52 Upon review of the S-4,

however, Whitehurst realized that the number of ETC shares exchanged were fixed

in the Merger Agreement.53 Therefore, due to the decline in the Partnership’s unit

price, and because Partnership units and ETC shares are intended to be similar in

47
   Id. at 129:18–130:5 (Whitehurst).
48
   Id. at 130:6–11 (Whitehurst).
49
   Id. at 151:19–23 (Whitehurst).
50
   Id. at 152:4–153:14 (Whitehurst).
51
   See, e.g., id. at 49:17–50:8 (Van Ngo); id. at 103:15–104:16 (Welch); id. at 321:19–322:16
(Preiss).
52
   Id. at 131:5–132:22, 150:19–151:11 (Whitehurst).
53
   Id.
                                             17
value, the Partnership stood to receive ETC shares that were significantly less

valuable than the $6 billion price the Partnership was obligated to pay.54 Whitehurst

testified that the ETC shares were worth approximately $2 billion, creating a $4

billion delta.55

       Based on that oversight, Whitehurst worried that the IRS could attribute the

excess cash to the other leg (the Contribution Transaction) and thus trigger taxable

gain.56 Alarmed by the realization of his mistake and the resulting potential tax

consequences, Whitehurst contacted Timothy Fenn of Latham on March 29, 2016 to

confirm his understanding of the structure of the Cash Transaction.57 Fenn informed

Whitehurst that his original understanding was incorrect and confirmed that the

Merger Agreement called for an exchange of a fixed number of ETC shares for

cash.58 Whitehurst, therefore, asked Fenn to determine if the Partnership had a tax

issue and, if so, whether there was a fix and how the issue could affect Latham’s 721

Opinion.59     Around that time, Whitehurst also contacted Kelcy Warren, the

Partnership’s Chairman and CEO.         Whitehurst informed Warren that he had

identified an issue concerning Section 721(a) and that the 721 Opinion was a

54
   Id.
55
   Id.
56
   Id. at 131:20–132:15 (Whitehurst).
57
   Id. at 132:16–22 (Whitehurst).
58
   Id. at 132:23–133:2 (Whitehurst).
59
   Id. at 134:2–12 (Whitehurst).
                                         18
condition to closing.60

       Before its conversation with Whitehurst, Latham was preparing to issue the

721 Opinion and had never considered that it would be unable to issue it.61 Indeed,

Latham had previously never considered how any movement in the Partnership’s

unit price might affect Latham’s ability to give the 721 Opinion.62 Following the

conversation with Whitehurst, Fenn was initially skeptical that any problem

existed.63 He and other attorneys at Latham, including tax partner Larry Stein, began

analyzing the transaction, paying close attention to the decrease in value of the

Partnership’s units.64 During this time, Latham held multiple discussions with the

Partnership, Wachtell, the Partnership’s deal counsel, and V&E, the Partnership’s

litigation counsel,65 and consulted six other tax partners at Latham.66 Latham soon

made initial indications to the Partnership that it was probably unable to render the

721 Opinion.67       Latham had discovered for the first time that the complex

interactions between the Contribution and Cash Transactions could have significant

tax implications under Section 721(a).68 Specifically, Latham was concerned by

60
   Id. at 197:3–9 (Whitehurst).
61
   Id. at 281:4–7 (Fenn).
62
   Id. at 282:7–15 (Fenn).
63
   Id. at 284:20–285:5 (Fenn).
64
   Id. at 230:1–231:13, 232:10–18 (Fenn).
65
   See, e.g., id. at 314:13–3:15–7 (Preiss). I note that Eiko Stange, a tax partner from Wachtell,
expressed skepticism on certain aspects of Latham’s position. Id. at 327:15–20 (Preiss).
66
   Id. at 240:15–21 (Fenn).
67
   Id. at 234:9–11 (Fenn).
68
   Id. at 233:3–234:8 (Fenn).
                                               19
what it perceives as an inverse relationship between the two legs: as excess cash is

generated by the Cash Transaction, the Contribution Transaction generates value by

an equal but opposite amount. Latham refers to this relationship as the “perfect

hedge.”69

       On April 7, 2016, Whitehurst contacted Bill McKee of Morgan Lewis.70

Whitehurst asked McKee to analyze the tax implications of the Proposed

Transaction, hoping to get a “fresh look,” and expressed specific concerns about the

change in the Partnership’s unit price.71 After the call, McKee gathered his tax team

and they began analyzing the Proposed Transaction.72

       On April 11, 2016, Latham informed the Partnership that it had conclusively

determined that it could not provide the 721 Opinion if required to give its opinion

on that date.73 Specifically, Latham concluded that, due to the decline in the value

of the Partnership’s units—and thereby, ETC’s stock—there was a risk that the IRS

would not respect the two legs as separate transactions for tax purposes.74 As a

result, Latham was concerned that the IRS, under the disguised sale rules in Section

707, could attribute the cash exchanged in excess of the value of the Hook Stock to

69
   As described by Timothy Fenn of Latham, according to the “perfect hedge” theory, when there
“is a value shift on the left leg, it moves over to the right leg so that both legs always balance.” Id.
at 254:19–23 (Fenn).
70
   Id. at 568:20–23 (McKee).
71
   Id. at 569:4–570:21 (McKee).
72
   Id. at 570:22–572:12 (McKee).
73
   Id. at 139:15–20 (Whitehurst).
74
   Id. at 248:19–253:3 (Fenn).
                                                  20
the Williams Assets contributed in the Contribution Transaction.75 The following

day, on April 12, 2016, Latham informed Cravath that it would be unable to provide

the 721 Opinion if the Proposed Transaction closed on that day.76

       On April 13, 2016, after reviewing the Proposed Transaction with his team at

Morgan Lewis, McKee called Cravath to discuss the tax implications of the

Proposed Transaction.77 McKee concluded—independent of and without consulting

with Latham—that he would be unable to render the 721 Opinion if asked.78

McKee’s conclusion, however, was based on a theory somewhat different from

Latham’s analysis—McKee explained that he has never understood Latham’s

“perfect hedge” theory,79 and that the decline in the Partnership’s unit price is not

legally relevant in his view.80 McKee concluded that he was concerned that the IRS

may conclude that the parties had specifically allocated the cash to the Hook Stock

(and not the Williams Assets) for tax purposes—a practice commonly referred to as

“cherry picking”81—and that the Contribution Transaction was likely taxable under

Section 707 as a disguised sale.82

75
   Id.; see also I.R.C § 707 (discussing disguised sales between partners and partnerships).
76
   Trial Tr. 248:9–15 (Fenn).
77
   Id. at 578:6–9 (McKee).
78
   Id. at 576:12–17 (McKee).
79
   Id. at 606:16–19 (McKee).
80
   Id. at 596:14–21 (McKee)
81
   Id. at 583:5–20 (McKee). Cravath tax partner Andrew Needham testified that the term “cherry
picking” refers to “contractual designations of consideration that are driven substantially by tax
considerations.” Id. at 358:4–10 (Needham).
82
   Id. at 574:11–14.
                                               21
       Although it disagreed fervently with Latham’s conclusion, and strongly stated

its belief that the Contribution Transaction was tax free under Section 721(a), on

April 14, 2016, Cravath proposed two potential solutions to the Section 721(a) issue,

which it referred to as Proposal A and Proposal B.83 After reviewing Cravath’s

proposals, Latham concluded that neither proposal would allow the firm to issue the

721 Opinion.84 On April 29, 2016, Latham conveyed its conclusion on the proposed

modifications to both Williams and Cravath.85

       In an April 18, 2016 amendment to ETC’s proxy statement, the Partnership

disclosed that Latham had advised it that “if the closing of the merger were to occur

as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus it would not be able to deliver the

721 Opinion.”86

       In late April, Cravath contacted Gibson, Williams’ deal counsel, to review the

Section 721(a) issue.87 Although Gibson ultimately concluded that it could give a

“weak-should” opinion if asked,88 it initially determined that it was “tough to get to

a should.”89

       Despite Cravath’s staunch disagreement, Latham continues to represent that

83
   JX 433.
84
   Trial Tr. 268:19–21 (Fenn); id. at 488:13–17 (Stein).
85
   Id. at 270:2–10 (Fenn).
86
   JX 153, at 23.
87
   Trial Tr. 92:10–12 (Van Ngo)
88
   Id. at 407:17–408:1 (Needham).
89
   JX 610.
                                                22
it is unable to issue the 721 Opinion and that it expects it will be unable to do so as

of the closing date. I note that as part of this litigation, the parties hired experts to

opine on the merits of Latham’s position, and to indicate whether the 721 Opinion

can be issued. Those expert opinions are discussed in my analysis.

      G. The Disclosure of the Vote of the Williams Board

      While the issue regarding the 721 Opinion, and to a lesser extent the Special

Issuance, have been the main focus of the coordinated actions, the Defendants have

challenged the adequacy of disclosures in the Form S-4 of the vote concerning the

Williams board of directors (the “Board”) to approve the Merger Agreement.

      The Williams Board consists of thirteen directors, two of whom are activist

investors: Keith Mesiter and Eric Mandelblatt. Sometime in September 2015,

before the Board met to consider the Merger Agreement, Meister told the Board that

he and Mandelblatt might start a consent solicitation if a deal was not reached.90

Before the Merger Agreement was executed, the Williams board met on September

24, 2015.91    The minutes of that meeting reflect a discussion regarding “the

likelihood of a consent solicitation to replace all or certain Directors.”92 After

Messrs. Mandelblatt and Meister left the meeting, the consequences of a potential

90
   Cooper Dep. 31:11–32:13.
91
   JX 605.
92
   Id. at 4.
                                           23
consent solicitation by the activists was discussed.93 Following discussions between

the members of the Board and its advisors, the Board held an informal vote, which

resulted in vote of 6-to-7 against the Merger Agreement.94 The members of the

Board then went to dinner and continued discussing the Potential Transaction,

including the potential of a consent solicitation.95

       The next morning, on September 25, 2015, the Board reconvened.96

Following subsequent discussion, the Board formally voted to approve the Merger

Agreement by a vote of 8-to-5.97

       The Defendants challenge the proxy’s characterization of the Board’s

consideration of the potential consent solicitation. While the background section

explains that “[t]he advisors discussed with the WMB Board various considerations

regarding a potential consent solicitation, including process and timing,” the section

that lists the material factors the Board considered in evaluating the Proposed

Transaction is silent to the consent solicitation.98

       Finally, the Defendants takes issue with the William’s Board evolving

characterization of its recommendation for the Proposed Transaction. Again, the

William’s Board originally voted in favor of the Proposed Transaction by an 8-to-5

93
   Id.
94
   Stoney Dep. 28:14–20.
95
   Id. at 32:4–17.
96
   JX 605 at 5.
97
   Id. at 6.
98
   JX 186 at 132–36.
                                           24
vote. The Williams Board thereafter stated that it is “unanimously committed to

completing the transaction.”99 In a later press release, however, the Williams Board

stated that it is “unanimously committed to enforcing its rights under the Merger

Agreement.”100 Similarly, the William’s Board’s commitment has changed from

delivering the “benefits of the transaction” to the “benefits of the [Merger

Agreement].”101 Similarly, in a press release to be published on April 6, 2015—the

day Williams filed its lawsuit against the Partnership and Kelcy Warren regarding

the Special Issuance—Williams removed from the proposed press release that

“Williams believes the transaction with [the Partnership] is and continues to be in

the best interests of the stockholders and the Company.” 102

       H. Procedural History of the Coordinated Actions

       This memorandum opinion addresses two related actions that have been

coordinated for purposes of briefing and trial. Williams filed its first Verified

Complaint against the Partnership and LE GP on April 6, 2016 (the “First

Action”).103 In the First Action, Williams challenges the Special Issuance. I granted

the Plaintiff’s Motion for Expedite Proceedings on April 14, 2016.                   Shortly

thereafter, the Plaintiff filed its Verified Amended Complaint on April 19, 2016. In

99
   JX 72.
100
    JX 128.
101
    Compare JX 72 with JX 128.
102
    JX 127.
103
    The Williams Cos., Inc. v. Energy Transfer Equity, L.P., C.A. No. 12168-VCG (Del. Ch. Apr.
6, 2016).
                                             25
response, the Defendants filed their Answer, Affirmative Defenses, and Verified

Counterclaim on May 3, 2016.

       While discovery was underway in the First Action, Williams filed a second

Verified Complaint on May 13, 2016 against the same defendants from the First

Action, as well as defendants ETC, ETE Corp, and ETE GP (the “Second

Action”).104 In the Second Action, Williams challenges the actions taken by the

Defendants concerning Latham’s inability to issue the 721 Opinion. On May 20,

2016, I granted the Plaintiff’s Motion to Expedite the Second Action. In addition, I

ordered the parties to coordinate the briefing of the First and Second Actions in order

to litigate the issues concurrently. On May 24, 2016, the Defendants filed their

Amended Affirmative Defenses and Verified Counterclaims (the “Counterclaims”),

which address Defendants’ position in the First and Second Actions.

       Trial was held for both actions on June 20 and 21, 2016 in Georgetown. At

the conclusion of the trial, I asked the parties to submit supplemental briefs regarding

certain issues, which briefing was completed on June 23, 2016; I also indicated that

I would render a written decision by June 24, 2016.                This is my post-trial

Memorandum Opinion.

104
   The Williams Cos., Inc. v. Energy Transfer Equity, L.P., C.A. No. 12337-VCG (Del. Ch. May
13, 2016).
                                            26
                                   II. ANALYSIS

      I begin my analysis by reciting the allegations of the parties, as well as the

relief sought, which I have based on their pre-trial briefing and the pre-trial order.

Thereafter, I analyze each pending issue, including the 721 Opinion, the Special

Issuance, and the Counterclaims.

      A. Allegations of the Parties

      In the First Action, Williams asserts that the Partnership breached the Merger

Agreement by issuing the Special Issuance in violation of the Merger Agreement’s

interim operating covenants. Among others provisions, Williams points to the

covenant requiring the Partnership to carry on its business in the ordinary course.

      In relief, Williams seeks (1) a declaration that the Special Issuance is in breach

of the Merger Agreement; (2) an injunction requiring the Defendants to take all steps

necessary to unwind the Special Issuance before consummation of the Proposed

Transaction; (3) a declaration that the amendment to the ETE’s partnership

agreement that was performed in conjunction with the Special Issuance is void and

invalid; and (4) a permanent injunction enjoining the Defendants and their directors,

officers, employees, and agents, and all persons acting in concert with or at the

direction of any of the foregoing persons, from pursuing the Special Issuance and

requiring those persons to take all steps necessary to unwind the Special Issuance

and the Plan.

                                          27
      In the Second Action, Williams asserts that the Partnership breached the

Merger Agreement by failing to use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain the

721 Opinion. As a result, Williams argues, the Partnership cannot rely on the failure

of Latham to deliver the 721 Opinion as a basis to terminate the Merger Agreement.

In addition, Williams asserts that it relied on the Partnership’s representation and

warranty in the Merger Agreement that it knew of no facts that would reasonably

prevent the tax-free treatment of the Contribution Transaction pursuant to Section

721(a). Williams explains that the Partnership’s representation was false because

the Partnership did know, or should have known, of the theories upon which Latham

relies in concluding that the risk of tax liability precludes the 721 Opinion.

Consequently, according to Williams, the Partnership is estopped from terminating

the Merger Agreement on the basis of the failure to obtain the 721 Opinion.

      In relief, Williams seeks (1) a declaration that Defendants have committed

material breaches of the Merger Agreement by failing to use commercially

reasonable efforts to obtain the 721 Opinion, by failing otherwise to use their

reasonable best efforts to consummate the Proposed Transaction, and by breaching

their representation and warranty in the Merger Agreement regarding the tax-free

treatment of the Contribution Transaction under Section 721(a); (2) a permanent

injunction enjoining the Defendants from terminating or otherwise avoiding their

obligations under the Merger Agreement on the basis that Latham has failed to

                                         28
deliver the 721 Opinion; and (3) a permanent injunction enjoining the Defendants

from terminating or otherwise avoiding their obligations under the Merger

Agreement on the basis that they will fail, or have failed, to close by the Outside

Date.

        In its Counterclaims, which address the allegations in the First and Second

Actions, the Partnership asserts a number of defenses and counterclaims that it

argues preclude the relief sought by Williams. Notably, the Partnership argues that

Latham’s independent conclusion that it is unable to deliver the 721 Opinion

precludes specific performance of the Merger Agreement.           In addition, the

Partnership argues that Williams is not entitled to specific performance of the

Merger Agreement because Williams has breached numerous provisions of the

Merger Agreement. Among other alleged breaches, the Partnership argues that

Williams breached the Merger Agreement by failing to ensure that the S-4 is

accurate. According to the Partnership, it is therefore allowed to terminate the

Merger Agreement.

        In relief, the Defendants seek a judgment denying Williams any recovery in

the First and Second Actions. In addition, the Defendants seek a declaration that

Williams breached the Merger Agreement; that the Partnership did not breach the

Merger Agreement; and that the Defendants may terminate the Merger Agreement

without any liability to Williams.     Finally, the Partnership seeks a judgment

                                         29
awarding the Defendants their reasonable costs and expenses incurred in this

litigation.

       B. The 721 Opinion

              1. The 721 Opinion Condition Precedent

       A condition precedent to the Merger closing is that Latham issue a finding

that, in its opinion, the contemplated transfer of the Williams Assets between ETC

and the Partnership, which I refer to as the “Contribution Transaction,” “should be”

considered a tax-free transfer under Section 721(a). Thus far, Latham has made it

clear that it is unable to issue such an opinion. While the 721 Opinion need not be

issued as a condition precedent until the time of closing—which is bound by the

Outside Date of June 28, 2016—and while other conditions necessary for the

Proposed Transaction to close, such as an affirmative vote of the Williams’

stockholders,105 have yet to occur, both parties seek a declaratory judgment. Under

the terms of the Merger Agreement, if Latham is unable to issue the 721 Opinion,

either party may avoid the contract. Williams asks that I issue a declaratory

judgment that the Partnership is estopped from exercising this right, assuming

Latham remains unable to issue the 721 Opinion, because the Partnership has

materially breached a contractual obligation to use “commercially reasonable

  The vote of the Williams’ stockholders is scheduled for June 27, 2016 as of the date of this
105

Memorandum Opinion.
                                             30
efforts” to obtain the 721 Opinion from Latham. The Partnership seeks the opposite

declaration.

               2. Latham’s Actions

      Before addressing the issue of the Partnership’s efforts, given the allegations

at trial, it is appropriate to consider whether Latham has determined in good faith

that it is unable to issue the 721 Opinion. Williams made it clear at trial that it

contends that Latham reached a conclusion that it could not issue the 721 Opinion

for reasons other than its best legal judgment—that is, that Latham acted in bad faith.

After addressing that issue, I will turn to the issue of whether the Partnership is in

material breach of the commercially reasonable efforts provisions.

      I start with examining some propositions necessary to my analysis. First, the

sophisticated parties who drafted the Merger Agreement both wanted this deal to be

consummated at the time they executed the agreement. The Merger Agreement

makes it clear, however, that a tax-free transfer of the Williams Assets between ETC

and the Partnership was necessary for the deal to make economic sense at the time

of signing. Therefore, and despite both sides believing that such a tax-free transfer

was possible, they conditioned consummation of the deal on the opinion of a third

party—Latham—that the transaction “should” survive an IRS challenge and be

                                          31
considered tax free under Section 721(a).106

       A “should” decision is a term of art in the tax-law field.107 Tax opinions of

this kind can be given to a variety of standards: “more likely than not”—meaning

that there is at least a 51% chance that the tax opinion rendered will be upheld;

“should”—meaning that it is quite likely that the decision will be upheld; and

“will”—meaning that the opinion is virtually certain to be upheld.108 Timothy Fenn

testified that in Latham’s view, a “should-level opinion is something with substantial

certainty as to the effect. In other words, there is very good case law. There may be

some contrary authorities, but it is readily distinguishable.”109 The parties could

have contracted to a different level of certainty for the condition-precedent 721

Opinion. They could have picked an independent third party to make such a

determination, such as an academic. They could have opted for an objective

standard, to be provided by a court or by an arbitrator. Instead, they assigned

responsibility to Latham, the Partnership’s tax counsel, and determined that a

condition precedent to consummation of the Proposed Transaction would be

Latham’s opinion that the transfer “should” withstand a challenge to tax-free status

106
    Andrew Needham from Cravath made it clear that the purpose of a “should” opinion is to opine
on the likelihood that a transaction will survive an IRS challenge; it is assumed that the IRS will
audit the transaction. Trial Tr. 352:13–20 (Needham). The likelihood that the IRS will in fact
challenge the transaction is irrelevant to that determination. Id.
107
    See id. at 210:16–211:3 (Fenn); id. at 344:8–24 (Needham).
108
    See id. at 211:4–212:8 (Fenn).
109
    Id. at 211:19–23 (Fenn).
                                               32
under Section 721(a). Therefore, it is Latham’s subjective good-faith determination

that is the condition precedent. As a result, it is not appropriate for me to substitute

my judgment on the Section 721(a) issue for that of Latham; my role is to determine

whether Latham’s refusal, thus far, to issue a “should” opinion is in good faith, that

is, based on Latham’s independent expertise as applied to the facts of the transaction.

       Next, I note the truism that lawyers tend to be responsive to the interests of

their clients. Latham was expected by both parties to be able to issue the 721

Opinion, and itself believed it could do so at the time it first analyzed the Proposed

Transaction; it is only after the economics of the deal changed significantly and the

Partnership was manifestly interested in a low-cost exit from the Merger Agreement

that Latham determined that it was unable to issue the 721 Opinion.                    That

circumstance may be coincidental or it may be determinative; in any case, as a finder

of fact, I must look at this decision with a somewhat jaundiced eye.

       Finally, and contrary to the foregoing, I note that Latham is a law firm of

national and international repute, that its interests are larger than those of this

particular representation, and that its reputation and that of the lawyers involved are

at risk here. It is, at the least, a blow to the reputation of the firm and its tax partners,

in a case where they had preliminarily advised that the deal would qualify for a

certain tax treatment, to have to backtrack in a way that causes that deal to come a

cropper. The parties to mergers are typically looking, not for escape hatches, but for

                                             33
certainty that their agreement will be consummated, and to that end they hire counsel

for assistance. In other words, it is against Latham’s reputational interest going

forward to have reached the conclusion at which it has arrived.

       With all these interests in mind, I turn now to the facts. In March of 2016,

Whitehurst, the Partnership’s Head of Tax, was considering the deal, and

specifically, the Contribution and Cash Transactions, in light of what he testified

was his epiphany that, while the $6 billion transfer to ETC was a fixed amount in

the Merger Agreement, the value of the assets transferred back to the Partnership—

stock in ETC tied to the value of the Partnership units—had dropped precipitously.

He became concerned that this might be an indication that the cash component of

the Cash Transaction, in conjunction with the Williams Assets transferred in the

Contribution Transaction, might be considered a transfer of assets for cash, in which

case it could trigger a tax liability.

       I note that Whitehurst’s epiphany, if such it was, was reached in a context

where the deal no longer made economic sense to the Partnership, and by which time

the Partnership was clearly in search of a soft exit from the Merger Agreement.

Nonetheless, Whitehurst testified that his realization about the perceived tax

problems arose while researching ways in which the Partnership could address the

deterioration of the energy market, such as cutting distributions; that is, it was not

manufactured to avoid the Proposed Transaction. Williams contends that this

                                         34
testimony is mendacious. I address this consideration in light of the Partnership’s

compliance with the “commercially reasonable efforts” clause, below, but in terms

of Latham’s analysis, I do not need to resolve the issue of Whitehurst’s motivation.

      Whitehurst contacted Timothy Fenn at Latham on March 29, 2016, and asked

Latham to address his concerns. He did not direct Latham to come to a particular

conclusion. Latham agreed to analyze the transfer between ETC and the Partnership,

and the tax consequences thereof, in light of the change in value of the Hook Stock

      A period of intense scrutiny of the deal and its implications followed in the

Latham tax department. Because I need not address objectively whether the deal

qualifies for tax avoidance under Section 721(a), I will address the considerations in

simplified form. Two exchanges—as the parties have formulated them for analysis

for tax purposes—are contemplated between ETC and the Partnership under the

Merger Agreement. In the first and most basic, the Williams Assets are transferred

to the Partnership in return for Partnership units—the Contribution Transaction.

Under Section 721(a), a contribution of property for an interest in a partnership is

not a tax triggering event.

      The deal also contemplated a second exchange, however. The Partnership is

to transfer $6 billion in cash in return for which shares of ETC—tied one-for-one in

value to Partnership units—would be transferred back to the Partnership—the Cash

Transaction. This second exchange was structured, as of the time the Merger

                                         35
Agreement was executed, as a value-for-value exchange: $6 billion in cash was to

be transferred to ETC, and ETC stock—valued by the publicly traded Partnership

units—worth $6 billion was transferred back to the Partnership.

       While the testimony was not consistent among the witnesses as to the reasons

for the Cash Transaction, I make the following findings based on the testimony, by

a preponderance of the evidence. Williams wished to negotiate a cash component

to the deal to allow a distribution of cash, in addition to stock representing

Partnership units, to Williams’ stockholders as consideration for the Proposed

Transaction. In order to satisfy this desire but also maintain the likelihood that the

Contribution Transaction would receive tax-free status, Whitehurst determined that

ETC should transfer ETC stock—the Hook Stock—valued by equivalence to

Partnership units at $6 billion, to the Partnership, in return for the $6 billion in cash

that ETC would receive from the Partnership. This cash consideration, along with

ETC stock valued one-to-one with the Partnership units, would be distributed to the

former Williams stockholders, and ETC would hold Partnership units as its only

asset. While I find that the initial reason for the Cash Transaction, at least according

to Whitehurst, was to add cash to the transaction and avoid tax liability,110 it was

110
   Whitehurst testified that the genesis of the Hook Stock was the “tax team’s idea” to “avoid a
disguised sale.” Id. at 147:9–11, 148:13–16 (Whitehurst). Alison Preiss of Wachtell testified that
the Partnership initially proposed the Hook Stock as “the mechanism by which we would get the
$6 billion of cash to Williams stockholders.” Id. at 311:2–12 (Preiss).
                                               36
supported by both parties for another reason: it aligned interests between the

Partnership and ETC, because after consummation of the Proposed Transaction, the

Partnership would be a 19% holder—that is, the largest single stockholder—in

ETC.111 Actions taken by the Partnership, therefore, would likely be consistent with

the interests of ETC and its stockholders as well.

       Should a tax authority determine that the cash component of the merger

consideration was being paid to ETC as partial payment for the Williams Assets

being transferred to the Partnership, the Contribution Transaction could be treated

as a sale of assets, which would trigger tax liability.112 While the potential tax

liability is based on factors undisclosed in the record, testimony indicates it has been

estimated in the range of $1 billion.113 According to Whitehurst, it was not until

March 2016 that he realized that the drop in the value of Partnership units—which

in turn would determine the value of shares of ETC stock, a fixed number of which

were to be transferred to the Partnership in return for $6 billion under the Merger

Agreement—meant that the Cash Transaction represented a payment of $6 billion

to ETC for between $2 and $3 billion worth of stock. Because of this discrepancy,

it occurred to Whitehurst that the tax authorities might consider the $3 to $4 billion

overpayment part of a hidden sale of assets for cash, triggering tax liability. This

111
    See id. at 7:24–8:7 (MacInnis); id. at 47:1–13 (Van Ngo); id. at 104:19–106:6 (Welch).
112
    See Section 707 and the related regulations.
113
    Id. at 88:2–12 (Van Ngo).
                                               37
was the proposition with which Latham was faced after Whitehurst spoke to Timothy

Fenn, when Latham began to reconsider whether it could issue the 721 Opinion in

light of these circumstances.

          The testimony indicates to me that Latham took this responsibility seriously.

It devoted considerable effort in this endeavor, ultimately investing over 1,000 hours

of attorney time in the process.114 It marshalled its tax attorneys and extensively

analyzed the regulations and case law regarding the issue. Latham reached the

following conclusion: There was some risk as the deal was initially constituted that,

given the cash component of the transfers between ETC and the Partnership, tax

authorities could consider this a hidden transaction for cash, triggering tax liability.

Nonetheless, given that at the time the deal was struck, the Cash Transaction

involved assets of equivalent value, Latham was able, under those conditions, to

issue an opinion that the transaction should be considered a tax-free event. However,

the large drop in the value of Partnership units, coupled with the fixed nature of the

$6 billion cash transfer, meant that the Cash Transaction resulted in a value

discrepancy amounting to a $3 to $4 billion overpayment by the Partnership for the

Hook Stock. Because the cash payment remained fixed, and the number of shares

of Hook Stock remained fixed, while the value of those shares based on Partnership

units fluctuated, Latham referred to this as the “perfect hedge.” Under this analysis,

114
      Id. at 278:11–14 (Fenn).
                                            38
Latham became concerned that this large overpayment would be regarded by tax

authorities as a cash component of the transfer of Williams Assets to the Partnership,

triggering tax. Therefore, it concluded, and remains convinced, that it is unable to

opine that the Contribution Transaction results in a tax free transfer of assets under

Section 721(a).

          The tax lawyers at Morgan Lewis, hired by the Partnership to analyze the same

situation, came to a similar conclusion based on a somewhat different premise; Bill

McKee of Morgan Lewis testified that in the opinion of his firm, even if the Cash

Transaction was for assets of equivalent value, the tax authorities would be

sufficiently likely to consider the cash component of the overall asset transfer

between ETC and the Partnership as a hidden asset purchase, so that his firm could

not have issued an opinion that the transfer “should” be tax free. In other words, a

non-trivial risk exists that the tax authorities would look at both “legs” as a single

transaction. In addition, the Partnership’s expert, Professor Ethan Yale, reached a

similar conclusion and explained that the Proposed Transaction was flawed from

inception.115 He also opined that the process used by Latham to reach its decision

examined the appropriate case law and statutory and regulatory law, in full; gave a

balanced review of these authorities in light of the facts of the case; and was overall

115
      Id. at 560:23–561:9 (Yale).
                                            39
reasonable.116

       Williams argues, to the contrary, that Latham’s refusal to issue the 721

Opinion is in bad faith, and reflects the interests of Latham’s client and not its actual

opinion. It deprecates the value of the opinion of Morgan Lewis by noting that

Whitehurst and McKee were formerly colleagues and that McKee considers himself

a mentor to Whitehurst. It relies on the opinion of its tax advisor—tax attorneys at

Cravath—and its expert—Professor Howard Abrams—to assert that ETC is merely

a conduit for the passage of cash to Williams’ stockholders, that tax authorities

would so regard it, and that the Contribution Transaction thus should be deemed tax

free.117 Professor Abrams went so far as to testify that no reasonable tax attorney

could opine otherwise, and that therefore Latham must be acting in bad faith,

suppressing its true opinion.118 I find otherwise.

       I first note that this is an “unusual, perhaps unique” transaction. 119 The

witnesses largely agree that there is therefore little persuasive authority in the case

116
    Id. at 551:18–552:14 (Yale).
117
    See id. at 373:13–21 (Needham); id. at 427:5–18 (Abrams).
118
    In furtherance of Mr. Abrams testimony, Williams goes to great lengths in its post-trial briefing
to disprove Latham’s “perfect hedge” theory. The Plaintiff asserts that the theory is
“unreasonable,” and argues that it is a “tautology” based on the way the argument assumes the
conclusion it purports to demonstrate—referring to the fact that the “perfect hedge” model backs
into the value of the Williams Assets by assuming that the total consideration on both legs is equal.
See Pl’s Proposed Findings of Fact ¶¶ 121–22. Likewise, Professor Abrams testified that “the
perfect hedge argument is so far beyond the pale, no serious lawyer could advance it.” Trial Tr.
449:6–11 (Abrams).
119
    Id. at 554:2–6 (Yale); id. at 382:12–383:10 (Needham).
                                                40
law regarding anticipated perception by tax authorities of this complicated transfer.

Second, I note the following opinions have been reached: Professor Abrams

believes that no reasonable tax attorney could agree with Latham’s conclusion, to

the extent its conclusion is based on the “perfect hedge” theory—thus Abram’s

position resembles a “will” opinion; Cravath believes that the Contribution

Transaction is likely tax free and could issue a “should” opinion, but appears to be

unwilling to issue a “will” opinion; Gibson—on behalf of Williams—looked at the

issue and initially stated that it would be “difficult to get to should,” but eventually

stated that it could issue a “weak-should” opinion; Latham believes that the

Contribution Transaction was initially tax free as of the date of the Merger

Agreement, but now believes that, due to the significant decline in the value of

Partnership units, there is a sufficient likelihood that the Contribution Transaction is

not tax free such that a “should” opinion is inappropriate; Morgan Lewis, for reasons

different than those identified by Latham, concluded that a “should” opinion is

inappropriate—namely, that because there is a sufficient likelihood that the

Contribution Transaction is not now, nor was it ever, tax free; and, finally, Professor

Yale believes that, for reasons similar to that of Latham, a “should” opinion is not

appropriate, finding that there is a sufficient likelihood the Contribution Transaction

is not, nor was it ever, tax free. This range of opinion indicates to me the closeness

of the issue and the unusual nature of the transaction here.

                                          41
       Finally, I credit the testimony of Timothy Fenn and Laurence Stein, tax

partners at Latham, who were obviously embarrassed that they had missed this issue

earlier in the history of this proposed transaction. Particularly convincing was the

testimony of Stein, who testified forcefully that his firm’s opinion was not

influenced by the (concededly manifest) interests of its client, the Partnership.120 I

credit this testimony as truthful based on the demeanor of the witness, and this belief

is buttressed by the fact that Latham reversing itself in the manner it has is not in the

reputational interest of the individual tax attorneys at Latham, nor the interest of the

firm generally.121 It is, in fact, a substantial embarrassment to Latham and its tax

partners. In other words, I believe Stein’s testimony regarding his and his associates’

personal integrity in this matter. I also note that reputational effects122 surely

outweigh any benefit of an unethical deference to the interests of the Partnership:

while this deal is, certainly, a lunker, Latham has even bigger fish to fry.

       To recapitulate, Williams’ conclusion the Latham has acted in bad faith relies

120
    See id. at 475:12–20 (“Look, this is our opinion, our reputation. I’ve been in this firm 30 years.
I chaired this tax department for 11 years. I’ve watched this firm grow. I’ve watched this tax
department, with my fingerprints on it, grow. I have a lot of pride in our integrity and in our
professional ability. And I – there’s not for any client, I’m going to reach a conclusion that is
contrary to my professional judgment. Not a chance.”).
121
    The testimony of Messrs. Fenn and Stein is further bolstered by the fact that in a previous
dispute between Latham and Cravath regarding the applicability of Section 368—a dispute that
arose after the Partnership concluded that the Proposed Transaction was untenable—the two firms
were nonetheless able to work through the issue and come to an agreement.
122
    I note that the reputational effects are already being made manifest, based on the public trial in
this matter. See Ronald Barusch, Dealpolitik: One Clear Loser From ETE/Williams Fight Is
Latham & Watkins, Wall St. J. (June 23, 2016, 3:46 PM), http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/
2016/06/23/dealpolitik-one-clear-loser-from-etewilliams-fight-is-latham-watkins/.
                                                 42
on two factual allegations and a deduction.        The first fact is undisputed: the

Partnership wants an out from the Proposed Transaction. The second factual

allegation is disputed: that no reasonable tax attorney could reach the conclusion

Latham reached. Williams deduces from these facts that Latham must, therefore, be

acting at the direction of, or on behalf of, the Partnership, and not based on its

independent conclusion, in failing to issue the Opinion, res ipsa loquitur. They rely

on this deduction because the record is bereft of any explicit or implicit direction by

the Partnership to Latham to reach a particular outcome. Despite Latham’s obvious

knowledge that its client would like to exit the deal, I reject Williams’ conclusion

for the reasons above. I find based on the evidence that Latham has reached its

conclusion based upon its independent judgement.

      After reaching a determination that it could not issue the 721 Opinion, Latham

communicated this fact to Williams’ deal counsel at Cravath. Cravath indicated

forcefully to Latham its belief that the tax issue was bogus, and the matter

immediately became potentially litigious. Nonetheless, Cravath came up with two

proposed “solutions” for the potential that the structure of the deal, as agreed to,

would lead to tax authorities considering the Contribution Transaction as a taxable

event. At trial, the parties concentrated on “Proposal A,” under which the deal would

be restructured. Proposal A envisioned a modification of the Merger Agreement

calling for creation of a new ephemeral entity to receive the cash payment and

                                          43
distribute it to Williams’ shareholders, which entity would then be dissolved.

According to attorneys at Cravath, this structure would insulate ETC from the cash

payment, and tax authorities would thus not consider the asset exchange between

ETC and the Partnership as a hidden transaction for cash.123 The parties here agree

that Proposal A, while it would employ a different structure, would have the same

economic result as the Proposed Transaction.

       Latham responded to Proposal A by stating that it did not need to evaluate a

restructured deal under the Merger Agreement; it nonetheless considered this

proposal (along with “Proposal B,” which had a somewhat different structure) and

determined that, under the doctrine announced in Commissioner v. Court Holding

Co.,124 tax authorities would disregard this late modification to the deal, and that it

would be unable to issue the 721 Opinion even if either proposal were in place.125

For the reasons above, I find that this determination was in good faith.

       That finding is bolstered by the testimony of Williams’ own tax expert,

Professor Abrams, who testified that such a modified transaction with an ephemeral

entity would be viewed by tax authorities as though the modification did not exist;126

tax authorities would evaluate for tax purposes, therefore, the original and

123
    Trial Tr. 364:9–365:6 (Needham).
124
    324 U.S. 331 (1945).
125
    Trial Tr. 268:23–269:10 (Fenn).
126
    Id. at 433:9–434:7 (Abrams).
                                          44
underlying deal (which according to Professor Abrams was tax free in any event).

In other words, according to Professor Abrams, Proposal A would be a nullity.

         Having found that Latham has in good faith determined that it cannot issue an

opinion that the Contribution Transaction should qualify as tax free under Section

721(a), I also find that, as of today, a condition precedent for the consummation of

the Merger has not been met. I turn, therefore, to Williams’ argument that the

Partnership should be estopped from exercising its resulting right to terminate the

Merger, because it is in material breach of its obligation to use commercially

reasonable efforts to obtain a 721 Opinion from Latham.

                3. The Partnership is Not in Material Breach of the Cooperation
                Provision

         The Partnership was contractually obligated to use commercially reasonable

efforts to obtain the 721 Opinion from Latham. 127          Williams argues that the

Partnership is in material breach of that contractual provision, and that, therefore, it

should be estopped from exercising its contractual right to terminate the Merger

Agreement if, as appears virtually certain, Latham is unable to issue the 721 Opinion

at the time of closing. Upon a review of the evidence, I conclude that the Partnership

is not in material breach.

         “Commercially reasonable efforts” is a term not defined in the Merger

127
      See Merger Agreement § 5.07(b).
                                           45
Agreement. The term is not addressed with particular coherence in our case law. In

Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc. v. Huntsman Corp.,128 this Court equated

“reasonable best efforts”—a similar term also used in the Merger Agreement—with

good faith in the context of the contract at issue.129 I find that, by agreeing to make

“commercially reasonable efforts” to achieve the 721 Opinion, the Partnership

necessarily submitted itself to an objective standard—that is, it bound itself to do

those things objectively reasonable to produce the desired 721 Opinion, in the

context of the agreement reached by the parties.

          Williams argues strenuously that the Partnership was desperate to avoid a deal

that no longer made financial sense, and acted in such a way as to preclude Latham

from rendering the 721 Opinion. I have no doubt that the Partnership, in light of the

fixed-cash component of the purchase price and the decline in both the value of its

units and the value of the Williams Assets given the poor performance of the energy

sector of the economy, experienced a bitter buyer’s remorse. It was nonetheless

charged with reasonable behavior designed to allow Latham to give the 721 Opinion.

Williams argues that, as a result of its current incentives, the Partnership was willing

to use methods fair or foul to avoid the Proposed Transaction. Even if I accept this

as true, however, Williams can point to no commercially reasonable efforts that the

128
      965 A.2d 715 (Del. 2008).
129
      Id. at 755–56.
                                            46
Partnership could have taken to consummate the Proposed Transaction; specifically,

in this context, actions available to the Partnership that would have caused Latham,

acting in good faith, to issue the 721 Opinion. The record demonstrates no such

actions available to the Partnership.130 Therefore, despite the motivations of the

Partnership, I cannot find a material breach under the facts before me.

       To the extent that Williams points to the actions of Whitehurst in placing the

issue—the potential that the excess cash generated by the Cash Transaction might

cause tax authorities to treat the Contribution Transaction as a taxable event—before

Latham, I find that simply bringing the issue to Latham’s attention is not a violation

of the “commercial reasonable efforts” clause. To the extent that issue was, as

Williams puts it, a “bogus” grasping at straws by Whitehurst and the Partnership,

desperate to avoid the deal, Latham was free to respond that the issue did not change

130
    Williams appears, in post-trial briefing, to argue that the burden is on the Partnership to
demonstrate a negative—that its lack of more forceful action after discovering the Section 721(a)
problem did not cause Latham’s inability to render the 721 Opinion. Williams cites this Court’s
decision in WaveDivision Holdings, LLC v. Millennium Digital Media Sys., LLC, 2010 WL
3706624 (Del. Ch. Sept. 17, 2010) for the proposition that “[i]t is an established principle of
contract law that where a party’s breach by nonperformance contributes materially to the non-
occurrence of a condition of one of his duties, the non-occurrence is excused,” and that “once it
has been determined that [a defendant] breached [the contract], the burden of showing that breach
did not materially contribute to [failure of the condition] is properly placed on [the defendant].”
Id., at *14, *15 (internal quotations omitted). This is unremarkable; once a plaintiff has
demonstrated a breach leading to adverse consequences, it is an affirmative defense that the
consequences were otherwise unavoidable. The problem for Williams is that the record is barren
of any indication that the action or inaction of the Partnership (other than simply drawing Latham’s
attention to the problem) contributed materially to Latham’s inability to issue the 721 Opinion.
This is true regardless of whether the Partnership’s actions were commercially reasonable. In other
words, no matter how I allocate the burden of proof, the result is the same.
                                                47
its opinion with respect to the 721 Opinion. I have already found that Latham, in

good faith, made the determination that it cannot issue the 721 Opinion in light of

the current structure of the Proposed Transaction, nor any alternative structure

suggested to date. To the extent Williams is arguing that, by bringing the issue to

Latham’s attention, the Partnership was making a veiled suggestion that Latham

prostitute itself in the service of avoidance of the Proposed Transaction, I have

already found that such a suggestion was not Latham’s motivation.              Latham

sincerely believes it cannot issue the 721 Opinion. Therefore, even if such a veiled

suggestion was made (an issue on which I need not opine) it could not have been a

material breach because Latham did not act thereon.

      Williams argues specifically that in rejecting Proposals A and B, the

Partnership acted in a way that was not commercially reasonable; the Partnership for

its part argues that “commercially reasonable” efforts cannot extend to a

restructuring of the deal itself, and therefore that it was under no such obligation. I

need not resolve this issue because, as noted above, Latham evaluated Proposals A

and B and determined that pursuing them would not allow it to issue the 721

Opinion. In other words, the Partnership’s failure (if failure it was) to negotiate a

change to the Merger Agreement to implement the Proposals had no material effect

on the failure of the condition precedent, obtaining the 721 Opinion. Williams has

not pointed to other facts which the Partnership withheld from or misrepresented to

                                          48
Latham that have caused it to withhold the 721 Opinion. There is simply nothing

that indicates to me that the Partnership has manipulated the knowledge or ability of

Latham to render the 721 Opinion, or failed to fully inform Latham, or do anything

else, whether or not commercially reasonable, to obstruct Latham’s issuance of the

condition-precedent 721 Opinion, or that had a material effect on Latham’s decision.

Therefore, I have no basis to find that the Partnership is in material breach of the

commercially reasonable efforts requirement, and estoppel is not a remedy available

to Williams here.

       I note that, in post-trial briefing, Williams does not point to any direct

evidence the Partnership instructed Latham, directly or indirectly, to fail to satisfy

the condition precedent. Williams does make much of the fact that the Partnership

did not direct Latham to engage earlier or more fully with Williams’ counsel, failed

itself to negotiate the issue with directly with Williams, failed to coordinate a

response among the various players, went public with the information that Latham

had declined to issue the 721 Opinion,131 and generally did not act like an

131
    Williams argues that the public announcement concerning Latham’s inability to issue the 721
Opinion “boxed Latham in,” meaning that the announcement would have increased Latham’s
embarrassment had it again changed its mind and decided to issue the 721 Opinion. Latham,
however, had already tried to find a way to issue the opinion, and, as I have explained, understood
that its inability to do so will cause it substantial reputational harm. The record demonstrates that
public disclosure did not influence Latham’s decision, which was firm prior to the public
disclosure. Rather, Williams’ argument is clearly influenced by the fact that the court in Hexion,
discussed infra, found that such a public announcement of insolvency had the material effect there
of driving third-party lenders out of the market to finance the merger, an entirely different
circumstance than that presented here.
                                                49
enthusiastic partner in pursuit of consummation of the Proposed Transaction. True.

The missing piece of Williams’ syllogism is any demonstration that the

Partnership’s’ activity or lack thereof caused, or had a material effect upon,132

Latham’s current inability to issue the 721 Opinion.

       Williams, in arguing that the Partnership has materially breached its

“commercially reasonable efforts” obligations, relies heavily on Hexion. The facts

in Hexion, a decision of this Court, are superficially similar to but materially

distinguishable from those here. In Hexion, as here, the buyer was an ardent suitor,

and it entered a seller-friendly contract without a financing or solvency out. Also as

here, its ardor cooled and it developed buyer’s remorse. The factual similarity then

ends. Notwithstanding the lack of financing and insolvency outs, the buyer in

Hexion hired an advisor on insolvency, knowingly fed the advisor misleading or

inaccurate information, and received thereby an opinion that the combined entity

would be insolvent. The buyer was then “clearly obligated” under the contract to

discuss the situation with the seller, which obligation it breached, although it appears

that buyer and seller could have taken steps to avoid the insolvency. Instead, with

the insolvency opinion as a bludgeon, the buyer took affirmative steps to scuttle its

financing. The buyer then argued that it had suffered a “material adverse change,”

132
   See WaveDivision Holdings, 2010 WL 3706624, at *14 (holding that liability may be premised
where the defendant’s breach by nonperformance contributes materially to the failure of the goal
to which the “efforts” clause was directed).
                                              50
and should be able to avoid the merger; or at any rate, that it was not in knowing and

intentional breach of the merger agreement, and thus that its liability for damages to

the seller was contractually limited. The court found, among much else, that the

buyer had breached its obligation to use “reasonable best efforts” to obtain financing.

       Like this case, perhaps, the Hexion buyer had an incentive to avoid the merger.

Unlike the record in this case, in Hexion the buyer actively and affirmatively

torpedoed its ability to finance. If the record here reflected affirmative acts by the

Partnership to coerce or mislead Latham, by which actions it prevented issuance of

the 721 Opinion, the facts here would more resemble Hexion, and the outcome here

would likely be different. I do not find my decision in conflict with Hexion,

however, given the record created at trial.133

               4. The Partnership is Not in Material Breach of its Representation and
               Warranty

       Williams makes an argument that the Partnership is “in breach” of a required

133
    Similarly, Williams cites to this Court’s analysis in WaveDivision Holdings. In Wave Division
Holdings, the defendant buyer entered into an asset purchase agreement with the plaintiff seller,
which required the buyer to exercise “commercially reasonable efforts” to obtain certain consents
to the asset purchase from the buyer’s secured creditors and certain of its noteholders. Instead of
making such efforts, the buyer secretly engaged in dual-track negotiations, simultaneously
pursuing the asset purchase with the plaintiff while also engaging in conversations regarding a
possible refinancing of the buyer’s debt with the secured creditors and noteholders, the very parties
whose consent the consummation of the asset purchase agreement relied upon. These scenarios
were mutually exclusive. As in Hexion, the Court found that the buyer took affirmative steps, in
violation of the relevant cooperation clause, to thwart a condition to close. See id. at *18 (finding
that the defendant buyer “spent most of its energy and resources helping to develop an alternative
to the [purchase], efforts designed to thwart, not obtain, consent” of the secured creditors and
noteholders).
                                                51
representation and warranty that, as of the date the Merger Agreement was signed,

it knew of no actions or facts indicating the 721 Opinion could not issue. To my

mind, this is more properly considered a misrepresentation, rather than a breach, to

the extent it exists. Nonetheless, I find no misrepresentation or breach here.

          The Partnership and ETC made the following representation in the Merger

Agreement:

          None of [ETC], [Partnership], or any Subsidiaries of [Partnership] has
          taken or agreed to take any action or knows of the existence of any fact
          that would reasonably be expected to prevent . . . (B) the Contribution
          and Parent Class E Issuance from qualifying as an exchange to which
          Section721(a) of the Code applies.134

The purpose of such a provision is that all sides can be fully informed as of the time

the agreement is reached. There are no facts here that the Partnership failed to

disclose. Both the Partnership and Williams understood all the facts at issue: that

the Merger Agreement contemplated an exchange between ETC and the Partnership

in which the Partnership would transfer $6 billion in cash and Class E Units to ETC,

and ETC would transfer the Hook Stock and the Williams Assets to the Partnership.

          Williams’ real complaint is that the representation did not disclose Latham’s

recently developed analysis of that transaction, made in light of an ever-fluctuating

market in Partnership units, that there is sufficient risk that the transaction does not

qualify as tax free under Section 721(a), such that it cannot deliver the 721 Opinion.

134
      Merger Agreement § 3.02(n)(i).
                                            52
That analysis is not a “fact” requiring disclosure under the Merger Agreement. It is

a theory of tax liability. Moreover, the parties explicitly contemplated the tax issue

under Section 721(a) and provided that a determination must be reached by Latham,

as a condition precedent to the consummation of the Proposed Transaction, that the

Partnership Transaction should be tax free. There is simply no misrepresentation of

fact inherent in the Partnership’s representation.   Even if the legal theory on

which Latham now bases its decision not to issue a 721 Opinion were a “fact” that

the Partnership was required to disclose in the representations and warranties, to the

extent it was aware of it as of the date of the representation, nothing in the record

indicates to me that this legal theory was developed at the time of signing.

      Whitehurst testified that he was confused about the fixed nature of the number

of ETC shares that would be exchanged for $6 billion in the transaction, and that

once he realized such was the case, he became concerned that the transaction might

not qualify as tax free. According to the Partnership, this epiphany occurred in

March 2016, and was the first time Whitehurst, the Head of Tax, considered this

aspect of the Section 721(a) problem. Williams’ theory, by contrast, seems to be

that, notwithstanding this testimony, Whitehurst manufactured this issue in a

desperate attempt to find a way to avoid the Proposed Transaction after conditions

changed and the transaction became financially unpalatable. I need not decide

between these two theories, neither of which is compatible with a finding that the

                                          53
Partnership knowingly breached a representation and warranty. What would stain

credulity, to my mind, would be a finding that the Partnership had this theory in

mind at the time it entered the transaction and made the representation, and yet held

it back. The Partnership’s interest at that time was in consummation of this

transaction; it had pursued the transaction fervently and, as conditions then existed,

believed the transaction to be strongly in the Partnership’s interest. There is no

indication that it was nonetheless interested in preserving an escape hatch through

which either party could exit the transaction.

          Williams argues that the tax theory now embraced by Latham should have

been objectively obvious, and thus the Partnership should be charged with

knowledge and a duty to disclose under the representations and warranties

provisions. In other words, a reasonable party in the Partnership’s shoes charged

with knowledge of the facts was required to disclose that tax authorities might

contemplate the Cash and Contribution Transactions, collectively, as involving cash-

for-assets, thus making Latham’s provision of the 721 Opinion unlikely. This proves

too much, to my mind: knowledge of such a theory is no more chargeable to the

Partnership than to Williams. I note that Latham’s 721 Opinion is a mutual condition

precedent.135 Williams views the Partnership’s representation that it was not aware

of actions or facts that would cause liability under Section 721(a) as though it were

135
      Id. § 6.01(h).
                                         54
a waiver of any subsequent reliance of a failure of the 721 Opinion condition

precedent. If so, the provision for a 721 Opinion would be surplussage, and I reject

that reading.136 Therefore, I conclude that the Partnership is not in breach of its

representations and warranties.

       C. The Special Issuance

       Williams asserts that the Partnership’s Special Issuance, completed March 8,

2016, breaches the Merger Agreement’s mandate that the Partnership carry on its

business in the normal course of business. Section 4.01(b) that provides that

“[e]xcept as set forth in Section 4.01(b) of the Parent Disclosure Letter . . . during

the period from the date of this Agreement to the Effective Time, [the Partnership]

shall, and shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to, carry on its business in the ordinary

course.”137 Among other things, Williams seeks an injunction to unwind the Special

Issuance.

       The Partnership asserts that the Special Issuance does not breach the Merger

Agreement because it falls within an exception within Section 4.01(b) of the Parent

Disclosure Letter. Among other things, the Partnership seeks an order declaring that

136
    The parties could have structured their agreement differently, of course. They could have, for
instance, eliminated the 721 Opinion as a condition precedent, instead relying on a binding tax
review as of the time of signing. The could have limited the condition precedent to application
only where a change in tax law occurred, or where other designated circumstances changed, or
otherwise placed limitations on the parties’ right to terminate the agreement based on potential tax
liability.
137
    Merger Agreement § 4.01(b).
                                                55
the Special Issuance does not breach the Merger Agreement.

       Permanent injunctive relief of the kind sought here—rescinding a

transaction—is a matter of equity. To demonstrate entitlement to such relief, a

plaintiff must establish both equitable and legal grounds exist: it must demonstrate

actual success on the merits of its claim; that it will suffer future irreparable injury

absent the relief requested; and, in addition, that equity supports the relief.138

       Williams argues that the evidence regarding the Special Issuance

demonstrates not only that the Partnership is in breach of the Merger Agreement, but

also that the Convertible Units were issued to favor certain unitholders of the

Partnership to the detriment of the Partnership and its common unitholders.

Williams makes a substantial argument that, at the least, the Special Issuance is

detrimental to the interests of non-subscriber holders of Partnership equity—

including Williams stockholders whose stock interests would be tied to such equity

were the Merger to close—for the benefit of the insiders who were able to subscribe.

Nonetheless, I find fatal to Williams’ request for injunctive relief at this stage of the

proceedings the lack of risk that Williams or its stockholders will suffer irreparable

harm absent an injunction ordering rescission, given my decision that a condition

precedent to the Merger Agreement has failed. Williams argues that the Special

138
   E.g. Draper Coomc’ns, Inc. v. Delaware Valley Broads. L.P., 550 A.2d 1283, 1288 (Del. Ch.
1985) (citations omitted).
                                            56
Issuance threatens its stockholders with irreparable harm, in that they will not

receive the benefit of their full Merger bargain, will be diluted as indirect holders of

Partnership equity, and that ETC will be unable or unwilling to seek relief, post-

Merger. If the Special Issuance is a breach of the Merger Agreement, in other words,

it does not threaten irreparable harm absent consummation of the Merger. In light

of my decision regarding the 721 Opinion, however, the Partnership’s right to

terminate the Merger Agreement is preserved. Latham has indicated that it will be

unable to deliver the 721 Opinion on the closing date, creating a near certainty that

the Partnership will terminate the Merger Agreement. In such a case, Williams’

stockholders will not become indirect Partnership equity holders, and Williams’

interest in the Special Issuance post-merger will be moot.

      Since this decision only considers Williams’ request for injunctive relief, I

will not consider the Special Issuance further here. Nothing in this Memorandum

Opinion should be read to prevent Williams from arguing that the Partnership is in

breach with regard to the Special Issuance, should the issue be relevant to further

proceedings in the matter.

      D.     The Counterclaims

      The Defendants have alleged several defenses and counterclaims, including a

disclosure claim. The Partnership has conceded that, should I find that a condition

precedent to the Proposed Transaction has failed, I need not address its

                                          57
counterclaims, including its allegation that Williams has breached the Merger

Agreement by failing to make material disclosures in proxy materials given to its

stockholders in connection with a vote on the Merger Agreement. In light of my

conclusions above, I therefore decline to address the Defendants’ Counterclaims.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

      For all the reasons stated above, I find that Williams’ request to enjoin the

Partnership from terminating the Merger based on the presumptive failure of the

Section 721(a) condition precedent is denied, and that the Partnership’s request for

a declaration of that finding is granted. In the interest of an expedited appeal, if such

is sought, I have attached an Order to that effect. The parties may seek modification

of that Order, as appropriate.

                                           58
     THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

THE WILLIAMS COMPANIES, INC.,         )
                                      )
             Plaintiff and            )
             Counterclaim Defendant, )
                                      )
     v.                               ) C.A. No. 12168-VCG
                                      )
ENERGY TRANSFER EQUITY, L.P.          )
and LE GP, LLC,                       )
                                      )
             Defendants and           )
             Counterclaim Plaintiffs. )
                                      )
                                      )
THE WILLIAMS COMPANIES, INC.,         )
                                      )
             Plaintiff and            )
             Counterclaim Defendant, )
                                      )
     v.                               ) C.A. No. 12337-VCG
                                      )
ENERGY TRANSFER EQUITY, L.P.,         )
ENERGY TRANSFER CORP LP, ETE          )
CORP GP, LLC, LE GP, LLC, and         )
ENERGY TRANSFER EQUITY GP,            )
LLC,                                  )
                                      )
             Defendants and           )
             Counterclaim Plaintiffs. )

                                 ORDER

     AND NOW, this 24th day of June, 2016,

     For the reasons set forth in the Memorandum Opinion dated June 27, 2016,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff’s request to enjoin the Defendants from
terminating or otherwise avoiding their obligations under the Merger Agreement on

the basis that Latham & Watkins LLP has failed to deliver a Section 721(a) opinion

pursuant to a condition precedent to close is DENIED. This decision constitutes a

partial final judgment under Court of Chancery Rule 54(b) and is immediately

appealable.

SO ORDERED:

                                            /s/ Sam Glasscock III

                                            Vice Chancellor

                                        2