Court Opinion

ID: 4421409
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-31 06:37:56.453959+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:57:42.912829
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued July 30, 2019

                                      In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                      For The

                          First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                               NO. 01-18-00574-CV
                            ———————————
              LESLIE WM. ADAMS & ASSOCIATES, Appellant
                                         V.
               AMOCO FEDERAL CREDIT UNION, Appellee

               On Appeal from Civil County Court at Law No. 2
                            Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 1100326

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant Leslie Wm. Adams & Associates appeals the trial court’s order

granting summary judgment in favor of appellee AMOCO Federal Credit Union on

Adams & Associates’s claims arising from an underlying garnishment proceeding.

Adams & Associates contends that (1) the trial court’s order is not a final judgment,
and (2) the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because its claims are not

barred by (a) the debtor’s discharge in bankruptcy, (b) res judicata, or (c) the

applicable statute of limitations. We affirm.

                                    Background

      In 2014, Adams & Associates sued a former client, Terence Martinez, to

recover legal fees and obtained a judgment against him for $41,235.20 in damages

and $2,858.50 in attorney’s fees. On July 2, 2014, Adams & Associates filed an

application for writ of garnishment to reach funds that Martinez had in his AMOCO

accounts.1 The trial court granted the application and issued a writ of garnishment.

      On August 14, 2014, AMOCO, as garnishee, filed its original answer stating

that Martinez had $108,601.56 in two AMOCO accounts. Martinez thereafter filed

several motions to dissolve the writ of garnishment, alleging that all of the funds in

his AMOCO accounts were exempt from garnishment because they came from

Department of Veterans Affairs benefits, disability benefits, and insurance

settlement proceeds. On January 15, 2015, AMOCO filed an amended answer to the

writ of garnishment, stating that it “had maintained its hold” on the accounts “in the

1
      The underlying proceeding is Leslie Wm. Adams & Associates v. Terence Martinez,
      Cause No. 1026220-801, in the County Civil Court at Law No. Four (4), Harris
      County, Texas.

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amount of $46,741.81,” but that it had allowed Martinez to have access to the excess

balance of $60,699.00, which was withdrawn by him.

      On October 12, 2015, the trial court held a bench trial to determine the amount

of exempt and non-exempt funds remaining in the AMOCO accounts. That same

day, the trial court entered an order for disbursement of garnished funds and release

(“garnishment judgment”), in which it determined that of the $46,741.81 remaining

on deposit with AMOCO, $15,328.00 constituted nonexempt funds. The court also

ordered AMOCO to pay Adams & Associates $12,869.64 out of Martinez’s funds.

The remainder of the balance of the nonexempt funds was awarded to AMOCO for

attorney’s fees. Adams & Associates appealed.

      While the garnishment judgment was on appeal before this Court, and before

AMOCO released any funds to Adams & Associates, Martinez filed a petition for

bankruptcy under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. On December 6, 2016, the

bankruptcy court entered a discharge order.

      On September 7, 2017, this Court issued an opinion holding that the

bankruptcy court’s order of discharge, which set aside the underlying judgment

against Martinez in favor of Adams & Associates, voided the garnishment judgment.

Leslie Wm. Adams & Assocs. v. AMOCO Fed. Credit Union, 537 S.W.3d 571 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.). The Court also concluded that “[t]o the

extent that a claim could have been asserted against AMOCO for improperly

                                         3
releasing funds in violation of the writ, it has not been properly raised in this appeal

because it was not preserved in the trial court.” Id. at 578.

      On October 23, 2017, Adams & Associates filed the underlying suit against

AMOCO, alleging that it had violated the writ of garnishment and Texas Civil

Practice and Remedies Code section 63.003, and additionally sought declaratory

relief. Adams & Associates alleged that it had been damaged by AMOCO’s

wrongful disbursement of funds to Martinez and sought to recover the amount of

$60,699.00 disbursed in violation of the writ. On December 1, 2017, AMOCO filed

its answer.

      On April 30, 2018, AMOCO filed a traditional motion for summary judgment

arguing that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because (1) Adams &

Associates’s claims were barred by the two-year statute of limitations applicable to

conversion claims and res judicata, and (2) Adams & Associates sustained no

damages caused by AMOCO’s alleged wrongful release of funds. The next day,

AMOCO filed an amended answer asserting the affirmative defenses of limitations,

laches, waiver, and estoppel.

      On May 17, 2018, Adams & Associates filed a first amended petition asserting

additional claims of fraud, fraud by non-disclosure, and aiding and abetting fraud.

On May 18, 2018, it filed a summary judgment response arguing that (1) its claims

were not barred by the statute of limitations for conversion because it did not assert

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such a cause of action; (2) AMOCO did not raise res judicata prior to filing its motion

and therefore waived the defense, and res judicata did not bar its claims; and (3)

AMOCO waived the affirmative defense of discharge in bankruptcy because it failed

to raise the defense in its pleadings and its claims are not barred. On May 25, 2018,

AMOCO filed its summary judgment reply.

      On May 29, 2018, the trial court granted AMOCO’s motion for summary

judgment. This appeal followed.

                                Standard of Review

      We review a trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins.

Co. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex. 2010). When reviewing a summary

judgment motion, we must (1) take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant

and (2) indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the

nonmovant’s favor. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex.

2005) (citing Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex.

2003)). If a trial court grants summary judgment without specifying the grounds for

granting the motion, we must uphold the trial court’s judgment if any one of the

grounds is meritorious. Beverick v. Koch Power, Inc., 186 S.W.3d 145, 148 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied).

      In a traditional summary judgment motion, the movant has the burden to show

that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that the trial court should grant

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judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); KPMG Peat Marwick v.

Harrison Cnty. Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746, 748 (Tex. 1999). A defendant

moving for traditional summary judgment must conclusively negate at least one

essential element of each of the plaintiff’s causes of action or conclusively establish

each element of an affirmative defense. Sci. Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d
910, 911 (Tex. 1997).

                         Effect of Bankruptcy Discharge

      In its second issue, Adams & Associates contends that the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment because its claims are not barred by the bankruptcy

discharge.

      AMOCO argued that it was entitled to summary judgment because Adams &

Associates failed to establish the causation and damages elements of its claims, i.e.,

that it suffered any damages as a result of AMOCO’s allegedly wrongful release of

funds to Martinez. In its summary judgment response, Adams & Associates asserted

that AMOCO did not plead the affirmative defense of discharge in bankruptcy prior

to filing its motion and, therefore, waived it. It further argued that Martinez’s

bankruptcy discharge had no effect on its claims because AMOCO’s liability arises

from its violation of the writ of garnishment and Civil Practice and Remedies Code

section 63.003.

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      Initially, we consider whether AMOCO was required to plead the affirmative

defense of discharge in bankruptcy. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 94 (listing discharge in

bankruptcy as affirmative defense that must be pleaded). The affirmative defense of

discharge establishes a prima facie defense to any claim brought against the debtor

for a pre-petition debt. Strata Res. v. State, 264 S.W.3d 832, 843 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2008, no pet.) (citing In re Haga, 131 B.R. 320, 327 (Bankr. W.D. Tex.

1991)). In this case, Adams & Associates alleges claims against AMOCO, not

Martinez. AMOCO was therefore not required to plead the defense of discharge in

bankruptcy.

      Adams & Associates argues that its claims are not barred by Martinez’s

bankruptcy discharge because AMOCO’s liability arises from its failure to comply

with the writ of garnishment and Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 63.003,

not from Martinez’s debt to Adams & Associates.

      “Garnishment is a statutory proceeding whereby the property, money, or

credits of one person in the possession of, or owing by another are applied to the

payment of the debt of a debtor by means of proper statutory process issued against

the debtor and the garnishee.” Orange Cnty. v. Ware, 819 S.W.2d 472, 474 (Tex.

1991) (quoting Beggs v. Fite, 106 S.W.2d 1039, 1042 (1937)). To obtain property

through the garnishment statute, there must be a “valid, subsisting judgment” in

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favor of Adams & Associates and against Martinez. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE § 63.001(3).

      Section 63.003, entitled “Effect of Service,” provides:

      (a) After service of a writ of garnishment, the garnishee may not deliver
          any effects or pay any debt to the defendant. If the garnishee is a
          corporation or joint-stock company, the garnishee may not permit
          or recognize a sale or transfer of shares or an interest alleged to be
          owned by the defendant.

      (b) A payment, delivery, sale, or transfer made in violation of
          Subsection (a) is void as to the amount of the debt, effects, shares,
          or interest necessary to satisfy the plaintiff’s demand.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 63.003. Adams & Associates contends that because

AMOCO’s release of funds to Martinez violated subsection (a), it is liable for the

amount “necessary to satisfy the plaintiff’s demand” under subsection (b).

      AMOCO argues, as it did in the trial court below, that whether Adams &

Associates presented a claim for conversion, fraud, or a statutory violation, it failed

to demonstrate that AMOCO’s allegedly wrongful release of funds to Martinez

caused it injury. AMOCO contends that both the underlying judgment against

Martinez and, therefore, the garnishment judgment were discharged in bankruptcy

and there was no longer a “valid, subsisting judgment” against Martinez. See Adams

& Assocs., 537 S.W.3d at 576. “A judgment in garnishment cannot stand when the

underlying judgment has been set aside.” Id. Without a valid subsisting judgment,

Adams & Associates could not have collected any funds from Martinez, and there

                                          8
was no such judgment. Even if AMOCO had not released any funds to Martinez,

Adams & Associates would still not be able to reach those funds. Adams &

Associates failed to demonstrate that it suffered damages as a result of AMOCO’s

allegedly wrongful release of funds. Adams & Associates’s attempt to create a

theory of liability independent of the underlying debt is unavailing. The trial court

properly granted summary judgment in favor of AMOCO on Adams & Associates’s

claims. We overrule Adams & Associates’s second issue.

                        Finality of Trial Court’s Judgment

      In its first issue, Adams & Associates contends that the trial court’s order was

not a final judgment or is erroneous because it did not address the claims in its first

amended petition.

      With few exceptions, a party may appeal only from a final judgment.

Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 195 (Tex. 2001). Under Lehmann, a

judgment issued without a conventional trial is final for purposes of appeal if it either

(1) actually disposes of every pending claim and party, or (2) states with

unmistakable clarity that it is a final judgment. Id. at 205. The Texas Supreme Court

stated that the determination of whether of a judgment is final does not depend on

whether the judgment contains the words “final” or “appealable” but, rather, whether

it dismisses all claims against all parties. Id. at 205–06; see also In re Harris Cnty.

Hosp. Dist. Aux., Inc., 127 S.W.3d 155, 159 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003,

                                           9
orig. proceeding) (holding summary judgment order indicated finality where it

ordered plaintiff’s cause of action “hereby dismissed with prejudice and that Plaintiff

take nothing by her suit”); Lopez v. Yates, No. 14–01–00649–CV, 2002 WL
31599472, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 21, 2002, no pet.) (mem.

op., not designated for publication) (holding trial court’s summary judgment order

final and appealable where “the trial court granted summary judgment as to all

claims between the only existing parties”).

      Here, the trial court’s summary judgment order states:

            On this day the Court considered the traditional Motion for
      Summary Judgment (“Motion”) filed by Defendant AMOCO Federal
      Credit Union. After considering the Motion, Plaintiff’s response, if
      any, Defendant’s Reply, and applicable law, the Court grants the
      Motion.

      It is therefore ORDERED that the Motion is GRANTED.

            It is further ORDERED that Plaintiff Leslie WM. Adams &
      Associates shall take nothing by its claims asserted, or that could have
      been asserted, against Defendant in this action.

             This is a final judgment that disposes of all parties and all claims,
      and is appealable.

      The summary judgment order in this case dismissed all claims against all

parties in the case. This case involves only one plaintiff and one defendant. Adams

& Associates were the only parties to the lawsuit, and the summary judgment order

explicitly disposed of all the claims between them. See Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 205–

06. The trial court’s May 29, 2018 order was a final judgment.
                                          10
      Adams & Associates also argues that the trial court’s order is erroneous

because it did not address the claims raised in its first amended petition.

      In its original petition, Adams & Associates alleged that AMOCO violated

the writ of garnishment and Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 63.003

when it wrongfully disbursed funds to Martinez, and it sought declaratory relief. In

its summary judgment motion, AMOCO argued that (1) Adams & Associates’s

claims were barred by the statute of limitations and res judicata, and (2) Adams &

Associates sustained no damages caused by AMOCO’s actions because the

bankruptcy discharge prevented collection of any funds from Martinez’s accounts

even if AMOCO had not released the funds.           In its subsequently filed amended

petition, Adams & Associates asserted claims of fraud, fraud by non-disclosure, and

aiding and abetting fraud.2 For each of its claims, Adams & Associates sought to

recover as damages “the nonexempt funds of $60,699 disbursed” to Martinez in

violation of the writ.

2
      It is unclear whether Texas law recognizes a cause of action for aiding and abetting
      fraud. See First United Pentecostal Church of Beaumont v. Parker, 514 S.W.3d
214, 224 (Tex. 2017) (“We begin by noting that this Court has not expressly decided
      whether Texas recognizes a cause of action for aiding and abetting.”); see also Grant
      Thornton LLP v. Prospect High Income Fund, 314 S.W.3d 913, 930 (Tex. 2010)
      (“Because of our disposition, we do not consider whether Texas law recognizes a
      cause of action for ‘aiding and abetting’ fraud separate and apart from a conspiracy
      claim.”).
                                           11
       As discussed above, the discharge in bankruptcy had the effect of setting aside

the underlying judgment against Martinez and the garnishment judgment. See

Adams & Assocs., 537 S.W.3d at 576. Without a valid subsisting judgment, Adams

& Associates could not have collected any funds from Martinez, regardless of

whether AMOCO had released any funds to him. Because Adams & Associates has

not shown that it suffered damages as a result of AMOCO’s allegedly wrongful

release, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of AMOCO. We

overrule its first issue.

                                     Conclusion

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                               Russell Lloyd
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Justices Lloyd, Landau, and Countiss.

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