Court Opinion

ID: 4557258
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-20 16:11:43.741286+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:45:20.919103
License: Public Domain

J-A25031-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA       :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                    :         PENNSYLVANIA
                                    :
              v.                    :
                                    :
                                    :
 JOSHUA LEE HOLLABAUGH,             :
                                    :
                   Appellant        :       No. 211 MDA 2019

   Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 29, 2018
           in the Court of Common Pleas of Huntingdon County
          Criminal Division at No(s): CP-31-CR-0000246-2017

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA       :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                    :         PENNSYLVANIA
                                    :
              v.                    :
                                    :
                                    :
 JOSHUA LEE HOLLABAUGH,             :
                                    :
                   Appellant        :       No. 212 MDA 2019

   Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 29, 2018
           in the Court of Common Pleas of Huntingdon County
          Criminal Division at No(s): CP-31-CR-0000247-2017

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA       :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                    :         PENNSYLVANIA
                                    :
              v.                    :
                                    :
                                    :
 JOSHUA LEE HOLLABAUGH,             :
                                    :
                   Appellant        :       No. 213 MDA 2019
J-A25031-19

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 29, 2018
              in the Court of Common Pleas of Huntingdon County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-31-CR-0000248-2017

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                 :         PENNSYLVANIA
                                                 :
                v.                               :
                                                 :
                                                 :
    JOSHUA L HOLLABAUGH                          :
                                                 :
                       Appellant                 :       No. 214 MDA 2019

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 29, 2018
              in the Court of Common Pleas of Huntingdon County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-31-CR-0000249-2017

BEFORE: STABILE, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.:                              FILED AUGUST 20, 2020

        Joshua Lee Hollabaugh (“Hollabaugh”) appeals from the judgments of

sentence1 imposed following his convictions of three counts each of indecent

assault – complainant less than 13 years of age and statutory sexual assault;

two counts of involuntary deviate sexual intercourse (“IDSI”) with a child; and

one count each of rape of a child, indecent assault – complainant less than 16

years of age, and IDSI with a person less than 16 years of age.2 We affirm.

____________________________________________

1Hollabaugh purports to appeal from the trial court’s Order denying his Post-
Sentence Motion. However, an appeal properly lies from the judgment of
sentence in a criminal case. See Commonwealth v. W.H.M., Jr., 932 A.2d
155, 158 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2007).

2   See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3126(a)(7), (8); 3122.1; 3123(a)(7), (b); 3121(c).

                                           -2-
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       In 2017, Hollabaugh was charged, at four separate dockets, with various

sexual offenses that he had committed against four minor females (the

“victims”).    In its Opinion, the trial court summarized the relevant facts

underlying this appeal as follows:

       1. [Hollabaugh] is an adult male who is deaf. He communicates
       through American Sign Language, written English, and physical
       gestures.

       2. He was born on December 10, 1984.

       3. [Hollabaugh’s] mother, Rebecca Hollabaugh, provided
       babysitting services in her home in Mapleton Depot, Huntingdon
       County, Pennsylvania.

       4. [Hollabaugh] resided with his parents during the time periods
       relevant to the events of this case.[3]

       5. [Hollabaugh’s] bedroom was located on the second floor of the
       home[,] at the top of the stairs.

       6. [Hollabaugh] sexually assaulted the four victims in this case in
       his parents’ home while Rebecca Hollabaugh was babysitting.

       7. The four victims knew each other and were present at the
       Hollabaugh residence during overlapping periods of time.

       8. Although [Hollabaugh] does not communicate verbally, he was
       able to communicate with the children in the home through
       physical gestures, written text on his Blackberry cellular
       telephone, and by Rebecca Hollabaugh interpreting his sign
       language to the children.

____________________________________________

3 The Criminal Informations alleged that the offenses occurred during the
following time periods: January 1, 2001, to December 22, 2002 (Victim #3);
January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2007 (Victim #2); January 1, 2008, to
December 31, 2011 (Victim #4); and August 22, 2009, to August 22, 2011
(Victim #1).

                                           -3-
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     9. Victim #1 was born [i]n August [] 2002.

     10. Victim #1 lived in the Hollabaugh home for a period of six to
     12 months when she was approximately six years old. Victim #1’s
     mother was married to [Hollabaugh’s] brother.

     11. At the time of [Hollabaugh’s] criminal conduct with Victim
     #1[,] she estimated her age as six[]years….

     12. After Victim #1 and her family moved from the Hollabaugh
     home, Rebecca Hollabaugh continued to babysit Victim #1….

     13. [Hollabaugh] lived in the Hollabaugh residence during the
     entire time Victim #1 resided in the home.

     14. Victims #1, 2 and 4 would often voluntarily help [Hollabaugh]
     clean his bedroom.

     15. While the children cleaned his bedroom, [Hollabaugh] was
     alone with them; Rebecca Hollabaugh remained downstairs.

     16. When Victim #1 was approximately six (6) years old,
     [Hollabaugh] asked her and two other girls being babysat in the
     home to clean his bedroom.[FN]

     [FN]The three girls referenced in this incident are Victim #1, Victim
     #2, and a third child, H.N., who was not named in the criminal
     [C]omplaint. Victims #1 and #2 testified to the presence of H.N.
     during the incident of abuse described above. H.N. testified at
     trial that she was in [Hollabaugh’s] bedroom to help clean[,] but
     did not remember being sexually abused by [Hollabaugh].

     17. [Hollabaugh] communicated this request by handing Victim
     #1 trash bags and a broom[,] and making hand gestures.

     18. Victim #1, Victim #2, and H.N. followed [Hollabaugh] to his
     bedroom, where he shut and locked the door, then sat down in his
     desk chair.

     19. [Hollabaugh] exposed his penis to the three girls as he sat in
     his chair.

                                     -4-
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     20. [Hollabaugh] motioned for Victim #1 to approach his chair and
     when she did, [Hollabaugh] grabbed her hand and placed it on his
     penis, and instructed her to make an up and [down] motion with
     her hand.

     21. [Hollabaugh] then grabbed the back of Victim #1’s head and
     forced it down, thereby pushing his penis into her mouth.

     22. Victim #2 was babysat by Rebecca Hollabaugh when she was
     four or five years old.

     23. Victim #2 was born [i]n January [] 2000.

     24. During the bedroom incident described above, [Hollabaugh]
     also grabbed Victim #2’s head, pulled it down towards his lap, and
     inserted his penis into her mouth, then moved her head up and
     down.

     25. When he released [Victim #2’s] head, [Hollabaugh] took hold
     of her hand and placed it over his penis, also moving up and down.

     26. Victim #3 was born [i]n November [] 1995.

     27. Victim #3 was babysat by her grandmother during the
     summer months at her home across the street from the
     Hollabaughs. Victim #3 would often play with the children at the
     Hollabaughs’ home during this time.

     28. On one occasion, Victim #3 went into the residence to use the
     bathroom, which was located on the second floor, down the
     hallway from [Hollabaugh’s] bedroom.

     29. [Hollabaugh] stopped her in route to the bathroom and
     motioned for her to enter his bedroom, which she did.

     30. [Hollabaugh] began rubbing Victim #3’s leg[,] then grabbed
     her vagina over her clothes.

     31. Victim #3 was able to push [Hollabaugh] away and escape to
     her grandmother’s home.

     32. Rebecca Hollabaugh babysat Victim #4 when she was
     approximately five years old[,] until she was 16 years old.

                                   -5-
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     33. Victim #4 was born [i]n November [] 1996.

     34. Victim #4 started smoking cigarettes when she was nine years
     old.

     35. [Hollabaugh] would supply cigarettes to Victim #4 and would
     sometimes request she do things for him in exchange, such as
     perform sexual acts or clean his bedroom.

     36. When she was between ten and twelve years old, [Hollabaugh]
     lured Victim #4 into his bedroom to show her something on his
     computer[,] then grabbed and fondled her breast on top of her
     clothing.

     37. On a separate occasion, when Victim #4 was about twelve[
     ]years[ ]old, [Hollabaugh] again lured her into his bedroom to
     show her something on his computer.

     38. Upon entering the bedroom, Victim #4 asked [Hollabaugh] for
     a cigarette, which he agreed to in exchange for allowing him to
     feel her breast.

     39. [Hollabuagh] squeezed her breast under her clothes[,] then
     gave Victim #4 a cigarette.

     40. When she was approximately twelve or thirteen[]years[]old,
     [Hollabaugh] drove Victim #4 to a local convenience store to
     purchase cigarettes for herself.

     41. Victim #4 asked for a cigarette[,] and [Hollabaugh] put up a
     finger to indicate that she must wait, then drove them to a
     cemetery[,] where he parked the vehicle.

     42. [Hollabaugh] typed a message on his cell phone offering her
     a cigarette if she first put her mouth on his penis.

     43. Victim #4 leaned over from the passenger seat and placed her
     mouth on his penis for a short time, after which [Hollabaugh] gave
     her a cigarette.

     44. Victim #1 first disclosed the abuse to law enforcement and
     provided the names of Victims #2 and #3 to the Pennsylvania
     State Police Trooper.

                                   -6-
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      45. Victim #3 provided law enforcement with the name of Victim
      #4.

Trial Court Opinion, 4/8/19, at 2-6 (footnote in original; footnote added).

      On July 10, 2017, Hollabaugh filed an Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion, seeking

to hire a private detective to assist with case preparation.      The trial court

granted the Motion, and directed that the total expense must not exceed $750.

      On August 1, 2017, The Commonwealth filed a Motion for Joinder of the

four cases for trial, asserting that all of the offenses charged were based on

the same acts or transactions. Following a hearing, the trial court granted the

Motion for Joinder, and joined the four cases for trial.

      This Court previously summarized what next transpired as follows:

             Prior to trial, the Commonwealth filed a [N]otice that it
      intended to call Ann Cook (“Cook”), a licensed master social
      worker, as an expert witness at trial.        Cf. 42 Pa.C.S.A.
      § 5920(b)(1) (permitting expert testimony “that will assist the
      trier of fact in understanding the dynamics of sexual violence,
      victim responses to sexual violence[,] and the impact of sexual
      violence on victims during and after being assaulted”). Jury
      selection was conducted on November 6, 2017[,] and trial was
      scheduled to commence on November 20, 2017.

             On the evening of November 16, 2017, Cook contacted the
      attorney representing the Commonwealth and advised that she
      had to undergo emergency surgery and would not be able to
      testify at trial the following week. The Commonwealth obtained
      another expert witness to testify in place of Cook. [Hollabaugh]
      objected to this late substitution and the trial court refused to
      permit the substitute expert to testify. The Commonwealth
      moved for a continuance[,] and the trial court denied the [M]otion.
      The Commonwealth immediately appealed that decision.

Commonwealth v. Hollabaugh,             194   A.3d   655   (Pa.   Super.   2018)

(unpublished memorandum at 2-3) (footnote omitted). On appeal, this Court

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concluded that the prejudice the Commonwealth would suffer if Cook were

unable to testify at trial outweighed any prejudice to Hollabaugh. See id.

(unpublished memorandum at 6-9). This Court therefore reversed the trial

court’s Order denying the Motion to continue, and remanded the case to the

trial court. Id. (unpublished memorandum at 9).

        The trial court entered an Order on July 10, 2018, continuing the trial.

The trial court thereafter rescheduled jury selection and the trial.        The

Commonwealth filed a Notice of its intention to introduce the expert testimony

of Carol Hughes (“Hughes”), a licensed psychologist, regarding child sexual

abuse victimology and offender dynamics.4

        On August 29, 2018, a jury convicted Hollabaugh of the above-

mentioned crimes.5          The trial court deferred sentencing and ordered

preparation of a pre-sentence investigation report.      Additionally, the court

directed Hollabaugh to undergo an evaluation by the Sexual Offender

Assessment Board.          On November 29, 2018, the trial court sentenced

Hollabaugh to an aggregate term of 26½ to 53 years in prison, with credit for

____________________________________________

4   Hughes subsequently testified at trial.

5  The Sentencing Orders at Nos. 247-2017 and 248-2017 each indicate a
finding of guilt with no further penalty for the offense of sexual assault, see
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3124.1. However, the Criminal Informations did not charge
Hollabaugh with sexual assault, and the offense of sexual assault does not
appear on the jury’s verdict sheet. Our review of the trial transcripts likewise
reveals that the trial court did not provide a jury instruction regarding sexual
assault.

                                           -8-
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time served, plus fines and the costs of prosecution.    The trial court also

informed Hollabaugh that he would be subject to lifetime registration under

the Sexual Offenders Registration and Notification Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A.

§§ 9799.10-9799.41.          On December 10, 2018, Hollabaugh filed a Post-

Sentence Motion, challenging the weight of the evidence supporting his

convictions.     The trial court conducted a hearing, after which it denied

Hollabaugh’s Post-Sentence Motion.

       Hollabaugh filed timely Notices of Appeal, one at each docket number,

with each Notice identifying all four docket numbers.6 The trial court ordered

____________________________________________

6 On February 15, 2019, this Court, sua sponte, consolidated Hollabaugh’s
appeals. On the same date, this Court issued an Order directing Hollabaugh
to show cause why his appeals should not be quashed in light of
Commonwealth v. Walker, 185 A.3d 969, 977 (Pa. 2018) (stating that
“when a single order resolves issues arising on more than one lower court
docket, separate notices of appeal must be filed. The failure to do so will
result in quashal of the appeal.” (citing Pa.R.A.P. 341)).         See also
Commonwealth v. Creese, 216 A.3d 1142, 1144 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(quashing an appeal, pursuant to Walker, where the appellant filed a notice
of appeal at each docket number, but each notice of appeal contained multiple
docket numbers). Hollabaugh filed a Response, stating that he had filed a
separate Notice of Appeal at each docket number. This Court subsequently
discharged the show-cause Order, referring the issue to the merits panel.
Recently, this Court, sitting en banc, held that where separate notices of
appeal are filed at each of multiple docket numbers, the inclusion of multiple
docket numbers on each notice of appeal does not invalidate the notices of
appeal. See Commonwealth v. Johnson, 2020 PA Super 164, at *4 (Pa.
Super. filed July 9, 2020) (en banc); Commonwealth v. Larkin, 2020 PA
Super 163, at *3 (Pa. Super. filed July 9, 2020) (en banc). In light of this
Court’s decisions in Johnson and Larkin, we decline to quash Hollabaugh’s
appeal.

                                           -9-
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to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on

appeal, and Hollabaugh timely complied.

      On appeal, Hollabaugh raises the following questions for our review:

      1. Did the trial court err when it consolidated four separate cases,
      with four separate complaining witnesses, over four separate time
      periods for trial?

      2. Were the guilty verdicts against the weight of the evidence
      given the age of the complaint, the age of the complainants, the
      lack of corroborating evidence and the contradictory evidence
      presented by the Commonwealth?

Brief for Appellant at 7.

      In his first claim, Hollabaugh argues that the trial court abused its

discretion in joining the cases for trial. See id. at 22-43. Hollabaugh claims

that evidence supporting each of the charged offenses would not be

permissible in separate trials for the other offenses. Id. at 25-26; 26 (stating

that “[t]he identity of the perpetrator is not at issue since there was prior

contact between [Hollabaugh] and the victims.”). According to Hollabaugh,

the time span between the first and last alleged incidents of sexual assault is

too significant to be considered part of a common scheme.        Id. at 27-29.

Hollabaugh also contends that the Commonwealth did not establish a

distinctive habit or pattern of action linking the events. Id. at 29. However,

Hollabaugh acknowledges that Nos. 246-2017 and 247-2017 were properly

consolidated, because the victims served as eyewitnesses to each other’s

assault. Id. at 30. Hollabaugh specifically takes issue with the consolidation

of Victim #3’s case with the others, because he claims that he was still a

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juvenile during the alleged offense dates. Id. at 31-32. Further, Hollabaugh

asserts that there was no common scheme or plan, as the testimony indicates

that the victims entered his room for different purposes (i.e., to clean

Hollabaugh’s room and to look at something on his computer). Id. at 32-34.

“[Hollabaugh] believes the jury used the evidence of one of the offenses to

infer a criminal disposition[,] and on the basis of that inference, convict

[Hollabaugh] of the other offenses.” Id. at 41.

      We adhere to the following standard of review:

            Joinder and severance of separate indictments for trial is a
      discretionary function of the trial court; consequently, the trial
      court’s decision is subject to review for abuse of that discretion.
      Judicial discretion requires action in conformity with law, upon
      facts and circumstances judicially before the court, after hearing
      and due consideration. Consequently, an abuse of discretion
      consists not merely of errors in judgment by the trial court, but
      instead contemplates action unsupported by the evidence, at odds
      with governing law, or arising from improper motives personal to
      the judge. The critical consideration is whether the appellant was
      prejudiced by the trial court’s decision…. The appellant bears the
      burden of establishing such prejudice.

Commonwealth v. Brookins, 10 A.3d 1251, 1255 (Pa. Super. 2010)

(citations, quotation marks and brackets omitted).

      Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 582 governs the joinder of

offenses, and provides, in relevant part, as follows:

      (1) Offenses charged in separate indictments or informations may
      be tried together if:

         (a) the evidence of each of the offenses would be admissible in
         a separate trial for the other and is capable of separation by
         the jury so that there is no danger of confusion; or

                                    - 11 -
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        (b) the offenses charged are based on the same act or
        transaction.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 582(A)(1); see also Commonwealth v. Serrano, 61 A.3d 279,

285 (Pa. Super. 2013). However, “[t]he court may order separate trials of

offenses or defendants … if it appears that any party may be prejudiced by

offenses or defendants being tried together.”    Pa.R.Crim.P. 583; see also

Commonwealth v. Ferguson, 107 A.3d 206, 210 (Pa. Super. 2015) (stating

that “[t]he prejudice of which Rule [583] speaks is … that which would occur

if the evidence tended to convict [the] appellant only by showing his

propensity to commit crimes, or because the jury was incapable of separating

the evidence or could not avoid cumulating the evidence.”).

     In its Opinion, the trial court addressed this claim as follows:

           In this case, the testimony from each victim would have
     been admissible in the separate trials involving the other victims.
     Three of the victims were available to [Hollabaugh] due to the
     babysitting service provided by [Hollabaugh’s] mother, and the
     other was a frequent visitor[,] as she was friends with the children
     being babysat. The first three victims described incidents of abuse
     in which all three victims were sexually assaulted in the same
     bedroom, around the same time. Victim #4 also was lured into
     the same bedroom under the guise of cleaning the room.
     Although [the pattern of abuse concerning Victim #4] escalated
     and continued beyond [Hollabaugh’s] bedroom, her testimony still
     was relevant to show [Hollabaugh’s] opportunity and scheme.

           The evidence from each witness makes the facts serving as
     the basis of the crimes more probable and credible by
     corroborating details such as identifying where [Hollabaugh’s]
     room was located in the home, placing others in [Hollabaugh’s]
     bedroom to clean, and, in some instances, witnessing the abuse
     perpetrated by [Hollabaugh]. This evidence is compelling and

                                    - 12 -
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       admissible as required by [Pa.R.E.] 404(b)(2)[7] to prove
       [Hollabaugh] had the opportunity to commit these offenses, and
       it was his plan or scheme to lure the children into his bedroom
       under the guise of helping him clean.

            Furthermore, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has
       repeatedly accepted the admission of other crimes under the
       common law res gestae or “complete story” rationale.
       Commonwealth v. Brown, 52 A.3d 320[, 326] (Pa. Super.
       2012) …. The Supreme Court has stated[,]

              the “res gestae” exception to the general proscription
              against evidence of other crimes, is also known as the
              “complete story” rationale, i.e., evidence of other criminal
              acts is admissible “to complete the story of the crime on trial
              by proving its immediate context of happenings near in time
              and place.”

       Commonwealth v. Lark, 543 A.2d 491[, 303] (Pa. 1988)
       [(citations omitted)].

             The evidence presented from each victim is admissible to
       provide the “complete story” of how [Hollabaugh] abused these
       young girls. This evidence is impossible to separate. The single
       incidents of abuse cannot be told without involving the episodes
       of abuse that happened at the same time and place.

       ....

       [Hollabaugh] has not established prejudice. The evidence of each
       offense was not complicated, was methodically presented by the
       Commonwealth, and could be easily separated by the jurors.
       Additionally, the testimony of each victim was alone sufficient to
       form the basis of the convictions. Lastly, the only embarrassment
       suffered at trial was by the victims[,] who had to recount the
       details of their sexual abuse to a courtroom full of strangers. Any
____________________________________________

7 Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404(b)(2) provides that evidence of crimes,
wrongs or other acts “may be admissible for … proving motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of
accident. In a criminal case[,] this evidence is admissible only if the probative
value of the evidence outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice.” Pa.R.E.
404(b)(2).

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      argument of prejudice is greatly outweighed by the interest of
      judicial economy, and more importantly, the victims testifying in
      multiple trials if the trials had been separated.

Trial Court Opinion, 4/8/19, at 7-9 (footnote added).

      The trial court’s determination is supported by the evidence.           As

Hollabaugh admits, Nos. 246-2017 and 247-2017 involved an event for which

two victims would serve as eyewitnesses for one another, and therefore, were

properly consolidated. Regarding the remaining cases, we discern no abuse

of the trial court’s discretion in its determination that evidence of one offense

would be admissible in a trial for the other offenses to establish a common

plan or scheme, and to provide the jury with a “complete picture” of

Hollabaugh’s offenses. Additionally, the evidence was easily separable by the

jury, as the crimes occurred on different dates and involved different victims.

See Ferguson, 107 A.3d at 211 (stating that “[w]here a trial concerns distinct

criminal offenses that are distinguishable in time, space and the characters

involved, a jury is capable of separating the evidence.”) (citation omitted).

Moreover, Hollabaugh has not established undue prejudice resulting from the

consolidation   of   the   four   cases   for   trial.   See   Brookins,   supra;

Commonwealth v. Judd, 897 A.2d 1224, 1232 (Pa. Super. 2006)

(concluding that appellant was not prejudiced by the trial court’s consolidation

of his two cases, where the evidence “constituted an ongoing course of

extremely similar sexual abuse against two youthful victims,” and was

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separable by the jury). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in consolidating the Criminal Informations for trial.

      In his second claim, Hollabaugh argues that the verdict was against the

weight of the evidence. Brief for Appellant at 44. Specifically, Hollabaugh

cites testimony of Victim #1 and Victim #2, and claims that each victim’s

estimation of their age at the time of the assault could not simultaneously be

correct. Id. at 47-52; see also id. at 48-49 (pointing out that Victim #1

testified that she was approximately 6 years old at the time of the assault,

and Victim #2 testified that she was 4 or 5 at the time; however, Victim #1

is two years older than Victim #2).     Hollabaugh also notes the absence of

corroborating testimony by H.N. regarding the assault, which both Victim #1

and Victim #2 claimed H.N. had witnessed.          Id. at 52-55.     Hollabaugh

therefore claims that “the scales of justice totter on her pedestal and shocks

one[’]s sense of justice.” Id. at 57. Additionally, Hollabaugh disputes Victim

#4’s testimony that he had lured her into his room to show her something on

the computer, and asserts that Victim #4’s testimony is inaccurate because

he did not have a computer in his bedroom. Id. at 57-58. Finally, Hollabaugh

alleges that the trial court refused to grant him a new trial due to the costs

and time associated with providing three interpreters for his jury trial. Id. at

60-61.

             Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise
      of discretion, not of the underlying question of whether the verdict
      is against the weight of the evidence. Because the trial judge has
      had the opportunity to hear and see the evidence presented, an

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      appellate court will give the gravest consideration to the findings
      and reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial
      court’s determination that the verdict is against the weight of the
      evidence. One of the least assailable reasons for granting or
      denying a new trial is the lower court’s conviction that the verdict
      was or was not against the weight of the evidence and that a new
      trial should be granted in the interest of justice.

Commonwealth v. McClelland, 204 A.3d 436, 447 (Pa. Super. 2019)

(citation omitted). “To successfully challenge the weight of the evidence, a

defendant must prove the evidence is so tenuous, vague and uncertain that

the verdict shocks the conscience of the court.”          Commonwealth v.

Windslowe, 158 A.3d 698, 712 (Pa. Super. 2017).

      In its Opinion, the trial court fully addressed Hollabaugh’s claim, and

concluded that it lacks merit. See Trial Court Opinion, 4/8/19, at 10-13. The

trial court stated, inter alia, as follows:

             [] Hughes, a licensed psychologist, testified at trial about
      behavior typically displayed by victims of sexual abuse. She
      discussed several of the factors affecting disclosure such as the
      age of the victim, relationship between the victim and perpetrator,
      type of abuse, and family dynamics[,] among others. [] Hughes
      explained that not all victims respond in the same way, however[,]
      regarding the issue of when a victim reports abuse, delayed
      disclosure (reporting the abuse at some point in the future and
      not immediately), is the more common[,] and prompt report
      (disclosing the abuse very soon after) is not as common. …

            Additionally, the age of the victim is a factor as to when the
      abuse is reported, with younger children sometimes not having
      the appropriate language to describe what is happening or lacking
      the understanding that the behavior is wrong. In this case, Victim
      #1 was the first to disclose the abuse, several years after her
      contact with [Hollabaugh]. The other victims disclosed their abuse
      to law enforcement only after being contacted by [the
      Pennsylvania State Trooper].

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Id. at 11.

      Additionally, concerning Hollabaugh’s arguments concerning apparent

discrepancies between the victims’ estimations of the dates of the offenses,

the trial court stated as follows:

            The dates were not essential elements of the cases against
      [Hollabaugh].      The date ranges listed in the [C]riminal
      [I]nformations were more than sufficient to apprise him of the
      allegations, and [Hollabaugh] had the opportunity to refute them
      at trial.   It is understandable that the dates do not align
      perfectly[,] given the fact that these are approximations from four
      victims about abuse that occurred almost a decade ago when they
      were very young. It is less believable [that] the victims would
      pinpoint the same time given the variables previously described.
      Although the exact dates were not proven at trial, nor did they
      need to be, the timeframes were compatible and not
      contradictory.

Id. at 11-12. Moreover, the trial court specifically credited the testimony of

all four victims, and we may not reconsider those credibility determinations

on appeal. See id. at 10; Commonwealth v. Forbes, 867 A.2d 1268, 1273-

73 (Pa. Super. 2005) (stating that “[t]he weight of the evidence is exclusively

for the finder of fact[,] who is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence

and to determine the credibility of witnesses.        An appellate court cannot

substitute its judgment for that of the finder of fact.”); see also generally

Commonwealth v. Diaz, 152 A.3d 1040, 1047 (Pa. Super. 2016) (stating

that “the uncorroborated testimony of a sexual assault victim, if believed by

the trier of fact, is sufficient to convict a defendant[.]” (citation omitted)).

Because the evidence supports the jury’s verdict, and we discern no abuse of

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J-A25031-19

discretion by the trial court in evaluating Hollabaugh’s weight challenge, we

afford him no relief on this claim.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 08/20/2020

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