Court Opinion

ID: 4429834
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 19:31:07.609582+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:18.290816
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-0843-16T1

MERCK SHARP &
DOHME CORP., a New
Jersey Corporation,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

TOWNSHIP OF BRANCHBURG,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_______________________________

                    Argued October 30, 2018 – Decided December 13, 2018

                    Before Judges Hoffman, Geiger and Firko.

                    On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Somerset County, Docket No. L-1172-08.

                    Mark S. Anderson argued the cause for appellant
                    (Woolson Anderson PC, attorneys; Robyn D. Wright
                    and Marks S. Anderson, on the briefs).

                    Christopher John Stracco argued the cause for
                    respondent (Day Pitney, LLP, attorneys; Christopher
                    John Stracco and Jennifer Gorga Capone, on the brief).

PER CURIAM
       Defendant Township of Branchburg (Branchburg or the Township)

appeals from the Law Division decision invalidating a 2008 amendment to its

land use ordinance, as applied to plaintiff's property (the Merck property). The

trial court's decision proclaimed a new standard for reviewing the legality of

ordinances that "involve drastic density reductions in growth areas" and do not

adhere to the guidelines set forth in the State Development and Redevelopment

Plan (State Plan), by presuming such ordinances invalid and placing the burden

to justify their necessity on the municipality. Applying this standard, the court

held the Township failed to prove that applying the ordinance to Merck's

property "carries out the purposes of the Municipal Land Use Law" (MLUL).1

We conclude that application of this new standard constituted error; instead, the

trial court should have applied the well-settled standard that presumes zoning

ordinances valid and places the burden upon the challenger. We therefore vacate

and remand for reconsideration under the correct standard.

                                           I.

       According to 2007 property tax records, thirty-seven percent of

Branchburg's land is assessed as residential, twenty-six percent is farm assessed

and farm qualified land, sixteen percent is public and public school property,

1
    N.J.S.A. 40:55D-1 to -112.
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and the remainder is mostly commercial, industrial, or vacant land. The total

size of Branchburg is roughly 12,000 acres.

      The Merck property consists of three adjacent tax lots in Branchburg that,

taken together, constitute approximately 206 acres in the central part of

Branchburg. Most of the land in the central part, other than the Merck property,

is dedicated to residential or commercial uses. The Merck property constitutes

the last remaining large, undeveloped parcel in the vicinity. Until 2007, plaintiff

used the property to conduct animal research and testing for veterinary

pharmaceutical drugs. Today, the only functional buildings on the property are

a conference center and a barn. According to the United States Department of

Agriculture, the parcel consists of forty-one percent prime farmland, forty-one

percent farmland of statewide importance, and six percent farmland of local

importance. The entire property is assessed as farmland for tax purposes, and

much of it is currently farmed.

      The State Plan designates the Merck property as within "planning area 2,"

which is intended to accommodate much of the State's future growth due to

access to infrastructure supporting development. The entire parcel lies within a

sewer and water utility service area.

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      As early as 1982, Branchburg zoned the property in the Research Zone.

Branchburg's 1988 Master Plan recommended the Merck property remain in the

Research Zone to allow Merck to continue its ongoing research. In its discussion

of general objectives, the 1988 Master Plan found that the "preservation of the

rural, open-spaced character of the township" is "extremely important and

should be the first goal."

      In 1993, Branchburg issued a Master Plan Reexamination Report. The

report recommended rezoning the Merck property for single family development

by placing it in the Low Density Residential Zone (LD Zone). Permitted uses

in the LD Zone include single family residences on one-acre lots, commercial

agriculture, and research farms on tracts of 100 acres or more. Branchburg

implemented the recommendation.

      The instant matter arises out of the recommendations made in the 2006

Master Plan Reexamination Report (2006 Report), which the Branchburg

Planning Board adopted. The 2006 Report noted that the goal of preserving the

town's rural character had become "increasingly difficult," and found the three-

acre Agricultural Zone no longer sufficient to maintain the rural ambiance of the

town. The report emphasized the increased importance of preserving open space

and farmland.

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      The 2006 Report recommended creation of a Resource Conservation

District (RC District) to combine agricultural and other open lands along the

riverfront corridor into a "continuous low intensity/conservation zon e

throughout the Township . . . ." Due to development, the report cited the need

to retain "large contiguous masses of farmland and other undeveloped lands"

and recommended a six-acre minimum lot size, with a residential clustering

component, in the RC District. The report recommended that the RC District

include the Merck property. It also recommended revision of the Master Plan's

vision statement to emphasize the importance of protecting and preserving open

space and farmland, establishing density and intensity standards to relate

development with natural and built infrastructure, preventing sprawl, and

providing housing opportunities for all ages and income levels, among others

things.

      In June 2008, Branchburg adopted Ordinance 2008-1093, implementing

the recommendations of the 2006 Report, but changed the name of the RC

District to the Raritan River Corridor District (RRC District). The ordinance

aimed to prevent destruction of the remaining agricultural landscape and rural

character of Branchburg and to protect public investments made to preserve

farmland and open space.

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      Under the ordinance, permitted uses in the RRC District include single-

family residences, commercial agriculture and home agriculture, public parks,

churches, nursery schools, child-care centers, volunteer fire companies and first

aid or rescue squads, family day care homes, and community residences. The

ordinance requires a six-acre minimum lot size in the RRC District.

      The ordinance included the Merck property within the RRC District, thus

downzoning Merck's property from one residence per acre (in the LD Zone) to

one residence per six acres (in the RRC District). The ordinance maintains the

LD Zone for existing residential developments that abut the northwest and

southwest borders of the Merck property.

      In August 2008, plaintiff filed a complaint in lieu of prerogative writs in

the Law Division, challenging the rezoning of its property.               Following

discovery, the trial court granted partial summary judgment to Branchburg,

dismissing   counts    which    alleged       constitutional   claims   and   inverse

condemnation. The court further held that plaintiff was not required to exhaust

administrative remedies, concluding that Branchburg's zoning board lacked

jurisdiction to hear plaintiff's request to restore the previous LD zoning to its

property, rendering administrative relief futile.

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      The matter proceeded to trial in March 2016. As the parties did not

dispute the essential facts of the matter, the trial consisted solely of expert

testimony and the presentation of documentary evidence. Although the experts

largely agreed on the facts, the conclusions drawn from those facts diverged.

The court issued its ruling in April 2016, entering a judgment in favor of

plaintiff, invalidating Ordinance 2008-1093 as applied to plaintiff's property.

This appeal followed. 2

                                         II.

      Branchburg first argues the trial court should have required plaintiff to

exhaust administrative remedies by seeking a variance from the local zoning

board, prior to proceeding in court. It asserts plaintiff's failure to do so requires

dismissal. We disagree.

      Except where the interest of justice requires, actions under Rule 4:69 shall

not be maintained when there is a right of review before an administrative

agency available.      R. 4:69-5.     The requirement for litigants to exhaust

administrative remedies before seeking relief in the courts is well established.

See City of Atlantic City v. Laezza, 80 N.J. 255, 265 (1979); Macleod v. City

2
 The parties thereafter entered into a consent order staying the requirement that
Branchburg rezone the Merck property, pending this appeal.
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of Hoboken, 330 N.J. Super. 502, 508 (App. Div. 2000). The requirement

allows administrative bodies to perform their functions without interference

from the courts, ensures the agency with appropriate expertise hears the claim,

and avoids unnecessary litigation.         Paterson Redevelopment Agency v.

Schulman, 78 N.J. 378, 386-87 (1979) (quoting Brunetti v. Borough of New

Milford, 68 N.J. 576, 588 (1975)). Accordingly, "there is nonetheless a strong

presumption favoring the requirement of exhaustion of remedies." Brunetti, 68

N.J. at 588.

      However, in limited situations a party need not exhaust administrative

remedies. These situations include: 1) when only a question of law needs to be

resolved; 2) when the administrative remedies would be futile; 3) when

irreparable harm would result; 4) when jurisdiction of the agency is doubtful; or

5) when an overriding public interest calls for a prompt judicial

decision.      Abbott v. Burke, 100 N.J. 269, 298 (1985) (quoting Garrow v.

Elizabeth Gen. Hosp. & Dispensary, 79 N.J. 549, 561 (1979)).

      Generally, landowners must pursue administrative remedies before

challenging zoning ordinances. Griepenburg v. Twp. of Ocean, 220 N.J. 239,

260 (2015). Likewise, a court should typically decline to adjudicate the matter

until the owner has exhausted available administrative remedies. Deal Gardens,

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Inc. v. Bd. of Trs. of Loch Arbour, 48 N.J. 492, 497-98 (1967) (quoting Conlon

v. Bd. of Pub. Works, Paterson, 11 N.J. 363, 370 (1953)). "[R]elief should first

be sought by way of variance . . . for in such situations the local administrative

agencies can generally adequately deal with the problem." AMG Assocs. v.

Twp. of Springfield, 65 N.J. 101, 109 n.3 (1974).

      A board of adjustment may "exercise only those powers granted by

statute." Paruszewski v. Twp. of Elsinboro, 154 N.J. 45, 54 (1998). The MLUL

vests zoning boards with the power to grant variances to permit specific pieces

of property to diverge from ordinance requirements. See N.J.S.A. 40:55D-70(c)

to (d). To obtain a variance, an applicant must demonstrate it "can be granted

without substantial detriment to the public good and will not substantially impair

the intent and the purpose of the zone plan and zoning ordinance." N.J.S.A.

40:55D-70.

      Here, plaintiff did not file for variance relief before initiating the action

in lieu of prerogative writs. However, the trial court held that Branchburg's

zoning board lacked jurisdiction to hear plaintiff's request to alter the zoning,

rendering administrative relief futile. Thus, the issue presented is whether the

zoning board had jurisdiction to grant the relief plaintiff requested.

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      The resolution of this jurisdictional issue lies in the distinction between

zoning and a variance.      Zoning involves the adoption of ordinances and

amendments to establish "the essential land use character of the municipality"

by the "geographical delineation of its districts," and the delineation of the uses

permitted such as lot size, height restrictions, and the like. Twp. of Dover v.

Bd. of Adjustment, 158 N.J. Super. 401, 411-12 (App. Div. 1978) (citing

N.J.S.A. 40:55D-62).

      Likewise, a variance accommodates individual situations requiring relief

from the restrictions and regulations that otherwise uniformly apply. Id. at 412.

The limitation on the variance power to a "specific piece of property" prevents

the board's action from "substantially affecting the essential land use scheme of

the entire district itself and perhaps of the entire municipality as well." Ibid.

      A primary factor in determining whether a zoning board has jurisdiction

over a request for zoning relief is the size of the parcel sought to be rezoned.

Ibid. When the subject property involves a large tract of land, "the situation is

beyond the intended scope of the variance procedure . . . ." AMG Assocs., 65

N.J. at 110, n.3. The court should also consider:

            [T]he size of the tract in relationship to the size and
            character both of the district in which it is located and
            the municipality as a whole; the number of parcels into
            which it is anticipated that the tract will be subdivided

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             if subdivision is part of the plan, and the nature, degree
             and extent of the variation from district regulations
             which is sought.

             [Dover, 158 N.J. Super. at 413].

Whether a large parcel or small parcel of land is at issue, a variance may usurp

the zoning power if the grant of the variance "substantially alters the

municipality's zone plan . . . ."     Twp. of N. Brunswick v. Zoning Bd. of

Adjustment, 378 N.J. Super. 485, 493 (App. Div. 2005). Here, the Merck

property includes roughly 206 acres; however, it comprises less than five percent

of the RRC District.

       Courts must also evaluate the relation of the parcel at issue to the character

of the district to determine whether granting variance relief would usurp the

zoning power. Dover, 158 N.J. Super. at 413. The RRC District includes

undeveloped areas, floodplain areas, open lands, and lands with fertile farmland,

with the aim to "conserve large contiguous masses of farmland and other

undeveloped lands," as noted in the 2006 Report.              The Merck property

constitutes one of the largest, last remaining undeveloped parcels of land in

Branchburg, consists almost entirely of fertile farmland, and most of it is

currently farmed, which are features consistent with the other lands in the RRC

district.   The northwest and southwest borders of the property contain

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environmentally sensitive features such as steep slopes, a stream, and

floodplains.   The parcel therefore contains many features similar to the

undeveloped rural farmland in the RRC district. This factor thus disfavors the

zoning board's jurisdiction to rezone the Merck property.

      The last Dover factor concerns the number of parcels into which it is

anticipated that the tract will be subdivided, and the nature, degree and extent

of the variation. 158 N.J. Super. at 413. Plaintiff's request to rezone its property

would reduce the permitted density on the parcel to one residence per acre, a

six-fold increase in density. The fact that Merck would have to obtain bulk

variances for so many lots across 206 acres of land would result in "de facto

rezoning." Victor Recchia Residential Constr., Inc. v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment

of Twp. of Cedar Grove, 338 N.J. Super. 242, 254 (App. Div. 2001).

      Finally, the ordinance's amendment history weighs heavily against finding

the zoning board had jurisdiction to grant relief.       Branchburg enacted the

amendment in June 2008, and plaintiff filed suit less than two months later.

Since the amendment created the RRC District, and expressly rezoned the Merck

property to include it within that district, any zoning board action granting relief

to plaintiff would run directly counter to the ordinance.

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      We affirm the trial court's ruling that the zoning board lacked jurisdiction

to grant plaintiff the relief it sought. Plaintiff therefore did not wrongly fail to

exhaust administrative remedies.

                                        III.

      Branchburg next argues the trial court erred by presuming the ordinance

invalid and reversing the usual burden of proof. We agree.

      Zoning ordinances are presumed valid. Griepenburg, 220 N.J. at 253

(citing Rumson Estates, Inc. v. Mayor & Council of Fair Haven, 177 N.J. 338,

350-51 (2003)). The challenging party "bears the burden of overcoming that

presumption" and courts should uphold ordinances that are "debatable." Ibid.

"A mere difference of opinion as to how an ordinance will work will not lead to

a conclusion of invalidity; 'no discernible reason' is the requisite standard."

Zilinsky v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 105 N.J. 363, 369 (1987) (quoting

Roselle v. Wright, 21 N.J. 400, 409-10 (1956)). The State constitution requires

that the delegation of zoning authority to municipalities must be "liberally

construed" in a municipality's favor. Rumson Estates, 177 N.J. at 351; N.J.

Const. art. IV, § 7, ¶ 11.

      A challenger may overcome the presumption of validity by demonstrating

the ordinance is "clearly arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable." Pheasant Bridge

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Corp. v. Twp. of Warren, 169 N.J. 282, 290 (2001) (quoting Bow & Arrow

Manor, Inc. v. W. Orange, 63 N.J. 335, 343 (1973)). Additionally, a challenger

may overcome the presumption of validity by showing the ordinance is "plainly

contrary" to principles of zoning or the zoning statute. Ibid. An ordinance "must

not be inconsistent with state or federal constitutional requirements or other

preempting legal authority," and "must conform to MLUL requirements and

further MLUL goals." Griepenburg, 220 N.J. at 253 (citing Rumson Estates,

177 N.J. at 351).

      Here, the trial court proclaimed a novel holding:

             [W]here a significant down-zoning occurs in an area
             marked for growth in regional plans, the burden should
             shift to the municipality to justify that down-zoning as
             fairly reconciling regional and local goals and as being
             rationally related to permissible ends.

The trial court reasoned that the legislative and judicial branches give

"enhanced, even if not dispositive, weight to regional planning considerations .

. . ." Because, in its view, Branchburg's ordinance "flouts the thrust of each and

every regional plan applicable to this property," it presumed the ordinance

invalid and required Branchburg to demonstrate why rezoning was necessary to

further its goals.

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      Through the New Jersey State Planning Act, N.J.S.A. 52:18A-196 to -207,

the legislature intended to create a "cooperative planning process" involving

participation of all levels of government to "enhance prudent and rational

development, redevelopment and conservation policies and the formulation of

sound and consistent regional plans and planning criteria." N.J.S.A. 52:18A-

196(e). However, the Act does not bind municipalities to follow the State Plan,

which is "not intended either to validate or invalidate specific ordinances."

Bailes v. Twp. of E. Brunswick, 380 N.J. Super. 336, 359 (App. Div. 2005); see

also Mount Olive Complex v. Twp. of Mount Olive, 340 N.J. Super. 511, 543

(App. Div. 2001).

      Additionally, the trial court relied upon S. Burlington County NAACP v.

Mount Laurel, 67 N.J. 151 (1975) ("Mount Laurel I"), where the Court addressed

the use of zoning to deny affordable housing opportunities. Mount Laurel I, 67

N.J. at 179. The Court recognized a "broader view of the general welfare" set

forth in the State constitution, to include a "presumptive obligation on the part

of developing municipalities at least to afford the opportunity by land use

regulations for appropriate housing for all." Id. at 180. The Court found that

"proper provision for adequate housing of all categories of people is certainly

an absolute essential in promotion of the general welfare required in all local

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land use regulation." Id. at 179. The Court therefore shifted the burden to the

municipality due to constitutional concerns regarding the opportunity for low

and moderate income housing. Id. at 180-81.

      We do not view the present case as presenting a constitutional interest

comparable to Mount Laurel I. In the absence of a comparable constitutional

consideration, we see no reason to deviate from the well-settled rule that

ordinances are presumed valid, and find no basis to shift the burden from the

party challenging the validity of the ordinance. Cf. Zilinsky, 105 N.J. at 371.

Insofar as the trial court announced and applied a new, incorrect legal standard,

we reverse.

      At the conclusion of the trial, the court made few factual findings or

credibility determinations. Rather, it applied an incorrect legal standard and

placed an impermissible burden on Branchburg to justify the ordinance.

Because the court's fact-finding was inextricably intertwined with the erroneous

legal standard it applied, we cannot sustain its conclusions.

      As a result, we have no alternative but to vacate the order under review

and remand for reconsideration under the correct legal standard. On remand,

plaintiff shall bear the burden of overcoming the applicable presumption of

validity by demonstrating the amended ordinance is clearly arbitrary, capricious

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                                       16
or unreasonable, or by showing the ordinance is plainly contrary to principles of

zoning or the zoning statute.

      Affirmed in part, and vacated and remanded, in part. We do not retain

jurisdiction.

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