Court Opinion

ID: 5122862
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-03 14:18:51.706251+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:30.376573
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED

              Present: Judges Beales, Russell and Senior Judge Haley
              Argued by videoconference

              STEFAN M. GAYE, S/K/A
               DONOVAN RAE
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.      Record No. 0713-20-4                                  JUDGE WESLEY G. RUSSELL, JR.
                                                                                 NOVEMBER 3, 2021
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ARLINGTON COUNTY
                                               Louise M. DiMatteo, Judge1

                                Elsa Ohman, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.

                                Leah A. Darron, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                                Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                      On June 7, 2001, a jury convicted Stefan M. Gaye of distribution of cocaine in violation of

              Code § 18.2-248. Tried in absentia, Gaye was not sentenced at that time because he absconded for

              seventeen years. Eventually, after his arrest in another state, he was returned to the jurisdiction of

              the trial court, where he was sentenced in 2018 for the 2001 conviction. On appeal, Gaye argues

              that the trial court erred in refusing to continue his 2001 trial because doing so “deprived him of his

              Sixth Amendment right to counsel of his choice” and because there was no prejudice to the

              Commonwealth. Gaye further claims that the trial court violated his constitutional rights,

              “including his right to confront witnesses under the Sixth Amendment, by concluding that he

                      *
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                      1
                       Judge DiMatteo conducted the 2018 sentencing proceeding that was memorialized in
              the October 2018 sentencing order. The Honorable Joanne F. Alper, who since has retired,
              presided over the June 7, 2001 trial. The Honorable Paul F. Sheridan, also now retired, presided
              over the June 6, 2001 hearing on Gaye’s motion for a continuance.
waived his right to be present at trial, where the record did not support the finding that his absence

was voluntary, and his presence was material to his defense.” For the reasons stated below, we

affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                           BACKGROUND2

        Because the Commonwealth was the prevailing party below, we “view the record in the

light most favorable to the Commonwealth[,]” granting it any reasonable inferences that flow

from that view. Delp v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 227, 230 (2020).

        In 1996, Gaye distributed cocaine in Arlington, Virginia.3 Based on this conduct, he was

charged with felony offenses. His preliminary hearing was scheduled for November 15, 1996.

Gaye failed to appear at the preliminary hearing. Ultimately, in 2000, he was arrested in New

Jersey and extradited to Virginia to face the charges.

        Gaye having been returned to Virginia, the grand jury, on March 19, 2001, returned a true

bill charging that on October 10, 1996, Gaye sold, gave, or distributed cocaine. Gaye’s trial was

set for June 7, 2001. Prior to trial, Gaye signed a document entitled “Appearance At Trial,”

which is dated March 22, 2001 and provides as follows:

                 I understand that I must appear in Circuit Court at 9:30 a.m. on the
                 date set for my trial . . . which is 6-7-01. I understand that if I fail
                 to appear on the date set for trial, I may be tried in my absence and
                 may be indicted for the felony offense of Failure to Appear which
                 carries a sentence of up to five years in the penitentiary.

        On June 5, 2001, less than forty-eight hours before trial was scheduled to commence,

Gaye, through his retained counsel, filed a motion to continue the trial. In the motion, Gaye

        2
          The record contains no transcripts for the pretrial motions heard on June 6 and 7, 2001.
On July 16, 2020, Gaye timely filed a statement of facts in the trial court. The parties engaged in
discussions over the content of the statement of facts, eventually proposing multiple statements of
fact to the trial court. The parties ultimately submitted an agreed statement of facts that was
accepted and signed by the trial court on December 3, 2020.
        3
            Gaye’s arguments on appeal do not challenge the factual bases for his conviction.
                                                -2-
asserted multiple grounds for the continuance, averring that: he had “retained out of state

counsel” as well as his local counsel, he needed additional time to collect documents to support

his alibi defense, and he had not received in discovery all of the materials he was due.

       The next day, June 6, 2001, Gaye and his retained local counsel appeared before Judge

Sheridan for a hearing on his motion for a continuance. Judge Sheridan denied the motion and

ordered that the trial would commence the next day as scheduled. The record we have been

provided contains no specific objections that Gaye may have made in response to the trial court’s

denial of the motion.4

       On June 7, 2001, local counsel appeared for trial, but Gaye did not. When the trial court

called the case, counsel informed the trial court that his client had not yet arrived. The trial court

passed the case and proceeded with other matters on its docket. When the trial court recalled the

case, Gaye was still absent.

       Counsel then moved the trial court for a continuance and asked that the trial court not try

Gaye in his absence. Counsel explained that he checked with his office during the interim and

discovered that Gaye had left him a voicemail message stating that he had “kidney problems”

and was “very dizzy” that morning. Counsel also stated that Gaye’s message included a request

for counsel to “follow up on a plea bargain agreement” with the Commonwealth that had been

discussed and agreed upon on June 6, 2001. Counsel acknowledged that in Cruz v.

Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 454 (1997) (en banc), this Court had approved the practice of

       4
          Although the record contains no transcription or other recording of the June 6
proceeding, the statement of facts reflecting the June 7 motion and trial includes references to the
proceedings before Judge Sheridan the previous day. As these references are the only record we
have been provided regarding the June 6 proceeding, we accept them along with any filings and
orders from the June 6 proceeding as establishing what occurred that day. To the extent there are
any discrepancies or ambiguities in the parties’ filings and the statement of facts agreed to by the
parties, we resolve them in the favor of the Commonwealth because it prevailed below. See
Delp, 72 Va. App. at 230.
                                                -3-
proceeding to trial in the absence of the defendant, but he argued that the facts of that case

differed substantially from those presented here. Counsel suggested that, rather than proceed to

trial, the trial court issue a bench warrant for Gaye’s arrest, which would afford Gaye the

opportunity to be brought to court and explain under oath the reason for his absence.

       The Commonwealth responded that the trial court should go forward with the trial that

day, noting that the alleged offense occurred on October 10, 1996. The Commonwealth

observed that the delay in trial to this point was due to Gaye’s failure to appear for his

preliminary hearing in 1996 and that he was only before the court now because of his 2000 arrest

in New Jersey and subsequent extradition to Virginia. The Commonwealth also advised the trial

court that, at the previous day’s hearing on Gaye’s motion for a continuance, Gaye “said he was

going to be hiring a lawyer from California,” not that he already had hired one. The

Commonwealth relayed that not only had Judge Sheridan denied the continuance, but also had

told Gaye in no uncertain terms “that if he failed to appear [on June 7], he would be tried in his

absence.” In addition, the Commonwealth noted that its witnesses, including a Virginia state

trooper who had traveled three and a half hours to be present, were present and ready to go

forward.

       In response to questions from the trial court, Gaye’s counsel agreed with the trial court

that Judge Sheridan told Gaye in “fairly strong terms” that the trial would proceed on June 7,

2001, whether Gaye appeared or not. The trial court explained that, from Gaye’s message, there

is no suggestion that Gaye was in the hospital, “and the fact that he was discussing a plea bargain

in that same message[,]” despite no indication that a plea agreement existed, indicated to the trial

court that this was nothing more than Gaye attempting to grant himself the continuance that

Judge Sheridan had denied. After noting that “it is difficult to justify the trying of a defendant in

his absence,” the trial court determined that, based on all of the facts and circumstances, it was

                                                -4-
appropriate to proceed with trial. In doing so, the trial court noted that Gaye had known since his

arraignment that the trial would take place on June 7 and that it could occur in his absence. The

trial court also highlighted that Judge Sheridan had told Gaye the previous day that he would be

tried in his absence if he did not appear and that, even taking the message received by counsel at

face value, Gaye did not represent that he was hospitalized or otherwise physically unable to

appear but just that he had a “kidney problem, whatever that means[.]”

       Counsel objected to the trial court’s ruling, specifically stating that Gaye would lose his

right to confront witnesses and to be present to provide a defense.

       Although the case had been scheduled as a jury trial, Gaye’s counsel informed the trial

court that Gaye wished to waive trial by jury. Because there was no written waiver of jury in the

trial court’s file or any other voluntary waiver of a jury by Gaye in the record, the

Commonwealth insisted upon the jury, stating that it did so to avoid “creating an . . . issue for

appeal later.”

       At trial, three police officers and an evidence technician testified for the Commonwealth.

The jury returned a verdict of guilty. The following day the jury recommended a sentence of

five years’ imprisonment and a $5,000 fine. The trial court did not impose a sentence at that

time, concluding that, although a defendant may be tried in his absence, he must be present for

sentencing. Instead, the trial court issued a bench warrant for Gaye’s failure to appear.

       Years later, Gaye was arrested in New York and was extradited to Virginia on April 24,

2018. On September 14, 2018, the trial court held a sentencing hearing with Gaye present and

imposed the jury’s recommended sentence of five years and fined him $5,000. The trial court

then suspended two years and six months of the sentence subject to a term of probation. The

trial court entered the final order in the matter on October 22, 2018.

                                                -5-
       Gaye now appeals.5 He asserts that the trial court erred in refusing to grant him a

continuance; he claims that he was deprived of his right to assistance of counsel of his choice

and that the trial court incorrectly found that a continuance would prejudice the Commonwealth.

Gaye also asserts the trial court erred in trying him in his absence.

                                            ANALYSIS

                                      I. Denial of continuance

                                       A. Standard of review

       In general, we review a trial court’s decision to deny a motion for a continuance for an

abuse of discretion. Bailey v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 250, 259 (2021). When, however,

an appellant asserts that the denial of a continuance effectively deprives him of a constitutional

right, such as his Sixth Amendment right to counsel or the right to be present at trial, we review

the constitutional component of the argument de novo. Huguely v. Commonwealth, 63 Va. App.

92, 106-07 (2014).

       Here, Gaye challenges the trial court’s denial of his requests for a continuance on two

distinct grounds.6 First, he asserts that the trial court’s decision effectively deprived him of his

Sixth Amendment right to the assistance of counsel of his choice. He also asserts that “[t]he trial

court erred in determining that a continuance would prejudice the Commonwealth,” and thus,

violated his right to be present at trial. As both arguments are premised on an alleged denial of a

constitutional right, we review them de novo.

       5
           On May 13, 2020, this Court granted Gaye’s motion for delayed appeal.
       6
         Gaye’s arguments regarding the trial court’s refusing to grant him a continuance stem
from two separate motions to continue that were denied. The first was Judge Sheridan’s denial
of his motion to continue that was heard on June 6, 2001, the day before trial. The second was
made the morning of trial when Gaye failed to appear and his counsel requested that the matter
be continued.
                                              -6-
                                        B. Counsel of choice

        The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides, in pertinent part, that

“[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of

Counsel for his defence.” This right not only requires the government to provide counsel to

indigent defendants facing potential incarceration, see generally Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S.

335 (1963), but also guarantees “the right of a defendant who does not require appointed counsel

to choose who will represent him.” United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. 140, 144 (2006).

        The right to counsel of one’s own choosing, however, is not absolute; rather, it “is

circumscribed in several important respects.” Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159 (1988).

Recognized limitations include the need for counsel of choice to be a member of the relevant bar,

agree to represent the defendant, and be able to represent the defendant absent a disqualifying

conflict of interest. Id.

        One such limitation on the right is tied to counsel of choice’s availability to try the case

in a timely manner. We have noted on multiple occasions that the right to counsel of choice is “a

qualified right which is limited ‘by a countervailing state interest . . . in proceeding with

prosecutions on an orderly and expeditious basis[.]’” London v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App.

230, 236 (2006) (ellipsis in original) (quoting Bolden v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 187, 190

(1990)). When counsel of choice’s availability precludes representing a defendant in the

ordinary course and in accord with the existing schedule “only an unreasoning and arbitrary

‘insistence upon expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay’ violates the right to

the assistance of counsel.” Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1983) (quoting Ungar v.

Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589 (1964)).

        Gaye, who was represented throughout the 2001 proceedings by Virginia counsel whom

he had selected and retained, contends that the trial court impermissibly deprived him of his right

                                                 -7-
to be defended by counsel of his choice when it denied his request for a continuance, which he

made less than forty-eight hours before trial. We disagree for several reasons.

       First, the record does not establish that the trial court’s denial of the continuance on the

day before the June 7, 2001 trial deprived Gaye the services of his purported counsel of choice.

Although the motion filed on June 5, 2001 states that Gaye “ha[d] retained out of state counsel”

to work with “local counsel[,]” other parts of the record provide the contrary. Specifically, as

recorded in the statement of facts, it was stated without contradiction at the June 7, 2001 hearing

before Judge Alper that, at the June 6 continuance hearing before Judge Sheridan, Gaye sought

the continuance, in part, because “he said he was going to be hiring a lawyer from California

named Milton Grimes.” That is, at the time of the hearing, Gaye had yet to hire another attorney

to represent him.

       Because we are required to view the record in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, Delp, 72 Va. App. at 230, we must resolve the contradiction in favor of the

Commonwealth and conclude that, at the time he sought the continuance, Gaye had yet to hire

the out-of-state attorney referenced in his motion to continue. This conclusion is buttressed by

the fact that neither Grimes nor any other out-of-state-attorney ever even attempted to appear on

Gaye’s behalf. No notice of appearance was filed with the June 5th motion, no such notice was

provided to Judge Sheridan at the June 6 hearing, no such notice was filed on the morning of trial

before Judge Alper, and no such notice has been filed in the more than twenty years the litigation

has been ongoing up to and including this appeal. Thus, the decision to deny the motion did not

deny him the opportunity to be represented by Grimes, but, at most, the opportunity to attempt to

hire Grimes to represent him.

       Even if the record were read as supporting a conclusion that Grimes had agreed to

represent Gaye, the record does not establish that Gaye impermissibly was deprived of his

                                                -8-
counsel of choice when the trial court denied his motion for a continuance. Grimes is referred to

as “out of state counsel” and “a lawyer from California[;]” rendering reasonable the conclusion

that Grimes was not a member of the Virginia State Bar. As the United States Supreme Court

has made clear, a deprivation of choice of counsel claim requires that the counsel of choice be

authorized to practice before the tribunal. Wheat, 468 U.S. at 159 (recognizing that “an advocate

who is not a member of the bar may not represent clients (other than himself) in court”). As

there is no indication in the record that Grimes was authorized to appear before the trial court,

Gaye was not impermissibly denied his counsel of choice.7

       Furthermore, even if the record established that Grimes agreed to represent Gaye and that

Grimes was authorized to appear before the trial court, Gaye’s claim still fails. As noted above,

a defendant’s right to counsel of choice is “a qualified right which is limited by a countervailing

state interest . . . in proceeding with prosecutions on an orderly and expeditious basis[.]”

London, 49 Va. App. at 236 (ellipsis in original) (quoting Bolden, 11 Va. App. at 190).

Accordingly, when, as here, a defendant’s invocation of his right to counsel of his choice

necessarily would require delaying a scheduled trial, a trial court may deny the motion to

substitute counsel of choice so long as the denial does not represent “an unreasoning and

arbitrary ‘insistence upon expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay[.]’”

Morris, 461 U.S. at 11-12 (quoting Ungar, 376 U.S. at 589).

       Nothing about the process leading to the June 7, 2001 trial can be characterized as an

insistence on expeditiousness, let alone an arbitrary or unreasoning one. Any expeditiousness

analysis begins with the fact that the offense occurred in 1996 and trial was not scheduled to

       7
          We recognize that a deprivation of choice of counsel claim can succeed when a trial
court erroneously denies out-of-state counsel permission to appear pro hac vice. See
Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. at 144. No action of the trial court here erroneously denied Grimes
the ability to appear pro hac vice because no pro hac vice motion was ever filed for the trial
court to consider.
                                               -9-
begin until June 2001, almost five years later. Although there may be cases where a similar

initial delay is not the fault of the defendant, that is not the case here. Gaye’s misconduct—

failing to appear at the 1996 preliminary hearing and absconding for years—was the sole cause

of the nearly five-year delay.

       That Gaye’s misconduct already had caused a nearly five-year delay was a fact that

permissibly informed the trial court’s consideration of his request for a continuance. Given this

history and the fact that among the reasons offered for seeking a continuance of unspecified

duration were a lack of preparation8 and a desire to hire, at some point in the future, an

out-of-state counsel, the trial court rationally and reasonably concluded that the request was a

delaying tactic. Accordingly, Judge Sheridan’s denial of the requested continuance the day

before the scheduled trial did not represent “an unreasoning and arbitrary ‘insistence upon

expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay[.]’” Id.

       Similarly, Judge Alper’s denial of the request to continue the trial on the morning of trial

cannot be characterized fairly as unreasoning or arbitrary. In addition to the factors and history

that led Judge Sheridan to deny the request the day before, Judge Alper carefully considered the

proffered medical excuse and detailed her reasons for finding it wanting in explaining her

decision. As such, her denial of the request was reasoned and fully supported by the facts and

circumstances; it was not “an unreasoning and arbitrary ‘insistence upon expeditiousness in the

face of a justifiable request for delay[,]’” id., and therefore, did not constitute an impermissible

denial of Gaye’s right to counsel of his choice.

       8
         After the indictment was returned in March 2001, Gaye and his retained counsel had
ample time to prepare for the June trial. Despite having sufficient time to prepare, Gaye instead
waited until the eve of trial to inform the trial court that he was not prepared to go forward
because he, despite being on bond, had failed to collect documents he contended were critical to
his defense.
                                                  - 10 -
                                C. Prejudice to the Commonwealth

       Gaye next contends that Judge Alper erred in concluding that granting a continuance

would prejudice the Commonwealth, and thus, erred in denying the continuance request made on

the day of trial. Relying on our decision in Cruz v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 454 (1997) (en

banc), he specifically argues that we have held that a potential loss of witnesses in the future is

insufficient prejudice to the Commonwealth to deny a continuance request necessitated by a

defendant’s absence on the first day of trial.

       As Gaye notes, Cruz involved a trial court’s denial of a continuance requested on behalf

of a defendant who was absent on the first day of trial. Id. at 459. In detailing what would be

necessary to deny a defendant a continuance in such a scenario, we stated that the trial court

“must . . . determine whether a continuance would be ‘prejudicial to the Commonwealth’s

case.’” Id. at 461 (quoting Hunter v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 187, 191 (1991)).

Furthermore, we noted that “[w]e do not believe the Commonwealth can establish prejudice only

by showing that witnesses may be lost or not available for a second trial.” Id. at 464. Gaye’s

argument presumes that such a potential problem with witnesses is the only potential basis for

the trial court’s finding of prejudice. His argument overreads the pertinent statement from Cruz,

removes the context surrounding it, and ignores the totality of the record in this case.

       Properly understood, our statement in Cruz holds that prejudice is not established by the

always present theoretical possibility that witnesses may be absent at some future date.9 To hold

otherwise would render the prejudice requirement meaningless because, in the abstract, there is

       9
         We recognized, however, that knowledge that a witness would be absent in the future,
as opposed to the mere possibility of same, may be sufficient to establish sufficient prejudice.
Cruz, 24 Va. App. at 465 (“In some cases, the Commonwealth’s claim of prejudice may be stark
and dramatically evident as when a crucial witness would be unavailable, for whatever reason, in
the future. In such an instance, the ability of the Commonwealth to prove its case would be
clearly prejudiced.”).
                                                 - 11 -
always the possibility that a witness who is present today may be absent tomorrow due to

unknown future circumstances ranging from illness and death to car trouble. Thus, sufficient

prejudice will not be presumed “only [by the fact] that witnesses may be lost or not available for

a second trial.” Id. (emphasis added).

       Our recognition that “only” such a showing is insufficient does not mean that a trial court

cannot or should not consider the possibility that witnesses will be absent at a future trial; rather,

it means that such a possibility must combine with other factors in the record to establish the

necessary prejudice. Such factors are present here.

       Gaye’s failure to appear on the first day of trial was not his first unexcused absence from

the proceedings. He failed to appear at his preliminary hearing in this very case and absconded

for nearly five years. Not only does the five-year delay that was caused solely by Gaye’s

intentional misconduct increase the chance of the loss of witnesses for a future trial from that

associated with an ordinary case, it reasonably raises the specter that Gaye never intended to

appear for trial voluntarily. As we expressly noted in our discussion of potential prejudice to the

Commonwealth in Cruz, we “recognize that a crucial factor to be considered is the likelihood

that the accused would appear and the trial could take place at a later date.” Id. at 465.

       In denying the motion, Judge Alper expressly relied on this history and the uncertainty it

necessarily engendered. She stated that she might have been “inclined” to grant the continuance

but for the fact that the underlying criminal “transaction . . . occurred in 1996, five years ago”

and that the delay was the result of Gaye having “already absented himself previously.”

       Further supporting concern over whether Gaye ever would appear for trial voluntarily

was the fact that he had appeared in person in the trial court less than twenty-four hours earlier.

Given that he was present then, knew that trial was scheduled for the next day, knew that he

                                                - 12 -
would be tried in his absence if he did not appear, and still chose not to appear for trial certainly

supports a reasonable inference that he would not appear voluntarily in the future.10

       Finally, in Cruz we further limited the scope of our holding regarding prejudice to the

Commonwealth by expressly rejecting “the argument that the economic cost to the court or the

disruption of its docket is never sufficient to justify” denying a continuance request made on

behalf of an absent defendant. Id. at 466. We noted that so long as the trial court considered not

only the problems for witnesses caused by the defendant’s absence, but also the “economic

prejudice [caused by the delay] along with other factors, such as the absence of any evidence

showing a reasonable likelihood that the trial could soon take place with the defendant’s

presence[,]” id. at 466-67, it was permissible for it to find sufficient prejudice to justify denying

a continuance and proceeding with trial.

       Here, considering all of the circumstances, including significant inconvenience to the

witnesses (one of whom lived several hours away), disruption of the trial court’s docket, the

already lengthy passage of time between the offense and the trial, and the lack of any reason to

believe Gaye would ever appear voluntarily, the record more than sufficiently establishes

       10
           In finding that the trial court reasonably could conclude that there was no reason to
believe that Gaye would ever appear at trial voluntarily, we limit our consideration to the
information available to Judge Alper on the morning of June 7, 2001. Although later events
confirmed that concerns over Gaye ever appearing for trial voluntarily were warranted, the fact
that he ultimately absconded for an additional seventeen years was not known when the trial
court denied the request for a continuance. Only the information available at the time could have
been considered by the trial court, and thus, our review of this question is limited to the state of
information as of the date of the decision.
                                                  - 13 -
prejudice to the Commonwealth if the continuance had been granted. Accordingly, the trial court

did not err in denying the motion for a continuance made on the morning of trial.11

                                            II. Trial in absentia

        In addition to securing a non-indigent defendant’s right to counsel of his choice, the Sixth

Amendment to the United States Constitution also protects the right of the accused to be present

at trial. See Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 338 (1970). Gaye contends that the trial court

violated his constitutional rights, “including his right to confront witnesses under the Sixth

Amendment, by concluding that he waived his right to be present at trial, where the record did

not support the finding that his absence was voluntary, and his presence was material to his

defense.”12 We review this constitutional claim de novo. Huguely, 63 Va. App. at 106-07.

        Although the Sixth Amendment grants the accused a right to be present during his trial,

“[a] defendant can forfeit his right to be present if he voluntarily absents himself from trial.”

Nunez v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 152, 156 (2016). “However, as one of the most basic

rights guaranteed by the” Sixth Amendment, “an accused’s right to be present at trial must be

carefully safeguarded.” Cruz, 24 Va. App. at 461. As a result, in addition to finding that the

Commonwealth would be prejudiced by a continuance as discussed above, a trial court, “before

proceeding in absentia, . . . must . . . determine that the absence of the accused denotes a waiver

of the right to be present at trial.” Id.

        11
          The prejudice analysis set out in Cruz applies only in situations where the continuance
is requested because the defendant is not present for the beginning of trial. A trial court need not
find prejudice to the Commonwealth to deny a continuance request in circumstances in which the
defendant is present. See generally Haugen v. Shenandoah Valley Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 274 Va.
27, 34 (2007) (noting the general rule that we will reverse a trial court’s denial of “a motion for a
continuance . . . only upon a showing of abuse of discretion and resulting prejudice to the
movant”).
        12
          We note that Code § 19.2-259 provides that “[a] person tried for felony shall be
personally present during the trial.” Because Gaye’s assignment of error raises only a
constitutional claim, any potential statutory claim is not before us in this appeal.
                                                - 14 -
       To constitute a waiver of the right to be present, a defendant’s absence must result from

“a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent act ‘done with sufficient awareness of the relevant

circumstances and likely consequences.” Id. (quoting Hunter, 13 Va. App. at 191). Because

there is a presumption against inferring a waiver of a constitutional right, Hunter 13 Va. App. at

191, we have adopted

               the rule that a knowing and voluntary waiver of the right to be
               present by a defendant who is voluntarily absent from the entire
               trial cannot be shown unless the defendant (1) has been given
               notice of his trial date; and (2) has been warned that his failure to
               appear could result in a trial in his absence.

Cruz, 24 Va. App. at 463. Such a showing is clear from this record.

       There can be no dispute that Gaye had notice of the June 7, 2001 trial date. When

arraigned, he executed the trial court’s “Appearance At Trial” form. In the form, Gaye expressly

warranted that he “underst[ood] that I must appear in Circuit Court at 9:30 a.m. on the date set

for my trial . . . which is 6-7-01[,]” evidencing his knowledge of the June 7, 2001 trial date.

Furthermore, Gaye was in court on June 6, 2001 when his motion to continue the June 7, 2001

trial was heard and denied, resulting in Judge Sheridan sternly reminding him that trial was

scheduled for the next day and that Gaye needed to appear.

       Similarly, there can be no dispute that Gaye knew that he might be tried in his absence if

he failed to appear for trial on June 7, 2001. In the “Appearance At Trial” form he executed in

March 2001, Gaye expressly acknowledged that if he “fail[ed] to appear on the date set for trial,

I may be tried in my absence and may be indicted for the felony offense of Failure to Appear

which carries a sentence of up to five years in the penitentiary.” Furthermore, it is undisputed

that when Gaye appeared in court on his motion for a continuance on June 6, 2001, Judge

Sheridan told Gaye in “fairly strong terms” that the trial would proceed on June 7, 2001 whether

                                               - 15 -
Gaye appeared or not. Thus, there is no question that Gaye had notice of the trial date and knew

that he would be tried in his absence if he failed to appear.

       Faced with this reality, Gaye essentially argues, as he did in the trial court, that his

absence was not established as voluntary because he asserted through his message to counsel in

2001 that he was suffering from a “kidney problem.” Although a medical condition that prevents

a defendant from attending his trial would not constitute a “voluntary” absence, the record here

more than amply supports Judge Alper’s conclusion that a medical condition did not explain

Gaye’s absence on June 7, 2001, and that the proffered excuse was an attempt to grant himself

the continuance that Judge Sheridan had denied the day before.

       We note that, despite his initial claim of a medical problem, Gaye has not at any point in

the intervening time offered any support for the claim. This is significant because he could not

be sentenced in his absence, so the matter remained in the breast of the trial court through the

sentencing proceeding in 2018. He therefore had the opportunity to demonstrate in 2018 that his

absence in 2001 was medically justified. As we noted in Cruz,

                        No prejudice would result to a defendant who was absent as
               a result of a medical or other unanticipated emergency, because his
               trial would not have been completed. Sentencing would have been
               stayed . . . until he appeared and was accorded the opportunity to
               justify his absence from the guilt stage of his trial. Upon hearing,
               if the [trial c]ourt was satisfied that the defendant’s absence did not
               constitute a waiver, a new trial could be ordered.

24 Va. App. at 466. That Gaye did not make such an attempt here speaks volumes. Although

we review Judge Alper’s initial decision against the information available at the time, Gaye’s

failure to utilize the opportunity provided by our decision in Cruz to raise the issue at the

sentencing hearing left the trial court with no reason to revisit the initial ruling. Because nothing

in the record undermines the reasonableness of Judge Alper’s initial decision, it was not error.

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                                         CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err in denying Gaye’s requests for a

continuance or in trying him in his absence. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is

affirmed.

                                                                                         Affirmed.

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