Court Opinion

ID: 1308103
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 05:25:30.340037+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:30:54.991595
License: Public Domain

568 N.W.2d 324 (1997)
224 Mich. App. 43
PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Edgardo PEREZ-DeLEON, Defendant-Appellant.
PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Wanda VELEZ-RUIZ, Defendant-Appellant.
Docket Nos. 171788, 172757.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted February 5, 1997, at Lansing.
Decided June 3, 1997, at 9:10 a.m.
Released for Publication September 11, 1997.
*325 Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Ronald W. Emery, Assistant Attorney General, for People.
State Appellate Defender by Robert J. Bretz and Edgardo Perez-DeLeon, in pro. per., for Edgardo Perez-DeLeon.
John F. Royal, Detroit, for Wanda Velez-Ruiz.
*326 Before O'CONNELL, P.J., and HOLBROOK, and MARKMAN, JJ.
MARKMAN, Judge.
Following a jury trial, defendants were convicted of filing false Medicaid claims, M.C.L. § 400.601 et seq.; M.S.A. § 16.614(1) et seq., and false health-care claims, M.C.L. § 752.1001 et seq.; M.S.A. § 28.547(101) et seq. These convictions arose from defendants improperly billing Medicaid, Medicare, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan (BCBSM) for office visits when patients were not in the office. Defendant Perez-DeLeon, husband of defendant Velez-Ruiz and office manager of her medical practice, was sentenced to five years' probation with the first year to be served in jail and ordered to pay $17,169.34 in restitution. Defendant Velez-Ruiz, a doctor, was sentenced to five years' probation, 500 hours of community service and ordered to pay $38,340.63 in fines, restitution, and costs. Their appeals were consolidated. We affirm.
Defendants first argue that the statutes under which they were convicted were unconstitutionally vague. This Court has stated:
A statute challenged on a constitutional basis is clothed in a presumption of constitutionality. Further, a court is obligated to construe a statute as constitutional unless its unconstitutionality is clearly apparent.
A statute may be challenged for vagueness on three grounds: (1) it does not provide fair notice of the conduct proscribed; (2) it confers on the trier of fact unstructured and unlimited discretion to determine whether an offense has been committed; and (3) its coverage is overly broad and impinges on First Amendment freedoms. [People v. Hubbard (After Remand), 217 Mich.App. 459, 483-484, 552 N.W.2d 493 (1996) (citations omitted).]
This Court has further stated:
It is a basic principle of due process that a legislative enactment is void for vagueness if the enactment does not provide fannotice of the conduct proscribed. To give fair notice of proscribed conduct, a statute must give a person of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited. The statute cannot use terms that require persons of common intelligence to guess at the statute's meaning and differ regarding its application. [Sanchez v. Lagoudakis, 217 Mich.App. 535, 555, 552 N.W.2d 472 (19%) (citations omitted).]
This Court reviews vagueness challenges in light of the facts at issue. People v. Holt, 207 Mich.App. 113, 121, 523 N.W.2d 856 (1994).
The Medicaid False Claim Act provides:
A person shall not make or present or cause to be made or presented to an employee or officer of this state a claim under the social welfare act ... upon or against the state, knowing the claim to be false. [M.C.L. § 400.607(1); M.S.A. § 16.614(7X1) (emphasis supplied).]
M.C.L. § 400.602(d); M.S.A. § 16.614(2)(d) defines "false" as "wholly or partially untrue or deceptive." M.C.L. § 400.602(f); M.S.A. § 16.614(2)(f) defines the term "knowing":
"Knowing" and "knowingly" means that a person is in possession of facts under which he or she is aware or should be aware of the nature of his or her conduct and that his or her conduct is substantially certain to cause the payment of a Medicaid benefit. Knowing or knowingly does not include conduct which is an error or mistake unless the person's course of conduct indicates a systematic or persistent tendency to cause inaccuracies to be present.
The Health Care False Claim Act provides:
A person shall not make or present or cause to be made or presented to a health care corporation or health care insurer a claim for payment of health care benefits knowing the claim to be false. [M.C.L. § 752.1003(1); M.S.A. § 28.547(103)(1) (emphasis supplied).]
M.C.L. § 752.1002(c); M.S.A. § 28.547(102)(c) defines "false" as `Vholly or partially untrue or deceptive." M.C.L. § 752.1002(h); M.S.A. § 28.547(102)(h) gives essentially the same definition for "knowing" as that in the Medicaid False Claim Act:

*327 "Knowing" and "knowingly" means that a person is in possession of facts under which he or she is aware or should be aware of the nature of his or her conduct and that his or her conduct is substantially certain to cause the payment of a health care benefit. "Knowing" or "knowingly" does not include conduct which is an error or mistake unless the person's course of conduct indicates a systematic or persistent tendency to cause inaccuracies to be present.
Defendants argue that the Medicaid False Claim Act and the Health Care False Claim Act are unconstitutional because they do not contain a mens rea element. Specifically, they contend that the definitions of "knowing" and "false" permit a finding of guilt on the basis of mere negligence, rather than a finding of a culpable mens rea. They argue that the knowledge element refers only to knowledge of the filing of a claim, not knowledge that the claim is fraudulent. They claim that the statutes improperly allow fraudulent intent to be presumed if a claim is determined to be false.
By their terms, these statutes proscribe presentation of a Medicaid or health-care claim with knowledge that the claim is false. M.C.L. § 400.607(1); M.S.A. § 16.614(7X1) and M.C.L. § 752.1003(1); M.S.A. § 28.547(103X1). "Intent and knowledge can be inferred from one's actions and, when knowledge is an element of an offense, it includes both actual and constructive knowledge." People v. American Medical Centers of Michigan, Limited, 118 Mich.App. 135, 154, 324 N.W.2d 782 (1982). Therefore, it is not problematic that these statutes define "knowing" to include "should be aware." Contrary to defendants' contention, this actual or constructive knowledge element does not relate solely to knowledge that a claim is filed. The knowledge element relates to both "the nature of his or her conduct and that his or her conduct is substantially certain to cause the payment of a [Medicaid or] health care benefit." In the context of the basic charges at issuepresenting a claim, knowing the claim to be false contrary to M.C.L. § 400.607(1); M.S.A. § 16.614(7)(1) and M.C.L. § 752.1003(1); M.S.A. § 28.547(103X1)the "nature of his or her conduct" language in the "knowing" definitions must refer to falseness. Accordingly, the actual or constructive knowledge element of these offenses appropriately requires knowledge of both the falseness of a claim and that the claim is substantially certain to cause payment of a benefit.
The final sentence of both acts' definition of "knowing" states that "knowing" does not include "conduct which is an error or mistake...." The "error or mistake" language expressly excludes innocent errors from the "knowing" definition. We believe that this exclusion was not strictly necessary, because innocent errors clearly would not otherwise be included within the scope of knowingly presenting a false claim.
The acts then exclude from this innocent errors exclusion circumstances where "the person's course of conduct indicates a systematic or persistent tendency to cause inaccuracies to be present." "Systematic" is defined as "having, showing, or involving a system, method, or plan." Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1992). "Persistent" is defined as "constantly repeated; continued." Id. A system, method, or plan to cause inaccuracies indicates actual knowledge of falseness, while the constant repetition of inaccuracies indicates constructive knowledge of falseness. Contrary to defendants' suggestion, the "persistent tendency" language of the exclusion from the exclusion does not criminalize innocent errors merely because they are repeated; rather, we believe that it is intended to criminalize inaccuracies that are sufficiently persistent that the party may be charged with constructive knowledge of their falseness. Where, as here, claimants receive a steady flow of government money pursuant to claims prepared by the claimants themselves, they have an affirmative obligation to check the accuracy of their claims to avoid mistakes. Thus, this exclusion from the exclusion covers circumstances in which actual or constructive knowledge of falsity may be assumed because of the systematic or persistent nature of inaccuracies. As stated above, a knowledge requirement includes both actual and constructive knowledge. American Medical Centers, supra at 154, 324 *328 N.W.2d 782. Where such actual or constructive knowledge exists, the conduct would not properly fit within the exclusion for innocent errors.
We conclude that the statutes provide fair notice of the proscribed conduct and do not "use terms that require persons of common intelligence to guess at the statute's meaning and differ regarding its application." Hubbard, supra at 483-484, 552 N.W.2d 493; Sanchez, supra at 555, 552 N.W.2d 472. We also note that in People v. Premen, 210 Mich. App. 211, 214-216, 532 N.W.2d 872 (1995), this Court affirmed a conviction under M.C.L. § 752.1003(3); M.S.A. § 28.547(103X3) despite a challenge to its constitutionality on vagueness grounds; however, the Michigan Supreme Court, 450 Mich. 951 (1995), denied leave to appeal but ordered that this Court's opinion have no precedential effect. Specifically, we do not find the statutes unconstitutionally vague in the context of the improper billing at issue here. See Holt, supra. The evidence demonstrated 1,357 instances of erroneous billing similar to the instances forming the basis of the present charges against defendants. This extremely high number of similar inaccuracies shows a sufficiently persistent tendency on defendants' part to cause inaccuracies such that defendants may be charged with constructive knowledge of the falsity of billing for office visits in connection with services rendered without the patients being in the office. For these reasons, the trial court did not err in concluding that the statutes at issue are not unconstitutionally vague.[1]
Defendants next argue that the statutes are unconstitutionally vague because the various manuals that delineate the proper procedural codes to be used in billing for various health-care services are vague. However, as noted above, the proper inquiry is whether the statute fails to give sufficient notice. Although not binding on this Court, United States v. Larm, 824 F.2d 780 (CA9, 1987), is instructive. In discounting the defendant's argument that the federal Medicaid fraud statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1396h(a)(l), failed to provide adequate notice of proscribed conduct because the manuals that specified procedure codes for various medical services was too vague, the court stated at 784:
It is the statute that must give sufficient notice of the proscribed conduct, both through adequate promulgation and definiteness in its language. See United States v. Harriss, 347 U.S. 612, 617, 74 S Ct 808, [811-812] 98 L.Ed.2d 989 (1954). Here, the statute forbids knowingly false material statements, terms that are adequate to inform the ordinary person of its bounds. Any attack on the billing codes which formed the factual backdrop that made the statements false is ultimately an attack on the sufficiency of the evidence. See id. at 618 [74 S.Ct. at 812] (a statute is not void for vagueness despite the existence of borderline cases of applicability). If the Larms had proved that they did not know of the codes, or had proved that the codes were too vague to be understood, then there could be no knowingly false statement. But the jury found that they understood the significance of the billing codes that they used, and the record supports this finding.
Similarly, here, defendants' argument that the statutes are unconstitutionally vague because the manuals are vague does not overcome the presumption that the statutes are constitutional. Any argument that the manuals were too vague to be understood would be relevant to the issue whether defendants knowingly made false claims. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in finding that the statutes were not unconstitutionally vague on *329 the basis of the alleged vagueness of the manuals.
Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in refusing to give a requested jury instruction on specific intent.
This Court reviews jury instructions in their entirety to determine if there is error requiring reversal. The instructions must include all elements of the charged offense and must not exclude material issues, defenses, and theories, if there is evidence to support them. Even if the instructions are imperfect, there is no error if they fairly presented the issues to be tried and sufficiently protected the defendant's rights. [People v. Daniel, 207 Mich.App. 47, 53, 523 N.W.2d 830 (1994) (citations omitted).]
Here, in instructing the jury, the trial court stated:
Defendant must have acted knowing that the claim was false. "Knowing" and "knowingly" means that a person is in possession of facts under which he or she is aware or should be aware of the nature of his or her conduct and that his or her conduct is substantially certain to cause the payment of a Medicaid or health-care benefit. "Knowing" or "knowingly" does not include conduct which is an error or mistake unless the person's course of conduct indicates a systematic or persistent tendency to cause inaccuracies to be present.
In response to defense counsel's objection to the court's failure to give a jury instruction on specific intent, the trial court stated:
The Court recognized that both Defendants requested the specific intent instruction. The Court considered the ... argument that an amendment to the statute and the federal case law would suggest that this is not a specific-intent crime. To the extent that it is, it is covered under the definition of "knowing" and "knowingly" as put in subsequent to the 1983 decision of the State Court of Appeals.
Defendants argue that, if we interpret the statutes as setting forth crimes without specific intent, the statutes are unconstitutional because they are essentially designed to codify the common-law crime of fraud. Defendants premise this argument on their reading of Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 72 S.Ct. 240, 96 L.Ed. 288 (1952). They claim that Morissette held that courts construing statutes that codify a common-law offense cannot interpret the statute as dispensing with culpable mens rea as a necessary element. In People v. Quinn, 440 Mich. 178, 185-188, 487 N.W.2d 194 (1992), the Michigan Supreme Court held:
In the seminal case of Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 72 S.Ct. 240, 96 L.Ed. 288 (1952), the United States Supreme Court concluded that where the criminal statute is a codification of the common law, and where mens rea was a necessary element of the crime at common law, the Court will not interpret the statute as dispensing with knowledge as a necessary element. The Court stated, "The contention that an injury can amount to a crime only when inflicted by intention is no provincial or transient notion." ...

* * * * * *
In summary, the United States Supreme Court, in interpreting legislative intent regarding the element of fault, has applied an analytical framework that considers each separate element of the statute. Statutes creating strict liability regarding all their elements are not favored. However, where a statute requires a criminal mind for some but not all of its elements, it is not one of strict liability, United States v. Freed, 401 U.S. 601, 612, 91 S.Ct. 1112, [1119-1120] 28 L.Ed.2d 356 (1971). In such a case, the Legislature is not imposing liability without any fault at all; instead, it has determined that regarding that element, responsibility for the protection of the public should be placed on the person who can best avoid the harm sought to be preventedthe actor himself.
Thus, the Morissette Court did not rule, as defendants allege, that every codification of a common-law offense must contain a mens rea element. Further, lack of specific criminal intent does not necessarily leave a statute unconstitutionally vague. Gora v. City of (On Remand), 217 Mich.App. 295, 306, 551 N.W.2d 454 (1996).
*330 Having already determined that the acts at issue are not unconstitutionally vague and that they require actual or constructive knowledge of the falseness of a presented claim, the only remaining question with respect to this claim of error is whether the trial court erred in failing to read the requested specific intent instruction. Defendants rely on Premen, supra at 216-217, 532 N.W.2d 872, for the contention that health-care fraud, as codified in the Health Care False Claim Act, is a specific intent crime. However, the Supreme Court denied leave to appeal in Premen and ordered that this Court's opinion "have no precedential force or effect."
This Court has vacillated on the issue whether the existence of knowledge as an element makes a crime one of specific rather than general intent. In American Medical Centers, supra at 153, 324 N.W.2d 782, we held that a prior version of the Medicaid False Claim Act provided for a specific intent crime because it required a mental state of "knowingly." Similarly, in People v. Ainsworth, 197 Mich.App. 321, 325, 495 N.W.2d 177 (1992), this Court held that the offense of stealing or retaining a financial transaction device was a specific intent crime, "given that knowledge is an essential element of this crime." However, in People v. Laur, 128 Mich.App. 453, 455, 340 N.W.2d 655 (1983), and People v. Watts, 133 Mich.App. 80, 82-84, 348 N.W.2d 39 (1984), this Court stated that, where a knowledge element is necessary to prevent innocent acts from constituting a crime, the knowledge element merely requires general criminal intent and does not make the crime one of specific intent. See also People v. Langworthy, 416 Mich. 630, 638-641, 331 N.W.2d 171 (1982), which discusses the difficulty of differentiating general intent crimes from specific intent ones.
The present case does not require us to resolve whether the offenses at issue are specific intent crimes. On the authority of American Medical Centers and Ainsworth, we will assume that the knowledge element of these offenses make them specific intent crimes. The American Medical Centers Court held, regarding a prosecution under the prior version of M.C.L. § 400.607; M.S.A. § 16.614(7), that the trial court adequately instructed the jury on the specific intent element by reading the statutory definition of the term "knowing," even though it refused to give an instruction on specific intent. American Medical Centers, supra at 153-154, 324 N.W.2d 782. Here, the trial court similarly refused to give a requested specific intent instruction and instructed the jury regarding the intent element by reading the statutory definition of "knowing."
Defendants assert that American Medical Centers is distinguishable because the version of M.C.L. § 400.602; M.S.A. § 16.614(2) at issue there defined "knowing" and "false statement" in different terms than the statutes at issue here. The version of the statute at issue in American Medical Centers did not state that "[kjnowing or knowingly does not include conduct which is an error or mistake unless the person's course of conduct indicates a systematic or persistent tendency to cause inaccuracies to be present" and that "knowing" includes instances where the person is in possession of facts under which the person "should be aware" of the nature of the person's conduct. However, the trial court in American Medical Centers instructed the jury that knowledge included constructive knowledge. Id. at 154, 324 N.W.2d 782. Therefore, the fact the present version of the statute includes constructive knowledge is no basis for distinguishing the present case from American Medical Centers. The American Medical Centers Court found no error in the failure to give a specific intent instruction where the trial court read the statutory definition of "knowing" and specifically noted that the instructions did not allow the jury to convict for a "simple mistake." Id, at 152-154, 324 N.W.2d 782. Similarly, we conclude that the jury was properly instructed regarding the knowledge element here. If the offenses at issue are specific intent crimes, reading the statutory definition of "knowing" adequately instructed the jury regarding this element despite the failure to give a specific intent instruction. See also People v. Wilson, 159 Mich.App. 345, 352, 406 N.W.2d 294 (1987). If these offenses are not specific intent crimes, there was, of course, no duty to give a specific intent instruction.
*331 Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in admitting evidence showing 1,357 instances of erroneous bilhng similar to the instances forming the basis of the charges against defendants. Specifically, defendants argue that this evidence was inadmissible under MRE 404(b) because they believed that they had billed appropriately and did not claim that their errors were due to clerical mistakes. Indeed, they argue that the persistence of their errors is affirmative evidence of their good-faith belief that their interpretation of the codes was correct. The statutory definition of "knowing" indicates that "knowing or knowingly does not include conduct which is an error or mistake unless the person's course of conduct indicates a systematic or persistent tendency to cause inaccuracies to be present." M.C.L. § 400.602(f); M.S.A. § 16.614(2)(f) and M.C.L. § 752.1002(h); M.S.A. § 28.547(102)(h). Under the statutory definition, this objected-to evidence is relevant in terms of establishing the "knowing" element because 1,357 instances of inaccurate billing may demonstrate a "persistent tendency to cause inaccuracies to be present." Defendants' grievance here is not with the application of MRE 404(b), but rather with the definition of "knowing" in the statutes governing false Medicaid and health-care claims. See earlier discussion. We find no merit in defendants' argument that the evidence was not relevant under the circumstances or that it was unduly prejudicial.
Defendant Velez-Ruiz next argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion for a directed verdict because there was insufficient evidence on the record at the time of the motion to support her conviction. Initially, we note that because Velez-Ruiz submitted her billings to the various insurance carriers via a computerized billing service and so notified the carriers, the statutes created a rebuttable presumption that any false claim was knowingly made. M.C.L. § 400.608(3); M.S.A. § 16.614(8)(3) and M.C.L. § 752.1007(3); M.S.A. § 28.547(107X3). Additionally, other evidence suggested that Velez-Ruiz was aware of her office's improper billing practices. There was testimony that Velez-Ruiz told office employees not to document follow-up appointments as such because there were billing ramifications. The evidence suggests that Velez-Ruiz acceded to Perez-DeLeon's alterations of diagnostic codes that she had chosen. This suggests that she knowingly allowed Perez-DeLeon to inaccurately characterize the nature of the services that she provided. Further, the evidence of 1,357 instances of inaccurate billing also satisfies the statutory definition of "knowing." Therefore, viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could conclude that the essential elements of the crime were proved beyond a reasonable doubt. See People v. Davis, 216 Mich.App. 47, 52-53, 549 N.W.2d 1 (1996). Because of the difficulty in proving a defendant's state of mind, circumstantial evidence is often necessary and is wholly satisfactory in sustaining a conclusion that the defendant possessed the requisite intent. People v. Bowers, 136 Mich. App. 284, 297, 356 N.W.2d 618 (1984).
Velez-Ruiz further argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying her motions for severance and for a separate jury. However, both defendants claimed that they did not know the billings were inaccurate. Their defenses were not mutually exclusive or irreconcilable; therefore, severance was not required here. See People v. Cadle (On Remand), 209 Mich.App. 467, 469, 531 N.W.2d 761 (1995). In addition, defendant failed to submit an affidavit or make an offer of proof that persuasively demonstrated that her substantial rights would be prejudiced and that severance was the necessary means of rectifying the potential prejudice. See People v. Hana, 447 Mich. 325, 346-347, 524 N.W.2d 682 (1994).
The trial court did not specifically address Velez-Ruiz' argument that separate trials or juries should be granted because otherwise she would not be able to cross-examine Perez-DeLeon regarding statements he made that may have been incriminating to her. However, none of Perez-DeLeon's alleged admissions or statements entered into evidence directly incriminated Velez-Ruiz in the manner envisioned in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 (1968), Richardson v. Marsh, *332 481 U.S. 200, 207-208, 107 S.Ct. 1702, 1707-1708, 95 L.Ed.2d 176 (1987), and People v. Frazier (After Remand), 446 Mich. 539, 521 N.W.2d 291 (1994). They did so only by inference. Therefore, in light of the trial court's clear instruction to the jury that it should not consider evidence admitted against one defendant when considering the guilt of the other, Velez-Ruiz' confrontation rights were not violated. For these reasons, Velez-Ruiz was not entitled to a new trial on the basis of the court's refusal to sever her trial from Perez-DeLeon's.
Velez-Ruiz next argues that this Court should review various notes and records, prepared by the prosecution regarding its settlement agreement with Dr. Benejam and evaluated by the court in camera, to determine if the trial court abused its discretion by not ordering that they be disclosed to defendant. However, defendant has provided no clear explanation regarding why such notes and records would be relevant to her defense. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to order that the notes were discoverable. See People v. Stanaway, 446 Mich. 643, 680, 521 N.W.2d 557 (1994).
Perez-DeLeon raises four additional issues in a separate brief filed in propria persona.[2] He raises two claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. In order to justify reversal of an otherwise valid conviction on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel, "a defendant must show that a counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and that the representation so prejudiced the defendant as to deprive him of a fair trial." People v. Pickens, 446 Mich. 298, 302-303, 521 N.W.2d 797 (1994). His claims here do not meet this standard. He further claims that the charges at issue constitute malicious prosecution. The elements of malicious prosecution are a "special injury," that prior proceedings terminated in favor of the present plaintiff, the absence of probable cause for those proceedings, and a showing of malice. Friedman v. Dozorc, 412 Mich. 1, 48, 312 N.W.2d 585 (1981). If Perez-DeLeon had filed a malicious prosecution action, his allegations would not satisfy this standard. Finally, he claims that the circuit court lacked subjectmatter jurisdiction over the charges at issue because the original purpose of the false claims acts at issue was to proscribe claims for medical services that were not medically necessary. Perez-DeLeon contends that all the claims at issue were for medically necessary services. By their express terms, the acts at issue reach false claims regardless of whether the services were medically necessary. For these reasons, we find no merit in any of the claims raised in Perez-DeLeon's separate brief.
Affirmed with respect to both defendants.
NOTES
[1]  We do not agree, however, with the trial court's reliance on United States v. Bay State Ambulance & Hosp. Rental Service, Inc., 874 F.2d 20 (C.A.I, 1989), where the court determined that the federal Medicare fraud statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1395nn, was not unconstitutionally vague. In reaching this conclusion, the Bay State court relied in large part on the scienter requirement of the statute"knowing and willingly" coupled with an inducement element. Id. at 33. We do not find Bay State particularly helpful here because the instant statutes do not require that defendants "willingly" committed the offense. Rather, they require only that the false claim be submitted "knowingly" with the statutory definition of "knowing" including instances of both actual and constructive knowledge. Thus, the statutes here do not have an "unusually high scienter requirement" as relied upon by the Bay State court. Id. at 33.
[2]  Appellate briefs are generally limited to fifty pages. MCR 7.212(B). Here, the brief submitted by Perez-DeLeon's counsel was fifty pages long. We question the practice of submitting an additional appellate brief, in propria persona, without moving for permission to file a brief in excess of the fifty-page limit.