Court Opinion

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Opinions of the United
2003 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

10-10-2003

Diener v. Reed
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 03-1405

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                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

       THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
              FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                    ___________

                       No. 03-1405
                       ___________

      MARK A. DIENER; STEPHEN GARISTO; JIM
      GROVE; PEARL GROVE; JEFF MAYON; LEE
      SMITH; JASON STORMS; MICHAEL SUCEC;
          SHERI SUCEC; JOHN K. YOUNG

                             v.

        STEPHEN R. REED, in his Official Capacity
            as Mayor of the City of Harrisburg

  Mark A. Diener, Stephen Garisto, Jim Grove, Pearl Grove, Jeff
 Mayon, Lee Smith, Jason Storms, Michael Sucec, and Sheri Sucec,

                                         Appellants

                       ___________

ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
    FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

                (Civil Action No. 02-cv-00977)
     District Judge: The Honorable W illiam W. Caldwell
                         ___________

         Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                    September 19, 2003
      BEFORE: McKEE, SMITH, Circuit Judges and SCHILLER,* District Judge.**

                                   (Filed October 10, 2003)

                                         ___________

                                 OPINION OF THE COURT
                                      ___________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

I.     INTRODUCTION

       Appellants challenge the denial of an injunction against the City of Harrisburg

(“Appellee”) on the basis that the Pennsylvania Disorderly Conduct statute (18 Pa. C.S.A.

§ 5503) is unconstitutional as applied, and that §§ 10-301.20 and .29 of the City of

Harrisburg’s Parks Ordinance are unconstitutional, both on their face and as applied. For

the reasons set out below, we will affirm the decision reached by the District Court.

II.    FACTS AND PROCEDURE

       Title X of the City of Harrisburg’s Codified Ordinances governs the use of the

City’s parks and the allocation of space between the approximately two million annual

visitors to the parks. Section 10-301.20(1)(A) requires that a permit be obtained from the

*       Honorable Berle M. Schiller, District Judge for the United States District Court for
the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.

**       This case was originally scheduled for argument, however, at the request of both parties’
counsel the argument was called off due to weather conditions and the case was submitted.

                                                1
Director of City Parks for any event in which twenty or more persons are to participate or

may be anticipated to attend, or which would require a reserved space or would occupy a

portion of a park to the exclusion of others. Section 10-301.29 addresses the distribution

of literature in the parks, providing that literature may be distributed anywhere except

those areas for which a permit has already been obtained, the National Civil War Museum

and grounds, and areas occupied by leaseholders.

       Appellants appear periodically at various locations and events in and around the

Harrisburg City parks to “preach the gospel, preach against the sin of sodomy, and preach

that people can be set free from such sin.” Appellee, Stephen R. Reed, is the Mayor of

Harrisburg and is involved in the permitting process to the extent that applicants denied a

permit can, under the ordinance, appeal the denial to him. See §10-301.20(2).

       Appellants have been involved in seven incidents which they contend demonstrate

the facial unconstitutionality of the sections of the City Ordinance in question and the

unconstitutionality of the Pennsylvania Disorderly Conduct statute as applied to them.

These incidents were described in detail in the well-written opinion of the District Court

(see Diener v. Reed, 232 F.Supp.2d 362, 371-75 (M.D.Pa. 2002)), but for the purpose of

providing background some of the basic details are recited herein.

       1. June 9, 2000 - National Civil War Museum: To protest a proclamation by the

Mayor which Appellants interpreted to condone “Sodomite activities,” Sheri Sucec and

Jeff Mayon went to the National Civil War Museum during a ceremony honoring the

                                             2
Civil War dead. Their protest involved carrying a banner which read, “Proof That

America Condones Sodomy,” and a sign stating, “Blessed the Nation Whose God is the

Lord.” They sang hymns, distributed literature regarding the Mayor’s proclamation and

spoke with passersby. Appellants claim that they simply watched and listened while the

ceremony was going on and that the Mayor approached them and “exploded” after they

gave him the proclamation he had issued. They further claim that they were arrested as

they were complying with Mayor’s request for them to leave the park. George Hicks, the

Museum’s Chief Executive Officer testified that Appellants “were moving towards the

podium area up against where the building was located and shouting and protesting and

saying all kinds of things.” Hicks said that as “the lady kept moving towards” him, he

told his wife to “get to the car, get out of here now.” Sucec moved closer to Hicks and

Mayon toward the Mayor, “haranguing and shouting in [his] face,” until they were

“literally within arm’s length.” City Park Ranger Thomas McDowell also testified that

police and park rangers were called to the area because, despite repeated requests by the

Mayor for Sucec and Mayon to leave, they refused. According to McDowell, Sucec was

very loud and kept coming forward, telling the Mayor he was killing people. McDowell

testified that he was concerned for the Mayor’s safety. Sucec and Mayon were arrested

for Disorderly Conduct.

       2. July 29, 2000 - Gay Pride Day: Stephen Garisto and Sheri Sucec evangelized,

passed out tracts, and spoke with passersby outside the boundaries of the event. Garisto

                                             3
attempted to enter the event but was denied admission. Garisto contends that the police

officer on the scene told him that he could not be there preaching and passing out tracts,

and that he had to be 500 feet from the event. The Director of the Department of Parks

and Recreation, Tina Manoogian-King testified, however, that she observed Garisto,

“screaming in a very loud obnoxious manner.” She testified that Garisto was “quite

frankly . . . out of control running around, screaming and yelling and spewing his rhetoric

. . . with signs [and] . . . bull horns.” Manoogian-King also testified that she witnessed

Garisto “confront and basically scream in the face of police officers,” and recounted that

one woman with a child was so intimidated by Garisto’s conduct that she requested that a

police officer escort her to her car when she wanted to leave the festival. When police

advised the group not to block the area, they would comply and return to the sidewalks or

a traffic island, but then step back onto the street when the officers turned their backs,

“almost in a manner that was taunting to the Police.” The police officer on the scene

cited Garisto for Disorderly Conduct under 18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(a)(2) and (4).

       3. October 7, 2000 - Harrisburg Gaytober Fest: Sheri Sucec and John Young

attended the Gaytober event. Officer Brenda Holmes observed Young with a handheld

tape recorder which he put “in front of people’s mouths, like two or three inches from

their face.” At first, Officer Holmes allowed Young to pass out literature within the

festival, but she was then informed that while vendors had paid a fee for spots inside the

festival, Young had not. Officer Holmes told Young that “he could go ahead and hand

                                              4
out his brochures, but he would have to do it behind the barricades.” Young refused to

stop distributing the brochures despite numerous warnings. After issuing him warnings,

“all day long,” Holmes arrested Young and charged him with disturbing the peace.

       4. February 8, 2001 - Private Opening of the National Civil War Museum: Sheri

and Michael Sucec showed up at the invitation-only event and were told they could not

attend. The Sucecs drove down to the entrance to the park and stood in the park near the

street. Michael Sucec held his Bible up and Mrs. Sucec displayed a sign that read,

“Blessed Is the Nation Whose God is the Lord.” Eventually, after being asked to leave,

the Sucecs left the park.

       5. February 12, 2001 - Public Opening of the National Civil War Museum: The

Sucecs attended the grand opening of the Museum. Mrs. Sucec held her sign reading,

“Blessed Is the Nation Whose God is the Lord,” and Mr. Sucec started to preach.

Museum CEO, George Hicks testified that “there was some agitation” toward the end of

the event and the Sucecs were asked to leave. According to Hicks, when the couple was

asked to leave, Mrs. Sucec began confronting other guests and asking in a tone that was

“somewhere between inquisitive, militant or threatening,” whether those guests held

permits.

       6. July 28, 2001 - Gay Pride Day in Riverfront Park: A group consisting of Jason

Storms, Mark Diener, Lee Smith, Jerry Fennel and others were preaching from the

sidewalk across the street from the park. They preached, displayed signs and sang hymns.

                                            5
At some point, they began to use a megaphone. Diener also played a snare drum

periodically during the day. Appellants claim that Diener was arrested without warning,

followed by Smith, Garisto and Storms. Officer Ellis Roy testified that although things

had gone well with the protestors for most of the day, there was a “breakdown” around

three-thirty or four in the afternoon. Officer Roy noted that the group switched from

generalized protest to using the megaphone to direct comments at particular individuals at

the festival. Roy recalled, “I could see that would descend in a hurry, that people’s

tolerance was not high. I didn’t want them to get one of those guys who didn’t

particularly care for that, and now I got a fight on my hands. I had to curtail that.” The

police also received a complaint about the use of the drum next to residential buildings.

After repeated warnings about the use of the drum, Diener continued to play and was

finally arrested and charged with Disorderly Conduct. While Diener was being arrested,

Storms and Smith began to yell at the officers through the megaphone and to play a horn.

They, too, were arrested for Disorderly Conduct. Id.

       7. July 27, 2002 - Gay Pride Day: Garisto testified that he observed people being

prohibited from speaking and preaching at the event. Sheri Sucec testified that she saw a

man reading from the Bible in a normal tone of voice outside the entrance of the event,

but three police officers told him he had to go to the street or across the street. Jennifer

Ellis, a volunteer worker at the event, testified that she observed several of the protestors

“shouting and heckling people, harassing people, getting in people’s faces saying

                                              6
derogatory comments, calling people names, causing a great deal of disruption making so

much noise that at times it was interfering with the performers on the main stage.”

       The U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania granted partial

relief by striking down §10-301.23(A)(1) (requiring permit before distributing literature

or speaking to groups of one or more persons in a park) and §10-301.29(A)(2)

(prohibiting the distribution of literature in one of the City’s parks around the National

Civil War Museum). Diener v. Reed, 232 F.Supp.2d 362 (M.D.Pa. 2002) (Caldwell, J.).

The District Court held that the permit requirement in §10-301.23(A)(1) was not narrowly

tailored to serve a significant governmental interest, and enjoined its enforcement. Id. at

388. Because the section would require even a single individual to obtain a permit before

speaking in city parks, the District Court found that spontaneous speech and speech that is

no threat to the city’s interests would be curtailed. Id. at 387-88. Similarly, the Court

concluded that the ban on literature distribution on the museum grounds set out in §10-

301.29(A)(2) was not reasonable because although the museum grounds are a limited

public forum, the uses to which the grounds are put do not require a ban on leafleting. Id.

at 386. The Court noted that leafleting, as a vehicle for First Amendment activity,

“intrudes minimally on those passing by who need only engage in the mechanical task of

taking or refusing the leaflet or tract from the leafleteer’s hand.” Id.

       As to the rest of Appellants’ claims, however, the District Court found that the

standards set out in §10-301.22 provide sufficient criteria for determination of permit

                                               7
applications under Thomas v. Chicago Park District, 534 U.S. 316 (2002). Diener, 232

F.Supp.2d at 379. The District Court also held that the justification for provisions

allowing exclusion of individuals from permitted areas of the parks (i.e., that they ensure

that permit holders can hold their events without disruption and for their exclusive use)

are content-neutral, and that Appellants’ complaint that the provisions are not narrowly

tailored to serve a governmental interest fail because the permit-holders’ use of the

exclusion provisions does not amount to state action under 42 U.S.C.A. § 1983. Id. at

381. Further, because Appellants provided no evidence concerning the uses and physical

characteristics of the areas of City Island subject to long-term leases for commercial

activities, the District Court did not consider Appellants’ challenge to the provision

prohibiting literature distribution in those areas. Id. at 388. The District Court also found

that Appellants lacked standing to challenge the section’s prohibition on blocking the

entrance or exit from any park, commercial business or commercial activity and the

requirement that leafleteers stand on the grass off the walkways while distributing

literature and keep moving on while on the walkways because they had never been cited

or arrested for a violation of §10-301.30. Id. Finally, Appellants’ challenge to the City’s

application of Pennsylvania’s Disorderly Conduct statute failed because the District Court

credited the testimony of the defense in determining that Appellants had gone beyond

legitimate First Amendment activity. Id. at 390 (citing Commonwealth v. Gowan, 399

Pa.Super. 477, 481 (1990)(“the exercise of free speech can go beyond constitutionally

                                              8
    protected boundaries to the realm of prohibitive and criminal behavior.”)).

               Appellants now challenge the District Court’s denial of injunctive relief* with

    regard to the remaining portions of the City Ordinance and the application of the

    Pennsylvania Disorderly Conduct statute.

    III.       JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

               The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 28 U.S.C. §

    1343(3). We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

               We review the denial of injunctive relief for abuse of discretion. See A&H

    Sportswear, Inc. v. Victoria’s Secret Stores, Inc., 237 F.3d 198, 210 (3d Cir. 2000); see

    also Warner-Lambert Co. v. Breathasure, Inc., 204 F.3d 87, 89 n.1 (3d Cir. 2000). The

    standard for permanent injunctive relief was set out in Roe v. Operation Rescue, 919 F.

    2d 857, 867 n.8 (3d Cir. 1990)(quoting Northeast Women’s Center, Inc. v. McMonagle,

    665 F.Supp. 1147, 1152-53 (E.D.Pa. 1987)): “First, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the

    court’s exercise of equity jurisdiction is proper. Second, the plaintiff must actually

    succeed on the merits of its claims. Third, the plaintiff must show that the balance of

    equities tips in favor of injunctive relief.” In demonstrating that the court’s exercise of

    equity jurisdiction is proper, the “plaintiff must show that: (1) he has no adequate legal

    remedy; (2) the threatened injury is real, not imagined; and (3) no equitable defenses

           *
1       The parties agreed, after completion of a preliminary injunction hearing, that the
2   District Court could decide the merits of a permanent injunction based on the evidence
3   presented at the hearing.

                                                     9
exist.” Id.

IV.    DISCUSSION

       A.      Challenge to the Harrisburg City Ordinances

       Whether the permitting ordinances are facially constitutional turns on the

justification for requiring a permit and providing for exclusive use of an area once a

permit is obtained. If this method of allocating the use of City parks is determined by the

identity of the groups seeking use or the content of their message, the provisions should

be struck down. But if, as the District Court found, the provisions were designed in a

content-neutral fashion with the aim of facilitating orderly and efficient use of the parks,

then the provisions should stand as acceptable time, place and manner restrictions, even if

some First Amendment activity is inadvertently affected by the provisions.

       Section 10-301.22 provides the standards for the Park Director’s issuance of a

permit. In line with the written guidelines, the testimony of Park Director Tina

Manoogian-King confirms that her understanding of her role in reviewing applications for

permits comports with the criteria set out in the ordinance. Tr. 109. She noted that with

respect to her obligation to issue a park permit when requested, she has a responsibility to

“ensure that the proposed activity will not unreasonably interfere with or detract from the

public’s enjoyment of the park[,] . . . will not interfere or unreasonably detract from the

public’s health, welfare, safety and recreational opportunities[,] . . . will not result in

violence, criminal activity or disorderly conduct[, or] . . . cause any extraordinary,

                                               10
burdensome financial obligations on the City of Harrisburg.” Id. “I need to make sure

that the facilities are available and not already committed to other organizations for

specific time frames on specific dates in specific areas of our park system. . . . I have no

other discretion.” Id. at 109-10.

       The Supreme Court found that the government has a substantial interest in

“coordinat[ing] multiple uses of limited space” which implicates a permittee’s interest in

the use and enjoyment of that space. Thomas, 534 U.S. at 332. In Thomas, the Chicago

Park District adopted an ordinance which required a person to obtain a permit in order to

“conduct a public assembly, parade, picnic, or other event involving more than fifty

individuals,” or engage in an activity such as “creat[ing] or emit[ting] any Amplified

Sound.” Id. at 318. The permit statute in Thomas was substantially similar to that

challenged herein, as were the thirteen specified grounds for rejection of a permit under

the Chicago Park District ordinance. See Thomas, 534 U.S. at 318-19, 319 n.1. The Court

noted that “the object of the permit system (as plainly indicated by the permissible

grounds for permit denial) is not to exclude communication of a particular content, but to

coordinate multiple uses of limited space, to assure preservation of the park facilities, to

prevent uses that are dangerous, unlawful, or impermissible under the Park District’s

rules, and to assure financial accountability for damage caused by the event.” Id. at 322.

       In assessing the appropriateness of the permitting scheme as a time, place, and

manner regulation, the Supreme Court noted that “even content-neutral time, place, and

                                              11
manner restrictions can be applied in such a manner as to stifle free expression” where the

licensing official enjoys unduly broad discretion in determining whether to grant or deny

a permit. Thomas, 534 U.S. at 323 (citing Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement, 505

U.S. 123, 131 (1992)). Thus, the regulation in question must contain adequate standards

to guide the official’s decision and render it subject to effective judicial review. Id.

       The District Court noted, and we agree, that Thomas upheld criteria substantially

similar to those in section 22 of the Harrisburg City Ordinance. Diener, 232 F.Supp.2d at

378.   The City’s interest in allowing the permittee unfettered use and enjoyment of a

particular area is substantial for the very reasons which comprise the criteria set out by the

ordinance and recounted by Manoogian-King. That is, the City has a substantial interest

in ensuring that the public’s health, welfare, safety or enjoyment of the park will not be

compromised by a proposed use of the park. Accordingly, any proposed event that might

result in violence, criminal activity or disorderly conduct should be denied a permit, as

should any event which poses extraordinary, burdensome financial obligations on the City

of Harrisburg. Important aspects of the criteria in Thomas included that the Park District

could deny a permit only for one or more of the reasons set forth in the ordinance, that the

Park District was required to process the applications with 28 days and clearly explain its

reasons for denial, and that an appeals process was available. Id. at 324. The reasons for

denial set out in the Thomas statute, like those set out in the Harrisburg ordinance,

mirrored the considerations which justified the permitting scheme in the first place. A

                                              12
     permit application could be denied, for example, when the application was incomplete or

     contained a material falsehood or misrepresentation, when the applicant had damaged

     Park District property on prior occasions and had not paid for the damage, when a permit

     had already been granted to another applicant for the same location at the same time and

     date, or when the intended use would present an unreasonable danger to the health or

     safety of park users. Id.

             The Supreme Court addressed the propriety of a permit-holders’ ability to exclude

     whomever they choose from permitted events in a unanimous decision in Hurley v. Irish-

     American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston, etc., et al., 515 U.S. 557 (1995).

     In Hurley, a group of gay, lesbian, and bisexual descendants of Irish immigrants

     (“GLIB”) challenged their exclusion from a St. Patrick’s Day parade. Id. at 561.** The

        **
 1        We note that in Hurley, only the parade council, not the interposing group, presented
 2   the Supreme Court with a First Amendment claim. As the Sixth Circuit found in Sistrunk
 3   v. City of Strongsville, however, “the similarity between the facts in Hurley and the facts
 4   in the present case strongly suggests that the city could not have required the committee
 5   to include in the rally persons imparting a message that the committee did not wish to
 6   convey.” 99 F.3d 194, 198 (6th Cir. 1996). In Sistrunk, the Sixth Circuit followed the
 7   Hurley ruling, holding that where attendees of a political rally held by permit on a
 8   traditional public forum were prohibited from exhibiting messages contrary to the aims of
 9   the sponsors of the event, no violation of complainants’ First Amendment rights occurred.
10   99 F.3d at 200. Like the Supreme Court in Hurley, the Sixth Circuit found fatal to
11   plaintiff’s claim the lack of any allegation that the city’s permitting process was content-
12   based (i.e., that plaintiff did not allege that she applied for permission to hold a rally for
13   her own expressive purposes in the Commons and was denied permission on the basis of
14   the content of her views) and the possibility that she could have held her own event to
15   promote her views in another place or on another day. Id. at 199. “Just as the organizers
16   of the parade could not be compelled to include in their message the discordant message
17   of GLIB, the committee that organized the rally for George Bush could not be compelled

                                                  13
     Court held that to require the organizers of the parade to include GLIB, or any other

     group which promoted a message that the organizers did not wish to endorse, would be

     “essentially requiring petitioners to alter the expressive content of their parade.” Id. at

     572-73. In this analysis the Court wrote that forcing the organizers to include undesired

     messages in their efforts would violate “the fundamental rule of protection under the First

     Amendment, that a speaker has the autonomy to choose the content of his own message.”

     Id. at 573. The ability of permit-holders to exclude unwelcome participants under the

     Harrisburg permitting scheme similarly ensures that event organizers are able to

     determine the content of their message or event. The exclusivity aspect of the scheme

     also serves the function of facilitating one of the fundamental objectives of the permitting

     scheme, i.e., maintaining public order in the use of City parks.

            Another important similarity between this case and Hurley is the existence of

     ample alternative opportunities for expression on the part of the excluded groups. Id. at

     578 (“Considering that GLIB presumably would have had a fair shot (under neutral

     criteria developed by the city) at obtaining a parade permit of its own, respondents have

     not shown that petitioners enjoy the capacity to ‘silence the voice of competing

     speakers.’”). Here, Appellants have never applied for, much less been denied, a permit by

     the City of Harrisburg. Rather, the testimony indicates that had they applied, the permit

18   to include in its message an expression of confidence in Clinton.” Id.
19

                                                   14
would have been granted as long as no request had been previously approved for the same

place and time. Further, the testimony also indicates that petitioners would have been

free to express their views outside the permitted areas as long as their behavior in doing

so did not constitute disorderly conduct as discussed below.

       The Harrisburg City permitting scheme challenged by Appellants survives a facial

challenge because the provisions are content-neutral time, place, and manner restrictions

and are narrowly-tailored to serve a significant governmental interest. Similarly, the grant

of exclusivity provided to permit-holders through the ordinance is also an appropriate

measure designed to foster, rather than restrict First Amendment activity. The as-applied

challenge to these provisions also fails because, as discussed more fully below, any

exclusion of Appellants that occurred was content-neutral, based on their behavior, not

the content of their speech.

       B.     Challenge to Pennsylvania Disorderly Conduct Statute

       Whether a defendant’s words or acts rise to the level of a violation of the

Pennsylvania Disorderly Conduct statute, 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5503(a), hinges upon

whether those words or acts “cause or unjustifiably risk a public disturbance.”

Commonwealth v. Hock, 728 A.2d 943, 946 (Pa. 1999).

       The District Court made a factual finding that the police were not excluding the

Appellants based on the content of their speech at any of the events. Diener, 232

F.Supp.2d at 389. We review the District Court’s findings of fact for clear error. See, e.g.,

                                             15
Feder v. Evans-Feder, 63 F.3d 217, 222 n.9 (3d Cir. 1995).

       Appellants argue that the District Court improperly dispensed with their claim of

unconstitutional application of the disorderly conduct statute with respect to the June 9,

2000 arrests. Appellants’ Br. At 21. As stated by Appellants in their brief, however, Sheri

Sucec and Jeff Mayon were charged with Disorderly Conduct under § 5503(a)(1). Id.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has held that approaching someone and screaming

threats violates the Disorderly Conduct statute. See Commonwealth v. Mastrangelo, 414

A.2d 54, 58 (Pa. 1980); cf. Commonwealth v. Lutes, 793 A.2d 949, 963 (Pa. Super. 2002)

(where defendants approached county commissioner outside public courthouse,

threatened him and invited him to fight, this violated the statute). Appellants attempt to

distinguish Mastrangelo, arguing that an actor must intend to threaten in order to violate

the statute and that they lacked such an intent. The courts in Mastrangelo and Gowan,

however, did not require that the actors intend to be threatening, but merely that they

intend to cause inconvenience or annoyance. See Mastrangelo, 414 A.2d at 57-58 (stating

that the statute prohibits one from intentionally or recklessly making unreasonable noise);

Commonwealth v. Gowan, 582 A.2d 879, 882 (Pa. Super. 1990) (“when a protected first

amendment right to free speech is implicated, it is necessary that the actor intend to

breach the public peace by making unreasonable noise”). Here, the District Court

implicitly found that Appellants intended to breach the peace and cause inconvenience or

annoyance. The District Court’s finding that Appellants violated the statute by moving

                                              16
toward the M ayor and the museum director and shouting was not clearly erroneous.

       Appellants’ challenge to the July 29, 2000 arrest of Stephen Garisto under §

5503(a)(2) for unreasonable noise and § 5503(a)(4) for creating “a hazardous or

physically offensive condition by any act that serves no legitimate purpose of the actor”

similarly fails. Testimony presented concerning this incident supports the District Court’s

determination that this arrest was based on the arrestee’s behavior in trying to push past

the citing officer.

       The District Court found that with respect to the October 7, 2000 incident, Young

refused to stop shoving his tape recorder into people’s faces and refused to leave the area

after police requested that he do so. Tr. 205. This finding was not clearly erroneous.

Forcibly entering or remaining in an area in which one is unwelcome after the police have

requested that the person leave may create a hazardous condition and reflect an intent to

cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm. See Commonwealth v. Roth, 531 A.2d

1133, 1137 (Pa. Super. 1987)(group of protestors who marched to church and attempted

to enter against church members’ wishes and after being warned to leave were properly

convicted of disorderly conduct for creating a hazardous condition under § 5503(a)(4));

cf. Commonwealth v. DeLuca, 597 A.2d 1121 (Pa. 1991)(in response to officer’s request

not to leave the scene, individual resisted by screaming at the officer to get out of the

way, using obscene language and pushing the officer’s hands away, creating risk of public

alarm, annoyance or inconvenience).

                                              17
       Finally, the Appellants’ physical resistance of the police directives served no

legitimate purpose. While the Appellants had the right to speak, and the police may have

even erred by failing to admit them to certain events, an individual’s belief that a police

officer is wrong does not afford him a legitimate basis to physically resist the officer’s

order. As the court recognized in Roth, the defendants’ attempt to enter the church and

cause a disruption was not a legitimate purpose, even if their preaching on the sidewalk

was protected. Roth, 366 A.2d at 588. While speech may be protected, an individual’s

choice to disobey police orders is not. Accordingly, the District Court’s conclusion that

the Disorderly Conduct statute was not unconstitutionally applied should be affirmed.

       In their challenge to the July 28, 2001 arrests, Appellants claim that “even if the

court were to credit the testimony of the defense witnesses, the facts do not justify the

arrests.” Appellants’ Br. at 27. Appellants point out that in Commonwealth v. Gowan, the

court held that when preachers waved their arms and yelled so loudly that they could be

heard 150-200 feet away, this did not establish “unreasonable noise” beyond a reasonable

doubt so as to violate the Disorderly Conduct statute. 582 A.2d 879, 881-82 (Pa. Super.

1990). The Gowan court recognized, however, that this is a very fact-based inquiry.

While it might not have been unreasonably loud for the preachers to yell and perhaps

even use a megaphone, the additional noise created by a drum might rise to a level

considered unreasonable, especially since it was being beaten under the window of a

residential complex. Cf. Commonwealth v. Wiener, 326 A.2d 896 (Pa. Super. 1974)

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(under former disorderly conduct statute, holding that use of loudspeaker in residential

area by group of protestors could constitute disorderly conduct). Moreover, although

Appellants point out that there was a rock band playing in the park, the area in which the

conduct in question occurred was further removed from the event, in the midst of a

residential area. In fact, it was a complaint from one of the residents about the drum that

prompted the officer to ask Diener to stop playing. Id.

       When the other individuals arrested on that date began screaming at police through

the megaphone following Diener’s arrest, that behavior also violated the Disorderly

Conduct statute. As the Gowan court stated, “In assessing the effect of constitutionally

protected activity such as preaching, it is clear that the same level of loudness or ‘noise,’

in conducting an activity which must be tolerated or accepted, would be unacceptable if

the party were conducting unprotected activity such as inciting to riot or harassing the

police in their law enforcement function.” Gowan, 582 A.2d at 882 (emphasis added).

The District Court’s finding that the arrests of Diener, Smith and Storms on July 28, 2001

were proper applications of the Disorderly Conduct statute is therefore supported by both

governing law and the record.

V.     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

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TO THE CLERK:

     Please file the foregoing opinion.

                                          By the Court,

                                          /s/ D. Brooks Smith
                                          Circuit Judge

DATED: October 10, 2003

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