Court Opinion

ID: 9901243
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-21 16:06:35.79917+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:34.385096
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                      No. 22-1755
                               Filed November 21, 2023

STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

DENNIS GARY RIDDER,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from        the   Iowa   District   Court for   Cerro   Gordo County,

Karen Kaufman Salic, District Associate Judge.

      A defendant appeals his conviction for second-degree harassment,

challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. AFFIRMED.

      Karmen Anderson, Des Moines, for appellant.

      Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Zachary Miller, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.

      Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Badding and Chicchelly, JJ.
                                           2

BADDING, Judge.

       A “run of the mill fender bender,” according to Dennis Ridder, led to his

conviction for second-degree harassment.           On appeal, he challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting that conviction. Upon viewing the evidence

in the light most favorable to the verdict, see State v. Ortiz, 905 N.W.2d 174, 180

(Iowa 2017), we affirm.

       On August 5, 2021 at roughly 3:00 p.m., M.L.M. was driving a vehicle with

a trailer in tow when she “heard a bump” and then “a lot of beeping.” She

explained:

       [S]omebody was honking at me, and so I immediately pulled
       over . . . . I proceeded to get out and ask for their insurance and then
       called, you know, the police to figure it out. As I was walking out, this
       older guy stepped out and he got right in my face and he was very
       aggressive. I stepped back a little bit. He was telling me it was my
       fault. I was just trying to get his insurance information, and then
       another guy showed up in a red pickup . . . .

       The older gentleman was Dennis Ridder, and the individual in the red truck

was D.M., who witnessed the accident. D.M. testified that he was following behind

Ridder’s vehicle when it veered into the passing lane and hit the trailer. D.M. got

caught at a traffic light, but he watched the other two vehicles pull into a cul-de-

sac. By the time he got there, D.M. testified that Ridder was “yelling and screaming

at this young gal blaming her for the accident.” So D.M. yelled out his window, “no,

you’re wrong, you hit her in the back of the trailer.”

       Ridder turned his attention to D.M., who was still in his truck, and started

yelling at him. D.M. testified, “[N]ext I know he reached in the window of my truck

and hit me.” Feeling the need to defend himself, D.M. decided to get out of his

truck. But Ridder had “his knee up against the door.” After D.M. forced his way
                                           3

out, Ridder was still “aggressive and he had me trapped between my truck and

himself.” To protect himself and “create space” between them, D.M. pushed

Ridder, causing him to fall. M.L.M. testified that, from her view, it looked like D.M.

put his finger on Ridder’s chest and shoved him. D.M. testified that Ridder “jumped

up instantly and he says, ‘I’m going to kill your freaking ass,’ and went to his truck

and grabbed the gun.” D.M. took cover behind his truck, while Ridder pointed the

gun at him and M.L.M.

       A video with no sound taken by one of M.L.M.’s passengers shows Ridder

getting a gun out of his truck while D.M. was still at his vehicle. No one was near

Ridder when he pulled the gun from his truck. Yet Ridder testified that D.M.

followed him to his truck—after hitting Ridder twelve to fourteen times and

knocking him down—pulled him out, and said, “I’m going to lay you flat.” That’s

when Ridder said that he grabbed his gun, pointed it at D.M., and told him, “Get

the hell away from me.” Ridder testified, “I didn’t say nothing about killing. I think

I said, ‘I’m going to let you have it. . . .” Once D.M. backed off, Ridder got in his

truck and left.

       Police officers, who had been dispatched for “some sort of road rage

incident involving a firearm,” initiated a traffic stop of Ridder. They searched his

vehicle and found an air-soft gun and a starter pistol. Ridder admitted that he

pointed the starter pistol at D.M. and M.L.M., but he said it was because he felt

threatened. A sergeant who was involved with the stop testified that the starter

pistol only fires blanks. But when he first saw it, the sergeant testified that it looked

like “an actual working gun.”
                                          4

       On these facts, a jury found Ridder guilty of second-degree harassment.

Ridder claims that verdict        was    not supported by sufficient evidence

because (1) “two [S]tate witnesses were biased,” so “the credible evidence does

not support a finding of guilt”; and (2) the “State failed to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that Ridder’s defense of justification did not exist.” We review

this claim for correction of errors at law, giving high deference to the verdict. State

v. Burns, 988 N.W.2d 352, 370 (Iowa 2023).

       We dispose of Ridder’s first argument with the principle that it’s not our role

“to pass upon the credibility of witnesses” in reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence; that role is reserved for the jury.         See State v. Brimmer, 983

N.W.2d 247, 256 (Iowa 2022). While Ridder would like us to adopt his version of

events on appeal, “[o]ur system of justice vests the jury with the function of

evaluating a witness’s credibility.”      State v. Huntley, No. 21-1244, 2022

WL 17481315, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 7, 2022) (citation omitted) (rejecting

sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim that was based almost entirely on defendant’s

testimony and mostly consisted of attacks on the victim’s credibility). “Appellate

review of the jury’s verdict is not the trial redux.”         State v. Mathis, 971

N.W.2d 514, 519 (Iowa 2022).

       Turning to Ridder’s primary argument, he submits the State failed to prove

he was not justified.1 According to Ridder, once D.M. shoved him, he had a legal

right to use the starter pistol in a threatening manner to ensure his own safety.

1 We note    Ridder does not claim that the State failed to establish any of the
elements in the marshalling instruction for second-degree harassment. His
challenge is instead limited to the State’s freestanding burden to prove he was not
justified as laid out in the reasonable-force and justification instructions, which
                                           5

       The jury was instructed that Ridder would be “justified in using reasonable

force if he reasonably believed that such force was necessary to defend himself

from any actual or imminent use of unlawful force.”        “Reasonable force” was

defined as “only the amount of force a reasonable person would find necessary to

use under the circumstances to prevent injury.” The jury was further instructed

that a “person who is not engaged in illegal activity has no duty to retreat from any

place where the person is lawfully present before using force.”          Finally, the

instructions stated Ridder was not justified if, among other things, he either (1) did

not have a reasonable belief that it was necessary to use force to prevent an injury

or loss or (2) used unreasonable force under the circumstances.

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a rational jury

could find that Ridder was the aggressor in the dispute. True, the evidence is

undisputed that D.M. shoved Ridder. But the jury was free to believe D.M.’s

testimony that he did so to protect himself by creating space between him and

Ridder. See State v. Liggins, 557 N.W.2d 263, 269 (Iowa 1996) (“A jury is free to

believe or disbelieve any testimony as it chooses . . . .”). Using its common sense,

the jury could have reasonably concluded that Ridder did not need to take any

further actions to defend himself from the actual or imminent use of unlawful force.

But that’s not what happened. Instead, the jury heard testimony that Ridder told

D.M., “‘I’m going to kill your freaking ass,” took what looked like a pistol from his

truck, and pointed it at D.M. and M.L.M.

were given to the jury without objection. See State v. Lacey, 968 N.W.2d 792, 802
(Iowa 2021) (“Where, as here, the jury was instructed without objection, the jury
instructions are the law of the case for the purposes of reviewing the sufficiency of
the evidence.”).
                                         6

      From this, a rational jury could conclude that Ridder was unreasonable in

believing his use of force was necessary and that the force he used was

unreasonable under the circumstances. We therefore conclude the State provided

substantial evidence that Ridder was not justified, and we affirm the conviction for

second-degree harassment.

      AFFIRMED.