Court Opinion

ID: 5142277
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-31 01:12:30.215794+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:35.107436
License: Public Domain

Patrick Spevak v. Montgomery County, Maryland, No. 893, September Term 2020.
Opinion by Beachley, J.

WORKERS’ COMPENSATION – LE § 9-610 OFFSET FOR “SIMILAR
BENEFITS” – EMPLOYEE’S SERVICE-CONNECTED TOTAL DISABILITY
RETIREMENT OFFSETS ANY PERMANENT TOTAL OR PERMANENT
PARTIAL WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BENEFITS

FACTS: Patrick Spevak, appellant, was employed by Montgomery County as a firefighter
from 1979 to 2010. He sustained a back injury during his employment and, as a result of
that injury, retired in 2010 after being granted a service-connected total disability
retirement. Since 2010, Mr. Spevak has been receiving retirement benefits amounting to
approximately 70% of his highest salary.

Mr. Spevak’s hearing subsequently deteriorated, and in 2016 he filed a workers’
compensation claim based on occupational hearing loss. In 2017, the Workers’
Compensation Commission found that Mr. Spevak’s hearing loss was causally related to
his employment and awarded him permanent partial disability benefits as a result of a 21%
hearing loss in his left ear. However, the Commission determined that Mr. Spevak’s
permanent partial benefits were completely offset pursuant to Section 9-610(a) of the Labor
and Employment Article because his total disability retirement and his permanent partial
workers’ compensation benefits were “similar benefits” under the statute. The Circuit
Court for Montgomery County affirmed the Commission’s decision.

HELD: When an employee who is subject to the provisions of LE § 9-610(a)(l) receives
a service-connected total disability retirement from his or her employer, the LE § 9-610
offset applies to any permanent total or permanent partial workers’ compensation benefits
the employee is awarded for injuries or diseases related to that same employment. Because
Mr. Spevak’s service-connected total disability retirement compensates for any and all
work-related injuries he sustained in his employment with Montgomery County, he may
not also receive a permanent partial workers’ compensation award.
Circuit Court for Montgomery County
Case No. 434813V

                                                                                                      REPORTED

                                                                                     IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                                                                  OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                       No. 893

                                                                                                September Term, 2020

                                                                                                 PATRICK SPEVAK

                                                                                                           v.

                                                                                    MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MARYLAND

                                                                                          Leahy,
                                                                                          Reed,
                                                                                          Beachley,

                                                                                                          JJ.

                                                                                               Opinion by Beachley, J.

                                                                                          Filed: July 28, 2021

                                                                                   *Gould, J., did not participate in the Court’s
                                                                                   decision to designate this opinion for publication
                                                                                   pursuant to Maryland Rule 8-605.1.

 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.

                      2021-07-28
                      11:13-04:00

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
       This case of first impression requires us to interpret the “offset” provision set forth

in Md. Code (1991, 2016 Repl. Vol., 2019 Supp.), § 9-610(a)(1) of the Labor and

Employment Article (“LE”), which reads:

       Except for benefits subject to an offset under § 29-118 of the State Personnel
       and Pensions Article, if a statute, charter, ordinance, resolution, regulation,
       or policy, regardless of whether part of a pension system, provides a benefit
       to a covered employee of a governmental unit or a quasi-public corporation
       that is subject to this title under § 9-201(2) of this title or, in case of death, to
       the dependents of the covered employee, payment of the benefit by the
       employer satisfies, to the extent of the payment, the liability of the employer
       and the Subsequent Injury Fund for payment of similar benefits under this
       title.

We shall hold that when an employee who is subject to the provisions of LE § 9-610(a)(l)

receives a service-connected total disability retirement from his or her employer, the LE

§ 9-610 offset applies to any permanent total or permanent partial workers’ compensation

benefits the employee is awarded for injuries or diseases related to that same employment.

                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The parties agree that there is no dispute as to the underlying facts. We will simplify

the procedural history to include only those aspects that are relevant to the present appeal.

Patrick Spevak, appellant, was employed by appellee Montgomery County as a firefighter

from 1979 to 2010. During his employment, appellant sustained a back injury. As a result

of that injury, Mr. Spevak retired in 2010 after being granted a service-connected total
disability retirement.1 Since 2010, he has been receiving service-connected total disability

retirement benefits of $1,859.07 per week, representing approximately 70% of his highest

salary.

          Mr. Spevak’s hearing subsequently deteriorated, and on June 24, 2016, he filed a

workers’ compensation claim pursuant to LE § 9-505(a) based on his occupational hearing

loss. The Workers’ Compensation Commission (“Commission”) found that Mr. Spevak’s

hearing loss was causally related to his employment, and on July 13, 2017, the Commission

concluded that Mr. Spevak suffered a permanent partial disability as a result of a 21%

hearing loss in his left ear. The Commission calculated Mr. Spevak’s permanent partial

disability benefits at $322.00 weekly for 26.25 weeks, but also found that those benefits

were completely offset under LE § 9-610(a) because his service-connected total disability

retirement benefits exceeded the permanent partial disability benefits awarded by the

Commission.

          Mr. Spevak sought judicial review in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County.

Both parties moved for summary judgment and, after a hearing, the circuit court issued a

memorandum opinion granting summary judgment in favor of the County. In doing so,

the court concluded that because Mr. Spevak’s service-connected total disability retirement

benefits and the permanent partial disability workers’ compensation benefits both resulted

          1
         Depending on the employer, retirement benefits based on a disability from a work-
related injury are referred to by various terms, including “service-connected disability,”
“accidental disability,” or “special disability.” We will typically use the term “service-
connected disability” in this opinion.

                                              2
from a work-related injury, the benefits were “similar” under LE § 9-610. The court further

found that Mr. Spevak was limited to “one wage loss replacement.” The circuit court

therefore applied the statutory offset. Mr. Spevak noted this timely appeal.

                                       DISCUSSION

                              I. THE PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

       Mr. Spevak acknowledges that LE § 9-610 allows an employer to offset workers’

compensation payments if “similar benefits” are received by a “covered employee of a

governmental unit” pursuant to “a statute, charter, ordinance, resolution, regulation or

policy.” Because the statute does not define the term “similar benefits,” Mr. Spevak relies

on caselaw construing the statute, asserting that “Maryland appellate courts have

repeatedly explained . . . that in order for two types of benefits to be considered ‘similar,’

thereby triggering LE § 9-610’s offset provision, the underlying basis for both benefits

must result from the same injury.” (Emphasis in original). Mr. Spevak concludes that,

because his service-connected total disability retirement was awarded based on his back

injury and the permanent partial disability workers’ compensation award resulted from his

subsequently-developed hearing loss, the two benefits do not result from the “same injury,”

and therefore the LE § 9-610 offset does not apply.

       The County responds that Mr. Spevak’s service-connected disability retirement

benefits and subsequent workers’ compensation award for hearing loss are “similar

benefits” as contemplated by LE § 9-610 because both benefits result from work-related

injuries. The County contrasts the present case involving a service-connected disability

retirement from cases where the employee received a length-of-service retirement or

                                              3
ordinary disability retirement. In the County’s view, because Mr. Spevak’s service-

connected total disability retirement and his workers’ compensation permanent partial

disability award both relate to his physical incapacity resulting from work injuries, they are

“similar” within the meaning of LE § 9-610. The County further argues that an employee

“only has one wage,” and in this case Mr. Spevak’s “one wage” as a firefighter has been

replaced by his service-connected total disability retirement. To allow Mr. Spevak to

receive workers’ compensation benefits for occupational hearing loss in addition to his

total disability pension would, in the County’s view, constitute an improper double

recovery. Accordingly, the County asserts that the Commission and the circuit court

correctly applied the LE § 9-610 offset.

                                       II. ANALYSIS

       “We review a trial court’s grant of a motion for summary judgment de novo, without

deference to the legal decisions of the Commission or circuit court.” Norman-Bradford v.

Balt. Cty. Pub. Schs., 237 Md. App. 235, 240 (2018) (citing Long v. Workers’ Ins. Fund,

225 Md. App. 48, 57 (2015)).

       When the issue on appeal concerns the interpretation of a statute, we turn to the

well-settled rules of statutory construction:

       The Court defers to “the policy decisions enacted into law by the General
       Assembly.” Phillips v. State, 451 Md. 180, 196 (2017). “We assume that
       the legislature’s intent is expressed in the statutory language and thus our
       statutory interpretation focuses primarily on the language of the statute to
       determine the purpose and intent of the General Assembly.” Id.

              We begin our analysis by first looking to the normal, plain
              meaning of the language of the statute, reading the statute as a
              whole to ensure that no word, clause, sentence or phrase is

                                                4
             rendered surplusage, superfluous, meaningless or nugatory. If
             the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, we need
             not look beyond the statute's provisions and our analysis ends.
             Occasionally we see fit to examine extrinsic sources of
             legislative intent merely as a check of our reading of a statute’s
             plain language. In such instances, we may find useful the
             context of a statute, the overall statutory scheme, and archival
             legislative history of relevant enactments.

      Id. at 196–97 (quoting Douglas v. State, 423 Md. 156, 178 (2011) (quoting
      Evans v. State, 420 Md. 391, 400 (2011))).

              When this Court interprets an ambiguous or unclear statutory
      provision that is part of the Workers’ Compensation Act, “additional
      principles of interpretation enter the equation.” Hollingsworth [v. Severstal
      Sparrows Point, LLC, 448 Md. 648, 655 (2016)] (quoting Montgomery Cty.
      v. Deibler, 423 Md. 54, 61 (2011)). We must interpret the provision in light
      of the purpose of the Act, which we have stated is “to protect workers and
      their families from hardships inflicted by work-related injuries by providing
      workers with compensation for loss of earning capacity resulting from
      accidental injury arising out of and in the course of employment.” Id.
      (quoting Elms v. Renewal by Andersen, 439 Md. 381, 399, (2014)). Thus,
      because the Act is a “remedial statute,” to the extent that the plain language
      of the Act is ambiguous or unclear, it must be “construed as liberally in favor
      of injured employees as its provisions will permit in order to effectuate its
      benevolent purposes.” Id. (quoting Elms, 439 Md. at 399). However, we
      may not “stifle the plain meaning of the Act, or exceed its purposes, so that
      the injured worker may prevail.” Id. (quoting Elms, 439 Md. at 399).
      Similarly, “when the language is plain” we cannot “create an ambiguity that
      does not exist in order to interpret the Act more favorably to the claimant.”
      Id. at 655–56.

Reger v. Washington Cty. Bd. of Educ., 455 Md. 68, 95–97 (2017).

      The County correctly notes that no Maryland case has considered this precise

issue—whether the LE § 9-610(a) offset applies when an employee is receiving service-

connected total disability retirement benefits based on one injury and is then awarded

permanent partial workers’ compensation benefits based on a second, separate injury. We

will begin our analysis by surveying, in chronological order, the appellate decisions

                                             5
applying the statutory offset to service-connected disability retirement benefits, and then

consider how Reger, a single-injury ordinary disability retirement case that is central to

Mr. Spevak’s argument, fits within that analytical framework. We will ultimately hold that

Mr. Spevak’s service-connected total disability retirement benefits are similar to his

permanent partial disability benefits, thus triggering the LE § 9-610(a) offset.

   A. THE SERVICE-CONNECTED DISABILITY RETIREMENT CASES

                                 Nooe v. City of Baltimore

       Nooe v. City of Balt., 28 Md. App. 348 (1975), was the first case involving a service-

connected disability retirement after the statute reached its substantially current form.2 Mr.

Nooe was a patrolman for the Baltimore City Police Department and was injured on

September 6, 1972, in a work-related motorcycle accident. Id. at 353, n.2. Mr. Nooe retired

       2
        As explained in Reger, the prior statute was repealed by the General Assembly in
1970, apparently as a result of the Court of Appeals’s decision in Montgomery Cty. v.
Kaponin, 237 Md. 112 (1964). Reger, 455 Md. at 103–04 (citing Blevins v. Balt. Cty., 352
Md. 620, 636–37 (1999)). The General Assembly then enacted Article 101 § 33 as an
emergency measure, providing, in pertinent part:

       Whenever by statute, charter, ordinances, resolution, regulation or policy
       adopted thereunder, whether as part of a pension system or otherwise, any
       benefit or benefits are furnished employees of (public) employers . . ., the
       benefit or benefits when furnished by the employer shall satisfy and
       discharge pro tanto or in full . . ., the liability or obligation of the employer
       . . . for any benefit under this article. If any benefits so furnished are less
       than those provided for in this article the employer . . . shall furnish the
       additional benefit as will make up the difference between the benefit
       furnished and the similar benefit required in this article.

Id. at 104–05 (alterations in original) (emphasis removed).

                                              6
pursuant to a service-connected disability3 and received $17.31 bi-weekly as an annuity,

and $252.90 bi-weekly as a pension. Id. at 354. On July 10, 1974, the Commission found

that Mr. Nooe had sustained a 50% permanent partial disability. Id. at 353. The parties

conceded “that the benefits under the pension plan [were] greater than those required”

under workers’ compensation. Id. at 354.

       Because Mr. Nooe was receiving service-connected disability retirement benefits,

and because his retirement benefits were greater than the workers’ compensation award,

the Commission held that the workers’ compensation benefit was “barred under Article

101 Section 33.”4      Id. at 353.   The Circuit Court for Baltimore City affirmed the

Commission on judicial review. Id. On appeal to this Court, Mr. Nooe argued that § 33

applied only to cases in which the employee had died. Id. at 355. We disagreed based on

the plain language of the statute, and held that the payment to Mr. Nooe of the service-

connected disability pension “satisfied and discharged in full the liability or obligation” of

the employer for permanent partial disability benefits under workers’ compensation law.

Id. at 356.

                          Mazor v. State Department of Correction

       Two years after Nooe, the Court of Appeals decided Mazor v. State Dep’t of Corr.,

279 Md. 355 (1977). Mr. Mazor worked as a penitentiary guard for the Department of

       3
           Termed “special disability” under the Baltimore City ordinance.
       4
        As noted, Article 101, § 33, enacted in 1971, was the predecessor to LE § 9-610,
and contained substantially the same offset provision.

                                              7
Correction and suffered severe injuries when he was stabbed and beaten at work on July

17, 1972. Id. at 357. On September 1, 1973, he retired based on an accidental (service-

connected) disability and began receiving $421.59 monthly as a pension and $26.75

monthly as an annuity. Id. Mr. Mazor applied for workers’ compensation benefits as well,

and the parties presented four issues to the Commission—whether the “pension benefits

were equal to or better than any benefit provided” by workers’ compensation;5 whether §

33 discharged the insurer’s (as opposed to the employer’s) liability; whether the offset only

applied where the accident resulted in death; and whether applying § 33 to the case would

be unconstitutional. Id. at 359. The Commission determined that Mr. Mazor suffered a

permanent 60% disability and that Mr. Mazor’s pension benefits were equal to or better

than the amount of workers’ compensation he would have received. Id. However, the

Commission “rejected the contention that the insurer, as distinguished from the employer,

was entitled to a discharge.” Id. It therefore did not apply the offset and awarded Mr.

Mazor $65 per week ($281.67 per month) in permanent disability benefits. Id. The

Commission did not reach the final two issues. Id.

       On judicial review, the Circuit Court for Harford County granted the insurer’s

motion for summary judgment, holding that the offset applied to the insurer as well as the

employer; that the offset was not limited to death cases; and that the statute did not violate

any of Mr. Mazor’s constitutional rights. Id. at 359–60. Our Court affirmed. Id. at 360.

       5
         Mr. Mazor later conceded that his pension benefits were equal to or greater than
his possible workers’ compensation benefits. Id. at 360.

                                              8
       The Court of Appeals agreed with both the circuit court and Court of Special

Appeals that § 33 “not only provides for discharge of employers, but also applies in the

same manner to insurers.” Id. at 361. If the statute did not apply to insurers, it “would

produce an anomalous consequence, whereby the insurer conceivably would pay benefits

to the employee without receiving premiums from the employer. For the same reason, the

effect of such an interpretation on self-insured employers . . . would differ from that on

employers who are not self-insured.” Id.

       The Court of Appeals, relying on Nooe as persuasive authority, held that the offset

was not limited to cases where the injury resulted in death.

              Our holding recognizes that workmen’s compensation is one facet of
       an overall system of wage-loss protection, and that the underlying principle
       of the system is to restore to the worker a portion of wages lost by physical
       disability, unemployment, or old age. It follows that although two or more
       causes of wage loss may coincide, the benefits need not cumulate, for the
       worker experiences but one wage loss.

Id. at 363. Finally, the Court of Appeals rejected Mr. Mazor’s constitutional challenges to

the statute. Id. at 364–70. We note that Mr. Mazor apparently conceded that, unless he

prevailed on one of the above statutory interpretation arguments, § 33 would apply and

completely offset his workers’ compensation award against his service-connected

disability pension. Id. at 360.

                                  Frank v. Baltimore County

       In Frank v. Balt. Cty., 284 Md. 655 (1979), the Court of Appeals considered whether

the § 33 offset applied to contributory pension plans, and held that “a pension received

                                             9
under such a plan is a ‘benefit provided by the employer,’” and thus subject to offset. Id.

at 657. In reaching that conclusion, the Court considered the legislative intent:

              Upon reading section 33 the scheme that unmistakably emerges is that
       the General Assembly wished to provide only a single recovery for a single
       injury for government employees covered by both a pension plan and
       workmen’s compensation. Consequently, this section not only provides that
       when disability pension benefits exceed workmen’s compensation the latter
       shall be completely eliminated, but also directs that when pension benefits
       happen to be less than workmen’s compensation, the employer is required to
       furnish additional benefits which, when added to it, will equal the
       compensation award.

Id. at 659. The Court then noted that this construction of the statute “is also consistent with

the generally recognized policy underlying all wage-loss legislation,” which is “‘to restore

to the worker a portion’” of lost wages. Id. (quoting 4 A. Larson, The Law of Workmen’s

Compensation § 97.10 (1979)). The Court further quoted Larson, stating that, where

employees experience multiple causes of wage loss, they nonetheless “experienc[e] only

one wage loss and, in any logical system, should receive only one wage-loss benefit.” Id.

Similar to Mazor, because Mr. Frank’s service-connected disability pension benefits

exceeded the workers’ compensation award, he apparently conceded that § 33 would fully

discharge the employer’s liability to pay the workers’ compensation award in the event the

court rejected his argument that the offset did not apply to contributory pension plans.

                                  Tsottles v. Baltimore City

       Tsottles v. Balt. City, 55 Md. App. 58 (1983), was the first case involving service-

connected disability retirement benefits in the context of two separate work-related injuries

from the same employment. Mr. Tsottles sustained two injuries while working as a teacher

for the Baltimore City Department of Education—one in 1966 and the other in 1979. Id.

                                              10
at 59. “The combined effect of these accidents resulted in his being retired under the State

of Maryland Retirement System” on April 1, 1980, receiving $1,247.48 monthly.6 Id. Mr.

Tsottles then applied for workers’ compensation benefits related to his injuries. “On 17

February 1981, the Workmen’s Compensation Commission found [Mr. Tsottles] to have a

sixty percent permanent partial disability, thirty percent of which was attributable to the

1979 accidental injury and thirty percent of which was attributable to the 1966 accidental

injury.” Id. at 60. The Commission ordered the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore to

pay Mr. Tsottles $74.00 per week in permanent partial disability benefits, and ordered the

Subsequent Injury Fund to make payments at the same rate after the City’s obligation

ended. Id. On judicial review, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City granted summary

judgment in favor of the employer and Subsequent Injury Fund on the basis that “the

pension benefits exceeded the compensation benefits.” Id.

       Mr. Tsottles appealed to this Court, arguing that the offset did not apply because the

benefits were being paid by two different government entities: the State of Maryland paid

his pension, while the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore paid his workers’

compensation benefits. Id. at 61. To determine whether the offset applied, we looked to

Dennison v. Head Constr. Co., 54 Md. App. 310 (1983).

       6
         The Tsottles opinion does not explicitly characterize Mr. Tsottles’s retirement as
a service-connected disability retirement, but because the “accidents resulted in his being
retired,” 55 Md. App. at 59, we infer that he was granted a service-connected disability
retirement.

                                             11
       Dennison involved an employee who was injured in 1965 while working for an

employer in Maryland, for which he was awarded permanent partial disability Maryland

workers’ compensation benefits. Dennison, 54 Md. App. at 311. He was injured again in

1976 while working for an employer in the District of Columbia, for which he was awarded

permanent total disability federal workers’ compensation benefits. Id. at 312. Both injuries

affected his lower back. Id. The Tsottles Court, referring to Dennison, stated:

       This Court held that, where the loss of wage earnings capacity is predicated
       upon the same anatomical disability, a claimant is precluded from the
       payment of double compensation for the same loss of wage earning capacity
       even when payments would be made by two separate jurisdictions. The
       decision was based on the common proposition running through workmen’s
       compensation cases:

              . . . Maryland law does not permit double recovery for the same
              loss of wage earning capacity even if the claim involves two
              separate employers and two separate injuries.

Tsottles, 55 Md. App. at 62 (alteration in original) (quoting Dennison, 54 Md. App. at 319).

Although Dennison involved two workers’ compensation awards from different

jurisdictions rather than a service-connected disability retirement, the Court notably held

that the employee’s award of “maximum benefits from the District of Columbia employer”

as a result of permanent total disability precluded an award of additional workers’

compensation benefits from his Maryland employer. Dennison, 54 Md. App. at 317, 19.

       In Tsottles, we quoted Larson’s Workmen’s Compensation Law:              “Once it is

recognized that workmen’s compensation is one unit in an overall system of wage-loss

protection, . . . the conclusion follows that duplication of benefits from different parts of

the system should not ordinarily be allowed.” Tsottles, 55 Md. App. at 62 (quoting Larson,

                                             12
supra, § 97.00). We concluded that § 33 “gives expression to an overall systems approach

to wage-loss compensation in the public sector by coordinating the various government

benefits such that one wage-loss benefit is paid for one wage loss,” and held that § 33

applied even where the benefits were provided by different governmental employers. Id.

at 63. Accordingly, we held that the employer’s and Subsequent Injury Fund’s liability for

workers’ compensation benefits resulting from the two injuries in 1966 and 1979 from the

same employment was extinguished by the disability pension benefits.

                               Fikar v. Montgomery County

       On August 15, 1989, Ms. Fikar was injured while working as a correctional officer

for the Montgomery County Department of Corrections. Fikar v. Montgomery Cty., 333

Md. 430, 431–32 (1994). She received temporary total disability benefits from August 15,

1989 through March 1991. Id. at 432. In March 1991, Ms. Fikar began receiving

vocational rehabilitation benefits. Id. These benefits consisted of “$350.00 per week plus

medical bills and $.25 per mile for mileage for medical appointments.” Id. at 433. Because

she was unable to return to work as a result of the workplace injury, she obtained a service-

connected disability retirement benefit and started collecting benefits on August 2, 1991.

Id. at 432. The Commission held that the § 33 offset did not apply to vocational

rehabilitation benefits, but the circuit court reversed. Id. at 433. Ms. Fikar appealed the

circuit court’s decision, and the Court of Appeals issued a writ of certiorari prior to this

Court’s consideration of the appeal. Id. Although Ms. Fikar conceded on appeal that her

disability retirement benefits “would trigger an offset of any future disability payments she

may receive under the workers’ compensation scheme, as both categories of benefits are

                                             13
intended to compensate her for her loss of earning capacity,” she argued that vocational

rehabilitation benefits were not “similar” to disability retirement benefits. Id. at 436.

       Following its reasoning in Newman v. Subsequent Injury Fund, 311 Md. 721 (1988),

the Court of Appeals held that the offset applied to the cash payment portion of the

vocational rehabilitation benefit award. Fikar, 333 Md. at 435–39. The Court related the

holding of Newman to other cases:

       Thus, while ordinary retirement benefits may not trigger the offset, it is well
       settled that disability pension benefits are “similar” to workers’
       compensation payments and will trigger the offset, even if the disability
       pension benefits result from a contributory pension plan, Frank v. Baltimore
       County, 284 Md. at 660, and even when the workers’ compensation benefits
       and the disability retirement benefits are not traceable to the same
       governmental employer. Tsottles v. City of Baltimore, 55 Md. App. 58, 63
       (1983).

Fikar, 333 Md. at 436 (emphasis added). Noting that vocational rehabilitation benefits

may include different types of benefits, the Court separately analyzed each aspect of Ms.

Fikar’s award. Id. at 437–38. The Court held that the non-cash vocational rehabilitation

services such as counseling and job placement were not similar to her disability retirement

benefits and thus did not trigger the offset provision. Id. at 439. However, the Court held

that the cash payment portion of the vocational rehabilitation benefits was “quite similar to

disability retirement benefits,” and thus subject to the offset, analogizing the payments to

temporary total disability benefits. Id. at 438. Indeed, the portion of the statute allowing

for cash payments as a part of vocational rehabilitation provided: “An employee receiving

vocational rehabilitation services is entitled to compensation as if temporarily totally

disabled.” Id. at 437 (quoting Art. 101, § 36(8)(e) (1989)). The Court also looked to the

                                             14
purpose of the cash payments, noting that the payments “arise[] from an injury which

occurred in the course of employment,” and are “intended to be a partial substitute wage

while the beneficiary is recovering or retraining.” Id. at 438. The Court concluded, “As

such, the cash payment is subject to the same offset that would apply if a beneficiary was

receiving temporary total disability payments. The plain language of the statute is such

that we can reach no other conclusion.” Id.

       Lastly, the Court noted that, if the offset did not apply, Ms. Fikar would receive

“payments equal to four-thirds of her prior salary”—two-thirds from her service-connected

disability retirement and two-thirds resulting from the workers’ compensation award for

vocational rehabilitation payments. Id. at 438–39, n.5. The Court “[did] not believe that

the Legislature intended to allow such a windfall.” Id. at 439 n.5.

                 Board of Education of Prince George’s County v. Brady

       The most recent case concerning LE § 9-610 in the context of service-connected

disability retirement benefits is Bd. of Educ. of Prince George’s Cty. v. Brady, 228 Md.

App. 545 (2016). On April 8, 2011, Mr. Brady was injured while working as a mechanic

for the Board of Education of Prince George’s County. Id. at 546–47. After several

treatments, he was unable to return to work. Id. at 547. Mr. Brady received ninety days of

paid leave as guaranteed by his union’s contract with the Board of Education, ending

February 14, 2012. Id. After the expiration of the ninety-day period, Mr. Brady elected to

use his accrued sick leave in order to retain his full wages and benefits, in lieu of seeking

temporary total disability benefits under the Maryland Workers’ Compensation Act. Id. at

547–48. After he depleted his accrued sick leave, Mr. Brady applied for and began

                                              15
receiving $865.65 per week in service-connected disability retirement benefits

commencing on July 1, 2013. Id. at 548. He then filed a workers’ compensation claim for

permanent partial disability.

       The Commission granted permanent partial disability benefits of $705 per week for

a period of 333 weeks beginning February 15, 2012 (the day after his ninety-day union

contract paid leave ended). Id. However, the Commission found that the benefits were

subject to a complete offset under LE § 9-610 based on the sick leave payments between

February 15, 2012 and July 1, 2013 (the “gap period”). Id. Mr. Brady sought judicial

review, and the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County reversed the Commission’s offset

order. Id. at 549–50. The Board of Education appealed that decision.

       The sole issue on appeal was whether the Board of Education was entitled to an

offset of the sick leave money paid to Mr. Brady against workers’ compensation benefits

ordered for the same gap period. Id. at 552. This Court first noted that “the meaning of

the word ‘benefit’ and the application of ‘similar benefits’ has been applied broadly,” id.

at 553 (citing Garrett v. Bd. of Educ. for Prince George’s Cty., 94 Md. App. 169, 179

(1992)), and “[t]he question of whether the second payment was in the nature of the first is

important to the analysis, but is not the sole point of examination as we are guided also by

[a] sense of justice,” id. at 554.

       We then compared the facts to Blevins v. Balt. Cty., 352 Md. 620 (1999), which

concerned “whether the set-off applies to workers’ compensation benefits awarded after a

county employee retired and began receiving disability retirement benefits pursuant to the

county’s employee retirement plan but for a period preceding the effective date of the

                                            16
employee’s retirement.” Brady, 228 Md. App. at 554–55 (emphasis removed) (quoting

Blevins, 352 Md. at 623). In that case, Mr. Blevins suffered a work-related injury, but

continued to work for some time until he was approved for service-connected disability

retirement. After he retired, he applied for and was awarded permanent partial disability

benefits, based on those same injuries, for the period of time prior to his retirement. Id. at

555 (citing Blevins, 352 Md. at 623–24). The Court of Appeals held that the offset did not

apply because “[t]he workers’ compensation benefits were awarded for a weekly period

prior to his retirement, when he was not receiving and was not entitled to receive any

offsetting retirement benefits.” Id. at 556 (quoting Blevins at 627).

       Concluding that sick leave is “of the same nature” as temporary total disability

benefits, we held in Brady that the offset applied. Id. at 556, n.5. We specifically held that

the sick leave benefits paid by the Board of Education between February 15, 2012, and

July 1, 2013, offset the permanent partial disability workers’ compensation award

applicable to that same period (February 15, 2012, to July 1, 2013). Id. at 546, 558–59.

We concluded that, because Mr. Brady’s sick leave paid him his full wages, it “exceeded

what he would have received under any workers’ compensation award. To refuse the

Board of Education an offset of these funds would go against the Legislature’s intent that

an injured employee is entitled to a single recovery for a single injury.” Id. at 559.

       Notably for purposes of the present case, Mr. Brady “conceded that permanent

partial benefits were not payable after” the date of his retirement (July 1, 2013), under

§ 9-610. Id. at 557 n.7. The Court agreed:

                                             17
              Once Brady retired on 1 July 2013, he began to receive his accidental
       disability retirement. Disability pensions and workers’ compensation
       benefits are considered to be similar benefits under L&E § 9–610. See
       Newman v. Subsequent Injury Fund, 311 Md. 721, 728 (1988) (applying
       § 33(c)); see also Oros v. City of Baltimore, 56 Md. App. 685, 692 (1983)
       (explaining that “by reason of [the] disability retirement election[,] the
       disability compensation benefit is “similar” in every sense to that of a
       disability pension [and t]he election to retire mooted whatever lost earning
       capacity purpose the compensation benefit may originally have
       contemplated”).

Id. (alterations in original) (emphasis added). In other words, because Mr. Brady’s

accidental disability retirement benefits that he started receiving on July 1, 2013, exceeded

his permanent partial disability workers’ compensation benefits, the offset applied and the

Board of Education’s liability for worker’s compensation benefits after July 1, 2013, was

extinguished.

       Although the service-connected disability retirement cases discussed above do not

address the precise issue in the instant case, these cases demonstrate that our appellate

courts have applied the LE § 9-610 offset in a variety of contexts. It is also apparent that

the parties in these cases and the courts agreed that the LE § 9-610 offset applies where a

single work-related injury provides the basis for both the service-connected disability

retirement and permanent total or permanent partial workers’ compensation benefits, i.e.,

a service-connected disability retirement benefit is “similar” to a permanent disability

award under workers’ compensation law. Moreover, Tsottles held that the combination of

two work-related injuries—one occurring in 1966 and the other in 1979—that resulted in

60% permanent disability benefits under workers’ compensation were fully offset by the

employee’s disability retirement benefits. 55 Md. App. at 60, 63–64. The opinion is

                                             18
unclear whether Mr. Tsottles’s injuries were to the same anatomical part; if they were, that

fact would distinguish Tsottles from the case at bar. In any event, the service-connected

disability retirement cases discussed above do not squarely address whether the offset

applies where the employee receives a service-connected total disability retirement for one

injury (here, Mr. Spevak’s back injury) and then is awarded permanent partial workers’

compensation benefits for a separate injury (here, Mr. Spevak’s permanent partial disability

resulting from occupational hearing loss). We now turn to Reger, which forms the

foundation for Mr. Spevak’s appellate argument.

   B. REGER V. WASHINGTON COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION: AN ORDINARY DISABILITY
      RETIREMENT CASE

       Mr. Reger worked as a custodian for the Washington County Board of Education

and injured his back and neck at work while moving a cafeteria table. 455 Md. at 77.

Because of his injuries, he was unable to perform his regular custodial work. Id. Mr. Reger

was granted temporary total disability benefits by the Workers’ Compensation

Commission. Id. Additionally, Mr. Reger sought accidental disability retirement benefits

through the State Retirement Agency.7 Id. at 82. The State Retirement Agency denied

accidental disability retirement but approved ordinary disability retirement benefits based

on his back injury. Id. at 82–83. In response to the Board of Education’s request to apply

the LE § 9-610(a) offset, the Commission found that “during all three periods in which Mr.

Reger received temporary total disability benefits, he also received ordinary disability

       7
        The State’s accidental disability retirement is equivalent to Montgomery County’s
service-connected disability retirement.

                                            19
retirement benefits.” Id. at 88. Thus, the Commission ruled that the LE § 9-610(a) offset

applied, and found that the employer was entitled to a credit of $62,808.68 (representing

ordinary disability retirement benefits paid while Reger was also receiving temporary total

disability benefits), which the employer could apply against future workers’ compensation

awards. Id.

       Mr. Reger challenged the offset on judicial review to the Circuit Court for

Washington County, arguing that the ordinary disability retirement benefits were based

solely on a pre-existing back condition, which was exacerbated by the work injury. Id. at

89–90. The circuit court and the Court of Special Appeals affirmed the Commission’s

determination that the offset applied. Id. at 91–92. Both courts emphasized that the same

evidence was presented before both the Commission and the State Retirement Agency. Id.

Additionally, both courts relied on Reynolds v. Bd. of Educ. of Prince George’s Cty., 127

Md. App. 648 (1999), concluding that “both sets of benefits were awarded for wages lost,”

and noted that “Mr. Reger submitted both of his claims based on the same medical

condition and physical incapacity.” Reger, 455 Md. at 91–92.

       The Court of Appeals affirmed, but expressly rejected the “wage loss” theory,

instead relying on a “same injury” theory derived from a number of appellate decisions

interpreting LE § 9-610 (and its statutory predecessors). The Court of Appeals, relying

substantially on its decision in Blevins, provided a thorough review of the legislative

history of LE § 9-610(a) and cases interpreting it, concluding:

               We distill the following three principles from the above-described
       legislative history of LE § 9–610, and the cases that have applied and
       clarified the statutory offset provision. First, the overall legislative intent

                                             20
      behind the offset provision now contained in LE § 9-610 was “that the
      General Assembly wished to provide only a single recovery for a single
      injury for government employees covered by both a pension plan and
      [workers’] compensation,” and to thereby prevent employees from receiving
      a double recovery for the same injury. Fikar, 333 Md. at 435 (quoting Frank,
      284 Md. at 659).

             Second, as clarified in Newman, the specific language in the statute
      that “payment of the benefit by the employer satisfies, to the extent of the
      payment, the liability of the employer . . . for payment of similar benefits
      under this title” reflects a legislative intent that the offset apply only to
      “comparable” benefits, which are “benefits accruing by reason of the same
      injury.” 311 Md. at 727 (emphasis added). See also Fikar, 333 Md. at 439
      (holding that the statutory offset applied because cash payments the
      petitioner was paid as part of her vocational rehabilitation benefits were
      awarded “because of the same injuries sustained in the same accident which
      occurred in the course of her employment” that was also the basis for her
      disability pension benefits); Polomski [v. Mayor & City Council of Balt., 344
      Md. 70, 81 (1996)] (holding that “similar benefits for the same injury trigger
      the offset provision of Art. 101, § 33(d) [later recodified at LE § 9–610]”
      whereas “[d]issimilar benefits [] render the offset provision inapplicable”);
      Blevins, 352 Md. at 642 (noting that pursuant to our holding in Newman, “the
      only benefits that a county was entitled to set off against a workers’
      compensation award were those that were similar to the compensation
      benefits—those which, if not set off, would permit a double recovery for the
      same injury”). When benefits are not traceable to the same injury, they are
      dissimilar, and the statutory offset does not apply. Newman, 311 Md. at 728.

             Third, although early cases discussing the statutory offset provision
      suggested it should apply to offset workers’ compensation benefits against
      any other benefit that compensates the employee for wage loss, this Court
      explicitly rejected that rationale in Newman, emphasizing that “our statute
      focuses only on dual recoveries for a single on-the-job injury” and “does not
      encompass setoffs for every type of wage-loss benefit available.” Id. at 727.

Reger, 455 Md. at 116–17 (alterations in original).

      Mr. Reger argued that, as a matter of law, ordinary disability retirement benefits

could never be offset by workers’ compensation benefits under LE § 9-610. He reasoned

that “because ordinary disability benefits ‘do not compensate for work-related injuries,’

                                            21
those benefits are therefore not a ‘similar benefit’ to workers’ compensation benefits.” Id.

at 118. We note that Mr. Reger conceded that service-connected disability retirement

benefits, because they are awarded as a result of workplace injuries, are “perfectly

analogous to workers’ compensation benefits.” Id.

       Addressing Mr. Reger’s argument, the Court relied on Newman, stating:

       the “purpose” for which ordinary disability benefits are awarded—whether
       to compensate for lost wages, or for loss of future earning capacity, or for
       some other purpose—is entirely irrelevant to our analysis of whether the
       statutory offset in LE § 9–610 can apply to offset those benefits against a
       workers’ compensation award. Instead, the only relevant inquiry is whether
       ordinary disability benefits can, as a matter of law, be “similar” to workers’
       compensation benefits—meaning that the two sets of benefits were awarded
       as a recovery for the same injury or, in other words, stemmed from the same
       cause.

Reger, 455 Md. at 118.

       Crucial to the Court’s decision was the difference in the statutory requirements to

prove entitlement to temporary total disability benefits under workers’ compensation law

as opposed to benefits awarded for an ordinary disability retirement. Temporary total

disability benefits can be awarded only as a result of a work-related injury or occupational

disease; “ordinary disability [retirement] benefits may be awarded for any mental or

physical injury that renders the employee unable to perform the normal duties of his

position.” Id. at 120–21. Because ordinary disability retirement benefits may or may not

be predicated on a work-related injury, the Court held that “if the record reflects that the

cause of the incapacity for which ordinary disability retirement benefits were awarded was

the same workplace accidental injury or occupational disease that was the basis for a

workers’ compensation award, the two sets of benefits are ‘similar’” for the purposes of

                                            22
the LE § 9-610 offset. Id. at 121. In short, the Court held that when faced with determining

whether ordinary disability retirement and workers’ compensation benefits are similar, one

must examine the record evidence undergirding both claims.

       Further, the Court rejected Mr. Reger’s argument that the State Retirement

Agency’s denial of his accidental disability retirement meant that his back and neck injuries

were caused by preexisting, non-work-related conditions. Although that was a plausible

interpretation of the State Retirement Agency’s decision, it was equally plausible that Mr.

Reger did not satisfy the more stringent burden of proof required for an accidental disability

retirement. Id. at 124. The Court noted that “the State Retirement Agency applies a

different legal standard when making disability benefit determinations than the WCC

applies when deciding whether to award temporary total disability benefits.” Id. at 125.

The Court concluded,

       Thus, a claimant seeking accidental disability retirement benefits who also
       suffers from preexisting conditions must show that his injury and resultant
       incapacity were caused by the work accident, as opposed to . . . the natural
       degeneration or progression of the preexisting condition.

             In contrast, temporary total disability benefits are to be awarded
       “without regard to pre-existing disease or infirmity.”

                                             ***

       Consequently, when evaluating the same set of facts, the State Retirement
       Agency may well determine that it was the natural progression or degeneration
       of the preexisting condition, and not the accident, that was the natural and
       proximate cause of the injury, and grant the employee ordinary disability
       benefits instead of accidental disability benefits. Critically, in such a situation,
       although the WCC and State Retirement Agency may reach different
       conclusions as to the cause of the employee’s injury—because each agency
       applies a different legal standard—both sets of benefits would be awarded for
       the same overall injury.

                                              23
Id. at 126–27 (citations removed).

       The Reger Court then considered Reynolds, 127 Md. App. 648, involving a bus

driver who “was awarded permanent partial disability benefits ‘as the result of a work-

related occupational disease resulting from exposure to diesel fuel.’” Reger, 455 Md. at

127 (quoting Reynolds, 127 Md. App. at 650–51). Ms. Reynolds was denied accidental

disability retirement benefits, but was awarded ordinary disability retirement benefits

“based on a finding of chronic asthma with an allergic reaction to fuel and diesel fumes.”8

Id. (quoting Reynolds, 127 Md. App. at 651). On appeal, this Court held that Ms.

Reynolds’s workers’ compensation benefits were offset by the retirement benefits because

the two were similar. Id. at 128 (citing Reynolds, 127 Md. App. at 655). Reynolds based

its holding on two rationales: (1) the offset should apply because “the same physical

incapacity on the part of [Ms. Reynolds] formed the basis for the workers’ compensation

award and for the ordinary disability retirement award,” and (2) “[t]he ordinary disability

retirement benefit is tantamount to a wage loss benefit,’ and therefore is ‘similar to a

workers’ compensation award.” Id. at 128–29 (second alteration in original) (quoting

Reynolds, 127 Md. App. at 655).

       The Reger Court agreed with the first rationale but disagreed with the second. Id.

at 129–30. In rejecting the “wage loss” theory, Reger cited to Newman’s statement that

the offset “‘focuses only on dual recoveries for a single on-the-job injury’ and ‘does not

       8
         At the time of the Reynolds decision, the State Retirement and Pension System
did not award accidental disability retirement benefits for occupational diseases. Id. at 128.

                                             24
encompass setoffs for every type of wage-loss benefit available.’” Id. at 130 (quoting

Newman, 311 Md. at 727). The Court noted that an employee who receives ordinary

disability retirement is not precluded from working in the future.

       Thus, an employee could hypothetically retire from a governmental
       employer on ordinary disability benefits for one incapacity, return to the
       workforce in a new position, and later incur a separate and distinct injury, for
       which he receives temporary total disability benefits from his new employer.
       In that event, he would be receiving two wage-loss benefits, but for different
       injuries, and the benefits should not be offset merely because both benefits
       are designed to compensate him for lost wages.

Id. at 130–31.

       The Court of Appeals held that (1) “the legislative intent behind the overall offset

provision . . . is to prevent [employees subject to LE § 9-610] from receiving a double

recovery for the same injury,” (2) the legislative intent behind the “similar benefit”

language “was that the offset apply only to ‘comparable’ benefits, which are ‘benefits

accruing by reason of the same injury,’” and (3) “ordinary disability benefits can be legally

similar to workers’ compensation benefits, if the record reflects that the cause of the

incapacity for which ordinary disability benefits were awarded was the same workplace

accidental injury or occupational disease that was the basis for the workers’ compensation

benefits.” Id. at 135–36 (quoting Newman, 311 Md. at 727). The Court concluded that,

because Mr. Reger’s ordinary disability retirement benefits and temporary total disability

workers’ compensation award were based on the same injury, the benefits were “similar,”

and the LE § 9-610 offset applied.

       In our view, Reger must be read in the context of the facts and issues presented

there—whether ordinary disability retirement benefits may be offset by workers’

                                             25
compensation benefits. Because ordinary disability retirement can be based on a work

injury, a non-work-related injury, or a combination of both, the Court compared the

evidence that supported Mr. Reger’s ordinary disability retirement claim with the evidence

supporting his workers’ compensation claim.9 Because the same injury evidence was used

to support both claims, the Court held that the offset applied. Thus, Reger’s holding is in

perfect accord with all of the service-connected disability retirement offset cases previously

discussed—because Mr. Reger’s ordinary disability retirement benefits were work-related,

the offset principles uniformly adopted in the service-connected disability retirement cases

applied to Mr. Reger. In other words, to determine whether the offset applies to an ordinary

disability retirement, the tribunal needs to determine whether the ordinary disability

retirement was awarded based on the same service-connected injury.

   C. MR. SPEVAK’S SERVICE-CONNECTED TOTAL DISABILITY RETIREMENT BENEFITS
      ARE “SIMILAR” TO ANY WORKERS’ COMPENSATION AWARD FOR PERMANENT
      TOTAL OR PARTIAL DISABILITY

       We regard our extensive review of the caselaw construing the LE § 9-610 offset as

beneficial to understanding practical applications of the statute’s offset provision. But the

parties acknowledge that the extant caselaw does not address the precise issue presented in

the case at bar, which involves a service-connected total disability retirement awarded in

       9
         The County argues that, instead of Reger, we should look to Zakwieia v. Balt. Cty.
Bd. of Educ., 231 Md. App. 644 (2017). However, not only does Zakwieia also concern
ordinary disability retirement, it relies entirely upon the portion of Reynolds that Reger
rejected. Reger, 455 Md. at 129–30, n.28.

                                             26
2010 based on Mr. Spevak’s back injury, and a subsequently-developed occupational

disease that resulted in a permanent partial disability award for hearing loss in 2017.

       Before we proceed, we must take a step back to understand the nature and legal

effect of Mr. Spevak’s service-connected total disability retirement. Section 33-43 of the

Montgomery County Code governs “disability retirement” for County employees. Section

33-43(f)(1)(A) provides:

           (1) A member may be retired on a service-connected disability
               retirement if:
             (A) the member is totally or partially incapacitated as the natural and
                proximate result of an accident occurring, or an occupational
                disease incurred or condition aggravated while in the actual
                performance of duty[.]

       Section 33-43(b) defines “partial incapacity” and “total incapacity” as follows:

            Partial incapacity means a member’s inability to perform one or more
       essential functions of the position the member holds because of impairment
       that:

           (1) is unlikely to resolve in the next 12 months;

           (2) may be permanent; and

           (3) does not prevent the member from performing any other substantial
              gainful activity.

           Total incapacity means the member’s inability to perform substantial
       gainful activity because of an impairment that;

           (1) is unlikely to resolve in the next 12 months; and

           (2) may be permanent.

Accordingly, the principal definitional difference between partial and total incapacity in

the Montgomery County Code is that partial incapacity “does not prevent the member from

                                             27
performing any other substantial gainful activity.”10

       The parties agree that Mr. Spevak was awarded a “total incapacity” service-

connected disability retirement, pursuant to which he receives, tax-free, approximately

70% of his final earnings.11, 12 The County points out that, because Mr. Spevak is retired

on a “total incapacity service-connected disability retirement” for which he receives 70%

of his final earnings, it would make no difference whether he was totally disabled due to

1) his back injury, 2) his occupational hearing loss, or 3) a combination of both his back

injury and hearing loss. Indeed, the County posits that in light of Mr. Spevak’s receipt of

“total incapacity” disability retirement benefits, it makes no difference “whether he has one

or twelve work related conditions”—the 70% of final earnings payment remains unchanged

and encompasses all work-related injuries. Similarly, the County points out that an

       10
          “Substantial gainful activity” is defined under section 33-43(b) as “a level of
productive work that requires significant physical or mental duties, or a combination of
both, performed for pay or profit on a full-time or part-time basis. An individual is able to
perform a substantial level of work if the individual is able to earn more than the U.S.
Social Security Administration’s current monthly earnings limit for a disabled person. The
County must give the term substantial gainful activity the same meaning as the term is
given by the U.S. Social Security Administration.”
       11
          Pursuant to Section 33-43(i)(1), “The County must pay a member who retires on
service-connected disability retirement with total incapacity an annual pension calculated
under Section 33-42(b)(1) [“Amount of pension at normal retirement date”], except that:
(A) the County must substitute final earnings for average final earnings; and (B) the
pension must be at least 70% of the member’s final earnings.” In circumstances not present
in this case, an award of service-connected disability retirement for total incapacity may
be reduced. See § 33-43(j).
       12
          Pursuant to Section 33-43(i)(4), “a member who retires with partial incapacity on
a service-connected disability retirement” receives “at least 52 ½ %” of the member’s final
earnings.

                                             28
employee who is permanently totally disabled under the Workers’ Compensation Act may

receive two-thirds of the employee’s average weekly wage,13 not to exceed the “State

average weekly wage” as set forth in LE § 9-603.14           Thus, an employee deemed

permanently and totally disabled under workers’ compensation cannot receive more than

the “State average weekly wage.” In 2017, the year Mr. Spevak received his workers’

compensation award, the “State average weekly wage” was $1,052.              Md. Workers’

Compensation Rates, Md. Workers’ Compensation Commission, wcc.state.md.us/

Adjud_Claims/Comp_Rates.html (last visited July 13, 2021). In the County’s view,

      13
           LE § 9-637(a) provides:

           (a) Amount of payment. — (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of
      this subsection, if a covered employee has a permanent total disability
      resulting from an accidental personal injury or an occupational disease, the
      employer or its insurer shall pay the covered employee compensation that
      equals two-thirds of the average weekly wage of the covered employee, but
      may not:
              (i) exceed the State average weekly wage; or
              (ii) be less than $25.
           (2) If the average weekly wage of the covered employee is less than $25
      at the time of the accidental personal injury or last injurious exposure to the
      hazards of the occupational disease, the employer or its insurer shall pay the
      covered employee weekly compensation that equals the average weekly
      wage of the covered employee.
           (3) Payments under paragraph (1) or (2) of this subsection may not
      exceed a total of $45,000.
      14
           LE § 9-603 provides:

        On or before December 15 of each year, the Maryland Department of
      Labor shall:
         (1) determine the State average weekly wage as of July 1 of that year; and
         (2) report the State average weekly wage to the Commission.

                                            29
because Mr. Spevak receives $1,859.07 per week in service-connected total disability

retirement benefits—an amount that exceeds the maximum workers’ compensation award

that Mr. Spevak could receive for permanent total disability—any workers’ compensation

award in this case is fully offset by Mr. Spevak’s retirement benefits. Thus, the County

asserts that the workers’ compensation award here for permanent partial disability (21%

occupational hearing loss) amounting to $322 per week is, as a matter of law, offset by Mr.

Spevak’s total disability retirement payments.

       As previously noted, Mr. Spevak relies on Reger’s language that the reference in

LE § 9-610 to “similar benefits” “reflects a legislative intent that the offset apply only to

‘comparable’ benefits, which are ‘benefits accruing by reason of the same injury.’” 455

Md. at 117. Because his back injury and occupational hearing loss resulted in two distinct

workers’ compensation awards, he invokes Reger’s language that the benefits are

“dissimilar, and the statutory offset does not apply.” Id.15

       15
          Mr. Spevak also argues that the Legislature demonstrated the ability to limit
benefits in LE § 9-503(e), which applies to certain occupational diseases: “benefits
received under this title shall be adjusted so that the weekly total of those benefits and
retirement benefits does not exceed the weekly salary that was paid.” Polomski v. Mayor
& City Council of Balt., 344 Md. 70, 82 (1996), held that LE § 9-610 and LE § 9-503 and
their predecessors “say different things” and therefore “mean different things.” The offset
provisions in LE § 9-610(a) and LE § 9-503(e) were both established in 1971. That the
Legislature has recodified and repeatedly amended both statutes since then, but has not
substantially altered either offset provision after fifty years implies that it is satisfied with
the Courts’ interpretations. See Plein v. Dept. of Labor, 369 Md. 421, 433 (2002) (“[T]he
Legislature has shown itself quite capable, and willing, to act decisively and swiftly when
the Court does not accurately discern its intent or when it believes the Court has gotten it
wrong.”); Giffin v. Crane, 351 Md. 133, 154 (1998) (“[T]he Legislature is presumed to be
aware of decisions of the Court of Appeals, . . . and the Legislature’s inaction or action to
effect a statutory change must be considered in that light.”). In light of the substantial
                                                                                     (continued)
                                               30
       Although we cannot know for certain, we doubt that the Reger Court intended that

its language be broadly applied across the workers’ compensation milieu. What our

research has taught us is that this legal arena of disability retirement benefits and workers’

compensation disability is exceedingly complex, and the decisions are typically fact-

specific. Reger is distinguishable from the instant case in several ways. First, Reger, like

most of the other cases we have discussed, is a single injury case—Mr. Reger injured

himself at work while moving a cafeteria table. The present case, however, involves two

separate work injuries—Mr. Spevak’s back injury and his occupational hearing loss.

Second, because Mr. Reger was awarded an ordinary disability retirement rather than a

service-connected disability retirement, the Reger Court was required to examine the

evidence that supported his ordinary disability retirement award to determine whether that

award was based on a work injury. Indeed, the Reger Court stated that “the only relevant

inquiry” there was “whether ordinary disability benefits can, as a matter of law be ‘similar’

to workers’ compensation benefits[.]” Id. at 118. No such analysis is required in this case

because Mr. Spevak’s service-connected disability retirement and two workers’

compensation injuries are all work-related.     Thus, we reject Mr. Spevak’s assertion that

Reger is controlling.

caselaw construing the “similar benefits” language of LE § 9-610 over the past fifty years,
and the understanding that the General Assembly is aware of such interpretations, we
conclude that LE § 9-503(e)’s language that limits the employee’s recovery to his or her
“weekly salary”—a “wage loss” limitation expressly disavowed by Reger—does not
inform our interpretation of LE § 9-610.

                                              31
       Instead, we hold that a service-connected total disability retirement and a permanent

total disability award under workers’ compensation law arising from the same employment

are “similar benefits” under LE § 9-610. Both sets of benefits are “comparable” because

both are based on an employee’s service-connected permanent total disability from the

same employment. Both sets of benefits are also definitionally comparable. Section 33-

43(b) of the Montgomery County Code defines “total incapacity” as the “inability to

perform substantial gainful activity because of an impairment.”            Under workers’

compensation law, “total disability” means “incapacity to do work of any kind for which a

reasonable market exists.” Montgomery Cty. v. Buckman, 333 Md. 516, 528 (1994)

(analogizing permanent total disability under the Workers’ Compensation Act to “total

incapacity” under section 33-43 of the Montgomery County Code). Thus, under both

definitions, the employee’s disabling condition or conditions prevent him or her from

working in a reasonable employment market. Accordingly, when an employee is granted

a service-connected “total incapacity” disability retirement and a workers’ compensation

permanent total disability award, the benefits paid are the same whether the total disability

is traceable to one work-related injury or multiple work-related injuries. To that extent,

the benefits are “similar.” And because a permanent total disability award would be subject

to the offset, Mr. Spevak’s permanent partial disability workers’ compensation award is a

fortiori subject to the offset.

       We recognize that our holding represents a minor extension of Tsottles, where the

Court held that the workers’ compensation award for sixty percent permanent partial

disability caused by the combination of two separate injuries (apparently to the same

                                             32
anatomical part) was subject to an offset against the employee’s disability retirement

pension. Here, we extend that rule to apply the offset where an employee receives a

service-connected total disability retirement from one injury, but subsequently receives a

permanent partial disability workers’ compensation award from a separate injury. In our

view, such a holding is in accord with the frequently articulated legislative intent to prevent

double recovery. Indeed, in Fikar, the Court of Appeals expressly rejected Ms. Fikar’s

theory that she was entitled to receive two-thirds of her salary from her service-connected

disability retirement plus two-thirds of her salary from the functional equivalent of

temporary total disability compensation, stating, “We do not believe that the Legislature

intended to allow such a windfall.” See Fikar, 333 Md. at 439, n.5. Under Mr. Spevak’s

theory, an employee who sustains two different injuries resulting in permanent total

disability could be entitled to both the service-connected total disability retirement (in this

case, 70% of final salary) and the permanent total disability payments under workers’

compensation law (generally two-thirds of salary). In our view, that result would likewise

constitute a windfall not intended by the Legislature.16

       We therefore hold that because Mr. Spevak’s service-connected total disability

retirement compensates for any and all work-related injuries he sustained in his

       16
          To be clear, our holding is based on our view that Mr. Spevak’s service-connected
total disability retirement benefits are “similar” to workers’ compensation permanent total
(and partial) disability benefits. We expressly disavow any suggestion that the LE § 9-610
offset applies because the disability retirement benefits and workers’ compensation
disability benefits provide a similar “wage loss” benefit, a theory that was rejected in
Reger.

                                              33
employment with Montgomery County, he may not also receive a permanent partial

workers’ compensation award.

                                 JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
                                 MONTGOMERY COUNTY AFFIRMED.
                                 COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.

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