Court Opinion

ID: 5126903
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-17 20:19:52.712787+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:21:33.758632
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                              September 2021 Term                          FILED
                               _______________                        November 17, 2021
                                                                             released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                         EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                 No. 21-0266                             SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                               _______________                                OF WEST VIRGINIA

                     STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA EX REL.
                         P.G.-1, P.G.-2, and K.G., JR.,
                                   Petitioners

                                       v.

                 THE HONORABLE RONALD E. WILSON,
                   JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
                HANCOCK COUNTY, A.G., and THE WEST
                  VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
                       AND HUMAN RESOURCES,
                              Respondents
     ____________________________________________________________

                 ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS IN PROHIBITION

                               WRIT GRANTED

     ____________________________________________________________

                          Submitted: September 28, 2021
                            Filed: November 17, 2021

Amy Pigg Shafer, Esq.                       Christopher Alan Scheetz, Esq.
Shafer Law Offices                          Follansbee, West Virginia
Wheeling, West Virginia                     Counsel for Respondent A.G.
Guardian Ad Litem
                                            Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
                                            Attorney General
                                            Charleston, West Virginia
                                            Chaelyn W. Casteel, Esq.
                                            Assistant Attorney General
                                            Fairmont, West Virginia
                                       Counsel for Respondent West Virginia
                                       Department of Health and Human
                                       Resources

JUSTICE ARMSTEAD delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.     “Prohibition is available to abused and/or neglected children to

restrain courts from granting improvement periods of a greater extent and duration than

permitted under [W. Va. Code §§ 49-4-601 et seq.].” Syl. Pt. 2, in part, State ex rel. S.W.

v. Wilson, 243 W. Va. 515, 845 S.E.2d 290 (2020).

              2.     “‘In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of prohibition

for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction but only where it is claimed that the lower

tribunal exceeded its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1) whether

the party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the

desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way that is not

correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower tribunal’s order is clearly erroneous as a matter

of law; (4) whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error or manifests persistent

disregard for either procedural or substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal’s

order raises new and important problems or issues of law of first impression. These factors

are general guidelines that serve as a useful starting point for determining whether a

discretionary writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need not be

satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law,

should be given substantial weight.’ Syllabus Point 4, State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199

W. Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996).” Syl. Pt. 1, State ex rel. S.W. v. Wilson, 243 W. Va. 515,

845 S.E.2d 290 (2020).

                                               i
              3.       “A cardinal rule of statutory construction is that significance and

effect must, if possible, be given to every section, clause, word or part of the statute.” Syl.

Pt. 6, in part, Davis Mem’l Hosp. v. W. Va. State Tax Comm’r, 222 W. Va. 677, 671 S.E.2d

682 (2008).

              4.       A circuit court may not grant a post-adjudicatory improvement period

under W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(2) (eff. 2015) unless the respondent to the abuse and neglect

petition files a written motion requesting the improvement period.

              5.       West Virginia Code § 49-4-610(6) (eff. 2015) authorizes only one

extension of a post-adjudicatory improvement period.

              6.       West Virginia Code § 49-4-610(6) (eff. 2015) provides that when a

circuit court extends a post-adjudicatory improvement period, the extension must be for a

period that does not exceed three months.

              7.       “Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-[4-610(6) (eff. 2015)], before

a circuit court can grant an extension of a post-adjudicatory improvement period, the court

must first find that the respondent has substantially complied with the terms of the

improvement period; that the continuation of the improvement period would not

substantially impair the ability of the Department of Health and Human Resources to

permanently place the child; and that such extension is otherwise consistent with the best

interest of the child.” Syl. Pt. 7, in part, In re Isaiah A., 228 W. Va. 176, 718 S.E.2d 775

(2010) (per curiam).

                                              ii
Armstead, Justice:

              This original jurisdiction proceeding stems from an abuse and neglect

petition filed in the Circuit Court of Hancock County. Petitioners are three boys, P.G.-1, 1

P.G.-2, and K.G., Jr. (the “G Children”), who, by their guardian ad litem, ask the Court to

issue a writ prohibiting the circuit court from extending the improvement period of their

mother, Respondent A.G. The G Children request, in particular, a writ that either (a)

commands the circuit court to set their case for a dispositional hearing or (b) commands

the circuit court to terminate A.G.’s parental rights.

              Based on the record before us, the arguments of the parties, and the

applicable law, we find that A.G.’s improvement period was improper from the beginning

and that, even if A.G.’s improvement period had been proper, the circuit court committed

clear error in extending her improvement period. Accordingly, we grant the writ of

prohibition and remand this case to the circuit court for the limited purpose of holding an

immediate evidentiary hearing and determining an appropriate disposition.

                  I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

              A.G. is the mother of eight children, three of whom—the G Children—are

the subjects of this petition. She is married to the G Children’s father, K.G. Her other

children include H.W., J.W.-1, L.W., and J.W.-2 (the “W Children”), who live with their

              1
               In cases involving sensitive facts, we use initials to identify the parties. See
W. Va. R. App. P. 40(e); see also State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W. Va. 641, 645 n.1,
398 S.E.2d 123, 127 n.1 (1990). Additionally, because two of the G Children share the
same initials, we will refer to them as P.G.-1 and P.G.-2, respectively, throughout this
opinion.
                                             1
father, J.W.-3. 2 The eighth child, H.K.G., was born while this action was pending in circuit

court. Paternity testing revealed that J.W.-4 is her father. The W Children and H.K.G. are

not subjects of this petition.

              In November 2018, Child Protective Services (“CPS”) received a referral

accusing K.G. of domestic violence. The G Children were removed and placed in foster

care. In February 2019, DHHR filed an abuse and neglect petition. The petition accused

K.G. of domestic violence and abusing drugs and alcohol; it accused A. G. of participating

in domestic violence with K.G. and failing to protect the children. 3

              A.G. signed a written post-adjudicatory improvement plan in May 2019. 4

Though the improvement plan was filed with the circuit court, there is no indication that

A.G. ever filed a written motion seeking an improvement period. Nevertheless, the

improvement period plan provided for (a) drug screens, (b) a psychological evaluation (and

compliance with recommendations), (c) a healthy relationships class (to address the

domestic violence), (d) parent education classes, and (e) life skills classes. The plan further

required A.G. to (f) participate in supervised visits, (g) maintain suitable housing, (h)

              2
                Because two of the W Children and their father share the same initials, we
will refer to them as J.W.-1, J.W.-2, and J.W.-3, respectively, throughout this opinion.
Because H.K.G.’s father also has the same initials, we will refer to him as J.W.-4.
              3
               The petition also accused A.G. of selling “pills” with K.G. and alleged that
A.G. had a “history of referrals” in Ohio for alcohol abuse and domestic violence.
              4
                No adjudicatory order appears on the docket sheet or in the appendix record,
but an October 2020 order states that A.G. was adjudicated based on her stipulated failure
to protect the children from K.G.
                                            2
maintain employment, (i) execute releases, (j) work with DHHR to establish medical

insurance, (k) be honest with the multi-disciplinary team (“MDT”), (l) refrain from

associating with drug or alcohol abusers, and (m) comply with all services.

              In July 2019, A.G. submitted to a parental fitness examination. According

to the psychologist’s report, A.G. denied that there was “any” domestic violence in her

home, and she professed not to know why CPS came to her house. According to her, the

children “told too many stories[.]” The psychologist concluded that A.G.’s prognosis was

“poor” and that she did not “have the intellectual capacity to care for her children.” Indeed,

the psychologist opined that her “intellectual disabilities”—which included an IQ of 45—

were “not likely to improve.” Nevertheless, the psychologist recommended that A.G.

attend a domestic violence group and counseling to address her parenting deficiencies.

              The guardian ad litem submitted an extensive report in January 2020. The

report noted that the G Children were doing well and had “clearly bonded with their foster

family.” A.G., however, was not “making satisfactory progress” on her improvement plan.

She remained unemployed and without housing of her own. Her service provider wished

to terminate services due to her failure to communicate properly with the provider.

              At a status hearing in February 2020, the guardian advised that A.G. had

performed poorly from October to January but was doing better at attending life skills and

parenting classes. However, the guardian also reported that the W Children had refused

contact with A.G. after they observed K.G. leaving A.G.’s home. The guardian further

noted that A.G. had not followed through on counseling and domestic violence group

                                              3
attendance. The circuit court ordered A.G. to produce proof of attendance and to have no

contact with K.G. Though the circuit court ordered that A.G. would “continue on her post-

adjudicatory plan of improvement[,]” the court did not find that A.G. had substantially

complied with her improvement period, or that compelling circumstances were present that

rendered an extension in the children’s best interests.

              In March 2020, this Court entered the first of several administrative orders

in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The administrative orders substantially curtailed

activity at the circuit court level. 5 These orders remained in effect until May 2020.6

              The MDT convened remotely in May 2020. Notes from the meeting 7

indicate that A.G.’s progress was inconsistent. She reported that she would begin therapy

in June. Though A.G. had experienced a lapse in parenting and life skills training due to

the COVID-19 pandemic, those services were set to resume. A.G. had regularly visited

the G Children by video conference. Unfortunately, the report also indicated K.G. had

been arrested at A.G.’s residence on drug-related charges. Ultimately, the MDT reported

a “lack of positive progress” on A.G.’s improvement plan.

              5
               See Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, Administrative Order
(Mar. 16, 2020); Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, Administrative Order (Mar.
22, 2020); Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, Administrative Order (Apr. 3,
2020); Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, Administrative Order (Apr. 22, 2020).
              6
               Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, Administrative Order (May 6,
2020) (authorizing in-person hearings to resume on May 18, 2020).
              7
                By order of the Court, this report and others were made part of the appendix
record in this matter, though they were not part of the record below.
                                               4
              The day after the MDT meeting, the guardian ad litem served a written

motion to terminate A.G.’s improvement period. The motion cited A.G.’s failure to

regularly attend parenting and life skills classes and supervised visits from October 2019

to January 2020, failure to obtain suitable housing, failure to maintain consistent

employment, her failure—until May 2020—to begin therapy, and failure to refrain from

contact with K.G.

              A day later, the circuit court conducted a status hearing but did not take up

the guardian’s motion. Instead, the court instructed that a “detailed list” be prepared of

tasks for which A.G. would have to demonstrate “100% compliance” by June 30. DHHR

compiled the list and e-mailed the list to A.G.’s counsel the following day.

              The circuit court conducted a telephonic status hearing on June 30, 2020. At

the hearing, the guardian ad litem detailed A.G.’s failure to achieve full compliance with

her improvement plan.       Despite the circuit court’s previous insistence on “100%

compliance,” the circuit court did not terminate A.G.’s improvement period or set the

matter for a dispositional hearing. Instead, the Court asked to be “notified immediately” if

A.G. missed “even one” drug screen or other appointment and commanded A.G. to

continue her improvement period with “strict compliance” and no contact with K.G.

              The circuit court conducted another telephonic status hearing in July. The

guardian reported that A.G. had missed some parenting and life skills sessions, and that no

further services had occurred after July 9. When the provider explained that services had

been terminated for non-compliance, the court instructed DHHR to find another provider.

                                             5
Regarding visitation, the court was advised that A.G. continued to have no visits with the

W Children because they refused to see her. A.G. claimed that she was having telehealth

sessions with a counselor once a week, however, neither the guardian nor DHHR could

verify this claim without releases from A.G. A.G. claimed that she had applied for housing

in Ohio and that she was willing to apply for housing in West Virginia. Despite all these

indications of non-compliance, the Court refused to terminate A.G.’s improvement period,

blaming DHHR for “not following up on its obligations.” The court again advised A.G.

that “strict compliance” was expected, and she was ordered to meet DHHR in Chester,

West Virginia, every Wednesday so DHHR could transport her to her drug screen.

             An August 2020 MDT report indicated that A.G.’s attorney said he planned

to seek a guardian ad litem for her, due to her low IQ. DHHR reported that A.G. had

attended just 13 of 35 life skills sessions and just 13 of 39 parenting sessions. DHHR

planned to join the guardian ad litem’s motion to terminate A.G.’s improvement period.

There were additional reports that A.G. was having contact with K.G. Video-conference

visitation was going well, however, and the G Children still wished to be with A.G.

             Later that month, the parties appeared for a telephonic status hearing. DHHR

still lacked counseling releases. The circuit court told A.G. to provide such releases to

DHHR as soon as possible. DHHR had yet to find a new service provider. Of the three

available providers, one could not take on a new client, and the remaining two refused to

accept A.G. due to her history of non-compliance. A.G. remained unemployed and had

not been drug screened since the July status hearing. She was staying in a friend’s trailer

                                            6
in Ohio. The court advised that it did not believe a guardian for A.G. was warranted. The

circuit court noted that the guardian ad litem’s motion to terminate A.G.’s improvement

period was still pending, but rather than taking testimony, the court ordered the guardian

and A.G.’s counsel to submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law, advising

that the court would decide whether testimony was necessary after reading their

submissions. 8

                 In September 2020, the guardian ad litem and A.G.’s counsel filed proposed

findings of fact and conclusions of law. A.G.’s proposed findings blamed DHHR for

failing to provide accommodations for A.G.’s intellectual limitations and cast further blame

on the hardships related to the Covid pandemic. When the parties appeared for a status

hearing later that month, the court commented that A.G. was “trying to change” but her

record was not “good in the past.” The court further opined that A.G. would “never be in

a position to support all these children” and that the court saw “no way” to “return all these

children to” A.G. Accordingly, the court suggested a “Disposition 5” guardianship for the

W Children. The guardian ad litem advised that DHHR still had not found a service

provider and indicated that A.G. remained without stable housing. Despite the court’s

expressed pessimism, the court advised that the improvement period would “technically

continue” and that the court would rule on the guardian’s motion to terminate A.G.’s

improvement period before the next hearing.

              In September 2020, DHHR filed an amended petition regarding H.K.G.,
                 8

who was born in August 2020. The amended petition indicated that A.G. remained
homeless and continued to have contact with K.G.
                                           7
              In October 2020, the court-appointed special advocate (“CASA”) issued a

written report describing her interviews with the G Children. The older children, P.G.-1

and P.G.-2, described domestic violence in the home, and the younger child, K.G., Jr.,

acknowledged that there was at least some time when he felt “unsafe” with A.G.

Nevertheless, all three children wished to be with A.G.

              Later that month, the circuit court entered an order terminating A.G.’s

improvement period with respect to the W children and denying the motion with respect to

the G Children. According to the order, the guardian’s “obsessive concern” with A.G.’s

“failure to comply with the improvement plan is based on solid evidence[,]” and A.G.’s

“compliance has been less than satisfactory.” Though the circuit court admitted that it was

“well aware that it has greatly exceeded the amount of time an improvement period should

last,” the court editorialized that circuit judges labor under “[u]nrealistic time deadlines”

and that most parents suffer from “deficiencies that can be remedied in a reasonable amount

of time[,]” though that was ”many more months than the time limits imposed by statute

and the Rules[.]” The circuit court further opined that “[t]he statute and the rules do not

address the [c]ourt’s consideration of young children’s feelings when termination of

parental rights has to be considered.”

              Placing the blame for A.G.’s failure to comply with the terms of the post-

adjudicatory improvement plan on DHHR, the court concluded that DHHR and the

guardian ad litem failed to prove any “efforts to accommodate . . . [A.G.]’s limited

intellectual functioning, particularly but not limited to requiring computer proficiency for

                                             8
virtual parenting and life skills classes and attainment of employment.” The circuit court

further held that “instead of accommodating for the classes, the [DHHR] quit providing

them.” The court also determined that DHHR and the guardian ad litem failed to show that

sufficient accommodations had been made for hardships brought on by the pandemic.

Accordingly, A.G.’s improvement period for the G Children was continued, and the MDT

was instructed to ensure that the improvement period “makes sufficient accommodations

to . . . [A.G.]’s intellectual disabilities, to the pandemic, and the current economic crisis”

and to “present any recommended modifications and accommodations to the [c]ourt for its

approval.”

              Later that month, the MDT convened by video conference and issued a report

that addressed DHHR’s alleged failure to accommodate A.G.’s limitations. According to

the report, A.G. denied needing assistance with computer proficiency and regularly used

videoconferencing technology to visit the G Children and participate in MDT meetings and

hearings. When the MDT discussed possible accommodations for her learning disabilities,

she indicated that her previous provider had done many of those things and said that she

needed someone who would provide similar instruction.

              In January 2021, the guardian ad litem advised the circuit court by letter of

A.G.’s ongoing inconsistent compliance, and CPS submitted a report noting that the G

Children had been in DHHR custody for 25 months and in their current foster placement

for 21 months. According to CPS, the G Children were “strongly bonded” with their foster

parents, who loved them as their own children. However, the foster parents declined to

                                              9
continue fostering the G Children, explaining that, “with no end in sight, they simply

cannot continue.” The report further advised that DHHR remained unable to find a service

provider that was both willing and able to accept A.G. Ultimately, CPS recommended that

A.G.’s improvement period be terminated.

              Later that month, the parties appeared for a telephonic status hearing. The

court acknowledged the guardian ad litem’s letter describing A.G.’s “less than compliant”

participation in drug screens and supervised visits and, commenting that “it was never full

compliance for” A.G., inquired about her compliance with other conditions of her

improvement plan. DHHR reported that it remained unable to find a service provider that

was both willing and able to accept A.G., and the guardian ad litem advised that, in view

of the foster parents’ refusal to continue fostering, the G Children would be moved to

another foster family.

              In March 2021, the court convened for yet another status hearing by

telephone and video-conference. The guardian reported that A.G. attended several drug

screens and supervised visits, though she had missed one for no apparent reason, one

because DHHR could not provide transportation, and one because she was sick. She

claimed that she was in job training and that she was living in her own house with help

from relatives. The circuit judge remarked that the “case cannot go on forever, but . . . we

do not terminate parental rights because the family is poor.” The court also noted that

A.G.’s screens did not indicate drug abuse. Notwithstanding A.G.’s apparent compliance

in this area, the guardian ad litem noted that A.G. had never participated in counseling and

                                            10
renewed the motion to terminate A.G.’s improvement period, which motion was denied

over DHHR’s objection. When the guardian ad litem reported that P.G.-1 and P.G.-2 were

having a hard time understanding why they had a new foster home and had not been

returned to A.G., the court advised the guardian to tell the boys that A.G. “was working on

her issues.” According to the court, the boys’ hope to return to their mother “helps buy

time[.]” The court ordered, yet again, that A.G. “continue on her post-adjudicatory plan of

improvement[.]”

              Two weeks later, the guardian ad litem filed this writ petition. 9

                     II. STANDARD FOR ISSUANCE OF WRIT

              The guardian ad litem seeks a writ that would prohibit the circuit court from

granting further extensions to A.G.’s improvement period. Though “the decision to grant

or deny an improvement period is generally an act within the circuit court’s discretion, . . .

discretionary acts are not immune from the extraordinary remedy of . . . prohibition.” State

              9
                  Both the guardian ad litem and DHHR submitted status updates before oral
argument. Cf. W. Va. R. App. P. 11(j) (“The parties shall provide a written statement of
any change in the circumstances that were set forth in the briefs within one week of any
oral argument scheduled by the Court or within such other time as may be specified by
order.”). Though this case is before us under Rule 16 of the West Virginia Rules of
Appellate Procedure, we appreciate the guardian’s and DHHR’s status updates and have
considered them in reaching our decision. The updates reported that the G Children had
returned to their previous foster family, who wished to adopt them. A.G.’s residence,
however, was unknown, though she was believed to be living in Ohio. She had not received
any recent services and had not seen the G Children in person for months. She was visiting
the boys by video conference, though her participation was inconsistent. A.G.’s attorney
did not file a status update but advised the Court, at oral argument, that A.G.’s improvement
period for the G Children had been terminated. This development does not render this
matter moot because issuance of the rule to show cause stayed “all further proceedings . .
. for which an award of a writ of prohibition is sought.” W. Va. R. App. P. 16(j).
                                               11
ex rel. S.W. v. Wilson, 243 W. Va. 515, 519, 845 S.E.2d 290, 294 (2020) (footnote omitted).

We have held that “[p]rohibition is available to abused and/or neglected children to restrain

courts from granting improvement periods of a greater extent and duration than permitted

under [W. Va. Code §§ 49-4-601 et seq.].” Id., 243 W. Va. at ___, 845 S.E.2d at 291, syl.

pt. 2, in part. Prohibition is available in such cases because a circuit court that grants

improvement periods in excess of statutory limits abuses and “exceeds its legitimate

powers.” W. Va. Code § 53-1-1 (eff. 1882) (“The writ of prohibition shall lie as a matter

of right in all cases of usurpation and abuse of power, when the inferior court has not

jurisdiction    of    the    subject     matter      in   controversy,     or,    having   such

jurisdiction, exceeds its legitimate powers.”).

                       “In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ
               of prohibition for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction
               but only where it is claimed that the lower tribunal exceeded
               its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1)
               whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate
               means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2)
               whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way
               that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower
               tribunal’s order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4)
               whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error or
               manifests persistent disregard for either procedural or
               substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal’s order
               raises new and important problems or issues of law of first
               impression. These factors are general guidelines that serve as
               a useful starting point for determining whether a discretionary
               writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need
               not be satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of
               clear error as a matter of law, should be given substantial
               weight.” Syllabus Point 4, State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199
               W. Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996).

                                                12
S.W., 243 W. Va. at ___, 845 S.E.2d at 291, syl. pt. 1. With this standard of review in

mind, we will consider the guardian’s petition.

                                       III. ANALYSIS

              As noted above, the guardian ad litem asks us to prohibit the circuit court

from further extending A.G.’s post-adjudicatory improvement period. In particular, the

guardian asks us to order the circuit court to either set this matter for a dispositional hearing

or terminate A.G.’s parental rights. 10      According to the guardian, the circuit court

“committed clear error of law in allowing the repeated informal extension of an

improvement period that exceeded the time limits on foster care imposed by West Virginia

Code Section 49-4-610(9)[.]” The guardian observes that the G Children have been in

foster care since November 2018. She contends that A.G. has failed to comply with the

terms of her improvement plan and that “there is no reasonable likelihood that . . . [A.G.]

can correct the conditions of abuse and neglect given that she has been unable to do so in

twenty-four months.” The guardian fears that “there may never be a decision for any party

to appeal due to the circuit court’s unwillingness to terminate the improvement plan and

set the matter for disposition.” Indeed, she notes that “the circuit court has never allowed

an evidentiary hearing to go forward in this matter” and that “there has been no sworn

              10
                  Petitioner also asks us to prohibit the circuit court from delaying further
disposition with respect to the W Children and H.K.G. DHHR joins this request. We
refuse to grant this relief because these children are not before the Court. We note, further,
that Petitioner asks us to order the circuit court to terminate K.G.’s parental rights as a
consequence of terminating A.G.’s parental rights. Because we remand this matter for
appropriate disposition of A.G.’s rights, we decline to address the disposition of K.G.’s
rights.
                                               13
testimony” in the case. DHHR joins the guardian’s request for relief and asks the Court to

grant the guardian’s writ petition and remand this matter to the circuit court for further

proceedings and with instructions to terminate A.G.’s parental rights with respect to the G

Children.

              A.G. concedes that she “has not been in full compliance with her

improvement plan[,]” though she contends that she “has succeeded or at least made

progress on a number of the [plan’s] goals[.]” She argues that termination is not mandatory

“solely” because the children have been “in foster care for fifteen of the most recent twenty-

two months[.]” According to her, West Virginia Code Sections 49-4-605 (eff. 2018) and

49-4-610 (eff. 2015) provide exceptions based on the children’s preferences and best

interests, and she emphasizes that the G Children remain bonded with her and wish to

return to her care. She contends that the “most appropriate action . . . is to allow or, if

deemed necessary, to direct the circuit court to hold an evidentiary hearing on the [guardian

ad litem]’s motion to terminate A.G.’s improvement period for” the G Children.

                                   A. Improvement Period

              We begin by observing that the circuit court’s grant of A.G.’s initial

improvement period was not made in accordance with West Virginia law. The West

Virginia Code says that a circuit court “may grant a respondent an improvement period . .

. when . . . [t]he respondent files a written motion requesting the improvement period[.]”

W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(2) (emphasis added). “A cardinal rule of statutory construction

is that significance and effect must, if possible, be given to every section, clause, word or

                                             14
part of the statute.” Syl. Pt. 6, in part, Davis Mem’l Hosp. v. W. Va. State Tax Comm’r,

222 W. Va. 677, 671 S.E.2d 682 (2008). “This ‘cardinal rule’ applies to all words in a

statute, even words as small and seemingly insignificant as [‘when’ and ‘written’].” State

ex rel. Monster Tree Serv., Inc. v. Cramer, 244 W. Va. 355, ___, 853 S.E.2d 595, 606

(2020) (noting the significance of “stamp” in W. Va. Code § 56-3-33(c) (eff. 2017) and

other statutes). In West Virginia Code § 49-4-610(2), the word “when” indicates that the

Legislature has imposed a necessary condition on the circuit court’s authority to grant

improvement periods; the word “written” indicates what particular form a request for an

improvement period must take.

              However, in this case, the necessary condition—“a written motion requesting

the improvement period”—was absent. W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(2)(A) (emphasis added).

Based on the docket sheet, there is no evidence that A.G. has ever filed a written motion

seeking an improvement period. In the absence of a written motion, the circuit court should

not have granted a post-adjudicatory improvement period to A.G. We have said this before.

See In re J.G., 240 W. Va. 194, 202, 809 S.E.2d 453, 461 (2018) (“As plainly stated

therein, West Virginia Code § 49-4-610(2) permits a post-adjudicatory improvement

period . . . upon written motion . . . .”); accord In re J.C., 232 W. Va. 81, 89, 750 S.E.2d

634, 642 (2013) (per curiam) (“Here, the mother’s request for an improvement period fails

in two ways. First, . . . she does not state nor does the record reflect that she filed

a written motion for an improvement period as required by West Virginia Code § 49–6–

12.”). Accordingly, we now hold that a circuit court may not grant a post-adjudicatory

                                            15
improvement period under W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(2) (eff. 2015) unless the respondent

to the abuse and neglect petition files a written motion requesting the improvement period.

Again, because we find that no such motion was filed, we also find that the circuit court

improperly granted a post-adjudicatory improvement period to A.G. 11

              Even if A.G.’s improvement period had been properly granted, we find that

it has continued for an unlawful period of time. West Virginia Code § 49-4-610(2) states

that “a court may grant a respondent an improvement period of a period not to exceed six

months[.]” The six-month period may be extended, but only “for a period not to exceed

three months” and only when the circuit court finds “that the respondent has substantially

complied with the terms of the improvement period; that the continuation of the

improvement period will not substantially impair the ability of the department to

permanently place the child; and that the extension is otherwise consistent with the best

interest of the child.” W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(6).

              The circuit court did not comply with these requirements. First, though the

statute authorizes a court to extend a post-adjudicatory improvement period “for a period

not to exceed three months[,]” ibid. (emphasis added), the circuit court informally extended

A.G.’s improvement period numerous times. In fact, when the guardian ad litem filed her

              11
                There is at least one other problem with the origin of A.G.’s improvement
period. Based on the docket sheet, it does not appear that the circuit court ever entered an
“order granting the improvement period[.]” W. Va. Code §§ 49-4-610(2)(C) & (E). A
straightforward reading of the statute indicates that a circuit court may not grant an
improvement period unless the circuit court enters an order to that effect, one that sets a
review hearing and requires DHHR to submit an individualized family case plan. Ibid.

                                            16
petition for writ of prohibition, A.G.’s improvement period appears to have already been

in effect for more than 22 months. 12 These extensions were improper. West Virginia Code

§ 49-4-610(6) (eff. 2015) authorizes only one extension of a post-adjudicatory

improvement period.

              Secondly, there is no indication in the record that the circuit court ever

imposed any limits on these extensions. The circuit court did not grant an extension “for a

period not to exceed three months[.]” W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(6). To the contrary, the

circuit court simply continued A.G.’s improvement period generally, with no express limit

on how long the extension would last. The order from the February 2020 status hearing, 13

for example, simply provided that A.G. “continue on her post-adjudicatory plan of

improvement[.]” This was improper. West Virginia Code § 49-4-610(6) (eff. 2015)

provides that when a circuit court extends a post-adjudicatory improvement period, the

extension must be for a period that does not exceed three months.

              Finally, there is no indication in the record that the circuit court ever made

any of the statutorily required findings before continuing A.G.’s improvement period.

Based on the appendix record, the circuit court has never found that A.G. “has substantially

complied with the terms of the improvement period[.]” W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(6).

Instead, the circuit court has repeatedly warned A.G. to correct her non-compliance. In

               This timeline assumes that A.G.’s improvement period began in May 2019
              12

when her post-adjudicatory improvement plan was filed with the circuit clerk.
              13
                   By that point, A.G.’s improvement period had been in place for nine
months.
                                            17
October 2020, the circuit court observed that the guardian ad litem’s concern with A.G.’s

“failure to comply with the improvement plan is based on solid evidence” and that A.G.’s

“compliance has been less than satisfactory.” As recently as March 2021, the circuit court

advised the guardian to tell the G Children that A.G. “was working on her issues.” Even

A.G. concedes that she “has not been in full compliance with her improvement plan.”

              Moreover, the circuit court has never found “that the continuation of the

improvement period will not substantially impair the ability of the department to

permanently place the child[ren.]” W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(6). Such a finding would have

been difficult to make because the repeated continuation of A.G.’s improvement period did

impair, at least for a period of time, DHHR’s ability to place the G Children with their

foster parents, so much so that the foster parents ceased fostering them for a time.

              Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the circuit court has never found that

extending A.G.’s improvement period was “consistent with the best interest of the

child[ren].” W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(6). Under the circumstances, we doubt that such a

finding could even have been made. From the record, A.G.’s key shortcoming as a parent

was her failure to protect the children from domestic violence. Yet the psychologist’s

report, which was filed soon after A.G. was granted an improvement period, shows that

A.G. professed not to “know why [CPS] showed up” and denied that “[t]here was []ever

any [domestic violence] in the house.” In fact, she accused her children of telling “too

many stories[.]” As we have said on many occasions, “[f]ailure to acknowledge the

existence of the problem, i.e., the truth of the basic allegation pertaining to the alleged

                                             18
abuse and neglect . . . , results in making the problem untreatable and in making an

improvement period an exercise in futility at the child’s expense.” W. Va. Dep’t of Health

& Hum. Res. ex rel. Wright v. Doris S., 197 W. Va. 489, 498, 475 S.E.2d 865, 874 (1996).

              Granting an improvement period extension without making these findings

was clear error. As we have held before,

                     Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-[4-610(6) (eff.
              2015)], before a circuit court can grant an extension of a post-
              adjudicatory improvement period, the court must first find that
              the respondent has substantially complied with the terms of the
              improvement period; that the continuation of the improvement
              period would not substantially impair the ability of the
              Department of Health and Human Resources to permanently
              place the child; and that such extension is otherwise consistent
              with the best interest of the child.

Syl. Pt. 7, in part, In re Isaiah A., 228 W. Va. 176, 718 S.E.2d 775 (2010) (per curiam).

              Even if A.G.’s numerous improvement-period extensions had been

supported by appropriate findings, we find that they were still improper because, in the

aggregate, they allowed the G Children “to be in foster care more than fifteen months of

the most recent twenty-two months[.]” W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(9). As A.G. points out,

the statute contains an exception for cases where “the court finds compelling circumstances

by clear and convincing evidence that it is in the child’s best interests to extend the time

limits contained in this paragraph.” Ibid. However, in A.G.’s case the circuit court never

made these findings. “The language of West Virginia Code § 49-4-610(9) could not be

clearer that unless the court makes detailed findings that clear and convincing evidence

shows that an extension is in the best interest of the children, its time limitations apply.”

                                             19
S.W., 243 W. Va. at 519, 845 S.E.2d at 294. In this case, rather than making the necessary

findings, the circuit court stated that it was “well aware that it has greatly exceeded the

amount of time an improvement period plan should last.” The circuit court, nonetheless,

challenged the wisdom of the statute and the rules imposed by this Court, lamenting that

the statute and rules impose “[u]nrealistic time deadlines” and fail to account for “young

children’s feelings when termination of parental rights has to be considered.”

              A circuit court may disagree with the statute and rules, but it is not at liberty

to ignore them.

                      To whatever extent our expansive body of caselaw
              regarding the circuit court’s paramount duties in cases of abuse
              and neglect is unclear, let us now lay the matter squarely to
              rest. The procedural and substantive requirements of West
              Virginia Code § 49-4-601 et seq., the Rules of Procedure for
              Child Abuse and Neglect, and our extensive body of caselaw
              are not mere guidelines. The requirements contained therein
              are not simply window dressing for orders which substantively
              fail to reach the issues and detail the findings and conclusions
              necessary to substantiate a court’s actions. The time limitations
              and standards contained therein are mandatory and may not
              be casually disregarded or enlarged without detailed findings
              demonstrating exercise of clear-cut statutory authority.
              Discretion granted to the circuit court within this framework is
              intended to allow the court to fashion appropriate measures and
              remedies to highly complex familial and inter-personal
              issues—it does not serve as a blanket of immunity for the
              circuit court to manage abuse and neglect cases as its whim,
              personal desire, or docket may fancy. . . . The circuit court’s
              inexplicable penchant for “kicking the can” down the
              proverbial road in this matter flies directly in the face of every
              directive enacted by the Legislature and articulated by this
              Court as pertains to the timely disposition of abuse and neglect
              matters.

J.G., 240 W. Va. at 204–05, 809 S.E.2d at 463–64 (emphasis added).

                                             20
              As we have said before, we are “not unsympathetic to the difficult task of

procedurally managing the unfortunate volume of abuse and neglect cases, while weighing

the significant interests and life-altering decisions necessary in these matters.” Id., 240 W.

Va. at 205, 809 S.E.2d at 464. On the contrary, “[i]t is precisely because the court’s actions

in these matters is so starkly life-altering that it must comply with the carefully curated

time requisites and evidentiary requirements contained in our statutory scheme[.]” Ibid.

              A.G. attempts to excuse the circuit court’s refusal to follow the statute by

pointing to the G Children’s “very strong emotional attachment” to A.G. According to

A.G., the October 2020 CASA report served “as the primary basis for allowing A.G.’s

improvement period for these children to continue[.]”

              We agree that concern for the G Children’s attachment to A.G. appears to

have played a substantial role in the circuit court’s decision to grant repeated extensions to

A.G.’s improvement period. However, at the ages of five and eight, these children were

not old enough to decide what was in their best interests. Cf. W. Va. Code § 49-4-

604(c)(6)(C) (eff. 2020) (“Notwithstanding any other provision of this article, the court

shall give consideration to the wishes of a child 14 years of age or older or otherwise of an

age of discretion as determined by the court regarding the permanent termination of

parental rights.”). As we observed more than a quarter-century ago,

                     [a] circuit judge overseeing a case such as this has an
              immensely difficult task, for in many abuse and neglect cases
              there is a genuine emotional bond as well as the natural
              biological bond between parent and child which courts are
              understandably hesitant to break if there is hope of meaningful
              change. . . .

                                             21
              ....

                     Although it is sometimes a difficult task, the trial court
              must accept the fact that the statutory limits on improvement
              periods (as well as our case law limiting the right to
              improvement periods) dictate that there comes a time for
              decision, because a child deserves resolution and permanency
              in his or her life, and because part of that permanency must
              include at minimum a right to rely on his or her caretakers to
              be there to provide the basic nurturance of life.

State ex rel. Amy M. v. Kaufman, 196 W. Va. 251, 260, 470 S.E.2d 205, 214 (1996). 14

              Based on all of the foregoing, we find that the circuit court committed clear

error (a) when it allowed A.G. to participate in an improvement period without filing a

written motion for an improvement period and (b) when it allowed A.G.’s improvement

period to continue for a period of time that far exceeded statutory limits and without making

necessary statutory findings. Syl. Pt. 4, in part, State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W. Va.

12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996). We also find that the circuit court orders that extended A.G.’s

improvement period resulted in damage or harm “that is not correctable on appeal” and

that these orders “manifest[ed] persistent disregard for . . . procedural . . . law[.]” Ibid.

Further, we find that, given the circuit court’s knowing disregard for statutory limits on

              14
                  A.G. also argues that DHHR has discretion to refrain from filing a petition
to terminate parental rights when DHHR identifies “a compelling reason, including, but
not limited to, the child’s age and preference regarding termination . . . that filing the
petition would not be in the best interests of the child” or when DHHR has failed to provide
such “services to the child’s family as the department deems necessary for the safe return
of the child to the home.” W. Va. Code §§ 49-4-605(b)(2) & (3). We disagree with A.G.’s
apparent belief that DHHR’s discretion under West Virginia Code § 49-4-605(b) to refrain
from filing a petition somehow extends to the circuit court’s time limitations to decide
disposition in a pending matter.
                                               22
A.G.’s improvement period, the guardian ad litem had “no other adequate means, such as

direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief[.]” Ibid. Accordingly, we grant the guardian ad

litem’s petition and prohibit the circuit court from granting any further extensions to A.G.’s

post-adjudicatory improvement period. 15

                                    B. Action on Remand

              The guardian ad litem seeks an evidentiary dispositional hearing or

termination of A.G.’s parental rights to the G Children. The West Virginia Rules of

Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings provide that a “disposition hearing

shall commence within forty-five (45) days of the entry of the final adjudicatory order

unless an improvement period is granted pursuant to W.Va. Code § 49-4-610(2) and then

no later than thirty (30) days after the end of the improvement period.” W. Va. R.

P. Child Ab. & Negl. P. 32(a). By that standard, a dispositional hearing is long overdue. 16

              15
                   In granting this relief, we commend the guardian ad litem for seeking the
writ in this case, but at the same time believe that, under the circumstances present in this
case, the petition for a writ of prohibition should have been sought sooner. “[W]hen the
circuit court is in such egregious violation of the time standards contained in West Virginia
Code § 49-4-601 et seq., prudence and zealous advocacy would suggest that the DHHR
and/or guardian ad litem are burdened with seeking such relief.” J.G., 240 W. Va. at 205
n.17, 809 S.E.2d at 464 n.17 (emphasis added).
              16
                 As noted above, no “adjudicatory order” appears on the docket sheet or in
the appendix record. Nevertheless, an October 2020 order states that A.G. was adjudicated
based on her stipulated failure to protect the children from K.G. Based on the docket sheet,
we assume that this adjudication occurred at a May 2019 “status hearing” and that A.G.’s
adjudication is memorialized in the “status hearing order” that emerged from the May 2019
hearing.
                                               23
              A dispositional hearing is also the hearing at which a circuit court decides

whether, among other options, to terminate parental rights. W. Va. Code § 49-4-604(c).

We have authority to instruct the circuit court to terminate a party’s parental rights on

remand, and we have exercised this authority as recently as last year. See S.W., 243 W.

Va. at 521, 845 S.E.2d at 296 (concluding that “it is in the children’s best interest to

terminate S.K.’s parental rights” and “instruct[ing] the circuit court to do so on remand”).

However, there is a crucial difference between this case and S.W.—in S.W. the circuit court

had conducted an evidentiary dispositional hearing pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-

4-604 before it granted a post-dispositional improvement period and before it declined to

terminate the parent’s rights. Id., 243 W. Va. at 518, 845 S.E.2d at 293. In A.G.’s case,

the circuit court has yet to conduct a dispositional hearing and has avoided conducting an

evidentiary hearing on the guardian ad litem’s motion to terminate A.G.’s improvement

period. In fact, the guardian ad litem contends that “there has been no sworn testimony on

this topic or any other”—a claim that A.G. does not dispute.

              Because of this absence of an evidentiary record, we have an insufficient

basis for deciding whether A.G.’s parental rights should be terminated, and we decline to

make such determination. Nevertheless, we find that a prompt evidentiary dispositional

hearing is essential in this matter, and we direct the circuit court to conduct such a hearing

immediately upon remand.

                                             24
                                  IV. CONCLUSION

              For these reasons, we conclude that the circuit court erroneously and

repeatedly extended A.G.’s improvement period and that the circuit court’s error resulted

in harm that could not be addressed on appeal. Accordingly, we grant the writ requested

by the guardian ad litem prohibiting the circuit court from granting any further extensions

to A.G.’s post-adjudicatory improvement period. We also remand this case to the circuit

court for disposition, and we instruct the circuit court to hold an immediate evidentiary

hearing to determine the appropriate disposition. The Clerk of this Court is hereby directed

to issue the mandate forthwith.

                                       Writ granted, and case remanded with instructions.

                                            25