Court Opinion

ID: 9955762
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-29 14:15:03.733069+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:15:20.643010
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MARCH 22, 2024; 10:00 A.M.
                          TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2022-CA-1114-MR

ANGELA WYNN WORKMAN                                                 APPELLANT

                  APPEAL FROM MASON CIRCUIT COURT
v.               HONORABLE STOCKTON B. WOOD, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 20-CR-00113

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                              APPELLEE

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: ACREE, GOODWINE, AND JONES, JUDGES.

JONES, JUDGE: Angela Workman appeals from the Mason Circuit Court’s

judgment following conviction at her jury trial. The trial court sentenced

Workman to a concurrent term of five years’ imprisonment after finding her guilty

of operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol (DUI) (fourth or
subsequent offense with an aggravator) and driving on a DUI-suspended license

(first offense). After a thorough review of the facts and the law, we affirm.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

             At approximately 11:00 p.m. on November 11, 2019, Deputy John

Ferguson of the Mason County Sheriff’s Department was dispatched to the area of

Mayslick Road to follow up on a report of a motor vehicle accident. When the

deputy arrived, he found a red Mini Cooper wedged against the guardrail and

facing the wrong direction of traffic. Deputy Ferguson identified himself to

Workman, who was the driver and sole occupant of the vehicle. The deputy’s first

questions were about whether she was injured, and Workman did not initially

respond. Because Workman was initially unresponsive and moved somewhat

lethargically, Deputy Ferguson believed Workman may have been under the

influence of drugs or alcohol. The deputy’s belief was reinforced when Workman

exited the vehicle smelling strongly of alcoholic beverages.

             In his later testimony, Deputy Ferguson described Workman as

swaying, staggering, and with bloodshot eyes. In his words, Deputy Ferguson

described Workman as being “wilted drunk,” like “when you put the hot sauce on

the lettuce, it wilts down, and that’s pretty much the demeanor that I perceived

from her that night.” The deputy elected not to administer a preliminary breath

test, believing it was unnecessary. He also elected not to give Workman the

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standardized field sobriety tests1 because he did not believe she was capable of

standing and walking without injuring herself.

               Despite Workman’s pleas to just “let her go,” Deputy Ferguson

arrested Workman for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol and

driving on a DUI-suspended license. He transported her to the Mason County

Detention Center for a breath test because it was the only location nearby with an

Intoxilyzer breath-testing machine available at that hour of the evening. After

beginning the required observation period,2 the deputy read the implied consent

warning form to her, asking her if she consented to a test of her breath while also

warning her of the penalties associated with refusing to submit to the deputy’s

requested test. Workman refused to submit to the deputy’s breath test, and she did

not sign the form indicating her refusal.3 However, when Workman was booked

1
   The standardized field sobriety test (SFST) battery consists of the walk and turn, the one-leg
stand, and the horizontal gaze nystagmus tests. SFST training is developed and promulgated by
the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the International Association
of Chiefs of Police (IACP). See NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, “DWI
Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing (SFST) Refresher – Instructor Guide,” (Rev.
10/2015) https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/documents/sfst_ig_refresher_manual.pdf
(last accessed Mar. 1, 2024).
2
  “The procedures established in this section shall apply to breath alcohol tests. (1) A certified
breath test operator shall have the person under personal observation at the location of the test for
a minimum of twenty (20) minutes prior to the breath alcohol analysis. During that period the
subject shall not have oral or nasal intake of substances which will affect the test.” 500
Kentucky Administrative Regulations (KAR) 8:030 Section 1, as authorized by Kentucky
Revised Statutes (KRS) 189A.103.
3
  From the record, it appears that Mason County does not follow the usual practice of asking an
arrestee to sign an implied consent form before taking the breath test. Instead, there is a single

                                                -3-
into the detention center, she willingly allowed the deputy jailer to test her urine

for drugs as part of the intake process. Based on this incident, the grand jury

indicted Workman for operating a motor vehicle while driving on a DUI-

suspended license, first offense,4 and operating a motor vehicle under the influence

of alcohol, fourth or subsequent offense within a ten-year period,5 aggravated by

her refusal to take the requested breath test.6

                On the morning of trial, Workman moved the court to suppress

statements about her previous DUI convictions. By stipulation with the

Commonwealth, the trial court ruled the parties could inform the jury that

Workman was driving on a suspended license at the time of this incident but

without specifying the reason for the suspension. A second issue, not so easily

resolved, was that Workman signaled her intent to call the jailer to testify about her

submission to the jailer’s requested urine screen. The Commonwealth objected,

stating the urine screen had no probative value because it did not test for alcohol.

implied consent form kept near the Intoxilyzer, and the deputies read this form to arrestees.
Deputy Ferguson testified that he read this form to Workman verbatim, asked the questions as
indicated on the form, and she refused his request for a breath test at the end of the reading.
4
    KRS 189A.090, a Class B misdemeanor.
5
    KRS 189A.010(5)(d), a Class D felony.
6
 KRS 189A.010(11)(e). The presence of an aggravating circumstance increases the mandatory
minimum term of imprisonment to two hundred forty days, pursuant to KRS 189A.010(5)(d).

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The trial court deferred ruling on the matter, as it had not yet seen the

documentation surrounding the urine screen.

             Workman’s trial took place over a single day with only a few

witnesses. First, Deputy Ferguson testified to his recollection of the incident,

consistent with the aforementioned narrative. After the deputy testified, however,

Workman informed the trial court at the bench that she would be calling Lisa

Yeary, the Mason County Jailer, to testify about her submission to the urine screen

at the jail. Again, the Commonwealth objected, stating that the only purpose for

that line of questioning is to try to refute the contention that Workman refused a

requested test for the purpose of the DUI aggravator. The Commonwealth further

argued that the jailer’s urine screen is taken for a different purpose than the blood,

breath, or urine tests for DUI under KRS Chapter 189A. In sum, the

Commonwealth urged the trial court to disallow questions about the urine screen

because they were not relevant and would only serve to confuse or mislead the

jury. For her part, Workman argued she should be able to discuss the urine screen

because it was a record provided by the Commonwealth as part of discovery. After

hearing these arguments, the trial court ruled that Workman’s signed form for the

urine screen would be admitted as part of the record; however, the trial court also

ruled the drug screen would not be presented to the jury because it had nothing to

do with Workman’s refusal of Deputy Ferguson’s requested test.

                                          -5-
              Workman ran afoul of the trial court’s ruling almost immediately. On

direct examination of Lisa Yeary, Workman began to ask questions about drug

testing at the jail. The Commonwealth objected to the question and, at the bench,

stated the jury should not have heard about the jailer screening. Workman argued

she was merely laying a foundation to introduce the urine screen by avowal. The

Commonwealth retorted that avowals are not conducted in front of the jury. The

trial court responded that it appeared that Workman was trying to get the urine

screen in front of the jury “by the back door.”

              The situation deteriorated further, regarding the urine test issue, when

Workman took the stand to testify. Workman readily admitted that she should not

have been driving on a suspended license. She also admitted that before driving,

she had helped a friend consume a bottle of wine on an empty stomach. When

asked about why she did not submit to the breath test, she claimed she told Deputy

Ferguson that she could not physically take a breath test because she suffered from

COPD7 and emphysema. Then she quickly added, “And on there [the form] there

was something about urine, and I took a urine test.” She repeated the reference a

7
  “Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, refers to a group of diseases that cause
airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. It includes emphysema and chronic
bronchitis.” CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION, “Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease (COPD),” https://www.cdc.gov/copd/index.html (last accessed Mar. 1,
2024).

                                              -6-
moment later when asked about jail personnel, saying, “[The jailer] was around

when I had to pee in a cup.”

            The multiple successive references to the disallowed topic of the urine

screen drew yet another objection from the Commonwealth. At the ensuing bench

conference, the Commonwealth said that Workman was repeatedly attempting to

circumvent the trial court’s ruling. Workman’s counsel, in turn, claimed he did not

attempt to elicit this testimony from Workman. The Commonwealth expressed

skepticism of this claim. This prompted the following exchange at the bench:

            Commonwealth: Has [Workman] opened the door on her
            four prior refusals? I think she has.

            Defense: In what way?

            Commonwealth: That she can’t take a test. . . . She
            knows the difference between the tests.

The trial court then ruled that, based on Workman’s testimony, she had opened the

door to questions on introductions of her prior refusals and knowing the difference

between the tests given. Workman then moved for a mistrial, which the trial court

denied.

            When defense counsel resumed direct examination of Workman, she

immediately began by reiterating, “I was offered a urine test.” Apparently

chastened by the recent bench conference, Workman’s counsel finally attempted to

guide her away from that topic. Workman admitted that she had drunk alcohol but

                                        -7-
denied that she was intoxicated. She stated that the incident made her feel

catatonic, scared, humiliated, and disappointed. Regarding her refusal to take the

breath test, she admitted that Deputy Ferguson asked her multiple times to take it,

and she refused, saying she could not do it, but she then attempted to argue that the

form said “blood, urine, or breath.” On cross-examination, Workman made a

number of damaging admissions, including that she had issues with alcohol, that

she had asked Deputy Ferguson to let her walk away instead of arresting her, that

Deputy Ferguson had requested a breath test, and that she understood the

consequences of refusing the breath test. The Commonwealth then asked

Workman about whether she had refused breath tests on previous occasions.

Workman’s counsel objected to the question, and the trial court overruled the

objection, directing Workman to answer. Workman then admitted she had refused

breath tests on previous occasions.

             Upon the submission of all evidence, the jury deliberated and found

Workman guilty of operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol

(fourth or subsequent offense with aggravating circumstances) and driving on a

DUI-suspended license (first offense). The jury thereafter recommended a total

term of five years’ imprisonment, and the trial court sentenced Workman in

accordance with the jury’s recommendation. This appeal followed.

                                         -8-
                                     II. ANALYSIS

             For her primary issue on appeal, Workman contends the trial court

committed reversible error when it allowed the jury to hear testimony regarding

her prior DUI arrests. Like other evidentiary issues, we review such decisions for

abuse of discretion. “[T]he trial court has discretion to determine whether or not to

permit impeachment on collateral issues when a party has opened the door to such

issues by raising them in direct testimony.” Commonwealth v. Prater, 324 S.W.3d

393, 399 (Ky. 2010). The admissibility question here revolves around whether

Workman “opened the door” to the questions about her previous DUIs.

             As for “opening the door,” the trial court presumably was
             referring to the doctrine of “curative admissibility,” i.e.,
             when one party introduces improper evidence, such
             “opens the door” for the other party to introduce
             improper evidence in rebuttal whose only claim to
             admission is that it explains or rebuts the prior
             inadmissible evidence.

Metcalf v. Commonwealth, 158 S.W.3d 740, 746 (Ky. 2005) (citations omitted).

“Generally stated, ‘opening the door’ to otherwise inadmissible evidence is a form

of waiver that happens when one party’s use of inadmissible evidence justifies the

opposing party’s rebuttal of that evidence with equally inadmissible proof.”

Fairley v. Commonwealth, 527 S.W.3d 792, 802 (Ky. 2017) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Stone, 291 S.W.3d 696, 701-02 (Ky. 2009)).

                                         -9-
             The main thrust of Workman’s appeal on this issue is that a recent

Supreme Court case, Hemphill v. New York, 595 U.S. 140, 142 S. Ct. 681, 211 L.

Ed. 2d 534 (2022), “cast serious doubt on the continued viability of the ‘opening of

the door’ doctrine[.]” (Appellant’s Brief at 13.) We disagree as to the

applicability of Hemphill to this case. Hemphill involved the admission of a third

party’s plea allocution to correct a defendant’s allegedly misleading statement at

trial. Id., 595 U.S. at 151, 142 S. Ct. at 691. The Supreme Court held that this

“admission of unconfronted testimonial hearsay” violated the Confrontation Clause

of the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Id., 595 U.S. at 156,

142 S. Ct. 694. Despite Workman’s contention that this case implicates a similar

violation of the Confrontation Clause, requiring reversal, the two cases are

factually dissimilar. Workman herself was on the stand under cross-examination

by the Commonwealth when asked about her previous breath tests. There was no

“unconfronted testimonial hearsay” as in Hemphill, and the Confrontation Clause

was not implicated by Workman’s questioning. See Fisher v. Commonwealth, 620

S.W.3d 1, 5 (Ky. 2021) (“The Confrontation Clause applies only to testimonial

hearsay statements.”).

             As a secondary related issue, Workman contends the trial court

erroneously failed to grant her motion for a mistrial, arguing the questions about

her previous DUI experiences should not have been asked in front of the jury.

                                        -10-
Although, “the decision to grant a mistrial is within the sound discretion of the trial

court[,]” Commonwealth v. Padgett, 563 S.W.3d 639, 647 (Ky. 2018), “a mistrial

is an extreme remedy and should be resorted to only when there is a fundamental

defect in the proceedings and there is a ‘manifest necessity for such an action.’” Id.

at 645 (quoting Woodard v. Commonwealth, 147 S.W.3d 63, 68 (Ky. 2004)

(emphasis added in Padgett)).

             Although Workman is correct that questions about prior DUI

encounters are not normally admissible during the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief,

see, e.g., Dedic v. Commonwealth, 920 S.W.2d 878 (Ky. 1996), here the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in its decision to admit those questions in order to

counter Workman’s inadmissible references to the jailer’s urine screen. On

multiple occasions before the bench, the Commonwealth astutely argued that this

line of questioning was not only irrelevant but would be likely to confuse or

mislead the jury, and the trial court consequently ruled such references were

inadmissible. It was Deputy Ferguson’s request for a breath test which controlled

under KRS 189A.103, and Workman’s preference for the jailer’s urine test was not

operative here. Commonwealth v. Duncan, 483 S.W.3d 353, 356-57 (Ky. 2015).

             Despite the trial court’s ruling, Workman frequently and gratuitously

inserted the fact that she took a urine test in an apparent attempt to persuade the

jury that she did not refuse the only requested test which mattered – Deputy

                                         -11-
Ferguson’s breath test. In response, the trial court allowed the Commonwealth to

inquire into Workman’s previous experiences with breath tests to illustrate that she

knew which tests were required of her, under the doctrine of curative admissibility.

Workman’s motion for mistrial was grounded in the trial court’s admission of

normally inadmissible testimony, but she ignores that the trial court allowed the

testimony as a response to her own improper conduct. We discern no manifest

necessity for a mistrial and no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision to

deny Workman’s motion.

                                    III. CONCLUSION

             For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:                       BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Michael J. Curtis                          Daniel Cameron
Ashland, Kentucky                          Attorney General of Kentucky

                                           Melissa A. Pile
                                           Assistant Attorney General
                                           Frankfort, Kentucky

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