Court Opinion

ID: 4121194
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-31 16:00:35.960103+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:21.432742
License: Public Domain

16-304-bk
Mack v. ResCap Borrower Claims Trust

                                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                         SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed
on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and this Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a
document filed with this Court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
on the 31st day of January, two thousand seventeen.

PRESENT:          RALPH K. WINTER,
                  JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
                  GERARD E. LYNCH,
                               Circuit Judges.

BARRY F. MACK,

                            Appellant,                     16-304-bk

                            v.

RESCAP BORROWER CLAIMS TRUST,

                            Appeellee.

FOR APPELLANT:                                         DAVID F. GARBER, Naples, FL.

FOR APPELLEE:                                          ADAM A. LEWIS, Morrison & Foerster
                                                       LLP, San Francisco, CA.

     Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Valerie E. Caproni, Judge; Martin Glenn, Bankruptcy Judge).

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        UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the January 25, 2016 judgment of the District Court be and
hereby is AFFIRMED.

         Appellant Barry F. Mack appeals from an order of the District Court affirming two orders
of the Bankruptcy Court: (1) an order sustaining appellee ResCap Borrower Claims Trust’s (the
“Trust”) objection to Mack’s proof of claim alleging malicious prosecution; and (2) an order
sustaining the Trust’s objection to Mack’s proof of claim alleging a violation of the Real Estate
Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), 12 U.S.C. § 2605(e). We assume the parties’ familiarity with
the factual and procedural history of the case, though we summarize the critical portions of that
history below.

                                       I.      Background

         In 2006, Barry F. Mack and his wife, Cheryl Mack, bought a home in Florida. Three years
later, when the Macks realized they could no longer afford the mortgage payments on their home,
they contacted their loan servicer, GMAC Mortgage LLC (“GMACM”), to obtain a loan
modification. GMACM did not provide the Macks with relief from their mortgage, but instead
initiated a foreclosure action against them in Florida state court on behalf of Deutsche Bank, which
owned the mortgage at that time. The Macks, however, were not in default on their mortgage. When
GMACM realized that it had brought the foreclosure action in error, it contacted local counsel to
withdraw the lawsuit. For reasons unknown, local counsel did not move to dismiss the action until
three months later.

        While the foreclosure action remained pending in Florida state court, the Macks filed
counterclaims against Deutsche Bank, seeking damages for slander of title and a violation of RESPA
based on a transfer of title without notifying the Macks. Deutsche Bank never responded to the
counterclaims (allegedly because of the continued ineptitude of the same local counsel) and the
Macks received a default judgment. After the state court issued its default judgment, Deutsche Bank
became aware of the counterclaims and moved to set aside the judgment. Ultimately, in February
2013, the state court granted Deutsche Bank’s motion to vacate the judgment as to the Macks’
RESPA claim, but confirmed the judgment with respect to the Macks’ slander of title claim. The
Macks received approximately $320,000 in damages.

       On October 26, 2009, about a month after GMACM brought its foreclosure action, the
Macks wrote a letter to GMACM querying why the foreclosure action remained pending even
though GMACM had notified them that they were not in default (the “Qualified Written Request”
or “QWR”). The Macks did not send their QWR to the address designated by GMACM for receipt
of QWRs. Instead, they sent it to the address designated by GMACM for “General Inquiries.”
GMACM never responded to or acknowledged receipt of the Macks’ QWR.

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          In May 2012, the Trust filed for bankruptcy. Several months later, the Macks timely filed a
proof of claim against GMACM for money damages, alleging that the loan servicer was liable to
them for malicious prosecution and RESPA violations arising out of the 2009 foreclosure action.
This RESPA claim, which was based on GMACM’s alleged failure to respond to the QWR, was
distinct from the RESPA claim brought in the earlier Florida action. The Trust objected to both
proofs of claim. In 2014, the Bankruptcy Court sustained the Trust’s objection to the Macks’
malicious prosecution claim on the ground that it was barred by res judicata because of the state court
judgment rendered against Deutsche Bank, but overruled the Trust’s objection to the Mack’s
bringing a RESPA claim against GMACM for failure to respond to their QWR. In 2015, after
conducting a trial on the Macks’ RESPA claim, the Bankruptcy Court sustained GMACM’s
objection on the ground that the Macks had failed to mail the QWR to the correct address.

        Barry Mack then appealed the two Bankruptcy Court orders to the District Court. The
District Court affirmed both orders. This appeal followed.

                                         II.     Discussion

         We conduct a “plenary” review of bankruptcy court orders that have been appealed to the
district court. Evans v. Ottimo, 469 F.3d 278, 281 (2d Cir. 2006). The legal conclusions of a
bankruptcy court are reviewed de novo, and its factual findings are reviewed for clear error. Id.

                                   A. Malicious Prosecution Claim

        On appeal, Mack argues that the Bankruptcy Court should not have sustained the Trust’s
objection to his malicious prosecution claim because res judicata did not bar his claim.1 We disagree.

         To determine whether the Florida state court’s judgment against Deutsche Bank for slander
of title bars Mack’s malicious prosecution claim against GMACM we look to Florida state law. See In
re Sokol, 113 F.3d 303, 306 (2d Cir. 1997) (noting that “the preclusive effect of a state court
determination in a subsequent federal action is determined by the rules of the state where the prior
action occurred”). Under Florida law, the preclusive effects of a prior judgment, including a default
judgment, will extend to “matters raised in postjudgment motions as well as to theories of recovery
and defenses that could have been presented in the prior litigation.” Bay Fin. Sav. Bank, F.S.B. v.
Hook, 648 So. 2d 305, 307 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1995). In order for res judicata to apply, four
conditions must be met: “(1) identity of the thing sued for; (2) identity of the cause of action; (3)

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      Mack asserted a different version of this argument for the first time on appeal before the
District Court. There, he claimed that his malicious prosecution claim was not barred by res judicata
because the claim was not ripe at the time he filed his counterclaims in state court. He did not raise
that argument before the Bankruptcy Court and he does not pursue that argument on this appeal. It
is, therefore, not necessary for us to address it here.

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identity of persons and parties; and (4) identity of the quality or capacity of the persons for or
against whom the claim is made.” Holt v. Brown's Repair Serv., Inc., 780 So. 2d 180, 181–82 (Fla. Dist.
Ct. App. 2001). All four of those conditions are met here.

          The first two conditions require little elaboration. First, there is “identity of the thing sued
for” because Mack seeks monetary damages on his malicious prosecution claim and he sought (and
received) monetary damages on his slander of title claim. The fact that Mack seeks different kinds
and different amounts of monetary damages is of no moment. See, e.g., Amey, Inc. v. Gulf Abstract &
Title, Inc., 758 F.2d 1486, 1509 (11th Cir. 1985) (applying Florida law and finding “identity of the
thing sued for” where both actions sought monetary damages). Second, because both claims require
proof of nearly identical facts, i.e., that there were no legitimate grounds for bringing the 2009
foreclosure action, there is “identity of cause of action.” See, e.g., id. at 1510 (explaining that, under
Florida law, “identity of causes of action is defined by similarity of the facts essential to the
maintenance of both actions” (quoting Gordon v. Gordon, 59 So. 2d 40 (Fla. 1952))); see also Alterra
Healthcare Corp v. Campbell, 78 So. 2d 595, 602 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011) (explaining the elements of
an action for malicious prosecution under Florida law); Donald M. Paterson, Inc. v. Bonda, 425 So. 2d
206, 208 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983) (explaining the elements of an action for slander of title under
Florida law).

        The third condition—identity of parties—requires a somewhat more detailed explanation.
Under Florida law, identity of parties will not exist “unless the same parties or their privies
participated in prior litigation that eventuated in a judgment by which they are mutually bound.”
Massey v. David, 831 So. 2d 226, 232 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2002). To that end, “[v]irtual representation
or privity may exist where a third party must indemnify and so is vicariously liable[ ] for the acts of
the party to the lawsuit.” Id. at 233 (footnote omitted). The Bankruptcy Court found that GMACM
owed indemnification obligations to Deutsche Bank because it was the sub-servicer of the Macks’
mortgage. It also observed that GMACM initiated the foreclosure action on behalf of Deutsche
Bank, entered a notice of appearance in the action, and submitted evidence at the hearing seeking to
vacate the default judgment entered against Deutsche Bank. Based on those findings, there is
identity of parties.

         Mack, on the other hand, maintains that there is no identity of parties because GMACM and
Deutsche Bank are joint tortfeasors and because a judgment against one joint tortfeasor does not bar
a suit against another joint tortfeasor under Florida law. His argument is unavailing. Even assuming
that GMACM and Deutsche Bank are joint tortfeasors for purposes of Mack’s claim, the primary
decision cited by Mack for the proposition that Florida law permits separate actions against joint
tortfeasors, Mitchell v. Edge, 598 So. 2d 125, 128 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1992), does not purport to apply
in situations where, like here, the prior judgment against one of the tortfeasors has already been
fulfilled.

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          The fourth and final condition of res judicata is also met. Because Deutsche Bank’s potential
liability in the slander of title action derived from GMACM’s filing of the 2009 foreclosure action,
Deutsche Bank had the same incentive to litigate the relevant issues then as GMACM would now.
Accordingly, the judgment against Deutsche Bank for slander of title entered by the Florida state
court bars Mack’s claim for malicious prosecution against GMACM. The Bankruptcy Court properly
sustained the Trust’s objection to Mack’s proof of claim.

                                           B. RESPA Claim

        Mack also contends that the Bankruptcy Court erred by sustaining the Trust’s objection to
his claim that GMACM violated its duties under RESPA by failing to respond to his October 2009
QWR. Again, we disagree.

         Under RESPA, a QWR is “correspondence that identifies a borrower’s account and
‘includes a statement of the reasons for the belief of the borrower, to the extent applicable, that the
account is in error or provides sufficient detail to the servicer regarding other information sought by
the borrower.’” Roth v. CitiMortgage Inc., 756 F.3d 178, 181 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting 12 U.S.C. §
2605(e)). The statute requires a mortgage servicer to respond to a borrower’s QWR within certain
time limits. Id. However, “to aid servicers with this task of providing consumers with timely
information,” the regulations implementing RESPA permit a mortgage servicer “to establish a
designated address for QWRs.” Id. If a mortgage servicer designates a specific address for receipt of
QWRs, “then the borrower must deliver its request to that office in order for the inquiry to be a
‘qualified written request.’” Id. (quoting Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, Section 6, Transfer
of Servicing of Mortgage Loans (Regulation X), 59 Fed. Reg. 65,442, 65,446 (Dec. 19, 1994)). As we
have already held, “the ‘[f]ailure to send the [request] to the designated address . . . does not trigger
the servicer’s duties under RESPA.’” Id. (quoting Berneike v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 708 F.3d 1141, 1148–
49 (10th Cir. 2013)) (alterations in original).

        There is no dispute that the Macks sent a letter purporting to be a QWR to GMACM, that
GMACM failed to respond to the letter, and that the Macks sent their letter to the “General
Inquiries” address instead of the address established by GMACM for the receipt of QWRs. The
Bankruptcy Court also found, after a trial on the issue, that the Macks had adequate notice of
GMACM’s designated address for the receipt of QWRs. Pursuant to our decision in Roth,
GMACM’s statutory duty to respond to the Macks’ letter was never triggered, and thus never
violated, because the Macks failed to mail their letter to GMACM’s designated QWR address,
despite having notice of that address.

        Mack asks us to modify our decision in Roth to account for a borrower’s level of
“sophistication,” asserting that he was not sophisticated enough to know which address to use when
mailing his QWR. We, however, are bound by the Roth decision and decline to revisit its holding.
Mack also suggests that RESPA and its implementing regulations require a mortgage servicer to

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establish a separate physical office in order for the rule permitting a servicer to designate a separate
QWR address to apply. Mack raised this argument for the first time on appeal to the District Court.
He did not argue it in the Bankruptcy Court and the question of whether GMACM had a separate
physical office for responding to QWR was not listed in the Joint Pretrial Order as an issue of fact
to be tried before the Bankruptcy Court. Although the District Court entertained this argument, we
decline to consider it because no manifest injustice will result and additional fact-finding would be
necessary. See Universal Church v. Geltzer, 463 F.3d 218, 228 (2d Cir. 2006) (explaining that “it is a well-
established general rule that an appellate court will not consider an issue raised for the first time on
appeal” unless necessary “to avoid manifest injustice or where the argument presents a question of
law and there is no need for additional fact-finding” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

       Accordingly, we hold that the Bankruptcy Court properly sustained the Trust’s objection to
Mack’s RESPA claim.

                                            CONCLUSION

        We have considered all of the arguments raised by appellant and find them to be without
merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the January 25, 2016 judgment of the District Court.

                                                          FOR THE COURT:
                                                          Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

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