Court Opinion

ID: 9691575
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 20:40:57.066104+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:19:22.890289
License: Public Domain

Cavanagh, J.
In this case we granted leave to determine whether the trial court erred in excluding certain character evidence of the victim. We hold that the trial court erred.
*312I. FACTS
On May 28, 1992, Jerry Harris stabbed to death his long-time friend Wildean Holbrook. Harris claimed the stabbing was accidental, and he relied on three defense theories: intoxication, self-defense, and accident. He claimed that he, the victim, and two other witnesses had been drinking heavily at the time of the incident and that an altercation broke out between the defendant and Wildean Holbrook. The defendant asserted that he took out a knife as a possible means of defending himself, but that he did not intend to stab Holbrook. Rather, during the altercation, the defendant and Holbrook collided, and in so doing, Holbrook was unintentionally stabbed by the knife defendant was holding. The defendant was charged in Calhoun Circuit Court with open murder, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, and he was convicted by a jury of voluntary manslaughter, MCL 750.321; MSA 28.553.
During trial, the defendant sought to cross-examine the victim’s brother, an eyewitness, about the victim’s reputation for violence and possibly specific instances of conduct relating to his violence. The trial court noted that it was “not sure exactly” whether the defendant sought to introduce reputation evidence only, or reputation evidence and specific acts of violence. It ruled on the motion without making a distinction between specific acts and reputation evidence because it found that the evidence would be inadmissible on hearsay grounds. Later, when the defendant sought to call the victim’s wife to testify about the victim’s violent character, the court stated, “The Defendant did not testify as to knowing about a reputation for violence of the deceased, so it doesn’t matter what other people thought or heard or knew *313or felt as far as the deceased’s reputation.” The court did recognize, however, that “the Defendant testified that he was afraid of Wildean and he said because he had been around Wildean when he was violent with [defendant] before and he was drinking.”
At the close of the proofs, defense counsel moved for a directed verdict in regard to the first-degree murder charge. Defense counsel argued that there was no evidence presented that the stabbing was premeditated. The trial court denied the motion, stating that because the testimony indicated that the defendant had taken his knife out of his pocket before the stabbing, a jury may find that Mr. Harris had an opportunity to think about what he was doing, and perhaps prepare for it before carrying out his intentions. The defendant was subsequently convicted of voluntary manslaughter, and he was sentenced to fifteen years of imprisonment for the conviction.
Defendant appealed in the Court of Appeals, which affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion. Defendant appealed, and this Court granted leave.
n
A. FIRST-DEGREE MURDER CHARGE
The defendant challenges the sufficiency of evidence to convict him of first-degree premeditated murder; however, we find that there was sufficient evidence to have sent the charge to the jury. We agree with the trial court that viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution shows that the defendant was arguing with the deceased,
that he had taken a knife out prior to the stabbing, there was a time, as you recall from the evidence, at least from *314the Prosecutor’s point of view, where the deceased started to walk away, and turned and came back towards the Defendant, the Defendant and the deceased then came towards each other, and that by inference, no direct testimony but rather strong circumstantial evidence, the Defendant then plunged a knife into the chest or heart of the deceased.
And even that testimony I think would provide enough time for the Defendant to have reflected and thought about what he was going to do and that he went ahead and did it, decided that he was going to stab the deceased in the heart or chest, and did so.
So, it doesn’t take a whole lot of time, and certainly you can argue that the circumstances weren’t the kind that are crystal clear, certainly you can argue both ways on this particular point, but certainly if the jury decides to return a verdict of first-degree murder, I don’t think that would be unsupported by the evidence, at least from the prosecutor’s point of view ....
Therefore, we find that it was not an error for the trial judge to submit the first-degree murder charge to the jury because the evidence could support a conviction on that charge.
B. EVIDENTIARY ERROR
The defendant claims that the trial court erred in excluding certain character evidence pertaining to the victim. First, the defendant claims that the trial court erred in refusing to admit evidence of past violent acts of the deceased that were not known to the defendant as bearing on whether the victim was the aggressor. Second, the defendant asserts that the trial court erred in excluding testimony about the victim’s past violent tendencies that defendant had been told about, but did not witness, as bearing on defendant’s state of mind relating to his self-defense theory. *315Because the trial court was “not sure exactly” whether the evidence sought to be admitted related to reputation evidence only or whether it also included specific acts of violence on the part of the victim, we will address both methods of introduction of evidence.
1. CHARACTER EVIDENCE
MRE 404 provides:
Character evidence not admissible to prove conduct; exceptions; other crimes.
(a) Gharacter evidence generally. Evidence of a person’s character or a trait of character is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion, except:
* * *
(2) Character of victim of a crime other than a sexual conduct crime. Evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the victim of the crime, other than in a prosecution for criminal sexual conduct, offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same ....
The actual violent character of the deceased, even though it is unknown to the defendant, is admissible as evidencing the deceased’s probable aggression toward the defendant. 2 Wigmore, Evidence (Chadboum rev), § 246, p 60. It is now widely accepted that a defendant may show a pertinent trait of character of the alleged victim that bears on whether the victim committed an act of aggression on the particular occasion in conformity with that trait. 1A Wigmore, Evidence (Tillers rev), § 63, p 1350. This is so because, when a controversy arises regarding whether the deceased was the aggressor, a jury’s persuasion may be affected by the character of the *316deceased because it will shed light on the probabilities of the deceased’s action. Id. The sole purpose for which evidence of this type is admissible is, from the victim’s general turbulent or violent character, to render more probable the evidence that tends to show an act of violence at the time he was killed.
“[T]his probability is evidently not affected in the slightest degree by [the defendant’s] previous knowledge. The light comes from the fact that the [victim] was one who was apt or likely to do such an act as the one imputed to him, and not from [the defendant’s] knowledge of the fact.” [Id. at 1367.]
Because the question is what the victim probably did, not what the defendant probably thought the victim was doing, the additional element of communication to the defendant is unnecessary when using character evidence to prove the victim was the aggressor. “The inquiry is one of objective occurrence, not of subjective belief.” Id. at 1369. See People v Stallworth, 364 Mich 528, 536-537; 111 NW2d 742 (1961).
In contrast, where a defendant charged with murder asserts that he killed in self-defense, his state of mind at the time of the act is material because it is an important element in determining his justification for his belief in an impending attack by the deceased. 2 Wigmore, Evidence (Chadboum rev), § 246, p 50. The reputation of the deceased for a violent or turbulent disposition is a circumstance that would cause such a belief. However, unlike evidence tending to show that the victim was the aggressor, the deceased’s violent reputation must be known to the defendant if he is to use it to show that he acted in self-defense. “Reputation in the neighborhood where both live is sufficient with nothing more.” Id. at 58. The strength of the *317deceased as well as Ms habitual carrying of weapons or Ms possession of them at the time of the affray, if known to the defendant, should be considered as properly affecting Ms apprehensions. Id. at 59. The purpose of tMs evidence is to show the defendant’s state of mind; therefore, it is obvious that the victim’s character, as affecting the defendant’s apprehensions, must have become known to him, otherwise it is irrelevant. See People v Walters, 223 Mich 676; 194 NW 538 (1923).
2. CHARACTER “IN ISSUE” VERSUS CIRCUMSTANTIAL USE OF CHARACTER
However, statmg that an accused may present evidence of the deceased’s character or reputation for violence is insufficient by itself. Character evidence should be separated into two categories, depending on the purpose for wMch the evidence is to be used: (1) character used as an ultimate issue in the case, and (2) character used as circumstantial evidence of an act.
Substantive law sometimes makes the rights and liabilities of parties depend in part on the existence or nonexistence of a trait of character. ... In these cases, character evidence is of course admissible since what is at issue in the case is a character trait, and if the issue is to be resolved on the basis of evidence, evidence of character must be admitted. This principle finds expression in the modem rule that evidence of character is admissible when character or trait of character is an essential element of a claim, charge, or defense. [1A Wigmore, Evidence (Tillers rev), § 69.1, p 1457 (emphasis in original).]
[On the other hand,] [w]hen character evidence is used circumstantially, the existence of a particular disposition is not itself the matter in issue; rather, evidence of a person’s disposition is offered to show the doing or not-doing of an *318act on a particular occasion. . . . [T]he accused may ordinarily offer evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the victim, . . . but such use of evidence also constitutes circumstantial use of character. [Id. at 1478.]
Where character is “in issue,” the character of a person may be an element of the crime, claim, or defense. Illustrations include: the competency of the driver in an action for negligently entrusting a motor vehicle to an incompetent driver, or the truthfulness of a person in an action for defamation of the person’s allegedly “untruthful” character.
Nevertheless, . . . courts often fail to follow the logic of the distinction just described — though repeatedly chastised by scholars of evidence for failing to do so — and not infrequently courts have said . . . that character is “in issue” when such is not the case according to the logic described above. . . . The same sort of jumbling of categories of character in issue and character as circumstantial evidence is sometimes also apparent in [cases] involving the proof of the character of the victim of a crime . . . . [1A Wigmore, Evidence (Tillers rev), § 63.1, p 1383, n 1.]
3. SPECIFIC ACTS VERSUS REPUTATION
Having noted the difference between circumstantial use of character and character “in issue,” we must next determine the significance of the distinction.
MRE 405 provides:
Methods of Proving Character
(a) Reputation or opinion. In all cases in which evidence of character or a trait of character of a person is admissible, proof may be made by testimony as to reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. On cross-examination, inquiry is allowable into reports of relevant specific instances of conduct.
*319(b) Specific instances of conduct. In cases in which character or a trait of character of a person is an essential element of a charge, claim, or defense, proof may also be made of specific instances of that person’s conduct.
As a general rule, the character of the victim may not be shown by specific instances of conduct unless those instances are independently admissible to show some matter apart from character as circumstantial evidence of the conduct of the victim on a particular occasion.
[W]hen character is not an, essential element, it may be shown only by reputation or opinion evidence. . . . Hence, construed literally, Rule 405 does not permit a defendant to use specific instances to show that the victim was the aggressor since the aggressive character of the victim is not an essential element of the defense of self-defense since the aggressive character of the victim is introduced as circumstantial evidence to show that the victim committed the first or primary act of aggression against the defendant, which is to say that the defense of self-defense in this situation makes an act of the victim, rather than a trait of the victim’s character, the material issue. [1A Wigmore, Evidence (Tillers rev), § 63.1, p 1382-1383, n 1.]
On the other hand, rule 405 allows specific instances of violence to be admitted only when character or a trait of character is made an essential element of a claim, charge, or defense. Id. See People v Farrell, 137 Mich 127; 100 NW 264 (1904); People v Cooper, 73 Mich App 660; 252 NW2d 564 (1977) (indicating that specific acts may not be shown to establish that the victim was the aggressor; specific acts, however, may be shown to establish reasonable apprehension of harm).
*320C. APPLICATION OF EVIDENTIARY ERROR
As can be seen by this language, the trial court erred in ruling on the admissibility of the character evidence pertaining to the victim when it was “not sure exactly” whether the evidence sought to be admitted pertained to reputation only or whether it also included evidence of specific acts committed by the decedent. To the extent that the evidence sought to be admitted pertained to the decedent’s reputation only, it was error for the trial judge to exclude it. However, if the defendant also sought to admit evidence of specific acts of violence or turbulence committed by the decedent, it was not error for the trial judge to exclude it.
We find that the evidentiary error committed by the trial court was not harmless. We recently adopted the “highly probable” standard for determining nonconstitutional harmless error in People v GeaRNs, 457 Mich 170; 577 NW2d 422 (1998). Under that standard, “ ‘[u]nless the appellate court believes it highly probable that the error did not affect the judgment, it should reverse.’ ” People v Mateo, 453 Mich 203, 219; 551 NW2d 891 (1996), quoting Traynor, The Riddle of Harmless Error (Ohio State Univ Press, 1970), pp 34-35. We cannot say that there is a high probability that the inclusion of evidence pertaining to the deceased’s violent character would not have affected the judgment. As the Court of Appeals correctly noted, the defense rested on three theories: intoxication, self-defense, and accident. Although the theories of self-defense and accident may seem inconsistent, according to the defendant, he drew his knife in self-defense, but the actual stabbing occurred by accident when the two men collided. Because an important *321theory of defendant’s case was self-defense, character evidence tending to show the victim’s violent character should have been admitted to show (1) that the victim was the likely aggressor, and (2) the defendant acted out of self-defense.1 Therefore, we remand Harris for a new trial on the basis of evidentiary error committed in the first trial.
Mallett, C.J., and Brickley and Kelly, JJ., concurred with Cavanagh, J.

 The dissent argues that the evidentiary error committed by the trial court was harmless because the defendant was allowed to testify that the two men had been “drinking and arguing” on the day in question. Post at 323. We respectfully disagree. First, testimony regarding two friends who were “arguing and drinking” while discussing wood is not the same as admitting evidence from the victim’s wife and other friends who would testify that the victim had a reputation for violence, especially while drinking. The trial court limited the defendant’s testimony to what he personally witnessed, and refused to allow the defendant to call witnesses who would support his theory that the victim had a violent character because he slapped, shoved, threatened with a gun, and chased with a truck other persons. While specific acts of violence are not admissible to show a character trait of the victim, this reputation evidence, especially coming from the victim’s wife, would tend to show that the defendant’s fear of the victim was a reality. Furthermore, despite the argument of the dissent that this evidence would merely corroborate “overwhelming evidence of the victim’s aggressive behavior on the day at issue,” id. at 324 (emphasis added), even the trial judge acknowledged that the defendant’s “testimony ... in that regard was fairly brief . . . .” Additionally, evidence that the victim was arguing over wood on the day in question is not the same as reputation evidence that the victim was generally both violent and turbulent. The testimony of others regarding the victim’s reputation for violence is particularly important in light of the fact that Detective Jack Schoder retrieved a pocket knife from the victim, and the defendant testified that he saw the victim reaching toward his pocket and was “[cjoming out of his pocket with a knife.”
Finally, we find unpersuasive the dissent’s reliance on a 1968 Michigan Court of Appeals case that was decided before Geams as conclusive support that the error in this case was harmless.