Court Opinion

ID: 4635920
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-24 21:00:34.567662+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:27.319215
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       NOV 24 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JACK ROBERT SMITH,                               No.   19-55855

                Plaintiff-Appellant,             D.C. No.
                                                 5:17-cv-01135-JFW-KK
 v.

JESSE HENDERSON, Psychiatric                     MEMORANDUM*
Technician, in his/her official and individual
capacity,

                Defendant-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                    John F. Walter, District Judge, Presiding

                          Submitted November 24, 2020 **
                             San Francisco, California

Before: D.W. NELSON, LEAVY, and SILVERMAN, Circuit Judges.

      California civil detainee Jack Robert Smith appeals pro se from the district

court’s summary judgment in his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action alleging Fourteenth

Amendment excessive force claims. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
We review de novo a district court’s summary judgment and qualified immunity

determination. Furnace v. Sullivan, 705 F.3d 1021, 1026 (9th Cir. 2013). We

reverse.

      Smith alleges that a psychiatric technician at a California state mental

hospital where Smith had been civilly committed intentionally injured him twice

while the two were playing basketball, hitting him once in the eye and once in the

mouth. Both injuries required medical treatment, and the eye required stitches.

The amended Report and Recommendation (“R&R) takes as true that the

technician was a state actor, that the injuries were intentional, and that they were

intended as punishment. The R&R then concludes that qualified immunity should

be granted on summary judgment because there is no specific case clearly

establishing the unconstitutionality of the intentional infliction of excessive force,

with the deliberate intention to punish an inmate, in the course of an athletic game.

      The Supreme Court has made clear that a plaintiff challenging qualified

immunity must point to precedent that “squarely governs” the facts at issue.

Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 13 (2015) (per curiam) (emphasis omitted) (quoting

Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 201 (2004) (per curiam)). There is no sense to

a ruling, however, that the cases only establish the prohibition against the use of

intentional excessive force in the back of police cars and in prison cells but not

anywhere else. If the defendant’s actions were intentional and intended to punish,

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allegations that the R&R finds are factually supported, we fail to see why it matters

that they occurred on a basketball court.

      The law is clearly established that where a state actor intentionally used

excessive force for the deliberate purpose of punishing the plaintiff, and that force

used caused a significant physical injury, such actions violate the Fourteenth

Amendment. A.D. v. California Highway Patrol, 712 F.3d 446, 454 (9th Cir.

2013) (a police officer who acted with the purpose to harm a civilian, unrelated to

the legitimate law enforcement objectives of arrest, self-defense, or the defense of

others, violated the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause); Felix v.

McCarthy, 939 F.2d 699, 701-02 (9th Cir. 1991) (holding that a reasonable officer

in 1985 would have known that “an unprovoked and unjustified attack by a prison

guard” that caused bruising, soreness, and emotional damage would violate

constitutional rights). Accordingly, we reverse the district court as to summary

judgment for the defendant on qualified immunity grounds.

      The issue upon remand for trial is whether defendant Henderson, a state

actor, denied Smith’s substantive due process rights under the Fourteenth

Amendment; that is, whether Henderson’s conduct is so egregious that it “shocks

the conscience.” Cnty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 851-53 (1998). An

intentional infliction of injury for no lawful purpose can shock the conscience. See

Zion v. Cnty. of Orange, 874 F.3d 1072, 1077 (9th Cir. 2017). When participants

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agree to play basketball, however, they consent to the possibility of sports-related

injuries. Participants nevertheless do not consent to, or assume the risk of,

intentional and deliberate infliction of injury. Therefore, the remaining factual

dispute is whether Henderson’s conduct intentionally and deliberately exceeded the

level of Smith’s consent to play basketball so as to cause intentional injury that

meets the shock the conscience standard.

      Smith’s motions to supplement the record (Docket Entry Nos. 11 and 14) are

denied.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.

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