Court Opinion

ID: 9444281
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-03 20:55:04.81132+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:29:47.738679
License: Public Domain

HASTIE, Circuit Judge.
Mesta Machine Company, a Pennsylvania corporation, contracted to install a large roll grinder in the Michigan plant of McLouth Steel Corporation, a Michigan corporation. Mesta subcontracted the work of installation to J. M. Foster & Co., an Indiana partnership. While Foster’s employees were installing the machine it fell and was severely damaged. McLouth sued Mes-ta. Mesta cross-claimed over against Foster on Foster’s undertaking to save Mesta from liability arising out of the work. Foster joined two third-party defendants, Landis Tool Co., the original vendor of the machine, and Hartford Accident and Indemnity Co., Foster’s insurer, who is the present appellant.
The district court, 116 F.Supp. 689, imposed liability upon Foster and its insurer, finding (1) that Mesta was not negligent in any respect, (2) that Lan-dis, whose expert was present when the accident occurred, was not in such control as would render it liable therefor, (3) that the accident was attributable to the negligence of Foster.
The policy of insurance issued to Foster by Hartford bound the insurer “To pay on behalf of the Insured all sums which the Insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of injury to or destruction of property, including the loss of use thereof, caused by accident.” However, the policy listed several exclusions from coverage among which was “ * * * property owned, occupied or used by * * * [or] in the care, custody or control of the Insured.” The sole question here is whether that exclusion is applicable to the circumstances of this mishap.
Federal jurisdiction in this case is based solely upon diversity of citizenship. Hence, Pennsylvania choice of law rules control this adjudication in a United States court for a Pennsylvania district. Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Manufacturing Co., Inc., 1941, 313 U.S. 487, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477.
The law of Pennsylvania is clear that where a policy of insurance requires countersigning by an out-of-state agent before the contract is complete, particular provisions are to be given effect according to the law of the place where the document is countersigned. Hardiman v. Fire Ass’n of Philadelphia, 1905, 212 Pa. 383, 61 A. 990; Wootton Hotel Corp. v. Northern Assur. Co., 3 Cir., 1946, 155 F.2d 988; cf. Ruhlin v. New York Life Ins. Co., 3 Cir., 1939, 106 F.2d 921. This is but a specific application of the accepted general rule that the nature and extent of the duty and obligation imposed by a contractual undertaking are determined by the law of the place of contracting. Marcus v. Heralds of Liberty, 1913, 241 Pa. 249, 88 A. 678; Long v. Morris, 3 Cir., 1942, 128 F.2d 653, 141 A.L.R. 1041; Sheinman & Sons, Inc., v. Scranton Life Insurance Co., 3 Cir., 1942, 125 F.2d 442; see, Restatement of Conflicts, §§ 332(f), 346; 1 Couch on Insurance, §§ 194, 198.
The policy in the present case was by its terms not binding until countersigned by an authorized agent. This was done in Chicago, Illinois. Therefore, we look to the law of Illinois for the solution of our problem.
*610The district court relied, correctly we think, upon Welborn v. Illinois Nat. Cas. Co., 1952, 347 Ill. App. 65, 106 N.E.2d 142, 143, as expository of present law in that state. That case involved an insurance policy issued to a garage owner covering bodily injury or property damage suffered through operation of the garage. The policy excluded property, “owned by, rented to, in charge of, or transported by the insured.” The Appellate Court of Illinois for the Fourth District affirmed a recovery on the policy for a loss suffered through destruction of an automobile left with the insured for repair. The question was whether the insured was “in charge of” the car. The court conceded that the insured was in a sense in charge of the property, but held that he was not “in charge” of it within the meaning of the exclusionary provision of the policy. It reasoned that the exclusionary provisions were limited to a proprietary type of control, though temporary, and did not cover the possessory handling which is incidental to repair. Almost anticipating the circumstances of the present case the court stated that its reasoning was “not limited to a car”, but was “equally applicable to a machine or other piece of equipment”. We think the Illinois court would have reasoned the same way and would have reached the same conclusion had the present contract and circumstances been before it.
The appellant has attempted to minimize the Welborn case as a decision of a court of intermediate appeal, arguing that such a decision is of very limited authority in Illinois. But the decision is not on that account any less binding on a federal court charged with applying Illinois law. Fidelity Union Trust Co. v. Field, 1940, 311 U.S. 169, 61 S.Ct. 176, 85 L.Ed. 109; Six Companies of California v. Joint Highway District, 1940, 311 U.S. 180, 61 S.Ct. 186, 85 L.Ed. 114; West v. American T. & T. Co., 1940, 311 U.S. 223, 61 S.Ct. 179, 85 L.Ed. 139. The cited cases make it clear that, where state law governs, a federal court may not decline to accept the rule announced in a state decision merely because it has not received the express or implied approval of the highest court of the state. This is so even though the federal court may think it likely that the highest state court will overrule the intermediate decision as unsound at some later date, or that another intermediate appellate court will reach a contrary result. It is also immaterial that the federal court may think the rule wrong, or prefer another. “An intermediate state court in declaring and applying the state law is acting as an organ of the State and its determination, in the absence of more convincing evidence of what the state law is, should be followed by a federal court in deciding a state question.” Fidelity Union Trust Co. v. Field, supra [311 U. S. 169, 61 S.Ct. 178]. Compare Turner v. Alton Banking & Trust Co., 8 Cir., 1950, 181 F.2d 899, holding a decision of the Appellate Court of Illinois declarative of state law.
In the present case, though a rational argument can be made for a different result,1 we recognize our obligation to follow and apply the law of Illinois as declared in the Welborn case.
The judgment will be affirmed.

. See Hardware Mutual Casualty Co. v. Mason-Moore Tracy, Inc., 2 Cir., 1952, 194 F.2d 173.