Court Opinion

ID: 9956084
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-01 08:10:02.010009+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:15:17.626268
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued March 29, 2024

                                      In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                              NO. 01-23-00713-CV
                            ———————————
 IN THE INTEREST OF J.C.D.Y. AKA J.Y., J.E.D.Y. AKA J.Y., M.M.D.Y.
   AKA M.Y., I.E.J. AKA I.J., M.D.K.G. AKA M.Y. AKA M.O.D.Y., and
                     J.T.D.Y. AKA J.Y., CHILDREN

                    On Appeal from the 313th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 2022-00167J

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      C.B.A.K. (“Mother”) challenges the trial court’s final decree terminating her

parental rights to her minor children M.D.K.G. AKA M.Y. AKA M.O.D.Y.

(“Mike”) and I.E.J. AKA I.J. (“Ivan”). The trial court terminated Mother’s parental

rights to Mike based on the court’s finding that Mother committed the predicate acts
under Texas Family Code Section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (J), and (O), and it

terminated Mother’s parental rights to Ivan based on the court’s finding that Mother

committed the predicate acts under Section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), and (O). Mother

argues there is legally and factually insufficient evidence supporting the trial court’s

findings that termination of her parental rights was in Mike’s and Ivan’s best interest.

      We affirm the trial court’s final decree.

                                     Background

      Mother has six children: Mike, J.T.D.Y. AKA J.Y. (“Julie”), J.C.D.Y. AKA

J.Y. (“Jack”), J.E.D.Y. AKA J.Y. (“John”), M.M.D.Y. AKA M.Y. (“Mark”), and

Ivan. Mike’s father is K.G. (“Father G”), Ivan’s father is N.D.J. (“Father J”), and

Julie, Jack, John, and Mark’s father is M.Y. (“Father Y”).

A.    Family’s History with the Department

      The record reflects that the family has been involved with the Department

since at least March 2014.

      On March 1, 2014, the Department received a referral alleging child neglect

and physical abuse. According to the referral, the household included Mother, who

was pregnant, her paramour, and four children between the ages of one and six years

old. The family was living in “deplorable conditions.” The house was “nasty” and

there was a “stench as you walk into the home.” It was littered with clothes “and

                                           2
stuff,” and did not have “a sink, a bathroom shower or tub.” There was an in-ground

pool in the backyard, but no fencing.

        According to the referral, Mother, who was pregnant with Mark, had been

high the day before during a party at the house. Mother’s speech was slurred, her

eyes were “red blood-shot, and she could not carry a conversation.” Father Y, who

attended the party, said there was “a lot of marijuana in the home,” but the

Department did not know if the “marijuana was left out where the children had

access to it.” The Department’s disposition stated, “unable to determine and ruled

out.”

        On March 2, 2014, Mother and Father Y had a “family dispute.” Father Y

“shot at the car with the mother and children inside,” and then “committed suicide

with a gun in front of the children” and Mother.

        On May 31, 2014, the Department received a referral alleging physical abuse

after Mother and Mark tested positive for marijuana at Mark’s birth. Mother said

she was using marijuana to cope with prior domestic violence and Father Y’s suicide.

Mother only sought prenatal care with Mark after her seventh month of pregnancy.

Following this referral, Mother entered into a family-based safety services plan

(“FBSS”) with the Department. Among other things, the FBSS required Mother to

refrain from illegal drug use, submit to random drug testing, and have Mother’s sister

                                          3
move into the home to serve as a monitor. In October 2014, the Department reported

that Mother had been compliant with the FBSS.

      On May 14, 2019, the Department received a referral for physical neglect from

one of Julie’s teachers.    According to the referral, Julie’s hygiene had been

deteriorating since early April 2019, and her clothes had a “very strong urine smell.”

Julie, who weighed 80 only pounds despite being 5’ 8,” was “skinny” and she often

asked to take food home from school. The teacher knew that Julie helped care for

the younger children and she had heard that the utilities in Julie’s home were often

not working. The Department investigated and found the home in good shape, but

no disposition was given because it was an “Alternate Response Case.”

      On February 26, 2020, the Department received a referral from Father G for

physical neglect and physical abuse. According to the referral, the family had been

living in a one-bedroom hotel for a week. The hotel room was dirty, clothes were

strewn about, and there were no sheets on the bed. Mike, who reportedly slept on

the floor, smelled like mildew, his hair was smelly and matted, and he was not

wearing any socks. He stated he had gotten into trouble recently for taking a bath.

Father G wanted to take Mike and get him cleaned up, but Mike was too afraid to

leave his siblings and he was scared that Mother would find out he had been talking

to Father G.

                                          4
      According to Father G, Mike was skinny, he appeared malnourished, and his

leg bones protruded. Mike told Father G that he was fed three meals per day on

some days, but he went to bed without food on other days. Mike, who was twelve

years old, stated that he had not been in school in a month, and he was left to care

for his five younger siblings, including two-year-old Ivan, when Mother went out.

Mike told Father G that Mother and her boyfriend spent all their money on

marijuana, and Mike had seen Mother smoke marijuana. Father G believed that

Mike was depressed.

      Father G made the referral after Mike found him on Instagram. Father G told

the Department this was the first time he had seen Mike in seven years because

Mother had been hiding Mike from him. Father G expressed concern that Mother

would disappear with the family again. The record reflects that the Department was

unable to investigate because it could not locate the family.1

B.    Present Case

      On February 2, 2022, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services

filed an Original Petition for Protection of a Child for Conservatorship, and for

1
      On July 12, 2022, six months after the children were taken into the Department’s
      care, Julie reported that she had been sexually abused by two maternal uncles when
      she was six years old and eleven years old. Julie stated she told Mother about the
      abuse, and Mike confirmed he knew about it. According to Julie, a maternal aunt
      may also have seen the abuse. On July 25, 2022, Julie made a detailed outcry of
      abuse. It is not necessary to discuss the details of the abuse for purposes of this
      opinion.

                                           5
Termination in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship seeking to terminate

Mother’s parental rights to Mike, Julie, Jack, John, Mark, and Ivan.2 Brandi

Whitely, a Department investigator, prepared the affidavit attached to the

Department’s petition.

      On January 29, 2022, the Department received a referral from law

enforcement for physical neglect and physical abuse of Mother’s six children.

According to Whiteley’s affidavit, the police became involved after a concerned

citizen reported seeing Mike and Jack walking down the road nearly two miles from

Mother’s home at 10:45 p.m. The officers found Jack near the home, and they found

Mike at a Sonic. The police, who took the boys home, reported that Mother was not

at home when they arrived that night, and that Mike was his siblings’ primary

caretaker when Mother was away. The officers tried to contact Mother, but the calls

went straight to voicemail.

      The police reported that Mother’s home was “unsuitable,” and it had “an odor

of urine” emanating from within it. According to the referral, the officers saw four

rats run through the home, rat holes in the walls, piles of black trash bags in the

kitchen and living room, and roaches crawling out of the bags. It appeared to the

2
      The Department also sought to establish the children’s parentage. After establishing
      Father J was Ivan’s father and Father G was Mike’s father, the Department filed an
      amended petition seeking to terminate Father J’s parental rights to Ivan and Father
      G’s parental rights to Mike.

                                           6
officers that “the children [had not] showered in a few days” and two of the children

in the home hid from the police.

      The police reported that Ivan, who was three years old, had “excessive marks

and scratches all over his body,” and it appeared to be “more excessive than just

getting bumps and bruises from running around.” Ivan had a “fresh” scratch on his

back and another on his toe that was bleeding. He also had other marks that “looked

old and were scars.”

      The case was tried to the court over four days: May 10, 2023, May 15, 2023,

June 5, 2023, and July 24, 2023. Whitely was the Department’s first witness.

C.    Trial Testimony

      Department investigator Brandi Whitely, Department caseworker Victoria

Martinez, Mother, Jane Piaskowski with Child Advocates, Department caseworker

Shanequa Davis, and substance abuse counselor Lindsey Cason testified for the

Department. Margaret Florence and Mother testified on Mother’s behalf.

      1.     Brandy Whitely, Department Investigator

      Department Investigator Whitely testified that the police referred the case to

the Department after Mike and Jack were caught stealing food from a store and

because the children had been “left alone.”

      Whitely went to the home the next day, on a Sunday, to investigate the

referral. According to Whitely, there were six children in the home but no adults.

                                         7
Mike, who answered the door, told Whitely that Mother was at work, and he allowed

Whitely to come inside the home to make sure the children were safe. According to

Whitely, all the children “had a strong, musty, urine and filth stench that could be

smelled when the door opened.” The children, who were wearing foul, soiled

clothing, had trash or debris stuck in their “severely matted” hair, and it appeared to

Whitely that none of them had bathed “for quite some time.”

      Whitely stated the conditions she observed inside the home were “not livable

for the children.” The carpets and walls were very dirty, the living room furniture

was “soiled with no cushions on them,” there were “bags of trash throughout the

home,” there were no televisions, and “loose wiring was seen hanging out the walls

throughout the home.” Whitely saw “several rats and roaches in the home, mainly

in the kitchen and dining area,” and there was a “huge pile of garbage” in the dining

area that “had numerous rodents being seen hiding within it.”

      Whitely testified there was no food in the house. The kitchen did not have a

refrigerator or a working stove or microwave, and the kitchen cabinets were bare.

According to Whitely, there were no cups, plates, utensils, pots, or pans in the

kitchen. Whitely found a deep freezer in the laundry room, but it was empty. The

laundry room was filled with soiled clothes on the floor.

      The children’s bathroom was completely unusable. According to Whitely, the

toilet was backed up and there was feces and urine in the toilet and bathroom sink,

                                          8
which appeared to have been there for a long time. The bathroom sink countertop

was broken and the tile on the floor was soiled as well. There was no toilet paper or

toiletries in the bathroom, the bathtub was dirty, and there was nowhere in the home

for the children to brush their teeth. According to Whitely, the toilets in the home

would not flush and the children could not take a bath because there was no running

water in the home. The kitchen faucet only emitted a “slow drip.”

      Although it was a three-bedroom home, “only the master bedroom had a bed

that contained a soiled mattress topper” and that belonged to Mother. The foam

mattress was soiled with “different substances,” including urine.       The master

bedroom had several trash bags filled with soiled clothes all over the floor. Whitely

did not see any beds in the home for the children or anything the children could have

used as beds.

      Whitely did not believe that the home was a safe environment for the children.

She said it was “unlivable” and “horrible,” and not acceptable for any child to live

in. After inspecting the home, Whitely went to her car to wait for Mother to return.

At some point, Whitely tried to return to the home, but when she knocked on the

door, the children turned out the lights and refused to answer the door. Whitely

called the police for assistance.

                                         9
      Mike answered the door when Whitely and a deputy constable knocked on the

door around 10:30 p.m. According to Whitely, several hours had passed since she

arrived at the house, and Mother was still not home.

      Mike told Whitely that Mother had left the house on Friday morning. He told

her he made noodles for the children that day and explained that the house looked

the way it did because Mother had taken in some unruly cousins who broke the

children’s beds. According to Whitely, Mike had a “foul odor on his body,” and his

hair was “extremely matted.” He told Whitely that he had been suffering from a

toothache for two weeks and the children had not been in school for a “few months.”

      Whitely tried to talk to Julie, but Julie “did not want to say what was going on

at her home.” According to Whitely, Julie appeared to have been coached on what

to say to the Department. Julie first insisted that Mother was at work, but she later

claimed that Mother had gone out to eat. Whitely also tried to talk with Jack, John,

Mark, and Ivan, but they would not answer Whitely’s questions. Ivan was dirty and

wearing a soiled diaper.

      Whitely tried unsuccessfully to contact Mother several times while she was at

the home.3 According to Whitely, there was one cell phone in the home, and

although the cell phone did not have any service, the children could use the

neighbors’ WiFi to FaceTime with Mother when she was away. The children,

3
      Whitley unsuccessfully attempted to contact Father J.
                                         10
however, did not know how to reach Mother that day because Mother frequently

called from random numbers. Whitely called some of the random numbers and she

was able to reach one of the children’s maternal uncles (“Uncle K”). Uncle K and

three other family members arrived at the home twenty minutes later. Whitely

testified that Uncle K was unaware the children were living in such conditions and

he began “crying with the children.”

      Mother called Uncle K an hour and a half after he arrived at the house. After

Uncle K gave his phone to Whitely, Whitely explained to Mother her concerns with

the home and the circumstances in which she found the children. Mother told

Whitely that she could not come home then because she was styling someone’s hair.

According to Whitely, Mother seemed unconcerned that law enforcement and the

Department were at her home, until Whitely told Mother that the children would be

removed due to the environment and because no caregiver was present. According

to Whitely, it took her four hours to contact Mother.

      Mother, who arrived home twenty-five minutes after speaking to Whitely, was

dropped off at the home by an unknown man driving a Dodge Challenger.

According to Whitely, Mother’s Porsche and Lincoln Navigator were parked in the

driveway. Whitely testified that Mother was well-dressed, “well-kept,” her hair was

done, her clothes were clean, and she was odor free.

                                         11
      Whitely testified that Mother was very aggressive, and she did not appear to

be concerned with the condition of the home. According to Whitely, Mother claimed

that someone watched the children when she was out and that they had food in the

home. She also claimed the whole incident was a lie and she accused the Department

of “just want[ing] to take her children.” According to Whitely, Mother “downplayed

the home conditions and said they were remodeling the home.” Whitely testified

that remodeling would not account for the rat and roach infestation, the lack of food,

or the condition of the sinks and toilet.

      Mother was arrested at the scene for child endangerment and abandonment,

and the children were taken into the Department’s care. When Whitely asked

Mother for names for potential relative placements, Mother suggested Uncle K.

Although Uncle K wanted to care for the children, he was not an appropriate

placement because he did not have identification and he was living in a third-party’s

home. Whitely testified that, after Julie was in the Department’s care, Julie accused

Uncle K of sexual abuse. Although the Department first approved for the children

to be placed with their maternal grandmother, the Department found the possible

placement inappropriate after it learned the maternal grandmother and a person

living in her home had a case pending with the Department. Whitely later learned

that while they were in the Department’s care, the children made allegations of

physical abuse against their maternal grandmother.

                                            12
      Whitely testified that the children were removed from Mother’s care because

the home was unlivable, Mother had left the children alone overnight, there was no

food in the home, it took four hours for Mother to come home and she did so only

after Whitely told her that she was preparing to remove the children, and the children

had not been in school for months. According to Whitely, Mother often left the

children home alone and, in this instance, the children had been left alone at home

for a day or two before they were removed. Whitely testified that Mike was fourteen,

and while she agreed that the children could be left home alone with a fifteen or

sixteen-year-old, they could not be left with a teenager overnight. Whitely testified

there was no food in the home, the children were hungry, and they told her they had

not eaten since the previous day. Whitely did not believe that the children’s weight

was appropriate for their ages, and she fed the children before she removed them.

      After they were removed from Mother’s home, the children were cleaned up

at Kinder Shelter. While they were getting cleaned, and afterward, Whitely saw old

scars, marks, and bruises on the children.

      On January 31, 2022, Department Supervisor Teresa Cruz spoke with Mike

and Julie. Mike and Julie told Cruz that Mother had left the home on Friday morning

and had not returned until Sunday night after Whitely and police arrived at the home.

They told her that Mother left them alone at home all the time and she had not been

home much in the past six months. According to Mike and Julie, Mother would

                                         13
leave for a few days, return for a few days, and then leave again. Mike and Julie

told Sanchez it was difficult to contact Mother at times and they did not know which

phone number to call because Mother’s phone was broken. Mike did not know

where Mother worked and neither he nor Julie knew whether Mother worked days

or nights. Mike told Sanchez that Mother went to cosmetology school in the

morning.

      Mike and Julie told Sanchez that Ivan’s father, Father J, was not around much

and “it’s a good thing.” Mike said that Father J abused Mother and he had seen

Father J hit Mother. Mike and Julie stated that they did not talk to Father Y’s family

because they are all “crack heads.”

      Mike and Julie said the house did not always look so bad. Mike said that they

always had running water and Mother’s friend had looked at the toilet and sink the

previous day. Mike and Julie stated that the beds had been removed from the home

because several months earlier, their cousins had broken the beds. Mike said that

some of his brothers had cut up the mattresses.

      Mike and Julie stated they were responsible for cleaning the home, taking care

of the younger children, and feeding everyone. Ivan would stop crying only if Julie

picked him up. Mike and Julie said that Mother would order food for the children,

but it would not last because the children would eat it too quickly. Mike and Julie

                                         14
stated that if they had done a better job cleaning, they would not have been removed

from Mother.

      Whitely stated that according to Mother, Mike, and Julie, the children were

homeschooled. Although there were five school-aged children in the home, the

home had only one laptop, and it required the use of the neighbor’s WiFi. Asked

how six children could be homeschooled with only one computer, Mike and Julie

stated that Ivan had broken a laptop and a tablet.

      Mike and Julie said they rarely went outside the home and that Mother did not

take them out. Mike had told Mother two weeks earlier that his tooth had been

hurting, but she had done nothing. Whitely testified that the children did not want

to be in that home.

      Whitely testified that after she completed her investigation, Mike and Julie

made outcries of sexual and physical abuse. Julie stated that she had been sexually

abused by two of her maternal uncles and Mike alleged that Mother had physically

abused him. Mike said he “got the worst” of the abuse when the children did

anything to upset Mother, and that Mother kicked him in his stomach because she

believed he had stolen money from her. Mother also hit Mike in the head with a belt

buckle. According to Mike, one of Mother’s male friends urged Mother to go easier

on Mike. Julie agreed that Mother “beat on” Mike worse than the other children.

                                         15
      2.     Victoria Martinez

      The children’s conservatorship caseworker Victoria Martinez testified that

Mike is fifteen years old, Julie is fourteen years old, Jack is twelve years old, John

is eleven years old, Mark is eight years old, and Ivan is four years old. Father Y,

who is deceased, is father to Julie, Jack, John, and Mark. All four children were

placed with their paternal grandmother S.M. (“Grandmother”). Ivan, whose father

is Father J, was also placed with Grandmother. And Mike was placed with his father,

Father G.

      On May 15, 2023, Julie, Jack, John, and Mark were removed from

Grandmother’s home and placed in an emergency shelter. Martinez testified that

although the Department was searching for a more desirable placement, the children

had attended school for two weeks before summer break and their basic needs were

being met in the shelter. Ivan was removed from Grandmother’s home the same day

as his siblings and he was placed in a special needs foster home.

      Martinez testified that Mother’s sister J.K. (“Aunt K”), was being considered

for possible placement. According to Martinez, Aunt K had taken two drug tests

since May 15, 2023. For the first test, Aunt K refused to provide a hair sample and

her urine test was negative. At the time of Martinez’s testimony, the Department

had not yet received the results of Aunt K’s second drug test.

                                         16
      Martinez testified that after coming into the Department’s care, the children

appeared to be happier, they ate more, attended school, their grades improved, their

dental and medical needs improved, and they just “enjoy[ed] being children.”

      Martinez testified that Mike, who was diagnosed with ADHD after he was

removed from Mother’s care, is in the tenth grade, and has participated in football,

basketball, tennis, and baseball. When Mike came into care, he needed intensive

dental work, he was suffering from a toothache, and he was behind on his

immunizations.

      Mike was placed with Father G in August 2022. According to Martinez, Mike

is bonded with Father G, Father G is meeting all of Mike’s needs, and the

Department does not have any concerns about Father G or Mike’s placement with

him. Martinez testified that, after the Department determined Father G was Mike’s

biological father, Father G had “done everything that he needs to do to make sure”

Mike is safe.4

      Martinez testified that, on February 25, 2023, Mike visited with Mother in a

Wal-Mart parking lot without Father G’s permission.                 This concerned the

Department because Mike had experienced extensive abuse and neglect when he was

with Mother, and if the Department were to approve any visits between Mike and

Mother, such visits would have to be monitored.                The Department also was

4
      Mike’s birth certificate identified Father J as his father.
                                             17
concerned because after Mike visited with Mother, he became “more defiant and

skipping classes to be with his girlfriend, or not listening to his father,” and his

grades suffered. Martinez testified that Mother had been giving Mike junk food and

she was paying Mike to act out in Father G’s home. The Department was concerned

that Mother’s relationship with Mike could undermine Father G’s parenting

decisions. When asked if Mike wanted to maintain a relationship with Mother,

Martinez testified that Mike told her “he was just going to wait until he was out of

[the Department’s care] in order to have that contact with his mother because he did

not want to get in trouble anymore and get his phone taken away.”

      Martinez testified that Julie, who is fourteen years old, is a ninth grader and

she has performed adequately in school. Julie was diagnosed with anxiety and

oppositional defiant disorder. Julie has not visited with Mother.

      Jack is twelve years old and in the seventh grade. Martinez testified that after

he came into care, Jack was diagnosed with ADHD, major depressive disorder,

generalized anxiety disorder, and “mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct.”

Jack, who is taking medication, has been seeing his therapist, Dr. Lacy, since January

2023, and he is bonded with her. Martinez does not believe that Jack has been in

communication with Mother.

      John is eleven years old and in the fifth grade. Martinez testified that John

was diagnosed with ADHD specified trauma and “stress-related disorder due to

                                         18
multiple transitions” after he came into care. Like Jack, John was also taking

medication and seeing Dr. Lacy for therapy.

         Mark is eight years old. He is in the second grade and doing fine in school.

         Ivan is four years old. According to the Department’s April 2023 permanency

report, Ivan is “sweet natured and very quiet,” and although he is mostly non-verbal,

he “comes alive when there is music and opportunities to dance.” He was diagnosed

with autism on October 6, 2022. Martinez testified that Ivan had been in daycare

after he came into the Department’s care, but he recently started attending Pre-K.

Although he is mostly nonverbal, Ivan had started saying “a few words” and singing

songs.

         According to the April 2023 permanency report, Ivan “display[ed] clear signs

of a child of neglect (disconnected, continually awaiting instruction, needing

continual guidance and instruction in play, had to be taught to close his eyes for naps

and prayer before meals, etc.).” He was diagnosed with “phase of life problem” and

neglect on March 12, 2022, and the report states that “being in a stable and

supportive environment is critical for [Ivan’s] development.” The report reflects that

Ivan had “significant cognitive delays,” he needed “a comprehensive language-

based program in order to make progress with his severe delays,” and he received

speech and occupational therapy while in the Department’s care. Martinez testified

                                           19
that anyone adopting Ivan would be eligible for adoption subsidies to help provide

for Ivan’s care. Ivan was also diagnosed with encephalopathy.

      As for Ivan’s dental health, the report states that Ivan had “fairly extensive

[dental] work done prior due to neglect in the home of origin,” and his first foster

parent noticed that he “would take his food and stuff all the way to his back teeth to

chew in the back because the front teeth appeared to be in such pain.” The dental

care he received while in foster care appears to have resolved his pain.

      According to Martinez, Ivan was placed at a specialized foster home after he

was removed from Grandmother’s home and Ivan’s needs are being met in his new

placement. Ivan was wearing a diaper when he came into the Department’s care, and

his potty-training is progressing well in his foster placement.

      Martinez testified the children made outcries of physical and sexual abuse

after they came into the Department’s care. According to Martinez, Jack and Mark

told her that Mother “used to whip them constantly with an extension cord,” and

when she grew tired of hitting them, Mother made them “stand in the corner for

hours.” Ivan was the only child that did not get whipped. According to the boys,

their maternal grandmother would also discipline them by making them stand in the

corner for hours. Martinez testified that she saw marks and bruises on all the

children. Julie reported that Mother’s brothers sexually abused her when she was

nine or ten years old, and Mother knew about the abuse.

                                          20
      The Department asked the court to terminate Mother’s rights to Julie, Jack,

John, Mark, and Ivan and to appoint the Department as the children’s permanent

managing conservator. When asked why she believed it was in the best interest of

the children for Mother’s parental rights as to Julie, Jack, John, Mark, and Ivan to

be terminated, Martinez testified:

      It’s in the best interest of the children just due to the lack of—that
      [Mother] has not alleviated any of the Department’s concerns. [Mother]
      continues to deny any neglect and abuse took place, even though the
      children are covered in scars. The children have discussed the physical
      abuse [by Mother.]

      ...

      The children have expressed abuse and neglect that took place in
      [Mother’s] home. They expressed that they were starved or didn’t
      receive any meals, some days that they would fight over the food that
      was left. They would have to steal for food. The children deserve
      permanency. They deserve a loving home. They deserve an education,
      deserve friends, to go out. . . .

      They deserve to act as children, to not have to supervise each other’s
      siblings, and just a stable home that’s willing to care for them long-
      term, willing to work with them and their special needs, to keep up with
      their medical and dental appointments. And [Mother] did not address
      those needs while they were in her care. [Mother] has gone against [the
      Department] to visit with [Mike] unsupervised. So the [Department]
      sees that it’s in the best interest that [Mother’s] rights are terminated
      due to all those factors.

Martinez testified that, unlike his siblings, the Department’s goal for Mike was

family reunification with Father G. The Department asked the trial court to appoint

                                         21
Father G as Mike’s primary managing conservator and Mother as Mike’s possessory

conservator.5

         (1)    Mother’s Family Service Plan

      Martinez testified that the Department created a family service plan (“FSP”)

for Mother. Mother’s FSP was filed with the court on April 22, 2022, and made an

order of the court. In the FSP, the Department identified several concerns it had with

respect to Mother and the children, including the fact that none of the school-aged

children had been in school for two years, which required an assessment of their

educational needs.

      According to the FSP, Mike was beginning to show emotional and behavioral

issues. He had been removed from his initial foster home due to possible theft, he

had difficulties with peer relationships, and his relationship with Mother was

questionable because he had not asked to visit with Mother. The Department was

also concerned about Julie’s emotional and behavioral health because she often

looked to Mike for verbal and non-verbal prompts before responding to questions

and she was guarded around her foster family.

5
      Martinez did not specifically testify that the Department wanted the court to appoint
      Father G as Mike’s primary managing conservator and Mother as Mike’s possessory
      conservator. This was argued in closing. Martinez testified that the Department’s
      goal for Mike was family reunification with Father G, and she stated on cross-
      examination that the Department was not requesting that Mother’s rights be
      terminated.
                                           22
      Jack’s, John’s, and Mark’s emotional and behavioral health were also of

concern. According to the FSP, Jack was diagnosed with neglect, physical abuse,

and adjustment disorder after he came into the Department’s care, and he was

attending mental health counseling. John, who had been diagnosed with physical

abuse and adjustment disorder, was attending mental health counseling. Mark had

been diagnosed with neglect, physical abuse, and adjustment disorder and he was

also attending mental health counseling.

      The Department was also concerned about Ivan, who was delayed in his

physical and cognitive development. When he came into the Department’s care,

Ivan was three years old and non-verbal. The FSP recommended that Ivan receive

speech, occupational, and play therapy. The FSP also states that Ivan’s potty-

training and speech delays were due to “trauma.” Ivan was doing well with his foster

family.

      The FSP noted that Mother had not been providing for the children’s basic

needs because the children did not have adequate food, water, sleeping

arrangements, or supervision when they were in Mother’s care. According to the

FSP, Mother was not present to supervise the children, she had an inadequate support

system, and she had shown a lack of parenting knowledge by keeping her children

out of school and leaving a fourteen-year-old to supervise five younger children.

                                           23
      The goal of the FSP was for Mother to supervise the children, provide

appropriate discipline when needed, and provide them with a safe environment free

from abuse or neglect. The FSP states that Mother’s progress under the FSP would

be measured by three criteria, including whether: (1) Mother completed the required

tasks/services; 2) achieved the FSP’s goals; and 3) provided for the children’s

ongoing safety and wellbeing.

         (2)    Requirements of Mother’s FSP

      Martinez testified that Mother’s FSP required Mother to (1) maintain stable

housing for at least six months, (2) provide proof of all income every month, (3) sign

a release of information, (4) participate in parenting classes, (5) participate in a

psychological assessment and follow all recommendations, (6) participate in

individual counseling, (7) maintain a positive support system, (8) participate in

random drug testing, and (9) participate in a substance abuse assessment. Martinez

testified that although Mother had completed most of her services, she had not

satisfied the housing and income requirements in the FSP.

      Mother’s FSP required her to secure stable housing for a minimum of six

months consecutively and throughout the duration of the case. According to an April

2023 permanency report prepared by the Department, Mother told the Department

in June 2022 that she was moving out of her old home on July 1, 2022, but that she

did not yet have a new address. In July 2022, Mother told the Department that she

                                         24
was living with a friend, but she did not provide the caseworker with the address.

While Mother told the Department in October 2022 that she was “closer to the down

payment for her home and will be sending lease and proof of utilities,” she did not

send a lease or provide an address until February 2023, when Mother provided the

Department with “a copy of her lease and her address.” According to the report, in

March 2023, Mother told the Department she was living in Crockett, Texas and

although she provided them with an address, Mother did not provide the Department

with an updated lease.

      Martinez testified that Mother provided her with a month-to-month lease

while the case was pending, and, on May 5, 2023, Mother provided Martinez with a

two-year residential lease that commenced on February 1, 2023. Martinez went to

the address reflected on the two-year lease that same day, but Mother did not allow

Martinez to come inside. According to Martinez, Mother told her she did not feel

“comfortable” letting Martinez in because the new home was not up to “the standards

that she wished for everyone to see.” Mother told Martinez she “wanted [the house]

in the best condition for [the Department] and her children to be returned home.”

Martinez testified that she saw a man and his son at the home, even though Mother

claimed she lived alone.

      On May 19, 2023, Martinez and Jane Piaskowski from Child Advocates

visited Mother’s new home. Martinez testified that the cleanliness of Mother’s home

                                        25
was a concern when the children came into care, and although Mother’s new home

was cluttered, it was much better than the old home. According to Martinez, the

closet in Mother’s home was cluttered, there were clothes all over the floor and in

the garage, and there were “two large trash bags full of trash, open, with like little

gnats flying around them.” Mother told Martinez she was waiting for the trash pick-

up day, but Martinez felt the amount of trash was excessive. Martinez admitted that

it was common for closets to be cluttered and that clutter in a closet did not pose a

substantial danger or harm to the children.

      According to Martinez, one bedroom had a queen-size bed frame but no

mattress, the second bedroom had a twin bunkbed with one mattress, and the master

bedroom had a queen bed frame with a mattress on the floor. She saw nothing in the

home that posed a potential threat to the children if they were returned to Mother.

Martinez also saw men’s cologne and a man’s prescription bottle in Mother’s home

despite Mother’s claim that she lived alone.

      While a photograph Mother took depicted a salon inside the home, Martinez

testified that she saw only a barber chair and an unattached hair dryer in the garage.

Martinez testified that the photographs Mother provided of the home did not

accurately depict what the home looked like when Martinez walked through it, and

she was concerned Mother’s photographs could be “misleading.” Martinez testified

                                         26
that she took photographs when she visited Mother’s new home, but Martinez did

not provide them to the Department’s attorney.

      With respect to the FSP’s requirement that Mother provide the Department

with proof of all sources of income on a monthly basis, the Department’s April 2023

permanency report stated that Mother told the Department in April 2022 that she

was a cosmetologist, and she did hair on the side. Mother also claimed she did

“stocks, real estate and [that she was] in law school.” On May 2, 2022, the

Department asked Mother to provide check stubs reflecting her income, and Mother

reiterated that “her primary method of earning money [was] through her

cosmetology practice.” In June 2022, the Department asked Mother to provide “a

receipt book to get an estimate of the mother’s income for the month, but she stated

that she [wa]s working on it.” In July 2022, Mother told the Department that she

had finished cosmetology school and opened her own hair salon, but she did not

provide any proof of her income from June 2022 to September 2022. In October

2022, Mother told the Department “she ha[d] salon income and could submit

paperwork for it, but Mother did not provide the caseworker with “pay stubs or proof

of income” in October 2022, November 2022, or December 2022. In January 2023,

Mother gave the caseworker paystubs from Red Lobster. According to the report,

Mother did not provide the caseworker with any recent paystubs or proof of income

in March 2023.

                                        27
        Martinez testified that on May 5, 2023, Mother told the Department that she

owns a Porsche. She also provided Martinez with Cash App screen shots from

February 2023, March 2023, and April 2023, and a statement of income Mother said

was prepared by her bookkeeper and accountant. Martinez testified that the Cash

App screen shots reflected a balance of $400 in February, $1,000 in March, and

about $3,000 in April. Although Mother told Martinez that she was a self-employed

hairstylist, Martinez testified she could not verify that the sums reflected on the Cash

App screen shots represented money Mother earned through her hair styling job.

Mother also did not provide Martinez with information reflecting her 2022 income.

According to Martinez, the records Mother provided failed to demonstrate Mother

had stable income for six months because the records only went back to February

2023.

        Mother’s FSP also required her to complete individual counseling. Martinez

testified that although Mother had completed individual counseling, Martinez had

no reason to believe that Mother knew how to change her behavior because,

        [Mother] fails to address that she physically abused the children, that
        the children were left in an unlivable home. So if the children were to
        be returned to her, she doesn’t know how to change that behavior. It’s
        always going to remain the same because she never properly addressed
        it in therapy. She doesn’t believe what happened was wrong or that she
        left the children like that.

        Martinez also testified that as it concerns the FSP’s drug testing requirements,

Mother submitted to drug testing through the pendency of the case, and she

                                           28
completed a substance abuse assessment. Martinez testified that while Mother’s

urine test in April 2023 tested negative,6 Mother’s most recent hair follicle test and

urine test, taken after May 15, 2023, both tested positive. According to Martinez,

Mother’s most recent positive drug test results were concerning to the Department

because Mother tested positive after she was successfully discharged from substance

abuse treatment on May 9, 2023. The Department was also concerned because

Mother’s drug usage was an issue when the children came into care, and Mother

“continues to deny usage of drugs but continues to test positive in her urine and

hair.” The record reflects that, between April 6, 2022, and February 1, 2023, Mother

failed or refused to submit to thirteen drug tests, all of which the trial court presumed

were positive. Although the urine sample Mother provided on February 1, 2023

tested negative, Mother refused to submit a hair sample on the same day, which

under the FSP is presumed as a positive test result. Between May 11, 2022, and June

20, 2023, Mother submitted nine urine and hair samples that tested positive for

marijuana or marijuana metabolites. Although the urine sample Mother submitted

on May 16, 2023 tested negative, the test was invalid because the sample Mother

submitted was diluted.

      Martinez testified that Mother was charged with abandonment when the

children were removed from her care, but the charge was dismissed due to

6
      Mother was not required to provide a hair follicle sample.

                                           29
insufficient evidence. An order prohibiting Mother from having any contact with

the children was issued due to Mother’s criminal charge, but Martinez did not recall

if the order had been issued by the trial court. The order was lifted when the

abandonment charge was dismissed. Martinez testified the Department did not

schedule any visits between Mother and the children after the no-contact order was

lifted because the “therapist did not recommend it.” When asked about Mother’s

claim that even though she attempted to provide support for the children, the

Department told her she could not do so, Martinez testified that Mother had never

attempted to provide support for the children. Martinez was not aware of any support

system Mother had created, which was also required by her FSP.

      When asked why the Department’s concerns had not been alleviated by

Mother’s substantial completion of her FSP, Martinez testified:

      Because during therapy, [Mother] continues to deny the children were
      ever neglected or abused by her. They were never starved. She never
      left them home alone for week– for days at a time. She never admitted
      any of that.

According to Martinez, the goal of the FSP was for Mother to complete the services,

show “changed behavior,” and alleviate the Department’s concerns. Despite her

work on her FSP, Mother never alleviated the Department’s concerns that led to the

children’s removal from her care.

                                        30
      3.     Jane Piaskowski, Child Advocates

      Jane Piaskowski with Child Advocates is the guardian ad litem for the five

youngest children: Julie, Jack, John, Mark, and Ivan. Piaskowski testified that she

attended all hearings in the case, met with Mother, and visited with the children

several times. According to Piaskowski, the children improved after being removed

from Mother’s home.

      Piaskowski testified that the children’s dental health was bad when they came

into the Department’s care. Their dental records “showed that the children needed

a very intensive level of dental care in order to get them to a place where they were

pain free and able to develop normally.” The four school-aged children—Julie, Jack,

John, and Mark—struggled when they were first enrolled in school, but they made

friends and seemed happy to be back in a formal educational environment. They

had a big adjustment to the work and reading required. The children mentioned both

sexual and physical abuse. Piaskowski testified that some of the children told her it

was nice to have their own bed and not be hungry. The children also expressed to

her that they were bonded to one another and wanted to stay together.

      After Julie, Jack, John, and Mark were removed from Grandmother’s home in

May 2023, they were placed in an emergency shelter. Piaskowski testified that she

had visited with the children since their most recent placement, and she agreed with

Martinez that the children’s basic needs were being met. The children had been in

                                         31
the emergency placement for about a month and Piaskowski knew of no potential

non-relative placements that could take all the children and keep them together.

Piaskowski testified that Aunt K wanted to take Julie, Jack, John, Mark, and Ivan,

and she was a possible placement.

      Piaskowski testified that the children blamed themselves for the problems at

home and the older children took “personal responsibility” for coming into care. The

older children had talked about taking care of the home and the younger kids, and

Julie believed that she could have done a better job. The children told Piaskowski

that sometimes there was food in the home, and sometimes the children would fight

over food. Piaskowski testified that some of the children accused their siblings of

eating too much, and the younger children blamed themselves for eating too much.

      When asked if Child Advocates was concerned that the children blamed

themselves for the circumstances that led to their removal from Mother’s home,

Piaskowski testified:

      It’s something where they’re—we’re trying to help them just be kids.
      They’ve been through a lot even just coming into care. And so it’s
      something that we try to emphasize with them in terms of their
      responsibilities as a kid are really relevant to their personal hygiene and
      behavior and education, and not to take sort of a lot of the problems that
      the adults or other people in their lives onto their shoulders, but they
      seem to be—they bring up a lot about how they can change and they
      can go back with their mom and that their mom needs them. And it
      seems like they don’t have an understanding that a lot of that was not
      their responsibility to begin with.

                                          32
      Piaskowski testified that even though the children expressed a desire to

communicate with Mother or return to her care, this seemed to be related to the

children “taking accountability for their personal situation being in foster care.”

According to Piaskowski, the children appeared to believe that “their family life

before they came into care was normal, and they would like to return to all being

together with their siblings, and that there wasn't anything in their mind that was

different than usual from their lived experience.”

      Piaskowski testified that the children told her they love Mother, they want to

be reunited with Mother, and they feel that Mother needs them. When asked if the

children “feel that their mom loves them,” Piaskowski testified that she assumed the

children felt that way. According to Piaskowski, it was concerning that the children

wanted to return to Mother because the children believed that Mother needed them

and not because they needed Mother.

      With respect to Ivan, Piaskowski testified that Ivan was developmentally

delayed when he came into the Department’s care but had made progress and was

“doing very well” in his current placement. According to Piaskowski, Ivan “ha[d]

started to express a little bit more verbally and has been a lot more responsive

especially to children his own age in terms of socialization.” Piaskowski testified

there are other children in Ivan’s current home that “he connects with, and when I

visited him he seemed to be very happy and doing very well and has continued to

                                         33
progress with his speech, and his potty training is staying on track.” Ivan, who was

three years old when he came into the Department’s care, started attending daycare

while living in his most recent placement. Piaskowski testified that the other four

children had also adjusted well to their current placement, and she believes that the

children’s current placements are meeting their needs.

      Addressing Mother’s FSP, Piaskowski testified that during the pendency of

the case, she remained concerned about Mother’s desire to complete her FSP

because she had not submitted to drug testing regularly or provided proof of

employment or stable housing. Piaskowski testified Mother had only partially

completed her FSP because although she had completed individual therapy,

substance abuse therapy, parenting classes, and submitted to a psychological

assessment, Mother had not provided proof of stable housing for six months,

provided proof of income, or satisfied the drug testing requirement.

      When asked about the FSP’s requirement that Mother provide the Department

with evidence of all sources of income for herself and her children on a monthly

basis, Piaskowski testified that Mother had provided a business lease, but when

Piaskowski went to the address listed on the lease on March 28, 2023, the “area was

vacant.” According to the building’s management, Mother had an “established lease

there for her salon from. . . July to October of 2022,” but Mother had abandoned the

property and she owed two months of unpaid rent.

                                         34
        When asked if she had seen evidence that Mother was running a hair salon in

her home, Piaskowski testified that she had not seen such evidence because the

stylist chair in Mother’s home was in the garage and the Cash App records Mother

provided did not show she had been earning money as a hair stylist. According to

Piaskowski, the Cash App records merely showed the balance on the account.

Piaskowski testified she had not seen proof that Mother had been employed for six

months and she was not confident that Mother could meet the children’s basic needs

if returned to her. Mother also provided paystubs from a part-time job dated

November 2022.

        On cross-examination, Piaskowski testified she had seen Mother’s

cosmetology license and she believed that Mother had the ability to earn an income

and support herself. When asked about Mother’s ability to support the children,

Piaskowski testified that she saw beds for the children when she visited Mother’s

home.

        Piaskowski testified that Mother’s FSP also required her to demonstrate six

months of stable housing. According to Piaskowski, the case was initially scheduled

for trial in March 2023. In March 2023, Mother told Child Advocates she was living

in an apartment, and she provided them with a copy of the lease. On March 28,

2023, Piaskowski and Martinez went to the address listed on the lease but there was

“no one by her name at that address” and the leasing manager for the apartment

                                         35
complex informed them “they had no records of anyone by [Mother’s] name living

there.”

       Mother provided a lease for her current home, but Piaskowski and Martinez

could not visit Mother’s new home until May 19, 2023. Piaskowski testified that

she agreed with Martinez’s description of the home. Piaskowski admitted that

Mother had stable housing since February 2023, and she agreed that Mother’s living

conditions had “significantly changed for the better” since the children had come

into the Department’s care in January 2022.

       With respect to the FSP’s requirement that Mother submit to random drug

tests and, if she tested positive, to complete substance abuse services, Piaskowski

testified that Mother’s substance abuse assessment recommended substance abuse

education. Despite being in treatment, Mother often refused to submit to drug-

testing.

       According to Piaskowski, Mother never acknowledged that she physically

abused her children or that the children’s maternal grandmother physically abused

her children. She also never acknowledged that her brother had sexually assaulted

Julie, “that the condition in the home the children were removed from was

deplorable,” “the children did not have enough food,” or that “she abandoned the

children for days at a time.” According to Piaskowski, Child Advocates was

                                        36
concerned that Mother had not acknowledged these problems and it made it difficult

to assess whether Mother had corrected the problems.

      Piaskowski testified Child Advocates had considered recommending therapy

for Mother and the children, but they decided against it because “the children's

therapist at the time stated that it would not be productive to the children's current

health and well-being in their current placement to begin having contact with their

mother again.”

      Piaskowski testified that Child Advocates was recommending that Mother’s

parental rights to the children be terminated, and the children be placed in “an

unrelated permanent placement with the goal of adoption to give them some

permanency.” When asked why Child Advocates was recommending an unrelated

adoption for the children, Piaskowski testified,

      Through a variety of factors that have influenced this case over the
      course of a year and a half. Many of the options for placement, related
      and unrelated, have changed. At this time it appears that all of the roads
      that we as Child Advocates and that [the Department] have gone down
      to try to accomplish the previous goal of family reunification, and then
      the other alternative goal of relative or fictive kin conservatorship did
      not pan out. And, so, at this time we are pursuing our current goal of
      unrelated adoption.

      With regard to the children’s aunt, [Aunt K], Piakowski testified that
      the first time [Aunt K] asked to be considered for placement “the
      process was started but was not able to be completed due to her lack of
      willingness to take a drug test” and the aunt recently refused to take a
      hair follicle test.

                                         37
        4.         Mother

             (1)     Reasons for Removal

        Mother testified that Mike, Julie, Jack, John, Mark, and Ivan were removed

from her home because someone reported seeing a suspicious person when Mike

and Jack were walking to Sonic, and the police took Mike and Jack to Mother’s

home when she was not present. Mother denied that there were concerns with the

condition of the home that led to the children’s removal from her care. She admitted,

however, that Whitely told her she was concerned about what she saw in Mother’s

home.

        Mother testified that she was at school studying to be a cosmetologist when

the police found the boys walking to Sonic. Mother also testified that she was

braiding someone’s hair when she received the call from Whitely. According to

Mother, the Department was able to get in touch with her immediately when the

children were removed from her home. When asked if the Department had made

several unsuccessful efforts to contact her before finally reaching her, Mother

testified that she answered the first phone call she received, and the call was from

Whitely. Mother testified that she immediately tried to find a way home because

she had left her Porsche at home, and she was home no more than forty-five minutes

after receiving the call.

                                           38
      When she arrived at the home, Mother was arrested and charged with child

abandonment. She was not allowed to go inside the home or speak to the children.

Mother denied that she left the children home alone and claimed that she left her

“Uncle Phil” in charge of the children. According to Mother, Uncle Phil had been

painting the home while she was out, and he left shortly before the Department

arrived. Uncle Phil was not a member of the children’s family, and Mother did not

know Uncle Phil’s real name other than his first name was Sherman.7 Mother denied

having sex with Uncle Phil or anyone else in front of the children. She was surprised

to hear that Mike said no one had been to the home in months.

      With respect to the conditions inside the home, Mother testified that the

photographs Whitely took did not accurately depict the home. Mother testified she

was leasing the home with an option to buy it and the family had been living there

for about two years when the children were removed. She started remodeling the

interior of the home in late January 2021 because it needed new paint, new carpet,

and some work done in the kitchen.

      Mother, who agreed that it was her responsibility to keep a hygienic residence

for the children, claimed the home always had running water, WIFI, electricity, and

7
      According to Mother, “Uncle Phil comes from like the Fresh Prince. It’s a term like
      a mentor that helps out with the family.”

                                          39
gas and she denied that the home was infested with bugs or rodents. Although

Mother had seen a few roaches, there were no rats in the home.

      With regard to the lack of beds for the children in the home, Mother testified

that there were seven beds in her home when the children were removed from her

care. She claimed that most of the furniture had been moved into the garage so that

they could paint and install new carpeting. Mother testified that Mike’s statement

that there was only one bed in the home was not true and that the photographs

depicting only one bed in the home for the children to share were inaccurate

depictions. But Mother also later testified that she and all six children slept in her

room on her California king microfiber bed while they were remodeling the home.

      When asked if she was concerned that the Department observed “feces in the

sink and the toilet,” Mother testified that she was concerned about the situation in

the children’s bathroom and claimed it had only been in that condition for a week

and that another bathroom in the home was working. Mother stated the toilet in the

children’s bathroom was clogged because Ivan had flushed his diaper. When Mother

tried to plunge the toilet, “it backed up into the sink,” so she called someone with

more experience to fix it. Mother testified that although it was an older home and

there were some issues with the home when they moved in, they did not have any

problems with the plumbing until Ivan flushed his diaper down the toilet. Mother

said the contractors broke the sink.

                                         40
      Mother agreed that it was her responsibility to ensure that the children had

enough food to eat and she disputed the allegation there was no food in the home.

Mother testified that the home was stocked with food when the children were

removed. Although it was normally kept in the kitchen, Mother put all food items

in the master bedroom closet because the kitchen was being remodeled. She claimed

that she also “made arrangements for the children to eat” and had food delivered.

Mother testified that the children could text and call her when she was gone, and the

children did not tell her they were hungry the day they were removed. Mother knew

that the children pooled their piggy bank money to buy food for themselves, but she

did not know Mike was concerned that Ivan would starve to death.

      When asked about the injuries and scars the Department had observed on

Mike and Mark, Mother denied causing the boys’ injuries and she disputed Mike’s

and Mark’s statements that she was responsible for the marks on their bodies. She

testified the boys’ allegations were untrue. Mother testified that the substantial

scarring on Mike’s back was from football.

      When asked if she recalled the photographs previously admitted during a

show cause hearing reflecting Mark’s injuries, Mother testified she did not recall

seeing any such photographs. She claimed she did not attend the show cause hearing

and she denied stating that Mark’s injuries were self-inflicted. The photographs of

Mark’s injuries were admitted into evidence at trial. When asked about a large scar

                                         41
on Mark’s leg, Mother claims Mark had scratched his leg on a nail in the fence while

he was playing football with his brothers. When asked about an injury to Mark’s

large toe, Mother claimed Ivan had dropped a dumbbell on Mark’s foot.

        Mother was surprised to hear that the “children were reported to be very dirty,

they smelled, and lot of their hair had to be cut because it was so matted.” Mother

denied that their hair was matted and claimed she required the children to bathe and

brush their teeth every day. Mother claimed she took the children to a dentist every

six months or year. She admitted, however, that she “didn’t do the best job of the

dentist appointments.” Mother did not know that Mark had seven cavities when he

entered the Department’s care and that Mike and Julie also needed extensive dental

work.     When shown a photograph of the inside of Ivan’s mouth, Mother

acknowledged there were some cavities visible to the naked eye. She disagreed that

Ivan, who was three years old, was drooling significantly when he came into the

Department’s care. She did not know that Ivan’s dentist stated Ivan had been

drooling because he had an infection, and it was likely very painful for Ivan to eat.

        Mother was also surprised to learn there were concerns about Jack’s hearing

because Jack had no trouble hearing when he lived with her. Mother knew Jack had

an eraser removed from his ear and that it had been there for years, but she was

unaware he had “bilateral wax in his ears which could have impacted his hearing.”

                                           42
      Mother testified that the children had been in Willis ISD until the end of the

2018-19 school year. Mother began homeschooling the children in 2019. According

to Mother, the children, who were in school about eight hours per day, would use a

device with an “app that was at their grade level” to study English, math, science,

and history and their physical education consisted of various outdoor activities.

Mother testified that she had twelve devices for the children to use for home school,

and that Mike’s statement that the children had to share one iPad for homeschooling

was inaccurate.

      Mother testified that the children would use their homeschooling apps while

she was at cosmetology school, and she could view the children’s school activity

through an app on her phone. Mother claimed that while she was away, her aunt,

who was a teacher, would come by the home to check on the children and tutor them.

Mike, however, reported that no one had been to the home for months.

      Mother testified that she was surprised to learn that Mike, Julie, Jack, John,

and Mark struggled academically when they re-entered the school system after they

were taken into the Department’s care. Mother acknowledged that Mike had always

been more focused on sports, and he needed to be reminded continually about the

importance of academics. But Mother was skeptical about Julie because Julie had

always been an “overachiever.”

                                         43
      Mother did not know that Mark had to repeat second grade due to deficits in

reading and she was surprised to hear that Jack’s reading level was at least one year

behind his peers. Mother claimed that Jack had caught up to his reading level in

2019 while he was attending Willis ISD. Mother did not know that Jack had been

diagnosed with dyslexia after coming into the Department’s care and that his

academic performance had improved after receiving special accommodations in

school. According to Mother, she had Jack tested for ADHD and dyslexia, and

although he was diagnosed with ADHD, the specialist determined he was not

dyslexic. She also testified that Jack was the only one of her children with special

medical needs. Mother testified that she would not continue to homeschool the

children if they were returned to her, and she planned to enroll them in a twenty-

four-hour daycare that is located close to her home.

      Mother testified that Ivan “wasn’t nonverbal [while in her] custody” and she

claimed he spoke in complete sentences. Mother believed that Ivan should have a

relationship with Father J. Father J, however, did not visit Ivan while he was in the

Department’s care or participate regularly in the case. The Department also had

trouble maintaining contact with Father J. The record reflects that Father J had been

convicted of three violent crimes: deadly conduct (April 2014), assault of a family

member by impeding breath (December 2014), and assault of a family member with

                                         44
a previous conviction (June 2020). Martinez testified that Ivan’s siblings stated they

were scared of Father J, because Father J used to beat up Mother.

          (2)   Mother’s FSP

      Mother testified that she understood she needed to complete the services on

her FSP to be reunited with her children.         Mother testified she successfully

completed individual therapy and attended parenting classes. According to Mother,

she learned skills from her therapy, and she actively participated in her parenting

classes, where she learned new ways to create routines for her and the children,

respond to different situations and personality types, and otherwise create a good

environment for the children. Although Mother believed she already was a good

parent, she testified the parenting classes made her a better parent. On July 24, 2023,

the last day of trial, Mother testified that since the previous day of trial on June 5,

2023, she had started taking an online class for caregivers of special needs children,

even though the classes were not required by her FSP.

      With regard to her FSP’s requirements that she submit to drug testing and

attend a substance abuse program, Mother testified that she participated in substance

abuse classes during which she learned more about her drugs of choice, CBD and

marijuana. On May 15, 2023, the first day Mother testified, she claimed that she had

not used marijuana or CBD since December 2022. However, when she testified on

July 24, 2023, the last day of trial, Mother admitted she had used marijuana in late

                                          45
May 2023 or early June 2023. She testified that since the last court hearing, she had

started an outpatient program for her marijuana use and she was taking an online

class for caregivers of special needs children, even though the Department had not

asked her to take such a course. Mother testified that although she was informed she

could probably get a medical card for her marijuana use, she told her therapist she

wanted to find other ways to cope with her depression and anxiety. She had no

problem taking a urine test that day, but she needed more time before she could take

a hair follicle test because she needed to remove her hair extensions.

       Mother’s FSP required her to secure safe, stable, hygienic housing for a

period of at least six months. With regard to her FSP’s housing requirements,

Mother testified that she signed a two-year lease for a three-bedroom, two-bath home

with a large yard and that her monthly payment was $1,650. Mother claimed she

had been living in the home since February 2023. According to Mother, the home

is near a twenty-four-hour daycare, and she found an autistic-therapy provider close

to her home. Mother testified that she purchased two bunk beds and two queen beds

for the children, and by the last day of trial on July 24, 2023, Mother had “removed

everything out the storage and got all the clothes and shoes and the belongings that

belong to the children back in the house, got the rest of the mattresses.”

      Mother testified that she gave Martinez a copy of the lease for her new

residence and Martinez came to the home about a week and a half before the May

                                          46
15, 2023 trial setting. Although she allowed Martinez to observe the home, Mother

did not allow Martinez to walk through the entire home because Martinez said the

home smelled like marijuana. Mother testified that she told Martinez she wanted to

“call the authorities to come do a walkthrough with her because I assured her there

was no marijuana smell.”

      On June 5, 2023, Mother testified that Martinez and Child Advocates visited

her new home. The home had six beds, but Mother was waiting for some of the

mattresses that she had ordered to be delivered. Although she had initially set up

her salon in one of the bedrooms, she moved the salon equipment “to the garage

because I can use my living room now as the space to do my services versus the

bedroom.” Mother testified that she lived alone. When asked about the men’s

cologne and pill bottle Martinez and Child Advocates observed in her home, Mother

testified that she wears men’s cologne and the pill bottle belonged to an ex-

boyfriend. When told the address she had given the Department in March 2023 was

different from the address of her current home, Mother denied it.

      With respect to the requirement in the FSP that Mother provide the

Department with proof of her income from all sources on a monthly basis, Mother

testified that she was attending cosmetology school when the children were removed

from her home in January 2022. She worked as a waitress and a real estate agent

before she went to cosmetology school.

                                         47
        By the time she testified at trial, Mother had graduated and was a licensed

cosmetologist and she worked as a self-employed hairstylist fifteen to thirty hours

per week. Mother testified that she operates a salon in her new home and that the

salon is her primary source of income. A photograph of mother’s salon was admitted

into evidence. Most of Mother’s clients pay with cash, but some use Cash App.

Mother testified that her goal was to continue to work in the cosmetology field, offer

different services, and have “a nice, functioning salon that helps ends meet in the

end.”

        Mother testified that she raised Mike, Julie, Jack, John and Mark alone for

eight years and Ivan for one year and she was responsible for 95% of the children’s

expenses, including food, shelter, clothing, and medical care. Although Ivan’s

father, Father J, had helped her financially and did things with the children, Mike’s

father, Father G, had provided no support. Mother, who had been leasing a Porsche

when the children came into care, acquired an SUV before trial concluded.

        Mother, who was charged with abandonment, was prohibited from having any

contact with the children. The no-contact order in her criminal case was lifted when

the charge was dismissed in February 2023. When asked if the court in the present

case had lifted its no-contact order, Mother testified that the only “no contact order

I'm aware of is criminal. I have no idea about any other no contact order in place.”

                                         48
She denied ever hearing the trial judge say during any of the hearings held in the

present case that she was not to have contact with the children.

      On May 15, 2023, Mother denied seeing Mike outside Father G’s presence

while the case was pending. When asked if she saw Mike in February 2023 when

Father G was not there, Mother said she could not recall. When asked if she had

seen Mike at a Wal-Mart within the last month, Mother testified she had no contact

with Mike “to [her] knowledge.” After being shown a video of her and Mike with

Wal-Mart in the background, Mother was again asked if she had seen Mike within

the last six months, and Mother testified she could not recall.

      On June 5, 2023, Mother testified that she “met with [Mike] at a Walmart off

of West Road” one evening. Mike was going to a party and he had friends with him.

Mother claimed that Mike reached out to her because he wanted to see her. Mother

testified that although she has never given Father G any money for Mike’s support,

she gave Mike hundreds of dollars in person and through Cash App in 2023. Mother

testified that Mike calls her “almost every day” and he often asks for money because

there is no food in Father G’s home. Mother testified that she tried to provide support

for the other five children, but the caseworker would not allow it.

      Mother believed that Mike was a truthful person, and she was concerned that

Mike had made inaccurate statements about her and their living conditions while

they lived with Mother. Mother denied telling the youngest five children that it was

                                          49
Mike’s fault they were in care because he cooperated with the Department. Mother

also denied that she instructed the children to lie to law enforcement.

      Mother said she had “no record” of contacting Julie and she denied asking

Julie to speak to the younger siblings about this case. Mother also denied making

any promises to Julie or giving Julie a cell phone. In response to Julie’s claims that

she was sexually abused by her maternal uncles and that Mother was aware of the

abuse, Mother claimed she took Julie to the hospital after she made an outcry about

her “first biological father,” and there had been no outcries since then. Mother

denied that Julie ever told her she had been sexually abused by Mother’s brothers.

      Mother believed she would be reunited with her children if she completed her

FSP to the best of her ability and she believed she was a better person for having

completed her services. She loved her children, she missed them tremendously, and

she wanted to be reunited with them. Mother testified that she never intended to

neglect or abandon her children and if given another chance, she would do

everything in her power to prevent the children from being removed from her care.

      Mother testified that she and her children were “very, very close.” She does

not “really hide too much from them” and they have a “very open relationship.”

Mother testified she is especially close to her daughter, Julie, and they “have done a

lot of hobbies and activities together.” According to Mother, Julie views her as a

role model and wants to be like Mother when she grows up. Mother testified that

                                          50
her sons are protective of her, and Julie and the boys like music and playing sports.

According to Mother, the family spends a lot of time together and they are “very,

very, very, very close.”

      Mother testified that if the children were not returned to her care, it would be

in their best interest to be placed together with a family member. Mother told the

Department that her sister, Aunt K, was a possible placement for the children.

According to Mother, Aunt K was willing to take all the children, and Mother

testified that she would provide support to her sister. Mother also testified she was

willing to participate in family therapy with the children.

      5.     Shanequa Davis

      Shanequa Davis was assigned as the children’s caseworker on June 19, 2023.

Davis testified that Julie, Jack, John, and Mark were placed in an emergency shelter,

and they had been there for almost thirty days. Ivan was in a foster home. All of

the children’s basic needs were being met in their current placements. Davis testified

that Mike was still placed with Father G, “everything is fine in their home,” and the

Department has no plans to change the placement.

      The Department identified Margaret Florence as a potential placement for

Julie, but after reviewing’s Florence’s home study, the Department has additional

questions for Florence. Julie told Davis that “she will miss her siblings, but she

really wants to be placed with Ms. Florence,” and Jack, John, and Mark told Davis

                                          51
that they want to be placed together. According to Davis, the children want to see

Mother, but Jack, John, and Mark do not want to live with Mother. Mark told Davis

he wanted to be placed in a foster home that was “going to care for him; not the

previous one that he was in before going to the shelter.” When asked if separating

the children from their parents and siblings could cause the children emotional and

mental stress, Davis testified that “in the beginning there was some emotional

distress going on; but just recently, when I visited with the caregivers, as well as the

facility that has all the therapies and everything, the children are thriving and doing

well.”

         After reviewing the case record, Davis believed that Mother had completed

all of her services, and Davis agreed that by completing her services, Mother had

shown that she is “taking this case very serious in working towards reuniting with

her children.” Davis, however, had not had an opportunity to visit with Mother

because Mother was only available via text and would not answer her phone calls.

         6.    Lindsey Cason

         Lindsey Cason, Mother’s substance abuse counselor, testified that the children

came into the Department’s care due to neglectful supervision and physical abuse.

Cason worked with Mother from the end of October 2022 until May 2023, but there

was a “lapse of engagement” in January and February 2023.

                                           52
      According to Cason, Mother was discharged successfully from the substance

abuse program on May 9, 2023. Mother’s last drug test, before her discharge, was

on March 5, 2023. According to Cason, Mother’s urine sample tested negative, and

although her hair follicle test was positive, the amount detected in Mother’s hair had

“decreased at that time.” Although Mother had one drug test pending at the time of

discharge, Cason discharged Mother because, based on Mother’s February 2023 and

March 5, 2023 test results, Cason had no reason to believe that Mother was still using

drugs. But Cason did have some hesitancy discharging Mother on May 9, 2023 “due

to her lack of consistency in all of her drug screenings just overall, as a whole.”

      After Mother was discharged, Cason received additional test results.

Mother’s urine and hair follicle samples tested positive for marijuana use. When

asked if Mother took responsibility and acknowledged that drugs were a concern in

the case, Cason testified that Mother did “towards the end.” Cason testified that if

she had known Mother’s latest test results had tested positive for marijuana, she

would not have discharged Mother from the substance abuse program.

      On cross examination, Cason testified that when assessing whether to

discharge Mother on May 9, 2023, Cason considered that Mother had “become more

cooperative in her services as far as being more engaged and completing her personal

assignments,” Mother had “finished her treatment objectives by that time,” Mother

“successfully looked at each individual topic” with Cason, Mother “verbalized how

                                          53
her marijuana use had impacted her life in the case of her children,” and her drug

tests in February 2023 and March 2023 were negative. According to Cason, it

appeared to her that Mother “had more understanding of the harmful effects of doing

that behavior,” and she was “doing better during that time she was with me.”

      Cason testified that Mother’s substance abuse counseling was specifically for

marijuana. When asked about the negative effects marijuana use has as it relates to

caring for children, Cason testified that they consider marijuana a drug, and drug use

can have a variety of physical and mental side effects, including “emotional

instability or not being present for children to tend to their emotional needs.” When

asked if there were specific side effects of marijuana use, Cason testified it depended

in part on which strain the person was using, but generally when someone is high on

marijuana their “inhibitions are going to be lowered and their “judgment is going [to

be] impaired.”

      According to Cason, Mother was using the Delta 9 and CBD. Cason testified

that while pure CBD is not supposed to be a psychotropic, some CBD products,

including the ones Mother was using, have trace amounts of THC, which make the

product more psychotropic. Mother told Cason she was using CBD to reduce her

anxiety and depression. When asked if CBD use by parent is dangerous, Cason

testified that she does not “recommend CBD use just because . . . it’s not regulated”

and they do not “know how much THC is contained in those products.” Cason

                                          54
testified that Delta 9 is “another form of marijuana” that some people believe is legal

because some of the physical components have been changed. Cason, however, was

“not too sure of the legality” of Delta 9 because “they’ve gone back and forth with

trying to outlaw it and keep it in the stores; but I know it still contains THC, which

is the issue at hand.” Cason testified that the lapse in Mother’s treatment occurred

because they had to obtain a new agreement before Mother could continue receiving

services.

      7.     Dr. Dorothy Florian-Lacy

      Dr. Dorothy Florian-Lacy is the therapist for Jack, John, and Mark. Dr. Lacy

testified that she began meeting with Jack, John, and Mark in January 2023. When

asked why the children were in the Department’s care, Dr. Lacy testified that “their

biological father died approximately 2-1/2 years ago, and the mother had some

difficulty with providing for their needs.” Dr. Lacy testified that the kids exhibited

behaviors consistent with neglect or abuse, including an “inability to perform

academic tests commensurate with their age or grade level,” “a very difficult time

with their attention span, focusing, following the daily routine of home life, and just

following directions in general.”

      On cross examination, Dr. Lacy testified that the boys’ father, Father Y, had

committed suicide in front of them and that such trauma could lead to some of the

behaviors she witnessed. According to Dr. Lacy, it is “hard to tease out what alone

                                          55
would result in those kinds of behaviors.” In addition to the death of their father, the

boys had experienced other traumatic events, such as “[i]nconsistent parenting;

having an absent parent that perhaps is not available due to substance abuse;

traumatic experiences with food and security,” and multiple changes of residence.

According to Dr. Lacy, trauma “can be one incident, but it also can develop over

time.”

         According to Dr. Lacy, the children told her they had not gone to school for

almost two years. She testified that the lack of schooling harmed Jack the most

because he was the oldest of the three siblings. Dr. Lacy testified that Jack is “so

embarrassed about not being able to read, that he kind of refuses and shuts down.”

When asked if Jack had improved while in the Department’s care, Dr. Lacy testified

that Jack “can learn, he's capable of it, but he needs a lot of one-on-one and kind

attention to help him get the basics.” John wants to learn as well, and Mark, the

youngest of the three, is “closer to grade level than his two brothers.”

         Dr. Lacy testified that food and security were of significant concern when the

children came into care. According to Dr. Lacy, the “issue of food security came up

quite often.” Dr. Lacy testified that she often visited Grandmother’s home at

mealtime and the children were “incessant about having, oh, additional food, as

well” and Grandmother would “leave the snacks in the car or they would be

consumed entirely in one day.” When asked if Jack, John, or Mark discussed

                                           56
whether they had sufficient food at home when they lived with Mother, Dr. Lacy

testified that the boys “love their mother very much; and with that, they wouldn’t

speak about any problems that existed.” According to Dr. Lacy, the boys were “in

denial” and they blamed themselves and each other for a lot of things, such as the

messiness of the home and arguing over “what toys belonged to who” and “who ate

the last of the chips.” Dr. Lacy believed the children had experienced food insecurity

because they would hoard food and take food without permission. The boys did not

disclose to Dr. Lacy any physical or sexual abuse.

      Dr. Lacy testified that Jack, John, and Mark were “very thin” when she first

met them, but now they were “very healthy-looking.” When they came into care,

the boys did not go to school or have “wholesome, age-appropriate activities.” Dr.

Lacy testified that although she brings activities for her sessions with the boys, they

“hardly wanted to talk to me because they wanted to get back and be with their peers,

which, again, I found as growth.” According to Dr. Lacy, Jack, John, and Mark

“really seem to enjoy their current placement,” a youth ranch. Dr. Lacy testified that

she had not met with Mother because she was directed to do therapy with the

children, not family therapy.

      8.     Margaret Florence

      Margaret Florence, who is 73 years old, testified that her son had dated

Grandmother, and Florence had known all six of Mother’s children since they were

                                          57
born. Florence testified that she took care of Julie from “four months until she was

three years old” and she was willing to adopt Julie. Florence testified she was unable

to care for the boys, but she was looking for other family members who could do so.

D.    Closing Arguments

      In its closing argument, the Department asked the trial court to terminate

Mother’s parental rights to Julie, Jack, John, Mark, and Ivan under Subsections (D),

(E), (J), (O), and (P) of the Texas Family Code. According to the Department,

termination of Mother’s parental rights was warranted based on the children’s

condition when they came into care, their disclosures of physical and sexual abuse,

and the food insecurity the children experienced while in Mother’s care. The

Department argued that although Mother had satisfied portions of her FSP, Mother

had not provided the Department with adequate proof of income, and she had tested

positive for drugs throughout the pendency of the case, including after she completed

the substance abuse program required by her FSP. According to the Department, it

was not apparent that Mother “entirely learned from the family plan of service or

alleviated the concerns.” The Department also argued that while Mother testified

she had enrolled the children in home school, she also testified there had been “a

lapse between [the time] they were enrolled in school and [the time] they were

enrolled in home school.”

                                         58
       Unlike the five youngest children, the Department did not ask the trial court

to terminate Mother’s parental rights to Mike. Instead, the Department asked the

trial court to name Father G as Mike’s primary managing conservator, Mother as

Mike’s possessory conservator, and to order “visitations as agreed upon between the

parties.”

       In her closing, Mother argued that in addition to all of the services required

by her FSP, she had also completed additional services on her own volition, and she

had “made an effort throughout the pendency of this case to reunite and rehabilitate

herself and her home to make sure that [her] children ha[d] a place to come back to.”

Mother argued that she is able to support herself financially, she had shown stability

throughout the pendency of this case, and she had a stable home for the past several

months, as evidenced by the lease she provided to the Department. According to

Mother, the Department’s “entire case” was based on “the conditions in the home

prior to removal and [the Department had] not been able to show that these issues

are still a concern at this time” because her new home “has been rehabilitated and it

is suitable for children to live.”

       Mother argued that she “has taken full responsibility . . . for the actions or the

cause of why these children came into care” and her testimony that she “gained

insight from the classes, the substance abuse classes, the therapy, and the counseling

                                           59
that she attended and completed successfully,” demonstrates that those classes had

a “rehabilitative effect on her.”

      Mother argued that Julie, Jack, John, and Mark’s father, Father Y, committed

suicide and Ivan’s father, Father J, was “just not present.” According to Mother, the

children are bonded with her, and it would be “tremendously traumatic” for the

children to lose her, their only remaining parent.

      With regard to Ivan, Mother argued that she had “taken it upon herself to go

above and beyond to care and to seek information and to seek counseling on how to

care for her child with a disability and put [Ivan] in a position that she is able to

assist and help.” Mother argued that Florence and Aunt K were willing to help and

support her.

      Mother asked the trial court to not terminate her parental rights to Julie, Jack,

John, Mark, and Ivan and she argued that it was in their best interest “to be on a road

or a plan or path to be reunified with their mother; and, if not, be placed in a home

that is suitable that is a family relative that can take these children [who] have no

permanent placement and no plan for permanent placement.”

      In his closing argument, Father J asked the trial court not to terminate his

parental rights to Ivan because he was not the reason Ivan had come into the

Department’s care. He argued he wanted a legal relationship with Ivan, and he had

“provided some support along the way.”

                                          60
      In his closing argument, Father G agreed that Mother’s rights to Mike should

not be terminated. He argued that any visits between Mother and Mike should be

supervised and “only as mutually agreed.” Father G asked the court to name him as

Mike’s permanent managing conservator, change Mike’s surname to Father G’s

surname as Mike requested, and order Mother to pay “minimum wage child support”

for Mike.

      In her closing, the children’s attorney ad litem, Laura Neilsberg, informed the

trial court that Mike requested that Mother’s parental rights to him be terminated.

According to Neilsberg,

      [Mike] has requested that his mother’s parental rights be terminated,
      based on the living conditions of the home, the fact that he was
      responsible for the care of his siblings . . . due to the abuse and neglect
      of his mother, the neglect of his education, and the physical and
      emotional abuse that he suffered at the hands of his mother. The
      Department has shown by clear and convincing evidence the grounds
      for termination.

      ....

      It is in [Mike’s] best interest.

      [Mike] is asking for termination. He is asking for the Court to validate
      the trauma that has been experienced by himself. And he is asking to
      be the one in charge of any relationship he may or may not have with
      his mother.

      Neilsberg argued that termination of Mother’s parental rights to Mike was

also warranted because Mother had not shown that she had a stable living

environment or provided proof of income or that the children attended school from

                                          61
2019 to 2021. According to Neilsberg, Mother “has no excuse for the condition the

children were living in, the fact that they did not have adequate food to eat, or the

fact that they had scars all over their bodies” when they came into the Department’s

care, and Mother tested positive for drugs after she completed her required substance

abuse program. Based on these facts and evidence, Neilsberg asked the trial court

to terminate Mother’s parental rights to Mike under Subsections (D), (E), (O), and

(J), and to appoint Father G as Mike’s sole managing conservator. With regard to

Ivan, Neilsberg asked the trial court to terminate Mother’s parental rights to Ivan

under Subsections (D), (E), and (O). Neilsberg argued that Ivan, who was four years

old, autistic, and “barely verbal,” was the “most vulnerable child in this case.” She

argued it was in Ivan’s best interest for Mother’s rights to be terminated because

Mother could not meet his basic needs or his special needs. Neilsberg argued that

when Ivan came into the Department’s care, he was underweight and had “several

cavities and a mouth infection which made it difficult for him to eat.”

      With regard to Julie, Jack, John, and Mark, Neilsberg argued that although the

Department had shown by clear and convincing evidence that there were grounds

for termination, the children had indicated they wanted to have a relationship with

Mother and Julie wanted to be reunited with Mother. Neilsberg argued that if the

trial court did not terminate Mother’s rights to Julie, Jack, John, and Mark, the

                                         62
Department should be named as the children’s permanent managing conservator and

their visitation with Mother should be “limited to supervised, therapeutic visits.”

      The children’s co-attorney ad litem, Derrick Reed, told the trial court that he

agreed with Neilsberg that Mother’s rights to Mike and Ivan should be terminated.

With regard to Julie, Jack, John, and Mark, Reed argued that Mother had not

“admitted or even shown any remorse as to the things that have been presented

during this trial,” including the “deplorable conditions” of her home. Mother also

violated the court’s order by meeting with Mike in the Wal-Mart parking lot, and

although she had completed the requirements of her FSP, she had not shown “any

want to change what she put these children through.” According to Reed, it was not

in the best interest of Julie, Jack, John, or Mark to be returned to Mother’s care.

Reed asked that Julie, Jack, John, and Mark be placed in a “foster placement where

they are getting three meals a day, where they are in good living conditions,” and

that if the trial court did not terminate Mother’s rights to the children, any visits

between Mother and the children be supervised.

      On September 3, 2023, the trial court signed a final decree terminating

Mother’s parental rights to Mike pursuant to Subsections (D), (E), (O), (J), and (P),

appointing Father G as Mike’s sole managing conservator, and granting Mike’s

request to change his surname to Father G’s surname. The trial court terminated

Mother’s parental rights to Ivan pursuant to Subsections (D), (E), (O), (P), and

                                         63
appointed the Department as Ivan’s sole managing conservator.8 The trial court

appointed the Department as sole managing conservator for Julie, Jack, John, and

Mark, and it appointed Mother as their possessory conservator, awarding Mother

supervised therapeutic visitation with the children once a month, and ordering

Mother to pay monthly child support for Julie, Jack, John, and Mark.

      This appeal followed.

                              Best Interest of the Child

      In her sole issue on appeal, Mother argues there is legally and factually

insufficient evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that termination of her

parental rights was in Mike’s and Ivan’s best interest.         See TEX. FAM. CODE

§ 161.001(b)(2).

A.    Standard of Review

      A parent’s rights to the “companionship, care, custody, and management” of

his or her child is a constitutional interest “far more precious than any property

right.” Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758–59 (1982) (quoting Lassiter v. Dep’t

of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 27 (1981)); see In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 547 (Tex.

2003). The United States Supreme Court has emphasized that “the interest of [a]

parent[] in the care, custody, and control of [her] children . . . is perhaps the oldest

8
      The trial court also terminated Father J’s parental rights to Ivan pursuant to
      Subsections (D), (N), and (O).

                                          64
of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by th[e] Court.” Troxel v. Granville,

530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000). Likewise, the Texas Supreme Court has concluded that

“[t]his natural parental right” is “essential,” “a basic civil right of man,” and “far

more precious than property rights.” Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985)

(internal quotations omitted); see also In re R.J.G., 681 S.W.3d 370, 373 (Tex. 2023)

(“Both this Court and the Supreme Court of the United States have long recognized

the fundamental right of parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and

control of their children.”). Consequently, we strictly scrutinize termination

proceedings and strictly construe the involuntary termination statutes in favor of the

parent. Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20.

      In a case to terminate parental rights under Texas Family Code Section

161.001, the Department must establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that

(1) the parent committed one or more of the enumerated predicate acts or omissions

justifying termination and (2) termination is in the best interest of the child. See

TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b). Clear and convincing evidence is “the measure or

degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or

conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” Id. § 101.007;

In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264 (Tex. 2002). Only one predicate finding under

Section 161.001(b)(1) is necessary to support a judgment of termination when there

                                          65
is also a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest. In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d

355, 362 (Tex. 2003).

      When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a case involving

termination of parental rights, we determine whether the evidence is such that a

factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that there existed

grounds for termination under Section 161.001(b)(1) and that termination was in the

best interest of the child. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1), (2); In re J.F.C., 96

S.W.3d at 266. We examine all evidence in the light most favorable to the finding,

assuming the “factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable

factfinder could do so.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We must also disregard all

evidence that the factfinder could have reasonably disbelieved or found not to be

credible. Id. But this does not mean we must disregard all evidence that does not

support the finding. Id. Because of the heightened standard, we must also be

mindful of any undisputed evidence contrary to the finding and consider that

evidence in our analysis. Id. If we determine that no reasonable trier of fact could

form a firm belief or conviction that the matter that must be proven is true, we must

hold the evidence to be legally insufficient and render judgment in favor of the

parent. Id.

      When conducing a factual sufficiency review in a termination case, we must

consider the entire record. In re Commitment of Stoddard, 619 S.W.3d 665, 674

                                           66
(Tex. 2020); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We assume “that the factfinder resolved

disputed evidence in favor of the finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.” In

re Commitment of Stoddard, 619 S.W.3d at 674 (citing In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at

266). Unlike a legal sufficiency review, when assessing the factual sufficiency of

the evidence, we cannot disregard disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder

could not have credited in favor of the finding. In re Commitment of Stoddard, 619

S.W.3d at 674 (citing In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266); see also In re A.C., 560 S.W.3d

624, 630 (Tex. 2018) (“The distinction between legal and factual sufficiency lies in

the extent to which disputed evidence contrary to a finding may be considered.”).

Rather, we must determine whether, in light of the entire record, that evidence “is so

significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or

conviction” that the finding was true. In re Commitment of Stoddard, 619 S.W.3d

at 674 (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266). Under both legal and factual

sufficiency standards, the trial court is the sole arbiter of a witness’s credibility and

demeanor and the weight of the evidence. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex.

2009).

B.    Applicable Law

      The purpose of the State’s intervention in the parent-child relationship is to

protect the best interests of the children, not to punish parents for their conduct. See

In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 361. There is a strong presumption that the best interest

                                           67
of a child is served by keeping the child with a parent. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112,

116 (Tex. 2006); In re D.R.A., 374 S.W.3d 528, 533 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2012, no pet.). But there is also a presumption that the “prompt and permanent

placement of the child in a safe environment is presumed to be in the child’s best

interest.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(a); see also In re B.J.C., 495 S.W.3d 29, 39

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.) (noting child’s need for

permanence through establishment of stable, permanent home is “the paramount

consideration in best-interest determination”).

      To determine whether parental termination is in a child’s best interest, courts

may consider the following non-exclusive factors: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the

present and future physical and emotional needs of the child; (3) the present and

future emotional and physical danger to the child; (4) the parental abilities of the

persons seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist those persons seeking

custody in promoting the best interest of the child; (6) the plans for the child by the

individuals or agency seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or proposed

placement; (8) acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the existing parent-

child relationship is not appropriate; and (9) any excuse for the parent’s acts or

omissions. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976). These factors

are not exhaustive, and evidence is not required on every factor to support a finding

that termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interest. Id.; In re D.R.A.,

                                          68
374 S.W.3d at 533. Similarly, lack of evidence for some of the Holley factors does

not preclude a fact finder from reasonably forming a strong conviction or belief that

termination is in the children’s best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex.

2002); In re J.G.S., 574 S.W.3d 101, 122 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, pet.

denied).

      We may also consider the statutory factors set forth in Texas Family Code

Section 263.307, including (1) the child’s age and physical and mental

vulnerabilities; (2) whether there is a history of abusive or assaultive conduct by the

child’s family or others who have access to the child’s home; (3) the willingness and

ability of the child’s family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling services

and to cooperate with and facilitate an appropriate agency’s close supervision;

(4) the willingness and ability of the child’s family to effect positive environmental

and personal changes within a reasonable period of time; (5) whether the child’s

family demonstrates adequate parenting skills, including providing the child with

minimally adequate health and nutritional care, a safe physical home environment,

and an understanding of the child’s needs and capabilities; and (6) whether an

adequate social support system consisting of an extended family and friends is

available to the child. TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b); In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d at 116.

      A parent’s past conduct is probative of his future conduct when evaluating a

child’s best interest. See In re O.N.H., 401 S.W.3d 681, 684 (Tex. App.—San

                                          69
Antonio 2013, no pet.); see also Jordan v. Dossey, 325 S.W.3d 700, 724 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied). A fact finder may infer that past

conduct endangering the well-being of a child may recur in the future if the child is

returned to the parent when assessing the best interest of the child. See In re D.M.,

452 S.W.3d 462, 471 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.); see also In re B.K.D.,

131 S.W.3d 10, 17 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied) (same).

      Courts may consider circumstantial evidence, subjective factors, and the

totality of the evidence as well as direct evidence when conducting a best-interest

analysis. See In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet.

denied). Evidence supporting termination under one of the predicate grounds listed

in Section 161.001(b)(1) may also be considered in support of a finding that

termination is in the best interest of the child. See In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239,

249 (Tex. 2013) (stating finding under Section 161.001(b)(1)(O) can support best

interest finding); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28 (holding same evidence may be

probative of both Section 161.001(b)(1) grounds and best interest). The trial court

is given wide latitude in determining the best interest of the children. Gillespie v.

Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982); see also Cuellar v. Flores, 238 S.W.2d

991, 992 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1951, no writ) (trial court “faces the parties and

the witnesses, observes their demeanor and personality, and feels the forces, powers,

and influences that cannot be discerned by merely reading the record”).

                                         70
C.    Analysis

      Multiple factors support the trial court’s findings that termination of Mother’s

parental rights was in Mike’s and Ivan’s best interest, including Mother’s history of

endangering her children, who experienced profound neglect and physical abuse

while in Mother’s care, her ongoing drug use, her inability to provide a safe and

stable home for the children, and her inability to provide her children with a safe and

stable home. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28 (holding that evidence may be

probative of Section 161.001(1) grounds and best interest); see also In re M.R., 243

S.W.3d 807, 821 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (“A parent’s drug use,

inability to provide a stable home, and failure to comply with a family service plan

support a finding that termination is in the best interest of the child.”).

      With regard to the present and future emotional and physical dangers to Mike

and Ivan, the evidence shows that Mother repeatedly allowed Mike, Ivan, and their

siblings to live in unsafe and unsanitary conditions, neglected the children’s personal

hygiene and medical and dental needs, physically abused the children, and exposed

the children to domestic violence.

      The police who first discovered the children at Mother’s home alone in

January 2022 and the Department caseworker who investigated the officers’

allegations of neglect described Mother’s home as “unsuitable” and “not livable for

the children.” The home was filthy, smelled of urine, and it was filed with bags of

                                           71
trash, infested with rats and cockroaches, and had “loose wiring” hanging out the

walls. The toilet and sink in the children’s bathroom were filled with urine and feces.

There was no running water in the home or food in the kitchen or deep freezer, and

there was one mattress on the floor in the master bedroom which Mother shared with

her six children. The Department also found Mike, Julie, Jack, and John living in

similar “deplorable conditions” in March 2014. According to the referral, Mother’s

home was “nasty,” there was a “stench as you walk into the home,” it was littered

with clothes “and stuff,” and it did not have “a sink, a bathroom shower or tub.”

This evidence supports the trial court’s findings that termination of Mother’s

parental rights was in Mike’s and Ivan’s best interest. See In re L.W., No. 01-18-

01025-CV, 2019 WL 1523124, at *16, 18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 9,

2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding evidence parent allowed child to live in

unsanitary conditions supports endangerment finding under Section 161.001(b)(1)

and best interest finding under Section 161.001(b)(2)); In re M.A.A., No. 01-20-

00709-CV, 2021 WL 1134308, at *18, 22 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 25,

2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (same); see also Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372 (identifying

present and future emotional and physical dangers to child as best interest factor).

The trial court could also infer from this evidence that such endangering conduct

could reoccur in the future if the children were returned to Mother’s care. See In re

                                          72
B.K.D., 131 S.W.3d at 17 (stating fact finder may infer that past conduct endangering

child’s well-being may recur in future if child returned to parent).

      Aside from the children’s unsanitary living conditions, the record reflects that

Mother repeatedly neglected the children’s personal hygiene and physical condition

while under her care. In May 2019, Julie’s teacher reported that Julie’s hygiene had

been deteriorating since early April 2019, and that her clothes had a “very strong

urine smell.” Father G stated that when he saw Mike in 2020, Mike smelled like

mildew, his hair was smelly and matted, and Mike told Father G that he had gotten

into trouble recently for taking a bath. When they were removed from Mother’s

home in January 2022, Mike, Ivan, and their siblings “had a strong, musty, urine and

filth stench,” they were wearing smelly, soiled clothing, they had trash or debris

stuck in their “severely matted” hair and they were underweight for their ages. It

was apparent to the police and to Whitely that none of the children had bathed “for

quite some time.” This evidence that Mother neglected her children’s personal

hygiene also supports the trial court’s best interest findings. See In re J.H., No. 01-

22-00629-CV, 2023 WL 2169952, at *14, 18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb.

23, 2023, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding “evidence of unsanitary and dangerous

conditions in a child’s home as well as evidence that a parent has neglected her

child’s physical condition” supports endangerment finding under Section

161.001(b)(1)(D) and best interest); see also In re S.B., 597 S.W.3d 571, 584 (Tex.

                                          73
App.—Amarillo 2020, pet. denied) (“Allowing children to live in unsanitary

conditions and neglecting their physical condition can constitute endangerment.”).

The trial court could also infer from this evidence that such endangering conduct

could reoccur in the future if the children were returned to Mother’s care. See In re

B.K.D., 131 S.W.3d at 17.

      There was also evidence that the children suffered physical abuse while they

were living in Mother’s home. Mike, Jack, and Mark made outcries of physical

abuse by Mother and Julie collaborated their claims. Jack and Mark reported that

Mother “used to whip them constantly with an extension cord,” and when she grew

tired of hitting them, Mother made them “stand in the corner for hours.” According

to Jack and Mark, Ivan was the only child that did not get whipped. Mike claimed

that Mother had kicked him in the stomach and struck him in the head with a belt

buckle, and if the children made Mother upset, Mike “got the worst” of the abuse.

Julie agreed that Mother “beat on” Mike worse than the other children.

      Martinez testified that she saw marks and bruises on all the children when

they came into the Department’s care. Among other evidence of physical abuse,

Mike had substantial scarring on his back, Ivan had “excessive marks and scratches

all over his body,” including both old scars and “fresh” scratches, and Mark had

scarring on his leg and arm. Evidence that Mother physically abused Mike supports

the trial court’s finding that termination of Mother’s rights to Mike is in his best

                                         74
interest. See In re L.W., 2019 WL 1523124, at *11 (stating direct physical abuse of

child constitutes endangering conduct); see Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372 (identifying

present and future emotional and physical dangers to child as best interest factor); In

re A.K.T., No. 01-18-00647-CV, 2018 WL 6423381, at *16 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] Dec. 6, 2018, pet. denied). (mem. op.) (stating mother’s history of violent

abusive conduct directed at child, father, and other individuals supported best

interest finding). A fact finder may infer that such endangering conduct may recur

in future if the child is returned to the parent. See In re D.M., 452 S.W.3d at 471

(stating fact finder may infer that past endangering conduct will recur if child

returned to parent); In re B.K.D., 131 S.W.3d at 17 (same). Evidence that Mother

abused Mike and Ivan’s other siblings also supports the trial court’s finding that

termination of Mother’s rights to Ivan was in Ivan’s best interest. See In re D.T., 34

S.W.3d 625, 636–37 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied) (stating parent’s

conduct with regard to other children can be used to support finding of endangerment

even with regard to child born after such conduct occurred); see generally In re

S.G.S, 130 S.W.3d 223, 238 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2004, no pet.) (reasoning that

fact finder could infer from actual neglect of one child that physical and emotional

well-being of other children was also jeopardized).

      Julie also claimed that she had been sexually assaulted by two of her maternal

uncles and although Mother was aware of the abuse, Mother did nothing about it.

                                          75
See In re A.B., 125 S.W.3d 769, 778 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. denied)

(stating parent’s “failure to protect the emotional well-being of the children

following the allegations of sexual abuse” supports trial court’s best interest finding).

Although Mother denied causing the children’s injuries or knowing that Julie had

been sexually abused by her maternal uncles, it was within the trial court’s province,

as the sole arbiter of a witness’s credibility, to disbelieve Mother’s testimony and

conclude, in light of the evidence, that Mother had physically abused the children

and turned a blind eye to Julie’s outcry of sexual abuse by Mother’s brothers. See

In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 346 (stating trial court is sole arbiter of witness

credibility and demeanor). Mike told the Department that Father J, Ivan’s father,

“was not around much and it’s a good thing” because Father J, who had been

convicted of three violent offenses, was “abusive to [Mother] and [Mike] has seen

him hit [Mother].” Such evidence reflects that Mother exposed her children to

domestic violence and thus supports the trial court’s best interest finding. See In re

K.K., No. 09-20-00300-CV, 2021 WL 2148857, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont May

27, 2021, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (stating evidence parent’s exposure of child to

domestic violence supports trial court’s finding that termination is in child’s best

interest); see also TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b)(7) (identifying history of abusive

or assaultive conduct by child’s family as factor relevant to best interest analysis).

                                           76
      With regard to Ivan’s and Mike’s present and future physical and emotional

needs, the record reflects that Mother failed to meet many of her children’s basic

needs, including providing adequate food and medical and dental care. “A child’s

basic needs include food, shelter, clothing, routine medical care, and a safe,

stimulating, and nurturing home environment.” In re K-A.B.M., 551 S.W.3d 275,

288 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2018, no pet.); see also Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372

(identifying present and future physical and emotional needs of child as best interest

factor); TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b)(12)(A) (stating parent’s ability to provide

child with “minimally adequate health and nutritional care” is best interest factor).

      With regard to the children’s nutritional needs, Whitely stated that there was

no food in the kitchen or deep freezer when she inspected the home in January 2022,

and the children told Whitely they were hungry and had not eaten since the previous

day. Dr. Lacy noted that the children hoarded available food after they came into

the Department’s care and that food insecurity came up often in her conversations

with Jack, John, and Mark. Whitely and Dr. Lacy agreed that the children were

underweight when they came into the Department’s care. Martinez testified that the

children reported that, when they lived with Mother, “they were starved or didn’t

receive any meals, some days []they would fight over the food that was left,” and

they “would have to steal for food.” The children also used their piggy bank money

                                          77
to buy food for themselves. Mike stated that he was afraid Ivan would starve to

death.

         The record also reflects that concerns were raised about the availability and

adequacy of food in Mother’s home as early as 2019. In May 2019, Julie’s teacher

reported that Julie was severely underweight, and often asked to take food home

from school. Father G told the Department that when he saw Mike in 2020, Mike

was skinny, he appeared malnourished, and his leg bones protruded. Mike also told

Father G that he went to bed without food some days.

         Although Mother claimed there was always sufficient food in her home for

the children, it was within the trial court’s province, as the sole arbiter of a witness’s

credibility, to credit the children’s and other witnesses’ testimony over Mother’s

testimony about the availability of food in the home, and conclude, in light of the

evidence, that Mother failed to provide her children, including Mike and Ivan, with

enough food to meet their basic nutritional needs. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at

346 (stating trial court is sole arbiter of witness credibility and demeanor).

         The evidence demonstrates that Mother also neglected the children’s medical

and dental needs while they were in her care. A child’s basic needs include medical

and dental care and courts may consider evidence that a parent neglected to seek

appropriate medical and dental treatment for her children when determining whether

termination of the parent’s rights is in the child’s best interest. See In re K.S.O.B.,

                                           78
No. 01-18-00860-CV, 2019 WL 1246348, at *19 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

Mar. 19, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.).

      With regard to the children’s medical and dental needs, Mother claimed she

took the children to a dentist every six months or once a year. She admitted,

however, that she “didn’t do the best job of the dentist appointments.” The record

reflects that Mike needed intensive dental work when he first came into the

Department’s care. Mike told Whitely that he had been suffering from a toothache

for two weeks and although he told Mother about his toothache, she did nothing to

address it. Mark had seven cavities when he entered the Department’s care and Julie

also needed extensive dental work.

      Ivan, who was three years old when he came into care, needed “fairly

extensive [dental] work . . . due to neglect in the home of origin,” and his first foster

parent noticed that he “would take his food and stuff all the way to his back teeth to

chew in the back because the front teeth appeared to be in such pain.” Ivan, who

had cavities visible to the naked eye, was also drooling significantly when he came

into the Department’s care. Ivan’s dentist concluded that Ivan had been drooling

because he had an infection, and it was likely very painful for Ivan to eat.

      Mike was behind on his immunizations when he came into care, and he was

not being treated for his ADHD. Jack had been having hearing problems and doctors

found an eraser stuck in his ear, which had been there for years. Ivan, who was

                                           79
diagnosed with autism, encephalopathy, and several developmental issues relating

to neglect, was not receiving any treatment for his conditions while in Mother’s care.

Mother also claimed that Ivan, who was non-verbal when he came into care, “wasn’t

nonverbal in [her] custody” and she claimed he spoke in complete sentences.

      The trial court could infer from this evidence that Mother failed to seek

appropriate medical and dental treatment for Mike, Ivan, and her other children. See

In re K.S.O.B., 2019 WL 1246348, at *19 (stating evidence parent failed to seek

appropriate medical and dental treatment for child supports best interest finding).

The trial court could also infer that Mother’s inattention to her children’s medical

and dental needs would continue in the future. See In re L.G.R., 498 S.W.3d 195,

205 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied).

      Mother’s inability to meet her children’s basic needs also constitutes

endangering conduct. See In re J.D.G., 570 S.W.3d 839, 852 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied) (stating neglecting child’s medical and dental needs

endangers child); In re J.V.B., No. 01-17-00958-CV, 2018 WL 2727732, at *7 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 7, 2018, pet. denied) (stating parent’s failure to

provide for child’s basic need endangered child’s well-being).

      The child’s need for a permanent home has been “recognized as the paramount

consideration in a best interest determination.” In re B.J.C., 495 S.W.3d at 39; see

also Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372 (recognizing stability of home as best-interest

                                         80
factor). The record reflects that Mother did not move out of her home, which the

police and Department deemed unlivable, until July 2022—six months after the

children were removed from her care. Mother, who claimed she stayed with a friend

after she first moved out, did not provide the Department with an address or lease

until February 2023. Although she acquired a two-year lease for a home that was

considerably better than her prior home, the lease did not commence until February

2023, which was over a year after the children were removed from her home. While

Mother claimed she had been living in the home since February 2023, she told the

Department in March 2023 that she was living at an address in Crockett, Texas.

      A parent’s drug use is also indicative of instability in the home because it

exposes the children to the possibility that the parent may be impaired or imprisoned.

See In re A.M., 495 S.W.3d 573, 579 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet.

denied); see also In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345 (“[A] parent’s use of narcotics and

its effect on his or her ability to parent may qualify as an endangering course of

conduct.”); TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b)(8) (including “whether there is a history

of substance abuse by the child’s family” among factors that “should be considered

by the court” when “determining whether the child’s parents are willing and able to

provide the child with a safe environment”). The record reflects that, while this case

was pending, Mother submitted nine urine and hair samples that tested positive for

marijuana or marijuana metabolites, and she failed or refused to submit to thirteen

                                         81
drug tests, all of which the trial court presumed were positive. See In re J.M.T., 519

S.W.3d 258, 269 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. denied) (stating refusal

to give hair sample permitted court to infer father refused testing because it would

be positive); In re C.A.B., 289 S.W.3d 874, 885 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2009, no pet.) (holding fact finder could infer that parent’s failure to submit to court-

ordered drug testing indicated parent was avoiding testing because she was using

narcotics). Mother also tested positive for drugs during trial and after she was

discharged from substance abuse treatment. See In re A.M., 495 S.W.3d at 580 (“[A]

parent’s decision to engage in illegal drug use during the pendency of a termination

suit, when the parent is at risk of losing a child, may support a finding that the parent

engaged in conduct that endangered the child’s physical or emotional well-being.”)

(quoting In re K.C.F., No. 01–13–01078–CV, 2014 WL 2538624, at *9–10 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.)).

      The evidence also establishes that Mother did not comply with her FSP.

Although Mother’s FSP required her to secure stable housing for a minimum of six

months consecutively and throughout the duration of the case, she did not provide

the Department with proof of stable housing until May 5, 2023, which was the first

day of trial and over a year after the children were removed from her home. She

also failed to provide the Department with proof of all sources of her income on a

monthly basis, she tested positive for drugs even after being discharged from her

                                           82
substance abuse program, and she failed or refused to submit samples for thirteen

drug tests. See In re M.R., 243 S.W.3d at, 821 (stating parent’s failure to comply

with FSP supports finding that termination is in child’s best interest).

      With regard to Mother’s parental abilities, the record reflects that although

Mother claimed she was home-schooling the children using online programs, her

efforts were insufficient to meet the children’s educational needs because she failed

to provide the children with adequate resources and supervision. See In re M.F., No.

01-17-00835-CV, 2018 WL 1630180, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 5,

2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (noting child was “behind her peers academically in

almost every way, she barely knew her alphabet, and she could not write her name

despite being almost seven years old” when discussing evidence of parental abilities

for purposes of determining whether termination of parents’ rights was in child’s

best interest); see also In re A.O.M., No. 14-15-01012-CV, 2016 WL 1660630, at *6

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 26, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(considering parents’ failure to ensure children were enrolled in school as evidence

of parental abilities for purposes of determining whether termination of parents’

rights was in child’s best interest). The record reflects the children had to use a

neighbor’s WIFI to connect to the internet and, according to Mike, all five school-

aged children shared one iPad for homeschooling. Mother, who attended school

outside the home, also left the five school-aged children unsupervised when they

                                          83
were ostensibly home-schooling. Mike told the Department that the children had

not been in school for a “few months.” Mike, Julie, Jack, John, and Mark struggled

academically when they returned to a formal school setting. Mark had to repeat

second grade due to deficits in reading and Jack’s reading level was at least one year

behind his peers. Ivan is autistic and developmentally delayed and while Mother

started taking an online class for caregivers of special needs children and she found

an autistic therapy provider close to her home, Mother did not do so until the middle

of trial. She also claimed that Ivan, who was non-verbal when he came into care,

“wasn’t nonverbal in [her] custody” and she claimed he spoke in complete sentences,

indicating Mother lacked an understanding or failed to recognize Ivan’s

developmental delays. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b)(12)(F) (identifying as

best-interest factor parent’s parenting skills, which includes “an understanding of

the child’s needs and capabilities”).

      Mother’s past endangering conduct is also an indication of her parenting

abilities. See In re H.M.O.L., No. 01-17-00775-CV, 2018 WL 1659981, at *18 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 6, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing In re J.S.G.,

2009 WL 1311986, at *9). Her use of drugs throughout the pendency of the case,

including during trial, also indicates that Mother exercises poor judgment. See In re

S.G., No. 01-18-00728-CV, 2019 WL 1448870, at *5 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st

Dist.] Apr. 2, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Parental drug abuse also reflects poor

                                         84
judgment and an unwillingness to prioritize a child’s safety and welfare and thus

may be considered in determining a child’s best interest.”).

       Although Mother completed her parenting classes, planned to enroll the

children in school if they were returned to her, and made an effort to educate herself

regarding the care and resources that Ivan needed, it was the trial court’s obligation

to weigh all the evidence and assess the credibility of the witnesses, and based on all

the evidence, the trial court could have concluded that Mother’s efforts came too late

and were insufficient to demonstrate she has good parenting skills. See Holley, 544

S.W.2d at 372 (identifying parental abilities of persons seeking custody as best-

interest factor); TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b)(12) (identifying party’s parenting

skills as best-interest factor).

       Mother argues that although there were concerns about her ability to provide

the children with a safe and stable home, “it is clear from the evidence presented at

trial that [Mother] has made the requisite life changes that enable her to provide a

safe and stable home for her children, thereby negating any present and future

emotional and physical danger to her children.” Although Mother leased a home,

which was in considerably better condition than her initial home and did not appear

to pose a danger to the children, she did not lease the property until February 2023,

a year after the children were removed from her home, and she did not have beds

with mattresses for the children before the last day of trial. See In re S.R., 452

                                          85
S.W.3d 351, 368 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied) (stating

“factfinder may conclude that a parent’s changes shortly before trial are too late to

have an impact on the best-interest determination”); see also In re Z.C., 280 S.W.3d

470, 476 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied) (holding father’s “efforts to

improve his ability to effectively parent on the eve of trial [were] not enough to

overcome a decade of poor parenting and neglect” for purposes of best-interest

analysis).

      Mother suggests that her history of drug use does not weigh in favor of a

finding that termination of her rights was in Mike’s and Ivan’s best interest because

she enrolled herself in an outpatient program to address her marijuana use and “there

is no evidence in the record that [she] used marijuana in her children’s presence or

while she was caring for them, or that she was ever impaired while caring for the

children.” We disagree. A parent’s use of illegal drugs may constitute endangering

conduct because “it exposes the child to the possibility that the parent may be

impaired or imprisoned.” Walker v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 312

S.W.3d 608, 617 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied); see also In re

J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345 (“[A] parent’s use of narcotics and its effect on his or her

ability to parent may qualify as an endangering course of conduct.”). It is not

necessary that the drug use occur in the presence of the child or that the parent

actually be impaired. See In re N.J.H., 575 S.W.3d 822, 831 (Tex. App.—Houston

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[1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied) (“Because it significantly harms the parenting

relationship, drug activity can constitute endangerment even if it transpires outside

the child’s presence.”). In addition, Mother did not enroll in an outpatient substance

abuse program to address her marijuana use until after she tested positive for drugs

during trial. See In re S.R., 452 S.W.3d at 368 (stating “factfinder may conclude that

a parent’s changes shortly before trial are too late to have an impact on the best-

interest determination”).

      With regard to Mike, the record reflects that Mike requested that Mother’s

parental rights to him be terminated. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372 (identifying

desires of child as best interest factor). Mike has been living with Father G since

August 2022, and by all accounts, Father G is keeping Mike safe and meeting his

needs. Mike is bonded with Father G and he asked the trial court to change his

surname to Father G’s surname. The record reflects that Mike is happy with Father

G, he is doing well, and he has not lived with Mother for eighteen months. See In

re M.D.M., 579 S.W.3d 744, 770 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, no pet.)

(“Evidence that a child is well-cared for by a foster family or a proposed adoptive

placement, is bonded to the proposed placement, and has spent minimal time in the

presence of the child’s parent is relevant to the best interest determination and,

specifically, is relevant to the child’s desires.”). The Department did not have any

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concerns about Mike’s placement with Father G or express any concerns about

Father G’s parenting abilities.

      Ivan, who is four years old, has been diagnosed with autism, developmental

delays, and encephalopathy, and he is receiving speech and occupational therapy to

address his needs. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b)(1) (identifying child’s age and

physical and mental vulnerabilities as best interest factor); In re D.D.M., No. 01-18-

01033-CV, 2019 WL 2939259, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 9, 2019,

no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Evidence of this factor generally demonstrates what the

children’s physical needs are, specifically any special physical needs, and whether

the parent seeking custody [is] willing and able to meet those needs.”). He is in a

special needs foster home with licensed caregivers, and although it is not an adoptive

placement, the foster home is meeting all of Ivan’s extensive needs. See In re E.C.R.,

402 S.W.3d at 250 (stating courts “examine the entire record to decide best interest”

and “lack of evidence about [specific] definitive plans for [the] permanent placement

and adoption” of children not dispositive in best-interest analysis) (internal

quotations omitted)); In re T.C., No. 01-17-00497-CV, 2018 WL 4126600, at *26

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 30, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (“[T]he fact

that [the child] is not currently in a long-term or permanent placement is not a

dispositive fact.”).

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      Ivan, who was mostly non-verbal when he came into care, is beginning to use

some verbal expressions, attending Pre-K, and his socialization skills have improved

since moving to his current placement. According to Piaskowski, there are other

children in Ivan’s current foster home that “he connects with, and . . . [Ivan] seemed

to be very happy and doing very well.” Although he wore a diaper when he came

into the Department’s care, Ivan’s potty-training is progressing well in his current

placement.

      When a child is too young or unable to express his desires, like Ivan, the fact

finder may consider that “the child has bonded with the foster family, is well-cared

for by them, and has spent minimal time with the parent.” See In re I.L.G., 531

S.W.3d 346, 356 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, pet. denied). Although

there is no evidence that Ivan is bonded with his current foster family, he is happy

in his current placement, which is meeting all of his needs, and Ivan had not lived

with Mother for over a year and half when trial ended.

      Ivan’s young age also weighs in favor of the trial court’s finding that

termination of Mother’s parental rights is in his best interest. See In re A.L.B., No.

01-17-00547-CV, 2017 WL 6519969 *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet.

denied) (mem. op.) (stating children’s young ages—five and six years old—rendered

them vulnerable if left with parent unable or unwilling to protect them or attend to

their needs).

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      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s finding,

we conclude the trial court could have formed a firm belief or conviction that

termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Mike’s and Ivan’s best interest. See

In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. Further, in view of the entire record, we conclude

that the disputed evidence is not so significant as to prevent the trial court from

forming a firm belief or conviction that termination of Mother’s parental rights was

in Mike’s and Ivan’s best interest. Id.; see also In re Commitment of Stoddard, 619

S.W.3d at 674.

      We overrule Mother’s sole issue.

                                    Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s decree of termination.

                                              Veronica Rivas-Molloy
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Justices Kelly, Countiss, and Rivas-Molloy.

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