Court Opinion

ID: 9893776
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-30 17:01:20.420891+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:05:30.012956
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      OCT 30 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ANTHONY PENTON,                                 No.    22-15665

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                2:11-cv-00518-TLN-KJN
 v.

LAYTON JOHNSON,                                 MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant,

and

S. HUBARD; et al.,

                Defendants.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of California
                    Troy L. Nunley, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted September 13, 2023
                             San Francisco, California

Before: WALLACE, BOGGS,** and FORREST, Circuit Judges.

      Defendant Layton Johnson appeals the district court’s order denying him

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Danny J. Boggs, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
summary judgment on qualified-immunity grounds, and argues that plaintiff

Anthony Penton’s rights to access the courts and to receive mail were not clearly

established. Because the denial of summary judgment based on qualified immunity

is immediately appealable, we have jurisdiction. See Foster v. City of Indio, 908 F.3d

1204, 1210 (9th Cir. 2018).

      We review denials of qualified immunity de novo. Ballou v. McElvain, 29

F.4th 413, 421 (9th Cir. 2022). In an interlocutory appeal from denial of qualified

immunity, we view facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Estate of

Anderson v. Marsh, 985 F.3d 726, 731 (9th Cir. 2021). In this light, we consider

whether (1) Johnson violated Penton’s constitutional rights, and (2) whether those

rights were clearly established at the time of the violation. Peck v. Montoya, 51 F.

4th 877, 887 (9th Cir. 2022).

      We affirm the district court. Because the parties are familiar with the factual

and procedural history of this case, we need not recount it here.

      Courts may address the two parts of the qualified immunity analysis in

whichever order they prefer. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009).

Because Johnson does not argue that he did not violate Penton’s rights, only that

those rights were not clearly established, we focus on the second part of the test.

      A right is clearly established if “every reasonable official would have

understood that what he is doing violates that right.” Andrews v. City of Henderson,

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35 F.4th 710, 718 (9th Cir. 2022) (citation omitted). While the Supreme Court “has

repeatedly told courts . . . not to define clearly established law at a high level of

generality,” Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148, 1152 (2018), there “can be the rare

‘obvious case,’ where the unlawfulness of the officer’s conduct is sufficiently clear

even though existing precedent does not address similar circumstances,” District of

Columbia v. Wesby, 583 U.S. 48, 64 (2018) (quoting Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S.

194, 199 (2004) (per curiam)). “[T]here need not be a Supreme Court or circuit case

‘directly on point,’ but ‘existing precedent must place the lawfulness of the conduct

beyond debate.’” Ballou, 29 F.4th at 421 (quoting Tobias v. Arteaga, 996 F.3d 571,

580 (9th Cir. 2021)). “[W]e ‘may look to decisions from the other circuits’ to

determine whether they reflect a ‘consensus of courts’ that can be said to clearly

establish the relevant law.” Shooter v. Arizona, 4 F.4th 955, 963 (9th Cir. 2021)

(quoting Martinez v. City of Clovis, 943 F.3d 1260, 1276 (9th Cir. 2019)).

      1.     The district court did not err in denying qualified immunity on the

access-to-courts claim. “Adequate, effective and meaningful” access to the courts is

“the touchstone” of a prisoner’s rights and was clearly established when the

defendant’s prison began withholding Penton’s mail. Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817,

822-23 (1977); Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351 (1996). Prison officials are

constitutionally required to “make it possible for inmates to prepare, file, and serve

pleadings and other documents essential for pleading their causes.” Phillips v. Hust,

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477 F.3d 1070, 1077 (9th Cir. 2007).

      Out-of-circuit precedent that predates Johnson’s alleged conduct has held that

prison officials who seriously delay or otherwise fail to forward legal mail to

prisoners, including prisoners who have been transferred to other facilities, violate

clearly established law. Simkins v. Bruce, 406 F.3d 1239, 1242–43 (10th Cir. 2005).

In fact, in other circuits, allowing mail to accumulate before forwarding it to

prisoners has been held as “patent deprivation of the prisoners’ right of access to the

courts.” Gramegna v. Johnson, 846 F.2d 675, 677–78 (11th Cir. 1988). Viewed in

the light most favorable to Penton, Johnson was on notice that holding Penton’s mail

for over seven months violated Penton’s constitutional right to access the courts.

      2.     The district court did not err in denying qualified immunity on the right-

to-mail claim.1 While very few cases address what prison officials are required to do

with personal mail when a prisoner is transferred to another facility, delay in

forwarding mail “for an inordinate amount of time” has been held to violate the

Constitution. Antonelli v. Sheahan, 81 F.3d 1422, 1423 (7th Cir. 1996); see also

Bryan v. Wener, 516 F.2d 233, 238 (3d Cir. 1975) (noting that “officials . . . have a

      1
        The second claim in Penton’s operative Complaint is a First and Fourteenth
Amendment right-to-mail claim. Penton alleges that Johnson had “no legitimate
penological reasons” to “withhold[ ] Mr. Penton’s legal mail or for his failure to
notify Mr. Penton of the withholding.” Accordingly, while Penton challenges
Johnson’s failure to provide notice that he was withholding Penton’s mail, this is
part of the right-to-mail claim and not a separate claim for relief.

                                          4
responsibility to promptly forward mail”).

      Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Penton, Johnson’s withholding

of mail violated clearly established law. Supreme Court and multiple circuit

precedents make clear that Penton had a right to receive mail and that undue delay

violated that right. See Witherow v. Paff, 52 F.3d 264, 265 (9th Cir. 1995) (per

curiam) (citing Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 407 (1989)); Antonelli, 81 F.3d

at 1432. Every reasonable official would have known that withholding prisoner mail

for over seven months violated the Constitution, regardless of whether the prisoner

was temporarily transferred elsewhere. Penton’s case is, therefore, the obvious case

where the general rule that prisons may not withhold a prisoner’s mail for a

prolonged period gave “fair and clear warning” to Johnson that his conduct was

unlawful. Kisela, 138 S. Ct. at 1153 (quoting White v. Pauly, 580 U.S. 74, 79 (2017)

(per curiam)).

      Johnson correctly notes that cases establishing the general rule are factually

dissimilar, but this does not change the outcome. The question is not whether a case

is “directly on point” but whether Johnson was clearly on notice that he was violating

Penton’s right. Ballou, 29 F.4th at 421. Johnson’s conduct violated Penton’s

constitutional right to mail and a body of clearly established case law. This violation

was so obvious as to preclude qualified immunity. See Wesby, 583 U.S. at 63.

      3.     The district court did not err in denying qualified immunity on Penton’s

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due process right-to-notice allegation. Due process requires that a prison notify a

prisoner of its decision to withhold incoming mail, and we have repeatedly stated

that withholding delivery of inmate mail must be accompanied by “minimal

procedural safeguards against arbitrary or erroneous censorship of protected

speech.” Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 417–19, n.10 (1974) (overruled on

other grounds by Thornburgh, 490 U.S. at 413–14). Minimum procedural safeguards

include notifying inmates that their mail was withheld, allowing them a reasonable

opportunity to protest that decision, and referring prisoner complaints to a prison

official other than the one who seized the mail. Procunier, 416 U.S. at 418–19.

      While Penton’s location during transit may not have been disclosed, the

continued delay of his mail once he was in custody in Bowling Green, Kentucky was

unjustified. It is undisputed that Penton was not provided notice that his mail was

being withheld and there is no evidence that Johnson’s out-to-court mail-holding

practice included providing notice to the prisoner that his mail was being withheld.

California regulations state that, for an out-to-court inmate, mail may be held when

return is anticipated within one week. See Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, § 3133(f), (h).

Johnson should have sought Penton’s address and forwarded his mail once Penton

did not return to the prison within the time stated in the regulation. This failure to

provide notice runs contrary to prison regulations and minimum procedural

safeguards and is a clear violation of Penton’s Fourteenth Amendment “liberty

                                          6
interest in receiving notice that his incoming mail is being withheld.” Frost, 197

F.3d at 353–54.

      We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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