Court Opinion

ID: 2793034
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-10 20:00:40.059612+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:08:55.952040
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 14-3941
                                       ___________

                                 ROBERT LEE PERRY,
                                                Appellant

                                             v.

                              WARDEN FORT DIX FCI
                       ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 1-14-cv-01243)
                      District Judge: Honorable Robert B. Kugler
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                    April 10, 2015

             Before: AMBRO, VANASKIE and SLOVITER, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: April 10, 2015)
                                      ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM

       Robert Lee Perry is a federal prisoner serving a sentence imposed by the United

States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina. He is currently

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
incarcerated within the District of New Jersey, and he has a projected release date of

January 13, 2016. Perry was in North Carolina state custody when his federal sentencing

court imposed his federal sentence on January 5, 2006, and he remained in state custody

until completing his state sentence and being released into federal custody to begin

serving his federal sentence on April 28, 2007. Perry’s federal criminal judgment

specifies that his federal sentence “shall run consecutively to the state court sentence the

defendant is currently serving.” (ECF No. 8-6 at 19.) Thus, the Federal Bureau of

Prisons (“BOP”) has not credited against Perry’s federal sentence the time he spent in

state custody after receiving that federal sentence.

       In 2011, Perry filed a petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the United States District

Court for the District of South Carolina (where he was then confined) and argued that the

BOP was required to credit him for that time. The court rejected his argument and

dismissed his petition on the merits. See Perry v. Owens, No. 1:11-328-CMC-SVH, 2011

WL 2149538, at *1 (D.S.C. June 1, 2011) (adopting Magistrate Judge’s recommendation

at Perry v. Owens, No. 1:11-328-CMC-SVH, 2011 WL 2144783 (D.S.C. Apr. 25, 2011)).

It appears that Perry did not appeal.

       In 2013, Perry filed a motion with his sentencing court again, arguing that his state

and federal sentences should be concurrent rather than consecutive and that his

sentencing court should correct that putative “clerical error” under Fed. R. Crim. P. 36.

The sentencing court denied the motion after reminding Perry that it had specifically

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addressed the issue at sentencing and determined that the sentences should be

consecutive. (ECF No. 8-6 at 29.)

       Finally, in 2014, and after being transferred to a facility within the District of New

Jersey, Perry filed pro se the § 2241 petition at issue here. Perry again argued that the

BOP is required to credit his time in state custody against his federal sentence. He also

argued that (1) his federal conviction is unlawful because the Government impermissibly

“borrowed” him from the state during his federal prosecution in alleged violation of the

“anti-shuttling” provision of the Interstate Agreement on Detainers (“IAD”), and (2) the

consecutive nature of his sentence is unlawful under U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3.

       The District Court concluded that Perry’s petition constitutes an abuse of the writ

as to the issue of sentencing credit because Perry raised it in his previous § 2241 petition

and that Perry’s argument lacks merit in any event. The District Court further concluded

that it lacks jurisdiction over Perry’s challenges to his conviction and sentence, and that

Perry must raise those challenges in his sentencing court, because a motion under 28

U.S.C. § 2255 is not inadequate or ineffective under the narrow exception we recognized

in In re Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d 245 (3d Cir. 1997). The District Court denied Perry’s

petition for these reasons, and Perry appeals. He does not require a certificate of

appealability to appeal the denial of his § 2241 petition, see Vasquez v. Strada, 684 F.3d

431, 433 (3d Cir. 2012) (per curiam), and we thus have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§§ 1291 and 2253.

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       We will affirm for the reasons thoroughly and adequately explained by the District

Court. Perry does not directly challenge the District Court’s actual rulings in his opening

brief and instead raises arguments relating to a § 2255 motion that he filed in his

sentencing court in 2008. The sentencing court denied the motion as untimely and, in

doing so, rejected Perry’s argument that he was entitled to equitable tolling by reason of

the difficulties he faced in filing a § 2255 motion while still in state custody. (M.D.N.C.

Crim. No. 1-05-cr-00149-002, ECF Nos. 158 & 162.) The Fourth Circuit denied a

certificate of appealability. See United States v. Perry, 300 F. App’x 242, 243 (4th Cir.

2008). Perry now argues that, if the federal § 2255 statute of limitations was running

while he was still in state custody, then his federal sentence must have been running as

well. It does not appear that Perry raised this precise argument in his prior § 2241

petition, but he clearly could have done so and his current § 2241 petition remains an

abuse of the writ to that extent. See Queen v. Miner, 530 F.3d 253, 255 (3d Cir. 2008).

       The argument also lacks merit. The § 2255 statute of limitations, as relevant here,

begins running from “the date on which the [federal] judgment of conviction becomes

final.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1). Since the decision in Peyton v. Rowe, 391 U.S. 54

(1968), courts have uniformly held that petitioners still in state custody who have yet to

begin serving a consecutive federal sentence may nevertheless challenge that federal

sentence and thus are subject to the § 2255 statute of limitations. See, e.g., Ospina v.

United States, 386 F.3d 750, 752 (6th Cir. 2004) (collecting cases). These decisions hold

that state prisoners in that situation are deemed to be in federal custody for purposes of
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the “in custody” requirement of § 2255(a). See id. But none of these decisions suggests

that being “in custody” for purposes of challenging a federal sentence has any relevance

to the calculation of that sentence, and it does not. For purposes of calculating a federal

sentence, “[a] sentence to a term of imprisonment commences on the date the defendant

is received in custody awaiting transportation to, or arrives voluntarily to commence

service of sentence at, the official detention facility at which the sentence is to be

served.” 18 U.S.C. § 3585(a). Thus, the fact that the § 2255 statute of limitations began

running before Perry began serving his federal sentence has no bearing on the calculation

of that sentence. Perry also argues that he is entitled to equitable tolling for his § 2255

motion and should have the benefit of the alternative commencement date set forth in

§ 2255(f)(2), but those were arguments to make in his sentencing court. The arguments

that Perry improperly raises for the first time in his reply brief lack merit as well.1

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

1
  Perry argues, for example, that an unspecified amendment to U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3 requires
that his federal sentence be concurrent with his state sentence and constitutes the kind of
change in the law that permitted resort to § 2241 in Dorsainvil. Perry is mistaken.
Dorsainvil created a narrow exception permitting resort to § 2241 when a defendant’s
statute of conviction was later interpreted in a way that rendered his conduct non-criminal
and the defendant had no prior opportunity to raise that issue. See Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d
at 251; see also United States v. Tyler, 732 F.3d 241, 246-47 (3d Cir. 2013) (applying
Dorsainvil). Perry’s argument regarding application of the Sentencing Guidelines does
not fall within that category. Cf. Okereke v. United States, 307 F.3d 117, 120-21 (3d Cir.
2002) (holding that a claim of sentencing error under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S.
466 (2000), did not fit within Dorsainvil because Apprendi did not render the petitioner’s
conduct non-criminal).
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