Court Opinion

ID: 7801899
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-19 05:07:02.622709+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:21.764509
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   August 18, 2022
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 359311
                                                                   Macomb Circuit Court
JASON TYRONE COLLIER,                                              LC No. 2021-000626-FH

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: GADOLA, P.J., and CAVANAGH and K. F. KELLY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant was bound over to the circuit court on charges of possession with intent to
deliver methamphetamine, MCL 333.7401(2)(b)(i), possession with intent to deliver less than 50
grams of cocaine, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv), and maintaining a drug house, MCL 333.7405(1)(d);
MCL 333.7406. The circuit court granted defendant’s motion to quash the bindover and dismissed
the charges. The prosecution appeals as of right. We reverse and remand to the circuit court for
reinstatement of the charges against defendant.

                                           I. FACTS

       On November 4, 2020, police executed a search warrant at an apartment in Harrison
Township, Michigan, registered to Anisha Greer. They found defendant alone in the residence.
Upon searching defendant, the officers found over $2,000. Upon searching the residence, police
discovered a lockbox containing methamphetamine, cocaine, scales, and packaging material.
Defendant was arrested and charged with possession with intent to deliver methamphetamine,
MCL 333.7401(2)(b)(i), possession with intent to deliver less than 50 grams of cocaine, MCL
333.7401(2)(a)(iv), and maintaining a drug house, MCL 333.7405(1)(d); MCL 333.7406.

       At the preliminary examination before the district court, Officer Brandon Cawley of the St.
Clair Shores Police Department testified that when he entered the residence to execute the search
warrant, he saw defendant leave a bedroom in the back of the house. In the bedroom, Officer
Cawley discovered a lockbox behind a dresser; the lockbox contained two digital scales, packaging
material, a bag containing 6.94 grams of methamphetamine, and a bag containing 8.80 grams of
cocaine. The officer found the keys to the lockbox on top of the dresser next to the keys for

                                               -1-
defendant’s vehicle, which was parked outside the residence. Officer Cawley testified that the
amount of narcotics found together with the other items indicated that the narcotics were not for
personal use, but were intended for sale. He estimated that the narcotics would sell for $1,600 to
$2,000. Officer Cawley also testified that he had seen defendant at the residence multiple times
before he executed the search warrant, that he had seen defendant at the residence at night, and
had seen defendant entering and exiting the residence alone using a key. Officer Cawley testified
that men’s clothing found in the residence appeared to be defendant’s size.

        Detective Kevin Cynowa of the St. Clair Shores Police Department testified that he assisted
in executing the search warrant. He found defendant’s identification and cell phone in the kitchen
where he also found packaging material in a cabinet. He found more packaging material in
defendant’s vehicle parked outside the house. He testified that he had seen defendant’s vehicle at
the residence on previous occasions late at night and early in the morning. Detective Cynowa
further testified that police had recovered drugs from the house on at least two separate dates before
the search warrant was executed, and that defendant was present on at least one of those dates.

        At the conclusion of the preliminary examination, the district court bound defendant over
to circuit court for trial on the charges. In the circuit court, defendant filed a motion to quash the
bindover arguing that at the preliminary examination the prosecution failed to present evidence
sufficient to bind defendant over on the charges. The circuit court granted defendant’s motion,
quashed the bindover, and dismissed the charges against defendant, finding that the prosecution
failed to present sufficient evidence at the preliminary examination to support convictions on the
charges, and that there was not a “sufficient nexus” to bind the defendant over. The prosecution
now appeals.

                                         II. DISCUSSION

      The prosecution contends that the circuit court erred by quashing the district court’s
bindover and dismissing the charges against defendant. We agree.

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         When reviewing a district court’s bindover decision, this Court reviews the district court’s
decision without deference to the circuit court’s subsequent decision to quash the bindover. People
v Norwood, 303 Mich App 466, 468; 843 NW2d 775 (2013). We review the district court’s
decision to bind the defendant over on charges for an abuse of discretion, People v Fairey, 325
Mich App 645, 649; 928 NW2d 705 (2018), and do not overturn the district court’s decision absent
an abuse of that discretion. People v Seewald, 499 Mich 111, 116; 879 NW2d 237 (2016). The
district court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes.
Id. To the extent that the district court’s ruling is based upon a question of law, we review the
ruling de novo. People v Magnant, 508 Mich 151, 161; 973 NW2d 60 (2021).

                                     B. PROBABLE CAUSE

       To bind a defendant over to the circuit court for trial, the district court must find probable
cause to believe that the defendant committed a felony. Magnant, 508 Mich at 161. To find
probable cause, there must be evidence presented on each element of the crime charged or evidence
from which the elements may be inferred, People v Anderson, 501 Mich 175, 181-182; 912 NW2d

                                                 -2-
503 (2018), quoting Seewald, 499 Mich at 116, that would “cause a person of ordinary prudence
and caution to conscientiously entertain a reasonable belief of the defendant’s guilt.” Magnant,
508 Mich at 161 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        The standard of probable cause required at a preliminary examination “is not a very
demanding threshold.” People v Lewis, ___ Mich ___, ___; 975 NW2d 450 (2022) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). At the conclusion of a preliminary examination, the district court
must determine whether there is probable cause that the defendant committed a crime, which by
definition requires the district court “to settle or decide by choice of alternatives or possibilities.”
Anderson, 501 Mich at 183 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Probable cause to bind the
defendant over on the charges may exist regardless of whether the evidence conflicts or whether
there is reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt. Lewis, ___ Mich at ___; 975 NW2d at 450.
Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising from the evidence may be sufficient to
establish probable cause. People v Henderson, 282 Mich App 307, 312; 765 NW2d 619 (2009).
“If the evidence conflicts or raises a reasonable doubt, the defendant should be bound over for
trial, where the questions can be resolved by the trier of fact.” Id.

                         1. POSSESSION WITH INTENT TO DELIVER

        In this case, defendant was charged with possession with intent to deliver
methamphetamine, MCL 333.7401(2)(b)(i), possession with intent to deliver less than 50 grams
of cocaine, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv), and maintaining a drug house, MCL 333.7405(1)(d); MCL
333.7406. MCL 333.7401(1) provides that “[e]xcept as authorized by this article, a person shall
not manufacture, create, deliver, or possess with intent to manufacture, create, or deliver a
controlled substance . . . .” With respect to the charge of possession with intent to deliver
methamphetamine, MCL 333.7401(2)(b)(i) provides that a person who violates that section as to:

       (i) A substance described in section 7212(1)(h) or 7214(c)(ii) is guilty of a felony
       punishable by imprisonment for not more than 20 years or a fine of not more than
       $25,000.00, or both.

Methamphetamine is a controlled substance described in MCL 333.7214(c)(ii). To convict a
defendant of possession with intent to deliver methamphetamine, the prosecution must prove that
the defendant knowingly or intentionally possessed methamphetamine, see People v Baham, 321
Mich App 228, 247; 909 NW2d 836 (2017), and intended to deliver it to someone else. See People
v Robar, 321 Mich App 106, 115; 910 NW2d 328 (2017).

       Similarly, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv) provides that a person who violates that section as to:

              (a) A controlled substance classified in schedule 1 or 2 that is a narcotic
       drug or a drug described in section 7214(a)(iv) and:

                                               * * *

               (iv) Which is in an amount less than 50 grams, of any mixture containing
       that substance is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than
       20 years or a fine of not more than $25,000.00, or both.

                                                  -3-
Cocaine is a controlled substance included in schedule 2 pursuant to MCL 333.7214(a)(iv). The
elements of possession with intent to deliver cocaine under this section are that the defendant, not
being authorized to do so, knowingly possessed cocaine in a mixture weighing less than fifty grams
and intended to deliver it to another person. Robar, 321 Mich App at 117.

        A person may be guilty of possessing a controlled substance even if he or she did not have
actual physical possession of it. Wolfe, 440 Mich at 519-520. However, merely being present at
a location where drugs are discovered is insufficient alone to establish possession. Instead, an
additional connection between the controlled substance and the defendant must be shown. Id. at
520. “The element of possession . . . requires a showing of dominion or right of control over the
drug with knowledge of its presence and character.” Baham, 321 Mich App at 247 (quotation
marks and citation omitted). “Possession may be either actual or constructive,” and may also “be
joint, with more than one person actually or constructively possessing a controlled substance.”
Wolfe, 440 Mich at 520. “The essential issue is whether the defendant exercised dominion or
control over the substance.” Baham, 321 Mich App at 247-248 (quotation marks and citation
omitted).

        As noted, the elements of a crime may be established by circumstantial evidence and
reasonable inferences arising from that evidence. People v Oros, 502 Mich 229, 239; 917 NW2d
559 (2018). In addition, minimal circumstantial evidence may satisfy the intent element of the
crime. People v Smith, 336 Mich App 297, 308; 970 NW2d 450 (2021). Intent to deliver may be
inferred from the quantity of narcotics in a defendant’s possession, the manner in which the
narcotics are packaged, and the circumstances surrounding the arrest. Robar, 321 Mich App at
126.

         In this case, at the preliminary examination the prosecution presented evidence sufficient
to establish probable cause that defendant knowingly possessed with the intent to deliver
methamphetamine and the requisite amount of cocaine. With regard to the element of possession,
evidence was presented that defendant had an additional connection to the narcotics beyond his
mere presence in the same location. Defendant was the only person in the residence where the
narcotics were discovered when police executed the search warrant. Officers had seen defendant
on other occasions entering the residence alone with a key, and occupying the residence late at
night and in the early morning. When police entered the residence, defendant was seen emerging
from a bedroom where the narcotics were discovered in a lockbox behind a dresser. The keys to
the lockbox were on top of the dresser next to defendant’s vehicle keys. Detective Cynowa
testified that police recovered drugs from the residence on two separate dates before the search
warrant was executed, and defendant was present on at least one of those dates. Reasonable
inferences arising from this evidence include that defendant had access to the residence and used
the bedroom to store items belonging to him, such as his vehicle keys, supporting the further
inference that defendant placed the lockbox containing narcotics, scales, and packaging materials
behind the dresser upon entering the house and placed the lockbox keys and his vehicle keys
together on top of the dresser.

        With regard to intent to deliver, the lockbox contained the two bags of narcotics, two digital
scales, and packaging material. Additional packaging material was found in the kitchen where
defendant’s phone and identification were found on the kitchen table. Additional packaging
material was found in defendant’s vehicle outside the residence, and defendant had over $2,000

                                                 -4-
on his person. Officer Cawley testified that the amount of narcotics found together with the
packaging materials indicated that these narcotics were intended for sale. From this evidence, it
is reasonable to infer that defendant intended to sell the narcotics to others.

        The prosecution thus presented evidence on each element of the charges of possession with
intent to deliver, or evidence from which the elements may be inferred, thus establishing probable
cause. See Anderson, 501 Mich at 181-182. In other words, the evidence presented was sufficient
to “cause a person of ordinary prudence and caution to conscientiously entertain a reasonable belief
of the defendant’s guilt.” Magnant, 508 Mich at 161 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Again, the standard of probable cause required at a preliminary examination “is not a very
demanding threshold,” and probable cause to bind a defendant over on the charges may exist
regardless of whether the evidence conflicts or whether there is reasonable doubt of the defendant’s
guilt. Lewis, ___ Mich at ___; 975 NW2d at 450 (quotation marks and citation omitted). When
the evidence “raises a reasonable doubt, the defendant should be bound over for trial where the
questions can be resolved by the trier of fact.” Henderson, 282 Mich App at 312. Accordingly,
the district court did not abuse its discretion by finding probable cause that defendant possessed
with intent to deliver methamphetamine and less than 50 grams of cocaine.

                             2. MAINTAINING A DRUG HOUSE

       The prosecution further argues that there was sufficient evidence presented to support the
bindover on the charge of maintaining a drug house, MCL 333.7405(1)(d); MCL 333.7406. We
agree. MCL 333.7405(1)(d) provides that a person shall not:

       Knowingly keep or maintain a store, shop, warehouse, dwelling, building, vehicle,
       boat, aircraft, or other structure or place that is frequented by persons using
       controlled substances in violation of this article for the purpose of using controlled
       substances or that is used for keeping or selling controlled substances in violation
       of this article.

       “The phrase ‘keep or maintain’ implies usage with some degree of continuity that can be
deduced by actual observation of repeated acts or circumstantial evidence . . . .” within the
meaning of MCL 333.7405(1)(d). People v Thompson, 477 Mich 146, 155; 730 NW2d 708 (2007).
A person “may be deemed to keep and maintain a drug house if that person has the ability to
exercise control or management over the house,” although “not all persons who have some control
over a property necessarily fall within the ambit of that meaning.” People v Bartlett, 231 Mich
App 139, 152; 585 NW2d 341 (1998).

        In this case, evidence introduced at the preliminary examination supported a finding of
probable cause that defendant had “the ability to exercise control or management over the house.”
Bartlett, 231 Mich App at 152. Defendant was alone in the residence at the time the search warrant
was conducted. Defendant had been seen on other occasions entering the home alone with a key.
In the residence, police found defendant’s cell phone and identification in the kitchen, and
discovered his vehicle keys on a dresser in a bedroom, supporting the inference that defendant had
the ability to enter the home and use the entire home without anyone else present. There thus was
sufficient circumstantial evidence to support a finding of probable cause that defendant exercised
control or management over the residence.

                                                -5-
         With regard to the degree of continuity of the maintaining of the drug house, there was
circumstantial evidence that there was more than an isolated act of selling drugs at the residence.
The presence of two digital scales, packaging materials, narcotics, and a large amount of cash
suggests that more than one transaction occurred at the residence. In addition, the officers testified
that police recovered drugs from this residence on two separate dates before the search warrant
was executed, and defendant was present during at least one of the occurrences. The district court
therefore did not abuse its discretion by finding probable cause sufficient to bind defendant over
for trial on the charge of maintaining a drug house.

        Reversed and remanded for reinstatement of the charges against defendant. We do not
retain jurisdiction.

                                                              /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                              /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                              /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly

                                                 -6-