Court Opinion

ID: 6763640
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-21 00:34:12.165803+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:02:39.712141
License: Public Domain

Herbert R. Brown, J.
This case presents two issues for our determination: (1) whether, under R.C. Chapter 4117, the Public Employees’ Collective Bargaining Act, a provision in a collective bargaining agreement prevails over a conflicting provision in a municipal home-rule charter, and (2) whether the collective bargaining agreement at issue here requires the city to deduct contributions to PEOPLE. For the reasons which follow, we answer the first query in the affirmative, but find that the record does not contain sufficient evidence to resolve the second, and remand for further proceedings.
I
Home-Rule Charters and R.C. 4117.10(A)
Before the Collective Bargaining Act became effective, a collective bargaining agreement between a public employer and its employees was enforceable only to the extent that it was not contrary to law. See Struthers City Schools Bd. of Edn. v. Struthers Edn. Assn. (1983), 6 Ohio St.3d 308, 6 OBR 368, 453 N.E.2d 613; Dayton Classroom Teachers Assn. v. Dayton Bd. of Edn. (1975), 41 Ohio St.2d 127, 70 O.O.2d 223, 323 N.E.2d 714. Under the old rule, public employers sometimes attempted to avoid their responsibilities under collective bargaining agreements by asserting that a particular provision was “contrary to law” — particularly where the provision in question gave employees greater rights than those provided by statute. See, e.g., Findlay City School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. Findlay Edn. Assn. (1990), 49 Ohio St.3d *662129, 551 N.E.2d 186. More frequently, confusion over just what was or was not “contrary to law” led to protracted litigation.
The Collective Bargaining Act, most specifically R.C. 4117.10(A), completely changed this rule. That statute provides, in pertinent part:
“ * * * Laws pertaining to civil rights, affirmative action, unemployment compensation, workers’ compensation, the retirement of public employees, residency requirements, the minimum educational requirements contained in the Revised Code pertaining to public education including the requirement of a certificate by the fiscal officer of a school district pursuant to section 5705.41 of the Revised Code, and the minimum standards promulgated by the state board of education pursuant to division (D) of section 3301.07 of the Revised Code prevail over conflicting provisions of agreements between employee organizations and public employers. * * * ”
This provision lists laws which prevail over a conflicting provision in a collective bargaining agreement. “Under the principle of statutory construction that inclusion of a list of items will exclude other items not on the list, the remaining thousands of state and local laws which may conflict with the contracts, do not prevail over those contracts.” O’Reilly, Ohio Public Employee Collective Bargaining (1984) 176; see, also, Lewis & Spirn, Ohio Collective Bargaining Law (1983) 70; Larson, Ashmus, Bumpass & Ward, Public Sector Collective Bargaining: The Ohio System (1984) 69. R.C. 4117.10(A) simplifies contract administration by eliminating concern over whether an agreement is “contrary to law,” and encourages honesty and good faith in collective bargaining by requiring the parties to live up to the agreement they make.
R.C. Chapter 4117, of which R.C. 4117.10(A) is a part, is a law of a general nature which is to be applied uniformly throughout the state. State, ex rel. Dayton Fraternal Order of Police Lodge No. 44, v. State Emp. Relations Bd. (1986), 22 Ohio St.3d 1, 22 OBR 1, 488 N.E.2d 181. As such, it prevails over any inconsistent provision in a municipal home-rule charter by virtue of Section 3, Article XVIII of the Ohio Constitution. See, e.g., Clermont Environmental Reclamation Co. v. Wiederhold (1982), 2 Ohio St.3d 44, 48-49, 2 OBR 587, 590-591, 442 N.E.2d 1278, 1281-1282, and cases therein cited. We have also recognized that R.C. Chapter 4117 prevails over home-rule charters because it was enacted pursuant to Section 34, Article II of the Ohio Constitution. Rocky River v. State Emp. Relations Bd. (1989), 43 Ohio St.3d 1, 13-18, 539 N.E.2d 103, 114-118. Thus, the language in R.C. 4117.10(A) is applicable to collective bargaining agreements executed by a home-rule city. By virtue of this provision, where the agreement conflicts with any local law, including the charter itself, the agreement prevails unless the conflicting local law falls into one of the specific exceptions listed in the statute. We so hold, *663and specifically disapprove of Ebbing v. Hamilton (1985), 29 Ohio App.3d 69, 29 OBR 79, 502 N.E.2d 661, to the extent that it reached a contrary conclusion.
A

“Permissive” Subjects of Collective Bargaining

The court below recognized the supremacy principle discussed above, but concluded that it was inapplicable to the instant case because the PEOPLE checkoff provision is not a mandatory subject of bargaining as defined in R.C. 4117.08(A).1 The court stated:
“Employee check-off deductions for a political fund are not matters ‘pertaining to wages, hours, or terms and other conditions of employment.’ Therefore, these check-off provisions are not appropriate subjects for collective bargaining, and public employees have no ‘right’ to bargain collectively with their employer on these matters.
tt * * *
“ * * * [The ‘Little Hatch Act,’ Section 4, Article V of the city’s charter,] does not ‘impair, limit or negate’ the Ohio Public Employees’ Collective Bargaining Act because R.C. Chapter 4117 does not give public employees the right to collectively bargain the matters covered by this provision.”
The court below appeared to conclude that bargaining on any subject not listed in R.C. 4117.08(A) is outside the scope of R.C. Chapter 4117. This conclusion results from a misunderstanding of the scope of collective bargaining permitted under that chapter.
As a general principle of labor law, there are three classifications of collective bargaining subjects. “Mandatory” subjects are those which the applicable statute requires the parties to bargain over in good faith. See, generally, 1 The Developing Labor Law (2d Ed.1983) 761-771 (discussing the difference between “mandatory” and “permissive” subjects of bargaining under the National Labor Relations Act). The mandatory subjects of collective bargaining for those employment relationships governed by R.C. Chapter 4117 are listed in R.C. 4117.08(A). This statute provides that “[a]ll matters pertaining to wages, hours, or terms and other conditions of employment and the continuation, modification, or deletion of an existing provision of a collective bargaining agreement are subject to collective bargaining between *664the public employer and the exclusive representative, except as otherwise specified in this section.” It is an unfair labor practice for either the employer, R.C. 4117.11(A)(5), or the employee representative, R.C. 4117.-11(B)(3), to refuse to “bargain collectively * * *.” R.C. 4117.01(G) defines “[t]o bargain collectively” as “ * * * to perform the mutual obligation of the public employer, by its representatives, and the representatives of its employees to negotiate in good faith at reasonable times and places with respect to wages, hours, terms and other conditions of employment and the continuation, modification, or deletion of an existing provision of a collective bargaining agreement * * *.” Thus, both parties have a duty to bargain in good faith over mandatory subjects of bargaining.
Conversely, there are certain provisions which, by law, cannot be included in a collective bargaining contract. For example, under R.C. 4117.09(C), no agreement may require membership in an employee organization as a condition of employment. These are sometimes referred to as “illegal” subjects of bargaining. An illegal provision in a collective bargaining agreement, like any illegal contract, is void and unenforceable. See, e.g., State v. Executor of Buttles (1854), 3 Ohio St. 309, paragraph seven of the syllabus.
Between these extremes, there is a range of matters known as “permissive” subjects of bargaining. A permissive subject is one whose inclusion in the agreement is not prohibited by law, but which is also not a mandatory subject of bargaining. See, generally, 1 The Developing Labor Law, supra, at 761. While parties to a collective bargaining relationship are required to bargain over mandatory subjects, they are not required to bargain over permissive subjects, though nothing prevents them from doing so. Indeed, the possibility of bargaining over permissive subjects is expressly recognized in R.C. 4117.-08(C).2 The only constraint on permissive bargaining is that it is impermissi*665ble to insist to the point of impasse on inclusion of a permissive subject in an agreement. Natl. Labor Relations Bd. v. Borg-Warner Corp. (1958), 356 U.S. 342, 349, 78 S.Ct. 718, 722, 2 L.Ed.2d 823, 828-829. If, however, the parties choose to bargain on a permissive subject, and reach agreement on a provision relating to it, the provision is just as much a part of the contract (and therefore just as enforceable) as a provision governing a mandatory subject of bargaining.
B

Permissive Contract Provisions and R.C. 4117.10(A)

As we have noted, R.C. 4117.10(A) provides that the terms of a collective bargaining agreement prevail over any conflicting laws except those specifically exempted therein. The statute makes no distinction between “mandatory” and “permissive” subjects of bargaining — all terms of an agreement are" entitled to this statutory grant of supremacy. Given that the inclusion of permissive subjects in a collective bargaining agreement was clearly foreseen and permitted by the General Assembly, it would violate the legislative intent to construe the statute differently. Accordingly, we now hold that the language of R.C. 4117.10(A) which provides that collective bargaining agreements generally prevail over conflicting laws applies equally to contract provisions encompassing mandatory subjects of bargaining and those encompassing permissive subjects of bargaining.
C

R.C. 4117.10(A) and Municipal Home Rule

The city further argues that “[t]o allow provisions of a collective bargaining agreement to supersede the City Charter would be in effect to endanger the system of municipal home rule. * * * ” However, we do not believe that reading the statute to mean what it says will eliminate home rule by judicial fiat. Under our holding today, no city is under any obligation to sign a *666collective bargaining agreement which conflicts with its charter. So long as it bargains in good faith, the city may lawfully “just say no” to any proposal from the employee representative which conflicts with the charter, be it on a “mandatory” or “permissive” subject of bargaining. R.C. 4117.01(G) (“ * * * The obligation to bargain collectively does not mean that either party is compelled to agree to a proposal * * * ”); see, also, Natl. Labor Relations Bd. v. Borg-Warner, supra, at 349, 78 S.Ct. at 722, 2 L.Ed.2d at 828-829 (under the pertinent provisions of the National Labor Relations Act (Section 158[a][5], [b][3] and [d], Title 29, U.S.Code), which closely parallel R.C. 4117.11(A)(5), (B)(3) and 4117.01(G), parties are required to bargain over mandatory subjects, but “ * * * neither party is legally obligated to yield”).
II
Effect of the “Legality” Provision
If the collective bargaining agreement contained only the PEOPLE checkoff provision, our inquiry would be at an end. However, the 1981 collective bargaining agreement contained a further provision stating that it was the intent of the parties to “comply, in every respect, with applicable * * * charter requirements * * *.” In effect, this language incorporates the charter into the agreement and overrides the operation of R.C. 4117.10(A).3 Thus, under this provision of the agreement, the PEOPLE checkoff requirement is invalid to the extent it violates the charter — including, most specifically, the Little Hatch Act. However, even after taking this provision into account, we are still unable to resolve the instant case.
*667A

Scope and Purpose of the Little Hatch Act

The Little Hatch Act was enacted by referendum as part of a comprehensive revision of the Cincinnati City Charter in 1926. At that time, Cincinnati’s elected city government had been severely corrupted by spoils-system politics. As one prominent reformer recalled:
“The real government of the city was exercised by the machine through the ward and precinct organization. * * *
“[Every] voting precinct was in charge of a precinct committeeman who was almost invariably a public employee. He was expected to see to it that all the voters necessary to control a primary went to the polls on the day of such an election. In his precinct, curiously enough, there would generally be found approximately nine or ten more public employees. It was a condition of holding a job that each of these should produce his own vote and three or four more on the day of the primary. It was the duty of the precinct committeeman to see to this accomplishment, and that, too, was a condition of his continuing to hold his job * * *.
“The precinct executive, as he was called, was expected to know the names of all the voters in his precinct, their business, their prejudices, their faults; in fact, everything that was to be known about them. It was the way and policy of * * * [the machine politicians] to know those things which would most effectively influence votes. If the individual was a business man without anything about him that he would prefer to keep hidden from his family or other individuals, then it was always true that there were some privileges to be given by the city which meant value to his business, such, for instance, as the right to store goods on the sidewalk. Always there was the question of the valuation of his house or business premises for tax purposes. He might have an elevator in his building, and the elevator inspector, if friendly, might avoid the necessity of requiring a new cable. * * * If this was the picture for one precinct, you only need multiply it by five hundred in order to find springing to arms overnight an army of five thousand men controlling twenty-five thousand votes and more in a pinch, having one object only, and that the successful nomination of those suggested to them by the controlling committee which distributed their jobs. * * * ” Charles P. Taft, City Management: The Cincinnati Experiment (1933) 25-27.
The new charter replaced the patronage system with a council-manager plan of government. The role of the Little Hatch Act in the reform program was to divorce the daily work activities of city employees from the process of electing the public officials who directed them. After the charter reforms *668were enacted, “[the new administration] demobilized the army of the old machine by enforcing the Civil Service laws and forbidding any employee in the administrative service to participate in political activities. In depriving the old organization of the use of office holders for political work, a large part of the power of that organization was destroyed, and by depriving the City Charter Committee[, the organization which had led the reform movement,] of the power of patronage, the growth of a new machine as the result of the victory was prevented.” Stegner, Cincinnati Awakens: Henry Bentley and the City Charter Committee (1950) 61. One immediate effect was the elimination of “assessments” — involuntary deductions from city employees’ pay which went to support the party in power. Taft, supra, at 111; Stegner, supra, at 61.
The policy of eliminating patronage is reflected in the language of the charter, which expressly enjoins city employees from making direct or indirect contributions “ * * * for any political party or for any candidate.” By negative implication, city employees are free to make contributions which are not “for any political party or for any candidate.” The charter would not prohibit an employee from contributing to an organization which engages in lobbying or voter registration, or which campaigns for or against a referendum issue, or which exists to generally promote a particular ideology, or anything else which is not a political party or a candidate.4
*669Under the language of the charter, the PEOPLE checkoff provision is invalid if PEOPLE funds are collected from city employees and given to “any political party” or “any candidate,” since the Little Hatch Act prohibits both direct and indirect contributions.5 Conversely, as the city long ago conceded, the checkoff is valid if the funds are used for political purposes other than contributions to parties or candidates. However, we cannot end the inquiry here. Though the legality clause subordinates the collective bargaining agreement to the Little Hatch Act, it may only do so to the extent that the Little Hatch Act is constitutional. Therefore, it becomes necessary to examine the constitutionality of the Little Hatch Act.
B

Constitutional Questions Raised by the Little Hatch Act

The First Amendment protects the right to make financial contributions to political candidates and causes. Buckley v. Valeo (1976), 424 U.S. 1, 14, 96 S.Ct. 612, 632, 46 L.Ed.2d 659. The Little Hatch Act, like the federal Hatch Act and other similar laws, limits the First Amendment right of public employees to engage in partisan politics in order to protect the efficiency and integrity of the public service. U.S. Civ. Serv. Comm. v. Natl. Assn, of Letter Carriers (1973), 413 U.S. 548, 93 S.Ct. 2880, 37 L.Ed.2d 796; Gray v. Toledo (N.D.Ohio 1971), 323 F.Supp. 1281, 1284-1285, 28 Ohio Misc. 141, 143-145, 57 O.O.2d 239, 241-242 (citing United Public Workers v. Mitchell [1947], 330 U.S. 75, 67 S.Ct. 556, 91 L.Ed. 754). While this is a sufficient governmental interest to justify an encroachment on First Amendment rights, Letter Carriers, supra; Gray, supra, at 1285, 28 Ohio Misc, at 144-145, 57 O.O.2d at 241-242, not all restrictions on the political activities of government employees are automatically valid. The Constitution requires that the restriction bear a direct relationship to this interest, and be the least restrictive means necessary to accomplish this end. Gray, supra, at 1285, 28 Ohio Misc, at 145, 57 O.O.2d at 241-242 (citing Fort v. Civ. Serv. Comm. [1964], 61 Cal.2d 331, 38 Cal.Rptr. 625, 392 P.2d 385; Minielly v. State [1966], 242 Ore. 490, 411 P.2d 69).
*670As noted supra, the objective of the Little Hatch Act is to prevent the emergence of a political patronage system in Cincinnati city government. In furtherance of that objective, it is unquestionable that the city may limit its employees’ participation in local partisan politics without violating the Constitution. E.g., Northern Ohio Patrolmen’s Benevolent Assn. v. Wayne Cty. Sheriffs Dept. (1986), 27 Ohio App.3d 175, 27 OBR 213, 500 N.E.2d 404; Gray, supra; Ferguson Police Officers Assn. v. Ferguson (Mo.App.1984), 670 S.W.2d 921.
Where a city or other unit of local government purports to prohibit its employees’ participation in non-local partisan politics, the authorities are divided. Some courts have found such restrictions unconstitutionally over-broad, taking the view that participation by local government employees in politics at the state and national level does not threaten the integrity of the local government. See Mancuso v. Taft (C.A.l, 1973), 476 F.2d 187; Hobbs v. Thompson (C.A.5, 1971), 448 F.2d 456; Kinnear v. San Francisco (1964), 61 Cal.2d 341, 38 Cal.Rptr. 631, 392 P.2d 391; Minielly, supra; Martin v. State Bd. of Elections (1977), 119 R.I. 556, 381 A.2d 234. Other courts have upheld them, finding a sufficient interest to warrant the restrictions because support for non-local candidates might benefit local candidates or officeholders with similar political interests. See Reeder v. Kansas City Bd. of Police Commrs. (C.A.8, 1984), 733 F.2d 543; Wachsman v. Dallas (C.A.5, 1983), 704 F.2d 160; Pollard v. Bd. of Police Commrs. (Mo.1984), 665 S.W.2d 333. While our research has not uncovered a reported case involving an attempt by a state or local government to prohibit its employees from contributing to partisan campaigns in other states, we suspect any such attempt would offend the principle of interstate comity as well as the constitutional doctrine prohibiting overbreadth.
Therefore, to the extent that PEOPLE funds are used to support candidates in non-local elections, the constitutionality of the Little Hatch Act becomes an issue.
C

The State of the Record and the Need for Remand

Unfortunately for all concerned, the issues we have identified in Part 11(A) and (B) are not ripe for our decision due to the state of the record.
The city alleged in its complaint that PEOPLE funds were used to support “ * * * individual, partisan political candidates.” AFSCME admitted this allegation. Beyond this point, the parties disagree. The city vigorously contends that PEOPLE funds are used to support partisan candidates for office within Ohio. AFSCME contends with equal vigor that some PEOPLE *671funds are used to support candidates in federal and out-of-state elections, while other funds are spent on lobbying and nonpartisan political activities.
The validity of the PEOPLE checkoff provision hinges on the way in which PEOPLE uses its funds, but we cannot resolve this critical question on the record as it now stands. Though this case has been in litigation for nearly eight years, neither party has presented any admissible evidence which establishes how PEOPLE funds collected from Cincinnati employees are spent.
The only attempt at building a record occurred in 1986, after the case was reversed and remanded by the court of appeals due to the absence of the arbitrator’s report from the record. AFSCME moved to correct the record by reinserting the report omitted by clerical error from the record on appeal, and to reinstate the prior summary judgment in its favor. The city filed a memorandum opposing AFSCME’s motion, and attached several documents purporting to be PEOPLE’S political action committee finance reports. In its reply memorandum, AFSCME disputed the relevance of these documents, contending that they pertain to a different political action fund than that at issue here, but did not produce any countervailing affidavits or other evidence.
This material cannot be considered as record evidence for two reasons. First, the documents were not certified copies, nor were they accompanied by an affidavit attesting to their authenticity; thus, they could not properly be considered under Civ.R. 56(E). Nolla Morell v. Riefkohl (D.P.R.1986), 651 F.Supp. 134. Second, and more important, to the extent that the city’s memorandum attempted to oppose AFSCME’s motion for summary judgment, which was made before the court of appeals remanded the case, it was filed out of rule. Even if the documents had been properly admissible, they could not have been considered by the trial court absent a showing of excusable neglect which would have justified an extension of time to respond to AFSCME’s motion for summary judgment. See Civ.R. 6(B)(2); Miller v. Lint (1980), 62 Ohio St.2d 209, 16 O.O.3d 244, 404 N.E.2d 752; Farmers & Merchants State & Savings Bank v. Raymond G. Barr Ent., Inc. (1982), 6 Ohio App.3d 43, 6 OBR 153, 452 N.E.2d 521.6
The case is further complicated by the fact that the parties have entered into at least three successor collective bargaining agreements. While it has been stipulated that the PEOPLE checkoff provision is a part of these later agreements, there is no evidence in the record from which we can determine if the legality provision (or language of similar effect) is also a part of these agreements. Thus, we cannot determine if the PEOPLE checkoff provision in *672the later agreements prevails over the Little Hatch Act by operation of R.C. 4117.10(A), or is subordinated to the Little Hatch Act’s requirements by other language in the agreement.
Until the factual record is developed, it is impossible to determine if the PEOPLE checkoff provision is valid in whole or in part for the term of any particular collective bargaining agreement. Therefore, we find it necessary to remand the case for further proceedings. On remand, we direct that the trial court consider the following issues:
(1) With regard to the period covered by the 1981 collective bargaining agreement, the court should determine how PEOPLE funds were used during that period. If any PEOPLE funds collected from Cincinnati employees were used for contributions to non-local candidates, the court should consider if the Little Hatch Act is unconstitutionally overbroad if applied to prohibit this conduct.7
(2) Regarding subsequent collective bargaining agreements, the court should first determine if those agreements also contain a legality provision. If any of them do not, then the PEOPLE checkoff provision prevails over the charter in accord with Part I of this opinion. If they do contain a legality provision, then the court should proceed with the same analysis as for the 1981 agreement.
Ill
Conclusion
The judgment of the court of appeals is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the Court of Common Pleas for Hamilton County for further proceedings consistent with our opinion.

Judgment reversed and cause remanded.

*673Moyer, C.J., concurs.
Sweeney and Douglas, JJ., concur in part and dissent in part.
Resnick, J., concurs in the syllabus, but would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and reinstate the judgment of the trial court.
Holmes, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.
Wright, J., concurs in the judgment and in the separate opinion of Holmes, J., except for Part IIB thereof.

. AFSCME argues that the PEOPLE checkoff provision is a mandatory subject of bargaining. We need not determine this issue because, as explained infra, whether a term is “mandatory” or “permissive” is irrelevant for purposes of applying R.C. 4117.10(A).

. R.C. 4117.08(C) provides:
“Unless a public employer agrees otherwise in a collective bargaining agreement, nothing in Chapter 4117. of the Revised Code impairs the right and responsibility of each public employer to:
“(1) Determine matters of inherent managerial policy which include, but are not limited to areas of discretion or policy such as the functions and programs of the public employer, standards of services, its overall budget, utilization of technology, and organizational structure;
“(2) Direct, supervise, evaluate, or hire employees;
“(3) Maintain and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of governmental operations;
“(4) Determine the overall methods, process, means, or personnel by which governmental operations are to be conducted;
“(5) Suspend, discipline, demote, or discharge for just cause, or lay off, transfer, assign, schedule, promote, or retain employees;
“(6) Determine the adequacy of the work force;
“(7) Determine the overall mission of the employer as a unit of government;
*665“(8) Effectively manage the work force;
“(9) Take actions to carry out the mission of the public employer as a governmental unit.
“The employer is not required to bargain on subjects reserved to the management and direction of the governmental unit except as affect wages, hours, terms and conditions of employment, and the continuation, modification, or deletion of an existing provision of a collective bargaining agreement. A public employee or exclusive representative may raise a legitimate complaint or file a grievance based on the collective bargaining agreement.”
These are the permissive subjects for bargaining designated by statute. It is significant that, while this statute establishes that there is no duty to bargain over the enumerated subjects, it does not prohibit such bargaining. Similarly, there should be no bar to bargaining over permissive subjects not enumerated in the statute.

. Many collective bargaining agreements contain “legality” or “contrary to law” clauses which provide for the renegotiation of provisions in the agreement which are found to be legally invalid. See, e.g., State, ex rel. Williams, v. Belpre City School Dist. Bd. of Edn. (1987), 41 Ohio App.3d 1, 3, 534 N.E.2d 96, 99. Such language, standing alone, does not establish that the parties intended to override the operation of R.C. 4117.10(A). Id. at 7-8, 534 N.E.2d at 102-103.
In the instant case, however, the “legality” clause also recites that “[i]t is the intent of the City and the Union that this Agreement comply, in every respect, with applicable * * * charter requirements * * The effect of this language is to achieve a result similar to the status of Ohio law before the enactment of the Collective Bargaining Act, i.e., to elevate statutory or other extracontractual law over the provisions of the agreement itself. See, generally, Struthers City Schools, supra (provisions of teachers’ collective bargaining agreement valid if not in conflict with statutes governing teacher employment); Dayton Classroom Teachers, supra (grievance arbitration procedure in collective bargaining contract valid so long as arbitrator is not empowered to render an award contrary to law).
With the enactment of R.C. 4117.10(A), “legality” clauses such as in the instant case are no longer necessary to preserve the enforceability of the agreement when it conflicts with other law. However, employers and employee organizations are still free to adopt them in their agreements, and they continue to be valid and enforceable.

. We have previously defined a “political party” as “ * * * an association of individuals whose primary purposes are to promote or accomplish elections or appointments to public offices, positions or jobs * * State, exrel. Corrigan, v. Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. (1959), 169 Ohio St. 42, 44, 8 O.O.2d 7, 8,157 N.E.2d 331, 333. “ * * * The foremost objective of political parties is to exercise power through the election of party members to public office * * *.” Renstrom & Rogers, The Electoral Politics Dictionary (1989) 204.
Interest groups, such as the National Right to Life Committee, Sierra Club, American Association of Retired Persons, Ohio Municipal League, American Civil Liberties Union, or Consumer Federation of America, are not political parties. “ * * * The members act through the interest group to attempt to influence public policy. * * * An interest group is different from a political party in that it does not have the winning of elective office as its principal objective. * * * Although interest groups may endorse a particular candidate or officeholder, their support will remain only so long as that person helps advance the group’s particular objectives. * * * ” Renstrom & Rogers, supra, at 257-258. Since the passage of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, most interest groups have employed political action committees (“PACs”) such as PEOPLE as their primary means of supporting favored candidates. Id. at 279; see, generally, Drew, Politics and Money (1983) 8-11 (describing growth of PACs as a factor in American politics).
Given that the purpose of Cincinnati’s Little Hatch Act is to prevent the establishment of a patronage system in city government, the phrase “political party” as used in the charter cannot be fairly read to encompass interest groups such as we have discussed here. Cf. Heidtman v. Shaker Heights (1955), 163 Ohio St. 109, 56 O.O. 171, 126 N.E.2d 138 (prohibition against “tak[ing] part in politics” in predecessor to R.C. 124.57 will be read as encompassing only partisan activities because the purpose of the statute is to eliminate political patronage from the *669classified civil service). Further, any attempt to prohibit public employees from joining or supporting nonpartisan interest groups would meet with serious constitutional difficulties. See Rosenfield v. Malcom (1967), 65 Cal.2d 559, 55 Cal.Rptr. 505, 421 P.2d 697 (public employee may not be discharged for membership in civil rights group).

. It should be remembered that PEOPLE is a national PAC which collects funds from sources other than Cincinnati city employees. There can be no violation of Cincinnati’s Little Hatch Act unless funds from Cincinnati are contributed to candidates or political parties.

. The city also made no attempt to vacate the judgment under Civ.R. 60(B).

. We recognize that the overbreadth issue presents a question of law rather than one of fact. However, until the record is developed further in the trial court, the question is not ripe for determination.
Courts should not decide constitutional issues if the case can be decided without reaching them. Kinsey v. Bd. of Trustees of Police & Firemen’s Disability & Pension Fund of Ohio (1990), 49 Ohio St.3d 224, 225, 551 N.E.2d 989, 991. Until it is established that PEOPLE funds collected from Cincinnati were contributed to a candidate or political party involved in a non-local election, we cannot be certain that it is necessary to reach the overbreadth issue. Any pronouncement we might make now would be purely advisory, “ * * * and it is well-settled that this court does not indulge itself in advisory opinions.” Armco, Inc. v. Pub. Util. Comm. (1982), 69 Ohio St.2d 401, 406, 23 O.O.3d 361, 365, 433 N.E.2d 923, 926.