Court Opinion

ID: 4564479
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-10 20:00:55.255737+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:32:12.285675
License: Public Domain

FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                               SEP 10 2020
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                             U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RICHARD J. GLAIR,                                No.    19-55270

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No. 2:11-cv-00093-FFM

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
CITY OF SANTA MONICA; et al.,                    AND ORDER

              Defendants-Appellees.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Central District of California
                  Frederick F. Mumm, Magistrate Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted September 8, 2020**

Before: GRABER, BYBEE, and N. R. SMITH, Circuit Judges.

      Plaintiff Richard Glair appeals pro se the district court’s order dismissing his

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59 motion for a new trial or, in the alternative, to

alter or amend the judgment, against Santa Monica police officer Brent Wilkening.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Glair alleges that Wilkening’s warrantless search of his person, which arose from a

traffic stop and citation for riding a bicycle on the sidewalk, violated his First and

Fourth Amendment rights. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we

affirm.

      We review for abuse of discretion a ruling on a Rule 59(a) motion for a new

trial. Flores v. City of Westminster, 873 F.3d 739, 755–56 (9th Cir. 2017). A

district court’s decision on a Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend a judgment also

is reviewed for abuse of discretion. McQuillion v. Duncan, 342 F.3d 1012, 1014

(9th Cir. 2003).

      A warrantless search for weapons is permissible under the Fourth

Amendment if, under all the circumstances known to the officer, the officer has a

reasonable suspicion that the person is armed and presently dangerous to the

officer or to others. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 24, 27 (1968). “The purpose of this

limited search is . . . to allow the officer to pursue his investigation without fear of

violence . . . .” Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146 (1972). The scope of the

search “must be strictly ‘limited to that which is necessary for the discovery of

weapons which might be used to harm the officer or others nearby.’” Minnesota v.

Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 373 (1993) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 26).

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      The jury may consider the totality of the circumstances in considering the

propriety of a stop. Thomas v. Dillard, 818 F.3d 864, 876–77 (9th Cir. 2016). And

an officer may draw on his or her “own experience and specialized training to

make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available.”

United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002) (citing United States v. Cortez,

449 U.S. 411, 418 (1981)). The jury was so instructed, in accordance with Ninth

Circuit law.

      The district court properly denied Glair’s Rule 59 motion. The court did not

abuse its discretion in ruling that evidence supported the verdict on Glair’s Fourth

Amendment claim. Wilkening suspected Glair to be armed based on the totality of

circumstances, including: excessive agitation in response to being stopped; refusal

to comply with orders; erratic hand motions; continuous movement of hands in and

out of pockets; and the known criminal activity in the area. Wilkening testified at

length to these facts, explained that he had acted in accordance with his specialized

training, and documented the same circumstances contemporaneously in the

citation. The jury was entitled to find Wilkening more credible than Glair, as the

district court observed. Kode v. Carlson, 596 F.3d 608, 612 (9th Cir. 2010) (per

curiam); Nicholson v. Rushen, 767 F.2d 1426, 1427 (9th Cir. 1985) (per curiam).

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      Nor did the court abuse its discretion in ruling that evidence supported the

verdict on Glair’s First Amendment claim. Wilkening’s aforementioned rationale

for the search, his testimony that he could not hear Glair’s words clearly, and his

credibility on the stand all point to a lawful search, as opposed to one performed in

retaliation for Glair’s protected speech.

      The court did not abuse its discretion in denying a new trial based on its

appointment of counsel, or as a result of appointed counsel’s alleged mistakes. The

district court did not order Glair to accept counsel, Glair made no objection to

counsel, and the record does not reflect any conflict between the two. Even if Glair

were entitled to a certain standard of representation in a civil trial, Nicholson, 767

F.2d at 1427, he fails to persuasively argue that any of counsel’s purported

mistakes prejudiced him in any meaningful way.

      We afford broad discretion to a district court’s evidentiary rulings. Harper v.

City of Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 1030 (9th Cir. 2008). Here, the court properly

admitted evidence of Wilkening’s training at trial, as it went to the manner in

which his specialized training informed his decision to conduct the pat down, and

cannot be said to have tainted the verdict.

      Finally, Glair offers up cases with statistics regarding the population in

Santa Monica and pat-down searches in other jurisdictions. Those numbers are

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irrelevant to the legality of the search in question. We deny his requests for judicial

notice of the crime statistics report and Police Standards Training Guide.

      AFFIRMED.

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