Court Opinion

ID: 4116955
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-19 16:12:37.549426+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:25.100935
License: Public Domain

[J-90-2016]
                        IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                    MIDDLE DISTRICT

    SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

MICHAEL C. DUFFEY,                             :   No. 4 MAP 2016
                                               :
                        Appellant              :   Appeal from the Order of the
                                               :   Commonwealth Court at No. 1840 CD
                v.                             :   2014 dated 6/26/15 affirming the
                                               :   decision of the Workers’ Compensation
                                               :   Appeal Board at Nos. A13-0229 and
WORKERS’ COMPENSATION APPEAL                   :   A13-1158 dated 9/16/14
BOARD (TROLA-DYNE, INC.),                      :
                                               :
                        Appellees              :   ARGUED: September 14, 2016

                                         OPINION

CHIEF JUSTICE SAYLOR                                     DECIDED: January 19, 2017

      The issue in this workers’ compensation appeal is ultimately whether a notice of

compensation payable closely circumscribes the range of health-related conditions to

be considered in impairment rating evaluations.

      Appellant Michael C. Duffey (“Claimant”) sustained injuries to his hands when he

picked up electrified wires while repairing a machine for Appellee, Trola-Dyne, Inc.

(“Employer”).        Employer issued a notice of compensation payable (the “NCP”) per

Sections 406.1 and 410 of the Workers’ Compensation Act,1 77 P.S. §§717.1, 731,

which indicated that the “[b]ody [p]art(s) affected” were “bilateral hands”; the type of

1
 Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736 (as amended 77 P.S. §§1 - 1041.4, 2501 – 2626 (the
“WCA” or the “Act”)).
injury was “electrical burn”; and the description of the injury was “stripping some

electrical wire.”

       On March 6, 2011, after Claimant had received benefits for total disability for a

period of 104 weeks, Employer requested an impairment rating evaluation pursuant to

Section 306(a.2)(1) of the Act, 77 P.S. §511.2(1).2 In its request for designation of a

physician to perform the evaluation per the applicable administrative regulations, see 34

Pa. Code §123.104, Employer described the underlying compensable injury as “bilateral

hands-nerve and joint pain.”

       A few months later, Claimant submitted to an impairment rating evaluation (the

“IRE”) by Bruce E. Sicilia, M.D. (the “Physician-Evaluator”), a specialist in physical

medicine and rehabilitation.       The Physician-Evaluator assigned a whole-body

impairment rating of six percent, prompting Employer to issue a notice informing

Claimant that his disability status would change from total to partial. 3 This modification

did not decrease the amount of Claimant’s weekly benefits, see 77 P.S. §511.2(3)

(“Unless otherwise adjudicated or agreed to based upon a determination of earning

power . . ., the amount of compensation shall not be affected as a result of the change

in disability status and shall remain the same.”), but instead, had the effect of limiting

Claimant’s receipt of benefits to a 500-week period, see id. §512(1) (prescribing that

partial disability benefits are to be paid “for not more than five hundred weeks”).

2
 This Court recently summarized the impairment rating regime in IA Construction
Corporation v. WCAB (Rhodes), ___ Pa. ___, ___, 139 A.3d 154, 155-56 (2016).

3
 See 77 P.S. §511.2(2) (prescribing that, if an impairment rating determination under
Section 306(a.2)(1) results in an impairment rating of less than 50 percent impairment
under the relevant criteria, “the employe shall then receive partial disability benefits
under [Section 306(b)]”); see also 34 Pa. Code §123.105(d) (providing for a requisite
notice to the employee of the change in status from total to partial disability).

                                      [J-90-2016] - 2
       Claimant proceeded to file a review petition attacking the validity of the IRE.

Claimant did not aver that there had been a determination that he actually met the

threshold impairment rating of at least 50 percent, as facially is required to support a

challenge to an IRE under Section 306(a.2).         See id. §511.2(4) (“An employe may

appeal the change to partial disability . . . [p]rovided, [t]hat there is a determination that

the employe meets the threshold impairment rating that is equal to or greater than fifty

per centum impairment[.]”).       Nevertheless, Claimant proceeded under prevailing

Commonwealth Court precedent holding that such requirement does not pertain where

the challenge is lodged, as it was here, within 60 days after the employer provides the

claimant with notice of the status change from total to partial disability. See Barrett v.

WCAB (Sunoco, Inc.), 987 A.2d 1280, 1288-89 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010).4 It was Claimant’s

position that the Physician-Evaluator had failed to rate the full range of work-related

injuries, since Claimant suffered from adjustment disorder with depressed mood and

chronic post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of his work injury.5

4
  It is beyond the scope of this appeal to consider the validity of the Commonwealth
Court’s precedent on the subject of whether Section 306(a.2)(4) applies to challenges
lodged within the 60-day period.

5
  As further discussed below, Claimant’s framing of his argument, which has continued
into the present appeal, is misleading. In this regard, physician-evaluators do not
specifically rate “injuries”; rather, it is their obligation under the governing statute to
determine “the degree of impairment due to the compensable injury.” 77 P.S.
§511.2(1). Thus, the rating is of impairments deriving from injuries.

Despite this diversion, Claimant’s arguments do incorporate the notion that an
impairment rating evaluator has “the obligation to address all work-related conditions
existing at the time of the evaluation.” Brief for Appellant at 19 (emphasis added).
Accordingly, although Claimant’s focus on rating injuries as opposed to impairments is
pervasive, we find that his arguments do subsume the contention that an impairment
rating evaluator is obliged to “determine the degree of impairment due to the
compensable injury,” 77 P.S. §511.2(1) (emphasis added), regardless of whether such
impairment is otherwise separately denoted as a compensable injury unto itself.

                                       [J-90-2016] - 3
      At hearings before a workers’ compensation judge (the “WCJ”), Claimant

adduced his own testimony concerning the circumstances surrounding his injury and his

initial and ongoing symptoms and treatment. According to this testimony, Claimant

developed, and continued to experience, impairment in the use of his hands, agonizing

deep pain, and debilitating exhaustion. See, e.g., N.T., Dec. 16, 2011, at 7-8.

      Claimant later supplemented the record with deposition testimony from his family

physician, Debra A. Bell, M.D., who had diagnosed Claimant with the adjustment

disorder with depressed mood and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and treated

him for such conditions. See Deposition of Debra A. Bell, M.D., dated Mar. 20, 2012, in

Duffy v. Trola-Dyne Inc., No. 3485314 (DLI, Bur. of Workers’ Comp.), at 16, 18.

Claimant also introduced deposition testimony from a neurologist, Scott M. Cherry,

M.D., who attested that Claimant’s injury had evolved into a disabling, chronic

neuropathic pain syndrome attended by emotional and cognitive changes.              See

Deposition of Scott M. Cherry, M.D., dated Dec. 9, 2011, in Duffy, No. 3485314, at 14,

16, 19, 33.

      Employer presented the Physician-Evaluator’s testimony supporting the rating

evaluation that he conducted. The Physician-Evaluator explained that, in addition to

accounting for Claimant’s physical condition, he also considered Claimant’s complaints

of pain, encompassing “work-related chronic neuropathic pain syndrome,” Deposition of

Bruce E. Sicilia, M.D., dated July 27, 2012, in Duffy, No. 3485314, at 23, 25, rating the

condition according to a sensory impairment table provided in the governing impairment

guidelines, see id. at 24. See generally 77 P.S. §511.2(1) (keying impairment rating

evaluations to “the most recent edition of the American Medical Association ‘Guides to

the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment’”).       According to the Physician-Evaluator,

however, the rating did not account for asserted work-related adjustment disorder or

                                     [J-90-2016] - 4
post-traumatic stress syndrome. In this regard, the Physician-Evaluator offered the

following explanation:

               I am not a psychiatrist and I don’t have appropriate skills, if
               you will, to do that type of assessment. And I was
               specifically asked to assess his electrical burn injuries and I
               did that.
Deposition of Bruce E. Sicilia, M.D., dated July 27, 2012, in Duffy, No. 3485314,at 31.

         A clinical and forensic psychiatrist, Timothy J. Michals, M.D., also testified, via

deposition on Employer’s behalf, that he had evaluated Claimant and concluded that he

had recovered from the adjustment disorder with anxiety and depressed mood. See

Deposition of Timothy J. Michals, M.D., dated Aug. 1, 2012, in Duffy, No. 3485314, at

26-27.     Dr. Michals further expressed his disagreement with the diagnosis of post-

traumatic stress disorder. See id. at 32-34.

         The WCJ accepted Claimant’s evidence as credible and rejected Employer’s

conflicting evidence, directed that Claimant’s psychological conditions should be added

to the notice of compensation payable, and determined that the IRE was invalid,

because the Physician-Evaluator had not addressed those conditions. Accordingly, the

WCJ also found that the total-disability status assigned to Claimant’s benefits could not

be modified.

         On appeal, the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board reversed the decision to

invalidate the IRE, reasoning that a physician-evaluator may properly limit an

impairment rating evaluation according to the accepted injuries as reflected in a notice

of compensation payable. Along these lines, the Board observed that Claimant had not

sought to amend the NCP to include additional injuries in a timely fashion, but instead,

waited to do so until almost six months after the IRE was performed. The Board thus

held that the six percent impairment rating assigned by the Physician-Evaluator was

                                       [J-90-2016] - 5
valid and, accordingly, modified the status of Claimant’s benefits from total to partial

disability.

        On further appeal, the Commonwealth Court affirmed the Board’s order in a

published opinion. See Duffey v. WCAB (Trola-Dyne, Inc.), 119 A.3d 445 (Pa. Cmwlth.

2015). From the outset of its analysis, the intermediate court emphasized that Section

306(a.2) requires a determination of the degree of impairment “due to the compensable

injury.” Id. at 450 (emphasis in original). The court then focused most of its remaining

analysis on the “compensable injury” component of this phrase, explaining that the

notice of compensation payable establishes the description of the work injury. See id.

at 451 (quoting Harrison v. WCAB (Auto Truck Transp. Corp.), 78 A.3d 699, 703 (Pa.

Cmwlth. 2013)).    In light of this approach -- and given that an impairment rating

evaluation involves an assessment of a claimant’s condition at the time of the

evaluation, see id. (quoting Westmoreland Reg’l Hosp. v. WCAB (Pickford), 29 A.3d

120, 128 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011)) -- the court indicated that “the focus in determining the

validity of an [impairment rating evaluation] is on the state of the claimant and the

compensable injury, as described in the [notice of compensation payable] at the time

the [impairment rating evaluation] is performed.” Id. (emphasis in original).

        After distinguishing several previous decisions, the Commonwealth Court

expressed its disinclination to “believe that the General Assembly intended to nullify an

already performed and otherwise valid IRE by claims of new or additional injuries that

were not yet determined to be work-related and, therefore, would not have been

addressed by the [evaluating] physician.” Id. at 452. To hold otherwise, the court

posited, would contravene the reform goals of the 1996 amendment to the WCA which

had implemented Section 306(a.2). See id. at 452-53.

                                     [J-90-2016] - 6
       Along these lines, the Commonwealth Court suggested that a contrary holding

would encourage claimants to effectively sabotage impairment rating evaluations. See

id. at 453 (“The delay in adding injuries as a litigation strategy to defeat an [impairment

rating evaluation] performed under Section 306(a.2) does not serve the purpose of the

IRE process or the 1996 Amendments to the Act.”). In this respect, the intermediate

court stressed that an employer has only a single opportunity to obtain a self-executing

change of a claimant’s status from total to partial disability. See id. (“Claimant’s position

would effectively strip Employer of its only opportunity to obtain a self-executing change

in disability status, by adding injuries to the [notice of compensation payable] after the

IRE is performed and having the IRE declared invalid.”).           According to the court,

claimants should be encouraged to be proactive in updating notices of compensation

payable so that their constellation of injuries can be considered in impairment rating

evaluations. See id.6

       We find the outcome of this case to be controlled by straightforward statutory

interpretation, a matter over which our review is plenary. See, e.g., Fish v. Twp. of

Lower Merion, ___ Pa. ___, ___, 128 A.3d 764, 769 (2015). At the outset, we reiterate

that a pervasive focus on “compensable injury” has obscured an important aspect of the

governing statute. See supra note 5. In this regard, Section 306(a.2) explicitly invests

in physician-evaluators the obligation to “determine the degree of impairment due to the

compensable injury,” 77 P.S. §511.2(1) (emphasis added). Per such express terms, a

physician-evaluator must consider and determine causality in terms of whether any

particular impairment is “due to” the compensable injury. Id. Moreover, the required

6
  The Commonwealth Court further observed that its decision did not foreclose a
subsequent challenge to the IRE under Section 306(a.2)(4), to the degree that Claimant
could produce an impairment rating evaluation demonstrating at least 50 percent
impairment. See id. (citing 77 P.S. §511.2(4)).

                                      [J-90-2016] - 7
evaluation is of “the percentage of permanent impairment of the whole body resulting

from the compensable injury.” 77 P.S. §511.2(8)(ii).

       We have no difference with the Commonwealth Court’s reasonable holding that a

notice of compensation payable should define “compensable injury” for purposes of this

inquiry.    Such recognition, however, simply does not determine the range of

impairments which may be “due to” such injury.         Under Section 306(a.2) and the

applicable impairment guidelines, the physician-evaluator must exercise professional

judgment to render appropriate decisions concerning both causality and apportionment.

See id.; accord AM. MED. ASS’N, GUIDES   TO THE   EVALUATION OF PERMANENT IMPAIRMENT,

Ch. 2, Introduction (6th ed. 2009) (the “AMA Guides”) (“Physicians must use their

clinical knowledge, skills, and abilities to arrive at a specific diagnosis; define the

pathology; and rate impairments based on the Guides’ criteria.”).7

       It is noteworthy that causation, for purposes of the AMA Guides, is assessed, in

the first instance, by reference to an “event” rather than an “injury,” thus creating some

potential tension with Section 306(a.2)’s focus on causal association with a

compensable injury. See AMA Guides §2.5b (“Causality is an association between a

given cause (an event capable of producing an effect) and an effect (a condition that

can result from a specific cause) with a reasonable degree of medical probability.”). But

cf. id. Ch. 2, Introduction (depicting the AMA Guides as a “tool to translate human

pathology resulting from a trauma or disease process into a percentage of the whole

person”).   Accordingly, there may be some basis in the AMA Guides permitting a

7
  Parenthetically, the Commonwealth Court has separately determined that the 6th
edition of the AMA Guides cannot be used to conduct impairment rating evaluations in
Pennsylvania. See Protz v. WCAB (Derry Area Sch. Dist.), 124 A.3d 406, 416-17 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2015), appeal granted, ___ Pa. ___, 133 A.3d 733 (Pa. 2016) (per curiam).
Claimant, however, did not raise such a challenge, and the validity of the use of the 6th
edition is beyond the scope of the present appeal.

                                     [J-90-2016] - 8
physician-evaluator to attribute a claimant’s psychological disorders to the event in

which the claimant was was injured, rather than to the compensable injury itself. Again,

however, a physician-evaluator simply may not entirely disavow any and all

responsibility to consider causality relative to a given condition. See 77 P.S. §511.2(1).8

8
  In dissent, Justice Baer posits that the outcome of this case should turn on an event-
injury dichotomy. See Dissenting Opinion, slip op. at 2, 3 n.1 (Baer, J.). According to
the dissent, Claimant does not attribute his psychological conditions to his electrical
burn injury, id. at 2 -- which has been recognized by Employer to encompass bilateral
nerve and joint pain in the hands -- and it should be obvious that the incident and the
recognized injury are entirely distinct, see id. To the contrary, however, although
Claimant does explain that he was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder “from
the incident,” he depicts this to encompass the electrical “lead in his left hand
consist[ing] of two wires . . . melt[ing] to the bones in his hand.” Brief for Appellant at
3. Moreover, the expert testimony that Claimant offered and which was credited by the
workers’ compensation judge described an ongoing pain syndrome originating in
Claimant’s hands, as well as a failure to improve from physical impairments, yielding
derivative psychological conditions. See, e.g., Deposition of Scott M. Cherry, M.D.,
dated Dec. 9, 2011, in Duffy, No. 3485314, at 12-13 (describing the ongoing pain
syndrome); id. at 14 (“I felt that he had, as was clearly obvious, the electrical injury and
that this subsequently evolved into a chronic neuropathic pain syndrome”); id. at 33
(“The stated injury, . . . electrical burn injury was followed by a syndrome of chronic pain
complicated by emotional and cognitive changes.”); Deposition of Debra A. Bell, M.D.,
dated Mar. 20, 2012, in Duffy, No. 3485314, at 16 (attributing Claimant’s adjustment
disorder to his failure to improve after his initial injury); id. at 27-28 (opining that
Claimant’s post-traumatic stress disorder was caused by his previous physical
impairment).

We believe that the impairment rating process encompasses discerning judgments
recognizing the complexity of injury and causation, arising in part because notions of an
“incident” (presently described by the dissent as “being electrocuted at work”) and
attendant “injuries” (here, electrical burn and attendant nerve and joint pain) can be
integrally interrelated. See infra note 10. In this case, however, the Physician-
Examiner made no such judgments related to an event-injury distinction or otherwise,
and such failure is both the specific basis for our decision and a matter about which
Claimant expressly complains. See, e.g., Brief for Appellant at 14 (attacking the IRE
because the Physician-Examiner “did not rate [the additional diagnoses] because of the
limited scope of his exam and his lack of qualifications pertaining to those conditions.”
(emphasis added)).

                                      [J-90-2016] - 9
       Here, it is apparent from the record that the Physician-Evaluator did not apply

professional judgment to assess (or, per the applicable regulations, arrange for an

assessment of) the psychological conditions identified by Claimant during the IRE

examination;9 nor did he determine whether such conditions as might have been

diagnosed were fairly attributable to Claimant’s compensable injury. Instead of abiding

by the directives of Section 306(a.2) and the AMA Guides in such regards, the

Physician-Evaluator purported to take a different set of instructions from Employer. See

Deposition of Bruce E. Sicilia, M.D., dated July 27, 2012, in Duffy, No. 3485314, at 31

(“I was specifically asked to assess his electrical burn injuries and I did that.”).

Proceeding as such, the Physician-Evaluator simply ignored a range of potential

diagnoses and impairments. See, e.g., id. at 15 (reflecting the evaluator’s testimony

that Claimant’s depression “was not rateable [sic] at the time because I was not asked

to rate it.” (emphasis added)). Again, however, the Physician-Evaluator was bound to

take his guidance, not from Employer, but from Section 306(a.2) and the AMA Guides.

See AMA Guides §2.3b (“As an impairment evaluator, the physician must understand

the regulations pertaining to medical practice and evaluation.”); id. Chapter 2,

Introduction (“Physicians must use their clinical knowledge, skills, and abilities to arrive

at a specific diagnosis; define the pathology; and rate impairments based on the

Guides’ criteria.”).

       The Commonwealth Court’s opinion may reflect a pragmatic approach in

requiring claimants manifesting psychological symptoms deriving from a compensable

9
  See 34 Pa. Code §123.105(b) (“To ascertain an accurate percentage of the
employee’s whole body impairment, when the evaluating physician determines that the
compensable injury incorporates more than one pathology, the evaluating physician
may refer the employee to one or more physicians specializing in the specific
pathologies which constitute the compensable injury.”).

                                     [J-90-2016] - 10
injury to address the causality question in advance of an impairment rating evaluation.

There may obviously be an attendant concern that the alternative is to require

psychological assessments in the broader range of impairment rating evaluations.

       There are competing considerations involved, however. For example, injuries

often are depicted briefly, and even cryptically, on notices of compensation payable.10

Furthermore, benefits ultimately cease as a result of an unfavorable rating evaluation,

although a claimant may remain, in conventional terms, totally disabled and unable to

provide for his or her own well-being. See generally IA Constr., ___ Pa. at ___, 139

A.3d at 155 (discussing the distinction between impairment and disability in terms of the

focus of the latter term on loss of earnings capacity); AMA Guides §2.3b (reflecting that

the object of the impairment rating process is “to enable a fair and competent

determination of benefits to which the [subject of the evaluation] may be entitled”).

       Moreover, per the AMA Guides, as a matter of clinical judgment, a physician-

evaluator may, where appropriate, treat the impairment rating pertaining to a particular

organ or body system as encompassing a whole body assessment. See AMA Guides

§§2.2a, 14.1c (reflecting the general rule that “[t]he psychological distress associated

with a physical impairment is . . . included within the rating” for a physical condition

(emphasis in original)). In point of fact, the AMA Guides rather pointedly discourage

separate treatment of psychological effects. See AMA Guides §14.1c (“In most cases

of a mental and behavioral disorder accompanying a physical impairment, . . . the

10
   In this regard, there is a tendency, in the workers’ compensation arena, to
oversimplify what can sometimes be complex subjects, such as injury and impairment.
See generally AMA Guides §1.3b (recognizing “the complex and dynamic interactions
between an individual with a given health condition, the environment, and personal
factors”); id. §1.5a (“Impairment and disability are complex concepts . . ..”); id. (“[T]he
impact of injury or illness is dependent on factors beyond physical and psychological
aspects, including biopsychosocial, behavioral and contextual issues.”).

                                     [J-90-2016] - 11
mental and behavioral disorder chapter should not be used.” (emphasis added)).               In

this regard, it devolves to the physician-evaluator’s sound professional judgment

whether, and under what circumstances, psychological conditions effectively graduate

to distinct consideration per the AMA Guides’ mental-and-behavioral-disorders

protocols.11

       In all events, the evaluative judgment is the touchstone on these subjects, as well

as on the topic of causality. In the present case, since the Physician-Examiner failed to

exercise such judgment based on a misunderstanding concerning the scope of his

responsibilities, the WCJ did not err in invalidating the IRE.

       The dissenting opinion authored by Justice Wecht chastises this opinion on

multiple fronts, asserting that we have: exceeded the scope of the issues presented;

ignored the statutory definition of “impairments”; compromised the impairment-rating

process;   inappropriately misallocated      decision-making     responsibility   relative   to

causation from workers’ compensation judges to physician-evaluators; and disregarded

11
   Citing to a listing of rules set forth in Chapter 14 of the AMA Guides, Justice Wecht’s
dissent eschews the exercise of sound medical expertise and judgment, see Dissenting
Opinion, slip op. at 5 (Wecht, J.), which is otherwise the touchstone of impairment rating
evaluations. See, e.g., AMA Guides §2.3b. The dissent, however, fails to recognize
that the rules to which it refers are expressed in non-exclusive terms. See AMA Guides
at §14.1c (stating that the rules for using Chapter 14 “would include” those highlighted
by the dissent). See generally Mishoe v. Erie Ins. Co., 573 Pa. 267, 288, 824 A.2d
1153, 1165 (2003) (explaining that the term “includes” represents “non-exclusive
verbiage”).

In any event, we have not disputed that the Physician-Examiner potentially could have
appropriately relied on rules stated in Chapter 14, otherwise invoked principles under
the AMA Guides, or exercised sound professional judgment to exclude Chapter 14’s
application. However, as developed in the text above, the record amply demonstrates
that that simply is not what occurred in the present case. Rather, the Physician-
Examiner erroneously followed instructions that were extrinsic to the AMA Guides, as
well as the terms of the governing statute.

                                      [J-90-2016] - 12
the significance of the fourth edition of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent

Impairment.

         Regarding the issue preservation concern, Justice Wecht characterizes the

question presented as a narrow one limited to the following:

                Does an amendment that expands the injury description on a
                notice of compensation payable (“NCP”) invalidate an
                impairment rating evaluation (“IRE”) that was conducted
                before the amendment?
Dissenting Opinion, slip op. at 1 (Wecht, J.).        In point of fact, however, the issue

accepted for review is framed in a considerably different fashion, see Duffey v. WCAB

(Trola-Dyne, Inc.), ___ Pa. ___, ___, 131 A.3d 480, 481 (2016) (per curiam), as are the

arguments in Claimant’s brief.12

         While, as we have previously explained, the issue statement and Claimant’s

arguments are clouded by a conflation of the terms “injury” and “impairment,” see supra

note 5, Claimant’s brief otherwise makes clear that he is advancing the position that a

12
     Per this Court’s order allowing the appeal, the issue accepted for review is as follows:

                Did the Commonwealth Court err in concluding that an
                Impairment Rating Evaluation (IRE) . . . was valid where the
                IRE only considered the injuries listed on the notice of
                compensation payable issued at the time of the injury, and
                did not consider additional injuries that subsequently arose
                and were known at the time of the IRE but not yet formally
                added to the description of injury?

Id. As Justice Wecht’s dissent stresses, Claimant does accept an additional obligation
to secure a post-evaluation modification of the notice of compensation payable within a
reasonable time after a contested rating evaluation. In our considered opinion,
however, this does not prevent us from recognizing Claimant’s explicit assertions of an
error on the part of the Physician-Evaluator in the first instance in declining to consider
the degree of whole-body impairment due to the compensable injury as the governing
statute explicitly requires. See 77 P.S. §511.2(1), (8).

                                       [J-90-2016] - 13
physician-evaluator has an obligation “to address all work-related conditions at the time

of the evaluation.” Brief for Appellant at 19 (emphasis added).13 Unfortunately, the

difficulty with the terms “injury” and “impairment” arises from the complexity of these

overlapping and intersecting -- but also diverging -- concepts. See, e.g., supra note

10.14   Indeed, such conflation appears to be quite common.          See, e.g., Dissenting

Opinion, slip op. at 1 (Wecht, J.) (incorrectly asserting that the holding of this opinion is

that physicians must assess all of the claimant’s “injuries,” when in point of fact, we

have repeatedly explained that the statutorily prescribed duty is simply to assess “the

degree of impairment due to the compensable injury” on a “whole body” basis, 77 P.S.

§511.2(1), (8)(ii) (emphasis added)).

        As a more general observation, a Court of last resort must have some leeway to

make rational judgments and pronouncements that are not strictly confined according to

the precise letter of parties’ arguments. Otherwise, the law would be shaped according

to the nuances of the litigants’ presentations, including the extremes toward which they

sometimes press their positions within the adversary system.              Such latitude is

13
   Accord id. at 7 (“The Claimant submits that for an IRE to be valid, all of the Claimant’s
work-related conditions at the time of the IRE must be rated.”); id. at 8 (explaining that
Claimant advised the Physician-Evaluator of his psychological conditions at the time of
the evaluation and faulting the Physician-Evaluator for failing as a consequence to
consider such conditions in the rating evaluation); Brief for Amicus Pa. Ass’n for Justice
at 5 (“[T]he Court should hold that in a timely filed appeal of an IRE determination, if the
evidence shows that the IRE did not consider all work related pathologies, then the IRE
is invalid.”).

14
   For example, an amputation is both an “injury,” see, e.g., 77 P.S. §513, and an
impairment, see, e.g., AMA Guides at §15.6 (discussing “Amputation Impairment”).
Accordingly, to the extent that the dissent envisions a categorical division between the
two -- per which a condition that may be an injury for purposes of the traditional
compensation regime cannot also represent a derivative impairment for purposes of the
distinct impairment rating regime, see Dissenting Opinion, slip op. at 2-3 (Wecht, J.) --
such portrayal is incorrect.

                                      [J-90-2016] - 14
particularly appropriate in matters involving statutory construction, where the language

of the governing statute ultimately must remain the polestar for rulings having

widespread application. Again, from our point of view, Claimant’s position sufficiently

implicates a plain-meaning interpretation of Section 306(a.2), and the need for

clarification is sufficiently great, that the substantial differences between our approach

and that of the dissents should be -- and are fairly -- resolved at the present time.15

       In reply to the criticism that we have disregarded the statutory definition of

“impairment,” see Dissenting Opinion, slip op. at 1 (Wecht, J.), notably, the dissent fails

15
    To the degree that the dissents discern unfairness to Employer, we note that
Claimant quotes the governing statute in his brief, see Brief for Appellant at 9
(explaining that an IRE is permitted “to determine the degree of impairment due to the
compensable injury,” (quoting 77 P.S. §511.2(1)), while repeatedly arguing that the
Physician-Examiner erred by failing to account for his derivative psychological
conditions. Indeed, Employer recognizes both that Claimant’s arguments are multi-
dimensional and that they encompass the notion that “the IRE should have taken into
account any and all possible injuries that [Claimant] might have had from the work
injury.” Brief for Appellee at 14 (emphasis added). Apparently based on such
understanding, Employer ably advances all of the policy positions highlighted in the
dissents. See, e.g., id. at 15, 19, 23-24.

In response to Justice Wecht’s claim that our decision to implement the plain import of
the governing statute represents a substantial change in workers’ compensation
practice, Dissenting Opinion, slip op. at 3-4 (Wecht, J.), certainly the dissent has not
identified any decisional law from this Court that is in conflict with our holding. For
example, the Commercial Credit Claims decision which the dissent highlights was
expressly decided under the distinct statutory language of the WCA’s modification and
termination schemes, see Commercial Credit Claims v. WCAB (Lancaster), 556 Pa.
325, 332, 728 A.2d 902, 905 (1999) (explaining that the disposition of the case was
“plainly dictated by the relevant statutory provisions”), whereas, our present decision is
premised on the plain language of an entirely different statute. Moreover, it appears
that the Commonwealth Court otherwise has recognized that the impairment rating
system introduced a new conceptual overlay into the workers’ compensation regime.
See, e.g., Harrison v. WCAB (Auto Truck Transp. Corp.), 78 A.3d 699, 703-04 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2013) (discussing an impairment rating “based on all of the claimant’s medical
conditions,” while highlighting the conceptual difference between a traditional
compensation determination and an impairment rating evaluation).

                                      [J-90-2016] - 15
to provide a concrete explanation. To the degree that the dissent is suggesting that the

statutory definition excludes psychological impairments, this is contradicted by both

Section 306(a.2) and the AMA Guides which it incorporates.16 Alternatively, to the

extent that the dissent is proposing a rule that psychological “impairment” can result

only from a psychological “injury,” it fails to offer any textual grounding in the governing

statute to support such a proposition.       Indeed, as we have otherwise explained,

psychological impairments are generally factored into the ratings for physical ones

under the AMA Guides. See AMA Guides §§2.2a, 14.1c. In this way -- or through the

alternative rating infrastructure provided in Chapter 14 of the AMA Guides where

implicated -- psychological impairments are always a component of the “whole body”

assessment explicitly required under Section 302(a.2). 77 P.S. §511.2(8)(ii). From our

perspective,    the   dissent’s   contrary   approach    unduly   intermingles   traditional

compensation concepts into an impairment rating regime that, by its explicit terms,

institutes a different focus.

       Next, we address the assertion, in Justice Wecht’s dissent, that we have

“convert[ed] the statute’s impairment-rating process into one in which physicians must

scrutinize each ‘condition’ hinted at by a claimant, and then determine which, if any, are

‘fairly attributable’ to the compensable injury.” Dissenting Opinion, slip op. at 3 (Wecht,

J.). From our point of view, this line of argument reductio ad absurdum understates the

role of the permanency threshold for impairments (such that a cough or a cold would not

qualify), see 77 P.S. §511.2(8)(ii), as well as the statutory causation requirement that

16
   See, e.g., 77 P.S. §511.2(8)(ii) (defining “impairment rating” in terms of the degree of
impairment to the “whole body,” which obviously encompasses the brain and
functioning); AMA Guides §1.3d (defining “impairment” to include deviation, loss, or loss
of use of any . . . body function,” which is separately defined under Section 1.3c to
include “psychological functions”); see also id. at §§14.1b, 14.5 (discussing “psychiatric
impairment”).

                                      [J-90-2016] - 16
the impairment be “due to” the compensable injury, id. §511.2(1). Moreover, we do not

find it to be at all unreasonable to believe that the Legislature intended to require a

physician to render a detailed whole-person evaluation in order to support an ultimate

termination of benefits for injured persons whose right to seek legal redress has been

substantially limited, see id. §481(a), and who may remain permanently disabled in the

traditional sense.17

       Regarding Justice Wecht’s position that a workers’ compensation judge must

determine causation for impairments, we reiterate that this directly contradicts Section

306(a.2)’s express directive that the degree of impairment due to the compensable

injury is determined “based upon an evaluation by a physician . . . pursuant to the most

recent edition of the [AMA Guides].” Id. §511.2(1). To the extent that the dissent is

suggesting that workers’ compensation judges and not physicians have the

qualifications to render causation determinations, this overlooks the pervasive reliance

17
    To the extent that the dissents express concerns about malingering, notably, the
General Assembly integrated a potent safeguard into the impairment-rating regime, via
its prescription that conversions may only be subject to challenge upon a determination
that a claimant meets the fifty-percent impairment threshold. See 77 P.S. §511.2(4);
see also supra note 4 and accompanying text. The Commonwealth Court, however,
has relieved claimants filing appeals within 60-days after notice of an automatic
conversion of such condition, based upon the requirement that claimants be noticed of
the conversion and attendant due process. See Johnson v. WCAB (Sealy Components
Group), 982 A.2d 1253, 1257 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009).               See generally TORREY &
GREENBERG, W EST’S PA. PRAC., W ORKERS’ COMPENSATION §6.48.50 (characterizing
Johnson as a “remarkable case”).               Although Johnson represents prevailing
Pennsylvania precedent, it has not been subject to this Court’s substantive review, and
we believe that it would be unfortunate if the understanding of other key aspects of
Legislature’s intent in the impairment rating system (i.e., the responsibility expressly
invested in physician-examiners to determine the degree of impairment due to the
compensable injury) were to be colored by an intermediate court’s deviation (whether
correct or incorrect) from the plain import of others.

                                    [J-90-2016] - 17
by workers’ compensation judges upon expert medical opinion testimony from

physicians in the adjudicatory setting.

       Certainly Section 306(a.2) introduced an innovation into the workers’

compensation system by directing an automatic impact on benefits premised on a

physician’s determination, see 77 P.S. §511.2(2), thus displacing the conventional

involvement of a judicial or quasi-judicial decision-maker in the adjustment of

substantive liabilities. This substantial change, however, is dictated by the statute and

not of this Court’s own accord, and nothing in the statute supports the sort of parsing of

the decision-making responsibility expressly allocated by the Legislature to physician-

evaluators favored by Justice Wecht’s dissent.

       Notably, we have otherwise identified deficiencies in the impairment rating

statute and suggested that the system is ripe for legislative review and adjustment. See

I.A. Constr. Corp., ___ Pa. at ___, 139 A.3d at 159-61. Unless and until this occurs,

however, it is our considered judgment that courts should adhere as closely as possible

to the existing statutory directives, subject to constitutional limitations, rather than

supplementing and/or adjusting these based on judicial policymaking judgments. From

our point of view, such restraint is particularly in order given the many compromises and

tradeoffs inherent in a workers’ compensation liability scheme, among competing

interests which each are very important in their own right. See id. at 161.18

18
   In this regard, we note that the approach of tying the continuation of disability benefits
to impairment rating protocols has been decried by many physicians and characterized
as “unappealing, if not Orwellian” in commentary. DAVID B. TORREY & ANDREW E.
GREENBERG, W EST’S PA. PRAC., W ORKERS’ COMPENSATION §6.51 (2008 & July 2016
Supp.) (quoting Nortin M. Hadler, Impairment Rating in Disability Determination for Low
Back Pain: Placing the AMA Guides and the Quebec Institute Report in Perspective, in
JOHN F. BURTON, JR. & TIMOTHY P. SCHMIDLE, WORKERS’ COMPENSATION DESK BOOK I-132
(LRP Pubs. 1992)); see also id. at §6:48:50 (discussing controversy surround the AMA
Guides, including the criticism that they lack any empirical basis). We make this
(continued…)
                                      [J-90-2016] - 18
      Finally, to the extent that Justice Wecht’s dissent suggests that the fourth edition

of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment does not permit the

rating of mental and behavioral impairments, see Dissenting Opinion, slip op. at 6-7

(Wecht, J.), this is an issue of first impression in this Court which is well beyond the

scope of this appeal. Nevertheless, we note that some other jurisdictions are in square

disagreement with the dissent’s position that the fourth edition “categorically rejects the

use of impairment percentages in the context of mental disorders,” id. at 6. See Harvey

v. H.C. Price Co., 957 A.2d 960, 962-68 (Me. 2008) (approving of the assignment of a

percentage of impairment to the psychological component of an injury in a workers’

compensation system requiring the use of the fourth edition for impairment rating

purposes and explaining that the method for establishing a percentage was “a product

of [the physician-evaluator’s] medical training, clinical judgment, and application of the

AMA Guides”).      Alternatively, if assignment of impairment ratings pertaining to

psychological impairments by evaluators is found to be impossible under the fourth

edition, it may well be that the statute should simply be deemed incapable of

enforcement as applied, and no conversions to partial disability should occur for

claimants who suffer from serious work-related psychological impairments.          Accord

TORREY & GREENBERG, W EST’S PA. PRAC., WORKERS’ COMPENSATION §6.52 (advocating

such position).

      In any event, as should be clear from the above, this case does not present

questions pertaining to the fourth edition, and, unlike the dissent, we do not view these

as overarching or disabling for present purposes. See Dissenting Opinion, slip op. at 6

(…continued)
observation not as an adoption of such viewpoint, but rather, to add perspective to our
adherence to the specific statutory directives embodying the legislative policy choices
that have been made in the impairment-rating arena.

                                     [J-90-2016] - 19
(Wecht, J.). Rather, we believe this opinion addresses a matter that is important in its

own right.     Again, we hold that physician-examiners must exercise independent

professional judgment to make a whole-body assessment of “the degree of impairment

due to the compensable injury,” 77 P.S. §511.2(1), which discernment cannot be

withheld on the basis that the physician-examiner believes the undertaking is a more

limited one.

       The order of the Commonwealth Court is reversed, and the matter is remanded

for reinstatement of the finding of invalidity rendered by the WCJ.

       Justices Todd, Donohue, Dougherty and Mundy join the opinion.

       Justice Baer files a dissenting opinion.

       Justice Wecht files a dissenting opinion.

                                     [J-90-2016] - 20