Court Opinion

ID: 4650214
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-08 22:02:11.62356+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:31.517726
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/8/21 Thurston v. Ricardo Beverly Hills CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

 CHERYL THURSTON et al.,

           Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                     E073068
 v.
                                                                          (Super.Ct.No. CIVDS1904354)
 RICARDO BEVERLY HILLS, INC.,
                                                                          OPINION
           Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. John M. Pacheco,

Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions.

         Pacific Trial Attorneys, Scott J. Ferrell and Victoria C. Knowles for Plaintiffs and

Appellants.

         Darling & Risbrough, Robert C. Risbrough, and Ryan D. Yabko for Defendant

and Respondent.

         Ricardo of Beverly Hills, Inc. (Ricardo) is a Washington corporation. It sells

luggage and related products at wholesale to resellers, including at least 100 stores in

California. It also sells its products directly to consumers on its website.

                                                             1
       Cheryl Thurston and others1 (Thurston) filed this action against Ricardo, alleging

that Ricardo’s website discriminates against the blind and visually handicapped in

violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act. (Civ. Code, § 51 et seq.)

       The trial court granted Ricardo’s motion to quash for lack of personal jurisdiction.

Thurston appeals.

       We apply the law as stated in our recent opinion in Thurston v. Fairfield

Collectibles of Georgia, LLC (2020) 53 Cal.App.5th 1231. It leads, however, to a

somewhat different result. There, we held that the trial court had personal jurisdiction

over an out-of-state corporation, because the corporation made eight percent of its sales,

totaling some $320,000 to $375,000 a year, through its website to Californians. Here, we

hold that there was insufficient evidence that the trial court had personal jurisdiction over

Ricardo, because there was no evidence that Ricardo made substantial sales through its

website to Californians. However, the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to

allow Thurston to conduct discovery relating to personal jurisdiction, which would

include discovery into the extent to which Ricardo did make website sales to

Californians.

       1       The other plaintiffs and appellants are Brittney Mejico, Roy Rios, and
Abelardo Martinez, Jr. Because there seems to be no distinction between them that is
relevant to this appeal, we refer to them all collectively as Thurston.

                                              2
                                                I

                                 FACTUAL BACKGROUND

          The facts below were shown by the evidence offered in support of and in

opposition to the motion to quash.

          Ricardo objected to much of Thurston’s evidence. The trial court did not rule on

these objections. Most, if not all, of them were meritless — e.g., Ricardo objected to

information on its own website as hearsay. (See Evid. Code, § 1220.) In any event,

when the trial court fails to rule on an evidentiary objection, we must presume that it has

been overruled. (See Reid v. Google, Inc. (2010) 50 Cal.4th 512, 534 [motion for

summary judgment].) In this appeal, Ricardo does not contend that any of its objections

should have been sustained.2 We therefore consider all of the evidence.

          Ricardo was originally a California corporation. However, in 2014, the California

corporation was merged into a corporation with the same name in the state of

Washington. Thus, Ricardo is now a Washington corporation. Its principal place of

business is in Washington. It has no physical locations anywhere else in the United

States.

          Ricardo is primarily a wholesaler. Its products are sold at independent retail

stores, including at least 100 stores in Southern California. However, it also makes some

          2   In its statement of facts, it asserts that the declaration of Thurston’s attorney
“lacked foundation and consisted entirely of hearsay.” However, it offers no analysis in
support of that conclusion. It also does not raise any such contention under a separate
heading or subheading, as would be required. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B).)

                                                3
retail sales directly to consumers through its website. In 2018, “.002% of Ricardo’s total

sales were received on its website from San Bernardino County.”

       Ricardo has “Authorized Service Centers” in California.

       Ricardo styles itself an “international company” and a “globally recognized leader

in quality luggage.”

       Ricardo’s brand incorporates the words “Beverly Hills”; its marketing cultivates

associations with the West Coast, California, and Hollywood.

       Ricardo’s website includes a page of information about California’s Proposition

65.

       In 2017, Ricardo announced that it was “partnering” with Tile, a California-based

company that makes electronic devices for locating lost luggage. Purchasers of Ricardo

products, either from designated retailers or from Ricardo’s website, would receive a free

Tile device. The device would also be available for purchase.

       Thurston lives in Southern California. When she attempted to use Ricardo’s

website, she was in Southern California.

                                             II

                              STATEMENT OF THE CASE

       Thurston filed this action in 2019. She asserted a single cause of action, for

violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act. (Civ. Code, § 51 et seq.)

       Thurston alleged that she was blind; that she needed screen reading software to

use the Internet; and that Ricardo’s website had “access barriers,” which interfered with

                                             4
the use of a screen reader and thus prevented blind and visually impaired people from

having “full and equal access” to the website.

       Thurston affirmatively alleged that she was acting as a “tester,” meaning that she

visits websites to determine whether they comply with antidiscrimination laws.

Nevertheless, she “genuinely want[ed] to avail [herself] of [Ricardo]’s goods and services

as offered on [Ricardo]’s website.” She had made “several attempts to use and navigate

[Ricardo’s w]ebsite,” but had encountered “accessibility barriers.” These barriers had

“deterred [her] from purchasing [Ricardo’s] products . . . .”

       Thurston alleged that the website violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (42

U.S.C. § 12181-12189) (ADA). However, she did not assert a cause of action under the

ADA; she merely noted that a violation of the ADA is per se a violation of the Unruh

Civil Rights Act. (See Civ. Code, § 51, subd. (f).)

       Ricardo filed a “motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, improper

venue, or in the alternative, forum non conveniens.” (Capitalization altered.)

       Thurston opposed the motion on the merits. However, she also asked, if the court

was inclined to grant the motion, that she be allowed to conduct discovery limited to the

jurisdictional issue.

       The trial court granted the motion, which it deemed to be a motion to quash. It

ruled: “[S]pecific personal jurisdiction is lacking, as Defendant’s website, even though

interactive, is insufficient to support purposeful availment when Defendant did not direct

its website toward California, and fair play and substantial justice does not exist for

                                              5
California to address the compliance of a Washington company’s website with the

ADA.” It declined to allow discovery, because “Plaintiffs do not explain what

information is sought . . . .”

                                             III

                   THE APPLICATION OF THE ADA TO A WEBSITE

       Preliminarily, Ricardo argues that Title III of the ADA— the portion of the ADA

that is relevant to this case — does not apply to a website, unless it has a nexus to a

physical place of public accommodation. There is a split of authority on this point.

(Thurston v. Midvale Corp. (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 634, 640; compare Morgan v. Joint

Admin. Bd., Retirement Plan of Pillsbury Co. and American Federation of Grain Millers,

AFL-CIO-CLC (7th Cir. 2001) 268 F.3d 456, 459 [nexus to physical place is not

required] with Robles v. Domino's Pizza, LLC (9th Cir. 2019) 913 F.3d 898, 904-906

[nexus to physical place is required].) Moreover, Thurston argues that this limitation

does not apply under the Unruh Civil Rights Act. (See National Federation of Blind v.

Target Corp. (N.D. Cal. 2007) 582 F.Supp.2d 1185, 1196-1197.)

       Ricardo did raise this argument in its motion to quash. However, it was irrelevant.

It does not go to personal jurisdiction. It goes to the merits of the action — i.e., whether

Ricardo violated the Unruh Civil Rights Act. That is not properly the subject of a motion

to quash. While Ricardo styled its motion a motion to dismiss, rather than a motion to

quash, it sought dismissal based exclusively on lack of personal jurisdiction and forum

non conveniens. The motion did not qualify as a demurrer. (See Code Civ. Proc.,

                                              6
§ 430.60; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1320.) Indeed, but for a statutory amendment in

2002, an argument that goes to the merits, as this one does, would have constituted a

general appearance, obviating the motion to quash entirely. (See Air Machine Com SRL

v. Superior Court (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 414, 419-428.)

       Because this argument was not properly presented below, we decline to decide it

in this appeal.

                                             IV

                   THE EVIDENCE OF PERSONAL JUDISDICTION

       We turn, then, to Thurston’s contention that the trial court erred by ruling that it

lacked personal jurisdiction.

       California can exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant on any basis not

inconsistent with the federal or state constitution. (Code Civ. Proc., § 410.10.)

       Under the federal constitution, personal jurisdiction requires “‘certain minimum

contacts with [the State] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend “traditional

notions of fair play and substantial justice.”’ [Citation.]” (BNSF Ry. Co. v. Tyrrell

(2017) ___ U.S. ___, ___ [137 S.Ct. 1549, 1558].)

       There are two types of personal jurisdiction: “specific or case-linked jurisdiction

and general or all-purpose jurisdiction. [Citations.]” (BNSF Ry. Co. v. Tyrrell, supra,

137 S.Ct. at p. 1558.) General jurisdiction exists when the defendant’s “‘affiliations with

the State are so “continuous and systematic” as to render [it] essentially at home in the

forum State.’ [Citation.]” (Daimler AG v. Bauman (2014) 571 U.S. 117, 139.) By

                                              7
contrast, “‘[a] court may exercise specific jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant only

if: (1) “the defendant has purposefully availed himself or herself of forum benefits”

[citation]; (2) “the ‘controversy is related to or “arises out of” [the] defendant’s contacts

with the forum”’ [citation]; and (3) ‘“the assertion of personal jurisdiction would comport

with “fair play and substantial justice”’” [citation].’ [Citation.]” (Snowney v. Harrah’s

Entertainment, Inc. (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1054, 1062.)

       Thurston disclaims any reliance on general jurisdiction. We therefore consider

only specific jurisdiction.

       ‘““The purposeful availment inquiry . . . focuses on the defendant’s intentionality.

[Citation.] This prong is only satisfied when the defendant purposefully and voluntarily

directs [its] activities toward the forum so that [it] should expect, by virtue of the benefit

[it] receives, to be subject to the court’s jurisdiction based on” [its] contacts with the

forum.’ [Citation.] Thus, purposeful availment occurs where a nonresident defendant

‘purposefully direct[s]” [its] activities at residents of the forum’ [citation], ‘“purposefully

derive[s] benefit” from’ its activities in the forum [citation], ‘create[s] a “substantial

connection” with the forum’ [citation], ‘“deliberately” has engaged in significant

activities within’ the forum [citation], or ‘has created “continuing obligations” between

[itself] and residents of the forum’ [citation]. By limiting the scope of a forum’s

jurisdiction in this manner, the ‘“purposeful availment” requirement ensures that a

defendant will not be haled into a jurisdiction solely as a result of “random,” “fortuitous,”

                                               8
or “attenuated” contacts . . . .’ [Citation.]” (Snowney v. Harrah’s Entertainment, Inc.,

supra, 35 Cal.4th at pp. 1062-1063.)

       “‘When a defendant moves to quash service of process’ for lack of specific

jurisdiction, ‘the plaintiff has the initial burden of demonstrating facts justifying the

exercise of jurisdiction.’ [Citation.] ‘If the plaintiff meets this initial burden, then the

defendant has the burden of demonstrating “that the exercise of jurisdiction would be

unreasonable.”’ [Citation.]” (Snowney v. Harrah’s Entertainment, Inc., supra, 35

Cal.4th at p. 1062.)

       “When there is conflicting evidence, the trial court’s factual determinations are not

disturbed on appeal if supported by substantial evidence. [Citation.] When no conflict in

the evidence exists, however, the question of jurisdiction is purely one of law and the

reviewing court engages in an independent review of the record. [Citation.]” (Vons

Companies, Inc. v. Seabest Foods, Inc. (1996) 14 Cal.4th 434, 449.)

       Recently, this court decided Thurston v. Fairfield Collectibles of Georgia, LLC,

supra, 53 Cal.App.5th 1231. The first-named plaintiff there was the same as here (id. at

p. 1234); the complaint asserted the same Unruh Civil Rights Act claim, arising out of the

blind plaintiffs’ alleged difficulties in accessing the goods and services provided by the

defendant’s website, against a different out-of-state defendant. (Id. at p. 1235) There,

however, the evidence showed that the defendant made about eight percent of its total

sales — and about ten percent of its sales to consumers — to Californians. Its total sales

to California addresses were $320,000 to $375,000 a year. (Ibid.)

                                               9
       We held that the trial court erred by ruling that it did not have specific jurisdiction

over the defendant. (Thurston v. Fairfield Collectibles of Georgia, LLC, supra, 53

Cal.App.5th at pp. 1239-1242.) We explained: “[U]nder California case law, making a

substantial number of sales of goods or services to California residents via one’s own

website constitutes purposeful availment.” (Id. at p.1240.) “Admittedly, the sales must

be substantial; they are not enough if they are only ‘random, isolated, or fortuitous . . . .’

[Citation.]” (Ibid.)

       We relied on As You Sow v. Crawford Laboratories, Inc. (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th

1859, which had held that making 16 sales over six years to California companies was

sufficient to show purposeful availment, even though these were never more than one

percent of the defendant’s annual sales. (Thurston v. Fairfield Collectibles of Georgia,

LLC, supra, 53 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1239-1240.) We added: “[E]ven assuming As You

Sow was erroneous in predicating jurisdiction on less than one percent of sales, here [the

defendant] made eight percent of its sales to residents of California. These sales totaled

some $320,000 to $375,000 a year. That is the equivalent of having a brick-and-mortar

store in California — a ‘virtual store.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1240.)

       Here, by contrast, Thurston failed to show how much of Ricardo’s sales were

made to Californians. The only evidence on that point was introduced by Ricardo itself.

It showed that in 2018, 0.002 percent of Ricardo’s sales were made through its website to

                                              10
buyers in San Bernardino County.3 This isolated statistic raises more questions than it

answers. What proportion of Ricardo’s sales are made on its website to buyers in all

California counties combined? And what proportion of its sales are made on its website

at all? But Ricardo did not have the burden of proof; it was Thurston who had the burden

of proving that Ricardo was making a substantial number of sales of goods or services to

California residents through its website. This she failed to do.

       Thurston asserts that the population of California is 12 percent of the total

population of the United States; she asks us to infer that Ricardo makes 12 percent of its

website sales to Californians. However, it would be speculative to conclude that that the

ratio of California buyers to American buyers precisely mirrors the ratio of Californians

to Americans. Thurston also asserts that the population of San Bernardino County is 0.66

percent of the population of the United States. If so, then Ricardo is making

disproportionately few of its sales to San Bernardino County, and presumably also

disproportionately few to California.

       Thurston also argues that the “purposeful availment” analysis is qualitative, not

quantitative; thus, a relatively small number of sales to state residents can suffice to

establish purposeful availment, as in As You Sow. In principle, we agree. The analysis is

not quantitative, in the sense that there is some bright-line cutoff point. Nevertheless, as

a general rule, the defendant must either have a “‘substantial connection’” with the forum

       3       Thurston claims this “is the equivalent of 2/10 of 1 percent . . . .” It is not.
It is 2/1000 of 1 percent — i.e., 2/100,000 of the total.

                                               11
or have engaged in “‘significant activities’” in the forum. (Snowney v. Harrah’s

Entertainment, Inc., supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 1063.) “‘“[R]andom,” “fortuitous,” or

“attenuated” contacts’” do not meet this standard. (Ibid.) When, as here, there is no

other evidence of purposeful availment, determining whether the defendant’s sales to

Californians are “substantial” or “significant” requires at least some consideration of the

number of those sales. And when, as here, the evidence shows only that the defendant

made 0.002 percent of its sales in the form of website sales to buyers in a single

California county, it falls short of proving substantial or significant contacts.

       Thurston therefore points to the other asserted contacts between Ricardo and

California that she showed below. As we will discuss, these do not call for a different

result, in most instances because the controversy does not arise out of these contacts, as

specific jurisdiction would require.

       First, Ricardo’s products are sold by over 100 stores in California. That might

suffice to give California jurisdiction over a contract action between Ricardo and one of

those stores, or over a product liability action between Ricardo and a person who

purchased one of its products from one of those stores. Thurston’s claim, however, is

related to Ricardo’s retail sales on its website, not its wholesale sales to California

resellers.

       Second, Ricardo has “Authorized Service Centers” in California. Again,

Thurston’s claim is not related to those service centers.

                                              12
       Third, Ricardo boasts generally about being “international” and “global.”

However, this does not mean it does business in every country, much less in every state.

It evidently refers to the presence that Ricardo has as a result of selling its products to

retailers, who then resell them to consumers. Again, Thurston’s claim does not arise out

of these wholesale sales.

       Fourth, Ricardo’s marketing seeks to associate its products with California,

Hollywood, and Beverly Hills. However, this is as much an appeal to residents of other

states, using California’s supposed glamor, as it is an appeal to Californians. Moreover,

it is consistent with the fact that Ricardo sells to Californians indirectly, through resellers.

In any event, Thurston’s claim does not arise out of Ricardo’s marketing.

       Fifth, Ricardo is “partnering” with Tile, a California company. Yet again,

Thurston’s claim does not arise out of the interaction between Ricardo and Tile.

       Sixth and finally, Ricardo has information about Proposition 65 on its website.

Thurston characterizes this as a “Proposition 65 warning notice.” Her point appears to be

that posting a Proposition 65 warning on its website shows that Ricardo is making (or at

least intends to make) retail sales to Californians. (See Quigley v. Guvera IP Pty. Ltd.

(N.D. Cal. 2010) 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 134409 at p. 11 [fact that defendant’s website

included “California-specific privacy policy in order to comply with California law”

showed that it “expressly sought consumers in California.”].)

       The webpage Thurston cites, however, is not a Proposition 65 warning. Rather, it

provides background information about what Proposition 65 is and what it requires. The

                                              13
webpage is five printed pages long. It states that all of Ricardo’s products are “made

from durable and safe materials,” although they may contain “trace amounts” of specified

chemicals, and that they “are in full compliance with all federal laws for product safety.”

At one point, it shows a sample image of a Proposition 65 warning. The image, however,

could not serve as a Proposition 65 warning applicable to Ricardo’s website. For one

thing, it is not a complete warning — it does not specify any particular product or any

particular chemical. (27 Cal. Code Regs. § 25600.2, subd. (b).) Moreover, when retail

sales are being made through a website, it is not enough to post a Proposition 65 warning

on a webpage; the warning must either be on the individual product display page, or be

displayed to the purchaser as part of the checkout process. (27 Cal. Code Regs. § 25602,

subd. (b).) “[A] warning is not prominently displayed if the purchaser must search for it

in the general content of the website.” (Ibid.)

       Because the webpage, fairly read, is not a Proposition 65 warning, it is not

evidence that Ricardo is making retail sales directly to Californians. Rather, it reflects

the fact that Ricardo sells to Californians indirectly; thus, it wants to reassure California

purchasers that a Proposition 65 warning does not mean its products are dangerous. The

webpage even specifically reassures readers who do not live in California.

       In sum, then, Thurston failed to meet her burden of proving that Ricardo has the

necessary minimum contacts with California.

                                              14
                                              V

                            JURISDICTIONAL DISCOVERY

       Ricardo contends that, if it failed to carry its burden of proof, the trial court should

have allowed it to conduct discovery regarding personal jurisdiction.

       “In order to meet its burden of proof [citation], [a] plaintiff is entitled to conduct

discovery with regard to the issue of jurisdiction before the hearing on [a] motion to

quash; e.g., to establish the nature and extent of the defendant's ‘contacts’ in California.

(The hearing date is often continued to facilitate such discovery.) [Citation.] [¶] But a

continuance may be denied if there is no showing that discovery would likely produce

evidence of additional ‘contacts.’ [Citation.]” (Weil & Brown, Cal. Practice Guide:

Civil Procedure Before Trial (The Rutter Group 2020) ¶ 3:380, p. 3-111.)

       “The granting of a continuance for discovery lies in the discretion of the trial

court, whose ruling will not be disturbed in the absence of manifest abuse. [Citation.]”

(Beckman v. Thompson (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 481, 487.)

       Here, Ricardo was admittedly making at least some sales though its website

directly to Californians. Thurston did not know, nor did Ricardo reveal, the volume of

these sales. Instead, Ricardo unhelpfully revealed only the percentage of its total sales

that were made through its website to San Bernardino County.

       Thurston asks us to infer, from Ricardo’s failure to make full disclosure, that

Ricardo actually does substantial business in California. We decline to do so. (Cf.

Levingston v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (2018) 26 Cal.App.5th 309, 317

                                              15
[“‘[w]ithout more, the disregard or disbelief of the testimony of a witness is not

affirmative evidence of a contrary conclusion. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]”].) However, it

does show that there was some reason to think that discovery would produce additional

relevant evidence.

       In any event, Thurston had obtained information about Ricardo that was publicly

available on the internet, yet had not been able to determine just how much business

Ricardo actually did directly with Californians. Under our opinion in Thurston, supra,

this fact was critical. Accordingly, Thurston showed good cause for at least some limited

jurisdictional discovery, and the trial court abused its discretion in ruling otherwise.

       Ricardo’s motion to dismiss also invoked the doctrine of forum non conveniens.

In this appeal, however, it does not contend that, even if the trial court had personal

jurisdiction, it should have dismissed on this ground. It likewise does not contend that,

even if Thurston was otherwise entitled to jurisdictional discovery, the trial court should

have granted its motion — and thus denied discovery — based on forum non conveniens.

We deem it to have forfeited any such contention.

       We therefore conclude that the trial court should have granted a continuance to

conduct discovery regarding personal jurisdiction.

                                             VI

                                       DISPOSITION

       The order appealed from is reversed. The trial court is directed to allow Thurston

to conduct discovery regarding personal jurisdiction, within a specified reasonable time,

                                              16
which it may extend for good cause shown. It is also directed to allow Ricardo to renew

its motion to quash at the end of this time and to allow Thurston to file a new opposition

to the motion. In the interest of justice, each side shall bear its own costs on appeal.

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                                                 RAMIREZ
                                                                                           P. J.

We concur:

McKINSTER
                           J.

MILLER
                           J.

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