Court Opinion

ID: 2690319
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-01 20:41:58.308617+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:52:53.275195
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Schussheim v. Schussheim, 137 Ohio St.3d 133, 2013-Ohio-4529.]

              SCHUSSHEIM, APPELLEE, v. SCHUSSHEIM, APPELLANT.
  [Cite as Schussheim v. Schussheim, 137 Ohio St.3d 133, 2013-Ohio-4529.]
Courts have the inherent authority to expunge and seal records when a case
        involves unusual and exceptional circumstances and when the interests of
        the party seeking expungement outweigh the legitimate need of the
        government to maintain the records.
    (No. 2012-1235—Submitted April 23, 2013—Decided October 16, 2013.)
  APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Warren County, No. CA2011-07-078,
                                    2012-Ohio-2573.
                               ____________________
        O’DONNELL, J.
        {¶ 1} The issue in this case is whether a trial court has the authority to
seal records relating to a dissolved civil protection order (“CPO”) without express
statutory authorization to do so.
        {¶ 2} Alan Schussheim has appealed a decision of the Twelfth District
Court of Appeals that affirmed the trial court’s denial of his application to
expunge and seal the record of proceedings regarding a dissolved CPO. Ohio has
no statute either authorizing or precluding the sealing of records relating to CPOs
in adult proceedings.
        {¶ 3} In Pepper Pike v. Doe, 66 Ohio St.2d 374, 421 N.E.2d 1303
(1981), we recognized that courts have inherent authority to grant the judicial
remedy of expungement and sealing of records in “unusual and exceptional
circumstances.”       This case is another where unusual and exceptional
circumstances exist because the complainant who originally filed for the CPO
subsequently filed a motion to dissolve it, which the court granted, and thereafter
provided an affidavit in support of the application to expunge and seal the records
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pertaining to it. Thus, in accordance with Pepper Pike, we hold that a trial court
has the inherent authority to grant an application to expunge and seal a record
pertaining to a dissolved CPO in an adult proceeding when unusual and
exceptional circumstances exist. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the
court of appeals and remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
                  Factual Background and Procedural History
        {¶ 4} On July 13, 2009, Michelle D. Henneman, f.k.a. Michelle D.
Schussheim, filed a petition for a domestic-violence CPO against Schussheim, her
husband, pursuant to R.C. 3113.31.        She alleged that he had threatened and
shoved one of their daughters and had pushed Henneman to the floor.               A
magistrate granted an ex parte CPO the day Henneman filed the petition
requesting it. Eight days later, the magistrate held a hearing with both parties
present and modified the order but specified that it would remain in effect until
July 13, 2010.
        {¶ 5} Shortly thereafter, Henneman moved to dissolve the order, and on
August 14, 2009, the trial court dismissed the case and dissolved the CPO.
        {¶ 6} In April 2011, Schussheim filed an application to expunge and seal
the record of the CPO proceedings. He asserted that he and Henneman were
going through a divorce at the time she obtained the CPO, that he was never
charged with domestic violence, and that the existence of the record violated his
constitutional right to privacy and could have adverse effects on his employment
in regard to wage increases, promotions, and transfers. Significantly, Henneman
filed an affidavit in support of Schussheim’s application, averring that she did not
object to sealing the record and that she believed expungement was in the best
interest of herself and their children.
        {¶ 7} After conducting a hearing, the magistrate recommended that the
application be denied.      The magistrate noted the absence of any statutory

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authority to expunge or seal records in civil cases or CPOs and noted that the
Twelfth District Court of Appeals has never held that courts have the authority to
seal CPO records.     The magistrate further decided that even if Pepper Pike
applied, sealing the record would be inappropriate under the balancing test set
forth in that case. In adopting the magistrate’s decision, the trial court agreed
with the magistrate’s analysis and concluded that any adverse economic
consequences were speculative and insufficient to justify sealing the records.
        {¶ 8} Schussheim appealed to the Twelfth District Court of Appeals,
where a divided court held that the trial court lacked statutory authority to
expunge the CPO records and declined to apply the doctrine of judicial
expungement established in Pepper Pike to noncriminal cases or proceedings.
2012-Ohio-2573, ¶ 16, 18. The dissenting judge asserted that pursuant to Pepper
Pike, courts have the inherent authority to order judicial expungement in unusual
and exceptional circumstances and that a court should give the accused in a
dismissed ex parte CPO case the opportunity to be heard on his request for this
judicial remedy and should conduct the balancing test set forth in Pepper Pike.
Id. at ¶ 29, 38.
        {¶ 9} On appeal to this court, Schussheim contends that (1) a domestic-
violence CPO is subject to judicial expungement pursuant to Pepper Pike and also
because such an order implicates the accused’s constitutional rights to due process
and equal protection, (2) the court should use the balancing test set forth in
Pepper Pike to determine whether to grant this judicial remedy, and (3) a prima
facie showing of “actual harm” or “actual negative consequences” is not required
before the application of the balancing test described in Pepper Pike.
        {¶ 10} No opposing brief has been submitted.
                                Law and Analysis
        {¶ 11} In Pepper Pike, 66 Ohio St.2d at 376-377, 421 N.E.2d 1303, we
recognized that courts have inherent authority to expunge and seal criminal

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records in “unusual and exceptional circumstances” and noted that the basis for
the authority is the constitutional right to privacy. The state charged the appellant
in Pepper Pike with criminal assault based upon statements made by her ex-
husband and the wife of her ex-husband. Id. at 374. The appellant subsequently
filed a civil complaint for defamation. Id. at 374-375. The parties agreed to
dismiss the assault charge with prejudice, in exchange for dismissal of the civil
defamation action. Id. at 375. The appellant then sought expungement of the
arrest record relating to the assault charge. Id.
          {¶ 12} At the time the motion for expungement was filed in Pepper Pike,
a person who had been convicted of an offense could seek expungement and
sealing of criminal records pursuant to statute, but no statute authorized
expungement and sealing of records of those charged with, but not convicted of,
criminal offenses. See id. at 376, fn. 4. Therefore, we considered whether a trial
court had the power to grant the judicial remedy of ordering the expunging and
sealing of records in the absence of legislative authorization to do so. Id. at 376.
Based on the constitutional right to privacy, we recognized that courts have the
power to grant this remedy and established a balancing test requiring courts to
weigh “the interest of the accused in his good name and right to be free from
unwarranted punishment against the legitimate need of government to maintain
records.” Id. at 377.
          {¶ 13} Applying that standard, we held that because the dismissal of an
assault     charge   with   prejudice   constituted   “unusual     and   exceptional
circumstances,” the trial court appropriately exercised its power to grant this
judicial remedy. We further explained that “[w]here there is no compelling state
interest or reason to retain the judicial and police records, such as where they arise
from a domestic quarrel and constitute vindictive use of our courts, the accused is
entitled to this remedy.” Id. We cautioned that this was an “exceptional case” and

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that courts should not construe the decision “to be a carte blanche for every
defendant acquitted of criminal charges.” Id.
          {¶ 14} Similar to Pepper Pike, no statutory authorization exists for the
court to expunge and seal records relating to a dissolved CPO in adult
proceedings. In accordance with our recognition in Pepper Pike of a court’s
inherent power to expunge and seal criminal records absent statutory authority,
we hold that a court has the inherent authority to order the expungement and
sealing of records that relate to a dissolved CPO in “unusual and exceptional
circumstances.”      In deciding whether to grant this remedy, the court must
determine whether the “interest of the accused in his good name and right to be
free from unwarranted punishment” outweighs the “legitimate need of
government to maintain records.” Id., 66 Ohio St.2d at 377, 421 N.E.2d 1303.
And “[w]here there is no compelling state interest or reason to retain the * * *
records,” the applicant is entitled to this remedy. Id.
          {¶ 15} This appears to be a case involving “unusual and exceptional
circumstances,” because the complainant who filed the petition for a CPO later
moved to dissolve the CPO and now avers that she believes expungement is in the
best interest of herself and her children. In addition, the fact that no related
criminal charges were filed is also a factor to be weighed on remand. The trial
court can consider whether Schussheim’s interests outweigh the government’s
need to maintain the records.
          {¶ 16} The inherent authority of a court to expunge and seal a record does
not turn on whether a proceeding is criminal or civil. Rather, the determination is
whether “unusual and exceptional circumstances” exist and whether the interests
of the applicant outweigh the legitimate interest of the government to maintain the
record.

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                                    Conclusion
       {¶ 17} Courts have the inherent authority to expunge and seal records
when a case involves unusual and exceptional circumstances and when the
interests of the party seeking expungement outweigh the legitimate need of the
government to maintain records. Such unusual and exceptional circumstances
appear to exist in this case, as the complainant who petitioned the court for an ex
parte CPO later moved to dissolve the CPO and submitted an affidavit that
expungement was in the best interest of herself and her children. Accordingly, we
reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the cause to the trial
court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                                                                Judgment reversed
                                                              and cause remanded.
       PFEIFER, DONOFRIO, and O’NEILL, JJ., concur.
       O’CONNOR, C.J., and LANZINGER and FRENCH, JJ., dissent.
       GENE DONOFRIO, J., of the Seventh Appellate District, sitting for
KENNEDY, J.
                             ____________________
       O’CONNOR, C.J., dissenting.
       {¶ 18} I join Justice French’s dissent, which cogently explains the
substantive problems with the majority’s decision. I write separately to address
what I perceive as the majority’s disturbing judicial activism.      The majority
improperly creates a new mechanism for expungement that is contrary to the
public-policy decisions made by the General Assembly as evidenced by the
statutes it enacted, and it does so by using Pepper Pike v. Doe, 66 Ohio St.2d 374,
421 N.E.2d 1303 (1981), as a smokescreen.
                               The statutory scheme
       {¶ 19} The majority begins its analysis where it also should end: by
recognizing that there is no statutory authorization for courts to seal records

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relating to civil protection orders (“CPOs”) in adult proceedings.        That the
majority must modify its assertion with the clause “in adult proceedings” is fatal
to its rationale.
        {¶ 20} By asserting that there is no statute that precludes sealing of
records in adult proceedings and therefore the court may rule to allow it, the
majority fails to acknowledge the significance of the General Assembly’s
enactment of a comprehensive statutory scheme that permits the sealing of
records related to CPOs but limits the applicability of the sealing provision to
juvenile proceedings. If the legislature had wanted to afford adults the same
sealing provision, it would have done so.
        {¶ 21} In 2010, after more than a year of consideration, debate, and
revisions, the 128th General Assembly enacted Am.Sub.H.B. No. 10 (“H.B. 10”),
which is known as the Shynerra Grant Law and provides for the issuance of a
CPO against a juvenile. The legislation was enacted in response to the death of
Grant, who in 2004 secured the only judicial protection available to her, a no-
contact order from the juvenile court, after her ex-boyfriend broke her jaw.
Parents of Murdered Teens Say New Law Will Help Courts Curb Youth Violence,
Hannah Report (Mar. 17, 2010); Senate Passes Bills on Juvenile Stalking,
Railroad Crossing Regulation, Hannah Report (Mar. 9, 2010). At that time, the
law did not provide Grant the option of obtaining a CPO against him because they
were both minors. Id. Within the year, Grant’s ex-boyfriend fatally shot her and
killed himself. Provance, New Ohio Statute to Safeguard Teens, The Blade (Mar.
17, 2010), available at http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2010/03/17/New-Ohio-
statute-to-safeguard-teens.html#sSmUDJFjZiyUyLvt.99 (accessed Oct. 2, 2013).
        {¶ 22} H.B. 10 created a proceeding in juvenile court for obtaining a CPO
that parallels the proceeding applicable to adults. But in recognition of the unique
considerations present when dealing with children, the General Assembly also
enacted several special rules applicable only to juvenile proceedings. See the

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Judicial Impact Statement prepared by the Ohio Judicial Conference regarding
H.B. 10 (May 8, 2009) 2-3, available at http://www.ohiojudges.org/
Document.ashx?DocGuid=3d216d2d-b9e0-435b-89c6-e86b557b28e8                       (accessed
Oct. 2, 2013) (offering the conference’s support for the legislation and
emphasizing that the provision establishing exclusive, original jurisdiction over
CPO proceedings against juvenile respondents is appropriate because common
pleas courts “do not have the range of additional dispositionary remedies
available to juvenile courts”). The sealing provision was one such measure. See
id. at 5 (recognizing that the legislature wished to provide for sealing of records
relating to CPOs in juvenile proceedings and suggesting that it could accomplish
that goal by making applicable existing law that provided for sealing and
expungement of juvenile court records relating to delinquency actions and traffic
offenses).
         {¶ 23} Notably, when H.B. 10 was first introduced in 2009, it contained
no expungement procedure or sealing provision. 2009 H.B. No. 10, available at
http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/bills.cfm?ID=128_HB_10_I (accessed Oct. 2,
2013).    “One of the stumbling blocks in getting the bill passed was some
lawmakers’ concerns that a single incident or a false accusation could haunt an
individual into adulthood.” Provance, New Ohio Statute to Safeguard Teens, The
Blade    (Mar.   17,    2010),      available       at    http://www.toledoblade.com/local/
2010/03/17/New-Ohio-statute-to-safeguard-teens.html#sSmUDJFjZiyUyLvt.99
(accessed Oct. 2, 2013).
         {¶ 24} The    bill   was     approved           unanimously by the     House    of
Representatives, 153 Ohio House Journal, First Regular Session, 631-632, but
only after an expungement procedure was incorporated in R.C. 2151.34(E)(6),
Sub.H.B. No. 10, unofficial version available at http://www.legislature.
state.oh.us/bills.cfm?ID=128_HB_10_PH (accessed Oct. 2, 2013). The Senate
replaced the expungement procedure with a sealing provision, Am.Sub.H.B. No.

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10, unofficial version available at http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/bills.cfm?ID=
128_HB_10_PS (accessed Oct. 2, 2013), and unanimously approved the bill, 153
Ohio Senate Journal, First Regular Session, 2498-2500; the House then approved
the Senate amendments by a vote of 96 to 1, 153 Ohio House Journal, Second
Regular Session, 2459-2462.
       {¶ 25} The bill’s sponsor, Representative Edna Brown, explained that the
sealing provision was added to ensure that juvenile respondents had “the
opportunity for second chances.” Parents of Murdered Teens Say New Law Will
Help Courts Curb Youth Violence, Hannah Report (Mar. 17, 2010). Likewise,
Senator Bill Seitz explained that the juvenile-proceeding sealing provision, as
enacted, was needed to “ensure that youths aren’t saddled for life with the fault of
one childhood mistake.”     Senate Passes Bills on Juvenile Stalking, Railroad
Crossing Regulation, Hannah Report (Mar. 9, 2010).
       {¶ 26} After the enactment of H.B. 10, there is no question that the
legislature intended that records relating to CPOs issued against adults stay in the
public domain. Even though H.B. 10 modified some provisions applicable to
both adult and juvenile proceedings, e.g., R.C. 3113.31(A)(3)(a)(ii) (expanding
the definition of “family or household member” to include a foster parent) and
modified some laws governing adult proceedings in order to make them
applicable to the new juvenile proceedings, e.g., R.C. 3113.31(L) (providing that
a person who violates a CPO is subject to a criminal prosecution or a delinquent-
child proceeding), the General Assembly did not authorize sealing of CPO
records in adult proceedings.
       {¶ 27} The maxim of statutory construction “expressio unius est exclusio
alterius” means “the expression of one thing is the exclusion of the other.” “For
example [according to the maxim], the rule that ‘each citizen is entitled to vote’
implies that noncitizens are not entitled to vote.” Black’s Law Dictionary 661

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(9th Ed.2009). Likewise, the law that juveniles are entitled to seal CPO records
implies that adults are not entitled to seal CPO records.
       {¶ 28} Application of the maxim in this case is also consistent with the
apparent intent of the legislators. State ex rel. Curtis v. DeCorps, 134 Ohio St.
295, 298-299, 16 N.E.2d 459 (1938) (explaining that the maxim is inapplicable
when its use would defeat legislative intent). In enacting H.B. 10, the General
Assembly drew a bright line between adult CPO proceedings and juvenile CPO
proceedings. To that end, H.B. 10 modified the procedure for obtaining a CPO in
adult proceedings by requiring that the petition allege that the respondent is 18
years of age or older. R.C. 2903.214(C)(1). And H.B. 10 gave juvenile courts
exclusive jurisdiction over petitions for CPOs against minors.                R.C.
3113.31(A)(2). Finally, the act provided that CPOs issued by juvenile courts
against juvenile respondents are invalid once the respondent attains 19 years of
age. R.C. 3113.31(E)(3)(a). Together, those provisions make clear that juveniles
are not subject to the harsher adult procedures and adults cannot avail themselves
of the more forgiving juvenile procedures.
       {¶ 29} A judicial remedy may not contravene the public policy expressed
in duly enacted, constitutional legislation. E.g., Sutton v. Tomco Machining, Inc.,
129 Ohio St.3d 153, 2011-Ohio-2723, 950 N.E.2d 938, ¶ 8, citing Painter v.
Graley, 70 Ohio St.3d 377, 385, 639 N.E.2d 51 (1994). But rather than abide by
the line drawn by the General Assembly, the majority opinion circumvents the
Ohio Revised Code for the simple reason that it can.
                          Pepper Pike: the smokescreen
       {¶ 30} The majority blithely asserts as support for its holding that “[i]n
Pepper Pike v. Doe, 66 Ohio St.2d 374, 421 N.E.2d 1303 (1981), we recognized
that courts have inherent authority to grant the judicial remedy of expungement
and sealing of records in ‘unusual and exceptional circumstances.’ ” Majority
opinion at ¶ 3. In so doing, the majority ignores the unambiguous wording of the

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first paragraph of the syllabus in Pepper Pike: “The trial courts in Ohio have
jurisdiction to order expungement and sealing of records in a criminal case where
the charges are dismissed with prejudice prior to trial by the party initiating the
proceedings.”    (Emphases added.)    There was never a criminal case against
Schussheim for his actions against Michelle D. Schussheim, n.k.a. Henneman,
and one of their children. And the civil proceedings against him were dismissed
without prejudice. Thus, Pepper Pike is inapposite.
       {¶ 31} The majority extends Pepper Pike to civil proceedings. And it
contends that its authority to do so springs from the Constitution. As Justice
French explains, there is no constitutional right to expungement. Justice French’s
dissenting opinion at ¶ 76.
       {¶ 32} The majority claims that the authority comes from the
constitutional right to privacy, which Pepper Pike stated was the “basis” for
expunging records relating to a false criminal charge. Pepper Pike at 377. In so
holding, Pepper Pike cited Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 154, 93 S.Ct. 705, 35
L.Ed.2d 147 (1973) (holding that “the right of personal privacy includes the
abortion decision”); Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433, 91 S.Ct. 507, 27
L.Ed.2d 515 (1971) (declaring unconstitutional a state law that provided for the
posting in liquor establishments of names of persons to whom intoxicating
beverages could not be sold on the ground that persons subject to the state law
were first entitled to notice and an opportunity to be heard); and Griswold v.
Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1678, 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965) (overturning the
convictions of two Planned Parenthood employees for violating state law that
prohibited dissemination of information about birth control on the ground that the
law violated the right to privacy).
       {¶ 33} Pepper Pike recognized that the right to privacy justified
expunging records that a court generated because a third party had perpetrated
fraud on the court. The majority here expands Pepper Pike while ignoring that

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the state has a legitimate interest in maintaining public records that relate to valid
court proceedings.
                     This case is not “unusual or exceptional”
       {¶ 34} That this case is not a criminal case is not the only fact that
distinguishes it from Pepper Pike. It is equally important to recognize that this
case is not, as in Pepper Pike, a case in which court records arose from a person’s
use of the court as a vindictive tool to harass. Pepper Pike, 66 Ohio St.2d at 377,
421 N.E.2d 1303 (holding that there is no compelling state interest in retaining
criminal records in the unusual and exceptional circumstance where the records
“arise from a domestic quarrel and constitute vindictive use of our courts”
[emphasis added]). In fact, the contrary conclusion must be drawn here.
       {¶ 35} In her petition for the CPO, Henneman alleged that her then
husband, Alan C. Schussheim, had committed two acts of domestic violence
against their daughter on two separate days. Henneman stated under oath that on
July 2, 2009, “[i]n a hotel room on vacation, our daughter was unsuccessfully
trying to open medicine. My husband harassed her over it, then backed her up
against * * * a wall, yelled at her 1 inch from her face then pushed her into the
wall. I intervened and was subsequently shoved backward against a bed which I
fell over and onto the floor.” Henneman also stated under oath that nine days
later, on July 11, 2009, Schussheim “threatened and intimidated our daughter,
shoved her against [a] wall in a closed room.”
       {¶ 36} Two days after the second incident of abuse, Henneman
successfully petitioned the court for an ex parte domestic-violence CPO. The
judge who heard her allegations and had the opportunity to evaluate her
credibility in making the assertions against Schussheim ordered him to vacate the
home and stay at least 100 yards away from Henneman and their daughters.
       {¶ 37} In response, Schussheim did not move to set aside the CPO on the
ground that it was incorrect or inappropriate, even though a local rule expressly

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provided for an expedited hearing on such a motion and even though any
modification thereby could “be made retroactive to the effective date of the ex
parte order.” Loc.R. 2.9A of the Court of Common Pleas of Warren County,
Domestic-Relations Division.      Instead, Schussheim filed a facially frivolous
motion to dismiss the matter for improper venue because the family was in
Pennsylvania at the relevant times.
       {¶ 38} On July 21, 2009, the court held a hearing in response to the CPO.
Schussheim attended, represented by counsel.        After the hearing, the court
modified the CPO to permit Schussheim visitation with the daughters—only if it
was supervised—and to permit limited communications by e-mail between
Schussheim and Henneman.
       {¶ 39} The court determined that the CPO should otherwise remain in full
force, and it extended the CPO’s effect to July 13, 2010. Several weeks later,
Henneman moved the court to dissolve the CPO. After a hearing, the court
dismissed the CPO without prejudice.
       {¶ 40} Nearly two years later, Schussheim moved to expunge and seal the
record of the CPO proceedings. In support of his motion, he filed Henneman’s
affidavit, which was printed on Schussheim’s attorney’s letterhead. In its entirety,
the affidavit provides:

               1. I am the Petitioner in the above captioned matter;
               2. I have no objection to the application of Alan C.
       Schussheim’s Application to Expunge and Seal the Record of Case
       #09DV4460;
               3. Alan C. Schussheim was never charged with an act of
       domestic violence related to this incident or at any other time
       during our marriage;

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                 4. Alan C. Schussheim and I co-parent our two minor
       children;
                 5. I believe it would be in the best interest of both myself,
       Alan and our children if the record of proceedings in this matter
       was expunged and sealed.

       {¶ 41} This case is ordinary and usual. There is nothing to indicate that
this CPO was not issued for valid reasons.
       {¶ 42} The underlying CPO case was dismissed without prejudice, giving
rise to the inference that Henneman’s motion to dissolve the CPO was based on
changed circumstances rather than on a recantation of the facts she swore to in
order to obtain the CPO. That Henneman no longer needed the CPO after four
weeks does not change the fact that she needed it in the first instance. And that
she shortly thereafter notified the court that the CPO should be dissolved gives
rise to the inference that she had responsibly, rather than vindictively, used the
courts to secure only the protection that she needed for only the time period that
she needed it.
       {¶ 43} With regard to Schussheim’s application to expunge that he filed
two years later, Henneman’s affidavit states, without explaining, that she has “no
objection” to Schussheim’s application because it would be in the family’s best
interest to seal the record. She states in her affidavit that Schussheim was never
charged with domestic violence in connection with the allegations contained in
the CPO petition, but she does not state that he never committed the domestic
violence described. Henneman has never recanted the allegations of domestic
abuse and never claimed to have sought the CPO for incorrect or inappropriate
reasons.
       {¶ 44} Moreover, Schussheim has never denied the acts described in the
underlying petition.     Notably absent from the record is any affidavit from

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Schussheim stating that the allegations set forth in the CPO petition are untrue.
One would imagine that Schussheim would have readily sworn out such a
statement if he could have done so truthfully.
       {¶ 45} What, then, would justify sealing the records in this case?
Henneman is entitled to express her lack of opposition to Schussheim’s
application, but the fact that she does not oppose his application does not entitle
him to relief.     See Pepper Pike, 66 Ohio St.2d at 377, 421 N.E.2d 1303
(explaining that exceptional circumstances that justify sealing criminal records
exist where the records relate to a vindictive use of our courts).
       {¶ 46} There is no need to remand this case for an application of the
Pepper Pike balancing test because even under Pepper Pike, a trial court’s
authority to expunge is limited to cases “where such unusual and exceptional
circumstances make it appropriate to exercise jurisdiction over the matter.”
Pepper Pike at paragraph two of the syllabus. Such circumstances do not exist
here. Nevertheless, the majority remands for exactly that purpose, and in doing
so, it makes the heavy-handed assertion that “unusual and exceptional
circumstances appear to exist in this case.” Majority opinion at ¶ 17.
       {¶ 47} That assertion is curious both in light of this record and in light of
the fact that the trial court already applied the Pepper Pike balancing test and
determined that Schussheim was not entitled to expunge the records.           After
concluding that Pepper Pike did not apply in this case, the magistrate explained:

                 Even, however, applying the balancing test of Pepper Pike
       v. Doe, the request to seal the record in this case is denied. Here,
       the only reasons [Schussheim] provided for sealing the record is
       that the case was dismissed and that there have been no further acts
       or conduct of domestic violence and no criminal charges pending
       and that he fears the record could inhibit future employment.

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        {¶ 48} Accordingly, the magistrate recommended denying the application
to seal.       The trial court adopted that recommendation, over Schussheim’s
objections.
        {¶ 49} Is there any reason to believe that the outcome will be different on
remand? If so, the majority has not only extended Pepper Pike but has also
redefined “unusual and exceptional.” In any event, the majority opinion is pure
legislation.
        {¶ 50} This case perfectly illustrates the problem with the judiciary
involving itself in policy-making.
                               No adversarial testing
        {¶ 51} This case was litigated without the benefit of adversarial debate.
And Schussheim’s attorney, Jerry H. Shade, glossed over some points that must
be highlighted.
        {¶ 52} Attorney Shade represented to this court in his brief that “[t]he
incident that formed the basis for the ex-parte order did not actually involve
domestic violence, but was exaggerated so that [Henneman] could secure tactical
advantage prior to filing for divorce.” He repeated this assertion at oral argument.
The record, however, suggests that that assertion is not true.
        {¶ 53} Contrary to Shade’s assertion, the acts alleged in the CPO
constituted domestic violence.       See R.C. 2919.25(A) through (D) (defining
domestic violence).       According to the petition, twice within two weeks,
Schussheim shoved one of his daughters against a wall. But Shade repeatedly
asserted that “there was no violence alleged.” That is simply not true. The acts of
domestic violence plainly involved physical violence.
        {¶ 54} Shade also represented that Henneman had exaggerated the
incidents of domestic violence in order to gain an advantage in an upcoming
divorce. That assertion is totally without support in the record. In fact, the

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                                  January Term, 2013

opposite appears to be true. As I have already explained, there is every indication
that the CPO was issued for valid reasons. Henneman did not object to the
records’ being expunged. That position does not translate into a recantation of the
allegations or a confession of improper motive in securing the CPO.
       {¶ 55} Yet Shade represented to the court during oral argument that
Henneman’s affidavit, which was printed on Shade’s letterhead, stated that the
allegations contained in the CPO petition were not true. It is difficult to believe
that Shade would not have been aware of the inaccuracy of that statement when
he made it to the court.
       {¶ 56} Finally, Shade repeatedly referred to the ex parte order issued in
this case. In doing so, he failed to mention that eight days after the court issued
the ex parte CPO, it conducted a hearing to give Schussheim an opportunity to
respond to the ex-parte order. Schussheim was present at that hearing, as was his
counsel, James Whitaker, who was Shade’s law partner at the time. That hearing
provided an opportunity for Schussheim to be heard. And it resulted in the
court’s issuing an additional order, and that order reflects the court’s
determination that the CPO should remain in effect for a year. Schussheim also
wants that record to be sealed.
       {¶ 57} The sparse and limited information before this court stands in
sharp contrast to the extensive and expansive information that was before the
General Assembly when it in enacted H.B. 10. The rule of law that this court
issues in this case will apply to CPO cases throughout Ohio.
       {¶ 58} In enacting H.B. 10 and limiting the sealing provision to juvenile
proceedings, the General Assembly heard from opponents and proponents of the
bill, including numerous experts in domestic violence and the law. The legislators
also considered testimony from domestic-violence victims. The bill was drafted
with input from the Juvenile Judges Association and the Family Violence
Prevention Center Advisory Council of the Ohio Department of Public Safety.

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                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

Bills Would Change Ohio’s ‘F’ for Efforts to Protect Teens from Dating Violence,
Hannah Report (Mar. 24, 2009).
        {¶ 59} We, on the other hand, heard from one lawyer on one side of one
case.
        {¶ 60} With this limited information, we cannot know whether the
majority’s new law is good public policy for Ohio. As a practical matter, there is
great potential for unintended consequences in the majority’s decision. Most
obviously, it increases the risk that respondents will use fear, intimidation, false
promises, or threats to procure favorable affidavits from domestic-violence
victims.
                                    Conclusion
        {¶ 61} Our democracy is not designed to permit four justices to heedlessly
override the studied policy judgment of 129 legislators and one governor.
Unfortunately, the majority fails to exercise the judicial restraint on which the
design relies. Because I do not condone the majority’s judicial activism, I dissent.
        {¶ 62} But I am left with the lingering question of how far the majority
will go to bury these records for Schussheim. Will it order this opinion to be
sealed if Schussheim prevails on remand?
        LANZINGER, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion.
                                  ____________________
        FRENCH, J., dissenting.
        {¶ 63} I cannot agree that Pepper Pike v. Doe, 66 Ohio St.2d 374, 421
N.E.2d 1303 (1981), supports the new judicial power announced by the majority.
The majority conflates a court’s inherent power over its own records with
“expungement,” a statutory remedy affecting records held by other branches of
government and carrying a license to conceal information from the public. We
have missed the opportunity to recognize Pepper Pike for what it was—a narrow,

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                               January Term, 2013

short-lived, judge-made “fix” to Ohio’s nascent criminal expungement statutes.
Therefore, I must respectfully dissent.
                      Record “Expungement” and Pepper Pike
       {¶ 64} “Expungement” is a legislative construct with no universally
applied definition.     It stems from a correctional philosophy that gained
momentum in the 1950s and 1960s, when a minority of states enacted laws to
allow those with juvenile-delinquency records or criminal-conviction records to
avoid the social stigma attached to those records by allowing courts to order the
records erased or sealed. Gough, The Expungement of Adjudication Records of
Juvenile and Adult Offenders: A Problem of Status, 1966 Wash.U.L.Q. 147, 148-
149 (1966).    Despite their varying approaches, rationales, and terminology,
expungement statutes generally allowed certain offenders to apply to expunge,
delete, annul, erase or seal a record of conviction or of adjudication of
delinquency. Id. at 149-150.
       {¶ 65} Ohio followed suit, enacting legislation allowing expungement of
juvenile-adjudication records in 1969, see former R.C. 2151.358, Am.Sub.H.B.
No. 320, 133 Ohio Laws, Part II, 2040, 2066, and expungement of adult-
conviction records in 1974, see former R.C. 2953.32, Am.Sub.S.B. No. 5, 135
Ohio Laws, Part I, 70 (“S.B. No. 5”). In its original form, former R.C. 2953.32
authorized an adult first-time offender to apply to the sentencing court for the
“expungement of the record of his conviction” after a specified period of time.
Former R.C. 2953.32(A), S.B. No. 5 at 70. The statute described “expungement”
as a court-ordered “seal[ing]” of official records and “delet[ing]” of index
references pertaining to a criminal conviction. Former R.C. 2953.32(C), S.B. No.
5 at 70-71. An order of expungement restricted the purposes for which law-
enforcement officers could inspect the records, restored “all rights and privileges
not otherwise restored by termination of sentence or probation,” and prohibited
employment applications from asking about the existence of expunged

                                          19
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

convictions. See former R.C. 2953.32(D), 2953.33(A), and 2953.33(B), S.B. No.
5 at 70-72.    The General Assembly replaced the term “expungement” with
“sealing” in 1979, Am.Sub.H.B. No. 105, 138 Ohio Laws, Part I, 1638; however,
“expungement” remains a common colloquialism used to describe the process.
See Pepper Pike at 378 (referring to R.C. 2953.32 as “Ohio’s criminal
expungement statute”); State v. LaSalle, 96 Ohio St.3d 178, 2002-Ohio-4009, 772
N.E.2d 1172, ¶ 3, fn. 2.
       {¶ 66} Some jurisdictions criticized the emerging expungement statutes
because they did not also apply to persons charged with but not convicted of a
crime. Several courts, concerned that arrest records may be as stigmatizing as
conviction records, invoked a “narrow” power of expungement in the absence of
statutory authority. United States v. Linn, 513 F.2d 925, 927 (10th Cir.1975), and
cases cited therein; see also Commonwealth v. Malone, 244 Pa.Super. 62, 68, 366
A.2d 584 (1976) (noting the disabilities that may result from “the mere fact of an
arrest, even if followed by acquittal or complete exoneration”). Courts reserved
this “inherent equitable” power for unusual and extraordinary circumstances, such
as when the arrest was intended to harass or amounted to a flagrant constitutional
violation. Doe v. Webster, 606 F.2d 1226, 1230 (D.C.Cir.1979).
       {¶ 67} We followed these jurisdictions in Pepper Pike, 66 Ohio St.2d 374,
421 N.E.2d 1303. The defendant-appellant in that case, Jane Doe, had been
arrested on a misdemeanor assault charge, with the complaining witness being the
wife of her ex-husband. Id. at 374. The parties eventually agreed that the assault
charge against Doe would be dismissed in exchange for Doe’s agreement to
dismiss a defamation action against her ex-husband and his wife. Id. at 374-375.
Doe then moved to expunge her arrest record in the case, but the trial court denied
her motion on the grounds that it lacked jurisdiction over the motion. Id. at 375.
At the time, R.C. 2953.32 authorized the sealing of conviction records for certain

                                        20
                                      January Term, 2013

first-time offenders, but no statute provided a comparable remedy for persons who
had been found not guilty or who had had the charges against them dismissed.1
         {¶ 68} We reversed, holding that “trial courts in Ohio have jurisdiction to
order expungement and sealing of records in a criminal case where the charges
are dismissed with prejudice prior to trial by the party initiating the proceedings.”
Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus. Given “the inherent lack of precision in the
term ‘expungement,’ ” we adopted the remedy set forth in R.C. 2953.32(C) and
(F), which authorize a trial court to order sealed all official records and all index
references pertaining to the case, but allow the government to retain the arrest
record “in its appropriate files.”           Id. at 377-378, and fn. 5.           We cautioned,
however, that the expungement of such records should be used only in the
“exceptional case, and should not be construed to be a carte blanche for every
defendant acquitted of criminal charges in Ohio courts.” Id. at 377. “When
exercising this power, the court should use a balancing test which weighs the
privacy interest of the defendant against the government’s legitimate need to
maintain records of criminal proceedings.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.
         {¶ 69} The narrow remedy we recognized in Pepper Pike—i.e.,
expungement of arrest records in the absence of statutory authority—existed for
less than three years before the General Assembly enacted R.C. 2953.51 et seq.,
which authorize courts to seal criminal records following an acquittal, dismissal,
or no bill. Am.Sub.H.B. No. 227, 140 Ohio Laws, Part I, 2382, 2386. Pursuant to
R.C. 2953.52, a trial court must, consistent with Pepper Pike, “[w]eigh the
interests of the person in having the official records pertaining to the case sealed
against the legitimate needs, if any, of the government to maintain those records.”

1. There was, however, a statute permitting expungement in cases in which a misdemeanor arrest
resulted in an agreed bail forfeiture, former R.C. 2953.42, Am.S.B. No. 192, 137 Ohio Laws, Part
I, 460, and a statute allowing certain persons to seek the return of the fingerprint record made upon
their arrest if the charges were subsequently dismissed or they were found not guilty of the
charges, former R.C. 109.60, Am.S.B. No. 170, 137 Ohio Laws, Part I, 447.

                                                 21
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

R.C. 2953.52(B)(2)(d). We have described R.C. 2953.52 as an exception to the
general rule of openness in the public-records context. State ex rel. Cincinnati
Enquirer v. Winkler, 101 Ohio St.3d 382, 2004-Ohio-1581, 805 N.E.2d 1094,
¶ 10.
                       Pepper Pike Is Inapplicable Here
        {¶ 70} Two obstacles prevent Pepper Pike from authorizing nonstatutory
expungement of domestic-violence civil-protection-order (“CPO”) records. First,
such a power would undermine the General Assembly, which has commanded
government agencies to maintain records of CPO proceedings and which has
already identified who may apply to seal the records of those proceedings:
juveniles.    Second, Pepper Pike adopted the statutory definition of
“expungement” in Ohio’s criminal expungement statutes, a definition that is
unworkable in the context of CPOs.
        {¶ 71} With R.C. 3113.31, the General Assembly established a civil
proceeding by which a person can obtain a protection order in cases of domestic
violence. The statute vests jurisdiction with the domestic-relations division (in
common pleas courts with such a division) to grant an ex parte protection order
upon a showing of “[i]mmediate and present danger of domestic violence to the
family or household member,” which includes situations in which the respondent
has threatened the family or household member with bodily harm.              R.C.
3113.31(A), (B), and (D)(1).
        {¶ 72} Not only has the General Assembly created CPO proceedings, it
has identified the agencies that must maintain records of such proceedings and the
class of individuals who may apply to seal those records. R.C. 3113.31(F)(1)
requires trial courts to issue a copy of “any protection order” to all law-
enforcement agencies with jurisdiction to enforce the order, and R.C.
3113.31(F)(3) directs those law-enforcement agencies to “establish and maintain
an index” for the protection orders.             This   “statewide enforcement,

                                       22
                               January Term, 2013

communication, indexing, and authority” is one of the distinguishing features of a
domestic-violence CPO. Felton v. Felton, 79 Ohio St.3d 34, 39, 679 N.E.2d 672
(1997). As for who may apply to seal CPO records, the General Assembly has
expressly afforded such relief to juveniles.     In 2010, the General Assembly
amended R.C. 3113.31 and the juvenile-record-sealing provisions in R.C.
2151.358 to authorize, and in some instances require, the sealing of records
pertaining to CPOs issued against juveniles. 2010 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 10; R.C.
2151.358(D)(1), (D)(2), and (D)(3)(a); R.C. 3113.31(E)(9).
       {¶ 73} This level of legislative attention leaves little room for the
equitable remedy recognized in Pepper Pike. The maxim “equity follows the
law” advises against inventing such judicial remedies where doing so would
extend the scope of existing legislative remedies. Civ. Serv. Personnel Assn., Inc.
v. Akron, 48 Ohio St.2d 25, 27, 356 N.E.2d 300 (1976). Moreover, “when
legislation expressly provides a particular remedy or remedies, courts should not
expand the coverage of the statute to subsume other remedies.”           Natl. RR.
Passenger Corp. v. Natl. Assn. of RR. Passengers, 414 U.S. 453, 458, 94 S.Ct.
690, 38 L.Ed.2d 646 (1974). What it means to “expunge” a CPO record and who
may apply for such a remedy are issues best left to the General Assembly.
       {¶ 74} Notably, this court has also recognized the need to preserve CPO
records in our rules of superintendence. Sup.R. 26.03(G)(4) establishes specific
timetables for the juvenile and domestic-relations divisions to retain case files of
petitions for domestic-violence protection orders, and Sup.R. 26.03(D) requires
each division to “permanently” retain the index, docket, and journal.
       {¶ 75} Aside from the fact that the CPO statutes do not allow for the
equitable expungement power recognized in Pepper Pike, the definition of
“expungement” relied on in Pepper Pike is unworkable in the CPO context. In
Pepper Pike, we followed the expungement provisions in “Ohio’s criminal
expungement statute,” R.C. 2953.32(C) and (F), for the purpose of ensuring

                                        23
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

“clarity and uniformity” with the existing legislative scheme. Pepper Pike, 66
Ohio St.2d at 377-378, 421 N.E.2d 1303. That statute requires a trial court to
order “all official records” of the case sealed and “all index references” pertaining
to the case deleted, except as provided in subsection (F). R.C. 2953.32(C)(2).
“Official records” means “all records that are possessed by any public office or
agency that relate to a criminal case.” R.C. 2953.31(D) and 2953.51(D). The
majority does not explain how a court can “expunge” CPO records within the
meaning of Pepper Pike when in Pepper Pike we adopted a statutory definition
applicable only in the context of criminal records. Instead, the majority leaves it
to the lower courts to determine what is meant by the term “expungement” in the
CPO context.
       {¶ 76} Admittedly, the rationale in Pepper Pike was imprecise, namely,
our statement that “[t]he basis for such expungement * * * is the constitutional
right to privacy.” Id. at 377. But that statement does not stand for the proposition
that expungement is an individual right or a judicial power guaranteed by the
constitution. Although we stated that the right to privacy was the basis for
exercising the expungement power in that case, we never said that it was the
source of that power. In the very next sentence, we said, “[W]e follow other
jurisdictions which recognize the power to grant this judicial remedy.” Id. at 377.
Those jurisdictions that identified the source of a court’s expungement authority
relied on the concept of “inherent equitable powers.” Webster, 606 F.2d at 1230
(cited in Pepper Pike at 376, fn. 3). Notably, the validity of the federal authority
relied on in Pepper Pike has come into question based on the United States
Supreme Court’s decision in Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S.
375, 114 S.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994), which identified the limits of a
federal district court’s inherent or ancillary authority.     See United States v.
Lucido, 612 F.3d 871 (6th Cir.2010) (in which the Sixth Circuit followed the
First, Third, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits and abandoned the concept of an inherent

                                         24
                               January Term, 2013

expungement power). But whatever remains of its federal underpinnings, Pepper
Pike did not construct a bottomless reservoir of judicial expungement power, just
as it did not recognize a constitutional right to expungement.        Indeed, our
subsequent holdings have consistently refused to adopt this latter proposition. See
State v. Hamilton, 75 Ohio St.3d 636, 639, 665 N.E.2d 669 (1996) (“Neither the
United States Constitution nor the Ohio Constitution endows one convicted of a
crime with a substantive right to have the record of a conviction expunged”);
State v. Futrall, 123 Ohio St.3d 498, 2009-Ohio-5590, 918 N.E.2d 497, ¶ 6
(“expungement is a privilege and not a right”).
       {¶ 77} This is not to say that a common pleas court is powerless over its
own records. We have long recognized that a court has “supervisory power and
control over its docket,” State ex rel. Buck v. McCabe, 140 Ohio St. 535, 537, 45
N.E.2d 763 (1942), and “general custody of and authority over its own records
and files,” Ex parte Thayer, 114 Ohio St. 194, 150 N.E. 735 (1926), paragraph
one of the syllabus. See also Nixon v. Warner Communications, Inc., 435 U.S.
589, 597, 98 S.Ct. 1306, 55 L.Ed.2d 570 (1978) (“Every court has supervisory
power over its own records and files * * *”). But appellant requests expungement,
a legislatively defined remedy that encroaches on other branches of government
and conceals historical fact from public view. Because the legislature has not
afforded him such a remedy, the trial court was powerless to do so.
       {¶ 78} If the majority is correct—if “unusual and extraordinary
circumstances” can create an undefined, judicial expungement power—then what
is so unusual or extraordinary about this case?        While appellant’s ex-wife
eventually agreed to dissolve the CPO at some point during or after the divorce
proceedings, there is no evidence that she used the CPO as a “vindictive tool to
harass,” as did the complainant in Pepper Pike. Id., 66 Ohio St.2d at 377, 421
N.E.2d 1303. In fact, she never retracted the allegations of domestic violence
underlying the CPO petition, and her agreement with appellant’s expungement

                                        25
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

request was based on her concern for the best interests of her family. Equating
every dissolved CPO with the “unusual and exceptional” circumstances discussed
in Pepper Pike will undoubtedly invite litigation and confusion over two
questions: (1) what other types of records can be expunged and (2) what does
expungement mean in those contexts?
       {¶ 79} Pepper Pike is distinguishable from this case in every way that
matters. I would affirm the judgment of the court of appeals and hold that the
expungement remedy recognized in Pepper Pike does not apply to domestic-
violence CPO proceedings conducted in accordance with R.C. 3113.31.
Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
       O’CONNOR, C.J., and LANZINGER, J., concur in the foregoing opinion.
                              ____________________
       Jerry H. Shade, for appellant.
                           ________________________

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