Court Opinion

ID: 4196601
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-17 00:08:00.432024+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:08.407145
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed by
                                                                         Reporter of Decisions
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                              Appellate Court                            Date: 2017.08.02
                                                                         14:27:17 -05'00'

                  People v. O’Dette, 2017 IL App (2d) 150884

Appellate Court   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption           STEPHEN A. O’DETTE, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.    Second District
                  Docket No. 2-15-0884

Filed             March 13, 2017

Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Lake County, No. 14-CF-581; the
Review            Hon. Daniel B. Shanes, Judge, presiding.

Judgment          Affirmed.

Counsel on        Eric F. Rinehart, of Malia & Rinehart, of Waukegan, for appellant.
Appeal
                  Michael G. Nerheim, State’s Attorney, of Waukegan (Patrick Delfino,
                  Lawrence M. Bauer, and Mary Beth Burns, of State’s Attorneys
                  Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Panel             JUSTICE SPENCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                  Presiding Justice Hudson and Justice Schostok concurred in the
                  judgment and opinion.
                                              OPINION

¶1       After a stipulated bench trial, defendant, Stephen A. O’Dette, 1 was convicted of
     possessing child pornography (720 ILCS 5/11-20.1(a)(6) (West 2014)) and sentenced to three
     years’ probation. On appeal, he contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to
     suppress evidence that he alleged was obtained by the abuse of the grand jury’s subpoena
     power. We affirm.
¶2       On April 2, 2014, defendant was indicted on seven counts of child pornography, each
     alleging that, on or about March 6, 2014, he had knowingly possessed a pornographic image of
     a child on his home computer. On April 1, 2015, he moved to suppress evidence that the police
     obtained by searching his home on March 6, 2014.
¶3       The motion alleged as follows. On January 8, 2014, Christopher Covelli of the Lake
     County sheriff’s department issued a “grand jury subpoena” to AT&T Internet Services
     (AT&T). It stated in part, “You must comply with this request by sending legible copies to
     ATTN: Detective Covelli, Lake County Sheriff’s Office, 25 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Ave.,
     Waukegan, IL.” It warned that the failure to comply might result in punishment for contempt
     of court. Covelli also gave AT&T his e-mail address. On January 20, 2014, AT&T returned the
     requested documents directly to Covelli. Covelli was not an attorney and had not been working
     at the direction of the grand jury. When the subpoena was issued, there was no grand jury
     convened to investigate defendant. The grand jury never reviewed the documents.
¶4       The motion alleged further as follows. On March 5, 2014, Covelli used the documents to
     obtain a warrant to search defendant’s home. The warrant was executed the next day. Covelli
     had used the improper subpoena to conduct an investigation of his own outside the control or
     consultation of the grand jury. His methods were improper under this court’s decision in
     People v. DeLaire, 240 Ill. App. 3d 1012 (1993), in which we held that a police detective had
     improperly received and exploited private information that the grand jury had subpoenaed.
¶5       Further, the motion contended, the State’s Attorney’s office had failed to follow the
     procedure outlined in section 115-7(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725
     ILCS 5/115-7(b) (West 2014)) for investigations of the possible sexual exploitation of
     children: instead of directing a subpoena to AT&T, returnable to the chief judge of the circuit
     court, the State’s Attorney’s office had “stamp[ed] ‘Grand Jury Subpoena’ on a document and
     then NEVER return[ed] the documents to the Grand Jury (or a magistrate).” The motion
     alleged that State’s use of the subpoena to obtain a search warrant violated the fourth
     amendment and the Illinois Constitution. Finally, the defendant asserted that, because two
     months elapsed between Covelli’s issuance of the subpoena and the search, the information
     that was provided for the warrant had become stale, requiring suppression on that ground as
     well.
¶6       The motion attached a copy of the subpoena. It was headed “Grand Jury” and directed to
     AT&T’s office in San Antonio, Texas. It commanded AT&T to give evidence “concerning a
     certain complaint made before said Grand Jury, against “AN INVESTIGATION BY
     DETECTIVE CHRIS COVELLI OF THE LAKE COUNTY SHERIFF’S OFFICE.” The
     evidence was “Any/All subscriber information including terminated information for the

        1
         The indictment incorrectly gives defendant’s name as “Odette.”

                                                 -2-
       AT&T IP [(Internet protocol)] Address of: 99.35.161.179. Including but not limited to names,
       including names of account holders, physical address of where account was established,
       physical address of service location, usernames [sic], associated email addresses, phone
       numbers, linked accounts, account creation/deactivation dates and I.P. Logs for
       1/6/14-1/8/14.”
¶7         On April 22, 2015, the trial court held a hearing on defendant’s motion. Defendant called
       Covelli, who testified on direct examination as follows. In January 2014, he was a detective in
       the sheriff’s department, working in the cyber crime section. On the evening of January 7,
       while he was working undercover on a computer used for investigations, “a specific [IP]
       address *** shar[ed] child pornography with [Covelli].” The computer that the IP address
       represented connected directly to Covelli’s and provided pornographic images at his request.
       As soon as it did so, Covelli could see its IP address. An IP address does not identify a
       computer’s physical location. Covelli next consulted the American Registry of Internet
       Numbers (ARIN), which lists Internet Service Providers (ISPs) for IP addresses. The list does
       not have subscriber information, which is held by the ISPs. The sending computer’s ISP was
       AT&T.
¶8         Covelli testified that, later in January, he went to the State’s Attorney’s office “regarding a
       Grand Jury subpoena to be issued.” He and Carol Gulbrandson, a paralegal in the State’s
       Attorney’s office, discussed drafting the subpoena. He did not know whether Gulbrandson had
       anyone else in the State’s Attorney’s office review the draft subpoena or whether she had been
       in contact with the grand jury.
¶9         Covelli testified that, before sending out the subpoena, he did not speak to anyone on the
       grand jury or, indeed, to anyone other than Gulbrandson. He did not seek a court order. Covelli
       faxed the subpoena to AT&T. AT&T responded by e-mail in approximately 12 days. When
       Covelli received the documents, he printed them out and placed them into the case file.
¶ 10       Covelli further testified that the subpoenaed documents gave him the physical address of
       the computer that had sent him the suspected child pornography. He spoke to the State’s
       Attorney’s office about the investigation, disclosing the address. Covelli did not do this at the
       request of the grand jury. Before seeking a search warrant, he did not disclose any of the
       subpoenaed documents to the State’s Attorney’s office or to the grand jury.
¶ 11       Covelli testified that, on March 5, 2014, he filled out a complaint for a search warrant.
       Before presenting it to a judge, he reviewed the complaint with Assistant State’s Attorney
       Mary Stanton but not with anyone from the grand jury. A judge issued a warrant on March 5,
       2014. Eventually, defendant’s residence was searched; based on what was found, and his
       statement, he was arrested. Before testifying to the April 2014 grand jury, Covelli had never
       consulted with any member of the grand jury or taken any direction from it.
¶ 12       Covelli testified on cross-examination as follows. He was familiar with grand jury
       procedures in Lake County and knew that, in a given term, there is a list of appointed
       investigators for the grand jury. Covelli was on the list for the December 2013 and April 2014
       terms. The trial court admitted the lists for these terms, as well as the orders appointing Covelli
       and others. The orders stated that the grand jury had petitioned to make 488 Lake County
       law-enforcement officers investigators and that they all “ha[d] been authorized by the Grand
       Jury and [were] authorized by the court to issue subpoenas for investigative matters to be heard
       by the Lake County Grand Jury, to receive materials and documents pursuant to those

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       subpoenas, and to provide those documents to the State’s Attorney or his Assistants for
       enforcement of the laws of the State of Illinois.”
¶ 13        Covelli testified that, when he consulted with the State’s Attorney’s office in preparation
       for obtaining the search warrant, he discussed whether the images were child pornography
       under Illinois law, how he had traced them to defendant, and the return from AT&T on the
       subpoena. On March 5, 2014, he presented the information about the IP address to the judge.
       Covelli identified a transcript of the grand jury proceedings of April 2, 2014, and testified that,
       on that date, he told the grand jury about the return on the subpoena. The court admitted the
       transcript. After defendant was indicted, Covelli sought no more grand jury subpoenas in this
       case.
¶ 14        Covelli testified on redirect examination that, between January 7 and April 2014, he did not
       tell anyone in the sheriff’s department the details of his investigation, but “[i]t was known [that
       he] was investigating.” He had not asked to be appointed a grand jury investigator for the
       December 2013 term. Asked how he had learned of his appointment, he testified, “Stanton said
       there is a list compiled quarterly of Grand Jury investigators. Our agency is investigators. That
       is one of the responsibilities of being a detective with the Sheriff.” Covelli had never seen the
       list. On January 7, 2014, however, he was aware that he was a grand jury investigator.
¶ 15        In closing argument, defendant contended that Covelli had tried to circumvent the fourth
       amendment in that “[h]e sent a warrant to AT&T without running it by a judge, without
       running it by a Grand Jury.” Unlike a subpoena duces tecum, the one that Covelli sent was not
       returnable to a court and did not provide notice to defendant. An administrative subpoena,
       which Covelli could have sought through the State’s Attorney’s office, would have been
       returnable to a court, which could have given notice to other parties. These two types of
       subpoena, as well as one authorized by a grand jury, would have imposed a “neutral authority”
       to “check the police.” This protection was absent here, although defendant had a strong fourth
       amendment interest at stake.
¶ 16        Defendant contended that this court’s opinion in DeLaire prohibited this circumvention of
       the fourth amendment and the Illinois Constitution’s right of privacy. Covelli had not been “an
       actual investigator appointed by the Grand Jury,” had not acted under its direction, and had not
       been subject to the independent review that DeLaire required. He had been named an
       investigator in response to a petition to appoint 488 law-enforcement officers in Lake County
       to that post. “[E]very possible investigator [was] appointed as a Grand Jury investigator,” a
       pro forma act that negated the role of the grand jury as an independent check on the police.
       Covelli did not once talk to a grand juror. No judge had approved the subpoena. Yet AT&T had
       been told that it must comply, under the threat of contempt. The documents were sent directly
       to Covelli, because the subpoena had not been made returnable to the grand jury or the court.
       Also, the subpoena was invalid because Covelli had failed to request or receive the grand
       jury’s approval to issue it.
¶ 17        The State responded as follows. In DeLaire, one of the subpoenas was issued after the
       defendant had been indicted, a problem not present here. More important, however, in
       DeLaire, the police detective had not been appointed as a grand jury investigator; here, Covelli
       had been duly appointed to that post, with the subpoena power included. That numerous
       law-enforcement officers received similar appointments did not make the process a sham, as
       defendant contended.

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¶ 18        Defendant replied as follows. He had a privacy interest in the physical address associated
       with his computer’s IP address. When Covelli subpoenaed AT&T, the grand jury was not
       investigating defendant or anyone else at his physical address. Yet Covelli told AT&T that it
       was required to release defendant’s subscriber information.
¶ 19        The trial court denied defendant’s motion to suppress, reasoning as follows. The disclosure
       of defendant’s subscriber information implicated his state constitutional right to privacy.
       Defendant had attacked the issuance of the subpoena and its return and use. The court held that
       the subpoena could be issued even without any specific prior authorization by the grand jury.
       The statutory and case law imposed no such requirement, and DeLaire had actually stated that
       a prosecutor may have subpoenas issued without the grand jury’s advance authorization,
       although the purpose must be to produce evidence for the grand jury’s use. See DeLaire, 240
       Ill. App. 3d at 1023. The court also distinguished DeLaire in that there the police detective had
       never been appointed as a grand jury investigator, but here the State’s Attorney had followed
       DeLaire by having the grand jury petition to appoint Covelli to that position, which the court
       then did. Thus, there was no crucial defect in the issuance of the subpoena.
¶ 20        Addressing the return and use of the subpoena, the court stated as follows. The subpoena
       was not self-enforcing: AT&T could have moved to quash it or refused to comply and thus
       forced the State’s Attorney to seek enforcement via a court proceeding. The existence of an
       alternative route, an administrative subpoena, did not exclude using the grand jury subpoena.
¶ 21        A more difficult issue for the court was the return. The case law was clear: grand jury
       subpoenas must be returnable to the grand jury. See People v. Wilson, 164 Ill. 2d 436, 458
       (1994). That had not been done here. However, defendant still needed to demonstrate
       prejudice. The court held that defendant had not done so, because the court had appointed
       Covelli as a grand jury investigator and specifically provided that he could receive returns on
       its subpoenas for it. Also, even assuming that the subpoena did not make clear to AT&T that it
       was returnable to Covelli as an agent of the grand jury, “[h]ad the language in the subpoena
       been perfect, AT&T would have been that much more likely to comply, and a Court would
       have been that much more likely to enforce the subpoena had AT&T not complied.”
¶ 22        The court then considered the subsequent use of the subpoena. The court noted that, after
       receiving the documents from AT&T, Covelli testified before the grand jury, disclosing
       information that he had acquired via the subpoena. He had had no legal obligation to tell the
       grand jury all the information, or even some of it, at least without a request from the grand jury.
¶ 23        The court distinguished DeLaire in that, in that case, (1) the police detective had never
       been appointed as a grand jury investigator and thus had not been its agent and (2) the issue
       was the validity of postindictment subpoenas. Further, DeLaire had been limited to its facts by
       the Fourth District’s opinion in January 1996 Term Grand Jury, 283 Ill. App. 3d 883, 893
       (1996). Finally, the court rejected defendant’s argument that the information that supported the
       search-warrant application was stale (defendant does not raise this issue on appeal).
¶ 24        The court concluded that, although the subpoena should have stated clearly that it was
       returnable to the grand jury, defendant had not shown sufficient prejudice to warrant
       suppressing the evidence. The court denied his motion. Later, the State dismissed all but one
       charge, the court held a trial on stipulated evidence and found defendant guilty, and the court
       sentenced defendant to three years’ probation. Defendant timely appealed.
¶ 25        On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress,
       because the evidence was the product of Covelli’s abuse of the grand jury’s subpoena power.

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       Defendant argues that Covelli did not act as an agent of the grand jury but ignored it and acted
       in concert with the State’s Attorney. He maintains that, because these tactics subverted the
       grand jury process, he did not have to show prejudice; alternatively, he contends that he was
       prejudiced because the improprieties led to the search of his home, which implicated his fourth
       amendment and privacy rights.
¶ 26       Because the resolution of defendant’s claim of error does not involve any disputed facts
       and turns on the ultimate issue of whether suppression was legally proper, our review is
       de novo. See People v. Slater, 228 Ill. 2d 137, 149 (2008).
¶ 27       The pertinent case law is limited and does not address a situation quite similar to this one.
       In DeLaire, the grand jury subpoenaed “message unit detail” documents (MUD records) that
       disclosed telephone calls to and from two suspects who were later charged with unlawful
       gambling activities. The MUD records were somehow diverted to a police detective who had
       never been made an investigator or agent for the grand jury. He used the MUD records
       obtained by the first six subpoenas to support a complaint for a search warrant; the search,
       which disclosed evidence that led to the indictments, was conducted before the grand jury
       sessions started. A seventh subpoena was issued after the indictments and commanded an
       appearance before the grand jury. The State’s Attorney had a standard practice of obtaining a
       court order at the beginning of every grand jury session permitting him to obtain subpoenas
       without the grand jury’s specific authorization. DeLaire, 240 Ill. App. 3d at 1016-19.
¶ 28       The defendants moved to suppress the evidence, contending that the search warrant was
       obtained through the detective’s unauthorized use of the subpoenaed MUD records. The trial
       court granted the motion. It held that (1) the defendants had a constitutionally protected
       privacy interest in the MUD records, (2) the grand jury properly subpoenaed the records, (3)
       the records were illegally diverted to the detective, and (4) the seventh subpoena was improper
       because it had been issued after the defendants had been indicted and the grand jury had
       finished its investigation. The State appealed. Id. at 1019.
¶ 29       This court affirmed. Addressing the detective’s use of the MUD records to obtain the
       search warrant, we agreed with the trial court that the defendants had a reasonable expectation
       of privacy in the records. Id. at 1020. We also agreed with the trial court that the grand jury
       properly subpoenaed the records, because the modest intrusion on the defendants’ privacy was
       justified by the relevance of the records and the specificity of the demand. Id. at 1021-22.
¶ 30       We then turned to the first of the two core issues on appeal: whether the trial court properly
       suppressed the evidence that was seized per the search warrant. To provide the answer, we had
       to decide whether the detective’s diversion and use of the subpoenaed documents had been
       illegal. We noted that the grand jury must remain independent and thus must operate in
       secrecy. Id. at 1023. Therefore, with limited exceptions, the State’s Attorney may not disclose
       grand jury matters and may not use the grand jury as his own compulsory administrative
       process. Id. In DeLaire, the original subpoena was a valid exercise of the grand jury’s powers.
       However, we held, the diversion of the records to the detective was improper.
¶ 31       In explaining our holding, we observed first that, as the State conceded, the detective had
       not been performing any of the duties of either the grand jury or the State’s Attorney. Id. at
       1024. Under section 112-6(c)(2) of the Code (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, ¶ 112-6(c)(2) (now
       725 ILCS 5/112-6(c)(2) (West 2014))), any person to whom grand jury matters are disclosed
       shall not use them for any purpose other than assisting the State’s Attorney in his duty to
       enforce state law. DeLaire, 240 Ill. App. 3d at 1024. The detective’s investigation had gone far

                                                   -6-
       beyond that purpose and showed that he had not been acting as an investigator for either the
       State’s Attorney or the grand jury. Id. at 1025. Therefore, the contents of the MUD records
       could not legally be disclosed to him. Id. As a result of the illegality, he had secured
       information in which the defendants had an expectation of privacy, and he had used it to obtain
       a search warrant that also implicated their constitutional rights. Id. at 1025-26. In essence,
       “[t]he police circumvented the fourth amendment by diverting private records from the secret
       grand jury.” Id. at 1026.2
¶ 32       In People v. Wilson, 164 Ill. 2d 436 (1994), our supreme court held that the State had
       abused the grand jury’s subpoena power but the defendant was entitled to no relief. There, the
       State’s Attorney served a subpoena on a county agency for the defendant’s mental-health
       records. The subpoena had been prepared at the direction of the State’s Attorney (not the grand
       jury); was made returnable to him; and, according to him, was issued “ ‘in anticipation of the
       grand jury’s consideration of matters under investigation.’ ” Id. at 457. The grand jury never
       saw the records. Id. The defendant moved before trial to bar the use of the records at trial, but
       the trial court denied the motion. Id.
¶ 33       The supreme court affirmed. It first held that, although the State’s Attorney had had the
       separate power to subpoena documents (see Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, ¶ 155-2), any such
       subpoena had to be made returnable to the trial court, which could then decide whether to grant
       him access to the documents. Wilson, 164 Ill. 2d at 458. In Wilson, the State’s Attorney had
       misused the grand jury process by substituting his subpoena authority for that of the grand jury
       and by failing to make the documents returnable to the grand jury. Id.
¶ 34       The court held, however, that the defendant was entitled to no relief for the impropriety. It
       explained that, had the proper procedures been followed, the State’s Attorney could still have
       received the documents from the grand jury. Thus, the defendant had suffered no prejudice. Id.
¶ 35       In 1996 Term Grand Jury, 283 Ill. App. 3d 883, the Fourth District criticized our decision
       in DeLaire and stated that it should be limited to its facts. There, the grand jury issued a
       subpoena to compel the defendant to appear and provide handwriting exemplars, fingerprints,
       and photographs of herself. Id. at 885. She moved to quash it, alleging that a police detective
       had asked her to provide the same items but she had refused. Id. At a hearing on the motion, an
       assistant State’s Attorney told the court that the detective and other investigators had believed
       that the case was appropriate for the grand jury to investigate, that the grand jury needed more
       information to further that investigation, that only after the grand jury heard evidence did it
       issue the subpoena, and that the evidence had shown the individualized suspicion that had
       satisfied the grand jury of the need to issue the subpoena. Id. The court denied the motion. Id. at
       886.
¶ 36       In affirming, the Fourth District held first that “ ‘individualized suspicion and relevance’ ”
       had been shown (id. at 890 (citing In re May 1991 Will County Grand Jury, 152 Ill. 2d 381,
       393-94 (1992))). It then turned to the defendant’s argument that the detective had improperly
       used the grand jury’s subpoena power to further his independent investigation.

           2
           We also agreed with the trial court that the seventh subpoena had been improperly issued after the
       defendants had been indicted and the grand jury had finished its investigation. It amounted to an
       unauthorized use of the grand jury’s power for discovery in a criminal case. DeLaire, 240 Ill. App. 3d at
       1029-30. The present case does not raise a similar concern.

                                                       -7-
¶ 37       The court expressed uncertainty as to what we had meant in DeLaire (and later in In re
       Rende, 262 Ill. App. 3d 464, 472-73 (1993)) by our statement that the grand jury’s subpoena
       power may not be “used as a means simply to further an independent police investigation.”
       (Internal quotation marks omitted.) 1996 Term Grand Jury, 283 Ill. App. 3d at 891 (quoting
       Rende, 262 Ill. App. 3d at 472, citing DeLaire, 240 Ill. App. 3d at 1022-23). Noting that the
       grand jury generally works in concert with the police to investigate criminal behavior, and that
       the State’s Attorney as the county’s chief law-enforcement officer coordinates the work of
       both groups (id.), the court saw no grounds for our concern in DeLaire and Rende. It stated that
       those opinions “should be limited to the factual contexts in which they arose: post-indictment
       use of a grand jury subpoena duces tecum to obtain material that the State should obtain—if
       obtainable at all—through formal discovery procedures.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 893.
       The court then held that there had been nothing improper about the detective’s actions; he had
       not engaged in an independent investigation but had informed the State’s Attorney and the
       grand jury of his investigation so that an information or indictment could be duly obtained.
¶ 38       While we agree with the result in 1996 Term Grand Jury, we see problems in its treatment
       of DeLaire. First, the two cases were easily distinguishable. In DeLaire, documents that the
       grand jury had duly subpoenaed were illegally disclosed to a police detective who had never
       been authorized to act on behalf of the grand jury or the State’s Attorney. In 1996 Term Grand
       Jury, the detective conducted a proper police investigation, then turned to the grand jury,
       which obtained information properly and used it according to law to indict the defendant.
       There was no illegal diversion of any document, or any other statutory violation. The cases
       involved vastly different facts and there was no need to limit the former opinion to its facts.
¶ 39       Second, the Fourth District misread DeLaire. Although we ruled that the postindictment
       subpoena had been unauthorized, we also held that the information that the grand jury had
       obtained by the six preindictment subpoenas was illegally diverted to the detective and used to
       obtain search warrants, thus tainting the searches and their fruits. The 1996 Term Grand Jury
       court simply left out this part of our opinion.
¶ 40       With due respect to the Fourth District, we see no reason to depart from our holding in
       DeLaire or the reasoning on which it was based.
¶ 41       In People v. Feldmeier, 286 Ill. App. 3d 602 (1997), we agreed with the defendant that the
       misuse of the grand jury’s subpoena power supported the trial court’s suppression of his
       financial and bank records, in which he had a protected privacy interest under the state
       constitution. Id. at 603. The crucial consideration was that the State’s Attorney had obtained
       the records via subpoenas that were made returnable to an assistant State’s Attorney and not to
       the grand jury. Id. at 602-03. We cited Wilson for the rule that, although the State’s Attorney’s
       office can subpoena documents, the subpoenas must be made returnable to the court so that it
       may prevent the State’s Attorney’s office from obtaining records that, for various possible
       reasons, it should not receive. Id. at 603. Further, we noted that the subpoenas had not been
       within the grand jury’s power to issue, because the assistant State’s Attorney had never been
       made an investigator or agent of the grand jury. Id. at 604. Thus, we reiterated our warning in
       DeLaire that “the grand jury’s subpoena power may not be used to further independent
       investigations by the police or the prosecutor.” (Emphasis in original.) Id.
¶ 42       In People v. Boston, 2016 IL 118661, in a prosecution for first-degree murder, an assistant
       State’s Attorney sought a subpoena from the grand jury for prison officials to take the
       defendant’s palm prints and fingerprints (he was serving a life sentence on a separate

                                                   -8-
       conviction). The subpoena stated that it was returnable either to the assistant State’s Attorney
       or to the investigator who was serving it as an agent of the grand jury. Id. ¶ 5. A police sergeant
       and a detective served the defendant with the subpoena, a prison employee took his palm prints
       and fingerprints, and the State delivered the prints to the state police crime laboratory. Id. ¶ 6.
       Later, the detective secured a search warrant by which he obtained a sample of the defendant’s
       DNA; a test conducted at the request of the police showed that it matched DNA from a semen
       sample taken from the victim’s body. Id. ¶ 7. Next, the police sergeant appeared before the
       grand jury and testified about the DNA test result and a palm print, which matched one found
       at the crime scene. The grand jury indicted the defendant. Id. ¶ 8.
¶ 43        The defendant moved to quash the subpoena and suppress the palm print evidence,
       contending that the State had improperly used the subpoena to supplement a police
       investigation and failed to return the fingerprint card to the grand jury. Id. ¶ 9. The trial court
       denied the motion, ruling that the defendant had not shown prejudice. Id. ¶ 10. The defendant
       was convicted, the appellate court affirmed, and he appealed to the supreme court. Id.
       ¶¶ 12-14.
¶ 44        The court agreed with the defendant that there had been improprieties. The subpoena had
       been prepared at the direction of the State’s Attorney’s office, not the grand jury, and it had
       improperly been made returnable to either the assistant State’s Attorney or the investigator
       who served it, neither of whom was an agent of the grand jury. Id. ¶ 40. However, the court
       concluded that the defendant could obtain no relief, as he had not shown prejudice: had the
       prints been returned to the grand jury, the State could still have obtained the evidence and sent
       it to the crime lab to test. Id. ¶ 41; see 725 ILCS 5/112-6(c)(1) (West 2012).
¶ 45        Last, we note People v. Bauer, 402 Ill. App. 3d 1149 (2010). There, the grand jury duly
       issued a subpoena to a hospital for the results of the blood-alcohol test that the defendant took
       after being in a traffic accident. The hospital sent documents to the State’s Attorney, who
       reviewed them without recognizing them as grand jury material; at his request, the grand jury
       released them for his review. Id. at 1151-52. The documents stated that no blood test had been
       performed, so, at the State’s Attorney’s request, the grand jury issued a second subpoena to the
       hospital, and the same sequence of events occurred as the first time. Id. at 1152. The grand jury
       heard evidence from the arresting officer about the defendant’s blood-alcohol test, and it
       indicted the defendant for aggravated driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). Id. The
       defendant moved to suppress the test results, contending that the State had improperly used the
       grand jury’s subpoena power to acquire them. The trial court denied the motion, and the
       defendant was convicted of misdemeanor DUI. Id. at 1152-54.
¶ 46        The appellate court affirmed. The court noted first that the subpoenas had properly been
       made returnable to the grand jury and that the State’s Attorney, after receiving the documents
       because the hospital had mistakenly sent them to him, promptly informed the grand jury of the
       irregularity and received its permission to review them. Thus, the State had not abused the
       grand jury’s subpoena power. Id. at 1156-57. The court reasoned further that any impropriety
       had not prejudiced the defendant: had the proper procedures been strictly followed, the State’s
       Attorney could still have received the documents from the grand jury. Id. at 1157.
¶ 47        We now apply the foregoing case law to the facts at hand. This case does not fit into the
       mold of any previous opinion. Nonetheless, the opinions set out applicable principles to be
       considered.

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¶ 48        One potentially crucial distinction between this case on the one hand and DeLaire, Wilson,
       Feldmeier, and Boston on the other is that here the person who issued the subpoena and to
       whom it was returnable was an agent of the grand jury. Defendant acknowledges that the trial
       court appointed Covelli as a grand jury investigator for the time pertinent here. He maintains,
       however, that Covelli’s “pro forma” appointment—one of 488 made simultaneously—was the
       full extent of his interaction with the grand jury and that, in reality, he used his position to
       conduct an independent investigation from which the grand jury was excluded, in violation of
       our opinion in DeLaire.
¶ 49        The State responds that the trial court authorized Covelli to undertake the actions of which
       defendant complains. The State notes that the court’s order explicitly stated that the grand jury
       had petitioned to appoint the 488 officers as investigators and that the investigators “ha[d] been
       authorized by the Grand Jury and [were] authorized by the court to issue subpoenas for
       investigative matters to be heard by the Lake County Grand Jury, to receive materials and
       documents pursuant to those subpoenas, and to provide those documents to the State’s
       Attorney or his Assistants for enforcement of the laws of the State of Illinois.” The State also
       contends that nothing required Covelli to obtain the grand jury’s approval before issuing a
       subpoena.
¶ 50        We do not fully agree with either party. We disagree with defendant’s contention (as we
       understand it) that Covelli’s appointment was per se ineffective or a mere ruse to circumvent
       legal restrictions on the power of the police and the State’s Attorney. We do agree with
       defendant that the irregularities in Covelli’s exercise of his authority were substantial and,
       collectively, amounted to an improper end-run around the protections that courts have
       recognized. Nonetheless, we hold that, given defendant’s burden to demonstrate prejudice, the
       trial court properly denied him relief.
¶ 51        The grand jury’s petition was based on section 112-5(b) of the Code, under which the trial
       court may appoint an investigator or investigators “on petition showing good cause for same
       and signed by the foreman and 8 other grand jurors. The duties and tenure of appointment of
       such investigator or investigators shall be determined by the court.” 725 ILCS 5/112-5(b)
       (West 2014). Defendant does not contend directly that the petition failed to show “good cause”
       for the appointments requested. Although he appears to imply that good cause was not shown
       to appoint as many investigators as requested, he does not rely on section 112-5(b) or cite any
       authority to support a contention that the petition was defective on this ground. He also does
       not contend that the petition failed to show good cause to appoint Covelli specifically. Thus,
       we shall not address any potential argument that the appointment was invalid or ineffective for
       failing to comply with section 112-5(b). See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013); Lopez v.
       Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 375 Ill. App. 3d 637, 647-48 (2007) (arguments not raised
       or not sufficiently developed are forfeited). Moreover, at the trial level, defendant did not
       develop this specific argument either, and we shall not disturb the judgment on this new basis.
       See Haudrich v. Howmedica, Inc., 169 Ill. 2d 525, 536 (1996) (appellant may not obtain a
       reversal based on a theory not raised in the trial court).
¶ 52        If only by default then, we hold that Covelli’s appointment was proper and, thus, he could
       act as the grand jury’s agent. That fact distinguishes our case from those in which the court
       held that the grand jury’s subpoena power had been abused in order to advance an independent
       investigation by the police or the State’s Attorney. It does not, however, definitively
       demonstrate that no such abuse occurred here, even though Covelli started out as a duly

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       authorized agent of the grand jury. After all, a person who is made an agent might not
       thereafter act as one. If he does not, then allowing the State to reap the fruits of his
       extracurricular activities could elevate form over substance and lead to abuses of the system.
¶ 53       We note that Covelli’s actions in this case as a grand jury investigator did not have very
       much to do with the grand jury. He admitted that, between January 7, 2014, and April 3, 2014,
       he had no contact with the grand jury. From the start, his investigation of defendant proceeded
       as though the grand jury did not exist. The chronology bears this out.
¶ 54       There was no evidence that, when Covelli first received the suspected child pornography,
       the grand jury was investigating defendant. Nonetheless, without informing the grand jury (or
       anyone in the State’s Attorney’s office other than a paralegal, from whom he sought only
       technical aid), Covelli issued the subpoena to AT&T, demanding records that contained
       private information about defendant. To be sure, Covelli did not need to obtain the grand jury’s
       explicit authorization to issue the subpoena. However, as the trial court noted, the subpoena
       was made returnable to Covelli personally at the sheriff’s department building or his e-mail
       address. Although the subpoena was headed “Grand Jury” and stated that Covelli was an
       investigator for the grand jury, it was not made returnable to the grand jury. Moreover, it stated
       that Covelli had made a complaint before the grand jury—which he had not. The inaccuracy
       was potentially misleading, implying that defendant was already under grand jury
       investigation.
¶ 55       The return and later use of the subpoena also occurred in disregard of the grand jury. That
       AT&T sent the documents directly to Covelli cannot be ascribed to negligence on its part
       (distinguishing this case from Bauer) but followed naturally from Covelli’s instructions. The
       most reasonable inference is that he wanted to receive the documents first and review them,
       before the grand jury did. His conduct bore this inference out. After receiving the documents,
       Covelli did not disclose them to the grand jury. He did not do so even later on. He did not even
       disclose them to the State’s Attorney’s office, although he gave that office the physical address
       of the suspected offender. Further, he placed printouts of the documents into the case file, and
       it became known in his office (although not to the grand jury) that he was conducting an
       investigation (although the extent of his coworkers’ knowledge is unclear from his testimony).
¶ 56       On March 5, 2014, approximately six weeks after he had received defendant’s personal
       subscriber information from AT&T, Covelli had still not been in contact with the grand jury.
       However, on that date, he filled out a complaint for a warrant to search defendant’s home,
       relying on the information from AT&T. There is no question that, without the information, the
       State could not have shown probable cause. Thus, the search was made possible by Covelli’s
       actions, all of which he undertook as an agent of the grand jury but in complete isolation from
       it.
¶ 57       We agree with the trial court that the subpoena was defective in being made returnable to
       Covelli. However, that impropriety was not the only one. A police officer’s use of a grand jury
       subpoena to launch an investigation that excludes the grand jury until after the officer has
       obtained materials that are impressed with a constitutionally protected privacy interest—and
       has used those materials to obtain a warrant to search a suspect’s home (obviously another
       constitutionally sensitive intrusion)—raises serious problems.
¶ 58       The officer’s deliberate act of making the subpoena returnable to him, combined with his
       subsequent refusal to transmit the documents obtained to the grand jury, amounted to an abuse
       of the subpoena power. The situation here is not similar to that in DeLaire, but it does raise

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       serious concerns of its own. In DeLaire, the subpoena process was proper, but the grand jury’s
       disclosure of the confidential information to a police detective who was not its agent was the
       abuse. Here, the improprieties began earlier in the process. The subpoena itself was defective,
       and the handling of the confidential information that it produced was tainted by the original
       defect and by the subsequent disregard of the grand jury, which should have originally
       received the information. In substance, Covelli used the grand jury’s subpoena power to
       conduct an independent investigation that did not end until after he had twice obtained
       information in which defendant had a constitutional privacy interest.
¶ 59       We must emphasize that we cannot condone the police procedure in either DeLaire or the
       present case. Although the appointment of 488 law-enforcement officers as grand jury
       investigators circumvented one problem raised by DeLaire, it did not eliminate the danger of
       police abuse of the grand jury’s powers. The mere fact of appointment did not entitle the
       officers to perform their own investigations without any contact with the grand jury until the
       last moment, as was done here. The convenience of the mass appointment cannot be a
       justification for disregarding the purposes of the grand jury system and the relatively mild
       restraints on its investigative powers.
¶ 60       That said, however, we cannot say that defendant carried his burden to prove that the
       improprieties, however deliberate, prejudiced him. We note that, under Wilson and Boston, the
       supreme court’s controlling opinions on the prejudice test, defendant’s burden was high.
¶ 61       Defendant contends in part, however, that he did not need to prove prejudice, because
       Covelli’s use of the subpoena power “completely subverted” the grand jury process. Defendant
       contends that, because Covelli neither consulted with the grand jury before issuing the
       subpoena nor had the subpoenaed documents returned to the grand jury to review, he was not
       truly acting as the grand jury’s agent, and thus this case is distinguishable from Boston.
       (Defendant does not discuss Wilson.) Although we agree with defendant’s major premise, we
       cannot accept his conclusion. He still had to show prejudice.
¶ 62       In Boston, the grand jury did issue the subpoena, but it was made returnable to the assistant
       State’s Attorney, not an agent of the grand jury. Despite this impropriety, the court required the
       defendant to show prejudice. Here, the situation is not crucially different. Although Covelli did
       not consult with the grand jury before issuing the subpoena, the trial court order appointing
       him as an investigator authorized him to issue the subpoena, as an agent of the grand jury.
       Thus, as in Boston, the initial subpoena was not improper. (We have, of course, rejected any
       argument that the court’s appointment order was otherwise ineffectual.) The problem here, as
       in Boston, was with what happened after the issuance of a valid but defective subpoena. Under
       these circumstances, defendant is not excused from Boston’s requirement to show prejudice.
¶ 63       Wilson also applies, as the situation here is not materially more extreme than the one there.
       In Wilson, the assistant State’s Attorney who issued the subpoena was not even an agent of the
       grand jury as Covelli was here. Moreover, the grand jury never saw the subpoenaed
       documents. Yet the court, while agreeing with the defendant that the assistant State’s Attorney
       had abused the grand jury’s subpoena power (and exceeded or at least misused his own office’s
       subpoena power), still required the defendant to show that the impropriety prejudiced him. We
       are bound by the supreme court’s opinions in Boston and Wilson, and we see no way to
       distinguish them. Therefore, we do not excuse defendant from having to show prejudice.
¶ 64       A crucial corollary is that not only must defendant show prejudice, but he must do so
       according to the tests established in Boston and Wilson. Defendant contends that Covelli’s

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       abuse of the subpoena power prejudiced him because Covelli used the documents to obtain
       defendant’s private information, which, in turn, he used to obtain a warrant to search
       defendant’s home. Defendant contends that this case is distinguishable from Boston and
       Wilson because, in those cases, the State used the improperly subpoenaed evidence at trial
       only, whereas here the State used the evidence to secure a search warrant, which affected his
       constitutional rights. Defendant reasons that the intrusion into his home, which was made
       possible only by the use of the subpoenaed documents, was a form of prejudice that was not
       present in Boston or Wilson.
¶ 65       We acknowledge that there is something to be said for defendant’s argument: ordinarily, an
       illegal search cannot be saved by the argument that the State could have obtained the evidence
       by following the proper procedure. The evidence must still be suppressed. However, Boston
       and Wilson each held that evidence that was obtained by an abuse of the subpoena process, and
       that involved the disclosure of information in which the defendant had a
       constitutionally-protected privacy interest, did not need to be suppressed. The reasoning in
       each case was that, had the State followed the proper procedure (i.e., making the subpoena
       returnable to the grand jury instead of the State or the police), the State could have obtained the
       constitutionally sensitive information. See Boston, 2016 IL 118661 ¶ 41; Wilson, 164 Ill. 2d at
       458. This was also the reasoning that Bauer used in holding that, even had the State’s Attorney
       abused the subpoena process, the defendant had not shown prejudice. Bauer, 402 Ill. App. 3d
       at 1157.
¶ 66       Given this standard, we cannot say that defendant has shown prejudice. Had Covelli
       followed the proper procedure by making the subpoena returnable to the grand jury—or even
       by acting as a true agent of the grand jury and immediately transmitting AT&T’s records
       directly to that body—the State could still have obtained the information and used it to obtain
       the warrant to search defendant’s home.
¶ 67       The grand jury did not need a pending charge against defendant or probable cause, as the
       purpose of the grand jury is to decide whether probable cause exists such that a charge should
       be brought. See DeLaire, 240 Ill. App. 3d at 1021. The only requirements for the information
       sought were “[s]ome quantum of relevance” of the information and “some showing of
       individualized suspicion” against the person whose information was being sought. May 1991
       Will County Grand Jury, 152 Ill. 2d at 393; see DeLaire, 240 Ill. App. 3d at 1021-22. Those
       requirements were easily satisfied here. The subpoena demanded evidence of the physical
       address of a specific device from which a police detective had received images that he
       identified as probable child pornography. Therefore, as defendant failed to show prejudice, we
       hold that the trial court did not err in denying his motion to suppress.
¶ 68       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County is affirmed. As
       part of our judgment, we grant the State’s request that defendant be assessed $50 as costs for
       this appeal. 55 ILCS 5/4-2002(a) (West 2014); see also People v. Nicholls, 71 Ill. 2d 166, 178
       (1978).

¶ 69      Affirmed.

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