Court Opinion

ID: 9948207
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-06 17:14:34.661524+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:19.024790
License: Public Domain

J-A27031-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  LEANN PAGUE                                  :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  EDWARD PAGUE                                 :   No. 954 MDA 2023

                Appeal from the Order Entered June 5, 2023
    In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Civil Division at No(s):
                           2020-FC-002648-03

BEFORE:      LAZARUS, J., NICHOLS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                           FILED: MARCH 6, 2024

       Appellant, Leann Pague (“Mother”), appeals from the June 5, 2023,

order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of York County, awarding her and

Edward Pague (“Father”) (collectively, “Parents”) shared physical and legal

custody of their daughters, R.E.P., born in October 2013, and A.R.P., born in

March 2016 (collectively, “the Children”).1 Upon review, we affirm.

       We gather the relevant facts and procedural history of this matter from

the certified record, which includes numerous stipulations. Parents married in

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 The trial court ordered custody to be shared    pursuant to a two-two-three
custody schedule. This arrangement involves a two-week, repeating schedule
wherein the Children spend two days with one parent, the next two days with
the other parent, then three days with the first parent. The schedule switches
the following week and repeats thereafter.
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October 2012. See Joint Stipulation of Facts, 6/2/2023, at 1. During their

marriage, Parents resided together in Etters, Pennsylvania, until they

separated in November 2019. See id.

       Following separation, Father continued to reside in the marital home.

See N.T., 5/24/23, at 175. Father worked as a police officer for the Northern

York County Regional Police Department (“the Department”) for eighteen

years.    See id. at 206-07.          Approximately one year following Father’s

resignation from the Department, in May 2022, he began working full-time for

Schaad Detective Agency (“Schaad”).              See id. at 190.   Thereafter, in

November 2022, Father began his current employment as a school security

guard for Cedar Cliff High School.2 See id at 82-83, 241; Joint Stipulation of

Facts, 6/2/23, at 2.

       In December 2019, after briefly living with her best friend, Kaleigh

Seiter, following Parents’ separation, Mother obtained a home in Etters,

Pennsylvania, where she has resided since.3 See N.T. at 67. Mother works

in sales/business development for a small company located in Camp Hill,

Pennsylvania. See id. at 112; Joint Stipulation of Facts, 6/2/23, at 2. She

____________________________________________

2 Father works for the West Shore School District, i.e., the same district where

the Children attend elementary school. See N.T. at 87, 97, 231.

3 Parents live within a five-minute walk of each other.    See N.T. at 197.

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works from home, which allows her to put the Children on the bus each

morning.4 See N.T. at 185.

       Mother initiated the instant custody action when she simultaneously

filed for divorce from Father in October 2020. Despite commencing a custody

action, the trial court did not enter an initial custody order.   Accordingly,

Parents maintained an informal two-two-three custody arrangement for

approximately three years following Mother’s initiation of legal proceedings.

See id. at 77-78.

       On March 2, 2022, Mother filed a notice of proposed relocation, wherein

she requested to move with the Children 55 minutes away, to a farm in Delta,

Pennsylvania, which is owned by her paramour, John Sommer (“J.S.”). See

Notice of Proposed Relocation, 3/2/2022; N.T. at 41-43.           She further

requested primary physical custody of the Children. See Notice of Proposed

Relocation, 3/2/2022. Father responded with a counter-affidavit on March 16,

2022, objecting to Mother’s proposed relocation. Following two hearings on

Mother’s proposed relocation, by order dated July 1, 2022, the trial court

denied Mother’s request to relocate and provided an opinion examining the

____________________________________________

4 When Father was working full-time for Schaad, he had to leave for work
before the Children’s bus picked them up. See N.T. at 185. Parents agreed
that, during Father’s custody days, he could drop the Children off to Mother,
who would then put the Children on the bus. See id. Parents continued this
practice even after Father ceased working for Schaad full-time. See id.

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relocation factors set forth at 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5337(h).5 However, the trial

court again did not enter a formal custody order.       Accordingly, Parents

maintained their two-two-three informal custody schedule. See N.T. at 77-

78.

       Thereafter, on October 31, 2022, despite the ongoing absence of a

formal custody order, Mother filed a petition for modification, wherein she,

again, requested primary physical custody of the Children.6, 7 Following a

conciliation conference, on December 8, 2022, the trial court entered an

interim custody order, which confirmed Parents’ shared legal and physical

custody pursuant to the two-two-three custody schedule.      The order also

stipulated, inter alia, conditions regarding the Children’s summer vacations

and various holidays.

____________________________________________

5 The Honorable Joseph N. Gothie presided over the relocation hearing as well

as the subsequent hearing on Mother’s petition for modification, which
resulted in the subject order on appeal.

6 Mother acknowledged the lack of an operative custody order in her petition

for modification and submitted that she was looking to alter their informal
agreement and obtain a formal custody order. See Petition for Modification,
10/31/2022.

7 At the hearing, Mother reiterated her request for primary physical custody

of the Children. See N.T. at 101. However, she also proffered a five-two-
two-five schedule wherein “the same parent has [the Children] Monday and
Tuesday of every week, and then the other parent has them Wednesday and
Thursday, and then you rotate weekends.” Id. at 98.

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      On May 24, 2023, the trial court conducted a hearing on Mother’s

petition. She testified on her own behalf and presented the testimony of Diane

Wales, department administrator for the Department; Bambi Golden,

accounting manager at Schaad; J.S.; Ms. Seiter; and Candy Martin, maternal

grandmother. Father testified on his own behalf and additionally adduced the

testimony of Catherine Wetzel, paternal grandmother, and Stephanie Pague,

paternal aunt. The parties additionally presented, and the trial court admitted,

numerous exhibits.

      At the time of the hearing, the Children were nine and seven years old,

respectively. Parents agreed the Children did not need to testify because they

had previously been questioned during the relocation hearing. See N.T. at

13. The respective testimony from the above-noted parties largely confirmed

the Children are doing well under the existing two-two-three custody

schedule.   They participate in soccer, and Mother coaches their respective

teams. See id. at 129. Further, the Children love their teachers. See id. at

231. Finally, we again note that Parents currently reside mere minutes from

each other and the Children’s school. See id. at 47, 77-78.

      By order dated June 2, 2023, and entered June 5, 2023, the trial court

awarded Parents shared legal and physical custody of the Children pursuant

to the status quo two-two-three custody schedule.       The trial court further

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made determinations regarding, inter alia, the Children’s summer vacation

and holiday schedule.8

       Thereafter, Mother timely filed a notice of appeal along with a concise

statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.

1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). In response, the trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion

on August 1, 2023.

       On appeal, Mother raises the following issues:

       1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion and erred in
          determining that Mother’s “main goal” in filing the action was
          to relocate when Mother did not file a relocation request but
          rather was forced to file the action to obtain an operative
          custody order after the trial court failed to enter a custody
          order upon denying a previously filed relocation?

       2. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion in
          finding that 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a)(4) favored Father and in
          giving it great weight when erroneously considering Mother’s
          relationship with her paramour and relocation as Mother’s
          “main goal”?

       3. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion in
          ignoring and/or failing to give proper weight to Father’s issues
          with credibility, finding Father to be credible despite numerous
          statements made under oath that were proven to be untrue?

       4. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion in
          changing the holiday schedule from the interim order,
____________________________________________

8 The trial court made minor changes to the Children’s summer vacation and

holiday schedule from the interim order. Specifically, the subject order
removed a requirement that a party’s vacation must include their already
scheduled custody weekend. Regarding holidays, the subject order did not
include Easter, added New Year’s Day, and changed Christmas from a shared
holiday to an alternating holiday wherein Father has custody during years
ending in an even number, while Mother has custody during years ending in
an odd number.

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         removing Easter, adding New Year’s Day, and making
         Christmas an alternating holiday, despite neither party making
         this request, and removing exchange times?

      5. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion in
         changing the summer schedule from the interim order,
         removing the requirement that vacations must include the
         party’s already scheduled custody weekend, resulting in the
         ability for a party to have twelve days of uninterrupted
         custody?

      6. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion in
         finding the level of conflict pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A.
         § 5328(a)(13) to be a neutral factor and giving it minimal
         weight despite Father’s testimony that he does not wish to use
         Our Family Wizard, though the parties have been ordered to do
         so for months, that he does not check it frequently, and that it
         does not notify him of messages, which is untrue. Father also
         testified that he does not wish to engage in conversations with
         Mother?

Mother’s Brief at 4-5 (cleaned up).

      We review Mother’s issues according to the following scope and standard

of review:

      Our standard of review over a custody order is for a gross abuse
      of discretion. Such an abuse of discretion will only be found if the
      trial court, in reaching its conclusion, overrides or misapplies the
      law, or exercises judgment which is manifestly unreasonable, or
      reaches a conclusion that is the result of partiality, prejudice, bias,
      or ill-will as shown by the evidence of record.

      In reviewing a custody order, we must accept findings of the trial
      court that are supported by competent evidence of record, as our
      role does not include making independent factual determinations.
      In addition, with regard to issues of credibility and weight of the
      evidence, we must defer to the trial court who viewed and
      assessed the witnesses first-hand. However, we are not bound by
      the trial court’s deductions or inferences from its factual findings.
      Ultimately, the test is whether the trial court’s conclusions are
      unreasonable as shown by the evidence of record. We may reject
      the conclusions of the trial court only if they involve an error of

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      law, or are unreasonable in light of the sustainable findings of the
      trial court.

Rogowski v. Kirven, 291 A.3d 50, 60-61 (Pa.Super. 2023) (cleaned up).

      As with all custody-related matters, this Court’s “paramount concern is

the best interest of the child involved.”     Id. at 61 (internal citation and

quotation omitted). Indeed, Pennsylvania law provides that the trial court is

empowered to change an existing custody order only if the modification will

“serve the best interest of the child.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5338(a). To that end,

the Child Custody Act sets forth sixteen factors at Section 5328(a), which a

trial court must consider prior to modifying an existing custody order. See

E.B. v. D.B., 209 A.3d 451, 460 (Pa.Super. 2019). While the trial court’s

consideration of these factors is mandatory, “it is within the trial court’s

purview as the finder of fact to determine which factors are most salient and

critical in each particular case.” Id. (cleaned up).

      These factors provide as follows:

      (a) Factors.--In ordering any form of custody, the court shall
      determine the best interest of the child by considering all relevant
      factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors which
      affect the safety of the child, including the following:

         (1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit
         frequent and continuing contact between the child and
         another party.

         (2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or
         member of the party’s household, whether there is a
         continued risk of harm to the child or an abused party and
         which party can better provide adequate physical
         safeguards and supervision of the child.

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       (2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a) (relating
       to consideration of child abuse and involvement with
       protective services).

       (3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf
       of the child.

       (4) The need for stability and continuity in the child’s
       education, family life and community life.

       (5) The availability of extended family.

       (6) The child’s sibling relationships.

       (7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the
       child’s maturity and judgment.

       (8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the
       other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where
       reasonable safety measures are necessary to protect the
       child from harm.

       (9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,
       consistent and nurturing relationship with the child
       adequate for the child's emotional needs.

       (10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily
       physical, emotional, developmental, educational and special
       needs of the child.

       (11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.

       (12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or ability
       to make appropriate child-care arrangements.

       (13) The level of conflict between the parties and the
       willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one
       another. A party’s effort to protect a child from abuse by
       another party is not evidence of unwillingness or inability to
       cooperate with that party.

       (14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or
       member of a party's household.

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          (15) The mental and physical condition of a party or
          member of a party’s household.

          (16) Any other relevant factor.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a).      In order to evidence its consideration of these

required elements, custody courts must set forth a discussion of these best-

interest factors “prior to the deadline by which a litigant must file a notice of

appeal.” A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 820 (Pa.Super. 2014). This Court has

emphasized that the trial court, as the finder of fact, determines “which factors

are most salient and critical in each particular case.” M.J.M. v. M.L.G., 63

A.3d 331, 339 (Pa.Super. 2013)(citing A.D. v. M.A.B., 989 A.2d 32, 35-36

(Pa.Super. 2010)).

      In conjunction with its custody order dated June 2, 2023, the trial court

filed an opinion addressing the Section 5328(a) custody factors.            See

generally Trial Court Opinion (“T.C.O.”), 6/2/2023. The trial court weighed

Section 5328(a)(1) and (4) in favor of Father. Concomitantly, the trial court

determined Section 5328(a)(3), (9), and (10) moderately or slightly favored

Mother.    The trial court attributed no weight to all other factors as it

determined them to be neutral between Parents or not applicable.

      Ultimately, the trial court found Section 5328(a)(4) to be determinative

because the testimony at the custody trial indicated that, under the current

schedule, the Children are doing quite well, have formed close relationships

with their teachers, have been seen at the same medical facilities their entire

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lives, and saw no reason to “meddle with the status quo.”          See T.C.O.,

6/2/2023, at 10-11.

     In its opinion accompanying the custody order, the trial court stated the

following regarding Section 5328(a)(4):

     The parties stipulated as to the current stability within their lives
     and [C]hildren’s lives. The parties stipulated to, among other
     things, the parties’ employment, the fact that [C]hildren both play
     soccer and have formed relationships within their teams, that
     [C]hildren are covered under Father’s insurance, and that
     [C]hildren have received medical care from the same facility since
     birth.

                                  ...

     The court heard testimony from Mother and her paramour that
     the current 3-2-2-3 schedule is not stable for [C]hildren as they
     often do not remember which parent they are supposed to be with
     each day. They both testified that [C]hildren utilize a planner to
     tell them which parent has custody on each day. It was their belief
     that something like a 5-2-2-5 schedule would be more stable for
     [C]hildren. Father countered this by testifying that [C]hildren
     used to have a planner, but do not need it anymore. Father stated
     [C]hildren are well accustomed to the current scheme and know
     who has custody each day. Father stated that [C]hildren are
     perfectly fine with the current scheme and that switching to a new
     scheme would cause instability.       He does not believe it is
     necessary to fix something that is not broken.

     The court also heard testimony from Mother and her paramour
     that they have been in a stable, long-term relationship and have
     contemplated marriage and moving in with one another. Among
     the long-term possibilities for their relationship is Mother moving
     in with her paramour at his farm in Delta, Pennsylvania. Delta is
     approximately 55 minutes away from the parties’ current
     residences.

     The court does not believe that this is . . . simply just one of many
     possibilities that Mother and her paramour have in mind, but is in
     actuality their main goal. Approximately eleven months prior to
     this custody trial the undersigned judge presided over a relocation

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       hearing regarding this exact matter. At that time, Mother desired
       to move to her paramour’s residence in Delta.               The court
       ultimately denied relocation, reasoning that [C]hildren are
       perfectly fine where they are and that the relocation would disrupt
       the current custody scheme. The court believes that Mother filing
       for modification is another way for her to try to achieve the goal
       of relocating to Delta. This is not a nefarious goal, it is simply the
       reality that she is ready to move on to what seems to be a very
       good relationship for her, and she, as any parent, would like to
       make sure her [C]hildren accompany her. [C]hildren appear to
       be doing very well as things are, and the court is reluctant to
       meddle with the status quo.

       There is nothing to dispute that fact that [C]hildren are enjoying
       stable lives. They are engrained within their soccer teams, and
       Mother is a coach for both teams. They are doing well in school
       and have formed close relationships with their teachers. Their
       teachers even come to their soccer games to watch them play. . .
       An ultimate relocation to Delta certainly alters this stability that
       [C]hildren are enjoying. It would certainly disrupt many things
       with an uncertain range of possible outcomes.

T.C.O., 6/2/2023, at 8-11.

       In her first issue, Mother argues that the trial court erred with respect

to its July 1, 2022, relocation order. Specifically, Mother contends the trial

court erred in not analyzing the Section 5328(a) custody factors in conjunction

with the Section 5337(h) relocation factors when it made a determination

regarding Mother’s relocation request.9 See Mother’s Brief at 14-15. Mother

further contends that, following the relocation hearing, the trial court failed to

____________________________________________

9 In her brief, Mother has combined her arguments regarding her first and
second stated issues. See Mother’s Brief at 14. Because the issues are
distinct, we address them separately.

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issue an operative custody order, forcing Mother to file a petition for

modification. See id. at 16.

       Separate and apart from the arguable merits of her contentions,

Mother’s time in which to challenge the trial court’s July 1, 2022, relocation

order has long passed. The Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure provide

as follows with respect to the timeliness of appellate challenges to trial court

findings:

       Rule 903. Time for Appeal

       (a) General rule. Except as otherwise prescribed by this rule,
       the notice of appeal required by Rule 902 (manner of taking
       appeal) shall be filed within 30 days after the entry of the order
       from which the appeal is taken.

Pa.R.A.P. 903(a).

       If Mother believed the trial court erred in denying her request or for

failing to provide an operative custody order, she could have timely filed a

notice of appeal.      Instead, Mother declined to do so and opted to file the

instant petition for modification approximately four months later. Accordingly,

Mother’s first issue is waived.10        See In re. D.S., 979 A.2d 901, 905-06

____________________________________________

10 Further, Mother’s contention that she was forced to file a petition for
modification because the trial court failed to provide an operative custody
order is without merit. In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court explained
that its “intent at the time was to leave the informal custody arrangement of
the parties unchanged.” T.C.O., 8/1/2023, at 3. Once again, if Mother
believed the trial court erred in denying her relocation request or for failing to
provide an operative custody order following the relocation hearing, she could
have timely filed a notice of appeal.

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(Pa.Super. 2009) (concluding that a party waives any argument concerning a

trial court’s finding when it fails to pursue a timely appeal of that holding)

(citing Pa.R.A.P. 903(a)).

      In her second issue, Mother argues the trial court erred in determining

that Section 5328(a)(4), which concerns the need for stability and continuity

in the child’s education, family life and community life, favored Father. See

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a)(4).        Specifically, Mother argues the trial court

erroneously focused upon Mother’s main motivation in filing a petition, i.e., to

relocate to J.S.’s farm. See Mother’s Brief at 4, 16. Mother posits the trial

court’s alleged fixation on the reasoning behind Mother’s request constituted

negative bias.    See id. at 16.      Mother also asserts that Father lacked

credibility, and the trial court “ignored all credible evidence and testimony

presented in Mother’s case.” Id. at 16-17. Finally, Mother baldly asserts that

she was held to a different burden of proof than Father. See id. at 18. We

discern the crux of Mother’s argument is essentially her disagreement with

the trial court’s determinations regarding credibility and weight of the

evidence.

      Initially, to the extent that Mother argues the trial court held her to a

different evidentiary standard, we find this argument waived. Mother failed

to raise this claim in her concise statement or in her statement of questions

involved in her brief. See Concise Statement, 7/10/2023; see also Mother’s

Brief at 4-5. Indeed, the trial court did not address this proposition in its Rule

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1925(a) opinion. Thus, any argument regarding this contention is waived.11

See In re M.Z.T.M.W., 163 A.3d 462, 466 (Pa.Super. 2017) (reiterating that

issues not included in a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal

and statement of questions involved are waived).

       In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court concluded that “[a]side from

minor concerns raised by [Mother], [the C]hildren continue to thrive in their

current situation and disrupting that was not something this court felt was in

their best interest . . . .” T.C.O., 8/1/2923, at 7. The record fully supports

the trial court’s findings.

       Although Mother has attempted to frame the trial court’s concern

regarding her intent to relocate to Delta, Pennsylvania, as an inappropriate

fixation, there is ample testimony that supports the court’s concerns in this

regard.     Primarily, J.S. testified as follows regarding Mother’s potential

relocation:

       Q: Has [Mother] ever stayed at [your] farm and transported [the
       Children] to school in the morning?

       A: No.

       Q: If she were to be awarded a 5-2-2-5, do you anticipate any
       problems with her transporting [C]hildren to their current school
       district in the mornings?

____________________________________________

11 Even if not waived, we would not disturb the subject order because nothing

in the record even remotely indicates that Mother was held to a different
evidentiary standard. As discussed infra, there is no indication that the trial
court was “fixated” on Mother’s reason for filing a petition for modification.

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      A: None, other than the things that a reasonable person could
      imagine. You know, that would be -- I mean, it could be done . .
      . .I don’t think it would be a problem other than just the, you
      know, obviously we can all count, . . . 55 minutes is longer than
      five minutes. But other than that, I don’t see it as [a] problem.

N.T. at 47.

      Mother confirmed, on direct examination, that the current custody

schedule is an impediment to her ability to relocate, as follows:

      Q: Now, [Mother] the last time you were here, you testified a lot
      about the relocation factors, and I want to address that kind of
      first. We’re not here on relocation. Do you understand that?

      A: Yes.

      Q: Do you have any immediate plans to move to Delta with [J.S.]?

      A: No.

      Q: Is that something that you and [J.S.] have discussed?

      A: We’ve run the gamut of potentials, yes.

      Q: And so is it fair to say at some point that you would like to
      move in either to Delta or somewhere else with [J.S.]?

      A: Yes.

      Q: The schedule the way that it is now with a 2-2-3, has that had
      any impact on your decision about how to combine your two
      households?

      A: Yes.

      Q: And why?

      A: It is challenging to get onto, like, a schedule with [J.S.] when
      our schedule isn’t the same every week since it’s on a biweekly
      basis.

Id. at 75-76.

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      Mother also emphasized, as follows, that should she relocate to Delta,

Pennsylvania, the Children would remain in the West Shore School District:

      Q: And is it your preference for [the Children] to continue to
      remain [in the] West Shore School District for now?

      A: Yes.

      Q: And would that continue even if you were to combine your
      household with [J.S.]?

      A: Yes.

      Q: Would you be able to get [C]hildren to school if you were living
      in his family home on the farm in Delta?

      A: Yes.

Id. at 97.      The testimony reveals Mother’s desired relocation would

necessitate a daily, 55-minute commute to and from school for the Children.

Accordingly, the trial court’s concerns regarding Mother’s desire to relocate

are well supported by the record.

      Regarding the Children’s use of planners, the trial court acknowledged

the competing testimony proffered by Mother and Father.           See T.C.O.,

6/2/2023, at 9. Indeed, Mother’s paramour testified the Children should not

require a planner to know which Parent has custody on any given day. See

N.T. at 57 (“A [seven] and [nine]-year-old should not need a day planner to

figure out where they are going.”). On direct examination, Father indicated

the Children no longer utilize a planner, as follows:

      Q: How do you feel about your current custody arrangement?

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      A: My opinion is if it’s not broken, you don’t fix it. I think it’s
      great. We -- [the Children] have been doing the same thing now
      since [Mother] left. They do the exact same thing. They’re not
      looking at a notebook anymore. It’s imbedded in their head that
      we do what we do. On dad’s day, we do this, and on mom’s day,
      we do that. . . .

Id. at 229. As related supra, we defer to the trial court regarding issues of

credibility and weight of the evidence. See Rogowski, 291 A.3d at 60-61.

      Similarly, the trial court heard abundant evidence regarding the

Children’s stability with the current custody arrangement. Father testified the

Children are “well-established in the West Shore School District.” Id. at 231.

He emphasized the Children love their teachers, who went out of their way to

attend the Children’s soccer games. See id. Further, Mother briefly testified

that Father’s previous employment prevented him from getting the Children

off the bus and caused some instability and confusion.        See id. 80-82.

However, shortly thereafter, Mother admitted this was no longer an issue.

See id. at 87 (Mother acknowledged that Father’s new employment in the

West Shore School District has resolved the bus problem).

      Mother presented other minor trepidations regarding Father’s care,

namely that, on occasion, Father has not ensured the Children completed their

homework, Father did not timely sign forms for the Children, and the Children

had not bathed prior to their arrival at Mother’s home before school. See N.T.

at 103-05, 132. Father testified he prepares the Children for the following

day in the evenings but admitted that he has forgotten to check their

homework and forms folder a couple times. See id. at 201-02. Even still,

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the trial court was well within its discretion to determine the Children were

thriving despite these minor complaints. See T.C.O., 8/2/2023, at 7. Overall,

as Mother’s contentions amount to a disagreement with the trial court’s

credibility and weight of the evidence determinations, we discern no error or

abuse of discretion.

      Mother’s third claim for relief also involves her disagreement with the

trial court’s credibility determinations.     See Mother’s Brief at 21-24.

Specifically, Mother combines her third and sixth issues to argue the trial

court’s analysis of Section 5328(a)(13), the level of conflict between the

parties and the willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one

another, is a prime example of the court’s “unintentional predisposition

against Mother.” Id. at 21. Mother contends she presented credible evidence

regarding Father’s failure to communicate with her. See id. Father initially

failed to utilize Our Family Wizard (“OFW”) to communicate despite the trial

court’s December 2022 interim order. See id. at 21-22. She further claims

there was no evidence she contributes to Parents’ conflict or lack of

communication other than Father’s “bald assertions.” See id. at 23.

      In its opinion following the custody hearing, the trial court made the

following determination with regard to Section 5328(a)(13):

      [Parents’] communications with one another, or rather lack
      thereof, is evidence of conflict between [them]. First, there is the
      issue that it took Father a month and a half to utilize [OFW]. Since
      utilizing OFW, communication between [Parents] has been sparse
      and Father infrequently checks the app. Father testified that he
      does not wish to use OFW because it does not have a user-friendly

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      interface and does not notify him of messages. Due to not
      receiving notifications, he does not always check the app. Father’s
      infrequent use of the app in turn frustrates Mother. The court
      [knows] that the app does have notifications and that Father
      perhaps would be less frustrated with it if he familiarized himself
      with it a little more.

      Father also testified that he overall does not wish to engage in
      conversations with Mother. Father testified that Mother tends to
      be argumentative both in text and over the phone. Father also
      testified that Mother is not cordial when they see each other in
      person. Father gave two anecdotes where Mother essentially gave
      him the cold shoulder in front of [C]hildren without any particular
      need or reason. Mother denied Father’s allegations and gave
      anecdotal evidence of a time when Father was upset with her
      bringing [C]hildren home from a school party because he wanted
      to pick them up from the bus stop.

      There is clearly a moderate level of conflict between [Parents],
      though it is not to a degree that would require a parenting
      coordinator to be appointed. On one hand, Father testified that
      he tries to be cordial [and] that Mother does not treat him the
      same. This leads Father to avoid contact with Mother. On the
      other hand, Father’s infrequent usage of OFW is an issue in and
      of itself. The court finds this factor favors neither party. The court
      gives this factor minimal weight.

T.C.O., 6/2/2023, at 17-18.

      Further, the trial court stated the following in its Rule 1925(a) opinion

regarding Father’s credibility:

      Credibility determinations are within the sound discretion of the
      court.    The court believes [Father] dissembled considerably
      especially on the issue of using the software for parenting
      coordination, and the court found that his credibility was poor in
      that area. He had no legitimate excuse for failing to use [OFW]
      software and the court incorporated that into discussions of the
      factors in the custody opinion. The court does not believe that it
      ignored credibility with respect to [Father], so such a
      characterization by counsel for [Mother] is not altogether
      accurate. The court also believes that where it dinged [Father]
      for dissembling on the OFW issue, for instance, that appropriate

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      weight was applied. Credibility was considered as evidenced by
      the discussion in the opinion.

      Furthermore, many of the issues litigated, including what was a
      mini-trial about [Father’s] former police career included a number
      of issues that were not particularly important as it related to the
      custody matter. . . .Clearly, counsel for [Mother] wanted that to
      sway the tribunal to a degree that [Father’s] testimony would be
      more significantly and generally discounted, however, in the
      assessment of the court the relevance of [Father’s former career]
      to the custody matter was considerably attenuated.

T.C.O., 8/1/2023, at 7-8.

      The trial court’s findings are supported by the record. The trial court

ordered Parents to communicate via OFW in the December 2022 interim order.

See N.T. at 88-89; see also Interim Order, 12/8/2022. Additionally, Father

admitted he did not immediately start using OFW despite the trial court’s

mandate. See id. at 191-92. Further, Father provided various reasons for

not using OFW which boil down to his unfamiliarity with the OFW application

and his preference for texting.     See id. at 192-93 (“It doesn’t send you

notifications. You have to sign in on it every day. . . .To me, [] it’s a very

difficult thing to follow. . . .She can text me if she needs [something].”).

      Father testified that he tries to communicate with Mother, but “it’s her

way or no way. . . .if she doesn’t like something” it becomes an argument.

Id. at 191. He further stated that Mother can be rude to him. See id. at 195.

On one occasion, Father claimed he offered to help Mother carry soccer

equipment and she declined, only to have someone else help her with the

equipment shortly thereafter. See id.

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      Father also referred to an incident where Mother slammed her front door

after Father dropped the Children off.        See id. at 120-21, 195.     Mother

admitted she slammed the door but posited that it was because she was upset

that Father had asked the Children to confirm a scheduling question. See id.

at 120-21.    On direct examination, Father retorted he merely asked the

Children to confirm that there was a soccer game the following day. See id.

at 195.

      Based on the foregoing, the trial court was well within its discretion to

determine that Section 5328(a)(13) did not favor either party. The trial court

considered the testimony and made reasonable determinations regarding

credibility and weight of the evidence.       Once again, with regard to these

issues, we must defer to the trial court who viewed and assessed the witnesses

first-hand. See Rogowski, 291 A.3d at 60-61. Accordingly, we discern no

error or abuse of discretion. Mother’s third and sixth issues fail.

      Regarding her fourth and fifth issues, which she combines, Mother

contends the subject order substantially changed the summer vacation and

holiday schedule, which was set forth in the December 2022 interim custody

order, discussed above. See Mother’s Brief at 25.        Mother argues neither

Parent requested a change to these schedules, and, therefore, the trial court

erred. See id.

      As aptly stated by the trial court in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, “[f]ollowing

a custody trial a court has considerable discretion in drafting terms of shared

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physical custody.”   See T.C.O., 8/1/2023, at 9.       Indeed, Section 5328(a)

states that “[i]n ordering any form of custody, the court shall determine the

best interest of the child by considering all relevant factors, giving weighted

consideration to those factors which affect the safety of the child. . . .” See

also Rogowski, 291 A.3d at 60-61 (“[T]he paramount concern is the best

interest of the child involved.”). A court does not require a specific request

from a party to make alterations to a custody order that it deems in the best

interest of a child. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion or

commit an error of law.

      Based on the foregoing, we conclude that none of Mother’s contentions

entitle her to relief. Accordingly, we affirm the order of the trial court.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 3/6/2024

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