Court Opinion

ID: 4435549
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-09-03 17:11:48.295315+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:02:27.293639
License: Public Domain

J-A22025-18

                                   2019 Pa. Super. 268

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    MARCOS A. BENITEZ                          :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1069 EDA 2018

             Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence March 14, 2018
       In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-09-CR-0004588-2017

BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., NICHOLS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

OPINION BY NICHOLS, J.:                              FILED SEPTEMBER 3, 2019

        Appellant Marcos A. Benitez appeals from the judgment of sentence

imposed following his convictions for possession of a controlled substance,

possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance, and possession of

drug paraphernalia.1 Appellant claims that the trial court erred in denying his

motion to suppress evidence obtained after a traffic stop escalated into a drug

trafficking investigation and arrest. We affirm.

        The trial court summarized the background of this matter as follows:

        On May 9, 2017 at approximately 11:55 pm, Officer Tyson
        [Mathew2] initiated a traffic stop of a 2010 silver Honda Accord
        [(the Honda)] with a suspended registration. The [Honda] in
        question was traveling southbound on Route One in Bensalem
        Township, Bucks County.        After initiating the stop, Officer
____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1   35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16), (30), and (32), respectively.

2   Officer Mathew was in a marked police car and in full uniform.
J-A22025-18

       [Mathew] approached the passenger side and observed the
       [Honda] had two occupants: [Appellant] in the driver’s seat and a
       passenger later identified as Victor Matos-Ortiz [(the passenger)].
       In the back seat, Officer [Mathew] observed numerous bags of
       food.    Officer Mathew thereafter introduced himself to the
       [Honda]’s occupants and asked [Appellant] for his driver’s license
       and the [Honda]’s registration. Officer [Mathew] then inquired
       about who owned the [Honda]. [Appellant] responded that it was
       owned by a friend but could not remember the friend’s name.
       Upon checking the [Honda]’s registration information, Officer
       [Mathew] observed that the [Honda] was registered to a “Jose
       Liriano.” The [Honda] was also being operated with a single key
       in the ignition. Through his training and experience, Officer
       [Mathew] had learned that a vehicle registered to a third party
       which is also operated by a single key in the ignition is an
       indication of narcotics trafficking.

       Officer [Mathew] then inquired about the origin and destination of
       [Appellant’s] trip. [Appellant] stated that he was from New York
       on the way to see his girlfriend who lived in Philadelphia. Officer
       [Mathew] knew that New York is a known narcotics source area.
       Given his training and experience, Officer [Mathew] also knew that
       the location of the traffic stop was along a known drug trafficking
       corridor.

Order, 1/10/18, at 1-2.

       The record further reveals the following details regarding the initial

traffic stop and the subsequent narcotics investigation.3       Officer Mathew

____________________________________________

3 The suppression record included a “dash cam” recording of the stop and
subsequent investigation, which were admitted as Exhibit CS-1 (Exhibit 1).
The recordings were contained on a single disk containing two parts. We refer
to the recordings as Exhibit 1, Part 1 and Part 2. Part 1 begins with Officer
Mathew driving along Route 1 and ends while an officer is searching the
driver’s compartment of the Honda. Part 2 begins with the search of the
driver’s compartment by the officer. There is no indication that there was a
substantial gap in time between when Part 1 ended and Part 2 began.
However, where relevant, we refer to the time elapsed when playing each part
because no date or time-stamp appears on the recordings.

                                           -2-
J-A22025-18

initiated the traffic stop by activating his emergency lights. Ex. 1, Part 1 at

0:30. Appellant pulled the Honda over to the right curb and stopped without

incident. Id. at 1:00. There was a large grassy area along the right side of

roadway.

      Officer Mathew exited his police vehicle and approached the passenger

side of the Honda. Id. at 1:00-1:50. Officer Mathew asked for Appellant’s

license and the registration and insurance information for the Honda. Id. at

1:50-2:00.    Officer Mathew asked, “Whose car is this,” and Appellant

responded, “My friend’s car.” Id. at 2:10-2:15. Officer Mathew informed the

occupants that he stopped them because the insurance for the Honda was

cancelled. Id. at 2:15-2:20.

      Officer Mathew again asked for the registration and insurance cards. Id.

at 2:20-2:35. Officer Mathew received the paperwork and while looking down

at the documents, the officer asked, “Who is this, who does this car belong to

again?” Id. at 2:35-2:45. When Appellant said “my friend,” the officer asked,

“Who’s your friend?” Id. Appellant responded, “Huh?” Id. at 2:45.

      Officer Mathew continued to look down at the paperwork for several

seconds, and then indicated that the insurance paperwork Appellant gave him

was a “payment thing” and asked whether Appellant had the insurance card

for the Honda. Id. at 2:45-2:55. The officer stated, “Let me see that right

there,” and additional paperwork was passed to the officer. Id. at 2:55-3:00.

The officer asked whether a payment was made, and Appellant responded in

the affirmative. Id. at 3:05-3:15. The officer told Appellant that a report

                                     -3-
J-A22025-18

indicated there was no insurance for the Honda. Id. at 3:15-3:20. The officer

asked whether Appellant had a phone number for “him,” apparently referring

to a name on the paperwork. Id. at 3:15-3:20. The officer again asked,

“What’s his name?” Id. at 3:20-3:25. There was an inaudible response on

the recordings, after which the officer stated, “OK, I got you.” Id.

      Officer Mathew looked down at the paperwork that was handed to him

and asked, “Where are you guys heading?”        Id. at 3:25-3:35.      Appellant

stated that he was coming from New York and going to see his girlfriend in

Philadelphia. Id. at 3:35-3:50.

      Officer Mathew then asked whether the passenger was also from New

York and requested the passenger’s identification.         Id. at 3:50-4:05.

Appellant suggested that the passenger did not speak English. Id.

      After this initial discussion, Officer Mathew walked around the front of

the Honda, past the driver side of the Honda, and back to his police vehicle.

Id. at 4:25-5:10. While walking around the Honda, the officer told Appellant

that the Honda’s inspection sticker was also expired. Id. at 4:45. The officer

joked about the Honda being a friend’s car. Id. at 4:45-5:10. Approximately

four minutes elapsed between the time Appellant stopped the Honda and

Officer Mathew returned to his vehicle. See id. at 1:00-5:10.

                                     -4-
J-A22025-18

        Once    Officer   Mathew     returned    to   his   vehicle,   he   waited   for

approximately two minutes for his backup.4             Officer Bailey5 arrived at the

scene, and Officer Mathew stated, “I think I have something.”                See N.T.,

11/15/17, at 46; Ex. 1, Part 1 at 7:20.

        Officer Mathew indicated that: (1) the Honda came off of the turnpike;

(2) the Honda had an expired registration, insurance, and inspection; (3)

Appellant had a New York license and the passenger had a Pennsylvania

identification; (4) the Honda was registered to someone in Pennsylvania; (5)

the Honda was “a third-party car” with a “new tag;” (6) Appellant was not

able to identify the owner of the Honda; and (7) Appellant did not identify his

specific destination in Philadelphia. See Ex. 1, Part 1 at 7:20-8:20; see also

N.T. at 46. Throughout his conversation with Officer Bailey, Officer Mathew

stated that he wanted to call the El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC) to conduct

background checks and obtain consent to search the Honda. See Ex.1, Part

1 at 7:20-8:20.

        Officer Mathew then asked Officer Bailey to have a conversation with

Appellant and the passenger. See N.T. at 48; Ex. 1, Part 1 at 8:40-8:50. At

____________________________________________

4 The record did not conclusively establish when Officer Mathew requested
backup or a K-9 officer to respond to the scene. However, as discussed
further, a second officer responded to the scene approximately six minutes
after the initial stop, and Detective Matthew Tobie responded to the scene
twenty-six minutes after the initial stop.

5   Officer Bailey’s first name is not apparent in the record.

                                           -5-
J-A22025-18

the suppression hearing, Officer Mathew explained that although he found

some “indicators” of drug trafficking, Officer Bailey was more experienced and

might “pick[] up on any other indicators.” N.T. at 48.

       Officer Bailey approached the Honda on the passenger side and

interacted with the occupants through the front passenger side window.6 See

Ex. 1, Part 1 at 9:10-10:30. Meanwhile, Officer Mathew, who was still in his

vehicle, reported his suspicions by phone to another unidentified officer.

       Officer Bailey walked back to Officer Mathew’s vehicle and stated that

there was a “single key too” and that one of occupants was “shaking his knee.”

Id. at 10:50. Officer Mathew relayed the fact that there was only a single

ignition key for the Honda over the phone.7 Id. at 10:55.

       Approximately thirteen minutes after initiating the traffic stop, Officer

Mathew exited his vehicle to separate the occupants of the Honda. Ex. 1, Part

1 at 14:00-14:30. Officer Mathew walked up to the driver’s window of the

Honda, began talking to Appellant, and then asked Appellant to talk “outside.”

Id. at 14:30-14:40. Appellant exited the Honda, and Officer Mathew walked

____________________________________________

6 The dash cam recording did not capture the audio portions of Officer Bailey’s
interactions with the occupants of the Honda.

7 During cross-examination of Officer Mathew at the suppression hearing,
Appellant’s counsel emphasized that the dash cam recording indicated that
Officer Bailey made the first reference to a single key in the ignition. See N.T.
at 49-51. At the suppression hearing, however, Officer Mathew testified that
he noticed that there was a single key in the ignition when he approached the
Honda. Id. at 15. The trial court credited Officer Mathew’s suppression
hearing testimony. See Order, 1/10/18, at 1-2. On appeal, Appellant does
not dispute this finding.

                                           -6-
J-A22025-18

Appellant back to the curb on the right side of the road by Officer Mathew’s

vehicle. Officer Mathew asked the passenger to turn off the Honda.

      While standing by Officer Mathew’s police vehicle, Officer Mathew asked

Appellant if he had any weapons on him and whether Appellant “minded” if

the officer frisked him. Id. at 14:50-15:00. In response, Appellant raised his

hands, and Officer Mathew frisked Appellant, while continuing to ask where in

New York Appellant was coming from and why Appellant was driving to

Pennsylvania. Id. at 15:00-15:25. During this exchange, Appellant indicated

that he was coming from the Bronx to see his girlfriend, who lived at “Unruh

and Tyson.” Id. at 15:20.

      After completing the frisk, Officer Mathew then asked Appellant to “hang

tight” because the information for the Honda was coming back as expired. Id.

at 15:25. Officer Mathew returned to his police vehicle, and Officer Bailey

appeared to engage Appellant in further conversation outside the police

vehicle. Officer Bailey and Appellant moved to the grassy area on the side of

the roadway, beyond the view of the dash cam. Id. at 15:55.

      Approximately fifteen minutes after stopping the Honda, Officer Mathew

contacted EPIC and provided information regarding the Honda, Appellant, and

the passenger. See id. at 16:15-24:25. Officer Mathew received information

that there was an open investigation of Appellant.      N.T. at 19.    Officer

Mathew’s initial call to EPIC lasted approximately eight minutes. See Ex. 1,

Part 1 at 16:15-24:25.

                                    -7-
J-A22025-18

        Officer Mathew then contacted a DEA agent, who was referred to as

Agent Boyd. Id. at 25:15. Officer Mathew received information from Agent

Boyd that the open case involved “the fact that [Appellant] was stopped a

year ago in a car with a hidden compartment in it.” N.T. at 22. According to

Officer Mathew, the DEA agent believed that the open case involved a red

Honda. Id. at 63-64; Ex. 1, Part 1 at 28:40-28:50. Officer Mathew stated

that the DEA agent was not in the office and was relaying this information to

Officer Mathew by memory. N.T. at 63-64.

        While Officer Mathew was in contact with EPIC, Officer Bailey and a third

officer, later identified as Sergeant Schwartz,8 approached the right side of

the Honda and appeared to interact with the passenger. See Ex. 1, Part 1 at

18:20-18:50. Sergeant Schwartz continued to interact with the passenger for

approximately eight minutes. Id. at 18:50-26:00. Meanwhile, Officer Bailey

intermittently walked back and forth between Officer Mathew’s vehicle and the

Honda. During this time, Officer Bailey also appeared to inspect the outside

of the Honda, including the undercarriage and the wheel wells. See id.

        Approximately twenty-six minutes after Appellant was initially stopped,

a K-9 unit, led by Detective Tobie, arrived at the scene, and Detective Tobie

began talking to Appellant. See id. at 27:15. At about the same time, Officer

Bailey and Sergeant Schwartz walked back to the Honda.            Officer Bailey

opened the front passenger door, had the passenger exit the Honda, frisked

____________________________________________

8   The record does not reveal when Sergeant Schwartz arrived at the scene.

                                           -8-
J-A22025-18

him, and directed the passenger walk back toward Officer Mathew’s vehicle.

Id. at 27:30.

      After removing the passenger, Officer Bailey and Sergeant Schwartz

briefly stood in the space between the open passenger door and the body of

the Honda. While standing in that space, Officer Bailey leaned forward, peered

into the interior the Honda using his flashlight, and then walked away and

closed the passenger door. Id. at 27:40.

      After closing the door, Officer Bailey then walked back to Officer

Mathew’s vehicle. See id. at 28:00. Officer Mathew told Officer Bailey that

he received information regarding the open investigation for a hidden

compartment. See id. at 28:00-28:50. Officer Bailey indicated that he was

looking “down underneath” and saw loose screws. See id. at 28:00-28:50.

      Meanwhile, Detective Tobie appeared to remain in a conversation with

Appellant.   See id. at 27:15-29:15.    The detective asked Appellant “basic

questions” such as “[w]here he was coming from, what he was doing, what

he believed was in the [Honda,]” who owned the Honda, and where his

girlfriend lived. N.T. at 79. Detective Tobie indicated to Appellant that he was

going to conduct a K-9 search of the Honda and asked Appellant if the police

could remove bags of food from the Honda. Id. at 81-82, 101-02. Appellant

agreed. See id.

      Sergeant Schwartz opened the rear passenger’s side door of the Honda,

went inside the Honda, and removed two plastic bags. Ex. 1, Part 1 at 29:15-

29:40. The sergeant placed the bags on the ground and then closed the door.

                                     -9-
J-A22025-18

Id. As Sergeant Schwartz was removing bags from the Honda, Officer Mathew

and Detective Tobie walked farther into the grassy area along the side of the

road and discussed the indicators leading to the stop. See id. During this

conversation, Detective Tobie called Officer Bailey over to his location and

asked Officer Bailey to move Appellant, the passenger, and the bags of food

farther away from the Honda.

      As Officer Mathew and Detective Tobie walked back toward the Honda,

Detective Tobie asked whether anyone asked Appellant for consent. Id. at

31:15.   Officer Mathew indicated that he was in contact with EPIC.          Id.

Detective Tobie, with Sergeant Schwartz and Officer Mathew off to his side,

then approached Appellant.        The officers were visible on the dash cam

recording, but Appellant remained outside the view of the dash cam recorder.

Detective Tobie asked if there was anything in the Honda, and then asked if

Appellant minded if “these officers” searched the Honda. Id. at 31:30-31:50.

      At the suppression hearing, Detective Tobie described his request for

Appellant’s consent as follows:

      I asked, I asked [Appellant], I said, if, if, if—”Are there drugs in
      the car that you are aware of?” He said, “No.” I said: Can myself
      and the other officers on scene here search your vehicle, in so
      many words. I don’t know verbatim what I said, but in so many
      words that’s what I say on a consistent basis in these type of
      operations. He said, “Yes, that’s fine.” And that’s when if you see
      on the video Sergeant Schwartz and Officer Bailey go over to the
      vehicle for the search.

N.T. at 82-83. Additionally, Detective Tobie stated that “I advised him that

there was going to be a K-9 that I was going to utilize for the car, and in that

                                     - 10 -
J-A22025-18

conversation was that the officers would search and my K-9 partner. There

was dialogue with that.” Id. at 83. Detective Tobie noted that the audio of

the dash cam did not capture that discussion. Id. However, Detective Tobie

testified that Appellant responded, “‘Yes, that’s fine.’”   Id.   Immediately

afterwards, Sergeant Schwartz and Officer Bailey walked back to the Honda,

opened the front doors and proceeded to enter and search the interior of the

Honda for approximately three minutes. See Ex 1., Part 1 at 31:50-34:15;

Ex 1, Part 2 at 0:00-0:15.

     Detective Tobie then approached the Honda with his K-9 partner “Ozzy.”

Ex. 1, Part 2 at 0:15. Sergeant Schwartz and Officer Bailey exited the Honda,

leaving the driver and front passenger doors open.      Id.   Detective Tobie

walked Ozzy around the rear bumper of the car to the front passenger side of

the Honda. Ozzy entered the Honda though the front passenger door and

began scratching at the center console. Id. at 0:15 to 0:50; N.T. at 86. After

Ozzy exited the Honda, Detective Tobie closed the front passenger door and

walked Ozzy around the front of the Honda, at which time Ozzy scratched at

the front bumper. See N.T. at 87. Ozzy then reentered the Honda through

the driver’s door and scratched at the center console. Id. at 1:00-1:10; N.T.

at 87. Ozzy exited the Honda, and Detective Tobie informed the other officers

that Ozzy indicated the presence of narcotics. Ex. 1, Part 2 at 1:20-1:50.

     The trial court summarized the remaining facts as follows:

     [Appellant] was informed that Ozzy made a positive identification
     for the presence of narcotics. Given that the vehicle search was
     being conducted on a major roadway, law enforcement wanted to

                                    - 11 -
J-A22025-18

       remove the [Honda] to the Bensalem Township Police
       headquarters for safety purposes. Law enforcement then asked
       [Appellant] if they could remove the [Honda] to headquarters to
       conduct a more thorough search. [Appellant] consented. At this
       time, [Appellant] was not placed under arrest and was told he
       could wait in the lobby of police headquarters while a more
       thorough search of the [Honda] was being conducted. This further
       search revealed a concealed compartment within the center
       console containing a bag which held approximately 4.6 grams of
       heroin. [Appellant] was then placed under arrest.

       While [Appellant] was being fingerprinted and processed, Officer
       [Christopher] Pennington of the Bensalem Township Police
       Department asked [Appellant] whether he was willing to provide
       a buccal DNA swab from the inside of his cheek. [Appellant]
       consented. [Appellant] then placed the swab into his mouth,
       swabbed the inside of his cheek, and returned the swab to Officer
       Pennington. [Appellant] also reviewed the packaging of the buccal
       swab where [Appellant] signed the packaging indicating his
       voluntary consent.

       Incident to [Appellant]’s arrest, Bensalem police conducted a
       search of the [Appellant]’s person. This search revealed a key
       with a label indicating [an address on] Friendship Street,
       Philadelphia, PA.[] Detective Tobie asked [Appellant] about his
       residence as part of standard booking procedure. [Appellant]
       indicated that he lived at the Friendship Street address with his
       girlfriend. Detective Tobie then asked whether [Appellant] would
       consent to police searching the Friendship Street premises.
       [Appellant] declined consent.

Order at 3-4.9     On July 16, 2017, the Commonwealth filed an information

charging Appellant with possession with intent to deliver a controlled

____________________________________________

9 As noted by the trial court, police officers also obtained a warrant to search
the Friendship Street premises, and “recovered rubber bands commonly used
to wrap narcotics, a .40 caliber magazine, United States currency, mail in the
name of . . . Appellant, and photographs of . . . Appellant” from the premises.
Order at 5. For reasons not relevant to this appeal, the trial court suppressed
the evidence recovered from the Friendship Street premises. Id. at 1.

                                          - 12 -
J-A22025-18

substance, possession of drug paraphernalia, and possession of a controlled

substance.

       On August 7, 2017, Appellant filed an omnibus pretrial motion to

suppress all of the evidence obtained after the traffic stop. Of relevance to

this appeal, Appellant asserted that he was subjected to a series of unlawful

seizures after the traffic stop, and that the police officers conducted illegal

searches of the Honda. The trial court conducted a suppression hearing on

November 15, 2017, at which Officer Mathew, Detective Tobie, and Officer

Pennington, testified on behalf of the Commonwealth.10              The parties also

played the dash cam recordings.11              Appellant testified, and his testimony

focused on the taking of the buccal swab.

       After receiving briefs from the parties, the trial court denied Appellant’s

motion as to the evidence recovered from the Honda and the taking of a buccal

swab. Order at 1.        As indicated above, the trial court granted Appellant’s

motion to suppress the evidence obtained from the search of the Friendship

Street residence. Id.

       Appellant proceeded to a stipulated bench trial. On March 14, 2018, the

trial court found him guilty of all charges. That same day, the court sentenced

____________________________________________

10The Commonwealth did not challenge Appellant’s expectation of privacy in
the Honda.

11 The Commonwealth did not call Officer Bailey or Sergeant Schwartz as
witnesses at the suppression hearing.

                                          - 13 -
J-A22025-18

Appellant to six to twenty-three months’ imprisonment for possession with

intent to deliver, with no further penalty on the remaining counts.

      Appellant timely appealed and filed a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement

challenging the order denying his motion to suppress the evidence recovered

from the Honda and the taking of a buccal swab.         The trial court filed a

responsive opinion. See Trial Ct. Op., 5/23/18, at 9-18.

      Appellant presents the following questions for review:

      [1]. Did the [trial] court err by failing to suppress the physical
      evidence found inside [the Honda] because the officer
      unreasonably expanded the scope and duration of an ordinary
      traffic stop by asking questions and making inquiries unrelated to
      the traffic violation without reasonable suspicion to believe that
      criminal activity was afoot?

      [2]. Did the [trial] court err by failing to suppress the physical
      evidence found inside [the Honda] because the police unlawfully
      conducted a second detention and subsequent round of
      questioning, as well as a K-9 search of [the Honda], without
      reasonable suspicion to believe that criminal activity was afoot?

      [3]. Did the [trial] court err by failing to suppress the physical
      evidence found inside [the Honda] because the police conducted
      a warrantless search of the interior of [the Honda] without
      probable cause and under no valid exception to the warrant
      requirement?

      [4]. Did the [trial] court err by failing to suppress the DNA saliva
      sample extracted from [Appellant]’s mouth because the police did
      so without a warrant and under no valid exception to the warrant
      requirement?

Appellant’s Brief at 4 (full capitalization omitted).

      As suggested by his questions presented, Appellant argues that the trial

court erred in denying his motion to suppress the heroin recovered from the

                                      - 14 -
J-A22025-18

Honda and the buccal swab taken from him. Id. at 16-17. Appellant concedes

that Officer Mathew lawfully stopped him for a traffic violation. Id. at 18.

Appellant also acknowledges that he consented to the searches of the Honda

and the taking of a buccal swab. Id. at 16-17.

      Appellant, however, claims that his consent to the searches of the Honda

and his person were not voluntary because he was subjected to a series of

illegal seizures and searches following the initial traffic stop. Id. In support,

Appellant claims that the trial court erred in finding reasonable suspicion to

detain him beyond the purposes of the traffic stop.          Appellant challenges

several of the trial court’s findings of fact and the trial court’s legal conclusion

that those facts constituted reasonable suspicion.            See id. at 18-33.

Additionally, Appellant challenges the trial court’s determination that the

police lawfully searched the Honda. See id. at 33-44. Lastly, he challenges

the trial court’s finding that he consented to the taking of a buccal swab. See

id. at 44-47. We address each challenge in greater detail below.

      Initially, we note that our standard and scope of review requires that we

determine

      whether the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by
      the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those
      facts are correct. Because the Commonwealth prevailed before
      the suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the
      Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as
      remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as
      a whole. Where the suppression court’s factual findings are
      supported by the record, we are bound by these findings and may
      reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are erroneous. Where
      . . . the appeal of the determination of the suppression court turns

                                      - 15 -
J-A22025-18

      on allegations of legal error, the suppression court’s legal
      conclusions are not binding on an appellate court, whose duty it
      is to determine if the suppression court properly applied the law
      to the facts. Thus, the conclusions of law of the courts below are
      subject to our plenary review.

Commonwealth v. Green, 168 A.3d 180, 183 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation

omitted).

                      1. The trial court’s findings of fact

      Appellant first challenges the trial court’s findings of fact.            See

Appellant’s Brief at 23-28. Specifically, Appellant claims that the record did

not support the trial court’s findings that he was unable to remember the

name of the owner of the Honda and his girlfriend’s address, or appeared

nervous.     Id. at 24-28.   He contends that the record shows that Officer

Mathew asked him a confusing series of questions and that his inability to

answer the question of who owned the Honda was not indicative of criminal

activity. Id. at 25. He also claims that the record indicates that when Officer

Mathew asked about his girlfriend’s address, he responded with an

approximate location. Id. at 25-26. Lastly, he asserts that there were no

indications on the dash cam recordings that he was nervous. Id. at 27.

      Appellant also claims that the factors referenced by the trial court were

not legally relevant to a determination of reasonable suspicion. See id. at

23-24 (discussing the presence of a single key), 24 (discussing the operation

of a vehicle owned by a third party), 26 (asserting that a driver is under no

obligation   to   answer   questions   unrelated   to   a   traffic   stop),   26-27

                                       - 16 -
J-A22025-18

(characterizing travel from New York as impermissible profiling), 27 (asserting

that “nervousness during a traffic stop is not a particularly telling factor”).

Appellant emphasizes that the factors did not suggest he was engaged in

criminal activity and were equally consistent with innocent behavior. See id.

      The United States Supreme Court has outlined the following relevant

principles:

      A seizure for a traffic violation justifies a police investigation of
      that violation. . . . [T]he tolerable duration of police inquiries in
      the traffic-stop context is determined by the seizure’s “mission”—
      to address the traffic violation that warranted the stop, and attend
      to related safety concerns. Because addressing the infraction is
      the purpose of the stop, it may “last no longer than is necessary
      to effectuate th[at] purpose.” Authority for the seizure thus ends
      when tasks tied to the traffic infraction are—or reasonably should
      have been—completed.

      . . . [A] traffic stop “can become unlawful if it is prolonged beyond
      the time reasonably required to complete th[e] mission” of issuing
      a warning ticket. . . . An officer, in other words, may conduct
      certain unrelated checks during an otherwise lawful traffic stop.
      But . . . he may not do so in a way that prolongs the stop, absent
      the reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify detaining
      an individual.

      Beyond determining whether to issue a traffic ticket, an officer’s
      mission includes “ordinary inquiries incident to [the traffic] stop.”
      Typically such inquiries involve checking the driver’s license,
      determining whether there are outstanding warrants against the
      driver, and inspecting the automobile’s registration and proof of
      insurance. These checks serve the same objective as enforcement
      of the traffic code: ensuring that vehicles on the road are operated
      safely and responsibly.

Rodriguez v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 1609, 1614-15 (2015) (citations

omitted).

                                     - 17 -
J-A22025-18

      Therefore, to extend a traffic stop beyond the purposes of enforcing a

traffic violation, there must be reasonable suspicion that a defendant “may

have been engaged in criminal activity independent of” the traffic violation.

Green, 168 A.3d at 184 (citation omitted).       This Court has described the

reasonable suspicion standard as follows:

      [T]o establish grounds for reasonable suspicion, the officer must
      articulate specific observations which, in conjunction with
      reasonable inferences derived from those observations, led him
      reasonably to conclude, in light of his experience, that criminal
      activity was afoot and that the person he stopped was involved in
      that activity. The question of whether reasonable suspicion
      existed at the time [an officer conducts the stop] must be
      answered by examining the totality of the circumstances to
      determine whether the officer who initiated the stop had a
      particularized and objective basis for suspecting the individual
      stopped. Therefore, the fundamental inquiry of a reviewing court
      must be an objective one, namely, whether the facts available to
      the officer at the moment of the [stop] warrant a man of
      reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken was
      appropriate.

Id. (citation omitted).

      When assessing the totality of the circumstances, appellate courts have

disapproved of a “divide-and-conquer” approach of considering individual

factors in isolation from each other. See Commonwealth v. Carter, 105
A.3d 765, 772 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc) (discussing United States v.

Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 274 (2002)). Moreover, it is well settled that

      [e]ven in a case where one could say that the conduct of a person
      is equally consistent with innocent activity, the suppression court
      is not foreclosed from concluding that reasonable suspicion
      nevertheless existed.     In conducting a reasonable suspicion
      inquiry, a suppression court is required to afford due weight to the

                                     - 18 -
J-A22025-18

      specific, reasonable inferences drawn from the facts in light of the
      officer’s experience.

Commonwealth v. Stilo, 138 A.3d 33, 39 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citations,

quotation marks, and alterations omitted).

      Here, the trial court stated:

      In the instant case, once initiating the traffic stop, Officer
      [Mathew] developed reasonable suspicion that the Appellant was
      engaged in narcotics trafficking. First, upon approaching the
      [Honda], Officer [Mathew] observed a single key in the ignition
      which, based upon Officer [Mathew]’s training and experience,
      was an indication that the driver of the vehicle was engaged in the
      narcotics trade. Next, upon requesting registration information
      and asking Appellant about the ownership of the vehicle, an
      inquiry which specifically dealt with the purpose of the traffic stop,
      Appellant indicated the [Honda] was owned by a friend but that
      he could not remember his friend’s name. Once receiving the
      [Honda]’s registration paperwork from Appellant, Officer
      [Mathew] noted the vehicle was registered to a third party who
      was not a passenger in the vehicle. Based upon his training and
      experience, Officer [Mathew] knew that drug traffickers will often
      operate and travel in vehicles which are registered to third parties.
      With these circumstances in mind, Officer [Mathew] then inquired
      into the origin and destination of . . . Appellant’s trip. . . .
      Appellant, appearing nervous with his legs visibly shaking,
      indicated that he was traveling from New York on the way to see
      his girlfriend who lived in Philadelphia. Appellant’s response
      revealed material information because based upon his training
      and experience, Officer [Mathew] knew that New York is a known
      narcotics source area and that the location of the traffic stop was
      along a known drug trafficking corridor.

Trial Ct. Op. at 9.

      As to the trial court’s findings that Appellant “could not remember” the

name of the friend who owned the Honda, see id. at 9, Officer Mathew

testified at the suppression hearing:

                                      - 19 -
J-A22025-18

      [W]hen I asked for his paperwork, for the car registration, the
      insurance, he provided me with a registration with a name which
      is not his name nor the driver’s -- the passenger’s name. Asked
      [Appellant] whose car it belonged to, and he said it was his friend’s
      car. He couldn’t tell me what his friend’s name was right away
      and give me a right answer for it

N.T. at 16. Additionally, the dash cam video corroborated Officer Mathew’s

testimony. Ex. 1, Part 1 at 2:35-3:25. Although Appellant asserts that the

trial court should not have weighed this factor against him, there was support

in the record for the trial court’s finding, and we find no basis to disturb the

trial court’s factual determinations regarding this evidence. See Green, 168
A.3d at 183.

      As to the trial court’s finding that Appellant was unable to provide his

girlfriend’s address, we note that the trial court did not discuss this factor in

its order denying Appellant’s suppression motion.         See Order at 2, 5.

However, in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court noted that Appellant

“described a general area but could not provide a specific address.” Trial Ct.

Op. at 4. Later in the opinion, the trial court stated, “Appellant was unable to

provide his girlfriend’s address,” when discussing reasonable suspicion to

extend the duration of the traffic stop. Id. at 10.

      Our review reveals that Officer Mathew testified as follows:

      [Appellant] told me he was visiting a girlfriend in Philadelphia. I
      asked him where in Philadelphia. He just said the far Northeast.
      He wasn’t sure. I believe he gave me an address of Tyson Avenue
      and Frankford, around that area, but he couldn’t tell me exactly
      where he was going.

                                     - 20 -
J-A22025-18

N.T. at 18-19; Ex. 1, Part 1 at 15:20. Therefore, we conclude that the record

supported the trial court’s finding that Appellant described the general area of

his girlfriend’s residence. See Green, 168 A.3d at 183. Moreover, the trial

court’s statement that Appellant was unable to provide an address was a

reasonable characterization of the evidence.12

        As to the trial court’s determination that Appellant appeared nervous at

the time of the initial traffic stop, we conclude that the record does not support

this finding.   Specifically, the trial court found that “Officer [Mathew] then

inquired about the origin and destination of the [Appellant]’s trip. [Appellant],

appearing nervous with his legs visibly shaking, stated that he was from New

York on the way to see his girlfriend who lived in Philadelphia.” Order at 2;

Trial Ct. Op. at 2.

        Officer Mathew, however, did not testify that Appellant appeared

nervous during the initial traffic stop. See N.T. at 16-19. Further, the dash

cam recording reveals that the officer did not list nervousness as a factor when

initially reporting his suspicions to Officer Bailey. See Ex. 1, Part 1 at 7:20-

8:20.

____________________________________________

12 We note that the dash cam recording suggests that Officer Mathew asked
questions regarding Appellant’s girlfriend’s specific address after the officer
approached the Honda for a second time and had Appellant exit the vehicle.
See Ex. 1, Part 1 at 14:00-14:40. This interaction occurred approximately
nine minutes after Officer Mathew first approached the Honda for the traffic
stop. However, Appellant argues this issue in terms of Officer Mathew’s initial
decision to detain Appellant for a drug investigation. See Appellant’s Brief at
18, 24-26.

                                          - 21 -
J-A22025-18

       Rather, Officer Mathew first testified that Appellant appeared nervous

when the officer described his “re-approach” of the Honda at the suppression

hearing. See N.T. at 24. Specifically, Officer Mathew testified:

       I re-approached the vehicle, talked to [Appellant, and] asked him
       for his information for his suspension for his insurance. The more
       . . . conversation I had with him, he just appeared to be more
       nervous. He started shaking his leg a lot, just really nervous
       demeanor, and he started stuttering a little bit on his words, which
       is when I had a conversation with him to step out of the car.

Id.    The dash cam recording shows that this conversation occurred

approximately nine minutes after Officer Mathew ended his first “approach”

of the Honda for the traffic stop, and nearly five minutes after a second officer,

Officer Bailey, engaged the occupants of the Honda. See Ex. 1, Part 1, at

14:00-14:40.

       Therefore, the trial court’s discussion of nervousness as a factor in the

detention of Appellant beyond the scope of the initial traffic stop lacked proper

support in the record. See Green, 168 A.3d at 183. Accordingly, we are not

bound by this finding.13 See id.

       Regarding Appellant’s several legal arguments in support of his first

claim, we conclude that Appellant attempts a “divide-and-conquer” approach
____________________________________________

13 We acknowledge that Appellant did not identify this precise issue when
arguing that the record did not support the trial court’s finding that he
appeared nervous. See Appellant’s Brief at 27-28 (indicating that the trial
court’s conclusion was “not necessarily supported by [Appellant’s] appearance
in the dash cam video” and arguing that “nervousness during a traffic stop is
not a particularly telling factor”). Nevertheless, our standard of review
requires this Court to determine whether the trial court’s findings of fact are
supported by the record. See Green, 168 A.3d at 183.

                                          - 22 -
J-A22025-18

as to the legal relevance of each factor discussed by the trial court.       See

Appellant’s Brief at 23-27. However, this Court has long rejected such legal

arguments. See Stilo, 138 A.3d at 39; Carter, 105 A.3d at 772. In any

event, because Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in finding

reasonable suspicion under the totality of the circumstances, we will address

that contention further in conjunction with his next claim.

    2. The trial court’s conclusion that reasonable suspicion existed

      Appellant next contends that the totality of the circumstances did not

support the decisions to prolong the traffic stop and conduct a canine search.

Appellant relies on Commonwealth v. Dales, 820 A.2d 807 (Pa. Super.

2003), to argue that Officer Mathew did not state a proper basis to believe

Appellant was involved in criminal activity. Appellant’s Brief at 30-32.

      In Dales, a police officer stopped a driver for excessive window tinting.

See Dales, 820 A.2d at 809. During the traffic stop, the officer observed

several air fresheners hanging from the rearview mirror. Id. at 810. The

officer also smelled a “mediciney” odor that suggested the presence of a

chemical, such as Bactine, or a “masking scent.” Id.

      The driver in Dales was nervous when responding to the officer’s

questions about his travels. Id. The driver told the officer he went to New

York and was returning home when he was stopped. Id. The officer obtained

the driver’s license, registration, and proof of insurance, returned to his patrol

vehicle, and determined that the paperwork for the driver and the vehicle was

                                     - 23 -
J-A22025-18

valid. Id. The officer returned to the driver’s vehicle and asked the driver to

walk back to the officer’s police vehicle. Id. The driver complied. Once at

the officer’s vehicle, the officer used his own vehicle to demonstrate the

permissible level of window tinting. Id. At some point in this interaction, the

officer returned the paperwork to the driver. Id. at 809, 814 n.3.

      While the driver and the officer were standing by the police vehicle, a

plainclothes detective arrived at the scene. Id. at 810. The officer continued

to ask the driver questions about his activities in New York. Id. at 811. During

this conversation, the driver made statements inconsistent with responses he

gave during the initial traffic stop. Id.

      The officer continued to ask the driver whether there was anything

illegal in the car, and the driver responded, “No.” Id. The officer then asked

for the driver’s permission to search the vehicle, and the driver responded,

“Yes.” Id. The officer then removed the key from the driver’s vehicle, opened

the trunk, and saw two backpacks. Id. The officer opened one of the bags

and discovered a package of what appeared to be a large quantity of cocaine.

Id.

      The trial court in Dales suppressed the cocaine, and the Commonwealth

appealed. Id. This Court concluded that the driver was detained throughout

the traffic stop and the interaction by the police vehicle. Id. at 812 & n.1.

The Dales Court affirmed the order suppressing the evidence, reasoning that

the smell of Bactine, the presence of several air fresheners, and the driver’s

nervousness did not establish reasonable suspicion to justify the continued

                                      - 24 -
J-A22025-18

detention of the driver under the circumstances of that case. Id. at 815. The

Dales Court refused to consider the driver’s inconsistent responses about his

activities in New York because the officer elicited them after the initial traffic

stop had ended. Id. at 814-15.

      In Commonwealth v. Rogers, 849 A.2d 1185 (Pa. 2004), a

Pennsylvania State Trooper stopped a vehicle on a major highway for speeding

and an expired out-of-state temporary registration plate. Rogers, 849 A.2d

at 1187. The driver and sole occupant of the vehicle, the defendant, appeared

“extremely nervous” and was trembling so severely that he had difficulty

producing the paperwork requested by the trooper.           Id.   The defendant

asserted that he recently purchased the vehicle in Tennessee, but was on the

way back to Tennessee to return the vehicle to the seller. Id.

      The defendant in Rogers gave the trooper paperwork that contained

several omissions and falsehoods. Id. at 1188. When the trooper asked the

defendant about his specific travel plans, the defendant stated he had left a

friend’s house, the address of which he could not remember. Id.

      During this interaction, the trooper observed several open boxes of

laundry detergent and fabric softeners in the backseat. Id. When the trooper

asked to search the vehicle, the defendant refused and stated that he did not

have an opportunity to search the vehicle himself or check the door panels

and air vents. Id. The trooper then conducted a criminal records check on

the defendant and discovered he had a prior drug conviction. Id. The trooper

then detained the defendant for a canine search. Id.

                                     - 25 -
J-A22025-18

      During the ensuing canine search, the canine signaled a positive alert at

the front door, and then jumped into the vehicle and alerted at the right rear

of the vehicle. Id. Police ultimately recovered fifty-two pounds of marijuana

from the vehicle. Id.

      The trial court in Rogers suppressed the evidence concluding that there

was no reasonable suspicion to detain the defendant or to conduct a canine

search. Id. at 1188-89. This Court reversed, and the Pennsylvania Supreme

Court granted allowance of appeal and affirmed this Court’s decision. Id. at

1189, 1192.

      The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, in Rogers, analyzed the issue of

reasonable suspicion as follows:

      In the matter sub judice, [the trooper] stated that when he
      approached the vehicle, [the defendant] was extremely nervous.
      In fact, [the defendant] was trembling so badly he had difficulty
      retrieving his license from his wallet. Also, the paperwork for [the
      defendant]’s car was conflicting, incomplete and in some
      instances plainly fraudulent. Furthermore, while [the defendant]
      claimed that he had just departed a friend’s house in Butler, he
      could not recall the address. Additionally, [the trooper] noted
      open boxes of laundry supplies as well as packaging tape in the
      back seat of the car; [the trooper] knew from his experience
      investigating drug offenses that these items were commonly used
      in the packaging and distribution of controlled substances.

      Of course, one can conceive of innocent explanations for each one
      of these facts. Yet, as noted supra, reasonable suspicion does not
      require that the activity in question must be unquestionably
      criminal before an officer may investigate further. Rather, the test
      is what it purports to be—it requires a suspicion of criminal
      conduct that is reasonable based upon the facts of the matter.
      The facts of the matter sub judice give rise to just such a
      suspicion. Appellant was unusually agitated; the paperwork for
      his vehicle was out of order in several key respects; his answers

                                     - 26 -
J-A22025-18

      regarding the location he had just departed were vague; and,
      most importantly, the back seat of his car contained products that
      [the trooper] knew, via his extensive professional experience, are
      commonly used in the packaging of illegal narcotics. These facts,
      taken in their totality, lead to a conclusion that [the trooper] had
      reasonable suspicion to suspect that criminal activity was afoot.

Id. at 1189-90 (citations and footnote omitted) (emphasis in original).

      In Green, a Pennsylvania State Police trooper, who was assigned to a

K-9 unit and with his canine partner, stopped the defendant for a speeding

violation. Green, 168 A.3d at 181. When the trooper approached the vehicle,

the defendant appeared overly nervous for a traffic stop. Id. at 181-82.

      The trooper in Green recognized both the defendant and the vehicle

from prior stops. Id. at 182. Approximately three months earlier, the trooper

stopped the vehicle, which was being operated by the owner at the time, and

found a hypodermic needle during the stop. Id. On another occasion, the

trooper stopped the vehicle, in which the defendant was an occupant, and

found cocaine and marijuana hidden in the engine compartment. Id.

      The trooper then asked the defendant for the registration and insurance

for the vehicle. Id. The defendant responded that he did not own the vehicle

and it was not registered to him. Id. The trooper asked the defendant about

his travel plans, and the defendant responded that he was returning from

Philadelphia after dropping off his son. Id. The trooper returned to his police

vehicle and conducted a criminal history check on the defendant. Id. The

check revealed that the defendant had a history of assault and drug offenses.

Id.

                                     - 27 -
J-A22025-18

     The trooper called for backup and then returned to the defendant and

asked the defendant to exit the vehicle.     Id.   The trooper requested the

defendant’s consent to search the vehicle, but the defendant refused.       Id.

The trooper then conducted a canine search around the exterior of the car and

the canine alerted to the presence of narcotics. Id. The trooper then searched

the vehicle and discovered numerous packets of heroin. Id.

     In the defendant’s appeal, the Green Court distinguished Dales by

noting that the totality of the circumstances provided the trooper with

reasonable suspicion that the defendant was trafficking drugs. Id. at 185.

Specifically the Green Court observed:

     When [the trooper] approached the vehicle and made contact with
     [the defendant], he immediately noticed that [the defendant] was
     “overly nervous just for being stopped for a traffic violation,” as
     [the defendant]’s carotid artery was pulsating and “his lips and
     face area around his lips were trembling.” Upon reviewing the
     vehicle’s documentation, [the trooper] discovered that the vehicle
     belonged to an absent third party, which, in his experience, raised
     his suspicion that the vehicle was being used for drug trafficking.
     In addition, [the defendant] stated that he was returning from
     Philadelphia, a city known to [the trooper] as a source location for
     narcotics. [The trooper] also performed a criminal background
     check on [the defendant], which showed “a lengthy criminal
     history for . . . assault and drug offenses.” Further, when [the
     trooper] stopped the vehicle, he remembered prior contacts with
     [the defendant] and with the subject vehicle. [The trooper]’s prior
     contact with [the defendant], where [the defendant] was a
     passenger in a vehicle stopped by [the trooper], resulted in
     recovery of cocaine and marijuana hidden in the engine
     compartment of the vehicle. [The trooper]’s prior contact with the
     [vehicle] resulted in recovery of a hypodermic needle in the
     passenger compartment.

Id. at 184-85.

                                    - 28 -
J-A22025-18

      Instantly, Officer Mathew testified about his initial interaction with

Appellant as follows:

      So as I approached the vehicle, I approached from the passenger’s
      side of the vehicle. He had the window rolled down. And I made
      contact with the passenger and then the driver. Right away I
      noticed the fact that the ignition only had one single key in it. It
      just started my suspicion from my training. I observed multiple
      signs of criminal activity, especially for drug trafficking. First,
      since I noticed that, I kept that in mind with the single key, which
      means there’s no personal keys on it, no house keys, no personal
      key chain, just a single key. The reason for that being most of
      my training and from my experience, what it is is you transport a
      car from point A to point B, and if it’s involved in any kind of
      narcotics related, especially for drug trafficking, they pick the car
      up at one point, drive to the next point. That way they don’t have
      any kind of personal information or any kind of connection with
      that car, the driver.

      Second of all, when I asked for his paperwork, for the car
      registration, the insurance, he provided me with a registration
      with a name which is not his name nor the driver’s -- the
      passenger’s name. Asked the driver whose car it belonged to, and
      he said it was his friend’s car. He couldn’t tell me what his friend’s
      name was right away and give me a right answer for it. Who is
      your friend? Where is he from?

                                   *     *      *

      Like I said, that was another part of the course I did. That was
      another sign that the car was being used for some kind of drug
      trafficking. Because normally what they do is the registered
      owner will not be anything -- anybody from that car. It’s going to
      be a third party owner, which is why -- what they use to keep a
      distance from that car. So normally when I ask the driver or the
      passenger whose car it is: Hey, this is my friend’s car, but I’m just
      driving it. And I believe when I asked [Appellant] whose car it
      was, he said it was his friend’s car, and he just normally lets me
      drive the car. That [was] what his answer to that question was.

                                   *     *      *

      When I asked for his I.D., [Appellant] provided me with a New
      York license, and the car was registered in Pennsylvania. And the

                                       - 29 -
J-A22025-18

     passenger provided me with a Pennsylvania driver’s I.D., I
     believe. Another -- with the indicators for that, it’s sent from New
     York. New York is a pretty popular hub for drug, drug trafficking
     and coming to Philadelphia. Being working in Philadelphia, we had
     a lot of common information that people will be transporting drugs
     from New York to Philadelphia, and it’s a very common thing at
     that time. So he provided me with a New York driver’s license,
     car he said was -- belonged to his friend. And that was how the
     whole procedure for that went for his being -- saying it’s his
     friend’s car, I’m just driving it, and had no other information on
     that.

N.T. at 15-18.

     The trial court concluded that Officer Mathew possessed reasonable

suspicion. The trial court reasoned:

     While we recognize that each of the foregoing facts may seem
     innocuous when evaluated individually . . . reasonable suspicion
     does not require that the activity in question be incontrovertibly
     criminal.     Rather, the standard requires that an officer’s
     reasonable suspicion of criminal conduct be based upon a holistic
     evaluation of the facts at hand.           Over the course of his
     investigation concerning the [Honda]’s expired registration,
     Officer [Mathew] observed that Appellant was operating a vehicle
     with a single key in the ignition, Appellant could not identify the
     owner of the [Honda] whom he claimed was his friend, Appellant
     was unable to provide his girlfriend’s address, Appellant was
     traveling from a known narcotics source area, and the traffic stop
     was initiated on a common drug trafficking corridor. These facts,
     evaluated in their totality, lead to a conclusion that Officer
     [Mathew] had reasonable suspicion to suspect that criminal
     activity was afoot. There is no evidence contained in the record
     to suggest that Officer [Mathew] extended his interactions with
     Appellant beyond exploring the reasonable suspicion which arose
     as a direct consequence of the traffic stop. Law enforcement
     never terminated the initial traffic stop by telling Appellant he was
     free to leave only to reengage the Appellant later on. The entire
     investigatory episode between the initial traffic stop and
     Appellant’s eventual arrest was a continuous sequence of events.
     Thus, Officer [Mathew] did not unreasonably or unlawfully prolong
     the traffic stop.

                                    - 30 -
J-A22025-18

Trial Ct. Op. at 9-10 (citations omitted) (emphases in original).

      Following our review, we discern no error in the trial court’s conclusion

that Officer Mathew testified to specific and articulable facts giving rise to a

reasonable suspicion that Appellant was involved in criminal activity. Officer

Mathew testified to his concern regarding the single key in the ignition, as well

as the third-party ownership of the Honda, and specifically linked those facts

to his training. As Officer Mathew noted, Appellant was operating a vehicle

bearing a Pennsylvania license plate despite asserting that he was driving from

his home in New York to Philadelphia. The trial court was entitled to find that

Appellant did not identify the owner of the Honda despite his assertion that

the owner was his friend. Additionally, the trial court’s finding that Appellant

was unable to provide a specific address for his girlfriend was supported by

the record.

      Moreover, although this case shares some similarities with Dales, we

conclude that Dales is not controlling. The trial court properly viewed the

totality of the circumstances and afforded due weight to the specific,

reasonable inferences drawn from the facts in light of the officer’s experience.

See Stilo, 138 A.3d at 39; Carter, 105 A.3d at 772. Accordingly, finding no

abuse of discretion or error of law, we conclude that the trial court properly

                                     - 31 -
J-A22025-18

determined that there was a reasonable suspicion justifying Appellant’s

detention beyond the necessities of the initial traffic stop.14

                             3. The search of the Honda

       Appellant next claims that the police conducted unlawful searches that

did not fall under any valid exception to the warrant requirement.            See

Appellant’s Brief at 33-44. Appellant’s argument proceeds in several parts.

Initially, Appellant contends that during the narcotics investigation, Officer

Bailey improperly leaned into the interior compartment of the Honda and

observed missing or loose screws around the center console. Id. Appellant

asserts that Officer Bailey’s intrusion into the interior of the Honda, constituted

a search that required probable cause. Id. (citing United States v. Montes-

Ramos, 347 Fed. Appx. 383 (10th Cir. 2009) (unpublished order), and United

States v. Ryles, 988 F.2d 13 (5th Cir. 1993)).

____________________________________________

14 Appellant further contests the trial court’s finding that Officer Mathew
obtained information that Appellant was a “known narcotics trafficker.”
Appellant’s Brief at 32-33; see Trial Ct. Op. at 13. We note that Officer
Mathew testified that he received information from EPIC and the DEA agent
that there was an open case on Appellant and that he was known to drive a
Honda with a hidden compartment. See N.T. at 22. While the record did not
necessarily support the trial court’s use of the term “known drug trafficker,”
the trial court was entitled to consider that Appellant was known to operate a
vehicle containing a hidden compartment.

      In any event, Officer Mathew did not receive this information until after
he decided to initiate a criminal investigation. See Ex. 1, Part 1 at 25:15;
N.T. at 22. Therefore, it was not relevant to the trial court’s determination
that Officer Mathew had reasonable suspicion to extend the traffic stop.

                                          - 32 -
J-A22025-18

      Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in finding that his

consent to a K-9 search was valid under the circumstances. Appellant’s Brief

at 34-35. Appellant notes that at the time he gave his consent, there were

numerous uniformed police officers at the scene, he was frisked and ordered

to remain outside of the car, and Officer Mathew retained the paperwork that

Appellant had passed to the officer. Id. at 37. Appellant further notes that

despite speaking with “a heavy Spanish accent,” officers did not take steps to

ensure that he understood that he had a right to refuse consent to the search.

Id. at 38. Appellant emphasizes that the officers failed to use a “standard

consent form to ensure an informed and voluntary consent.” Id.

      Appellant continues:

      At no point did any law enforcement officer explain to [Appellant]
      that he had the right to leave or the right to refuse to grant
      consent. Indeed, it did not appear [Appellant] had any real choice
      in the matter since the K-9 search appeared imminent regardless
      of what he said. This was evident by the fact that the police had
      previously removed bags of food from the rear seat in preparation
      for the ensuing dog sniff prior to requesting consent to search.
      See[] Commonwealth v. Pichel, 323 A.2d 113 (Pa. Super.
      1974) (consent can hardly be said to be voluntary if given where
      a search by police appears inevitable).

Id. at 37.     Given these circumstances, Appellant likens this case to

Commonwealth v. Acosta, 815 A.2d 1078 (Pa. Super. 2003) (en banc).

      Lastly, Appellant contends that if his consent to the K-9 search was

invalid, then the conduct of the K-9 search cannot be excused. Appellant’s

Brief at 40. Specifically, Appellant contends that Detective Tobie improperly

                                    - 33 -
J-A22025-18

permitted his canine to enter the Honda rather than having Ozzy sweep the

exterior of the vehicle. Id. at 40-41.

                  A. Officer Bailey’s observation of loose screws

      As to Appellant’s claim that Officer Bailey entered the vehicle, we note

that the trial court determined that “Officer Bailey, while standing outside the

vehicle, observed loose screws in the center console area.” Order at 2. The

court further concluded that “Officer Bailey’s observation of loose screws in

the center console area was not an illegal search. Officer Bailey’s observation

falls under the plain view exception to the warrant requirement.” Id. at 5. In

a footnote to its opinion, the trial court further explained:

      The record, however, indicates that Officer Bailey did not protrude
      into any concealed or private area of the vehicle. He merely stood
      closely to the doorway while standing on the side of the road. We
      therefore find that Officer Bailey did not conduct a “search” of the
      vehicle when he made a plain view observation that the center
      console contained loose screws.

Trial Ct. Op. at 14 n.9.

      Following our review of the record, including a review of the dash cam

recording, we find support for the trial court’s determination that Officer Bailey

did not intrude into a private area of the vehicle. See Ex. 1, Part 1 at 27:30-

27:40. Therefore, Appellant’s factual assertion that Officer Bailey entered the

vehicle fails, and we need not consider Appellant’s legal argument that Officer

Bailey’s action constituted a search requiring probable cause.

               B. Appellant’s consent to the searches of the Honda

                                     - 34 -
J-A22025-18

      As to Appellant’s argument that his consent was involuntary under the

totality of the circumstances, the following principles guide our review:

      In determining the validity of a given consent, the Commonwealth
      bears the burden of establishing that a consent is the product of
      an essentially free and unconstrained choice—not the result of
      duress or coercion, express or implied, or a will overborne—under
      the totality of the circumstances. The standard for measuring the
      scope of a person’s consent is based on an objective evaluation of
      what a reasonable person would have understood by the exchange
      between the officer and the person who gave the consent. Such
      evaluation includes an objective examination of the maturity,
      sophistication and mental or emotional state of the defendant. . .
      . Gauging the scope of a defendant’s consent is an inherent and
      necessary part of the process of determining, on the totality of the
      circumstances presented, whether the consent is objectively valid,
      or instead the product of coercion, deceit, or misrepresentation.

Commonwealth v. Smith, 77 A.3d 562, 573 (Pa. 2013) (citations and

quotation marks omitted).

      Other factors relevant to a determination of the validity of a consent to

search include:

      1) the presence or absence of police excesses; 2) whether there
      was physical contact; 3) whether police directed the citizen’s
      movements; 4) police demeanor and manner of expression; 5)
      the location of the interdiction; 6) the content of the questions
      and statements; 7) the existence and character of the initial
      investigative detention, including the degree of coerciveness; 8)
      whether the person has been told that he is free to leave; and 9)
      whether the citizen has been informed that he is not required to
      consent to the search.

Commonwealth v. Powell, 994 A.2d 1096, 1102 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citation

omitted).

                                     - 35 -
J-A22025-18

       The fact that an officer advises a defendant of his right to refuse a search

may be a significant factor in determining whether a defendant’s consent was

voluntarily given. See Acosta, 815 A.2d at 1087. Nevertheless,

       there is no requirement that a police officer advise a person that
       he or she may refuse consent to be searched. Unless the totality
       of factors indicate that the consent was the product of express or
       implied duress or coercion, the mere fact that a police officer did
       not specifically inform an appellant that he or she could refuse the
       request will not in and of itself result in a determination that the
       subsequent search was involuntary.

Commonwealth v. Moultrie, 870 A.2d 352, 360 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation

and emphasis omitted).

       In Acosta, this Court adopted the following summary of the

circumstances surrounding the defendant’s consent to a search:

       Officer Monaghan then informed [the driver] that the police were
       having trouble with drug trafficking on that highway. He asked
       [the driver] whether he had any weapons or narcotics in the
       vehicle. When [the driver] said “no,” Officer Monaghan asked [the
       driver] whether he would allow him to search the vehicle.

       Although [the driver] acquiesced in the officer’s request, that
       request was made while the officer retained the registration,
       insurance card, and the ID card. The officer never indicated in
       any way that [the driver] was free to leave before he requested
       consent. The officer acknowledged that he was not certain
       whether he would have permitted [the driver] to leave the scene
       had he attempted to do so. Furthermore, the entire conversation
       was in English.[15]

       When the consent was requested, [the driver] was standing in
       front of one of three police vehicles on the scene with their
       overhead lights activated. Additionally, three officers—Officer
____________________________________________

15In Acosta, there was conflicting evidence regarding the driver’s fluency in
English. See Acosta, 815 A.2d at 1085 n. 4.

                                          - 36 -
J-A22025-18

     Monaghan and Officer Hart and Officer Derek Goldstein—stood
     next to each other in close proximity to [the driver] when consent
     was requested. [The driver] was not provided with any consent
     forms advising him that he had a right not to consent and he did
     not give a written consent. In short, he was never advised in any
     way that he was free not to consent to the search.

Acosta, 815 A.2d at 1081. The officers eventually discovered drugs in the

car and arrested the driver. The trial court concluded that “the consent was

not the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice and was thus

involuntary.” See id. at 1082.

     In the Commonwealth’s appeal, an en banc panel of this Court affirmed

the trial court’s ruling. The Acosta Court reasoned:

     In the instant case, based upon its factual findings and under the
     totality of the circumstances, the trial court determined that [the
     driver] did not voluntarily consent to the search. . . .

                                  *     *      *

     Based upon the above factual findings, the trial court found that
     the following coercive factors were present when Monaghan
     requested [the driver]’s consent for the search: (1) the existence
     of a prior, lawful detention; (2) the withholding of [the driver]’s
     vehicular documentation; (3) the presence of other officers and
     marked police cars with flashing lights in close proximity to [the
     driver]; and (4) the absence of an express endpoint to the
     detention in the form of an admonition by the authorities that
     Acosta was free to leave.[] Each of these factors, standing alone,
     may not be sufficient to establish coercion. However, the presence
     of all of these factors, under the totality of the circumstances, lead
     us to conclude that [the driver]’s consent was not “the product of
     an essentially free and unconstrained choice [,]” but was “the
     result of duress or coercion, express or implied, or a will
     overborne—under the totality of the circumstances.”                The
     evidence supports the trial court’s finding that Acosta’s consent
     was not “voluntary”.

Id. at 1084-86 (citations and footnote omitted).

                                      - 37 -
J-A22025-18

        In Commonwealth v. Rosas, 875 A.2d 341 (Pa. Super. 2005), a

Pennsylvania State Trooper stopped a vehicle for speeding. Rosas, 875 A.2d

at 344. When the trooper requested paperwork from the defendant-driver,16

he was unable to produce a driver’s license, proof of insurance, or registration.

Id. The defendant did give the trooper a social security card and told the

trooper his date of birth. Id. The defendant also told the trooper the town

he lived in, but was unable to provide a specific address. Id. The trooper

conducted a check of the defendant’s information through the National Crime

Information Center and obtained information that the defendant could be a

felon who was previously deported. Id. Additionally, the trooper obtained

information that the vehicle was registered to a female in West Virginia. Id.

at 344-45. After receiving the information, the trooper called for backup, and

a second trooper arrived at the scene. Id. at 345.

        The trooper in Rosas order the defendant to exit the vehicle, placed him

in handcuffs, and had him stand between the trooper’s vehicle and the vehicle

that the defendant was driving. Id. The trooper noticed a license plate inside

the vehicle and asked the defendant “whether he could enter the vehicle and

‘retrieve’ the license plate.” Id. The defendant consented, responding, “[N]o

problem.” Id. at 345, 349.

        The second trooper then went to the passenger side door, tilted the

passenger seat forward and began reaching for the license plate. Id. at 345.

____________________________________________

16   There was one passenger in the vehicle.

                                          - 38 -
J-A22025-18

The second trooper stated he had to “move stuff” to reach the license plate

and in so doing, observed a little plastic bag containing what appeared to be

cocaine. Id. Following the discovery of the little plastic bag, the troopers

arrested the defendant.17 Id.

        The trial court in Rosas granted the defendant’s motion to suppress the

fruits of the search of the vehicle, concluding, in part, that the trooper

obtained the defendant’s consent following an illegal arrest.           Id.    The

Commonwealth appealed, and this Court reversed the trial court.

        The Rosas Court reasoned that the defendant was not under arrest

when the trooper asked him for consent to enter the vehicle, and that there

was a sufficient basis to detain the defendant. Id. at 347-48. Of relevance

to this appeal, the Rosas Court concluded that the defendant’s consent was

valid under the totality of the circumstances.         Id. at 350.     The Court

specifically refused to create a presumption that the defendant’s consent was

rendered involuntary based on the fact the defendant was handcuffed in the

presence of the troopers. Id.

        Instantly, the trial court concluded that Appellant’s consent was

voluntarily given. Order at 5. Specifically, the trial court found that

        Detective Tobie and other supporting officers spoke with
        [Appellant] who gave consent for the officers to remove the bags
        of food located in the back seat prior to any search. After the bags
        were removed from the vehicle’s interior cabin, Detective Tobie
        asked [Appellant] for permission to search the vehicle for drugs.

____________________________________________

17   The passenger was also arrested and charged as a co-defendant.

                                          - 39 -
J-A22025-18

      [Appellant] consented. At the time, [Appellant] was standing on
      the shoulder of the road.

Id. at 3.

      In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court further explained that

      we find no evidence that law enforcement undermined Appellant’s
      voluntary consent to the search of his vehicle. First, there was no
      excessive or overwhelming police presence. Dash cam footage of
      the traffic stop indicated a handful of law enforcement officers
      present at the scene of the traffic stop. Second, no physical
      contact occurred between Appellant and law enforcement. Law
      enforcement did not restrain or impose any physical force upon
      Appellant during the course of the traffic stop and the subsequent
      investigatory detention.    Appellant was not in custody and
      remained freely standing on the side of the road while law
      enforcement and Appellant maintained a cordial tone throughout
      the course of the investigation. Third, law enforcement did not
      direct Appellant’s movement beyond asking the Appellant to step
      out of his vehicle and transporting him to police headquarters for
      safety purposes, for which Appellant consented. Fourth, with
      respect to law enforcement’s demeanor, the police maintained a
      polite and conversational tone throughout the entire investigation.
      Fifth, we find that the time and place of the traffic stop did not
      have any dispositive impact on whether Appellant voluntarily
      consented to the search of the vehicle. . . .

      With respect to the sixth factor, the content of the questions and
      statements, the police engaged in standard questioning of the
      Appellant. At the traffic stop, Officer [Mathew] asked either
      generic biographical information of Appellant or questions relating
      to the expired registration. Detective Tobie did the same prior to
      initiating the canine search. It was only after the Appellant could
      not remember the name of the vehicle’s owner combined with the
      other plain view observations that either Officer [Mathew] or other
      law enforcement officers made at the scene, that Officer [Mathew]
      cultivated reasonable suspicion of narcotics trafficking.

      Seventh, the character of the initial investigative detention was
      polite and unremarkable. Appellant’s entire interaction with law
      enforcement was conversational and calm. No member of law
      enforcement raised their voices at Appellant or exerted any
      physical control over Appellant. There were no signs of duress or

                                     - 40 -
J-A22025-18

      use of any coercive tactics used by law enforcement as a means
      of inducing Appellant’s consent to the vehicle search. Detective
      Tobie testified that his tone with Appellant was cordial. Moreover,
      Detective Tobie explicitly asked the Appellant whether law
      enforcement could conduct a search of his vehicle for drugs to
      which the Appellant immediately consented.

      Eighth, the transition from the traffic stop to the investigatory
      detention was seamless. Officer [Mathew] gradually acquired
      reasonable suspicion that Appellant was engaged in narcotics
      trafficking. An immediate investigatory detention followed with a
      subsequent canine search. The time period between the initial
      traffic stop and Appellant’s arrest was approximately a little over
      an hour. Finally, while we recognize that Appellant was never
      expressly told he was free to leave, we believe the totality of the
      circumstances in the instant case does not warrant a
      determination that such an omission nullifies Appellant’s consent
      to the search.

Trial Ct. Op. at 15-16.

      The trial court further noted that Detective Tobie did not inform

Appellant of his right to refuse the search. Id. at 16-17. However, the trial

court concluded that this factor did not outweigh the totality of the

circumstances that Appellant’s consent to a search of the Honda was

voluntary. Id.

      Following our review, we find no basis to disturb the trial court’s findings

of fact and conclusions of law. Although this case does share some similarities

with Acosta, a review of the record supports the trial court’s determination

that Appellant’s decision to consent was a free and unconstrained choice. See

Smith, 77 A.3d at 573; cf. Acosta, 815 A.2d at 1084-86. As noted by the

trial court, the officers’ conduct was not coercive and Appellant did not show

any signs of duress. See Rosas, 875 A.2d at 341. Furthermore, although

                                     - 41 -
J-A22025-18

the officers did not inform Appellant of his right to refuse the search, we find

no basis under the circumstances of this case to conclude that this fact was

dispositive. See Moultrie, 870 A.2d at 360.

       We acknowledge that there was a two-minute gap between the time

Detective Tobie asked whether officers could remove the bags of food from

the car and the detective’s request that Appellant consent to a search of the

interior of the vehicle. However, under the circumstances found by the trial

court, which are supported by the record, we conclude that this gap in time

did not amount to implied coercion that would negate Appellant’s consent.

Therefore, Appellant’s argument that his consent was involuntary under the

circumstances fails.18

                    4. Appellant’s consent to the buccal swab

       Lastly, Appellant claims that the trial court erred in concluding that his

consent to the buccal swab was voluntary. Appellant argues:

       While Officer Pennington’s request may not have been expressly
       coercive, the [trial] court did not consider the totality of other
       circumstances that existed to determine whether the defendant’s
       consent was truly a product of an informed, free and
       unconstrained choice and not merely a submission to a claim of
       authority. Those circumstances include the fact that [Appellant]
       was in the police station under formal arrest and charged with a
       crime after the police recovered drugs from a hidden
       compartment, that the swabbing occurred during arrest
       processing that included fingerprinting and photographing which
____________________________________________

18Because we conclude that Appellant’s consent was voluntary, we need not
address his last argument that if his consent was involuntary then the K-9
search would have been improper. See Appellant’s Brief at 40-41.

                                          - 42 -
J-A22025-18

      [Appellant] was required by law to undergo, and that [Appellant]
      was never told that, unlike fingerprinting and photographing, he
      had the absolute right to refuse the swabbing of his mouth for
      DNA. See[] Commonwealth v. Burgos, 299 A.2d 34 (Pa.
      Super. 1972) (mere acquiescence in an order or request of the
      police can never be equated with consent).

Appellant’s Brief at 45-46.

      Appellant continues that

      [i]n circumstances that can easily breed confusion such as where
      a person is undergoing arrest processing that requires him by law
      to submit to certain commands such as fingerprinting and
      photographing, special care should be taken to explain the
      distinction between that which the person is obligated to do by
      law and that which he is not to ensure that consent is truly
      voluntarily and not merely a confused submission to even
      courteous authority.

Id. at 46-47.    Appellant concludes that “the Commonwealth upon whom

rested the burden of proof failed to show by clear and convincing evidence

that [Appellant]’s consent to the DNA swabbing was truly an informed act of

free will and not simply a submission to authority.” Id. at 47.

      Instantly, the trial court addressed Appellant’s claim as follows:

      In the instant case, the evidence indicates Appellant voluntarily
      consented to providing law enforcement the buccal swab. Officer
      Pennington asked . . . Appellant, in a conversational tone, whether
      he would be willing to provide law enforcement with a buccal swab
      of the inside of his mouth. . . . Appellant agreed, swabbed the
      inside of his mouth himself, and returned the swab to Officer
      Pennington. After handing over the swab to Officer Pennington, .
      . . Appellant signed an acknowledgment on the swab’s packaging
      indicating that Appellant was providing the swab voluntarily.
      While Appellant was handcuffed at the time of Officer Pennington’s
      request, we do not find that such a circumstance invalidates
      Appellant’s consent. At no point in the record did either Officer
      Pennington threaten or coerce Appellant into providing the swab.

                                    - 43 -
J-A22025-18

      He merely asked the Appellant in a casual and courteous manner
      whether Appellant would be willing to provide a buccal swab.
      Moreover, there is nothing in the record to indicate that Appellant
      suffered from any mental deficiencies or that his respective
      intelligence  prevented him from understanding Officer
      Pennington’s request. Throughout Appellant’s entire interaction
      with law enforcement, Appellant never represented to any officer
      that he had any objection to providing the swab or that he had
      difficulty understanding Officer Pennington’s inquiry.          We
      therefore determine that no search warrant was required to obtain
      the buccal swab from the Appellant because Appellant voluntarily
      consented to providing law enforcement with the buccal swab
      sample.

Trial Ct. Op. at 18.

      Having reviewed the record, the relevant law, and Appellant’s

arguments, we discern no merit to Appellant’s claim that his consent to the

DNA swab was involuntary. The trial court properly considered the totality of

the circumstances surrounding Appellant’s consent. See Smith, 77 A.3d at

573; Powell, 994 A.2d at 1102. The trial court’s findings were supported by

the record. See Green, 168 A.3d at 183. Although Appellant suggests that

different inferences could be drawn from the facts, we discern no abuse of

discretion or error of law in the conclusion that Appellant’s consent to submit

to a DNA swab was a free and unconstrained choice. See Smith, 77 A.3d at

573. Therefore, no relief is due.

      As Appellant’s challenges to the trial court’s suppression rulings merit

no relief, we affirm the judgment of sentence.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

                                    - 44 -
J-A22025-18

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 9/3/19

                          - 45 -