Court Opinion

ID: 9418055
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-02 21:00:28.654851+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:32.404016
License: Public Domain

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                                              PUBLISHED

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                               No. 21-4351

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                             Plaintiff - Appellee,

                     v.

        CHRISTOPHER RAYQUAZ SINGLETARY,

                             Defendant - Appellant.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
        Raleigh. James C. Dever, III, District Judge. (5:18-cr-00097-D-1)

        Argued: December 8, 2022                                         Decided: August 1, 2023

        Before HARRIS and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges, and Patricia Tolliver GILES, United
        States District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

        Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Harris wrote the opinion, in which Judge
        Richardson and Judge Giles joined.

        ARGUED: Jennifer Claire Leisten, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER,
        Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. David A. Bragdon, OFFICE OF THE UNITED
        STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: G. Alan
        DuBois, Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER,
        Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. Michael F. Easley, Jr., United States Attorney,
        Joshua L. Rogers, Assistant United States Attorney, for OFFICE OF THE UNITED
        STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.
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        PAMELA HARRIS, Circuit Judge:

               In 2019, Christopher Rayquaz Singletary received a 13-year sentence for Hobbs Act

        robbery and a related firearm offense.       We then vacated Singletary’s sentence on

        procedural grounds and remanded for resentencing. United States v. Singletary, 984 F.3d

        341 (4th Cir. 2021). At resentencing, the district court increased Singletary’s sentence by

        six months and ran that term consecutively to an intervening state sentence on unrelated

        charges. Singletary now argues that he was resentenced vindictively as punishment for

        successfully exercising his right to appeal. But the district court expressly based its

        increased sentence on objective information post-dating Singletary’s initial sentencing –

        namely, Singletary’s new state convictions and his lengthy disciplinary record while

        incarcerated.   Because these developments suffice to rebut any presumption of

        vindictiveness, we affirm the district court’s judgment.

                                                     I.

                                                     A.

               We first review the facts of Singletary’s initial sentence and appeal to the extent

        they bear on his claim of judicial vindictiveness at resentencing. On October 5, 2017,

        Singletary, then 21 years old, used a firearm to rob a restaurant in Raleigh, North Carolina.

        He was arrested soon after and pleaded guilty to Hobbs Act robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 1951, and

        using a firearm during a crime of violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). In May 2019, the district

        court sentenced Singletary to an aggregate 13-year prison term – six years on the robbery

        count, and a mandatory consecutive seven years on the firearm count – followed by five

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        years of supervised release. Though the court imposed a sentence within the advisory

        Sentencing Guidelines range, it expressed concern over numerous state convictions –

        resulting in a criminal history category of VI – Singletary had amassed at a young age. At

        sentencing, the court admonished Singletary: “If you get out and continue on this path,

        this type of behavior, and come back here, the next sentence will take you out to your

        grave.” J.A. 73.

               As part of his plea agreement, Singletary waived his right to appeal “the conviction

        and whatever sentence is imposed on any ground,” save a few narrow exceptions not

        relevant here. J.A. 129. Nonetheless, Singletary appealed, arguing that the district court

        had included two discretionary conditions of supervised release in its judgment that it failed

        to pronounce at sentencing. See United States v. Rogers, 961 F.3d 291, 300 (4th Cir. 2020)

        (holding that the district court must orally pronounce all non-mandatory conditions of

        supervised release at sentencing). The government moved to dismiss Singletary’s appeal

        as within the scope of his appeal waiver.

               A panel of this court held that Singletary’s pronouncement claim was not barred by

        his waiver. United States v. Singletary, 984 F.3d 341, 344 (4th Cir. 2021). Although

        Singletary had waived his right to appeal “whatever sentence is imposed,” the panel

        reasoned, the thrust of his pronouncement claim was “that he in fact never was sentenced

        to the [challenged] conditions in his judgment.” Id. Because this contention fell “outside

        the scope of his promise not to appeal the ‘sentence’ actually ‘imposed’ upon him,” the

        court proceeded to the merits of Singletary’s claim. Id. at 345. And on the merits, the

        panel agreed that the district court had failed to pronounce the challenged conditions.

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        Finally, “given that custodial and supervised release terms are components of one unified

        sentence,” the court concluded that an appropriate remedy was to vacate Singletary’s entire

        sentence and remand for resentencing. Id. at 346 & n.4 (cleaned up).

                                                    B.

               Singletary was resentenced on July 6, 2021. Before the hearing, the government

        filed a revised memorandum highlighting two developments post-dating Singletary’s

        initial sentencing. First, the government pointed to Singletary’s significant disciplinary

        record while incarcerated: Since his sentencing, Singletary had incurred at least 15

        infractions, including “three instances of weapons possession, three instances of

        threatening to harm correctional officers, five instances of disobeying lawful orders, one

        instance of lock tampering, and one sexual act.” J.A. 108.

               And second, the government noted that Singletary had since pleaded guilty to three

        North Carolina state charges arising from an unrelated armed robbery he committed in

        2017. 1 The state court sentenced Singletary to a total term of 126 to 173 months’

        imprisonment – roughly 10.5 to 14.5 years – but it ran this term concurrently with

        Singletary’s since-vacated federal sentence. In the government’s view, this concurrent

        state sentence had “effectively subsume[d]” Singletary’s federal term and left him

        “unpunished for his federal offenses.” J.A. 170, 178. The government thus requested that

        the court run any new sentence consecutively to Singletary’s state term. See U.S.S.G.

               1
                These state charges were pending at the time of Singletary’s initial sentencing, so
        they were listed in his Presentence Investigation Report as alleged conduct.

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        § 5G1.3(d) (giving the district court discretion to run its sentence “concurrently, partially

        concurrently, or consecutively” to an unrelated state term). In response, Singletary’s

        counsel argued that a consecutive sentence would “frustrate the clear intent” of the state

        sentencing court and, by effectively adding over a decade to Singletary’s total period of

        incarceration, “risk . . . making him institutionalized beyond repair.” J.A. 93, 99.

               At resentencing, the court expressed that it was “tremendously concerned” by these

        post-sentencing developments. J.A. 92. Citing Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 476

        (2011), the court advised that it would conduct a de novo resentencing, “tak[ing] into

        account new information, including the new convictions and the multitude of extremely

        serious infractions.” J.A. 92. The court stated that it had “learned a lot about” Singletary

        since its initial sentencing, before recounting Singletary’s disciplinary record in detail. J.A.

        107–08. It then turned to Singletary’s state convictions, observing that it “did not have the

        benefit” at its initial sentencing “of having that insight into who Christopher Singletary

        really is.” J.A. 109. And it concluded that this “conduct in the totality bespeaks a

        tremendous need for society to be protected from Christopher Singletary.” Id.

               The court then imposed an aggregate federal term of 13.5 years’ imprisonment – a

        six-month increase from its initial 13-year sentence and the top of Singletary’s advisory

        Guidelines range. And it ordered that this sentence run consecutively to Singletary’s state

        term, “reject[ing] the argument that” a consecutive sentence “would be disrespectful to the

        [s]tate” court’s intent. J.A. 111; see id. (“I absolutely have the discretion to run this

        consecutively . . . and I will run it consecutively because society needs to be protected from

        Mr. Singletary for an extremely long time.”). Singletary then filed this timely appeal.

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                                                    II.

               Singletary now argues that the district court increased his sentence vindictively as

        punishment for his initial appeal. In North Carolina v. Pearce, the Supreme Court

        recognized that “[d]ue process . . . requires that vindictiveness against a defendant for

        having successfully attacked his first conviction must play no part in the sentence he

        receives” on remand. 395 U.S. 711, 725 (1969), overruled on other grounds by Alabama

        v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794 (1989). Singletary contends that when the district court added six

        months to his federal sentence and ran that term consecutively to his 10.5- to 14.5-year

        state term, it “effectively increased his sentence on remand by at least eleven years.” And

        he claims that this “dramatic” increase gives rise to a presumption of vindictive motives,

        one the court’s stated rationales at resentencing fail to rebut. See Smith, 490 U.S. at 798–

        99.

               We will address the merits of this argument in a moment. But we begin with a

        threshold dispute: Once again, the government contends that Singletary’s appeal must be

        dismissed based on the appeal waiver in his plea agreement.

                                                    A.

               We review the scope of a defendant’s appeal waiver de novo. United States v. Blick,

        408 F.3d 162, 168 (4th Cir. 2005). As discussed above, Singletary waived his right to

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        appeal “the conviction and whatever sentence is imposed” on all but very limited grounds. 2

        A panel of this court held that Singletary’s initial appeal – in which he argued that the

        district court’s judgment included certain supervised release conditions not pronounced at

        sentencing – fell “outside the scope of his promise not to appeal the ‘sentence’ actually

        ‘imposed’ upon him.” Singletary, 984 F.3d at 345. But here, where Singletary directly

        challenges the sentence he received, his claim appears to fall within the four corners of his

        waiver.

               This observation does not end our inquiry, however. As we have emphasized, “a

        defendant who executes a general waiver of the right to appeal” does not “subject himself

        to being sentenced entirely at the whim of the district court.’” United States v. Attar, 38

        F.3d 727, 732 (4th Cir. 1994) (quoting United States v. Marin, 961 F.2d 493, 496 (4th Cir.

        1992)). Instead, we recognize a “narrow class of claims that we have allowed a defendant

        to raise on direct appeal despite a general waiver of appellate rights.” United States v.

        Lemaster, 403 F.3d 216, 220 n.2 (4th Cir. 2005); see United States v. Moran, 70 F.4th 797,

        802 n.3 (4th Cir. 2023) (collecting cases).

               Relevant here, we will “decline[] to enforce a valid appeal waiver . . . where the

        sentencing court violated a fundamental constitutional or statutory right that was firmly

        established at the time of sentencing,” United States v. Archie, 771 F.3d 217, 223 (4th Cir.

               2
                  Singletary preserved the right to appeal from “a sentence in excess of the
        applicable advisory Guideline range” and to raise claims “based upon grounds of
        ineffective assistance of counsel or prosecutorial misconduct not known to the defendant
        at the time of the defendant’s guilty plea.” J.A. 129–30.

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        2014), or where the court based its sentence “on a constitutionally impermissible factor

        such as race,” United States v. Marsh, 944 F.3d 524, 528 (4th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation

        marks omitted). These exceptions derive from the understanding that “a defendant’s

        agreement to waive appellate review of his sentence is implicitly conditioned on the

        assumption that the proceedings following entry of the plea will be conducted in

        accordance with constitutional limitations.” Attar, 38 F.3d at 732.

               We conclude that an allegation of judicial vindictiveness fits squarely within this

        narrow class of claims. A defendant’s fundamental due process right to appeal his sentence

        without fear of retribution by the sentencing court has been firmly established for half a

        century. See Pearce, 395 U.S. at 725; cf. United States v. Lundien, 769 F.2d 981, 987 (4th

        Cir. 1985) (“[I]t is beyond doubt that a sentence enhanced . . . because of the vindictiveness

        or other plainly improper motive of the trial court would be fundamentally unfair and

        would deny the defendant due process.”). And much as a defendant cannot “fairly be said

        to have waived his right to appeal” a sentence based on his race or other protected

        characteristic, Attar, 38 F.3d at 732, we think a defendant’s execution of a general appeal

        waiver is “implicitly conditioned on the assumption” that he will be sentenced free from

        the trial court’s vindictiveness, id. To conclude otherwise would permit defendants who

        waive their appeal rights to be “sentenced entirely at the whim of the district court,” Marin,

        961 F.2d at 496 – precisely the result our precedent rejects. We hold, then, that Singletary’s

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        judicial vindictiveness claim falls outside the scope of his waiver and may be raised on

        direct appeal. 3

                                                      B.

               With that settled, we turn to the merits. To refresh, Singletary argues that the district

        court failed to justify the “dramatic” increase in his sentence after remand, leading to an

        unrebutted presumption of vindictive motives under North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. at

        725. We begin with the legal framework governing his claim. 4

               When a defendant’s sentence has been vacated on appeal and remanded for

        resentencing, the district court may impose “a new sentence, whether greater or less than

               3
                 We note that this question – whether a claim of judicial vindictiveness falls outside
        the scope of a general appeal waiver – appears to be one of first impression among the
        federal courts of appeals. But this is not surprising. After all, a vindictive sentencing claim
        arises only after a defendant has successfully appealed his sentence, which will usually
        mean he did not waive his appeal rights. We think this odd procedural quirk only bolsters
        our conclusion here: It would make little sense to hold that a defendant has preserved the
        right to appeal some issue falling outside his waiver, while waiving his constitutional right
        to be sentenced free from vindictiveness for that appeal.
               4
                 As an initial matter, the parties dispute the applicable standard of review. Because
        Singletary did not object on vindictiveness grounds at resentencing, the government argues
        that we review for plain error. See United States v. Coston, 964 F.3d 289, 294 (4th Cir.
        2020). Singletary responds that his request for a sentence lower than the one imposed
        suffices to preserve de novo review of his claim. See United States v. Lynn, 592 F.3d 572,
        578–79 (4th Cir. 2010) (holding that requesting a lower sentence preserves a claim of
        procedural reasonableness). Though we have not addressed this question, several other
        courts of appeals have held that a defendant must “make a contemporaneous objection to
        his sentence on grounds of vindictiveness to preserve his claim of Pearce error.” United
        States v. Vontsteen, 950 F.2d 1086, 1090 (5th Cir. 1992) (en banc); see, e.g., United States
        v. Johnson, 715 F.3d 179, 182 (6th Cir. 2013); United States v. Baugham, 613 F.3d 291,
        294 (D.C. Cir. 2010). But while we see little reason to question this consensus approach,
        we need not decide the issue here, as we conclude that Singletary’s claim fails under any
        standard of review.

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        the original sentence, in the light of events subsequent to the first trial that may have thrown

        new light upon the” defendant. Pearce, 395 U.S. at 723; see Pepper, 562 U.S. at 492 (“[A]

        court’s duty is always to sentence the defendant as he stands before the court on the day of

        sentencing.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). But in Pearce, the Supreme Court made

        clear that “vindictiveness against a defendant for having successfully attacked his first

        conviction must play no part in the sentence he receives.” Pearce, 395 U.S. at 725.

               There are two ways a defendant may establish judicial vindictiveness. First, he may

        “affirmatively prove actual vindictiveness” through direct evidence of animus. Wasman v.

        United States, 468 U.S. 559, 568–69 (1984). But Singletary does not attempt to directly

        prove such vindictive motives here; as the Supreme Court has recognized, “[t]he existence

        of a retaliatory motivation would, of course, be extremely difficult to prove in any

        individual case.” Pearce, 395 U.S. at 725 n.20. 5

               5
                 Singletary does note that after we issued our opinion in Singletary, we vacated and
        remanded several other cases to the same district court for resentencing, see, e.g., United
        States v. McKinney, 849 F. App’x 421 (4th Cir. 2021) (per curiam); United States v. Lewis,
        853 F. App’x 841 (4th Cir. 2021) (per curiam); United States v. Bonnette, 856 F. App’x
        463 (4th Cir. 2021) (per curiam), and that at one of these resentencings, the court expressed
        what Singletary characterizes as vexation with these so-called “Singletary errors.” See
        Resentencing Tr., United States v. Wilson, No. 5:19-cr-281 (E.D.N.C. Apr. 26, 2021). The
        implication seems to be that the court, frustrated with our ruling in Singletary, may have
        punished Singletary as the named defendant in the appeal leading to these remands. We
        reject any such suggestion. The court’s statements at the Wilson resentencing – at which,
        we note, it did not increase the defendant’s sentence – are not proof of vindictiveness
        toward Singletary. And indeed, as noted above, Singletary does not bring an actual-
        vindictiveness claim, instead resting his appeal solely on the court’s failure to rebut a
        presumption of vindictiveness.

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                So second, “[i]n order to assure the absence of such a motivation,” the Court in

        Pearce established a rebuttable presumption of vindictiveness “whenever a judge imposes

        a more severe sentence upon a defendant” after a successful appeal. Id. at 726. To defeat

        this presumption, the district court must “justify [its] increased sentence by affirmatively

        identifying relevant conduct or events that occurred subsequent to the original sentencing

        proceedings.” Wasman, 468 U.S. at 572; see Pearce, 395 U.S. at 726 (“Those reasons

        must be based upon objective information concerning identifiable conduct on the part of

        the defendant . . . .”). 6

                As the Supreme Court later clarified in Alabama v. Smith, the “presumption of

        vindictiveness does not apply in every case where a convicted defendant receives a higher

        sentence on retrial.” Smith, 490 U.S. at 799 (cleaned up). In certain categories of cases,

        the Court observed, the procedural posture makes it improbable that any sentencing

        authority would have vindictive motives for an increased sentence. Id. For example, when

        a defendant is resentenced by a different court, Colten v. Kentucky, 407 U.S. 104 (1972),

                6
                 There is, to be sure, some imprecision in the caselaw about the exact nature of the
        burden-shifting inquiry under Pearce. While some courts describe a district court’s
        affirmative, on-the-record justifications as sufficient to rebut the presumption of
        vindictiveness, see, e.g., United States v. Penado-Aparicio, 969 F.3d 521, 525 (5th Cir.
        2020); United States v. Johnson, 715 F.3d 179, 182 (6th Cir. 2013), others state that these
        justifications prevent a presumption of vindictiveness from arising at all, see, e.g., United
        States v. Fowler, 749 F.3d 1010, 1019 (11th Cir. 2014). We think, however, that this
        divergence is mostly semantic: In either case, by “affirmatively identifying relevant
        conduct or events that occurred subsequent to the original sentencing proceedings,”
        Wasman, 468 U.S. at 572, the sentencing court defeats any presumption that would
        otherwise arise. And because we conclude that the district court has done so here, we have
        no need to further parse these differences.

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        or a different jury, Chaffin v. Stynchcombe, 412 U.S. 17 (1973), the second decisionmaker

        has an insufficiently “personal stake in the prior conviction,” Smith, 490 U.S. at 800

        (internal quotations omitted), to make any vindictiveness likely. In these circumstances,

        because there is no “reasonable likelihood” that a higher sentence on remand resulted from

        “actual vindictiveness on the part of the sentencing authority,” no presumption of

        vindictiveness attaches. Id. at 799. Instead, “the burden remains upon the defendant to

        prove actual vindictiveness.” Id.

              But when, as here, a defendant is resentenced by the same judge, in the same

        posture, following a successful appeal, Smith leaves no doubt that a presumption of

        vindictiveness applies to any unexplained increase in his sentence. See id. at 802. And in

        Singletary’s view, the district court failed to adequately justify its increased sentence,

        requiring us to conclude that this sentence was presumptively vindictive. We address this

        argument next.

                                                    C.

                                                    1.

              To decide Singletary’s Pearce claim, we must answer two questions. “[W]e first

        ask whether the new sentence is actually harsher than that imposed prior to successful

        appeal.” United States v. Kincaid, 964 F.2d 325, 328 (4th Cir. 1992) (internal quotation

        marks omitted). If it is, we next ask whether the district court justified its increase by

        “affirmatively identifying relevant conduct or events that occurred subsequent to the

        original sentencing proceedings.” Wasman, 468 U.S. at 572.

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               On the first point, there is no question that Singletary’s new sentence is “actually

        harsher” than his previous term. But the parties hotly contest how much harsher it is. In

        Singletary’s view, the six-month increase in his federal sentence combines with his now-

        consecutive, minimum-10.5-year state term to “effectively” enhance his sentence “by at

        least eleven years.” The government, meanwhile, argues that Singletary’s consecutive

        state term is irrelevant, leaving only a “modest” six-month increase in his federal sentence.

               We need not resolve this dispute, because however we describe the extent of

        Singletary’s sentence increase, the district court amply rebutted any presumption of

        vindictiveness by affirmative reference to objective, post-sentencing events. At the outset

        of resentencing, the court expressed that it was “tremendously concerned” by the new

        information it had learned since its initial sentencing. J.A. 92. It advised that it would

        “take into account new information, including the new convictions and the multitude of

        extremely serious infractions.” Id. It described Singletary’s intervening disciplinary

        record at length, concluding that Singletary’s remorse at his initial allocution was a “false

        apology,” and that his conduct in prison “showed us who he is.” J.A. 97. The court then

        discussed Singletary’s new state convictions, which it said provided further “insight” into

        Singletary’s character, before concluding that this “conduct in the totality bespeaks a

        tremendous need for society to be protected from Christopher Singletary.” J.A. 109. Then,

        faced for the first time with these state convictions, the court chose a consecutive sentence

        “because society needs to be protected from Mr. Singletary for an extremely long time.”

        J.A. 111. There is little doubt, then, that the “trial judge here carefully explained his

        reasons for imposing the greater sentence.” Wasman, 468 U.S. at 569.

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                                                      2.

               Singletary offers two arguments why these detailed, affirmative reasons for the

        court’s increased sentence still fail to rebut a presumption of vindictiveness. Neither is

        persuasive. First, he observes that the armed robbery underlying his state convictions took

        place in 2017, almost two years before his original sentencing. And he notes that the

        district court was made aware of those pending charges when it first sentenced him.

        Because these convictions were thus based on known conduct occurring before his initial

        sentencing, Singletary argues that they cannot support a sentence increase.

               But as the Supreme Court has held, a sentence increase may be justified by reference

        to “conduct or events that occurred subsequent to the original sentencing proceedings,”

        including new, post-sentencing convictions. Wasman, 468 U.S. at 572 (emphasis added).

        In Wasman, the trial court initially declined to consider an unrelated, pending criminal

        charge against the defendant at sentencing. But when the defendant was convicted of that

        charge before resentencing, the court cited that conviction as justification for its increased

        sentence. Id. at 569. And the Supreme Court held that “[c]onsideration of a criminal

        conviction obtained in the interim between an original sentencing and a sentencing after

        retrial is manifestly legitimate.” Id. at 569–70. The Court emphasized that there is “no

        logical support for a distinction between [intervening] ‘events’ and ‘conduct’ of the

        defendant,” as long as the new information is probative of the sentencer’s “nonvindictive

        motive.” Id. at 571–72.

               Here, as in Wasman, the district court stated that it “did not take into account . . .

        pending charges” at its initial sentencing.        J.A. 106. It then faced the “reality” of

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        Singletary’s now-proven conviction and state sentence for the first time on remand. J.A.

        111. It also faced, for the first time, the discretionary decision as to whether its sentence

        should run “concurrently, partially concurrently, or consecutively” to this new state term.

        U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(d). A concurrent sentence, as the government argued, would have

        allowed Singletary’s federal term to “subsume[]” his state term, J.A. 170; a consecutive

        sentence, meanwhile, reflected a judgment that each crime should be punished fully and

        separately.    These novel considerations “manifestly” rebut any presumption of

        vindictiveness.

               Second, Singletary argues that the post-sentencing events on which the court relied

        simply cannot support the extent of the increase in his sentence. He contends that, though

        he has admittedly “performed poorly thus far” in prison, his intervening conduct does not

        warrant an eleven-year increase in his total period of incarceration. But whatever the merits

        of this claim, it is beside the point here. This argument, rather than addressing the

        vindictiveness of the district court, goes to the overall reasonableness of Singletary’s

        sentence. Singletary seems to posit that in order to rebut Pearce’s presumption, the court’s

        stated reasons for its increase must be roughly proportional to the size of the increase. But

        even when reviewing a sentence for substantive reasonableness – a claim Singletary

        concedes is barred by his appeal waiver – we afford far more deference to the judgment of

        the district court. See United States v. Spencer, 848 F.3d 324, 327 (4th Cir. 2017)

        (describing the “deferential abuse-of-discretion standard” applicable to substantive

        reasonableness claims).

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               The judicial vindictiveness inquiry, meanwhile, is even more strictly circumscribed.

        The purpose of the Pearce presumption, after all, is not to ensure fair sentences but to

        prevent defendants from being punished for exercising their right to appeal. See Texas v.

        McCullough, 475 U.S. 134, 138 (1986) (“Beyond doubt, vindictiveness of a sentencing

        judge is the evil the Court sought to prevent rather than simply enlarged sentences after a

        new trial.”). And because the presumption “operate[s] in the absence of any proof of an

        improper motive,” Smith, 490 U.S. at 799 (internal quotation marks omitted), it is not

        particularly onerous to rebut: The district court’s citation to objective, post-sentencing

        developments in support of its increased sentence will generally satisfy us that

        vindictiveness played no role. See Pearce, 395 U.S. at 726.

               As the government forthrightly acknowledged at oral argument, it is possible –

        though unlikely – that a case could arise in which a district court’s stated reasons for an

        increased sentence are so facially implausible, pretextual, or disproportionate that they

        cannot rebut the presumption of vindictiveness. But that is not this case. Here, the district

        court extensively justified its higher sentence by reference to material, legitimately

        aggravating “conduct [and] events that occurred subsequent to the original sentencing.”

        Wasman, 468 U.S. at 572. Under Pearce and its progeny, no more is required.

                                                  *   *    *

               As Singletary’s able counsel reminded us at oral argument, Singletary is unlikely to

        appreciate these fine distinctions: From his perspective, before his appeal, he faced 13

        years in prison for both his state and federal offenses; after vindicating his claim on appeal,

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        he will serve more than an additional decade. 7 And we do not minimize the impact of these

        developments on Singletary. But the district court provided a careful explanation of its

        decision to increase Singletary’s sentence and run it consecutively to a newly imposed

        sentence. And it grounded this decision in objective developments post-dating Singletary’s

        initial sentencing. That suffices to dispel any presumption of vindictiveness that otherwise

        would arise. Accordingly, Singletary’s increased sentence presents no constitutional issue,

        and we affirm. 8

                                                    III.

               For the reasons given above, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

                                                                                       AFFIRMED

               7
                  Singletary’s counsel also suggested at oral argument that such a large increase –
        vindictive or not – might deter other defendants with valid sentencing claims from seeking
        appellate relief. We appreciate counsel’s concern. But the Supreme Court has “intimated
        no doubt about the constitutional validity of higher sentences in the absence of
        vindictiveness despite whatever incidental deterrent effect they might have on the right to
        appeal.” Chaffin v. Stynchcombe, 412 U.S. 17, 29 (1973). We also note that for defendants
        bringing similar pronouncement claims under Singletary, any such concern might be
        mitigated: Though we have held that defendants with valid Singletary claims are entitled
        to a full vacatur of their sentences and remand for resentencing, see Singletary, 984 F.3d
        at 346 n.4, we see no reason a defendant could not elect to request a narrower remedy, in
        the form of a limited remand on only the challenged conditions. Cf. United States v.
        McMiller, 954 F.3d 670, 677 (4th Cir. 2020) (vacating supervised release conditions as
        procedurally unreasonable and “remand[ing] to the district court for further explanation”
        on only those conditions).
               8
                 Singletary also preserved an argument that Hobbs Act robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 1951,
        is not a crime of violence that may serve as a predicate for his conviction under 18 U.S.C.
        § 924(c). As Singletary recognizes, this argument remains foreclosed by Fourth Circuit
        precedent. See United States v. Green, 67 F.4th 657, 668–70 (4th Cir. 2023).

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