Court Opinion

ID: 1075762
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 20:16:15.55438+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:15:42.707743
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Coleman, Willis and Bumgardner
Argued by teleconference

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
                                         MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.        Record No. 0254-98-3          JUDGE SAM W. COLEMAN III
                                              JUNE 23, 1998
MICHAEL (NMN) NORRIS, JR.

         FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG
                   Mosby G. Perrow, III, Judge
          Steven A. Witmer, Assistant Attorney General
          (Mark L. Earley, Attorney General, on brief),
          for appellant.

          Clinton R. Shaw, Jr. (Office of the Public
          Defender, on brief), for appellee.

     Michael Norris, Jr. was indicted for possession of cocaine

in violation of Code § 18.2-248.   Following an evidentiary

hearing, the trial court granted Norris' motion to suppress

cocaine recovered by police after his arrest on the ground that

police arrested him without probable cause.   The Commonwealth

appeals the trial court's ruling pursuant to Code § 19.2-398(2).

 We hold that the trial court erred in granting the motion to

suppress because the cocaine was discarded by Norris during his

flight from police officers and was not seized pursuant to

Norris' arrest.   Accordingly, we reverse and remand.

     Lynchburg Police Officer Brad Nesselroade and another

officer responded to a police report "regarding a particular

     *
      Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not
designated for publication.
suspect" at the 2100 block of Main Street in Lynchburg.     When

Nesselroade arrived at the scene, he saw Norris standing alone.

Norris fit the description of the suspect in the police report.

Upon seeing the officers approaching from their parked police

cruiser, Norris turned and began to walk away.    Nesselroade

testified that Norris dropped a cellophane wrapper to the ground

as he walked away.   Nesselroade placed Norris in custody

immediately upon seeing him drop the cellophane wrapper.    After

the arrest, Nesselroade retrieved the wrapper and found cocaine

inside.
     Nesselroade conceded that he did not know what was inside

the cellophane wrapper when he arrested Norris.   The officer

explained that, based on his experience, he was aware that

cellophane wrappers were often used to conceal drugs.

Nesselroade further testified that he did not say anything to

Norris until after Norris dropped the wrapper and that, in his

"best estimation," he did not draw his service revolver while

apprehending Norris.

     A bystander testified that the two officers exited the

police vehicle with their revolvers drawn, pointed them at

Norris, and commanded Norris to "get down."   He stated that in

response to the officers' demands, Norris took "no more than two

steps" and lay down on the pavement.   The bystander did not see

Norris discard the cellophane package.

     The trial court granted Norris' motion to suppress the

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cocaine.   The court held that Nesselroade lacked probable cause

to arrest Norris because at the time of the arrest the officer

had not ascertained the contents of the cellophane wrapper.      The

Commonwealth appealed the trial court's ruling.

     When the Commonwealth appeals a trial court's grant of a

motion to suppress, we must view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the defendant and grant it all reasonable inferences

fairly deducible therefrom.   See Commonwealth v. Grimstead, 12
Va. App. 1066, 1067, 407 S.E.2d 47, 48 (1991).    We are bound by

the trial court's findings of historical fact unless plainly

wrong or without evidence to support it.    Neal v. Commonwealth,

27 Va. App. 233, 237, 498 S.E.2d 422, 424 (1998) (citing Ornelas

v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 691 (1996)).     Also, we will

uphold the trial court's suppression ruling unless it is plainly

wrong or without evidence to support it.    See Commonwealth v.

Thomas, 23 Va. App. 598, 609, 478 S.E.2d 715, 720 (1996).

     The trial court erred in ruling that the cocaine had to be

suppressed because the arrest that followed after Norris

discarded the drugs was illegal.   When the Fourth Amendment is

implicated, the exclusionary rule operates only to exclude

evidence that is seized or discovered as a result of an illegal
search or seizure.   See Gilpin v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 105,

112-13, 493 S.E.2d 393, 397 (1997).    A seizure occurs when an

individual is either physically restrained or submits to a show

of authority.   California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 625 (1991);

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Ford v. City of Newport News, 23 Va. App. 137, 142, 474 S.E.2d
848, 850 (1996).    An individual who flees from police and does

not submit to police authority is not "seized" under the Fourth

Amendment.     Hodari D., 499 U.S. at 623-24; Woodson v.

Commonwealth, 245 Va. 401, 405, 429 S.E.2d 27, 29 (1993).

Therefore, contraband abandoned during flight before an accused

is physically restrained by police or submits to a show of police

authority is admissible into evidence.     Hodari D., 499 U.S. at

624-25; Smith v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1100, 1104, 407 S.E.2d
49, 52 (1991).

     Here, the evidence clearly established that Norris abandoned

the cocaine before the officer arrested him.    Thus, the cocaine

was not seized or discovered as a result of Norris' arrest, and

the exclusionary rule does not require the suppression of the

cocaine.     See Hodari D., 499 U.S. at 625.

     Norris contends on brief, and contended at the suppression

hearing, that he was unlawfully seized before he discarded the

cocaine.   Norris argued that the evidence, viewed in the light

most favorable to him, proved that the officers drew their

weapons and ordered him to "get down" and that, in response to

the officers' show of authority, he surrendered himself and

relinquished the cocaine.

     We do not consider Norris' argument in this appeal.     The

only issue before us is whether the trial court's suppression

order, which was based on the court's ruling that Norris was

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illegally arrested after the cocaine was discarded, was

reversible error.   In reaching its decision, the trial court did

not make findings of historical fact or resolve the conflicts in

the evidence as to whether the officers had drawn their weapons

or whether an earlier seizure had occurred.    Accordingly, because

the trial court has not resolved the credibility or factual

issues and has not ruled upon whether Norris was seized without

probable cause prior to discarding the cocaine, we do not address

that issue.
     For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court's

suppression of the cocaine and remand the case for further

proceedings in accordance with this opinion.

                                         Reversed and remanded.

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