Court Opinion

ID: 9867438
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-26 16:09:48.793635+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:48:39.249204
License: Public Domain

J-A20024-23

 NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  ALISSA ANN WHITMORE                          :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1121 MDA 2022

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered June 6, 2022
                In the Court of Common Pleas of York County
                 Criminal Division at CP-67-CR-0007822-2019

BEFORE:      PANELLA, P.J., MURRAY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.:                      FILED: SEPTEMBER 26, 2023

       Alissa Ann Whitmore (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence

imposed after the trial court convicted her of unsworn falsification and

providing a materially false written statement.1 We affirm.

       On July 1, 2019, Appellant unsuccessfully sought to purchase a firearm

at Freedom Armory, where she produced her driver’s license for identification.

Trial Court Opinion, 9/13/22, at 2. Freedom Armory provided Appellant with

Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) Form 4473, but Appellant failed to fully

complete and sign the form. N.T., 3/22/22, at 23. Appellant told a Freedom

Armory employee she did not want to answer questions or sign the form

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 4904(b) and 6111(g)(4)(ii).
J-A20024-23

because she was afraid “she would be arrested.” Id. However, Appellant

returned to Freedom Armory ten days later, on July 11, 2019, and completed

ATF Form 4473. Trial Court Opinion. 9/13/22, at 1. The form included the

following question:

      Have you ever been convicted of any count of a felony, or any
      other crime for which the judge could have imprisoned you for
      more than one year, even if you received a shorter sentence
      including probation?

Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted, emphasis in original). Appellant

incorrectly answered “no.”    Id. at 1.     The answer was incorrect because

Appellant had been convicted of a first-degree misdemeanor punishable by up

to five years in prison; the conviction rendered Appellant ineligible to purchase

a firearm. Id. at 1, 13-14; N.T., 3/22/22 at 37-40.

      As required, Freedom Armoy submitted Appellant’s application to the

Pennsylvania State Police (PSP) for approval. N.T., 3/22/22, at 12. The PSP

denied the application. Id. at 13-14.

      The trial court explained:

      By criminal complaint filed October 19, 2019, the PSP charged
      [Appellant] with [unsworn falsification]. [Appellant’s] preliminary
      hearing was scheduled for December 18, 2019.              However,
      [Appellant] failed to appear for her hearing and [the court issued
      a] warrant … for her arrest.         On January 22, 2020, the
      Commonwealth filed its Information, which included both [the
      unsworn falsification charge and the charge] relating to sale of
      firearms. On February 3, 2020, [Appellant] was picked up on her
      bench warrant and arraigned without being represented by an
      attorney. On February 26, 2020, [Appellant’s] trial counsel
      entered his appearance on her behalf.

                                      -2-
J-A20024-23

            On April 3, 2020, [Appellant] filed a counseled omnibus pre-
     trial motion[.]… At the hearing scheduled on [Appellant’s] motion,
     the motion was withdrawn without prejudice[.] … There was then
     a pause in the case with no activity for just over one year. On
     July 9, 2021, the Commonwealth moved for a status conference,
     which was then scheduled for August 31, 2021.

           [Appellant] failed to appear for her August 31, 2021, status
     conference, and accordingly, her bail was revoked, and another
     bench warrant was issued for her arrest. [Appellant] was picked
     up on the bench warrant on October 12, 2021, and appeared
     before the [trial c]ourt. She was released, now on supervised bail,
     and was directed to appear for plea court date on November 22,
     2021. …

           [Appellant] failed to appear, for the third time, at her
     scheduled November 22, 2021, court appearance. Another bench
     warrant was issued for her arrest and her bail was again revoked.
     The bench warrant was served and [Appellant] next appeared
     before the Court on January 4, 2022, via Zoom video conferencing
     from the York County Prison. … She was again released on
     unsecured bail and directed to meet with her attorney no later
     than January 7, 2022. Lastly, her next court date was set for
     February 1, 2022.

           By order dated January 28, 2022, and upon request of
     [Appellant], the February 1, 2022, [court] date was cancelled, and
     the case was scheduled for a non-jury trial to commence on March
     22, 2022 at 1:30 p.m. … [Appellant] requested and received
     permission to appear at trial via Zoom[.] The Zoom link was
     emailed to [Appellant] by her counsel before the scheduled
     Tuesday trial.

            On [the day before trial, the case was reassigned to a
     different judge]. Notice was provided to the parties that the non-
     jury trial was to be conducted in Courtroom 7002 instead of
     7006[.] The date and time of the trial were not changed.

            The Commonwealth and its witnesses, along with
     [Appellant’s] counsel, appeared as scheduled on March 22,
     2002[,] in Courtroom 7002. The court promptly opened the Zoom
     meeting for the trial and one of the Commonwealth’s witnesses
     appeared via that Zoom meeting. [Appellant] failed to appear for
     trial as scheduled, either by Zoom as expected, or in person. The

                                    -3-
J-A20024-23

       court waited approximately 25 minutes from the scheduled start
       time to see if [Appellant] would appear. ….

             The non-jury trial commenced in [Appellant’s] absence. At
       the conclusion of the trial, the [c]ourt found [Appellant] guilty on
       both counts.     …    [A]t 3:08 p.m., [Appellant] entered the
       courtroom. … [Appellant’s] sentencing was scheduled for May 9,
       2022.

             On May 7, 2022, before [Appellant’s] scheduled
       sentencing[,] she filed a motion for extraordinary relief. … The
       court entertained argument on this motion at the time scheduled
       for [Appellant’s] sentencing.     Notably, [Appellant] did not
       personally appear for her sentencing as she was directed to do,
       making it her fifth failure to appear for her scheduled court
       appearances. … [T]he matter was continued until June 6, 2022.

Trial Court Opinion, 9/13/22, at 2-5 (some capitalization and punctuation

modified, footnote omitted).

       On June 6, 2022, the trial court denied Appellant’s motion for

extraordinary relief and sentenced her to an aggregate 6 – 12 months in jail,

followed by one year of probation.             Appellant filed a post-sentence motion

which the trial court denied. This timely appeal followed.2

       Appellant asks:

       Did the trial court err in proceeding to trial in the absence of
       [Appellant], finding that she was absent without cause, trial
       counsel’s waiver was sufficient, and without requiring the
       Commonwealth to prove waiver of her constitutional rights?

____________________________________________

2 Appellant and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

                                           -4-
J-A20024-23

Appellant’s Brief at 4 (numbering, bold, and footnote omitted).3

       A criminal defendant has the right to be present at all stages of criminal

proceedings.      See Commonwealth v. Wilson, 712 A.2d 735, 737 (Pa.

1998). However, Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 602 provides:

       Rule 602. Presence of the Defendant

       (A) The defendant shall be present at every stage of the trial
       including the impaneling of the jury and the return of the verdict,
       and at the imposition of sentence, except as otherwise provided
       by this rule. The defendant’s absence without cause shall
       not preclude proceeding with the trial including the return
       of the verdict and the imposition of sentence.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 602(A) (emphasis added).

       Generally, a defendant who is absent without cause at the start of trial

may be tried in absentia. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 734 A.2d 864, 866-

67 (Pa. Super. 1999).         While the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution and Article I, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution protect

the right of an accused to be present in court at every stage of a criminal trial,

the right may be waived in non-capital cases expressly or implicitly by a

defendant’s actions. Commonwealth v. Hill, 737 A.2d 255, 258 (Pa. Super.

1999). Therefore,

       [w]here   the  Commonwealth    has   demonstrated   by a
       preponderance of the evidence that the defendant is absent
____________________________________________

3 Appellant raises two additional issues in her statement of questions.
Appellant’s Brief at 4. However, Appellant waived the issues because she does
not address them in the body of her brief. See Commonwealth v. Jones,
815 A.2d 598, 604 n.3 (Pa. 2002) (claims raised in the statement of questions
but not pursued in the body of the brief are waived).

                                           -5-
J-A20024-23

        “without cause” and [s]he knowingly and intelligently waived [her]
        right to be present, [s]he may be tried in absentia. However,
        when a defendant is unaware of the charges against [her],
        unaware of the establishment of [her] trial date or is absent
        involuntarily, [s]he is not absent “without cause” and therefore
        cannot be tried in absentia.

Id. at 259 (citations omitted).

        The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has held that review of the sufficiency

of the Commonwealth’s evidence is not necessary if the record, taken as a

whole, establishes the defendant had notice of trial, but “willfully decided to

absent [her]self without cause or justification.” Commonwealth v. Sullens,

619 A.2d 1349, 1352-53 (Pa. 1992).

        The decision to proceed with trial rather than grant a continuance is

within the trial court’s discretion. Johnson, 734 A.2d at 867. We review the

trial court’s decision to proceed with a trial in absentia for an abuse of that

discretion. Wilson, 712 A.2d at 738; see also Commonwealth v. Bond,

693 A.2d 220 (Pa. Super. 1997) (finding trial court did not abuse its discretion

when appellant was absent, and the trial court held a suppression hearing,

denied the suppression motion, picked a jury, conducted trial, and sentenced

appellant). An abuse of discretion is not a mere error in judgment; it involves

bias,    partiality,   prejudice,   ill-will,   or   manifest   unreasonableness.

Commonwealth v. Busanet, 817 A.2d 1060, 1076 (Pa. 2002).

        Appellant argues the trial court erred in proceeding with trial in her

absence “because she was not absent without cause[.]” Appellant’s Brief at

8. Appellant claims she “did not receive a copy of the court notice changing

                                        -6-
J-A20024-23

the location of her non-jury trial, contrary to the requirements of Pa.R.Crim.P.

114.” Id. Appellant emphasizes that she was present in the courtroom where

her trial was originally scheduled to occur. Id. Appellant’s argument is not

persuasive.

      The trial court cogently explained that it

      need not determine whether [Appellant] was absent without
      cause, as [the trial court] determined that she properly waived
      her right to be present during the trial. [Pennsylvania Rule of
      Criminal Procedure] 602(A) generally requires a defendant be
      present “at every stage of the trial.” A trial may commence
      without a defendant’s presence, according to the rule, when the
      defendant is absent without cause at the start of the trial. Id.
      Here, the following exchange took place regarding [Appellant’s]
      presence at the start of the trial:

              The Court: [Trial counsel], any word on [Appellant]?

              [Trial Counsel]: No, Your Honor. I attempted to
              contact her over cell phone, directly by calling, as well
              as texting. And I called her landline. I sent a [Zoom]
              link upon receipt.

      N.T. 3/22/22 2:4-9.

             The Commonwealth then called the case and requested a
      bench warrant be issued based upon [Appellant’s] failure to
      appear, at that time, for the fourth time. Id. at 2:18-3:1. [Trial]
      counsel, in response to the request for a bench warrant then
      stated, “I would ask the court to proceed in her absence.” Id. at
      3:6-7. [Trial counsel] continued, “She has the right to be here,
      but she can certainly waive that right by not appearing, especially
      when this was scheduled at her request and to be via Zoom.”
      Id. at 3:7-10. To ensure there was no ambiguity to [trial]
      counsel’s statement, the court confirmed, “So, just to be clear,
      you are specifically waiving [Appellant’s] right to be here,
      participate in the proceeding, and asking to move forward without
      her here?” Id. at 3:15-18. [Trial] counsel then answered
      unequivocally, “Correct.” Id. at 3:19.

                                        -7-
J-A20024-23

           [The trial court] believe[s] this waiver by counsel ends the
     inquiry into [Appellant’s] absence from the trial. Not only did
     [Appellant] fail to preserve an issue for appeal, but she
     affirmatively waived the issue of her presence at trial. However,
     in the event this waiver is not effective, [the trial court] turn[s] to
     the issue of whether she was absent without cause.

            Here, the order scheduling the bench trial of this matter was
     issued more than a month before trial and was properly served
     upon [Appellant]. Additionally, according to her attorney, he
     made multiple attempts to contact her in the days leading up to
     her trial. Further, [Appellant] requested to appear via Zoom, and
     was granted permission to do so. See N.T. 3/22/22 2:9; 3:9-10;
     4:16-17; 5:5-8. Thus, her presence in the courtroom was not
     expected, but her presence via Zoom was expected. However,
     she failed to appear by Zoom prior to the start of the trial. Her
     failure to appear on Zoom, with notice to do so, prior to the start
     of the trial, was absence without cause.

            In her post-sentence motion[, Appellant] claims she was not
     absent without cause, as she was waiting outside of another
     courtroom before the scheduled start of her trial, and during the
     majority of her trial. [Appellant] argued she waited outside the
     other courtroom because that was where her trial was originally
     scheduled to take place. [The trial court] do[es] not dispute her
     trial was originally scheduled to take place in Courtroom 7006 and
     not 7002[,] where it ultimately took place. However, it was by
     [Appellant’s] own request that she was expected to appear by
     Zoom and not in person in any courtroom. Because she was
     expected to appear by Zoom and not in person, only a cursory
     effort was made to locate her within the courthouse, which proved
     fruitless. Further, [Appellant] apparently ignored every one of the
     various efforts her counsel made to contact her in the days
     preceding her trial. If she had not, she would have known of the
     change in courtrooms for her unexpected change to appear in
     person. [Appellant’s] counsel undertook every effort reasonably
     expected of him to gain her appearance, either by Zoom or in
     person, and [Appellant] simply ignored his communications.
     [Appellant] had notice of the date, time, and manner in which her
     appearance was expected and failed to appear without cause,
     leading to a waiver of her right to be present. See [Wilson,] 712
     A.2d [at 738].

                                      -8-
J-A20024-23

Trial Court Opinion, 9/13/22, at 8-10 (capitalization and punctuation modified,

emphasis added).

       Our review discloses no abuse of the discretion by the trial court.4 The

record demonstrates that prior to trial, Appellant had a pattern of failing to

appear, which continued after trial. N.T., 3/22/22, at 3; Trial Court Opinion,

9/13/22, at 5-6. The record also confirms that trial counsel made repeated,

unsuccessful efforts to contact Appellant in the months and days prior to trial.

N.T., 3/22/22, at 2-4 (detailing counsel’s efforts to apprise Appellant of status

updates, including notifying Appellant of her trial date and sending her the

Zoom link).

       The United States Supreme Court has stated:

       It does not seem ... to be consonant with the dictates of common
       sense that an accused person, being at large upon bail, should be
       at liberty, whenever [s]he pleased, to withdraw [her]self from the
       courts of [her] country[.] … The practical result of such a
       proposition, if allowed to be law, would be to prevent any trial
       whatever until the accused person [her]self should be pleased to
       permit it....

             The question is one of broad public policy, whether an
       accused person, placed upon trial for crime, and protected by all
       the safeguards with which the humanity of our present criminal
       law sedulously surrounds [her], can with impunity defy the
       processes of that law, paralyze the proceedings of courts
       and juries, and turn them into a solemn farce, and
       ultimately compel society, for its own safety, to restrict the
____________________________________________

4 Appellant’s reliance on Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 114 is
misplaced. The rule provides that a “copy of any order or court notice
promptly shall be served on each party’s attorney, or the party if
unrepresented.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 114(B)(1) (emphasis added). As Appellant
was represented by counsel, service on Appellant was not proper.

                                           -9-
J-A20024-23

      operation of the principle of personal liberty. Neither in
      criminal nor in civil cases will the law allow a person to take
      advantage of h[er] own wrong. And yet this would be precisely
      what it would do if it permitted an escape from prison, or an
      absconding from the jurisdiction while at large on bail, during the
      pendency of a trial before a jury, to operate as a shield.

Diaz v. U.S., 223 U.S. 422, 457-58 (1912) (emphasis added)

      Similarly, this Court has opined,

      the due process rights of the accused do not allow [her] to dictate
      the pace of [her] own trial by repeatedly absenting [her]self when
      [her] trial date is scheduled. Such actions mock our system of
      justice, and cannot be tolerated if the public’s interest is to be
      respected.

Commonwealth v. King, 695 A.2d 412, 412-13 (Pa. Super. 1997).

      Instantly, Appellant engaged in a pattern of failing to appear for court

and   disregarded   communications        from   her   counsel.   Under     these

circumstances, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by conducting

Appellant’s trial in her absence. See Wilson, 712 A.2d at 738 (“Unless the

defendant is prevented from attending the proceedings for reasons beyond his

or her control, then the defendant is expected to be present at all stages of

the trial.”). Nothing in the record supports Appellant’s claim. Accordingly, we

affirm the judgment of sentence.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

                                    - 10 -
J-A20024-23

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 09/26/2023

                          - 11 -