Court Opinion

ID: 9839848
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-14 15:05:31.081414+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:41:36.798647
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court of Florida
                              ____________

                           No. SC2023-0015
                             ____________

                     FLOYD WILLIAM DAMREN,
                            Appellant,

                                     vs.

                         STATE OF FLORIDA,
                              Appellee.

                          September 14, 2023

PER CURIAM.

     Floyd William Damren, a prisoner under sentence of death,

appeals the circuit court’s order summarily denying his second

successive motion for postconviction relief, which was filed under

Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.851. We have jurisdiction.

See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const.

                           I. BACKGROUND

     Damren was convicted of the 1994 first-degree murder of Don

Miller and sentenced to death. Damren v. State, 696 So. 2d 709,

710-11 (Fla. 1997). This Court affirmed Damren’s convictions and
sentences 1 on direct appeal. Id. at 714. We thereafter affirmed the

denial of Damren’s initial motion for postconviction relief and

denied his habeas petition. Damren v. State, 838 So. 2d 512 (Fla.

2003). We also affirmed the denial of Damren’s first successive

motion for postconviction relief. Damren v. State, 236 So. 3d 230

(Fla. 2018).

     On June 10, 2022, Damren filed his second successive

motion, in which he raised two claims: (1) newly discovered

evidence of his autism spectrum disorder (ASD) renders his death

sentence unreliable; and (2) newly discovered evidence of his post-

traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at the time of the offenses renders

his death sentence unreliable. Damren claimed that these

diagnoses qualified as newly discovered evidence because ASD was

not being diagnosed or recognized in adults at the time of his 1995

trial and his PTSD was undiagnosed because it was being “masked”

by his previously undiagnosed ASD. His claims relied on a report of

a 2021 neuropsychological evaluation by Marlyne Israelian, Ph.D., a

     1. Damren was also convicted of armed burglary and
aggravated assault arising out of the same incident, for which he
was sentenced as a habitual felony offender to life imprisonment
and ten years’ imprisonment, respectively.

                                -2-
clinical psychologist, which resulted in the ASD and PTSD

diagnoses.

     The postconviction court summarily denied Damren’s motion

as untimely. The postconviction court found that there did not

appear to be any dispute that Damren exhibited the symptoms of

ASD prior to 2019, yet Damren provided no explanation why he

could not have been diagnosed in 2019 or any time prior to 2021

through due diligence. The court noted that Dr. Israelian’s report of

her recent evaluation of Damren cited to articles related to adults

with ASD that were published in 2019 and 2020. As to the PTSD

diagnosis, the postconviction court assumed that it could have only

been discovered in conjunction with Damren’s ASD, but because

Damren provided no explanation why he could not have been

diagnosed with ASD in 2019 or any time prior to 2021, the

postconviction court found that there was also no reason his PTSD

could not have been discovered prior to 2021. This appeal followed.

                           II. ANALYSIS

     We find no error in the postconviction court’s summary denial

of Damren’s second successive motion for postconviction relief.

Damren’s claims were facially insufficient and untimely.

                                -3-
     In Jones v. State, 709 So. 2d 512, 521 (Fla. 1998), this Court

set forth the test for a conviction to be set aside on the basis of

newly discovered evidence as follows:

     First, in order to be considered newly discovered, the
     evidence “must have been unknown by the trial court, by
     the party, or by counsel at the time of trial, and it must
     appear that defendant or his counsel could not have
     known [of it] by the use of diligence.”
           Second, the newly discovered evidence must be of
     such nature that it would probably produce an acquittal
     on retrial.

(Alteration in original) (citations omitted); see Jones v. State, 591

So. 2d 911, 915 (Fla. 1991). Because Damren sought to vacate his

death sentence rather than his conviction, the second prong of

Jones “requires that the newly discovered evidence would probably

yield a less severe sentence”—i.e., a life sentence—rather than an

acquittal. Walton v. State, 246 So. 3d 246, 249 (Fla. 2018) (quoting

Swafford v. State, 125 So. 3d 760, 767 (Fla. 2013)). Thus, to raise a

facially sufficient claim based on newly discovered evidence here, it

was necessary for Damren to assert that there is evidence that was

not and could not have been known by the use of due diligence at

the time of trial and that the evidence is of such nature that it

would probably produce a life sentence on retrial. See Hutchinson

                                  -4-
v. State, 343 So. 3d 50, 53 (Fla. 2022) (“To be facially sufficient, a

claim of newly discovered evidence must meet the two-part Jones

test.”), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 601 (2023).

     Damren failed to allege the second prong of the Jones

standard in both claims of his second successive motion. In his

first claim, Damren alleged that evidence of his

     ASD and PTSD, discussed in Claim 2, coupled with his
     use of copious amounts of alcohol on the night of the
     murder would have offered the judge and jury proof that
     his ability to conform his conduct was impaired,
     diminishing his moral culpability. This would not have
     excused his conduct, but it would have lessened his
     moral responsibility and made a life sentence a
     reasonable and merciful sentence.

Alleging that the asserted newly discovered evidence would have

“made a life sentence a reasonable and merciful sentence” is a far

cry from alleging that it would probably produce a life sentence on

retrial. In his second claim, Damren alleged that “[h]ad the jury or

the sentencing court heard [evidence that Damren has PTSD] there

is a reasonable probability that the sentence would have been life.”

Alleging a reasonable probability of a life sentence at retrial is not

equivalent to alleging a probable life sentence at a retrial and yields

a facially insufficient claim.

                                  -5-
     The requirement in the second prong of the Jones test that the

alleged newly discovered evidence be of such a nature that it would

“probably” produce an acquittal on retrial is on par with the “more

likely than not” standard of prejudice. See Gaskin v. State, 822 So.

2d 1243, 1247 n.3 (Fla. 2002) (noting that the “more likely than

not” standard is “invoked when a defendant asserts entitlement to a

new trial on the basis of newly discovered evidence”). The

“reasonable probability” prejudice standard—which is used, for

example, in assessing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel or

the materiality of exculpatory information not disclosed to the

defense by the prosecution—is a lower standard of prejudice than

“preponderance of the evidence” or “more likely than not.” 2

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 693-94 (1984); see also

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 111-12 (2011) (noting that

Strickland’s “reasonable probability” prejudice standard “does not

require a showing that counsel’s actions ‘more likely than not

      2. We have explained that “[a] ‘preponderance’ of the evidence
is defined as ‘the greater weight of the evidence,’ Black’s Law
Dictionary 1201 (7th ed. 1999), or evidence that ‘more likely than
not’ tends to prove a certain proposition.” Gross v. Lyons, 763 So.
2d 276, 280 n.1 (Fla. 2000) (citing American Tobacco Co. v. State,
697 So. 2d 1249, 1254 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997)).

                                -6-
altered the outcome’ ”); Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434 (1995)

(explaining that when the “reasonable probability” of a different

result standard of prejudice is employed, “[t]he question is not

whether the defendant would more likely than not have received a

different verdict”). In other words, while the “reasonable

probability” prejudice standard means a probability higher than

mere chance, it does not mean a probability greater than fifty

percent; conversely, the “probably” prejudice standard (and,

accordingly, the “more likely than not” standard) does mean a

probability greater than fifty percent. Thus, because Damren failed

to allege that he probably would be sentenced to life if the jury or

trial court were told that he has ASD or PTSD, his claims of newly

discovered evidence were facially insufficient. We therefore affirm

the summary denial of relief.

     We also affirm the summary denial because Damren has not

established that his claims were timely. A motion for postconviction

relief must be filed within one year of the date that the defendant’s

conviction and sentence became final. Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.851(d)(1).

Damren’s convictions and sentences became final when the United

States Supreme Court denied certiorari review of his direct appeal

                                 -7-
proceedings on January 12, 1998. Damren v. Florida, 522 U.S.

1054 (1998); see Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.851(d)(1)(B) (“For the purposes of

this rule, a judgment is final . . . on the disposition of the petition

for writ of certiorari by the United States Supreme Court, if filed.”).

The one-year time limit therefore expired in 1999. But there is an

exception to the one-year time limit for motions alleging “the facts

on which the claim is predicated were unknown to the movant or

the movant’s attorney and could not have been ascertained by the

exercise of due diligence.” Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.851(d)(2)(A). “To be

considered timely filed as newly discovered evidence, [a] successive

rule 3.851 motion [i]s required to have been filed within one year of

the date upon which the claim became discoverable through due

diligence.” James v. State, 323 So. 3d 158, 160 (Fla. 2021) (quoting

Jimenez v. State, 997 So. 2d 1056, 1064 (Fla. 2008)), cert. denied,

142 S. Ct. 1678 (2022).

     For purposes of this proceeding, we accept as true Damren’s

assertion that the 2021 ASD and PTSD diagnoses are the facts on

which his claims are based. Damren claims that Dr. Israelian

informed counsel on June 10, 2021, that he has ASD and PTSD

and thus believes the claims were timely filed one year later on

                                  -8-
June 10, 2022. As to timeliness, Damren argued that his ASD

diagnosis “could not have been raised at the time of the initial trial

in 1994 as autism, or Asperger’s as it was known then,[3] was not

diagnosed in adults.” He argued that his PTSD could not have been

diagnosed before he was diagnosed with ASD because “without the

benefit of knowing that he suffered from ASD, a clinician could not

have accurately evaluated whether he met diagnostic criteria for

PTSD because he or she would lack the ability to judge the

magnitude and severity of symptom presentation”—in other words,

the ASD “masked” the PTSD.

     At the case management conference on his motion, Damren’s

counsel advised the postconviction court that Damren was

evaluated in 1995 for “organic deficits” and in 2017 “for traumatic

brain injury”

     [a]nd as [counsel] sort of spoke with friends of [Damren’s]
     and got to see the photos he had taken in Vietnam, we
     sort of felt that there was no way that he had, you know,

     3. “Asperger syndrome, or Asperger’s, is a previously used
diagnosis on the autism spectrum. In 2013, it became part of one
umbrella diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5).”
What is Asperger Syndrome?, Autism Speaks,
https://www.autismspeaks.org/types-autism-what-asperger-
syndrome (last visited June 5, 2023).

                                 -9-
     served in Vietnam and not been affected by that
     experience. So we did hire another expert in 2020, and
     that was a neuropsych[ologist] with a military
     background. However, that was sort of at the height of
     COVID and that particular doctor refused to go to the
     prison in person, and they wouldn’t allow him to evaluate
     Mr. Damren by Zoom.
           Now, sort of by happenstance, we had retained Dr.
     Israelian in another case and knew that she was willing
     to go see him in person, and so it was really just chance
     that we ended up with this particular expert evaluating
     him, who does have—and she does have a strong
     background in both PTSD and autism. So that was how
     the evaluation came about.

Damren also argued below that “[n]ot having asked Dr. Israelian to

assess for ASD, it was mere serendipity that she had extensive

training and experience in diagnosing and treating ASD in adults

and was able to diagnose him.”

     Instead of enlightening the postconviction court or this Court

as to when ASD became diagnosable in adults so as to establish

when Damren’s ASD and PTSD became discoverable by the exercise

of due diligence, Damren seems to argue that regardless of when

ASD became diagnosable in adults, no amount of diligence could

have led to his diagnoses before June 10, 2021, because ASD was

only diagnosed at that time by “chance,” “happenstance,” or

“serendipity”—due to the substitution of Dr. Israelian in place of the

                                 - 10 -
doctor who was supposed to have evaluated Damren in 2020—and

the PTSD could not be diagnosed until the ASD was diagnosed. We

disagree.

     Damren’s ASD diagnosis became discoverable through due

diligence whenever it was that ASD became diagnosable in adults.

That date would have served as the triggering date for filing a claim

based on newly discovered evidence of ASD within one year under

rule 3.851(d)(2)(A). Cf. Dillbeck v. State, 304 So. 3d 286, 288 (Fla.

2020) (“Thus, the facts on which the claim is predicated—a

diagnosis of ND-PAE and qEEG results—could have been

discovered by the exercise of due diligence as early as 2013, when

ND-PAE became a diagnosable condition.”). Damren’s claim that

there was no indication to counsel that he suffered from ASD

strains credibility. Dr. Israelian’s report noted that Damren has

exhibited since childhood a number of the better-known

characteristics of ASD—at least some of which we would expect

qualified capital counsel to have recognized—including difficulty

recognizing different expressions of speech; a tendency to interpret

things very literally; difficulty initiating and maintaining a

reciprocal conversation; speaking extensively about his interests

                                 - 11 -
regardless of their relevance to the task at hand or the interests of

his audience; a flat affect; and difficulty maintaining eye contact.

See Am. Psych. Ass’n, Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders 56 (5th ed., text rev., 2022). In any event, counsel’s

ignorance does not result in a triggering date that manifests only

when counsel decides to enlighten himself.

      “It is incumbent upon the defendant to establish the

timeliness of a successive postconviction claim,” Mungin v. State,

320 So. 3d 624, 626 (Fla. 2020), but without credibly offering the

date on which his claims became discoverable, Damren has failed to

establish that they were timely raised. Thus, the postconviction

court did not err in denying Damren’s motion as untimely.

                          III. CONCLUSION

      For these reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s summary

denial of Damren’s second successive motion for postconviction

relief.

      It is so ordered.

MUÑIZ, C.J., and CANADY, LABARGA, COURIEL, GROSSHANS,
FRANCIS, and SASSO, JJ., concur.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION
AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED.

                                - 12 -
An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Clay County,
    Steven B. Whittington, Judge
    Case No. 101994CF000537XXAXMX

Robert Friedman, Capital Collateral Regional Counsel, and
Elizabeth Spiaggi, Assistant Capital Collateral Regional Counsel,
Northern Region, Tallahassee, Florida,

     for Appellant

Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Timothy
A. Freeland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, Florida,

     for Appellee

                               - 13 -