Court Opinion

ID: 4101128
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-11-22 18:00:41.700615+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:08.677666
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ____________

                                        No. 16-1826
                                       ____________

                  OKSANA FESHOVETS; OLEKSANDR FESHOVETS,
                                                     Petitioners
                                     v.

                ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                     Respondent
                                       ____________

                       On Petition for Review of a Final Order
                         of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                     (Agency Nos. A087-583-843, A087-583-844)
                                    ____________

                                 Argued November 2, 2016

                  Before: HARDIMAN and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges,
                          and ROSENTHAL,* District Judge.

                                 (Filed: November 22, 2016)

Tatiana S. Aristova [Argued]
Khavinson & Associates, P.C.
10 Schalks Crossing Road
Suite 501-295
Plainsboro, NJ 08536
       Counsel for Petitioners

      *
         The Honorable Lee H. Rosenthal, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Texas, sitting by designation.
Janette L. Allen
Raya Jarawan [Argued]
United States Department of Justice
Office of Immigration Litigation
450 5th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
       Counsel for Respondent
                                      ____________

                                       OPINION **
                                      ____________

ROSENTHAL, District Judge.

       This case requires us to decide whether harms an asylum seeker suffered in her

country were on account of a government official’s persecution for her political activities

or her membership in a social group, or, instead, resulted from the government official’s

personal vendetta in retaliation for private wrongs. Oksana and Oleksandr Feshovets

seek review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals dismissing their challenge

to the Immigration Judge’s order denying them asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under the Convention Against Torture. We see no basis to reverse or remand,

and we will deny the petition for review.

                                             I.

       The petitioners, natives of the Ukraine, are husband and wife. When served with a

Notice to Appear, the couple conceded removability. Oksana Feshovets applied for

asylum with her husband as a derivative applicant, asking for withholding of removal and

protection under the Convention Against Torture. 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.16(b), (c). Mrs.

       **
         This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.

                                             2
Feshovets argued that she was eligible for asylum because of persecution she suffered in

the Ukraine as a result of her political activism. She relied on her efforts to help a

domestic-violence victim whose husband, Nikolay Kmit, was a wealthy and powerful

businessman and politician. Because we write only for the parties, we need not detail the

facts or procedural history.

                                             II.

       We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual conclusions for

substantial evidence. Valdiviezo-Galdamez v. Attorney Gen. of U.S., 663 F.3d 582, 590

(3d Cir. 2011). Under the substantial-evidence standard, we may reverse the Board’s

factual conclusions only if the record shows that any reasonable factfinder would be

compelled to a different conclusion. Id.

       “To qualify for asylum, an alien must show persecution, or a well founded fear of

persecution, on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion.” Amanfi v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 719, 726 (3d Cir. 2003). In

2005, Congress in the REAL ID Act clarified the standard for evaluating mixed motive

asylum cases: in cases where the persecutor has more than one motive, an applicant must

prove the protected characteristic “was or will be at least one central reason for

persecuting the applicant.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i) (emphasis added). The protected

ground need not be the primary motivation for persecution, but “asylum may not be

granted if a protected ground is only an ‘incidental, tangential, or superficial’ reason for

persecution of an asylum applicant.” Ndayshimiye v. Attorney Gen. of U.S., 557 F.3d 124,

130 (3d Cir. 2009). “Therefore, a key task for any asylum applicant is to show a

                                              3
sufficient ‘nexus’ between persecution and one of the listed protected grounds.” Id. at

129. The agency’s decision on whether an asylum applicant has established the necessary

nexus between persecution and a protected ground is a factual finding that we review for

substantial evidence. See Shehu v. Attorney Gen. of U.S., 482 F.3d 652, 657 (3d Cir.

2007).

         “[A]n applicant is entitled to withholding of removal if he or she can satisfy the

higher burden of demonstrating that it is more likely than not that life or freedom would

be threatened because of a protected ground if he or she were removed.” Li v. Attorney

Gen. of U.S., 400 F.3d 157, 162 (3d Cir. 2005). An applicant who cannot show her

eligibility for asylum necessarily cannot qualify for withholding of removal. Paripovic v.

Gonzales, 418 F.3d 240, 246 (3d Cir. 2005).

         An asylum applicant is eligible for protection under the Convention Against

Torture when she shows that it is more likely than not that she will be “subject to torture

by, at the instigation of, or with the acquiescence of a public official” if removed to her

home country. Amanfi, 328 F.3d at 725. “[I]n assessing whether an alien is more likely

than not to be tortured in the proposed country of removal, INS regulations identify a

non-exclusive list of factors to consider: (1) evidence of past torture inflicted on the alien;

(2) the possibility the alien could relocate to another part of the country where his torture

is unlikely; (3) evidence of ‘gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights’ in the

country; and (4) any other relevant country conditions information.” Id.

                                               4
                                            III.

       We first consider Mrs. Feshovets’s argument that the BIA erred in finding that she

was not eligible for asylum. We assume for the purposes of this appeal that the harms

Mrs. Feshovets suffered after she tried to help the domestic-violence victim—threatening

anonymous telephone calls, physical attacks, verbal and sexual abuse by police officers,

and having her children abducted and detained for a short but no doubt harrowing time—

were sufficiently severe to be persecution under the INA. The BIA concluded that Mrs.

Feshovets had not established a sufficient nexus between these harms and a protected

ground. Instead, the evidence indicated that the harms resulted from a personal dispute

with Nikolay Kmit, the domestic-violence victim’s husband. The BIA found that

Nikolay Kmit did not persecute Mrs. Feshovets because of her political opinions or her

social group, but rather because she interfered in his marriage.

       Mrs. Feshovets argues that this finding was error. She reasons that because her

actions were “to protect Kmit’s wife’s right to be free from abuse on his part, in which he

was able to engage with impunity because of his political power,” Nikolay Kmit imputed

that political basis for her actions when he caused the threats, attacks, and abduction. To

prevail, Mrs. Feshovets must demonstrate that any reasonable factfinder reviewing the

record before us would be compelled to conclude that Nikolay Kmit harmed Mrs.

Feshovets because he was hostile to her political views or to her social group. She has

not made this showing.

                                             5
       The case law across the country makes it clear that retaliation in response to a

personal dispute is not a valid basis for asylum. See, e.g., Gonzales-Posadas v. Attorney

Gen. of U.S., 781 F.3d 677, 685 (3d Cir. 2015) (“Conflicts of a personal nature and

isolated criminal acts do not constitute persecution on account of a protected

characteristic.”); Amanfi, 328 F.3d at 727; Zoarab v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 777, 781 (6th

Cir. 2008); Marquez v. I.N.S., 105 F.3d 374, 380 (7th Cir. 1997). The Ninth Circuit’s

decision in Molina-Morales v. I.N.S., 237 F.3d 1048 (9th Cir. 2001) is particularly

relevant. In that case, Molina’s aunt claimed that Salazar, a wealthy local businessman

running for mayor, had raped her. Id. at 1049. Molina and his aunt gave a statement to

the police. A week later, the aunt disappeared and was later found dead. Id. On the way

to the morgue to identify the body, Molina was beaten by four men who talked about the

rape accusation during the attack. Id. Molina fled the city. After Salazar was elected

mayor, his supporters continued to visit Molina’s house and harass his family to try to

learn his whereabouts. Id. at 1049-50. Molina testified before an Immigration Judge that

he could not return to El Salvador because Salazar would have him harmed or killed out

of fear that Molina would accuse Salazar of rape, abduction, and murder. Id. at 1050.

The BIA found that Molina’s fear of harm stemmed from “a personal matter between him

and . . . Salazar.” Id. The Ninth Circuit affirmed, finding substantial record evidence

supporting the BIA’s finding:

       [T]he disappearance of Molina’s aunt was due solely to her report of the
       rape by Salazar. There is no evidence that Salazar’s supporters presumed
       sympathy on her part or Molina’s part for an opposing political view. The
       mere fact that Salazar was a politician does not compel a conclusion that
       Molina was persecuted on account of any political opinion his persecutors

                                             6
       imputed to him. Salazar’s part-time profession as a politician is merely
       incidental.

Id. at 1052. The Ninth Circuit affirmed the BIA’s factual determination that Molina had

not demonstrated a sufficient nexus between the harms he suffered in El Salvador and a

protected ground under the INA. Id.

       The facts of Molina-Morales are similar to this case. Mrs. Feshovets must point to

record evidence compelling the conclusion that Nikolay Kmit acted because of his

hostility to her political views or to her social group, not because of his personal desire to

retaliate against her for interfering in his private life. The section of Mrs. Feshovets’s

brief attacking the BIA’s finding that there was an insufficient nexus between the harms

she suffered and opposition to her political views or her social group does not cite

apposite legal authority or specific record facts. Nor do her arguments elsewhere in the

brief convince us that the BIA lacked substantial evidence for its finding on nexus. Mrs.

Feshovets does not point to record evidence indicating that Nikolay Kmit attributed any

particular political views or social-group membership to her, much less that he was

centrally motivated to harm her because of those views or membership.

       The holding and result in Molina-Morales and similar cases demonstrate that the

harms suffered by an individual who challenges a corrupt government official are not

automatically harms “on account of” a political view or membership in a social group.

When, as here, the record evidence shows that the harms resulted from the official’s

personal antagonism toward the asylum applicant rather than from hostility to her

political views or social group, the applicant does not show the nexus required for relief.

                                              7
The record evidence here is consistent with the agency’s factual determination that the

harms Mrs. Feshovets suffered primarily resulted from Nikolay Kmit’s personal

antagonism toward her.

       Molina-Morales does not foreclose the possibility that under some set of facts, an

individual could be eligible for asylum because the persecutor is motivated in part by a

personal vendetta and in part by political animus or bias against a protected characteristic.

The asylum-seeker need only prove the protected ground was “one central reason” behind

the persecution. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i); Ndayshimiye, 557 F.3d at 130. Nor do

we foreclose that possibility if the facts showed that the persecution was centrally

motivated by animus toward the protected characteristic as well as personal bias. But

those are not the facts before us. The BIA did not have record evidence showing that

political animus was a central motivating factor in Nikolay Kmit’s actions against Mrs.

Feshovets.

       The BIA did not err in finding that Mrs. Feshovets failed to show a sufficient

nexus between the harms she suffered and a protected ground and that she was ineligible

for asylum. Because Mrs. Feshovets did not demonstrate her eligibility for asylum, she

also failed to meet the more rigorous requirements of withholding of removal. See

Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463, 469-70 (3d Cir. 2003).

                                            IV.

       Mrs. Feshovets’s brief also contains a short argument that she is entitled to

protection under the Convention Against Torture. She recites the legal standard, but her

argument consists only of a conclusory assertion that the documents she submitted in the

                                              8
agency proceedings demonstrated her entitlement to relief under that standard. She does

not cite specific record evidence or legal authority addressing similar facts. We have

found that similar barebones assertions waive rather than raise an argument. See

Reynolds v. Wagner, 128 F.3d 166, 178 (3d Cir. 1997); FED. R. APP. P. 28(a)(8)(A) (the

argument section of a brief must contain the “appellant’s contentions and the reasons for

them, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant

relies”).

       Assuming that Mrs. Feshovets’s brief adequately presented her argument, we

would nonetheless reject it. As the Immigration Judge observed, Mrs. Feshovets testified

that Nikolay Kmit no longer holds the public office that gave him power. Mrs. Feshovets

neither explains nor identifies evidence showing how Kmit, as a private citizen, could

cause her to be tortured “by, at the instigation of, or with the acquiescence of a public

official.” Instead, Mrs. Feshovets invokes the conditions in the Ukraine, citing reports of

torture in the Ukrainian prison system and of human-rights abuses by Ukrainian police.

This kind of country-condition report is not sufficient. Mrs. Feshovets must instead show

why she will more likely than not be a specific target for torture if she returns. See Denis

v. Attorney Gen. of U.S., 633 F.3d 201, 218 (3d Cir. 2011); In Re M-B-A-, 23 I. & N. Dec.

474, 479-80 (BIA 2002) (country-conditions evidence demonstrating general or

widespread human-rights abuses does not meet the petitioner’s burden to show an

individualized likelihood of torture). Mrs. Feshovets has failed to make this showing.

                                              9
                                             V.

       Substantial evidence supported the BIA’s findings. We follow our clear precedent

and that of other circuits and we will deny the petition for review.

                                             10