Court Opinion

ID: 9381535
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-23 14:02:45.626826+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:33.181855
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             DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                No. 21-CV-0695

THE CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART AND THE TRUSTEES OF THE CORCORAN GALLERY
                        OF ART, APPELLANTS,

                                       V.

                         SUSANNE JILL PETTY, APPELLEE.

                         Appeal from the Superior Court
                          of the District of Columbia
                             (2019-CA-008131-F)

                     (Hon. Shana Frost Matini, Trial Judge)

(Argued October 20, 2022                                  Decided March 23, 2023)

      Charles A. Patrizia, with whom Stephen B. Kinnaird and David S. Julyan
were on the brief, for appellants.

      Hannah Wigger, with whom Jim Burgess, Paul Werner, and Calla Simeone,
were on the brief, for appellee.

      Before DEAHL and ALIKHAN, Associate Judges, and GLICKMAN, Senior
Judge. ∗

      ∗
       Judge Glickman was an Associate Judge of the court at the time of argument.
He began his service as a Senior Judge on December 21, 2022.
                                           2

      DEAHL, Associate Judge: The Constitution’s Full Faith and Credit Clause

generally obliges the District of Columbia courts to give conclusive effect to

judgments issued by other states’ courts. U.S. Const. art IV, § 1. That is not an

inexorable command, however, and we “may inquire into the jurisdictional basis of

the foreign court’s decree.” Underwriters Nat’l Assurance Co. v. N.C. Life &

Accident & Health Ins. Guar. Ass’n, 455 U.S. 691, 705 (1982). Except, that is,

where the jurisdictional issues were themselves “fully and fairly litigated and finally

determined” in the foreign court, in which case we owe those jurisdictional

determinations full faith and credit as well. Id. at 714.

      This case presents an interesting twist on those well-established principles. A

California trial court issued a judgment with some reason to doubt, and without any

apparent consideration of, its jurisdiction to do so. The District’s courts have now

been asked to enforce that judgment. If that judgment were standing alone, our

courts would be free to scrutinize whether the California trial court had jurisdiction

to issue its judgment, as appellant, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, now asks us to do.

But the twist is that the Corcoran appealed the California trial court’s judgment to

the California Court of Appeal, where it litigated its jurisdictional challenges, and

the California Court of Appeal squarely rejected them. The issue before us is thus

whether that appellate court decision precludes us from scrutinizing the trial court’s
                                          3

exercise of jurisdiction in the first instance. Put another way, we must decide

whether the full faith and credit analysis encompasses the appellate court’s

affirmance of the trial court’s judgment. The D.C. Superior Court answered in the

affirmative, in the order now on appeal, and concluded that the California Court of

Appeal had conclusively rejected the Corcoran’s jurisdictional challenges. The

Corcoran disagrees, and urges us to reject the Superior Court’s reasoning and to

consider its jurisdictional challenges anew.

      We agree with the D.C. Superior Court and conclude that we owe full faith

and credit to the California Court of Appeal’s decision rejecting the Corcoran’s

jurisdictional challenges.   Where another state’s appellate court has already

considered a jurisdictional challenge to an underlying judgment, that consideration

effectively inheres in the judgment itself, and we will not second-guess it. Because

the jurisdictional challenges raised in this appeal were already fully and fairly

litigated before the California Court of Appeal, we will not reconsider them now.

We affirm the Superior Court’s judgment.
                                         4

                                         I.

                               Cy Pres Proceedings

      The Corcoran was a private art gallery in Washington, D.C., founded in 1869.

In 1994, the Corcoran entered into an agreement with the Alice C. Tyler Art Trust,

established by a philanthropist of that name. The Trust agreed to gift the Corcoran

a collection of artwork by the artist Suzanne Regan Pascal, plus $1 million to

maintain the collection, with the gift contingent on the Corcoran exhibiting the

collection for at least two months per year and keeping at least one piece of artwork

from the collection on display at all times. The Corcoran complied with those

conditions until 2014.

      In 2014, the Corcoran decided to close its gallery after years of financial

struggles. The Corcoran trustees sought a cy pres order from the D.C. Superior Court

to have the Corcoran’s assets redistributed in a way that would align as much as

possible with the intent of its founder. See D.C. Code § 19-1304.13. The Tyler Trust

did not participate in the cy pres proceedings. The Superior Court issued a cy pres

order, under which the National Gallery of Art could take or help redistribute the

Corcoran’s art collection. The agreement provided that “the Corcoran Deed of Trust

and any other applicable instrument [wa]s deemed to be revised to the extent
                                           5

necessary to permit the [Corcoran] Trustees to enter into” their agreement with the

National Gallery.

      Under the agreement, the National Gallery could choose whether to

accession—meaning, take into its collection—each piece of art from the Corcoran

collection. If it chose not to accession a piece, the National Gallery would work with

the Corcoran trustees to identify museums or institutions within the District—or, as

a last resort, outside the District—that could take the works. The agreement also

provided that no artwork covered by the order could be removed from the District

without permission of the Attorney General of the District of Columbia. The

National Gallery decided not to accession the Pascal collection. While the Corcoran

and National Gallery were deciding how to distribute it, the Pascal collection was

kept in storage.

                              California Probate Court

      In 2018, Susanne Jill Petty, as trustee of the Alice C. Tyler trust, sued the

Corcoran in the probate division of the California Superior Court for failing to abide

by the terms of its agreement with the trust. She filed a petition seeking the return

of the Pascal collection and the $1 million cash gift. The court held an initial hearing

at which an attorney for the Corcoran appeared and Petty asked for an extension of
                                           6

time to properly serve her petition on the Corcoran. The Corcoran did not object to

the extension, and it indicated that it wanted the additional time to file its objections

in any event. A few weeks later, and five days before the next hearing was scheduled

to take place, the probate court added a note to the case’s “probate notes”—notes

about the case that the parties can view on the court’s website—pointing out

deficiencies in Petty’s service of the petition. See L.A. Cnty. Super. Ct. R. 4.4. The

probate court’s local rules state that any outstanding matters in the probate notes

must be cleared two court days before a hearing. L.A. Cnty. Super. Ct. R. 4.4(b).

The local rules also give the probate court discretion as to whether to waive its rules

in any given case. L.A. Cnty. Super. Ct. R. 4.2.

      Petty responded to the note just one court day before the hearing, stating that,

even if she had not timely served process on the Corcoran, it had actual notice of the

hearing because its attorney had been present when the hearing was scheduled. At

the hearing three days later (there was an intervening weekend), no representative

for the Corcoran appeared. The probate court indicated that it would enter a default

judgment against the Corcoran, stating: “With no appearance by [the Corcoran], and

I’m finding that notice is proper, and I’m clearing the notes in total on this matter.

The court is going to grant the petition as requested.” The probate court ordered the
                                          7

Corcoran to return the Pascal collection and the $1 million cash gift to the Tyler

trust. Petty was later awarded costs of $1,365.94 and attorneys’ fees of $58,353.62.

      The Corcoran filed a motion for reconsideration, claiming both that the

probate court lacked jurisdiction to issue the order and that its order conflicted with

the D.C. Superior Court’s cy pres order. The Corcoran argued that it had “never

submitted to [the probate c]ourt’s jurisdiction” and had not been timely served with

process. It also argued that Petty had not timely responded to the probate notes. On

the merits, the Corcoran argued that it could not comply with the probate court’s

order to move the collection to California without violating the cy pres order,

because, under the Corcoran’s agreement with the National Gallery, the collection

could not be removed from the District of Columbia without the permission of the

Attorney General.

      Several days later, with no indication that it saw the motion for

reconsideration, the probate court entered judgment, ordering the Corcoran to return

the artwork and cash gift. After the probate court entered judgment, Petty filed an

opposition to the Corcoran’s motion for reconsideration. She argued that, now that

the probate court had entered judgment, it was no longer able to reconsider its order.

The Corcoran filed a reply, insisting that the probate court had erred in entering
                                           8

judgment without considering its motion. The probate court never ruled on the

Corcoran’s motion.

                             California Court of Appeal

      The Corcoran appealed to the California Court of Appeal, which affirmed the

probate court’s judgment in a comprehensive unpublished opinion. See Petty v.

Corcoran Gallery of Art, No. B293796, 2020 WL 4877542, at *1 (Cal. Ct. App.

Aug. 20, 2020).      The Court of Appeal held that the Corcoran’s motion for

reconsideration was improper because the Corcoran had raised no new facts,

circumstances, or law that could provide a basis for the probate court to reconsider

its decision. Id. at *8-9. Even if the motion were considered, the court held, it lacked

merit. First, the court rejected the Corcoran’s argument that the probate court lacked

jurisdiction over it. Id. at *9. Under California law, a party who makes a “general

appearance” in court has “relinquished all objections based on lack of personal

jurisdiction or defective process or service of process.” Id. at *11 (quoting In re

Marriage of Obrecht, 199 Cal. Rptr. 3d 438, 443 (Cal. Ct. App. 2016)). A party

makes a general appearance when it “takes part in the action or in some manner

recognizes the authority of the court to proceed.” Obrecht, 199 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 443

(citation omitted). This includes making an appearance for anything other than “the
                                          9

sole purpose of objecting to the court’s jurisdiction.” Petty, 2020 WL 4877542, at

*10 (emphasis added) (quoting Obrecht, 199 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 444). The Corcoran

made merits arguments in its motion for reconsideration and so, the Court of Appeal

held, it made a general appearance in the probate court, waiving any objection to

that court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction or to Petty’s service of process. Id. at

*11. In addition, the court held that the probate court had properly exercised its

discretion in waiving the rule requiring timely clearance of the probate notes. Id. at

*12-13.

      And even if the Corcoran had properly raised its merits argument, the Court

of Appeal held, the probate court’s judgment did not conflict with the cy pres order.

Id. at *13-14. In its view, the Corcoran had failed to show that its agreement with

the Tyler Trust was an “applicable instrument” that needed modification so that the

Corcoran could enter into its agreement with the National Gallery. To the contrary,

the “Corcoran transferred the art works to the National Gallery for accession or

distribution,” and did so “without implicating the [Tyler Trust] agreement.” Id. at

*14. Moreover, the Court of Appeal observed that the opinion accompanying the cy

pres order had explicitly stated that “any existing donor restrictions that [we]re

applicable to the particular assets [held by the Corcoran] w[ould] remain in place.”

Id. The Tyler Trust agreement provided one such restriction. Therefore, the Court
                                           10

of Appeal held, the cy pres order did not preclude the Corcoran from sending the

Pascal collection to California, as directed by the probate court. Id. Following this

appeal, Petty was awarded an additional $1,163.80 in costs and $140,999.50 in

attorneys’ fees.

                                 D.C. Superior Court

      While the Corcoran’s appeal was pending in the California Court of Appeal,

Petty filed a request to enforce the probate court’s judgment in the District of

Columbia—where the Corcoran’s assets, including the Pascal collection, were

located—so that she could enforce it here. See Super. Ct. Civ. R. 62-III(a). The

Corcoran responded by filing a motion for relief from enforcement of a foreign

judgment, arguing that the Superior Court should not enforce the California

judgment for the same reasons it had advanced before the California Court of

Appeal: the probate court lacked jurisdiction over it and enforcing the probate order

would violate the cy pres order.

      The court denied the Corcoran’s motion. The court found that, putting aside

whether or not the Corcoran had made a general appearance before the California

probate court, it had submitted to the jurisdiction of the California Court of Appeal

and so “the California decisions are entitled to full faith and credit.” While that alone
                                          11

was sufficient to decide the case, the court also explained, “in the interest of

thoroughness,” that it agreed with the California Court of Appeal that the cy pres

order did not cover the Pascal collection and so did not preclude compliance with

the probate court’s order. The court therefore denied the Corcoran’s motion for

relief. The Corcoran now appeals to this court.

                                          II.

      On appeal, the Corcoran reasserts the same jurisdictional argument it made

before the California Court of Appeal and the D.C. Superior Court: that the probate

court’s order should not be enforced because that court lacked jurisdiction over the

Corcoran. 1 Underlying that argument—and necessary for the Corcoran to prevail—

is the premise that we are free to reconsider that question despite the fact that the

      1
         The Corcoran also argues that the California courts themselves violated their
full faith and credit obligations by issuing and upholding a judgment that—in the
Corcoran’s view—conflicted with the D.C. Superior Court’s cy pres order. We
reject this argument. The Full Faith and Credit Clause is implicated only when an
issue has already been “fully and fairly litigated and finally decided,” as the
Corcoran notes numerous times. Durfee v. Duke, 375 U.S. 106, 111 (1963). The
Corcoran does not point to any D.C. case in which it has litigated—or in which a
court has decided—whether the cy pres order covers the Pascal collection. Neither
the cy pres order itself, nor the attached memorandum, make any mention of the
Pascal collection. The California courts were therefore the first to address this issue;
there was no prior decision to which they could have given full faith and credit.
                                           12

California Court of Appeal has already answered it. The Corcoran argues that we

have an obligation to consider anew the probate court’s jurisdiction because “a court

asked to enforce a default judgment must entertain an attack on the jurisdiction of

the court that issued the judgment.” Jerez v. Republic of Cuba, 775 F.3d 419, 422

(D.C. Cir. 2014). The California Court of Appeal’s rejection of its jurisdictional

challenges does not affect our obligation to consider them, in the Corcoran’s view,

as it asserts that we only give full faith and credit to the court that entered the

judgment: here, the California probate court. We disagree.

      Article IV, section 1 of the Constitution provides that “Full Faith and Credit

shall be given in each State to the . . . judicial Proceedings of every other State.” The

California Court of Appeal’s decision is unquestionably part of California’s judicial

proceedings in this matter, and we cannot ignore it in carrying out our obligations to

give full faith and credit to those proceedings. The California Court of Appeal

considered the jurisdictional challenge to the probate court’s order that the Corcoran

now raises before us, and it held that the probate court had properly exercised

jurisdiction over the Corcoran. See Petty, 2020 WL 4877542, at *9-14. Our

obligations under the Full Faith and Credit Clause preclude us from second-guessing

that determination, for reasons expanded upon below.
                                          13

                                          A.

      The District’s courts are required to give full faith and credit to the “judicial

Proceedings” of other states. U.S. Const. art. IV, § 1; see J.J. v. B.A., 68 A.3d 721,

726 (D.C. 2013) (“Although the District of Columbia is not a state, the Full Faith

and Credit Clause is also applicable to the District.”). As the Supreme Court has

explained:

             The constitutional command of full faith and credit, as
             implemented by Congress, requires that “judicial
             proceedings . . . shall have the same full faith and credit in
             every court within the United States . . . as they have by
             law or usage in the courts of such State . . . from which
             they are taken.” Full faith and credit thus generally
             requires every State to give to a judgment at least the res
             judicata effect which the judgment would be accorded in
             the State which rendered it.

Durfee v. Duke, 375 U.S. 106, 109 (1963) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1738). “For claim

and issue preclusion (res judicata) purposes, in other words, the judgment of the

rendering State gains nationwide force.” Baker ex rel. Thomas v. Gen. Motors

Corp., 522 U.S. 222, 233 (1998) (footnote omitted).

      But decisions of other states’ courts are owed full faith and credit “only if the

court in the first State had power to pass on the merits—had jurisdiction, that is, to

render the judgment.” Durfee, 375 U.S. at 110. If the rendering court finds that it
                                           14

did have jurisdiction to enter the judgment, then that determination is itself entitled

to full faith and credit. Id. at 111 (“[A] judgment is entitled to full faith and credit—

even as to questions of jurisdiction.”); Ins. Corp. of Ir. v. Compagnie des Bauxites

de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 702 n.9 (1982) (same). In Durfee v. Duke, the Supreme

Court cited a number of cases in which “the claim was made that a court, when asked

to enforce the judgment of another forum, was free to retry the question of that

forum’s jurisdiction over the subject matter.” 375 U.S. at 112. In each case, the

Supreme Court had rejected the argument, holding “that since the question of

subject-matter jurisdiction had been fully litigated in the original forum, the issue

could not be retried in a subsequent action between the parties.” Id.

      The crux of this case comes down to whether the question of the probate

court’s jurisdiction has already been “fully litigated in the original forum,” such that

it cannot be relitigated before us now. Id. The Corcoran answers that question in

the negative, arguing that our court and the Supreme Court have said that full faith

and credit is owed only where issues “have been fully and fairly litigated and finally

decided in the court which rendered the original judgment.” Wilburn v. Wilburn,

210 A.2d 832, 834 (D.C. 1965) (emphasis added) (quoting Durfee, 375 U.S. at 111).

In other words, the Corcoran argues, the only relevant decision maker that we need
                                           15

to pay attention to is the probate court itself. We find that to be an overly constrained

view of our obligations under the Full Faith and Credit Clause.

      As an initial matter, the cases the Corcoran cites simply do not address the

nuance we confront today, where an appellate court in the originating jurisdiction

already resolved a challenge to the underlying judgment. And “[t]he rule of stare

decisis is never properly invoked unless in the decision put forward as precedent the

judicial mind has been applied to and passed upon the precise question.” Murphy v.

McCloud, 650 A.2d 202, 205 (D.C. 1994) (citation omitted). We will not strip

proclamations about judgment-issuing courts from their context and apply them to

this new scenario where they are entirely inapt. The same is true of the statement

that “a court asked to enforce a default judgment must entertain an attack on the

jurisdiction of the court that issued the judgment”—that statement was made in a

context in which no court had resolved the jurisdictional question. See Jerez, 775

F.3d at 422. Suffice it to say that we have never suggested that we may ignore the

authoritative rulings of other states’ appellate courts when they have already

resolved a challenge to an underlying judgment, and we are not aware of any other

court that has done so either (the Corcoran points to none). 2 And the one case we

      A superficially similar—but ultimately very different—issue was presented
      2

in Ahmad Hamad Al Gosaibi & Bros. v. Standard Chartered Bank, 98 A.3d 998
                                          16

have found that directly addressed whether to give full faith and credit to an appellate

decision agreed that this was appropriate because both “the [] trial court judgment

confirming the award and the intermediate appellate decision affirming that

judgment are ‘judicial proceedings’ within the meaning of the Full Faith and Credit

Clause.” N. Ind. Commuter Transp. Dist. v. Chicago SouthShore & S. Bend R.R.,

685 N.E.2d 680, 686 (Ind. 1997) (emphasis added).

      Indeed, the Supreme Court has implied that decisions of other states’ appellate

courts should play a role in the full faith and credit analysis. In Durfee, the Supreme

Court considered a suit for quiet title that had first been brought in Nebraska and

then, by the losing party, in federal court in Missouri. 375 U.S. at 108. The parties

(D.C. 2014). At issue in that case was a foreign judgment issued in Bahrain—we do
not owe full faith and credit to foreign judgments—though that Bahraini judgment
had been recognized and given effect in the New York courts as a “matter of
comity.” Id. at 1007. The Pennsylvania courts, in turn, decided that they owed New
York’s judgment full faith and credit. Id. at 1002-04. We disagreed and did not give
effect to the New York judgment, concluding that a judgment that “need not be based
on the rendering court’s personal jurisdiction over the parties” was not the “kind of
judgment” to which we owe full faith and credit (even if Pennsylvania thought it
was). Id. at 1006-07. In other words, New York’s decision to give effect to a
Bahraini judgment as a matter of comity was not the type of judgment to which we
owed full faith and credit. Here, on the other hand, no one disputes that the probate
court’s judgment is the kind of judgment that we owe full faith and credit to. The
dispute is purely over whether the Corcoran can relitigate the jurisdictional issue
after an appellate court resolved it—something that did not come up in Ahmad
Hamad.
                                          17

had fully litigated a jurisdictional issue in the Nebraska trial court, which determined

that it had jurisdiction, and the Nebraska supreme court upheld that determination.

Id. The Durfee Court concluded that the federal court in Missouri had “the duty to

inquire into the jurisdiction of the Nebraska courts” and that “the jurisdictional

issues had been . . . finally determined in the Nebraska courts.” Id. at 116 (emphases

added). In other words, the Court appeared to consider the Nebraska court system

as a whole, not just the Nebraska trial court. Supporting this approach, the Supreme

Court has elsewhere noted in passing that the “Full Faith and Credit Clause and its

implementing statute speak not of ‘judgments’ but of ‘judicial proceedings’ without

limitation.” Baker, 522 U.S. at 235 (quoting Barber v. Barber, 323 U.S. 77, 87

(1944) (Jackson, J., concurring)).

      Considering appellate decisions as part of the judicial proceedings to which

we owe full faith and credit makes sense. Our obligations under the full faith and

credit clause are articulated in terms of a judgment’s preclusive effect in its

originating state. See Durfee, 375 U.S. at 109 (“Full faith and credit [] generally

requires every State to give to a judgment at least the res judicata effect which the

judgment would be accorded in the State which rendered it.”). And a judgment’s

preclusive effect is inherently tied up with the resolution of an appeal from that

judgment. If the judgment is reversed, it no longer has preclusive effect. See 18A
                                         18

Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure

Jurisdiction § 4427 (3d ed., 2022) (“Should the judgment be vacated by the trial

court or reversed on appeal, [] res judicata falls with the judgment.”). If it is

affirmed, only the parts of the judgment affirmed on appeal are entitled to preclusive

effect; anything the appellate court considered but did not decide is not preclusive.

See Samara v. Matar, 419 P.3d 924, 929-31 (Cal. 2018) (citing the Restatements

First and Second of Judgments and collecting cases); see also Wright & Miller,

supra, at § 4421 (“The federal decisions agree with the Restatement view that once

an appellate court has affirmed on one ground and passed over another, preclusion

does not attach to the ground omitted from its decision.”). That means it is

impossible to consider the preclusive effect of a judgment without considering

whether, and the grounds on which, it was affirmed on appeal. Here, those grounds

include an affirmance of the probate court’s jurisdiction.3

      3
        Ignoring the Court of Appeal’s decision would be especially anomalous here,
where the question the Corcoran asks us to resolve de novo is a question of California
law. The California Court of Appeal is an expert in California law. We are not.
When attempting to resolve a question governed by the law of another state, we
“look to the decisions of that state.” Young v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 213
A.2d 890, 892 (D.C. 1965). So, if we were to decide de novo whether the probate
court had jurisdiction under California law, we would look to cases decided by
California courts—including the very Court of Appeal decision in this case.
                                           19

      This conclusion also aligns with the purpose of the Full Faith and Credit

Clause. That Clause was intended to avoid the “risk,” inherent in our federal system,

“that two or more States will exercise their power over the same case or controversy,

with the uncertainty, confusion, and delay that necessarily accompany relitigation of

the same issue.” Underwriters Nat. Assur. Co., 455 U.S. at 705. Those risks are not

confined to disputes among courts of first instance. Giving full faith and credit to a

judgment, without considering an appellate decision affirming that judgment, would

result in intractable inconsistencies of the type the Full Faith and Credit Clause

sought to avoid. Imagine if the Corcoran had assets in, or had disbursed works

within the Pascal collection across, all fifty states. Under its view, the courts in each

state would be left to determine for themselves whether the California probate court

properly exercised jurisdiction, and there would be no final arbiter over that

question.   That would result in a highly ineffective spate of relitigation and

potentially inconsistent interpretations of the same order in the exact manner the Full

Faith and Credit Clause was meant to protect against. Not including the California

Court of Appeal’s jurisdictional determination in the full faith and credit analysis

would thus likely “result[] in two state courts reaching mutually inconsistent

judgments on the same issue,” which is “precisely the situation the Full Faith and

Credit Clause was designed to prevent.” Id. at 715.
                                           20

        Ultimately, this case boils down to whether the Corcoran should have another

opportunity to litigate a claim it has already lost. The options open to a defendant

like the Corcoran were clearly laid out by then-Judge Ginsburg in a D.C. Circuit

case:

              A defendant who knows of an action but believes the court
              lacks jurisdiction over his person or over the subject matter
              generally has an election. He may appear, raise the
              jurisdictional objection, and ultimately pursue it on direct
              appeal. If he so elects, he may not renew the jurisdictional
              objection in a collateral attack. Should he proceed this
              way, he may . . . press on direct review the jurisdictional
              objection, along with objections on the merits.

                    Alternatively, the defendant may refrain from
              appearing, thereby exposing himself to the risk of a default
              judgment. When enforcement of the default judgment is
              attempted, however, he may assert his jurisdictional
              objection. If he prevails on the objection, the default
              judgment will be vacated.

Practical Concepts, Inc. v. Republic of Bolivia, 811 F.2d 1543, 1547 (D.C. Cir.

1987) (emphasis added, citations omitted); see also Jerez, 775 A.3d at 422. In other

words, a defendant can either litigate his jurisdictional objection in the original

forum—including in the trial court and through any appeals—or in the forum in

which the judgment is to be enforced. It is one or the other, not both.

        The Corcoran picked the first route, was unsuccessful, and now tries to go

down the second route. It may not do so. The Corcoran was “always free to ignore
                                          21

the [California] judicial proceedings, risk a default judgment, and then challenge that

judgment on jurisdictional grounds in a collateral proceeding”—i.e., in the District.

Ins. Corp. of Ireland, 456 U.S. at 706. Instead, it chose to challenge the probate

court judgment in California: filing first a motion for reconsideration in the probate

court and then an appeal to the California Court of Appeal. By choosing to litigate

its jurisdictional objection in California, the Corcoran chose its forum. It “may not

renew the jurisdictional objection in a collateral attack” here in the District.

Practical Concepts, 811 F.2d at 1547. 4

      In sum, when the Corcoran submitted its challenges to the probate court’s

order to the California Court of Appeal, it chose its forum for resolving those

challenges. It does not get another bite at the apple here.

      4
        The Corcoran also seeks a second bite at the apple when it argues that any
finding that the probate court had jurisdiction over it would violate constitutional
due process because it did not consent to that court’s jurisdiction. We are skeptical
of this argument. “A variety of legal arrangements have been taken to represent
express or implied consent to the personal jurisdiction of the court,” including
“submit[ting] to the jurisdiction of the court by appearance”—which the California
Court of Appeal held happened here. Ins. Corp. of Ireland, 456 U.S. at 703. “[T]he
mere use of procedural rules [to determine jurisdiction] does not in itself violate the
defendant’s due process rights.” Id. at 707. In any case, we need not decide the
question because the Corcoran already had the opportunity to make its due process
argument in the California Court of Appeal and “there is involved in [the Due
Process Clause] no right to litigate the same question twice.” Baldwin v. Iowa State
Traveling Men’s Ass’n, 283 U.S. 522, 524 (1931).
                                          22

                                          B.

      There is one potential outstanding issue, which is whether the challenges the

Corcoran now raises were in fact fully and fairly litigated in the California Court of

Appeal. Though “a state court’s final judgment determining its own jurisdiction

ordinarily qualifies for full faith and credit,” it may not in those cases where the

jurisdictional issue was not “fully and fairly litigated.” Marshall v. Marshall, 547

U.S. 293, 314 (2006) (citing Durfee, 375 U.S. at 111). While we make clear today

that the Full Faith and Credit Clause extends to decisions of other states’ appellate

courts when they resolve a challenge to an underlying judgment, those appellate

decisions may also be challenged on the basis that the issues they resolved were not

fully and fairly litigated—as in any other full faith and credit challenge.

      The Corcoran did not raise that type of challenge to the California Court of

Appeal’s decision in its briefing before us, but it seemed to present one for the first

time at oral argument. We are not obliged to address its late-breaking contention.

See Woodard v. United States, 738 A.2d 254, 259 n.10 (D.C. 1999) (refusing to

consider point raised for the first time at oral argument); RDP Dev. Corp. v.

Schwartz, 657 A.2d 301, 304 n.3 (D.C. 1995) (same). Nonetheless, we exercise our

discretion to do so, and conclude that it lacks merit.
                                           23

      At oral argument, the Corcoran argued that the record does not reflect whether

it had been given the opportunity to fully and fairly litigate its case in the California

Court of Appeal because there is no record of any briefing in that court before us

here. We disagree and conclude that there is abundant evidence that the issues were

fully and fairly litigated in the California Court of Appeal. First, recall that the

Corcoran brought the appeal in California, so if it did not fully brief its jurisdictional

challenges, that is a failure we would hold against it, not the Court of Appeal.

Second, the briefs before the California Court of Appeal are publicly available court

filings that we can take judicial notice of, and will do so here. See In re Marshall,

549 A.2d 311, 313 (D.C. 1988) (citing Coleman v. Burnett, 477 F.2d 1187, 1198

(D.C. Cir. 1973)) (acknowledging this court’s “power to judicially notice

proceedings in related cases”). The briefs before the California Court of Appeal,

unsurprisingly,    comprehensively      articulated   the   Corcoran’s     jurisdictional

arguments. See, e.g., Brief for Appellant at 20-32, Petty v. Corcoran Gallery of Art,

2019 WL 956458 (Cal. Ct. App. Feb. 25, 2019). Third, the California Court of

Appeal’s opinion states in its jurisdictional analysis that it is responding to

arguments made by the Corcoran and it even explicitly references briefing submitted

to it by the parties. See Petty, 2020 WL 4877542, at *1, *11 n.15.
                                          24

      There is thus no cause to doubt that the Corcoran fully and fairly litigated its

jurisdictional arguments before the California Court of Appeal, and the D.C.

Superior Court was correct to give full faith and credit to that court’s decision, which

already resolved the issues the Corcoran seeks to relitigate before us.

                                          III.

      We affirm.

                                                                           So ordered.