Court Opinion

ID: 9881280
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-29 22:00:26.581941+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:11:40.431801
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit

No. 20-1245

                    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                            Appellee,

                               v.

                 JOSUÉ XAVIER CHEVERES-MORALES,

                      Defendant, Appellant.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

         [Hon. Francisco A. Besosa, U.S. District Judge]

                             Before

                Montecalvo, Selya, and Thompson,
                         Circuit Judges.

     John E. Mudd, with whom Law Offices of John E. Mudd was on
brief, for appellant.
     David C. Bornstein, Assistant United States Attorney, with
whom W. Stephen Muldrow, United States Attorney, Mariana E. Bauzá-
Almonte, Assistant United States Attorney, Chief, Appellate
Division, and Gregory B. Conner, Assistant United States Attorney,
were on brief, for appellee.

                       September 29, 2023
            SELYA, Circuit Judge.          In this appeal, we train the lens

of our inquiry on a claim of error not timely raised by defendant-

appellant Josué Xavier Cheveres-Morales.                Because this unpreserved

claim involves a violation of the mandate rule and because the

equities    encourage       a   departure       from    the       party    presentation

principle, we hold that we may consider the claim sua sponte.

Undertaking that consideration, we conclude that the district

court's    use,     at    resentencing,        of   convictions           and    sentences

occurring after the defendant's original sentencing to increase

his guideline sentencing range was contrary to our holding in

United States v. Ticchiarelli, 171 F.3d 24, 35 (1st Cir. 1999).

Finding this error to be plain, we vacate the defendant's new

sentence and remand for resentencing consistent with this opinion.

                                           I

            We briefly rehearse the background and travel of the

case.     Inasmuch as this appeal follows a guilty plea, we would

typically    "glean       the   relevant       facts   from       the    change-of-plea

colloquy,     the        unchallenged      portions          of     the     presentence

investigation       report      (PSI   Report),        and    the       record    of   the

disposition hearing."           United States v. Vargas, 560 F.3d 45, 47

(1st Cir. 2009).          Here, however, we add facts gleaned from the

record of the defendant's first appeal (which was cut short

following the government's motion to remand).
            In February of 2017, a federal grand jury sitting in the

District of Puerto Rico returned a superseding indictment, which

— as relevant here — charged the defendant with one count of

attempted   carjacking,       see   18    U.S.C.     § 2119(1);    one      count    of

carjacking, see id.; and two counts of using, carrying, and

brandishing    a    firearm   during      and   in   relation     to   a    crime    of

violence,     see   18   U.S.C.     § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii).            Although         the

defendant initially maintained his innocence, he later pleaded

guilty to three of the charged counts.1

            After    accepting      the    defendant's     guilty          plea,    the

district court ordered the preparation of a PSI Report.                              Of

particular pertinence for present purposes, the probation office

listed two arrests within the portion of the PSI Report chronicling

the defendant's criminal history.               The first was a 2011 arrest

for, inter alia, possession of a firearm without a license.                         The

defendant was a juvenile at the time, and he completed a diversion

program.    The second was a 2017 arrest for, inter alia, aggravated

robbery and possession of a firearm without a license. This arrest

resulted in six charges — all of which were subsequently dismissed

(without a merits adjudication) pursuant to Puerto Rico Rule of

Criminal Procedure 64. Neither the 2011 arrest nor the 2017 arrest

resulted in any criminal history points, leaving the defendant

     1 Consistent with the plea agreement, the remaining count was
later dismissed by the district court.
with a clean slate and a placement in criminal history category

(CHC) I.

           The PSI Report grouped the two carjacking counts.                See

USSG §3D1.1.     Based on a total offense level of twenty-six and a

CHC of I, the guideline sentencing range for those two counts of

conviction was sixty-three to seventy-eight months' imprisonment.

The guideline sentencing range for the firearm count was eighty-

four months' imprisonment.       See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii); USSG

§2K2.4(b).      The statute of conviction, though, called for that

sentence   to   run   consecutive   to    any   sentence   imposed     on   the

carjacking counts.      See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(D)(ii).

           The district court convened the disposition hearing on

July 27, 2018.      The defendant sought sentences at "the lower end

of the guidelines."      The government — in line with its commitment

under the plea agreement — entreated the district court to impose

concurrent sentences of sixty-three months on the two carjacking

counts and a consecutive sentence of eighty-four months on the

firearm count.

           After the defendant allocuted, the district court noted

the   defendant's     criminal   history,   describing     the   two   arrests

mentioned above and a case purportedly pending in a Puerto Rico

court   involving      two   aggravated     robberies    and     two   firearm
violations.2        The court declared that the defendant "ha[d] shown a

pattern of committing the same type of violent crime for which he

has been arrested several times."              Because "[i]t [was] evident

that [the defendant] ha[d] a complete disregard for the law," the

court varied upward and imposed concurrent sentences of eighty-

seven months on         the two   carjacking counts and a consecutive

sentence of 108 months on the firearm count.

              The    defendant    appealed     his   sentence.       Following

submission of the defendant's opening brief in this court, the

government filed an unopposed motion to remand the case to the

district court for resentencing.             Citing our decision in United

States   v.    Marrero-Pérez,     914   F.3d    20   (1st   Cir.   2019),3   the

government conceded that the sentencing court had erred when it

"considered the mere fact that [the defendant] had prior arrests

in order to impose an upward[ly] variant sentence."                At the same

time, the government conceded that the sentencing court had erred

when it "considered alleged pending state charges which were never

included in the [PSI Report] . . . or any motions." Taking account

of these confessed errors, we granted the motion to remand in an

     2 That case was not mentioned in the PSI Report and its
dimensions are unclear.
     3 In Marrero-Pérez, we held that a sentencing court should
give "no weight . . . to arrests not buttressed by convictions or
independent proof of conduct." 914 F.3d at 22; see United States
v. Vélez-Andino, 12 F.4th 105, 113 n.1 (1st Cir. 2021); United
States v. Díaz-Lugo, 963 F.3d 145, 153 (1st Cir. 2020).
unpublished judgment.        We henceforth refer to that judgment as

"Cheveres I."

            Prior to resentencing, the probation office prepared a

second PSI Report.      The second PSI Report — like the first — listed

the defendant's two prior arrests under his criminal history.                       By

this time, though, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico had successfully

appealed the dismissal of the six counts related to the 2017

arrest, secured their reinstatement, and convicted the defendant

on two of the six counts.         On this basis, the second PSI Report

added three points to the defendant's criminal history score,

placing him in CHC II and elevating his guideline sentencing range

on the two carjacking counts to seventy to eighty-seven months'

imprisonment.    The defendant did not object to any aspect of the

second PSI Report.

            The district court convened a second disposition hearing

on February 11, 2020. Both the defendant and the government sought

sentences   at   "the   lower    end    of   the    guidelines"     for     the   two

carjacking counts and an eighty-four month sentence for the firearm

count.

            The district court did not oblige.                  It observed that

"[s]ome of the State charges, which were pending at the time of

the   original   sentence,      resulted     in    convictions     of   a   violent

offense.      Consequently,      they    can      be   relied    upon     for     this
resentence."    The court thus adopted the guideline calculations

limned in the second PSI Report.

            When all was said and done, the court determined that

the defendant "began to commit serious violent crimes when he was

16 years old.     He had been given the opportunity to benefit from

a diversion program but continued with his criminal activities."

An upwardly variant sentence, the court concluded, was "a sentence

sufficient but not greater than necessary."         The court proceeded

to impose concurrent sentences of 132 months' imprisonment on the

two carjacking counts and a consecutive sentence of 108 months'

imprisonment on the firearm count.          The defendant did not lodge

any specific objection either to the court's use of intervening,

post-sentencing    convictions   and    sentences   or   to   the   elevated

guideline sentencing range.

            This timely appeal followed.

                                   II

            In his opening brief in this court, the defendant raised

two claims of error.    First, he argued that the resentencing court

had repeated its earlier mistake by again considering arrests that

had not resulted in convictions.            Second, he argued that the

resentencing    court   had   imposed   a   substantively     unreasonable

sentence.   He did not, however, challenge the resentencing court's

use of intervening, post-sentencing convictions and sentences to

boost his guideline sentencing range.
            After the parties had filed their briefs, we ordered

supplemental briefing:

            [A]ddressing . . . whether the district court
            erred in effectuating this court's mandate on
            remand by assessing criminal history points
            for and otherwise considering for sentencing
            purposes convictions and sentences that post-
            dated      [the     defendant's]      initial
            sentencing. . . . whether any relevant claim
            of    error    is   forfeited    or    waived
            and . . . whether this court can consider any
            such claim sua sponte.

The parties subsequently filed their supplemental briefs:           the

defendant    belatedly   sought     consideration   of   the   putative

Ticchiarelli error, and the government contended that any such

claim of error was waived.

                                    A

            We start by grappling with the question of whether we —

as an appellate tribunal — may consider sua sponte a claim of error

that was not raised by the defendant either in the court below or

in his opening brief in this court.        Because the claim of error

involves a violation of the mandate rule, we answer this question

in the affirmative.

            Normally, a party waives a claim of error by failing to

raise it in the court below.      See Teamsters Union, Local No. 59 v.

Superline Transp. Co., 953 F.2d 17, 21 (1st Cir. 1992). Similarly,

a party may waive a claim of error by failing to raise it in his

opening brief in this court.      See Sandstrom v. ChemLawn Corp., 904
F.2d 83, 86 (1st Cir. 1990).          Even so, we have excused waiver

"under exceptional circumstances . . . to forestall a miscarriage

of justice."        Sindi v. El-Moslimany, 896 F.3d 1, 28 (1st Cir.

2018); see Nat'l Ass'n of Soc. Workers v. Harwood, 69 F.3d 622,

627   (1st   Cir.   1995).   When    deciding   whether   to   invoke   this

exception, our decision almost always turns on the equities of a

given case.     See Sindi, 896 F.3d at 28 (listing factors that may

be "given substantial weight" in such an analysis).

             In this case, though, the circumstances are somewhat

different.     The perceived error implicates the authority of this

court's earlier mandate, and we — not a party — seek to raise it

sua sponte.    The question is whether we may do so.

             Although this is a question of first impression in this

circuit, we have stated in dictum that "a court may raise law of

the case issues sua sponte."        United States v. Matthews, 643 F.3d

9, 12 n.2 (1st Cir. 2011); see United States v. Wallace, 573 F.3d

82, 90 n.6 (1st Cir. 2009).     And other courts of appeals that have

tackled this question have so held. See United States v. Anderson,

772 F.3d 662, 669 (11th Cir. 2014) (holding that "the law-of-the-

case doctrine may be raised by the court sua sponte" (emphasis in

original)); Maxfield v. Cintas Corp., No. 2, 487 F.3d 1132, 1135

(8th Cir. 2007) (same); see also DiLaura v. Power Auth. of State

of N.Y., 982 F.2d 73, 76 (2d Cir. 1992) (raising law of the case

issue sua sponte).
          The law of the case "doctrine posits that when a court

decides upon a rule of law, that decision should continue to govern

the same issues in subsequent stages in the same case."    Arizona

v. California, 460 U.S. 605, 618 (1983).     As we have repeatedly

explained, the law of the case doctrine has two branches.     See,

e.g., Wallace, 573 F.3d at 88; United States v. Genao-Sánchez, 525

F.3d 67, 69 (1st Cir. 2008); United States v. Moran, 393 F.3d 1,

7 (1st Cir. 2004).    The branch implicated here is the mandate

rule,4 which "prevents relitigation in the trial court of matters

that were explicitly or implicitly decided by an earlier appellate

decision in the same case."   Moran, 393 F.3d at 7.   Put bluntly,

"the mandate rule requires that the trial court conform with the

directions of the appellate court on remand."     United States v.

Dávila-Félix, 763 F.3d 105, 109 (1st Cir. 2014).       Because the

mandate rule is embedded within the law of the case doctrine, it

follows that we may raise an abridgement of the mandate rule sua

sponte.

                                1

          The government argues that the resentencing court did

not transgress this court's mandate.   That mandate, the government

     4 For completeness, we add that the other branch of the
doctrine "contemplates that a legal decision made at one stage of
a criminal or civil proceeding should remain the law of that case
throughout the litigation, unless and until the decision is
modified or overruled by a higher court." Moran, 393 F.3d at 7.
That branch is not in issue here.
suggests, was broad and did not cabin the resentencing court's

discretion.    In the government's view, we merely remanded the case

"for resentencing"         —    and the resentencing court was free to

consider new developments (including intervening, post-sentencing

convictions and sentences).

            The     government's           narrow       focus   on    the   words        "for

resentencing" is myopic.              Everything depends on context, and the

case law makes pellucid that we ordinarily do not permit de novo

resentencing on remand.              See United States v. Cruzado-Laureano,

527 F.3d 231, 234 (1st Cir. 2008).                    In the face of this custom and

practice,   "the     absence         of    an   express     limitation      does    not     a

limitless remand make."             Dávila-Félix, 763 F.3d at 109.

            To determine the scope of a remand, a district court

must "consider carefully 'both the letter and the spirit of the

mandate, taking into account the appellate court's opinion and the

circumstances it embraces.'"               Id. (quoting Genao-Sánchez, 525 F.3d

at   70).     It    follows         that   the    Cheveres      I    judgment    and     the

circumstances attendant to that judgment necessarily inform the

scope of the remand order.

            In the run-up to the Cheveres I judgment, the government

moved to remand because — it conceded — the sentencing court had

violated    the     rule       of    Marrero-Pérez,         914      F.3d   at     24,    by

impermissibly relying on prior arrests (not yet ripened into

convictions)       when   determining           the    defendant's     sentence.         The
government     also    conceded      that   the   sentencing       court    erred    by

"consider[ing] alleged pending state charges which were never

included in the [PSI Report] . . . or any motions."                      The Cheveres

I   judgment     described     the   two    conceded    sentencing        errors    and

remanded the case "for resentencing."

            The remand that we ordered in Cheveres I was designed to

clear the decks by throwing overboard the arrests on which the

sentencing     court     had    erroneously       relied.         The    phrase    "for

resentencing" was not a magic bullet that scuttled this context

and — by some mysterious alchemy — converted our remand into a

general remand, such as would "allow[] the district court to review

all sentencing matters de novo."              Wallace, 573 F.3d at 88 n.5.

Both the letter and the spirit of our mandate, taken in context,

made   manifest     that   we    were    issuing    a   limited         remand:     the

resentencing court was to correct the Marrero-Pérez error and to

disregard the unproven allegations about pending charges in the

Puerto Rico courts.

            The record before us makes plain that the district court

did not conform its resentencing to the limitations of the remand.

Instead, the court doubled down on its error by using a prior

arrest    (which    by   then    had    ripened    into     two    convictions      and

sentences) to jack up the defendant's criminal history score and

inflate    his     guideline     sentencing       range.      This       freewheeling

approach worked a violation of the mandate rule.
                                             2

            The government has a fallback position.                    It argues that

even if the remand order was limited, the district court did not

offend the mandate rule because the court was permitted to consider

the intervening, post-sentencing convictions and sentences as

relevant "'information concerning the background, character, and

conduct' of [the] defendant" and as "a critical part of [his]

'history and characteristics'" under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). (Quoting

Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 476, 490, 492 (2011)).

            This argument misses the mark.                  In the case at hand, we

are concerned with the district court's use of the intervening,

post-sentencing        convictions          and     sentences     to      increase     the

defendant's guideline sentencing range.                      That the resentencing

court may have been able to consider the same information for an

entirely distinct purpose — a matter on which we take no view —

makes no difference.

                                             3

            The   government's              final    objection       to    sua    sponte

consideration     of    a    claim     of    error    not   timely     raised     by   the

defendant   centers         on   the   party      presentation     principle,        which

teaches that, in our adversary system, courts "rely on the parties

to frame the issues for decision" while the courts assume "the

role of neutral arbiter of matters the parties present."                         Greenlaw

v. United States, 554 U.S. 237, 243 (2008).                     We agree that, "as a
general rule, our system 'is designed around the premise that

[parties represented by competent counsel] know what is best for

them, and are responsible for advancing the facts and argument

entitling them to relief.'"        United States v. Sineneng-Smith, 140

S. Ct. 1575, 1579 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting Castro

v. United States, 540 U.S. 375, 386 (2003)).

             But this general rule — like most general rules — admits

of exceptions.       Thus, "[t]he party presentation principle is

supple, not ironclad.      There are no doubt circumstances in which

a   modest   initiating   role    for   a   court   is   appropriate."    Id.

Exercising this authority, the Supreme Court has "noticed, and

ordered      correction    of,      plain     errors      not    raised   by

defendants . . . to benefit a defendant who had himself petitioned

[it] for review on other grounds."             Greenlaw, 554 U.S. at 247

(citing Silber v. United States, 370 U.S. 717 (1962) (per curiam)).

             Here, the equities strongly preponderate in favor of

review.      We have an institutional interest in protecting the

integrity of our mandate.        See Zipfel v. Halliburton Co., 861 F.2d

565, 567 (9th Cir. 1988) (explaining that court has the "power to

protect the integrity of its own processes"); see also Sargent v.

Columbia Forest Prods., Inc., 75 F.3d 86, 89 (2d Cir. 1996)

(quoting Zipfel).     What is more, the government's remand motion

would have led any reasonable defendant to anticipate a reduced

sentence. Instead, the remand — as implemented by the resentencing
court — proved to be a killing ground, not only dashing the

defendant's hopes for a reduced sentence but also saddling him

with    a   substantially       greater    term     of    immurement.        In   the

circumstances of this case, a departure from the party presentation

principle is warranted both in the interest of protecting the

integrity of this court's mandate and in the interest of avoiding

a miscarriage of justice.

                                           B

               The fact that we can review a claim of error sua sponte

means that the claim of error is cognizable; it does not mean that

the claim of error carries the day.            The ultimate fate of the claim

of error hinges on whether the error is reversible.                     As we have

said, the claim of error was not raised below.                  This inquiry must

proceed under a plain error standard of review.                 See United States

v. Duarte, 246 F.3d 56, 60 (1st Cir. 2001) (applying plain error

review to claim of error not advanced below).

               "The   plain   error    standard,     though     rigorous,    is   not

insurmountable."         United States v. Ortiz, 741 F.3d 288, 293 (1st

Cir. 2014).          To prevail under plain error review, an appellant

must make "four showings:             (1) that an error occurred (2) which

was    clear    or    obvious   and    which   not       only   (3)   affected    the

[appellant's] substantial rights, but also (4) seriously impaired

the    fairness,       integrity,     or   public    reputation       of    judicial

proceedings."         Duarte, 246 F.3d at 60.            We test the defendant's
claim of sentencing error in the crucible of this four-part

standard.

            To    begin,    the   district    court   erred    by   relying     on

intervening, post-sentencing convictions and sentences to enhance

the defendant's criminal history score and thereby boost his

guideline sentencing range.        After all, "[a] defendant's guideline

sentencing range is a product of two integers:            his total offense

level and his CHC."        United States v. Pinkham, 896 F.3d 133, 139

(1st Cir. 2018).      The latter integer — the defendant's CHC — "is

derived from [his] criminal history score."            Id.

            When computing a defendant's criminal history score, a

sentencing court must assess criminal history points for each

sentence that qualifies as a "prior sentence."                See USSG §4A1.1.

In Ticchiarelli, we held that the phrase "prior sentence" in the

guideline means "a sentence which is prior to the original sentence

which was vacated and remanded only for resentencing."                  171 F.3d

at 35; see USSG §4A1.2(a)(1).           It follows inexorably, as night

follows day, that the court below transgressed Ticchiarelli by

counting    the   intervening,     post-sentencing     sentences      as    prior

sentences   and,    thus,    adding   three    unwarranted     points      to   the

defendant's criminal history score.              The erroneously inflated

criminal history score raised the defendant's CHC from I to II and

yielded a correspondingly higher guideline sentencing range.                    Cf.

Pinkham, 896 F.3d at 139 (observing that "[t]he lower a defendant's
CHC, the lower his guideline sentencing range ordinarily will be").

Because this error was "contrary to existing law," United States

v. Rabb, 5 F.4th 95, 101 (1st Cir. 2021), we deem it clear and

obvious.5

            Moving to the third element of the plain error construct,

it is transparently clear that this error affected the defendant's

substantial rights.       To satisfy this element, the defendant must

show that the error was "'prejudicial' such that it 'affected the

outcome of the district court proceedings.'"           United States v.

Bramley, 847 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 2017) (quoting United States v.

Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993)).         Here, the error produced a

significantly higher guideline sentencing range.        And because the

guidelines are "the starting point and the initial benchmark" in

a sentencing proceeding, Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 49

(2007), a sentencing court that improperly assigns too lofty a

guideline    sentencing     range   infringes   upon   the   defendant's

substantial rights, see Molina-Martinez v. United States, 578 U.S.

     5  The government characterizes this court's holding in
Ticchiarelli as an "outlier." This characterization lacks force.
Ticchiarelli is the law of this circuit, and "[i]t is common ground
that '[i]n a multi-panel circuit, newly constituted panels
are . . . bound by prior panel decisions closely on point.'"
United States v. Barbosa, 896 F.3d 60, 74 (1st Cir. 2018) (second
alteration in original) (quoting Williams v. Ashland Eng'g Co., 45
F.3d 588, 592 (1st Cir. 1995)); see United States v. Guzmán, 419
F.3d 27, 31 (1st Cir. 2005) (noting "narrow exceptions," not
relevant to this case). So it is here.
189, 204 (2016) (explaining that "a defendant sentenced under an

incorrect Guidelines range should be able to rely on that fact to

show a reasonable probability that the district court would have

imposed a different sentence under the correct range").

            Last — but far from least — we think that this error

seriously   impaired   the   fairness   and   integrity   of   a   judicial

proceeding.    In Cheveres I, the government beseeched us to vacate

the defendant's sentence, conceding that the sentencing court had

impermissibly relied on certain aggravating factors in fashioning

the sentence.     The defendant did not object to the motion to

remand, reasonably anticipating that removing the erroneously

inserted aggravating factors from the sentencing calculus would

result in a more lenient sentence.            But after we vacated the

sentence and ordered a remand, the resentencing court doubled down

on an augmented version of those aggravating factors, assigned the

defendant an elevated guideline sentencing range, and imposed an

even stiffer sentence.

            Sandbagging is not in fashion in this circuit.           Given

that the government and the resentencing court converted what was

meant to be a path toward a reduced sentence into a costly trap

for an unwary defendant, letting that outcome stand would put the

judicial system in a poor light.

            That ends this aspect of our inquiry. "In broad strokes,

the public legitimacy of our justice system relies on procedures
that are neutral, accurate, consistent, trustworthy, and fair, and

that provide opportunities for error correction."       Rosales-Mireles

v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1897, 1908 (2018) (internal quotations

omitted).    As the Supreme Court asked, "what reasonable citizen

wouldn't bear a rightly diminished view of the judicial process

and its integrity if courts refused to correct obvious errors of

their own devise that threaten to require individuals to linger

longer in federal prison than the law demands?"           Id. (quoting

United States v. Sabillon-Umana, 772 F.3d 1328, 1333-34 (10th Cir.

2014) (Gorsuch, J.)).      Such a "diminished view of the proceedings

ordinarily will" suffice to satisfy the fourth element of the plain

error construct.     Id.   That is true in this case.

                                  III

            We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above,

we hold that we may raise sua sponte an error that constitutes a

violation of the mandate rule.          Because we conclude that the

resentencing court committed plain Ticchiarelli error, we vacate

the defendant's sentence and remand for resentencing consistent

with this opinion.

Vacated and Remanded.