Court Opinion

ID: 2982105
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 20:03:08.230442+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:02:17.651065
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File Name: 13a0949n.06

No. 12-4468

FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT NOV 0  2013
LINDA MENGELKAMP ) _
’ ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
LAKE METROPOLITAN HOUSING ) NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
AUTHORITY, et at, )
)
Defendants-Appellants. )

Before: KEITH and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; BLACK, District Judge.‘

BLACK, District Judge. The district court granted Appellants Lake Metropolitan
Housing Authority (“LMI-IA”) and Steven Knotts’s motion for summary judgment on all
claims but for Appellee Linda Mengelkamp’s retaliatory discharge claim, and the parties
tried that claim alone to a jury. R59. Upon trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of
Appellee, awarding compensatory damages of $195,000 against LMHA, and punitive
damages of $105,000 against Mr. Knotts. R.78.

Appellants argue that the district court’s denial of summary judgment on Appellee’ s
retaliation claim was improper because: (a) Appellee failed to state a prima facie case for
retaliation; (b) the district court improperly instructed the jury as to Appellee’s retaliation

claim by failing to accurately describe the proof required; (0) the district court’s jury

 

* Hon. Timothy Black, United States District Judge for the Southern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.

interrogatories on the issue of damages were improper because they failed to delineate back
pay, front pay, and compensatory damages; (d) the punitive damages award against Mr.
Knotts was improper because he was not an employer for purposes of imposing Title VII
liabilities and the evidence at trial did not establish his liability; and (e) the district court’s

ensuing denials of Appellants’ motion for a new trial and motion to alter or amend the

judgment were therefore abuses of discretion.
We ﬁnd the Appellants’ assignments of error unavailing and thus we AFFIRM.
I. BACKGROUND FACTS

Appellee worked as the Administrative Ofﬁce Manager at LMHA from September
2009 until May 2010. R.31-1 at 5-6. As a new manager, Appellee was subject to a
probationary period of one year from the date of her hire. Id at 130. During the
probationary period, the Executive Director, Steven Knotts, had the right to suspend or
dismiss Appellee, and termination during this period could not be appealed to the Board.
Id. At the time of Appellee’s termination, she had been employed by LMHA for less than
one year.

Appellee’s duties as the Administrative Ofﬁce Manager required her to foster
positive attitudes toward agency goals and to serve as the EEO Coordinator. Id. at 67. Her
duties also required her to exercise independent judgment and discretion, understand,
interpret, and apply laws, rules, or regulations to speciﬁc situations, develop and maintain

effective working relationships, and resolve complaints. Id at 68. On March 8, 2010, Mr.

965 F.2d 113, 115 (6th Cir. 1992) (citing Qualicare- Walsh, Inc. v. Ward, 947 F.2d 823, 825
(6th Cir. 1991)).

According to FED.R. CIV. P. 56(0), summaryjudgment is appropriate when: (1) there
is no genuine issue as to any material fact; (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law; and (3) reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and that
conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made,
who is entitled to have the evidence construed most strongly in his favor.

Rule 5 6(0) mandates that summary judgment be entered against a party who fails “to
establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case and on which that party
bears the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Garrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).

The moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the court of the basis
for the motion and identifying those portions of the record that demonstrate the absence of
a genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 323; Waters v. City ofMorristown, 242 F.3d 353, 35 8
(6th Cir. 2001). The burden then shifts to the non-moving party who “must set forth speciﬁc
facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc, 477
U.S. 242, 250 (1986). The party opposing summary judgment cannot rest on the pleadings
or merely reassert previous allegations, and it is insufﬁcient to “simply show that there is
some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith
Radio Corp, 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). Rather, Rule 56(e) requires the nonmoving party
to present some type of evidentiary material in support of its position. Celotex, 477 U.S. at

324.

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The inquiry is whether the evidence presents a sufﬁcient disagreement as to require
submission to ajury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of

law. T erry Barr Sales Agency, Inc. v. All-Lock Co, 96 F.3d 174, 178 (6th Cir. 1996).

2. Discussion

To state successfully a claim for retaliation under federal law, a plaintiff must
establish that (1) she engaged in a protected activity, (2) the defending party was aware that
the claimant had engaged in that activity, (3) the defending party took an adverse
employment action against the employee, and (4) there is a causal connection between the
protected activity and adverse action. Canitz'a v. Yellow Freight Syn, Inc, 903 F.2d 1064,

1066 (6th Cir. 1990). The analysis under Ohio law is identical. Abbott v. Crown Motor Co.,

Inc, 348 F.2d 537, 541 (6th Cir. 2003).

An employee’s activity is “protected” under the applicable federal and state law if
the employee has “opposed any unlawful discriminatory practice” (the “opposition clause”)
or “made a charge, testiﬁed, assisted, or participated in any manner in any investigation,
proceeding, or hearing under sections 4112.01 to 4112.07 of the Revised Code” (the
“participation clause”). Veal v. Upreach LLC, No. HAP—192, 2011 WL 4986794, at *4

(Ohio Ct. App. 2011) (citing HLS Bonding v. Ohio Civ. Rights Comm, No. 07AP- 1071,

2003 WL 3522994, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. 2008)).

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Appellants argue that their motion for summary judgment was premised on statutory
interpretation regarding the elements of a retaliation claim or, alternatively, on a
determination of whether Appellee proved a prima facie claim for retaliation, and that both
of these premises present purely questions of law. Appellants argue that Appellee’s
complaint did not allege that she opposed any unlawful activity, but simply that she
participated in investigations, and, therefore, her claim must be evaluated according to the
requirements of the participation clause. Appellants fail to recognize, however, that
Appellee also alleged that she was retaliated against for support of claims of gender-based
discrimination and sexual harassment. R3 at 1111 5, 26. The Supreme Court has held that
‘“ [o]ppose’ goes beyond ‘active, consistent’ behavior in ordinary discourse, where we would
naturally use the word to speak of someone who has taken no action at all to advance a
position beyond diSclosing it.” Crawford v. Metro. Gov ’2‘ of Nashville & Davidson Cray,
555 US. 271, 277 (2009). Given the evidence of Appellee’s repeated confrontations with
Mr. Knotts regarding his behavior, the district court properly found that Appellee’s actions
should be reviewed under the opposition clause, and that a factual dispute existed as to
whether the non-discriminatory reasons offered by Appellants for Appellee’s termination
were pretextual. R59 at 4. The district court’s denial of summary judgment is therefore
premised in part on disputed facts and, consequently, that part of its decision is not
appealable per the Supreme Court in Ortiz. 131 S. Ct. at 889.

Even the portion of the district court’s denial of summary judgment subject to our

review, its interpretation of the opposition clause, is appropriately affirmed. Again, the

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complaint alleged not only that Appellee investigated the charges, but also speciﬁcally that
this action was brought for retaliation for support of claims of gender-based discrimination
and sexual harassment. R3 at 1111 5, 26. Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
requires only that a complaint set forth “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that
the pleader is entitled to relief.” The purpose is to give the defendant “fair notice of what
the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Conley v. Gibson, 335 U.S. 41, 47 ( 1957).
The complaint in this case fulﬁlled that purpose and gave fair notice that Appellee’s actions
resulting in retaliation went beyond simply conducting internal investigations.

Activities properly with in the scope of the opposition clause are protected activities
under Title VII whether or not formal charges of discrimination have been ﬁled with the
EEOC. Sumner v. United States Postal Service, 899 F.2d 203 (2nd Cir. 1990); Sawicki v.
American Plastic Toys Inc., 180 F. Supp. 2d 910 (ED. Mich. 2001); Barker v. Utica College
of Syracuse Univ., 885 F. Supp. 3 78 (N.D.N.Y. 1995). In a case founded upon the
opposition clause, it is irrelevant that such charges have not been ﬁled.

Finally, to invoke protection under the opposition clause, Appellee does not have to
prove that the conduct or policy she Opposed was in fact an illegal employment practice. As
stated in Booker v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Co., Inc., 879 F.2d 1304, 1313-14 (6th Cir.
1989), “a person opposing an apparently discriminatory practice does not bear the entire risk
that it is in fact lawful; he or she must only have a good faith belief that the practice is
unlawful.”

B. District Court’s Jury Instruction Regarding Appellee’s Retaliation Claim

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1. Standard of Review

The propriety of jury instructions is a question of law to be reviewed de novo.
Williams ex rel. Hart v. Paint Valley Local Sch. Dist, 400 F.3d 360, 365 (6th Cir. 2005).
“[A] trial court is given broad discretion in wording its jury instructions and will not be
reversed as long as the charge correctly states the substance of the law.” United States v.
L’Hoste, 609 F.2d 796, 805 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 US. 833 (1980).

2. Discussion

The portion of the district court’s instruction that the Appellants’ Second Assignment

of Error is based on reads as follows:

Now, the plaintiff Mengelkamp claims that the defendant
discriminated against the plaintiff because the plaintiff had opposed a
practice made unlawful by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In order
to prevail on this claim the plaintiff must show all of the following:

First, that the plaintiff engaged in conduct protected by Title VII of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by investigating and making recommendations
regarding Patricia England’s complaint of gender discrimination and by
investigating and making recommendations concerning Erica Peavy’s
complaint of sexual harassment or both of these complaints.

Linda Mengelkamp need not prove that the claims of employees
England and Peavy were actually true. She must only prove that she was
acting . . . under a good faith belief . . . that England may have been the
victim of gender discrimination or that Peavy may have been the victim of
sexual harassment at LMHA . . . .

R.101 at 334-35.

Appellants’ main objection is that the instruction “blurred the line” between the

Opposition and participation clauses of Title VII for the purposes of proving that Appellee

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was engaged in protected activity. Appellants argue that in pleading her retaliatory
discharge claim, the only explicit charge made was that Appellee was discharged for her role
in investigating charges made by England and Peavy, who never ﬁled any charges with the
EEOC. Appellants complete their argument by contending that since the Sixth Circuit does
not recognize as protected activity internal investigations occurring outside of a ﬁled EEOC
charge, the actions of Appellee here never qualiﬁed as “protected” activity and cannot give
rise to any claim for retaliation.

As discussed supra, however, when the district court denied Appellants’ motion for
summary judgment, the court explicitly found that “[b]oth federal and Ohio law prohibits
an employer from discriminating against an employee for opposing sexual harassment or
gender discrimination in the workplace. Mengelkamp says Appellants ﬁred her for opposing
just such practices.” R.59 at 3. Rejecting Appellants’ ﬁxation on the participation clause,
the court stated that “Mengelkamp’ s investigation and, more importantly, her efforts to stem
and to remedy gender discrimination and sexual harassment at LMHA — including by
threatening Mr. Knotts with an EEOC ﬁling — are properly characterized as ‘opposition’ to
unlawful employment practices.” Id. at 6.

Activities properly within the scope of the opposition clause are protected activities
under Title VII, whether or not formal charges of discrimination have been ﬁled with the
EEOC. Sumner, 899 F .2d at 203; Sawicki, 180 F. Supp. 2d at 910; Harker, 885 F. Supp. at

378. Moreover, “[a] person opposing an apparently discriminatory practice does not bear

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the entire risk that it is in fact unlawful; he or she must only have a good faith belief that the
practice is unlawful.” Booker, 879 F.2d at 1313-14.

The district court therefore appropriately instructed the jury that Appellee’s conduct
“investigating and making recommendations” regarding the England and Peavy claims
qualiﬁed as “protected activity” under Title VII. R. 101 at 334—35. The case went forward
on the basis that Appellee was engaged in protected activity because of her Opposition to
unlawful employment practices. The fact that this opposition took place as an outgrowth of
internal investigations is a matter of circumstance. There is no reason to conclude that
conducting an investigation and opposing unlawful activity are mutually exclusive.

The instruction at issue correctly states the substance of the law, given the procedural
posture of the case, and does not constitute reversible error.

C. District Court’s Failure to Submit Interrogatories to the Jury that Delineated
Back Pay, Front Pay, and Compensatory Damages

1. Standard of Review

A district court’s decision to submit a proposed interrogatory to the jury is reviewed
for abuse of discretion. United States v. Hammon, 277 F. App’x 560, 568 (6th Cir. 2008).
“Abuse of discretion is deﬁned as a deﬁnite and ﬁrm conviction that the trial court
committed a clear error of judgment. A district court abuses its discretion when it relies on
clearly erroneous ﬁndings of fact, or when it improperly applies the law or uses an erroneous
legal standard.” Ben‘s v. Costco Wholesale Corp, 558 F.3d 461, 467 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing

Tompkin v. Philzp Morris USA, Inc., 362 F.3d 882, 891 (6th Cir. 2004)).

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2. Discussion

By the Appellants’ own admission, thejury instruction given on back pay, front pay,
and compensatory damages properly instructed the jury that they were to be calculated
separately. As long as the instructions, together with the interrogatory, adequately inform
the jury of the relevant considerations, there is no reason to challenge the court’s discretion.
Fisher v. Ford Motor Co., 224 F.3d 570 (6th Cir. 2000). Here, as the jury was properly
instructed on what to consider in separately calculating these damage awards, there is no
harm in the simpliﬁed approach taken by the district court with regard to the interrogatory
in question.

Appellants argue that without an interrogatory that Speciﬁcally delineates the three
separate damage awards, there is no way of determining if the award for front pay was
“supported by a reasonable interpretation of the evidence” or if the federal statutory cap on
the sum of punitive and compensatory damages is exceeded. As the trial court stated in
reviewing Appellants’ post-trial motion for a new trial, the Appellants’ argument is
two—pronged: ﬁrst, that front pay damages were potentially unsupported by the evidence,
and, secondly, that the lack of itemized damages precludes this Court from properly

assessing the damages cap.

Appellants’ argument that front pay damages may not be “supported by a reasonable
interpretation of the evidence” is an attack on the weight of the evidence. Appellants argue
that front pay could not be warranted because Appellee secured new employment within six

months of her termination, at a salary comparable to what she had made at LMHA. But at

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trial, Appellee testiﬁed that she has neither medical beneﬁts nor pension beneﬁts in her new
position. Appellee’s experts testiﬁed that her total economic loss, both past and future, came
to $117,488. R.100 at 146-47, 164-76. Appellants were free to offer their own experts or
to otherwise challenge this testimony, but they did not. Ajury’s award is to be accorded
great discretion, Rodgers v. Fisher Body Div., 739 F.2d 1102, 1 107 (6th Cir. 1984), and there
was ample evidence to warrant an instruction on front pay and justify the consideration of
such damages by the jury.

The damage cap issue would be relevant if this case had only gone forward only as
a federal claim under Title VII, since punitive plus compensatory damages would be limited
by federal law to no more than $50,000. See 42 U.S.C. §1983a(b)(3)(A). That is not the
case here, however, as Appellee also raised a corresponding claim under Ohio Revised Code
§41 1202(1), and the parties stipulated as part of the ﬁnal pretrial order that the action would
go forward under both federal and state law. R.57 at 2.

Although the instructions given only referred to the requirements for a Title VII
claim, instructions solely on federal claims can permit state law liability if the instructions
are sufﬁcient. Hall v. Como]. F reightways Corp. of Delaware, 337 F.3d 669, 677 (6th Cir.
2003). The district court instructed thejury that punitive damages against Mr. Knotts would
be appropriate only if he “personally acted with reckless indifference to plaintiff’s federally
protected rights.” Under Ohio law, punitive damages may be recovered only upon a
showing of “actual malice.” Zappa v. Homestead Ins. Co., 71 Ohio St. 3d 552, 558, 644
N.E.2d 397, 402 (1994). “Actual malice” is deﬁned under Ohio law as “(1) that state of

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mind under which a person’s conduct is characterized by hatred, ill will or a spirit of
revenge, or (2) a conscious disregard for the rights and safety of other persons that has a
great probability of causing substantial harm.” Id. This latter prong contemplates recklessly
indifferent behavior and thus the instruction requiring a ﬁnding of reckless indifference was
sufficient to permit state law liability.

Both the Supreme Court of Ohio and this Court have recognized that a claim under
Ohio Revised Code §4112 mirrors one brought under Title VII, so both can be analyzed
solely under Title VII. Plumbers & Steamﬁtters JointApprenticeship Comm. v. Ohio Civil
Rights Comm ’n, 66 Ohio St. 2d 192, 196, 421 N.E.2d 128, 131 (1981);Abbott, 348 F.3d at
541. Damages that are awarded in such an action may be distributed between the state and
federal claim. Abbott, 348 F.3d at 541. Plaintiffs are entitled to elect under which statute
they will receive damages, and where the state claim has no damage caps (or more generous
ones), the Title VII limits do not apply. Denhofv. City of Grand Rapids, 494 F.3d 534, 548
(6th Cir. 2007).

Ohio law caps tort recoveries for non-economic losses at $250,000, and economic
losses are not capped. Ohio Revised Code §2315.18(B)(2). Thus it matters little that the
jury was not invited to break down its “compensatory” award of $ 1 95,000 into its component
parts as, under any circumstance, the Ohio cap was not exceeded.

The record in this case supports a compensatory award of $195,000, and as that

amount is well within the Ohio statutory cap, no prejudice resulted from the district court’s

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Knotts gave a positive performance review of Appellee. R.31-2 at 3-13; R.3 1-3 at 9-1 0, 20-21.

As of March 9, 2010, LMHA had not provided any training to Appellee about her
responsibilities as the LMHA EEO ofﬁcer. R31 at 46. Nevertheless, on March 9, 2010, a
LMHA employee, Patricia England, approached Appellee to complain about the manner in
which Mr. Knotts had treated Ms. England at a managers’ meeting that same day. Id. at 42-
43. The entire LMHA management staff, including Appellee, attended the meeting. Id.
According to Appellee, Ms. England claimed that Mr. Knotts was “discriminating against
her because she was a female and she felt that he was being overly aggressive and
conﬁontational towards her because of [her femaleness]” and “that he was not treating her
fairly and the same as he did the male members of management.” Id. at 43-44.

Ms. England, Mr. Knotts, and Appellee, without witnesses, discussed the allegation.
Id. at 42. Appellee wrote notes, dated March 10, 2010, to memorialize the meeting. R.31
at 42, R.31-1 at 150.

Appellee’s notes of the meeting indicate that Ms. England believed that Mr. Knotts
was “targeting her” for being a “strong, intelligent female” and “attempting to undermine
her authority as a Manager.” Id. Ms. England believed that Mr. Knotts had pushed “under
the rug” a safety issue that she had brought up in the managers’ meeting. Id. According to
Appellee’s notes, Mr. Knotts asked Appellee if she agreed with Ms. England, and Appellee
“agreed with Ms. England that the reaction was one of offense.” Id. Appellee expressed her
opinion that the “members of the management team should be free to bring up issues and

concerns” at managers’ meetings. Id. Her notes further state that Appellee told Mr. Knotts

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design of the jury interrogatories. The court was well within its discretion to instruct and
craft interrogatories as it did.
D. Punitive Damage Award

1. Standard of Review

The standard of review for an award of punitive damages is reasonableness. Walker
v. Norris, 917 F.2d 1449 (6th Cir. 1990) (citing Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 54 (1983)).
Punitive damages may be awarded “when the defendant’s conduct is shown to be motivated
by evil motive or intent, or when it involves reckless or callous indifference to the federally
protected rights of others.” Hill v. Marshall, 962 F.2d 1209, 1217 (6th Cir. 1992) (citing
Smith, 461 U.S. at 56).

2. Discussion

The Supreme Court has held that “malice” and “reckless indifference” pertain to the
employer’s knowledge that it may be acting in violation of federal law. Kolstaa’ v. Am.
Dental Ass ’n, 527 U.S. 526, 5 36-37 (1999). To be liable for punitive damages, “an employer
must at least discriminate in the face of a perceived risk that its actions will violate federal
law.” Id. at 536. “[A] positive element of conscious wrongdoing is always required.” Id.
at 53 8. An employer does not have the requisite state of mind if it “discriminated with the
distinct belief that its [alleged] discrimination is lawful, even if that belief is erroneous.”
Zakre v. Nora’a’eutsche Landesbank Glrozenlrale, 541 F. Supp. 2d 555, 561 (S.D.N.Y. Feb.
8, 2008) (quoting Kolstad, 527 U.S. at 538). However, “[e]gregious or outrageous acts may

serve as evidence supporting an inference of such evil motive.” Kolstaa’, 527 U.S. at 527.

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As the district court stated when ruling on Appellants’ motion to alter or amend the

judgment under Rule 59(e):

[T]he evidence adduced at trial supports a ﬁnding that Mr. Knotts
consciously disregarded Plaintiff Mengelkamp’s rights. Knotts was tasked
with acting upon Mengelkamp’s investigations into human resources

complaints, and yet still engaged in retaliatory conduct. The evidence further
supports a ﬁnding that Knotts’ actions were “outrageous” and “ﬂagrant,” so

as to militate against upsetting the jury’s verdict. Pelletier v. Rumpke
Container Serv., 753 N.E.2d 958, 964-65 (Ohio Ct. App. 2001). An agency’s
head, investigating allegations of gender harassment decides to punish the
messenger instead. It is not plainly erroneous to conclude that so doing

constitutes outrageous behavior within the ambit of Ohio’s punitive damages
scheme.

R.93 at 6. Under this View of the evidence, apparently shared by thejury, the fact that Mr.
Knotts “followed protocol” and consulted with the agency’s legal counsel is of little
probative value. Mr. Knotts made the decision to terminate Appellee and he was the one
motivated to retaliate against her. R.100 at 243.

Finally, Mr. Knotts is appropriately considered an “employer” for purposes of Title
VII liability. An individual qualifies as an “employer” under Title VII if he (1) serves in a
supervisory position, (2) has “signiﬁcant control over plaintiff” s hiring, ﬁring, or conditions
of employment,” and (3) is “the ultimate authority over [the plaintiff’s] employment and
working conditions.” Sauers v. Salt Lake County, 1 F.3d 1122, 1125 (10th Cir. 1993). The
record evidences that Mr. Knotts held a supervisory position, that he had signiﬁcant control

over Appellee's ﬁring, and that he was the person in charge of Appellee’s employment

conditions.

Consequently, the evidence sustains the punitive damage award.

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E. District Court’s Denial of Appellants’ Post-Trial Motions for a New Trial or to
Alter or Amend the Judgment

1. Standard of Review
A court’s denial of a motion for a new trial pursuant to FED. R. CIV. P. 59(a)
is reviewed for an abuse of that discretion. Logan v. Dayton Hudson Corp, 865
F.2d 789, 790 (6th Cir. 1989) (citing Whittington v. New Jersey Zinc Ca, 775 F.2d
698 (6th Cir.1985)); Huﬂv. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 675 F.2d 119, 122 (6th Cir. 1982).

2. Discussion

As none of the Appellants’ assignments of error are availing, the denial of their

motions for a new trial and to alter or amend the judgment do not represent abuses of

discretion.

VI. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we afﬁrm.

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' that his “aggressive reactions toward issue [sic] are making some of the staff feel uneasy and
if this behavior toward her does not stop she will be forced to contact the EEOC.” Id.
According to Appellee’s notes, Mr. Knotts apologized, stated he was unaware that he had I
given offense, and all parties agreed to meet again in one month to review Ms. England’s
complaint and “determine if progress is being made.” Id.

Appellee, in her deposition, testiﬁed that the one-month period was to allow the
parties to determine if Mr. Knotts’ treatment of Ms. England during the managers’ meeting
“happened to be a ﬂuke.” R.3] at 44. Appellee needed time to “pay more attention to
interactions between [Ms. England and Mr. Knotts],” to ﬁnd out if what happened on March
9 was a “bad day” or if it was a “pattern.” Id.

On April 20, 2010, Erica Peavy, an LMHA employee, alleged that Scott Gleason, an
outside contractor, had touched her inappropriately on LMHA property. Id. at 19-20.
Appellee informed Mr. Knotts of the allegation and suggested that the accused individual
be immediately removed from the pr0perty. Id. at 21-22.

Mr. Knotts met with Mr. Gleason and Tom Huth, the ﬁnance manager at LMHA who
had been present when Mr. Gleason allegedly touched Ms. Peavy, to discuss the complaint
made against Mr. Gleason, after which Mr. Knotts personally escorted Mr. Gleason off of
the premises and told him not to return. R.31—3 at 61. Mr. Gleason had no further contact
with LMHA employees. R.31-l at 23-24, R.31-3 at 88.

The incident involving Ms. Peavy was the first time Appellee had ever handled such

a sexual harassment complaint. R.31—I at 30. Appellee sought help from LMHA’s outside

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human resources contractor, Sandy Conley of Clemans Nelson, a public sector labor
relations and human resource consulting ﬁrm, for guidance as to how to proceed. Id. In
accordance with Ms. Conley’s direction, Appellee collected statements from employees and
made recommendations to the agency. Id. at 27-28, 32-33. The agency implemented those
recommendations. Id. at 88.

Appellee, however, took issue with Mr. Knotts’ decision to discuss Ms. Peavy’s
complaint with Mr. Gleason and Mr. Huth. Appellee felt that Mr. Knotts had “given the
impression of tainting the investigation” and had “given the appearance, whether true or not,
of collusion.” Id. at 23. Appellee did not believe a witness, Mr. Huth, should have been in
the room when Mr. Knotts discussed the complaint with Mr. Gleason. Id. at 26. Tensions
rose between Appellee and Mr. Knotts, as demonstrated by a review of the email exchange
between them from May 3 through May 12, 2010. R.100 at 93-96; PX13.

In May 2010, LMHA’s HCV Assistant Manager, Melissa Martin, informed Mr.
Knotts that she had concerns regarding Ms. England. R.31-3 at 26; R.31-5 at 7-8. Ms.
Martin indicated that she did not feel comfortable disclosing her concerns about Ms. England
to Appellee, the human resources representative, because of Appellee’s relationship with Ms.
England. R.3 1-3 at 27—28; R.3 1-5 at 9—10. Mr. Knotts then asked Ms. Martin to prepare a
written statement of her concerns. R.3l-3 at 29; R.31-5 at 8.

In her statement, Ms. Martin discussed LMHA’s lack of a “true” human resources
department as employees did not feel comfortable taking their concerns to Appellee because

her loyalty seemed to lie with Ms. England, not Mr. Knotts, in Spite of Ms. England’s lack

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of professionalism, “blatant disrespect, and insubordination.” R.3l-2 at 19-20. Additional
staff members also provided statements regarding Appellee’s alleged unprofessional
behavior. The employees described the toxicity of the relationship between Ms. England and
Appellee, which allegedly resulted in a breakdown of communication and trust between
Appellee and the staff. R.31-2 at 21-22, 24-27; R.3l-3 at 29. The staff members also
complained of Appellee’s disruption of the LMHA working environment and failure to act
in the best interest of the agency. R.31-2 at 24—29, 34-36.

Prior to these staff reports, Appellee discussed her conclusions and recommendation
regarding the Peavey incident with Mr. Knotts. R.100 at 100. Within four days of that
discussion, the staff had made the negative reports regarding Appellee and Mr. Knotts
moved to terminate her. Id. On May 17, 2010, she received a Notice of Corrective Action.
R.31-2 at 15-18. The stated reason for her termination was her alleged failure to treat
employees with dignity, courtesy, professionalism and respect, insubordination and not
following the oral and written directives of her supervisor, failure to satisfactorily perform
her assigned duties, and failure to perform job responsibilities and conduct herself with
honesty and integrity. Id. In an email to Sandy Conley two days prior, Mr. Knotts referred
to the “gender issue” and “male v. female issue” with regard to the reasons for Appellee’s
termination. Appellee’s Appendix at 51.

Appellee notiﬁed the Board of Commissioners of LMHA that she sought to appeal

her termination. R3 at 11 52. The initial hearing date of September 8, 2010 was canceled

and rescheduled for November 10, 2010. Id. at 11 53. Appellee thereafter abandoned her
efforts to appeal her termination to the board. Id. at 11 54.

On September 22, 2010, Appellee ﬁled a complaint with both the Ohio Civil Rights
Commission (“OCRC”) and the US. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(“EEOC”) claiming that LMHA retaliated against her on account of her participation in a
protected activity. Id. at 11 11. On June 9, 2011, the OCRC issued a ruling of no probable
cause. Id. at 11 12. On September 7, 2011, the EEOC also issued a ruling of no probable
cause. Id. at 11 13.

In her complaint in district court, Appellee claimed that Appellants wrongfully
discharged her because of her involvement with the sexual harassment and gender
discrimination investigations. She sought recourse for alleged retaliation for her
participation in the England and Peavy investigations and her opposition to the alleged
conduct. Id. at 1111 20-21, 26.

At the trial on Appellee’s claim for retaliation, Mr. Knotts testiﬁed as to the
procedure he routinely followed when discharging employees. R.100 at 189. This
procedure included collecting documentation and providing it to the attorney for the LMHA
Board of Commissioners, whose “concurrence” with the appropriate level of discipline was
required. Id. at 190. Mr. Knotts did this every time an employee was discharged. Id.
Sometimes, Mr. Knotts contacted LMHA’s human resources contractor and its attorney
would review the termination documentation prior to taking action. Id. Prior to making the

decision to discharge Appellee, Mr. Knotts conferred with LMHA’s attorney and LMHA’s

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human resources contractor to determine the apprOpriate course of action, as was routine
procedure when terminating agency employees. Id. at 209, 211.

On the issue of damages, at the time of Appellee’s termination in May 2010, she was
earning an annual salary of $46,000. Id. at 110. In 2011, Appellee’s salary at her new
position with the Christopher Group was $54,580.10. Id. at 112. According to Appellee’s
expert witness, Appellee made more money at her then-current job than she had while
employed by LMHA. Id. at 179-180. However, Appellee’s beneﬁts at her new position
were signiﬁcantly more limited, and she was required to pay out of pocket for her own health
insurance and thus was unable to afford to avail herself of the pension beneﬁts offered. Id.
at 1 1 1-13. Appellee’s expert testiﬁed that the value of the past loss of health insurance and
pension beneﬁt was $3 8,452 and that the loss of the health insurance and pension beneﬁts
over the next seven years was $69,199. Id. at 164-76.

At the close of trial, the district court, when instructing the jury, stated that Appellee
claimed that Appellants terminated her because she “Opposed a practice made unlawful by
Title VII.” R.101 at 334-35. The court instructed that Appellee, to prove her claim, must
ﬁrst demonstrate that she engaged in protected activity by “investigating and making
recommendations” related to the England and Peavy incidents. Id. at 335.

Prior to trial, Appellants submitted two proposed jury instructions to the district
court, numbered eight and nine, based on the allegations in Appellee’s complaint that she
was retaliated against for participating in investigations of gender discrimination and sexual

harassment. R.49 at 12- 14. After the district court denied Appellants’ Motion for Summary

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Judgment on the ground that Appellee opposed unlawful activity at LMHA, Appellants also
submitted a supplemental opposition cIausejury instruction to the court prior to trial. R68.

At trial, counsel for Appellants objected to the court’s instruction on the ground that
the court had blurred the line on what actions constituted participation in an investigation
and what actions constituted opposition under Title VII. R.101 at 346. Appellants argued
that their proposedjury instructions numbered eight and sixteen were the correct statements
of law. Id. The court overruled Appellants’ objection to the jury instructions given. Id. at
347.

The trial court also deﬁned compensatory damages, back pay, and front pay in its
instructions. Id. at 337-39. The trial court submitted six interrogatories to the jury, two of
which addressed compensatory damages. R.75 at 3. Interrogatory three asked whether
Appellee was entitled to compensatory damages. Id. Interrogatory four asked what amount
of compensatory damages were proper. Id.

Appellants proposed separate interrogatories for the separate categories of damages.
R.69. Proposed interrogatory seven addressed back pay, proposed interrogatories eight and
nine addressed front pay, and proposed interrogatories ten and eleven addressed
compensatory damages. Id.

At trial, Appellants objected to the court’s single interrogatory regarding the amount
of compensatory damages. R.101 at 348. Appellants argued that the law requires that

compensatory damages, front pay, and back pay must be separately considered, and

Appellants’ proposed interrogatories were consistent with the court’s instructions regarding

damages. The trial court overruled Appellants’ objection. Id.
Appellants ultimately ﬁled a motion to alter or amend the judgment and a motion for
a new trial, both of which were denied by the district court. R.82, 83, 93.
H. ANALYSIS

A. Denial of Appellants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on Appellee’s Claim for
Retaliatory Discharge

1. Standard of Review

In Ortiz v. Jordan, 131 S. Ct. 884, 891(2011), the Supreme Court held that a party
may not “appeal a denial of summary judgment after a district court has conducted a full trial
on the merits.” In that case, the Court also noted that once the case proceeds to trial, the full
record developed in court supercedes the record existing at the time of the summary
judgment motion. Id. However, “[d]espite summarizing its ruling in unfortunately broad
language, the opinion in Ortiz was actually limited to cases where summary judgment is
denied because of factual disputes” and “‘Ortiz leaves open the possibility’ that . . . purely
legal claims ‘may still be considered.” In re AmT rust Financial Corp, 694 F.3d 741, 750
(6th Cir. 2012) (citing Nolfi v. Ohio Ky. Oil Corp, 675 F.3d 53 8, 545 (6th Cir. 2012)).

Where review is appropriate, we review a denial of summary judgment de novo.
Davis v. McCourt, 226 F .3d 506, 51 1 (6th Cir. 2000). Therefore, we “examine . . . the record

in the same manner as the district court.” Id.; see also Estate of Mills v. T rizec Properties,

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