Court Opinion

ID: 8654263
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-24 21:14:17.795704+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:56:38.037332
License: Public Domain

ZaNE, C. J.
The defendant was charged with violating an ordinance of Kaysville City, in doing business as a merchant, without obtaining a license, tried before a justice of the peace and fined in the sum of $50.00, from which he appealed to the district court, which found him not guilty, and entered a judgment dismissing the suit. From this judgment the plaintiff has appealed to this court, and assigns it' as error.
The limits of Kaysville City, fixed by an act of the *167Legislature of the late Territory of Utah, embraces 14,220 acres of land. The city, so far as indicated by dwellings, or other buildings, or by streets, alleys or lots, occupies but comparatively a small portion of the area, and has a population of 700. The defendant’s store, where he was doing the business for which he was required to take out the license is situated two miles away. Around this store the railway station and U. S. postoffice near by are a number of dwellings in which 400 people reside; the place is called Layton. On March 12th, 1889, the Board of County Commissioners of Davis County, in which it is located, adopted a resolution creating Layton Precinct, which elected a justice of the peace and a constable.
No part of Layton is platted into blocks or lots, nor does Kaysville furnish it police protection or expend any portion of its revenues for its benefit. The lands between Kaysville and Layton for the distance of about two miles are used for grazing or agricultural purposes. The money collected for licenses to merchants, which is in effect a tax upon their business, constitutes a portion of the revenues of Kaysville. The revenue for such taxes, whether upon the business or property of the people of Layton is appropriated to the use and benefit of the people of Kaysville, and lessens the amount of their taxes. No part of such revenue is appropriated, as it appears from the evidence, for the benefit of the residents of Layton. This brings us to the question, Was Kaysville City authorized to require the defendant to pay the tax in dispute?
In the case of People v. Daniels, 6 Utah 288, the Supreme Court of the late Territory held the assessment, and collection of a tax upon a farm situated two miles from Moroni City as indicated by buildings, streets, or other improvements though within its limits as defined by *168its charter, when no part of its revenues went to benefit the farm or its occupants, was a violation of the last pro. hibition of Article 5 of the Constitution of the United States, as follows, “Nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.”
That was a limitation upon the powers of the federal government and of course upon the territorial government created by it, but not upon the States, and therefore not upon Utah since Statehood, but Sec. 22 of- Article 1 of the constitution of this State declares that “Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation.” This is a limitation upon the State legislature, and if it embraces all kinds of private property as its language imports, without regard to its nature or form, it includes money, that being a species of property. The right of property in money is as valuable and important as that of real estate, and also requires protection. The real estate of the individual may be taken from him and transferred to the public for its use by condemnation under the right of eminent domain, upon making just compensation, or it may be assessed under the taxing power, seized, sold and transferred to another, and the money received may be taken by the public and used in paying its officers, in making public improvements, or used for other public purposes. The method differs, but the effect upon the individual’s right to his property is the same. By the former process the public gets the use of the individual’s real estate; by the latter it gets the use of the money into which the individual’s real estate is converted. The owner cannot be deprived of his property by either method without just compensation. By one method he is compensated in money, by the other he receives his compensation in the protection the State or city affords him, — in such benefits.
*169When the land is taken by the public in pursuance of the right of eminent domain compensation can be determined by the standard of market value; while there is no standard by which the pecuniary value of a just government to the individual can be accurately estimated, but we know its benefits exceed in value the taxes he pays. That value compensates the individual for them. The merchant’s business, as in this case, is not appropriated to the use of the public; but the money he pays for the license is.
Undoubtedly Kaysville City has the power to require any mérchant doing business within the range of its protection and benefits, to pay for a license; but it has no authority to require those doing business outsicle. of such limits to do so, when the sole purpose and effect of a tax upon their property or business is the lessening of the taxes of its people.
A municipality has no power to collect a tax upon property or business situated so that it cannot receive any protection or benefit from it. In such case there is no compensation for the property taken, though it may be a species of property termed money. And the legislature cannot extend or maintain the limits of a .city for such purpose and which has such an effect.
From the evidence the probability is the defendant’s business would be more valuable, and the people of Layton would be better off if there was no such city as Kaysville. It may be said that the State has the power to collect a tax upon all- the property within its limits, but in such case the state is supposed to give protection to all its people and to benefit all the property within its borders; the same may be said of the county; but in this case the defendant, and others situated as he is, are included in its limits for the sole purpose of benefiting others — their money is given *170to others without their consent, without any compensation in municipal benefits or otherwise.
In the case of the People v. Daniels, supra, after quoting the provisions of the federal constitution, and stating that it applied to that government, and to the territories but not to the states, it was said: “The government may appropriate the property of the individual when necessary in one of three ways: First, by taking in the mode prescribed after paying the owner for it; second, by estimating the benefits to the owner’s property from the improvements to be made, and taking the amount estimated in money; third, by taking the property in the form of money by the methods of taxation for which the benefits of protection and other advantages are furnished by the government. The same principal underlies all these methods. When the property is taken under the right of eminent domain, the public pays the owner in money; when money is exacted by means of a special assessment the owners are compensated in special benefits to their property by public improvements made in its expenditure; and when money is exacted by a general tax, the payer is compensated in the benefits received from the government in any and all of the ways that a government may benefit society.”
Later in the same opinion is found the following:
“ But they also say that the constitutional provision in question has reference to the taking of private property for public use under the right of eminent domain. They concede, however, that taxation and eminent domain rest on the same foundation — the principle of compensation — and that such compensation in case of taxation is in benefits. The constitutional provision in question was designed doubtless to give effect to that principle; but if the provision simply forbids the taking of private property for public use without just compensation under the right of *171eminent domain, tben its authors made the constitutional rule narrower than the principle upon which they intended to base it, because the principle requires compensation in all cases, whether real estate, money, or any other kind of property is involved; whether it is taken by the methods adopted under the right of eminent domain, or under the right of taxation, or by any other means. The principle lies deeper than mere forms or methods. It would be unreasonable to say that the authors of the provision in question intended to forbid the taking under one right without just compensation, and intended to allow such appropriation under another right; that they intentionally closed one gap, but intentionally left another down by which the same wrong in effect could be accomplished.”
The above case was relied upon and followed in Ellison v. Linford, 7 Utah, 166. The defendant in the case in hand was plaintiff in that case, and the collector of this plaintiff was the defendant. The following authorities support the conclusions we have reached: Bradshaw v. City of Omaha, 1 Neb. 16; Morford v. Unger, 8 Iowa, 82; Cheney v. Hooser, 48 Ky. 330; City of Covington v. Southgate, 54 Ky. 491; Arbegust v. City of Louisville, 65 Ky. 271; Sharp's Executor v. Dunavan, 56 Ky. 223; Langworthy v. City of Dubuque, 13 Iowa, 86; Fulton v. The City of Davenport, 17 Iowa, 408; Wells v. The City of Weston, 22 Mo. 384; Buell v. Ball, 20 Iowa, 282; Deeds v. Sanborn, 26 Iowa, 419; Deiman v. City of Fort Madison, 30 Iowa, 542.
There is a conflict in the authorities which cannot be reconciled; but we are of the opinion those supporting the view we have taken rest upon better reasons.
The judgment is affirmed, with costs to respondent.
Bartch, J. and Miner, J., concur.