Court Opinion

ID: 2818249
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-17 21:08:00.975779+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:21.079253
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/17/15
                              CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

          IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                             SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION FOUR

                                               B260140
SETH FLOWERS et al.,                           (Los Angeles County
                                               Super. Ct. No. PC053779)
                 Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

BRINDA PRASAD et al.,

                Defendants and Respondents.

        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Stephen H. Pfahler, Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions.
        Litigation & Advocacy Group and Glenn A. Murphy for Plaintiffs and
Appellants.
        James S. Link for Defendants and Respondents.
      In the underlying action for disability discrimination, appellants John and
Seth Flowers alleged that they were denied service at respondents’ restaurant due
to John Flowers’s service dog. In sustaining a demurrer and granting summary
adjudication in respondents’ favor, the trial court concluded that appellants could
assert a claim under the Disabled Persons Act (DPA) ( Civ. Code, §§ 54 - 55.3.),
but not under the Unruh Civil Rights Act (Unruh Act) (Civ. Code, §§ 51, 52).1
Following those rulings, at appellants’ request, the court dismissed their action
with prejudice. We reverse the order of dismissal and remand.

                           RELEVANT FACTUAL AND
                        PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Appellants’ complaint, filed September 26, 2012, contains claims under the
Unruh Act and the DPA, as well as claims for intentional infliction of emotional
distress and negligent hiring, training, and supervision of employees. 2 The
complaint alleges that respondent Brinda Prasad owns respondent Valley India
Café, Inc., which operates a restaurant in Canoga Park. The complaint further
alleges that John is a disabled person with a licensed service dog, and that he and
his son Seth have been denied service at the restaurant due to the service dog. The
complaint sought an award of damages, and injunctive relief under the Unruh Act
(§ 52). The complaint was later amended to name respondents Rajendra Prasad,
Velayuthan Sappaniapillai, and Prakash Abraham as Doe defendants.

1     Further statutory citations are to the Civil Code unless otherwise indicated.
2     Because appellants share a surname, we generally refer to them by their first
names.

                                            2
      In September 2013, Sappaniapillai and Abraham demurred to the Unruh Act
claim, contending that because the DPA -- unlike the Unruh Act – contains
express provisions addressing discrimination related to the use of service dogs,
appellants could state a discrimination claim only under the DPA. The trial court
agreed, concluding that the DPA was more specific regarding disability
discrimination than the Unruh Act, and that the statutes were inconsistent because
the Unruh Act provided for a greater minimum award of damages than the DPA.
The court sustained the demurrer to the Unruh Act claim, and afforded only Seth
leave to amend. Seth filed no amended complaint.
      In March 2014, the other respondents sought summary adjudication
regarding the Unruh Act claim on the ground asserted in the demurrer. The trial
court granted the motion. In September 2014, appellants requested a dismissal of
their claims with prejudice to expedite appellate review of the rulings on the
demurrer and grant of summary adjudication. On October 17, 2014, the court
entered a judgment of dismissal. This appeal followed.

                                  DISCUSSION
      Appellants contend the trial court erred in sustaining the demurrer and
granting summary adjudication with respect to the Unruh Act claim. For the
reasons discussed below, we agree.

      A. Appealability
      At the threshold, we address respondents’ contention that the judgment is
not appealable. Ordinarily, the voluntary dismissal of a complaint with prejudice
does not result in an appealable judgment. (Austin v. Valverde (2012) 211
Cal.App.4th 546, 550-551 (Austin).) However, “‘appellate courts treat a voluntary

                                         3
dismissal with prejudice as an appealable order if it was entered after an adverse
ruling by the trial court in order to expedite an appeal of the ruling.’” (Id. at
p. 551, quoting Stewart v. Colonial Western Agency, Inc. (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th
1006, 1012.) The rationale for that exception is that such dismissals are “‘not
really voluntary . . . .’” (Austin, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 550, quoting
Ashland Chemical Co. v. Provence (1982) 129 Cal.App.3d 790, 793.) Here,
respondents maintain that the voluntary dismissal was “truly voluntary.” We
disagree.
      In Austin, a driver sought mandamus after the Department of Motor
Vehicles (DMV) suspended his license due to a finding that he had driven while
intoxicated. (Austin, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at pp. 548-549.) When the trial court
declined to afford the driver a copy of the DMV administrative record without the
payment the court deemed to be due, he requested the voluntary dismissal of his
petition with prejudice in order to expedite appellate review of that ruling. (Id. at
pp. 549-555.) The court granted the request. (Ibid.) The appellate court
concluded that the order of dismissal fell within the exception stated above, and
was thus appealable. (Id. at pp. 550-552.)
      The circumstances here are materially identical to those in Austin. After the
adverse rulings regarding the Unruh Act claim and shortly before trial, appellants
filed a request for the dismissal of their claims, stating that they wished to “hasten
the transfer of this case to the appellate court for review . . . .” To demonstrate the
arguments to be made on appeal, they submitted an unpublished federal court
decision in a disability discrimination action rejecting the contention respondents
had successfully asserted in their demurrer and summary adjudication motion.
Following a hearing, the trial court entered the order of dismissal, which expressly

                                           4
reflects that appellants sought “to expedite appellate review of adverse rulings
. . . .” The order of dismissal is thus appealable.3

      B. Governing Principles
      We therefore turn to appellants’ contention. Generally, orders sustaining
demurrers and granting summary adjudication are reviewed de novo. (Krantz v.
BT Visual Images, L.L.C. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 164, 167.) Here, the rulings
hinge on a question of law, namely, the application of the canon of statutory
interpretation stated in Code of Civil Procedure section 1859, which provides: “In
the construction of a statute the intention of the Legislature . . . is to be pursued, if
possible; and when a general and [a] particular provision are inconsistent, the
latter is paramount to the former. So a particular intent will control a general one
that is inconsistent with it.”
      A specific provision controls over a general provision when the provisions
are “irreconcilable.” (State Dept. of Public Health v. Superior Court (2015) 60
Cal.4th 940, 960.) For that reason, the application of the rule stated above
requires an inquiry into whether the provisions can be harmonized in a manner
reflecting the Legislature’s intent. Our Supreme Court has explained: “‘“A court
must, where reasonably possible, harmonize statutes, reconcile seeming
inconsistencies in them, and construe them to give force and effect to all of their
provisions. [Citations.] This rule applies although one of the statutes involved
deals generally with a subject and another relates specifically to particular aspects

3       Respondents suggest that the voluntary dismissal was “truly voluntary” because
appellants could have proceeded to trial on their remaining claims. However, that fact
does not distinguish them from the driver in Austin, who also could have continued to
litigate his claims despite the adverse ruling.

                                            5
of the subject.” [Citation.] . . .’” [¶] “But the requirement that courts harmonize
potentially inconsistent statutes when possible is not a license to redraft the
statutes to strike a compromise that the Legislature did not reach.” (Id. at p. 955.)
       Appellants’ contention thus requires us to examine the Unruh Act and the
DPA, insofar as they address disability discrimination related to service dogs, to
determine whether any apparent inconsistencies can be harmonized.4

       C. Unruh Act
       The Unruh Act was enacted to “create and preserve a nondiscriminatory
environment in California business establishments by ‘banishing’ or ‘eradicating’
arbitrary, invidious discrimination by such establishments.” (Angelucci v. Century
Supper Club (2007) 41 Cal.4th 160, 167.) The substantive protections against
discrimination established by the Unruh Act are set forth in Civil Code section 51.
Subdivision (b) of that provision states: “All persons within the jurisdiction of
this state are free and equal, and no matter what their sex, race, color, religion,
ancestry, national origin, disability, medical condition, genetic information,
marital status, or sexual orientation are entitled to the full and equal
accommodations, advantages, facilities, privileges, or services in all business

4       Our inquiry is governed by established principles. “The objective of statutory
interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate legislative intent. To accomplish that
objective, courts must look first to the words of the statute, giving effect to their plain
meaning.” (In re Jerry R. (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1432, 1437.) However, “the words
must be construed in context, and provisions relating to the same subject matter must be
harmonized to the extent possible. [Citation.]” (Lungren v. Deukmejian (1988) 45 Cal.3d
727, 735.) In addition, “[b]oth the legislative history of the statute and the wider
historical circumstances of its enactment may be considered in ascertaining the legislative
intent.” (Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d
1379,1387.)

                                            6
establishments of every kind whatsoever.” Furthermore, subdivision (f) of section
51 incorporates the protections against discrimination created by the Americans
with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) (42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.), stating: “A
violation of the right of any individual under the [ADA] shall also constitute a
violation of this section.”
      In view of the latter provision, the Unruh Act encompasses the ADA
protections for disabled individuals who use service dogs. (Davis v. Ma (C.D.
Cal. 2012) 848 F.Supp.2d 1105, 1112-1116.) Title III of the ADA provides that
“[n]o individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of disability” in places
of public accommodation. (42 U.S.C § 12182(a).) Under the ADA and its
regulations, a public accommodation must make reasonable modifications to its
policies, practices, and procedures to permit the use of service dogs by disabled
individuals. (Lentini v. Cal. Ctr. for the Arts (9th Cir. 2004) 370 F.3d 837, 843-
845; 28 C.F.R. §§ 36.104, 36.302(c).) Thus, denying a disabled person access to a
public accommodation due to that person’s service dog constitutes a potential
violation of the ADA. (Davis v. Ma, supra, 848 F.Supp.2d at p. 1112.)
      Civil Code section 52, which provides remedies for violations of section 51,
authorizes a damages award of no less than $4,000 and injunctive relief. (Turner
v. Association of American Medical Colleges (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 1047, 1058
(Turner); Molski v. Arciero Wine Group (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 786, 791
(Molski).) Subdivision (a) of section 52 states: “Whoever denies, aids or incites a
denial, or makes any discrimination or distinction contrary to [s]ection 51 . . . is
liable for each and every offense for the actual damages, and any amount that may
be determined by a jury, or a court sitting without a jury, up to a maximum of three
times the amount of actual damage but in no case less than four thousand dollars
. . . , and any attorney’s fees that may be determined by the court in addition

                                           7
thereto, suffered by any person denied the rights provided in [s]ection 51 . . . .”
The fee award provision is unilateral, that is, “the plaintiff can recover attorney’s
fees if he or she prevails, but the defendant cannot.” (Molski, supra, 164
Cal.App.4th at p. 791.) In addition, under subdivision (c) of section 52, “any
person aggrieved” by prohibited discrimination may file a request for “preventive
relief.”5 (Id. at (c)(3).) Thus, a disabled person asserting a violation of section 51
may seek injunctive relief. (Midpeninsula Citizens for Fair Housing v. Westwood
Investors (1990) 221 Cal.App.3d 1377, 1384 (Midpeninsula Citizens).)6

          D. DPA
       The DPA also establishes protections for disabled persons. (Munson v. Del
Taco. Inc. (2009) 46 Cal.4th 661, 674 (Munson).) The principal substantive
protections are set forth in sections 54, 54.1, and 54.2. Pertinent here are sections
54 and 54.2, each of which expressly includes the ADA protections. Subdivision
(a) of section 54 sets forth a broad prohibition against discrimination, stating:
“Individuals with disabilities or medical conditions have the same right as the
general public to the full and free use of the streets, highways, sidewalks,

5       Subdivision (c) of section 52 provides in pertinent part: “Whenever there is
reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is engaged in conduct of
resistance to the full enjoyment of any of the rights described in this section, and that
conduct is of that nature and is intended to deny the full exercise of those rights, . . any
person aggrieved by the conduct may bring a civil action in the appropriate court by filing
with it a complaint. The complaint shall contain the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (3) A request
for preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction,
restraining order, or other order against the person or persons responsible for the conduct,
as the complainant deems necessary to ensure the full enjoyment of the rights described in
this section.”
6       Subdivision (c) of section 52 also expressly authorizes requests for injunctive
relief by “the Attorney General, any district attorney or city attorney . . . .”

                                             8
walkways, public buildings, medical facilities, including hospitals, clinics, and
physicians’ offices, public facilities, and other public places.” Subdivisions (a)
and (b) of section 54.2 guarantee specified rights of access to disabled persons
using service dogs, as well as to disabled persons and other individuals engaged in
training service dogs.7 Both section 54 and section 54.2 incorporate the ADA
protections that track the analogous incorporation provision of the Unruh Act
(§ 51, subd. (f)), stating: “A violation of the right of an individual under the
[ADA] also constitutes a violation of this section” (§§ 54, subd. (c), 54.2, subd.
(b)).
        Under the remedial provisions of the DPA, disabled persons asserting a
violation of sections 54, 54.1, or 54.2 may obtain an award of damages -- albeit,
with a $1,000 minimum limit, lower than that set forth in the Unruh Act -- and an
attorney fee award. Under section 54.3, subdivision (a), anyone who engages in

7       Subdivision (a) of section 54.2 states: “Every individual with a disability has the
right to be accompanied by a guide dog, signal dog, or service dog, especially trained for
the purpose, in any of the places specified in [s]ection 54.1 without being required to pay
an extra charge or security deposit for the guide dog, signal dog, or service dog.
However, the individual shall be liable for any damage done to the premises or facilities
by his or her dog.”
        Subdivision (b) of section 54.2 states: “Individuals who are blind or otherwise
visually impaired and persons licensed to train guide dogs for individuals who are blind
or visually impaired . . . and individuals who are deaf or hearing impaired and persons
authorized to train signal dogs for individuals who are deaf or hearing impaired, and
individuals with a disability and persons who are authorized to train service dogs for the
individuals with a disability may take dogs, for the purpose of training them as guide
dogs, signal dogs, or service dogs in any of the places specified in Section 54.1 without
being required to pay an extra charge or security deposit for the guide dog, signal dog, or
service dog. However, the person shall be liable for any damage done to the premises or
facilities by his or her dog. These persons shall ensure the dog is on a leash and tagged as
a guide dog, signal dog, or service dog by an identification tag issued by the county clerk,
animal control department, or other agency . . . .”

                                             9
such a violation “is liable for each offense for the actual damages and any amount
as may be determined by a jury, or the court sitting without a jury, up to a
maximum of three times the amount of actual damages but in no case less than one
thousand dollars . . . , and attorney’s fees as may be determined by the court in
addition thereto, suffered by any person denied any of the rights provided in
[s]ections 54, 54.1, and 54.2.” Like the fee award provision in section 52, the fee
award provision here is unilateral, that is, it authorizes awards only to prevailing
plaintiffs. (Turner, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1058-1060; Molski, supra, 164
Cal.App.4th 792.)
      Section 54.3 also contains provisions addressing the remedies available
under subdivision (a). Subdivision (b) states that such remedies are “nonexclusive
and are in addition to any other remedy provided by law . . . .” However,
subdivision (c) bars a simultaneous recovery of damages under the Unruh Act and
the DPA, stating: “A person may not be held liable for damages pursuant to both
this section and [s]ection 52 for the same act or failure to act.”
      In a separate provision, the DPA authorizes injunctive relief “to correct
violations of DPA standards.” (Turner, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at p. 1059.)
Section 55 provision states: “Any person who is aggrieved or potentially
aggrieved by a violation of [s]ection 54 or 54.1 . . . may bring an action to enjoin
the violation. The prevailing party in the action shall be entitled to recover
reasonable attorney’s fees.” (Italics added.) Because section 54 incorporates the
ADA protections, a person alleging a violation of those protections may seek
injunctive relief under section 55.
      The phrases italicized above mark two salient differences between section
55 and section 52, the latter of which provides for injunctive relief under the
Unruh Act. Because section 55 permits a person who is “potentially aggrieved” to

                                          10
seek an injunction, “virtually any disabled person can bring an action to compel
compliance with the DPA under section 55,” without proving that the violation
actually denied him or her equal access to some facility. (Urhausen v. Longs Drug
Stores California, Inc. (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 254, 266 (Urhausen); see Jankey v.
Lee (2012) 55 Cal.4th 1038, 1051 (Jankey).) In contrast, section 52 affords
injunctive relief to “any person aggrieved,” but contains no reference to
“potentially” aggrieved persons. Furthermore, unlike the fee award provision in
section 52, the analogous provision in section 55 is bilateral. Because section 55
authorizes an award to “the” prevailing party, “either party will be entitled to . . .
fees if [it] prevail[s].” (Molski, supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 792.)

          E. Analysis
      In Molski, the appellate court observed that the Unruh Act and the DPA
afford disabled persons alternative remedies for discrimination based on
architectural barriers to access. (Molski, supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at pp. 791-792.)
In our view, the same is true for disabled persons asserting a denial of access due
to the use of a service dog. As explained below, we see no inconsistency between
the Unruh Act and the DPA mandating the conclusion that disabled persons
alleging such discrimination are limited to asserting claims under the DPA.
      To begin, the substantive provisions of the Unruh Act and the DPA
regarding disabled persons and the use of service dogs are plainly consistent.
Both incorporate the protections established under the ADA, including those
applicable to the use of service dogs. As noted above (see pts. B & C, ante), the
Unruh Act encompasses those protections in section 51, subdivision (f), and the
DPA encompasses them in section 54, subdivision (c), and section 54.2,
subdivision (b). Furthermore, in section 54.2, the DPA supplements those

                                           11
protections with express rights of access, including rights relating to the training
of service dogs. As our Supreme Court has observed, the two statutory schemes
“clearly have significant areas of overlapping application, although the Unruh . . .
Act . . . applies to many more types of discrimination, while the [DPA] contains
unique specific provisions regarding guide, service, and signal dogs (§ 54.2) . . . .”
(Munson, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 675.)
       Respondents suggest that the protections created by the statutory schemes
are inconsistent, arguing that violations of the Unruh Act -- unlike violations of
the DPA -- require proof of intentional discrimination. However, no such
difference exists between the statutory schemes with respect to disability
discrimination based on service dogs. In Munson, our Supreme Court concluded
that a plaintiff seeking damages for disability discrimination under the Unruh Act
need not demonstrate intentional discrimination because the protections against
disability discrimination in the Unruh Act encompass the ADA protections, which
require no proof of intentional discrimination. (Munson, supra, 46 Cal.4th at pp.
665-673.)8
       We therefore turn to the remedial provisions of the Unruh Act and the DPA,
which respondents also maintain are irreconcilable. They place special emphasis

8       Marsh v. Edwards Theatres Circuit, Inc. (1976) 64 Cal.App.3d 881, upon which
respondents rely, is distinguishable, as it concerned the predecessors of the Unruh Act
and the DPA, which did not incorporate a common core of protections against disability
discrimination. There, the wheelchair-bound plaintiff sought an award of damages and
injunctive relief under the Unruh Act, alleging that he was improperly denied access to a
movie theater. (Marsh v. Edwards, supra, 64 Cal.App.3d at pp. 884-889.) The appellate
court concluded that the plaintiff could assert a claim solely under the DPA because only
that statute specifically addressed disability discrimination, and the Unruh Act then
contained substantive limitations rendering it “of little aid” to the plaintiff. (Marsh v.
Edwards, supra, at pp. 889-891.) For the reasons discussed above, those considerations
are inapplicable to the current versions of the Unruh Act and the DPA.

                                            12
on the difference between the minimum damages award of $4,000 specified in the
Unruh Act and the minimum damages award of $1,000 specified in the DPA. That
difference, they argue, “is obvious, significant, and cannot be harmonized.” As
explained below, we disagree.
      The language of the DPA reflects a legislative intent to permit disabled
persons to assert claims under the Unruh Act and the DPA. As noted above (see
pt. D., ante), subdivision (b) of section 54.3 states that remedies available under
section 54.3 are “nonexclusive” and “in addition to any other remedy provided by
law . . . .” The sole limitation on recovery is located in subdivision (c) of section
54.3, which states: “A person may not be held liable for damages pursuant to both
this section and [s]ection 52 for the same act or failure to act.” That provision
makes little sense if the Legislature’s intent was to bar disabled persons from
seeking damages under the Unruh Act. Had the Legislature so intended, it could
have simply stated that prohibition. (See Reycraft v. Lee (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th
1211, 1226-1227 [observing that if the Legislature had intended to authorize
damages awards for “‘potentially aggrieved’” persons under section 54.3, it could
have done so, in view of the language of section 55].)
      Our conclusion finds additional support from the legislative history of the
Unruh Act and the DPA. In 1992, the Legislature amended both statutory schemes
simultaneously to incorporate the ADA protections for disabled persons.
(Munson, supra, 46 Cal.4th at pp. 668-669.) An uncodified section of that
legislation stated: “‘It is the intent of the Legislature in enacting this act to
strengthen California law in areas where it is weaker than the [ADA] and to retain
California law when it provides more protection for individuals with disabilities
than the [ADA].’” (Stats.1992, ch. 913, § 1, p. 4282.) In 1992, when the

                                           13
amendments were enacted, the minimum damages award under each law was
identical, namely, $250. (Munson, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 674.)
      Later, the Legislature repeatedly amended the minimum awards for a variety
of reasons, and amended section 54.3 to include subdivision (c), which states the
prohibition on a double recovery of damages under the Unruh Act and the DPA.
“In 1994, the section 52 minimum was raised to $1,000 and that of section 54.3 to
$750 (in a different enactment).” (Munson, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 674, fn. 9.) In
1996, the Legislature increased the section 54.3 award to $1,000 and added the
double recovery prohibition. (Munson, supra, at p. 675, fn. 10.) “In 2001, the
Legislature increased the section 52 minimum to $4,000, to increase deterrence
against civil rights violations profitable to businesses but causing relatively little
individual damage, such as [the] gender discounts forbidden by section 51.6.[9]
[Citation.] A bill to again equalize the two minimums by raising that in section
54.3 to $4,000 was passed by the Legislature in 2004, but vetoed by the Governor
. . . .” (Munson, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 674, fn. 9.)
      The legislative history thus discloses no intent to compel disabled persons
to assert discrimination claims relating to service dogs exclusively under the DPA.
That intent cannot be attributed to the Legislature in 1992, as it effectively
amended the Unruh Act to incorporate the provisions of the ADA and its
regulations authorizing such claims. Nor do the subsequent amendments betray
any intent to repeal or foreclose such claims. Generally, we will not find a repeal

9      Section 51.6 codifies the Gender Tax Repeal Act, which “addresses gender-based
price discrimination, providing that ‘[n]o business establishment of any kind whatsoever
may discriminate, with respect to the price charged for services of similar or like kind,
against a person because of the person’s gender.’ (§ 51.6, subd. (b).” (Surrey v.
TrueBeginnings, LLC (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 414, 418.)

                                            14
by implication unless there are compelling grounds to do so.10 No such grounds
are present here, as the amendments reflect considerations other than an intent to
bar disability discrimination claims under the Unruh Act. Although the minimal
awards diverged after 1992, the Legislature equalized them in 1996, when it
enacted the prohibition against double recovery. As noted above, that prohibition
reflects an intent to permit “service dog” claims under the Unruh Act and the
DPA.11 Later, after increasing the section 52 minimum award for reasons
unrelated to the propriety of “service dog” claims, the Legislature attempted
unsuccessfully to equalize the minimum awards. We therefore conclude that the
disparity between the minimum awards establishes no intent to bar discrimination
claims relating to service dogs under the Unruh Act.
        Respondents contend the attorney fee provisions relating to injunctive relief
are irreconcilable, as the Unruh Act provision is unilateral and the DPA fee
provision is bilateral. Those differences, however, can be explained by reference
to the pertinent requirements for injunctive relief. As noted above (see pt. D.,
ante), the Unruh Act and the DPA permit “any person aggrieved” to seek

10      “‘“[A]ll presumptions are against a repeal by implication. [Citations.]” [Citation.]
Absent an express declaration of legislative intent, we will find an implied repeal “only
when there is no rational basis for harmonizing the two potentially conflicting statutes
[citation], and the statutes are ‘irreconcilable, clearly repugnant, and so inconsistent that
the two cannot have concurrent operation.’” [Citation.]’” (Merrill v. Navegar, Inc.
(2001) 26 Cal.4th 465, 487, quoting Garcia v. McCutchen (1997) 16 Cal.4th 469, 476-
477.)
11     Indeed, the legislative history shows that the 1996 amendments presupposed the
propriety of disability discrimination claims under the Unruh Act. As our Supreme Court
has observed, the Legislature’s adjustment to the section 54.3 minimum award in 1996
appears to have been founded on the recognition that an aggrieved party’s minimum
award should not “‘depend upon the statute . . . cite[d] in his or her complaint.’”
(Fn. continued on next page.)

                                             15
injunctive relief. (§§ 52, subd. (c)(3), 55.) Furthermore, under the DPA, section
55 also affords injunctive relief to persons “‘potentially aggrieved,’” thus
permitting “‘virtually any disabled person’” to seek such relief. (Jankey, supra, 55
Cal.4th at p. 1051, quoting Urhausen, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at p. 254.) In
contrast, section 52 limits injunctive relief to persons who have suffered a
violation of their own rights, or confronted a direct threat to those rights.
(Midpeninsula Citizens, supra, 221 Cal.App.3d at p. 1384 [the term “‘person
aggrieved’” in section 52 does not encompass plaintiffs whose rights have not
been “personally violated”]; see Scaduto v. Esmailzadeh (C.D. Cal. 2007) 2007
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 103241, *24 [tenants alleging discrimination by landlord and
threatened with eviction, but not yet evicted, were “‘persons aggrieved,’” for
purposes of the Unruh Act].) The bilateral provision in section 55 thus reflects an
apparent legislative intent to discourage potentially meritless requests for
injunctive relief, in view of the broad class of persons entitled to make such
requests. (See Turner, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at p. 1069.) In sum, because there
is no irreconcilable inconsistency between the Unruh Act and the DPA, a plaintiff
alleging disability discrimination relating to the use of a service dog may assert
claims under both statutory schemes, subject to any specific limitations stated in
them.12

(Munson, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 675, fn. 10, quoting Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis
of Sen. Bill No. 1687 (1995-1996 Reg. Sess.) as amended Apr. 25, 1996, p. 3.)
12     We note that appellants have requested an award of attorney fees as the prevailing
parties on appeal. Because they offer no argument (with citation to appropriate legal
authorities) to support that request, we reject it. (See Okasaki v. City of Elk Grove (2012)
203 Cal.App.4th 1043, 1045, fn. 1; OCM Principal Opportunities Fund, L.P. v. CIBC
World Markets Corp. (2007) 157 Cal. App.4th 835, 844, fn. 3; 9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure
(5th ed. 2008) Appeal, § 701, pp. 769-771.)

                                             16
                                    DISPOSITION
      The judgment is reversed, and the matter is remanded with directions to
vacate the sustaining of the demurrer and grant of summary adjudication regarding
appellants’ Unruh Act claim, to enter new orders denying the demurrer and motion
for summary adjudication, and to conduct further proceedings in accordance with
this opinion. Appellants are awarded their costs on appeal.
      CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                                             MANELLA, J.

We concur:

WILLHITE, Acting P. J.

COLLINS, J.

                                        17