Court Opinion

ID: 2717253
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-11 23:01:52.32199+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:01.971105
License: Public Domain

Filed 8/11/14 Bartholomew v. Triay CA1/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

MARILYN BARTHOLOMEW,                                                 A139998
         Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                                     (Alameda County
v.                                                                   Super. Ct. No. RG12615113)
CHARLES A. TRIAY et al.,
                                                                     ORDER MODIFYING OPINION
         Defendant and Respondents.                                  AND DENYING REHEARING
                                                                     [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

BY THE COURT:
         It is ordered that the nonpublished opinion filed herein on July 17, 2014, be
modified as follows:
         Delete the words “except trial” from the second sentence at the top of page two.
The sentence now reads: “The two cases were consolidated for all purposes on August
10, 2012.”
         This modification does not change the judgment.
         The petition for rehearing is denied.

___________________________                                                 ___________________________
           Date                                                                        Acting P.J.

                                                             1
Filed 7/17/14 Bartholomew v. Triay CA1/1 (unmodified version)
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

MARILYN BARTHOLOMEW,
         Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                                     A139998
v.
CHARLES A. TRIAY et al.,                                             (Alameda County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. RG12615113)
         Defendants and Respondents.

                                                INTRODUCTION
         This legal malpractice case arose after Bartholomew (plaintiff) retained Triay and
his law firm (defendants) in a probate matter. Triay was the fourth law firm retained by
plaintiff to represent her in this matter. Eventually, defendants made a motion to
withdraw as counsel, which was granted. Plaintiff was not happy with the results of
Triay’s work on her behalf and sued Triay and his firm for the work, in propria persona.
The discovery process proved to be contentious, plaintiff failed to appear at a scheduled
deposition, and defendants moved to compel her deposition, which motion the court
granted. When the court’s order did not prompt plaintiff to make herself available for
deposition, defendants moved for terminating sanctions, which the court granted. This
appeal follows. We find no abuse of discretion or denial of due process and affirm.
                                          STATEMENT OF FACTS
         Plaintiff filed her complaint against defendants on January 31, 2012. The case
was assigned to Judge Freedman for all purposes. Trial was scheduled for July 15, 2013.

                                                             1
Defendants countersued for attorney’s fees. The two cases were consolidated for all
purposes except trial on August 10, 2012.
       On September 17, 2012, defendants noticed plaintiff’s deposition for October 3,
2012. Plaintiff asked defendants to continue the deposition because of her pending
discovery motion.1 Defendants did so, but plaintiff would not agree to a specific date
after the October 19, 2012 hearing date. From October 19 to December 2, defense
counsel made several attempts to reschedule plaintiff’s deposition. Plaintiff avoided any
proposed dates, claiming she had matters during the holiday season that consumed her
availability, and that her newly hired attorney was not available to discuss deposition
dates with defense counsel because of the limited scope of his representation.
       Finally, on December 3, 2012, plaintiff indicated she could be available for
deposition on January 15, 16 or 17, 2013. On December 4, 2012, defendants indicated
they would depose her on January 16, 2013 and re-noticed her deposition for that date.
Plaintiff did not file any objection to the date selected pursuant to Code of Civil
Procedure section 2025.410.2 However, she failed to appear for her scheduled deposition
on January 16, 2013.
       The two sides began a meet-and-confer process to reach a new date. Defense
counsel proposed four alternative deposition dates: January 23, 24, 28, and 30. On
January 16 and 23, 2013, defendant sent plaintiff a meet-and-confer letter indicating he
would file a motion to compel her deposition unless they could mutually agree on a date.
       On February 4, 2013, defendants filed a motion to compel plaintiff’s deposition to
be heard March 1, 2013. On February 11, 2013, plaintiff filed a motion to compel further
responses and document production.3 On February 15, plaintiff filed an ex parte
1
  Between June 20, 2012 and March 20, 2013, the parties litigated numerous motions to
compel discovery and impose sanctions.
2
  Further unspecified statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
3
  By tentative ruling on March 20 and 21, 2013, the court denied plaintiff’s February 11
motion to compel further discovery responses, granted the motion to compel a further
response to RPD No. 50, and denied plaintiff’s request for monetary sanctions. Plaintiff

                                              2
application for a continuance of the March 1 hearing date on defendants’ motion, which
defendants opposed. She also filed an opposition to defendants’ motion to compel
plaintiff’s deposition. The ex parte application was denied the same day. On February
25, 2013, plaintiff filed a motion to compel further responses to interrogatories and for
monetary sanctions. 4
       On February 28, 2013, the court issued a tentative ruling granting defendants’
motion to compel plaintiff’s deposition. Plaintiff challenged the tentative ruling , and a
hearing was held on March 1, 2013, at which time the court adopted its tentative ruling.
The order stated, in relevant part: “Plaintiff shall appear for her deposition at the offices
of Defendants’ counsel . . . on a date and time to be mutually agreed by the parties but by
no later than March 22, 2013 unless the parties otherwise agree.” However, through
inadvertence and clerical error, the order was not memorialized as a minute order until
March 19, 2013, at which time the order was entered in the minutes and posted on the
court’s public “DomainWeb” site. Between February 28 and March 19, 2013, plaintiff
“was checking the Register of Actions of this case on DomainWeb every day, sometimes
more than once a day, to see whether the order had yet been issued.” The written order
was mailed to the parties March 23, 2013.
       At the March 1 hearing, defendants, assuming they had been successful in getting
an order to compel plaintiff’s deposition, asked plaintiff to suggest dates for her
deposition. Plaintiff advised she was unable to provide any available deposition dates at
that time. Later that day, defense counsel sent plaintiff a letter asking for several dates
she would be available for deposition between March 1 and March 22. On March 8,
defendants sent a second letter to plaintiff attempting to schedule her deposition. A third
letter was sent on March 12, indicating defendants did not want to have to revisit this

filed her first motion to disqualify Judge Freedman on March 21. Hearing on the
motion set for March 22 was continued in light of the disqualification motion.
4
  This motion, originally scheduled for hearing on March 22, was also continued in light
of the disqualification motion.

                                              3
issue at the further case management conference on March 22, and counsel needed more
than “just a few day’s notice” to rearrange his schedule to accommodate plaintiff’s
availability.5
       On March 21, plaintiff filed the first of six challenges for cause against Judge
Freedman. She filed the second on April 16, 2013, the third on May 1, 2013, and the
fourth on June 5, 2013. Two out-of-county judges were assigned to review for bias the
declarations of Judge Freedman and plaintiff in the first three challenges for cause. Both
judges ruled against plaintiff.
       Defendants received no response from plaintiff to the three letters requesting dates
for a deposition. On March 26, 2013, defendants filed a motion for sanctions, including
terminating sanctions. On April 1, 2013, plaintiff sent defendants a letter via email and
first class mail informing them she had not responded to their letters requesting
deposition dates because the court’s order was not entered in the minutes until March 19,
which she knew because she had been checking the Register of Actions on DomainWeb
daily. On April 8, plaintiff filed her opposition to defendants’ motion for terminating
sanctions. As of April 12, 2013, the date defense counsel filed a supplemental
declaration in support of the motion, plaintiff had still not replied to the March letters
seeking a new date, or offered to meet and confer on deposition scheduling.
       The hearing on defendants’ motion for terminating sanctions was originally
scheduled for April 19, 2013. However, Judge Freedman had to continue that motion and
plaintiff’s pending discovery motions several times because of plaintiff’s serial
challenges for cause against him. The hearing on defendants’ motion for terminating and
other sanctions was ordered continued to May 3. On May 3, the hearing on defendants’
motion, plaintiff’s discovery motions filed February 11 and 25, and the case management
conference scheduled for May 3 were continued to June 7. Finally, on June 7, the case

5
 By separate letter dated March 8, 2013, defendants made a statutory offer to
compromise pursuant to section 998.

                                              4
management conference, plaintiff’s discovery motions, and defendants’ motion for
terminating sanctions were all continued until June 14 due to plaintiff’s June 4 challenge
for cause, which had not yet been ruled on.
       On June 5, 2013, this court summarily denied plaintiff’s petition for writ of
mandate or prohibition from the denial of her first three challenges for cause.
       On June 13, 2013, Judge Freedman issued three orders notifying the parties their
appearances were required at the hearing the next day, June 14.6 The parties were
anticipating some action on the hearing because it had been continued several times due
to plaintiff’s challenges that were filed just before each scheduled hearing date (i.e. April
16 challenge, April 19 hearing; May 1 challenge, May 3 hearing; June 5 challenge, June 7
hearing). The court’s written order striking the fourth challenge (June 5) was filed June
13.
       The court’s order requiring the parties to appear at the hearing the next day was
also communicated by email to each side. Plaintiff confirmed receipt of the email by
replying to it at 11:12 a.m., stating: “Please see attached email from me dated May 2,
2013 which was my response to Dept. 20 regarding a similar tentative ruling that had
appeared when there had not been a ruling on a previous pending challenge for cause that
I had filed. Everything I stated in that May 2nd email also applies to the current situation
of the challenge dated June 4, 2013 to which each order dated June 7, 2013, regarding
motion hearing dates, refers in its statement: ‘The court construes this as an additional
challenge for cause. The challenge has not yet been ruled on.’ ” (Italics in original.)
       In an email to the Department 20 court clerk, copied to plaintiff, sent at 11:38
a.m., defense counsel replied: “I represent Defendants in the above referenced matter,

6
 The orders were issued on DomainWeb as tentative rulings, although there was no
actual ruling on the merits. As to each motion, the order stated: “Parties To Appear [¶]
This Tentative Ruling is issued by Judge Robert B. Freedman On the Motion … filed by
[party’s name] on [date]. PARTIES ARE TO APPEAR (in person or by CourtCall) at the
hearing at 2:00p.m. on June 14, 2013, in Dept. 20, Administration Building, 4th Floor,
1221 Oak Street, Oakland.”

                                              5
and am providing the response below to Plaintiff’s email correspondence from a few
minutes ago. [¶] Given the upcoming trial management conference and trial dates on
7/11/13 and 7/15/13 respectively, the Defense believes it would be beneficial to proceed
with the rescheduled hearing on 6/14/13 to address (at a minimum) case management
issues and hopefully also the multiple pending discovery motions.” At 12:54 p.m.,
plaintiff replied to the court clerk and defense counsel: “I disagree with Mr. Johnson’s
opinion. My understanding of the status of this case is that, while the question of
disqualification is pending, any hearing or proceeding between the parties and the court
has been stayed, and therefore remains postponed, for the entire period of that status.”
       The court clerk made it clear the judge expected each side to appear. At 3:20 p.m.
the clerk emailed the parties: “Good afternoon, [¶] Please be advised that the court’s
rulings directing the parties to appear on June 14, 2013 remain in effect. Telephonic
appearances are authorized if requested.” At 3:54 p.m. plaintiff replied: “Sianté: By law,
my appearance is not required and is not possible under the circumstances. I have not yet
heard from Dan on this.” And finally, at 5:34 p.m. plaintiff emailed the court and
counsel: “There has not yet been a response from Dan or any other research attorney for
Dept. 20, regarding my those [sic] tentative rulings; so, this is my last email on the
subject. Please be advised that there will not be an appearance by me on June 14, 2013.”
(Emphasis in original.)
       On June 14, 2013, plaintiff failed to appear at the hearing. No excuse was
provided the court. The court proceeded to grant the motion to terminate the case
because of plaintiff’s refusal to submit to a deposition, even after an order compelling it,
and dismissed her complaint. 7 The court’s reasons for its decision are set forth in detail
in its written order.8 The court vacated the July 15, 2013 trial date and subsequently

7
  In light of its order dismissing plaintiff’s complaint, the court dropped as moot
plaintiff’s pending discovery motions.
8
  The judgment of dismissal was filed August 13, 2013.

                                              6
scheduled a further case management conference on defendants’ previously consolidated
complaint for attorney’s fees against plaintiff. 9
       On June 20, 2013, plaintiff filed her fifth challenge for cause to disqualify Judge
Freedman. The court’s order striking the challenge was filed June 25, 2013.
       On June 26, 2013 plaintiff filed a declaration regarding the “tentative rulings of
June 13, 2013 and email communications between the parties and Department 20 on said
date.” In it, she averred she did not “refuse” to appear at the hearing on June 14, 2013.
Instead, the court did not inform her, and she was not informed, there would be hearings
on that date. The court failed to serve notice by mail that there would be hearings on that
date until after the fact; she was never informed of the court’s June 13 order striking her
challenge for cause; and “the content of [her] email messages . . . reflects that during
business hours on June 13, 2013 [she] was informing the court that [she] interpreted the
tentative rulings to mean that only procedural matters – such as proposed schedules for
continued motion hearing dates, rescheduling other dates, and rescheduling the trial date
– would be addressed by the Court on June 14, 2013.” On July 5, 2013, plaintiff filed a
second declaration regarding the court’s tentative rulings of March 20, March 21, May 1,
and May 2, 2013 and the May 2, 2013 emails between Department 20 and the parties.
Finally, plaintiff filed a motion to vacate and set aside the dismissal on August 13,
2013.10 The motion to vacate the dismissal was heard and denied by detailed written
order September 12, 2013.11 This appeal follows.12

9
  The two cases were unconsolidated on August 12, 2013.
10
   An amended motion and declaration were filed August 15, 2013.
11
   Plaintiff subsequently filed a sixth challenge for cause on October 10 and an amended
declaration in support of it on October 15, which were stricken by the court by written
order.
12
   Plaintiff also appeals the amended judgment containing a cost award, although she
makes no argument about the cost award.

                                              7
                                       DISCUSSION
       Plaintiff challenges the court’s dismissal of her action as void, arguing the court’s
denial of her motion to vacate and set aside the dismissal was an abuse of discretion and
an act in excess of its jurisdiction. She also argues the court abused its discretion in
granting the motion for terminating sanctions, dismissing her action, and dropping her
discovery motions. Finally, plaintiff argues she was denied due process because the
judge was biased and the proceedings were devoid of due process. We disagree.
I. Standard of Review
       Our analysis of plaintiff’s contentions begins with the applicable standard of
review. On appeal, we review the trial court’s choice of sanctions with respect to
discovery matters for abuse of discretion. (Sauer v. Superior Court (1987) 195
Cal.App.3d 213, 228.) While the trial court’s discretion to impose discovery sanctions is
broad, and will not be disturbed on appeal absent a showing of abuse (Reedy v. Bussell
(2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 1272, 1293; Sauer v. Superior Court, supra, at p. 228), it is
circumscribed by certain substantive and procedural limits. Substantively, there must be a
willful failure to comply with a court order for discovery. (Biles v. Exxon Mobil Corp.
(2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 1315, 1327.) Procedurally, a noticed motion is required, and
sanctions may not be granted ex parte. (Sole Energy Co. v. Hodges (2005) 128
Cal.App.4th 199, 202.)
       An order denying a motion for relief from dismissal pursuant to section 473,
subdivisions (b) and (d), on account of a party’s mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or
excusable neglect is likewise reviewed for abuse of discretion. (Shamblin v. Brattain
(1988) 44 Cal.3d 474, 478.) We decline plaintiff’s invitation to review de novo the
court’s fact-driven disposition of her motion.
II. The Court Did Not Act in Excess of Its Jurisdiction
       We first address plaintiff’s contention the court acted in excess of its jurisdiction
by ordering the parties to appear for hearing on June 14, 2013, in light of plaintiff’s June

                                              8
5 challenge for cause. The objection to the court’s jurisdiction is not well taken. As of
June 13, 2013 – the day the trial court issued a tentative ruling ordering the parties to
appear the next day – plaintiffs first three challenges for cause had been denied by
independent judges, the court of appeal had summarily denied her petition for writ of
mandate, and the trial court had stricken plaintiff’s fourth challenge, filed June 5. It is
true orders made by a disqualified judge are void. (Rossco Holdings, Inc. v. Bank of
America (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 1353, 1362.) “ ‘[D]isqualification occurs when the
facts creating disqualification arise, not when the disqualification is established.’
[Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1363.) “ ‘[A] disqualified judge has no power to act in any
proceedings after his or her disqualification.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1364.) However, as of
June 13, 2013, there were no facts giving rise to disqualification, and Judge Freedman
was not a disqualified judge. Judge Freedman acted well within his power when he
ordered the parties to appear at a hearing on the merits of a motion that had been pending
for months and duly continued to June 14 on June 7. Furthermore, as the court noted in
its order, “even before the court entered its order on June 13, 2013 striking the fourth
challenge, it had authority to ‘[s]et proceedings for trial or hearing,’ which includes
publishing a tentative ruling requiring the parties to appear at the hearing on June 14,
2013. (See C.C.P. § 170.4 (a)(5).”13
       Plaintiff’s further argument that California Rules of Court, rule 3.1308 (a)(1)14 and

13
   Section 170.4 provides in relevant part: “(a) A disqualified judge, notwithstanding his
or her disqualification may do any of the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (5) Set proceedings for
trial or hearing. [¶] (6) . . . [¶] (b) Notwithstanding paragraph (5) of subdivision (c) of
Section 170.3, if a statement of disqualification is untimely filed or if on its face it
discloses no legal grounds for disqualification, the trial judge against whom it was filed
may order it stricken.”
14
   California Rule of Court 3.1308, subdivision (a)(1) provides: “(a) Tentative ruling
procedures [¶]A trial court that offers a tentative ruling procedure in civil law and
motion matters must follow one of the following procedures: [¶](1) Notice of intent to
appear required [¶]The court must make its tentative ruling available by telephone and
also, at the option of the court, by any other method designated by the court, by no later
than 3:00 p.m. the court day before the scheduled hearing. If the court desires oral
argument, the tentative ruling must so direct. The tentative ruling may also note any
issues on which the court wishes the parties to provide further argument. If the court has

                                              9
Superior Court of Alameda County Local Rules, rule 3.30(c)15 require that parties be
allowed to contest a notice to appear at a scheduled hearing is likewise not well taken.
California Rules of Court, rule 3.1308(a)(1) clearly contemplates a ruling on the merits of
a contested issue already set for hearing. It permits a party to challenge a tentative ruling
on the merits by notifying other parties of his or her intent to contest the ruling in person
at the scheduled hearing. Local rule 3.30, subdivision (c) is even clearer: It applies to
tentative rulings and notices to appear, and specifies that “[w]henever a tentative ruling
has not been issued, the parties are to appear at the hearing unless otherwise ordered.”
(Super.   Ct. Alameda County, Local Rules, rule 3.30(c).) The rules do not contemplate
that a party will use the tentative ruling procedure to contest the necessity of his or her
appearance at the scheduled hearing. Here, the discovery motions were already
scheduled for hearing on June 14, 2013. The court made no tentative ruling on the
merits. Under the local rule, the court need not have ordered the parties to appear, since
their appearance at the hearing was assumed in the absence of a tentative ruling on the
merits. Instead, to be absolutely clear, the court used the tentative ruling procedure as a
means of expeditiously notifying the parties that their appearances at a hearing the next

not directed argument, oral argument must be permitted only if a party notifies all other
parties and the court by 4:00 p.m. on the court day before the hearing of the party’s
intention to appear. A party must notify all other parties by telephone or in person. The
court must accept notice by telephone and, at its discretion, may also designate
alternative methods by which a party may notify the court of the party’s intention to
appear. The tentative ruling will become the ruling of the court if the court has not
directed oral argument by its tentative ruling and notice of intent to appear has not been
given.”
15
   Alameda County Superior Court Local Rules, rule 3.30, subdivision (c) provides: “The
court adopts the tentative ruling procedure set out in California Rules of Court, rule
3.1308(a)(1). The tentative ruling or notice to appear will generally be available by 4:00
p.m. two court days prior to the scheduled hearing and no later than 3:00 p.m. the court
day before the hearing. Unless the court directs otherwise, the court’s tentative ruling
will be available on the court’s website at www.alameda.courts.ca.gov/tentativerulings or
by calling (866) 223-2244. Whenever a tentative ruling has not been issued, the parties
are to appear at the hearing unless otherwise ordered.” (Super. Ct. Alameda County,
Local Rules, rule 3.30, as amended Jan. 1, 2010, italics added.)

                                              10
day were required. The court’s use of the tentative ruling procedure to ensure the parties
understood they were to appear the following day at the hearings did not rob the court of
the authority to require the parties’ attendance at a scheduled hearing on pending
motions, especially when in this case the DomainWeb notification was confirmed by
emails from the court clerk that the parties were expected to appear.
III. The Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Its Choice of Discovery Sanctions
       Next we consider whether the court abused its discretion in imposing the ultimate
sanction, dismissal of plaintiff’s action, either because she repeatedly refused to make
herself available for deposition, or because she failed to comply with the court’s order
compelling her deposition. “A trial court may impose sanctions, including terminating
sanctions, for a party’s misuse of the discovery process, which includes disobedience of a
court order.” (Sole Energy Co. v. Hodges, supra, 128 Cal.App.4th at p. 207; see
§§ 2023.010 [misuses of discovery], 2023.030 [sanctions].)
       A. Substantive Prerequisites
       Generally speaking, nonmonetary sanctions for discovery abuse will not be
imposed in the absence of willful failure to comply with a prior court order. Two facts
are generally prerequisite to the imposition of nonmonetary sanctions: (1) absent unusual
circumstances, there must be a failure to comply with a court order, and (2) the failure
must be willful. (See, e.g., R.S. Creative, Inc. v. Creative Cotton, Ltd. (1999) 75
Cal.App.4th 486, 496 [terminating sanctions properly imposed for repeated efforts to
thwart discovery, including violation of two discovery orders].) “Even where
nonmonetary sanctions are called for, they . . . ‘ “ ‘should be appropriate to the
dereliction, and should not exceed that which is required to protect the interests of the
party entitled to but denied discovery.’ [Citations.] . . . [¶] ‘ “The sanctions the court may
impose are such as are suitable and necessary to enable the party seeking discovery to
obtain the objects of the discovery he seeks, but the court may not impose sanctions

                                              11
which are designed not to accomplish the objects of discovery but to impose punishment.
[Citations.]” ’ ” ’ ” (Biles v. Exxon Mobil Corp., supra, 124 Cal.App.4th at p. 1327.)
       There must be a judicial finding of willful non-compliance. (See, e.g., Weinkauf v.
Superior Court (1966) 64 Cal.2d 662, 664; Deyo v. Kilbourne (1978) 84 Cal.App.3d 771,
787-788.) “To justify imposition of such discovery sanctions, the trial court must
expressly find that the disobedient party’s failure to obey was wilful.” (Motown Record
Corp. v. Superior Court (1984) 155 Cal.App.3d 482, 489.) The propriety of terminating
sanctions is determined by the totality of the circumstances, including the willfulness of
the improper acts, the detriment to the propounding party, and the number of formal and
informal attempts to obtain the discovery. (Lang v. Hochman (2000) 77 Cal.App.4th
1225, 1244-1246.)
       B. Procedural Requirements
       The trial court’s power to impose discovery sanctions is also limited by statutory
and constitutional procedural requirements. (See Sole Energy Co. v. Hodges, supra, 128
Cal.App.4th at pp. 207-208.) By statute, “the court, after notice to any affected party,
person, or attorney, and after opportunity for hearing, may impose” specified sanctions.
(§ 2023.030.) “Adequate notice prior to imposition of sanctions is mandated not only by
statute, but also by the due process clauses of both the state and federal Constitutions.”
(O'Brien v. Cseh (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 957, 961 [sanctions under § 128.5]; Sole Energy
Co. v. Hodges, at p. 208 [discovery sanctions].) To satisfy these procedural safeguards, a
noticed motion is a necessary predicate to the imposition of discovery sanctions. (Sole
Energy Co. v. Hodges, at pp. 207-208; see § 2023.040; Alliance Bank v. Murray (1984)
161 Cal.App.3d 1, 5 [citing predecessor provision, former § 2034, subd. (d)].) Ex parte
imposition of discovery sanctions offends due process as well as statutory protections.
(Sole Energy Co. v. Hodges, at p. 208.)

                                             12
       A party must also have notice of the court’s order. Usually, the prevailing party
prepares and serves upon the opposing party a conforming order. 16 But if the prevailing
party fails to do so, the notice requirement is satisfied by a court-issued minute order in
lieu of an attorney-prepared order. “An order is a ‘direction of a court or judge, made or
entered in writing,’ other than a judgment. ([§] 1003; see Passavanti v. Williams (1990)
225 C.A.3d 1602, 1605, [‘another way of defining an order is the court’s written ruling
on a motion’; orders distinguished from judgments]; C.J.E.R., Judges Benchbook, Civil
Proceedings: Before Trial 2d, § 6.53 et seq.)” (6 Witkin, Cal. Proc. (5th ed. 2008)
Proceedings Without Trial, § 44, p. 466.) “Even if the court does not direct preparation of
an order, one must be prepared whenever a party prevails on a motion.... (C.R.C., rule
3.1312(a).) . . . [¶] A trial court’s oral ruling on a motion does not become effective until
it is filed in writing with the clerk or entered in the minutes. Accordingly, the trial court
may properly file a written order differing from its oral ruling when the ruling has not
been entered in the minutes. Furthermore, when the trial court’s minute order expressly
indicates that a written order will be filed, only the written order is the effective order.
. . . [¶] . . . One of these methods must be used if the order is to be effective.” (7 Witkin,
Cal. Proc. (5th ed. 2008) Judgment, § 54, pp. 589-590.)
       C. Analysis
       Plaintiff argues no evidence supports opposing counsel’s allegations or the court’s
findings that she refused to comply with the order compelling her deposition, or refused
to attend a deposition, because (1) defendants never noticed a deposition for her to attend
between March 1, 2013 and June 14, 2013; (2) it was not plaintiff’s fault defendant failed

16
   “If the prevailing party does not get around to preparing the order, then any other party
may do it. (California Rules of Court, Rule [3.1312(d) ].) The main ‘sanction,’ of course,
is that the victory won in the presentation of the motion does not ‘go into effect’ until the
order is signed, so prevailing parties are pretty good about getting this job done.”
(Younger on California Motions (2004 ed.) Ch. 2, Document Preparation and Service,
§ 2:38, p. 32.)

                                              13
to notice a deposition or propose dates for deposition; and (3) the order did not require
plaintiff to propose dates.
       Plaintiff’s arguments do not demonstrate an abuse of discretion based on the
totality of the circumstances. (Lang v. Hochman, supra, 77 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1244-
1246.) In this case, those circumstances included the events which led up to the court’s
March 1, 2013 order compelling plaintiff to make herself available for deposition in the
first place, such as failing to appear at a noticed deposition on January 16, 2013 without
good cause and without having served a valid objection, and refusing thereafter to meet
and confer about any other date for her deposition.
       It also included plaintiff’s conduct after the court’s order compelling her
deposition. It is true the court’s order did not become effective until March 19, 2013.
Plaintiff cannot be sanctioned for failing to comply with the court’s March 1, 2013 order
while it was subject to modification. However, plaintiff had actual notice that the court’s
order of March 1 had been memorialized in a minute order on March 19. The order
merely required plaintiff to appear for deposition and produce documents “on a date and
time to be mutually agreed by the parties but by no later than March 22, 2013 unless the
parties otherwise agree.” (Italics added.) Substantial evidence supports the court’s
finding that plaintiff’s conduct was willful. No abuse of discretion appears.
       Plaintiff also argues the choice of a terminating sanction was excessive and
unnecessary, because the defense said it was willing to go trial even if the court imposed
no sanctions, the court still needed to resolve plaintiff’s pending discovery motions, and a
simple continuance of the July 15, 2013 trial date would have given both sides time to
complete discovery and provided the court with an opportunity to give plaintiff “a
warning of the possibility of enhanced sanctions.” However, as the court noted in its
June 14, 2013 order, plaintiff did not provide the court “with any reason to believe that a
lesser order could or would be able to address the prejudice caused by her chosen strategy
at this late date,” nor had the court’s prior order imposing monetary sanctions of $1,230

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“have the effect of compelling Plaintiff’s compliance with her discovery obligations. . . .
[T]he fact that Plaintiff did not comply with her obligation to appear for her deposition
despite such prior sanctions is a factor reflecting that further sanctions of a lesser nature
would not be effective.” The court did not abuse its discretion by not warning plaintiff or
continuing the trial date.

IV. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Denying Plaintiff’s Motion to
    Vacate and Set Aside The Dismissal Under Section 437, Subdivisions (b) and (d).
       Subdivision (b) of section 473 permits a court “upon any terms as may be just” to
relieve a party from a dismissal “taken against him or her through his or her mistake,
inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect.” Subdivision (d) of that section permits the
court to “correct clerical mistakes in its judgment or orders as entered, so as to conform
to the judgment or order directed, and may, on motion of either party after notice to the
other party, set aside any void judgment or order.” (§ 473, subd. (d).) As discussed above
in section II of this opinion, the court’s order was not void; nor was it a clerical error.
Thus, subdivision (d) is not implicated here.
       The gravamen of plaintiff’s complaint under subdivision (b) is that the court made
an “extrinsic mistake” in “failing to give [her] adequate notice that Triay’s motion for
terminating sanctions would be heard with oral argument on June 14, 2013.”
Furthermore, “court staff failed to inform her” that she was incorrect “in her belief that
only discussion regarding scheduling or proposed scheduled dates, for the pending
matters, would occur on June 14, 2013.” Thus, it was the court’s fault that “caused [her]
to be deprived of opportunity to make oral argument” on June 14, 2013. We disagree.
       As discussed above in section II of this opinion, local rules required plaintiff’s
attendance at the scheduled hearing because the court had not issued a tentative ruling on
the merits. In addition to the local rule, the record shows the court explicitly used the
tentative ruling mechanism to advise the parties their attendance at the hearing was
required, and then reinforced that message by having the court clerk deliver it again by

                                              15
email after plaintiff indicated she did not believe her attendance was required. The court
delivered adequate notice. More was not required. Plaintiff has not demonstrated the
court abused its discretion in finding no excusable mistake on plaintiff’s part.
V. The Trial Court Did Not Deprive Plaintiff of Due Process or a Fair Hearing.
       Finally, plaintiff contends she was deprived of due process and a fair hearing
because Judge Freedman was not impartial, plaintiff was not adequately notified of the
proceedings, nor was she given the opportunity to be heard or to cross-examine her
accusers at the proceedings. (See Goldberg v. Kelly (1970) 397 U.S. 254, 267-268.) We
disagree. For the reasons discussed above, we find plaintiff was given adequate notice
that her appearance was required at the June 14, 2013 hearing on defendant’s pending
motion for terminating or other sanctions, which hearing had been duly scheduled and
previously noticed. She chose not to appear, thereby forfeiting her opportunity to be
heard or to question her accusers. Finally, the record is devoid of evidence that Judge
Freedman believed she perjured herself or that he was otherwise not impartial. The fact
he did not find her excuses and arguments sufficient to warrant relief under section 473,
subdivision (b) is not evidence of lack of impartiality. Plaintiff was not deprived of due
process or a fair hearing.

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                                   DISPOSITION
  The judgment is affirmed. Defendants shall have costs on appeal.

                                 _________________________
                                            Dondero, J.

We concur:

_________________________
Margulies, Acting P.J.

_________________________
Banke, J.

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