Court Opinion

ID: 868753
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-05-22 23:35:06.117614+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:11:00.169741
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/22/13 P. v. Ruiz CA2/8
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION EIGHT

THE PEOPLE,                                                          B247582

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BA357126)
         v.

FRANCISCO RUIZ,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Curtis B.
Rappe, Judge. Affirmed as modified.

         Eric R. Larson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.

         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Lawrence M. Daniels and Eric E.
Reynolds, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                                       ******
       The People charged defendant Francisco Ruiz with murder (count 1) and
attempted murder (count 2), with enhancements alleged as to both counts that Ruiz
committed the offenses for the benefit of a criminal street gang and that a principal
personally and intentionally discharged a firearm causing death. (Pen. Code, §§ 187,
subd. (a), 664/187, subd. (a), 186.22, subd. (b), 12022.53, subds. (d), (e)(1).)1 The
charges arose from a walk-up shooting. The prosecution theory was that Ruiz was the
shooter. At a first trial, a jury could not reach a verdict on the murder count, and
acquitted Ruiz of attempted murder.2
       At a second trial, a jury convicted Ruiz of first degree murder, with findings that
the murder was committed to benefit a criminal street gang and that a principal personally
and intentionally discharged a firearm causing death. The prosecution theory again was
that Ruiz was the shooter.
       The trial court sentenced Ruiz to a total term of 50 years to life in state prison
comprised of a term of 25 years to life on the murder count and 25 years for the firearm
enhancement. The court ordered Ruiz to pay $7,280 in direct victim restitution through
the Victims’ Compensation Board, and a $200 restitution fine, and a corresponding $200
parole revocation fine (stayed). (§§ 1202.4, subds. (b), (f), 1202.45.)
       Ruiz appeals. We modify the terms of the restitution fines, and affirm.

1      All further section references are to the Penal Code, unless otherwise indicated.
2      The record strongly supports the conclusion that the jury found there had been no
attempted murder as to a second victim hit by gunfire because there was no intent to kill
the second victim; the acquittal on the attempted murder count does not suggest the jury
found the evidence insufficient to prove Ruiz’s identity as the shooter. The split in the
jury on the murder charge against Ruiz at the first trial was 10 for guilty and two for not
guilty. The People also charged Ricardo Garcia with the same offenses and
enhancements. Ruiz and Garcia were jointly tried at the first trial. The prosecution’s
theory was that Garcia aided and abetted the shooting by acting as the drop-off and
getaway driver for the shooter. The jury acquitted Garcia of the attempted murder count,
and acquitted him of first degree murder. The jury convicted Garcia of second degree
murder, with gang and firearm enhancement findings. In short, the jury found that Garcia
had, in fact, been a willing participant in the shooting. We address Garcia’s appeal from
his murder conviction in a separate opinion.

                                              2
                                          FACTS3
1. The Murder
       In March 2009, Jose O. (the murder victim) and his girlfriend, Perla C., lived at an
apartment building on 24th Street, near San Pedro Street, with their almost one-year old
daughter.4 On the afternoon of March 19, 2009, Perla and others, including her cousin,
Juan C., were hanging out on the apartment building’s front porch, talking and planning
a party for Jose and Perla’s daughter’s upcoming birthday. Sometime between 4:00 and
5:00 p.m., Perla noticed two men stopped in a truck down the street. The men left after
about 10 minutes.
       About 5:45 p.m., Jose O. arrived home from work. He joined the group on the
front porch of the apartment building. About 10 or 15 minutes later, a man wearing a ski
mask walked up to the front of the building from the area of the intersection of 24th
Street and San Pedro Street. Speaking English, the man said, “What’s up” or “What’s up,
homey,” then pulled out a handgun and started shooting. As Jose tried to help Perla into
the apartment building with their baby, he was shot multiple times. Perla told the masked
man not to kill Jose, but the man kept shooting anyway.5 After the attack, the shooter
walked on 24th Street toward Stanford Avenue.
       The apartment building was in “territory” claimed by the Primera Flats gang. The
Primera Flats gang had graffitied on 24th Street. Gang members were sometimes present

3     In addressing Ruiz’s appeal, we summarize the facts based on the evidence at the
second trial at which he was convicted.
4      For sake of clarity, we use first names in this opinion at certain points in order to
differentiate between persons with that same or similar surnames. No disrespect should
be inferred.
5       The subsequent coroner’s autopsy noted that Jose O.’s body was “basically riddled
with bullet holes.” He suffered “eight through-and-through” gunshot wounds. Seven of
the bullet wounds were through skin and muscle; he died as the result of a bullet that hit
at the lower right leg and then travelled to the back of the pelvis, continuing through the
buttock, through the intestines and finally hitting the heart causing massive damage to the
heart and massive internal bleeding. A bullet hit Juan C. in the hand.

                                              3
near the apartment building. Jose O. was not in a gang, and did not have any gang
tattoos. Perla C. and Juan C. were not gang members.6
       Jose O.’s brother, Jesus O., also lived in the apartment building with his family. A
few minutes before the shooting, Jesus O. drove to a nearby liquor store on the corner of
24th Street and San Pedro Street to cash his check. His wife, E.P., waited outside in their
car. While inside the store, Jesus heard multiple gunshots coming from the area of 24th
Street. Jesus left the store, and started driving on 23rd Street toward Stanford Avenue.
He turned right onto Stanford Avenue, heading toward 24th Street. As he got to 24th
Street, Jesus saw a black Chevrolet Silverado pickup truck at the intersection of 24th
Street and Stanford Avenue. The pickup truck was about “five or six meters” away from
Jesus’s car. A masked man with a gun in his hand got into the bed of the pickup truck
and the truck drove on Stanford Avenue in Jesus’s direction. When the pickup truck
passed by Jesus’s car, the two vehicles were only about “half a meter” apart; the driver of
the truck almost hit Jesus’s car. Jesus noticed that the driver had a shaved head, and
appeared to be about 20 years old. As the truck drove on, Jesus noticed that its taillights
appeared “dark” or “black”
       E.P., Jesus’s wife, saw a man with a gun get into the black truck. As the truck
drove toward Jesus and E.P., the truck almost crashed into Jesus’s car. E.P. got a “good
look” at the driver when it was near Jesus’s car. The driver was Latin, about 24 or 25
years old.
       Maria H. lived on 24th Street between San Pedro Street and Stanford Avenue. On
the afternoon of March 19, 2009, Maria heard gunshots, and looked out her window. She
saw a man whose face was “covered,” holding a handgun, in front of her house. The man
walked down the street toward Stanford Avenue. A black pickup truck turned onto
Stanford, and the man with the gun got into the pickup truck, and the truck drove away.

6     The premise floated during trial was that Jose O. was killed in a mistaken identity
gang shooting.

                                             4
       E.B. also lived on 24th Street. At the time of the shooting, E.B. was in front of his
house talking to a friend. He heard gunshots and turned to see a man running toward
them. The man was wearing a ski mask and had a gun. E.B. jumped into the back of a
nearby parked pickup truck. The man stopped “a little bit” when he got near E.B., and
pointed the gun in the direction of E.B. and his friend, and asked where they were from.
The masked man was about six feet away. E.B. noticed a tattoo “similar to a spider” on
the man’s forearm.7 The man started running again.
2. The Investigation
       Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Detective Tommy Thompson and his
partner, Detective Gersna, responded to the shooting homicide scene. They arrived on
scene around 8:00 p.m. By the time Detective Thompson arrived at the scene, other
LAPD officers had secured the area around the apartment building and had already begun
marking evidence with small placards. Detective Thompson saw Primera Flats graffiti at
the intersection of 24th Street and San Pedro Street and also in front of the apartment
building. Officers recovered five .40-caliber bullet casings in front of the apartment
building; the casings appeared to have been fired from a semiautomatic handgun. There
were “strike marks” caused by bullets in the building. A bullet that traveled through a
window was recovered from inside the building; a bullet fragment was recovered from a
door. Detective Thompson spoke to Perla C. and Jesus O. on the night of the shooting.
       Detective Thompson learned that a store on the corner of 24th Street and San
Pedro Street had a video surveillance camera outside the store. The video from the
camera was played for the jury. The video showed a black Chevrolet Silverado pickup
truck pulling up to the east corner of San Pedro Street just north of 24th Street at
5:46 p.m. The truck had a distinctive decal on the driver’s side, and a distinctive chrome
bumper. On the video, Detective Thompson saw a person walk from the area of the truck

7       At trial, Ruiz’s defense counsel asked E.B. to look at a tattoo on Ruiz’s arm. E.B.
said it looked like “trumpet” or “scorpion.”

                                              5
south on San Pedro Street toward 24th Street and then walked east on 24th Street. The
truck then pulled away and turned onto 23rd Street.
       On March 31, 2009, Detective Thompson saw a black Chevrolet Silverado pickup
truck like the one in the liquor store video parked at a residence on 20th Street. Detective
Thompson ran the license plate and received information that it was registered to Ricardo
Garcia. On May 27, 2009, Detective Thompson saw Garcia driving the truck. When the
brakes were applied, the brake lights appeared to be tinted “smoky” as described by
Jesus O. The truck had a chrome bumper. On May 28, 2009, police took Garcia’s truck
into police custody. Detective Thompson photographed the truck. Detective Thompson
subsequently learned that Ruiz lived next door to the residence where the detective
observed Garcia’s truck on March 31, 2009.
       On May 27, 2009, Detective Thompson received a call from detectives at LAPD’s
Hollywood station. The callers told Detective Thompson that they had a man in custody
who might have information about a shooting.8 Detective Thompson and his partner
went to the station, where they interviewed Rosas. After initial exchanges, the interview
was recorded.9 Rosas said he had information about a shooting that came from the “guy
himself.” Off-tape, Rosas said he lived outside of the territory of the 22nd Street gang,
but hung out with some guys in the neighborhood.
       Rosas told Detective Thompson that he (Rosas) had a conversation with Ruiz in
which Ruiz said that he was involved in a shooting. Ruiz said he walked up to a two-
story apartment building wearing a ski mask and shot a man that was standing out front.
Ruiz said that “Rica” dropped him off. On another occasion, Rosas was with Ruiz at a
recycling center when Ruiz thought he recognized someone there as a person that was at
the apartment building at the time of the shooting. Ruiz was nervous because he thought
that the man recognized him.

8      Luis Rosas had been arrested for possession of methamphetamine and a loaded
firearm.
9      Parts of the interview were not audible on the tape. During Detective Thompson’s
testimony at both trials, he filled in information about Rosas’s statements.

                                             6
       On May 28, 2009, Detective Thompson showed a six-pack photographic lineup to
Jesus O. and E.P. Jesus was not able to identify anyone. E.P. identified Garcia’s photo.
3. The Criminal Case
       In December 2009, the People filed an information jointly charging Garcia and
Ruiz with the murder of Jose O. (count 1; § 187, subd. (a)), and the attempted murder of
Juan C. (count 2; §§ 664/187, subd. (a).) As to both counts, the information alleged the
crime was committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang, and that a principal
personally and intentionally discharged a firearm causing death.
       As noted above (see fn. 2, ante), the charges against Ruiz and Garcia were tried to
a jury at a joint trial in early 2011. Following a mistrial in March 2011 as to the murder
count against Ruiz, the murder charge against Ruiz was tried to a second jury in the
summer of 2011. The testimony of the percipient witnesses established the facts of the
murder summarized above.
       Eyewitness E.P. identified Garcia as the driver of the getaway truck. Detective
Thompson testified regarding his investigation, including E.P.’s pretrial identification of
Garcia from a “six-pack” lineup of photographs, and his interview of Rosas. The
evidence of the interview showed that Rosas told Detective Thompson that Ruiz had
admitted he was the shooter.
       When called by the prosecution at trial, Rosas denied having a conversation with
Ruiz about a shooting near San Pedro Street and 24th Street.10 Rosas testified he knew
Ruiz from around their neighborhood in the area of 23rd Street, 20th Street and Griffith
Avenue. Rosas testified he did not recognize a photograph of Garcia, even though he
(Rosas) had previously identified Garcia in prior testimony. Rosas testified he did not
remember having previously identified Garcia. Rosas testified he was arrested for
possession of methamphetamine and a loaded firearm on May 27, 2009. Rosas testified

10     Rosas testified at the second trial under an agreement granting him use immunity
for any crimes he might admit, and immunity for perjury based on conflicts between his
testimony at Ruiz’s second trial and his testimony at the first joint trial against Garcia and
Ruiz.

                                              7
that he recalled talking to police at a police station on the day he was arrested, but he
denied that he had told police that he had information about a shooting. Rosas testified
that, at the time of his arrest, he did not know anything about a shooting. Rosas testified
that he never spoke to Ruiz about the shooting. When shown a copy of a transcript of the
recording of his interview, and a copy of a police report as to the interview, Rosas
continued to testify that he did not say anything to the police. The prosecutor played
several parts of the recording of Rosas’s interview, each time focusing on different parts
of the information given by Rosas during the interview. Each time the prosecutor played
a part of Rosas’s interview, Rosas denied that he said anything to the police. In essence,
Rosas implicitly denied it was him speaking on the tape.
       LAPD Officer Ronald Berdin testified as a gang expert. In response to a
hypothetical question with facts tracking those involved in the shooting at the apartment
building, Officer Berdin offered his opinion that such a crime would have been
committed to benefit the 22nd Street gang. The evidence showed that Ruiz was an
admitted member of the 22nd Street gang.
       In his defense, Ruiz called E.B. to challenge Ruiz’s identity as the shooter. In that
vein, Ruiz’s counsel elicited testimony from E.B. regarding a tattoo he saw on the
shooter’s arm on the day of the murder, and how the tattoo differed from a tattoo on
Ruiz’s arm at the time of trial. Ruiz’s defense otherwise largely consisted of contesting
the credibility of Rosas’s interview with Detective Thompson, and, in particular, with the
evidence showing that Rosas had stated out-of-court that he was the shooter. In short,
Ruiz contended the evidence showing he was the masked shooter was not sufficient to
support his conviction.
       On August 1, 2011, the jury returned a verdict finding Ruiz guilty of first degree
murder, with findings he committed the offense for the benefit of a criminal street gang
and that a principal personally and intentionally discharged a firearm causing death.
       On October 7, 2011, the trial court sentenced Ruiz to a total aggregate term of 50
years to life, and ordered him to pay $7,280 for direct victim restitution to the Victims’
Compensation Board, a $200 restitution fine and a $200 parole revocation find (stayed).

                                              8
       Ruiz filed a timely notice of appeal.
                                       DISCUSSION
1. Prior Conviction Evidence
       Ruiz contends his murder conviction must be reversed because his trial counsel
provided ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to object to evidence showing that
Ruiz had a prior firearm-related conviction. We disagree.
A. The Trial Setting
       As noted above, to prove the gang enhancement allegation ancillary to the murder
count at the first trial as to both Garcia and Ruiz, the prosecution introduced evidence that
Jose Curiel, a 22nd Street gang member, was convicted of possession of a firearm by a
felon on October 27, 2006, and that Ernesto Naranjo, another member of the gang, was
con-victed of assault with a semiautomatic firearm on October 26, 2007. The jury never
reached the gang enhancement ancillary to the murder count as to Ruiz at the first trial
because, as also noted above, the jurors could not reach a verdict on the murder count as
to Ruiz. The jury found the gang enhancement true as to Garcia.
       Before the start of the second trial against Ruiz alone, the prosecution filed a
motion in limine to admit evidence -- for purposes of proving the gang enhancement
allegation -- showing that Ruiz was arrested in July 2007 for criminal possession of a
firearm, and ultimately convicted of a firearm-related offense. Citing the Supreme
Court’s then-recent ruling in People v. Tran (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1040 (Tran), the
prosecution’s motion argued that Ruiz’s prior conduct and conviction could be admitted
to prove the “predicate offense” element of the gang enhancement statute, and that the
evidence of Ruiz’s prior conduct and conviction was not otherwise inadmissible under
Evidence Code section 352.
       Ruiz’s counsel did not file a written response to this motion. At the hearing on the
motion, Ruiz’s counsel stated: “. . . I think it’s clear from the Tran case that the
prosecution can use the defendant’s prior conviction for proving up the predicate
[offense] aspect of the gang enhancement. [¶] But it also allows the . . . trial court to
retain jurisdiction [sic] as to how much of the information of the prior conviction comes

                                               9
in under a 352 analysis. [¶] . . . I would ask that the court -- if the court’s going to allow
them to use the prior conviction for establishment of the predicate [offenses] [--] I would
ask that the court limit the facts that come in . . . .” Continuing on in this same vein,
Ruiz’s counsel argued that the court should exclude certain factual details about Ruiz’s
July 2007 firearm-related offense, such as the fact that the firearm Ruiz had possessed on
the prior occasion was a .40-caliber firearm, the same caliber as the gun used in the
murder being tried, and that the location of Ruiz’s arrest was only about two blocks from
the scene of Jose O.’s murder. Ruiz’s counsel argued that the specific details of Ruiz’s
prior firearm-related offense would be “highly prejudicial,” and that the court should only
admit evidence showing that Ruiz had suffered a prior firearm-related conviction.
Partially consistent with defense counsel’s argument, the court ruled that the prosecution
could not introduce evidence of the caliber of the weapon involved in Ruiz’s prior arrest
for the firearm offense, but could introduce facts describing the arrest, including the area
where the arrest occurred and his admission to gang membership.
       During trial, LAPD Officer Michael Chavez testified that he had arrested Ruiz on
July 3, 2007, near the intersection of 21st Street and South Central Avenue, for being in
possession of a loaded and unregistered firearm. Then, during testimony from the
prosecution’s gang expert, the prosecution again introduced evidence of the same two
predicate offenses that were introduced at the first trial (those involving gang members
Curiel and Naranjo). The prosecution’s gang expert also discussed the facts of Ruiz’s
July 2007 arrest in discussing predicate offenses for the gang enhancement presentation.
In addition, the prosecution’s gang expert discussed a street conversation that he had with
Ruiz in December 2008 in which Ruiz admitted his gang membership. After both sides
had rested, a stipulation was read to the jury that Ruiz was convicted on July 13, 2007,
for “prohibited possession of a firearm as referred to in Penal Code section 186.22,
subdivision (e)” (sic) as a result of his arrest on July 3, 2007, that Naranjo “suffered a

                                              10
conviction for violating Penal Code section 245(b)” and that Curiel suffered a conviction
for “violating Penal Code section 12021, subdivision (a).”11
B. Analysis
       To be granted relief on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
must establish “(1) trial counsel failed to act in the manner to be expected of reasonably
competent attorneys acting as diligent advocates and (2) it is reasonably probable that a
more favorable determination would have resulted in the absence of counsel’s failings.”
(People v. Lewis (1990) 50 Cal.3d 262, 288; see also Strickland v. Washington (1984)
466 U.S. 668 (Strickland).) When the record on appeal “‘sheds no light’” on why a
defendant’s counsel acted or failed to act in the manner challenged, the judgment will be
affirmed unless the defendant establishes there could be “‘no satisfactory explanation’”
for counsel’s allegedly deficient actions or omissions. (People v. Ledesma (2006) 39
Cal.4th 641, 746.) A defendant establishes a reasonable probability of a more favorable
determination when he persuades a reviewing court that the result of his trial was
fundamentally unfair or unreliable. (Strickland, supra, at p. 694.)
       On appeal, Ruiz argues his trial counsel misunderstood Tran to have held that the
prosecution “can use a defendant’s prior as a predicate offense in all cases.” (Italics
added.) Ruiz argues that, if his counsel had correctly read Tran, then he could have and
should have objected to all evidence of Ruiz’s prior firearm-related offense under
Evidence Code section 352. Ruiz argues such an objection would have succeeded, and
that, absent the evidence of his prior offense, the result of his second trial would have
been more favorable.

11      The court’s subsequent instructions to the jury included an instruction that the
gang enhancement required proof of a pattern of criminal gang activity, and included this
definitional instruction: “A pattern of criminal gang activity, as used here, means . . . [¶]
[t]he commission of or conviction of: (1) assault with a semiautomatic firearm in
violation of Penal Code section 245, (2) prohibited possession of a firearm as set forth in
Penal Code section 186.22(e), and (3) murder in violation of Penal Code section
187. . . .” (Capitalization omitted.)

                                             11
       In Tran, the Supreme Court ruled that evidence of a defendant’s own prior
criminal conduct may be admitted to prove a predicate offense under the gang
enhancement statutes (§ 186.20 et seq.), subject to an appropriate balancing of the
probative value of the evidence versus its prejudicial effect under Evidence Code section
352. (Tran, supra, 51 Cal.4th at pp. 1046-1050.) In so ruling, the court rejected the
argument that use of a defendant’s prior offense to show a predicate offense is necessarily
prohibited in all cases by Evidence Code section 352. (Tran, at p. 1046.) The Supreme
Court held that Evidence Code section 352 does not automatically prohibit the use of
evidence of a defendant’s prior criminal conduct in all cases, nor does it automatically
permit the use of the same in all cases. (Tran, at pp. 1048-1049.) In summary: “That
evidence of a defendant’s separate offense may be admissible to prove a predicate
offense does not mean trial courts must in all cases admit such evidence when offered by
the prosecution. Considerations such as those described in People v. Ewoldt [(1994)] 7
Cal.4th [380,] 404-405, will still inform the trial court’s discretion and in an individual
case may require exclusion of the evidence.” (Id. at p. 1049.)
       We find no Tran-related deficient attorney performance in Ruiz’s current case. In
our view, the record does not support Ruiz’s assertion on appeal that his trial counsel did
not understand the Tran case and, in particular, does not support Ruiz’s assertion that his
trial counsel “affirmatively conceded” that evidence of a defendant’s prior conviction is
admissible under Tran to prove predicate offenses “in all cases.” On the contrary, Ruiz’s
trial counsel recognized that, under Tran, the prosecution “can use” a defendant’s prior
criminal conduct to prove the predicate offenses aspect of a gang enhancement allegation.
That was and is a correct, albeit perhaps truncated, statement about Tran. Tran held that
evidence of a defendant’s prior criminal conduct to prove the predicate offenses aspect of
a gang enhancement allegation is not subject to blanket exclusion in all cases, but instead,
such evidence “can be used” depending upon the circumstances.
       Ruiz’s trial counsel argued to the trial court that it had discretion under Tran to
decide “how much” information regarding a defendant’s prior criminal conduct “comes
in under a 352 analysis.” That, too, was and is a correct statement of the law under Tran.

                                             12
Tran allows for either total or partial exclusion of evidence concerning a defendant’s
prior criminal conduct, depending upon the circumstances presented in a particular case,
subject to a balancing evaluation under Evidence Code section 352. Ruiz’s argument on
appeal would have us construe his trial counsel’s use of the words “how much evidence
comes in” to constitute a concession that “some” evidence was going to be admitted no
matter what. We read the record differently. Ruiz’s trial counsel argued to the trial court
that it should limit the evidence that would come in, “if the court [was] going to allow”
the prosecution to use the evidence of his prior criminal conduct to prove the predicate
offenses aspect of the gang enhancement allegation. Ruiz’s counsel argued for limitation
of the evidence as an alternative, “if” the court allowed the prosecution to admit such
evidence.
       So, where does the record leave us in examining Ruiz’s ineffective assistance of
counsel claim? In our view, the light cast by the record illuminates a tactical decision by
Ruiz’s trial counsel to try making the best of the situation by arguing -- successfully in
part we add -- that the evidence of Ruiz’s prior criminal conduct should be sanitized. A
lawyer’s decisions as to making evidentiary objections at trial are generally a matter of
tactics, which should not be subjected to judicial hindsight evaluation on appeal. (People
v. Kelly (1992) 1 Cal.4th 495, 520.) On the contrary, in evaluating a lawyer’s trial tactics,
we indulge a “strong presumption” that his or her conduct “falls within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance.” (See Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 689.) Given
the record before us on appeal, we cannot find that there is “no satisfactory explanation”
for the actions of Ruiz’s trial counsel.
       In any event, assuming without deciding that there was Tran-related deficient
attorney performance in the form of too much indulgence regarding the admissibility of
evidence of Ruiz’s prior criminal conduct, we would not reverse his murder conviction
because we are not convinced that the result of his trial would have been different had his
trial counsel argued more strenuously for the total exclusion of evidence. First, we do not
agree with Ruiz that such an objection would have been successful. A review of the
reporter’s transcript of the Evidence Code section 402 hearing shows the trial court

                                             13
undertook a balancing evaluation of the evidence of Ruiz’s prior firearm-related arrest
and viewed the evidence to be more probative than prejudicial, as the court was permitted
to do under Tran. The court expressed its respect for jurors’ ability to distinguish
between the need for identity evidence to convict of the substantive murder charge and
the use of evidence for other purposes. We find no reasonable probability that the court
would have totally excluded the evidence of Ruiz’s prior firearm-related arrest had Ruiz’s
counsel more strenuously argued for total exclusion.
       More importantly, we do not agree that the jury’s verdict necessarily resulted, as
Ruiz contends, from the introduction of the evidence of his prior firearm-related arrest
and conviction. The record supports a conclusion that Ruiz’s conviction rested on the
second jury’s assessment of whether or not Ruiz had, in fact, admitted to Rosas that he
(Ruiz) was the shooter. In our view, the evidence of Ruiz’s prior conduct did not
contribute to the jury’s verdict on the substantive murder count because it did not relate
to his guilt for the murder; it did not relate to his identity as the shooter. Moreover, the
prior firearm-related arrest evidence was admitted so that it could be considered in the
context of the gang expert’s testimony on the gang enhancement allegation. It was not
critical as to the jury’s decision at the second trial to convict.
       Apart from this, the record does not support any particular conclusions about the
first trial and the second trial, except that the jury at the first trial could not unanimously
agree on Ruiz’s identity as the shooter, whereas the jury at the second trial could. We see
nothing in the record to suggest that any particular thought processes went into one or the
other of the two jury’s decisions. In the end, while we agree with Ruiz that the evidence
presented at his first and second trial was substantially similar, with the exception of the
added evidence of his prior firearm-related arrest at his second trial,12 we are not

12      Nine witnesses testified for the prosecution at the first trial against Garcia and
Ruiz. Perla C., Jesus O., E.P., Maria H., and E.B. testified as percipient witnesses to the
murder. Rosas was called about his interview with Detective Thompson, and Detective
Thompson testified as an investigating officer. Eugene Carpenter of the coroner’s office
testified regarding cause of death. Officer Berdin testified as a police gang expert. Ruiz
did not present any defense evidence at the first trial. The same prosecution witnesses

                                               14
persuaded that the result of his second trial must be viewed to be the result of the added
evidence.
2. Restitution
       Ruiz contends, the People concede, and we agree that the abstract of judgment
should be amended to reflect joint and several liability with Garcia for the direct victim
restitution fine ($7,280) payable to the Victims’ Compensation Board. The trial court
orally pronounced that the restitution payment was to be joint and several with Garcia.
The trial court is directed to correct the abstract of judgment accordingly.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed as modified.

                                                  FLIER, J.
WE CONCUR:

       RUBIN, Acting P. J.

       GRIMES, J.

testified at the second trial against Ruiz alone, except E.B., but Ruiz called E.B. as a
defense witness. The most significant difference between the first and second trials was
the prosecution’s presentation of a 10th witness, Officer Chavez, who testified regarding
Ruiz’s prior crime.

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