Court Opinion

ID: 2653485
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-18 02:35:05.233097+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:26:16.711676
License: Public Domain

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                             ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Matthew D. Anglemeyer                               Gregory F. Zoeller
Ruth Ann Johnson                                    Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
                                                    James B. Martin
                                                    Deputy Attorney General
                                                    Indianapolis, Indiana

                                          In the
                       Indiana Supreme Court                                      FEB 11 2014, 11:00 am

                                 No. 49S00-1207-LW-000376

MICHAEL INMAN,
                                                            Appellant (Defendant below),

                                               v.

STATE OF INDIANA,
                                                            Appellee (Plaintiff below).

            Appeal from the Marion Superior Court, No. 49G02-1004-MR-029733
                            The Honorable Robert Altice, Judge

            On Direct Appeal from a Sentence of Life Imprisonment Without Parole

                                      February 11, 2014

David, Justice.

       Michael Inman was convicted of murder, murder while committing or attempting to
commit the offense of robbery (“felony murder”), robbery, and unlawful possession of a firearm
by a serious violent felon (“SVF”) and sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of
parole (“LWOP”). On direct appeal, he claims that Indiana Code Section 35-50-2-9(l) (2008) is
unconstitutional because it does not require that the weighing of aggravators and mitigators be
done beyond a reasonable doubt, and he raises issues related to the admission of evidence, the
use of an exhibit, an instruction on felony murder, the provision of a definition, the denial of
surrebuttal, and the sentence. We affirm Inman’s conviction and sentence.

                                 Facts and Procedural History

       On April 9, 2010, Inman went to the Fountain Square jewelry store of Dave Pedigo.
When Inman arrived at the store, Pedigo showed him a $2000 ring from a case near the front of
the store. A customer placed Inman at the store at 4:45 p.m. Besides this customer and Inman,
there were no other customers in the store at that time. Shortly before 5:00 p.m., a friend of
Pedigo’s entered the store and found Pedigo dead near a safe in the store’s back room.

       Pedigo had been shot in the head above his left ear from less than a foot away. The bullet
was later determined to have been fired from Pedigo’s own Rossi .38 revolver. Additionally,
there was evidence of blows to Pedigo’s chest and the back of his head. Investigators observed
no signs of a struggle in the back room, although in the front of the store a counter was disturbed
and a vase had been knocked to the floor.

       Later the same day, Inman gave his girlfriend Katie Sowders a ring taken from Pedigo’s
store. He explained his broken nose to her as the result of getting hit playing basketball.

       The following day, police arrived at Inman’s apartment. Not yet a suspect in Pedigo’s
killing, Inman was a suspect in an investigation into an April 3, 2010, robbery of a Circilla
lingerie store. Inman instructed Sowders not to open the door. When the police walked away,
Inman and Sowders exited the apartment. A neighbor observed Inman toss a gun into a bush.

                                                 2
Still nearby, police apprehended Inman, located the gun, and discovered nine rings from
Pedigo’s store in his pocket. The gun was determined to be Pedigo’s Rossi revolver.

       When asked by the lead homicide detective assigned to Pedigo’s case about his
whereabouts the day of the murder, Inman failed to mention his presence at Pedigo’s store.
Further, he claimed that he bought the nine rings and the gun for twenty-five dollars on April 9,
2010, from “a guy named Wayne Head.” Efforts to locate Head were unsuccessful.

       The State charged Inman with murder, 1 felony murder, 2 robbery, 3 and unlawful
possession of a firearm by an SVF 4; filed an information alleging Inman to be a habitual
offender; and filed a request for life sentence without parole. In its request, the State alleged as
aggravating circumstances that Inman (1) intentionally killed Pedigo while committing or
attempting to commit robbery; and (2) killed Pedigo while on parole.

       On May 17, 2012, a jury found Inman guilty of murder, felony murder, and robbery.
Inman waived jury trial on the remaining charges, and the trial court found Inman guilty of
unlawful possession of a firearm by an SVF and to be a habitual offender. Additionally, the trial
court found that pursuant to Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(l), the State had proven the charged
aggravating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt, and that the aggravating circumstances
outweighed the mitigating circumstances. The trial court sentenced Inman to LWOP for murder.

       On June 13, 2012, the trial court conducted a sentencing hearing on the remaining counts.
Finding that Inman’s conviction for felony murder merged with his murder conviction, the trial
court vacated Inman’s conviction for the former. The trial court then sentenced Inman to four
years for robbery as a class C felony and to ten years for unlawful possession of a firearm by an

1
  Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(1) (2008).
2
  Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(2).
3
  Ind. Code § 35-42-5-1 (2008).
4
  Ind. Code § 35-47-4-5 (2008).

                                                 3
SVF as a class B felony, ordered both sentences to run concurrently with Inman’s LWOP
sentence, and enhanced Inman’s LWOP sentence by thirty years after determining him to be a
habitual offender.

                                          Issues Raised

       Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 4(A)(1)(a), Inman appeals directly to this Court. First, he
argues that Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(l) is unconstitutional because it does not require that the
weighing of aggravating circumstances and mitigating circumstances be done beyond a
reasonable doubt. Second, he claims the trial court erred under Ind. Evidence Rule 404(b) by
admitting evidence that Inman was a suspect in another case. Third, he asserts that the trial court
also erred under Ind. Evidence Rule 404(b) by allowing the jury to hear Inman refer to a
“criminal spree.” Fourth, he contends that he was improperly denied a change of judge and a
grant of a mistrial after he so moved following the State’s provision of an ordered list of exhibits
and sponsoring witnesses to the trial court and not the defense.

       Fifth, he posits that the trial court erred by giving a jury instruction about the robbery and
murder being a “continuous transaction.”       Sixth, he maintains that the trial court erred in
providing the jury with a definition of the word “asportation.” Seventh, he insists that the trial
court erred in denying him surrebuttal in closing argument to address the State’s contention that
Pedigo was on his knees when he was shot. Eighth, he reasons that he is entitled to a new trial
on account of cumulative error. Ninth and finally, he propounds that his LWOP sentence should
be reduced to a term of years pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B). We will take each in turn.

                                       Standard of Review

       “A sentence of life without parole is subject to the same statutory standards and
requirements as the death penalty.” Krempetz v. State, 872 N.E.2d 605, 613 (Ind. 2007).

                                                 4
Following a finding of guilty by the jury, before life imprisonment without parole for murder can
be imposed, the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt at least one aggravating
circumstance listed in subsection (b) of the LWOP statute. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(a); Krempetz,
872 N.E.2d at 613. In making its sentencing determination, the trial court must find not only that
the State has proven the existence of an alleged aggravator beyond a reasonable doubt, but also
that any mitigating circumstances that exist are outweighed by the aggravating circumstance or
circumstances. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(l); Krempetz, 872 N.E.2d at 613.

       We have mandatory and exclusive jurisdiction over a criminal appeal where the sentence
is life without parole. App. R. 4(A)(1)(a); Cain v. State, 955 N.E.2d 714, 718 (Ind. 2011).
However, our standard rules of appellate review apply just as they do in death penalty cases.
Cain, 955 N.E.2d at 718.

                           I.     Indiana Code Section 35-50-2-9(l)

       Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(l) provides:

               Before a sentence may be imposed under this section, the jury, in a
               proceeding under subsection (e), or the court, in a proceeding
               under subsection (g), must find that:

               (1) the state has proved beyond a reasonable doubt that at least one
               (1) of the aggravating circumstances listed in subsection (b) exists;
               and

               (2) any mitigating circumstances that exist are outweighed by the
               aggravating circumstance or circumstances.

Inman contends that Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(l) is unconstitutional because it does not require that
the weighing of aggravating circumstances and mitigating circumstances be done beyond a
reasonable doubt.

                                                5
       However, this Court has held otherwise. As we discussed in Ritchie v. State,

               [t]he Supreme Court has now made clear that statutory aggravators
               in Indiana’s Death Penalty law are the functional equivalent of
               elements of a crime, and must be found by a jury beyond a
               reasonable doubt. Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 609 (2002).
               Ring applied to death penalty jurisprudence the doctrine first
               developed in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 494, that the
               Sixth Amendment right to jury trial requires that the jury make any
               finding that “exposes the defendant to a greater punishment.” We
               believe the pivotal inquiry under Ring and Apprendi is whether
               exposure to punishment is increased, not whether the punishment
               should or should not be imposed in a given case. As Ring
               explained: “If a State makes an increase in a defendant’s
               authorized punishment contingent on the finding of a fact, that
               fact—no matter how the State labels it—must be found by a jury
               beyond a reasonable doubt.” Ring, 536 U.S. at 602.

809 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. 2004) (emphasis added), cert. denied.

       Despite the Sixth Amendment analysis present in our above-quoted precedent, Inman
claims that we reached the wrong result in Ritchie because we used “terminology exclusively
within the purview of the Eighth Amendment.” (Inman’s Br. at 13.) According to Inman, this
Court’s use of the term “selection decision” and “conclusion that the weighing process is a
‘selection decision’” are improper. (Inman’s Br. at 13, 30.)

       However, an examination of the Ritchie text reveals that term appears only once in the
decision—within a quote from the Nebraska Supreme Court contrasting the Sixth Amendment
right to jury determination of facts exposing a defendant to the death penalty with the “selection
decision” that follows the balancing of aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Ritchie, 809
N.E.2d at 267. Furthermore, to the extent that the weighing of aggravating and mitigating
factors determines whether a life sentence will be imposed, there is no conflating of Sixth and
Eighth Amendment principles in Ritchie. Inman himself concedes that “there will certainly be

                                                6
overlap in terminology between the Eighth Amendment analysis and the Sixth Amendment
analysis.” (Inman’s Br. at 29.) His contention lacks merit.

       After Inman waived his right to have a jury make the § 35-50-2-9(l) findings, the trial
court found that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Inman intentionally killed
Pedigo while committing or attempting to commit robbery and killed Pedigo while on parole.
The trial court then found that these aggravating circumstances outweighed any mitigating
circumstances. 5 Because we concluded in Ritchie that “neither federal constitutional doctrine
under Apprendi and Ring nor Indiana state jurisprudence leads to the requirement that weighing
be done under a reasonable doubt standard,” the trial court was not required to weigh the
aggravating circumstances and mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt. 809 N.E.2d
at 266. Thus, the trial court fully complied with Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(l), which we once again
uphold as constitutional.

                             II.     “Suspect in Another Crime”

       The second issue Inman raises relates to the testimony of a detective. At a pretrial
hearing, the State—wanting at trial to inquire of a detective why the police arrived at Inman’s
apartment before he was considered a suspect in Pedigo’s murder—argued that the prosecutor
should be able to ask the detective if Inman was “wanted for a crime.” (Tr. at 1351.) Inman
objected and insisted that the jury hear only that he was “a person of interest.” (Tr. at 1353.)

5
  Inman’s offered mitigating circumstances: (1) the nature and circumstances of this crime make
LWOP disproportionate to other punishments imposed in other cases; (2) residual doubt that the
killing was a result of self-defense; (3) he had an alcoholic mother; (4) he had a physically and
emotionally absent father; (5) his grandmother, who adopted him, died in 1997; (6) he earned a
GED; (7) he obtained, between Ball State University and Martin University, a four-year college
education; (8) he maintained an ongoing, non-violent relationship with Katie Sowders; and (9) he
took responsibility for the shooting. The trial court did not find (1), (2), (8), or (9) to be
mitigating circumstances. Although the trial court found (3)–(7) to be mitigating, it afforded
these circumstances little weight.

                                                7
Following arguments, the trial court ruled that the prosecutor would be able to ask the detective
if he was present at Inman’s apartment “to apprehend him for [an] unrelated crime.” (Tr. at
1381.)

         Thus, at trial the prosecutor asked Detective Brian Lemond of the Indianapolis
Metropolitan Police Department the following question: “On that day [April 10, 2010], were you
investigating another crime in which Michael Inman was a suspect?” (Tr. at 311.) Inman
promptly objected, and the trial court overruled his objection. When asked if he was trying to
locate Inman on April 10, Detective Lemond responded affirmatively. Shortly thereafter, at
Inman’s request, the trial court read the jury the following limiting instruction:

                You have now heard evidence that Mr. Inman was a suspect in an
                unrelated crime, in another case, when law enforcement officers
                arrested him. The fact that law enforcement officers were seeking
                Mr. Inman in relation to an unrelated matter is irrelevant to the
                issues before you in this case. You are not to speculate about that
                [sic] the other matter is. You are not [sic] consider this
                information as evidence related to the elements of the offenses
                charged in this case and you must not give this information any
                weight in determining your verdict in this case.

(Tr. at 323–24.)

         Inman contends that the trial court’s decision to allow the prosecutor during direct
examination to refer to him as a suspect in another crime was prohibited under Ind. Evidence
Rule 404(b), which provides:

                Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to
                prove the character of a person in order to show action in
                conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other
                purposes, such as proof of motive, intent, preparation, plan,
                knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided
                that upon such request by the accused, the prosecution in a

                                                  8
               criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, or
               during trial if the court excuses pre-trial notice on good cause
               shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends to
               introduce at trial.

We review the trial court’s 404(b) ruling for an abuse of discretion. Thompson v. State, 690
N.E.2d 224, 233 (Ind. 1997).

       Here, the trial court ruled that the prosecutor could ask Detective Lemond if, when he
arrived at Inman’s apartment on April 10, his intent was to apprehend Inman for an unrelated
crime. Allowing the jury to hear Inman referred to as a suspect in another crime invited the
jurors to make the impermissible inference that because Inman was being investigated for
another crime, he commits crimes, and because Inman commits crimes, he killed Pedigo in the
course of a robbery. This is precisely the reasoning against which Ind. Evidence Rule 404(b)
guards. Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion in permitting the prosecutor to ask
Detective Lemond if he was “investigating another crime in which Michael Inman was a
suspect.” (Tr. at 311.)

       Nevertheless, the trial court’s abuse of discretion was harmless error. “Trial court error is
harmless if the probable impact of the error on the jury, in light of all the evidence, is sufficiently
minor such that it does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.” Hauk v. State, 729 N.E.2d
994, 1002 (Ind. 2000). Shortly after the jury heard that Inman was wanted for an unrelated
crime, the trial court read the jury a limiting instruction that directed them not to speculate about,
consider, or give any weight to the “unrelated matter.” (Tr. at 323–24.) Furthermore, at no point
in the determination of Inman’s guilt did the jurors learn that the unrelated crime was a robbery.
Because the probable impact of the reference to Inman as a suspect in another crime was minor,
such that it did not affect Inman’s substantial rights, it was harmless error.

                                                  9
       We believe that the trial court should have adopted the defendant’s position, so that the
prosecutor referred to Inman as a person of interest rather than a suspect in another crime.
However, given the limiting instruction read to the jury, the error was harmless.

                                    III.   “Criminal Spree”

       Next, Inman argues that the trial court erred under Ind. Evidence Rule 404(b) by allowing
the jury to hear a recording of a telephone call that Inman placed from jail before trial. In the
recording, Inman says “So, they just making it look like I was on a criminal spree or whatever.
A crime spree. You know how they be talking, aw, he was going crazy and this happened first
and then this happened next . . . .” (Inman’s Br. at 51.) It is unclear from the transcript of the
recording whether the “criminal spree” Inman was referring to was (1) the unrelated April 3,
2010, robbery of a Circilla store in which he was a suspect and the Pedigo murder and robbery;
or (2) the Pedigo murder and the Pedigo robbery.

       If Inman was referring to the Pedigo murder and the Pedigo robbery, then the trial court
was correct in admitting the recording into evidence because Inman’s admission was highly
relevant to his determination of guilt and not otherwise inadmissible. However, if Inman was
referring to the Circilla robbery and the Pedigo murder and robbery, then the trial court should
have excluded the recording because of the likelihood that the jurors would make Ind. Evidence
Rule 404(b)’s impermissible inference: because Inman commits crimes, he murdered Pedigo in
the course of a robbery.

       As previously stated, the record is unclear as to which scenario Inman was referring to
when he alluded to going on a “criminal spree.” Under either scenario, Inman has failed to show
that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s admission of his ambiguous reference to a “criminal
spree” into evidence. Consequently, Inman cannot establish that the trial court erred under Ind.
Evidence Rule 404(b).

                                                10
                                         IV.     Exhibit Log

          Before trial, the State created an exhibit log, which listed both the exhibits the State
planned to offer and the witnesses the State planned to have authenticate the exhibits. The State
provided a copy of the exhibit log to the trial court, but not to Inman. Unbeknownst to Inman,
the trial court used the exhibit log during trial to track exhibits.

          On the afternoon of the third day of trial, 6 when Inman became aware of the exhibit log,
he requested a copy. Outside the presence of the jury, arguments were heard. Inman objected to
the exhibit log as an ex parte communication between the State and the trial court. Citing work
product privilege, the State contended, “I don’t think I should be expected to give [Inman] a road
map of my case so he knows where I [sic] going with it.” (Tr. at 548–49.) The trial court
initially decided not to provide a copy to Inman, who immediately objected. Later that day,
Inman filed motions for a change of judge and a mistrial.

          Ultimately, the trial court marked the exhibit log Court’s Exhibit One and admitted it into
evidence. Denying Inman’s motions, the trial court stated, “[the] State provided [the] Court with
an exhibit list.     Any [sic] witness list for convenance [sic].      These documents were for
administrative purposes and the documents did not address substantive issues.” (Tr. at 829.)

          “[T]he appropriate standard of review of a trial judge’s decision to grant or deny a motion
for change of judge . . . is whether the judge’s decision was clearly erroneous.” Sturgeon v.
State, 719 N.E.2d 1173, 1182 (Ind. 1999). Further, “[t]he denial of a mistrial lies within the
sound discretion of the trial court, and reversal is required only if the defendant demonstrates that
he was so prejudiced that he was placed in a position of grave peril.” Gill v. State, 730 N.E.2d
709, 712 (Ind. 2000). “The gravity of the peril turns on the probable persuasive effect of the

6
    The jury began deliberations the following day.

                                                   11
misconduct on the jury’s decision, not on the degree of impropriety of the conduct.” Clark v.
State, 695 N.E.2d 999, 1004 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998).

       Determining that the exhibit log was only of administrative value, the trial court denied
both of Inman’s motions. We find no error or abuse of discretion in these rulings. The purpose
of the exhibit log was to aid the trial court in tracking the State’s witnesses and exhibits. Prior to
trial, Inman had received lists of witnesses and approximately thirty notices of discovery
compliance from the State. Contained in these notices were lists of physical evidence that “may
be used as exhibits a [sic] trial and can be viewed by contacting the undersigned deputy
prosecutor.” (Inman’s App. at 69.) Additionally, the notices indicated which pieces of evidence
had been copied and forwarded to defense counsel and provided information about the
prosecutor’s “open file policy” for viewing evidence. (Inman’s App. at 69–70.) Because Inman
already possessed or had prior access to the information contained within the exhibit log, the trial
court’s denial of Inman’s motion for a change of judge following Inman’s discovery of the ex
parte communication was not clearly erroneous.

       Likewise, we cannot say that Inman was placed in grave peril by the trial court’s
possession of the exhibit log. As Inman has not demonstrated that his lack of possession of the
exhibit log had a probable persuasive effect on his defense, he cannot establish that his lack of
possession had a probable persuasive effect on the jury’s decision, as required by Clark.
Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Inman’s motion for a mistrial.

       Although we find no error or abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of Inman’s
motions, the suggestion of ex parte communication is an issue against which trial courts should
guard. Despite the fact that the exhibit log was provided to the trial court for convenience and
administrative purposes, we suggest the better practice going forward would be for trial courts to
refuse to accept exhibits when tendered ex parte, unless the opposing party has been given notice
and an opportunity to be heard on the matter.

                                                 12
                               V.     Felony Murder Instruction

       Over Inman’s objection, the trial court gave Final Instruction No. 7, which provided:

              The determination [of] whether the homicide occurred during [the]
              commission of the underlying felony of robbery is governed by the
              concepts of asportation and continuous transaction. A robbery is
              not complete until there has been an asportation of the property. A
              crime that is continuous in its purpose and objective is deemed to
              be a single uninterrupted transaction. A homicide and robbery are
              deemed to be one continuous transaction when they are closely
              connected in time, place, and continuity of action.

              The spirit of our criminal law would not be fostered by a ruling
              that a defendant could not be convicted of robbing a man he had
              just killed. 7

(Inman’s App. at 327 (emphasis added).) On appeal, Inman challenges the last sentence and
claims that the jury should have been instructed that some element of the robbery must have
occurred while Pedigo was still alive, but instead this sentence allowed him to be convicted of
robbery and felony murder even if all the elements of the robbery occurred after Pedigo’s death.

       Except for the last sentence, Final Instruction No. 7 tracks our reasoning in Krempetz.
There, the defendant and two others held Barbara Jo Keim at gunpoint for her ATM card and
PIN. Krempetz, 872 N.E.2d at 608. After driving Keim to her credit union, Krempetz and an
accomplice withdrew two hundred dollars from her account and drove Keim to a cornfield,
where Krempetz fatally shot her in the head. Id. Immediately thereafter, the two men divided
the two hundred dollars. Id.

7
  This sentence is a quote from a footnote in Robinson v. State, 693 N.E.2d 548, 554 n.2 (Ind.
1998) (holding Robinson’s conviction for robbery not barred by fact victim died before property
taken).

                                               13
       Although Keim’s money was first taken from her at the site of the ATM, the money was
carried away from that location and “did not come to rest until after Keim was fatally shot and
Krempetz received a share of the robbery proceeds.”            Id. at 611.   Because there was a
“continuing chain of events from the inception of the robbery to the murder that was closely
connected in time and distance[,] [t]he law therefore treats the two events as part of one
continuous transaction.” Id. We concluded that there was sufficient evidence before the trial
court to support its finding that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Krempetz
intentionally killed Keim while committing or attempting to commit robbery. Id.

       Under our reasoning in Krempetz, the robbery of Pedigo’s store was not complete until
Inman carried the property away; therefore, the robbery of Pedigo’s store and the murder of
Pedigo are closely connected in time, place, and continuity of action. As such, they are deemed
to be one continuous transaction. Inman’s contention to the contrary—that he could not be
convicted of robbing a man he had just killed if all the elements of the robbery occurred after the
man’s death—is without merit.

       Despite Inman’s mischaracterization of the law, he is correct in arguing that the last
sentence should not have been given. Instead of dispassionately stating the law in order to guide
the jury’s deliberations, the sentence appears to argue for the State.

       “In reviewing a claim of error in jury instructions, an appellate court considers the effect
of an erroneous instruction in light of the jury instructions as a whole.” LaPorte Cmty. Sch.
Corp. v. Rosales, 963 N.E.2d 520, 525 (Ind. 2012) (internal citation omitted). Instructional error
is harmless “where a conviction is clearly sustained by the evidence and the jury could not
properly have found otherwise” but “will result in reversal when the reviewing court ‘cannot say
with complete confidence’ that a reasonable jury would have rendered a guilty verdict had the
instruction not been given.” Dill v. State, 741 N.E.2d 1230, 1233 (Ind. 2001) (internal citation
omitted).

                                                 14
       We agree with the State that even though the last sentence of Final Instruction No. 7 was
improper, any instructional error was harmless since the evidence pointed “overwhelmingly to a
single continuous crime and there was no evidence that Defendant acted out of necessity or self-
defense.” (State’s Br. at 41.) Furthermore, the problematic last sentence followed a paragraph
that correctly set forth when robbery and murder are considered one continuous transaction.
Because the erroneous instruction did not prejudice Inman, we can say with complete
confidence, under the Dill test, that a reasonable jury would have rendered a guilty verdict had
the last sentence not been given.

                                      VI.     “Asportation”

       During deliberations, the jury sent a note asking for a dictionary or a definition for the
word “asportation,” appearing in Final Instruction No. 7. Over Inman’s objection, the trial court
sent the jury a note stating “you may not have a dictionary. Black’s Law Dictionary defines
asportation as: [t]he removal of one things [sic] from one place to another, the carrying away of
goods.” (Tr. at 931.) As a basis for its decision to provide the jury with the definition, the trial
court referred to Ind. Jury Rule 28, which states:

               If the jury advises the court that it has reached an impasse in its
               deliberations, the court may, but only in the presence of counsel,
               and, in a criminal case the parties, inquire of the jurors to
               determine whether and how the court and counsel can assist them
               in their deliberative process. After receiving the jurors’ response,
               if any, the court, after consultation with counsel, may direct that
               further proceedings occur as appropriate.

We review a trial court’s manner of instructing the jury for an abuse of discretion. Cline v. State,
726 N.E.2d 1249, 1256 (Ind. 2000).

       Ind. Code § 34-36-1-6 (2008) provides that, after the jury retires for deliberation,

                                                 15
               [i]f . . . the jury desires to be informed as to any point of law
               arising in the case[,] the jury may request the officer to conduct
               them into court, where the information required shall be given in
               the presence of, or after notice to, the parties or the attorneys
               representing the parties.

(emphasis added). Furthermore, we determined in Tincher v. Davidson that “Indiana Jury Rule
28 urges that trial judges facilitate and assist jurors in the deliberative process, in order to avoid
mistrials.” 762 N.E.2d 1221, 1224 (Ind. 2002). “Under appropriate circumstances, and with
advance consultation with the parties and an opportunity to voice objections, a trial court . . .
may directly answer the jury’s question (either with or without directing the jury to reread the
other instructions).” Id.

       Under Ind. Code § 34-36-1-6, the trial court was obligated to respond to the jury’s
inquiry into the definition of “asportation,” a point of law. 8 And that is exactly what the trial
court did. Although in its discussion with counsel the trial court referred to Ind. Jury Rule 28,
which is triggered only where the jury has reached an impasse, and though such reference was
inaccurate, in this case its actions were completely correct under Ind. Code § 34-36-1-6. 9 Even
if the trial court’s provision of a definition was not mandated by Ind. Code § 34-36-1-6, the trial
court had the discretion to respond to the jury’s question. Foster v. State, 698 N.E.2d 1166, 1170
(Ind. 1998).

8
  In Krempetz, asportation is defined as “the carrying away of the property.” 872 N.E.2d at 610.
9
  Importantly, Ind. Jury Rule 28 is predicated on the jury reaching an impasse. Should the jury
reach an impasse, then the trial court may assist the jurors in their deliberation. An impasse is
not necessary for Ind. Code § 34-36-1-6 to apply. This section is triggered when the jury, after
retiring for deliberation, requests to be informed of a point of law. Then the trial court must
provide the needed information. However, if the jury requests information and neither Ind. Jury
Rule 28 nor Ind. Code § 34-36-1-6 is applicable, “the trial court nevertheless has discretion to
provide the requested information. . . . The trial court, however, must exercise its discretion
extremely cautiously, consistent with Indiana Code Section 35-37-2-2 and case law in this area.”
Foster v. State, 698 N.E.2d 1166, 1170 (Ind. 1998).

                                                 16
           Not only was the result of the trial court’s actions correct under Ind. Code § 34-36-1-6,
but Inman himself cannot explain how he was possibly harmed by the trial court’s response to
the jury’s inquiry. Consequently, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in providing the jury
with a definition of “asportation.”

                                     VII.   Denial of Surrebuttal

           In the first part of its closing argument, the State focused on undisputed facts: Inman was
seen in Pedigo’s store fifteen minutes before Pedigo was found dead; Inman was found in
possession of rings taken from the store and the gun used to kill Pedigo. Applying the facts of
the case to the elements of the charged offenses, the State argued that Inman knowingly killed
Pedigo in the course of a robbery. According to the State, “there is nothing before [the jury]
from an evidentiary standpoint to suggest that David Pedigo, in my [sic] way, attacked Michael
Inman.” (Tr. at 882.)

           Arguing that the evidence “supports that Michael Inman acted in self-defense,” Inman
told the jury that the State had failed to produce evidence proving beyond a reasonable doubt that
Inman had “intended to rob Dave Pedigo before Dave Pedigo pulled his gun on him.” (Tr. at
912.) Inman contended that the evidence could not support a conviction for either murder or
robbery.

           On rebuttal, the State refuted Inman’s claim of self-defense. Pointing out that “[n]othing
in that back area is disturbed,” the State argued that if there had been a struggle for the gun, not
only would it have occurred where Inman was shot, but also that there would be evidence of that
struggle in the immediate area. Next, the State claimed that the location of blood spatter was
telling:

                                                   17
              What’s the significance of the blood on the side of the safe,
              because that’s evidence and that actuals [sic] us a lot. What does
              that blood right there tell us? Ladies and gentlemen, when he was
              shot, David Pedigo was on his knees. That blood starts right there,
              right there where his head’s at and he’s on his knees, he isn’t
              fighting anybody for anything. If he was standing up, if there was
              a struggle that blood, the blood spatter that the detective talked
              about is going to be higher up. . . . That is probably the most telling
              piece of evidence in this case.

(Tr. at 918–19 (emphasis added).)

       After the State concluded, Inman moved under Ind. Jury Rule 27 to respond to “a new
fact that the State brought up” on rebuttal: that Pedigo had been on his knees when he was shot.
(Tr. at 922.) The trial court denied his request. On appeal, Inman asserts that the trial court
erred; according to him, the State’s argument was misleading and not supported by the evidence.
He contends that the trial court was required to allow surrebuttal but can cite to no case
supporting his argument.

       Ind. Jury Rule 27 provides, in pertinent part:

              If the parties argue the case to the jury, the party with the burden of
              going forward shall open and close the argument. The party which
              opens the argument must disclose in the opening all the points
              relied on in the case. If, in the closing, the party which closes
              refers to any new point or fact not disclosed in the opening, the
              adverse party has the right to reply to the new point or fact. The
              adverse party’s reply then closes the argument in the case.

4This language closely tracks the language of Ind. Code § 35-37-2-2(4) (2008):

              [T]he prosecuting attorney shall disclose in the opening all the
              points relied on in the case, and if in the closing he refers to any
              new point or fact not disclosed in the opening, the defendant or his

                                                18
               counsel may reply to that point or fact, and that reply shall close
               the argument of the case.

       In Goodman v. State, Goodman requested surrebuttal under Ind. Code § 35-37-2-2(4).
588 N.E.2d 507, 508 (Ind. 1992). We determined that “when the State’s rebuttal is invited by
comments made by defense counsel during closing arguments, the defense has no right under the
statute to respond to the rebuttal.” Id.

       This same reasoning applies in determining whether a trial court erred under Ind. Jury
Rule 27 by denying surrebuttal. In closing argument, Inman’s counsel repeatedly argued that the
evidence supported Inman’s claim of self-defense; therefore, the State was entitled to rebut his
argument by calling the jury’s attention to the location of the blood spatter and inferring that
Pedigo was on his knees when he was shot. The trial court did not err in denying Inman’s
motion for surrebuttal.

                                     VIII. Cumulative Error

       Next, Inman contends that the cumulative effect of errors made by the trial court
throughout his trial and examined above denied him his due process right to a fair trial under the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and his right to complete justice under
Article I, Section 12 of the Indiana Constitution. This court has been willing to assume “for the
sake of argument, that under some circumstances the cumulative effect of trial errors may
warrant reversal even if each might be deemed harmless in isolation,” but not where it has been
“clear in light of the evidence of guilt that no prejudice resulted from any of the erroneous
rulings, individually or cumulatively.” Hubbell v. State, 754 N.E.2d 884, 895 (Ind. 2001).

       As explained above, although the trial court erred by allowing the State to refer to Inman
as a suspect in another crime, we found that error to be harmless. We further determined that the
trial court erred in instructing the jury that “[t]he spirit of our criminal law would not be fostered

                                                 19
by a ruling that a defendant could not be convicted of robbing a man he had just killed,” but we
also found that error to be harmless. In addition, as to Inman’s allegation that the trial court
erred in allowing the jury to hear him reference a “criminal spree,” we were unable to find any
prejudice.

       Inman is “entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect trial.” Myers v. State, 887 N.E.2d 170, 175
(Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. “Upon a thorough review of the record . . . we are convinced
that these imperfections . . . were more isolated than pervasive in nature.” Id. at 196. Taken as a
whole, not only were all errors harmless, but the cumulative effect of these errors was minor at
best and thus did not deprive Inman of his right to a fair trial or his right to complete justice.
Because Inman in no way suffered any prejudice from cumulative error, he is not entitled to a
reversal of his convictions.

                          IX.     Appellate Rule 7(B) Sentence Review

       Inman’s final argument is that his sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of
parole is not appropriate under Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B), which provides that “[t]he Court may
revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, the
Court finds that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the
character of the offender.” To support his contention that his sentence is inappropriate in light of
the nature of the offense and his character, Inman discusses at length the facts and sentences in
other LWOP cases and compares them to his.

       As we stated in Conley v. State, “life without parole is reserved for use in only the most
heinous of crimes that so shock our conscience as a community.” 972 N.E.2d 864, 880 (Ind.
2012). Despite Inman’s contention to the contrary, his heinous crime is befitting a sentence of
LWOP. While on parole, he beat and executed a man in the course of robbing his store. In

                                                 20
addition, Inman has an extensive criminal history, including five other felony convictions as an
adult.

         The trial court noted several mitigating circumstances but stated “I believe the
aggravating circumstances do, in fact, outweigh the mitigating circumstances presented and
found by this [c]ourt.” (Tr. at 1118.) We agree. Because we find appropriate Inman’s sentence
for life in prison without the possibility of parole for the murder of Dave Pedigo, we decline to
revise his sentence.

                                           Conclusion

         Accordingly, we affirm Inman’s conviction and sentence.

Dickson, C.J., Rucker, and Rush, J.J., concur.

                                                 21
Massa, J., concurring in result.

       I would find no error, harmless or otherwise, in the trial court’s instructing of the jury on
felony murder and robbery. When the judge read aloud that “the spirit of our criminal law would
not be fostered by a ruling that a defendant could not be convicted of robbing a man he had just
killed,” he was not arguing for the State, as the majority suggests; he instead was correctly
stating the law verbatim as this Court has declared it to be, Robinson v. State, 693 N.E.2d 548,
554 n.2 (Ind. 1998), and attempting to avoid the very confusion that subsequently ensued over
the definition of “asportation” that the majority takes up in the next section of the opinion.
Instead of leaving the jury with only an opaque, confusing instruction discussing “asportation”
(who wouldn’t have to consult Webster’s?) and continuing crimes, the judge quite correctly told
the jury that you can’t avoid a robbery conviction by killing your victim before you take his
property. That is simple, to-the-point guidance for lay jurors and should be encouraged, not
admonished.

       I otherwise fully concur.