Court Opinion

ID: 854709
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-03-08 20:03:32.722092+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:04:48.285586
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                       January 2013 Term

                                                               FILED
                       _______________                         March 8, 2013

                                                           released at 3:00 p.m.

                                                         RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK

                          No. 11-1288                  SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                        _______________                     OF WEST VIRGINIA

       VANDERBILT MORTGAGE AND FINANCE, INC.,
                     Petitioner

                                v.

                        TERRI L. COLE,
                          Respondent

____________________________________________________________

         Appeal from the Circuit Court of Harrison County

            The Honorable Thomas A. Bedell, Judge

                   Civil Action No. 10-C-574-2

                           AFFIRMED

____________________________________________________________

                              AND

                        _______________

                          No. 11-1604
                        _______________

       VANDERBILT MORTGAGE AND FINANCE, INC.,
                     Petitioner

                                v.

                        TERRI L. COLE,
                          Respondent

____________________________________________________________
                 Appeal from the Circuit Court of Harrison County

                    The Honorable Thomas A. Bedell, Judge

                           Civil Action No. 10-C-574-2

                                   AFFIRMED

      ____________________________________________________________

                           Submitted: January 16, 2013

                              Filed: March 8, 2013

Marc E. Williams, Esq.                    Sara Bird, Esq.
Nelson Mullins Riley Scarborough LLP      Mountain State Justice, Inc.
Huntington, West Virginia                 Clarksburg, West Virginia
Matthew D. Patterson, Esq.                Counsel for the Respondent
Jeremy C. Hodges, Esq.
Columbia, South Carolina
Counsel for the Petitioner

CHIEF JUSTICE BENJAMIN delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.     Because the amount of an award of civil penalties pursuant to W.

Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1) (1996) is within the discretion of the circuit court, we review

an award of civil penalties under this section for abuse of discretion.

              2.     Under W. Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1) (1996), an award of civil

penalties is not conditioned on an award of actual damages.

              3.     The maximum award of a civil penalty allowable under W. Va. Code

§ 46A-5-101(1) (1996), adjusted for inflation pursuant to W. Va. Code § 46A-5-106

(1994), does not violate the due process and excessive fines clauses of the West Virginia

Constitution and United States Constitution absent an abuse of discretion by the circuit

court awarding the civil penalty.
Benjamin, Chief Justice:

               The petitioner, Vanderbilt Mortgage and Finance, Inc. (“Vanderbilt”),

appeals both the August 15, 2011, Order Awarding Civil Penalties (“civil penalties

order”) (Case Number 11-1288) and the October 18, 2011, Final Order Awarding

Attorney Fees and Costs (“attorney fees order”) (Case Number 11-1604) of the Circuit

Court of Harrison County. Vanderbilt argues that the circuit court erred by granting civil

penalties1 and attorney fees to the respondent, Terri L. Cole. Ms. Cole contends that the

circuit court’s award of civil penalties and attorney fees is congruent with the laws of this

state and that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in awarding either.

               Because the factual history and procedural history giving rise to the two

cases sub judice are the same, the cases have been consolidated for this Court’s

consideration and resolution. After thoroughly reviewing the record presented, the briefs,

the relevant legal authorities, and the arguments of Vanderbilt and Ms. Cole, we find that

the circuit court did not commit error below with regard to either the August 15, 2011,

civil penalties order or the October 18, 2011, attorney fees order. We therefore affirm

both orders.

                                              I.

1
  Within this opinion, “civil penalty” is used to describe a penalty imposed by statute as
discussed in Part III.A. Other courts have described civil penalties as “statutory
penalties.”

                                               1

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

             In October of 1996, Ms. Cole and her husband2 financed the purchase of a

manufactured home in Harrison County, West Virginia, through Ford Consumer Finance

Company. In total, Ms. Cole and her husband borrowed $46,670.22, which was to be

paid back over thirty years with interest accruing annually at 9.25%. The loan was

secured by a deed of trust on the home and the underlying property. In April of 2005,

Vanderbilt became the servicer of the loan.

             Ms. Cole admits that over the life of the loan, she had difficulties making

her monthly payments. Furthermore, after Vanderbilt began servicing her loan, she did

not make one payment on time. In an effort to facilitate payment, Vanderbilt and Ms.

Cole negotiated three separate loan modifications in 2005, 2007, and 2009.

             During the time Vanderbilt serviced Ms. Cole’s loan, Vanderbilt had

difficulties contacting Ms. Cole directly. Ms. Cole did not have a landline phone in her

home for the majority of time Vanderbilt serviced the loan; however, she did maintain a

consecutive string of cellular phone numbers. The record does not reflect that Ms. Cole

attempted to avoid Vanderbilt. On the contrary, she provided her mother’s phone number

2
 Ms. Cole separated from her husband, James A. Cole, prior to the commencement of the
unlawful detainer action and counterclaims giving rise to this appeal. Although Mr.
Cole’s name appears in both the civil penalties order and the attorney fees order, he was
not a party in the underlying unlawful detainer action nor Ms. Cole’s counterclaims, and
he is not a party in this appeal.

                                              2

to Vanderbilt, and Ms. Cole made calls to Vanderbilt from landline phones owned by

clients3 and relatives. In its attempts to reach Ms. Cole, Vanderbilt called the phone

numbers previously provided to it by Ms. Cole and those phone numbers from which Ms.

Cole had called Vanderbilt, such as the phone numbers of her clients.

              Ms. Cole defaulted on her loan in 2010.          Vanderbilt foreclosed and

purchased the home and real property at a trustee’s sale. Thereafter, Ms. Cole refused to

vacate the home. On November 23, 2010, Vanderbilt filed an unlawful detainer action in

magistrate court against Ms. Cole. The action was removed to the circuit court, and Ms.

Cole counterclaimed alleging that Vanderbilt had violated the West Virginia Consumer

Credit and Protection Act (“WVCCPA”), W. Va. Code §46A-1-101 to -8-102. Ms. Cole

claimed that Vanderbilt had violated the WVCCPA fifty-seven times by engaging in

activity such as repeatedly calling relatives and clients after receiving requests that the

calls cease, insulting Ms. Cole over the telephone, and revealing private details of the

loan to third parties without Ms. Cole’s permission.

              Trial began in the case on June 27, 2011. At the close of the evidence, the

circuit court determined that Vanderbilt’s claim for unlawful detainer was a matter of law

to be decided by the court and removed that issue from the court’s instructions and

charge to the jury and from the verdict form. Regarding the claim for unlawful detainer,

3
 Ms. Cole is a certified nursing assistant. As part of her job, Ms. Cole worked in the
homes of terminally ill individuals.

                                            3

the circuit court found in favor of Vanderbilt and ordered that Ms. Cole vacate the

property within thirty days.       The remaining issues—those raised in Ms. Cole’s

counterclaim—were submitted to the jury. The jury returned a unanimous verdict as

follows:

              Question 1: On the claim of unlawful debt collection for
              oppressive and abusive activity (use of language intended to
              unreasonably abuse the hearer), the jury finds:

               X for the defendant, Terri L. Cole and determines that there
              were 1 violations and awards the defendant, Terri L. Cole,
              actual damages of $ 0 .

              Question 2: On the claim of unlawful debt collection for
              oppressive and abusive activity (placement of repeated,
              unsolicited calls to third parties despite requests to cease), the
              jury finds:

               X for the defendant, Terri L. Cole and determines that there
              were 10 violations and awards the defendant, Terri L. Cole,
              actual damages of $ 0 .

              Question 3: On the claim of unlawful debt collection for
              failure to provide a statement of account upon written request,
              the jury finds:

              X for the defendant, Terri L. Cole and awards the defendant,
              Terri L. Cole, actual damages of $ 0 .

              Question 4: On the claim of unlawful debt collection for
              unreasonable publication of indebtedness to a third party, the
              jury finds:

               X for the defendant, Terri L. Cole and determines that there
              were 1 violations and awards the defendant, Terri L. Cole,
              actual damages of $ 0 .

The circuit court entered the trial order containing the jury’s verdict on July 19, 2011.

                                              4

                On August 15, 2011, the circuit court entered an order awarding civil

penalties to Ms. Cole pursuant to W. Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1).4 The civil penalties

order fixed the award as follows:

                              a. One civil penalty at $4,583.45 for failure to
                provide a statement of account upon written request. After
                considering the reprehensibility of [Vanderbilt’s] refusal to
                provide account records, this Court wants to make it
                abundantly clear to [Vanderbilt] that every debtor has a right
                to access records pertaining to his or her account. In denying
                [Ms. Cole’s] account records upon request, [Vanderbilt] acted
                with complete disregard for [Ms. Cole’s] statutory rights. . . .
                Therefore, this Court attaches the maximum penalty
                permitted by law for this violation.

                               b. Ten civil penalties at $2,250.00 for each
                penalty, totaling $22,500, regarding the placement of repeated
                and unsolicited calls to Ms. Cole’s mother and third parties
                despite specific requests to cease. . . . [T]his Court awards
                [Ms. Cole] a mid-range penalty for each violation.

                             c. One civil penalty at $458.34 for the use of
                language intended to unreasonably abuse the hearer. . . .

                                d. One civil penalty at $4,583.45 for
                unreasonable publication of indebtedness to a third party. . . .
                [T]his Court finds that a stronger fine should be accorded to
                this violation.

The award of civil penalties totaled $32,125.24. Vanderbilt appealed the award of civil

penalties to this Court on September 13, 2011.

4
    W. Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1) is described and discussed infra in Part III.A.

                                               5

                In response to Ms. Cole’s motion for an award of attorney fees and costs,

the circuit court, after entertaining briefing on the matter by both Vanderbilt and Ms.

Cole, filed an order on October 18, 2011, granting Ms. Cole’s motion for attorney fees

and costs.5 The court awarded $30,000 of the $48,852.00 requested in attorney fees to

Ms. Cole pursuant to W. Va. Code § 46A-5-104,6 reasoning that, upon analyzing the facts

pursuant to case law, Ms. Cole deserved attorney fees, but that the award should be

limited “due to the mixed degree of success that was achieved.” Vanderbilt appealed the

award of attorney fees order to this Court on November 15, 2011.

                                              II.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

                On appeal, this Court is asked to evaluate whether the circuit court erred by

awarding civil penalties to Ms. Cole. The WVCCPA allows a party to recover civil

penalties “in an amount determined by the court not less than one hundred dollars nor

more than one thousand dollars.” W. Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1). Thus, we hold that

because the amount of an award of civil penalties pursuant to W. Va. Code § 46A-5­

101(1) (1996) is within the discretion of the circuit court, we review an award of civil

penalties under this section for abuse of discretion.

5
 Although the attorney fees order is styled as awarding attorney fees and costs, the order
awards only attorney fees.
6
    W. Va. Code § 46A-5-104 is described and discussed infra in Part III.C.

                                              6

             This Court is also asked to determine whether the circuit court committed

error by awarding attorney fees to Ms. Cole. The award of attorney fees is also reviewed

by this Court for an abuse of discretion. We have said,

                     Our review of the issue of a trial court’s award of
             attorney’s fees is to determine whether the lower court
             committed error in making the award. In Bond v. Bond, 144
             W.Va. 478, 109 S.E.2d 16(1959), we explained: “[T]he trial
             [court] . . . is vested with a wide discretion in determining the
             amount of . . . court costs and counsel fees; and the trial
             [court’s] . . . determination of such matters will not be
             disturbed upon appeal to this Court unless it clearly appears
             that [it] has abused [its] discretion.” Id. at 478–79, 109 S.E.2d
             at 17, syl. pt. 3, in part.

Heldreth v. Rahimian, 219 W. Va. 462, 466, 637 S.E.2d 359, 363 (2006); see also Chevy

Chase Bank v. McCamant, 204 W. Va. 295, 303, 512 S.E.2d 217, 225 (1998) (“In

reviewing the ruling of the circuit court with respect to costs and attorney fees, ‘the

standard is whether such ruling by the trial court constitutes an abuse of discretion.’”

(quoting Hopkins v. Yarbrough, 168 W. Va. 480, 489, 284 S.E.2d 907, 912 (1981))).

                                           III.

                                      ANALYSIS

             Vanderbilt raises six separate assignments of error dealing with three

overarching categories: civil penalties, interpretation of W. Va. Code § 46-2-125, and

attorney fees. We proceed by separately addressing each of these three categories.
                                            7

                                     A. Civil Penalties

              In this appeal, Vanderbilt challenges the circuit court’s authority to award

civil penalties in the absence of an award of actual damages. Vanderbilt argues that an

award of civil penalties must be reasonably related to the actual harm suffered, and

because Ms. Cole was found to have suffered no actual harm, the award of civil damages

was improper. Vanderbilt also alleges that because it believes civil penalties should not

have been awarded, the circuit court erred by increasing the penalties to reflect inflation.

Finally, Vanderbilt suggests that the plain language of the controlling statute, W. Va.

Code § 46A-5-101(1), requires that actual damages be awarded as a prerequisite to

awarding civil penalties.

              West Virginia Code § 46A-5-101(1) states, in pertinent part,

                     If a creditor has violated the provisions of this chapter
              applying to . . . statements of account and evidences of
              payment [or] . . . any prohibited debt collection practice . . . ,
              the consumer has a cause of action to recover actual damages
              and in addition a right in an action to recover from the person
              violating this chapter a penalty in an amount determined by
              the court not less than one hundred dollars nor more than one
              thousand dollars.

(Emphasis added).

              We begin by addressing Vanderbilt’s interpretation of the “and in addition”

language of the statute, which Vanderbilt argues conditions the award of civil penalties
                                              8

on an award of actual damages. Regarding the interpretation of statutes, the Court has

consistently held, “‘“A statutory provision which is clear and unambiguous and plainly

expresses the legislative intent will not be interpreted by the courts but will be given full

force and effect.” Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Epperly, 135 W.Va. 877, 65 S.E.2d 488 (1951).’ Syl.

Pt. 1, State v. Jarvis, 199 W.Va. 635, 487 S.E.2d 293 (1997).” Syl. pt. 2, Mace v. Mylan

Pharm., Inc., 227 W. Va. 666, 714 S.E.2d 223 (2011). “A statute is open to construction

only where the language used requires interpretation because of ambiguity which renders

it susceptible of two or more constructions or of such doubtful or obscure meaning that

reasonable minds might be uncertain or disagree as to its meaning.” Hereford v. Meek,

132 W. Va. 373, 386, 52 S.E.2d 740, 747 (1949). We agree with Vanderbilt that the

statute is susceptible to different interpretations.

              Upon examination of the plain language of the statute, it does not contain

any explicit conditional language, indicating that the Legislature did not intend to

condition the award of civil penalties on the award of actual damages. Furthermore, the

conjunction “and” separates the specifically delineated rights to pursue damages; there is

a right to bring a “cause of action to recover actual damages” and “a right in action to

recover . . . a penalty.” Separating the different grounds that give rise to a cause of action

also indicates the Legislature’s intent that an award of civil penalties is not conditioned

on an award of actual damages. The Court has previously rephrased the wording of the

statute, but without adding clarity to this specific issue: “Under W.Va.Code, 46A-5-101

[1974], the additional damages for fraud or unconscionable conduct are limited to actual

                                                9

damages and, if the court so determines, a penalty of not less than one hundred nor more

than one thousand dollars.” Syl. pt. 4, in part, One Valley Bank of Oak Hill, Inc. v. Bolen,

188 W. Va. 687, 425 S.E.2d 829 (1992).

              Examination of the statutory language and syllabus point 4 of Bolen, while

highly persuasive, is not dispositive. When there is uncertainty as to the meaning of a

statute, the statute must be evaluated to give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Syl. pt.

4, Mace, 227 W. Va. 666, 714 S.E.2d 223 (“‘“The primary object in construing a statute

is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature.” Syllabus point 1, Smith v.

State Workmen’s Compensation Commissioner, 159 W.Va. 108, 219 S.E.2d 361 (1975).’

Syl Pt. 3, Davis Mem’l Hosp. v. W. Va. State Tax Comm’r, 222 W.Va. 677, 671 S.E.2d

682 (2008).”). “‘“In ascertaining legislative intent, effect must be given to each part of

the statute and to the statute as a whole so as to accomplish the general purpose of the

legislation.” Syl. Pt. 2, Smith v. State Workmen’s Compensation Commissioner, 159

W.Va. 108, 219 S.E.2d 361 (1975).’ Syl. Pt. 2, White v. Wyeth, 227 W.Va. 131, 705

S.E.2d 828 (2010).” Syl. pt. 5, Mace, 227 W. Va. 666, 714 S.E.2d 223.

              The Court has enunciated the purpose of the WVCCPA: “The purpose of

the [WVCCPA] is to protect consumers from unfair, illegal, and deceptive acts or

practices by providing an avenue of relief for consumers who would otherwise have

difficulty proving their case under a more traditional cause of action.” Dunlap v.

Friedman’s, Inc., 213 W. Va. 394, 399, 582 S.E.2d 841, 846 (2003) (quoting State ex rel.

                                              10

McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac-Buick, Inc., 194 W. Va. 770, 777, 461 S.E.2d 516, 523

(1995)). Furthermore, we have said that the WVCCPA “represents a comprehensive

attempt on the part of the Legislature to extend protection to the consumers and persons

who obtain credit in this State.” Harless v. First Nat’l Bank in Fairmont, 162 W. Va. 116,

125, 246 S.E.2d 270, 275–76 (1978). Finally, we have explained that the WVCCPA

should be construed liberally in favor of the consumer. Dunlap, 213 W. Va. at 399, 582

S.E.2d at 846.

              The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) is the federal equivalent

to the WVCCPA, and like the WVCCPA, it also allows consumers to seek actual

damages and civil penalties from creditors. It states,

              (a) Amount of damages
              Except as otherwise provided by this section, any debt
              collector who fails to comply with any provision of this
              subchapter with respect to any person is liable to such person
              in an amount equal to the sum of—
              (1) any actual damage sustained by such person as a result of
              such failure;
              (2)(A) in the case of any action by an individual, such
              additional damages as the court may allow, but not exceeding
              $1,000 . . . .

15 U.S.C. § 1692k (2010). The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has interpreted this

statute as allowing consumers to receive awards of civil penalties without also awarding

actual damages. In Baker v. G. C. Servs. Corp., 677 F.2d 775, 780 (9th Cir. 1982), the

Ninth Circuit reasoned,

                                             11

                      Policy also supports the award of statutory damages
              without proof of actual damages. The only actual damages
              that a plaintiff would be likely to incur would be for
              emotional distress caused by abusive debt collection practices
              and, unless the violations are extreme and outrageous,
              traditional stringent evidentiary hurdles would be difficult to
              overcome.

              Following the reasoning set forth in Dunlap, Harless, and Baker, this Court

believes that the Legislature, in creating W. Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1), has created a

mechanism by which those who have suffered no quantifiable harm may yet recover civil

penalties for being subject to undesirable treatment described in Article 2 of the Act. We

find that by including the option for consumers to pursue civil penalties, the Legislature

intended that § 46A-5-101(1) function, in part, as a disincentive for creditors to engage in

certain undesirable behaviors that might not result in actual damages. Therefore, based

on the language of the WVCCPA and what we perceive to be the Legislature’s intent in

enacting the WVCCPA, we hold that under W. Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1) (1996), an

award of civil penalties is not conditioned on an award of actual damages.

              We are by no means the first jurisdiction to allow an award of civil

penalties in the absence of an award of actual damages. A number of courts, including

the United States Supreme Court, have awarded civil penalties without awarding actual

damages. See, e.g., F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc., 344 U.S. 228, 233

(1952) (“Even for uninjurious and unprofitable invasions of copyright the court may, if it

deems just, impose a liability within statutory limits to sanction and vindicate the

statutory policy.”); St. Louis, Iron Mountain & S. Ry. Co. v. Williams, 251 U.S. 63, 66
                                            12

(1919) (“Nor does giving the penalty to the aggrieved passenger require that it be

confined or proportioned to his loss or damages . . . as it is imposed as a punishment for

the violation of a public law . . . .”); Baker v. G. C. Servs. Corp., 677 F.2d 775, 781 (9th

Cir. 1982) (concluding that under the FDCPA, “statutory damages are available without

proof of actual damages”); Knoll v. Allied Interstate, Inc., 502 F. Supp. 2d 943 (D. Minn.

2007) (finding that the FDCPA is a remedial, strict liability statute, and thus, the debtor

was not required to prove deception or actual damages to recover); McCammon v. Bibler,

Newman & Reynolds, P.A., 493 F. Supp. 2d 1166 (D. Kan. 2007) (finding that actual

damages are not required for standing under FDCPA because the FDCPA permits

recovery of statutory damages in absence of actual damages); In re Hobbs, No. 10-42736

(Bkrtcy. E.D. Tex. filed 2012) (“[I]n light of the statutory damage provision, the Plaintiff

need not show actual damages in order to recover under [the Code].”); DirectTV, Inc. v.

Cantu, No. SA-04-CV-136-RF, 2004 WL 2623932, at *4 (W.D. Tex. Sept. 29, 2004)

(“The law has held for many years that statutes may provide for damages even where a

plaintiff cannot prove actual damages.”).

                Citing Fleming Landfill, Inc. v. Garnes, 186 W. Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897

(1991), Vanderbilt argues that the award of civil penalties in the absence of an award of

any actual damages is impermissible because due process7 requires that the award of civil

penalties be reasonably related to the actual harm suffered. Specifically, Garnes holds,

7
    U.S. Const. amend. XIV, §1; W. Va. Const. art. III, § 10.

                                              13

                      Syllabus Point 3 of Wells v. Smith, 171 W.Va. 97, 297
               S.E.2d 872 (1982), allowing a jury to return punitive damages
               without finding compensatory damages is overruled. Punitive
               damages must bear a reasonable relationship to the potential
               of harm caused by the defendant’s actions.

Syl. pt. 1, Garnes, 186 W. Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897. We agree with Vanderbilt that the

requirements of due process apply to an award of civil penalties; however, we do not find

that the “reasonable relationship” analysis in Garnes, which requires that awards of

punitive damages be conditioned on an award of actual damages, applies to awards of

civil penalties.

               Although our Court has never expressly stated that civil penalties are not

punitive damages, such is apparent in our case law. See, e.g., Peters v. Rivers Edge

Mining, Inc., 224 W. Va. 160, 680 S.E.2d 791 (2009) (finding a punitive damages award

appropriate to punish the petitioner in light of the lack of criminal or civil penalties).

While punitive damages are related to and conditioned on actual harm suffered, a civil

penalty is conditioned only on a violation of a statute. Similarly, while the question of

the amount of punitive damages to award may be submitted to a jury, the amount of a

civil penalties award is within the sole province of the trial judge. Civil penalties are

their own separate class of damages, taking on both compensatory and punitive

characteristics. See, e.g., DirectTV, Inc., No. SA-04-CV-136-RF, 2004 WL 2623932, at

*4 (“Statutory damages serve the purpose of deterring the public harm associated with

the activity proscribed, rather than seeking to compensate each private injury caused by a

                                            14

violation.”); In re Hobbs, No. 10-42736 (“The statutory damages available . . . are of a

generally compensatory nature, even if not designed to compensate for any particular,

actual harm . . . .”).8

               Although civil penalties and punitive damages are not one and the same,

and although the award of punitive damages requires an award of actual damages while

the award of civil penalties does not, both are limited by the requirements of due process.

In creating the “reasonable relationship” limit on an award of punitive damages, the

Court has explained that “[d]ue process demands not only that penalties be abstractly

fair, but also that a person not be penalized without reasonable warning of the

consequences of his acts.” Garnes, 186 W. Va. at 668, 413 S.E.2d at 909 (emphasis

added)9; see also Vanderbilt Mortgage & Finance, Inc. v. Flores, 692 F.3d 358 (2012)

(“The cited cases [BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559 (1996), and State

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408 (2003)] are inapplicable, because

they concern discretionary jury awards of punitive damages rather than a fixed statutory-

damage provision.         This discretion, the arbitrariness that might accompany it, and

principles of fair notice are what led the Court to invalidate the [punitive damages] award

under the Due Process Clause. . . .        No such discretion or problem with notice is

8
 Although the circuit court incorrectly equated civil penalties with punitive damages, this
error did not affect its analysis with regard to the reasonableness of its awards.
9
 In Garnes, the Court used the word “penalties” to refer to punitive damages, not civil
penalties within the meaning of this opinion.

                                              15

applicable here . . . .”); DirectTV, Inc., No. SA-04-CV-136-RF, 2004 WL 2623932, at *4

(“[T]he Gore Court’s main focus was that the person subject to the punitive damages

must have fair notice of the possible severity of the award. The Gore Court determined

that an actual damages award of $4,000 could not possibly have given the defendant

notice that a $2 million punitive award was possible.”). We find that the same logic

applies to civil penalties under the WVCCPA; if a civil penalty is so large that it does not

give reasonable warning to the creditor, that penalty will violate due process.

              Civil penalties are rarely found to be excessive. This is because statutes

awarding penalties dictate the minimum and maximum amounts that may be awarded.

West Virginia Code § 46A-5-101(1) states that a civil penalty must be “not less than one

hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars.” This language provides creditors

with reasonable warning that should they violate the provisions described in § 46A-5­

101(1), they may be subject to a civil penalty.

              Creditors are also placed on notice that any civil penalty enforced against

them may be adjusted for inflation pursuant to W. Va. Code § 46A-5-106 (1994), which

states,

                      In any claim brought under this chapter applying to
              illegal, fraudulent or unconscionable conduct or any
              prohibited debt collection practice, the court may adjust the
              damages awarded pursuant to section one hundred one [§
              46A-5-101] of this article to account for inflation from the
              time that the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection
              Act became operative, specifically 12:01 a.m. on the first day
                                            16
                 of September, one thousand nine hundred seventy-four, to the
                 time of the award of damages in an amount equal to the
                 consumer price index. Consumer price index means the last
                 consumer price index for all consumers published by the
                 United States Department of Labor.

This statute clearly explains how and when inflation will be calculated and added to a

total penalty.

                 In addition to requiring that creditors be placed on notice that they may be

subject to civil penalties under the WVCCPA, due process requires that the civil penalties

be abstractly fair. Due process “prohibits ‘grossly excessive or arbitrary punishments.’

[Campbell, 538 U.S. at 416].” Perrine v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 225 W. Va.

482, 547, 694 S.E.2d 815, 880 (2010) (quoting State ex rel. Chemtall v. Madden, 221 W.

Va. 415, 425, 655 S.E.2d 161, 171 (2007)). Whether a civil penalty is fair also implicates

the excessive fines clauses of the West Virginia Constitution and the United States

Constitution, both of which prohibit the imposition of excessive fines. The West Virginia

Constitution demands, “[E]xcessive fines [shall not be] imposed . . . . Penalties shall be

proportioned to the character and degree of the offence.” W. Va. Const. art III, § 5 (in

part).10

10
  The Excessive Fines Clause in the U.S. constitution states, “[E]xcessive fines [shall not
be] imposed . . . .” U.S. Const. amend. VIII. The Excessive Fines Clause of the U.S.
Constitution is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. See Cooper
Indus., Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Grp., Inc., 532 U.S. 424, 433–434, 121 S. Ct. 1678
(2001).

                                              17

              Our Court has never before addressed whether the maximum civil penalty

award under the WVCCPA, $1000, is excessive such that it violates the due process or

the prohibition on excessive fines; however, the FDCPA contains the same maximum

limit on a civil penalty, and awards of the maximum civil penalty under the FDCPA have

continuously been upheld. See, e.g., Clomon v. Jackson, 988 F.2d 1314 (2nd Cir. 1993);

Crossley v. Lieberman, 868 F.2d 566 (3rd Cir. 1989); Versteeg v. Bennett, DeLoney &

Noyes, P.C., 839 F. Supp. 2d 1238 (D. Wyo. 2011). We find no reason to treat the

WVCCPA any differently, especially given that the exact award of a civil penalty under §

46A-5-101(1) is subject to the discretion of the circuit court. Therefore, we hold that the

maximum award of a civil penalty allowable under W. Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1) (1996),

adjusted for inflation pursuant to W. Va. Code § 46A-5-106 (1994), does not violate the

due process and excessive fines clauses of the West Virginia Constitution and United

States Constitution absent an abuse of discretion by the circuit court awarding the civil

penalty.

              The basis of Vanderbilt’s argument that the circuit court erred by awarding

civil penalties was solely in Vanderbilt’s objection to the award of civil penalties in the

absence of any actual damages. Vanderbilt does not argue that the circuit court abused its

discretion by awarding civil penalties in any other way. Because we have found that an

award of civil penalties under W. Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1), adjusted for inflation

pursuant to § 46A-5-106, is not preconditioned on an award of actual damages, and

because we find no constitutional limitations on the awardable amount of civil penalties

                                            18

within the limits of § 46A-5-101(1), we find that the circuit court did not abuse its

discretion in awarding civil penalties to Ms. Cole.

                        B. Interpretation of W. Va. Code § 46A-2-125

              Vanderbilt argues two assignments of error related to the interpretation of

W. Va. Code § 46A-2-125. That section reads, in pertinent part,

                      No debt collector shall unreasonably oppress or abuse
              any person in connection with the collection of or attempt to
              collect any claim alleged to be due and owing by that person
              or another. Without limiting the general application of the
              foregoing, the following conduct is deemed to violate this
              section:
                      ....
                      (d) Causing a telephone to ring or engaging any person
              in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously, or at
              unusual times or at times known to be inconvenient, with
              intent to annoy, abuse, oppress or threaten any person at the
              called number.

              First, Vanderbilt claims that Ms. Cole did not have standing to recover civil

penalties for the violations of § 46A-2-125(d) because Vanderbilt’s calls were to third

parties. Second, Vanderbilt contends that Ms. Cole could, at most, be awarded one

penalty because only repeated or continuous calling gives rise to a violation of the statute,

not individual calls.

              Both of Vanderbilt’s arguments with regard to § 46A-2-125 challenge the

legitimacy of the jury’s findings as they appear in the July 19, 2011, Trial Order.

                                             19

Vanderbilt did not appeal the trial order. This Court is limited to examining only what is

being appealed: the civil penalties order and the attorney fees order. W. Va. Const. art.

VIII, § 4 (“[An] appeal shall be allowed by the supreme court of appeals . . . only upon a

petition assigning error in the judgment or proceedings of a court and then only after the

court, or a justice thereof, shall have examined and considered the record and is satisfied

that there probably is error in the record, or that it presents a point proper for the

consideration of the court.”); State v. Legg, 151 W. Va. 401, 406, 151 S.E.2d 215, 219

(1966) (“The appellate court does not acquire jurisdiction and cannot entertain an appeal

unless the appeal petition is filed within the prescribed appeal period.”).       Because

Vanderbilt did not appeal the trial order, this Court must abide by the findings in that

order in this proceeding. Accordingly, we do not find that the circuit court erred in its

award of civil penalties based on the jury’s findings.

                                     C. Attorney Fees

              Vanderbilt’s final two assignments of error involve the circuit court’s

award of attorney fees to Ms. Cole. The authority for awarding attorney fees pursuant to

the WVCCPA is found in W. Va. Code § 46A-5-104 (1994): “In any claim brought

under this chapter applying to illegal, fraudulent or unconscionable conduct or any

prohibited debt collection practice, the court may award all or a portion of the costs of

litigation, including reasonable attorney fees, court costs and fees, to the consumer.” (In

part, with emphasis added). This Court has found that an award of attorney fees under

this section is purely discretionary. Chevy Chase Bank v. McCamant, 204 W. Va. 295,

                                             20

305, 512 S.E.2d 217, 227 (1998); see also Bostic v. Am. Gen. Fin., Inc., 87 F. Supp. 2d

611, 614 (S.D. W. Va. 2000).

             In the proceedings below, the circuit court awarded Ms. Cole $30,000 of

the $48,852 in attorney fees she requested. In reaching its final amount, the court

analyzed each of the twelve factors for reasonableness described in syllabus point 4 of

Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Pitrolo, 176 W. Va. 190, 342 S.E.2d 156 (1986):

                     Where attorney’s fees are sought against a third party,
             the test of what should be considered a reasonable fee is
             determined not solely by the fee arrangement between the
             attorney and his client. The reasonableness of attorney’s fees
             is generally based on broader factors such as: (1) the time and
             labor required; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions;
             (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4)
             the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to
             acceptance of the case; (5) the customary fee; (6) whether the
             fee is fixed or contingent; (7) time limitations imposed by the
             client or the circumstances; (8) the amount involved and the
             results obtained; (9) the experience, reputation, and ability of
             the attorneys; (10) the undesirability of the case; (11) the
             nature and length of the professional relationship with the
             client; and (12) awards in similar cases.

The court concluded that its analysis of the Aetna factors supported a limited award of

attorney fees because of the “mixed degree of success” Ms. Cole achieved.

             Vanderbilt argues that the circuit court abused its discretion by awarding

any attorney fees because, according to Vanderbilt, Ms. Cole did not succeed on her

claims to an extent warranting the award. Vanderbilt cites to federal case law—Hensley

                                            21

v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424 (1983), and Brodziak v. Runyon, 145 F.3d 194 (4th Cir.

1998)—which states that the most important factor in calculating whether an attorney

fees award is reasonable is the degree of success obtained and that an attorney fees award

is only appropriate when the party has “prevailed.” We do not find Vanderbilt’s reliance

on these cases persuasive. Both cases involve an award of attorney fees pursuant to the

Civil Rights Attorney’s Fees Awards Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k) (2009), not the

WVCCPA or even the FDCPA. Furthermore, we find our own state’s on-point law more

compelling.

                In McCamant, this Court evaluated whether a circuit court’s refusal to

award attorney fees constituted an abuse of discretion. There, we recognized that, “‘[a]s

a general rule, each litigant bears his or her own attorney fees absent express statutory,

regulatory, or contractual authority for reimbursement.’” McCamant, 204 W. Va. at 305,

512 S.E.2d at 227 (quoting Daily Gazette Co., Inc. v. Canady, 175 W. Va. 249, 250, 332

S.E.2d 262, 263 (1985)). However, the Court continued, “Therefore, absent the express

language of W.Va.Code § 46A-5-104, successful litigants under the WVCCPA would

receive no attorney fees. This code section simply authorizes courts to award attorney

fees in certain prescribed instances where they would otherwise award none.” Id. The

McCamant Court did not find error in the circuit court’s refusal to award attorney fees

because “[a]lthough the circuit court found that one of these attempts to contact the

appellant constituted a violation of the WVCCPA, it can hardly be described as egregious

conduct.” Id.

                                           22

              As described in McCamant, the purpose of § 46A-5-104 is to allow courts

to award attorney fees for violations of the WVCCPA. The facts of McCamant can be

distinguished from the present case.       Where there was only one violation of the

WVCCPA in McCamant—specifically, the creditor called the consumer’s neighbor and

falsely stated that there was a banking emergency—the jury in the case at bar found

thirteen violations. Of those thirteen violations, all but one were found by the circuit

court to be of such reprehensibility as to warrant an award greater than the minimum civil

penalty requirement. Two of the thirteen violations received the maximum penalty. The

circuit court, disturbed by Vanderbilt’s conduct, stated, “The attitude of [Vanderbilt]

towards [Ms. Cole] and towards this Court during the debt collection process and even

the trial process is one of unabashed arrogance.”

              Ms. Cole prevailed on only thirteen of her fifty-seven claims; however, she

prevailed, in part, on all four sections of the WVCCPA that she claimed Vanderbilt

violated. Neither the WVCCPA nor our case law requires that Ms. Cole prevail on the

majority of her claims in order to receive attorney fees. The controlling law places the

decision of whether to award attorney fees squarely within the discretion of the circuit

court. Therefore, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by awarding

attorney fees despite victory on less than half of Ms. Cole’s claims.

                                            23

                The award of attorney fees is also subject to the reasonableness

requirements of due process.11 This Court set forth in Aetna twelve factors a court should

consider in calculating the reasonableness of an award of attorney fees, described supra.

Vanderbilt also challenges the circuit court’s award of attorney fees on the ground that

the circuit court erred by considering Ms. Cole’s attorneys’ livelihood or survivability,

which Vanderbilt argues are not Aetna factors.

                In its attorney fees order, the circuit court noted that “Mountain State

Justice is a unique organization, and it survives based upon fees collected in these

‘undesirable’ cases such as Ms. Cole’s.” The court further explained, “This case is

undesirable. Typically, defending low-income clients in Unlawful Detainers is not a

profitable venture for attorneys. It is not feasible for private attorneys to take on these

sorts of cases, cases that usually have limited, if any, recovery.”

                We agree with Ms. Cole’s argument that the circuit court’s discussion of

livelihood and survivability were interconnected with the tenth Aetna factor:

undesirability of the case. Because the circuit court carefully addressed each Aetna factor

in its attorney fees order, and because Vanderbilt does not challenge the court’s analysis

with regard to any of these factors, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its

discretion by awarding attorney fees.

11
     See due process discussion supra Part III.A.

                                              24

                                          IV.

                                   CONCLUSION

             For the reasons set forth above, in Case Number 11-1288, this Court

affirms the circuit court’s civil penalties order entered August 15, 2011, awarding

$32,125.24 in civil penalties to Ms. Cole pursuant to W. Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1). We

also affirm Case Number 11-1604, the circuit court’s attorney fees order entered October

18, 2011, awarding $30,000 to Ms. Cole pursuant to W. Va. Code § 46A-5-104.

                                                    Case Number 11-1288 — Affirmed.

                                                    Case Number 11-1604 — Affirmed.

                                          25