Court Opinion

ID: 6593629
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:00:06.737006+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:15:19.934361
License: Public Domain

Green, Judge:
The proceedings in this case were instituted under art. XIII of the constitution of 1872 and our statute-law passed to carry this article into effect. I will quote that part of the constitution and the law, under which those proceedings were conducted. Sections 4 and 5 of Art. XIII provide as follows:
“4. All lands in this State heretofore or hereafter for any cause forfeited or treated as forfeited or purchased by either the State of Virginia or this State and become irredeemable, not redeemed, released, transferred or otherwise disposed of, the title whereto shall remain in this State, till such sale, as is hereinafter mentioned, be made, shall by proceedings in the Circuit Court in the county in which the lands or a part thereof are situated, be sold to the highest bidder.”
“5. The former owner of any such land shall be entitled to receive the excess of the sum, for which the land may be sold, over the taxes charged and chargeable thereon since the formation of the State, with interest at the rate of ten goer cent- per annum and the costs of the proceedings, if his claim be filed in the Circuit Court, that decrees the sale, within two years thereafter.”
These two sections of the constitution are incorporated in the 134th chapter of the Acts of 1872-3, which after providing for the appointment of a commissioner to sell the lands and make report thereof proceeds in the 5th section: “and the Court shall confirm the report, unless it be excepted to and competent evidence offered to show, that it should be set aside.” By the 6th section it is made the duty of the prosecuting attorney to represent the interests of the State in all matters relating to such sale and proceedings ; *639and section 12 is the same as section 5 of art. NIII of the constitution quoted above. Section 13 is as follows :
“13. Any such person may within the time aforesaid file his petition in the said Circuit Court stating his title to such lands accompanied with the evidences of his-title; and upon full and satisfactory proof, that at the time the title to said lands vested in the State, he had a good and valid title thereto, legal or equitable, superior to any other claimant thereof, such court shall order the excess mentioned in the next preceding section to be paid to him; and upon a properly certified copy of such order being presented to the auditor, he shall draw his warrant on the treasury in favor of such owner or his personal representative for such excess. At any time before the sale of any such land as hereinbefore mentioned such former owner or any creditor of such former owner of such land having a lien thereon may-pay into court by and with the consent of the court all costs, taxes and interest due at. the time, as provided for in section 12 of this chapter, and have an order made on the order book of such court describing the amount paid in, as well as the character of his claim to said land, which order so made shall operate as a release of all former taxes on said land, and no sale thereof shall be made; provided, that such payment shall in no way affect or impair the title to any portion of such land transferred to and invested in any person, as provided in section three of article thirteen of the Constitution. ”
The case of McLure v. Maitland, 24 W. Va. 561, was a proceeding under these same constitutional and statutory provisions. In that case Commissioner McClure, as did the commissioner in this case, made unnecessarily and improperly all persons parties, who, when the land had vested in the State, were interested in the land, which in that case was gold for taxes and purchased by the State, and which had not been redeemed within a year thereafter, as the law authorized. Process was issued accordingly in that case, as in this, and was executed against the defendant, as in this, by order of publication. Proceedings were had similar to those in this case till after a sale of several parcels of the land, which was, as in this case, surveyed off in small lots not exceeding 640 acres, as required by the statute. *640In that case the sales were confirmed by the court, the exceptions filed by the owner having been overruled. In the case before us the sales were not confirmed. In that case as in this, when the commissioner’s report of sale was made, the defendant appeared and excepted thereto. He also filed afterwards a petition asking, that, as he was a non-resident and had not been served with the process, the decrees and proceedings entered in the case might be re-opened. He also filed an answer; but neither he nor any one claimed that the taxes, for which the land was forfeited, had been paid; nor did he set up any claim to the surplus proceeds of the sale under the law above quoted. After his exceptions were overruled, and the sales confirmed, Maitland appealed to this Court assigning various insufficiencies, defects and irregularities in the orders and proceeding, under and by which the sales were made and confirmed; and it was insisted by the appellees, that as former owner of the land he had no such interest in the subject-matter of these proceedings, as entitled him to appeal; that he was not legally a party to the proceedings and had no locum standi in court ; — -that the land had been forfeited and had become irredeemable, and the title was thereby vested absolutely in the Statethat this proceeding vras simply a means provided by law for the conversion of lands of the State into money for the benefit of the school-fund ; that it is a proceeding' neither in per-sonam against the former owner nor in rem against the land but merely a procéeding to sell the property of the State, the State acting through its courts and officers; — that it could not be called either a suit or a controversy, but was simply and solely a means provided by the State to dispose of lands of which it was the absolute and exclusive owner.
These were substantially the views adopted by the court after an elaborate review not only of our statute-law and constitution but also of the cases both Virginian and West Virginian based on similar statutes. It is true, these cases were none of them on appeals from such proceedings. It would seem, that until the case of McClure v. Maitland no one appeared to imagine, that an appeal would lie from such a proceeding. And when we consider what an immense number of such proceedings must Ijave been taken, the fact, that *641no appeal had ever been taken, is strong evidence of an almost universal legal opinion, that no appeal would lie from such proceeding. Sueh being obviously regarded as necessarily the law under the statute 1837-8, which was similar to our present statute, on February 13,1844, the Legislature of "Virginia passed an act, whereby appeals weré granted, and such proceedings were so modified as to make them proceedings in chancery. Our statute and constitution like the statutes of Virginia of 1837 not merely create a lien for the taxes on delinquent lands but effect by their own force and vigor an absolute forfeiture of such lands and without any legal proceedings vest the title perfectly in the State. And even before the adoption of our constitution, which, we have •seen, provides expressly for this, acts so operating have been held constitutional. (Staats v. Board, 10 Gratt. 400; Wild v. Serpell, Id. 405; Levasser v. Washburn, 11 Gratt. 572; Usher v. Pride, 15 Gratt. 190; Smith v. Sharp, 17 W. Va. 221; Twiggs v. Chevallie, 4 W. Va. 463.)
In such a case the former owner of the land has no more interest in it, than one, who never owned it or heard of it. The statute accordingly makes no provision for making him .a party to such proceedings. The proceeding is clearly neither in rem nor in personam. This whole subject was so elaborately discussed in McClure v. Maitland, that I deem it unnecessary to consider it further. Indeed to my mind it seems, so clear, that under the language used in our constitution and statute these proceedings are not judicial in the sense of involving litigation between contesting parties but are in their character administrative, being simply a mode in which the State sells its own land, and that the former owner or claimants of the land have no interest in the proceedings and should not be made parties and can not appeal, that, except for the deep interest felt by the community, I should hardly have felt justified in dwelling so long on the subject. The decision in McClure v. Maitland was followed in Auvil v. Laeger, 24 W. Va. 583. The opinion delivered in that case concludes as follows :
“ The fact, that the appellants under a misapprehension of the' law were summoned before the Circuit Court and permitted to be heard in the cause, in which thev had no ' ' *642interest or rights, and to which the law did not authorize them to be made parties, could not legally make them parties or entitle them to appeal to this Oouit for the correction of any supposed errors committed by the Circuit Court. Having no rights nor interests involved they could not be prejudiced by any such errors and therefore could not complain or appeal from them. ”
In this case the appellant, The Pittsburg National Bank of Commerce, has taken this appeal, because it supposes itself injured by the decree of the 10th of April, 1883, because in it among other things the court expresses the opinion, that “at the time this land or any part of it vested in the State, Robert E. Randall, trustee of the Swan estate, had the title thereto superior to all other claimants and now has the right to redeem and pay the taxes upon the whole of said tract of 500,000 acres originally granted to Robert Morris, assignee of Wilson Carey Nicholas, on the 23d of June, 1795, and that the title of said Randall,-trustee, as aforesaid, at the time of said forfeiture was superior to that of The Pittsburg National Bank of Commerce or any other claimant of said land.” The appellant not having been properly a party to the imoceeding, nor Randall in a proper sense, the fact, that they were erroneously made parties and got into an irregular wrangle, it may be called, not controversy, could in no manner prejudice the rights of either of them to the land or any part of it. When Randall proposed to pay all the taxes charged or chargeable on this land or what would have been charged or chargeable thereon since the formation of the State with twelve per cent, per annum interest thereon and the costs of the proceeding upon being released and exonerated from all former taxes and upon the sale of the land under the proceeding being abandoned, and the commissioner of school lands representing the State having accepted the proposal, and the amount to be paid being agreed to be $8,000.00, when a decree was entered accordingly, neither the appellant nor any other person can complain thereof. The appellant was in precisely the same situation after the entry of this decree as before. If it had a good title to any part of this land before the entry of the .decree, find the tjtle had pot vested in the State as its abso*643lute property by a failure to have it put on the commis.sioner’s books for taxation or by reason of its having be.en returned delinquent and sold for taxes and bought by the ■State, it had just as good a title immediately after the entry -of the decree. The declaration of the Court in the decree, that the title of Randall was superior to that of The Pittsburg National' Bank of Commerce or of any other ■claimant is not an adjudication of the title binding on the said bank any more than it is binding on any claimant who was not made a party.
These proceedings were not intended to settle the title to land, and when they are ended, the title of all original claimants remains just what it was, when the proceedings commenced. If the land did not belong to the State by forfeiture or otherwise, when these proceedings were instituted, a sale of it made under a decree of the court could confer no title on the purchaser. But if the title was by forfeiture or otherwise absolutely in the State, and the proceeding terminated as in this case with one claiming to have been the former owner of the land paying into court with its consent all costs, taxes and interest due at the time, calculated as the law directs, and an order being made releasing all former taxes on said land and ordering, that no sale thereof be made, this could not affect the title of any other claimant to the land, whether he was improperly made a party to the proceedings or not. It would only operate on the title of the State, probably so far as it was derived from the person, who paid up the' costs, taxes and interest aforesaid, and would release such title to such person; but I do not suppose, that such a decree-would operate to transfer to such person even the title of the State, so far as it was derived from any other claimant of the land; but such other claimant would, it seems to me, have a right to offer to the court, as did the former person claiming to be the owner, all costs, taxes and interest due, at the time the offer might be made, calculated as prescribed by statute; and thereupon a decree in his favor would be made stating the amount paid as well as the character of his claim, which order would operate as a release to him of all former taxes on the land. And, it seems to me, the person claiming thus to be owner would *644perhaps by such a decree have transferred to him the State’s-title, go far and only so far as it was derived from him by forfeiture, failure to pay taxes or in any other manner. So that the right and title of these two claimants- would stand, just whore they respectively did, when the State acquired title from either of them. The State would have gotten its-taxes from each of the claimants; but that is always the case, when there are two or more conflicting claims, which neither party is willing to surrender or forfeit.
But if in these crude views I am in error, and the effect of such a decree, as was made in this case and has been appealed from is to surrender to the person declared by the court to have had a good title thereto superior to that of any other claimant, when the title to the land vested in the State,, not only the title, which the State derived from him but the State’s title, no matter whence derived, still no claimant of the land, even though improperly made a party to the proceedings, can complain of such decree. Bor, if his title had not been vested in the State as the result of his failure to-pay taxes or for some other reason, he could still recover the land in an action of ejectment as well after such proceeding-concluding with such a decree as before. And if his title had absolutely vested in the State by forfeiture or otherwise,, he could not in this proceeding, to which he was-not even a proper party, complain thereof. But if such be the law, he might perhaps- institute a chancery suit- to set aside the decree, if if had been fraudulently procured, as by a false representation of his title by the person the person claiming to be the owner, or by a fraudulent suppression of what he-knew would show, that he was not the owner. It may be,, that such chancery suit would lie, as such fraudulent conduct would deprive the owner of the land of substantial rights conferred on him by section 5 of article XIII of the constitution.
It seems to me however, that, if the appellant desires to-claim this tract of land, he has only to pay into the Circuit Court of Wyoming, as Eandall has done, the amount of the costs, taxes and interest upon the land and have an order entered by the court describing the amount j)aid in and the character of its claim. But* be this as it may, for the rea*645sons, I have stated, the appellant has no right to complain of this decree or, more properly speaking, order. It follows therefore, that this Court has no jurisdiction to consider any errors, if such there be, committed by the Circuit Court in this proceeding.
The appeal must therefore be dismissed as inrprovidently awarded.
Appeal Dismissed.