Court Opinion

ID: 6901470
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-23 21:55:20.623799+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:06:11.263107
License: Public Domain

On the Merits.
Statement by
Mr. Justice Slater.
This is an escheat proceeding, brought in the circuit court of Union County, under the provisions of the act of February 19, 1903, (Laws 1903, p. 127) in the name of the State by F. S. Ivanhoe, district attorney of the Tenth Judicial District, against P. A. McDonald, as administrator of the estate of John Morrison, deceased.
The amended information was filed August 13, 1907, setting forth, in substance, that George E. Chamberlain, then Governor of the State, directed the district attorney to prepare and file the information in the name of the State; that John Morrison, late of Union County, was the last person lawfully seised of several tracts of land therein, describing them; that Morrison died intestate on January 31, 1905, leaving no heirs, children, widow, or known kindred capable of inheriting the same; that one portion of the lands was in the possession of P. A. McDonald, who, as administrator of the estate of John Morrison, is made a party to the proceeding, and-another is *425held by J. B. Friswold, who is also a party; that R. M. Rankin, T. M. Rankin, George Rankin, Earl Rankin, Minnie Goodman, Cora Joel, William Morrison, Lawrence Morrison, and Euphemia Krohn claim to be the owners of said real estate; that none of the defendants is entitled to said real estate, or to any interest therein, but that the same has escheated to the State, and the right of possession and ownership thereof is in the State; that John Morrison .art the time of his death was also the owner of a large amount of personal property, consisting of horses, cattle, notes and accounts, aggregating in value $20,000;’ that on February 3, 1905, P. A. McDonald was appointed administrator by the county court of Union County, and that he thereafter qualified, took possession of all the assets and property of the estate, and administered upon the same in the usual course of business, collecting and converting into money all of the personal property, and paying all claims and demands against the estate, together with the costs and expenses of administration thereof, and that the estate, so far as the administration thereof is concerned, is finally and fully settled, and nothing remains to be done except to determine to whom, if any persons, the property of said deceased shall descend; that McDonald, on January 22, 1907, filed in the county court his final account, showing that he had on hand for distribution the sum of $15,663.62; that he, as administrator, had in his possession that amount of money for said estate; that John Morrison left no heirs, children, widow, or known kindred capable of inheriting the said money; that the parties above named claim to be the owners thereof, but that none of them is entitled to the same, or to any portion thereof; and that the whole thereof has escheated to the State.
Separate demurrers were interposed to the amended information; Minnie Goodman and Cora Joel joining in one, and all the other parties, excepting P. A. McDonald, *426administrator, and John Friswold, joining in another, and the two latter in a third. All of the demurrers allege (1) want of jurisdiction of the persons and of the subject-matter; (2) several causes of suit improperly-united; and (3) want of facts. In addition thereto the demurrer on the part of McDonald, administrator, and Friswold alleges want of jurisdiction of the court to try the question of heirship to the personalty. These demurrers having been overruled, the respective parties filed three separate answers, joining in the same relations in which they demurred. That of William Morrison, Lawrence Morrison, and Euphemia Krohn admits that at the time of the death of John Morrison he was the owner of the real property described in the information, and that they claim to own an undivided three-fourths interest therein, and that T. M. Rankin, Earl Rankin, Geo. Rankin, R. M. Rankin, Minnie Goodman, and Cora Joel are the owners of the remaining one-fourth, and that all of them are in the possession, and entitled to the possession, as heirs at law of John Morrison, deceased. Then the answer denies all other averments of the information. The separate answer of the last-named parties claiming to own the remaining one-fourth is to the same effect. P. A. McDonald answers separately, admitting the death of John Morrison, and the latter’s ownership, at the time of his demise, of the property, substantially as alleged in the information, but denying that he (defendant) was in possession of any of the real property, admitting that he was appointed administrator of the estate, and that he had fully administered thereon, but denying that he had any money belonging to the estate in his possession, admitting that the other parties defendant, not including Friswold, claimed to be owners of the property as averred, and especially of the money remaining after the payment of the debts of the deceased and costs and expenses of the administration, and alleging that the *427same was distributed and disbursed by the county clerk of Union County, upon an order of the county judge, to the said claimants. As an affirmative defense he avers all of the material facts relating to his appointment and qualification as administrator, and his acts in that capacity relating to the complete administration of the estate, including his discharge; that on the order of the county court he paid to the clerk all of the residue of said estate, and that thereafter that court adjudged and decreed that the above-named claimants were the heirs at law of the decedent, and that they were entitled to receive the same; that the clerk paid and distributed the same to such claimants by order of the county court, all of which it is averred occurred long before the commencement of these proceedings.
The reply denies the material averments of this answer, and affirmatively alleges that no notice of final settlement, based upon the final account filed January 22, 1907, was published in the manner prescribed by law, for any length of time in any newspaper in Union County, although there are, and were at that time, a number of newspapers published in that county, and of general circulation therein; and that any action of the county court, as set forth in the answer of P. A. McDonald, was and is void, because that court did not have jurisdiction to make an order directing the distribution of any of the proceeds of said estate, nor to adjudicate, settle, or confirm the matters and things contained in said purported final settlement.
Upon the defendants’ request a jury was called to try the issues, and at the close of the State’s case they moved for a nonsuit, which was denied, but before the cause was submitted, the State dismissed as to McDonald ana Friswold. A general verdict in favor of the State was returned, upon which a judgment was entered escheating both the real and personal property, and declaring the *428title thereto vested in the State, from which judgment the remaining defendants have appealed. Reversed.
For appellants there was a brief with oral arguments by Mr. Turner Oliver and Mr. Charles H. Finn.
For the State there was a brief over the names of Mr. Andrew M. Crawford, Attorney General, Mr. Francis S. Ivanhoe, District Attorney, and Messrs. Cochran & Cochran, with oral arguments by Mr. Ivanhoe and Mr. Charles E. Cochran.
Mr. Justice Slater
delivered the opinion of the court.
2. This is a special proceeding in which general power over the subject-matter is vested by statute in the circuit court. The manner of .proceeding, and the facts necessary to be set forth in the information required to be filed, are specifically set forth in the statute, and they must be substantially complied with before there can be a valid adjudication. Wallahan v. Ingersoll, 117 Ill. 123 (7 N. E. 519). We think this has been done in this case, and that jurisdiction was acquired, at least so far as the real property is concerned. It will be observed that separate averments were made in the information respecting the title, ownership, and possession of the real property on the one hand, as distinguished from the personalty on the other. We presume this occurred because it was supposed that the possession was in different parties. We are not able to discover any other reason for such method of pleading; but, because of that circumstance, the claimants, or defendants, have challenged the pleading for misjoinder of two alleged separate causes of action—one to recover real, and the other to recover personal property in violation of Section 94, B. & C. Comp. That section, however, is one of the general rules of pleading, and has no application to this proceeding authorized by special statute. The act of February 19, 1903 (Laws 1903, p. 127), contemplates *429the beginning of but one proceeding to establish by judicial procedure that all of the property of an estate has escheated, and it is not an action to recover the possession thereof. Section 4 of the act reads:
“At any time after the death of such person, and whenever the Governor is informed, or has reason to believe, that any such property (real, personal, or mixed) has escheated'to the State, he shall direct the district attorney of the judicial district in which such property may be, to file an information”—setting forth the facts.
Upon the filing of such information process is to issue requiring all persons interested in the estate to appear and show cause, if any they have, why. the title should not vest in the State. By section 7, at any time before the time for answering expires, all persons named in the information may appear and answer, and may traverse or deny the facts stated in the information, the title of the State to lands, tenements, and other property therein mentioned. So that it plainly appears from the provisions of the act that separate informations are not to be filed because different parties may have possession of several parts of the estate, or because the title to both personal and real property may be involved. ■
3. In some jurisdictions each traverse of the information constitutes a separate case (in re Malone’s Estate, 21 S. C. 435-453) ; and, if the issues are so divergent as to require separate trials, it may be that a severance may rightfully be had by any of the defendants upon making proper and timely application therefor; but in this case, so far as the record discloses, all of the claimants, or defendants, proceeded to a joint trial without objection, and they are not now in a position to complain of that. This disposes of all of the objections raised by the several demurrers, excepting the special averment made by McDonald that the court had no jurisdiction to adjudicate the title as to the personalty.
*4304. The.constitution of this State declares:
“The county court shall have the jurisdiction pertaining to probate courts, * * and such other powers and duties * * as may be prescribed by law.” Article VII, Section 12.
Whatever is rightfully included in jurisdiction pertaining to probate matters is granted absolutely, and the legislature is powerless to take it away and transfer it to some other court. In determining what is jurisdiction pertaining to, probate courts under the constitution, it is necessary to consider what jurisdiction probate courts had at the time the constitution was framed and adopted, as it is presumed the phrase “pertaining to probate courts” was used in that instrument in the sense in which it was accepted in Oregon at that time. Adams v. Lewis, 5 Sawy. 229 (1 Fed. Cas. 132). It can hardly be questioned that at and immediately prior to the adoption of that instrument, probate courts in the then territory of Oregon, upon final settlement of an estate, proceeded to distribute the residue of the personal property of the estate, if any, among the persons who were by law entitled (St. 1855, p. 375, § 9), and this necessarily involved a judicial determination of heirship, or who were entitled to the personalty.
5. Soon after the adoption of the constitution, the legislature made the jurisdiction of the county court exclusive over the distribution of the estates of intestates among the heirs or other persons entitled thereto. Section 911, subd. 4; Section 1220, B. & C. Comp. This continued to be the unquestioned state of the law respecting jurisdiction of county courts until the enactment of the statute of 1903 respecting proceedings in escheat cases, under which this proceeding was brought. By section 5 thereof :
“After an information to escheat an estate has been filed in a circuit court of the State, and a summons has been issued and served upon the person or occupant in possession of said estate, as required in this act, and *431after making the order above provided for, the county court shall be ousted of jurisdiction to determine the question of heirship or right of- claimants to said estate, except as to claims of creditors and its jurisdiction shall only continue for the purpose of determining the claims and demands of creditors, as hereinafter provided, and to collect debts and demands due the decedent at the time of his death and to otherwise settle and close the estate.” Laws 1903, p. 128.
Here is an attempt to take from the county court a part of its previously well-recognized jurisdiction over the personalty of an estate, and to invest the same jurisdiction exclusively in the circuit court, and the question necessarily arises whether it is within the power of the legislature so to do. This question was mooted in the case of State v. O’Day, 41 Or. 495 (69 Pac. 542), but as this court then construed the escheat law, it did not undertake to interfere in any way with the jurisdiction of the county court in probate matters, and hence it was thought immaterial to consider whether the legislature could constitutionally deprive it of such jurisdiction. Discussing the state of the escheat law at that time, Mr. Justice Bean, at page 503 of 41 Or. (page 545 of 69 Pac.), of the opinion, says: “It nowhere provides that the filing of an information in the circuit court to escheat personal property of the decedent will oust the county court of a previously acquired jurisdiction to settle the estate of the deceased, or vest in the circuit court the right to determine questions which by law belong exclusively to the county courts.” This, however, has since been attempted by the act now under consideration.
6. The powers of a county court in this State, as to probate jurisdiction, are not created by statute (Ramp v. McDaniel, 12 Or. 108: 6 Pac. 456), but originate in the constitution, where jurisdiction pertaining to probate matters is granted absolutely.
“When courts derive their powers from the constitution of the state or nation, although in general terms *432leaving it to the legislature to' prescribe the form of procedure and rules governing them, if there be no restriction on the powers so conferred, the legislature may by statute enlarge them, and establish other courts of concurrent jurisdiction with the one created by the fundamental law, provided the constitutional powers of the latter are not molested or interfered with.” Brown, Jurisdiction (2 ed.), §13.
While it may be that jurisdiction conferred by the constitution upon county courts over matters pertaining to probate courts is not an exclusive jurisdiction, yet it is quite certain that such jurisdiction is conferred, and that it includes the distribution of the personalty among the heirs or other persons entitled thereto. We are of the opinion, therefore, that the legislature does not possess the power to deprive the county court of its primary and fundamental jurisdiction to determine the heirship as to personalty and make distribution of the estate of a decedent, and its attempt to do so is unconstitutional. For this reason, under the facts of this case, the judgment, so far as it affects the title to the personalty of this estate, is void.
The information to which the demurrer of P. A. McDonald was directed alleges his appointment and qualification as administrator; that he took possession of the property of the estate; converted it into money; has fully administered upon the estate; has filed his final account; and has a residue of $15,663.62 in his hands. But it also alleges that the other defendants here are claiming to own the same. It must be assumed, as appears to be the fact, that they made their claims in the county court in the usual course of administration of this estate, and hence that court had acquired jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the personalty, and of the parties claiming the same, prior to the filing of the information in the circuit court; and it has the exclusive power, if it has not done so in a- legal manner, to adjudi*433cate the validity of their claim. Not until the probate court has completed the administration, and adjudged that there is no lawful claimant, can the circuit court assume jurisdiction over the personalty. This, however, does not affect the jurisdiction of the circuit court to adjudicate upon the devolution of the title to realty, which the action of the county court cannot effect. State v. O’Day, 41 Or. 495 (69 Pac. 542). Because the State dismissed the case as to McDonald before it was submitted to the jury, it might be said that this question is not here,'but nevertheless a judgment was entered escheating the personalty, and for that reason the same question is here, although raised in a different form by other defendants, and we have taken the first and most convenient opportunity to express our views upon the question of jurisdiction of that branch of the case.
7. Before considering any other assignments of error it will be necessary to determine the nature of such proceedings, as to whether they are at law or in equity. If the former, we will be confined to an inspection of the bill of exceptions, but if the latter, the whole of the evidence must be considered :a.nd the case tried de novo. In an action against the State to recover property that had been escheated, this court held that such proceedings is at law (Fenstermacher v. State, 19 Or. 504, 507: 25 Pac. 142), because the subject-matter to be tried is to identify the petitioners as heirs of the intestate, and entitle them to recover the money escheated. This ruling was followed in Young v. State, 36 Or. 417, 424 (59 Pac. 812: 60 Pac. 711: 47 L. R. A. 548), which is a case of the same character. The present case is to escheat the real property of an intestate, but the inquiry is practically the same; that is, to determine whether there are any heirs, and particularly whether the defendants are the heirs. The case of State v. Simmons, 46 Or. 159 (79 Pac. 498), was brought to escheat the property of an *434intestate. It was tried by the court without a jury. Findings of fact and of law were made and judgment rendered thereon. The case came to this court on the claim that the findings were not sufficient to support the judgment. The question now under consideration was not suggested, but the court treated the case as an action at law, and refused to modify the judgment to accord with what was claimed to be the facts. Section 7 of the act (Laws 1908, p. 129), gives the right to a trial by jury, if requested by either party, and makes the verdict rendered conclusive upon the court. This, we think, establishes the character of the proceeding to be an action at law.
8. Error is claimed because of the refusal of the trial court to suppress the depositions of John Ritchie and Mrs. Margaret Shaw, because of certain alleged irregularities occurring at the taking of them. The determination of the trial court was necessarily based upon questions of fact evidenced by affidavits in support of the motions, and counter affidavits. Unless the evidence upon which it acted has in some way been made a matter of record, as by bill of exceptions, this court cannot consider the errors assigned. Farrell v. Oregon Gold Co., 31 Or. 463 (49 Pac. 876) ; Sutton v. Clarke, 42 Or. 525 (71 Pac. 794) ; State v. Kline, 50 Or. 427, 430 (93 Pac. 237) ; Harvey v. Sinker, 35 Ind. 341. The motions and affidavits do not appear in the record, and therefore the questions presented will not be considered.
9. An exception was taken to the reading of the depositions of Mrs. Margaret Shaw because it was claimed the evidence submitted did not show that she was too infirm to attend at the trial. The testimony on the part of the State, from one in a position to know the facts., is that she was somewhat infirm in body, being about 70 years of age, and was afflicted with chronic ailments, which would render it unsafe to her life to attend. There *435is some testimony of an opposite character; but it is based on casual observation, and not on a scientific and professional examination of the witness. No fixed rule, however, can be laid down by which a court can regulate itself on these occasions. Their determination must often depend on the particular circumstances of the case, and the whole matter must necessarily be left to the sound discretion of the trial court. Parks v. Dunkle, 3 Watts & S. (Pa.) 291. We are unable clearly to see that the court below ought to have rejected the deposition, and there was no error in receiving it.
10. We come now to the consideration of the most important question of the case—that is, the competency and materiality of the testimony. Before doing so, it would perhaps be well to state the attitude of the parties. It was admitted by both parties that the intestate was born in the town of Alva, Clackmannanshire, Scotland, and that James Morrison was his father. The controversy is as to who was his mother. On the part of the State it was attempted to be shown that he was the illegitimate son of James Morrison and Catherine France, who never inter-married, and that the latter died before the intestate, who left no direct heirs, while on the part of the defendants it was attempted to be shown that he was the son of James Morrison and Jeannette Marshall, who, after the birth of her illegitimate son, intermarried with James Morrison in about the year 1837, at Alva, Scotland, thereby, as claimed by the defendants, to all intents and purposes legitimatizing the issue by virtue of our statute (Section 5581, B. & C. Comp.) ; that the defendants, Euphemia Krohn, William Morrison, and Lawrence Morrison, and Jeannette Morrison, who afterwards married William Rankin, but is now deceased, and is represented here by her children, are the sons and daughters of the said James and Jeannette Morrison, born in lawful wedlock, brothers and sisters of the whole blood to the intestate, and therefore his lawful heirs.
*436Objection was made to the testimony of Mrs. Shaw as to its competency and materiality, for the reason that there was undertaken to be shown by her the pedigree of the intestate, John Morrison, without first having shown that the witness was de jure related to John Morrison. If she were offered as a witness to give evidence of the declarations of a deceased person out of the State, who is related to a family, as to the pedigree of some other person with relation to that family, before such declarations could be admitted, the relationship of the declarant to the family must be shown by other evidence than the assertions of the declarant. Thompson v. Woolf, 8 Or. 454; Young v. State, 36 Or. 417 (59 Pac. 812: 60 Pac. 711: 47 L. R. A. 548).
11. The substances of Mrs. Shaw’s testimony is that she was born in Alva, Scotland, on April 21, 1837; that the place where she lived was called Green Square; that she was acquainted with John Morrison, the intestate, and had known him from childhood; that he lived at her mother’s house in Alva until he left for America when he was sixteen or seventeen years of age; that her mother raised him from birth to boyhood, and until he left, furnished him with clothing, medicine, and the usual family cares; that Catherine France was his mother; that she was personally acquainted with Miss France, who was one of the close neighbors, and lived across the street; that after the birth of John Morrison, she came to the home of witness’ mother several times; that she heard Miss France on occasions speak to the child, John Morrison, and call him “her boy,” and he called her his “ma,” and would say “that’s ma come to see me”; that witness’ mother remarked that “That,” referring to Catherine France, “was John’s mother coming to see him.” There is in the record, however, other evidence to the effect that the mother of Mrs. Shaw was Ann Morrison, a sister of James Morrison, the reputed father of *437the intestate. The declarations under consideration are not those of Mrs. Shaw, and hence their competency does not depend upon her relationship to the intestate, but upon that of the declarants. She appears as the witness, and speaks from personal knowledge of the declarations of the three persons named, and it is to them our attention must be directed.
12. The declarations or acts of the intestate tending to show his own illegitimacy are admissible as against those claiming under him. 1 Taylor, Ev. (8 ed.) § 637; Abbott’s Trial Ev. 89; Wharton’s Ev. § 203.
13. And likewise the declaration or act of the putative mother to the same purport is admissible, because she speaks from her own knowledge, and not from hearsay.
14. It is shown by competent testimony that Ann Morrison, with whom intestate lived until he was sixteen or seventeen years old, is a sister of James Morrison, the admitted father of the intestate. It is true her relationship to the intestate is not de jure, but de facto, but there is a de jure relationship between her and the putative father, and coupled with that is the fact that the intestate was in fact a member of her family from his birth to early manhood. While under some authorities the declarations of one so related, without any other fact of personal association being added, might be inadmissible, still with this latter fact shown, we think, for the reasons hereinafter stated in another connection, that not only are the declarations of Ann Morrison as to the parentage of John Morrison competent, but also the direct evidence of Mrs. Shaw to the same point.
15. There was offered and received, over the objections of the defendants as to the competency and materiality thereof, oral and written admissions made by William Morrison, one of the defendants, to the effect that the intestate was his illegitimate half-brother; that the latter’s mother was a woman in Scotland whom he never *438knew. These admissions were made at the City of La Grande, Oregon, a short time before the origin of this controversy, and it seems, furnished the first clue to the claim now made by the State. It appears from the testimony offered and received that the defendants, in a friendly suit between them, had secured a decree in the circuit court of Union County partitioning these lands among them, and ordering a sale thereof; that a sale had been had, but the purchaser, desiring to be assured of a good title before making payment, employed an attorney to examine the record. The latter advised his client that it would be necessary to have some proof of the relationship of the defendants to the intestate on which their claim of heirship and title was based. Wm. Morrison came forward to furnish the desired information, and disclosed the facts offered in evidence. The objection is upon the ground that it was not shown that the declarant, Wm. Morrison, was de jure related to the intestate, and that such proof was necessary to render the declarations admissible. This would seem to involve an absurdity, for he claims a share of the estate because he is a full brother of the intestate, but the State disputes this assertion, and it is contended by the defendants that, before his declarations as to the pedigree can be received, the State must prove the defendants’ case. The declarations were certainly competent against the declarant himself as admissions against his interest, and this seems to have been impliedly conceded; for, after having been received as against all the parties, a special instruction was requested by the other defendants, limiting the effect thereof to to defendant, Wm. Morrison. This, however, was denied.
16. It is possible that this testimony might be competent against all of the defendants, as argued by counsel for the State, on the ground of admissions against their interest; that they were engaged in a common scheme to acquire title to this property, and when Wm. Morrison *439made these declarations he was acting in their interest and as their agent, but we are of the opinion that they are admissible upon the general principle of the declarations of a member of a family as to pedigree, and we prefer to put it upon that ground. The declaration, act, or admission of a member of a family as to pedigree, and we prefer to put it upon that ground. The declaration, act, or admission of a member of a family who is deceased, or out of the State, is admissible as evidence of common reputation in cases where, on questions of pedigree, such reputation is admissible. Section 700, B. & C. Comp.
17. It is an admitted fact in this case that at the time of the trial, the declarant, William Morrison, was in the State of Ohio, where he resided. ■ The blood relation usually thought' of in connection with the rule is that between the declarant and the person whose pedigree is in question, yet this is not always essential. “So, it seems,” says Mr. Elliott in his work on Evidence, at volume 1, p. 479, “that it is sufficient if the declarant is related to the family with which the person in question seeks to connect himself.” The rigid adherence to the rule that the declarant must be a member of the family of the person whose pedigree is in question, and that the relationship must be de jure, has led to the ruling that where the two were only related through the reputed father, the declaration was not competent. This principle was enunciated in Crispin v. Doglioni, 3 Sw. & Tr. 44, decided in 1863, and in Bamford v. Barton, 2 Moo. & R. 28, and in this country in Northrop v. Hale, 76 Me. 306 (49 Am. Rep. 615) ; Flora v. Anderson (C. C.), 75 Fed. 217, 234. But it seems the principle has been disapproved in England in Murray v. Milner, L. R. 12 Ch. D. 849. In Barnum v. Barnum, 42 Md. 251, 304, the declarations of the mother of R. as to the nonmarriage of R. and C. and the illegitimacy of their child, J., were admitted; and in Heaton’s Estate, 135 Cal. 385 (67 Pac. 321), when *440there was a claim of inheritance as the illegitimate child of H., the declarations of H., in whose family the claimant lived, were admissible under a statute identical with the statute of this State above quoted. It is stated in 2 Wigmore, Ev., at § 1492, that:
“It has been ruled in England that where the relationship claimed and to be testified to is that of an illegitimate child, the father’s relations are not qualified declarants, because (apparently) the claimant is legally not of the declarant’s family. But this seems a mere juggling with legal rules. The question is, Was the declarant in such a position as to be likely to know something of this alleged fact of family history? Whether the illegitimate child is or is not a lawful heir, according to the rules of the substantive law about succession, is quite beside the point in determining the evidential question of the declarant’s probable information. The principle of the ruling has been disapproved in England, and ought not to be followed in this country. It seems never to have been doubted that the declarations of the parents themselves, or the repute in the household where the child lived, as to a child’s legitimacy or illegitimacy are receivable, although it is obvious that upon the false theory of Crispin v. Doglioni the father’s declarations of illegitimacy would be inadmissible. There is a danger of being too nice in the logical application of the substantive law of relationship to the present testimonial rule, which rests rather upon the moral probabilities of truthworthiness in the declarant.”
The record in this case shows that the intestate not only resided in the family of Ann • Morrison at Alva, Scotland, until he was sixteen or seventeen years old, but also that after he came to this country, he resided for a number of years in the family of his father, James Morrison. Now, if the evidence of one of the defendants, Mrs. Krohn, who is a legitimate child of James and Jeannette Morrison, is admissible to establish the parentage of John Morrison, and to give the acts and declarations of Mrs. Jeannette Marshall Morrison towards the intestate while he was a member of her family, from *441which the inference might be drawn that she acknowledged him to be her son, and if the declarations of James Morrison, the father, in his letters to the intestate, addressing him as his son, which prima facie would mean his legitimate son, are also admissible, then we see no valid reason against the admissibility of the declarations or admissions of another member of the same family claiming to bear the same relationship to the intestate, but tending to negative the claim of legitimacy. There is no reason, at least in such near putative relationships, why the negative of the fact of relationship, or the degree of relationship, should not be as much a part of the family history as the affirmative of such proposition. Gillett, Indirect and Collateral Evidence, 196. We conclude that there was no error in receiving the testimony.
18. We are unable, however, to find any principle of law upon which to base the admission of that part of the evidence of John Ritchie, where he deposed that Catherine France was the mother of the intestate. It is not shown, nor is it claimed, that he bears any relationship to either branch of the intestate’s family, but he stands in' the attitude of a neighbor, haying known from his earliest recollection both families of the intestate’s putative relations. He assumes, however, to speak from common knowledge of the neighborhood. Common reputation, or what the neighbors thought or said upon the subject of the parentage of the person whose pedigree is. in dispute, is not admissible. Johnson v. Lawson, 2 Bing. 86; De Haven v. De Haven, 77 Ind. 236 (22 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law [2 ed.] 650).
19. The testimony of witnesses who are not connected with the family, know nothing personally of the facts of which they speak, and have not derived their information from such persons as had connection with the family, but can state only loose hearsay from unknown sources, is not sufficient to go to the jury. Abbott’s Trial *442Ev., 94. To render the evidence competent it must appear that the declarant, or source of the witness’ information, was a member of the family, or related to the family, whose history the fact concerns, and was deceased or out of the State. The witness must name the source of his information, and show affirmatively that it was a relative or connection. Abbott, Trial Ev., 91.
20. Ritchie says he never heard the members of Catherine France’s family refer to the relationship of John Morrison to her, but that he knew that the Frances were displeased at the birth of the child (but he does not say how he knew), and that after the child was handed over to the Morrisons the family of Miss France did not, so far as witness remembers, acknowledge him in any way. We are of the opinion that this is not sufficient to render his evidence competent on the particular matter mentioned, but as to the remainder of his testimony we think that it was proper to receive it because he testified from personal knowledge. For the same reason, the testimony of declarations, said to have been made by P. A. McDonald, to the effect that there was an existing tradition in the Morrison family as to the relationship of the intestate to the family, was not admissible.
21. There was competent evidence that Catherine France, some years after the birth of the intestate, married a man by the name of Lockhart, at Alva, Scotland, and afterwards removed with her husband to the province or dominion of New Zealand. There was then offered by the State, and received over the objection of the defendants as to its competency, 13 printed pages, bound or tied together by a linen thread in book or pamphlet form, as a complete statute of the dominion of New Zealand relating to the registration of births and deaths in that dominion. The purpose of the offer was to lay a basis for the introduction of a copy of the register of *443deaths, showing the fact and date of the death of one Catherine Lockhart, and other facts there recorded relating to such decedent. The substance of the objection is that (1) it does not purport to be an authorized official publication, but on the contrary, appears to be a private publication; and (2) that it is not a book purporting to contain the stautes or code of laws of that dominion within the meaning of Section 737, B. & C. Comp., and is but a fragment of the law. There is no merit in either óf these contentions. There appears printed upon the last page, at the conclusion of the subject-matter of the statute, the words “Wellington, New Zealand; Printed under the authority of the New Zealand Government, by George Didsbury, Government Printer.” This creates a prima facie presumption that it was printed and published by public authority. Section 788, subd. 36, B. & C. Comp. This, we think, is not overcome by the following, which is printed at the foot of the first page: “Supplement to the New Zealand Gazette, No. 57, of the 14th of October, 1875”—because that paper may have been, and probably was, an official publication, and that language does not negative the prima facie case that the document was printed or published by the public printer, as it purports to have been.
22. Then, too, the evidence shows that the print offered was in fact procured by mail from George Didsbury, whose name is imprinted thereon as government printer, and that would seem to remove any doubt on that question. This authentication is sufficient under the statute to entitle the pamphlet to be received in evidence. State v. Savage, 36 Or. 191, 213, 214 (60 Pac. 610: 61 Pac. 1128).
23. Upon the other objection that the instrument offered is not a book within the meaning of Section 737, B. & C. Comp., but is a fragment of the law, we find direct authority in that section for the admission of the document, if it purports upon its face to be in fact a *444complete law, for that section authorizes the admission ■ as evidence of a book purporting to contain not only “the statutes or code,” but also “other written law,” of a foreign country. The first page of the pamphlet has printed upon it the name of the country, the coat or arms of Great Britain, the year of the reign of Queen Victoria in which the act was passed, and a complete analysis or index of the contents. The following pages purport to contain the full text of an act of that dominion, giving the full title thereof, passed October 12, 1875, and containing 51 sections, with schedules of forms attached for the use of the registrar. When we consider that it has become an established custom of all modern governments to cause to be published under public authority, in pamphlet or book form, special departments of the law, such as school laws, road laws, election laws, etc., for the use and special information of the public generally, we see no reason why a court should hesitate to receive this document as evidence of a complete law upon the particular subject covered by the title of the act.
24. Objection was made to the admission in evidence of a copy of the entries on the registration record because (1) it was not certified as required by our statute; and (2) was not authenticated as required by our statute; and (8) because the statements therein concerning the pedigree of Catherine Lockhart are hearsay, and that the document is incompetent to prove the same. The material part of the appended certificate is “that the above is a true copy of the entry of the death of Catherine Lockhart in the records of my office.” It is contended that this form does not meet the requirements of section 760 of the statute, which is that “Whenever a copy of a writing is certified to be used as evidence, the certificate shall state that the copy has been compared by the certifying officer with the original, and that it is a correct transcript therefrom, and of the whole of such original, *445or of a specified part thereof.” The record of which proof is sought to be made is a foreign official document of the class described in Section 755, subd. 8, B. & C. Comp. (Greenleaf, Ev., § 470; Jones, Ev. [2 ed.], § 500; 9 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law [2 ed.] 880), and proof may be made thereof by “a copy certified by the legal keeper thereof, together with a certificate under the great or principal seal of the country or sovereign thereof, that the document is a valid and subsisting document of such country, and that the copy is duly certified by the officer having the legal custody of the original.” Section 755, subd. 8, B. & C. Comp.
25. The words “duly certified,” used therein, must mean “certified according to law.”
26. The judgment of a foreign, sovereign as to the legality of the act of one of his subordinate officers who has the legal custody of the original being required to be stated, it cannot be presumed that his judgment is to be measured by any other law than that of the place of record. That is, it is the intent of the statute that the officer having the legal custody should make his certificate according to the law of the place of record.
27. Section 760, B. & C. Comp., has no application to the certificate of a foreign record of the character of the one offered in evidence.
28. The objection to the sufficiency of the authentication by the sovereign is that his certificate does not expressly declare in the words of the statute “that the document is a valid and subsisting document of such country.” But it does declare “that the record of deaths, from which the copy is taken was a record required and authorized by law to be made at the time and prior to the death of the deceased.” This is a substantial compliance with the statute, and we think is sufficient.
29. Some criticism has been indulged in by defendants’ counsel directed to the abbreviated character of the sig*446natures of the certifying officers. For instance, in the body of the certificate of the registrar-general is the recital “I, Edward John von Dadelszen,” etc., but the subscription is “E. J. V. Dadelszen.” It is certified, however, by the sovereign, or governor, that it is the true and genuine signature of the person named in the body of the certificate. Again, the certificate of the governor recites, “I, the undersigned William Lee, Baron Plunket,” but the subscription is merely “Plunket”; the words “Governor of the Dominion of New Zealand” having been written thereunder by another. We take this to be his official name, and the form in which all official documents are signed by that dignitary, and we hold it to be sufficient where the document bears the great seal of the country, as this does. It is claimed that the certificate shows that the name “Plunket” was written by another and inferior officer at his excellency’s command; but counsel are evidently in error, for the words “By his Excellency’s Command, John G. Friedlay, Minister of Internal Affairs,” appearing upon the certificate underneath the impression of the great seal, refer to the affixing of the seal, and not to the signing of the sovereign’s' name.
30. The last objection made to the admission of the document goes to the extent to which it may be used as evidence; it being contended that it is limited to proof of the fact and time of the death of the person named therein, while the instrument offered purports to show that Catherine Lockhart was seventy-one years old; that her parents were Bobert and Helen France; the former’s occupation that of blacksmith; that decedent was born at Alva, Clackmannanshire, Scotland, and that she had been in New Zealand 21 years; that at the age of 30 she was married to William Lockhart at Glasgow, Scotland, and that James Lockhart, her son, was the registrar’s informant, and that he signed the register giving his occupation and place of residence. It is not claimed that these *447recitals, if competent, are not material, for they serve to identify the decedent with the Catherine France mentioned and described in the deposition of Ritchie and Mrs. Shaw, but it is claimed that they are hearsay, and not competent. A registry, whether of birth, marriage, death, or burial, kept pursuant to law, is competent evidence of the main fact and its date, and of any other fact which the law or statute directed the officer to ascertain and record; and it is not incompetent because the statute does not expressly declare it to be evidence. But a register kept without authority of law is competent evidence of the main fact only, and not of other facts stated in it, such as date or place of birth. Abbott’s Trial Evidence, §§ 43-44. Records which come within the designation of “official registers” are competent evidence of facts properly recorded therein, although they relate to matters not within the personal knowledge of the officer making them. 10 Ene. Ev., 716; Greenleaf, Ev. (15 ed.), §493; Worcester v. Northborough, 140 Mass. 397 (5 N. E. 270) ; Murray v. Supreme Lodge, 74 Conn. 715 (52 Atl. 722).
31. An inspection of the law of New Zealand relating to the registration of births and deaths in that dominion, due proof of which was made, discloses that the register in question was required to be kept as a public record, at all times to be open to inspection by the public; that all of the facts noted above were required to be entered therein by the registrar, who is a public official; that upon the death of any person it was the duty of the relatives of the deceased present at such death, within 31 days, under a penalty imposed for failing to do so, to inform the registrar of the particulars required to be registered concerning such death, and to attend at the registrar’s office and sign the register, and when, after entry, any error of fact or substance shall have been discovered by any person, he may, within three months *448of the time of discovery, require the error to be corrected by producing to the registrar his solemn declaration of the truth, accompanied by two witnesses, who shall sign the register when corrected. From the copy offered it appears that Catherine Lockhart died May, 29th, and on June 4, 1879, James Lockhart, her son, appeared before the registrar, and furnished to that officer the information entered therein, and signed the register. The facts recorded, while not within the knowledge of the officer, have been ascertained and entered by an authorized and accredited public agent appointed for the purpose, and for the benefit of the public.
Rehearing denied January 18,
further rehearing denied February 15, 1910.
[106 Pac. 444.]
32. When the particular facts are inquired into and recorded for the benefit of the public, those who are empowered to act in making such investigations and memorials are in fact the agents of all the individuals who compose the State; and every member of the community may be supposed to be privy to the investigation, and for these reasons it' is not necessary that they should be confirmed and sanctioned by the ordinary tests of an oath to entitle them to. be received as evidence. 1 Green-leaf, Ev. (15 ed.), § 483. There was no error in receiving the evidence.
Because of the erroneous admission of that part of the deposition of Ritchie touching the relationship of Catherine France to the intestate, and the similar unsworn statements of P. A. McDonald, the judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial. Reversed.