Court Opinion

ID: 9409058
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-14 20:01:25.116154+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:48.634681
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _______________

                                      No. 22-2743
                                    _______________

                     WELLINGTON GONCALVES DE OLIVEIRA,
                                               Petitioner
                                    v.

              ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                           _______________

                                On Petition for Review of
                        Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                                     (A201-245-547)
                             Immigration Judge: Jason Pope
                                    _______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a):
                                    June 12, 2023
                                  _______________

                       Before: PORTER, FREEMAN, and FISHER,
                                   Circuit Judges.

                                   (Filed: July 14, 2023)

                                     ______________

                                        OPINION ∗
                                     ______________

       ∗
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not
binding precedent.
PORTER, Circuit Judge.

       Wellington Goncalves de Oliveira petitions for review of the denial of his motion

to reopen removal proceedings. Because the Immigration Judge (IJ) properly found that

Goncalves de Oliveira did not show prima facie eligibility for humanitarian asylum, we

will affirm.

                                             I

       Goncalves de Oliveira is a native and citizen of Brazil. He entered the United

States in 2000 on a B2 Tourist Visa but voluntarily departed in 2016 after he was placed

in removal proceedings for overstaying his visa. While Goncalves de Oliveira was in

Brazil, a police officer who had previously assaulted Goncalves de Oliveira’s father for

“playing his music too loud in his vehicle while parked” threatened to kill Goncalves de

Oliveira. A.R. 436. Goncalves de Oliveira believes that the police officer wanted to kill

him because he is afraid that Goncalves de Oliveira has been planning to avenge his

father. Goncalves de Oliveira illegally returned to the United States five months after his

departure by crossing the Mexican border.

       Three years later, Goncalves de Oliveira was arrested in New Jersey and placed in

removal proceedings for illegally entering the United States. Claiming fear of the

Brazilian police officer, Goncalves de Oliveira requested asylum and withholding of

removal based on membership in a particular social group. He marked “no” when asked

if he or his family belonged to any groups or organizations. He also requested

cancellation of removal because it would “result in exceptional and extremely unusual

hardship” to his American daughter, who was born in 2014.

                                             2
       An immigration judge denied Goncalves de Oliveira’s requests for relief and

ordered him removed to Brazil on February 14, 2020. Goncalves de Oliveira neither

appealed this decision nor petitioned for review. But he was granted an administrative

stay of removal for 180 days and released from custody. His son was born that March

with a “congenital heart disease” that “will require life-long care by a pediatric

cardiologist.” A.R. 139.

       Goncalves de Oliveira moved to reopen his removal proceedings on November 2,

2020, based on changed country conditions and “other serious harm” that he and his son

would allegedly experience in Brazil due to a lack of medical care during the COVID-19

pandemic. In support of his motion, Goncalves de Oliveira submitted evidence of his

asthma, his son’s severe heart condition, and reports related to COVID-19. The IJ denied

his motion to reopen, finding that Goncalves de Oliveira failed to show that he was prima

facie eligible for humanitarian asylum. The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)

affirmed the IJ’s decision and added that Goncalves de Oliveira did not present evidence

of changed country conditions or demonstrate how he would suffer “other serious harm”

upon return to Brazil.

                                             II

       The BIA had jurisdiction over the denial of the motion to reopen under 8 C.F.R.

§§ 1003.1(b)(3) & 1003.2(a). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a).

       We review a denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion and findings of

fact for substantial evidence. Sevoian v. Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 166, 170 (3d Cir. 2002). We

give the BIA’s decision “broad deference and generally do not disturb it unless it is

                                              3
arbitrary, irrational, or contrary to law.” Lin v. Att’y Gen., 700 F.3d 683, 685 (3d Cir.

2012) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Motions to reopen removal proceedings are

generally “disfavored” because “every delay works to the advantage of the deportable

alien who wishes merely to remain in the United States.” INS v. Doherty, 502 U.S. 314,

323 (1992).

                                                III

           Goncalves de Oliveira asserts that the BIA abused its discretion by rejecting his

evidence of changed country conditions and by finding that he failed to prove “other

serious harm.” We need not decide these questions. Goncalves de Oliveira failed to show

prima facie eligibility for humanitarian asylum when he did not provide evidence of “past

persecution.” See Darby v. Att’y Gen., 1 F.4th 151, 161 (3d Cir. 2021) (explaining that

the BIA may deny a motion to reopen for at least three reasons: “failure to establish a

prima facie case for the relief sought, failure to introduce previously unavailable, material

evidence, and a determination that even if those requirements were satisfied, the movant

would not be entitled to the discretionary grant of relief which he sought”) (quoting INS

v. Abudu, 485 U.S. 94, 104 (1988)). For that reason, we will affirm the BIA’s removal

order. 1

1
  Goncalves de Oliveira also asserts that the BIA erred by not considering his request for
withholding of removal. The standard for withholding of removal “is higher than the
asylum standard; thus, an alien who fails to establish asylum eligibility necessarily fails
to demonstrate a ‘clear probability’ of persecution, as required for withholding of
removal.” Blanco v. Att’y Gen., 967 F.3d 304, 310 (3d Cir. 2020) (quoting Toure v. Att’y
Gen., 443 F.3d 310, 317 (3d Cir. 2006)).

                                                 4
       Goncalves de Oliveira is exempt from the 90-day filing deadline for motions to

reopen because he requested humanitarian asylum based on changed country conditions

that were unavailable at his previous removal proceedings. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i),

(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii). Because he claimed past persecution in his asylum

request, we proceed under the framework of 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1).

       First, Goncalves de Oliveira must “establish that he . . . has suffered persecution in

the past . . . on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1). We presume that such asylees

have a “well-founded fear of persecution on the basis of the original claim.” Id. The

government can rebut this presumption by showing that “[t]here has been a fundamental

change in circumstances such that the applicant no longer has a well-founded fear of

persecution” in his home country, or that “[t]he applicant could avoid future persecution

by relocating to another part of” his home country. Id. § 1208.13(b)(1)(i). If the

government rebuts the presumption, the alien can re-establish a well-founded fear of

persecution by “demonstrat[ing] compelling reasons for being unwilling or unable to

return to the country arising out of the severity of the past persecution” or showing “that

there is a reasonable possibility that he or she may suffer other serious harm upon

removal to that country.” Id. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii) (emphasis added).

       By requesting asylum for “other serious harm,” without first establishing past

persecution, Goncalves de Oliveira is attempting to take an unauthorized shortcut. We

only consider whether an alien has a well-founded fear of persecution based on “other

serious harm” if he has already established past persecution. In re L-S-, 25 I. & N. Dec.

                                              5
705, 710 (BIA 2012) (“We emphasize that every asylum applicant who arrives at this

stage of the analysis has demonstrated past persecution and thus has proven he or she is a

‘refugee.’ ” ).

         Goncalves de Oliveira failed to establish past persecution in his initial removal

proceedings. On his application for asylum, Goncalves de Oliveira alleged membership

in a particular social group and past harm to him and his father. His request was denied,

and he never appealed.

         Goncalves de Oliveira abandoned his argument of past persecution in reopening

proceedings. In his motion to reopen, he asserted that he and his son faced “other serious

harm” in Brazil because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In his appeal, Goncalves de

Oliveira claimed that it was legal error for the IJ to require a showing of past persecution

because he could show “other serious harm” instead. In his petition for review,

Goncalves de Oliveira acknowledges the BIA’s finding that he failed to prove past

persecution. But rather than explain how his past harm rises to the level of persecution or

how his particular social group has been targeted for abuse, he simply directs our

attention to the evidence he presented in his asylum application and then returns to the

argument that he and his son’s medical issues were sufficient evidence of “other serious

harm.”

         The government asserts that we lack jurisdiction to consider whether Goncalves de

Oliveira established past persecution because he failed to exhaust this issue before the

agency. Respondent’s Br. 19–20 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1)). But “§ 1252(d)(1)’s

exhaustion requirement is not jurisdictional.” Santos-Zacaria v. Garland, 143 S. Ct.

                                               6
1103, 1116 (U.S. 2023). Even so, we need not decide whether Goncalves de Oliveira

exhausted his past persecution argument, or the impact of his failure to exhaust, because

he cannot prevail on the merits.

       The record supports the findings by the IJ and BIA that Goncalves de Oliveira

failed to show past persecution. First, Goncalves de Oliveira did not show that he was

“targeted for mistreatment on account of a protected ground.” Hernandez Garmendia v.

Att’y Gen., 28 F.4th 476, 482 (3d Cir. 2022). In his initial asylum application, he claimed

persecution on account of his membership in a particular social group, but he did not

identify one. In his petition, he claims to be a member of two social groups: “family

members of individuals subjected to police brutality” and “individuals who received

death threats based on participation in proceedings against police officers in Brazil.”

Pet’r’s Br. 16. These are not cognizable social groups. See In re M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N.

Dec. 227, 242 (BIA 2014) (“[A] social group cannot be defined exclusively by the fact

that its members have been subjected to harm.” (citation omitted)).

       Second, Goncalves de Oliveira did not show that “the mistreatment rose to the

level of persecution.” Hernandez Garmendia, 28 F.4th at 482. Goncalves de Oliveira

claimed that he was persecuted in the past when a police officer assaulted his father and

when that same police officer threatened to kill him. “Persecution is an extreme concept

that does not include every sort of treatment our society regards as offensive.” Jarbough

v. Att’y Gen., 483 F.3d 184, 191 (3d Cir. 2007) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

“[W]e have limited the type of threats constituting persecution to only a small category of

cases, and only when the threats are so menacing as to cause significant actual suffering

                                             7
or harm.” Chavarria v. Gonzalez, 446 F.3d 508, 518 (3d Cir. 2006) (citation and

quotation marks omitted). And “we have refused to extend asylum protection for threats

that, while sinister and credible in nature, were not highly imminent or concrete or failed

to result in any physical violence or harm to the alien.” Id.

       Finally, Goncalves de Oliveira did not show, or even attempt to argue, that the

harm “was committed by the government or forces the government is unable or unwilling

to control.” Hernandez Garmendia, 28 F.4th at 482. By his own testimony, the police

officer was “off-duty” when he assaulted Goncalves de Oliveira’s father. And there is no

indication that the government would be unable or unwilling to control the police officer.

Neither the assault nor the threat was reported to government officials, and Goncalves de

Oliveira did not present any evidence that a report would have been ineffectual. See Doe

v. Att’y Gen., 956 F.3d 135, 146 (2020).

       Goncalves de Oliveira is correct that, “in extreme circumstances, harm resulting

from the unavailability of necessary medical care could constitute ‘other serious harm.’ ”

Pllumi v. Att’y Gen., 642 F.3d 155, 162 (3d Cir. 2011). But we need not consider

Goncalves de Oliveira’s arguments based on the availability of medical care because he

failed to demonstrate past persecution under step one of 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1).

                                             IV

       For the reasons stated above, we will deny the petition for review.

                                              8