Court Opinion

ID: 5012
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 05:01:32+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:29:39.017232
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                       FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                  ______________________________

                            No. 91-4526
                  ______________________________

             DAVID E. HEASLEY AND KATHLEEN HEASLEY,

                                              Petitioners-Appellants,
                                                     Cross-Appellees,

                                versus

                COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,

                                                  Respondent-Appellee,
                                                      Cross-Appellant.

           __________________________________________

      Appeal from A Decision of the United States Tax Court
           __________________________________________
                         (July 20, 1992)

Before BRIGHT,1 JOLLY, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

BRIGHT, Senior Circuit Judge:

     David and Kathleen Heasley (The Heasleys) appeal from the

decision of the Tax Court denying a portion of their request for

attorneys' fees and litigation costs under 26 U.S.C. § 7430 (1988).

The Heasleys incurred the sought-after fees and costs during prior

litigation before the Tax Court and on appeal to this court.           The

Internal Revenue Service cross-appeals, challenging the Heasleys'

entitlement to any fee award and disputing the manner in which the

1
     Senior Circuit   Judge   of   the   Eighth   Circuit,   sitting   by
designation.
Tax Court calculated the award.        We affirm in part, reverse in part

and remand in part.

I.   BACKGROUND

     The facts that led to the underlying litigation have been set

forth   in   an   earlier   decision     by   this    court.    Heasley   v.

Commissioner, 902 F.2d 380 (5th Cir. 1990) [Heasley I].                   We

elaborate only as necessary to frame our analysis of the issues

raised on this appeal.

     Prompted by Gaylen Danner, who purported to be a financial and

securities dealer, the Heasleys invested in an energy conservation

plan in December 1983.      Under the plan, which was sponsored by the

O.E.C. Leasing Corporation [O.E.C.], the Heasleys leased two energy

savings units from O.E.C. at a yearly cost of $5,000 per unit.

O.E.C. ascribed a value of $100,000 to each unit.

     Neither Heasley graduated from high school.            Both had limited

investment experience.        As a return on their investment, the

Heasleys thought they would receive a percentage of the energy

savings yielded by the end users of the units.              Although Danner

discussed the investment's tax advantages, the Heasleys viewed the

O.E.C. leasing plan as a source of future income.2

     At Danner's suggestion, the Heasleys employed Gene Smith, a

C.P.A., to prepare their 1983 tax return.            Smith claimed a $10,000

deduction on the advance rent of the units and a $20,000 investment

tax credit, which he carried back             to 1980 and 1981.       After

2
     For a more detailed description of the plan, see the Tax
Court's memorandum opinion, Heasley v. Commissioner, 55 T.C.M.
(CCH) 1748 (1988), and Soriano v. I.R.S., 90 T.C. 44 (1988).

                                   -2-
investing $14,161 in the O.E.C. plan, the Heasleys received in

excess of $23,000 in refunds from the Internal Revenue Service

[IRS] for the three years.       The O.E.C. investment never generated

any income.     The Heasleys lost all the money they invested with

Danner, over $25,000.

      After sending the Heasleys a prefiling notification letter in

1986, the IRS totally disallowed the $10,000 deduction and $20,000

investment tax credit.       The Heasleys became liable for the $23,000

deficiency, plus interest.        The IRS also assessed $7,419.75 in

penalties: a $1,153.05 negligence penalty under I.R.C. § 6653(a)(1)

(1988); a $5,940.90 valuation overstatement penalty under I.R.C.

§ 6659 (1988); a $325.80 substantial understatement penalty under

I.R.C. § 6661 (1988) and an additional interest penalty on the

disallowed investment tax credit under I.R.C. § 6621 (1988).

      After exhausting their administrative remedies, the Heasleys

sued the IRS. They conceded their liability for the deficiency and

only challenged the assessment of the penalties and additional

interest. The Tax Court upheld the assessment of the penalties and

interest.     Heasley v. Commissioner, 55 T.C.M. 1748 (1988).

A panel of this court reversed the Tax Court on July 20, 1990.

Heasley I, 902 F.2d at 382-86.         The Tax Court revised its decision

accordingly on October 26, 1990.

      On November 19, 1990, the Heasleys moved for an award of

$40,221.86 in attorneys' fees and litigation costs under I.R.C.

§   7430   (1988),   which   permits    a    "prevailing   party"   in   a   tax

proceeding against the IRS to recover reasonable litigation costs.

                                       -3-
The Heasleys' attorney, John D. Copeland, submitted a supporting

affidavit. Copeland did not submit billing records with the motion

for litigation costs.

      The     Tax    Court    held   that    the    Heasleys        were   entitled    to

reasonable     litigation       costs   for       the   section     6661     substantial

understatement penalty only.            Heasley v. Commissioner, 61 T.C.M.

(CCH) 2503 (1991).            This was the sole instance in which they

demonstrated that the position of the IRS was "not substantially

justified."         I.R.C. § 7430(c)(4)(A)(i).              The Tax Court awarded

$198.99 in costs, or one-fourth of the requested award of $795.94.

The Tax Court disallowed the Heasleys' request for reimbursement in

excess   of    the    statutory      rate    of    $75.00     per    hour.      See    id.

§ 7430(c)(1)(B)(iii).           In addition, the Tax Court determined that

the   statutory      reimbursement      rate,       indexed    to     account    for   an

increase in the cost-of-living, was $91.43 per hour.

      The Tax Court noted that the Heasleys failed to provide a

breakdown of specific hours and hourly rates as provided by Tax

Court Rule 231(d).3          The Tax Court also observed that after the IRS

disagreed with the reasonableness of the fee request, the Heasleys

failed to submit a more detailed affidavit, as required by Tax

Court Rule 232(d).           Consequently, the Tax Court divided the total

3
      Rule 231(d) provides, in relevant part:

      A motion for an award of reasonable litigation costs
      shall be accompanied by a detailed affidavit by the
      moving party or counsel for the moving party which sets
      forth distinctly the nature and amount of each item of
      costs paid or incurred for which an award is claimed.

Tax Ct. R. 231(d).

                                            -4-
fee award claimed by the Heasleys ($39,425.92) by Copeland's hourly

rate ($200) and yielded a figure of 197 hours.         After dividing this

number by four and yielding a figure of forty-nine hours, the Tax

Court determined that the total award for attorneys' fees was

$4,480.07.

      The    Heasleys   filed   a   motion   for   reconsideration   with   a

supplemental affidavit that broke down their request for fees by

attorney, hourly rate and the number of hours worked by each

attorney.     The Tax Court denied the motion.         This appeal and the

Government's cross-appeal followed.

II.   DISCUSSION

      A.    Substantial Justification

      The Heasleys argue that they are entitled to an award of fees

and costs incurred in litigating the three remaining penalties.

The Heasleys assert that they established that the position of the

IRS with respect to each penalty was "not substantially justified."

I.R.C. § 7430(c)(4)(A)(i).          We agree only in part.

      In order to recover an award of attorneys' fees from the

Government, a tax litigant must qualify as a "prevailing party"

under      section   7430(c)(4)(A).4         First,   the    litigant   must

"establis[h] that the position of the United States . . . was not

substantially justified."           Id.   Second, the taxpayer must also

"substantially prevail[]" with respect to either "the amount in

4
     See, e.g., Sher v. Commissioner, 861 F.2d 131, 133 (5th Cir.
1988); Smith v. United States, 850 F.2d 242, 245 (5th Cir. 1988);
Huckaby v. Department of the Treasury, 804 F.2d 297, 298 (5th Cir.
1986) (per curiam).

                                       -5-
controversy" or "the most significant issue or set of issues

presented."     Id. § 7430(c)(4)(A)(ii).

     A position is "substantially justified" when it is "justified

to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person."           Pierce v.

Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988) (interpreting similar language

in 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d), the Equal Access to Justice Act).            The

Government's failure to prevail in the underlying litigation does

not require a determination that the position of the IRS was

unreasonable,     but   it   clearly    remains   a   factor   for   our

consideration.     Perry v. Commissioner, 931 F.2d 1044, 1046 (5th

Cir. 1991).     Nor does a trial court ruling in the government's

favor preclude a finding of unreasonableness, although this acts as

a similarly important consideration.       Huckaby v. Department of the

Treasury, 804 F.2d 297, 299 (5th Cir. 1986) (per curiam).             We

review the Tax Court's determination on the issue of substantial

justification for abuse of discretion.      Pierce, 487 U.S. at 557-63

(requires abuse of discretion review for analogous EAJA provision);

Cassuto v. Commissioner, 936 F.2d 736, 740 (2d Cir. 1991) (citing

Pierce, 487 U.S. at 557-63).

          1.    Negligence Penalty

     As this court explained in Heasley I, the IRS may penalize

taxpayers for any underpayment due to negligence or disregard of

the rules and regulations.      Heasley I, 902 F.2d at 383 (citing

I.R.C. § 6653(a)(1)).    "Negligence" includes any failure to make a

reasonable attempt to comply with the Tax Code, including the

failure to do what a reasonable person would do under similar

                                  -6-
circumstances.         Id. (citations omitted); I.R.C. § 6653(a)(3).

"Disregard"    includes     any    careless,      reckless     or    intentional

disregard. Heasley I, 902 F.2d at 383 (citing section 6653(a)(3)).

Due care does not require moderate income investors, like the

Heasleys, to investigate independently their investments; they may

rely    upon   the     expertise   of     their    financial    advisors     and

accountants.     Id.

       The Heasleys assert that they made reasonable efforts to

comply with the Tax Code and the Government unreasonably asserted

the negligence penalty.       We agree.       The Heasleys demonstrated that

they are moderate income investors with a limited education and

minimal investment experience.           They relied on the expertise of

their financial advisor, whom they believed to be knowledgeable and

trustworthy.    Although the Heasleys had always prepared their own

tax returns in the past, they hired a C.P.A. to handle the more

complicated tax matters created by their ill-fated investment. The

Heasleys also monitored their investment.            Heasley I, 902 F.2d at

384.

       Under these circumstances, we cannot say that a reasonable

person would have been satisfied with the IRS's position on the

negligence penalty.        See Pierce, 487 U.S. at 565.             The Heasleys

thus demonstrated that the position of the IRS with respect to the

negligence penalty was "not substantially justified."                     I.R.C.

§ 7430(c)(4)(A).         Accordingly, the Tax Court's holding to the

contrary was abuse of discretion and we reverse.

                                        -7-
           2.    Valuation Overstatement Penalty

     The IRS may impose a valuation overstatement penalty for any

underpayment "attributable to a valuation overstatement."             I.R.C.

§ 6659(a)(2).     A "valuation overstatement" occurs when a taxpayer

overstates the value of property on a tax return by 150% or more.

Id. § 6659(c).    The IRS may waive any or all of the penalty when a

taxpayer shows good faith and a reasonable basis for claiming the

overvaluation.       Id. § 6659(e).

     The Heasleys overvalued the energy conservation units, which

were actually worth $5,000, by $95,000.         The Tax Court upheld the

penalty.   We reversed on the ground that the overvaluation was not

attributable    to    a   valuation   overstatement,   but   rather   to   an

improperly claimed deduction or credit.       Heasley I, 902 F.2d at 383

(citing Todd v. Commissioner, 862 F.2d 540, 542-43 (5th Cir.

1988)).

     At the fee dispute phase, the Tax Court held that the IRS was

substantially justified in seeking the valuation overstatement

penalty.   The Tax Court refused to award the Heasleys fees and

costs incurred in challenging this penalty. The Tax Court reasoned

that the IRS asserted the penalty before the decision in Todd, when

the issue was in flux and litigants reasonably could have argued

either position.

     The Heasleys do not now contest the determination that they

overstated the value of the energy conservation units.                 They

contend that they had a reasonable basis for the valuation and made

the claim in good faith.       See I.R.C. § 6659(e).     They also assert

                                      -8-
that   the   IRS    abused    its    discretion   by   failing   to   waive   the

valuation overstatement penalty.

       The Heasleys have not shown, however, that the position of the

IRS with respect to this penalty was "not substantially justified."

We are persuaded, as was the Tax Court, that before Todd this issue

was unresolved in our Circuit.           See 862 F.2d at 541-45.        The IRS

simply argued for one of two plausible interpretations of the

statute.     See Huckaby, 804 F.2d at 299.              Accordingly, the IRS

reasonably    asserted       the    section   6659   valuation   overstatement

penalty against the Heasleys.           We affirm.

             3.    Additional Interest Penalty

       The IRS may impose a penalty for any substantial underpayment

attributable to a tax motivated transaction.             I.R.C. § 6621(c)(1);

Heasley I, 902 F.2d at 385. A "tax motivated" transaction includes

a valuation overstatement.            Heasley I, 902 F.2d at 385 (citing

I.R.C. § 6659(c) (overstatement of property value by 150%)).                  In

addition, the IRS may specify other types of transactions which may

be treated as "tax motivated." Id. (citing section 6621(c)(3)(B)).

       The Tax Court originally held that the Heasleys' investment in

O.E.C. leasing was tax motivated because they had not engaged in

the transaction for profit.             Id. at 385-86 (citation omitted).

This court reversed, concluding that the Heasleys displayed the

requisite profit motive and the IRS should have considered their

intent to earn future income.             Id. at 386.     At the fee dispute

phase, the Tax Court held that the IRS's position on the additional

                                        -9-
interest penalty was substantially justified because the evidence

supported the absence of a profit motive.

       The Heasleys now maintain, under the authority of Heasley I,

that the IRS was not substantially justified in pressing for the

section 6621 additional interest penalty.                              We disagree.          The

additional interest penalty is necessarily bound up with the

valuation overstatement penalty.                      See I.R.C. § 6621(c)(3)(A)(i)

("'tax      motivated      transaction'             means     .    .    .   any        valuation

overstatement (within the meaning of section 6659(c))").                                 We have

already     held    that    the   IRS         reasonably      asserted       the       valuation

overstatement penalty.            It would be inconsistent to hold that the

IRS did not reasonably assert the section 6621(c) additional

interest penalty, which draws its definition in part from the

valuation overstatement penalty.                    Accordingly, we affirm.

       B.    Substantially Prevail Requirement

       Having determined that the Heasleys established that the IRS's

position     with       respect     to        the   negligence         penalty     was     "not

substantially justified," we must determine whether the Heasleys

also   substantially        prevailed           with    respect        to   the    amount     in

controversy or the most significant issue or set of issues.                                  See

I.R.C. § 7430(c)(4)(A)(ii).               The Tax Court held that the Heasleys,

who    secured      a    reversal        of     all    four       penalties       on     appeal,

substantially prevailed with respect to the most significant issue

or set of issues presented.              We review this determination for abuse

of discretion.          See Cassuto, 936 F.2d at 741.

                                               -10-
     The IRS asserts that the Heasleys are not entitled to an award

of reasonable litigation costs because they conceded the most

important issue, their liability for the deficiency.        Although the

Government   acknowledges   that    the    Heasleys   prevailed   on   the

penalties, it claims these were not significant issues because they

lacked collateral or future impact.       According to the IRS, the only

significant issue in this case was the deficiency.                Br. for

Appellee/Cross-Appellant at 40-43.        We disagree.

     In order to determine whether a taxpayer has "substantially

prevailed" within the meaning of section 7430(c)(4)(A), we look to

the final outcome of the case, whether by judgment or settlement.

Cassuto, 936 F.2d at 741.     This section "is phrased in terms of

issues not claims."   Huckaby, 804 F.2d at 300.       Thus, a victory on

the primary issue suffices.   See id.     But see Ralston Dev. Corp. v.

United States, 937 F.2d 510, 515 (10th Cir. 1991) (taxpayer who

recovers only 19% of the amount at issue in a tax case has not

substantially prevailed with respect to the amount in controversy).

     The Heasleys, who conceded their liability for the deficiency,

only challenged the penalties. The primary issue in the underlying

litigation, therefore, was their liability for over $7,000 in

penalties and additional interest. After appeal to this court, the

Heasleys secured the reversal of all four penalties.               As in

Huckaby, the final outcome of the case, reversal of the penalties,

represented their complete vindication on the most significant

issue.   Unlike the taxpayers in Ralston, the Heasleys here did not

accomplish only a proportionally slight vindication.        The Heasleys

                                   -11-
"substantially prevailed" with respect to the most significant

issue within the meaning of section 7430(c)(4)(A)(ii).        Finding no

abuse of discretion, we affirm.

     The Heasleys, who established that the position of the IRS was

"not substantially justified" with respect to the negligence and

substantial understatement penalties, meet the requirements of the

first   level   of    "prevailing     party"      analysis.      I.R.C.

§ 7430(c)(4)(A)(i).   Because they "substantially prevailed" with

respect to the penalties, the most significant issue or set of

issues presented, they also withstand scrutiny under the second

tier of section 7430(c)(4)(A) analysis.        Id. § 7430(c)(4)(A)(ii).

Accordingly, the Heasleys qualify as a "prevailing party" with

respect to the substantial understatement and negligence penalties.

They are entitled to an award of the reasonable litigation costs

incurred in connection with challenging these two penalties.5

     The remaining issues relate to the amount of the attorneys'

fee award.

5
     The IRS does not challenge on this appeal the Tax Court's
finding that no substantial justification supported the section
6661 substantial understatement penalty. Rather, the IRS argues
that the Heasleys are not entitled to an award of fees and costs
because they did not substantially prevail with respect to the
amount in controversy or the most significant issue or set of
issues.   I.R.C. § 7430(c)(4)(A)(ii).   Because we hold that the
Heasleys substantially prevailed with respect to the most
significant issue or set of issues, we reject the IRS's arguments
to the contrary. We also affirm the Tax Court's findings that the
position of the IRS with respect to the section 6661 substantial
understatement penalty was "not substantially justified."     Id.
§ 7430(c)(4)(A)(i). We necessarily hold that the Heasleys are a
"prevailing party" with respect to the substantial understatement
penalty. Id. § 7430(c)(4)(A).

                               -12-
     C.    Documentation

     The   IRS   asserts    that   the    Heasleys   failed    to   document

adequately their request for attorneys' fees.           According to the

IRS, the taxpayers should have provided contemporaneous billing

records and a breakdown of the tasks performed by particular

attorneys.    See Bode v. United States, 919 F.2d 1044, 1047 (5th

Cir. 1990).   The IRS asks us to remand with instructions to limit

the fee award to the number of hours that the Heasleys' attorneys

spent before the Tax Court.

     We apply an abuse of discretion standard of review to the

decision to grant attorneys' fees to a prevailing party.            Cassuto,
936 F.2d at 740 (citing Pierce, 487 U.S. at 571).             We review the

overall amount of the award under the same standard.             Id.; Bode,
919 F.2d at 1047 (citing Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437

(1983)). Subsidiary findings of fact are reviewed for clear error.

Bode, 919 F.2d at 1047 (citation omitted).

     We agree with the IRS that the Heasleys, as parties seeking

reimbursement for attorneys' fees under section 7430, bore the

burden of establishing the number of attorney hours expended.           Id.

Failure to provide contemporaneous billing records, however, does

not preclude recovery so long as the Heasleys presented adequate

evidence to permit the Tax Court to determine the number of

reimbursable hours.   Id.    In addition, the Heasleys had the burden

of establishing that their attorneys expended a reasonable number

of hours on this case and that the hours were reasonably expended.

Id. (citation omitted).

                                   -13-
      In his affidavit in support of the motion for attorneys' fees

and   litigation   costs,     John   D.    Copeland    stated    that   he   is   a

certified specialist in tax law and that he devoted a substantial

number of hours to the Heasleys' case.            Copeland charged clients

$200.00 per hour.        His associate on the case, Andrea Winters,

billed   at    $100.00    per   hour.         Copeland    also    stated     that

substantially all of the attorneys' time devoted to this case was

devoted to the penalty issues, which were the only issues to

proceed to trial.      As the IRS points out, Copeland did not submit

contemporaneous billing records in support of this motion.

      Unlike the IRS, however, we do not conclude that the Tax Court

abused its discretion by granting an award on the basis of the

evidence before it.       The Tax Court had the opportunity to observe

the Heasleys' attorneys at trial and assess their credibility. The

Tax Court precisely set forth the means by which it arrived at an

overall figure of 197 hours.         The Tax Court reasonably could have

determined, on the basis of the evidence in the affidavit, that 197

hours was a reasonable number and that those hours were reasonably

expended.     Cf. Bode, 919 F.2d at 1049 (reversed attorneys' fee

award where the only evidence before the district court failed to

provide a reasonable basis for its calculation).

      In addition, the Tax Court clearly noted that by failing to

submit a detailed affidavit which set forth the nature and amount

of each item for which costs and fees were claimed, the Heasleys'

attorneys     failed     to   comply      with   Tax    Court    Rule    231(d).

Nevertheless, the Tax Court proceeded to calculate a fee award on

                                       -14-
the basis of the evidence Copeland did provide in his affidavit.

We cannot say that the manner in which the Tax Court calculated the

award of fees and costs constitutes abuse of its discretion to

interpret its own procedural rules.6

     Finally, the IRS relies primarily upon Bode, which is readily

distinguishable.     First,   the   taxpayers    in   Bode   produced   no

documentary evidence in support of their request for attorneys'

fees; they only presented vague expert testimony which did not

establish the total number of hours or the hourly rate of the

attorneys. 919 F.2d at 1046-47.     The expert testimony gave the

court no basis upon which to conclude whether the hours at issue

were reasonable and reasonably expended.        Id. at 1047-48.

     Second, the district court in Bode awarded 600 hours at

$150.00 per hour without articulating its reasons.           Id. at 1046.

Here, however, the Tax Court articulated both its reasons and its

methodology for deriving the 197 hour figure.            The Tax Court

divided Copeland's hourly rate of $200.00, which was set forth in

the affidavit, by the total fee award sought by the Heasleys,

$39,425.92.

     Accordingly, the Tax Court did not abuse its discretion by

awarding attorneys' fees on the basis of the evidence before it.

6
     See, e.g., Ward v. Commissioner, 907 F.2d 517, 520-21 (5th
Cir. 1990) (not abuse of discretion for Tax Court to set aside
default judgment under Tax Ct. R. 123); Kelley v. Commissioner, 877
F.2d 756, 761 (9th Cir. 1989) (abuse of discretion to deny
taxpayers leave to amend under Tax Ct. R. 41(a)); Noli v.
Commissioner, 860 F.2d 1521, 1526 (9th Cir. 1988) (not abuse of
discretion to dismiss petition for failure to prosecute under Tax
Ct. R. 123(b)).

                                -15-
Nor did it err by determining that 197 hours served as the base

figure for the attorneys' fee award.

      As we have already decided that the Heasleys are entitled to

an   award   of   the   costs   and   fees   incurred   in   challenging   the

negligence and substantial understatement penalties, we now hold

that they are entitled to reimbursement for one-half of the hours

found by the Tax Court, rather than just one-quarter.               The base

figure for which they are entitled to attorneys' fees, therefore,

is ninety-eight hours.      Under the same reasoning, the Heasleys are

also entitled to an award of $397.97, one-half of the costs they

claimed.

      D.     Special Factors

      The Heasleys contend that the Tax Court erred by not granting

them reimbursement based upon the actual hourly fee charged by

their attorneys. Taxpayers who recover attorneys' fees against the

United States may receive reasonable litigation costs at prevailing

market rates.      I.R.C. § 7430(c)(1).         A maximum hourly rate of

$75.00 applies unless the court determines that an increase in the

cost of living or a "special factor" justifies a higher rate.              Id.

§ 7430(c)(1)(B)(iii). The statute suggests one special factor: the

limited availability of qualified attorneys for a proceeding.              Id.

      The Heasleys attempted to persuade the Tax Court that their

attorneys were entitled to hourly fees of $100.00 to $200.00, the

going rate in Dallas, Texas.          The Tax Court held that the "going

rate" did not qualify as a "special factor" within the meaning of

section 7430.     Accordingly, the Tax Court denied their request for

                                      -16-
reimbursement in excess of the $75.00 statutory hourly fee.                           We

review this determination for abuse of discretion.                      Cassuto, 936
F.2d at 740, 743.

       The Heasleys now maintain that several "special factors"

warrant     a    higher       award.      They    point    to:    (1)   the     limited

availability of qualified attorneys in Dallas who practice for

$75.00 per hour; (2) the need to deter harsh administrative action;

(3) the need to encourage attorneys to take on essentially pro bono

cases that speak to the fair administration of the tax laws; (4)

the tax expertise of their attorneys and (5) the unusual results

obtained by their attorneys.                Although the Heasleys have made

substantial arguments in favor of a higher rate, we cannot say that

the Tax Court abused its discretion by limiting the attorneys' fees

to the statutory rate.                 See, e.g., Pierce, 487 U.S. at 572;

Cassuto, 936 F.2d    at   743-44;      Bode, 919 F.2d   at     1050-52.

Accordingly,          we   affirm   the   award    of    attorneys'     fees    at   the

statutory rate of $75.00 per hour, plus a cost-of-living increase.

       E.    Cost-of-Living Increase

       Section 7430 permits a court to grant more than $75.00 per

hour in attorneys' fees when an increase in the cost-of-living

justifies a higher rate.               I.R.C. § 7430(c)(1)(B)(iii).            The Tax

Court awarded an hourly fee of $91.43, with the cost-of-living

adjustment calculated from October 1, 1981, the effective date of

a similar cost-of-living provision in the Equal Access to Justice

Act.   We review this purely legal determination de novo.                      Cassuto,
936 F.2d at 740.

                                          -17-
     The IRS contends that the proper date from which to calculate

a section 7430 cost-of-living increase is January 1, 1986, the

effective date of the section 7430 COLA provision.            We agree.      See

Cassuto, 936 F.2d    at   742-43;    Bode, 919 F.2d   at    1053     n.8.

Accordingly, we remand to the Tax Court to recalculate the cost-of-

living increase from January 1, 1986.

     F.    Attorneys' Fees For This Appeal

     The Heasleys have requested attorneys' fees for the time

devoted to the motion for litigation costs and this appeal.                  Br.

for Appellants at 22.         We have the power to make an award for

services rendered in this court; and we elect to do so here in

order to bring this long-pending dispute to a close.             Leroy v. City

of Houston, 906 F.2d 1068, 1086 (5th Cir. 1990) (citing Davis v.

Board of Sch. Comm'rs, 526 F.2d 865, 868 (5th Cir. 1976)).

     In order to award attorneys' fees for this appeal, we need

only decide whether it was abuse of discretion for the Tax Court to

determine that the IRS's position with respect to the underlying

litigation was "not substantially justified."             Bode, 919 F.2d at

1052 (citation    omitted).       We    need   not   determine     whether   the

Government's appellate position was substantially justified once

this threshold decision has been made by the trial court.                    Id.

(citing Commissioner, INS v. Jean, 110 S. Ct. 2316, 2320 (1990)).

We must determine, however, whether the Heasleys are a "prevailing

party" on appeal.       Id.

     We have already held that the Tax Court did not abuse its

discretion by determining that the IRS's position with respect to

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the   section   6661   substantial    understatement    penalty    was    "not

substantially justified."       We thus proceed to the next inquiry.

      The Heasleys have not prevailed on every issue raised during

this appeal.    They secured additional attorneys' fees with respect

to the section 6653 negligence penalty, which will result in a

greater overall award of attorneys' fees.7        They did not prevail

with respect to the requested "special factor" reimbursement in

excess   of   the   statutory   hourly   rate.   In    addition,    the    IRS

prevailed on the cost-of-living increase, which will yield a lower

COLA than previously awarded.

      On balance, these losses are "'not of such magnitude as to

deprive [them] of prevailing party status.'"            Bode, 919 F.2d at

1052 (quoting Leroy, 906 F.2d at 1082 n.24).           Thus, to the extent

that the Heasleys prevailed on this appeal, they are entitled at

least to reimbursement for appellate fees that relate to their

success on appeal and in defending against the cross-appeal.               See

Jean, 110 S. Ct. 2321 n.10; Bode, 919 F.2d at 1052.           Accordingly,

we direct the Heasleys to submit to this court their application

for fees incurred during these appeals, together with supporting

documents, prior to the issuance of the mandate in this case.              See

Fed. R. App. P. 41.

7
     The Tax Court previously awarded the Heasleys $4,480.07 in
fees, including the cost-of-living adjustment. The Heasleys are
now entitled to at least $7350 in attorneys' fees, plus a cost-of-
living increase.

                                     -19-
III. CONCLUSION

     We AFFIRM the Tax Court with respect to the section 6661

substantial understatement penalty, the section 6659 valuation

overstatement penalty and the section 6621 additional interest

penalty.   We REVERSE with respect to the section 6653 negligence

penalty and hold that the Heasleys are entitled to reasonable

litigation costs because the IRS's position on this issue was not

substantially justified.        We AFFIRM the determination that the

Heasleys   substantially    prevailed     with    respect   to     the     most

significant issues presented and are thereby entitled to reasonable

litigation costs and fees for the negligence and substantial

understatement penalties. We AFFIRM the Tax Court's base figure of

compensable   hours.       We   AFFIRM    the    Tax   Court's    denial     of

reimbursement at the attorneys' actual hourly rate.              We REMAND to

the Tax Court to award attorneys' fees for ninety-eight hours at

$75.00 per hour, plus a cost-of-living increase calculated from

January 1, 1986.       The Heasleys are entitled to costs from the

previous litigation in the amount of $397.97, plus an award of

attorneys' fees from these appeals, to be determined by this court

after submission of the necessary documentation.

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