Court Opinion

ID: 9388652
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-21 09:08:57.35922+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:21.716764
License: Public Domain

IN THE
                         TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                No. 10-22-00023-CR
                                No. 10-22-00024-CR

NICHOLAS DAVID HOYT,
                                                           Appellant
v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                           Appellee

                          From the 13th District Court
                             Navarro County, Texas
                        Trial Court Nos. D41235-CR and
                                  D41237-CR

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Nicholas David Hoyt was convicted of ten counts of possession with the intent to

promote child pornography (appellate case number 10-22-00023-CR/trial court case

number D41235-CR) and ten counts of possession of child pornography (appellate case

number 10-22-00024-CR/trial court case number D41237-CR). Hoyt was sentenced to 11

years in prison on Counts 1-10 in trial court case number D41235-CR, 5 years in prison on
Counts 1-9 in trial court case number D41237-CR, and 10 years in prison, probated for 10

years, on Count 10 in trial court case number D41237-CR. The trial court cumulated those

sentences so that the 11-year sentences in the ten-count indictment in D41235-CR would

run first, followed by the 5-year sentence for Counts 1-9 in D41237-CR, and then followed

by the 10-year-probated-ten-years sentence for Count 10 in D41237-CR. Because jury

charge error, related to the instruction regarding a presumption, in trial court case

number D41235-CR was egregious, the trial court’s judgment in trial court case number

D41235-CR is reversed and that case is remanded to the trial court. Because jury charge

error regarding unanimity, in both cases, was not egregious and because the trial court’s

oral pronouncement of sentence for both trial court cases was properly memorialized in

the judgment, the trial court’s judgment in trial court case number D41237-CR is affirmed.

BACKGROUND

        Images of child pornography were flagged by cyber-crime tips to authorities in

Collin County in March of 2016. An investigation by the National Center for Missing and

Exploited Children then began. The tips linked the images flagged to an IP address

associated with a residence in Navarro County where Hoyt and others lived. Email

addresses, which included part or all of Hoyt’s name, were also linked to the tips. Search

warrants were issued for the physical address, and Hoyt’s cell phone and desktop

computer were seized. Images of child pornography were located on both the phone and

the computer.

Hoyt v. State                                                                       Page 2
JURY-CHARGE ERROR

        In his first two issues, Hoyt complains the trial court committed errors in the jury

charge. Specifically, Hoyt complains in his first issue that the trial court failed to include

a Texas Penal Code Section 2.05 instruction in the charge in appellate case number 10-22-

00023-CR/trial court case number D41235-CR on the use of a statutory presumption and

complains in his second issue that the court’s charge allowed nonunanimous verdicts in

both cases. Hoyt did not object to either alleged error. The State concedes error as to both

complaints but argues the errors were harmless.

        Standard of Review

        In reviewing a jury-charge issue, if error is found, the appellate court must analyze

that error for harm. Price v. State, 457 S.W.3d 437, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Almanza v.

State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh'g). If error was not preserved

at trial by proper objection, a reversal will be granted only if the error presents egregious

harm, meaning the defendant did not receive a fair and impartial trial. Almanza, 686

S.W.2d at 171.

        In examining the record for egregious harm, we consider 1) the complete jury

charge, 2) the arguments of counsel, 3) the entirety of the evidence, including the

contested issues and weight of the probative evidence, and 4) any other relevant factors

revealed by the record as a whole. Hollander v. State, 414 S.W.3d 746, 749-50 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2013). Jury charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case,

deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. Taylor v.

State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 490 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

Hoyt v. State                                                                           Page 3
        Section 2.05 Instruction (case number D41235-CR/ 10-22-00023-CR)

        Hoyt was charged with and convicted of the second-degree felony offense of

possession with the intent to promote child pornography. TEX. PENAL CODE § 43.26(a)(1),

(e), (g). A person commits the offense if the person knowingly or intentionally possesses

with intent to promote “visual material that visually depicts,” and the person knows the

material visually depicts, a child, younger than 18 years of age at the time the image of

the child was made, engaging in sexual conduct. See id. A person is presumed to possess

the material with the intent to promote the material if the person possesses visual material

that contains six or more identical visual depictions of a child as described by section

43.26(a)(1). TEX. PENAL CODE § 43.26(f). When a presumption such as in section 43.26(f)

is submitted to the jury, section 2.05 of the Texas Penal Code requires the trial court to

instruct the jury that: (1) the facts giving rise to the presumption must be proven beyond

a reasonable doubt; (2) if so proven, the jury may find the presumed element exists, but

is not bound to do so; (3) the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt each other

element of the offense; and (4) if the jury has a reasonable doubt as to existence of the

facts giving rise to the presumption, it fails and is not to be considered for any purpose.

TEX. PEN. CODE § 2.05(a). Hoyt complains the trial court failed to include the required

section 2.05 instruction in the court’s charge to the jury. Because Hoyt concedes he failed

to object to the error, he therefore argues that to obtain reversal, the trial court’s failure

caused him egregious harm.

        Trial Court Error

        Texas statutory presumptions that benefit the State, like the one in section 43.26(f)

Hoyt v. State                                                                           Page 4
of the Texas Penal Code, are saved from being unconstitutional mandatory presumptions

only when the language in section 2.05 of the Texas Penal Code is included in the jury

instructions. Hollander v. State, 414 S.W.3d 746, 754 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (Cochran, J.,

concurring). See Willis v. State, 790 S.W.2d 307, 310 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The trial court

instructed the jury that "[a] person who possesses visual material that contains six or

more identical visual depiction[s] of a child that would constitute an offense under this

section is presumed to possess the material with the intent to promote the material." See

TEX. PENAL CODE § 43.26(f). However, the jury charge did not include the required section

2.05 instruction.   Without the instruction, the charge contains an unconstitutional,

mandatory presumption. See Willis v. State, 790 S.W.2d at 309-310.

        The State concedes, and we agree with the concession, that the trial court erred in

failing to include a section 2.05 instruction in the jury charge. Thus, we review the record

to determine if the error caused egregious harm under the four-factor test set out

previously. See Hollander v. State, 414 S.W.3d 746, 749-50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).

        Egregious Harm—the Jury Charge

        The jury charge does not inform the jurors that the facts underlying the

presumption of intent to promote were required to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt

before the jury could rely on the presumption to convict Hoyt. It properly instructs the

jury regarding the State's general burden to prove all the essential elements of the offense

beyond a reasonable doubt; but such a general instruction fails to educate the jurors that

the facts underlying the presumption must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt before

Hoyt v. State                                                                          Page 5
they may rely on the presumption to convict. See Hollander v. State, 414 S.W.3d 746, 750

(Tex. Crim. App. 2013).

        —Arguments of Counsel

        Counsels’ comments and arguments did not remedy the error in the charge. See

id. The State specifically informed the panel about the presumption during voir dire, but

neither side mentioned the burden of proof with respect to the presumption; the State

and defense counsel simply asserted that the State must prove Hoyt's guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt. During opening statements, neither side mentioned the burden of

proof regarding the presumption, and only the defense reminded the jury that the State

generally carried the burden of proof. Further, neither party's arguments expressed the

burden of proof with respect to the presumption. During the State’s closing argument,

however, the State reminded the jury about the presumption but did not inform them of

the State’s burden to prove that presumption or what had to happen before the jury could

use the presumption to find Hoyt guilty. The State’s argument improperly suggested

that mere possession of six or more images of child pornography were sufficient to use

the presumption.

        —the Evidence

        In an egregious-harm analysis, the question is not simply whether, when viewed

in the light most favorable to the verdict, the jury could rationally have found the facts

giving rise to the presumption beyond a reasonable doubt. See Hollander v. State, 414

S.W.3d 746, 751 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Rather, a reviewing court must evaluate the

likelihood, considering the record as a whole, that a properly instructed jury would have

Hoyt v. State                                                                       Page 6
found the facts giving rise to the presumption beyond a reasonable doubt. See id.

        Here, the State made little, if any, effort to establish Hoyt's guilt independently of

the section 43.26(f) presumption. There was testimony that images were uploaded to a

Google account, and there was testimony that an upload occurs when something is sent

to the internet. But there was no testimony explaining that images uploaded showed an

intent to promote the images. 1 The State only concluded in its closing argument that

uploading to the internet meant promoting. Further, it proffered no evidence, that we

could discern, of facts giving rise to the presumption; that is, that Hoyt possessed visual

material containing six or more identical visual depictions of a child. At one point in the

trial, the State pointed to “a photograph image 200420069” in State’s Exhibit 98 and asked

a witness if he had “seen those before.” The witness replied that “these” came off of

Hoyt’s cell phone. The witness was then directed to an image in State’s Exhibit 97 and

asked where “that image came off of.” The witness replied that it came from the seized

desktop computer and acknowledged that the image on the desktop appeared to be the

same image that was on the cell phone. It is unclear from the testimony how many images

were the same and where these images were within the voluminous State’s Exhibits 97

and 98. No other attempts were made to prove to the jury that six or more identical visual

depictions of a child were possessed by Hoyt. 2

1
  The word, promotion, was defined in the charge as: “… to procure, manufacture, issue, sell, give, provide,
lend, mail, deliver, transfer, transmit, publish, distribute, circulate, disseminate, present, exhibit, or
advertise or to offer or agree to do any type of child pornography.”

2
  The State concedes that the jury did not have sufficient evidence to find that Hoyt possessed six or more
identical visual depictions of child pornography. At most, the State admits, Hoyt possessed three identical
images between his cell phone, a computer, and Google account.

Hoyt v. State                                                                                        Page 7
        The State contends, however, that Hoyt did not contest the intent to promote

element and thus, no egregious harm is shown. We disagree with the State. Hoyt’s entire

defense was centered on the assertion that he was not the one who possessed the images.

That defense necessarily includes the assertion that if he did not possess them, he did not

promote them. Consequently, after reviewing the record, the likelihood that a properly

instructed jury would have found the facts giving rise to the presumption beyond a

reasonable doubt is low.

        —Other Relevant Factors Revealed

        Another item relevant to our consideration is a jury note about the definition of

promotion. The jury note stated:

        Clear definitions [sic] of "promote" is requested. Do all aspects have to be
        met, or is it at any aspect of the definition? There is language that is not
        clear in this definition.

        The trial court responded, "You have all the law before you."

        The State asserts that this question by the jury shows it did not rely on the

presumption and thus, any harm in the failure to provide a section 2.05 instruction is

theoretical and not egregious.     Hoyt could not be actually harmed by an omitted

instruction, the State continues, if the jury did not indulge in the presumption at all.

Again, we disagree with the State.

        The jury was never told that if the State did not prove the facts giving rise to the

presumption, the jury could not use the presumption. This was part of the required

section 2.05 instruction which the jury did not have. Simply because the jury did not

understand the definition of promotion does not mean the jury did not use the

Hoyt v. State                                                                          Page 8
presumption when it was not properly instructed on its use.

        —Conclusion

        After considering the necessary factors and the entire record, we hold that the

error in the jury charge affected the very basis of the case and deprived Hoyt of a valuable

right. Thus, the error caused egregious harm. Hoyt’s first issue is sustained.

        Unanimity (both case numbers)

        Hoyt was charged with 10 counts of possession of child pornography with the

intent to promote the child pornography and 10 counts of possession of child

pornography. Fifty-six separate photographs of alleged pornography were admitted into

evidence. A pediatrician testified that, in her opinion, at least 36 of those photographs

depicted children.

        In his second issue, Hoyt complains the trial court erred in failing to instruct the

jury as to the unanimity of its verdict for each count for both offenses. Specifically, Hoyt

contends the jury was not instructed as to how to use the photographs that were

introduced into evidence; for example, which photographs could be considered, whether

the photographs could be considered in both cases, or whether the jury had to

unanimously find individual photographs for each count as described in the indictments

to determine guilt. And because Hoyt did not object to that omission in the charge, he

argues, as he must to prevail, that the error caused egregious harm.

        Texas law requires that a jury reach a unanimous verdict about the specific crime

the defendant committed. Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 771 (Crim. App. 2011). This

means that every juror must agree that “the defendant committed the same, single,

Hoyt v. State                                                                         Page 9
specific criminal act.” Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 745 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). A non-

unanimous verdict may occur when the State charges an offense and presents evidence

that the defendant committed the charged offense on multiple but separate occasions. See

Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 772. Each of the multiple occasions individually establishes a

different offense or unit of prosecution. Id.

        In child pornography cases, the possession of each item of child pornography

constitutes a separate offense or “unit of prosecution.” See Vineyard v. State, 958 S.W.2d

834, 838 (Crim. App. 1998). In other words, each item of child pornography found in a

defendant's possession constitutes a separate offense for which the defendant may be

prosecuted. Witt v. State, 237 S.W.3d 394, 397 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, pet. ref'd) (citing

Vineyard, 958 S.W.2d at 838). Thus, each separate offense must be subject to a single

unanimous verdict. See Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 773. To ensure unanimity in this instance,

the court’s charge “would need to instruct the jury that its verdict must be unanimous as

to a single offense or unit of prosecution among those presented.” Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at

772. A general instruction that the jury must agree unanimously on each count is not

sufficient to prevent a non-unanimous verdict. Id. at 773.

        The State concedes, and we agree with the concession, that the trial court erred in

failing to instruct the jury that its verdict must be unanimous as to a single offense or unit

of prosecution among those presented. Thus, we review the record for egregious harm.

        Egregious Harm—the Jury Charge

        The only actual instruction on unanimity was an instruction in the “verdict”

section stating that “You may return a verdict only if all twelve of you agree on this

Hoyt v. State                                                                          Page 10
verdict.”3 A general instruction such as this is inadequate to inform the jury of the

specific unanimity requirement. The jury may have believed that it had to be unanimous

about the verdict for each offense, but not about the specific image supporting each

offense. See Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 774 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

        —Arguments of Counsel

        Under this factor, we look to whether any statements made by the State, Hoyt, or

the trial court during the trial exacerbated or ameliorated error in the charge. Arrington

v. State, 451 S.W.3d 834, 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). Neither the parties nor the trial court

said anything to the jury that the verdict as to each offense or the decision to use a specific

photograph to support a conviction had to be unanimous. In fact, no one mentioned,

other than what was in the charge, unanimity at all until the jury returned its verdicts

and the trial court confirmed the verdicts were unanimous.

        —the Evidence

        We look to the state of the evidence to determine whether the evidence made it

more or less likely that the jury charge caused appellant actual harm. Arrington v. State,

451 S.W.3d 834, 841 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). Actual harm occurs when the error in the

jury charge affects the very basis of the case, deprives the defendant of a valuable right,

or vitally affects a defensive theory. See Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 777 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2011); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh'g)).

3
  In the application paragraphs for each case, the trial gave an implied unanimity instruction but only in
the situation where the jury did not believe the State proved its case: “If you all agree the State failed to
prove….”

Hoyt v. State                                                                                       Page 11
          Here, the State introduced 10 pornographic photograph exhibits into evidence that

corresponded to the 10 counts of possession of child pornography with the intent to

promote and another 10 of the same type of exhibits that corresponded to the 10 counts

of possession of child pornography. The State introduced another 36 of the same type of

exhibits without notations of a corresponding count or offense. A testifying pediatrician

confirmed that many of these 56 exhibits were photos of children, but some might not be.

Nevertheless, the parties told the jury that they could decide whether the exhibits were

photographs of children; and in his argument, Hoyt conceded the photographs were of

children.

          Hoyt did not contest that child pornography was found on his computer, his cell

phone, or a Google account with his email address. His defense was not based on the

nature of the images; he did not challenge whether they were child pornography 4 or

whether there were enough images to support each count individually. Rather, his

defense was solely about possession: someone else must have downloaded the images,

not him, because other people had access to his cell phone and computer. 5 This was an

all-or-nothing defense which, by its verdicts, the jury rejected.

          Thus, based on a review of the record, evidence that 20 of the photograph exhibits

were labeled with the corresponding count and offense and that Hoyt only contested

possession, it appears less likely that the jury charge error caused Hoyt actual harm.

4
    Hoyt’s counsel admitted in argument that the images were child pornography.

5
    The State argued this as the SODDI defense: “some other dude did it.”

Hoyt v. State                                                                        Page 12
        —Other Relevant Factors Revealed

        The State raises a potential relevant factor revealed in the record: a note by the

jury regarding which photographs could be considered. The jury sent out the following

note:

        Does our finding have to be based on the photos in the envelopes labled
        [sic] w/ the charge containing photos also labeled w/counts
        [undecipherable]---can all photos admitted as evidence be considered.

Unclear about what the jury was requesting, the trial court responded, “All evidence

admitted can be considered in all charges.”

        Some of the photographic evidence in this case was contained in two manilla

envelopes. Some had the corresponding counts/offenses written on them. Some had no

notations and did not come in any envelopes. All the photographic evidence was,

however, admitted without limitation, and the State was not requested to make an

election. Thus, the response by the trial court was not incorrect. Further, the implication

of the question is not, necessarily, that the jury wanted to use some of the same

photographs for different counts or different offenses. Rather, it is more probable that on

some of the counts within an offense, like the pediatrician, the jury could not determine

whether a supporting photograph was an image of a child and wanted to know if they

could consider the other photographs as evidence necessary to find Hoyt’s guilt as to

those counts.

        —Conclusion

        After considering the necessary factors and the entire record, we find the error in

the jury charge did not affect the very basis of the case or deprive Hoyt of a valuable right

Hoyt v. State                                                                         Page 13
and thus, did not cause egregious harm. Hoyt’s second issue is overruled.

PRONOUNCEMENT OF SENTENCE

        In his third issue, Hoyt contends that the oral pronouncements of his sentences in

both cases conflict with the written judgments in that there was no oral pronouncement

of a cumulation order for both cases. Thus, his argument continues, the cumulation order

in the judgments must be removed.

        A defendant's sentence must be pronounced orally in his presence. Taylor v. State,

131 S.W.3d 497, 500 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). The judgment, including the sentence

assessed, is just the written declaration and embodiment of that oral pronouncement. Id.

When there is a conflict between the oral pronouncement of sentence and the sentence in

the written judgment, the oral pronouncement controls. Id.; Freeman v. State, 554 S.W.3d

816, 817 (Tex. App.—Waco 2018, no pet.).

        The statement by the trial court which Hoyt contends was the pronouncement of

his sentence and which he contends did not include a cumulation order of the two cases

was not the trial court’s official pronouncement of the sentence. What Hoyt relies on was

simply a statement by the trial court as to what the court’s sentence would be for each

case. After that statement, the trial court reflected on Hoyt’s character and behavior and

clarified the State’s confusion as to what the sentence would be. The trial court then asked

if there was any reason why the sentence should not be pronounced, to which Hoyt’s

counsel replied, “No, sir.” After this, the trial court stated:

        In Cause No. D41235, sir, you are sentenced to 11 years in the Texas
        Department of Criminal Justice Institutional Division. You are remanded
        to the custody of the sheriff who will transport you to the appropriate

Hoyt v. State                                                                        Page 14
        facility to begin serving out this sentence. This sentence, these sentences on
        all ten counts begin today. You will be given credit on whatever time you
        have received awaiting trial. Upon completion of that, then the five years
        in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institutional Division will
        begin for Counts 1 through 9. At the end of that term then you'll be
        sentenced to ten years in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice
        Institutional Division probated for a period of ten years where you are
        ordered to comply with the terms and conditions that the Court has
        previously stated on the record. Do you understand?

Hoyt replied, “Yes, sir.” The judgments reflect this pronouncement.

        Accordingly, there is no conflict between the oral pronouncement of the sentences

and the judgments. Hoyt’s third issue is overruled.

CONCLUSION

        Having sustained Hoyt’s first issue, we reverse the trial court’s judgment in

appellate case number 10-22-00023-CR/trial court case number D41235-CR and remand

this case to the trial court.

        Having overruled Hoyt’s second and third issues, we affirm the trial court's

judgment in appellate case number 10-22-00024-CR/trial court case number D41237-CR.

                                           TOM GRAY
                                           Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Johnson, and
       Justice Smith
Reversed and remanded
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed April 19, 2023
Do not publish
[CR25]

Hoyt v. State                                                                            Page 15