Court Opinion

ID: 9896347
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-09 21:09:46.317146+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:42.893854
License: Public Domain

STATE OF LOUISIANA

                              COURT OF APPEAL

                               FIRST CIRCUIT

                               2023 CA 0412

                               ALICE GARRETT

                                   VERSUS

  DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,
MARLSTONE PROPERTIES, LLC, AND STATE OF LOUISIANA
                     OFFICE OF RISK MANAGEMENT

                                       JUDGMENT RENDERED:       NOV 0 9 2023

          Appealed from The Twenty -Second Judicial District Court
                 Parish of St. Tammany • State of Louisiana
                     Docket Number 2019- 16269 • Division I

          The Honorable Reginald T. Badeaux, llI, Presiding Judge

 Catherine M. Robin                              COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT

 Zachary D. Rhodes                               PLAINTIFF— Alice Garrett
 John M. Robin
 Covington, Louisiana
    and

 Patrick G. Murray
 Bogalusa, Louisiana

 Jeff Landry                                     COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE

 Attorney General                                DEFENDANT— State of Louisiana,
 Phyllis E. Glazer                               through the Department of Children

 Assistant Attorney General                      and Family Services
 Baton Rouge, Louisiana
    and

 Mary Katherine F. Koch
 Craig J. Hebert
 Assistant Attorney Generals
 New Orleans, Louisiana

           BEFORE: WELCH, HOLDRIDGE AND WOLFE, JJ.
WELCH, J.

       In this action for damages, the plaintiff, Alice Garrett, appeals a summary

judgment granted in favor of the State of Louisiana, through the Department of

Children and Family Services (" DCFS"), dismissing Ms. Garrett' s claims against

DCFS with prejudice. For reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                    BACKGROUND

       On March 19, 2018, Ms. Garrett visited the DCFS office located at 351

Holiday Boulevard in Covington, Louisiana.' While in the waiting area, she sat in

a chair.
           When Ms. Garrett attempted to get up from the chair, the chair collapsed,

causing her to fall and injure her right shoulder and hip. Ms. Garrett filed this suit

against DCFS,'    seeking damages for her personal injuries.       DCFS filed an answer

generally denying liability, and thereafter, filed a motion for summary judgment,

seeking the dismissal of Ms. Garrett' s claims against it.        In DCFS' s motion for

summary judgment, it claimed that Ms. Garrett could not prove that DCFS had actual

or constructive notice of any defect or that it failed to take corrective action within

a reasonable time, both of which were essential elements to Ms. Garrett' s claims.

Pursuant to a judgment signed on December 5, 2022, the trial court granted the

motion and dismissed all of Ms. Garrett' s claims against DCFS with prejudice. Ms.

Garrett now appeals.

                              SUMMARY JUDGMENT

      The purpose of summary judgment is to pierce the pleadings and to assess the

proof in order to determine whether there is a genuine need for trial.            Flynn v.

Anytime Fitness, LLC, 2022- 0742 (La. App. 1"        Cir. 12129122), 360 So. 3d 860, 863,

writ denied, 2023- 00108 ( La. 414123),     358 So. 3d 863.     After an opportunity for

adequate discovery, a motion for summary judgment shall be granted if the motion,

1 The building was owned by Marlstone Properties, LLC (" Marlstone") and leased to DCFS.

2 Ms. Garrett also named Marlstone and the State of Louisiana, Office of Risk Management as
defendants. However, both Marlstone and ORM were subsequently dismissed with prejudice.
                                             2
memorandum, and supporting documents show there is no genuine issue of material

fact and the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.                   La. C. C.P.   art.

966( A)(3). 3   In determining whether summary judgment is appropriate, appellate

courts review evidence de novo under the same criteria that governs the trial court' s

determination of whether summary judgment is appropriate.                  Flynn, 360 So. 3d at

        The initial burden of proof is on the party filing the motion for summary

judgment. La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 1).      If the mover will not bear the burden of proof

at trial on the issue that is before the court on the motion for summary judgment, the

mover need only point out to the court, through its supporting documents, the

absence of factual support for one or more elements essential to the adverse party' s

claim, action, or defense.       La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 1);   see also La. C. C. P. art. 966,

Comments -2015, Comment 0). Once the motion for summary judgment has been

properly supported by the moving party, the burden then shifts to the non-moving

party to produce factual support, through the use of supporting documents in

opposition to the motion, of the existence of a genuine issue of material fact or that

the mover is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 1).

If the non-moving party fails to produce factual support in its opposition sufficient

to satisfy this burden, the motion should be granted.             Madden v. Fairburn, 2022-

1055 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 4/ 14/ 23), 365 So. 3d 511, 814.

                                              LIABILITY

       In this case, Ms. Garrett' s claims against DCFS are based on La. C. C. art.

2317 and 2317. 1, 4 as limited to public entities by La. R.S. 9: 2800. Louisiana Civil

Code article 2317 provides that "[ w] e are responsible,             not only for the damage

3 The motion for summary judgment at issue in this appeal was filed and decided under La. C.C.P.
art. 966 prior to its amendment by 2023 La. Acts., No. 317, § ( eff. August 1, 2023).

a In Ms. Garrett' s petition for damages, she asserted claims, as to Marlstone, based on La. C. C.
art. 2322, which provides for liability for defective buildings. There is no dispute that La. C. C.
art. 2322 is not applicable to her claims against DCFS, as the chair at issue was a moveable and
not a building or a thing attached to a building.
                                                    k
occasioned by our own act, but for that which is caused by the act of persons for

whom we are answerable, or of the things which we have in our custody.            This,

however, is to be understood with the following modifications."        Louisiana Civil

Code article 2317. 1 modifies La. C. C. art. 2317 to require " proof that 1) the owner

or custodian of a defective thing has knowledge of the defect, 2) the damage could

have been prevented by the exercise of reasonable care, and 3) the failure to exercise

reasonable care."   Sewell v. Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans, 2018-

0996 ( La. App. 4" Cir. 5129119), 363 So. 3d 474, 484, writ denied, 2019- 01166 ( La.

10115/ 19), 280 So. 3d 612. Pursuant to La. C. C. art. 2317. 1.

            The owner or custodian of a thing is answerable for damage
      occasioned by its ruin, vice, or defect, only upon a showing that he
      knew or, in the exercise of reasonable care, should have known of the
      ruin, vice, or defect which caused the damage, that the damage could
      have been prevented by the exercise of reasonable care, and that he
      failed to exercise such reasonable care. Nothing in this Article shall
      preclude the court from the application of the doctrine of res ipsa
      loquitur in an appropriate case.

      Further, custodial liability under La. C. C. art. 2317 is specifically limited as

to public entities by La. R. S. 9: 2800, which requires additional proof that the public

entity had notice and opportunity to repair the defect. Specifically, La. R.S. 9: 2800

provides, in pertinent part:

      A. A public entity is responsible under Civil Code Article 2317 for
      damages caused by the condition of buildings within its care and
      custody.

                                         EMM

      C. Except as provided for in Subsections A and B of this Section, no
      person shall have a cause of action based solely upon liability imposed
      under [ La. C. C. art.] 2317 against a public entity for damages caused
      by the condition of things within its care and custody unless the public
      entity had actual or constructive notice of the particular vice or defect
      which caused the damage prior to the occurrence, and the public entity
      has had a reasonable opportunity to remedy the defect and has failed to
      do so.

      D. Constructive notice shall mean the existence of facts which infer
      actual knowledge.

      F. A violation of the rules and regulations promulgated by a public
      entity is not negligence per se.

                                           4
       As such, in order to prove a public entity is liable for damages caused by a

thing, the plaintiff must establish: ( 1) custody or ownership of the defective thing by

the public entity; ( 2) the defect created an unreasonable risk of harm; ( 3) the public

entity had actual or constructive notice of the defect; ( 4) the public entity failed to

take corrective action within a reasonable time; and ( 5)    causation.   Chambers v.

Village of Moreauville, 2011- 898 ( La. 1124112), 85 So. 3d 593, 597. Failure to meet

any one of these statutory requirements will defeat a claim against a public entity.

Jefferson v. Nichols State University, 2019- 1137 ( La. App. 1St Cir. 5/ 11120), 311

So. 3d 1083, 1085, writ denied, 2020- 00779 ( La. 11/ 04120), 303 So. 3d 623.

      In DCFS' s motion for summary judgment, it contended that there was an

absence of factual support for and that Ms. Garrett would be unable to prove the

third and fourth requirement, i.e., that DCFS had actual or constructive notice of any

defect in the chair or that DCFS failed to take corrective action within a reasonable

time. In support of its motion for summary judgment, DCFS relied on excerpts from

the deposition testimony of Ms. Garrett and the affidavit of Amanda Parker, the

Safety Officer for the DCFS office at issue, along with the DCFS hazard logs and

inspection records attached thereto.

      Ms. Garrett testified in her deposition that when she went into the DCFS

waiting area, she signed in and sat down in a chair. Thereafter, Ms. Garrett got up

from the chair and sat in another chair, which was by a copy machine.        When Ms.

Garrett saw a lady walking toward the copier, she intended to get up from the chair

in order to get out of the way. However, as Ms. Garrett got up, she leaned forward,

the chair cracked, the chair' s leg broke, and Ms. Garrett fell over. Ms. Garrett stated

that she had only been in the second chair (the chair that broke) for about a minute

before she attempted to get up, and that the chair had been occupied by someone else

prior to her sitting in it. Ms. Garrett did not hear or notice anything unusual about

the chair when she was sitting in it, but she heard the chair creak as she went to get

                                           5
up.   Ms. Garrett admitted that prior to sitting in the chair, she could not identify

anything that was wrong with the chair, and that prior to the accident happening, Ms.

Garrett ( nor anyone that she knew) was aware of any issues or problems with the

chair.   Ms. Garrett also admitted that she ( nor anyone else that she was aware of)

alerted anyone from DCFS of any issues with the chair prior to her sitting in it. Ms.

Garrett stated that the chair at issue was made of wood, and at the time of the

accident, she weighed 182 pounds and was 5' 93/4" tall.

         According to Ms. Parker' s affidavit, she is employed by DCFS and was

employed as the Safety Officer for the DCFS office on the date. of the incident,

March 19, 2018.     Ms. Parker stated that as Safety Officer, she was responsible for

conducting inspection walkthroughs of the premises, and that during her inspections,

she never observed any broken or otherwise defective chairs in the waiting area. She

explained that as a policy, hazard logs and inspection logs are maintained, which are

recorded on a quarterly basis.     Ms. Parker reviewed all of the hazard logs and

inspection records for the quarter prior to and including March 19, 2019, which were

attached to her affidavit, and that at no time was there an indication of any broken

or otherwise defective chairs during that quarter.

         Based on our de novo review of the documents offered by DCFS in support

of its motion for summary judgment, we find DCFS presented sufficient evidence to

establish that there was an absence of factual support for two elements necessary to

Ms. Garrett' s claims— that DCFS had actual or constructive notice of any defect in

the chair and that DCFS failed to take corrective action within a reasonable time.

Consequently, the burden shifted to Ms. Garrett to produce factual support sufficient

to establish that she would be able to satisfy her evidentiary burden of proof at trial

or that a genuine issue of material fact existed and that DCFS was not entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.

         In opposition to the motion for summary judgment, Ms. Garrett maintained

that she could prove DCFS had actual or constructive notice of the defect in the chair

                                           Z
 and that it failed to take corrective action within a reasonable time.                   Ms. Garrett

 argued that there were issues of fact because the defect in the chair could have been

 discovered if DCFS had conducted reasonable inspections, which would have

 provided      actual    or   constructive   notice     of   the   defect.     Ms.    Garrett,    while

 acknowledging that all prior inspections revealed no hazards, claimed that the

reported absence of hazards indicates that the inspections were inadequate or not

done at all because the inspections would have revealed a crack. Ms. Garrett also

argues the only inference that can be drawn is that there was a crack in the chair,

which gradually grew worse to the point where the leg broke while she was sitting
in it. However, Ms. Garrett offered no factual support for any of these contentions.S

Instead, her arguments are nothing more than conclusory allegations, improbable
inferences,     and     unsupported   speculation,
                                                       which are not sufficient to satisfy her

5 As support for her opposition to the motion for summary judgment, Ms. Garrett offered the four
quarterly " SAFETY CHECKLIST" documents for the " PARISH/ OFFICE:                  St. Tammany;" the
Department of Social Services policy manual relative to the necessary safety trainings to be
performed; "   HAZARD CONTROL LOG" sheets dated 9( 30117, 113( 18, and 3131118, which
contained no entries, and one dated 6/ 30119, which contained an entry relative to wet tiles; the
Department of Social Services " Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Procedure and Form; the incident report
for the accident involving Ms. Garrett; and the statements of DCFS workers relative to the incident.

       Prior to its amendment by 2023 La. Acts No. 317, § 1 ( eff. August 1, 2023), La. C. C.P. art.
966( A)(4) provided that "[ t] he only documents that may be filed in support of or in opposition to
the motion [ for summary judgment] are pleadings, memoranda, affidavits, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, certified medical records, written stipulations, and admissions."     The documents
offered by Ms. Garrett in opposition to DCF Ss motion for summary judgment do not fall into any
category of documents listed in La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)(4); however, those documents were not
objected to. Thus, under La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 2), the court shall consider any document to which
no objection is made to determine de nova, if any evidentiary value should be given to those
documents. Velocity Investments, LLC v. Pasqua, 2022- 0626 ( La. App. 1" Cir. 1110123), 361
So. 3d 23, 27 n. 6.

        The documents offered by Ms. Garrett are unsworn and unverified documents because they
were not attached to an affidavit, deposition or otherwise authenticated. A document that is not
an affidavit or sworn to in any way, or is not certified or attached to an affidavit, has no evidentiary
value on a motion for summary judgment. Id Therefore, in meeting the burden of proof in
 opposition to the motion for summary judgment, unsworn or unverified documents, such as the
documents offered by Ms. Garrett, annexed to the opposition to the motion for summary judgment
are not self -proving and will not be considered; attaching such documents to a motion for summary
judgment does not transform such documents into competent summary judgment evidence. See
Id.

       Nevertheless, even if we considered the documents offered by Ms. Garrett in opposition to
the motion for summary judgment, we find these documents do not support her contentions. The
lack of hazards actually reported in DCFS' s safety logs does not establish that the inspections
performed were insufficient or not done at all.

                                                   7
burden of proof or support a finding of a genuine issue of material fact.              See

Stanfield on Behalf of Leblanc v. Lafourche Parish School Board, 2022- 1196

    La. App. I" Cir. 4/ 14/ 23), 365 So. 3d 816, 821.

          We recognize that Ms. Garrett has also argued, for the first time on appeal,

that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur applies such that she is not required to prove

actual or constructive knowledge.          While this Court generally does not consider

arguments raised for the first time on appeal, we nevertheless conclude that the

doctrine is not applicable.

         Res ipsa loquitur' applies in cases where the plaintiff uses circumstantial

evidence alone to prove negligence by the defendant and allows the court to infer

negligence on the part of the defendant from the circumstances surrounding the

injury. Linnear v. CenterPoint Energy Entex/ Reliant Energy, 2006- 3030 ( La.

9/ 5107), 966 So. 2d 36, 41.         Further, res ipsa loquitur applies only when three

requisite elements are met: (    1) the injury is the kind which ordinarily does not occur

in the absence of negligence; ( 2) the evidence must sufficiently eliminate other more

probable causes of the injury; and ( 3) the negligence of the defendant must fall

within the scope of his duty to the plaintiff. Id. Further, res ipsa loquitur applies

where direct evidence of a defendant' s negligence is not available to assist the

plaintiff to present a prima facie case of negligence, such that the only available

evidence is circumstantial.      See Linnear, 966 So. 2d at 41- 42.   Conversely, it does

not apply in a case where there is direct evidence, along with some circumstantial

evidence presented by the plaintiffs. Id.

         In this case, DCFS offered direct evidence on the issue of notice— the

testimony of the plaintiff, who confirmed that there was nothing wrong with or no

obvious defects in the chair at the time she sat in it or while the chair' s prior occupant

sat in it and the affidavit of Ms. Parker, which established that DCFS inspected the

6
     Res ipsa loquitur means " the
                                 thing speaks for itself." Linnear v. CenterPoint Energy
Entex/Reliant Energy, 2006- 3030 ( La. 915/ 07), 966 So. 2d 36, 41.
                                               8
chairs on a quarterly basis, had identified no defects in its chairs, and had received

no reports of defective chairs.     Further, Ms. Garrett presented no evidence that a

crack existed in the chair prior to her attempt to get out of or stand from the chair,

nor did she present evidence excluding the possibility that the chair broke for some

other reason.
                 Consequently, the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur does not apply to this
case.

        Therefore, our de novo review of the record reveals that Ms. Garrett did not

submit evidence sufficient to show that DCFS had actual or constructive notice of

any defect in the chair and that DCFS failed to take corrective action within a

reasonable time. Absent such evidence, the Ms. Garrett failed to meet her burden of

establishing a genuine issue of material fact.     Therefore, based on the undisputed

material facts, we must conclude, as a matter of law, that summary judgment in favor

of DCFS was appropriate. In accord Alvarado v. Lodge at the Bluffs, LLC, 2016-

0624 ( La.    App. 1st Cir. 3/ 29117),   217 So. 3d 429, writ denied, 2016- 0697 ( La.

6/ 16117),   219 So. 3d 340 and Parsons v. Sholand, LLC, 2013- 2217 ( La. App. 1$ t

Cir. 8/ 29/ 14) 2014 WL 4317786.

                                    CONCLUSION

        For all of the above and foregoing reasons, the December 5, 2022 judgment

is affirmed.    All costs of this appeal are assessed to the plaintiff/appettant, Alice

Garrett.

AFFIRMED.

                                             9