Court Opinion

ID: 5115920
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-04 21:16:00.639974+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:21:53.391153
License: Public Domain

10/04/2021
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                                August 3, 2021 Session

             STATE OF TENNESSEE v. EARLESA MCCLELLAN

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County
                      No. 20-200 Roy B. Morgan, Jr., Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. W2020-00742-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________

This is an Appeal by the State in which we are ask to conclude that a dismissal by a
general sessions court for lack of probable cause is subject to de novo review by a circuit
court, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 27-5-108. After the Madison
County General Sessions Court dismissed the charge against Defendant, Earlesa
McClellan, the district attorney general forwent a grand jury indictment and instead
appealed to the Madison County Circuit Court. Finding that an appeal of a general
sessions court’s probable cause determination to the circuit court is not proper procedure,
the circuit court dismissed the appeal. The State now appeals to this Court. After a
thorough review of the record, we dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

              Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Appeal Dismissed

TIMOTHY L. EASTER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT
WILLIAMS, P.J. and D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., joined.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Samantha L. Simpson, Assistant
Attorney General; Jody S. Pickens, District Attorney General; and Michelle R. Shirley
and Faith A. Mote, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellant, State of
Tennessee.

Anna B. Cash, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellee, Earlesa McClellan.

                                       OPINION

                          Factual and Procedural Background

       On January 22, 2020, Defendant was arrested by the Madison County Sheriff’s
Office (“MCSO”) and charged for a violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-
17-417, possession of marijuana with the intent to sell, deliver and distribute.
       A preliminary hearing was conducted on March 3, 2020 by the Madison County
General Sessions Court. At the hearing, MCSO Deputy Trevor Reasons testified that on
January 21, 2020, he attempted to stop a white Hyundai Sonata that appeared to “be in
excess of the speed limit” on Riverside Drive in Jackson, Tennessee. Deputy Reasons
was initially unable to catch the vehicle, but later saw it fail to yield at a red light at the
intersection of Riverside and West Main Street. At that time, Deputy Reasons engaged
his blue lights and attempted to initiate a traffic stop. Because the vehicle was traveling
at a high speed, Deputy Reasons again lost sight of it. Deputy Reasons described the
white Hyundai Sonata over the police radio as having either a very dim or non-
functioning driver’s side taillight, and potentially evading arrest for speeding and failing
to yield at a red light. Twelve minutes later, MCSO Deputy Brent Cisco advised Deputy
Reasons that he was driving on Lambuth Boulevard and had located a vehicle matching
the description in front of him on the road.

        Deputy Cisco testified that he engaged his blue lights, initiated a traffic stop, and
pulled the vehicle over on the road. When he approached the vehicle, he smelled a strong
odor of marijuana. Additional deputies arrived at the scene and they, along with Deputy
Cisco, asked the occupants to exit the vehicle. When Deputy Reasons arrived, he
identified the vehicle as the same one he had seen speeding and failing to yield roughly
fifteen minutes prior. Based off of the marijuana odor, the deputies searched the vehicle.
Behind the middle console in the backseat, they found a clear, plastic container filled
with multiple plastic bags of what appeared to be marijuana. In one of the front seats,
they found an envelope containing what appeared to be marijuana.

        The general sessions court judge stated he learned the previous week at a judicial
conference that, according to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, “[t]here is no way
under a trained eye or even a trained microscope that you can tell the difference between
legal hemp and high[-]grade marijuana.” Relying on this information, the general
sessions court dismissed the charge against Defendant for possession of marijuana with
intent to sell, deliver and distribute. The court stated that because it was not possible to
distinguish between legal and illegal hemp by sight or smell, there was no probable
cause, and therefore the search of the vehicle was unlawful. The State appealed to the
circuit court under Tennessee Code Annotated section 27-5-108.

       On appeal to the Madison County Circuit Court, the State argued that Tennessee
Code Annotated section 27-5-108 gave it the right to appeal from the general sessions
court’s dismissal on the issue of probable cause because the statute reads, “Any party
may appeal from a decision of the general sessions court to the circuit court of the county
within a period of ten (10) days on complying with the provisions of this chapter.”
T.C.A. § 27-5-108(a)(1). The circuit court stated that it had never seen an appeal of a
                                             -2-
preliminary hearing and explained that if a general sessions court did not find probable
cause, the State could still take the case to the grand jury. Neither the court nor the State
were able to find any case law to provide a basis for appealing a preliminary hearing
determination of probable cause under Tennessee Code Annotated section 27-5-
108(a)(1). The State argued that if it could not use this statute to appeal, the statute
would be “toothless.” The circuit court responded that this statute could still be used to
appeal from a trial on the merits in general sessions courts. The circuit court cited Rule
5.1(c) of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure and stated:

       And that means going to the grand jury, subsequent prosecution. So[,] your
       office would have the same right to have another probable cause finding by
       going to the grand jury, but you’re going to use another vehicle that there’s
       no authority on, no case authority, no -- nothing that I could find and just
       say, we’re going to start bringing all these [cases] to Circuit Court.

       The circuit court expressed further concern with the State’s ability to “lay back
and not even get [its] witnesses there [at the preliminary hearing] and just start appealing
to Circuit Court.” The circuit court dismissed the State’s appeal, finding that Tenn. R.
Crim. P. 5.1(c) allows the State to present the case to the grand jury for a probable cause
determination even after a general sessions court dismisses a charge, and that is the
proper remedy for the State rather than an appeal to the circuit court. It further found that
de novo appeals of preliminary hearings on issues of probable cause frustrate judicial
economy, create precedent that lends itself to unnecessary litigation, and may even
disqualify the circuit court that heard the de novo appeal from hearing the case after
indictment. The State appealed to this Court pursuant to Rule 3 of the Tennessee Rules
of Appellate Procedure.

                                          Analysis

       The State asks this Court to determine whether the circuit court failed to comply
with Tennessee Code Annotated section 27-5-108(c) when it dismissed the State’s
appeal. Specifically, the State complains that the circuit court failed to conduct a de novo
review of the general sessions court’s preliminary hearing dismissing Defendant’s charge
for lack of probable cause.

      However, a threshold issue is whether, pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Appellate
Procedure 3, the State has a right to appeal to this Court. We conclude that it does not.

      Subject matter jurisdiction, as our Supreme Court explained in Johnson v.
Hopkins:

                                            -3-
       involves the court’s lawful authority to adjudicate a controversy brought
       before it. Chapman v. DaVita, Inc., 380 S.W.3d 710, 712 (Tenn. 2012);
       Meighan v. U.S. Sprint Commc’ns Co., 924 S.W.2d 632, 639 (Tenn. 1996).
       Subject matter jurisdiction is conferred by statute or the Tennessee
       Constitution; the parties cannot confer it by appearance, plea, consent,
       silence, or waiver. In re Estate of Trigg, 368 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tenn.
       2012). Any order entered by a court lacking jurisdiction over the subject
       matter is void. Id. Therefore, subject matter jurisdiction is a threshold
       inquiry, which may be raised at any time in any court. Id.

Johnson v. Hopkins, 432 S.W.3d 840, 843-44 (Tenn. 2013).

        Generally, the State does not have the right to appeal in a criminal case “‘unless
the right is expressly conferred by a constitutional provision or by statute.’” State v.
Menke, 590 S.W.3d 455, 460 (Tenn. 2019) (quoting State v. Meeks, 262 S.W.3d 710, 718
(Tenn. 2008)); see Tenn. R. Crim. P. 37(b) (stating that “the state may appeal any order
or judgment in a criminal proceeding when the law provides for such appeal”). “‘When a
statute affords [the State] the right to an appeal in a criminal proceeding, the statute will
be strictly construed to apply only to the circumstances defined in the statute.’” Menke,
590 S.W.3d at 460 (quoting Meeks, 262 S.W.3d at 718). Our Supreme Court has stated
that Rule 3 limits appeals as of right to those that are expressly enumerated in the Rule.
See State v. Lane, 254 S.W.3d 349, 353 (Tenn. 2008). Tennessee Rule of Appellate
Procedure 3(c) provides as follows:

       Availability of Appeal as of Right by the State in Criminal Actions. In
       criminal actions an appeal as of right by the state lies only from an order or
       judgment entered by a trial court from which an appeal lies to the Supreme
       Court or Court of Criminal Appeals: (1) the substantive effect of which
       results in dismissing an indictment, information, or complaint; (2) setting
       aside a verdict of guilty and entering a judgment of acquittal; (3) arresting
       judgment; (4) granting or refusing to revoke probation; or (5) remanding a
       child to the juvenile court. The state may also appeal as of right from a
       final judgment in a habeas corpus, extradition, or post-conviction
       proceeding, from an order or judgment entered pursuant to Rule 36 or Rule
       36.1, Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure, and from a final order on a
       request for expunction.

       Here, the State is appealing the circuit court’s dismissal of the State’s appeal for
lack of proper procedure. The circuit court dismissed the State’s appeal on the grounds
that “appealing a general session’s probable cause determination to the circuit court is not
a proper procedure.” Appealing an order dismissing an appeal for lack of proper
                                            -4-
procedure is not a specifically enumerated issue in Rule 3(c). See Tenn. R. App. P. 3(c).
Therefore, the only possible avenue to appeal under Rule 3(c) is through finding that the
substantive effect of the order dismissing the State’s appeal “results in dismissing an
indictment, information, or complaint.” Tenn. R. App. P. 3(c)(1).

        Here there was never an indictment or information, and when the State appealed
the circuit court’s order, the initial complaint had already been dismissed by the general
sessions court. Because the charge was dismissed at the general sessions court, and the
circuit court’s order only dismissed the State’s appeal on procedural grounds, the circuit
court’s order could not “result” in or be construed as a dismissal of the initial complaint.
The State is not appealing an issue that is specifically enumerated in Rule 3(c), and,
therefore, under Rule 3(c), the State does not have a right to appeal. 1

                                               Conclusion

       Because this Court does not have jurisdiction to hear the appeal, the appeal is
therefore dismissed.

                                                      ____________________________________
                                                      TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JUDGE

        1
          Parenthetically, the result would be the same under Rule 3(b) if a defendant attempted to appeal
to this court a circuit court’s ruling dismissing the defendant’s appeal of a general sessions court’s finding
of probable cause, after a preliminary hearing. Furthermore, we believe the circuit court’s dismissal was
proper because Tennessee Code Annotated section 27-5-108 is too narrow to extend to a probable cause
determination of a general sessions court, a determination that is not a final determination for a criminal
matter.
                                                    -5-