Court Opinion

ID: 3089253
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 03:39:13.323839+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:51:00.581172
License: Public Domain

Affirm in part; Reverse and Remand in part; Opinion Filed November 7, 2013.

                                                      S
                                          Court of Appeals
                                                          In The

                                   Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                                    No. 05-12-00464-CV

   ROCKY SAVAGE AND ELENA SAVAGE, D/B/A CHILL OUT AUSTIN, Appellant
                               V.
                 SPORT SUPPLY GROUP, INC., Appellee

                                On Appeal from the 191st Judicial District Court
                                             Dallas County, Texas
                                     Trial Court Cause No. DC-10-04516

                                         MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                      Before Justices Moseley, Lang, and Richter 1
                                               Opinion by Justice Lang
          Rocky and Elena Savage (“Savage”) contend the trial court erred in rendering summary

judgment against their claims and in favor of Sport Supply Group, Inc. (“SSG”) because genuine

issues of material fact remain to be decided. Savage’s claims arise under an agreement where he

conveyed to SSG all rights to certain sports-related products he designed in exchange for, among

other things, royalties on future sales of certain products.

          In his single issue, Savage raises two points, contending the defenses raised by SSG

should not have been sustained by the trial court. First, Savage argues the trial court’s judgment

erroneously denied his claim for a 3% royalty to be paid from the sale of products known as

“Drinkers.” Specifically, he alleges the trial court incorrectly interpreted the agreement to

   1
       The Hon. Martin Richter, Justice, Assigned
conclude it did not provide for royalties from sales of “Drinkers.” Second, Savage contends the

trial court erred in rendering summary judgment barring his claim for a 3% royalty from the sale

of other products known as “Misters” and “Foggers” based on SSG’s affirmative defense of the

statute of limitations. 2                Because all dispositive issues are settled in law, we issue this

memorandum opinion. Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(a), 47.4. The background of the case is well known

to the parties. Therefore, we do not recite it here in detail. For the reasons set forth below, we

affirm in part and reverse in part the trial court’s order granting summary judgment and remand

the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                              I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

           In early 2003, Savage demonstrated his “Sportscool” products to SSG (then known as

Collegiate Pacific). Shortly after the demonstration, the president of SSG, Adam Blumenfeld,

advised Savage that SSG wanted to purchase Savage’s “Sportscool brand” and e-mailed a term

sheet to Savage. This term sheet stated that Savage would be paid a 3% royalty on the sales

price “for every unit sold.” Savage accepted the terms, and a letter agreement was executed on

May 13, 2003. The agreement provided for the sale of Savage’s “Sportscool brand,” Savage’s

employment as an independent contractor, and periodic payments to Savage for royalties on sales

of certain products, independent contractor fees, and expenses.

           The Introductory Paragraph of the agreement provides in part:

           This letter shall serve as the full and final agreement between [Savage] (Proprietor and

           100% owner of Sportscool Inc.) and [SSG]. [Savage] wishes to sell the perpetual rights

           to the Sportscool brand, Sportscool actual and intellectual property, and designs for the

           Sportscool Cooling Systems to [SSG].

     2
        In his brief, Savage’s argument is worded as though the statute of limitations had been raised as an affirmative defense to his claim for the
“Misters” and “Foggers,” as well as to his claim for “Drinkers.” However, the statute of limitations argument as to the “Drinkers” was not raised
in the trial court, so this contention will not be considered here.

                                                                       –2–
          Paragraph 1(a) of the agreement defines “Sportscool Cooling Systems” (emphasis

added):

          “Sportscool Cooling Systems” shall mean any machine, in whole or part designed by

          Rocky Savage for the use of cooling players on a sports field of play or used in a

          commercial or residential environment of any kind. This shall include the “Mister” and

          the “Fogger” as well as any and all other products that relate to sports cooling

          machines; all brands, names, actual and intellectual properties connected herewith.

          Paragraph 3, entitled “Royalty for Sportscool Units Sold,” states that SSG “agrees to pay

[Savage] a 3% royalty on the selling price of the [M]ister and the [F]ogger for a four (4) year

period.” A handwritten addition to this provision, initialed by Savage and SSG, states that the

royalty payments were to be “paid monthly.”

          During the term of the agreement, Savage made known to SSG he believed he had not

been paid all the royalties he was due. Then, on April 8, 2010, Savage filed suit against SSG,

making several claims, including breach of contract. In response, SSG filed a general denial

answer and, among other affirmative defenses, raised the statute of limitations. Between the

time SSG filed a motion for summary judgment, described below, and the filing of Savage’s

response, Savage dismissed all claims except breach of contract.

          SSG filed a motion for summary judgment, identified as asserting both traditional and no-

evidence grounds. Although Savage’s breach of contract claim was very generally alleged in his

original petition, his affidavit in support of his response to SSG’s motion identified with more

particularity the breaches he claimed. First, although “Drinkers” were not specifically referred to

in the written agreement, Savage alleged that “Drinkers” were included within the definition of

“Sportscool Cooling System,” and he was entitled to a 3% royalty from SSG’s sale of

                                                 –3–
“Drinkers.” Second, Savage complained generally that SSG had failed to pay him all of the

royalties he was due for the sales of “Misters” and “Foggers.” 3

           SSG argued Savage was not entitled to any royalties from the sale of “Drinkers” because

the agreement unambiguously provided for royalties only from sales of “Misters” and “Foggers.”

Further, SSG argues the four-year statute of limitations also bars any recovery for unpaid

royalties regarding sales of “Misters” and “Foggers” “to the extent that [Savage] believed that

any such non-payment breach occurred prior to April 8, 2006,” four years before the date suit

was filed. 4

           After considering the pleadings, SSG’s motion, Savage’s response, and oral arguments,

the trial court granted summary judgment for SSG by order dated January 19, 2012. This appeal

followed.

                                                II. CONTRACT AMBIGUITY

A. Standard of Review

           “[T]he party moving for summary judgment has the burden of showing [that] no genuine

issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Boulle v.

Boulle, 160 S.W.3d 167, 172 (Tex. App. — Dallas 2005, pet. denied) (citing Tex. R. Civ. P.

166a(c); Swilley v. Hughes, 488 S.W.2d 64, 67 (Tex.1972)). “A traditional movant has the

burden of proving all essential elements of its cause of action or defense as a matter of law.” Id.

     3
        Savage has also alleged only on appeal that, although the contract term provided for in his initial agreement with SSG was for a period of
four years and ended in 2007, SSG continued to pay him commissions on sales until January 2009, when his employment with SSG was
terminated. Following this termination, Savage claims they entered into a subsequent agreement where SSG would pay him a referral fee of 3%
on gross sales of “any Sports School (sic) Product.” Because this issue was raised only on appeal, but not in the trial court, it will not be
considered. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c) (“Issues not expressly presented to the trial court by written motion, answer, or
other response shall not be considered on appeal as grounds for reversal.”). See also Strange v.HRsmart, Inc., 400 S.W.3d 125, 128 (Tex. App.
— Dallas 2013, no pet.) (“Our appellate review of the summary judgment is limited to those issues presented to the trial court.”); McCoy v.
Rogers, 240 S.W.3d 267, 273 n.7 (Tex. App. — Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. denied) (finding that appellant may not raise an argument on
appeal that he did not present in the trial court in his opposition to summary judgment).
     4
        In its brief, SSG argues the statute of limitations bars Savage’s claim for royalties on “Drinkers” as well. However, this argument was not
raised in its Motion for Summary Judgment. Therefore, we will not address that. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). See also
Stiles v. Resolution Trust Corp., 867 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Tex. 1993) (“[A] summary judgment cannot be affirmed on grounds not expressly set out in
the motion or response.”).

                                                                      –4–
(citing Black v. Victoria Lloyds Ins. Co., 797 S.W.2d 20, 27 (Tex. 1990)). “By contrast, when a

party moves for summary judgment under rule 166a(i), asserting that no evidence exists as to one

or more elements of a claim on which the nonmovant would have the burden of proof at trial, the

burden is on the nonmovant to present enough evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact

on each of the challenged elements.” Id. (citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i); Gen. Mills Rest., Inc. v.

Tex. Wings, Inc., 12 S.W.3d 827, 832 (Tex. App. — Dallas 2000, no pet.)). “If the nonmovant

fails to do so, the trial judge must grant the motion.” Id.

       Finally, to succeed on a motion for summary judgment, a defendant “must either (1)

disprove at least one element of the plaintiff's theory of recovery, or (2) plead and conclusively

establish each essential element of an affirmative defense.” Boulle, 160 S.W.3d at 172 (citing

City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678–79 (Tex. 1979); Zep Mfg. Co.

v. Harthcock, 824 S.W.2d 654, 657 (Tex. App. — Dallas 1992, no writ)). Where the judgment

does not specifically indicate the basis on which summary judgment has been granted, the

judgment will be affirmed “if any of the movant’s theories are meritorious.” Id., 160 S.W.3d at

173 (citing Rogers v. Ricane Enter., Inc., 772 S.W.2d 76, 79 (Tex. 1989)).

B. Applicable Law

       “Whether a contract is ambiguous is a question of law for the court.” United Protective

Servs., Inc. v. West Village Ltd. P’ship, 180 S.W.3d 430, 432 (Tex. App. — Dallas 2005, no

pet.). A contract is ambiguous if it is susceptible to more than one meaning. Id. It is “not

ambiguous if it can be given a definite or certain legal meaning.” Id. Moreover, a contract is not

ambiguous simply because the parties disagree on the contract’s meaning, the contract is not

clear, or the contract suffers from “inartful drafting.” Nexstar Broad., Inc. v. Fidelity Commc’ns

Co., 376 S.W.3d 377, 382 (Tex. App. — Dallas 2012, no pet.).

                                                 –5–
       When construing a contract, the court “must ascertain and give effect to the parties’

intentions as expressed in the document.” Frost Nat. Bank v. L & F Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d
310, 311-12 (Tex. 2005). The court strives to harmonize all provisions of the contract “by

analyzing the provisions with reference to the whole agreement.” Id. at 312. This “four corners”

approach means that the parties’ intentions will be ascertained from a reading of the instrument

as a whole, instead of isolated portions of the agreement. Calpine Producer Servs., L.P. v. Wiser

Oil Co., 169 S.W.3d 783, 787 (Tex. App. — Dallas 2005, no pet.). The court “construe[s]

contracts ‘from a utilitarian standpoint bearing in mind the particular business activity sought to

be served’ and ‘will avoid when possible and proper a construction which is unreasonable,

inequitable, and oppressive.’” Frost Nat. Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312.

       Where there is an apparent conflict between the provisions of a contract, the court will

“attempt to harmonize the two provisions and assume the parties intended every provision to

have some effect.” United Protective Servs., Inc., 180 S.W.3d at 432. However, where one

provision cannot be given effect without rendering another one meaningless, the contract will be

found ambiguous. Id.

       If a contract is determined to be unambiguous, the court may then construe the contract as

a matter of law. Frost Nat. Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312. However, if the contract is ambiguous,

“the granting of a motion for summary judgment is improper because the interpretation of the

instrument becomes a fact issue.” United Protective Servs., Inc., 180 S.W.3d at 432.

       Finally, where an agreement is unambiguous, it will be enforced as written, and the court

will not receive parol evidence to create an ambiguity nor to give the contract a meaning

different from its plain language. Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg Peden, P.C.,

352 S.W.3d 445 (Tex. 2011). “Only where a contract is ambiguous may a court consider the

parties’ interpretation and ‘admit extraneous evidence to determine the true meaning of the

                                               –6–
statement.’” Id. (quoting David J. Sacks, P.C. v. Haden, 225 S.W.3d 447, 450-51 (Tex. 2008)

(per curiam)).               However, “[t]he rule does not prohibit consideration of surrounding

circumstances that inform, rather than vary from or contradict, the contract text.”                                                          Hous.

Exploration Co. v. Wellington Underwriting Agencies, Ltd., 352 S.W.3d 462, 469 (Tex. 2011).

The Texas Supreme Court has concluded these circumstances include “the commercial or other

setting in which the contract was negotiated and other objectively determinable factors that gives

a context to the transaction between the parties.” Id.

C. Application of the Law to the Facts

           In its Motion for Summary Judgment, SSG argued that it was not obligated to pay

royalties for sales of “Drinkers” because the agreement unambiguously did not provide for

royalties from these sales.

           In his brief, Savage argues generally that the “only logical interpretation” of the

agreement is that it provides a 3% royalty from sales of “Drinkers.” 5 Savage asserts we must

read Paragraph 1(a) and Paragraph 3 together.                                    We interpret his argument to be that this

construction follows from harmonizing various paragraphs within the agreement. Paragraph 1(a)

defines the term “Sportscool Cooling Systems” to include “Misters,” “Foggers,” and “any and all

other products that relate to sports cooling machines.”                                          Further, he contends the title of

Paragraph 3 itself, “Royalty for Sportscool Units Sold,” is so broad as to expand the scope of

products for which he is owed a royalty to all “Sportscool Cooling Systems” beyond “Misters”

and “Foggers” to include sales of “Drinkers.” Savage claims that any other construction would

render at least one of the agreement’s provisions meaningless. Alternatively, Savage argues the

agreement should be considered ambiguous only if any other interpretation is adopted.

     5
        He justifies this interpretation in his brief as follows: “Several things are clear; (i) SSG locked all of [Savage]’s future developed products
into the Agreement; (ii) The 3% royalty payment was to be made on Misters and Foggers being the only products [Savage] had designed to (sic)
the time of the Agreement and (iii) [Savage] would expect a 3% royalty on all subsequently developed products and certainly would not have
benefited SSG without the work of his labors with the payment of a 3% royalty.”

                                                                        –7–
          SSG argues the agreement is not ambiguous because Paragraphs 1(a) and 3 do not

conflict. Rather, SSG asserts neither refers to royalties for “Drinkers,” and although Paragraph 3

is entitled “Royalty for Sportscool Units Sold,” the language of that paragraph only states

royalties are payable for sales from “Misters” and “Foggers.” 6

          We determine the parties’ intentions from reading the agreement as a whole and not from

isolated parts thereof. See Calpine Producers Servs., L.P., 169 S.W.3d at 787. Nothing in this

agreement refers to “Drinkers.” Therefore, we conclude the trial court did not err in granting

summary judgment against Savage on his royalty claim as to sales of “Drinkers.”

                                            III. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS

A. Applicable Law

          “A breach of contract occurs when a party fails or refuses to do something he has

promised to do.” Townewest Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Warner Commc’n Inc., 826 S.W.2d
638, 640 (Tex. App. — Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, no pet.). “It is well-settled law that a breach

of contract claim accrues when the contract is breached.” Stine v. Stewart, 80 S.W.3d 586, 592

(Tex. 2002); see also Smith v. Ferguson, 160 S.W.3d 115, 123 (Tex. App. — Dallas 2005, pet.

denied).        “Limitations begins to run upon accrual of the cause of action.”             Beesley v.

Hydrocarbon Separation, Inc., 358 S.W.3d 415, 425 (Tex. App. — Dallas 2012, no pet.)

(quoting Barker v. Eckman, 213 S.W.3d 306, 311 (Tex. 2006)). Generally, contract disputes are

governed by a four-year statute of limitations, requiring the plaintiff to bring suit within four

years after the day the claim accrues. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 16.05l (West 2013); Stine,
80 S.W.3d at 592.

          “When the terms of an agreement call for periodic payments during the course of the

contract, a cause of action for such payments may arise at the end of each period before the

   6
       Neither party asserts that the agreement is ambiguous as to “Misters” or “Foggers.”

                                                                     –8–
contract is complete.” Id. (citing Intermedics, Inc. v. Grady, 683 S.W.2d 842, 845 (Tex. Civ.

App. — Houston [1st Dist.] 1984, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Goldfield v. Kassoff, 470 S.W.2d 216 (Tex.

Civ. App. — Houston [14th Dist.] 1971, no writ)). That is, “[t]he cause of action accrues when

each payment is due, and the injured party has four years to bring suit.” F.D. Stella Prods. Co. v.

Scott, 875 S.W.2d 462, 465 (Tex. App. — Austin 1994, no pet.); see also Townewest

Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., 826 S.W.2d at 640 (a new claim accrues and a new limitations period

begins each time cable companies fail to make a required quarterly payment of a percentage of

gross receipts to homeowners’ associations).

       “The movant must conclusively establish all elements of the affirmative defense of

limitations, leaving no genuine issue of material fact.” Potter v. Kaufman & Broad Home Sys. of

Texas, Inc., 137 S.W.3d 701, 704 (Tex. App. — San Antonio 2004, no pet.); see also KPMG

Peat Marwick v. Harrison Cnty. Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746, 748 (Tex. 1999). This

burden is twofold: the movant must prove both when the cause of action accrued and that the

discovery rule does not apply. KPMG Peat Marwick, 988 S.W.2d at 748 (Tex. 1999).

B. Application of the Law to the Facts

       In SSG’s Motion for Summary Judgment, the only defense it raised to Savage’s claim for

royalties on sales of the “Misters” and “Foggers” was the statute of limitations. Paragraph 3 of

the agreement expressly provides for a 3% royalty to be “paid monthly” to Savage for sales of

these two products. According to SSG, Savage first complained in 2004 that he had not been

paid all of the royalties he was owed for these sales. Specifically, SSG states in its brief, “. . . to

the extent that [Savage] believed that any such breach occurred prior to April 8, 2006 –

something established by [Savage’s] own testimony – a claim for such breach is time barred.”

       Savage asserts the following in his affidavit in opposition to SSG’s motion for summary

judgment:

                                                 –9–
       SSG did not pay me the full 3% royalty on 123 invoices for “Misters” and “Foggers” that

       SSG sold through SSG’s corporate owned dealers and subsidiaries that were

       subsequently sold to retail customers at a higher retail price on which my 3% royalty

       should have been calculated . . . The documents produced by SSG document gross sales

       from 2003-2009 of 1.8 million dollars for “Misters” and “Foggers.” My royalty receipts

       were based on 1.2 million dollars resulting in no payment of royalty on $600,000.00 of

       sales.

       On this record, we cannot agree with SSG’s argument that Savage’s claim for royalties

on “Misters” and “Foggers” is barred by the statute of limitations. Any knowledge Savage may

have had in 2004 as to royalties not paid for sales of “Misters” and “Foggers” does not

automatically operate to bar any and all claims for those royalties. In his affidavit, Savage

merely states he is due more money for royalties than he was paid, but he does not state when the

royalties became due over the period of the agreement. Further, the record does not otherwise

show when the sales occurred for which he claims royalties or when he became aware of any

particular sales. Because the agreement required royalties for “Misters” and “Foggers” to be

“paid monthly” for sales over a four year period, a new cause of action for any royalty payment

accrued each month when a royalty was payable. See Townewest Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., 826
S.W.2d at 640.     So, the limitations period began to run as to each royalty payment when it was

payable. See id.

       SSG has not met its burden to demonstrate that there are no issues of material fact as to

its statute of limitations defense. Thus, the trial court erred in rendering summary judgment as to

the royalty claims regarding “Misters” and “Foggers.”

                                              –10–
                                       IV. CONCLUSION

        The summary judgment that Savage takes nothing on his claim for royalties from

“Drinkers” is affirmed. The summary judgment is reversed as to Savage’s remaining claims, and

the case is remanded to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                    /Douglas S. Lang/
                                                    DOUGLAS S. LANG
                                                    JUSTICE

120464F.P05

                                               –11–
                                          S
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                        JUDGMENT

ROCKY SAVAGE & ELENA SAVAGE                           On Appeal from the 191st Judicial District
D/B/A CHILL OUT AUSTIN, Appellant                     Court, Dallas County, Texas
                                                      Trial Court Cause No. DC-10-04516.
No. 05-12-00464-CV          V.                        Opinion delivered by Justice Lang. Justices
                                                      Moseley and Richter participating.
SPORT SUPPLY GROUP, INC., ART
COERVER, & ADAM BLUMENFELD,
Appellee

     In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED IN PART and REVERSED IN PART.

         We REVERSE the portion of the trial court's judgment on the breach of contract claim
by appellant Rocky Savage & Elena Savage d/b/a Chill Out Austin, and we REMAND this
cause to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. In all other respects,
the trial court's judgment is AFFIRMED.
         It is ORDERED that each party bear its own costs of this appeal.

Judgment entered this 7th day of November, 2013.

                                                    /Douglas S. Lang/
                                                    DOUGLAS S. LANG
                                                    JUSTICE

                                               –12–