Court Opinion

ID: 9581167
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 22:12:12.078219+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:36:44.991148
License: Public Domain

PER CURIAM:
In these three consolidated cases, we are asked to consider four statutory changes made by the Legislature in the adoption of Senate Bill 2013 (“S.B.2013”), effective July 1, 2003. In each case, we are asked to examine whether and to what extent the statutory changes could constitutionally be applied retroactively to cases filed before July 1, 2003.
After careful consideration of the record in each case, the briefs and arguments of the parties, and all other matters of record, as set forth below, we find that the unique interpretation given to S.B.2013 by the West Virginia Workers’ Compensation Division1 regarding the retroactive application of those four statutes meets with constitutional, substantive due process protections.
I.
A. Wampler Foods v. Workers’ Compensation Division
This case presents an appeal of a July 15, 2003 decision by the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (“Appeal Board”)2 which affirmed a decision by the Workers’ Compensation Office of Judges. The appellant, Wampler Foods, Inc.,3 challenges the means used by the Appeal Board to reach its decision, in light of two statutory changes that took effect oh July 1, 2003.
Appellee Tammy S. Pancake filed a workers’ compensation claim in August 2001 alleging that, as a result of her employment in the appellant’s poultry plant, she had injured her left wrist through repetitive actions while processing chickens. By an order dated October 8, 2001, the Workers’ Compensation Division (“the Division”) denied the claim, finding that “neither an occupational injury nor an occupational disease occurred.”
The appellee protested the Division’s order to the Office of Judges. An administrative law judge examined the parties’ evidence- and concluded that “[ajll of the medical doctors of record have opined that the [appelleej’s left wrist and forearm problems are related to her employment,” and that there was no evidence in the record to suggest otherwise. The administrative law judge therefore concluded that Ms. Pancake had “sustained a compensable injury in the course of and as a result of her employment activities with Wampler Foods, Inc.” On December 4, 2002, the Office of Judges issued an order reversing the Division’s October 8, 2001 order, holding that “the claim is compensable for a left wrist and forearm injury.”
The appellant appealed the order to the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board. A hearing was held on July 2, 2003 — one day after the S.B.2013 statutory changes took effect — and on July 15, 2003, the Appeal Board issued a written decision affirming the decision of the Office of Judges. In doing so, the Appeal Board stated:
The Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board has completed a thorough review of the record, briefs, and argument. As required, the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board has evaluated the decision of the Office of Judges in light of its manner of applying, or misapplying, the liberality rule
The Appeal Board’s decision covers only a page-and-a-half, and contains no citations to the record or the applicable law.
The appellant subsequently petitioned this Court for review of the Appeal Board’s deci*137sion, contending that the Appeal Board’s decision must be reversed because the Board failed to comply with two statutory amendments contained in S.B.2013.4 First, the appellant argues that the Appeal Board failed to comply with W.Va.Code, 23-4-lg [2003], a statute that the appellant asserts eliminated or altered the use of the “rule of liberality” in the interpretation of evidence in workers’ compensation claims. That statute states:
(a) For all awards made on or after the effective date of the amendment and reenactment of this section during the year two thousand three, resolution of any issue raised in administering this chapter shall be based on a weighing of all evidence pertaining to the issue and a finding that a preponderance of the evidence supports the chosen manner of resolution. The process of weighing evidence shall include, but not be limited to, an assessment of the relevance, credibility, materiality and reliability that the evidence possesses in the context of the issue presented. Under no circumstances will an issue be resolved by allowing certain evidence to be dispositive simply because it is reliable and is most favorable to a party’s interests or position. If; after weighing all of the evidence regarding an issue in which a claimant has an interest, there is a finding that an equal amount of evidentiary weight exists favoring conflicting matters for resolution, the resolution that is most consistent with the claimant’s position will be adopted.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (a) of this section, a claim for compensation filed pursuant to this chapter must be decided on its merit and not according to any principle that requires statutes governing workers’ compensation to be liberally construed because they are remedial in nature. No such principle may be used in the application of law to the facts of a case arising out of this chapter or in determining the constitutionality of this chapter.
The appellant contends that the Appeal Board’s post-July 1, 2003 statement that it evaluated “the decision of the Office of Judges in light of its manner of applying, or misapplying, the liberality rule” is contrary to this statute, and constitutes reversible error.
Second, the appellant argues that W.Va. Code, 23-5-12 [2003] requires the Appeal Board to issue its decisions in writing, and to “state with specificity the laws and facts relied upon” in making a decision.5 Because of the brevity of the Appeal Board’s July 15, 2003 decision, the appellant asserts that reversible error has occurred and that the case should be remanded for a full and complete reappraisal.
B. State ex rel. Charles Thompson v. Gregory A. Burton
This case is a petition for a writ of prohibition directed against the Commissioner of the Bureau of Employment Programs (“the Commissioner”), the government official charged with managing the Workers’ Compensation Division.6 The petitioner, who filed a claim for benefits prior to the introduction and passage of S.B.2013 by the Legislature, contends that the Division acted in an extra-constitutional fashion when it retroactively applied S.B.2013 to his claim. The petitioner argues that the Division violated his due process rights, and unconstitutionally *138deprived him of a vested right to certain workers’ compensation benefits.
Petitioner Charles Thompson developed bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome in the course of and as a result of his employment as a roof bolter for U.S. Steel Mining Company. Mr. Thompson filed a workers’ compensation claim on January 27, 2003, the claim was ruled compensable, and surgery to correct the condition was authorized and performed in March 2003.
On July 2, 2003, Mr. Thompson was seen and evaluated by a physician to consider what, if any, permanent impairment he suffered as a result of his compensable injury. By a report dated July 8, 2003, the physician opined that Mr. Thompson had suffered a six percent impairment. Based upon that report, on July 24, 2003, the Division entered an order granting Mr. Thompson a six percent permanent partial disability award.
In its July 24, 2003 order, the Division stated that Mr. Thompson was entitled to receive $11,902.46 for his permanent partial disability. The Division calculated Mr. Thompson’s award under a statutory scheme that converted each percentage point of disability into four weeks of compensation. A claimant’s weekly rate of compensation, prior to July 1, 2003, was calculated using a formula set by W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(l) [1999].7 That statute required the Division to ealcu-late a claimant’s weekly rate of compensation at “sixty-six and two-thirds percent of the claimant’s average weekly wage earnings, wherever earned, at the time of the date of injury[.]” However, the statute capped the maximum amount of a claimant’s weekly rate of compensation at “one hundred percent of the average weekly wage in West Virginia.” (Emphasis added.) The Division used the 1999 statute in computing Mr. Thomp ni’s award on July 24, 2003.
Effective July 1, 2003, W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(1) [2003] reduced the maximum amount of a claimant’s weekly rate of compensation. The amended statute stated that for “all awards” made on or after July 1, 2003, the Division was to calculate a claimant’s weekly rate of compensation at “sixty-six and two-thirds percent of the average weekly wage earnings, wherever earned, of the injured employee at the date of injury, not to exceed seventy percent of the average weekly wage in West Virginia.” (Emphasis added.)8
Mr. Thompson’s employer, U.S. Steel Mining Company, is a self-insured employer that elects to pay workers’ compensation claims from its own fisc, and pays claimants in response to pay orders issued by the Division. The first pay order by the Division, for $7,226.50, was paid in full by the employer; the next pay order, for $2,154.96, was not. *139Mr. Thompson’s second check from the employer, dated August 22, 2003, was for only $1,602.38, and contained the following notation: “Benefit rate has been adjusted at the request of Workers Compensation as a result of S.B.2013.” Mr. Thompson has therefore received a total of $8,828.88 for his permanent disability.
Mr. Thompson filed the instant petition for a writ of prohibition on September 25, 2003, seeking an order preventing the Commissioner from applying the 2003 amendments to W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(l) contained in S.B. 2013, regarding the manner of calculating permanent partial disability benefits, to his claim. The petitioner seeks an order directing the Commissioner to calculate his benefits based upon the statute in effect on the date he was injured. Using such a calculation scheme, the petitioner would recover, by our estimate, an additional $3,073.58 for his permanent disability, for a total of $11,902.46 as provided for in the July 24, 2003 Division Order.
C. Morris Yoakum, et al. v. Gregory Burton
This case is a petition for a writ of mandamus filed by eight claimants against the Commissioner. Seven of the claimants challenge the retroactive application of the 2003 amendments to W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(l), the same amendment challenged by Mr. Thompson, under factual circumstances somewhat different from those of Mr. Thompson. The eighth claimant challenges the retroactive application of the 2003 amendments to W.Va. Code; 23-4-6a, concerning the criteria for awards for occupational pneumoconiosis.
Seven of the claimants have similar factual situations. Each claimant filed a claim for workers’ compensation benefits well before July 1, 2003. Each claimant was — unlike in the case of Mr. Thompson — examined by a physician, and the physician submitted a report to the Division, prior to July 1, 2003 indicating that the claimant had sustained some percentage of permanent, partial disability. The Division delayed acting on each claimant’s ease until after July 1, 2003, and subsequently awarded and paid each claimant benefits calculated under the July 2003 amendments to W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(l). The benefits received by each claimant under the new law were less than what would have been received under the pre-July 2003 law.
For example, claimant Leonard Davis was injured on October 3, 2000, and filed a claim for benefits. In a report dated November 6, 2002, a physician indicated that Mr. Davis had a 7% permanent partial disability. The Division did not rule on the physician’s report for eight months, until July 9, 2003, and awarded Mr. Davis a 7% permanent partial disability award. The Division stated in its original order that Mr. Davis would be entitled to $14,750.68 — calculated under the aforementioned W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(l) [1999] — but by an order dated September 22, 2003, the Division reduced Mr. Davis’s award to $9,614.64. The Division’s order contained the following explanation:
The division has now implemented recent legislation regarding the calculation of awards. Due to this legislation your award has been recalculated and the amount is $9,614.64.
Another example is the claim of Alan Ki-blinger, who was injured on the job on March 7, 2002. A doctor examined Mr. Kiblinger, and on March 3, 2003, recommended that Mr. Kiblinger receive an 8% permanent partial disability award for an upper extremity injury, and 5% for a lumbar injury. Eleven days later, on March 14, 2003, the Division granted Mr. Kiblinger an 8% award for only his upper extremity disability, and paid him $11,767.52 in benefits as calculated under the pre-July 2003 statutes.
It was not until August 12, 2003, however, that the Division ordered, based upon the same doctor’s report and for the same occupational accident, that Mr. Kiblinger receive an additional 5% permanent partial disability award for his lumbar injury. At that time, applying the 1999 version of W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(l), the Division calculated that Mr. Kiblinger was entitled to an additional $7,354.70 for his lumbar injury. However, on September 18, 2003, the Division reduced Mr. Kiblinger’s award to $7,090.80, offering as an explanation the July 1, 2003 legislative amendments to W.Va.Code, 23 — 4—6(e)(1).
*140The factual situation of the eighth claimant is quite different from that of the other seven claimants in the petition, and thereby a different statute is implicated. Claimant Gene Martin is a retired coal miner who was last exposed to the hazards of breathing coal dust on December 9, 2002. Mr. Martin filed a claim for occupational pneumoconiosis benefits, and the Division ruled the claim compen-sable on a non-medical basis on March 21, 2003. Mr. Martin was subsequently referred to the Occupational Pneumoconiosis Board for a medical examination.
Mr. Martin was examined by the members of the Board, and on June 5, 2003, the Board reported to the Division that x-ray films of Mr. Martin’s lungs showed evidence of pneumoconiosis caused by breathing dust. However, the Board found no evidence of breathing impairment caused by the pneu-moconiosis. The statute in effect at that time, W.Va.Code, 23-4-6a [1995], permitted a claimant with a job-related lung injury similar to Mr. Martin’s — that is, a claimant with x-ray evidence of pneumoconiosis but no evidence of measurable pulmonary impairment — to recover 20 weeks of benefits, equivalent to a 5% permanent partial disability award.9 The Board therefore recommended that Mr. Martin receive a 5% permanent partial disability award. Based upon the 1995 version of W.Va.Code, 23-4-6a, and upon the Board’s medical report, on July 21, 2003, the Division granted Mr. Martin a 5% permanent partial disability award.
On September 8, 2003, however, the Division issued an order rescinding Mr. Martin’s permanent partial disability award. In doing so, the Division cited to legislative amendments to W.Va.Code, 23-4-6a that now require a claimant “whose award was granted on or after” July 1, 2003, to show evidence of measurable pulmonary impairment before being able to recover benefits for occupational pneumoconiosis. The amended statute eliminates benefits for those individuals who have occupational pneumoconiosis without measurable pulmonary impairment. W.Va. Code, 23-4-6a [2003] now states, in pertinent part:
[F]or any employee who applies for occupational pneumoconiosis whose award was granted on or after the effective date of the amendment and reenactment of this section during the year two thousand three, there shall be no permanent partial disability awarded based solely upon a diagnosis of occupational pneumoconiosis, it being the intent of the Legislature to eliminate any permanent partial disability awards for occupational pneumoconiosis without a specific finding of measurable impairment.
These eight claimants filed the instant petition for a writ of mandamus seeking an order to compel the Commissioner to pay the claimants benefits calculated under the pre-July 1, 2003 version of W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(1), or, in the case of Mr. Martin, to pay him benefits for his occupational pneumoco-niosis under the pre-July 1, 2003 version of W.Va.Code, 23-4-6a.
II.
When this Court examines a statutory appeal from the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board,10 the Court will in most cases “show substantial deference to the factual *141findings of the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board.” Plummer v. Workers’ Compensation Division, 209 W.Va. 710, 712, 551 S.E.2d 46, 48 (2001). However, when considering a question of law, as we are in the instant matter, our standard differs: “[w]hile the findings of fact of the appeal board are conclusive unless they are manifestly against the weight of the evidence, the legal conclusions of the appeal board, based upon such findings, are subject to review by the .courts.” Barnett v. State Workmen’s Compensation Com’r., 153 W.Va. 796, 812, 172 S.E.2d 698, 707 (1970) (quoting Emmel v. State Compensation Director, 150 W.Va. 277,145 S.E.2d 29 (1965)). We must also bear in mind that “[w]hen the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board reviews a ruling from the Workers’ Compensation Office of Judges it must do so under the standard of review set out in W.Va.Code § 23 — 5—12(b)(1995), and failure to do so will be reversible error.” Syllabus Point 6, Conley v. Workers’ Compensation Division, 199 W.Va. 196, 483 S.E.2d 542 (1997). That Code section provides that the Appeal Board may only reverse the Office of Judges when the judge’s findings are in violation of statute, in excess of the judge’s statutory authority, made upon unlawful procedure, or affected by some error of law. The Appeal Board must also reverse if the administrative law judge’s decision is clearly wrong, or arbitrary, capricious or characterized by abuse of discretion. W.Va.Code, 23-5-12(b) [1995],
 A writ of “[pjrohibition lies only to restrain inferior courts from proceeding in causes over which they have no jurisdiction, or, in which, having jurisdiction, they are exceeding their legitimate powers and may not be used as a substitute for writ of error, appeal or certiorari.” Syllabus Point 1, Crawford v. Taylor, 138 W.Va. 207, 75 S.E.2d 370 (1953). In order to determine whether a writ of prohibition should be granted we apply the following standard of review:
In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of prohibition for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction but only where it is claimed that the lower tribunal exceeded its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1) whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower tribunal’s order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4) whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error or manifests persistent disregard for either procedural or substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal’s order raises new and important problems or issues of law of first impression. These factors are general guidelines that serve as a useful starting point for determining whether a discretionary writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need not be satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law, should be given substantial weight.
Syllabus Point 4, State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W.Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996).
This Court has explained that “[mjandamus is a proper remedy to require the performance of a nondiscretionary duty by various governmental agencies or bodies.” Syllabus Point 1, State ex rel. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Union Public Service Dist., 151 W.Va. 207, 151 S.E.2d 102 (1966). A petitioner for a writ of mandamus must meet each element of our well-known three-part test:
A writ of mandamus will not issue unless three elements coexist — (1) a clear legal right in the petitioner to the relief sought; (2) a legal duty on the part of respondent to do the thing which the petitioner seeks to compel; and (3) the absence of another adequate remedy.
Syllabus Point 2, State ex rel. Kucera v. City of Wheeling, 153 W.Va. 538, 170 S.E.2d 367 (1969).
With these standards in mind, we turn to the arguments of the parties.
HI.
“With this ease, we again are called upon to navigate a course through the nebulous world of workers’ compensation law.” State ex rel. ACF Industries, Inc. v. Vieweg, 204 W.Va. 525, 536, 514 S.E.2d 176, 187 (1999). *142Innumerable and intractable social, economic, legal, constitutional and political considerations are triggered whenever the Legislature modifies a workers’ compensation statute, considerations that through hasty or ill-considered draftsmanship are often — as in the instant case — unfairly placed before this Court by the Legislature and the Executive. The byproduct is a sui generis, jurisprudential hodge-podge that stands alone from all other areas of the law, causing decisions rendered in the workers’ compensation realm to be almost wholly unusable in any other area of the law, and vice-versa. It is into this miasma that we now wade.
The parties agree that the Legislature, by repeatedly indicating that certain enactments contained within S.B.2013 apply to any “award” issued by the Division on or after July 1, 2003, intended for S.B.2013 to apply retroactively to injuries that occurred and/or claims that were filed prior to that date. The Division has given S.B.2013 an interpretation that gives those statutory changes retroactive application in some instances, but not in others — instances which we discuss below. The issue before the Court is whether and to what extent the West Virginia Constitution allows the Legislature and the Division to so make those workers’ compensation statutes retroactive.
The parties in the instant case dispute whether the retroactive application of various workers’ compensation statutes violates our Due Process Clause, W.Va. Const. Art. Ill, § 10, in part. Under our Due Process Clause, “[n]o person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” Id. (Emphasis added.) We have explained that a “ ‘property interest’ includes not only the traditional notions of real and personal property, but also extends to those benefits to which an individual may be deemed to have a legitimate claim of entitlement under existing rules or understandings.” Syllabus Point 3, Waite v. Civil Service Commission, 161 W.Va. 154, 241 S.E.2d 164 (1977). A workers’ compensation claimant can therefore claim to have a constitutionally protected property interest in vested 'workers’ compensation benefits.
The positions taken by the employers and claimants in these cases, and by the Division in its written interpretations of S.B.2013, can be simply summarized. Each position varies in the interpretation of the word “award” used by the Legislature, or more specifically, varies in the extent to which S.B.2013 may be constitutionally stretched to apply retroactively under substantive due process principles.
Employers take the position that the S.B. 2013 amendments apply to any actions taken in the realm of workers’ compensation after July 1, 2003. So, in the ease of claimant Tammy Pancake, even though her claim was filed in August 2001 and a favorable ruling rendered by the Office of Judges in December 2002, appellant Wampler Foods insists that reversible error occurred because the Appeal Board did not apply two S.B.2013 amendments in its July 15, 2003 decision.
Claimants take the opposite position, and argue that a claim should be processed using the law in effect on the date of the claimant’s injury, and that any other interpretation of S.B.2013 violates constitutional substantive due process protections. This Court has often held, in similar challenges to the retroactive application of legislative amendments to workers’ compensation statutes, that the law in effect on the date of the claimant’s injury controls the processing of the claim. For example, we noted in Smith v. State Workmen’s Compensation Com’r, 159 W.Va. 108, 112, 219 S.E.2d 361, 363-364 (1975) that “[t]he statutes governing the rights and duties of the employer and claimant and the powers and responsibilities of the Commissioner are those that were in effect on the date of the injury.” See also Gallardo v. Workers’ Compensation Com’r, 179 W.Va. 756, 759 n. 5, 373 S.E.2d 177, 180 n. 5 (1988) (“We have traditionally held that it is the compensation act existing at the time of the injury that gives rise to the claimant’s substantive rights.”). Most recently, we stated that:
When an employee, who has been injured in the course of and as a result of his/her employment, applies for workers’ compensation benefits ... the employee’s application for such compensation is gov*143erned by the statutory, regulatory, and common law as it existed on the date of the employee’s injury or last exposure when there is no definite expression of legislative intent defining the law by which the employee’s application should be governed.
Syllabus Point 8, in part, State ex rel. ACF Industries, Inc. v. Vieweg, 204 W.Va. 525, 514 S.E.2d 176 (1999).
The claimants in the instant eases concede that the Legislature followed the statutory construction rules set forth in ACF Industries, and gave a “definite expression of legislative intent” that the claimant’s eases should be governed by S.B.2013. Still, the claimants argue that the retroactive application of the law to their already-existing claims undermines the reliance that claimants (and, by the same reasoning, employers) have placed in planning their finances — they argue that if the Legislature can alter the course of preexisting claims, then claimants (and employers) will never be able to plan for the future because ensuing legislatures could dramatically alter their rights and protections under the law.
Situated between these positions is the Workers’ Compensation Division. The Division contends that the workers’ compensation fund is in dire financial straits, and estimates that S.B.2013 will result in substantial savings to the fund. The Division argues that if this Court adopts the position of the claimants, then such a holding will have a disastrous financial impact on the fund, with costs to the fund ranging from hundreds of millions to somewhere over one billion dollars.
The Division has, through several letters, given S.B.2013 a unique interpretation.11 The Division asserts that an “award” is any action taken on an issue. The Division therefore has interpreted S.B.2013 to mean that the law in effect on the date of such an “award” controls the adjudication of that particular issue within a claim, not the law in effect on the date of injury. To carry out this interpretation, the Division classified all claims on July 1, 2003, using three categories: (1) “future” cases that had not been filed by July 1, 2003; (2) “present” eases or “application pipeline” eases, where the claimant had filed an application for benefits and/or sought relief on an issue, but no ruling — that is, no “award” — had been issued by the Division by July 1, 2003; and (3) “litigation pipeline” eases, where the Division had issued a ruling on a particular question prior to July 1, 2003. The Division asserts that only cases in the third, “litigation pipeline” category can be processed under the pre-July 2003 law, because in these eases the Division had issued an “award” on the issue being litigated. The Division asserts that cases encompassed by the first two categories would be processed under S.B.2013.
From our examination of the workers’ compensation act in general, and S.B.2013 in particular, it appears that the Legislature has never defined the term “award,” and given it a specific meaning in the context of workers’ compensation. In the absence of Legislative action, the Division has chosen to define “award” to include any decision on any issue by the Division — whether that decision is favorable to the claimant or not. Hence, if the Division issued an order denying a claimant relief on an issue, the Division contends that the order is an “award” under S.B.2013. If the order was issued prior to July 1, 2003, the Division takes the position that the order would be in the “litigation pipeline” and any future litigation regarding that issue would be governed by statutes in effect prior to July 1, 2003.
We explained in Syllabus Point 4 of State ex rel. ACF Industries, Inc. v. Vieweg, 204 W.Va. 525, 514 S.E.2d 176 (1999) that we will give great deference to the Division’s *144interpretation of a workers’ compensation law:
Interpretations as to the meaning and application of workers’ compensation statutes rendered by the Workers’ Compensation Commissioner, as the governmental official charged with the administration and enforcement of the workers’ compensation statutory law of this State, pursuant to W.Va. Code § 23-1-1 (1997) (Repl.Vol. 1998), should be accorded deference if such interpretations are consistent with the legislation’s plain meaning and ordinary construction.
The Division’s interpretation accords with the definition contained in Black’s Law Dictionary [5th Ed.1979], which gives the following definition of the noun “award”:
The decision or determination rendered by arbitrators or commissioners, or other private or extrajudicial deciders, upon a controversy submitted to them; also the writing or document embodying such decision.
The Division’s interpretation also has great bureaucratic appeal, as it is a “bright-line,” easy-to-apply interpretation. Lastly, we also note that none of the parties have challenged the Division’s interpretation of the word “award,” or offered an alternate interpretation.12 We therefore support the Division’s definition of the term “award” to mean any decision upon an issue submitted for resolution.
We now turn our attention to whether the Division’s interpretation — that decisions made by the Division prior to July 1, 2008, are resolved under the “old” law, and that decisions made by the Division on or after July 1, 2003, are resolved under S.B.2013 — is legitimate and comports with the concepts of due process contained in our Constitution.
The statutory scheme providing compensation for those who suffer occupational injuries or diseases is an exercise by the Legislature of the State’s police power. State ex rel. Boan v. Richardson, 198 W.Va. 545, 550, 482 S.E.2d 162, 167 (1996); Blevins v. State Compensation Commissioner, 127 W.Va. 481, 496-97, 33 S.E.2d 408, 414 (1945). “The police power is the power of the state, inherent in every sovereignty, to enact laws, within constitutional limits, to promote the welfare of its citizens.” Syllabus Point 5, in part, State ex rel. Appalachian Power Co. v. Gainer, 149 W.Va. 740, 143 S.E.2d 351 (1965).13 Our law is therefore clear that the Legislature may determine the extent and applicability of claims under the workers’ compensation statutory scheme and may change the pre-existing state of the law in the furtherance of its legislative powers— unless some other legal or constitutional bar otherwise limits the exercise of its discretion. See City of Princeton v. Buckner, 180 W.Va. 457, 464,'377 S.E.2d 139, 146 (1988) (the Legislature is vested with the right and authority “to enact laws, within constitutional limits, to promote the general welfare of its citizenry.”).
In examining past changes to the Workers’ Compensation Act by the Legislature, we have determined that the Due Pro*145cess Clause of the Constitution, Art. Ill, § 10, prohibits the retroactive application of those changes where to do so would impair a “vested” or “substantive” property right. As we stated in Syllabus Point 6 of State ex rel. Blankenship v. Richardson, 196 W.Va. 726, 474 S.E.2d 906 (1996):
Though a workers’ compensation statute, or amendment thereto, may be construed to operate retroactively where mere procedure is involved, such a statute or amendment may not be so construed where, to do so, would impair a substantive right.
In the context of workers’ compensation law, a vested right “must be something more than a mere expectation based upon an anticipated continuance of an existing law.” State Bd. of Registration for Healing Arts v. Boston, 72 S.W.3d 260, 265 (Mo.App.2002). A property right to workers’ compensation benefits “ ‘vests’ when every event has occurred which needs to occur to make the implementation of the right a certainty.” Aranda v. Industrial Comm’n of Arizona, 198 Ariz. 467, 471, 11 P.3d 1006, 1010 (2000). The right must be one which the individual has a legitimate elaim of entitlement under existing rules or understandings. Syllabus Point 3, Waite v. Civil Service Commission, supra.
“As with any piece of economic legislation that seeks in a comprehensive fashion to address a serious financial obligation, there will always be challenges predicated on fairness.” Verizon West Virginia, Inc. v. West Virginia Bureau of Employment Programs, Workers’ Compensation Div., 214 W.Va. 95, 586 S.E.2d 170, 179 (2003). Due process of law under our Constihition “is ultimately measured by the concept of fundamental fairness.” Blankenship, 196 W.Va. at 739, 474 S.E.2d at 919; accord, State v. Osakalumi, 194 W.Va. 758, 764-66, 461 S.E.2d 504, 510-12 (1995); Committee on Legal Ethics v. Printz, 187 W.Va. 182, 188, 416 S.E.2d 720, 726 (1992) (“fundamental fairness ... is the heart of due process”); State ex rel. Peck v. Goshom, 162 W.Va. 420, 422, 249 S.E.2d 765, 766 (1978) (“due process of law is synonymous with fundamental fairness”).
However, fundamental fairness notwithstanding, challenges to economic legislation that allege a violation of due process are given a deferential standard of review. The general rule is that “[i]n matters of economic legislation, the legislature must be accorded considerable deference under a due process standard.” Syllabus Point 3, Gibson v. West Virginia Dept, of Highways, 185 W.Va. 214, 406 S.E.2d 440 (1991).
Understandably, the high level of deference that is accorded to legislative actions aimed at addressing economic problems results from a recognition that lawmakers are uniquely charged with responsibility for passing laws designed to cure such serious social concerns. Consequently, courts are unwilling, as a rule, to second guess the wisdom of cost-spreading mechanisms adopted in connection with a particular legislative act, provided that such legislation can be viewed as a rational means of addressing the economic problem at issue.
Verizon West Virginia, Inc. v. West Virginia Bureau of Employment Programs, Workers’ Compensation Div., 214 W.Va. 95, 121, 586 S.E.2d 170, 196 (2003). To overcome this deferential review, “the burden is on one complaining of a due process violation to establish that the legislature has acted in an arbitrary and irrational way.” Verizon, 214 W.Va. at 121, 586 S.E.2d at 196 {quoting Usery v. Ttvmer Elkhom Mining Co., 428 U.S. 1, 15, 96 S.Ct. 2882, 49 L.Ed.2d 752 (1976)).
The overarching principle that guides this Court in examining the constitutionality of any legislative enactment states that courts must exercise restraint and only negate a statute when it is clear, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the Legislature exceeded constitutional bounds and enacted a statute that cannot be construed to operate in a constitutional manner. As we stated, in Syllabus Point 1 of State ex rel. Appalachian Power Co. v. Gainer, 149 W.Va. 740, 143 S.E.2d 351 (1965):
In considering the constitutionality of a legislative enactment, courts must exercise due restraint, in recognition of the principle of the separation of powers in government among the judicial, legislative and executive branches. Every reasonable *146construction must be resorted to by the courts in order to sustain constitutionality, and any reasonable doubt must be resolved in favor of the constitutionality of the legislative enactment in question. Courts are not concerned with questions relating to legislative policy. The general powers of the legislature, within constitutional limits, are almost plenary. In considering the constitutionality of an act of the legislature, the negation of legislative power must appear beyond reasonable doubt.
Moreover, “[c]ourts will not act to prematurely reach ultimate constitutional issues. Only when an issue is clear should courts decide the constitutional validity of a statute.” Blankenship v. Richardson, 196 W.Va. 726, 739, 474 S.E.2d 906, 919 (1996). “When the constitutionality of a statute is questioned every reasonable construction of the statute must be resorted to by a court in order to sustain constitutionality, and any doubt must be resolved in favor of the constitutionality of the legislative enactment.” Syllabus Point 3, Willis v. O’Brien, 151 W.Va. 628, 153 S.E.2d 178 (1967).
With these general principles in mind, we now examine the circumstances of the parties in the three cases before the Court.
A. Wampler Foods v. Workers' Compensation Division
In this appeal, the order from the Division denying the claimant relief and holding that Ms. Pancake’s claim was not compensable was issued on October 8, 2001 (but, as previously discussed, was reversed and the claim ruled compensable by the Office of Judges on December 4, 2002). Applying the Division’s interpretation of S.B.2013, an “award” was issued on October 8, 2001, and the order should be litigated under the law in effect on that date.
When the Appeal Board issued its July 15, 2003 decision affirming the Office of Judges’ order holding the appellee’s claim compensa-ble, appellant Wampler Foods argues that the Appeal Board was legally bound to apply W.Va.Code, 23-4-lg [2003] and in no way evaluate the appellee’s case with any reference to the “rule of liberality.” Further, the appellant argues that the Appeal Board was legally bound to apply W.Va.Code, 23-5-12 [2003] and issue a detailed, written opinion stating with specificity the law and facts relied upon to reach its decision.
After careful consideration of the record, we reject the appellant’s arguments. The Division’s interpretation of S.B.2013 accords with notions of substantive due process, and the Appeal Board’s determination to not apply W.Va.Code, 23-4-lg [2003] to the appel-lee’s case preserved the fundamental fairness of the proceedings used to determine the appellee’s right to workers’ compensation benefits. The appellee presented evidence of her work-related injury, to both the Division and the Office of Judges, prior to July 1, 2003, with the understanding that the evidence would be examined in light of the liberality rule.14 To adopt the appellant’s position and then hold the appellee to a theoretically different evidentiary standard at the appellate level would, without a doubt, violate the substantive (and likely procedural) due process rights of the appellee.
Furthermore, we see no benefit to be obtained by remanding the case for the Appeal Board (now the Board of Review) to draft a lengthy, detailed opinion. Instead, we believe a remand would be contrary to the rights of the parties to a prompt adjudication of this case. The record presented to the Appeal Board and this Court fully supports the compensability conclusion reached by the Office of Judges, and application of W.Va. Code, 23-5-12 [2003] to the instant case would serve no purpose other than to further delay a final resolution and to waste administrative, judicial, and party resources.
Finding no error in the manner used by the Appeal Board to reach its July 15, 2003 *147decision, we agree with the Division and conclude that the decision should be affirmed.
B. State ex rel. Charles Thompson v. Gregory A. Burton
In this petition for a writ of prohibition, the claimant asserts that the Commissioner — through the interpretation and application of S.B.2013 by the Division — exceeded his lawful authority by applying W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(l) [2003] to his claim. The claimant argues that he is entitled to a writ of prohibition precluding the Commissioner from applying the 2003 version of the statute to his claim, and an order compelling the Commissioner to calculate his benefits using the 1999 variant of W.Va.Code, 23 — 4—6(e)(1). We disagree.
W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(l) applies to “all awards made on or after the effective date of the amendment and reenactment of this section during the year two thousand three[.]” The Division has interpreted this language to mean that the statute applies to any decision made by the Division on or after July 1, 2003, regarding the calculation of permanent, partial disability benefits. We give great deference to the Division’s interpretation of the statute, see Syllabus Point 8, in part, State ex rel. ACF Industries, Inc. v. Vieweg, supra, and cannot say beyond a reasonable doubt that such an interpretation offends constitutional due process protections. See Syllabus Point 1, State ex rel. Appalachian Power Co. v. Gainer, supra. The petitioner has further not established that the Legislature or Division acted in an arbitrary or irrational way. Verizon, 214 W.Va. at 121, 586 S.E.2d at 196. Although it can easily be argued that reducing the benefits paid to injured workers is not the best possible solution to the fund’s financial woes, we believe the Legislature may do so when circumstances dictate:
Though we may believe the legislature’s actions are harsh or even cruel, or sound economic policy, its policy decisions, under our constitutional framework, are its own, subjecting it to the scrutiny of the electorate in whose hands the constitution vests the ultimate reviewing authority.
Blankenship v. Richardson, 196 W.Va. 726, 737, 474 S.E.2d 906, 917 (1996). See also State ex rel. Beime v. Smith, 214 W.Va. 771, 591 S.E.2d 329 (2003).
We cannot beyond a reasonable doubt find constitutional error in the Division’s interpretation of W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(l) [2003] in the instant case. We therefore agree with the Division and decline to issue a writ of prohibition.
C. State ex rel. Yoakum, et al. v. Burton
The eight claimants in this case seek a writ of mandamus, but otherwise assert arguments similar to those raised in the Thompson case. Seven of these claimants assert that the Commission and the Division cannot, under the Due Process Clause, retroactively apply W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(l) [2003] to the calculation of their benefits. As we concluded in Thompson, we cannot say beyond a reasonable doubt that the Division’s interpretation of W.Va.Code, 23-4-6(e)(l) [2003], and application of that method of calculating permanent partial disability benefits, violated the Due Process Clause of our Constitution.
As for the eighth claimant, Mr. Martin, we also cannot conclude that the Division’s interpretation of W.Va.Code, 23-4-6a [2003], and its decision to deny Mr. Martin any permanent partial disability benefits, despite the x-ray evidence suggesting that he has a permanent lung injury, violated the Due Process Clause of our Constitution beyond a reasonable doubt. Again, while both this Court and the people of this State may question the wisdom of the Legislature and the Division in taking such a harsh path, as a constitutional question the claimant in this case has not established that the Legislature and the Division acted in an arbitrary and irrational way.
The eight claimants in the Yoakum case do, however, raise a more troubling constitutional question. The Yoakum claimants assert that the Due Process Clause, the Equal Protection Clause, and Article III, § 17 of our Constitution (“justice shall be administered without ... delay”) give claimants a right to receive a resolution of their claims in a reasonably expeditious manner. The claimants assert that the Division’s own regulations required the Division to render a decision in their cases within fifteen days *148after receiving the evaluation of an independent medical examiner. See C.S.R. § 85-6-4.5.15 Because the Division did not issue an “award” (decision) within these time limits, and delayed issuing an award until after July 1, 2003, the claimants assert that their constitutional rights have been violated.
The record before the Court does not identify whether the physicians who examined the claimants were independent medical examiners appointed by the Division, and— aside from the representations made by claimant’s counsel — does not reveal the dates those reports were received by the Division. We therefore cannot say beyond a reasonable doubt that the Division violated any rights of the claimants by failing to act prior to July 1, 2003.
In sum, we cannot find that these claimants have a clear legal right to the relief they seek. Accordingly, we agree with the Division and the requested writ of mandamus must be denied.
IV.
The Court agrees with the positions taken by the Workers’ Compensation Division— now reconstituted as the Workers’ Compensation Commission — with respect to all of the issues in these eases. We trust that now the Commission can administer the workers’ compensation laws, as modified by the 2003 Legislative changes, in a fiscally responsible and sound manner.
The July 15, 2003 decision of the Appeal Board in case No. 31599, Wampler Foods v. Workers’ Compensation Division, is affirmed. The writs of prohibition sought in the Thompson case, case No. 31600, and of mandamus sought in the Yoakum ease, case No. 31653, are denied.
Permanent disability evaluation reports received from physicians to whom claimants have been referred by the Commissioner in claims based upon injuries and occupational diseases other than occupational pneumoconi-osis shall be acted upon within fifteen (15) working days from the date of receipt in the Fund.
The Clerk of the Court is hereby directed to issue the mandate in these cases forthwith.
Affirmed; Writs Denied.
Chief Justice MAYNARD concurs, in part, and dissents, in part and reserves the right to file a separate opinion.
Justice DAVIS concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion.
Justice MeGRAW concurs, in part, and dissents, in part and reserves the right to file a separate opinion.

.Effective October 1, 2003, the "workers' compensation division of the bureau of employment programs” was reconstituted and renamed the "workers' compensation commission, an agency of the state.” See W.Va.Code, 23-1-1 [2003].
We do not consider the Legislature’s alterations to the bureaucratic structure of the workers’ compensation system in the instant case, and continue to refer to the governmental units by their pre-July 1, 2003 names.

. Effective January 31, 2004, the Legislature abolished the Workers' Compensation Appeal Board. In its stead, the Legislature created the Workers’ Compensation Board of Review, a full-time panel empowered and staffed to review appeals from the Office of Judges. See W.Va. Code, 23-5-11 [2003].

. The appellant is now known as Pilgrim's Pride Corporation.

. The appellant also asserts that the Board's order must be reversed because the evidentiary record is insufficient to support the decision. After review of the record, we reject this point of error.

. W.Va.Code, 23 — 5—12(c)(1) [2003] sets forth, in pertinent part, the following duty:
(c) After a review of the case, the board shall issue a written decision to be filed with the commission and a copy thereof sent by mail to the parties.
(1) All decisions, findings of fact and conclusions of law of the board of review shall be in writing and state with specificity the laws and facts relied upon to sustain, reverse or modify the administrative law judge's decision.

.As was suggested previously, see supra footnotes 1 and 2, S.B.2013 substantially reorganized the workers’ compensation bureaucracy. Effective October 1, 2003, the Workers’ Compensation Division was transformed into the Workers’ Compensation Commission, and became a stand-alone, cabinet level commission no longer associated with the Bureau of Employment Programs. Mr. Burton became the Executive Director of the Commission at a salary of $130,008.00 annually, and is still the party responsible for awarding the petitioner relief.

. Regarding the maximum benefits a claimant could receive under the old law, W.Va.Code, 23-4 — 6(e)(1) [1999] stated, in pertinent part:
[I]f the injury causes permanent disability less than permanent total disability, the percentage of disability to total disability shall be determined and the award computed on the basis of four weeks’ compensation for each percent of disability determined, at the maximum ... benefit rates provided for in subdivision (d) of this section[.]
Subdivision (d), W.Va.Code, 23 — 4—6(d) [1999], stated, in pertinent part:
[A] claimant shall be paid benefits so as not to exceed a maximum benefit of sixty-six and two-thirds percent of the claimant’s average weekly wage earnings, wherever earned, at the time of the date of injury not to exceed one hundred percent of the average weekly wage in West Virginia.

. W.Va.Code, 23 — 4—6(e)(1) [2003] now states:
For all awards made on or after the effective date of the amendment and reenactment of this section during the year two thousand three, if the injury causes permanent disability less than permanent total disability, the percentage of disability to total disability shall be determined and the award computed on the basis of four weeks' compensation for each percent of disability determined at the maximum or minimum benefit rates as follows: Sixty-six and two-thirds percent of the avei age weekly wage earnings, wherever earned, of the injured employee at the date of injury, not to exceed seventy percent of the average weekly wage in West Virginia: Provided, That in no event shall an award for permanent partial disability be subject to annual adjustments resulting from changes in the average weekly wage in West Virginia: Provided, however, That in the case of a claimant whose award was granted prior to the effective date of the amendment and reenactment of this section during the year two thousand three the maximum benefit rate shall be the rate applied under the prior enactment of this section which was in effect at the time the injury occurred.

. W.Va.Code, 23-4-6a [1995] stated, in pertinent part:
[I]f it shall be determined by the division in accordance with the facts in the case and with the advice and recommendation of the occupational pneumoconiosis board that an employee has occupational pneumoconiosis, but without measurable pulmonary impairment therefrom, such employee shall be awarded and paid twenty weeks of benefits at the same benefit rate as hereinabove provided.

. We note that, within S.B.2013, the Legislature revised the procedures for parties to follow when pursuing a statutory appeal of a workers' compensation case to this Court, and crafted dyslo-gistic standards ’of review for the Court to use. See W.Va.Code, 23-5-15 [2003]. This statutory appeal system established by the Legislature is substantially different from other, constitution-based methods by which the Court may review cases. See, e.g., W.Va. Constitution, Art. VIII, § 3 ("The supreme court of appeals shall have original jurisdiction of proceedings in ... mandamus, prohibition and certiorari.”)
We decline to attempt an interpretation or application of W.Va.Code, 23-5-15 [2003] in the instant case because, as we set forth in the text, the "award” on appeal to the Court plainly arose long before the effective date of the statute.

. At oral argument, counsel for the Division admitted that 19 separate "internal policies” were written and distributed to instruct various claims handlers in the Division on the manner claims should be processed. Counsel also admitted that none of the policies were made part of the record in the instant case. The Court is also aware of the existence of interpretations of S.B. 2013 contained in letters written by the Division to the Speaker of the House of Delegates and the President of the Senate, and in policy letters written by members of the Office of Judges. Again, these-pronouncements are contained nowhere in the record of any of the three cases before the Court. We are troubled by the complete absence of any official pronouncement interpreting S.B.2013 in the form of legislative rules.

. This Court has applied the definition of "award” contained in Black's Law Dictionary— that any decision upon a controversy is an award — to resolve a case, but tiren noted as an aside that only an "action of the State Compensation Commissioner and of the Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, in allowance of a claim, [is] an 'award'." State ex rel. Magun v. Shai-p, 143 W.Va. 594, 598, 103 S.E.2d 792, 795 (1958) (emphasis added). While it could be inferred that "award” means only rulings favorable to a claimant, for the purposes of this case we accept the Division's interpretation.

. Syllabus Point 5 of State ex rel. Appalachian Power Co. v. Gainer, 149 W.Va. 740, 143 S.E.2d 351 (1965) states, in full:
The police power is the power of the state, inherent in every sovereignty, to enact laws, within constitutional limits, to promote the welfare of its citizens. The police power is difficult to define precisely, because it is extensive, elastic and constantly evolving to meet new and increasing demands for its exercise for the benefit of society and to promote the general welfare. It embraces the power of the state to preserve and promote the general welfare and it is concerned with whatever affects the peace, security, safety, morals, health and general welfare of the community. It cannot be circumscribed within narrow limits nor can it be confined to precedents resting alone on conditions of the past. As society becomes increasingly complex and as advancements are made, the police power must of necessity evolve, develop and expand, in the public interest, to meet such conditions.

. Were this Court to accept the appellant's argument, and rule that the evidentiary burden of both claimants and employers was in some way altered by the Legislature, we would in all fairness be compelled to remand this and every similar case before this Court back to the Division for a full reconsideration. This Court currently has pending in excess of 1,000 appeals with this veiy issue being implicated, and a remand would result in nothing less than a bi. au-cratic nightmare for the Division.

. The Code of Stale Regulations, C.S.R. § 85-6-4.5(a), states: