Court Opinion

ID: 4167305
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-05-09 20:04:00.072438+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:46:58.233596
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        MAY 9 2017
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

THE BURLINGTON INSURANCE                        No.    15-55702
COMPANY,
                                                D.C. No.
                Plaintiff-Appellee,             2:13-cv-05349-JAK-E

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM *
MINADORA HOLDINGS, LLC; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellants.

MARVIN W. DURMENT; et al.,                      No.    15-56657

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,          D.C. No.
                                                2:14-cv-01231-JAK-E
 v.

THE BURLINGTON INSURANCE
COMPANY, a North Carolina corporation,

                Defendant-Appellee,

 and

ENDURANCE AMERICAN SPECIALTY
INSURANCE COMPANY, a Delaware
corporation,

       Third-party-defendant–Appellee.

       *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   John A. Kronstadt, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted February 10, 2017
                              Pasadena, California

Before: SCHROEDER and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges, and GLEASON,**
District Judge.

      In this insurance dispute, Appellant Marvin Durment, as assignee of the

rights of three insured companies, Jarvis Enterprises, Inc. dba Orange Precision

Metal Fabrication (Orange Precision), Minadora Holdings, LLC (Minadora), and

West Coast Storm, Inc. (West Coast), appeals the district court’s grant of summary

judgment to the Appellee insurance companies, Burlington Insurance Company

(Burlington) and Endurance American Specialty Insurance Company (Endurance).

Burlington had insured Orange Precision and Minadora, and Endurance had

insured West Coast. The parties are familiar with the relevant factual background

giving rise to the insurance dispute, which we do not recount here in detail.

      There are two consolidated appeals. The first appeal, Case No. 15-55702,

comes before us from judgment below to Burlington on Burlington’s two claims

      **
              The Honorable Sharon L. Gleason, United States District Judge for
the District of Alaska, sitting by designation.

                                          2
for declaratory relief, the first involving Burlington’s duty to defend, and the

second concerning Burlington’s duty to indemnify. The second appeal, Case No.

15-56657, comes before us from judgment below to Burlington and Endurance

against several claims brought by Durment and the three insureds. Durment’s first

claim, for reimbursement of a settlement, and second claim, for breach of the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, were against Burlington and

Endurance. Durment’s third claim, for breach of the implied covenant, fourth

claim, for declaratory judgment on Burlington’s duty to defend, and fifth claim, for

fraud, were against only Burlington. Durment’s sixth and final claim was against a

dismissed defendant, and is not before us.

      On appeal, Durment argues that the district court erred in its construction

and interpretation of the relevant insurance policies and in analyzing settlement-

related conduct by Durment, the insured companies, Burlington, and Endurance.

      We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing the district

court’s grant of summary judgment in both cases de novo, see, e.g., Guatay

Christian Fellowship v. Cnty. of San Diego, 670 F.3d 957, 970 (9th Cir. 2011), we

affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

      1. The underlying complaint on which we focus our analysis, the First

Amended Cross-Complaint (FAXC), alleged a covered injury. The policies cover

“advertising injuries,” including injuries “arising out of . . . [t]he use of another’s

                                            3
advertising idea in [the insured’s] advertisement.” The FAXC alleged that

Durment shared advertising ideas with the insureds which the insureds then used in

their online advertising. Even if the alleged ideas were inadequate to ultimately

prevail on any state-law claim, the insurers still had a duty to defend the insureds.

See, e.g., Horace Mann Ins. Co. v. Barbara B., 846 P.2d 792, 799 (Cal. 1993). The

policy does not limit coverage to claims relating to novel or original advertising

ideas. And while it is true that a direct solicitation does not constitute an

“advertisement,” see Hameid v. Nat’l Fire Ins. of Hartford, 71 P.3d 761, 766 (Cal.

2003), the FAXC provides no basis for concluding that these ideas were used only

in a solicitation and not in an “advertisement.”

      An insurer has a duty to defend if the complaint alleges facts “that create a

potential for indemnity under the policy.” Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. MV Transp., 115
P.3d 460, 466 (Cal. 2005) (citing Montrose Chem. Corp. v. Super. Ct., 861 P.2d
1153, 1159 (Cal. 1993)). Because the allegations created the potential for liability

under the “use of another’s advertising ideas” provision, the insurers had a duty to

defend unless they could show an exclusion applied to preclude coverage. See

Delgado v. Interinsurance Exch. of Auto. Club of S. Cal., 211 P.3d 1083, 1086 (Cal.

2009) (quoting Montrose, 861 P.2d at 1157) (explaining burdens of proof).

      2. The prior publication exclusion in the Endurance policy does not

preclude coverage. “[A]n allegedly wrongful advertisement published before the

                                           4
coverage period triggers application of the prior publication exclusion.” Street

Surfing, LLC v. Great Am. E & S Ins. Co., 776 F.3d 603, 610 (9th Cir. 2014).

Once “this threshold showing is made, the exclusion bars coverage of injuries

arising out of republication of that advertisement, or any substantially similar

advertisement, during the policy period, because such later publications are part of

a single, continuing wrong that began before the insurance policy went into effect.”

Id.

      The Endurance policy does not cover injuries arising from advertisements

published before the policy went into effect on January 10, 2009. The FAXC

alleged that the insureds’ website made certain claims “from January 1, 2009

onward.” But the FAXC did not allege that all of the advertisements containing

Durment’s advertising ideas were initiated prior to January 10, 2009. Endurance

was not excused of its duty to defend by the prior publication exclusion.

      3. The cross-liability exclusion in the Burlington policy precludes coverage

only as to Orange Precision, and not as to Minadora. That exception excludes

coverage for claims by a present, past, or future employee of “any insured.”

Orange Precision cannot claim coverage because Durment is a “former employee”

under the policy. Burlington therefore had no duty to defend Orange Precision

because there was no possibility of coverage.

                                          5
      Minadora is also an insured in the Burlington policy. Generally, “in a policy

with multiple insureds, exclusions from coverage described with reference to the

acts of ‘an’ or ‘any,’ as opposed to ‘the,’ insured are deemed under California law

to apply collectively, so that if one insured has committed acts for which coverage

is excluded, the exclusion applies to all insured with respect to the same

occurrence.” Minkler v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 232 P.3d 612, 614 (Cal. 2010).

However, a “‘separate insurance’ clause providing that ‘[t]his insurance applies

separately to each insured’” means that each insured “would be treated, for all

policy purposes, as if he or she were the sole person covered.” Id. at 617. The

Burlington policy contains such a separate insurance clause. Because applying that

clause to the cross-liability exclusion in this policy would not

“impermissibly . . . negate [the exclusion] completely,” id. at 621 n.5, Minadora’s

claim must be analyzed independently from Orange Precision’s. Minadora’s claim

for coverage is not excluded by this provision, because Durment was not

Minadora’s employee.

      4. Both policies contain the same intellectual property exclusion in the main

policy document. That exclusion cannot reasonably be read to exclude claims for

use of another’s advertising idea; such an interpretation would contradict the

reasonable expectations of the insured as it would allow an express grant of

coverage for “injury” that arises from “use of another’s advertising idea” to be

                                          6
vitiated by a separate provision that precludes coverage for “injury arising out

of . . . other intellectual property rights.” See Haynes v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 89
P.3d 381, 391 (Cal. 2004).

      5. The Burlington policy also includes a separate endorsement limiting

coverage for claims related to intellectual property rights. But interpreting the

exclusion in the endorsement to bar coverage for “use of another’s advertising

idea” would make the grant of coverage for use of “another’s advertising ideas”

entirely nugatory, creating an inconsistency in the contract. “[I]f there is a conflict

in meaning between an endorsement and the body of the policy, the endorsement

controls.” Aerojet-Gen. Corp. v. Transp. Indem. Co., 948 P.2d 909, 915 n.4 (Cal.

1997) (quoting Continental Cas. Co. v. Phoenix Constr. Co., 296 P.2d 801, 805

(Cal. 1956)). But such conflict must be inescapable: “Repugnancy in a contract

must be reconciled, if possible, by such interpretation as will give some effect to

the repugnant clauses,” Cal. Civ. Code § 1652, and construction of an insurance

policy must “give effect to every part of the policy with each clause helping to

interpret the other.” Palmer v. Truck Ins. Exchange, 988 P.2d 568, 573 (Cal.

1999). Moreover, “policy exclusions are strictly construed.” E.M.M.I. Inc. v.

Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 84 P.3d 385, 389 (Cal. 2004).

      Interpreting the term “any other intellectual property” so as not to include

advertising ideas is a permissible reading of the contract that avoids creating an

                                           7
inconsistency. See Cal. Civ. Code § 1652. This exclusion does not preclude

coverage.

          6. The policies both provide that the breach of contract exclusion does not

apply to claims arising from “an implied contract to use another’s advertising idea

in your ‘advertisement.’” The FAXC did not include any allegation that Durment

had any express contract with any insureds related to the use of his advertising

ideas. Although the relationship between Durment and the insureds was based in

contract, the allegations of use of another’s advertising idea might have sounded in

either tort or in breach of an implied contract not subject to the exception. There

was thus a possibility of coverage.

          7. The intentional conduct exclusion does not preclude coverage. The

policies exclude coverage for acts “caused by or at the direction of the insured with

the knowledge that the act would violate the rights of another and would inflict

‘personal and advertising injury.’” A similar exclusion is codified in California

law, see Cal. Ins. Code § 533, and they are identical in scope, see Delgado, 211
P.3d at 1090. The FAXC did not preclude the possibility that the insureds’ use of

Durment’s advertising ideas was done without knowledge that it would violate his

rights.

          8. The district court properly granted summary judgment to Burlington on

Durment’s third cause of action for breach of the duty of good faith because any

                                            8
breach did not cause economic harm to the insureds due to the terms of the

underlying settlement. See Richards v. Sequoia Ins. Co., 124 Cal. Rptr. 3d 637,

642 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011). Durment’s contention that Burlington’s allegedly

deficient defense eliminates the requirement that the insured suffer injury is

misplaced; that rule applies to a claim for reimbursement, not a claim for breach of

the duty of good faith. See Isaacson v. Cal. Ins. Guarantee Ass’n, 750 P.2d 297,

308 (Cal. 1988).

      9. Once an insurer has undertaken its duty to defend, the insured cannot

settle the case without the consent of the insurer. If the insured settles against the

direction of the insurer, that settlement “is insufficient to impose liability on the

insurer in a later action against the insurer.” Pruyn v. Agric. Ins. Co., 42 Cal. Rptr.
2d 295, 303 (Cal. Ct. App. 1995) (quoting Wright v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Cos., 14
Cal. Rptr. 2d 588, 604 (Cal. Ct. App. 1992)). But “an insured who is abandoned

by its liability insurer is free to make the best settlement possible with the third

party claimant, including a stipulated judgment with a covenant not to execute.”

Id. So long as the settlement is reasonable and “free from fraud or collusion,” the

insurer will have to pay the amount that cannot be attributed to uncovered claims.

Id. (citing Samson v. Transamerica Ins. Co. 636 P.2d 32, 44 (Cal. 1981)).

                                           9
      Factual disputes preclude summary judgment for Burlington as to its liability

for the settlement. A reasonable jury could conclude that Burlington was no longer

defending when the counsel it selected withdrew the day before trial.

      10. Factual disputes preclude summary judgment for Endurance based on

the no-voluntary payments provision in the Endurance Policy. An insurer may not

“decline to participate in settlement negotiations, yet then rely on the policy’s

consent provision to avoid responsibility under the settlement.” Fuller-Austin

Insulation Co. v. Highlands Ins. Co., 38 Cal. Rptr. 3d 716, 737 (Cal. Ct. App.

2006). A reasonable jury could conclude that Endurance had reasonable notice of

the impending settlement and thus that Endurance could “either assume the defense

and settle or try the matter, or challenge the settlement on the grounds of

unreasonableness, fraud or collusion.” Id. at 738 (citing Diamond Heights

Homeowners Ass’n v. Nat’l Am. Ins. Co., 277 Cal. Rptr. 906, 917 (Cal. Ct. App.

1991)). Endurance did not assume West Coast’s defense. Summary judgment to

Endurance is not warranted on these grounds.

      11. In sum, on de novo review we hold that Endurance had a duty to defend

West Coast. We hold that Burlington did not have a duty to defend Orange

Precision, but that it did have a duty to defend Minadora.

                                          10
      Therefore, in Case No. 15-55702,1 we affirm in part the grant of summary

judgment to Burlington on its two declaratory claims, as to coverage of Orange

Precision; and we reverse in part the grant of summary judgment to Burlington on

its two declaratory claims, as to coverage of Minadora. In Case No. 15-56657, we

affirm the grant of summary judgment to Burlington on Durment’s third and fifth

claims; we affirm in part the grant of summary judgment to Burlington on

Durment’s first, second, and fourth claims, as to coverage of Orange Precision; and

we reverse in part the grant of summary judgment to Burlington on Durment’s

first, second, and fourth claims, as to coverage of Minadora,2 and the grant of

summary judgment to Endurance on Durment’s first and second claims, as to

coverage of West Coast. We remand both appeals for further consolidated

proceedings, consistent with this decision.

      1
              Again, in the first appeal, Case No. 15-55702, Burlington brought two
claims for declaratory relief, the first involving Burlington’s duty to defend, and
the second concerning Burlington’s duty to indemnify. In the second appeal, Case
No. 15-56657, Durment brought five claims: his first claim, for reimbursement of a
settlement, and his second claim, for breach of the implied covenant of good faith
and fair dealing, were against Burlington and Endurance; Durment’s third claim,
for breach of the implied covenant, his fourth claim, for declaratory judgment on
Burlington’s duty to defend, and his fifth claim, for fraud, were against only
Burlington.
       2
              Appellant appealed the judgment to Burlington as to the fourth cause
of action, for declaratory judgment, but the parties did not discuss that cause of
action in their briefing. Although the panel reverses in part as to that cause of
action with respect to Minadora, it does not intend to restrict the district court’s
discretion on remand to again decline to grant the requested relief.

                                         11
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.

                         12