Court Opinion

ID: 4564473
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-10 20:00:48.992126+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:32:00.392494
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 20a0530n.06

                                Nos. 17-2175, 17-2239, 17-2416

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                     FILED
 DASSAULT SYSTÈMES, SA,                                  )                     Sep 10, 2020
                                                         )                 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
        Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,              )
                                                         )
 v.                                                      )      ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                         )      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
 KEITH CHILDRESS, dba Practical Catia Training,          )      COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                         )      DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
        Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.              )
                                                         )
                                                         )
                                                         )

BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, GIBBONS, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. This consolidated appeal arises from Dassault

Systèmes’s lawsuit against Keith Childress for alleged copyright and trademark infringement.

Childress, an engineer who trained individuals in the Detroit area on the use of Dassault’s

copyrighted and trademarked CATIA software, responded to Dassault’s complaint with a number

of counterclaims, including abuse of process and tortious interference with business relationships.

The district court dismissed all of Childress’s counterclaims against Dassault, and the parties

eventually proceeded to trial on Dassault’s copyright and trademark infringement claims against

Childress, with Childress proceeding pro se.

       During a pre-trial conference, the district court imposed a ten-hour limit for each party to

present evidence. After the close of evidence, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Dassault on

the copyright claim but not the trademark claim. Soon afterwards, it came to light that, during

deliberations, the jury allegedly received extraneous information regarding settlement negotiations
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

between Dassault and Childress along with erroneous information regarding Childress’s salary.

Childress moved for a new trial based on the time limitations imposed by the district court and the

jury’s alleged receipt of extraneous information. The district court denied Childress’s motion for

a new trial as well as his subsequent motion for reconsideration of that ruling. Childress also

filed—and the district court denied—a motion seeking reversal of the district court’s earlier denials

of his motions for summary judgment. And the district court denied Childress’s motion for

reconsideration of that ruling. Meanwhile, Dassault filed a renewed motion for judgment as a

matter of law on its trademark infringement claim, which the district court also denied.

       Childress now appeals the following: (1) the district court’s dismissal of his abuse of

process counterclaim; (2) the district court’s dismissal of his tortious interference counterclaim;

(3) the district court’s denial of his motion for reconsideration of the earlier ruling denying him a

new trial; and (4) the district court’s denial of his Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) motion to

reverse the district court’s earlier denials of his motions for summary judgment. Dassault cross-

appeals the district court’s denial of its Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50 motion for judgment

as a matter of law on the trademark claim.

       For the following reasons, we: (1) reverse the district court’s dismissal of Childress’s abuse

of process counterclaim; (2) reverse the district court’s dismissal of Childress’s tortious

interference counterclaim; (3) reverse the district court’s denial of Childress’s motion for

reconsideration of the ruling denying him a new trial; (4) affirm the district court’s denial of

Childress’s Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) motion; and (5) affirm the district court’s denial

of Dassault’s motion for judgment as a matter of law.

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                                                           I.

         Dassault Systèmes, SA (“Dassault”) is a French corporation that developed a computer

software design program known as CATIA (Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive

Application).1 CATIA is used by industrial manufacturers in automotive design and engineering.

Dassault has held a registered trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office

(“USPTO”) on its CATIA mark since 1984. Dassault has also held a registered copyright on its

CATIA Version 5 (“CATIA V5”) software since 2003. IBM and its Business Partners handled all

sales and licensing of CATIA software until 2005.

         Keith Childress is an automotive design and engineering professional. In 1995, he and his

family began operating a for-profit school (“the School”) in the Detroit area that provided

instruction in CATIA software. The School did business under the name “Keith Childress’

Practical Catia Training” and operated a website with the address www.practicalcatia.com. The

School trained students on CATIA and promoted the software on its website.

         In order to operate the CATIA software on a computer, a license is required. In 2001, the

School purchased two IBM workstations, containing CATIA V4 software with permanent licenses,

from an IBM Business Partner which Dassault partially owned. While Childress trained students

on CATIA V4, the School’s website also promoted the newly released CATIA V5 software. In

response to the School’s promotion of CATIA V5, IBM offered the School a limited version of

CATIA V5 for students to use at the school and on their home computers. In October 2001, the

school accepted and purchased the CATIA V5 license, and it paid the annual charge for that license

every year leading up to Dassault’s lawsuit.

1
  Most of the facts in this section pertain to Childress’s appeal of 12(b)(6) determinations; to the extent they concern
these claims, therefore, the facts are taken from Childress’s “First Amended Answer and Counterclaims,” DE 101,
and are presumed to be true.

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       In November 2001, soon after the School purchased the limited CATIA V5 software, the

School entered into a “business agreement” with MSC Software—IBM’s Business Partner which

Dassault partially owned. Pursuant to the agreement, MSC and IBM provided the school with

fully functional CATIA V5 software and temporary licenses, and, in exchange, the School allowed

MSC to advertise on the School’s website and market to its students. The School later entered a

similar agreement with Dassault, pursuant to which Dassault advertised its “Global Certification

Program” on the School’s website, in exchange for providing the School with Global Certification

exam vouchers.

       In 2003, MSC set up a CATIA license server at the School, and IBM provided the school

with a 15-user server license for use of CATIA V5. The School soon began to experience

connectivity problems with the server. As a temporary solution, MSC allowed the School to install

the 2001 CATIA V5 license that it had originally purchased onto each of its training computers.

An MSC employee confirmed that, at least from 2001 to 2006, the School used the CATIA V5

software “with the full knowledge and consent of IBM, Dassault Systèmes, and MSC Software.”

DE 101, First Amended Answer and Counterclaims (“FAACC”), PageID 1220.

       Childress contacted Dassault in 2003 to inquire about their new Education Partner Program

(“EPP”). A Dassault employee explained to Childress that the EPP was created to provide CATIA

V5 training materials to entities that provided CATIA training, and that it cost $40,000 to join.

Childress told the employee about the School and its arrangement with IBM and MSC for CATIA

software, and he explained how his career experience with CATIA obviated any need for training

materials. The two agreed that it made little sense for the School to join the EPP, and Childress

did not further pursue the matter.

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Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

        In 2004, Dassault expanded its business to include CATIA training in the states, including

in the Detroit area. It thus became a direct competitor of the School in the local CATIA-training

market.    Dassault also assumed management responsibility for IBM’s network of Business

Partners. Now, if entities wished to obtain CATIA licenses for training purposes, they had to join

Dassault’s EPP. Dassault published a list of prospective customers whom EPP participants could

not solicit.

        Soon after entering the CATIA-training market, Dassault filed a complaint with the

Department of Justice accusing the School of infringing on its CATIA copyright. This led to a

grand jury investigation which, in turn, resulted in a search warrant for the School. In 2006, the

FBI executed the search warrant and raided the School, seizing its computers, training materials,

and other equipment. Childress testified before the grand jury, presenting evidence of his

agreements with Dassault and its agents, and the DOJ thereafter declined to prosecute Childress

for his alleged copyright violations.

        Childress then communicated with a Dassault representative regarding the School’s

admission to Dassault’s EPP. Dassault insisted that the School join its EPP. Childress found the

terms of the EPP to be prohibitively expensive for the School and asked to negotiate the terms, but

Dassault never followed up on Childress’s requests for negotiation. Dassault eventually contacted

Childress to notify him that if the School did not join the EPP, Dassault would file a lawsuit against

the School. Childress found this threatened lawsuit to be “an attempt to bully [the School] into

joining the EPP.” Id. at 1232. Childress, who could no longer afford an attorney, directly

contacted Dassault’s attorney to clear up the matter and explained that the School was offering

CATIA training pursuant to agreements with Dassault’s agents. Dassault’s attorney suggested a

                                                  5
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

conference call between Childress and Dassault’s headquarters to “straighten the matter out.” Id.

at 1235. But Dassault never followed up and the call did not happen.

         In February 2009, Dassault filed suit against the School. Its complaint alleged that when

Childress copied the software from his original CATIA V5 license onto other computers in the

school, he (1) infringed on Dassault’s copyright on the CATIA V5 software, in violation of

17 U.S.C. § 501; (2) engaged in unfair competition, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1125; (3) infringed

on Dassault’s federal “CATIA” trademark, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1114; and (4) violated the

Michigan Consumer Protection Act, M.C.L. § 445.901.

         After some procedural delays,2 Childress, proceeding pro se, filed an answer along with a

number of affirmative defenses and counterclaims. His counterclaims included: (1) a Sherman

Act violation; (2) unfair competition in violation of Michigan law; (3) tortious interference with

business relationship; (4) civil conspiracy; (5) intentional infliction of emotional distress;

(6) malicious prosecution; (7) abuse of process; (8) negligence; (9) declaratory judgment based on

laches, estoppel, or implied license; (10) declaratory judgment based on fair use; and

(11) declaratory judgment based on trademark ownership. In addition to the allegations under

each counterclaim heading, Childress’s FAACC also presented a long list of “General Allegations”

pertaining to all the counterclaims. Id. at 1202–49.

         Dassault moved for judgment on the pleadings as to Childress’s counterclaims. Fed. R.

Civ. P. 12(c). The district court granted Dassault’s motion with respect to every counterclaim

except for Childress’s abuse of process counterclaim. The judge assigned to the case, Judge

Lawrence Zatkoff, died shortly thereafter, and Judge Marianne Battani took over the case.

2
 In July 2010, the district court entered default judgment in favor of Dassault, granted Dassault’s motion for leave to
subpoena the FBI, and closed the case. Childress appealed, and this court vacated the default judgment, affirmed the
grant of Dassault’s motion for leave to subpoena the FBI, and remanded.

                                                          6
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

Dassault then filed a motion for reconsideration of the district court’s earlier decision. The district

court granted the motion, resulting in the dismissal of Childress’s abuse of process counterclaim—

the only remaining counterclaim. Childress now appeals (1) the district court’s first order

dismissing his tortious interference counterclaim, and (2) the district court’s second order on

reconsideration dismissing his abuse of process counterclaim.

       In 2017, Dassault and Childress went to trial on Dassault’s claims of copyright and

trademark infringement, with Childress still proceeding pro se. Before the trial commenced, the

district court imposed ten-hour time limits on both parties to present their cases. Childress spent

around nine hours cross-examining Dassault’s witnesses and was therefore only left with around

one hour to present his defense case. The jury returned a verdict finding Childress liable for

copyright infringement but not trademark infringement.

       After the jury returned its verdict, a juror contacted Childress to notify him of extraneous

information the jury received. One juror had apparently heard that Childress turned down a

settlement offer and, during deliberations, conveyed that information to the rest of the jury.

Another juror had apparently claimed that Childress made $750,000 per year and could therefore

withstand a verdict against him on one claim.          Childress claims that both assertions were

inaccurate.

       Childress filed a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59 motion seeking a new trial. He argued

(1) that the district court’s imposition of ten-hour time limits was a prejudicial abuse of discretion,

and (2) that the verdict was affected by extraneous information the jury allegedly acquired during

deliberations. The district court declined to hold an evidentiary hearing on the latter argument and

denied Childress’s motion in full. Childress then filed a motion for reconsideration, which the

                                                  7
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

district court also denied. Childress now appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for

reconsideration.

       Dassault, meanwhile, filed a renewed Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50 motion for

judgment as a matter of law on its trademark infringement claim, arguing that the jury’s decision

was against the weight of the evidence. The district court denied Dassault’s motion. Dassault now

cross-appeals the district court’s denial of its motion for judgment as a matter of law.

       In a separately docketed appeal (No. 17-2416), Childress also challenges the district court’s

denial of his motion for reconsideration of the court’s earlier ruling denying his post-trial Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) motion to reverse the denials of Childress’s earlier summary

judgment motions.

                                                 II.

       Childress, now represented by counsel, raises five issues on appeal. First, Childress claims

that the district court erred when, on reconsideration, it overturned the district court’s earlier

decision and dismissed his abuse of process counterclaim. Second, he claims that the district court

erred when it dismissed his counterclaim of tortious interference with business relationship. Third,

he argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for reconsideration of the ruling

denying him a new trial based on the ten-hour time limit at trial, which Childress maintains was

an abuse of discretion and resulted in insufficient time for him to present his case. Fourth,

Childress claims that the district court erred in denying his motion for reconsideration of the same

post-trial order’s denial of an evidentiary hearing and new trial based on the jury’s alleged receipt

of extraneous information. Finally, Childress argues that the district court erred in denying his

Rule 60(b) motion seeking reversal of the earlier denials of his motions for summary judgment

based on his allegation that he filed those motions before Dassault produced discovery. Dassault,

                                                 8
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

meanwhile, raises one issue on cross-appeal, arguing that the district court should have granted its

motion for judgment as a matter of law on its trademark infringement claim. We address each

claim in turn.

                              A. Abuse of Process Counterclaim

        Childress’s abuse of process counterclaim initially survived Dassault’s Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings. But the district court later granted

Dassault’s motion for reconsideration and dismissed the counterclaim. Childress challenges the

latter decision.

                                                 1.

        Under Michigan law, a cause of action for abuse of process requires the plaintiff to show

that the defendant “used a proper legal procedure for a purpose collateral to its intended use, and

there must be some corroborating act that demonstrates the ulterior purpose.” Alman v. Reed,

703 F.3d 887, 905 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Bonner v. Chicago Title Ins. Co., 487 N.W.2d 807, 812

(Mich. Ct. App. 1992)). The elements of an abuse of process claim are thus “(1) an ulterior

purpose, and (2) an act in the use of process which is improper in the regular prosecution of the

proceeding.” Id. (quoting Friedman v. Dozorc, 312 N.W.2d 585, 594 (Mich. 1981)). The ulterior

purpose “usually takes the form of coercion to obtain a collateral advantage, not properly involved

in the proceeding itself, such as the surrender of property or the payment of money, by the use of

the process as a threat or a club.” Id. (quoting Three Lakes Ass’n v. Whiting, 255 N.W.2d 686, 690

(Mich. Ct. App. 1977)).

        A motion for judgment on the pleadings under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) is

reviewed under the same standard as a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Morgan v. Church’s Fried Chicken, 829 F.2d 10, 11 (6th Cir.

                                                 9
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

1987). Under this standard, a claim should be dismissed if it fails to allege facts that, if true,

plausibly show that the claimant is entitled to relief. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,

555 (2007); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). If the facts alleged in the complaint allow

for competing inferences, the court must draw the inferences in favor of the non-movant. Sw.

Williamson Cnty. Cmty. Ass’n v. Slater, 173 F.3d 1033, 1038 (6th Cir. 1999). Moreover, pro se

pleadings are held “to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers” and are

to be “liberally construed.” Luis v. Zang, 833 F.3d 619, 626 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting Williams v.

Curtin, 631 F.3d 380, 383 (6th Cir. 2011)).

       Under the Eastern District of Michigan’s local rules, a motion for reconsideration may be

granted only where the movant demonstrates “a palpable defect by which the court and the parties

. . . have been misled” and “that correcting the defect will result in a different disposition of the

case.” E.D. Mich. L.R. 7.1(h)(3); Witzke v. Hiller, 972 F. Supp. 426, 427 (E.D. Mich. 1997).

“A ‘palpable defect’ is a defect that is “obvious, clear, unmistakable, manifest or plain.” Witzke,

972 F. Supp. at 427. “[T]he moving party must show that the Court made a mistake based on the

record before it, and rectifying the mistake would change the outcome.” Southfield Educ. Ass’n v.

Bd. of Educ. of the Southfield Pub. Sch., 319 F. Supp. 3d 898, 902 (E.D. Mich. 2018). “A party

may not utilize a motion for reconsideration ‘to introduce new legal theories for the first time, to

raise legal argumentation which could have been heard during the pendency of the previous

motion, or to present evidence that could have been adduced during the pendency of the original

motion.” DiPonio Constr. Co. v. Int’l Union of Bricklayers, Local 9, 739 F. Supp. 2d 986, 1004

(E.D. Mich. 2010) (quoting Tkach v. Stonepath Logistics Servs., No. 04-74219, 2005 WL

1050280, at *5 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 18, 2005)); see also In re Greektown Holdings, LLC, 728 F.3d

567, 575 (6th Cir. 2013) (“[A]bsent a legitimate excuse, an argument raised for the first time in a

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Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

motion for reconsideration at the district court generally will be forfeited.”) (quoting United States

v. Huntington Nat’l Bank, 574 F.3d 329, 331–32 (6th Cir. 2009)).

                                                            2.

            The district court initially declined to dismiss Childress’s counterclaim alleging abuse of

process because it found Childress alleged facts that sufficiently supported the claim. Specifically,

the court found that Childress offered evidence supporting a finding that Dassault filed its lawsuit

and contacted the DOJ/FBI with the ulterior purpose of putting Childress out of business. The

district court also found Childress presented evidence of multiple “corroborating acts” that

demonstrated an ulterior purpose, such as Childress’s allegation that Dassault made false and

misleading statements in its filings. These include: “(1) the conflicting statements on how/when

[Dassault] learned of [Childress]’s alleged illegal activity/infringement, and (2) [Dassault]’s initial

stated purpose in seeking leave from the Court to subpoena the FBI as compared to what [Dassault]

actually sought from the FBI when [Dassault] served the subpoenas on the FBI.”3 DE 275, Order

Mot. Dismiss, PageID 5601.

           Dassault filed a motion for reconsideration pursuant to Local Rule 7.1(h), arguing that the

district court should have dismissed Childress’s abuse of process claim because, under Michigan

law, putting a defendant out of business is not a cognizable “ulterior purpose.” Dassault was

correct. Under Michigan law, “the ulterior purpose alleged must be more than harassment,

3
    The district court observed the following regarding Dassault’s leave to subpoena the FBI:
           The Court notes that: (a) in Plaintiff’s motion for leave to subpoena granted by this Court and
           affirmed by the Sixth Circuit, Plaintiff represented that it was seeking to gain access only to “All
           computers, materials and documents that were seized [by the FBI] at [Defendant’s] business
           Practical Catia” and not seeking access to “FBI investigative notes,” but (b) Plaintiff’s ultimate
           subpoenas to the FBI sought the production of “interview records, recordings or other documents
           that refer to or otherwise memorialize any interview of [D]efendant by the FBI, that were prepared
           by the FBI, or by its agents . . ., regarding the raid.”

DE 275, Order Mot. Dismiss, PageID 5589 n.2.

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defamation, exposure to excessive litigation costs, or even coercion to discontinue business.”

Dalley v. Dykema Gossett, 788 N.W.2d 679, 695 (Mich. Ct. App. 2010) (emphasis added) (citation

omitted). Childress responded to Dassault’s motion for reconsideration by claiming that Dassault

forfeited its argument that putting Childress out of business did not constitute an “ulterior purpose”

because it did not advance the argument in its earlier briefings. Alternatively, Childress argued

that his FAACC alleged that Dassault’s ulterior purpose was to coerce him into joining Dassault’s

EPP—not necessarily or exclusively to put him out of business.

       The district court, on reconsideration, declined to consider Childress’s argument that

Dassault acted with the ulterior purpose of coercing Childress into joining the EPP because it found

Childress forfeited the argument by not raising it in his responses to Dassault’s motion for

judgment on the pleadings and motion for summary judgment. At the same time, however, the

district court entertained Dassault’s argument that putting Childress out of business does not

constitute an “ulterior purpose,” even though Dassault did not advance this argument in its initial

briefings for dismissal. Accordingly, the district court granted Dassault’s motion and dismissed

Childress’s abuse of process counterclaim.

                                                  3.

       Childress does not challenge the district court’s decision to consider Dassault’s argument

that putting Childress out of business is not an actionable ulterior purpose, despite Dassault quite

clearly forfeiting the argument by not presenting it in its earlier motion to dismiss Childress’s

counterclaims. Rather, Childress argues, the district court should have applied a similarly liberal

standard to his pro se pleadings to conclude that he did, in his FAACC, allege the EPP-coercion

theory of Dassault’s ulterior purpose.

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                                                  i.

       As a threshold matter, the parties dispute the standard of review this court applies to the

district court’s decision. Childress contends that de novo review applies because his counterclaim

was dismissed for failure to state a claim under the Rule 12(b)(6) standard. Dassault claims we

should review the decision for abuse of discretion because, according to Dassault, Childress

challenges the district court’s “decision to decline consideration of his new argument that

Dassault’s purported ‘ulterior purpose’ was to force [Childress] to ‘join the EPP.’” CA6 R. 23,

Second Br., at 31–32.

       It is generally well-settled that courts of appeal review a district court’s denial of a motion

for reconsideration for abuse of discretion, unless the underlying ruling involves a grant of

summary judgment. Evanston Ins. Co. v. Cogswell Props., LLC, 683 F.3d 684, 691 (6th Cir.

2012); Jones v. Caruso, 569 F.3d 258, 265 (6th Cir. 2009); Jaburek v. Foxx, 813 F.3d 626, 630

(7th Cir. 2016); Simon v. City of New York, 727 F.3d 167, 171 (2d Cir. 2013); but cf. Ability Ctr.

Of Greater Toledo v. City of Sandusky, 385 F.3d 901, 903 (6th Cir. 2004) (applying de novo review

to a district court’s denial of a motion seeking reconsideration of a grant of summary judgment);

Henderson v. Walled Lake Consol. Schs., 469 F.3d 479, 496 (6th Cir. 2006) (same). Childress has

not presented any authority to suggest that the standard should be different when reviewing a

district court’s grant of a motion for reconsideration.

       But our precedents appear to vary on the standard of review to apply when considering

whether a district court should have considered an argument that was allegedly raised for the first

time on a motion for reconsideration. On the one hand, we have reviewed for abuse of discretion

where the specific issue before the panel was whether the district court should have considered an

argument that was indeed raised for the first time on reconsideration. Evanston Ins. Co., 683 F.3d

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at 691–92; see also Dyson v. District of Columbia, 710 F.3d 415, 420 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (“The abuse

of discretion standard ordinarily applies to a district judge’s decision whether to consider a new

theory raised on a motion for reconsideration.”).

         On the other hand, we applied de novo review in another case reviewing the district court’s

conclusion that the movant forfeited an argument by not raising it prior to the motion for

reconsideration. Huntington Nat’l Bank, 574 F.3d at 331. Other circuits have recognized that de

novo review of a motion for reconsideration may be appropriate in some circumstances, such as

where the district court actually assessed the merits of the arguments presented to it, or where the

district court’s decision was based on an issue of law. See Dyson, 710 F.3d at 420 (applying de

novo review to a district court’s denial of a motion for reconsideration where the district court

rejected the movant’s arguments on the merits); Max’s Seafood Café ex rel. Lou-Ann, Inc. v.

Quinteros, 176 F.3d 669, 673 (3d Cir. 1999) (“[T]o the extent that the denial of reconsideration is

predicated on an issue of law, such an issue is reviewed de novo.”).4

         Furthermore, Childress’s broader argument is that the district court should not have

dismissed his abuse of process counterclaim, which it did pursuant to the Rule 12(b)(6) standard

and in the first instance on reconsideration. Unlike a denial of a motion for reconsideration, which

merely leaves an existing decision intact, the district court’s grant of Dassault’s motion for

reconsideration resulted in a new decision, on the merits, to dismiss Childress’s abuse of process

counterclaim. It would be anomalous to deny Childress any de novo review of the district court’s

12(b)(6) dismissal simply because it occurred for the first time on reconsideration.

         Accordingly, we review for abuse of discretion the district court’s overarching decision to

grant Dassault’s motion for reconsideration. In doing so, however, we examine the subsidiary

4
  In other circumstances, such as when a district court’s decision is based on a factual finding, the decision may be
reviewed for clear error. See Huntington Nat’l Bank, 574 F.3d at 331; Max’s Seafood Café, 176 F.3d at 673.

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legal issues animating that ultimate conclusion—that is, whether Childress forfeited his EPP-

coercion allegation and, relatedly, whether Childress failed to state a claim for abuse of process—

under a de novo standard of review. See Huntington Nat’l Bank, 574 F.3d at 331.

                                                    ii.

        We conclude that the district court erred in its finding that Childress forfeited his EPP-

coercion theory and, accordingly, that it abused its discretion in granting Dassault’s motion for

reconsideration. It is true that there was a palpable defect in the first district court order: the district

court found that Childress’s alleged putting-out-of-business theory was a cognizable “ulterior

purpose” under Michigan law. It was not. This error, however, was not necessarily fatal to

Childress’s counterclaim. A reasonable, liberal construction of Childress’s FAACC shows that it

also alleged an alternative, cognizable theory of Dassault’s ulterior purpose: that Dassault sought

to coerce Childress into joining its EPP.

         While the district court on reconsideration recognized that it “broadly construe[d]

Dassault’s rather summary argument,” it failed to apply the same liberal standard to Childress’s

pro se pleadings. DE 317, Order Mot. Reconsideration, PageID 8767. It did not consider

Childress’s complaint as a whole, instead limiting the contents of its review to (1) Childress’s

memorandum in response to Dassault’s earlier motion to dismiss, and (2) Childress’s allegations

under the “abuse of process” counterclaim heading of his FAACC. The district court recognized

that Childress alleged the EPP-coercion theory under the heading of his Sherman Act

counterclaim, but it found that he forfeited the argument because “he failed to elucidate this theory

in his counterclaim for abuse of process or bring this theory to the Court’s attention at the

dispositive motion stage.” Id. This was an erroneous finding.

                                                    15
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

         Childress explicitly alleged, on numerous occasions throughout his FAACC, that Dassault

acted with the purpose of coercing him into joining its EPP.5 These allegations appear not only

under Childress’s Sherman Act and Malicious Prosecution counterclaims, but also under the

“General Allegations” portion of his FAACC. And under his abuse of process counterclaim,

Childress “repeat[ed] and incorporate[d] by reference the allegations contained” throughout the

rest of his FAACC. DE 101, FAACC, PageID 1259; see Johnson v. City of Shelby, 574 U.S. 10,

11 (2014) (“Federal pleading rules call for ‘a short and plain statement of the claim showing that

the pleader is entitled to relief’; they do not countenance dismissal of a complaint for imperfect

statement of the legal theory supporting the claim asserted.” (emphasis added) (citing Fed. R. Civ.

P. 8(a)(2))).

         Had the district court applied the same standard to Childress’s pro se pleadings as it applied

to Dassault’s pleadings, and had it considered all of Childress’s FAACC allegations, it would have

found that, on several occasions throughout the FAACC, Childress alleged that Dassault

improperly used process in order to coerce Childress into joining the EPP. Even if “[Childress’s

FAACC] could admittedly be clearer on this point, . . . we must construe [Childress’s] pro se

pleading liberally.” Luis, 833 F.3d at 641. The district court was particularly unreasonable in

faulting Childress for not raising the EPP-coercion theory in response to Dassault’s earlier motion

to dismiss because Dassault, in that motion, did not even question the cognizability of Childress’s

initial putting-out-of-business theory.

5
  See, e.g., DE 101, FAACC, PageID 1232 (“Dassault’s threatened lawsuit was an attempt to bully us into joining the
EPP[.]”); id. (“[O]ur attorney received an email . . . saying that if we did not agree to join the EPP, Dassault intended
to file a lawsuit against our school.”); id. at 1242 (“Dassault used the threat of a lawsuit in an attempt to coerce our
school into joining its EPP[.]”); id. at 1257 (“Dassault tried to coerce our school – under the threat of a lawsuit – into
joining its EPP to extort exorbitant royalties from our school.”); id. at 1251 (“Dassault has tried to seize control of the
private CATIA training market by attempting to coerce private training organizations and schools – such as ours –
into joining its EPP and/or by forcing them out of business.”).

                                                           16
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         Although a reasonable interpretation of Childress’s pleadings is that he claimed Dassault’s

ulterior purpose was to drive him out of business, this was not the only reasonable interpretation

because Childress also alleged that Dassault sought to coerce him into joining its EPP. The

competing inferences regarding Dassault’s alleged ulterior purpose should be resolved in

Childress’s favor. The district court, therefore, erred in finding that Childress forfeited his EPP-

coercion theory and abused its discretion in granting Dassault’s motion for reconsideration on that

basis.

         Whether Childress sufficiently stated a claim for abuse of process based on the EPP-

coercion theory is a closer question. One may fairly question whether Childress’s allegation that

Dassault sought to coerce the School into joining the EPP is one and the same as his allegation that

Dassault sought to put the School out of business. In his FAACC, Childress claimed that “Dassault

used the threat of a lawsuit in an attempt to coerce our school into joining its EPP, knowing that

the terms of Dassault’s EPP would bankrupt our school.” DE 101, FAAC, PageID 1242. Even if

Childress adequately alleged Dassault’s ulterior purpose of coercing him into joining its EPP,

Childress arguably concedes that such an effort was equivalent to an effort to put him out of

business—which is not a cognizable ulterior purpose under Michigan law. Nevertheless, a liberal

reading of the complaint reveals a distinct allegation of coercion. It may be that the alleged

coercion to join the EPP is tantamount to an attempt to put the School out of business, and Dassault

can present evidence to that effect on summary judgment or at trial, but it has yet to make such an

argument and, here, we must accept the well-pleaded allegation as true.

         Another question the parties have not briefed—and the district court did not consider—is

whether Dassault’s alleged goal of coercing Childress to join the EPP is in fact “collateral” to

Dassault’s lawsuit. See Alman, 703 F.3d at 905 (holding that an abuse of process claim requires

                                                 17
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

an allegation of a “collateral advantage, not properly involved in the proceeding itself” (quoting

Three Lakes, 255 N.W.2d at 690)).            Although Dassault sought damages for copyright

infringement, its lawsuit could, in effect, be characterized as an effort to compel Childress to join

its EPP. At the end of the day, if Childress wishes to obtain valid CATIA licenses for training

purposes, the School must join Dassault’s EPP. This would not, however, be a direct or necessary

result of Dassault’s lawsuit which, again, sought only damages. And Dassault has not disputed

that its purported objective of coercing Childress to join its EPP would qualify as a “collateral”

advantage. The parties may brief this issue on remand, but because they have not addressed it on

appeal, we decline to resolve it and hold that Childress has pled an ulterior purpose and, thus, has

satisfied the first element of an abuse of process claim.

       Regarding the second element of corroborating acts, the district court’s initial order

correctly found that Childress alleged and offered proof of corroborating “act[s] in the use of

process which [were] improper” and aimed toward Dassault’s alleged coercive purpose. Id.

(quoting Friedman, 312 N.W.2d at 594).           For example, Childress offered support for his

allegations that Dassault improperly obtained secret grand jury information, improperly served a

subpoena on the FBI without proper notice to Childress or court authorization, misled the court

about the materials it sought and obtained from the FBI, and misled the court about how and when

it learned of Childress’s alleged infringement.        Taken together, Childress’s FAACC shows

improper acts that were allegedly “directed at the collateral, ulterior objective.” Sage Int’l, Ltd. v.

Cadillac Gage Co., 556 F. Supp. 381, 390 (E.D. Mich. 1982).

       In sum, the district court abused its discretion in granting Dassault’s motion for

reconsideration and erred in finding that Childress failed to state an abuse of process counterclaim.

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Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

We thus reverse the district court’s grant of Dassault’s motion for reconsideration, vacate its

dismissal of Childress’s abuse of process counterclaim, and remand for further proceedings.

             B. Tortious Interference with Business Relationships Counterclaim

       Childress also appeals the district court’s dismissal of his counterclaim alleging tortious

interference with business relationship or expectancy. Dassault filed a motion for judgment on the

pleadings on Childress’s counterclaims, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c). The

district court granted Dassault’s motion and dismissed Childress’s tortious interference

counterclaim. Childress now appeals that ruling.

       We apply de novo review to orders dismissing claims under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 12(c). Bullington v. Bedford County, 905 F.3d 467, 469 (6th Cir. 2018). Under

Michigan law, a cause of action for tortious interference requires a showing of: “(1) a valid

business relationship or expectancy; (2) knowledge of that relationship or expectancy on the part

of the defendant; (3) an intentional interference by the defendant inducing or causing a breach or

termination of that relationship; and (4) resulting damage to the plaintiff.” Auburn Sales, Inc. v.

Cypros Trading & Shipping, Inc., 898 F.3d 710, 715 (6th Cir. 2018) (quoting Warrior Sports, Inc.

v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 623 F.3d 281, 286 (6th Cir. 2010)). Childress alleged in his

counterclaim that: (1) he had business relationships and expectancies with clients of his school,

(2) Dassault knew about those relationships, and (3) Dassault intentionally interfered with those

relationships when it filed its complaint with the DOJ, thus (4) leading to a grand jury investigation

and FBI raid of all of Childress’s computer training equipment. The parties dispute only the third

element—intentional interference.

       “‘Intentional’ interference means that the defendant’s purpose or desire is to cause an

interference with a contract or business relationship.” Id. at 716. Importantly, the interference

                                                 19
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

must not only be intentional but also improper. Id. “Improper” interference means that the conduct

is either “(1) wrongful per se; or (2) lawful, but done with malice and unjustified in law.” Id.

(quoting Warrior Sports, Inc., 623 F.3d at 287).

         The district court dismissed Childress’s tortious interference counterclaim because it

found, without further discussion, that Dassault’s lawsuit and filings with the DOJ were justified

in law. Childress does not dispute that filing a criminal complaint and lawsuit are generally

“lawful” acts. He instead argues that his counterclaim alleged two particular acts by Dassault that

were “illegal, unethical, or fraudulent.” CA6 R. 20, First Br., at 49–50. According to Childress,

his counterclaim alleged that Dassault “initiated the seizure of computers on which [Childress]’s

business relied” by (1) “falsely telling federal authorities [Childress] had not purchased any

CATIA V5 licenses,” and (2) “by failing to disclose the business agreement which provided

multiple temporary licenses.” Id. at 49.

       Dassault responds that Childress forfeited these allegations because, according to the

company, Childress did not earlier rely on them to support his tortious interference counterclaim.

Childress did forfeit his first allegation—that Dassault falsely told federal authorities that Childress

had not purchased any CATIA V5 licenses—because the allegation does not appear in Childress’s

FAACC. The district court thus did not err on this basis.

       But Childress did not forfeit his second allegation: that Dassault’s filings improperly

omitted Dassault’s alleged business agreement with Childress. Not only did Childress expressly

allege this point in his FAACC, he also raised it in his brief in response to Dassault’s motion to

dismiss. The FAACC also presented witness affidavits attesting to the fact that Childress used the

CATIA software in accordance with the consent of Dassault and its agents.

                                                  20
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

         Dassault defends the second allegation by disputing that such a business agreement ever

existed. But this is a factual issue that should have precluded dismissal at the pleadings stage.

Childress adequately alleged facts, supported by other witness affidavits, showing that Childress

operated CATIA software on the School computers and provided CATIA training pursuant to

agreements with Dassault and/or its agents. If the allegations are proven true, showing that

Dassault was aware of this agreement, Dassault’s omissions of the agreement in its criminal

complaint could be deemed a malicious interference with Childress’s business. Moreover, the

district court’s finding that Childress did not allege improper acts with respect to his tortious

interference counterclaim is inconsistent with its finding on the abuse of process counterclaim that

Childress “alleged and offered evidence that [Dassault] has made false and misleading statements

in filings made in this Court.” DE 275, Order Mot. Dismiss, PageID 5600. These allegations, if

proven true, demonstrate unlawful actions that support a plausible inference that Dassault

improperly and intentionally interfered with Childress’s business relations.6 Accordingly, we

reverse the district court’s dismissal of Childress’s tortious interference counterclaim.

                                                 C. New Trial

         Childress also challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for reconsideration of the

district court’s ruling denying him a new trial. Childress moved for a new trial based on (1) the

ten-hour time limitations the district court imposed at trial, and (2) the jury’s alleged receipt of

extraneous information concerning Childress’s salary and settlement negotiations with Dassault.

We address each issue in turn.

6
  It would admittedly appear odd to reverse dismissal of Childress’s tortious interference counterclaim where a jury
verdict later vindicated Dassault’s copyright infringement claim. But Childress does not argue that Dassault’s claims
themselves were unjustified in law; he alleges improper acts throughout Dassault’s process of bringing those claims.
Moreover, as we explain in Part II.C, Childress is entitled to a new trial on those claims.

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Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

                                     1. Time Limitations at Trial

       During a pre-trial conference, Dassault recommended that the district court set time limits

for the parties to present evidence. The district court consulted with the parties and collaboratively

estimated the time they required to question each witness. The district court coaxed Childress to

reduce his estimated time for defense witnesses to 11.5 hours, including five hours for the direct

examination of Childress himself. The district court then imposed a ten-hour time limit for each

party to present its entire case, not including opening and closing statements. At trial, Childress

spent approximately nine hours questioning Dassault’s witnesses on cross-examination, leaving

him with a little more than an hour to present his defense.

       Childress moved for a new trial after the verdict, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 59, claiming that the district court erred in restricting Childress’s time to present his

case. The district court denied the motion for a new trial, finding that Childress agreed to and

waived objections to the trial schedule and, alternatively, that the district court reasonably

exercised its discretion to control the case. Childress then filed a motion for reconsideration of

that decision—again pursuant to Local Rule 7.1(h)—arguing that he consented to the time limits

only with the understanding that they would be flexible and not apply to his time cross-examining

Dassault’s witnesses. He argued that the time constraints prejudiced him at trial by limiting his

ability to present key witnesses and documentary evidence. The district court rejected these

arguments and denied Childress’s motion for reconsideration. Childress now appeals the district

court’s denial of his motion for reconsideration.

       We review the district court’s denial of Childress’s motion for reconsideration for an abuse

of discretion.   In re Greektown Holdings, LLC, 728 F.3d at 573.              The district court on

reconsideration had to assess whether its earlier order denying Childress a new trial contained a

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Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

“palpable defect” and whether “correcting the defect will result in a different disposition of the

case.” E.D. Mich. L.R. 7.1(h)(3); Mich. Dept. of Treasury v. Michalec, 181 F. Supp. 2d 731, 733–

34 (E.D. Mich. 2002). We thus review the decision under a highly deferential standard.

       “[A] district court has broad discretion to place limits on the presentation of evidence to

prevent delay, waste of time, and needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Sutkiewicz v.

Monroe Cnty. Sheriff, 110 F.3d 352, 361 (6th Cir. 1997) (citing Duquesne Light Co. v.

Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 66 F.3d 604, 609 (3d Cir. 1995)). But there are limits to this discretion,

as the district court must control a case “in a manner that is in harmony with the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure.” G. Heileman Brewing Co. v. Joseph Oat Corp., 871 F.2d 648, 652 (7th Cir.

1989) (en banc) (quoting Strandell v. Jackson Cnty., 838 F.2d 884, 886 (7th Cir. 1988)). The

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “should be construed [and] administered . . . to secure the just,

speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 1, and the Federal Rules

of Evidence “should be construed so as to . . . eliminate unjustifiable expense and delay,” Fed. R.

Evid. 102.

       Appellate courts rarely reverse a district court’s imposition of time limits at trial. In Ma v.

American Electric Power, Inc., for example, this court found that the district court did not abuse

its discretion in scheduling and enforcing an eleven-hour limit on trial time for each party. 647 F.

App’x 641, 645 (6th Cir. 2016). That panel noted that the district court cited excessive and

duplicative evidence as its basis for adhering to the allotted time, and that the district court had

greater latitude in applying time limits because it was a bench trial, rather than a jury trial. Id.

Similarly, in Trepel v. Roadway Express, Inc., we found a district court acted within its discretion

when it imposed a ten-hour time limit for each party to present its case. 40 F. App’x 104, 108 (6th

Cir. 2002). Trepel noted that the time limits were equal for both parties, designed to prevent

                                                 23
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

repetitive expert testimony, and that only the narrow issue of damages—not the entire case—was

being litigated. Id.

        Dassault argues that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Childress’s

motion for three reasons: (1) Childress agreed to and waived any objection to the district court’s

ten-hour time limit; (2) even if Childress had not waived his objections, the district court acted

within its discretion when it imposed the ten-hour time limit; and (3) Childress has not

demonstrated the result at trial would have been different had the district court allotted him more

time.

        On the first point, Childress disputes that he knowingly agreed to the time limits. As proof

of Childress’s consent, Dassault highlights Childress’s response of “[p]erfect” to the district

court’s conclusion that it “would give ten hours to each side.” DE 469, Tr., PageID 13727.

Childress claims that his “perfect” comment was based on an understanding that the ten hours

would apply only to direct examination, for which the court estimated Childress would need 11.5

hours. But a closer look at the transcript reveals that the district court clarified that Childress’s ten

hours applied to both direct and cross examination:

        THE COURT: . . . . I would give ten hours to each side.
        MR. CHILDRESS: Perfect.
        THE COURT: Remember though, you’ve got – you have cross-examination that
        you want to include and so you have to keep time for cross-examination.
        MR. CHILDRESS: All right. So the ten hours we are talking about, Your Honor,
        is for direct and cross?
        THE COURT: Right.
        MR. CHILDRESS: But not rebuttal?
        THE COURT: It’s everything.
        MR. CHILDRESS: It’s rebuttal as well. Okay. So we have ten hours to present
        each case. Okay.

DE 469, Tr., PageID 13727.

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Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

        Based on the above exchange, it was reasonable for the district court to determine that

Childress consented to and waived objections regarding the allotted time.

        Nevertheless, even though Childress did not object to the imposition of time limits, the

district court’s decision to rigidly enforce those time limits—on a pro se litigant trying a fairly

complex case on two separate issues—was questionable. Unlike the district courts in Ma and

Trepel, the district court here failed to cite any specific reasons for imposing or adhering to its time

limits, such as the prevention of duplicative evidence or the narrowness of the issues. Although

district courts have wide discretion to control a trial, they must exercise this discretion in a manner

that ensures the “just” resolution of a case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 1. Given that Childress estimated

needing five hours for direct examination of himself alone, the district court’s inflexibility and

failure to allow him more than one hour to present evidence deprived Childress of an adequate

opportunity to present his case, and for no valid stated reason. Had Childress been able to present

key witnesses and documentary evidence—which, according to his FAACC, included evidence of

his agreements with Dassault’s agents allowing his use of the copyrighted CATIA software—the

outcome at trial might very well have been different. Ultimately, however, we need not decide

whether the district court abused its discretion in this regard because, as the next section explains,

a new trial is warranted based on the jury’s alleged receipt of extraneous information.

                            2. Jury’s Receipt of Extraneous Information

        Childress also appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for reconsideration of the

district court’s earlier ruling denying him a new trial based on the jury’s alleged receipt of

extraneous information. Soon after the jury returned its verdict, a juror named Donald Murphy

contacted Childress regarding several pieces of extraneous information the jury allegedly received

                                                  25
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

and discussed during deliberations. The juror included the following allegations in his declaration

filed with the court:

       A juror said they’d heard Dassault had been willing to drop its lawsuit if Mr.
       Childress would make a few minor changes to his website, but Mr. Childress
       refused. The juror said that if Mr. Childress wasn’t so stubborn, none of us would
       be here. The juror’s statement had a negative impact on the jury’s attitude toward
       Mr. Childress and influenced the jury’s deliberations.

       Two jurors used their personal experience as software developers to try to convince
       the jury that Mr. Childress infringed on Dassault’s copyright.

       ....

       A suggestion was made that the jury split the verdict and find in Mr. Childress’
       favor on the trademark issue, and find in Dassault’s favor on the copyright issue.
       Another juror said they’d heard Mr. Childress earns $750,000 a year, so splitting
       the verdict was not going to have a significant financial impact on Mr. Childress.

DE 453-3, Murphy Decl., PageID 12628–29.

       Childress moved for a new trial based on the extraneous juror information. The district

court declined to hold an evidentiary hearing because it concluded that the alleged extraneous

information had no probability of influencing the jury’s deliberations or verdict. Specifically, it

found that the alleged information “apparently had no impact on Murphy himself, as he ultimately

‘went along with’ the verdict because he was ‘under a great deal of pressure to reach a unanimous

verdict so the jury wouldn’t have to come back for a third week.’” DE 463, Op. & Order Denying

Mot. New Trial, PageID 13190 (quoting DE 453-3, Murphy Decl., PageID 12629). It therefore

found the alleged information did not warrant granting Childress’s motion for a new trial.

Childress later moved for reconsideration of the decision not to hold an evidentiary hearing, which

the district court denied. He now appeals the district court’s decision denying his motion for

reconsideration.

                                                26
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

       We review the district court’s denial of Childress’s motion for reconsideration for an abuse

of discretion. In re Greektown Holdings, LLC, 728 F.3d at 573. And the district court on

reconsideration had to assess whether its earlier order, denying Childress an evidentiary hearing

and new trial based on the alleged extraneous information, contained a “palpable defect,” and

whether “correcting the defect will result in a different disposition of the case.” E.D. Mich. L.R.

7.1(h)(3); Michalec, 181 F. Supp. 2d at 733–34.

       Generally, “a juror may not testify about any statement made or incident that occurred

during the jury’s deliberation; the effect of anything on that juror’s or another juror’s vote; or any

juror’s mental processes concerning the verdict or indictment.” Fed. R. Evid. 606(b). A juror

may, however, testify about whether “extraneous prejudicial information was improperly brought

to the jury’s attention.” Id.; see also In re Beverly Hills Fire Litig., 695 F.2d 207, 213 (6th Cir.

1982) (“[T]he [general] rule does not preclude inquiry into any extraneous influences brought to

bear upon the jury in order to show what the influences were and whether they were prejudicial.”

(quoting Womble v. J.C. Penney, 431 F.2d 985, 989 (6th Cir. 1970))).

       A juror’s receipt of extraneous information “can rarely be viewed as harmless” and

“requires that the verdict be set aside, unless entirely devoid of any proven influence or the

probability of such influence upon the jury’s deliberations or verdict.” In re Beverly Hills,

695 F.2d at 215 (quoting Stiles v. Lawrie, 211 F.2d 188, 190 (6th Cir. 1954)). “While influence

on a single juror may be enough to necessitate reversal and remand, [receipt of extraneous

information] is particularly grievous [if] a unanimous verdict was required and the juror

communicated his findings to other jurors.” Id. (citation omitted). A district court must hold an

evidentiary hearing to assess the alleged extraneous information “when there is a colorable claim

of extraneous information that ‘presents a likelihood of affecting the verdict.’” United States v.

                                                 27
Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

Gonzales, 227 F.3d 520, 527 (6th Cir. 2000) (quoting United States v. Frost, 125 F.3d 346, 377

(6th Cir. 1997)); see also United States v. Rigsby, 45 F.3d 120, 124 (6th Cir. 1995) (explaining

that a juror’s alleged contact with extraneous information requires a hearing when there is “an

obvious potential for improperly influencing the jury”).

        The two jurors’ past experiences as software developers do not qualify as extraneous

information.    See Warger v. Shauers, 574 U.S. 40, 51 (2014) (explaining that extraneous

information does not include “the general body of experiences that jurors are understood to bring

with them to the jury room”). The district court thus did not err in its conclusion that this allegation

did not warrant an evidentiary hearing.

        It is unclear how the juror who erroneously declared Childress’s income as $750,000 per

year obtained that purported information. See id. (“[I]nformation is deemed ‘extraneous’ if it

derives from a source ‘external’ to the jury.”). But Murphy’s declaration suggests that the juror

obtained this information from an external source. See DE 453-3, Murphy Decl., PageID 12629

(recounting that “[a]nother juror said they’d heard Mr. Childress earns $750,000 a year” (emphasis

added)). The juror then relied on this purported information to conclude that “splitting the verdict

was not going to have a significant financial impact on [Childress].” Id. This alleged comment

could reasonably indicate that the information concerning Childress’s salary impacted the juror’s

vote by making him more amenable to “splitting the verdict.” Id. The juror’s comment, along

with Murphy’s allegations that “several jurors expressed an urgency to reach a verdict so the jury

did not have to come back the following week,” id. at 12628, and that the jury’s verdict “was

strongly influenced” by the claim regarding Childress’s purported salary, id. at 12629, suggests

the salary information had an “obvious potential for improperly influencing the jury,” Rigsby,

45 F.3d at 124. While juries might speculate as to a litigant’s ability to pay even without

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extraneous information, and while such information could very well have not been prejudicial

here, Murphy’s allegation, at minimum, warranted an evidentiary hearing. The district court’s

finding that the alleged information had no probability of impacting the jury was a “palpable

defect,” and it was an abuse of discretion to find otherwise on reconsideration.

         Moreover, the district court’s conclusion regarding the alleged settlement information—

that it did not have any probability of influencing the jury’s deliberations—was a “palpable defect”

that warranted granting Childress’s motion for a new trial. It is hard to see how evidence of a

settlement offer could be prohibited under Federal Rule of Evidence 408, but deemed non-

prejudicial when leaked to a jury during deliberations.7 An allegation that an entire jury received

extraneous evidence of settlement negotiations should have presented “an obvious potential for

improperly influencing the jury.” Rigsby, 45 F.3d at 124. This inference is bolstered by Murphy’s

express allegation that the settlement information and ensuing discussion “had a negative impact

on the jury’s attitude toward Mr. Childress and influenced the jury’s deliberations.” 8 DE 453-3,

Murphy Decl., PageID 12628. The district court, therefore, abused its discretion in denying

Childress’s motion for reconsideration.

         Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s decision denying Childress’s motion for

reconsideration. Because the trial took place over three years ago, an evidentiary hearing at this

7
  Admittedly, the circumstances surrounding the alleged settlement information in this case do not align with the
typical scenario envisioned by Federal Rule of Evidence 408(a). Under that rule, evidence of settlement offers is
inadmissible to the extent such information is used to “prove or disprove the validity or amount of a disputed claim.”
Here, the juror did not use Dassault’s offer of a settlement to conclude that Dassault felt its copyright claim was weak.
But the information did, nevertheless, allegedly negatively impact the juror’s—and the rest of the jury’s—attitude
toward Childress. Although finding Childress “stubborn” did not necessarily impact the juror’s vote, Murphy’s
declaration reasonably suggests that it could have. This was thus a matter appropriate for an evidentiary hearing.
8
  Contrary to the district court’s assessment, moreover, Murphy’s declaration did not indicate that his vote was
unaffected by the alleged settlement information. Murphy stated that he disagreed with the verdict but “went along
with it because [he] was under a great deal of pressure to reach a unanimous verdict so the jury wouldn’t have to come
back for a third week.” DE 453-3, Murphy Decl., PageID 12629. And the juror who revealed the settlement
information plausibly added to that pressure by saying the reason the jury were all still there was because “Childress
was[] so stubborn” in denying the settlement offer.

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Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

stage requiring jurors to recount their memory of deliberations would serve less value than it would

have at the time of Childress’s motion. Moreover, Murphy’s declaration, on its own, warrants a

new trial because of the nature of the extraneous information he cited and his explicit attestation

that the information affected the jury.     An evidentiary hearing at this point would be an

inappropriate remedy, and we instead remand for a new trial. Although Childress seeks a new trial

only on the copyright infringement issue, some of the extraneous information referenced in

Murphy’s declaration—specifically, Childress’s salary and his purported ability to withstand a

split verdict—had a probability of affecting the jury’s verdict on both issues. We therefore remand

for a new trial on both the copyright and trademark infringement claims.

                                      D. Rule 60(b) Motion

       In a separately docketed appeal (No. 17-2416), Childress argues that the district court erred

when it required Childress to file a motion for summary judgment before Dassault produced

relevant discovery. After trial, Childress filed a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) motion

seeking reversal of the district court’s earlier denials of his summary judgment motions. He now

appeals the district court’s decision denying his Rule 60(b) motion.

       First, we review the relevant procedural history. After Childress filed his FAACC, the

district court entered a scheduling order setting a September 2013 discovery cut-off date and an

October 2013 summary judgment deadline. Childress served discovery requests on Dassault in

March 2013, but Dassault declined to produce the discovery until the court entered a protective

order. The district court—citing the already protracted nature of the litigation—denied Childress’s

motion to extend the summary judgment deadline. Childress moved for summary judgment and

later moved to supplement his summary judgment briefings after Dassault produced the discovery

it had been withholding. The district court denied Childress’s motion to supplement the summary

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Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

judgment record and, in December 2014, entered an order denying Childress’s motions for

summary judgment.

        Childress filed a motion for reconsideration, arguing that the district court should not have

required Childress to submit summary judgment briefs and should not have decided the summary

judgment motions prior to the close of discovery. The district court denied Childress’s motion for

reconsideration. It recognized that the case’s procedural history had been “tortuous” and that “the

ordinary course of discovery and dispositive motions ha[d] become somewhat derailed.” DE 317,

Order Mot. Reconsideration, PageID 8769. It nevertheless concluded that, “[a]lthough in certain

respects the Court has put the cart before the horse by deciding motions for summary judgment

before all discovery disputes were resolved,” Childress was not prejudiced by the process. Id. It

further found that all of Childress’s counterclaims were dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for

failure to state claims.

        Childress again moved for summary judgment in 2016. The district court denied the

motion because it found Childress challenged the same issues that the district court had previously

considered in its 2014 denial of summary judgment. Childress then moved for reconsideration of

that decision, arguing that the earlier summary judgment order decided the issues based on an

incomplete record because the district court did not consider the discovery that Dassault only

produced after the first summary judgment briefs were filed. The district court, once again, denied

Childress’s motion for reconsideration. Its reason for the denial was that Childress merely

reiterated his argument regarding the incomplete record that he had presented to the district court

in his 2014 motion for reconsideration and in his more recent 2016 motion for summary judgment.

        After trial concluded, Childress filed a motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

60(b)(1) requesting relief from the district court’s 2014 and 2016 orders denying Childress

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Nos. 17-2175/2239/2416, Dassault Systèmes, SA v. Keith Childress

summary judgment. The district court denied Childress’s motion because—once again—it found

that Childress merely raised the same arguments the district court had previously rejected multiple

times. Childress, undeterred, filed a motion for “clarification and/or reconsideration” pursuant to

Local Rule 7.1(h), which the district court denied for the same reasons. Childress filed an amended

notice of appeal to challenge the district court’s last order denying his motion for reconsideration

of the district court’s denial of his Rule 60(b) motion. But it appears that the proper issue before

us concerns the Rule 60(b) determination—not the later motion for reconsideration of that

decision. Either way, Childress’s argument lacks merit, and we affirm the district court’s decision.

       While we empathize with Childress’s frustration, and it indeed appears that the district

court made summary judgment determinations based on an incomplete record, the underlying

summary judgment determinations are not at issue because Childress appeals only the denial of

his Rule 60(b) motion and not the underlying summary judgment decisions. See Hood v. Hood,

59 F.3d. 40, 42 (6th Cir. 1995) (“[A]n appeal from denial of Rule 60(b) relief does not bring up

the underlying judgment for review.” (quoting Browder v. Dir., Dep’t of Corrs., 434 U.S. 257, 263

n.7 (1978))). And we afford substantial deference to the district court’s decision.

       The district court appropriately based its denial of Childress’s motion for reconsideration

of the Rule 60(b) ruling on the fact that Childress reiterated arguments that the court had previously

rejected on a number of occasions. See Johnson v. Unknown Dellatifa, 357 F.3d 539, 544 (6th

Cir. 2004) (finding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying a Rule 60(b) motion

where the movant merely reiterated arguments that he previously made and that the district court

had dismissed); Erby v. Kula, 98 F. App’x 405, 407 (6th Cir. 2004) (same). The later district court

decisions did not disturb the earlier district court findings that the later-discovered evidence would

not have affected the disposition of Childress’s summary judgment motions. This was neither a

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“palpable defect” that warranted granting Childress’s motion for reconsideration, nor an error

warranting relief under Rule 60(b).

                                E. Trademark Infringement Claim

         In its cross-appeal, Dassault claims that the district court erred in denying its Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 50 motion seeking judgment as a matter of law on its trademark infringement

claim. At trial, Dassault argued that Childress impermissibly used its CATIA trademark in two

ways: (1) as part of his website’s domain name or URL, www.practicalcatia.com, and (2) in the

name of Childress’s business, “Keith Childress’ Practical Catia Training,” as presented on his

website. The jury returned a verdict for Childress on the trademark infringement claim.

         Dassault then filed a renewed Rule 50 motion for judgment as a matter of law, claiming

that the jury’s verdict on the trademark issue was against the manifest weight of the evidence. The

district court denied the motion, finding that “the jury could reasonably have determined that

Childress used the term ‘CATIA’ only to the extent necessary to describe the type of training he

offered, and that such descriptive use was unlikely to create confusion among consumers.” DE

463, Op. & Order Denying Mot. New Trial, PageID 13187.

         “We review the district court’s denial of a Rule 50 motion de novo.” Groeneveld Transp.

Efficiency, Inc. v. Lubecore Int’l, Inc., 730 F.3d 494, 503 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Imwalle v.

Reliance Med. Prods., Inc., 515 F.3d 531, 543 (6th Cir. 2008). Judgment as a matter of law is

appropriate “[i]f a party has been fully heard on an issue during a jury trial and the court finds that

a reasonable jury would not have a legally sufficient evidentiary basis to find for the party on that

issue.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a); see also Snyder v. Ag Trucking, Inc., 57 F.3d 484, 490 (6th Cir.

1995).

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       To state a claim for trademark infringement, a plaintiff must show that: “(1) it owns the

registered trademark; (2) the defendant used the mark in commerce; and (3) the use was likely to

cause confusion.” Hensley Mfg. v. ProPride, Inc., 579 F.3d 603, 609 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing

15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)). The parties only dispute the third element—likelihood of confusion. The

“ultimate question” in assessing likelihood of confusion is “whether relevant consumers are likely

to believe that the products or services offered by the parties are affiliated in some way.”

Interactive Prods. Corp. v. a2z Mobile Off. Sols., Inc., 326 F.3d 687, 695 (6th Cir. 2003).

       Dassault claims that the district court erred in dismissing its motion by “focusing

exclusively on [Childress’s] use of CATIA as a part of the business name ‘Keith Childress’

Practical Catia Training’ as used on his website,” instead of also considering Childress’s use of

Dassault’s CATIA mark “as part of his domain name www.practicalcatia.com.” CA6 R. 23,

Second Br., at 70 (citing DE 463, Op. & Order Denying Mot. New Trial, PageID 13187). Dassault

argues that Childress’s “practicalcatia” domain name would appear whenever someone searched

“CATIA” in Google. Before clicking on the link, Dassault argues, a consumer would not see the

webpage’s identifying information that clarifies it is not affiliated with Dassault. Dassault

characterizes this as a type of “initial interest” confusion that supports infringement. See Audi AG

v. D’Amato, 469 F.3d 534, 546 (6th Cir. 2006).

       Dassault’s argument is unavailing. “Simply invoking the term ‘initial-interest confusion’

does not state a viable claim,” let alone warrant judgment as a matter of law. Groeneveld, 730 F.3d

at 519. Dassault fails to “explain why, assuming that such initial confusion were to take place, it

would not be instantly dissipated without any harm” once the consumer clicks the

www.practicalcatia.com link and enters the website—a website with numerous indicators that

clarify it is not affiliated with Dassault. Id. Moreover, when www.practicalcatia.com is displayed

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in Google’s search results, Childress suggests that even the preview of the site displays the

disclaimer: “CATIA is a registered trademark of Dassault Systèmes and has no affiliation with

Practical Catia Training.” CA6 R. 31, Third Br., at 50.

       Dassault does not defend the merits of its position. Instead, it focuses only on whether the

district court’s failure to consider Childress’s use of CATIA in his domain name constituted clear

error. Regardless of whether the district court explicitly mentioned Childress’s domain name in

its order, the record supported a jury finding that www.practicalcatia.com was unlikely to cause

confusion, making any alleged error harmless. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s denial of

Dassault’s motion for judgment as a matter of law.

                                                III.

       Based on the foregoing, we: (1) reverse the district court’s grant of Dassault’s motion for

reconsideration of Childress’s abuse of process counterclaim and vacate the district court’s order

dismissing the abuse of process counterclaim; (2) reverse the district court’s dismissal of

Childress’s tortious interference with business relationships counterclaim; (3) reverse the district

court’s denial of Childress’s motion for reconsideration based on the alleged extraneous

information the jury received and remand for a new trial; (4) affirm the district court’s denial of

Childress’s Rule 60(b) motion; and (5) affirm the district court’s denial of Dassault’s Rule 50

motion for judgment as a matter of law.

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