Court Opinion

ID: 9908537
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-09 15:02:23.729014+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:14.347901
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

ALEX OSGOOD, OSAMA                   §
QAIYMAH, and ERIC FRITZ,             §
                                     §     Nos. 1, 2023 and 2, 2023
     Petitioners Below,              §
     Appellants,                     §     Court Below: Superior Court
                                     §     of the State of Delaware
     v.                              §
                                     §     C.A. Nos. 21X-00167, 21X-
STATE OF DELAWARE,                   §     00109, 21X-00195 (N)
                                     §
     Appellee.                       §
                                     §

                          Submitted: September 13, 2023
                          Decided:   December 8, 2023

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA, TRAYNOR, LEGROW, and
GRIFFITHS, Justices; constituting the Court en Banc.

Upon appeal from the Superior Court. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Nicole M. Walker, Esquire, Eliza M. Hirst, Esquire, OFFICE OF DEFENSE
SERVICES, Wilmington, Delaware; John P. Deckers, Esquire (argued), OFFICE
OF DEFENSE SERVICES, Wilmington, Delaware for Appellants Osama Qaiymah
and Eric Fritz.

Thomas A. Foley, Esquire (argued), Wilmington, Delaware for Appellant Alex
Osgood.

Elizabeth R. McFarlan, Esquire (argued), DELAWARE DEPARTMENT OF
JUSTICE, Wilmington, Delaware for Appellee State of Delaware.

Dwayne J. Bensing, Esquire, AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION
FOUNDATION OF DELAWARE, Wilmington, Delaware; Jason D. Angelo,
Esquire, REED SMITH LLP, Wilmington, Delaware for Amicus Curiae, American
Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Delaware, in support of Appellants.
SEITZ, Chief Justice, for the Majority:

          In 2019 the Delaware General Assembly enacted the Adult Expungement

Reform Act, which was followed in 2021 by the Clean Slate Act. The Acts expanded

the individuals eligible for expungement and created an automatic expungement

process for certain Delaware criminal records. The Acts apply “to all criminal cases

brought and convictions entered in a court in this State.”1 Expungement is limited

to, among other things, individuals with “no prior or subsequent convictions.”2

          The petitioners requested expungement of their criminal records. Although

they did not have prior or subsequent Delaware convictions that would bar

expungement, they had prior or subsequent out-of-state misdemeanor convictions.

The Superior Court denied their petitions and reasoned that the limitation “no prior

or subsequent convictions” included out-of-state convictions.

          The question on appeal is whether the “prior or subsequent convictions”

limitation in the Acts includes out of state convictions. After reading the statute as

a whole and avoiding inconsistencies and impracticalities, we hold that “prior or

subsequent convictions” refers only to Delaware convictions, not to out-of-state

convictions. We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

1
    11 Del. C. § 4372(a).
2
    Id. at §§ 4373(a)(2), 4374(a).
                                          2
                                             I.

       In 2011, Alex Osgood pled guilty in Delaware to a single count of possession

with intent to deliver marijuana.3 In 2021, Osgood filed a petition in the Superior

Court for discretionary expungement of his criminal record. Now a college graduate,

Osgood sought expungement to “regain his right to vote and to forge a more lucrative

career.”4 The State opposed expungement based on a prior 2006 misdemeanor

conviction in West Virginia for possession of marijuana.                A Superior Court

Commissioner denied Osgood’s request for expungement based on the West

Virginia conviction.5

       In 2015, Osama Qaiymah pled guilty in Delaware to misdemeanor possession

of untaxed tobacco products.6 In 2020, Qaiymah sought mandatory expungement of

his criminal record. He now holds a master’s degree and sought expungement as

“his qualifications and potential exceed his current employment status” as a grocery

store employee.7 In April 2021, Qaiymah received a letter from the Delaware State

Police Bureau of Identification (“SBI”) that denied his request for expungement

3
  C.A. No. 21X-00167. Osgood was arrested for various drug-related offenses, but the State
dismissed these charges. He was also arrested for Underage Consumption of Alcohol in 2005 and
2006 as well for Graffiti in 2006, but these arrest records were expunged in 2021. He was
separately arrested in 2015 in Vermont for Driving Under the Influence, but this matter was
resolved through conviction for Careless or Negligent Operation of a Vehicle.
4
  App. to Opening Br. of Osgood at A8 (Statement of Manifest Injustice by Alex Osgood).
5
  Osgood v. State, Del. Supr., C.A. No. 21X-00167, Parker, Comm’r (June 30, 2022) (ORDER).
6
  C.A. No. 21X-00109.
7
  App. to Opening Br. of Qaiymah and Fritz at A32 (Statement of Manifest Injustice by Osama
Qaiymah).
                                             3
without an explanation.8 The letter informed him that he would need to file a petition

in the Superior Court to see if he is eligible for expungement. After Qaiymah filed

an expungement petition in the Superior Court, the State opposed his petition based

on his prior 2018 and 2020 misdemeanor convictions in Pennsylvania and Maryland

for possession and transportation of unstamped cigarettes.             A Superior Court

Commissioner denied expungement based on the out-of-state convictions. 9

       In 2010, Eric Fritz pled guilty in Delaware to malicious interference

emergency communications, offensive touching, and non-compliance with

condition of bond. In 2021, Fritz sought to expunge his criminal record. Fritz,

legally deaf and now married with children, sought expungement so that he can be

involved in his children’s school activities and obtain employment.10 Like Qaiymah,

Fritz received a letter from the SBI that denied his petition without an explanation.11

He petitioned the Superior Court for mandatory and discretionary expungement.

While some of the charges stemming from his arrest were eligible for mandatory

expungement, the State opposed expungement of the remaining charges based on

his 2011 Pennsylvania conviction for disorderly conduct.

8
  Id. at A28.
9
  Qaiymah v. State, Del. Super., C.A. No. 21X-00109, Parker, Comm’r (June 30, 2022) (ORDER).
10
   App. to Opening Br. of Qaiymah and Fritz. at A86 (Statement of Manifest Injustice by Eric
Fritz).
11
   Id. at A81.
                                             4
       On June 30, 2022, the Superior Court Commissioner granted expungement

for the charges eligible for mandatory expungement, but otherwise denied

expungement due to the Pennsylvania conviction.12 The Commissioner held that

“the Legislature intended to give a person who had one misstep, one criminal

conviction, and who had thereafter demonstrated he had learned from his mistake

and not reoffended, the opportunity to erase that one mistake from the public eye.”13

       The three petitioners appealed the Commissioner’s orders to a Superior Court

judge. They argued that the “no prior or subsequent convictions” language in the

mandatory and discretionary expungement statutes (together the “Expungement

Statutes”) was limited to prior or subsequent convictions in Delaware. Central to

their argument was Section 4372(a) of the Expungement Statutes which states that

“[t]his subchapter applies to all criminal cases brought and convictions entered in a

court in this State.”14 According to the petitioners, the applicability provision meant

that only criminal convictions entered in Delaware should be considered for

expungement eligibility.

       The Superior Court consolidated the three petitions and in a brief order

affirmed the Commissioner’s rulings.15 The court found that the applicability

12
   Fritz v. State, Del. Super., C.A. No. 21X-00195, Parker, Comm’r (June 30, 2022) (ORDER).
13
   Id. at 4.
14
   11 Del. C. § 4372(a).
15
   Fritz v. State of Delaware, Del. Super., C.A. Nos. 21x-00195, 21x-00167, 21x-0019, Scott, J. at
5–7 (Dec. 6, 2022) [hereinafter Super. Ct. Order] (ORDER).
                                                5
language of Section 4372 “pertains to the jurisdictional limitations of the Delaware

Courts to consider expungement of only Delaware arrests and convictions.”16 In

other words, Section 4372 meant only that a Delaware court had no jurisdiction to

expunge out-of-state criminal convictions. The court noted further that the General

Assembly would have expressly excluded out-of-state convictions if that was its

intent.17 Without more, the Superior Court found that Sections 4373 and 4374 were

unambiguous and included out-of-state convictions in the scope of “no prior or

subsequent convictions.”18

       The petitioners have appealed the Superior Court’s decision denying

expungement. On appeal we address an issue of law – whether the Superior Court

properly interpreted the Expungement Statutes – and therefore review its decision

de novo. 19

                                             II.

       The General Assembly enacted the Adult Expungement Reform Act to

address a pervasive problem – “a criminal history is a hindrance to a person’s present

and future ability to obtain employment, housing, education, or credit.”20 The Act

16
   Id. at 7.
17
   Id.
18
   Id.
19
   Delaware Solid Waste Auth. v. Delaware Dep’t of Nat. Res. & Env’t Control, 250 A.3d 94, 105
(Del. 2021) ("The Court reviews de novo questions of law, including questions of statutory
interpretation . . . .”).
20
   11 Del. C. § 4371.
                                              6
“protect[s] persons from unwarranted damage which may occur when the existence

of a criminal record continues indefinitely.”21 The Clean Slate Act continued the

legislative effort to address the deleterious effect of criminal histories by creating a

process to perform mandatory expungement automatically.

       According to the synopsis of the Act, the State needed an automatic

expungement system because “under the petition-based system, only a small fraction

of people eligible for expungement ever obtain this important relief.”22 Together,

the Acts provide for mandatory and discretionary expungement of criminal records.

       Mandatory expungement applies to a range of specific felonies,

misdemeanors, and violations in the Delaware Code. The SBI, which maintains state

criminal records, must expunge a misdemeanor conviction record when: (i) a person

has been convicted of one or more misdemeanors or violations relating to the same

case; (ii) five years have passed since the date of conviction; and (iii) a person has

“no prior or subsequent convictions that bar eligibility for expungement under this

subchapter.”23 The SBI must also expunge felony conviction records if: (i) a person

was convicted of specified felonies; (ii) ten years have passed since the later of the

21
   Id.
22
   S. 111, 151st Gen. Assemb. (Del. 2021). “An initial review of adult criminal cases by the
Delaware Criminal Justice Information System (DELJIS) estimates that upon enactment 290,980
adults with 594,537 cases would immediately be eligible for mandatory expungement, in addition
to an unknown recurring number of newly eligible cases that would commence monthly beginning
August 1, 2024.” Fiscal Note, S. 111, 151st Gen. Assemb. (Del. April 16, 2021).
23
   §§ 4373(a)(2)(a), (b).
                                              7
date of conviction or release; and (iii) a person has “no prior or subsequent

convictions that bar eligibility for expungement under this subchapter.”24 As of now,

the SBI is responsible for expunging eligible records upon request. Beginning in

August 2024, the SBI must identify and expunge eligible convictions

automatically.25

       Discretionary expungement is available by petitioning the Superior Court or

Family Court when: (i) a person was convicted of one or more eligible

misdemeanors relating to the same case, at least 3 years have passed, and “the person

has no prior or subsequent convictions;” (ii) seven years have passed since

conviction of certain misdemeanors, and “the person has no prior or subsequent

convictions;” or (iii) at least seven years have passed since the date of conviction of

specified felonies and the person “has no prior or subsequent convictions.”26

       For mandatory expungement, the petitioner must first apply to the SBI for

expungement and provide a copy of their criminal history which they obtain from

the SBI.27 The SBI notifies the petitioner whether they are eligible. If the petitioner

is ineligible, they receive a form letter denial without an explanation, notifying the

petitioner that they have forty-five days to petition a court for review of the denial.28

24
   § 4373(a)(2)(c).
25
   § 4373A(b).
26
   §§ 4374(a)(1)–(3).
27
   § 4373(a).
28
   See App. to Opening Br. of Qaiymah and Fritz at A28.
                                              8
       For discretionary expungement, the petitioner must file a petition in either the

Superior Court or Family Court.29 The petitioner can include in their petition a case

that is eligible for mandatory expungement under Section 4373.30 Once filed, the

petitioner must serve the Attorney General with a copy of the petition and attach a

certified copy of their criminal history “as maintained by the State Bureau of

Identification.”31 The criminal history provided by the SBI does not include out-of-

state state crimes.32 Expungement petitions may be decided without a hearing if the

reviewing court decides that:

       [T]he continued existence and possible dissemination of information
       relating to the arrest or conviction of the petitioner causes, or may
       cause, circumstances which constitute a manifest injustice to the
       petitioner, it shall enter an order requiring the expungement of the law-
       enforcement and court records relating to the charge or case. Otherwise,
       it shall deny the petition. The burden is on the petitioner to allege
       specific facts in support of that petitioner’s allegation of manifest
       injustice, and the burden is on the petitioner to prove such manifest
       injustice by a preponderance of the evidence.33

If the Superior Court or Family Court Commissioner denies discretionary

expungement, the petitioner may seek review by a Judge of that court.34

29
   § 4374(c).
30
   § 4374(d).
31
   § 4374(e).
32
     Obtaining a Certified Delaware Criminal History, Delaware State Police,
https://dsp.delaware.gov/obtaining-a-certified-criminal-history/. Notably, the SBI has a process
to obtain a certified Delaware and federal criminal history, but nothing for other states. Id.
33
   § 4374(f).
34
   § 4374(g).
                                               9
                                            III.

       At the outset, we acknowledge that the phrase “prior or subsequent

convictions” does not say “Delaware” convictions. From this, it might be tempting

to jump immediately to the general definition of “conviction” in the criminal

statutes, as our Colleagues in Dissent do, and then to the conclusion that

“convictions” include out of state convictions. But words in a statute should be

given meaning through the context in which they are used. As this Court said in

Fuller v. State:

       As a practical matter, we do not believe that the bare term “subsequent
       adult conviction” has only one accepted meaning. As the Family Court
       did in M.S., it is of course possible to go to Black’s Law Dictionary and
       § 233 of Title 11 and come out with a sensible conclusion that a traffic
       violation is a “criminal conviction” as a general matter of Delaware
       law. But we are not called upon to determine whether the term
       “conviction” in § 233 of Title 11 includes violations of Title 21. Instead,
       we are asked to determine what a “subsequent adult conviction” means
       in the context of the juvenile expungement statute.35

       In Fuller, the petitioner sought expungement of her juvenile record. At the

time, 10 Del. C. § 1018 allowed for expungement “provided the petitioner has no

other subsequent adjudication of delinquency or adult conviction.”36 Fuller had

committed traffic violations as an adult. The Family Court denied her expungement

35
   104 A.3d 817, 821 (Del. 2014) (citing M.S. v. State, 2012 WL 6765557 at *2 (Del. Fam. Ct.
Dec. 21, 2012)).
36
   Id. at 822.
                                            10
petition. The question was whether Title 21 traffic offenses counted as subsequent

adult convictions. This Court decided they did not.

       Our Court looked to the context in which “subsequent adjudication of

delinquency or adult conviction” was used and noted that Section 1018 itself did not

permit the expungement of Title 21 traffic offenses.37 “The statute’s categorical

exclusion of Title 21 offenses thus support[ed] the inference that the relevant

meaning of ‘subsequent adult conviction’ was intended to encompass only the

crimes set forth in the titles mentioned in § 1018.”38 In other words, consideration

of a subsequent adult conviction for eligibility purposes was limited to the universe

of convictions which were themselves expungable under Section 1018.

       The same reasoning applies here. The Expungement Statutes do not define

“prior or subsequent convictions.” Like Fuller, those words do not have only one

accepted meaning. The Statutes lead us to their meaning by referring to Section

4372 and its applicability and exclusion provisions. Section 4372(a) states that

“[t]his subchapter applies to all criminal cases brought and convictions entered in a

court in this State.”39        Out-of-state convictions are not mentioned in the

Expungement Statutes or listed as “Exclusions” to the Statutes.40 In our view, “prior

37
   Id. at 824 (“[I]t bears emphasis that the juvenile expungement statute only mentions Title 21
offenses in one section, § 1018(g), where it emphasizes that such offenses cannot be expunged
under the statute.”).
38
   Id. at 822.
39
   § 4372(a) (emphasis added).
40
   See §§ 4373(b) and 4374(b) (listing exclusions).
                                              11
or subsequent convictions” mean what Section 4372 says – the statutory

expungement scheme applies to Delaware prior and subsequent convictions, and not

those from other states.

       According to the Superior Court, the language “in this State” “pertains to the

jurisdictional limitations of the Delaware Courts to consider expungement limited to

Delaware arrests and convictions.”41 In other words, the General Assembly included

the reference to Delaware convictions in Section 4372 to stake out a jurisdictional

limitation – Delaware cannot expunge convictions in other states.42

       There are several problems with this interpretation.43 First, there is no credible

argument that Delaware could expunge federal criminal convictions or convictions

from other states. The General Assembly had no need to state the obvious and

address something not subject to reasonable dispute.44 Similarly, Section 4372(c)

41
   Super. Ct. Order at 7.
42
   Id.
43
    It appears that the State and the Dissent were not persuaded by the Superior Court’s
interpretation of “in this State” and have offered a new one – to clarify that the Expungement
Statutes apply to arrests and convictions in not just some, but all Delaware courts. Answering Br.
at 11–14; Dissent at 2–3. This argument was not raised below, so typically we would not consider
it. In any case, the difference of opinion among the Superior Court, the Majority, the State, and
the Dissent shows that the meaning of “prior or subsequent convictions” is far from clear. We also
note that Section 4372(c) defines “Case” and “Conviction” broadly, and “Expungement” applies
to “all law-enforcement agency records and court records relating to a case in which an
expungement is granted.” And Sections 4374(c) and (d) identify when a petitioner must file their
application in either the Superior Court or Family Court. The new interpretation duplicates what
is already clearly stated in the Statutes.
44
   See Salzberg v. Sciabacucchi, 227 A.3d 102, 117–18 (Del. 2020) (“It is presumed that ‘the
General Assembly purposefully chose particular language and [we] therefore construe statutes to
avoid surplusage if reasonably possible.’” (quoting Sussex Cnty. Dep’t of Elections v. Sussex Cnty.

                                                12
already defines “Expungement” to mean that “law-enforcement agency records and

court records relating to a case in which an expungement is granted, including any

electronic records, are destroyed, segregated, or placed in the custody of the State

Bureau of Identification . . . .” A Delaware court cannot order that an out-of-state

record be “destroyed” or “placed in the custody” of the SBI. There was no need to

clarify a limitation that does not exist.

        Second, like Fuller, the internal references to specific crimes within the statute

is relevant to the scope of the statute. The Expungement Statutes refer to Delaware

crimes, not out-of-state crimes or Delaware-equivalent out-of-state crimes and

convictions.45 The repeated references to Delaware statutory law, but not to a

Republican Comm., 58 A.3d 418, 422 (Del. 2013)); Hudson Farms, Inc. v. McGrellis, 620 A.2d
215, 218 (Del. 1993) (“[I]t is presumed that the General Assembly is aware of existing law when
it acts . . . .”).
45
   See, e.g., § 4373(a)(1)(d) (permitting eligibility for expungement if a person was convicted of
underage possession of alcohol under § 904(e) or (f) of Title 4); § 4373(a)(2)(b) (allowing for
mandatory expungement when, among other things, a person was convicted of drug possession
under § 4756 of Title 16); § 4373(b)(3) (denying mandatory expungement for “[a]ny misdemeanor
set forth in subparts A, B, C, or F of subchapter VI of Chapter 5 of this title”); § 4374(a)(1)
(permitting expungement, among other things, if a petitioner was “[w]as convicted of 1 or more
misdemeanors other than those listed in § 4373(b) of this title”); § 4374(b)(1) (barring eligibility
from discretionary expungement if convicted of “[a] Title 11 felony listed in § 4201(c) of this
title”); cf. 11 Del. C. § 2116(a)(2) (defining a “Subsequent Offense” to mean “any violent felony
or any similar offense set forth under the laws of another state, the United States or any territory
of the United States”); § 1448 (a)(1) (prohibiting from purchasing a firearm any “person who has
been convicted in this State or other jurisdiction of a felony or a crime of violence . . .”);
§ 4121(a)(4)(c) (including in the definition of “Sex offender” any person who has been “Convicted
or adjudicated delinquent of any offense specified in the laws of another state, commonwealth,
territory, or other jurisdiction of the United States requiring registration in that jurisdiction . . .”).
                                                   13
general or broader concept of a conviction or any crime, confirms the Delaware-

centric nature of the Expungement Statutes.46

       Third, including out of state convictions under the Expungement Statutes

leads to multiple inconsistencies. Section 4375 provides that “a person who was

convicted of a crime, other than those specifically excluded under subsection (b) of

this section, who is thereafter unconditionally pardoned by the Governor may

request a discretionary expungement under the procedures under § 4374(c) through

(h) and (j) of this title.”47 Section 4375(b) lists six specifically excluded crimes,

without any mention of out-of-state convictions.48 Sections 4374(c)–(h) and (j) also

do not require a petitioner to have “no prior or subsequent convictions.” Thus,

someone with a Delaware pardon but with out-of-state convictions could seek

expungement for the qualifying Delaware crimes, but someone without a pardon and

similar out-of-state convictions is precluded from doing the same.

46
   Our Colleagues in Dissent rely on the general definition of a conviction in Section 222 of Title
11, referred to in Section 4372(c) (defining conviction as “a verdict of guilty by the trier of fact,
whether judge or jury, or a plea of guilty or a plea of nolo contendere accepted by the court”).
Section 222 merely distinguishes convictions under our criminal code from other criminal
dispositions such as probation before judgment, entry into the juvenile offender civil citation
program, commitment to custody of a juvenile, probation before adjudication of delinquency, the
entry into first offenders domestic violence diversion program, and civil penalties. See, e.g., 11
Del. C. § 4218; 10 Del. C. §§ 1004A, 1009, 1009A; 1024; 3 Del. C. §§ 1110, 2280, 1331; see also
Section 4372(c)(2)(b) (“‘Conviction’ does not include a case in which a person is adjudicated
delinquent under § 1002 of Title 10.”). Section 222 does not distinguish between in-state and out-
of-state convictions.
47
   11 Del. C. § 4375(a).
48
   Id. at § 4375(b).
                                                14
        Fourth, the State’s reading interferes with automatic expungement and leads

to inconsistent outcomes. The SBI does not maintain a comprehensive database of

all out-of-state criminal records, and Section 4373A – automatic expungement –

does not require the SBI to search out-of-state criminal records.49 Under the State’s

and the Dissent’s reading of the Expungement Statutes, the SBI must conduct a

comprehensive search of all federal, state, and foreign territories for prior or

subsequent convictions – something the State does not do when processing Delaware

mandatory expungement requests.50 Given the need to secure reliable out-of-state

conviction records, and the extensive additional resources needed to make such a

far-ranging inquiry, the General Assembly would have addressed both the process

and expense in the Expungement Statutes. Moreover, Delaware has no control over

the accuracy of out-of-state records and is unable to amend or resolve errors in out-

49
    Chapter 85 of Title 11 of the Delaware Code is concerned with the “State Bureau of
Identification.” Section 8502 defines “[c]riminal history background check” as “the acquisition
of state or federal criminal history record information for an individual.” 11 Del. C. § 8502(3).
The statute further defines “criminal history record information” as “information collected by state
or federal criminal justice agencies.” 11 Del. C. § 8502(4). “Criminal justice agenc[ies]” are
defined as “[e]very court of this State and of every political subdivision thereof” and a list of
Delaware agencies and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. 11 Del. C. § 8502(5). Section 8502(5)
is cross referenced by Section 4372(c)(3) for its definition of “[c]riminal justice agencies.”
50
   The National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact Act of 1998 established a reciprocal
system of automated record exchange among signatory states for background checks. See Pub. L.
No. 105-251, 112 Stat. 1870 (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. §§14601-16 (2000)). While
Delaware is a signatory to the compact, only 34 other states have joined. See Compact Council
States and Territories Map, https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/compact-council-states-territories-
map/view. For a complete background check of all states, the State would have to enter into
agreements with every other jurisdiction to facilitate access to their records.
                                                15
of-state record keeping. Inaccuracies in criminal databases are well documented.51

There are also foreign records and military adjudications to be considered.

       Our Colleagues in Dissent are unpersuaded by the record keeping challenges

posed by expungement.            They argue that those with a rejected mandatory

expungement can raise issues through the discretionary expungement process in the

Family Court or Superior Court. But automatic expungement is meant to provide

relief on a large scale.52 Forcing mandatory expungement cases into the petition

procedure is contrary to the Expungement Statutes’ broader purpose. A petitioner

has no visibility into discrepancies during the automatic expungement process and

would have to apply to the SBI for mandatory expungement, receive a denial, and

then petition the Superior or Family Court for expungement.53 Other states that

consider out of state records in expungement proceedings do not do so during the

51
   See, e.g., Carrie Teegardin and Brad Schrade, Key Information Missing from Georgia’s Criminal
Records Database, ATLANTA JOURNAL-CONSTITUTION (Jan. 25, 2022) (“Georgia’s database of
criminal histories is filled with information gaps that make the records unreliable for the state’s
judges, employers and probation officers.”); see also Wells, Martin, et al., Criminal Record
Inaccuracies and the Impact of a Record Education Intervention on Employment-Related
Outcomes, available at https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/OASP/evaluation/pdf/LRE-Wells
FinalProjectReport_December2020.pdf (“Inaccuracies on criminal records often stem from
mismatched identities, erroneous inclusion of minor offenses, and a lack of information about case
dispositions.” (citations omitted)).
52
   S. 111, 151st Gen. Assemb. (Del. 2021) (“[U]nder the petition-based system, only a small
fraction of people eligible for expungement ever obtain this important relief.”).
53
   11 Del. C. § 4373A(d) (“Nothing in this section precludes an individual from filing a petition
for expungement of records under § 4373(a) of this title that are eligible for automatic
expungement under this section if an automatic expungement has not occurred.”).
                                                16
automatic expungement process.54 And it does not appear that the General Assembly

intended to enact automatic expungement, and then to hamper it at inception by

transforming the inquiry from a search of Delaware records to an all-encompassing

survey of extraterritorial records.55

       Fifth, some convictions under Delaware criminal statutes are exempt from the

“prior or subsequent convictions” restriction in the expungement statutes.56 The

General Assembly tailored the Expungement Statutes and their inclusions and

exclusions by referring only to Delaware conduct.57 If out-of-state convictions were

considered for expungement purposes, there is a risk of arbitrary outcomes for

Delawareans. Even if a conviction in another jurisdiction is equivalent to a Delaware

54
   Some of the earliest “Clean Slate” legislation took place in Utah and New Jersey. Utah limits
automatic expungement to “convictions in Utah state courts.” Utah Code § 7-40a-101(4)(a)(ii).
New Jersey explicitly considers out-of-state records for petition-based expungement. See N.J.
Stat. § 2C:52-3; N.J. Stat. § 2C:52-2. It does not for automatic expungement. N.J. Stat. § 2C:52-
5.3; 5.4. New York, a state which enacted automatic expungement in 2023, explicitly considers
out of state convictions in its statute, but only when “appropriate federal authorities grant access
to records necessary to query to effectuate the purposes of this subparagraph in an automated
manner” – thereby acknowledging the administrative roadblocks presented by such a broad
inquiry. S.B. 7551, Reg. Sess. (N.Y. 2023); Crim Proc. § 160.57(1)(b)(viii); Crim Proc.
§ 160.57(1)(b)(ix).
55
   The Fiscal Note accompanying the Clean Slate Act does not contemplate searching or keeping
of out-of-state records, nor does it provide funds commensurate with the associated effort. Fiscal
Note, S. 111, 151st Gen. Assemb. (Del. April 16, 2021).
56
   See §§ 4372(g), (h) (permitting expungement when the prior or subsequent conviction is:
“[u]nderage possession or consumption of alcohol under § 904(e) or (f) of Title 4,” “[p]ossession
of a personal use quantity of marijuana under § 4764 of Title 16,” “[p]ossession of drug
paraphernalia under § 4771 of Title 16,” or “a Title 21 offense”).
57
   See, e.g., 11 Del. C. § 4372(f) (listing Delaware crimes that cannot be expunged); 11 Del. C.
§ 4372(g) (listing Delaware crimes that do not bar eligibility for expungement); 11 Del. C.
§ 4373(b) (listing Delaware crimes that cannot be expunged); 11 Del. C. § 4374(b) (listing
Delaware crimes that bar eligibility for expungement).
                                                17
exclusion, the individual would not be eligible to petition for Delaware expungement

or benefit from the automatic expungement process. And two persons with similar

criminal records might have different outcomes simply due to the inability of the

State to uncover the criminal record of one.58

       Finally, the State argues that “[p]recluding expungement under the Statutes

where the applicants have additional out-of-state convictions is consistent with the

intent of limiting expungements to a single case.”59                     In other words, the

Expungement Statutes were not intended to give a person the benefit of expunging

a Delaware conviction when only one of the person’s multiple convictions occurred

in Delaware.

       This concern, however, can be addressed within the existing framework. A

petitioner in this circumstance would still have their out-of-state record criminal

record.     And for discretionary expungement, the petitioner’s extraterritorial

criminality remains “fair game” for the merits of their discretionary appeal. The

petitioner must demonstrate manifest injustice by a preponderance of the evidence.60

58
   We acknowledge the Dissent’s point that either reading of the Expungement Statutes might
result in different treatment of identical convictions, turning on the jurisdiction where the
conviction happened. But adopting the Dissent’s reading of the statute results in two inequalities,
between those who have prior or subsequent convictions in Delaware and other jurisdictions, and
also those who have prior or subsequent convictions in other jurisdictions – with the second
inconsistency turning on the accuracy and scope of the State’s out-of-state search. Under the
petitioners’ reading, there is only a single inequality – between those who have prior or subsequent
convictions in Delaware and other jurisdictions.
59
   Answering Br. at 13–14.
60
   § 4374(f).
                                                18
       Our Colleagues in Dissent are disquieted by this outcome, and argue that a

“partial” expungement does not adhere to the statement of purpose in Section 4371:

“the removal of the ‘hindrance to a person’s present and future ability to obtain

employment, housing, education, or credit[]’ that a criminal history presents.”61 But

the Expungement Statutes themselves do not contemplate complete elimination of a

petitioner’s criminal history. The General Assembly recognized that some prior and

subsequent arrests or convictions might remain part of a Delaware criminal record,

but they should not be a barrier to some relief.62

                                               IV.

       The judgment of the Superior Court is reversed, and the cases are remanded

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

61
   Dissent at 5 (quoting 11 Del. C. § 4371).
62
   See, e.g., 11 Del. C. §§ 4372(b)(6), (f)(1) (permitting expungement of an arrest record where no
charges were filed within one year of an arrest, despite the presence of pending criminal charges
which would otherwise block eligibility for all other categories of expungement); § 4372(h)
(permitting expungement of a case despite another case containing a prior or subsequent conviction
of a serious driving offense under Title 21, and also other criminal charges); § 4373(a)(1)
(permitting expungement, despite the existence of a prior or subsequent conviction, when “[t]he
person was arrested or charged with the commission of 1 or more crimes and the case is terminated
in favor of the accused,” “[t]he person was convicted of 1 or more violations relating to the same
case and 3 years have passed since the date of conviction,” “[t]he person was convicted of
possession of marijuana under § 4764 of Title 16 or possession of drug paraphernalia under § 4771
of Title 16, or both in the same case,” or “[t]he person was convicted of underage possession or
consumption of alcohol under § 904(e) or (f) of Title 4.”).
                                                19
TRAYNOR, J. dissenting, joined by VALIHURA, J.:

          I disagree with my colleagues in the Majority for three reasons. First, the

relevant sections of the Expungement Statutes that limit eligibility for expungement

to persons who have no prior or subsequent convictions are unambiguous and do not

require disqualifying prior or subsequent convictions to have been entered in a court

of this State. That the statute by its terms applies to the expungement of records in

“all criminal cases brought and convictions entered in this State” does not speak to

the locus of disqualifying prior or subsequent convictions. Second, the Majority’s

interpretation would favor a serious multistate repeat offender over a Delawarean

whose offenses are confined to this State. Last—but certainly not least—granting

expungements to persons with prior or subsequent convictions in other jurisdictions

does not serve the expungement statute’s stated purpose—the removal of the

“hindrance to a person’s present and future ability to obtain, employment, housing,

education, or credit[]” caused by “a criminal history.”63        When the arrest or

conviction record of a person with a prior or subsequent out-of-state conviction is

expunged, the out-of-state record, and hence the “hindrance,” remains. In this way,

the explicit statutory purpose is frustrated.

          The Majority acknowledges that the phrase “prior or subsequent convictions”

in the Expungement Statutes’ eligibility criteria does not contain a jurisdictional

63
     11 Del. C. § 4371.
                                           20
qualifier; it does not say “prior or subsequent convictions in this State.” Even so,

the Majority concludes that, if the statute is read within its proper context, the added

gloss is justified. I think that the opposite is the case.

          The Majority’s review of the context relies on, among other things, §4372(a)’s

statement that “[t]his subchapter applies to all criminal cases brought and

convictions entered in a court in this State.”64 The Majority then observes that

“[o]ut-of-state convictions are not mentioned in the Expungement Statutes” and

concludes that, therefore, “‘prior or subsequent convictions’ mean what Section

4372 says—the statutory expungement scheme applies to Delaware prior and

subsequent convictions, and not convictions from other states.”65

          The Majority suggests that, by reading § 4372 this way, I am adopting an

interpretation that the State advocated in its answering brief but not in the

proceedings below. That was not my intention. Instead, my reading was informed

by, among other things, a comparison of § 4372 before it was amended in 2019 with

the amended version. The pre-amendment version provided for the expungement of

police records and court records relating to criminal charges that were terminated in

favor of the accused; it stated:

          If a person is charged with the commission of a crime or crimes and the
          case is terminated in favor of the accused, the person may request the

64
     11 Del. C. § 4372 (quoted and emphasis added in Majority Opinion at 12).
65
     Majority Opinion at 11–12.
                                                21
       expungement of the police records and the court records relating to the
       case pursuant to the provisions of this subchapter.66

In the 2019 amendment, this language was stricken in its entirety and replaced with

the simple statement that “[t]his subchapter applies to all criminal cases brought and

convictions entered in a court of this State.” Though simple, this marked a sea

change in our expungement regime from one that allowed for the expungement of a

limited category of arrest records to one that, for the first time, allowed for the

expungement of convictions. In other words, the substantive change to § 4372 was

that, whereas before the amendment it applied only to police records and court

records relating to cases favorably terminated in an accused’s favor, it is now to

apply to “all criminal cases brought and convictions entered in a court in this State.”

Before the statute applied to arrest records, but now it is to apply—that is, one might

seek expungement of—conviction records.

       It is fair to say that the State did not frame their argument in these terms in the

Superior Court or, for that matter, in this Court. But that should be immaterial to

our interpretation of the statute. Our job is to “read statutes by giving [their]

language its reasonable and suitable meaning . . . .”67 whether or not that aligns with

the meaning the parties ascribe to it. Here, with all respect for the contrary view of

66
   See Del. S. Substitute 1 for Del. S.B. 37 with Del. S. Amend. 1, 150th Gen. Assemb. (Del. 2019),
at 1 (Ex. B to Opening Br. of Osgood).
67
   Doroshow, Pasquale, Krawitz & Bhaya v. Nanticoke Mem’l Hosp., Inc., 36 A.3d 336, 343 (Del.
2012).
                                                22
my Colleagues in the Majority, I think that the most reasonable and sensible reading

of the statute is as I have maintained above.

       I concede that, if the Majority’s interpretation of § 4372(a)’s import is the

right one—if it limits disqualifying prior or subsequent convictions to those entered

in Delaware—nothing is left to debate: the Majority is correct, and I am not. But I

think that the Majority’s interpretation of § 4372(a) is not the right one. Instead, I

understand subsection (a) as delineating the scope of the Expungement Statutes as a

whole and not as defining terms used within them. Indeed, § 4372 itself contains a

host of definitions, including a definition of “[c]onviciton” that is not geographically

limited.68 Seen in this light, I think that the better reading of § 4372(a) is that “[t]his

subchapter applies to [the expungement of records in] all criminal cases brought and

convictions entered in a court in this State.”

       I concede that treating out-of-state convictions as disqualifying could, under

certain circumstances and as the Majority notes, yield results that the General

Assembly in all likelihood did not intend. For instance, a petitioner with a prior or

subsequent conviction for possessing a personal-use quantity of marijuana in

Delaware might still be eligible for an expungement, while a petitioner who had a

68
   11 Del. C.§ 4372 (c)(2) a. states that “Conviction means as defined under § 222 of this title.”
11 Del. C. § 222 defines “conviction” as “a verdict of guilty by the trier of fact, whether judge or
jury, or a plea of guilty or a plea of nolo contendere accepted by the court.”
                                                23
similar out-of-state conviction would not be.69 But this flaw in the statute does not,

in my view, justify the Majority’s extratextual interpretation that itself opens the

door to odd—and likely unintended—results. Under the Majority’s interpretation,

for example, a petitioner who has numerous recent felony convictions in a

neighboring state would maintain expungement eligibility, while a petitioner who

had but one prior misdemeanor conviction in the distant past in Delaware would be

disqualified.

       My interpretation, moreover, pays heed to the explicit statement of policy set

forth in § 4371. That section identifies the objective that expungements are designed

to achieve: the removal of the “hindrance to a person’s present and future ability to

obtain employment, housing, education, or credit[]” that a criminal history presents.

An expungement in Delaware that leaves the petitioner with a criminal record in

other states does not accomplish this objective. A review of appellant Qaiymah’s

history illustrates this point. Despite his conviction for possession of unstamped

cigarettes in Pennsylvania in 2018 and his conviction two years later in Maryland

for transporting unstamped cigarettes, he sought mandatory expungement of his

2015 conviction in Delaware for possession of unstamped cigarettes. According to

69
   See 11 Del. C. § 4372(g) (“A prior or subsequent conviction does not operate as a bar to
eligibility for discretionary or mandatory expungement under this subchapter if the conviction is
under any of the following: (1) Underage possession or consumption of alcohol under § 904(e) or
(f) of Title 4. (2) Possession of a personal use quantity of marijuana under § 4764 of Title 16. (3)
Possession of drug paraphernalia under § 4771 of Title 16.”).
                                                24
the Majority, SBI and the Superior Court must disregard Qaiymah’s 2018 and 2020

convictions in nearby states for criminal conduct that was virtually identical to the

conduct that led to his conviction in this State in 2015. But by applying the statute

in that way, the court will have accomplished nothing by granting Qaiymah’s

expungement petition; his subsequent Pennsylvania and Maryland convictions will

continue to pose the very same hindrance to his future prosperity as did his earlier

conviction in Delaware. This outcome will be in tension, if not starkly at odds, with

the Expungement Statutes’ stated purpose.

       Finally, I am not persuaded that the Majority’s concern about the accuracy of

out-of-state criminal records should be weighed in favor of its interpretation of the

meaning of “prior or subsequent convictions.”                Our courts routinely consider

conviction records from other states when considering, among other things, a

person’s eligibility to possess a weapon,70 determining whether a person is a habitual

offender71 or a subsequent DUI offender,72 and enhancing a sentence.73 I see no

reason why they could not, and should not, do the same in the expungement-petition

context. The process set forth in § 4374 governing the review of discretionary

70
   11 Del. C.§ 1448 (a)(1).
71
   11 Del. C. § 4214(a)–(d).
72
   21 Del. C. § 4177B(e)(1).
73
   11 Del. C. § 1448 (e)(1)(c), (e)(3); see also Valentine v. State, 207 A.3d 166, 2019 WL 1178765
(Del. Mar. 12, 2019) (TABLE).
                                               25
expungement petitions should be adequate to address any concerns about the

accuracy of an out-of-state record.

          In closing, I note that, as the Majority and this dissent acknowledge, the

Expungement Statutes can lead to disparate outcomes for similarly situated

expungement petitioners regardless of whether disqualifying prior and subsequent

convictions are limited to convictions entered in a Delaware court.74         As a

consequence, ascertaining whether the General Assembly intended to give a green

light to expungement petitions filed by petitioners with prior or subsequent out-of-

state convictions has been challenging. The Majority has offered a coherent reason

for reaching its conclusion that the legislature intended the expunging authority—be

it SBI or a court—to limit disqualifying convictions to those occurring within our

borders. For the reasons set forth above and by contrast, I read the Expungement

Statutes as restricting the availability of the expungement remedy to those whose

conduct, both before and after the conviction for which expungement is sought, has

been crime free. I therefore respectfully dissent.

74
     See, e.g., Majority Opinion at 18, n.58; Dissent at 4–5.
                                                   26