Court Opinion

ID: 9735385
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 18:11:45.053075+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:26:57.796047
License: Public Domain

JUSTICE NICKELS, concurring: I write separately to address the issue presented for review: whether due process requires a trial court to admonish a probationer of the possibility of consecutive sentences prior to the probationer’s admitting facts contained in a petition to revoke probation. I disagree with the majority that this issue need not be addressed because defendant’s plea "added nothing” to the proceeding. (165 Ill. 2d at 95.) The fourteenth amendment provides: "nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” (U.S. Const., amend. XIV.) The revocation of probation may deprive a probationer of his liberty. Thus, probation may only be revoked, even where evidence is overwhelming against the probationer, where due process of law has been afforded. However, because I believe that due process did not require that defendant be warned of the possibility of consecutive sentences and that defendant did in fact receive all the due process protections to which he was entitled, I concur in the majority’s holding reversing the appellate court. Analysis The United States Supreme Court has noted that a probationer is entitled to certain due process rights upon revocation of probation. (Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973), 411 U.S. 778, 36 L. Ed. 2d 656, 93 S. Ct. 1756.) This court has noted that under Gagnon such rights include the right: "to written notice of the alleged violation, to disclosure of the evidence against him, to be heard in person and to present testimonial and documentary evidence, to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses, to be judged by a neutral and detached hearing body, to receive a written statement by the fact finders stating the evidence relied on and the reason for revocation, and, in some instances, to receive assistance of counsel.” (People v. DeWitt (1979), 78 Ill. 2d 82, 85.) These due process procedures insure that the probationer’s "liberty is not unjustifiably taken away.” Gagnon, 411 U.S. at 785, 36 L. Ed. 2d at 664, 93 S. Ct. at 1761. This list of rights, however, is not dispositive of the issue before us. The Gagnon Court dealt with a different type of revocation procedure from Illinois’ and further did not address the issue presented here. Gagnon dealt with a probation revocation where sentence had already been established at the original criminal conviction. Thus, instead of being sentenced after a revocation of probation, the probationer in Gagnon served a sentence originally imposed at the time of his criminal prosecution. In Illinois, however, a new sentence is imposed upon revocation of probation. See 730 ILCS 5/5 — 6—4(e) (West 1992). The Gagnon Court noted an important difference between these types of probation revocation. Where sentencing does not follow the revocation of probation, a probationer has no right to an attorney in most instances. However, a probationer who is sentenced after probation revocation is entitled to an attorney. (Gagnon, 411 U.S. at 781, 36 L. Ed. 2d at 661, 93 S. Ct. at 1759; Mempa v. Rhay (1967), 389 U.S. 128, 19 L. Ed. 2d 336, 88 S. Ct. 254.) This is because "counsel is required 'at every stage of a criminal proceeding where substantial rights of a criminal accused may be affected.’ ” (Gagnon, 411 U.S. at 781, 36 L. Ed. 2d at 661, 93 S. Ct. at 1759, quoting Mempa v. Rhay, 389 U.S. at 134, 19 L. Ed. 2d at 340, 88 S. Ct. at 257.) Thus, the Supreme Court has recognized that more process is due at probation revocation hearings where sentence will be imposed, such as in Illinois, than one where the sentence has already been established. See United States v. Segal (9th Cir. 1977), 549 F.2d 1293, 1296. Moreover, the Gagnon Court did not address the issue presented here: What process is due where a probationer admits facts in a petition to revoke probation and sentencing will follow upon revocation? Consequently, the inquiry into whether due process was afforded must go beyond the listing of specific rights in Gagnon. The inquiry must delve into whether "fundamental fairness — the touchstone of due process” required that such warning be given. Gagnon, 411 U.S. at 790, 36 L. Ed. 2d at 666, 93 S. Ct. at 1763. Illinois Supreme Court Rule 402 requires the trial court to admonish a defendant of the possibility of consecutive sentences upon a plea of guilty. However, this court has noted that Rule 402 does not apply at proceedings to revoke probation: "A defendant in a criminal trial or a probation hearing may ultimately be incarcerated as a result [of a guilty plea], but there is a qualitative difference between a criminal conviction and the revocation of probation ***.” (People v. Beard (1974), 59 Ill. 2d 220, 226.) The appellate court in this case found that while Rule 402 does not apply to probation revocation proceedings, due process requires the warning of consecutive sentences to ensure that the probationer’s plea is knowing and voluntary. The appellate court stated: "[W]e find no principled basis for distinguishing between guilty pleas and admissions given at probation revocation hearings regarding what admonishment the court must give to a defendant to inform him of the maximum sentence the court can impose.” (259 Ill. App. 3d 462, 465.) However, another panel of the appellate court has held that due process under Gagnon does not require the trial court to warn a probationer of the possibility of consecutive sentences at a probation revocation proceeding. People v. Hoyt (1984), 129 Ill. App. 3d 331, 336-37. While more process is due in Illinois at a probation revocation procedure than in the type of procedure at issue in Gagnon, I believe that defendant was afforded more than the minimal requirements of due process. I first note that defendant has cited no cases, that have found due process to require a warning concerning consecutive sentences at probation revocation hearings. And, while Rule 402 provides that the court must advise a defendant upon a plea of guilty as to the possibility of consecutive sentences, that rule does not apply to revocations of probation. I further note that while Rule 402 requires courts to warn defendants of the possibility of consecutive sentencing, its Federal counterpart, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11, does not, and Federal courts have noted that warnings of consecutive sentences are not required at pleas of guilty entered at criminal prosecutions. (See United States v. Theodorou (N.D. Ill. 1983), 576 F. Supp. 1007, 1011; Faulisi v. Daggett (7th Cir. 1975), 527 F.2d 305, 309; Paradiso v. United States (3d Cir. 1973), 482 F.2d 409; Johnson v. United States (9th Cir. 1972), 460 F.2d 1203.) The court in Theodorou stated: "[N]either Rule 11 [n]or the due process clause require a court to alert a defendant to possible consecutive sentences under a multi-count indictment before he pleads guilty. [Citations.] If a court does not have to advise a defendant of possible consecutive sentences pursuant to one indictment, it follows that a court would not have to advise a defendant that the sentence he is receiving will run consecutive to a sentence imposed in a wholly separate indictment.” (Theodorou, 576 F. Supp. at 1011.) If such warnings are not constitutionally mandated at criminal prosecutions, they are not required at proceedings to revoke probation. Finally, as the State notes, defendant was represented by counsel at the revocation hearing. Thus, the additional process Gagnon noted was due at probation revocation proceedings where a probationer is sentenced after revocation was provided here. In addition, the trial court thoroughly admonished defendant prior to admitting the facts in the petition. Of note, the trial court warned defendant about the length of the sentence for the original burglary and the possibility of fines and restitution. Moreover, defendant stated that he had fully discussed his rights and the potential penalties with his attorney. The only aspect of the court’s warning to which defendant objects is the trial court’s failure to warn defendant of consecutive sentences. Due process, I believe, did not require this warning. A review of defendant’s plea shows that fundamental fairness was met and that defendant’s plea was knowing and voluntary. I thus concur in the majority’s decision to reverse the appellate court. JUSTICES FREEMAN and McMORROW join in this concurrence.