Court Opinion

ID: 9927593
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-29 16:00:33.215235+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:30.275892
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                    MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD

    BRUCE FLEMING,                               DOCKET NUMBER
                 Appellant,                      PH-0752-18-0457-I-1

               v.

    DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY,                      DATE: January 26, 2024
                Agency.

         THIS FINAL ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1

        Jason H. Ehrenberg , Esquire, Washington, D.C., for the appellant.

        Alison Gray , Esquire, Washington, D.C., for the agency.

        Terrence P. Cook , Esquire, Annapolis, Maryland, for the agency.

                                      BEFORE

                          Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
                           Raymond A. Limon, Member

                                  FINAL ORDER

        The agency has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
reversed the appellant’s removal. The appellant has filed a motion to dismiss the
agency’s petition for failure to provide interim relief. For the reasons discussed
below, we DENY the appellant’s motion to dismiss, GRANT the agency’s

1
   A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
                                                                                 2

petition for review, and REVERSE the initial decision. The agency’s action is
SUSTAINED.

                                  BACKGROUND
      The appellant is a tenured Professor of English at the U.S. Naval Academy
in Annapolis, Maryland. At issue are certain aspects of the appellant’s conduct in
teaching first-year Rhetoric & Introduction to Literature, HE 111, during the fall
semester of the 2017/2018 academic year.         In January 2018, five different
students filed complaints with the Vice Academic Dean alleging that the appellant
had made various offensive comments, discussed inappropriate matters during
class, and engaged in other unprofessional conduct. Initial Appeal File (IAF),
Tab 7 at 115-34. The Vice Academic Dean directed the Director of the Division
of Humanities and Social Sciences to supervise a fact-finding inquiry. Id. at 114.
      The Division Director assembled a panel of three senior faculty members,
who interviewed the students from the appellant’s fall classes, as well as two
other students whose names had come up regarding one matter. Id. at 135-89;
IAF, Tab 8 at 4-119.    The appellant was invited to address the panel, but he
declined to do so. IAF, Tab 8 at 120-21; IAF, Tab 28 at 91. He did reply by
email, IAF, Tab 8 at 123, and he also sent an email message to the entire faculty
in which he generally complained about the unfairness of the process, id. at 130.
Thereafter, the panel issued a report finding that a number of the matters as
described in the complaints had occurred and qualified as unprofessional
behavior. IAF, Tab 7 at 97-113.
      On June 26, 2018, the Division Director proposed the appellant’s removal
on a charge of Conduct Unbecoming a Federal Employee with seven
specifications. The agency alleged that the appellant: (1) referred to students as
“right-wing extremists”; (2) made comments about and discussed anal sex, oral
sex, and transgender surgery; (3) emailed partially clothed photos of himself to
students after having been counseled that doing so was inappropriate and agreeing
                                                                                    3

to refrain from doing so; (4) touched students without their approval; (5) referred
to his own sexual experiences; (6) repeatedly mispronounced an Asian-American
student’s name despite being corrected several times; and (7) made demeaning,
sexually related comments about a child and her mother because of how they
were dressed. 2 Id. at 79. After the appellant responded, the Academic Dean and
Provost issued a decision sustaining all seven specifications and removing the
appellant effective August 17, 2018. Id. at 18-21, 33.
      The appellant filed a Board appeal contesting the merits of the removal and
raising several affirmative defenses, including retaliation for whistleblowing,
violation of his First Amendment rights, and harmful procedural error.         IAF,
Tabs 1, 30. After a hearing, the administrative judge issued an initial decision
not sustaining any of the seven specifications and reversing the removal on that
basis. IAF, Tab 33, Initial Decision (ID). The administrative judge considered
the appellant’s affirmative defenses but found that he failed to prove them. ID
at 16-17. He ordered the agency to provide interim relief if either party filed a
petition for review. ID at 19.
      The agency has filed a petition for review, Petition for Review (PFR) File,
Tab 7; the appellant has filed a response, PFR File, Tab 13; and the agency has
filed a reply, PFR File, Tab 16. The appellant has also moved to dismiss the
agency’s petition for failure to comply with the interim relief order, PFR File,
Tab 11, and the agency has responded in opposition to that motion, PFR File,
Tab 12.

                                   ANALYSIS
The agency is in compliance with the administrative judge’s interim relief order.
      If the appellant is the prevailing party in the initial decision and the
administrative judge orders interim relief, a petition for review filed by the

2
  In proposing the appellant’s removal, the agency considered that he had previously
been issued a Letter of Reprimand for disclosing a student’s personally identifiable
information. IAF, Tab 7 at 81. The Reprimand was issued on May 11, 2018. Id. at 94.
                                                                                    4

agency must be accompanied by a certification that the agency has complied with
the interim relief order, either by providing the interim relief ordered, or by
making a determination that returning the appellant to the place of employment
would cause undue disruption to the work environment. Ayers v. Department of
the Army, 123 M.S.P.R. 11, ¶ 6 (2015); 5 C.F.R. § 1201.116(a); see 5 U.S.C.
§ 7701(b)(2)(A)(ii). If an agency makes a determination that an employee will
pose an undue disruption, it must nonetheless return the employee to a pay status
pending the outcome of its petition for review, and provide “pay, compensation,
and all other benefits as terms and conditions of employment” pending the
outcome of the petition for review.      5 U.S.C. § 7701(b)(2)(B).     The Board’s
review of interim relief is limited to determining whether the agency actually
made an undue disruption determination and whether the employee has received
appropriate pay and benefits. The Board does not have the authority to review
the merits of an undue disruption determination. King v. Jerome, 42 F.3d 1371,
1375-76 (Fed Cir 1994).
      In this case, the agency’s petition for review was accompanied by a
certification that it has complied with the administrative judge’s interim relief
order by reinstating the appellant to his position, effective the date of the initial
decision, and a Standard Form 50 (SF-50), Notification of Personnel Action,
reflecting the interim appointment. PFR File, Tab 7 at 61, 63. The certification
states, however, that the appellant has not been returned to the classroom. Id.
at 61. In support of the certification, the agency has submitted a declaration by
the Academic Dean and Provost, stating that based on the seriousness of the
charged misconduct, he determined that the appellant’s presence in the classroom
and his engaging with midshipmen in any advisory role would be an undue
disruption to the workplace. Id. at 65. He emphasized that his determination was
guided by the Naval Academy’s responsibility to provide a positive and
supportive classroom and advisory environment which respects the dignity of the
individual, promotes the education and professional development of future Navy
                                                                                     5

and Marine Corps leaders, and ensures the wellbeing of the midshipmen.              Id.
at 66. The agency has also submitted a copy of the Academic Dean and Provost’s
August 7, 2019 letter to the appellant explaining that, for the reasons set forth
above, in lieu of teaching and advising midshipmen, his assignments during the
pendency of the petition will include scholarly research and writing and service to
the school. Id. at 67.
      In his motion to dismiss, the appellant argues that the agency has failed to
provide the necessary interim relief because, by not allowing him to teach, it has
denied him the possibility of receiving student and peer evaluations, which are a
significant component of yearly considerations in the merit pay increases that are
a condition of his employment. PFR File, Tab 11. The appellant likens merit pay
increases to overtime which is required as part of interim relief when the
employee proves that he is entitled to it as a condition of employment. Id. at 7.
      In its response to the appellant’s motion, the agency argues that the three
performance elements for Academy faculty that form the basis for merit increases
are teaching, scholarship, and service, and that, when a faculty member does not
perform tasks in one of the elements during the rating period, the member is still
eligible for a merit increase based on the element(s) in which he or she has
performed tasks. 3 PFR File, Tab 12 at 6-7. Thus, the agency argues that, when
the appellant is eligible for a merit increase, it will be based on his performance
in the elements of scholarship and performance.         Id. at 7.   In support of its
position, the agency has submitted a declaration under penalty of perjury by the
Vice Academic Dean, who oversees the Academy’s performance plan program.
Id. at 16. The agency also disputes the appellant’s argument that merit increases
should be considered like overtime. Id. at 11-12.
      We find that the agency has met its initial burden of demonstrating that it is
in compliance with the administrative judge’s interim relief order. Specifically,
3
  As an example, the agency references a professor who, because of absence due to
maternity leave, is not in the classroom for a portion of time during the rating period
and is therefore not rated on the teaching element. PFR File, Tab 12 at 7, 19.
                                                                                    6

the agency has: (1) certified its compliance; (2) submitted an SF-50 showing that
the appellant has been given an interim appointment to his Professor position at
his previous adjusted basic pay, effective the date of the initial decision; (3) made
a determination that returning him to the classroom would pose an undue
disruption; and (4) so advised the appellant.
      Therefore, the only remaining issue is whether the appellant has been
denied pay, compensation, or other benefits as terms and conditions of
employment, during the pendency of the petition for review.              5 U.S.C.
§ 7701(b)(2)(B). We find that he has not. The evidence submitted by the agency
shows that merit increases for faculty are not automatic, PFR File, Tab 12 at 18,
21, and not a condition of employment. 4 In any event, the agency has shown that
the appellant’s absence from the classroom will not automatically preclude him
from receiving merit increases during subsequent academic years because his
eligibility will be based on performance in the remaining two elements. Id. at 19.
      For these reasons, the appellant’s motion to dismiss is denied.

Conduct Unbecoming.
      The administrative judge correctly found that a charge of conduct
unbecoming has no specific elements and that, in analyzing such a charge, the
Board considers whether the conduct was improper, unsuitable, or detracting from
one’s character or reputation.    ID at 5; see Social Security Administration v.
Long, 113 M.S.P.R. 190, ¶ 42 (2010), aff’d, 635 F.3d 526 (Fed. Cir. 2011). The
agency must prove its charge by preponderant evidence, which is the degree of
relevant evidence that a reasonable person, considering the record as a whole,

4
  The appellant’s likening of his situation to overtime is not persuasive. Generally,
overtime pay is compensation that is not required to be paid under an interim relief
order. McLaughlin v. U.S. Postal Service, 55 M.S.P.R. 192, 200 (1992), The only
exception is in those instances in which an employee proves that he is entitled to
overtime as a term or condition of employment by virtue of law, rule, regulation,
collective bargaining agreement, or binding agency policy. Id. The appellant has made
no such showing regarding merit increases.
                                                                                    7

would accept as sufficient to find that a contested fact is more likely to be true
than untrue. 5 C.F.R. §§ 1201.4(q), 1201.56(b)(1)(ii).

Specification (1) is sustained.
      In this specification, the agency alleged that the appellant referred to two
students as “right-wing extremists” or words to that effect. IAF, Tab 7 at 79. In
an email dated September 26, 2017, he referred to the two as “my right-wing
extremists,” and then critiqued what he perceived as their unsupported positions
on issues about which they had written (anti-gun control and anti-taxes) in
connection with an assignment. IAF, Tab 8 at 135. In his initial decision, the
administrative judge noted that, in the email, the appellant stated that he would
have sent the same email to “left-wing extremists,” and that “this is not a left-
right thing. It’s a justify that thing.” 5 ID at 11; IAF, Tab 8 at 135. Finding that
the email was not “politically discriminatory,” the appellant’s real message to the
students was that they must provide supporting arguments for positions they take,
and that is a completely appropriate criticism for a student paper, the
administrative judge concluded that the specification does not describe
misconduct. ID at 11-12.
      On review, the agency argues that the email was unprofessional because it
detracted from the appellant’s role as a supervisor, and that, in sending the email,
he abdicated his responsibility to be a role model for the students and to show
them dignity and respect. PFR File, Tab 7 at 20-21. The agency asserts that it
charged the appellant with conduct unbecoming, not political discrimination. Id.
at 19-20.
      That the appellant sent this email is not in dispute. What is in dispute is
whether the email constitutes actionable misconduct.         We find that it does,
particularly in the setting of the U.S. Naval Academy.          The mission of the
Academy is to develop midshipmen morally, mentally, and physically, and it is

5
  The investigatory panel did not find any negative outcomes for any students based on
their political beliefs. IAF, Tab 7 at 99.
                                                                                  8

expected of all members, military or civilian, that they be examples of the
principles the Academy is trying to teach—honor, courage, and commitment.
Hearing Transcript (HT) at 11 (testimony of the Commandant of Midshipmen).
Midshipmen are supposed to be taught, by word and example, that treating others
with dignity and respect is a core tenet of the military professional. HT at 9-10
(testimony of the Commandant of Midshipmen).          Therefore, certain types of
conversations, which between peers might be considered “joking around,” are not
acceptable in the very different context of a senior-subordinate relationship. HT
at 37-39 (testimony of the Commandant of Midshipmen). The testimony of the
Commandant of Midshipmen was echoed by other witnesses, who likewise
emphasized the values of dignity and respect, the role of a service academy to
instill these values into future officers, and the responsibility of the faculty to
exemplify them.     HT at 41-42, 45-46, 68, 70 (testimony of a Professor of
Mechanical Engineering), 166-67, 174-75 (testimony of the Academic Dean and
Provost), 301 (testimony of a Professor of English). Naval Academy instructors
have the right to academic freedom within the classroom, but there is a difference
between proper pedagogical activities and behavior that is unprofessional or
pedagogically inappropriate, and instructors are expected to treat their students
with dignity and respect.   IAF, Tab 8 at 149-50, Academic Dean and Provost
Instruction 1531.63C (Apr. 1, 2016).
      We agree with the witnesses who testified that, by labeling two of his
students “right-wing extremists,” the appellant failed in his duty to treat them
with dignity and respect.      HT at 16 (testimony of the Commandant of
Midshipmen), 308 (testimony of a Professor of English). This specification is
sustained. See Dolezal v. Department of the Army, 58 M.S.P.R. 64, 66-67 (1993)
(upholding a conduct unbecoming charge based on disparaging and demeaning
comments the appellant made in an email about a subordinate).
                                                                                          9

Specifications (2) and (5) are sustained. 6
       In specification (2), the agency charged that, during class, the appellant
made comments regarding oral sex, anal sex, and transgender surgery, and in
specification (5), that he made comments referring to his own sexual experiences.
IAF, Tab 7 at 79. The appellant did not deny discussing these matters in class,
but he disagreed that the discussions were inappropriate. Id. at 125, 133.
       The administrative judge agreed with the appellant.            He found that the
deciding official failed to consider whether the academic context warranted the
discussion of sexual topics, particularly in light of the appellant’s academic
writing on transgender issues. He further found that there did not appear to be a
rule or policy against discussing such topics or the appellant’s own sexual
experiences, and that the appellant was not on notice that such discussions were
forbidden or greatly restricted. Therefore, the administrative judge found that the
allegations in specifications (2) and (5) did not constitute actionable misconduct,
and for that reason, he did not sustain them. ID at 12-13.
       On review, the agency argues that conduct unbecoming does not
necessarily require violation of a specific rule, and that there is sufficient
evidence to show that many of the appellant’s remarks were off-topic or
otherwise inappropriate. PFR File, Tab 7 at 22, 26-27, 42-44. We agree. There
are certain academic contexts in which discussion and even explicit discussion of
sexual material may be proper. However, the unrebutted hearing testimony shows
that the appellant frequently perseverated on these topics even when they were
completely unrelated to the course material. 7              HT at 103 (testimony of
Midshipman M.D.), 162-63 (testimony of Midshipman B.G.). This testimony is
consistent with the content of the students’ written complaints and the greater

6
  We agree with the administrative judge that it is best to address these two
specifications together. ID at 12-13.
7
  Regarding specification (5) in particular, it is difficult to imagine a situation in which
it would be appropriate for a professor to share with the class details of his own
personal sexual experiences.
                                                                                   10

part of student responses to the panel inquiry. IAF, Tab 7 at 117-21, 125-27, 129,
131-33, Tab 8 at 4-119. 8 Nor does the appellant suggest that his discussion of
these matters was confined to situations in which they may have been implicated
by course materials. IAF, Tab 8 at 125-26; IAF, Tab 7 at 33-34. Furthermore,
even to the extent that these discussions may have been related to the course
material, and allowing that it is normal for college classroom discussions to stray
from the material sometimes, we still find that the nature and extent of the
appellant’s remarks went beyond what was appropriate. 9

Specification (3) is sustained.
      In specification (3), the agency charged that the appellant emailed partially
clothed pictures of himself 10 to students, after having been counseled that doing
so was inappropriate and agreeing to not do so in the future. IAF, Tab 7 at 79.
This conduct was mentioned in two of the student complaints, id. at 121, 132, as
well as in a number of interview responses, e.g., IAF, Tab 8 at 61, 66, 88, 98,
104, 114, 116. In his email to the panel, the appellant denied this specification,
admitting that he had only sent such a photo to a student 2 years ago, not during
the timeframe at issue, and he defended that earlier action as not inappropriate,
suggesting that it related to course material. Id. at 125-26.
      In addressing this specification, the administrative judge found that there
was no dispute that the appellant was counseled for sending partially clothed
photos of himself to students in 2015, IAF, Tab 8 at 158-59, and that he again
8
   Some of the interviewees reported that the appellant discussed condom use,
transgender surgery, and sexuality, yet also reported that there was no “sexually
suggestive language” used.
9
  Even if we did not sustain specification 2, we find that the charge would still be
sustained based upon the remaining specifications. Burroughs v. Department of the
Army, 918 F.2d 170, 172 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (proof of one or more specifications is
enough to sustain charge); Avant v. Department of the Air Force, 71 M.S.P.R. 192, 198
(1996) (explaining that if a single charge has multiple specifications, an agency need
only prove one specification to sustain the charge).
10
  Most of the photos were of the appellant shirtless and flexing. IAF, Tab 8 at 136,
142-45.
                                                                                  11

engaged in that behavior in 2017, id. at 136, Tab 29 at 77-78.             ID at 13.
Nonetheless, the administrative judge found that, other than one midshipman,
M.D., no one who received the photos appeared particularly offended by them,
and that Midshipman M.D.’s claim that he was offended at receiving the photo
was “hard to believe.” ID at 13-14. Concluding that there was no misconduct,
the administrative judge did not sustain this specification. ID at 14. The agency
contests this analysis on review. PFR File, Tab 7 at 32.
      We find that, regardless of whether the appellant believed that sending
midshipmen shirtless photos of himself was appropriate, and regardless of
whether any recipients of those photos were actually offended, his actions still
amounted to conduct unbecoming. The record shows that, in the fall of 2015, the
agency gave the appellant a written and verbal counseling about this very same
behavior, notified him that it was inappropriate, required him to retake an
anti-harassment training course, and warned him against engaging in such
behavior in the future. IAF, Tab 8 at 159. The appellant acknowledged, at that
time, that sending such photos of himself to students could result in allegations of
impropriety, and he agreed to refrain from doing so in the future. Id. Yet 2 years
later, the appellant disregarded the agency’s warning and resumed emailing
midshipmen shirtless pictures of himself.       IAF, Tab 7 at 121, 132, Tab 8
at 142-45; HT at 55-56.(testimony of Professor K.L.), (testimony of Midshipman
M.D.). That the appellant claims a pedagogical purpose for this is immaterial; he
acted contrary to his supervisors’ clearly stated expectations, and on that basis, he
committed conduct unbecoming.

Specification (4) is sustained.
      In specification (4), the agency alleged that the appellant touched students
without their approval. IAF, Tab 7 at 79. The appellant touching students on
their shoulders, head, and neck in an unwanted, unnecessary, and unprofessional
manner was mentioned in several complaints, id. at 118, 129, 132, as well as in a
number of student interviews conducted by the panel, e.g., IAF, Tab 8 at 5, 13,
                                                                                    12

21, 41, 58, 66, 78.    In his email to the panel, the appellant did not deny the
touching, but stated that, because he “can read body language,” any such touching
was always welcome. Id. at 128.
       The administrative judge found that the appellant did touch students, but
there was no policy against it and no students were offended. The administrative
judge therefore found that there was no misconduct, and he did not sustain this
specification. ID at 14.
       On petition for review, the agency disputes the administrative judge’s
analysis and argues that it presented sufficient evidence for the Board to sustain
this specification. PFR, Tab 7 at 38, 41. We agree. The record shows that the
appellant, on one or two occasions, sat next to a student in class and rubbed his
back for approximately 15 seconds.          HT at 148-49 (testimony of Midshipman
A.B.). The appellant does not deny this behavior, IAF, Tab 7 at 106-07, and we
find that it was inappropriate on its face.        Furthermore, the student at issue
testified,   unsurprisingly,   that   the    appellant’s    actions   made   him   feel
uncomfortable. 11 HT at 148-49 (testimony of Midshipman A.B.). We agree with
the agency that this constituted conduct unbecoming.

Specification (6) is sustained.
       In specification (6), the agency alleged that the appellant repeatedly
mispronounced an Asian-American student’s name despite being corrected
several times.    IAF, Tab 7 at 79.     The student in question, Midshipman R.J.,
raised this matter in his complaint, stating that, “especially when angry,” the
appellant would call him different last names “which were common Asian last
names,” and that, when corrected, he “always brushed it off, . . . one time even
telling [the student] to ‘f*** off.’”       Id. at 133.    The student’s testimony was
consistent with his complaint.        HT at 154 (testimony of Midshipman R.J.).
Midshipman R.J. also testified that he believed that the appellant intentionally

11
   Although the student’s feelings about the appellant’s behavior are not dispositive,
they lend further support to our finding that it was inappropriate.
                                                                                13

called him the wrong name because he repeatedly mispronounced his name
despite several corrections, and that he viewed the mispronunciations as a “slap in
the face” given his status as a child of immigrant parents who came to the United
States with “literally nothing,” and given that a family name holds significant
honor in his culture. HT at 155-56 (testimony of Midshipman R.J.). During the
investigation, a number of other students remarked upon the appellant’s
mispronouncing of names, specifically Asian names. See, e.g., IAF, Tab 8 at 13,
46, 58, 62, 68, 70, 85. In his deposition, the appellant stated three times that he
did not “recollect” mispronouncing the student’s name, although he then denied
that it happened after being specifically asked whether he denied mispronouncing
the name.     IAF, Tab 28 at 78-79.      In his written reply to the panel, he
acknowledged that, while he tries to get names right, he “can’t always.”        He
denied making a “f*** you” comment, IAF, Tab 8 at 129, although that was not
specifically what Midshipman R.J. had claimed.
      In finding this specification not sustained, the administrative judge
questioned Midshipman R.J.’s credibility because, when he was interviewed by
the panel, he stated that he was unsure whether the mispronunciation was “done
on purpose,” and because, while he stated that the appellant used profanity in the
classroom, and that two or three times it was directed at him personally, he did
not mention the “f*** off” comment.         IAF, Tab 8 at 60; ID at 15.        The
administrative judge also found a lack of corroboration of this specification by
the rest of the class. ID at 15.
      On review, the agency argues that the administrative judge’s credibility
determination was not demeanor-based, and that it therefore should not be
afforded deference. PFR File, Tab 7 at 47. However, the Board has held that a
credibility determination made after an in-person hearing is at least implicitly
based on witness demeanor. Aldridge v. Department of Agriculture, 111 M.S.P.R.
670, ¶ 11 (2009). Such demeanor-based credibility determinations are entitled to
deference and may only be overturned when the Board has “sufficiently sound”
                                                                                   14

reasons for doing so. Haebe v. Department of Justice, 288 F.3d 1288, 1301 (Fed.
Cir. 2002).   There are sufficiently sound reasons in this case for us to find
Midshipman R.J. a credible witness notwithstanding the administrative judge’s
finding to the contrary. Midshipman R.J.’s testimony was consistent with his
complaint and supported by other students’ accounts as to the appellant’s
mispronouncing of students’ names.       Although Midshipman R.J. informed the
panel that it was “[h]ard to tell if it was done on purpose,” he nevertheless “felt it
was directed intentionall[y]” at him. IAF, Tab 8 at 60. As stated above, the
appellant elected not to testify at the hearing. See Scott v. Department of Justice,
69 M.S.P.R. 211, 229 (1995) (noting that, in weighing the evidence, that the
appellant did not explain why he did not testify under oath or provide a sworn
statement), aff’d, 99 F.3d 1160 (Fed. Cir. 1996). That the appellant did not recall
mispronouncing Midshipman R.J.’s name is not the same as denying that it
occurred. Hillen v. Department of the Army, 50 M.S.P.R. 293, 302 (1991). His
denial, in turn, occurred only after he had stated three times that he did not
“recollect” doing so, and only after he was specifically asked whether he denied
it. See Spurlock v. Department of Justice, 894 F.2d 1328, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 1990)
(holding that self-contradiction and imprecision detract from the weight to be
accorded the evidence upon which an administrative board bases its decision).
For these reasons, we find that Midshipman R.J.’s account is credible and that the
appellant engaged in conduct unbecoming as specified.

Specification (7) is sustained.
      In this specification, the agency alleged that the appellant made demeaning
sexually related comments about an adolescent girl attending a dance with his son
and similar offensive comments about the girl’s mother.           IAF, Tab 7 at 79.
Midshipman M.D. reported that the appellant said that the appellant called the
girl a “slut” who was “looking for something more,” and said that her short dress
suggested her sexual intentions. IAF, Tab 7 at 118. According to Midshipman
M.D., the appellant then showed the class a photo of the girl with his son, again
                                                                                15

focusing on the shortness of her dress, and also made fun of her mother’s physical
features, skirt length, clothing choices, and parental decision-making. Id. at 119.
Midshipman M.D.’s hearing testimony was in accord, HT at 100-01 (testimony of
Midshipman M.D.), as was the testimony of another student, HT at 158-59
(testimony of Midshipman J.R.). Two of the other students who filed complaints
also mentioned this incident, IAF, Tab 7 at 129, 131, as did a number of the
students who were interviewed by the panel. See, e.g., IAF, Tab 8 at 7, 11, 13,
15, 17, 21, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 41, 82. The appellant admitted to these actions
in his email to the panel. Id. at 128.
      Regarding this specification, the administrative judge found that there was
no prohibition against discussing either one’s family or sexual topics, and that
because there was no misconduct, the specification was not sustained. ID at 15.
We disagree with the administrative judge’s reasoning.
      There is no dispute that the appellant made the comments in question. IAF,
Tab 7 at 107-08; ID at 15. An agency is not required to describe in detail all
potentially prohibited employee conduct and the resulting discipline. Rather, an
agency may reasonably require its employees to exercise good judgment,
notwithstanding a lack of literal guidance from an agency rule, regulation, or
other statement of policy. Byers v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 89 M.S.P.R.
655, ¶ 24 (2001). Here, given the Academy’s commitment to the principles of
dignity and respect, the appellant should have known that his actions would be
considered inappropriate and could constitute actionable misconduct.             In
particular, the appellant should have known that making demeaning sexual
comments about an adolescent would constitute conduct unbecoming a Federal
employee. This specification is sustained.
                                                                                    16

The agency’s charge is sustained.
      Because we have found all of the specifications sustained, the charge of
Conduct    Unbecoming     is   sustained. 12    See   Johnson    v.   Small    Business
Administration, 97 M.S.P.R. 571, ¶¶ 24-25 (2004).

The agency has established a nexus between the sustained misconduct and the
efficiency of the service.
      In addition to the requirement that an agency must prove the charge it has
brought against the appellant, it must also prove that there is a nexus, i.e., a clear
and direct relationship between the articulated grounds for the adverse action and
either the appellant’s ability to accomplish his duties satisfactorily or some other
legitimate government interest.     Canada v. Department of Homeland Security,
113 M.S.P.R. 509, ¶ 10 (2010). Here, the charge bears on the Academy’s mission
of preparing midshipmen morally, mentally, and physically to fulfill their
leadership role in the Navy and Marine Corps, and of the importance of training
midshipmen to treat others with dignity and respect and to build trust between
these future leaders and their subordinates, who will be asked to follow their
commands.     HT at 9-10 (testimony of Commandant).           Every member of the
Academy, including civilian faculty like the appellant, is expected to act in a
manner that reflects the core values and principles being taught.             HT at 11
(testimony of the Commandant).           We therefore find that the agency has
established a nexus between the sustained misconduct and the efficiency of the
service. See Canada, 113 M.S.P.R. 509, ¶ 11 (finding nexus, based on conduct
adversely affecting the agency’s mission, when the appellants, who were first-line

12
   As noted, the administrative judge found that the appellant did not establish his
claims that, in taking this action, the agency retaliated against him for engaging in
whistleblowing, violated his First Amendment rights, and committed harmful
procedural error. ID at 16-18. The appellant has not filed a petition for review
challenging the administrative judge’s findings not sustaining any of these affirmative
defenses. Therefore, and because, based on our review, we determine the findings to be
well supported, we will not disturb them. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.115 (providing that the
Board normally will consider only issues raised in a timely filed petition or cross
petition for review).
                                                                               17

supervisors, oversaw a young and impressionable workforce of junior employees
who looked to the appellants for guidance and direction).

The agency has shown that removal is a reasonable penalty for the sustained
misconduct.
      When, as here, all of an agency’s charges are sustained, the Board will
review the agency-imposed penalty only to determine if the agency considered all
the relevant factors and exercised management discretion within the tolerable
limits of reasonableness. In making this determination, the Board must give due
weight to the agency’s primary discretion in maintaining employee discipline and
efficiency, recognizing that the Board’s function is not to displace management’s
responsibility, but to ensure that management’s judgment has been properly
exercised. Powell v. U.S. Postal Service, 122 M.S.P.R. 60, ¶ 12 (2014).
      Here, in arriving at his decision to affirm the appellant’s removal, the
deciding official considered the factors set forth by the Board in Douglas v.
Veterans Administration, 5 M.S.P.R. 280, 305-06 (1981), as appropriate in
making a penalty determination. IAF, Tab 7 at 21-24. In so doing, he concurred
in the analysis of the Douglas factors made by the proposing official.         Id.
at 79-83. The most important of these factors is the nature and seriousness of the
offense.    Boo v. Department of Homeland Security, 122 M.S.P.R 100, ¶ 18
(2014).    Regarding this factor, the deciding official found that the appellant’s
misconduct was intentional and repeated, and that it occurred both in the
classroom and in emails to students.      IAF, Tab 7 at 21.    In considering the
appellant’s job level and type of employment, the deciding official found that, as
a senior faculty member and instructor of future Navy and Marine Corps leaders,
the appellant’s conduct fell short of the requirement that he establish and
maintain a classroom environment that respects the dignity of the individual and
develops an appreciation for an appropriate superior-subordinate relationship. Id.
at 22. The deciding official also considered that, since 2013, the appellant was
formally counseled twice and received a letter of reprimand regarding his
                                                                                     18

unprofessional behavior. Id. The deciding official noted that the appellant had
been formally counseled against sending partially clothed photos of himself to
students, yet repeated this conduct. Id. at 23. Based on the appellant’s insistence
that his actions were proper and that he is entitled to continue such behavior, the
deciding official indicated that, in his view, the appellant lacks rehabilitative
potential, stating that he lacks confidence that the appellant will perform at a
satisfactory level in the future and change his behavior.          Id. at 23-24.    The
deciding official also stated that removal is within the range of remedies in the
agency’s table of penalties for a similar offense of inappropriate conduct.          Id.
at 24.     The deciding official considered mitigating factors, including the
appellant’s lengthy service as a faculty member, his satisfactory official
performance ratings, and his receipt of performance awards in the 1990s.             Id.
at 22. Despite these factors, the administrative judge concluded that removal was
the appropriate penalty. Id. at 20. Apart from a pro forma statement in his initial
appeal form, IAF, Tab 1 at 6, the appellant has not contested the agency’s penalty
determination.
         Based on our review, we find that the deciding official carefully considered
the appropriate Douglas factors, and we agree that removal is within the
parameters of reasonableness for the sustained charge. We therefore defer to the
agency’s penalty determination.

                          NOTICE OF APPEAL RIGHTS 13
         You may obtain review of this final decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(a)(1). By
statute, the nature of your claims determines the time limit for seeking such
review and the appropriate forum with which to file.            5 U.S.C. § 7703(b).
Although we offer the following summary of available appeal rights, the Merit
Systems Protection Board does not provide legal advice on which option is most

13
  Since the issuance of the initial decision in this matter, the Board may have updated
the notice of review rights included in final decisions. As indicated in the notice, the
Board cannot advise which option is most appropriate in any matter.
                                                                                      19

appropriate for your situation and the rights described below do not represent a
statement of how courts will rule regarding which cases fall within their
jurisdiction.   If you wish to seek review of this final decision, you should
immediately review the law applicable to your claims and carefully follow all
filing time limits and requirements. Failure to file within the applicable time
limit may result in the dismissal of your case by your chosen forum.
      Please read carefully each of the three main possible choices of review
below to decide which one applies to your particular case. If you have questions
about whether a particular forum is the appropriate one to review your case, you
should contact that forum for more information.

      (1) Judicial review in general . As a general rule, an appellant seeking
judicial review of a final Board order must file a petition for review with the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which must be received by the court
within 60 calendar days of the date of issuance of this decision.               5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(A).

      If you submit a petition for review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal   Circuit,   you   must   submit   your   petition   to   the   court    at   the
following address:
                              U.S. Court of Appeals
                              for the Federal Circuit
                             717 Madison Place, N.W.
                             Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
                                                                                   20

http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.

      (2) Judicial   or   EEOC     review   of   cases     involving   a   claim   of
discrimination . This option applies to you only if you have claimed that you
were affected by an action that is appealable to the Board and that such action
was based, in whole or in part, on unlawful discrimination. If so, you may obtain
judicial review of this decision—including a disposition of your discrimination
claims —by filing a civil action with an appropriate U.S. district court ( not the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), within 30 calendar days after you
receive this decision.     5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2); see Perry v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 582 U.S. 420 (2017). If you have a representative in this case,
and your representative receives this decision before you do, then you must file
with the district court no later than 30 calendar days after your representative
receives this decision. If the action involves a claim of discrimination based on
race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling condition, you may be
entitled to representation by a court-appointed lawyer and to waiver of any
requirement of prepayment of fees, costs, or other security.           See 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-5(f) and 29 U.S.C. § 794a.
      Contact information for U.S. district courts can be found at their respective
websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx .
      Alternatively, you may request review by the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) of your discrimination claims only, excluding
all other issues . 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). You must file any such request with the
EEOC’s Office of Federal Operations within 30 calendar days after you receive
this decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). If you have a representative in this case,
                                                                                     21

and your representative receives this decision before you do, then you must file
with the EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after your representative receives
this decision.
      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC by regular U.S. mail, the
address of the EEOC is:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                  P.O. Box 77960
                             Washington, D.C. 20013

      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC via commercial delivery or
by a method requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                 131 M Street, N.E.
                                   Suite 5SW12G
                             Washington, D.C. 20507

      (3) Judicial     review   pursuant     to   the    Whistleblower      Protection
Enhancement Act of 2012 . This option applies to you only if you have raised
claims of reprisal for whistleblowing disclosures under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or
other protected activities listed in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D).
If so, and your judicial petition for review “raises no challenge to the Board’s
disposition of allegations of a prohibited personnel practice described in
section 2302(b) other than practices described in section 2302(b)(8), or 2302(b)
(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D),” then you may file a petition for judicial review either
with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or any court of appeals of
competent jurisdiction. 14   The court of appeals must receive your petition for

14
   The original statutory provision that provided for judicial review of certain
whistleblower claims by any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction expired on
December 27, 2017. The All Circuit Review Act, signed into law by the President on
July 7, 2018, permanently allows appellants to file petitions for judicial review of
MSPB decisions in certain whistleblower reprisal cases with the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit or any other circuit court of appeals of competent jurisdiction.
The All Circuit Review Act is retroactive to November 26, 2017. Pub. L. No. 115-195,
                                                                                22

review within 60 days of the date of issuance of this decision.           5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(B).
      If you submit a petition for judicial review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit, you must submit your petition to the court at the
following address:
                             U.S. Court of Appeals
                             for the Federal Circuit
                            717 Madison Place, N.W.
                            Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.

132 Stat. 1510.
                                                                       23

      Contact information for the courts of appeals can be found at their
respective websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx .

FOR THE BOARD:                       ______________________________
                                     Jennifer Everling
                                     Acting Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.