Court Opinion

ID: 4930233
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-24 01:06:29.858322+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:14:26.774260
License: Public Domain

Cutting, J.,
dissented, and gave the following opinion : —
This action is attempted to be sustained upon the alleged contract of warranty in the sale of a horse, tried on the general issue, and specifications of defence under the ninth rule of this Court, which requires the party to be confined to the grounds of defence therein set forth. “And all matters and things, set forth in the declaration, which are not specifically denied, shall be regarded as admitted for the purposes of the trial.” The specifications filed, deny “all such promises, undertakings or engagements, as are set forth in the plaintiff’s declaration.” And while the plaintiff admits that the promise is specifically denied, at the same time, he contends that the breach is otherwise. But, that the greater includes the less, is a maxim of law, as well as an axiom in geometry; and after the defendant had denied any warranty, it would seem to have been not only superfluous, but an exhibition of bad taste in pleading, to deny a breach of a non-existing or controverted contract. Such further denial would have assimi*274lated into the inconsistent positions taken in a certain traditional defence, so often recited by junior members of the bar.
The question, made at the . trial, was principally as to the legal effect of the testimony submitted, which was derived entirely from the confessions of the parties as to the terms of the contract; the defendant admitting that he “ sold the horse for a sound horse,” and the plaintiff, that “the horse was not warranted to him.” In order to reconcile this evidence, the jury might very reasonably come to the conclusion, that the admission of both parties referred to the same time, and were made in the same connection. The contract, then, in relation to the warranty, would be this: — “I sell you the horse for a sound horse, but I will not warrant him.” As to the fact, whether such words were spoken at the time of the sale, or not, was a question of fact submitted to the jury. But if found in the affirmative, the jury could not render a general verdict without instructions as to the legal import of such language; and it was the duty of the Judge thus hypothetically to instruct them , otherwise, their finding must have been special, leaving the conclusions of law to be drawn subsequently by the Court, which is not usual in practice, although either mode might lead to the same result. The one form or the other must be adopted, or questions of law, as well as matters of fact, must, from necessity, be submitted to the jury. The instructions, in this respect, were in exact conformity to the law, as laid down by the Court in Rice v. Dwight Manufacturing Co., 2 Cush. 80, where Eorbes, J., in delivering the opinion, remarks: — “It was, no doubt, the province of the jury to decide all questions of fact; but it was the duty of the Court to instruct the jury, hypothetically, that if a particular fact or combination of facts was proved, certain legal consequences would follow. The language used by the parties while contracting, may be proved, and when proved, it is to be taken in its usual and ordinary acceptation; and however difficult it may be, and frequently is, to put a just construction upon it, still that duty devolves upon the Court. The jury *275are to find whether or not the language was used; the Court are to instruct the jury as to its legal effect, if used.”
The mode of the instructions, therefore, being in accordance with both usage and authority, the remaining question, and the one principally relied upon, is, were the instructions legally correct as applicable to the contract as found by the jury; or, in other words, if a person sells a thing as sound, but will not warrant it as such, is he notwithstanding a warrantor ? And this very proposition shows the correctness of my conclusion upon the former point. For, if eminent counsel disagree as to the force and effect of language, how can it be presumed that the jury, without instructions in matters of law, could come to a correct legal result ? Suppose the Judge had said to the jury, “if, from the testimony, gentlemen, you should find a warranty, you may then proceed to consider,” &c. Such a charge would have presented to the jury the same question of law that is now presented to us.
This case differs from those cited by the plaintiff’s counsel in some important particulars. Here there was no evidence offered, that defendant knew at the time of the sale, that the horse was unsound, or that the parties relied upon any representation as a warranty.
In Hillman v. Wilcox, 30 Maine, 170, the Court say: — “If the defendant represented his oxen to be sound, when he knew they were not, and the parties relied upon the representation as a warranty, he would undoubtedly be liable to an action ex delicto, for the deceit. The plaintiff might elect to sue him in assumpsit or case, if the representations were intended as a warranty.”
In Wood v. Smith, 4 C. & P. 45, the allegation was, that the defendant said the mare was sound to the best of his knowledge, and the proof was, that she was not sound, and the defendant knew it.
In Hastings v. Lovering, 2 Pick. 214, it is decided, that a representation amounts to a warranty, when it is so intended by the parties. Here there could have been no such intention, for the language used wholly negatives such a conclusion. I think, therefore, that the exceptions should be overruled.