Court Opinion

ID: 4413573
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-03 14:00:05.766235+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:20.916672
License: Public Domain

ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeal of --                                  )
                                              )
Manhattan Hunt A Joint Venture                )       ASBCA No. 61477
                                              )
                                              )
Under Contract No. N40080-13-C-0151           )

APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT:                        Joseph A. McManus, Jr., Esq.
                                                      Daniel K. Felsen Esq.
                                                      David J. Butzer Esq.
                                                       McManus & F elsen LLP
                                                       Washington, DC

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                       Craig D. Jensen, Esq.
                                                       Navy Chief Trial Attorney
                                                      Nicole R. Best, Esq.
                                                       Trial Attorney

    OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE CLARKE ON THE GOVERNMENT'S
               MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT

        The government (Navy), seeks partial summary judgment enforcing its
interpretation of language relating to work on privatized wet utilities 1 owned by Terrapin
Utility Services, Inc. (TUSI), on Joint Base Andrews, Maryland. We have jurisdiction
pursuant to the Contract Disputes Act of 1978 (CDA), 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109. We
grant partial summary judgment and deny that portion of Manhattan Hunt A Joint
Venture's (MHJV), appeal challenging the Navy's interpretation. MHJV's appeal
relating to mistake and reformation is unaffected and remains before the Board.

        STATEMENT OF FACT (SOF) FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE MOTION

Solicitation No. N40080-12-R-0153 & Pre-Proposal Conference

       1. On May 18, 2012, the Department of the Navy issued Solicitation
No. N40080-12-R-0153 (R4, tab 1). The project was described as construction of a
344,554 square foot Ambulatory Care Center (ACC) and a 23,612 square foot Dental
Clinic at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland (id. at 4, 53 2). The price schedule listed two
contract line item numbers (CLIN) OOOla-q (ACC) and 0002a-e (Dental Clinic).

1
    "Wet" utilities refer to water and sewage.
2
    The page numbers refer to the PDF page numbers.

                                                                                              I
                                                                                              t
                                                                                              I
CLIN 0001a read, "All work in accordance with drawings and specifications,
excluding work indicated in items 0001b thru OOOlq." (R4 tab 1 at 53) CLIN 0002a
read, "All work in accordance with the drawings and specifications, excluding work
indicated in items 0002b thru 0002e" (R4, tab 1 at 56). Each CLIN had sub-CLINs
and options (id. at 53-59). CLINs 0001b to OOOlq provide unit pricing for concrete
foundation demolition, lead abatement, asbestos abatement, PCB/Mercury abatement,
shaft length, drilled concrete shaft test, steel casing, proof test hole, and removal of
hydrocarbons (id. at 53-55). CLINs 0002b to 0002e provide unit pricing for shaft
length, drilled concrete shaft test, steel casing, and proof test hole (id. at 56).

        2. A pre-proposal conference was held on June 15, 2012 (R4, tab 5 at 69). The
sign-in sheets indicate that Mr. Ben Pina and Mr. Jerry Eubank ofMHJV attended
(id. at 71, 74). Part of the slide presentation included "SPECIAL ISSUES: 10.
Terrapin Existing Wet Utilities, Inspection and Tie In" (id. at 120).

Solicitation Amendment No. 0004

       3. Solicitation Amendment No. 0004 was signed3 and issued on June 21, 2012
(R4, tab 5). The description of one of the changes read:

              3. Incorporate execution requirements associated with
                 privatized wet utilities.

                     a. Terrapin Utility Services, Inc. (TUSI) has
                        exclusive rights to work on all existing wet
                        utilities. Any new facilities/systems expected to
                        connect to existing wet utilities must be
                        coordinated with TUSI. In no event shall the
                        contractor cap, connect to or otherwise touch
                        TUSI's infrastructure with [sic 4 ] TUSI's express
                        written permission. Please refer to Air Force
                        Memorandum dated October 24, 2008, titled
                        "MEMORANDUM FOR 316 CEP, 316 CEA,
                        AND ALL CONSTRUCTION AGENTS"
                        (Attachment 1) regarding requirements associated
                        with the execution of new work.

(R4, tab 5 at 2) The referenced Memorandum read:

3
  The June 21, 2012, is in Block I6C DATE SIGNED but no actual signature is on the
       form. The same is true of all the 11 amendments in R4, tabs 2-12.
4
  This clearly should have been "without." MHJV objected to the addition of
       "with[out]" by the government in its brief. (App. opp'n at 3)
                                            2
             1. Andrews AFB' s water distribution and wastewater
             collection system are owned and operated by Terrapin
             Utility Services, Inc (TUSI). Any new facilities/system
             components expected to connect to TUSI' s systems, and
             any modifications of or connections to the existing systems
             identified in the specifications and drawings, must be
             coordinated with TUSI prior to the contract start date. The
             contract language provided as attachment is provide[ d] for
             your immediate use on all future contracts to ensure
             appropriate coordination and relationships between TUSI
             and project designers and construction contractors.

             Attachment - Wet Utility Contract Language

(R4, tab 5 at 10) The wet utility contract language attachment to the memorandum
read:

             Andrews AFB' s water distribution and wastewater
             collection systems are owned and operated by Terrapin
             Utility Services, Inc (TUSI). Any new facilities/system
             components expected to connect to TUSI's systems and
             any modifications of or connections to the existing systems
             identified in the specifications and drawings, must be
             coordinated with TUSI prior to the contract start date. In
             no event shall Contractor cap, connect to, or otherwise
             touch TUSI's infrastructure without TUSI's express
             written permission.

             The Contractor should obtain connecting facilities from
             TUSI via a connection charge in accordance with standard
             utility practice. However, if the Contractor constructs
             the connecting facilities, either themselves or via a
             sub-contractor, then the Contractor must utilize TUSI for
             inspection services and must arrange for TUSI to complete
             the "tie in" of the newly constructed facilities to TUSI' s
             system. Inspection fee prices will be based off of the utility
             construction cost. The Contractor will be responsible for
             payment of any inspection and tie in fees and should include
             this in their price proposal.... TUSI must review and approve
             all wet utility designs before construction start. Design

                                          3
              review will be for a payment based off of the wet utility
              construction cost.

(R4, tab 5 at 11)

       4. Solicitation Amendment No. 0004 added Sub-CLINs OOOlr and 0002f to the
price schedule:

 ITEM NO      DESCRIPTION                                             PRICE
   0001a      All work in accordance with drawings and
              specifications, excluding work indicated in
              items 0001 b thru 0001 r
   OOOlr      All wet utility work to be performed by
              Terrapin Utility Services, Inc. (TUSI),
              which includes wet utilities to be removed
              and/or relocated, tie-ins, inspection of all
              wet utility construction and engineering
              design review of the construction
              documents                                                   TBD
   0002a      All work in accordance with drawings and
              specifications, excluding work indicated in
              items 0002b thru 0002f
   0002f      All wet utility work to be performed by
              Terrapin Utility Services, Inc. (TUSI),
              which includes wet utilities to be removed
              and/or relocated, tie-ins, inspection of all
              wet utility construction and engineering
              design review of the construction
              documents                                                   TBD

(R4, tab 5 at 58, 60-62) CLINs 0001b to OOOlq and 0002b to 0002e remained the
same as in the original solicitation (id. at 5 8-61 ).

        5. Amendment No. 0004 also included drawings for the ACC and Dental
Clinic. One set of drawings are identified as "demolition" drawings and have drawing
numbers starting with "CD." (R4, tab 5 at 12-14, 18-43, 55-57) The demolition
drawings include color coded lines indicating utilities "to remain," "to be abandoned,"
or "[to] remove" (id.). The demolition drawings each contain the note: "WATER
AND SANITARY SEWER LINES AND STRUCTURES SHOWN TO BE
REMOVED SHALL BE REMOVED BY TERRAPIN UTILITY SERVICES, INC.
AT CONTRACTOR'S EXPENSE" (id.).

                                           4

                                                                                          I
       6. Another set of drawings are identified as "layout and utility plan" for the ACC
and Dental Clinic, and have drawing numbers starting with "CS." Some of the layout
drawings have the note: "CONNECTION TO EXISTING WATER LINES SHALL BE
BY TERRAPIN UTILITY SERVICES INC. AT CONTRACTOR'S EXPENSE." One
layout drawings has the note: "PROVIDE WATER AND SANITARY UTILITIES IN
ACCORDANCE WITH TERRAPIN UTILITY SERVICES, INC. (TUSI) STANDARDS
AND DETAILS. PROVIDE TUSI WITH CONNECTION AND INSPECTION FEES
FOR THIS PROJECT." (R4, tab 5 at 16) Other layout drawings have no notes relevant
to our decision (R4, tab 5 at 15-17, 44-52).

      7. MHJV submitted its proposal on October 9, 2012 (R4, tab 13). All CLINs
were priced except OOOlr and 0002fthat remained "TBD" (R4, tab 13 at 1, 6, 8).

Contract No. N40080-13-C-0151

       8. Contract No. N40080-13-C-0151 (Contract 0151), was awarded to Manhattan
Hunt on October 29, 2012,in the amount of $148,371,366.00 (R4, tab 14 at 1, 2, tab 14a).
The price for CLINs lr and 2f remained "TBD" (R4, tab 14 at 21, 23). Contract No. 0151
incorporated solicitation Amendment No. 0004 into the awarded contract (id. at 5).

       9. Contract Specification Section 01 45 00.00 20 addresses Quality Control for
the ACC and Dental Clinic (R4, tab 24 at 379, tab 26 at 243). Subsection 1.12
specifically details testing specifications. Subsection 1.12.5 is entitled "Site Water and
Wastewater Utilities Overview." It states: "'Terrapin Utilities Services, Inc.
(TUSI) ... shall provide overview of all testing, inspections, connection, demolition and
engineering for all site water utilities Work. Payment for TUSI' s services shall be
paid by the Contractor." (R4, tab 24 at 390, tab 26 at 254)

10. Contract Specification Section 33 11 00 addresses "Water Distribution" for the
ACC and Dental Clinic (R4, tab 25 at 1009, tab 27 at 307). Part 3 of the Specification
relates to execution of the work, including installation of pipelines, field quality
control, clean up and construction waste management. Subsection 3.1.1.4 of the
installation of pipelines section is entitled "Connections to Existing Water Lines" and
states:

              Contact Terrapin Utility Services, Inc. (TUSI) to make
              connections to existing water lines after approval is
              obtained and with a minimum interruption of service on
              the existing line. TUSI to make connections to existing
              lines under pressure in accordance with the recommended
              procedures of the manufacturer of the pipe being tapped.

(Supp. R4, tab 25 at 1014, tab 27 at 312)

                                            5
Change Order Request No. 0001

       11. By letter dated January 5, 2013, MHJV submitted Change Order Request
No. 0001 proposing a price for the cost of the work to be associated with CLINs OOOlr
and 0002f (R4, tab 15). The proposal quoted $5,986,375.44 for construction of new
wet utilities by MHJV with TUSI inspection and engineering (id. at 1, 2). Option A
quoted $5,527,234.41 for TUSI to perform all of the wet utility work (id. at 1, 3).

12. The contracting officer (CO) responded to MHJV Change Order No. 0001 by
letter dated January 11, 2013. The letter stated, in part:

               [Y]our proposal contains costs for new wet utility work
               and work on existing wet utilities.

               As discussed in the project progress meeting on January 8,
               2013, amendment 0004 clearly outlines the work to be
               priced "TBD" for bid items 000 Ir and 0002f of the
               contract price schedule.

               [T]hese bid items both listed a cost of "TBD" since the
               work required to be performed by TUSI was to be
               negotiated between the successful offeror and TUSI, and
               priced following contract award.

               All costs associated with new wet utility work are part of
               bid items 0001a and 0002a and should have been included
               in MHJVs final price revisions of October 8, 2012. Cost
               "TBD" under bid items 000Ir and 0002fwill be issued as a
               contract modification to cover costs associated with work
               on existing utilities which can only be performed by TUSI
               and as defined in amendment 0004.

               It is requested that MHJV's January 5, 2013 proposal be
               resubmitted reflecting only costs associated with work that
               must be performed by TUSI in accordance with
               amendment 0004.

(R4, tab 16)

                                            6
      13. By letter dated January 28, 2013, MHJV submitted a proposal for
$6,106,953.00 to have TUSI perform all wet utility work with pipe removal by MHJV
pursuant to CLINs 000 lr and 0002f (R4, tab 28).

14. By letter dated February 25, 2013, the Navy sent MHJV Modification No. A00003
for signature (R4, tab 17). The transmittal letter read:

                Enclosed is modification A00003 for your review and
                signature. The enclosed modification includes all work
                that can only be performed by Terrapin Utility Services,
                Inc.

                The Navy's position remains that all costs associated with
                wet utility work not included in modification A00003 are
                part of bid items 0001a and 0002a and were included in
                MHJV's final price revisions of October 8, 2012.

                The Navy acknowledges that MHJV disagrees with the
                Navy's position. It is not the Navy's intent to prevent
                MHJV from pursuing relief under the Disputes clause
                (FAR 52.233-1) by agreeing to modification A00003.

(R4, tab 17)

       15. The parties signed Modification No. A00003 on February 25 and 26 2013,
with an effective date of February 22, 2013 (R4, tab 18 at 1). Modification No. A00003
provides 5 :

                 a) The purpose of this modification is to award items
                    OOOlr and 0002f, for wet utility work to be performed
                    by Terrapin Utility Services, Inc., which includes,
                    temporary wet utility services, existing wet utilities to
                    be removed and/or relocated, tie-ins, inspection of all
                    wet utility construction and engineering design
                    review of the construction documents. Items are
                    priced as follows:

                         1. P8000 Ambulatory Care Center, item 0001 r in
                                                                                          I
                            the amount of $1,374,000.00

5
    Modification No. A00003 also contains accord and satisfaction language, but in view
        of the transmittal letter's language it is not relevant.
                                             7

                                                                                          I
I

                            2. P80001 Dental Clinic, item 0002f in the
                               amount of $371,000.00

                    b) The contract amount has been increased by
                       $1,691,000.00[ 6] from $214,801,112.00 to
                       $216,492,112.00.

    (R4, tab 18 at 2)

             16. On January 28, 2013, MHJV sent the Navy its proposal for utility work
    performed by TUSI and pipe removal by MHJV. MHJV stated it intended to award
    "all wet utilities" work to TUSI. (R4, tab 15 at 1) On March 12, 2013, MHJV signed
    a contract with TUSI to provide engineering review and oversight, construction
    inspection of all wet utility construction, removal of existing wet utilities, new water
    and sewer connections, and temporary water and sewer connections to modular
    buildings in the amount of $916,985. Construction of the new water and sewer
    utilities was an optional item. 7 (R4, tab 29 at 2, 3, 30)

           17. By letter dated October 11, 2013, MHJV submitted Change Order Request
    No. 0002 relating to "New Wet Utilities per CLIN #OOlr & 002f' proposing an
    additional cost of $2,094,229.00 (R4, tab 19). By letter dated January 9, 2014, the
    contracting officer advised MHJV that his office would take no further action on
    MHJV's proposal (R4, tab 20).

    18. MHJV submitted a certified claim to the contracting officer, dated July 11, 2017. 8
    The claim sought $1,802,083 for costs associated with new wet utility work performed
    by TUSI during the Project. MHJV's claim stated, in part:

                  [O]ur request is based on the understanding that all wet
                  utility work was to be performed by Terrapin Utility
                  Services, Inc. ("TUSI") in accordance with the Bid Form
                  and the supporting contract documents.

    6
      We cannot explain this number because the sum of $1,374,000.00 and $371,000.00 is
           $1,745,000 but these amounts are not relevant to our decision.
    7
      MHJV stated in its brief that it did in fact subcontract with TUSI for all wet utility
           work (app. opp'n at 5 ,-i 10).
    8 The Navy requested that MHJV correct the claim certification. MHJV resubmitted

           the claim with a corrected certification on January 15, 2018 (R4 tab 23 at 1).
                                                8
                   [I]n this REA, MHJV seeks payment for the costs of all
                   wet utilities as the cost of that work was expressly
                   excluded from its bid price.

                   IV. The Government should reform the contract
                   pursuant to FAR§ 14-407-4(b).

                   To exercise this option, the agency must process the
                   request under the procedures of Subpart 33.2 relating to the
                   Contract Disputes Act, and following criteria. First, under
                   Section 14.407(c) [sic 9], the agency determination "may be
                   made only on the basis of clear and convincing evidence
                   that a mistake in bid was made.["] This mistake may be
                   mutual, but if it was unilateral, it must have been "so
                   apparent as to have charged the contracting officer with
                   notice of the probability of the mistake," FAR§
                   14.407[-4 ]( C)(2).

                   In this case, the Government was aware of the error two
                   days before contract award, in which the Contracting
                   Officer asked whether the bid included Wet Utilities that
                   MHJV was allowed to perform, and the response was that
                   "All" Wet Utilities were excluded as "TBD" in the bid
                   documents. The contract was awarded following the
                   conversation, without further inquiry, on October 29, 2012.

    (R4, tab 21 at 1-2, 8-9)

            19. On October 23, 2017, the Navy issued a CO's Final Decision denying
    MHJV' s claim. The final decision denied MHJV' s claim "in its entirety," but did not
    directly address MHJV's mistake/reformation argument. (R4, tab 22) On January 9,
    2018, MHJV filed a notice of appeal with the ASBCA. On January 10, 2018, the
    ASBCA docketed the appeal as ASBCA No. 61477.

    9
        This should be FAR 14.407-4(c).
                                                9
I
l
                                      DECISION

Legal Standard for Summary Judgment

        We evaluate a motion for summary judgment under the well-settled standard:
Summary judgment is properly granted only where there is no genuine issue of material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. "The moving party bears
the burden of establishing the absence of any genuine issue of material fact and all
significant doubt over factual issues must be resolved in favor of the party opposing
summary judgment." Mingus Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 812 F.2d 1387, 1390
(Fed. Cir. 1987) ( citations omitted). In the course of the Board's evaluation of a motion
for summary judgment, our role is not "'to weigh the evidence and determine the truth
of the matter' but rather to ascertain whether material facts are disputed and whether
there exists any genuine issue for trial." Holmes & Narver Constructors, Inc., ASBCA
Nos. 52429, 52551, 02-1 BCA ,i 31,849 at 157,393 ( quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
Inc., 477 U.S. 242,249 (1986)). A material fact is one which may make a difference in
the outcome of the case. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248. The opposing party must
assert facts sufficient to show a dispute as to a material fact of an element of the
argument. New Iraq Ahd Co., ASBCA No. 59304, 15-1 BCA ,r 35,849 at 175,291-92
(citing Mingus, 812 F.2d at 1390-91) ("To ward off summary judgment, the non-moving
party must do more than make mere allegations; it must assert facts sufficient to show a
dispute of material fact."); see Lee's Ford Dock. Inc., ASBCA No. 59041, 16-1 BCA ,i
36,298 at 177,010. If the motion for summary judgment involves contract interpretation,
we cannot grant summary judgment if the language is ambiguous and requires the
weighing of extrinsic evidence. Classic Site Solutions, Inc., ASBCA No. 58375, 14-1
BCA ,i 35,664 at 174,578 ("A motion for summary judgment based on contract
interpretation may only be granted if there is no ambiguity requiring reliance on
extrinsic evidence.").

No Disputed Material Facts

        Each party commented on the other's statement of undisputed material facts
(SUMF). In its briefMHJV comments on the Navy's SUMF paragraphs 2, 9, 14, 16,
19, 20-21, and 31. (App. opp'n at 3-4) We hold that the paragraphs not listed are
undisputed. Of the listed paragraphs, MHJV does not dispute 2, and 9. The remaining
listed paragraphs "dispute" the accuracy of quotes (14, 16) and the Navy's
"interpretation." (Id. at 3-4) Therefore, MHJV does not dispute material facts in the
Navy's SUMF. The Navy responded to each ofMHJV's comments and concludes no
disputed material facts that would prevent a decision on its motion exist. (Gov't reply
br., ex. 2) We agree; none of MHJV' s comments constitute disputed material facts
that would preclude a decision.

                                           10
                                                                                             I
                                                                                             I
      Attached to the Navy's reply brief is a table listing the Navy's response to
MHJV's "Additional Material Facts" paragraphs 1 to 17 (app. opp'n at 4-6). The
Navy agrees with paragraphs 1-7, 9-11, 14-17. We agree with the Navy that its
concerns about paragraphs 8, 12-13 do not constitute disputed material facts.

Positions of the Parties

        The Navy contends that "CLINs OOOlr and 0002f and the other wet utility
 provisions in the contract" clearly and unambiguously identify "specific categories of
 wet utility work to be performed by Terrapin" on existing wet utilities owned and
 operated by Terrapin. The Navy contends that these CLINs cannot be interpreted to
_require Terrapin to construct the new wet utilities. (Gov't mot. at 2, 13-14)

      In its opposition brief, MHJV presents three issues. The first involves the
language of CLINs OOOlr and 0002f. These two CLINS both read:

                All wet utility work to be performed by Terrapin Utility
                Services, Inc. (TUSI), which includes wet utilities to be
                removed and/or relocated, tie-ins, inspection of all wet
                utility construction and engineering design review of the
                construction documents

(SOF 4) MHJV focuses on the word "includes" and argues that its use means that the
work listed is not exclusive. According to MHJV this supports its interpretation that
all wet utility work is included in CLINs OOOlr and 0002f. 10 (App. opp'n at 1, 10-12)
Next, MHJV argues that the language of CLINs OOOlr and 0002f is ambiguous
requiring the consideration of extrinsic evidence of the drafter's intent behind the
language (id. at 1, 15-16). In the same vein, MHJV argues that its interpretation is
reasonable creating two reasonable interpretations and therefore a legal ambiguity (id.
at 2, 23-25). MHJV adds various other arguments including the Navy's interpretation
and interrogatory responses create disputed facts (id. at 17-19), the Navy reads
"relocation" out and "required" into the CLINs (id. at 20-21), and mistake/reformation
(id. at 25-26) among others.

       In its response to MHJV's brief, the Navy first reiterates its position that the
language of Amendment No. 0004, read in conjunction with other language in the
contract and drawings, is clear and unambiguous and that MHJV is "not excused"
from reading the contract as a whole (gov't reply br. at 4-8). Next the Navy states that
                                                                                             I
10
     We know that MHJV attended the pre-proposal conference on June 15, 2012 where
        one slide identified "Terrapin Existing Wet Utilities, Inspection and Tie-In" as a
        "SPECIAL ISSUE," (SOF 2) but there are no minutes or testimony in the
        record establishing what, if anything, was discussed.
                                             11
its interpretation does not rely on extrinsic evidence to support the Navy's intent
argument (id. at 8-13). Next the Navy addresses MHJV's focus on the word
"includes" in CLIN's OOOlr and 0002f and distinguishes the case law cited by MHJV
(id. at 15-19). It also discusses the role of the price schedule in interpreting the CLINs
(id. at 20-21). Next the Navy contends that MHJV's interpretation is not reasonable
because it fails to read the CLIN' s in context of the entire contract (id. at 21-24). The
Navy devotes an additional eight pages addressing various other arguments in MHJV's
brief (id. at 25-32). Finally the Navy argues that MHN's mistake in bid theory "has
no bearing upon the determination of whether Appellant is entitled to an equitable
adjustment pursuant to the terms of the contract" (id. at 33).

The Navy's Interpretation is Reasonable

        The rules of contract interpretation are well known. When interpreting a
contract, "(the language of [the] contract must be given that meaning that would be
derived from the contract by a reasonably intelligent person acquainted with the
contemporaneous circumstances)." Teg-Paradigm Environmental, Inc. v. US., 465
F.3d 1329, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (quoting Metric Contructors, Inc. v. Nat'l
Aeronautics & Space Admin, 169 F.3d 747, 752 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). When interpreting
the contract, the document must be considered as a whole and interpreted so as to
harmonize and give reasonable meaning to all of its parts. NVT Technologies v. United
States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004) ( citing McAbee Construction, Inc. v.
United States, 97 F.3d 1431, 1434-35 (Fed. Cir. 1996)). In determining reasonableness
it is only necessary that the interpretation be in the "zone of reasonableness." States
Roofing Corp. v. Winter, 587 F.3d 1364 at 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2009). We apply this
standard herein.

         We start with CLINs 0001a and 0002a that require MHJV to perform "All
Work" to build the ACC and Dental Clinic "in accordance with drawings and
specifications, excluding work indicated in items 0001b thru OOOlr" and 0002b thru
0002f(SOF 4). The language ofCLINs OOOlr and 0002f clearly requires TUSI to
perform removal and/or relocation of existing wet utilities, tie-ins, engineering design
review of the construction documents and inspection of all new wet utility construction
(SOF 4). The only thing CLINs OOOlr and 0002frequire concerning new wet utilities
are tie-in, inspection and design review, not all construction. 11 The change description
in Amendment No. 0004 makes it clear that TUSI "has exclusive rights to work on all
existing wet utilities" and admonishes that contractors may not "touch" TUSI's
infrastructure without TUSI's express written permission. (SOF 3) The Memorandum
cited in the change description makes it clear that TUSI owns and operates the wet
utility infrastructure on Andrews AFB and coordination with TUSI is required if new

11
     There is nothing in these CLINs that precludes MHJV from contracting with TUSI
         to construct the new wet utility systems which is what happened (SOF 16).
                                           12
wet utilities are to be connected to its systems or require modification of TUSI' s
systems. The memorandum included an attachment providing contract language to be
used "on all future contracts to ensure appropriate coordination and relationships
between TUSI and project designers and construction contractors." The contract
language in the attachment reiterates that TUSI owns and operates the wet utility
systems and that any work affecting the existing wet utility system must be
coordinated with TUSI and TUSI services must be paid for by the contractor. (SOF 3)
Drawings included with Amendment No. 0004 included notes consistent with the
admonitions in the amendment and memorandum. Demolition drawings included a
note requiring that TUSI shall remove any existing sewer lines and structures requiring
removal. (SOF 5) Utility plan drawings required that TUSI perform connections to
the existing wet utility systems and that MHJV's wet utilities shall be in accordance
with TUSI's "standards and details" (SOF 6). The contract's Quality Control
specification requires that TUSI "shall provide overview of all testing, inspections,
connection, demolition and engineering for all site water utilities Work" (SOF 9). The
contract's Water Distribution specification requires that MHJV contact TUSI to make
connections to existing wet utility lines (SOF 10).

       The record is replete with evidence warning contractors about TUSI's
ownership of the existing wet utilities and requiring TUSI involvement in anything
affecting the existing wet utilities. None of this evidence suggests that TUSI was
obligated to construct the new wet utilities. Reading all of this evidence together leads
to only one conclusion, the Navy's interpretation of CLINs OOOlr and 0002f is well
within the zone of reasonableness.

MHJV's Interpretation of "includes" is Reasonable

       CLINs OOOlr and 0002f read:

              All wet utility work to be performed by Terrapin Utility
              Services, Inc. (TUSI), which includes wet utilities to be
              removed and/or relocated, tie-ins, inspection of all wet
              utility construction and engineering design review of the
              construction documents.

(SOF 4) (emphasis added) MHJV, citing cases interpreting "includes" and a
dictionary definition, argues that the use of "includes" in CLINs 000 lr and 0002f
means that the list in the CLINs is not exclusive (app. opp'n at 10-12). We agree. It
seems reasonable to us that there might be something else that MHJV might do that
affects the existing wet utility system, other than the list in CLINs OOOlr and 0002f,
that would require TUSI's involvement. However, our analysis ofMHJV's
reasonableness does not end here.

                                           13

                                                                                            I
Intent and the need for Extrinsic Evidence

        The Navy gratuitously argued that the "intent behind requiring Terrapin to
perform specific tasks was to protect Terrapin's interest as the owner of the existing
wet utility infrastructure" (gov't mot. at 12). This gave MHJV an opening to argue
this intent requires consideration of extrinsic evidence (app. opp'n at 1, 6, 15-16). As
we stated above, MHJV is correct that we could not grant summary judgment ifwe
needed to consider disputed extrinsic evidence to resolve an ambiguity. Classic Site
Solutions, Inc., 14-1BCA135,664 at 174,578. The problem we see with MHJV's
argument is that the contract's language, as discussed below, is unambiguous and the
Navy's arguments, thus, sheds no light on the interpretation of CLINs OOOlr and
0002f.

MHLV's Interpretation is not within the Zone of Reasonableness

       We have found that the parties do not dispute each other's material facts. We
have found that the Navy's interpretation is reasonable. In order for MHJV to avoid
summary judgment it must convince us that its interpretation is also reasonable thereby
creating a legal ambiguity. Teg-Paradigm, 465 F.3d at 1338 ("When a provision in a
contract is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, it is ambiguous").

        MHJV argues "MHJV reasonably interpreted the Wet Utility CLINs to
require[ 12] Terrapin to perform [all] the wet utility work" (app. opp'n at 10). MHJV
fails to support its interpretation with any language in the contract. CLIN 0001 a
(ACC) requires MHJV to perform "All work in accordance with drawings and
specifications, excluding work indicated in items 0001b thru OOOlr" (SOF 4).
CLIN 0002a (Dental Clinic) requires MHJV to perform "[a]ll work in accordance
with drawings and specifications, excluding work indicated in items 0002b thru 0002f''
(SOF 4). CLINs 0001a and 0002a require MHJV to perform "all work" to construct
the ACC and dental clinic. "All work" is not ambiguous and means precisely what it
says. "All work" includes all new wet utility construction work, there is no other
reasonable interpretation. MHJV's interpretation that CLINs OOOlr and 0002f require
TUSI to perform "all work" constructing new wet utilities cannot be harmonized with
CLINs 0001a and 0002a.

       TUSI's work is limited to "removal, relocation and tie-in" work on the existing
wet utilities and "inspection of all wet utility construction and engineering design
review of the construction documents" relating to the new wet utilities (SOF 4).
Inspection and engineering design review cannot reasonably be interpreted to include
the actual construction of the new wet utilities. Indeed, the limited list of TUSI's

12
     There is nothing in the contract that precluded MHJV from contracting with TUSI to
         perform all wet utility work, which it did (SOF 16).
                                             14
responsibilities in CLINs OOOlr and 0002f makes no sense ifMHJV's interpretation
were correct because TUSI would be responsible for "all work" on the wet utilities
both old and new. We agreed with MHJV that this list was not "exclusive" but MHJV
has presented absolutely no evidence supporting its interpretation other than its
argument standing alone. The Navy's interpretation of CLINs OOOlr and 0002f is in
harmony with all of the other provisions in the contract dealing with TUSI's work,
MHJV' s interpretation is not.

       MHJV must do more than make mere allegations that its interpretation is
reasonable. It must assert facts sufficient to show its interpretation is reasonable in
order to establish a second reasonable interpretation and therefore an ambiguity
requiring the consideration of extrinsic evidence. Blake Construction Co. Inc.,
ASBCA No. 15432, 71-2 BCA i19173 at 42,551 ("Thus, in both cases, facts, not
present in this appeal, were presented to support the contractor's interpretation which
the Board found to be reasonable.").

       Because MHJV' s interpretation cannot be read harmoniously with other
provisions in the contract and is completely unsupported by any language in the
contract or other facts in the record, MHJV' s proffered interpretation is not within the
zone of reasonableness. Therefore, the Navy's interpretation is the only reasonable
interpretation and there is no ambiguity.

Mistake in Bid/Reformation

        In its claim MHJV argued that the Navy should reform the contract pursuant to
FAR 14-407-4(b) and (c) (SOF 18). The final decision denied MHJV's claim "in its
entirety," but did not directly address the mistake/reformation argument (SOF 19). In
its motion for partial summary judgment the Navy does not address MHJV's contention
that it made a mistake and is entitled to reformation. In its opposition to the Navy's
motion, MHJV concludes arguing that the Navy is not entitled to summary judgment
because it is entitled to reformation. MHJV argues, "[t ]he government has not moved
for summary judgment on MHJV' s argument that, if it was mistaken, it is entitled to
relief under FAR§ 14.407 ." (App. opp'n at 26) In its reply brief the Navy argues,
"Appellant's mistake in bid theory has no bearing upon the determination of whether
Appellant is entitled to an equitable adjustment pursuant to the terms of the contract.
Accordingly, Appellant's mistake in bid theory does not bar the Board from granting
the Government's motion for partial summary judgment" (gov't reply br. at 33). Both
parties have a point. The Navy did not include the mistake/reformation claim in its
motion. The mistake/reformation claim is separate and distinct from the interpretation
claim which is the subject of the motion. The mistake/reformation claim survives our
granting partial summary judgment in favor of the Navy on the interpretation claim.

                                            15
                                   CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we grant partial summary judgment in favor of the
Navy and deny MHN's appeal limited to the interpretation issue. The mistake/reformation
matter remains before the Board.

      Dated: June 21, 2019

                                                CRAIG S. LARKE
                                                Administrative Judge
                                                Armed Services Board
                                                of Contract Appeals

 I concur                                       I concur

                                                                   _____ ,,,   -
                                                  . .__ . . >---
J. REID PROUTY                                  OWEN C. WILSON
Administrative Judge                            Administrative Judge
Acting Chairman                                 Vice Chairman
Armed Services Board                            Armed Services Board
of Contract Appeals                             of Contract Appeals

     I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 61477, Appeal of
Manhattan Hunt A Joint Venture, rendered in conformance with the Board's Charter.

      Dated:

                                                PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS
                                                Recorder, Armed Services
                                                Board of Contract Appeals

                                         16