Court Opinion

ID: 2748527
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-05 23:05:06.031519+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:45:45.060424
License: Public Domain

J-S54044-14

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                       PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

SHAWN CARMICHAEL

                            Appellant                 No. 372 MDA 2014

     Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered November 18, 2013
                In the Court of Common Pleas of York County
              Criminal Division at No: CP-67-CR-0005114-2012

BEFORE: LAZARUS, MUNDY, and STABILE, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.:                      FILED NOVEMBER 05, 2014

       Appellant Shawn Carmichael appeals from the judgment of sentence

the Court of Common Pleas of York County entered November 18, 2013.1

Upon review, we affirm.
____________________________________________

1
  Appellant purports to appeal from the trial court’s order denying his post-
sentence motion. Appellant’s Brief at vi. It is well-settled that an appeal lies
from the judgment of sentence, not the denial of the post-sentence motion.
See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Pratt, 930 A.2d 561, 562 n.1 (Pa. Super.
2007); Commonwealth v. Shamberger, 788 A.2d 408 (Pa. Super. 2001).

While we generally do not comment on the overall quality of the parties’
briefs, we are constrained to note the following. Appellant states this Court
“has jurisdiction to hear sentencing matters coming from the Trial Court
pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. Section 724.” Appellant’s Brief at iv. Nowhere did
Appellant raise sentencing issues in this matter. Additionally, reference or
reliance on Section 724 is misplaced. Section 724 pertains to “Allowance of
Appeal from Superior and Commonwealth Courts.” Obviously, this is not
applicable here. In the summary of argument section of the brief, Appellant
states: “[T]here was insufficient evidence and the weight of the evidence
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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      On appeal, Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

      1. Whether the [trial court] committed an error of law in
         allowing the use and reading of the preliminary hearing
         transcript when [Appellant] at the time of the [p]reliminary
         [h]earing did not possess the discovery packet, the 911
         tapes,    or   other   significant exculpatory    statements,
         inconsistent statements and inaccuracies of the alleged victim
         to allow for an effective cross[-]examination of the
         victim/witness at the time of the [p]reliminary [sic], thereby
         prohibiting [Appellant] from actually ever having the
         opportunity to cross[-]examine his accuser[.]

      2. Whether the [trial court] [v]erdict was without sufficient
         evidence and was against the weight of the evidence[.]

Appellant’s Brief at vii.

      The facts and the procedural history of the case are not in dispute.

Briefly, Appellant was charged with several crimes as a result of a shooting

involving his fiancé. The same day of the incident, i.e., June 3, 2012, fiancé
                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

was lacking to support a conviction for criminal conspiracy to commit for
criminal conspiracy to commit forgery and/or forgery, and the circumstances
simply fail to support such charge.” Id. at ix. Appellant was not convicted
of any of these crimes. As the previous instances, this is a clear example of
sloppy drafting by the author.        We encourage Appellant to carefully
proofread any material before filing it with any court.        Finally, in the
standard of review/scope of review section of the brief, Appellant addresses
the standard for sufficiency of the evidence, an issue which was mentioned
in the statement of questions involved but later abandoned in the brief.
Appellant, however, did not mention the standard for reviewing admission of
the evidence, the only issue actually raised and preserved before us, nor did
he state the standard for reviewing the weight of the evidence, another
claim mentioned in the statement of the questions involved, but later
abandoned in the brief. We also urge counsel to familiarize himself with
Pa.R.A.P. 2116 and 2119, and to be aware of the consequences resulting
from failure to comply with these rules.

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authored a handwritten note describing what she witnessed around the time

of the shooting.      The Commonwealth provided a copy of this handwritten

note to Appellant at the preliminary hearing. At the hearing, after sitting as

a witness for the Commonwealth, fiancé (or “witness”) attempted to invoke

her Fifth Amendment privileges, which the judge denied.              Witness also

attempted to distance herself from the handwritten statement asserting, in

essence, the statement was untrue. Appellant’s counsel, the same counsel

as in this appeal, did not cross-examine the witness.

       At the time of the trial, despite the Commonwealth’s attempts,

Appellant’s witness failed to appear to testify as a witness. Over Appellant’s

objection, the trial court admitted into the evidence the transcript of the

preliminary hearing. Eventually, a jury found Appellant guilty of person not

to possess a firearm, aggravated assault, recklessly endangering another

person, and resisting arrest.        After the trial court denied Appellant’s post-

sentence motions, this appeal followed.

       The first issue involves the admission of the transcript of the

preliminary hearing into evidence at trial.2 In addressing the issue, we are

guided by the following principles.

____________________________________________

2
 Although the admission of the preliminary hearing transcript is the main—
and only—issue raised on appeal, Appellant failed make sure such transcript
was part of the record before us.          See Pa.R.A.P. 1931; see also
Commonwealth v. Wint, 730 A.2d 965, 967 (Pa. Super. 1999) (“Appellant
has the responsibility to make sure that the record forwarded to an appellate
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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       [T]he standard of review of a trial court’s admission or exclusion
       of evidence is well established and very narrow:

             Admission of evidence is a matter within the sound
             discretion of the trial court, and will not be reversed
             absent a showing that the trial court clearly abused
             its discretion. Not merely an error in judgment, an
             abuse of discretion occurs when the law is
             overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised
             is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality,
             prejudice, bias, or ill-will, as shown by the evidence
             on record.

       Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 604 Pa. 386, 403, 986 A.2d 84,
       94 (2009) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted), cert.
       denied, ––– U.S. ––––, 131 S. Ct. 127, 178 L. Ed. 2d 77 (2010)

Commonwealth v. Akbar, 91 A.3d 227, 235 (Pa. Super. 2014).

       Appellant raises a Confrontation Clause argument.3 Without properly

acknowledging the source, Appellant heavily relies on Commonwealth v.

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

court contains those documents necessary to allow a complete and judicious
assessment of the issues raised on appeal.”) (citation and quotation mark
omitted). The summary provided above is based on the discussion the
parties and the trial court had at the time of trial. See N.T. Trial, 10/7-
10/11/13, at 111-24. Additionally, the trial court did not issue a Rule
1925(a) opinion, despite the fact it requested Appellant to file a Rule
1925(b) statement. The trial court, in fact, filed just a statement stating the
reasons for Appellant’s convictions can be found in the transcript of the trial
and sentencing proceeding. See Trial Court’s 1925(a) Statement, 5/7/14, at
2.
3
    See Commonwealth v. Yohe, 39 A.3d 381 (Pa. Super. 2012):

       The Confrontation Clause in the Sixth Amendment to the United
       States Constitution applies to both federal and state
       prosecutions and provides that, “[i]n all criminal prosecutions,
       the accused shall enjoy the right ... to be confronted with the
       witnesses against him....” U.S. Const. amend. IV. The
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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Bazemore, 614 A.2d 684 (Pa. 1992), in support of his contention that the

Commonwealth’s failure to provide him “vital impeachment evidence” about

a witness prevented Appellant from a full and fair opportunity to cross-

examine the same at the preliminary hearing. Thus, according to Appellant,

the witness’s testimony should not have been admitted into evidence at trial.

Appellant’s Brief at xiv. We disagree.

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

      Pennsylvania Constitution likewise provides that, “[i]n all
      criminal prosecutions the accused hath a right ... to meet the
      witnesses face to face.” Pa. Const. art. I, § 9.

Id. at 384-85.     See also Commonwealth v. Milburn, 72 A.3d 617 (Pa.
Super. 2013):

      Under the Confrontation Clause, a defendant has the right to
      confront any witnesses against him. Prior to the decision in
      Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, [] (2004), the United
      States Supreme Court took the view that “the Confrontation
      Clause did not bar the admission of out-of-court statements that
      fell within a firmly rooted exception to the hearsay rule.”
      Williams v. Illinois, ––– U.S. ––––, 132 S. Ct. 2221, 2223, []
      (2012); see Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, [] (1980).
      However, the Crawford Court held, “Testimonial statements of
      witnesses absent from trial [can be] admitted only where the
      declarant is unavailable, and only where the defendant has had a
      prior opportunity to cross-examine.” Crawford, supra at 59[.]

Id. at 620-21.

                                            -5-
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       The trial court, after explaining its reasons for finding the witness to be

“unavailable,”4     see    N.T.    Trial,   10/7-10/11/13,   at   125-28,   rejected

Appellant’s argument, noting the following:

              The defense did see this prior two-page handwritten
       statement of the witness at the preliminary hearing and so had
       the opportunity to cross examine [witness] on it at that time.
       The defense chose not to do so. It was not precluded from doing
       so. The defense likely had a very good tactical reason for
       electing not to cross examine [witness] at that time since
       [witness] was in effect such a poor Commonwealth witness.
       They would have very little to gain by cross examining her at
       that point, but that doesn’t change the fact that they had a full
       and fair opportunity to cross examine [witness] if they wished to
       do so.
              . . . This is not a case where there’s any indication that the
       Commonwealth in this case was playing hide the ball regarding
       prior convictions or deals or evidence that they sought to keep
       from the defense that essentially frustrated defense’s ability to
       do a full and fair cross examination.
              The defense has referenced that they didn’t have total
       discovery at the time of the hearing. Well, that’s often the case
       with a preliminary hearing. I’m not aware of any authority that
       says the defense is entitled to have full discovery at the
       preliminary hearing stage. And I don’t see, having reviewed the
       preliminary hearing transcript, really the relevance of insurance
       records or medical records whatsoever to what [witness]
       testified to. [Witness] essentially said, I was driving my car. I
       heard some shots go off. I panicked. I got into a car wreck.
       And there’s no indication from the defense of any sort of, you

____________________________________________

4
   Appellant states that the trial court’s finding that the witness was
unavailable is “contested in the appeal.” Appellant’s Brief at xi. Except for
this conclusory statement, there is not even a scintilla of argument in
support of this phantom contention. It is in fact uncontested on appeal that
the witness was “unavailable” to testify. Accordingly, we will only address
whether Appellant had a full opportunity to cross-examine the witness.

                                            -6-
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      know, misconduct or impropriety or hiding the ball by the
      Commonwealth in this instance.
            There was no intent by the Commonwealth to frustrate the
      defense’s ability to effectively cross examine [witness]. The
      [c]ourt believes that there was a full and fair opportunity to
      cross examine [witness].      The defense exercised a tactical
      decision to not do so. . . . [T]he defense cannot defeat the
      Commonwealth’s ability to use the preliminary hearing testimony
      by not cross examining.

Id. at 128-30.

      We agree with the trial court’s analysis and conclusions. Appellant had

the opportunity to fully and fairly cross-examine the witness, but declined to

do so.   “The Commonwealth may not be deprived of its ability to present

inculpatory evidence at trial merely because the defendant, despite having

the opportunity to do so, did not cross-examine the witness at the

preliminary hearing stage as extensively as he might have done at trial.”

Commonwealth v. Leak, 22 A.3d 1036, 1045 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citation

omitted). Thus, under the circumstances of this case, the introduction of the

preliminary hearing transcript did not violate Appellant’s rights. The claim

is, therefore, without merit.

      Based on the foregoing we also note that reliance on Bazemore is

misplaced.    In Bazemore our Supreme Court found appellant’s right to

confrontation was violated because he “was denied a full and fair opportunity

to cross-examine [witness] at the preliminary hearing so as to preclude the

use of that testimony at trial.” Bazemore, 614 A.2d at 687. Specifically,

the Supreme Court noted that:

                                    -7-
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        At the time of the preliminary hearing, defense counsel was not
        aware that [witness] had given a prior inconsistent statement to
        the police nor was she made aware that the Commonwealth was
        contemplating the filing of criminal homicide, conspiracy and
        aggravated assault charges against [witness], which charges
        arose out of the same incident giving rise to the charges at issue
        in the hearing. In addition, counsel was unaware of [witness]’s
        prior criminal record.

Id. (emphasis in original).

        The instant matter is easily distinguishable from Bazemore.           First,

Appellant provides no indication of what piece of information he needed for

purposes of full and fair opportunity to cross-examine the witness.5

Appellant essentially argues all material in possession of the Commonwealth

at the time of the preliminary hearing had to be provided to Appellant well in

advance of the hearing in order for Appellant to be able to fully and fairly

cross-examine the witness. We are not aware of any authority supporting

Appellant’s position, nor does Appellant cite any.6       While not specifically

____________________________________________

5
 Cf. Leak, 22 A.3d at 1044 (Appellant listed and discussed the items that
were critical to his ability to cross-examine witness).
6
    In fact, the Supreme Court in Bazemore noted:

        We are mindful of the rules of discovery governing criminal
        prosecutions and by our holding today do not seek to abrogate
        those rules. Rather, our holding is limited to the facts sub judice
        and to a determination of what constitutes “full and fair” cross-
        examination of a now unavailable witness where the defense has
        been denied access to vital impeachment evidence either at or
        before the time of the prior proceeding at which that witness
        testified.

(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                           -8-
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stated, it appears the challenge here is focused only on one handwritten

statement provided by the witness on June 3, 2012.7         This circumstance,

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

      Accordingly, we do not, today, impose upon the Commonwealth
      a duty to disclose that which it is not obligated by law to
      disclose.

Bazemore, 614 A.2d at 688 (emphasis added).

Additionally, Appellant seems to suggest that having been provided only with
“the briefest opportunity to review a prior statement a [sic] the preliminary
hearing, does not provide the court [sic] with the full and fair opportunity for
cross-examination that this demanded.” Appellant’s Brief at xiv. Appellant’s
argument is misplaced. Under Bazemore a defendant is not provided with
a full and fair opportunity to cross-examine an unavailable witness “where
the defense has been denied access to vital impeachment evidence either
at or before the time of the prior proceeding at which that witness
testified.” Id. As noted, this is not the case here.
7
  Appellant suggests there were several inconsistent statements by the
witness that he could have used for purposes of impeachment. Appellant’s
Brief at xiv. Nowhere does Appellant identify these additional statements he
needed for purposes of impeachment, even after he had the opportunity to
review the discovery material. Additionally, a review of the transcript
reveals the discussion at trial focused only on one statement, the very one
the Commonwealth provided at the time of the preliminary hearing. N.T.
Trial, 10/7-10/11/14, at 113, 155-16.

As a general proposition, we also note the mere fact Appellant might have
lacked some damaging information at the time of the preliminary hearing
does not necessarily amount to a violation his right to confrontation. See
Commonwealth v. Laird, 988 A.2d 618, 630 n.10 (Pa. 2010) (noting that
in Commonwealth v. Paddy, 800 A.2d 294 (Pa. 2002), the Supreme Court
“permitted the introduction of prior testimony from an unavailable witness
where the defense attorney at the former hearing lacked some damaging
information concerning the witness, but possessed other data which he put
to effective use”) (citation omitted)). Here, Appellant had at least one
inconsistent statement he could have used for purposes of impeachment,
but chose not to do so.

                                            -9-
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however, provides an additional ground for distinguishing Bazemore.         In

Bazemore, the Commonwealth, inter alia, did not disclose the witness had

given a prior inconsistent statement to the police. This failure was fatal, but

not the case here.    As noted, Appellant was provided at the preliminary

hearing with a copy of the inconsistent statement authored by the witness.

N.T. Trial 10/7-10/11/14, at 116-17.    However, while in possession of the

inconsistent statement, Appellant made a strategic decision not to inquire

about it.   Appellant cannot now complain about his own strategy.         See

Leak, 22 A.3d at 1045.

       In Bazemore, the sole Commonwealth’s “witness was central to the

prosecution’s case, and therefore his credibility was of vital importance.”

Leak, 22 A.3d at 1045.        Here, whether witness was essential to the

Commonwealth’s case is questionable.         As noted by the trial court, the

witness here would have been essential to the Commonwealth, if she were

willing to testify as to the facts of the case. N.T. Trial, 10/7-10/11/14, at

127.   The witness’s testimony at the preliminary hearing, however, was

“weak” or not “particularly strong” for the Commonwealth because she

sought to distance herself from the handwritten statement she gave to

investigators in an attempt to “not lay any liability” on Appellant.    Id. at

127-28.

       Finally, there is no indication or suggestion that the Commonwealth

had other inconsistent statements at the time of the preliminary hearing or

that it denied Appellant access to impeachment evidence. Id. at 129-30.

                                    - 10 -
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       In light of the foregoing, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting at trial the transcript of the preliminary hearing.

       Appellant next inartfully purports to challenge the sufficiency and

weight of the evidence. Both the sufficiency and the weight of the evidence

claims are waived for failure to address them in the brief. While they were

listed in the statement of questions involved, Appellant’s Brief at vii,8 the

issues were not addressed further in the brief. Accordingly, the issues are

waived.    See, e.g., Commonwealth v. English, 699 A.2d 710, 714 n.5

(Pa. 1997) (noting issue included in statement of questions presented but

not argued in text of brief is waived); Commonwealth v. LaCava, 666
A.2d 221, 229 n.9 (Pa. 1995) (claim mentioned in statement of questions in

direct capital appeal, but not mentioned again or developed in argument

section of brief is waived); Commonwealth v. Price, 876 A.2d 988, 996

(Pa. Super. 2005) (issue identified on appeal but not properly developed in

an appellate brief is waived).

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.

____________________________________________

8
 As noted above, in the summary of argument section Appellant purports to
challenge the sufficiency and the weight of the evidence supporting a
phantom conviction of criminal conspiracy to commit forgery and/or forgery.
Appellant was not convicted of any these crimes.

                                          - 11 -
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/5/2014

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