Court Opinion

ID: 3135659
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 17:40:32.309153+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:54:11.645391
License: Public Domain

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Supreme Court

                      A.B.A.T.E. of Illinois, Inc. v. Quinn, 2011 IL 110611

Caption in Supreme         A.B.A.T.E. OF ILLINOIS, INC., et al., Appellants, v. PATRICK
Court:                     QUINN, Governor of Illinois, et al., Appellees.

Docket No.                 110611
Filed                      October 27, 2011

Held                       Where motorcycle registration fees funded a safety training program and
(Note: This syllabus       were legislatively designated for placement in a “trust fund outside of the
constitutes no part of     State Treasury,” with no reference to trust revocability, the plenary
the opinion of the court   authority of a subsequent legislature permitted it to transfer the money to
but has been prepared      the General Revenue Fund, and there was no unconstitutional taking
by the Reporter of         where there was no indication that the funds were private.
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)

Decision Under             Appeal from the Appellate Court for the Fourth District; heard in that
Review                     court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Sangamon County, the Hon.
                           Leo Zappa, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                   Appellate court judgment affirmed.
Counsel on               George W. Tinkham, of Springfield, and Rodney V. Taylor, of
Appeal                   Christopher & Taylor, of Indianapolis, Indiana, for appellants.

                         Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield (Michael A. Scodro,
                         Solicitor General, and Paul Berks, Assistant Attorney General, of
                         Chicago, of counsel), for appellees.

Justices                 JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                         Justices Freeman, Thomas, Garman, Karmeier, and Theis concurred in
                         the judgment and opinion.
                         Chief Justice Kilbride dissented, with opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1        Effective January 1, 1993, the legislature amended the Cycle Rider Safety Training Act
      (the Act) (625 ILCS 35/1 et seq. (West 1994)). Among other things, this amendment changed
      the Cycle Rider Safety Training Fund (CRSTF) from a special fund inside the state treasury
      to a “trust fund outside of the State treasury.” 625 ILCS 35/6 (West 1994). In this appeal we
      are asked to determine what effect this amendment has on the legislature’s authority to order
      the transfer of funds out of the CRSTF and into the General Revenue Fund (GRF); whether
      the transfer of funds out of the CRSTF amounts to an unconstitutional “taking” of private
      property without just compensation; and whether, in order to transfer funds out of the
      CRSTF, the legislature must first amend the CRST Act.
¶2        The appellate court held that the removal of funds from the CRSTF was not an
      unconstitutional taking and that the legislature has the authority to order a transfer of funds
      out of the CRSTF and into the GRF. 401 Ill. App. 3d 326. We now affirm the judgment of
      the appellate court.

¶3                                        BACKGROUND
¶4         On January 1, 1982, the Cycle Rider Safety Training Act came into effect. The stated
      purpose of the Act is “to promote safety for persons and property connected with the use and
      operation of motorcycles, motor driven cycles and motorized pedalcycles.” Ill. Rev. Stat.
      1983, ch. 95½, ¶ 801 (now 625 ILCS 35/1). The CRSTF was created in section 6, which
      initially provided as follows:
                   “§ 6. To finance the Cycle Rider Safety Training program and to pay the costs
               thereof, the Secretary of State will hereafter deposit in the State Treasury an amount
               equal to $4.00 for each Annual Fee, and $2.00 for each Reduced Fee, for the
               registration of each motorcycle, motor driven cycle and motorized pedalcycle

                                                -2-
             processed by the Office of the Secretary of State during the preceding quarter, which
             amount the State Comptroller shall transfer quarterly to a special fund to be known
             as ‘The Cycle Rider Safety Training Fund’, which is hereby created and which shall
             be administered by the Department. Appropriations from the ‘Cycle Rider Safety
             Training Fund’ shall be made by the General Assembly only to the Department, and
             shall only be used for the expenses of the Department in administering the provisions
             of this Act, for funding of contracts with approved Regional Cycle Rider Safety
             Training Centers for the conduct of courses, or for any purpose related or incident
             thereto and connected therewith. Whenever the total of the amount currently in the
             Cycle Rider Safety Training Fund and current grants to the Department from the
             federal government for cycle rider safety training in Illinois exceed $1,200,000, the
             Department will notify the Governor and the Governor may notify the State
             Comptroller and State Treasurer of the amount to be transferred from the Cycle Rider
             Safety Fund to the Illinois Road Fund so that said total approximately equals
             $1,200,000, and, upon receipt of such notification, the State Comptroller shall
             transfer such amount to the Illinois Road Fund.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 95½, ¶ 806.
¶5       The Act was amended in January 1992 through Public Act 87-838, entitled “Emergency
     Budget Act of Fiscal Year 1992.” This amendment added the following language to the end
     of section 6:
                 “In addition to any other permitted use of moneys in the Fund, and
             notwithstanding any restriction on the use of the Fund, moneys in the Cycle Rider
             Safety Training Fund may be transferred to the General Revenue Fund as authorized
             by this amendatory Act of 1992. The General Assembly finds that an excess of
             moneys exists in the Fund. On February 1, 1992, the Comptroller shall order
             transferred and the Treasurer shall transfer $200,000 (or such lesser amount as may
             be on deposit in the Fund and unexpended and unobligated on that date) from the
             Fund to the General Revenue Fund.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 95½, ¶ 806.
¶6       Later that same year, in December 1992, the legislature passed Public Act 87-1217 over
     the Governor’s veto. With this legislation, section 6 was amended effective January 1, 1993,
     to provide as follows:
             “To finance the Cycle Rider Safety Training program and to pay the costs thereof, the
             Secretary of State will hereafter deposit with the State Treasurer an amount equal to
             each annual fee and each reduced fee, for the registration of each motorcycle, motor
             driven cycle and motorized pedalcycle processed by the Office of the Secretary of
             State during the preceding quarter as required in subsection (d) of Section 2-119 of
             the Illinois Vehicle Code [625 ILCS 5/2-1191], which amount the State Comptroller

             1
             At the time of this amendment, paragraph (d) of section 2-119 of the Illinois Vehicle Code
     (625 ILCS 5/2-119(d) (West 1994)) provided as follows:
                              “Beginning January 1, 1992 and until January 1, 1994, of the monies
                     collected as a registration fee for each motorcycle, motor driven cycle and
                     motorized pedalcycle, $7 of each annual registration fee for such vehicle and $3.50

                                                -3-
             shall transfer quarterly to a trust fund outside of the State treasury to be known as the
             Cycle Rider Safety Training Fund, which is hereby created. In addition, the
             Department may accept any federal, State, or private moneys for deposit into the
             Fund and shall be used by the Department only for the expenses of the Department
             in administering the provisions of this Act, for funding of contracts with approved
             Regional Cycle Rider Safety Training Centers for the conduct of courses, or for any
             purpose related or incident thereto and connected therewith.” 625 ILCS 35/6 (West
             1994).
¶7       In addition to making the CRSTF a “trust fund outside of the State treasury,” the
     amended statute struck the provision which previously permitted the regular transfer of
     monies out of the CRSTF and into the Road Fund. It also struck the provision added by the
     January 1992 amendment which permitted a sweep of $200,000 into the General Revenue
     Fund in February 1992.
¶8       The statute has not been substantively amended since the December 1992 amendment.
     However, without amending the CRST Act, the legislature authorized the transfer of monies
     from the CRSTF (and numerous other funds) into the GRF with its enactment of Public Act
     93-32, the Budget Implementation Act for fiscal year 2004 (the FY2004 BIMP). To
     accomplish this, the FY2004 BIMP (which became effective June 20, 2003), amended the
     State Finance Act (30 ILCS 105/1 et seq. (West 2002)), by creating sections 8.42 and 8h. The
     newly created section 8.42 of the State Finance Act provided in pertinent part:
             “In order to address the fiscal emergency resulting from shortfalls in revenue, the
             following transfers are authorized from the designated funds into the General
             Revenue Fund:
                                                ***
                 Cycle Rider Safety Training Fund ......... $ 1,000,000.
                                                ***
                 All such transfers shall be made on July 1, 2003, or as soon thereafter as
             practical. These transfers may be made notwithstanding any other provision of law

                     of each semiannual registration fee for such vehicle is deposited in the Cycle Rider
                     Safety Training Fund.
                              Beginning January 1, 1994, of the monies collected as a registration fee for
                     each motorcycle, motor driven cycle and motorized pedalcycle, $8 of each annual
                     registration fee for such vehicle and $4 of each semiannual registration fee for such
                     vehicle is deposited in the Cycle Rider Safety Training Fund.”
     This paragraph was later amended by Public Act 90-622, as follows:
                     “(d) Beginning January 1, 1999, of the monies collected as a registration fee for
                     each motorcycle, motor driven cycle and motorized pedalcycle, 27% of each annual
                     registration fee for such vehicle and 27% of each semiannual registration fee for
                     such vehicle is deposited in the Cycle Rider Safety Training Fund.” 625 ILCS 5/2-
                     119(d) (West 1998).
     Paragraph (d) of section 2-119 has not been amended since Public Act 90-622.

                                                 -4-
                to the contrary.” 30 ILCS 105/8.42 (West Supp. 2003).
¶9          The newly created section 8h of the State Finance Act provided:
                “Notwithstanding any other State law to the contrary, the Director of the Bureau of
                the Budget may from time to time direct the State Treasurer and Comptroller to
                transfer a specified sum from any fund held by the State Treasurer to the General
                Revenue Fund in order to help defray the State’s operating costs for the fiscal year.”
                Pub. Act 93-32 (eff. June 20, 2003) (adding 30 ILCS 105/8h).
¶ 10        Subsequently, the legislature enacted Public Act 93-839, the Budget Implementation Act
       for fiscal year 2005 (the FY2005 BIMP), which became effective July 30, 2004. The FY2005
       BIMP, among other things, rewrote section 8h of the State Finance Act to provide as follows:
                “[N]otwithstanding any other State law to the contrary, the Governor may, through
                June 30, 2007, from time to time direct the State Treasurer and Comptroller to
                transfer a specified sum from any fund held by the State Treasurer to the General
                Revenue Fund in order to help defray the State’s operating costs for the fiscal year.”
                (Emphasis added.) 30 ILCS 105/8h (West 2004).
¶ 11        In June 2006, then-Governor Blagojevich issued a number of fund transfer notifications
       directing the transfer of money from several special funds into the General Revenue Fund.
       One such fund transfer notification ordered the transfer of $296,000 from the CRSTF into
       the General Revenue Fund pursuant to “Public Act 93-0032 (30 ILCS 105/8h Sec. 8h)” and
       the “authorization set forth in amendments to 30 ILCS 105/8h in P.A. 93-839.”
¶ 12        On June 9, 2006, A.B.A.T.E. of Illinois, Inc., and K. Gene Beenega (plaintiffs) sought
       a temporary restraining order to prevent transfers out of certain special funds from taking
       place in accordance with the fund transfer notifications that the Governor had issued. The
       trial court entered a temporary restraining order on June 9, 2006.
¶ 13        Thereafter, on June 12, 2006, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary injunction, as well
       as a putative class action complaint against Patrick Quinn, Daniel W. Hynes, and Alexi
       Giannoulias, in their official capacities as Governor, Comptroller and Treasurer, respectively.
       Plaintiffs sought declaratory judgment, permanent injunction, and mandamus, contending
       that the transfer of funds out of the CRSTF and other trust and/or special dedicated funds,
       pursuant to Public Acts 93-32, and 93-839, and “all other state governmental actions
       removing money from Trust/Special Dedicated Funds and transferring it into the General
       Revenue Fund,” violated the prohibition of amendment by reference, revenue, takings,
       uniformity, equal protection, due process, and contracts clauses of the Illinois Constitution,
       as well as the takings, equal protection, due process and contracts clauses of the United
       States Constitution. As a remedy, plaintiffs sought the return of monies already transferred
       from certain identified funds, including the CRSTF, as well as an injunction to bar
       defendants from transferring any additional monies out of the identified funds.2

               2
                 Plaintiffs alleged, and it is uncontested, that pursuant to Public Acts 93-32 and 93-839 over
       $1.2 million was transferred out of the CRSTF and into the General Revenue Fund. According to
       the Illinois Comptroller’s website, as of August 11, 2011, the cash balance in the Cycle Rider Safety
       Training Fund is $10,775,695.46.

                                                    -5-
¶ 14       In an order dated July 28, 2006, the circuit court of Sangamon County denied plaintiffs’
       motion for a preliminary injunction. Thereafter, defendants moved for the dismissal of
       plaintiffs’ complaint. On November 15, 2006, the trial court granted defendants’ motion,
       dismissing all counts except for those regarding the CRSTF. Subsequently, on April 30,
       2008, defendants moved for summary judgment on the remaining claims, arguing that the
       legislative actions authorizing the transfer of monies from the CRSTF to the GRF were
       constitutional and all of plaintiffs’ arguments to the contrary were without merit. Plaintiffs
       filed a cross-motion for summary judgment on August 12, 2008, and on October 23, 2008,
       the trial court denied plaintiffs’ motion and granted defendants’ motion, upholding the
       constitutionality of the BIMPs. Plaintiffs appealed.
¶ 15       The appellate court affirmed the lower court’s grant of summary judgment to the
       defendants. 401 Ill. App. 3d 326. While assuming that the CRSTF was a trust, the appellate
       court found that it was not irrevocable and, therefore, rejected plaintiffs’ claim that the
       Ninety-third General Assembly did not have authority to transfer monies from the CRSTF
       into the General Revenue Fund. The appellate court also found that the funds in the CRSTF
       were not private and, thus, rejected plaintiffs’ only remaining constitutional claim, i.e., that
       the transfer of monies out of the CRSTF was a “taking” of private property in violation of
       the takings clause of the Illinois and United States Constitutions.
¶ 16       One appellate justice dissented, finding that, because the CRSTF is a trust, once monies
       are deposited into the CRSTF, the beneficial interest in the res of the trust belongs to the trust
       beneficiaries. Thus, the dissenting justice agreed with plaintiffs that any sweep of funds out
       of the CRSTF and into the GRF constituted an unconstitutional taking.
¶ 17       Plaintiffs petitioned for leave to appeal in this court, which we granted. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315
       (eff. Feb. 26, 2010).

¶ 18                                         ANALYSIS
¶ 19       In this appeal we are asked to decide whether the FY2004 and FY2005 BIMPs were
       unconstitutional to the extent that they authorized the sweep of funds out of the Cycle Riders
       Safety Training Fund and into the General Revenue Fund. In order to decide this issue, we
       must construe section 6 of the Cycle Rider Safety Training Act and decide whether, as
       plaintiffs contend, the Eighty-seventh General Assembly took away the authority of all future
       legislatures to transfer funds out of the CRSTF when it amended section 6, making the
       CRSTF a “trust fund outside of the State treasury.”
¶ 20       At the outset, we note that neither plaintiffs, nor defendants, have directed our attention
       to any Illinois case law which has interpreted the meaning of legislation which designates a
       special fund as a “trust fund outside of the State treasury.” Also, our own research has been
       unsuccessful in uncovering any Illinois case law which sheds any light on the issue before
       us. Thus, the issue is one of first impression for this court.

¶ 21                                  Standard of Review
¶ 22       Like the appellate court below, we review the trial court’s order granting summary

                                                  -6-
       judgment in favor of defendants. Accordingly, we are presented with a question of law and
       the de novo standard of review applies. Millennium Park Joint Venture, LLC v. Houlihan,
       241 Ill. 2d 281, 309 (2010) (summary judgment orders are reviewed de novo). As our Code
       of Civil Procedure provides, summary judgment is proper where the “pleadings, depositions,
       and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine
       issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter
       of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2010). Further, this court has held that when parties
       file cross-motions for summary judgment, they indicate their mutual agreement that only a
       question of law is involved and, thus, invite the court to decide the issues based on the
       record. Millennium Park Joint Venture, LLC v. Houlihan, 241 Ill. 2d at 309.
¶ 23        The de novo standard of review is also dictated by the fact that the issue before us
       involves the construction of a statute. See Ries v. City of Chicago, 242 Ill. 2d 205 (2011).

¶ 24                                  The Nature of the CRSTF
¶ 25       It has long been recognized that the legislature has the authority to order monies collected
       in one fund be transferred into a different fund. See Department of Public Welfare v. Haas,
       15 Ill. 2d 204, 215 (1958) (“The fact that the legislature may provide that amounts, when
       collected, shall be placed in a certain fund does not ordinarily preclude a later General
       Assembly from ordering it paid into another fund or from abolishing the fund altogether.”);
       see also Valstad v. Cipriano, 357 Ill. App. 3d 905, 917-18 (2005) (the transfer of money
       accumulated in special funds into a general revenue fund is generally within the legislature’s
       province and authority); Terra-Nova Investments v. Rosewell, 235 Ill. App. 3d 330, 340
       (1992) (same). While plaintiffs do not dispute the legislature’s general authority to divert
       funds for public purposes, they claim that, here, because the legislature made the CRSTF a
       “trust fund outside of the State treasury,” the legislature lacks authority to sweep funds out
       of the CRSTF and into the GRF.
¶ 26       In support of their claim, plaintiffs first argue that the CRSTF is a trust containing funds
       which are private, not public. According to plaintiffs, the portion of the registration fees paid
       by motorcyclists and allocated to the CRSTF is a separate “surcharge” paid over and above
       the fee for registering and licensing motorcycles. This “surcharge,” plaintiffs assert, never
       enters or passes through the state treasury before being placed into the CRSTF and, for this
       reason, never becomes “public funds.” Plaintiffs liken the “surcharge” paid by motorcyclists
       to the workers compensation premiums paid by Kentucky insurance carriers, self-insurance
       groups and self-insured employers in Thompson v. Kentucky Reinsurance Ass’n, 710 S.W.2d
854 (Ky. 1986), or the medical malpractice annual assessment paid by health care providers
       in Wisconsin Medical Society, Inc. v. Morgan, 2010 WI 94, 787 N.W.2d 22. Plaintiffs
       conclude that the monies in the CRSTF are not state funds, but private money held in trust
       by the state, which is acting as trustee.
¶ 27       Alternatively, plaintiffs argue that, even if the registration and licensing fees are public
       funds when paid, they become private funds once they enter the CRSTF. This is so, plaintiffs
       contend, because the Eighty-seventh General Assembly, when it made the CRSTF into “a
       trust fund outside of the State treasury,” intended to make–and succeeded in making–the

                                                 -7-
       CRSTF an irrevocable private trust. Plaintiffs contend that the trust is irrevocable because
       the Eighty-seventh General Assembly did not reserve the power to confiscate or revoke the
       trust. Further, because the trust is irrevocable, once the funds are deposited into the CRSTF,
       the state no longer holds legal title to the trust property and the beneficiaries’ interest in the
       trust property is vested. As a result, plaintiffs assert that the funds in the CRSTF are private,
       not public, funds.
¶ 28        In either case, plaintiffs conclude that, because the monies in the CRSTF are private
       funds, any transfer of these funds into the GRF constitutes a “taking” of private property for
       public purposes without just compensation, in violation of our state and federal constitutions.
       Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 15; U.S. Const., amend. V. As a result, plaintiffs contend that the
       funds contained in the CRSTF must remain inviolable such that the Ninety-third General
       Assembly or, indeed, any future General Assembly, is without authority to order the transfer
       of funds out of the CRSTF and into the GRF. We disagree.
¶ 29        First, plaintiffs wrongly characterize the funds which enter the CRSTF as private money.
       Although the Act permits federal grant money and private donations to be deposited in the
       CRSTF (see 625 ILCS 35/6 (West 2010)), plaintiffs do not allege, nor is there any evidence
       of record to suggest, that monies from these sources ever have been deposited into the
       CRSTF. Consequently, it is undisputed that all of the monies in the CRSTF have come from
       the legislative appropriation of a portion of the registration and licensing fees paid to the state
       by motorcyclists each year for the privilege of operating their motorcycles on the roadways
       of this state. Contrary to plaintiffs’ assertion, this portion of the motorcyclists’ registration
       and licensing fees is not a “surcharge” or some type of special assessment paid by
       motorcyclists separate and apart from the registration fee. Rather, the money which enters
       the CRSTF is simply a percentage of the fee collected by the state for the registration and
       licensing of motorcycles. Clearly, the fee charged by the state for motorcycle registration and
       licensing is state revenue and, therefore, the portion of this state revenue which the General
       Assembly has allocated to the CRSTF is also public money. Accordingly, we reject
       plaintiffs’ argument that the monies deposited into the CRSTF are private funds held by the
       state as trustee.
¶ 30        We also reject plaintiffs’ alternative argument that the funds become private once they
       are deposited into the CRSTF because the state, as settlor, created the CRSTF as an
       irrevocable private trust. A private trust is one which is created by the settlor for the benefit
       of the trust’s beneficiaries, who must be identified or ascertainable. See Restatement
       (Second) of Trusts § 1, cmt. c; § 2, cmt. j (1959). It is generally true that the settlor of a
       private trust must expressly reserve the right of revocation for a trust to be revocable. See
       Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 330 (1959). However, the Restatement (Second) of Trusts
       also provides that when a settlor has failed to expressly indicate whether a trust is subject to
       revocation or amendment, the question is one of interpretation. Restatement (Second) of
       Trusts § 330 (1959).
¶ 31        Plaintiffs contend that we should interpret the CRSTF as an irrevocable trust because the
       Eighty-seventh General Assembly, as settlor, did not reserve the right of revocation. In
       addition, plaintiffs contend that legislative history–including the Governor’s veto message
       and the legislative debates–indicates that it was the legislature’s intent that the CRSTF be

                                                  -8-
       held, irrevocably, beyond the power of future legislatures to sweep.
¶ 32        While it is true that the Eighty-seventh General Assembly did not expressly reserve the
       right of revocation, it also did not expressly create the CRSTF as an irrevocable trust. In an
       attempt to discern legislative intent, we have reviewed the legislative debates and find that
       they do not unequivocally support the notion that the legislature intended to make the
       CRSTF an irrevocable trust. More importantly, we must reject plaintiffs’ assertion that the
       legislature intended to make the CRSTF an irrevocable trust because finding it to be such
       would be contrary to settled principles of law and would place an unconstitutional restraint
       on the legislature’s plenary power.
¶ 33        The Illinois General Assembly is a legislative body required by our constitution to make
       appropriations for all expenditures of public funds. Ill. Const. 1970, art. VIII, § 2. Our
       constitution provides that “[p]ublic funds, property or credit shall be used only for public
       purposes.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. VIII, § 1. Because we have found that the funds which are
       deposited into the CRSTF are public funds, the legislature would have violated its
       constitutional duty if it used these funds to create vested rights in private individuals. See
       Fumarolo v. Chicago Board of Education, 142 Ill. 2d 54, 104 (1990) ([A]bsent some clear
       indication to the contrary, it is presumed that “ ‘a law is not intended to create private
       contractual or vested rights but merely declares a policy to be pursued until the legislature
       shall ordain otherwise.’ ”) (quoting National R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Atchison, Topeka &
       Santa Fe Ry. Co., 470 U.S. 451, 466 (1985)).
¶ 34        Further, interpreting the CRSTF as an irrevocable private trust would mean that the
       Eighty-seventh General Assembly placed an unconstitutional restraint on the legislature’s
       plenary power. In Choose Life Illinois, Inc. v. White, 547 F.3d 853 (7th Cir. 2008), it was
       held “axiomatic” that one legislature cannot bind a future legislature.” And in Village of
       Rosemont v. Jaffe, 482 F.3d 926, 937 (7th Cir. 2007), the court held, “[i]t is for each elected
       legislature to express the will of the people as it sees fit.” See also Reichelderfer v. Quinn,
       287 U.S. 315, 318 (1932) (“[T]he will of a particular Congress *** does not impose itself
       upon those to follow in succeeding years.”). The United States Supreme Court, in National
       R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. described as “elementary” the
       proposition that the principal function of a legislature is to make laws which establish the
       policy of the state and that policy is “inherently subject to revision and repeal.” National R.R.
       Passenger Corp. v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 470 U.S. at 466. To hold
       otherwise, the Court said, would “limit drastically the essential powers of a legislative body.”
       National R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 470 U.S. at 466.
¶ 35        Based on the above, we conclude that the CRSTF is not an irrevocable trust. That being
       so, the state maintained legal title to the funds placed in the CRSTF. Thus, the public nature
       of the funds did not change once they were placed in the CRSTF. Since the funds held in the
       CRSTF remained public funds, the legislature’s sweep of monies out of the CRSTF pursuant
       to the FY2004 and FY2005 BIMPs did not constitute an unconstitutional taking of private
       property for public purpose.
¶ 36        In reaching this determination, we find persuasive two supreme court opinions from sister
       states: Board of Trustees of the Tobacco Use Prevention & Control Foundation v. Boyce,

                                                 -9-
       2010-Ohio-6207, 941 N.E.2d 745, and Barber v. Ritter, 196 P.3d 238 (Colo. 2008) (en
       banc).
¶ 37       Boyce involved the Tobacco Use Prevention and Cessation Trust Fund, which the Ohio
       General Assembly created in 2000. The legislature allocated to this fund $235 million, which
       came from the proceeds of a master settlement agreement which several states, including
       Ohio, had entered into with United States tobacco-product manufacturers to resolve litigation
       for the recovery of health-care expenses incurred by the states as a result of tobacco-related
       illnesses. After creating the fund, the legislature appropriated the money to an endowment
       fund, which was to “be in the custody of the treasurer of state but *** not be a part of the
       state treasury.” The money was to be used to pay for programs and research related to
       tobacco-use prevention and cessation. Boyce, 2010-Ohio-6207, ¶ 3, 941 N.E.2d 745. Eight
       years after the fund was created, the legislature passed new legislation which liquidated the
       endowment fund and “deposit[ed] the lesser of $40 million or 14.8 percent of the proceeds
       into the state treasury to the credit of a tobacco-use-prevention fund, and deposit[ed] the
       remaining proceeds from the liquidation (approximately $190 million) into the state treasury
       to the credit of a jobs fund.” Id. ¶ 5. In response to this new legislation, suit was brought by
       certain former smokers for declaratory relief. The plaintiffs claimed that a trust had been
       created, which the General Assembly did not have the power to revoke. Plaintiffs sought
       judgment declaring that (1) the new legislation was unconstitutional under the contract
       clauses of section 10 of article I of the Constitution of the United States and section 28 of
       article II of the Ohio Constitution and (2) that the legislation “illegally attempts to
       appropriate non-treasury funds in breach of an irrevocable trust.” Id. ¶ 6.
¶ 38       According to the plaintiffs, the money in the endowment fund was not “public funds”
       because the enabling statute provided that the endowment fund “shall be in the custody of
       the treasurer of state but shall not be a part of the state treasury.” Also, the plaintiffs
       maintained that, because the fund was outside the state treasury, the legislature intended “to
       create a trust setting the funds permanently outside the control of future legislation.” The
       Ohio Supreme Court rejected these arguments, stating:
                    “Although the General Assembly’s plenary legislative power is expansive, it is
                not all-inclusive. It does not include the ability to bind future General Assemblies.
                ‘No general assembly can guarantee the continuity of its legislation or tie the hands
                of its successors.’ ” Id. ¶ 16.
       Quoting State ex rel. Fletcher v. Executive Council, 223 N.W. 737, 740 (Iowa 1929), the
       Ohio Supreme Court went on to state,
                “ ‘[N]o General Assembly has power to render its enactment irrevocable and
                unrepealable by a future General Assembly. No General Assembly can guarantee the
                span of life of its legislation beyond the period of its biennium. The power and
                responsibility of legislation is always upon the existing General Assembly. One
                General Assembly may not lay its mandate upon a future one. Only the Constitution
                can do that. *** The power of a subsequent General Assembly either to acquiesce or
                to repeal is always existent.’ ” Boyce, 2010-Ohio-6207, ¶ 16, 941 N.E.2d 745.
¶ 39       The second case, Barber v. Ritter, 196 P.3d 238 (Colo. 2008) (en banc), is very similar

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       to the situation in the case at bar. In Barber, the Colorado Supreme Court was asked to
       consider the constitutionality of certain legislation which the Colorado General Assembly
       had passed in response to an economic turndown which had caused revenue shortfalls in its
       general fund. As a remedial measure, the legislature transferred $442 million out of 31
       special funds and into the general fund. The Colorado Supreme Court addressed the
       petitioners’ argument that three of the cash funds–the Colorado Children’s Trust Fund (Colo.
       Rev. Stat. § 19-3.5-106 (2008)), the Severance Tax Trust Fund (Colo. Rev. Stat. § 39-29-109
       (2008)), and the Unclaimed Property Trust Fund (Colo. Rev. Stat. § 38-13-116.5
       (2008))–were public trusts and that the transfer of monies from these cash funds constituted
       a misappropriation of the trust corpus, triggering an obligation to repay the transferred
       monies.
¶ 40       The Colorado Supreme Court noted:
                    “Petitioners argue that the General Assembly’s lack of power to amend the
               statutes in question arises from the special status of the funds created by those
               statutes as trusts. Colorado follows the view of most jurisdictions that a trust, once
               created, may not be revoked by the settlor without the consent of all beneficiaries,
               unless the settlor has explicitly reserved to himself or herself the power to do so
               unilaterally. [Citations.]
                    None of the statutes creating the funds explicitly reserve to the General Assembly
               the power as settlor to revoke or amend them. However, we have repeatedly
               recognized that the General Assembly’s power over appropriations is constitutionally
               derived and have characterized this power as ‘absolute’ and ‘plenary.’ [Citations.] To
               hold that the General Assembly could limit this plenary power to appropriate by
               creating an irrevocable public trust would be to effectively hold that the General
               Assembly could abrogate its constitutional powers by statute. This is not the law. Our
               constitution requires that amendments thereto be approved by a two-thirds majority
               of each legislative house and an affirmative majority of the electorate. Colo. Const.
               art. XIX, § 2. *** We therefore decline to read the cash funds’ enabling legislation
               as creating irrevocable trusts that would unconstitutionally restrain the legislature’s
               plenary power over appropriations.” (Emphasis omitted.) Barber v. Ritter, 196 P.3d
               at 253-54.
¶ 41       Like the courts in Boyce and Barber, we conclude that our legislature cannot create an
       irrevocable trust with public money. If we were to hold otherwise, it would place an
       unconstitutional restraint upon the legislature’s plenary power. Accordingly, we reject
       plaintiffs’ claim that the money allocated to the CRSTF, once deposited, irrevocably became
       the property of the beneficiaries of the trust and, therefore, was private money. For that
       reason, we find no basis for holding that the legislature is without authority to transfer funds
       out of the CRSTF and into the GRF.

¶ 42                            Necessity of Amending the Act
¶ 43     Plaintiffs’ final contention is that, even if the legislature has the authority to remove
       money from the CRSTF, it may only do so by amending the enabling statute, i.e., the Cycle

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       Riders Safety Training Act. Again we disagree.
¶ 44       As explained above, we have determined that, to whatever extent the CRSTF is a valid
       trust, it is not an irrevocable trust. The Restatement (Second) of Trusts provides in comment
       n of section 330, “Ordinarily a power to revoke the trust will be interpreted as including a
       power to revoke the trust in part by withdrawing a part of the trust property from the trust.”
       Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 330, cmt. n (1959). There is nothing to indicate that a
       settlor is required to withdraw funds from a revocable trust in a particular manner or by a
       particular means.
¶ 45       In the present case, it is clear that the legislature did not want to change the CRSTF, nor
       did it seek to alter the amount or manner in which funds are allocated to CRSTF. The
       legislature simply wanted to remove a certain amount of the trust property. We see no reason,
       therefore, why the legislature cannot pass separate legislation which permits the sweep of
       funds out of the CRSTF.

¶ 46                                   CONCLUSION
¶ 47      We affirm the judgment of the appellate court, which upheld the trial court’s grant of
       summary judgment in favor of defendants, Governor Patrick Quinn, Comptroller Daniel W.
       Hynes, and Treasurer Alexi Giannoulias.

¶ 48      Appellate court judgment affirmed.

¶ 49       CHIEF JUSTICE KILBRIDE, dissenting:
¶ 50       I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion. I agree with the majority that the
       registration and license fees are “public” funds. I am concerned, however, that the legislature
       may have swept private or federal funds from the trust. The legislature’s actions in sweeping
       private or federal funds from the trust would violate both the enabling statute and constitute
       a “taking.”
¶ 51       Based on the record before us, it is unclear whether any moneys swept from the CRSTF
       comprised federal grants and private donations. It is undisputed that the enabling legislation
       permits commingling of license and registration fees, private donations, and federal grants.
       We simply do not know, based on the briefs and record in this case, whether the fund
       contains any private or federal moneys. I believe this court is making a grave error in
       declaring that the sweeps were constitutional without additional fact-finding.
¶ 52       The majority cites Board of Trustees of the Tobacco Use Prevention & Control
       Foundation v. Boyce, 2010-Ohio-6207, 941 N.E.2d 745, and Barber v. Ritter, 196 P.3d 238
       (Colo. 2008) (en banc), as persuasive authority. Both of these cases are distinguishable from
       the instant case. In Boyce, the enabling statute created an endowment fund solely for public
       tobacco settlement money and contained no provisions for federal grants or private
       donations. Thus, there was no question that the funds at issue contained only money from the
       tobacco settlement. Similarly, in Barber, the funds at issue contained no private donations
       or federal grant moneys.

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¶ 53       This court has previously held that federal moneys are not Illinois “public funds.” See
       City of Chicago v. Holland, 206 Ill. 2d 480, 492-95 (2003). In Holland, this court recognized
       that “the state has no lawful authority to utilize the federal grants for anything other than their
       intended purposes.” Holland, 206 Ill. 2d at 494. Obviously, sweeping any federal grant
       moneys intended for motorcycle rider safety training from the fund to the General Revenue
       Fund is impermissible.
¶ 54       Although the majority opinion only addresses the CRSTF, the import of today’s decision
       should not be underestimated. There are numerous “trust funds” created by other enabling
       acts. These “trust funds” include the Renewable Energy Resources Trust Fund, funded from
       fees imposed on taxpayer electric bills and earmarked for development of renewable energy
       resources. See 20 ILCS 687/6-4, 6-5 (West 2010). The legislature has swept more than $17
       million from this trust fund alone. See 30 ILCS 105/8.42 (West 2004) (interfund transfer of
       $3 million from the Renewable Energy Resources Trust Fund into the General Revenue
       Fund); 30 ILCS 105/8.43 (West 2004) (special fund transfer of $9,510,000 from the
       Renewable Energy Resources Trust Fund into the General Revenue Fund); 30 ILCS 105/8.44
       (West 2006) (special fund transfer of $14,033 from the Renewable Energy Resources Trust
       Fund into the General Revenue Fund); 30 ILCS 105/8.46 (West 2008) (transfer of $5 million
       from the Renewable Energy Resources Trust Fund to the FY09 Budget Relief Fund).
¶ 55       The legislature has swept $53,000 from the Missing and Exploited Children Trust Fund.
       See 30 ILCS 105/8.42 (West 2004) (interfund transfer of $53,000 from the Missing and
       Exploited Children Trust Fund into the General Revenue Fund). The Missing and Exploited
       Children Trust Fund is comprised of private donations, monetary gifts, grant funds of I-
       SEARCH Units under the Intergovernmental Missing Child Recovery Act and funding from
       other private sources and individuals for the purpose of promoting and conducting programs
       or activities for the prevention or recovery of missing or exploited children. See 30 ILCS
       106/6a-5 (West 2010).
¶ 56       The legislature has swept $23,419 from the Continuing Legal Education Trust Fund. See
       30 ILCS 105/8.44 (West 2006) (special fund transfer of $23,419 from the Continuing Legal
       Education Trust Fund into the General Revenue Fund). The Continuing Legal Educational
       Trust Fund was created under the State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Act and is
       allowed to accept gifts or grants of money from any public or private source. See 725 ILCS
       210/4.10 (West 2010).
¶ 57       The legislature has also transferred nearly $2 million from the State Parks Fund. See 30
       ILCS 105/8.44 (West 2006) (special fund transfer of $1,045,899 from the State Parks Fund
       to the General Revenue Fund); 30 ILCS 105/8.46 (West 2008) ($250,000 transferred from
       the State Parks Fund to the FY09 Budget Relief Fund). The State Parks Fund is comprised,
       at least in part, by Illinois taxpayer charitable donations on Schedule G of the Illinois
       Department of Revenue tax form. See IL-1040 Schedule G (“Your contribution [to the State
       Parks Fund] will help preserve and manage state parks throughout Illinois, which are set
       aside to protect scenic areas and areas of important historic or cultural significance. State
       parks also offer diverse recreational opportunities such as camping, boating, hunting, fishing
       and equestrian trails which may not be offered through traditional municipal park systems.”)

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¶ 58        While sweeps from these and other specific funds are not at issue in this appeal, this
       court has an obligation to address the implications of sweeping private donations and federal
       grant moneys from funds earmarked for other purposes.
¶ 59        From a plain reading of the statute, I believe the legislature clearly intended to earmark
       the registration and license fees to be used only for a specific purpose and created a trust to
       prevent funds from being used for any other purpose. Certainly, the legislature may amend
       the Act for future funds, or simply stop allocating future fees to the trust. Even if it is shown
       that the fund currently contains no private or federal monies, I believe the best approach is
       to require the legislature to amend the enabling act and then allow restricted sweeps of public
       funds, excluding sweeps of private donations and federal grant moneys.
¶ 60        For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.

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