Court Opinion

ID: 5984770
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-13 08:32:52.661904+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:49:36.089580
License: Public Domain

Murphy, P. J. (dissenting).
The defendant and his codefendant, Craig Biggers, as well as the two complainants, Allison Aponte and Elizabeth Arroyo, boarded a number 6 subway train at 125th Street. Once on the train, the defendant and Biggers sat down near, although not immediately beside, each other and according to Arroyo engaged in a conversation the substance of which was not audible. Thereafter, Biggers began verbally to harass the complainants. The defendant did not join in and in fact eventually moved by himself to a different subway car. When the train arrived at Zerega Avenue, the complainants got off followed by Biggers. It was shortly after leaving the train that the complainants were accosted on the subway platform by Biggers and robbed of various possessions at knifepoint. Aponte testified that while Biggers relieved her and Arroyo of their possessions, the defendant, who had apparently also exited the train at Zerega Avenue, stood some 65 to 75 feet away; he was situated at the top of the stairwell providing access to and from the platform. While Aponte at first claimed to have observed defendant glancing alternately down the stairs and in the direction of the ongoing robbery, she later stated that defendant was simply standing at the top of the stairs—that she could not see his face and that she did not witness any communication between defendant and Biggers while the robbery was in progress. Once the robbery was complete, Biggers joined the defendant and the two fled the station together. A short time later, when they were apprehended in the vicinity of the station, Biggers was still in possession of the items taken from the complainants; defendant, on the other hand, had no stolen property and dis*372claimed any relationship with Biggers, stating "I don’t know the guy, I was just asking him for directions”.
Defendant was convicted of robbery in the first degree on the theory that he had acted as Biggers’ accomplice. He now seeks to have the judgment of conviction reversed and the indictment dismissed upon the ground that the evidence was insufficient to establish his complicity in the robbery or, alternatively, to obtain a new trial upon the ground that his request for a circumstantial evidence charge was erroneously denied.
While I agree with the majority that the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the People, was sufficient to support the verdict, I cannot agree that the trial court’s refusal to deliver a circumstantial evidence charge was correct and, as the error cannot in the present context be viewed as harmless, would reverse the conviction and remand the matter for a new trial.
It is well established that where the evidence of guilt is wholly circumstantial a circumstantial evidence charge, if requested, must be given explaining to the jury that, in the absence of direct evidence of the defendant’s guilt, a verdict against the defendant may only be reached inferentially and that the inference of guilt, if drawn, must be compelling, indeed, that it cannot be drawn unless all reasonable hypotheses consistent with the defendant’s innocence have been excluded (People v Silva, 69 NY2d 858, 859; People v Ford, 66 NY2d 428, 441-442; People v Kennedy, 47 NY2d 196, 201-202, 204; People v Cleague, 22 NY2d 363, 367; People v Benzinger, 36 NY2d 29, 32). This much is not and cannot be disputed; the issue is rather whether this was a case in which the evidence was in fact wholly circumstantial thus triggering the court’s obligation to accede to the defendant’s request for a circumstantial evidence charge.
In arguing that the evidence against the defendant was not wholly circumstantial, the People point to the testimony indicating that defendant and Biggers conversed shortly before the robbery and to the evidence of defendant’s presence on the subway platform while the robbery was in progress. Manifestly, however, neither evidentiary component established more than a circumstance which in combination with the other circumstantial evidence might have lent support to an inference that the defendant had in fact intentionally aided Biggers in the commission of the robbery. Neither piece *373of evidence, nor for that matter any of the other evidence in the case, directly established the defendant’s commission of any element of the crime charged. Obviously, the defendant’s inaudible conversation with Biggers prior to the crime cannot be adduced as direct evidence of defendant’s participation in the robbery. And, while the defendant’s presence at the top of the stairway during the robbery might well, in combination with all the other circumstances to which the complainants testified, have supported the inference that defendant was acting as a lookout for Biggers, there was no evidence establishing directly that the defendant acted in that culpable capacity; he did not call out to Biggers or in any other way unambiguously signify a connection between his presence and the crime transpiring some 70 feet away. Indeed, the cases uniformly treat evidence unambiguously establishing no more than presence as circumstantial (see, e.g., People v Cleague, 22 NY2d 363, supra; People v Turner, 73 AD2d 56).
The majority, while conceding that the evidence bearing upon the defendant’s intent was wholly circumstantial, is apparently of the view that there was other evidence in the case, presumably bearing on the defendant’s conduct, possible to characterize as direct. The majority, however, notably fails to specify the evidence to which it alludes preferring instead to describe the evidence in toto as developing "entirely along the same linear plane”. Whatever this picturesque phrase may signify, it hardly suffices to demonstrate the noncircumstantiality of any part of the proof against the defendant.
Contrary to the majority’s suggestion, the fact that the People’s case rested on eyewitness accounts of the robbery does not render the proof against the defendant in any measure noncircumstantial. The issue before us is not whether the relevant events were directly perceived, but rather what the witnesses’ perceptions, direct as they may have been, may be said to have established about the crime charged, and, more particularly, what they may be said to have established about the crime charged without the aid of intervening inference. When all is said and done, the evidence, eyewitness though it may have been, established directly no more than that the defendant was present on the subway platform during the robbery; the connection between the defendant’s presence and the robbery, while inferrable, was not patent to the witnesses and, as a consequence, was not directly proved by their testimony.
Although the majority by means of transparently irrelevant *374distinctions affects not to comprehend the pertinence of Cleague (supra) and Turner (supra) to the matter at bar, their bearing—indeed decisive bearing—is unmistakable. In both of those cases, as here, the defendants were observed by eyewitnesses at or near the crime scene acting in a manner possibly but not necessarily interpretable as that of a lookout. The Court in Cleague, in determining to dismiss the indictment, and the Court in Turner, in determining to remand the matter for a new trial, were, contrary to the impression which might be gleaned from the majority writing, unanimous and explicit that the evidentiary predicates before them were composed of wholly circumstantial evidence. Unless there is some material difference between the quality of the "lookout” evidence in Cleague and Turner and that presented here—and certainly none is identified by the majority or otherwise evident from the cases—it must follow that this case is every bit as circumstantial as Cleague and Turner, or, in other words, that this case, like Cleague and Turner, is wholly circumstantial.
This, of course, is not to say that the evidence against the defendant, circumstantial though it was, was not strong, for as has often been observed, circumstantial evidence may be every bit as inculpatory as direct evidence (see, eg., People v Benzinger, supra, at 32; People v Ford, supra, at 442), and the evidence in this case was at least sufficiently inculpatory to support the verdict. The defendant’s right to a circumstantial evidence charge, however, did not hinge on the ultimate strength of the evidence but upon its complete lack of unmediated probative significance (People v Silva, supra, at 859). Unless there is some sound analytic and/or precedential basis for the conclusion that any portion of the evidence was directly probative of the defendant’s participation in the robbery, and certainly none has been identified, the defendant was entitled, as per his request, to have the jury instructed as to the circumstantiality of the evidence and as to the high degree of certitude necessary to support any inference of guilt.
Finally, although the case against the defendant was strong, it was by no means overwhelming. While the evidence showed that defendant had associated with Diggers before and after the crime and that during the robbery he stood at a place which although distant from the spot where the robbery occurred was one from which he might have acted as a lookout or blocked the complainants’ egress, it also showed that he removed himself from Diggers’ company during Diggers’ verbal harassment of the complainants and remained *375apart from Biggers until the robbery was completed. The entirely plausible hypothesis that defendant was merely an associate of Biggers who awaited but did not assist Biggers during the commission of the crime might have militated against a finding of guilt if the jury had been properly instructed that an inference of guilt was not permissible while there remained reasonable alternative hypotheses consistent with defendant’s innocence. Given the state of the evidence, it was for the jury to consider and either accept or reject the reasonableness of any such alternative hypotheses supported by the evidence and, in the end, to determine whether the inference of guilt was sufficiently compelling. However, as the jury was not properly instructed it is not clear that this essential deliberative responsibility was discharged nor, as a consequence, can it be said whether, if it had been, the defendant would still have been convicted. This then is not one of those exceptional cases in which the failure to deliver a required circumstantial evidence charge may be deemed harmless (see, People v Brian, 84 NY2d 887, 889).
Accordingly, the judgment of the Supreme Court, Bronx County (Ivan Warner, J.), rendered June 29, 1993, convicting defendant, after a jury trial, of two counts of robbery in the first degree, and sentencing him, as a second violent felony offender, to concurrent terms of 6 to 12 years, should be reversed and the matter remanded for a new trial.
Asch, Nardelli and Mazzarelli, JJ., concur with Wait lack, J.; Murphy, P. J., dissents in a separate opinion.
Judgment, Supreme Court, Bronx County, rendered June 29, 1993, affirmed.