Court Opinion

ID: 4185253
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-07-11 20:08:56.965621+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:39:41.488218
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
                                 Docket No. 44211

CHANDLER’S-BOISE LLC,                               )
                                                    )   Boise, June 2017 Term
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                         )
                                                    )   2017 Opinion No. 88
v.                                                  )
                                                    )   Filed: July 11, 2017
IDAHO STATE TAX COMMISSION,                         )
                                                    )   Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
      Defendant-Respondent.                         )
_____________________________________

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District of the State
       of Idaho, Ada County. Hon. Melissa Moody, District Judge.

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed. Costs and attorney fees
       on appeal are awarded to the respondent.

       Givens Pursley, LLP, Boise, attorneys for appellant. Peter Barton
       argued.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Idaho Attorney General, Boise, attorneys
       for respondent. Erick Shaner argued.
                              ____________________________

JONES, Justice.
                                    I. NATURE OF THE CASE
       Chandler’s-Boise, LLC (“Chandlers”), challenges a district court’s grant of summary
judgment upholding the Idaho State Tax Commission’s (the “Commission”) deficiency
determination. The Commission determined that Chandlers did not pay sales tax on gratuities
that were automatically added to customer checks between 2007 and 2010. Chandlers appeals.

                        II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       This is a sales tax appeal, and the facts are uncontested. The crux of the appeal concerns
an administrative rule and its interaction with certain sections of the Idaho Sales Tax Act (the
“Tax Act”), Idaho Code title 63, chapter 36. The Legislature amended the Tax Act in the midst

                                                1
of the underlying litigation (the “2011 Amendment”). The following is a review of relevant
portions of the Tax Act, the administrative rule, and the 2011 Amendment.
       Idaho Code section 63-3619 imposes a tax upon “each sale at retail at the rate of six
percent (6%) of the sales price.” I.C. § 63-3619. A “sale” is defined by Idaho Code section 63-
3612(1) as follows:
               The term “sale” means any transfer of title, exchange or barter, conditional
       or otherwise, of tangible personal property for a consideration and shall include
       any similar transfer of possession found by the state tax commission to be in lieu
       of, or equivalent to, a transfer of title, exchange or barter.
I.C. § 63-3612(1). Idaho Code section 63-3612(2)(b) provides that a “sale” also includes
“[f]urnishing, preparing, or serving food, meals, or drinks and nondepreciable goods and services
directly consumed by customers included in the charge thereof.” I.C. § 63-3612(2)(b).
       Idaho Code section 63-3613(a) defines “sales price” as the “total amount for which
tangible personal property, including services agreed to be rendered as a part of the sale, is sold.”
I.C. § 63-3613(a). However, Idaho Code section 63-3613(b) excludes certain charges from the
“sales price” thereby rendering said charges tax-exempt. There are two exclusions that Chandlers
contends are relevant to this appeal.
       First, subsection (b)(4), as it existed in 2010, exempts the following charges from the
“sales price”:
              The amount charged for labor or services rendered in installing or
       applying the property sold, provided that said amount is stated separately and
       such separate statement is not used as a means of avoiding imposition of this tax
       upon the actual sales price of the tangible personal property; except that charges
       by a manufactured homes dealer for set up of a manufactured home shall be
       included in the “sales price” of such manufactured home.
I.C. § 63-3613(b)(4) (2010). Second, subsection (b)(6) excludes: “The amount charged for
finance charges, carrying charges, service charges, time-price differential, or interest on deferred
payment sales, provided such charges are not used as a means of avoiding imposition of this tax
upon the actual sales price of the tangible personal property.” I.C. § 63-3613(b)(6).
       There is also a tax commission rule that is at issue in this case. The 2010 version of
IDAPA Rule 35.01.02.043.04.c (the “Pre-2011 Rule”) provided as follows:

             When an amount is added to a customer’s bill by the retailer, and the
       customer is not advised in writing on the face of the bill that he may decline to

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        pay all or part of the amount, it is not a gratuity and the fee so added is subject to
        the sales tax.
IDAPA 35.01.02.043.04.c (2010). As previously mentioned, the Tax Act was amended by the
Legislature in 2011. The 2011 Amendment added the following exemption to Idaho Code section
63-3613: “Sales price shall not include a gratuity or tip received when paid to the service
provider of a meal. The gratuity or tip can be either voluntary or mandatory, but must be given
for the service provided and as a supplement to the service provider’s income.” I.C. § 63-
3613(f). By adding this exemption, the Legislature did away with the voluntariness distinction in
the Pre-2011 Rule. Accordingly, the Tax Commission revised the Pre-2011 Rule to provide:
“When a gratuity is paid in addition to the price of a meal, no sales tax applies to the gratuity. A
gratuity can be paid voluntarily by the customer or be required by the seller.” IDAPA
35.01.02.043.04.
        Chandlers owns and operates a steak and seafood restaurant in downtown Boise, Idaho.
The Commission, through its Sales, Use, and Miscellaneous Tax Audit Bureau (the “Bureau”),
conducted a comprehensive sales audit of Chandlers for the period of May 1, 2007, through May
31, 2010 (the “Audit Period”), to determine sales tax law compliance. After its audit, the Bureau
asserted errors in sales, fixed asset additions, ordinary purchases, and meals given to employees
and guests. The only error relevant to this appeal is Chandlers’ failure to pay sales tax on
automatically added gratuities 1 that were added to banquet meals, room service meals, and
restaurant dining services for groups having six or more persons (the “Charges”). The bills that
Chandlers gave its customers during the Audit Period did not contain a written statement
indicating that the Charges could be declined as required by the Pre-2011 Rule. Chandlers did
not retain the Charges in question; rather, the employees involved in preparing or providing the
meals, including the server, busser, and bartender, kept the Charges.
        On June 18, 2010, the Bureau issued a Notice of Deficiency Determination to Chandlers
wherein it determined that Chandlers owed $91,243 for sales and use tax plus penalty and
interest. On August 20, 2010, Chandlers timely protested the deficiency and filed a Petition for
Redetermination of Notice of Deficiency Determination to the Commission. At that time,

1
  The term “gratuities” is a misnomer in this context because, according to the Pre-2011 Rule, an amount
automatically added to a customer’s bill without notice that it may be declined “is not a gratuity.” IDAPA
35.01.02.043.c (2010).
                                                    3
Chandlers provided additional documentation for the Bureau’s review. After reviewing the
documentation, the Bureau modified the audit findings and reduced Chandlers’ liability.
       On July 14, 2015, the Commission upheld the Bureau’s determination that the Charges
were subject to sales tax and concluded that Chandlers owed $52,167, less $9,748 that had
already been paid. On October 13, 2015, Chandlers filed a Complaint for Judicial Review and
Redetermination of Tax with the district court challenging the Commission’s updated Notice of
Deficiency Determination. On March 1, 2016, both parties filed motions for summary judgment.
       On April 7, 2016, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the
Commission thereby affirming the deficiency determination. In its summary judgment order, the
district court explained that the Pre-2011 Rule was in effect during the entire Audit Period. The
district court noted that the parties agreed that Chandlers added the Charges to customers’ bills
without writing on the face of the bills that the Charges may be declined. The district court held
that, according to relevant law in effect at the time of the Audit Period, sales tax must be paid on
the Charges. The district court acknowledged that Idaho Code section 63-3613 was amended in
2011 to exempt gratuities, whether voluntary or mandatory, from being taxed as part of the
“sales price.” However, the district court held that the 2011 Amendment did not affect the
Commission’s deficiency determination because it was not retroactive to the Audit Period. The
district court did not address attorney’s fees or costs. A corresponding judgment was entered on
April 8, 2016.
       Chandlers appeals.

                                      III. ISSUES ON APPEAL
1.     Whether the district court erred by determining that Idaho Code sections 63-3613(b)(4)
       and (b)(6) did not apply to this case.
2.     Whether the district court erred by determining that the 2011 Amendment did not clarify
       or reflect the state of the statute as it existed all along.
3.     Whether the Commission is entitled to costs and attorney’s fees below and/or on appeal.
                                   IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
                A taxpayer may appeal a decision by the Tax Commission to the district
       court by filing a complaint against the Tax Commission in the district court
       pursuant to Idaho Code section 63–3049. The case proceeds as a de novo bench
       trial in the district court. This Court reviews the district court’s decision directly,
       and utilizes the Tax Commission’s administrative determination as merely an
       articulation of the position of the Tax Commission as a party to the action.

                                                 4
                This Court reviews the district court’s grant of summary judgment under
        the same standard employed by the district court. The fact that the parties have
        filed cross-motions for summary judgment does not change the applicable
        standard of review, and this Court must evaluate each party’s motion on its own
        merits. Summary judgment is proper if the pleadings, depositions, and admissions
        on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as
        to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
        of law. Because the case proceeds as a de novo bench trial in front of the district
        court, the district court, as the trier of fact, is entitled to arrive at the most
        probable inferences based upon the undisputed evidence properly before it and
        grant the summary judgment despite the possibility of conflicting inferences. This
        Court freely reviews the entire record that was before the district court to
        determine whether either side was entitled to judgment as a matter of law and
        whether the inferences drawn by the district court are reasonably supported by the
        record.
Gracie, LLC v. Idaho State Tax Comm’n, 149 Idaho 570, 572, 237 P.3d 1196, 1198 (2010)
(internal quotations and citations omitted).
                                           V. ANALYSIS
A.      The district court did not err by determining that the exemptions set forth in Idaho
        Code sections 63-3613(b)(4) and (b)(6) did not apply to this case.
        Chandlers argues that the Charges are tax-exempt because they are excluded from the
“sales price” by Idaho Code sections 63-3613(b)(4) and (b)(6). Chandlers asserts that the district
court erred by narrowly construing the exclusions in a way that categorically excluded the
Charges from tax-exemption.
        In a related argument, Chandlers asserts that the district court erred in relying upon the
Pre-2011 Rule in finding that the Charges were subject to sales tax. Chandlers asserts that the
Pre-2011 Rule conflicts with IDAPA Rule 35.01.02.11.02(c) (“Rule 11”). Rule 11 provides that
when the transfer of tangible personal property and the performance of a service are both
consequential elements of a transaction—a “mixed transaction”—the former is subject to sales
tax, and the latter is not.
        The Commission argues that the district court properly held that the exclusions in Idaho
Code section 63-3613(b) do not apply to this case. The Commission makes three arguments to
support its position. First, the Commission argues that Chandlers’ interpretation of Idaho Code
section 63-3613(b)(4) is nonsensical and stifles the true meaning of the section because a plain
reading of the statute makes clear that it does not apply to restaurant tips, fees, or service
charges. Second, the Commission asserts that when subsection (b)(6) is read as a whole, it

                                                 5
becomes clear that the term “service charges” is not intended to include restaurant related
charges. Third, the Commission asserts that Chandlers’ argument relating to Rule 11 is
misplaced. The Commission explains that Rule 11 states that sales tax is applied to services
“stated above.” Included in the services “stated above” is the “[f]urnishing, preparing or serving
food, meals or drinks.” Thus, the Commission argues that the plain language of Rule 11 subjects
services related to providing a restaurant meal to sales tax.
       In Jayo Dev., Inc. v. Ada Cnty. Bd. of Equalization, 158 Idaho 148, 345 P.3d 207 (2015),
this Court reiterated the standard applied to statutory interpretation:
               The objective of statutory interpretation is to give effect to legislative
       intent. Such intent should be derived from a reading of the whole act at issue.
       Statutory interpretation begins with the literal words of the statute, and this
       language should be given its plain, obvious, and rational meaning. If the statutory
       language is unambiguous, the clearly expressed intent of the legislative body must
       be given effect, and there is no occasion for a court to consider rules of statutory
       construction. This is because [t]he asserted purpose for enacting the legislation
       cannot modify its plain meaning.
Id. at 152, 345 P.3d at 211(alteration in original) (quoting Idaho Youth Ranch, Inc. v. Ada Cnty.
Bd. of Equalization, 157 Idaho 180, 184–85, 335 P.3d 25, 29–30 (2014)).
       As previously mentioned, Idaho Code section 63-3613(b) renders certain charges tax-
exempt by excluding them from the “sales price.” Subsection (b)(4) excludes the following
charges from the “sales price”:
              The amount charged for labor or services rendered in installing or
       applying the property sold, provided that said amount is stated separately and
       such separate statement is not used as a means of avoiding imposition of this tax
       upon the actual sales price of the tangible personal property; except that charges
       by a manufactured homes dealer for set up of a manufactured home shall be
       included in the “sales price” of such manufactured home.
I.C. § 63-3613(b)(4) (2010). Subsection (b)(6) exempts the following charges from the “sales
price”: “The amount charged for finance charges, carrying charges, service charges, time-price
differential, or interest on deferred payment sales, provided such charges are not used as a means
of avoiding imposition of this tax upon the actual sales price of the tangible personal property.”
I.C. § 63-3613(b)(6).
       The 2010 version of Rule 11 provided as follows, in pertinent part:

       Retail Sales of Tangible Personal Property Together with Services.

                                                  6
        The sales tax applies to retail sales of tangible personal property. It does not apply
        to the sale of services except as stated above. 2 However, when a sale of tangible
        personal property includes incidental services, the tax applies to the total amount
        charged, including fees for any incidental services except separately stated
        transportation and installation fees. The fact that the charge for the tangible
        personal property results mainly from the labor or creativity of its maker does not
        turn a sale of tangible personal property into a sale of services. The cost of any
        product includes labor and manufacturing skill. . . .
IDAPA 35.01.02.11.02 (2010) (emphasis added).
        Chandlers’ arguments are meritless. The plain language of subsections (b)(4) and (b)(6)
indicate a narrow application and do not render the Charges tax-exempt. Subsection (b)(4)
narrowly targets service charges related to contractors. This interpretation is supported by the
fact that the subsection mentions charges related to the setting up of a manufactured home. This
interpretation is bolstered by IDAPA Rule 35.01.02.014, titled “Contractors/Retailers.” It
provides that an over-the-counter sale of an appliance such as a stove or refrigerator is taxed, but
an installation charge related to the sale, if properly separated, is not taxed. IDAPA
35.01.02.014.06. Subsection (b)(6) specifically exempts charges related to the financial industry
and does not apply to restaurant related charges. This interpretation is supported by the legal
maxim noscitur a sociis, “which means ‘a word is known by the company it keeps.’” State v.
Schulz, 151 Idaho 863, 867, 264 P.3d 970, 974 (2011) (quoting State v. Hammersley, 134 Idaho
816, 821, 10 P.3d 1285, 1290 (2000)). In light of subsection (b)(6)’s exemption of technical
financial charges, it would be unreasonable to broaden the term “service charges” to include
restaurant related charges. For the foregoing reasons, neither subsection (b)(4), nor subsection
(b)(6) renders the Charges tax-exempt.
        Chandlers’ argument that the Pre-2011 Rule should not be relied upon due to its conflict
with Rule 11 is meritless. Rule 11 exempts certain consequential service charges from sales tax.
Crucially, though, Rule 11 provides that sales tax is applied to sales including the “[f]urnishing,
preparing or serving [of] food, meals or drinks for compensation.” IDAPA 35.01.02.011.01.c
(2010). Thus, the Pre-2011 Rule and Rule 11 do not conflict because both result in the taxation
of services related to providing a restaurant meal.

2
  One of the “sale of services . . . stated above” is: “Furnishing, preparing or serving food, meals or drinks for
compensation.” IDAPA 35.01.02.011.01.c (2010).
                                                        7
B.      The district court did not err by determining that the 2011 Amendment changed the
        statute rather than clarifying or reflecting the state of the statute as it existed all
        along.
        Chandlers’ argument that the 2011 Amendment clarified the meaning of the statute as it
existed all along can be distilled to three main points. First, Chandlers asserts that the legislative
history of the 2011 Amendment indicates that the Pre-2011 Rule’s unnecessary distinction
between voluntary and mandatory gratuities was the impetus for the 2011 Amendment.
Chandlers notes that the House Revenue and Taxation Committee minutes include the following:
“[T]his legislation adds language to the statute to clarify that the sales price does not include a
gratuity or a tip when serving meals, and therefore, is not taxed.” Similarly, the Senate Local
Government and Taxation Committee minutes include the following: “This bill adds language to
clarify and make consistent that the sales price should not include gratuity for serving meals and
therefore is not subject[] to sales tax.” Chandlers argues that the foregoing legislative history
demonstrates that the Pre-2011 Rule’s misplaced distinction between voluntary and mandatory
gratuities was the impetus for the 2011 Amendment.
        Second, Chandlers requests that this Court apply the substance of the 2011 Amendment
to the Audit Period even though the amendment contains a retroactive effective date of January
1, 2011. Chandlers asserts that Idaho courts have applied the substance of a “clarificatory”
statutory amendment to circumstances predating an amendment’s effective date. In support of its
assertion, Chandlers relies predominantly upon Stonecipher v. Stonecipher, 131 Idaho 731, 963
P.2d 1168 (1998), for the proposition that legislative clarifications merely further describe
statutes as they already existed at the time of enactment notwithstanding a stated effective date
that is later than the events in question.
        Third, Chandlers asserts that the 2011 Amendment’s January 1, 2011 retroactive effective
date “does not mean that the pre-Amendment Idaho Code [section] 63-3613(b)(4) and/or (6) did
not already incorporate or otherwise encompass this concept.” In support of its position,
Chandlers quotes the following from Sutherland on Statutory Construction:

        An amendment which in effect construes and clarifies a prior statute must be
        accepted as the legislative declaration of the meaning of the original act, where
        the amendment was adopted soon after the controversy arose concerning the
        proper interpretation of the statute. This has led courts to logically conclude that
        an amendment was adopted to make plain what the legislation had been all along
        from the time of the statute's original enactment.

                                                  8
Chandlers argues that the 2011 Amendment clarifies what the Legislature meant in enacting
Idaho Code section 63-3613(b)(4) and (b)(6) in the first place, i.e., gratuities such as the Charges
are not subject to sales tax.
        The Commission raises three points. First, the Commission argues that the 2011
Amendment is retroactive only to January 1, 2011. For support, the Commission cites Jayo Dev.,
Inc. v. Ada Cnty. Bd. of Equalization, 158 Idaho 148, 345 P.3d 207 (2014), wherein this Court
denied a plaintiff’s argument that a statutory amendment served to clarify the Legislature’s
earlier intent as it existed all along. This Court stated: “Had the legislature wished for the
amendment to apply retroactively to the 2012 tax year, the legislature could have done so. It did
not.” Id. at 154, 345 P.3d at 213. The Commission likens the case at hand to Jayo Development
Inc. and argues that had the Legislature wished for the 2011 Amendment to relate back any
further than January 1, 2011, it would have done so.
        Second, the Commission asserts that Chandlers’ argument that the 2011 Amendment
strengthened or clarified the law as it existed all along is meritless. To begin, the Commission
asserts that the 2011 Amendment did not clarify the existing law, but changed the law by
creating a narrow exemption that did not previously exist, i.e., the restaurant owner’s income is
distinguished from the server’s income. The Commission argues that this new exemption
illustrates that the law was changed by the 2011 Amendment, not clarified. Similarly, the
Commission argues that the Legislature’s approval of the Commission’s revisions to IDAPA
Rule 35.01.02.043.04 (the “Post-2011 Rule”) illustrates that the 2011 Amendment changed the
law instead of clarifying it. The Commission notes that the Post-2011 Rule added new
requirements for service charges to be tax-exempt, namely: tips must be additional income to the
base wages of the server; tips cannot be used to artificially lower the cost of the meal to avoid
sales tax; and the tips cannot go to managers or owners unless they are directly involved with
providing the meal. Next, the Commission addresses Chandlers’ argument that the 2011
Amendment was aimed at correcting an inconsistency created by the Pre-2011 Rule. The
Commission concedes that, generally speaking, services are not subject to sales tax under the
Tax Act, but claims that some services are still taxable, e.g., prior to 2011, services related to
“[f]urnishing, preparing, or serving food, meals, or drinks” were taxed. Thus, the Commission
argues that the 2011 Amendment could not be solely aimed at correcting the Pre-2011 Rule
because the Pre-2011 Rule was consistent with the plain language of Idaho Code sections 63-
                                                 9
3619, -3612, and -3613 as they existed prior to the 2011 Amendment. Turning to Chandlers’
reliance on Sutherland on Statutory Construction, the Commission notes that although the
treatise provides that an amendment that clarifies a prior statute must be accepted as a
declaration of the meaning of the original act, the treatise also provides that “[a]n amendment of
an unambiguous statute indicates an intent to change the law.”
       Third, and finally, the Commission argues that the 2011 Amendment must be narrowly
construed against Chandlers. The Commission cites Jayo Development, Inc. for the proposition
that “‘[s]tatutes granting tax exemptions are strictly construed against the taxpayer and in favor
of the State.’ . . . Further, tax exemptions are to be ‘narrowly construed’ and the ‘taxpayer must
show a clear entitlement to an exemption, as an exemption will never be presumed.’” 158 Idaho
at 151, 345 P.3d at 210 (quoting Ada Cnty. Bd. of Equalization v. Highlands, Inc., 141 Idaho
202, 206, 108 P.3d 349, 353 (2004)). The Commission argues that to interpret the 2011
Amendment to apply before its clearly expressed retroactive effective date, January 1, 2011, is
contrary to the plain words of the amendment and is not a narrow interpretation strictly construed
against the taxpayer.

               The objective of statutory interpretation is to give effect to legislative
       intent. Such intent should be derived from a reading of the whole act at issue.
       Statutory interpretation begins with the literal words of the statute, and this
       language should be given its plain, obvious, and rational meaning. If the statutory
       language is unambiguous, the clearly expressed intent of the legislative body must
       be given effect, and there is no occasion for a court to consider rules of statutory
       construction. This is because [t]he asserted purpose for enacting the legislation
       cannot modify its plain meaning.
Jayo Development, Inc., 158 Idaho at 152, 345 P.3d at 211 (alteration in original) (quoting Idaho
Youth Ranch, Inc. v. Ada Cnty. Bd. of Equalization, 157 Idaho 180, 184–85, 335 P.3d 25, 29–30
(2014)).

               This Court has set forth a number of rules in determining whether or not a
       taxpayer is entitled to an exemption. Namely, [t]ax exemptions are disfavored
       generally, perhaps because they seem to conflict with principles of fairness—
       equality and uniformity—in bearing the burdens of government. Thus, [s]tatutes
       granting tax exemptions are strictly construed against the taxpayer and in favor of
       the State. Further, tax exemptions are to be narrowly construed and the taxpayer
       must show a clear entitlement to an exemption, as an exemption will never be
       presumed.
Id. at 151, 345 P.3d at 210 (alterations in original) (internal quotations and citations omitted).

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       Stonecipher v. Stonecipher, 131 Idaho 731, 963 P.2d 1168 (1998), involved a mother’s
attempt to collect unpaid child support payments from her children’s father in 1995 via a motion
for an order to show cause. The statute at issue was enacted in 1988 and provided: “An action or
proceeding to collect child support arrearages accrued under a support order must be commenced
within five (5) years after the child reaches the age of majority or within five (5) years after the
child’s death, if death occurs before the child reaches majority.” I.C. § 5-245 (1988). A 1995
amendment to the statute added the following sentence: “An action or proceeding under this
section shall include, but is not limited to, execution on the judgment, order to show cause,
garnishment, income withholding, income tax offset or lottery prize offset.” I.C. § 5-245 (1995).
This Court reasoned that the original purpose of the 1988 version of the statute was to benefit the
mother and held that the 1995 amendment “simply clarified the language of the original statute
by providing a list, though non-exhaustive, of terms to be encompassed by ‘an action or
proceeding to collect child support arrearages.’” Stonecipher, 131 Idaho at 735, 963 P.2d at
1172. Accordingly, the 1995 amendment was interpreted as clarifying the law as it was all along.
Notably, the 1995 amendment did not include a retroactive effective date. I.C. § 5-245 (1995).
       The 2011 Amendment did not merely clarify Idaho Code section 63-3613 as it existed all
along; rather, it changed the law. This Court has held that when the Legislature amends a statute,
it must be presumed that the Legislature intended the statute to have a different meaning from the
pre-amendment version. Intermountain Health Care, Inc. v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Madison
Cty., 109 Idaho 685, 687, 710 P.2d 595, 597 (1985). Moreover, the inclusion of a retroactive
effective date indicates that the Legislature intended the 2011 Amendment to take effect from
that date forward. This Court has held that statutory amendments are not retroactive unless
expressly so declared. A & B Irr. Dist. v. Idaho Dep’t of Water Res. 153 Idaho 500, 508, 284
P.3d 225, 233 (2012). It stands to reason that a statute with a retroactive effective date cannot be
applied to events prior thereto. Further, interpreting the 2011 Amendment to have effect to dates
predating the retroactive effective date, i.e., the Audit Period, would conflict with this Court’s
instruction to construe tax exemptions narrowly. Jayo Dev., Inc. v. Ada Cnty. Bd. of
Equalization, 158 Idaho at 151, 345 P.3d at 210.
       Chandlers’ assertion that the 2011 Amendment was aimed at correcting the inconsistency
created by the Pre-2011 Rule is unpersuasive. Chandlers cites to House and Senate committee
minutes for support; however, these minutes actually undercut Chandlers’ argument. The
                                                11
minutes indicate that the purpose of the 2011 Amendment was to clarify and make consistent
that the sales price should not include the gratuity for serving meals. As previously discussed,
sales price is defined by Idaho Code section 63-3613, together with the incorporation of Idaho
Code section 63-3612(2)(b). Thus, Idaho Code sections 63-3613, and -3612(2)(b), not the Pre-
2011 Rule, were the target of the 2011 Amendment.
       Chandlers’ assertion that the 2011 Amendment clarified what the Legislature meant in
enacting Idaho Code section 63-3613 all along is similarly unpersuasive. Chandlers’ reference to
Sutherland on Statutory Construction is not helpful to its position. Sutherland on Statutory
Construction provides that a statutory amendment that clarifies a prior statute must be accepted
as a declaration of the meaning of the original statute only “where the amendment was adopted
soon after the controversy arose concerning the proper interpretation of the statute.” 1A
Sutherland Statutory Construction § 22:31 (7th ed.). Because the alleged “clarificatory” 2011
Amendment was adopted nearly twenty years after the issuance of the Pre-2011 Rule and not
“soon after the controversy arose concerning the proper interpretation of the statute,” the 2011
Amendment did not clarify the Tax Act as it existed all along, but rather changed the Tax Act.
       Lastly, Chandlers’ reliance on Stonecipher is misplaced. Chandlers cites Stonecipher for
the proposition that a legislative clarification merely further describes a statute as such already
existed at the time of its enactment notwithstanding a stated effective date that is later than the
events in question. Stonecipher can be distinguished from this case because the amendment at
issue in Stonecipher was truly a clarification. The Stonecipher amendment did not change the
original purpose of the statute because, both before and after the amendment, the purpose was to
allow the mother to collect child support payments. 131 Idaho at 735, 963 P.2d at 1172.
Conversely, the 2011 Amendment changed the purpose of the Tax Act in part. Prior to the 2011
Amendment, the purpose of the Tax Act, in part, was to tax “services agreed to be rendered as
part of the sale” and charges associated with “[f]urnishing, preparing, or serving food, meals or
drinks.” I.C. §§ 63-3613(a); -3612(2)(b). To that end, the Pre-2011 Rule taxed mandatory
gratuities as service charges. The 2011 Amendment changed the purpose of the Tax Act by
rendering a large swath of service charges, including mandatory gratuities, tax-exempt. Further,
the 2011 Amendment included a clear retroactive effective date, which signaled that the law had
been changed and that such change would take effect from the retroactive effective date, January
1, 2011, forward. See Jayo Dev., Inc. v. Ada Cnty. Bd. of Equalization, 158 Idaho 148, 154, 345
                                                12
P.3d 207, 213 (2015). For the foregoing reasons, the district court did not err in rejecting
Chandlers’ argument that the 2011 Amendment clarified the Tax Act as it existed all along.
C.     The Commission is entitled to costs and attorney’s fees on appeal.
       As a preliminary matter, the Commission requests costs and attorney’s fees at the district
court level pursuant to Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 54(e). Separately, the Commission requests
costs and attorney’s fees on appeal pursuant to Idaho Appellate Rules 35, 40, and 41, as well as
Idaho Code section 12-117(1) and (2), Idaho Code section 12-121, and Idaho Code section 63-
3049(d). The Commission asserts that Chandlers’ arguments are inconsistent with the
interpretation and application of the law in place during the Audit Period.
       Chandlers argues that the Commission waived its right to costs and attorney’s fees at the
district court level by failing to timely and properly request fees and costs below. Further,
Chandlers asserts that the Commission did not file a memorandum of costs within fourteen days
of the district court’s judgment as required by Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(4), which
provides that “[f]ailure to timely file a memorandum of costs is a waiver of the right to costs.”
       Chandlers argues that the Commission’s request for costs and attorney’s fees on appeal
under Idaho Code sections 12-117 and 12-121 must be denied because this Court has held that
where the Legislature includes a specific standard for attorney’s fees in a particular statute, that
statute provides the exclusive basis for fees.
       Regarding the Commission’s request pursuant to Idaho Code section 63-3049(d),
Chandlers argues that its position was not frivolous or groundless because: (1) the statutory
language at issue here is different from the statutory language in Jayo Development Inc.; (2) the
case law relating to the Legislature’s power to clarify a statute “does not appear to have been
applied in this precise context”; and (3) its arguments result from differing interpretations of the
statutory language and the interpretative weight of the 2011 Amendment. In sum, Chandlers
argues that costs and attorney’s fees on appeal are not warranted under these circumstances.
       “[W]here two statutes appear to apply to the same case or subject matter, the specific
statute will control over the more general statute.” State v. Barnes, 133 Idaho 378, 382, 987 P.2d
290, 294 (1999) (citing V-1 Oil Co. v. Idaho Transp. Dep’t, 131 Idaho 482, 483, 959 P.2d 463,
464 (1998)).
       Idaho Code section 63-3049(d) provides as follows:
       Whenever it appears to the court that:

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       (1) Proceedings before it have been instituted or maintained by a party primarily
       for delay; or
       (2) A party’s position in such proceeding is frivolous or groundless; or
       (3) A party unreasonably failed to pursue available administrative remedies;
       the court, in its discretion, may require the party which did not prevail to pay to
       the prevailing party costs, expenses and attorney’s fees.
I.C. § 63-3049(d).
       The Commission’s request for attorney’s fees below need not be addressed by this Court
because the argument is merely mentioned in passing and not supported by cogent argument. See
Bach v. Bagley, 148 Idaho 784, 790, 229 P.3d 1146, 1152 (2010) (citing Inama v. Boise Cnty.
Bd. of Comm’rs, 138 Idaho 324, 330, 63 P.3d 450, 456 (2003)).
       The Commission is entitled to attorney’s fees on appeal because Chandlers’ arguments
are groundless. Chandlers’ arguments rest on an untenable reading of Idaho Code sections 63-
3613(b)(4) and (b)(6), attack the district court’s dicta, and ignore the 2011 Amendment’s
unambiguous retroactive effective date. Further, Chandlers asserts that this case is similar to
Stonecipher v. Stonecipher, 131 Idaho 731, 963 P.2d 1168 (1998), but ignores the clear
distinguishing factors.

                                        VI. CONCLUSION
       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment. Costs and attorney’s
fees on appeal are awarded to the Commission.
       Chief Justice BURDICK and Justice BRODY CONCUR.

HORTON, J., specially concurring.
       I join in the result reached by the Court. Although I do not disagree with the Court’s
analysis, I get to the same destination by a shorter route. The central issue presented by this
appeal is the validity of the pre-2012 version of the Tax Commission’s rule regarding gratuities,
specifically IDAPA 35.01.02.043.04(c). The rule was effective from 1989 until the Tax
Commission amended it in response to the 2011 amendment of Idaho Code section 63-3613—a
time frame that covers the entirety of the Audit Period.
       In 1996, the Idaho Legislature enacted Idaho Code section 63-105, which provides in
pertinent part:

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        63-105. Powers and duties — General. In addition to all other powers and duties
        vested in it, the state tax commission shall have the power and duty:
        ...
        (2) To make, adopt and publish such rules as it may deem necessary and
        desirable to carry out the powers and duties imposed upon it by law, provided
        however, that all rules adopted by the state tax commission prior to the effective
        date of this 1996 amendatory act shall remain in full force and effect until such
        time as they may be rescinded or revised by the commission.
1996 Idaho Sess. L. ch. 98, § 2, pp. 311–12 (emphasis added). Idaho Code section 63-105 took
effect on January 1, 1997, prior to the Audit Period in question. Id., § 21, p. 401.
        The Commission argues that the statute constituted legislative “approval” of the
Commission’s rules. This careful phraseology is no doubt intended to recognize the distinction
between the Executive’s rulemaking powers and the Legislature’s authority to approve or reject
an administrative rule. This Court first explicitly recognized this legislative authority in Mead v.
Arnell, 117 Idaho 660, 791 P.2d 410 (1990), and the people of this State enshrined this power in
our Constitution in 2016 with their approval of Article III, § 29.
I think that the Commission’s distinction is too fine. Although the rule went through the
legislative review process now addressed by Idaho Code section 67-5291, Idaho Code section
63-105(2) was not enacted by way of a concurrent resolution; rather, Idaho Code section 63-
105(2) was the product of the Legislature passing HB 783 and the Governor approving that bill
by his signature. In short, the declaration that the then-existing Commission rules, including
IDAPA 35.01.02.043.04(c), were “in full force and effect” was a matter of duly-enacted
legislation.
          Significantly, at least to me, Chandlers’ briefing simply ignores the Commission’s
arguments based upon Idaho Code section 63-105(2). In light of Chandlers’ otherwise-thorough
briefing, I do not think that Chandlers’ silence is the product of oversight; rather, I believe it
represents an implicit recognition that IDAPA 35.01.02.043.04(c), as it existed during the
relevant time, was valid and effective by operation of statute.
        Justice EISMANN CONCURS.

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