Court Opinion

ID: 9951189
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-15 18:10:36.710947+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:39.087651
License: Public Domain

J-A05035-24

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  ROBERT PETER CARTALEMI                       :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1817 EDA 2023

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 6, 2023
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-45-CR-0001130-2021

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., KING, J., and LANE, J.

MEMORANDUM BY LANE, J.:                                FILED MARCH 15, 2024

       Robert Peter Cartalemi (“Cartalemi”) appeals from the judgment of

sentence imposed following his conviction for unlawful interception of a

communication pursuant to the Wiretapping and Electronic Surveillance Act

(“the Wiretap Act”), 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 5701-5782.1 We affirm.

       The relevant factual and procedural history can be summarized as

follows. Cartalemi and Michael Corbo (“Corbo”) are the co-owners of Muscle,

Inc. (“Muscle”), a gym located in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.              The

complainant, Scott Schweinfurth (“Schweinfurth”), is a personal trainer and

the owner of Transform Personal Training (“Transform”).          Cartalemi and

Schweinfurth were close friends and former business partners. Pursuant to a

verbal agreement, Cartalemi and Corbo permitted Schweinfurth and his

____________________________________________

1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5703(1).
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brother, Steven Schweinfurth (“Steven”), to train Transform clients at

Muscle’s facility without requiring Schweinfurth to pay fees or rent to Muscle.

Cartalemi and Corbo      also   permitted   Schweinfurth   to   sell Transform

merchandise in Muscle’s store. At some point, Cartalemi and Corbo began

revoking these privileges.

      In June 2019, Cartalemi and Corbo asked Schweinfurth to attend a

meeting at Muscle.    See N.T., 11/16/22, at 23, 37-40, 41.       The meeting

ultimately took place on June 18, 2019. Id. at 24. Cartalemi and Corbo asked

Marc Gaudet (“Gaudet”), a Muscle employee, to attend the meeting as a

witness. Id. at 82. Steven asked to attend the meeting, but his request was

denied, and he was told to sit at the front desk and wait. Id. at 106. The

meeting took place in an office located in Muscle’s facility which was used for

various purposes.    Id. at 37.   The door to the office was usually open;

however, those familiar with the office generally understood that, when the

door to the office was closed, no one could enter.         Id. at 38-39, 110.

Schweinfurth and Steven used the office for Transform business and to

conduct private consultations with prospective Transform clients. Id. at 37-

39, 109. During those private client consultations, the office door would be

closed. Id. at 37. A computer owned by Schweinfurth and used for Transform

business was set up in the office; however, the computer was also used by

Cartalemi and Corbo.     Id. at 107.     Prior to starting the meeting with

Schweinfurth, Cartalemi or Corbo closed the door to the office. Id. at 40.

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      During the meeting, Cartalemi and Corbo informed Schweinfurth that

they were terminating the verbal agreement, cancelling all of Transform’s

privileges at Muscle, and offering Schweinfurth a written employment contract

to be an employee of Muscle whereby he would earn twenty-five dollars per

hour training Muscle clients, and ten dollars per hour while working at the

front desk. See id. at 23, 31, 33-34; see also id. at Commonwealth Exhibit

10, at 2. Cartalemi and Corbo made clear that their offer to Schweinfurth was

being made on a “take it or leave it” basis. See id. at Commonwealth Exhibit

10, at 2. After a heated discussion, Schweinfurth declined the offer, and, prior

to leaving, removed his computer and other equipment from Muscle’s facility.

See N.T., 11/16/22, at 43.

      In October of 2019, after Schweinfurth found a new location for

Transform, Steven helped him set up the computer that Schweinfurth

removed from the office at Muscle. See id. at 106. While setting up the

computer, Steven found a file containing an audio recording of the June 18,

2019 meeting. Id. at 43-45.

      Schweinfurth and Steven thereafter discussed the matter with a long-

term Transform client, Detective Wendy Serfass (“Detective Serfass”), who

was employed by the Monroe County District Attorney’s Office (“MCDAO”).

Id. at 65. Steven emailed Detective Serfass the recording, and thereafter

backed up the computer to a portable hard drive before he wiped the

computer’s original hard drive. Id. at 108-12.

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       The MCDAO referred the investigation to the Pennsylvania State Police

due to Detective Serfass’ indirect involvement. Id. at 156. Detective Serfass

provided the recording to Pennsylvania State Trooper David Hudzinski

(“Trooper Hudzinski”), who commenced an investigation.             Id.   Trooper

Hudzinski interviewed Schweinfurth, Steven, Corbo, and Gaudet. Id. at 157,

160. During his interview, Corbo informed Trooper Hudzinski that Cartalemi

recorded the meeting.          See N.T., 11/1/21, at 12-16; see also id. at

Commonwealth Exhibit 2, at 29-30. Trooper Hudzinski obtained the portable

hard drive from Schweinfurth, and subsequently presented the case to the

MCDAO.      See N.T., 11/16/22, at 160.          The MCDAO thereafter charged

Cartalemi with, inter alia, unlawful interception of a communication.2

       Cartalemi filed an omnibus pretrial motion seeking, inter alia, to

disqualify the MCDAO based on a conflict of interest due to its employment of

Detective Serfass.        The trial court determined that Cartalemi failed to

demonstrate any conflict, and denied the motion.         The matter thereafter

proceeded to a jury trial.

       At trial, Cartalemi asserted that the best evidence rule required

exclusion of the recording as it was a copy that did not reflect the actual dialog

____________________________________________

2 In February 2020, while the investigation was ongoing, Muscle filed a civil

lawsuit against Schweinfurth, Transform, and Detective Serfass. Based on
averments made by Cartalemi in his pleadings in the civil lawsuit, the MCDAO
additionally charged Cartalemi with unsworn falsification to authorities.
However, the jury acquitted Cartalemi of that charge.

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at the meeting and could not be properly authenticated. See id. at 25-28.

The trial court overruled the objection and allowed the recording to be

admitted into evidence and played for the jury. Schweinfurth testified that

the recording accurately reflected the meeting held on June 18, 2019. Id. 31-

34.   At the conclusion of trial, the jury found Cartalemi guilty of unlawful

interception of a communication. Cartalemi filed pre-sentence motions which

the trial court denied. On July 6, 2023, the trial court sentenced Cartalemi to

three years of probation. Cartalemi filed a timely notice of appeal, and both

he and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      Cartalemi raises the following issues for our review:

      1. Was the evidence presented at trial by the Commonwealth
         legally insufficient to sustain a verdict of guilty as to the charge
         of violating the . . . Wiretap Act . . . in that the Commonwealth
         failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that
         [Schweinfurth] had a “reasonable expectation of privacy” such
         that the recording qualified as an “oral communication” under
         the Wiretap Act?

      2. Did the trial court err when it admitted, over [Cartalemi’s]
         objection, the recording at issue, in violation of the best
         evidence rule?

      3. Did the trial court err when it failed to order the recusal of the
         [MCDAO] from prosecuting the case?

Cartalemi’s Brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted, issues reordered

for ease of disposition).

      In his first issue, Cartalemi challenges the sufficiency of the evidence

supporting his conviction for unlawful interception of a communication.         A

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence presents a question of law for

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which our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review plenary. See

Commonwealth v. Johnson, 236 A.3d 1141, 1152 (Pa. Super. 2020). When

considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence:

            [W]e evaluate the record in the light most favorable to the
      verdict winner giving the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable
      inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Evidence will be
      deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes each
      material element of the crime charged and the commission thereof
      by the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt. Nevertheless, the
      Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a mathematical
      certainty. Any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be resolved
      by the fact finder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive
      that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact can be drawn from
      the combined circumstances.

            The Commonwealth may sustain its burden by means of
      wholly circumstantial evidence. Accordingly, [t]he fact that the
      evidence establishing a defendant’s participation in a crime is
      circumstantial does not preclude a conviction where the evidence
      coupled with the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom
      overcomes the presumption of innocence. Significantly, we may
      not substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder; thus, so
      long as the evidence adduced, accepted in the light most favorable
      to the Commonwealth, demonstrates the respective elements of
      a defendant’s crimes beyond a reasonable doubt, the appellant’s
      convictions will be upheld.

Commonwealth v. Franklin, 69 A.3d 719, 722-23 (Pa. Super. 2013)

(internal quotations and citations omitted).         Importantly, “the trier of fact

while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence

produced,   is   free   to   believe   all,   part   or   none   of   the   evidence.”

Commonwealth v. Orr, 38 A.3d 868, 873 (Pa. Super. 2011) (en banc).

      A person is guilty of unlawful interception of a communication if he or

she “intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures any other

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person to intercept or endeavor to intercept any wire, electronic or oral

communication[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5703(1).

      The Wiretap Act defines an oral communication as: “any oral

communication uttered by a person possessing an expectation that such

communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying

such expectation.”   18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5702.      To establish a violation of the

Wiretap Act, the claimant must demonstrate that he or she possessed an

expectation that the communication would not be intercepted and that such

expectation was justifiable under the circumstances.     See Commonwealth

v. Mason, 247 A.3d 1070, 1081 (Pa. 2021). This Court has explained:

             An expectation of privacy will be found to exist when the
      individual exhibits an actual or subjective expectation of privacy
      and that expectation is one that society is prepared to recognize
      as reasonable. In determining whether a person’s expectation of
      privacy is legitimate or reasonable, the totality of the
      circumstances must be considered[,] and the determination will
      ultimately rest upon a balancing of the societal interests involved.

Commonwealth v. Bostick, 958 A.2d 543, 552 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citations

omitted).

      Cartalemi argues that the Commonwealth failed to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that Schweinfurth had the requisite reasonable expectation

of privacy in the meeting for the recording to constitute an oral communication

under the statute. Cartalemi asserts “the sole purpose of . . . Gaudet in the

meeting was to act as a human tape recorder.         He was there solely as a

witness to the entire proceeding.” Cartalemi’s Brief at 21. Cartalemi insists

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that Gaudet’s presence in the meeting, as an unrelated and uninvolved party,

negated Schweinfurth’s potential expectation of privacy in the meeting.

Cartalemi claims that, because the meeting was conducted in the presence of

Gaudet, the evidence was insufficient to establish an oral communication.

      The trial court considered Cartalemi’s first issue and concluded that it

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

      . . . It is clear from the record that there was a meeting in an
      office; this meeting was intended to be private as it was behind a
      closed door that excluded some while including others; during this
      meeting, there w[ere] verbal communications made, and these
      verbal communications when made were intercepted in the form
      of a recording saved on the desktop computer that was present in
      the office where the meeting was occurring. Although contested
      at trial, there was also evidence that [Cartalemi] was, in fact, the
      individual who made the interception. So, the question comes
      down to, . . . was the presence of a third-party witness at the cited
      meeting adequate to defeat the Wiretap Act’s requirement that
      there be an expectation of privacy? This is a determination for
      the trier of fact because the standard is a subjective standard of
      what a reasonable person would believe to be private and is
      societally accepted as a reasonable expectation.           The jury
      adjudged [Schweinfurth’s] expectation, as the trier of fact they
      are in the best position to determine credibility, and determined
      such an expectation was met. This court, therefore, as reflected
      herein and on the record, would find the jury’s determination
      controlling. From the facts presented, the third-party witness did
      not defeat that expectation of privacy, and as such, we find this
      issue is without merit.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/2/23, at 11-12 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,

and giving the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn

from the evidence, we conclude that Cartalemi’s conviction is supported by

sufficient evidence. Schweinfurth testified to his subjective expectation that

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the meeting was private due to location of the meeting in an office that was

sometimes used for private meetings, the exclusion of other people from the

meeting, and the fact that the office door was closed during the meeting which

signaled to others that they could not enter the office. See N.T., 11/16/22,

at 34, 37-40.        In our view, the presence of Gaudet, as another Muscle

employee, did not alter the otherwise objectively private nature of the

meeting.       Indeed, as a Muscle employee, Gaudet would have known that

because the office door had been closed, the meeting was intended to be

private and that no one else was permitted to enter. Thus, when considering

the totality of the circumstances, the evidence was sufficient to establish that

Schweinfurth had a subjective expectation of privacy regarding the matters

discussed during the meeting and that such expectation was reasonable. See

Bostick, 958 A.2d at 552; see also Commonwealth v. Cruz, 166 A.3d

1249, 1255-56 (Pa. Super. 2017) (observing that “[a]ppellate courts have

held that employees have a reasonable expectation of privacy in certain areas

of their workplace”). Accordingly, Cartalemi’s first issue entitles him to no

relief.

          In his second issue, Cartalemi challenges the trial court’s decision to

admit the recording at trial. In reviewing a challenge to the admissibility of

evidence, our standard of review is well-settled and very narrow:

                Questions concerning the admissibility of evidence are
          within the sound discretion of the trial court and we will not
          reverse a trial court’s decision concerning admissibility of evidence
          absent an abuse of the trial court’s discretion. An abuse of

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      discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but is rather the
      overriding or misapplication of the law, or the exercise of
      judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of bias,
      prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as shown by the evidence of record.
      If in reaching a conclusion the trial court overrides or misapplies
      the law, discretion is then abused and it is the duty of the appellate
      court to correct the error.

Commonwealth v. LeClair, 236 A.3d 71, 78 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citation

omitted).

      Cartalemi contends that the trial court’s admission of the recording

violated the best evidence rule, which provides that: “[a]n original writing,

recording, or photograph is required in order to prove its content unless these

rules, other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court, or a statute provides

otherwise.” Pa.R.E. 1002. An “original” recording is defined as the “recording

itself or any counterpart intended to have the same effect by the person who

executed or issued it.” Pa.R.E. 1001(d).       However, our rules of evidence

provide that a duplicate of the original is generally admissible: “[a] duplicate

is admissible to the same extent as the original unless a genuine question is

raised about the original’s authenticity or the circumstances make it unfair to

admit the duplicate.”    Pa.R.E. 1003.    A “duplicate” is defined as “a copy

produced by a mechanical, photographic, chemical, electronic, or other

equivalent process or technique that accurately reproduces the original.”

Pa.R.E. 1001(e).     Additionally, “[a]n original is not required and other

evidence of the content of a . . . recording . . . is admissible if: (a) all the

originals are lost or destroyed, and not by the proponent acting in bad faith

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. . .” Pa.R.E. 1004(a). This Court has found duplicates of voice recordings to

be   admissible     when   the   original   recording   is   unavailable.   See

Commonwealth v. Fisher, 764 A.2d 82, 89-90 (Pa. Super. 2000) (holding

that, because the original recorded messages were not available at the time

of trial, through no fault of the Commonwealth, the tape-recorded copies were

also admissible).    The best evidence rule intends to operate alongside the

rules of discovery and uncover any potentially fraudulent duplicates.       See

Pa.R.E. 1003 Cmt.

      Cartalemi contends that, although the recording was central to the

Commonwealth’s case, Trooper Hudzinski took no steps to secure the original

recording from the computer’s hard drive. Cartalemi maintains that, even

though Trooper Hudzinski knew that Steven possessed the original hard drive

which housed the original recording, the trooper did not request the original

recording from Steven or advise Steven to preserve it. Cartalemi points out

that it took Trooper Hudzinski more than fourteen months to retrieve the

portable hard drive—to which the recording had been transferred—from

Steven.   According to Cartalemi, Trooper Hudzinski’s dilatory actions in

attempting to obtain the evidence central to the case constitutes bad faith.

Cartalemi further argues that the recording admitted at trial was not a

duplicate of the original recording because the recording admitted at trial was

only seventeen minutes long, whereas testimonial evidence presented at trial

estimated the length of the meeting as approximately thirty minutes.

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     The trial court addressed Cartalemi’s second issue and determined that

it lacked merit. The court reasoned:

            First, strictly speaking, the original cannot be obtained. As
     Rule 1004 reflects, “an original is not required and other evidence
     of the content of a [. . .,] recording [. . .] is admissible if: [. . .]
     all the originals are lost or destroyed, and not by the proponent
     acting in bad faith.” [Pa.R.E. 1004(a).] As the record reflects,
     the Commonwealth’s witness, Steven . . ., acting neither in good
     or bad faith, deleted the recording. The [best evidence] rule
     further reflects that when production of the original is not
     required, the proffering party need not offer a duplicate even if
     that is available; the proffering party may present any evidence,
     including oral testimony. Prior to deleting it, however, [Steven]
     used an external hard drive to create a backup of the original,
     attesting he did not alter the backup in any way. The normal
     motivation of a party to produce the most convincing evidence,
     together with the availability of discovery to uncover fraud, seems
     adequate to control abuse. [Cartalemi] had an opportunity to
     inspect [the external hard drive,] but did not.

            Secondly, this evidence could be seen as a duplicate under
     the rules. If the evidence is determined to be a duplicate . . .,
     meaning it was not intended to have the same effect as the
     original, then under Rule 1003, this evidence again would be
     admissible. Implicit in raising the best evidence objection is the
     idea of calling into question authenticity. If the opposing party
     raises a genuine question as to the authenticity or the fairness of
     using a duplicate, the trial court may require the production of the
     original under this rule. [See] Pa.RE. 1003. It is essential to note
     the language used. The drafters chose to use “may” and not
     “shall,” leaving it to the court’s discretion. As it stands, the
     Commonwealth adequately authenticated the evidence, leaving
     no need to produce the original.

           Thirdly, if the evidence were being presented as a
     counterpart, . . . meaning it was intended to have the same effect
     as the writing or recording itself, then this evidence would
     squarely fall within the meaning of “original.” Pa.R.E. [] 1001(d).
     As such, this evidence would be considered admissible because
     the “best evidence rule,” above all else, desires an original, and
     therefore, under Rule 1002, this evidence would be considered

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      admissible as it would be considered an original.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/2/23, at 6-8 (citations and unnecessary capitalization

omitted).

      We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in admitting the

recording over Cartalemi’s objection.      The trial court found no merit to

Cartalemi’s contentions that Trooper Hudzinski acted in bad faith and that the

recording was not authentic due to its length. The best evidence rule calls for

the production of an original recording when one is available, and the record

before us reflects that the original recording was not available and its

destruction did not occur in bad faith. Further, Schweinfurth testified to the

authenticity of the duplicate recording, and there was no evidence that the

duplicate provided was not an exact replica of the original recording.

Accordingly, Cartalemi’s second issue merits no relief.

      In his third issue, Cartalemi challenges the trial court’s order denying its

pretrial motion to disqualify the MCDAO based on an alleged conflict of interest

due to its employment of Detective Serfass. Our standard of review is well-

settled.

             Absent an abuse of discretion, we are constrained to accept
      the trial court’s finding that there was no conflict of interest. See
      Commonwealth v. Khorey, . . . 555 A.2d 100, 110 ([Pa.] 1989).
      A “prosecution is barred when an actual conflict of interest
      affecting the prosecutor exists in the case; under such
      circumstances a defendant need not prove actual prejudice in
      order to require that the conflict be removed.” [Commonwealth
      v. Eskridge, [604 A.2d 700], [] 702 (Pa. 1992)].                 Mere
      allegations of a conflict of interest, however, are insufficient to

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      require replacement of a district attorney. See Commonwealth
      v. Mulholland, . . . 702 A.2d 1027, 1037 ([Pa.]1997).

Commonwealth v. Stafford, 749 A.2d 489, 494 (Pa. Super. 2000).

      Cartalemi contends that the trial court should have disqualified the

MCDAO because “the charges in the instant matter are part and parcel with

the civil proceedings to which one of the [MCDAO’s] detectives is a party.”

Cartalemi’s Brief at 25.   Cartalemi points to Trooper Hudzinski’s testimony

that he was assigned to investigate this matter because a MCDAO detective

was indirectly involved. Cartalemi asserts that Detective Serfass was “not

only a witness as part of the chain of custody of the alleged illegal recordings,

but also a party to the civil proceedings which surround the recordings.” Id.

at 26. On this basis, Cartalemi argues that the trial court should not have

permitted the MCDAO to prosecute the instant criminal action.

      The trial court considered Cartalemi’s third issue and determined that it

lacked merit. The court provided the following basis for its determination:

             Despite [Cartalemi’s] strong language decrying the
      “untenable” situation posed by the Commonwealth’s choice to
      prosecute the charges against him, he fails to articulate the actual
      conflict at issue concerning the prosecuting attorneys. The court
      presumes that [Cartalemi] finds the conflict to be that because
      Detective] Serfass is employed by the [MCDAO], the individual
      attorneys involved in this case – District Attorney Christine and
      Assistant District Attorney Tomcho – would be impermissibly
      motivated to pursue the case against him so that Detective
      Serfass would be better positioned to prevail in the civil suit.
      [Cartalemi] has not provided any evidence that Attorney Christine
      or Attorney Tomcho have, in fact, any interest in the result of the
      civil case beyond a work colleague being a party. While, as noted
      by [Cartalemi], it is “clear” that Det[ective] Serfass “is not only a
      witness as part of the chain of custody of the alleged, illegal

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      recordings, but also a party to the civil proceedings which
      surround the recordings[,]” it is not “clear” from [Cartalemi’s]
      brief why that fact requires the case be transferred to the
      Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General.

      . . . There is no direct conflict pled here. [Cartalemi’s] claims are
      more accurately described as “mere allegation[s] or appearance
      of impropriety” held . . . to be insufficient to establish an actual
      conflict of interest and require disqualification.           Because
      [Cartalemi] has failed to allege any actual, current conflict
      necessitating the case be turned over to the Pennsylvania Office
      of Attorney General we will deny his motion.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/2/23, at 12 (quoting Trial Court Opinion,

4/22/22, at 11-12 (unnecessary capitalization omitted)).

      We discern no abuse by the trial court in denying Cartalemi’s

pretrial motion to disqualify the MCDAO. Cartalemi has not identified

any connection between the civil proceedings and this case other than

the fact that Serfass was named as a defendant in the civil proceedings

and was a witness in the instant criminal proceedings.             Notably,

Cartalemi has not disclosed the nature of the civil proceedings, or

identified any claim or averment made in that action.         To be sure,

Cartalemi has not demonstrated that an actual conflict of interest

affecting one of the prosecutors exists in this case. Instead, he merely

offers bald assertions that the trial court abused its discretion because

Detective Serfass is named as a defendant in the civil proceedings. As

explained above, mere allegations of a conflict of interest are insufficient

to require replacement of a district attorney. Accordingly, Cartalemi’s

third issue merits no relief.

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     Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Date: 3/15/2024

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