Court Opinion

ID: 3156820
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-23 19:03:02.116224+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:38:38.826717
License: Public Domain

Filed 11/23/15; on transfer from Supreme Ct.

                                  CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                   THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                               (Sacramento)
                                                   ----

CITIZENS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL                                           C070836
RESPONSIBILITY et al.,
                 Plaintiffs and Appellants,                         (Super. Ct. No.
                                                              34201180000902CUWMGDS)
        v.

STATE OF CALIFORNIA ex rel. 14TH DISTRICT
AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION et al.,                               OPINION ON REMAND

                 Defendants and Respondents;

STARS OF JUSTICE, INC.,
                 Real Party in Interest and Respondent.

      APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, Lloyd G.
Connelly, Judge. Affirmed.

      Lozeau|Drury, Michael R. Lozeau, Richard T. Drury, Christina Caro, and
Douglas J. Chermak, for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

      Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Robert W. Byrne, Assistant Attorney
General, Randy L. Barrow and Matthew J. Goldman, Deputy Attorneys General, for
Defendants and Respondents.

        No appearance by Real Party in Interest and Respondent Stars of Justice, Inc.

                                                    1
        The trial court denied a petition for writ of mandate and complaint for declaratory
and injunctive relief filed by appellants Citizens for Environmental Responsibility, Stop
The Rodeo, and Eric Zamost, under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).
(Pub. Resources Code, § 21000 et seq.)1 Appellants claim the 14th District Agricultural
Association and its Board of Directors (collectively District) violated CEQA by
approving a notice of exemption (NOE) from environmental review for a rodeo held by
real party in interest Stars of Justice, Inc., at the Santa Cruz County Fairground
(Fairground) in Watsonville in October 2011.2 The exemption was pursuant to CEQA’s
regulatory guidelines (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 15000 et seq. (hereafter Guidelines)) for
a Class 23 categorical exemption for “normal operations of existing facilities for public
gatherings.” (Guidelines, § 15323).3 Appellants contend the exemption is inapplicable
because (1) the rodeo project expressly included mitigation measures in the form of a
Manure Management Plan, in effect acknowledging potential environmental effects, and
(2) the unusual circumstances exception to categorical exemptions applies because storm

1   Undesignated statutory references are to the Public Resources Code.
2 Since the rodeo has already taken place, the appeal is moot, but we exercise our
discretion to address the appeal anyway, because it presents an issue of broad public
interest that is likely to recur and capable of evading review. (Cucamongans United for
Reasonable Expansion v. City of Rancho Cucamonga (2000) 82 Cal. App. 4th 473, 479-
480.)
3 “Class 23 consists of the normal operations of existing facilities for public gatherings
for which the facilities were designed, where there is a past history of the facility being
used for the same or similar kind of purpose. For the purposes of this section, ‘past
history’ shall mean that the same or similar kind of activity has been occurring for at least
three years and that there is a reasonable expectation that the future occurrence of the
activity would not represent a change in the operation of the facility. Facilities included
within this exemption include, but are not limited to, racetracks, stadiums, convention
centers, auditoriums, amphitheaters, planetariums, swimming pools, and amusement
parks.” (Guidelines, § 15323.)

                                              2
water runoff flows over the Fairground where cattle and horses defecate and into an
already polluted creek. (Guidelines, § 15300.2, subd. (c).)4
       We affirm.
                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
                      The Fairground and the Salsipuedes Creek
       The District administers the Fairground which, since 1941, has been the venue for
various events, including equestrian and livestock events and the annual county fair. The
Fairground is zoned as a public and community facility. It is bordered on three sides by
land zoned for agricultural use. On the eastern side it is bordered by land zoned for
residential use. The Fairground has three livestock barns and a livestock arena in the
southeastern area. In the north/northeastern area, it has a horse barn, cattle and horse
stalls, and three horse arenas. The Fairground is located in the Corralitos/Salsipuedes
watershed. The Corralitos Creek is a tributary to Salsipuedes Creek. The Salsipuedes
Creek flows adjacent to and through a portion of the north/northeast area of the
Fairground where the horse and cattle stalls, horse barn and horse arenas are located.
                                The First Rodeo Proposal
       In the fall of 2009, the Santa Cruz County Deputy Sheriff’s Association, acting
through its nonprofit corporation Stars of Justice, proposed a three-day “ProRodeo” for
October 2010 to raise funds to support programs for children. The application proposed
improvements to the Fairground facilities and contemplated future rodeos. Some citizens
opposed the ProRodeo on various grounds, including CEQA and cruelty to animals. The
District’s board of directors initially approved the ProRodeo in June 2010, concluding the

4 Guidelines section 15300.2, subdivision (c), provides, “A categorical exemption shall
not be used for an activity where there is a reasonable possibility that the activity will
have a significant effect on the environment due to unusual circumstances.” (Italics
added.)

                                             3
project was exempt from CEQA review under Class 23, normal operations of
facilities for public gatherings, but the contract was later revoked in July 2010 due to
disagreements between the Fair manager and the Stars of Justice.
                  Creek Contamination and Fairground Monitoring
       In 2009, unrelated to the first proposed rodeo, the California Regional Water
Quality Control Board for the Central Coast Region (Regional Water Board) determined
the water quality of both the Corralitos and Salsipuedes Creeks was impaired due to
human and animal fecal coliform. As we discuss post, Regional Water Board staff
determined that the likely sources were storm drain discharges, homeless persons’
encampments, pet waste, sanitary sewer systems (septic tanks), and farm animals and
livestock operations -- including Fairground activities.
       To restore the water quality, the Regional Water Board established and allocated
responsibilities for achieving a total maximum daily load for fecal coliform in the creeks
and imposed prohibitions on the discharge of animal and human fecal material, approved
by the State Water Resources Control Board (the State Board) and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Regional Water Board required owners
and/or operators to use specific management practices to control discharges containing
fecal matter and to monitor and report their progress. The resolution adopted by the
Regional Water Board did not specify the Fairground but instead allocated responsibility
to “Owners of Land Used for/Containing Farm Animals/Livestock.”
       In December 2010, the Fairground began a voluntary stream water monitoring
program to identify contaminants in Salsipuedes Creek flowing from upstream, through
the Fairground property, and leaving the property flowing downstream. As will be
discussed in more detail post, “grab samples” showed that the amount of E. coli in the
water leaving the Fairground and flowing downstream was substantially less than the
amount of E. coli entering the Fairground from upstream. Routine testing of drinking

                                              4
water from a Fairground well in the equestrian area showed no contamination by
coliform or E. coli.
              Ongoing Manure Management Practices at the Fairground
       The Fairground had taken steps to manage manure produced during its equestrian
and livestock events. Beginning in the 1960’s, the Fairground removed manure and
livestock bedding immediately after each event and collected it in a wooden bunker on a
cement aggregate slab partially covered by a barn roof and, during the dry season, on a
flat section of equestrian area. A contracted company hauled it to a composting facility.
Since the early 1990’s, the manure has been hauled away on a daily basis during
equestrian and livestock events. These practices were not formalized in a written
document until July 19, 2010, after appellants objected to the earlier, grander-scale
rodeo proposed by Stars of Justice that ultimately did not take place. The written
formalization of these past practices -- the Manure Management Plan or MMP -- calls for
bunkers to be cleaned at the end of the event or when close to capacity. 5 The MMP also
indicates, in addition to the storage and hauling provisions, that earth berms separate the
drainage way in the equestrian area from the surroundings to prevent contamination from
washing into the drainage way. Contamination is further minimized by harrowing or
tilling the soil to promote filtration of rain water and by planting vegetation on areas with
a slope of 15 percent or more, to prevent erosion and promote filtration of surface
contaminants. The formal MMP was written approximately six months before Stars of
Justice proposed the rodeo project that is the subject of this appeal.

5 The District cites other documents indicating daily pickup, including a letter from a
person associated with the Fairground and an informational handout for facility users
with a memorandum suggesting that it be attached to the MMP.

                                              5
                    The Rodeo Project and the Notice of Exemption
       In January 2011, Stars of Justice proposed a scaled-down version of the rodeo for
two days, October 1 and 2, 2011 (the rodeo project). Appellants opposed the rodeo
project on environmental and other grounds, and the District’s board scheduled a public
hearing for April 2011. At that hearing, the board, out of an “abundance of precaution”
and fear of lawsuits, considered whether to have an environmental review for the rodeo
project conducted by environmental consultant Strelow Consulting, which was working
on an unrelated project for the District. The board ultimately voted to have the consultant
consider the applicability of the Class 23 categorical exemption to the rodeo. The
consultant’s analysis supported the exemption.
       In May 2011, the board adopted the Class 23 NOE and approved the rental
agreement for the rodeo. As described in the NOE, the event was to take place over
the course of two days and was expected to attract about 1,500 spectators, involve a
maximum of 500 horses but only 100 on the grounds at any given time, and involve
a maximum of 250 cattle/stock with only 50 on the grounds at any given time.
       The NOE said the rodeo project was categorically exempt under Guidelines
section 15323, the Class 23 exemption for “normal operations of existing facilities for
public gatherings for which the facilities were designed, where there is a past history of
the facility being used for the same or similar kind of purpose.” The NOE said the
Fairground is an existing facility designed for public gatherings, primarily the annual
county fair, but other public events are held throughout the year, including equestrian and
livestock events. The county fair was established in 1885, and the District bought the
current 105-acre fairground property with state funds in 1941. The first annual fair
opened the same year and included a horse show. The Fairground includes three
equestrian/livestock arenas and barns, most of which were constructed in 1941 with
subsequent improvements. In 1971, a five-year plan for improvements of the horse show
area was instituted, with construction of more stalls and cattle holding pens. The existing

                                             6
equestrian facilities have been in existence for at least 50 years, and equestrian and
livestock events have always been accommodated at the Fairground. On average, the
facility has sponsored two to four equestrian or livestock shows per month for the past 25
to 30 years. In the 1970’s, the Fairground hosted at least eight annual rodeos. More
recently, in each of the last three years, about two dozen equestrian and/or livestock
events have been held annually at the Fairground, in addition to the annual county fair.
These events include horse shows and performances and livestock events, with
attendance of 100 to 500 spectators for smaller events, 1,000 to 1,200 spectators for
larger events, and 1,500 to 3,500 spectators for equestrian and livestock events held
during the annual county fair. The smaller equestrian events have 50 to 400 horses.
The annual cutting horse show at the Fairground has about 500 horses, 800 cattle, and
1,000 people -- similar to the proposed rodeo project.
        The NOE noted the inapplicability of any of the regulatory exceptions to a
categorical exemption. “The event will utilize existing arenas, horse barns and other
facilities; no construction or physical alterations of the grounds are proposed. The
proposed event would not result in impacts on a resource of critical concern
(section 15300.2(a)).[6] A narrow segment of Salsipuedes Creek flows through the
Fairground and the arena area and is mostly an earthen-channel devoid of vegetation
within the arena location; a short segment flows through an underground pipeline culvert.
Horse and livestock manure is strictly managed in accordance with the District’s ‘Manure
Management Plan.’ Manure is collected, contained in enclosed bunkers and hauled
offsite, and animal washdown areas flow to the existing sanitary sewer. These required
operations and management of the animals will prevent non-point source pollution into
the creek and indirect impacts to the aquatic species that may be present. There are no

6   This subdivision actually addresses only specified classes not including Class 23.

                                              7
known significant cumulative impacts to which the project would contribute, i.e.
successive projects of the same type in the vicinity (section 15300.2(b)). As there is no
planned construction or alteration of the Fairground[] facilities or grounds, and with
implementation of animal and manure management, no significant impacts are
anticipated (section 15300(c)). Similarly, the project site is not adjacent to a designated
scenic highway, and the project would not damage scenic resources (section 15300.2(d)).
The site is not a hazardous waste site (section 15300.2(e)). No historical resources would
be affected by the project (section 15300.2(f)).”
           The Petition for Writ of Mandate and the Trial Court’s Rulings
       On June 29, 2011, appellants filed in the trial court their petition for writ of
mandate and complaint for injunctive and declaratory relief. On September 27, 2011, the
trial court heard argument, took the matter under submission, and subsequently declined
to prevent the rodeo from going forward the following week.
       The rodeo took place, as planned, on October 1 and 2, 2011.
       On January 24, 2012, the trial court issued its statement of decision. The trial
court ruled that the evidence supported the factual findings that the rodeo project --
which was similar to the horse and livestock events -- was a normal activity of the
Fairground, the Fairground is a facility for public gatherings designed for such activity,
the Fairground has a past history of use for such activity, and the rodeo would not change
the operation of the Fairground. The trial court said the MMP did not represent a new
activity or operation requiring CEQA evaluation. “Rather, the [MMP] incorporated
unwritten and ongoing practices evolved by Fairground staff since the 1960s to deal with
a normal aspect of all the horse and livestock events historically held at the Fairground to
avoid surface water contamination, control parasite and fly breeding, and protect public
health. . . . Whether the practices described in the [MMP] are viewed as an integral
component of those horse and livestock events or as an ongoing activity of the
Fairground necessitated by the horse and livestock events, the plan practices constituted a

                                              8
standard part of normal Fairground operations.” The court added that the MMP did not
constitute a newly proposed mitigation measure precluding the Class 23 exemption. The
MMP has been part and parcel of normal Fairground operations for decades. The court
said that mention of the MMP in the portion of the NOE explaining the reasons
for exempting the rodeo project, rather than in the portion describing the project, did not
impermissibly split the project into separate pieces to evade review.
       The trial court ruled that the exemption exception, involving situations where there
is a “reasonable possibility” that the activity will have a “significant effect” on the
environment “due to unusual circumstances,” did not apply. (Guidelines, § 15300.2,
subd. (c); see fn. 4, ante.) The trial court found no “unusual circumstances” under a
substantial evidence standard. The trial court rejected appellants’ arguments that
proximity to Salsipuedes Creek, proximity to residential and agricultural land, or a public
safety risk of bull riding constituted unusual circumstances. The trial court continued
that, even if there were unusual circumstances, appellants had failed to show a
“significant effect” on the environment under the “fair argument” standard.
       On the issue of “significant effect,” the trial court expressly rejected appellants’
heavy reliance on the Regional Water Board report, which discussed the likely sources of
fecal coliform. The court noted that the report “contained no water sampling results to
establish that storm water discharges or runoff from the Fairground was actually
contributing fecal material to Salsipuedes Creek. Nor did the report show any awareness
of the Fairground’s [MMP] designed to collect manure from horses and livestock
participating in Fairground events. The report merely noted that the Fairground hosted a
number of farm animal events throughout the year and that Regional Water Board staff,
when surveying the area, had observed a single horse but no management measures on
the Fairground to prevent storm water runoff from the ‘manure area’ from entering
surface waters of Salsipuedes Creek. [Citation.] The report did not indicate what was
meant by ‘manure area,’ that the Regional Water Board staff had observed manure in that

                                              9
area, or that they had contacted Fairground staff about the existence and implementation
of manure management measures. Evidently, Regional Water Board staff had surveyed
the Fairground at a time when no horse or livestock show was being held, hence there
was no manure to manage, and no need for implementation of the Fairground’s [MMP].”
       The trial court also ruled that the exemption exception involving situations where
“the cumulative impact of successive projects of the same type in the same place, over
time is significant” did not apply. (Guidelines, § 15300.2, subd. (b).) The court reasoned
that appellants’ reliance on vague plans of the Deputy Sheriff’s Association to hold five
future rodeos at unspecified times and unspecified locations was speculative.
       The trial court also rejected appellants’ invocation of the exemption exception for
projects on sites included in a list of hazardous waste sites (the Cortese list). (Guidelines,
§ 15300.2, subd. (e), citing Gov. Code, § 65962.5.) The Fairground had been on the list
because of a 1991 leak of an underground gasoline tank. The trial court noted the
Fairground’s inclusion on that list was “annulled” in 1993 when the Health Services
Agency determined from soil samples that no further assessment was needed.
       On February 3, 2012, the trial court entered judgment in favor of the District and
Stars of Justice.
                                       DISCUSSION
                                    I. CEQA Overview
       “CEQA is a comprehensive scheme designed to provide long-term protection to
the environment.” (Mountain Lion Foundation v. Fish & Game Com. (1997) 16 Cal. 4th
105, 112.) It is to be interpreted “ ‘to afford the fullest possible protection to the
environment within the reasonable scope of the statutory language.’ ” (Ibid.) “By
statute, the Legislature has . . . directed the Secretary of the Natural Resources Agency
. . . to establish ‘a list of classes of projects that have been determined not to have a
significant effect on the environment and that shall be exempt from’ CEQA. (§ 21084,
subd. (a).) ‘In response to that mandate,’ the Secretary ‘has found’ that certain ‘classes of

                                              10
projects . . . do not have a significant effect on the environment’ and, in administrative
regulations known as [G]uidelines, has listed those classes and ‘declared [them] to be
categorically exempt from the requirement for the preparation of environmental
documents.’ [Citations.]” (Berkeley Hillside Preservation v. City of Berkeley (2015) 60
Cal. 4th 1086, 1091 (Berkeley Hillside).)
       “The Guidelines establish a three-step process to assist a public agency in
determining which document to prepare for a project subject to CEQA. (Guidelines,
§ 15002, subd. (k).) In the first step, the lead public agency preliminarily examines the
project to determine whether the project is statutorily exempt from CEQA, falls within a
Guidelines categorical exemption or if ‘ “it can be seen with certainty” that [the] project
will not have a significant effect on the environment. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] If so, no
further agency evaluation under CEQA is required. The agency may prepare a notice of
exemption. (Guidelines, §§ 15002, subd. (k)(1), 15062 . . . .) If, however, the project
does not fall within an exemption and it cannot be seen with certainty that the project will
not have a significant effect on the environment, the agency takes the second step and
conducts an initial study to determine whether the project may have a significant effect on
the environment. [Citations.] If the initial study shows there is no substantial evidence
the project may have a significant effect on the environment or revisions to the project
would avoid such an effect, the lead agency prepares a negative declaration. [Citations.]
If the initial study shows ‘there is substantial evidence . . . that the project may have a
significant effect on the environment,’ the lead agency must take the third step and
prepare an environmental impact report (EIR).” (California Farm Bureau Federation v.
California Wildlife Conservation Bd. (2006) 143 Cal. App. 4th 173, 184 (Cal. Farm
Bureau).)
       The lead agency has the burden to demonstrate that a project falls within a
categorical exemption and the agency’s determination must be supported by substantial
evidence. (Cal. Farm Bureau, supra, 143 Cal.App.4th at p. 185.) Once the agency

                                              11
establishes that the project is exempt, the burden shifts to the party challenging the
exemption to show that the project is not exempt because it falls within one of the
exceptions listed in Guidelines section 15300.2. (Cal. Farm Bureau, at p. 186.)
                        II. The Manure Management Program
       Appellants argue the MMP constitutes a mitigation measure for the rodeo project,
precluding the Class 23 categorical exemption. We disagree.
       “ ‘An agency should decide whether a project is eligible for a categorical
exemption as part of its preliminary review of the project without reference to or reliance
upon any proposed mitigation measures.’ ” (Salmon Protection & Watershed Network v.
County of Marin (2004) 125 Cal. App. 4th 1098, 1106 (SPAWN), italics added; see also
Azusa Land Reclamation Co. v. Main San Gabriel Basin Watermaster (1997)
52 Cal. App. 4th 1165, 1199 (Azusa).)
       Under the Guidelines, “mitigation” includes: “(a) Avoiding the impact altogether
by not taking a certain action or parts of an action. [¶] (b) Minimizing impacts by
limiting the degree or magnitude of the action and its implementation. [¶] (c) Rectifying
the impact by repairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the impacted environment. [¶]
(d) Reducing or eliminating the impact over time by preservation and maintenance
operations during the life of the action. [¶] (e) Compensating for the impact by replacing
or providing substitute resources or environments.” (Guidelines, § 15370.)
       Appellants argue the MMP falls squarely within this definition because it reduces
or eliminates the impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations during
the life of the action. Appellants note the NOE relies on the MMP to “prevent” nonpoint-
source pollution into the creek and indirect impacts to aquatic species and finds no
significant impacts with implementation of the MMP.
       However, the MMP is not a new measure proposed for or necessitated by the
rodeo project. Rather, it is a preexisting measure previously implemented to address a
preexisting concern, which was formalized in writing before the rodeo project was

                                             12
proposed. Thus, the MMP is actually part of the ongoing “normal operations” of the
Fairground. Use of this measure does not disqualify the rodeo project from Class 23
exemption.
         Appellants rely on SPAWN to make their point, but their reliance is misplaced. In
SPAWN, a county determined that the proposed construction of a home was categorically
exempt from CEQA under an exemption for single-family homes, even though the home
was adjacent to a protected anadromous fish stream and within a stream conservation
area which the county conceded was of “critical concern.” (SPAWN, supra,
125 Cal.App.4th at p. 1106.) In arriving at the conclusion that there was no reasonable
possibility of significant environmental impacts that would preclude the exemption, the
county relied on proposed mitigation measures attached to the grant of the categorical
exemption. The landowner’s engineering consultant acknowledged runoff from new
rooftops and driveways could erode stream banks. Consequently, the consultant
proposed dozens of drainage features for erosion and sediment control. (Id. at pp. 1106-
1107.)
         The SPAWN court affirmed the trial court’s order to set aside the county’s
approval of the project, stating, “Reliance upon mitigation measures (whether included
in the application or later adopted) involves an evaluative process of assessing those
mitigation measures and weighing them against potential environmental impacts, and
that process must be conducted under established CEQA standards and procedures for
EIRs [environmental impact reports] or negative declarations.” (SPAWN, supra,
125 Cal.App.4th at p. 1108.) The court further stated, “there are sound reasons for
precluding reliance upon mitigation measures at the preliminary stage of determining
eligibility for a categorical exemption. Regulatory guidelines dealing with the
environmental review process under CEQA ‘contain elaborate standards—as well as
significant procedural requirements—for determining whether proposed mitigation will
adequately protect the environment and hence make an EIR unnecessary; in sharp

                                             13
contrast, the Guidelines governing preliminary review do not contain any requirements
that expressly deal with the evaluation of mitigation measures.’ [Citation.] An agency
should not be permitted to evade standards governing the preparation of a mitigated
negative declaration ‘by evaluating proposed mitigation measures in connection with the
significant effect exception to a categorical exemption.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1108,
italics added.)
       Here, unlike SPAWN, the NOE did not refer to or rely upon any “proposed”
mitigation measures. Rather, as we have noted, the MMP predated this rodeo project
and formalized practices that had been implemented for decades. Nothing in the NOE
suggests the MMP was created for this project. Quite the contrary, the NOE reads:
“Horse and livestock manure is strictly managed in accordance with the District’s
‘Manure Management Plan.’ Manure is collected, contained in enclosed bunkers and
hauled offsite, and animal washdown areas flow to the existing sanitary sewer. These
required operations and management of the animals will prevent non-point source
pollution into the creek and indirect impacts to aquatic species that may be present.”
       Wollmer v. City of Berkeley (2011) 193 Cal. App. 4th 1329 (Wollmer) is illustrative.
In Wollmer, an individual challenged the city’s approval of a mixed-use building the
City found exempt under the exemption for in-fill development. (Id. at pp. 1336-1337.)
The City had preexisting traffic issues at the intersection where the proposed building
was to be constructed. Wollmer contended that the City evaded CEQA by “cutting a
deal” with the developers whereby the developers would dedicate land for a left-turn lane
on a street at the intersection where the developers planned to construct the building,
thereby reducing traffic impacts to less than significant, a necessary condition for the
categorical exemption. (Id. at p. 1352.) The Wollmer court rejected the argument,
agreeing with the trial court that the city did not mitigate the project into qualifying for a
categorical exemption. Rather, the city properly exercised discretion to find the project
would not cause a significant traffic impact. (Ibid.) The dedication of the right-of-way,

                                              14
enabling the city to improve the intersection, “was not a CEQA mitigation measure for
project impacts, but a component of the project that assisted the City with an existing
traffic issue.” (Ibid.) The appellate court said it was true “that by the time of the final
traffic study, the Developers had made the dedication offer and that reality was included
in the traffic analysis. Our response is, so what? The point is, the offer of dedication did
become part of the project design, improving an existing traffic concern. This is no
secret. . . . [¶] Wollmer offers no authority for the proposition that a positive effort
between developers and a municipality to improve the project for the benefit of the
community and address existing traffic concerns somehow becomes an evasion of
CEQA.” (Id. at p. 1353.) The Wollmer court reasoned, “Unlike the situation in
[SPAWN], the traffic situation improved by the Developers’ dedication preexisted the
proposed project. The dedication became part of the project design—it was never a
proposed mitigation measure.” (Ibid., first italics added.)
       Similarly, here the problem of manure management at the Fairground and the
Fairground’s MMP preexisted the rodeo project. The MMP was not proposed as a
mitigation measure for the rodeo project. It was part of the “normal operations” of the
Fairground, and we see no reason why the implementation of a public gathering
facility’s preexisting program that is part of the facility’s normal operations and
designed to address ongoing issues should preclude Class 23 exemption.
       Appellants claim Wollmer is distinguishable because it dealt with an existing
concern independent of the project, whereas here the concern stemmed from the rodeo
project itself. We disagree. Given the nature and number of the other equestrian and
livestock events, manure management was an ongoing concern at the Fairground. Here,
even more so than the measure in Wollmer, the MMP was never a proposed mitigation
measure for this rodeo project. Indeed, unlike Wollmer, evidence in the record supports a
finding that the so-called mitigation measure here was in place for decades. While the
aborted first rodeo project may have provided an impetus for the District to formalize the

                                              15
MMP by putting it in writing, it was not the initial rodeo plan or this rodeo project that
created a need for the MMP or the procedures reflected in the plan that had long since
been implemented.
       In their reply brief, appellants make a factual argument, contending for the first
time that the MMP was not an ongoing policy for decades. Appellants point to
documents from a May 24, 2011, District meeting showing complaints from a horse show
operator, Bud Thoman, who complained of problems his horse show encountered with
“changes recently made to the facility and operations of the arena including . . .
the change in manure removal strategy” which assertedly created a hazard during horse
show operations. He said, “The proposed handling of manure I was advised that manure
was to be, be taken from in front of each stall on the day, uh, as opposed to using a local
pile method that we had in the past.” Appellants also refer to the minutes of that same
meeting showing comments by Horse Show Committee member Blanca Boyd that “the
manure trailers that Mr. Thoman objected to previously as interfering with the flow of
traffic during his horse shows are indeed part of the manure management practices on the
Fairground[] and are here to stay. She further noted that due to these practices, as of this
last year, there is currently no manure stored on the Fairground[] whatsoever and [it] is
hauled away by trailer on an as needed basis. . . .” Ms. Boyd said no one liked manure
management interfering with the events, but it was “part of the . . . future picture. We no
longer tolerate manure all over the ground. It’s picked up after every single horse show,
it is put up, it is put into the trailers, the trailers are hauled away [and] a new trailer is
brought in its place. This is an ongoing thing. So this manure on the ground, uh, going
into the creek, maybe it did, many years ago, it didn’t do it this year.”

                                                16
       These new points do not change our analysis.7 At most, they suggest contrary
evidence indicating the change to daily hauling of manure, as opposed to hauling after the
events, may have been a recent change that applies to all events, which of course means
the change applies to and is part of the ongoing preexisting operations of the Fairground.
Thus, even assuming daily hauling was a recent change as of Mr. Thoman’s May 2011
comment, the change was already in place when the District issued the NOE in May 2011
for this October 2011 rodeo. The critical point is that the MMP preexisted the NOE for
this rodeo project and was directed toward a preexisting concern. It was not proposed for
or created by this rodeo project.
       We conclude the MMP was not a mitigation measure precluding the categorical
exemption. We next consider the categorical exemption and the applicability of the
unusual circumstances exception that would disqualify the rodeo project from exemption.
              III. Class 23 Categorical Exemption - Normal Operations
                             of Public Gathering Facilities
       Appellants contend the unusual circumstance exception, which applies when there
are “significant effects on the environment” “due to unusual circumstances” (Guidelines,
§ 15300.2, subd. (c); see fn. 4, ante), precludes application of the Class 23 exemption for
normal operations of public gathering facilities to the rodeo project. We disagree.
       However, before determining the applicability of the unusual circumstances
exception to the exemption, we must determine the scope of the exemption and whether
the rodeo project qualifies. (Cal. Farm Bureau, supra, 143 Cal.App.4th at p. 185.) As

7 Appellants’ opening brief did not contain this factual argument. Appellants simply
argued, “just because the trial court found that manure management measures have
ostensibly been available and used at other events at the Fairground[] for many years
does not detract from the Manure Plan’s qualification as a mitigation measure . . . .”
While we may disregard factual points raised for the first time in the reply brief
(Neighbours v. Buzz Oates Enterprises (1990) 217 Cal. App. 3d 325, 335, fn. 8), we
exercise our discretion to address these new points on the merits.

                                            17
will be seen, this determination informs our review of whether the proposed project
presents unusual circumstances.
       We read the Class 23 categorical exemption for “normal operations” of public
gathering facilities as consisting of three elements. The exemption applies to projects
that: (1) are normal operations of existing facilities for public gatherings for which the
facilities were designed, (2) where there is a past history of the facility being used for the
same or similar purpose within at least the past three years, and (3) there is a reasonable
expectation that the future occurrence of the activity would not represent a change in the
operation of the facility. (Guidelines, § 15323, fn. 3, ante.)
       The “normal operations” of the Fairground are the public events and activities it
puts on and the internal operations it employs to facilitate the production of those events.
The rodeo project is indistinguishable from other livestock and equestrian events held at
the Fairground for many, many years. It involves the presence of no more cattle and/or
horses in Fairground facilities than have been present for prior events. These facilities
are designed to house those animals, and no changes to the facility or facility operations
are necessary for the rodeo project. We conclude that the Class 23 categorical exemption
applies to the rodeo project.
                      IV. The Unusual Circumstances Exception8
               A. The Analytical Framework and Standards of Review
       In Voices for Rural Living v. El Dorado Irrigation Dist. (2012) 209 Cal. App. 4th
1096, 1107 (Voices), this court said two questions are at issue in reviewing an agency’s

8 This exception has in the past sometimes been called either the “significant effects”
exception or the “unusual circumstances” exception. (San Lorenzo Valley Community
Advocates for Responsible Education v. San Lorenzo Valley Unified School Dist. (2006)
139 Cal. App. 4th 1356, 1381 (San Lorenzo).) More recently, our high court has referred
to the exception as the “unusual circumstances exception.” (Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60
Cal.4th at p. 1096, fn. 2.) Accordingly, so do we.

                                              18
determination that a project did not trigger the exception for unusual circumstances that
have a significant effect on the environment. “ ‘First, we inquire whether the [p]roject
                                 [ ]
presents unusual circumstances. 9 Second, we inquire whether there is a reasonable
possibility of a significant effect on the environment due to the unusual circumstances.
[Citation.]’ ” (Voices, supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1107-1108, citing Banker’s Hill,
Hillcrest, Park West Community Preservation Group v. City of San Diego (2006)
139 Cal. App. 4th 249, 278 (Banker’s Hill).) “ ‘A negative answer to either question
means the exception does not apply.’ ” (Bankers Hill, at p. 278.)
       In Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60 Cal. 4th 1086, our high court added additional
clarification to the unusual circumstance exception analysis. The court identified two
alternative ways to prove the exception. (Id. at p. 1105.)
       In the first alternative, as this court said in Voices, a challenger must prove both
unusual circumstances and a significant environmental effect that is due to those
circumstances. In this method of proof, the unusual circumstances relate to some feature
of the project that distinguishes the project from other features in the exempt class.
(Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1105.) Once an unusual circumstance is
proved under this method, then the “party need only show a reasonable possibility of a
significant effect due to that unusual circumstance.” (Ibid., italics added.)

9  At oral argument, appellant asserted that the mere fact there is a reasonable possibility
of an environmental effect is an unusual circumstance and implied that nothing more
need be shown. Since then, our high court rejected the same argument. In Berkeley
Hillside, the court observed that the plain language of Guideline section 15300.2,
subdivision (c), supports the view that “it is not alone enough that there is a reasonable
possibility the project will have a significant environmental effect; instead, in the words
of the Guideline, there must be ‘a reasonable possibility that the activity will have a
significant effect on the environment due to unusual circumstances.’ ” (Berkeley
Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1097.) Given this language, “a potentially significant
effect must be ‘due to unusual circumstances’ for the exception to apply.” (Id. at
p. 1104.)

                                             19
                                                                            [   ]
       The court in Berkeley Hillside made clear that “section 21168.5’s 10 abuse of
discretion standard appl[ies] on review of an agency’s decision with respect to the
unusual circumstances exception. The determination as to whether there are ‘unusual
circumstances’ [citation] is reviewed under section 21168.5’s substantial evidence prong.
However, an agency’s finding as to whether unusual circumstances give rise to ‘a
reasonable possibility that the activity will have a significant effect on the environment’
[citation] is reviewed to determine whether the agency, in applying the fair argument
standard, ‘proceeded in [the] manner required by law.’ [Citations.]” (Berkeley Hillside,
supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1114.)
       As for the first prong of the exception -- whether the project presents
circumstances that are unusual for projects in an exempt class -- this question is
essentially a factual inquiry for which the lead agency serves as “ ‘the finder of fact.’ ”
(Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1114.) Thus, reviewing courts apply the
traditional substantial evidence standard incorporated in section 21168.5 to this prong.
(Berkeley Hillside, at p. 1114.) Under that relatively deferential standard of review, our
role in considering the evidence differs from the agency’s. (Ibid.) “ ‘ “Agencies must
weigh the evidence and determine ‘which way the scales tip,’ while courts conducting
[traditional] substantial evidence . . . review generally do not.” ’ [Citation.] Instead,
reviewing courts, after resolving all evidentiary conflicts in the agency’s favor and
indulging in all legitimate and reasonable inferences to uphold the agency’s finding, must

10  Section 21168.5 applies to actions in which an evidentiary hearing is not required. In
such actions “to attack, review, set aside, void or annul a determination, finding, or
decision of public agency” on the grounds of noncompliance with CEQA, a court’s
inquiry “shall extend only to whether there was a prejudicial abuse of discretion. Abuse
of discretion is established if the agency has not proceeded in a manner required by law
or if the determination or decision is not supported by substantial evidence.” (§ 21168.5.)

                                             20
affirm that finding if there is any substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, to
support it. [Citations.]” (Ibid.)
       As for the second prong of the exception -- whether there is “reasonable
possibility” that an unusual circumstance will produce “a significant effect on the
environment” -- our high court has said “a different approach is appropriate, both by the
agency making the determination and by reviewing courts.” (Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60
Cal.4th at p. 1115.) “[W]hen there are ‘unusual circumstances,’ it is appropriate for
agencies to apply the fair argument standard in determining whether ‘there is a
reasonable possibility of a significant effect on the environment due to unusual
circumstances.’ ” (Ibid., italics added.) Under the fair argument test, “ ‘an agency is
merely supposed to look to see if the record shows substantial evidence of a fair
argument that there may be a significant effect. [Citations.] In other words, the agency is
not to weigh the evidence to come to its own conclusion about whether there will be a
significant effect. It is merely supposed to inquire, as a matter of law, whether the record
reveals a fair argument. . . . “ ‘[I]t does not resolve conflicts in the evidence but
determines only whether substantial evidence exists in the record to support the
prescribed fair argument.’ ” [Citation.]’ ” (Id. at pp. 1103-1104, second italics added,
quoting Banker’s Hill, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at p. 263.) Thus, a lead agency must find
there is a fair argument even when presented with other substantial evidence that the
project will not have a significant environmental effect. (Berkeley Hillside, at p. 1111;
see also Guidelines, § 15064, subd. (f)(1).) Accordingly, where there is a fair argument,
“a reviewing court may not uphold an agency’s decision ‘merely because substantial
evidence was presented that the project would not have [a significant environmental]
impact. The [reviewing] court’s function is to determine whether substantial evidence
support[s] the agency’s conclusion as to whether the prescribed “fair argument” could be
made.’ ” (Berkeley Hillside, at p. 1112.) Thus, the “agency must evaluate potential
environmental effects under the fair argument standard, and judicial review is limited to

                                              21
determining whether the agency applied the standard ‘in [the] manner required by law.’ ”
(Id. at p. 1116.)
       In the second alternative for proving the unusual circumstance exception, “a party
may establish an unusual circumstance with evidence that the project will have a
significant environmental effect.” (Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1105, italics
added.) “When it is shown ‘that a project otherwise covered by a categorical exemption
will have a significant environmental effect, it necessarily follows that the project
presents unusual circumstances.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 1105-1106, italics omitted and
added.) But a challenger must establish more than just a fair argument that the project
will have a significant environmental effect. (Id. at p. 1105.) A party challenging the
exemption, must show that the project will have a significant environmental impact.
(Ibid.) Again, as our high court has noted, we review the determination of the unusual
circumstances prong of the exception under the deferential substantial evidence test. (Id.
at p. 1114.)
       As for the second prong under this second alternative, no other proof is necessary.
Evidence that a project will have a significant environmental effect, “if convincing,
necessarily also establishes ‘a reasonable possibility that the activity will have a
significant effect on the environment due to unusual circumstances.’ [Citation.]”
(Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1105.) In other words, a showing by
substantial evidence that a project will have a significant effect on the environment
satisfies both prongs of the unusual circumstance exception under the second method of
establishing the exception.
       We now look to the proof in this case related to the unusual circumstance prong.
                           B. Proving Unusual Circumstances
       As we have noted, under Berkeley Hillside, there are two ways to prove the
unusual circumstances prong of the exception. We begin with the first alternative.

                                              22
       1. Features of the Project as Unusual Circumstances
       As this court observed in Voices, the Guidelines do not define the term “unusual
circumstances.” (Voices, supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 1109.) However, as our high court
noted in Berkeley Hillside, a party can show an unusual circumstance by showing that the
project has some feature that distinguishes it from others in the exempt class, such as its
size or location. (Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1105; accord, Voices, at
p. 1109 [“ ‘whether a circumstance is “unusual” is judged relative to the typical
circumstances related to an otherwise typically exempt project’ ”]; San Lorenzo, supra,
139 Cal.App.4th at p. 1381 [an unusual circumstance refers to some feature of the project
that distinguishes it from others in the exempt class]; Azusa, supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1207 [courts view circumstances as unusual within the meaning of the exemption when
“the circumstances of a particular project [] differ from the general circumstances of the
projects covered by a particular categorical exemption”], italics added.) Thus, as we will
discuss in more detail, when determining whether the circumstances of the project differ
from the general circumstances of the projects covered by the Class 23 categorical
exemption for the normal operations of a public gathering facility, it is appropriate to
look to the facility’s other projects, i.e., events or operations that comprise the normal
operations of that facility and compare those circumstances against those presented by the
proposed project.
       Appellants contend that we must not compare the rodeo project to other
Fairground events in determining whether it presents unusual circumstances, but rather
we must compare the rodeo project to activities held at other facilities that would be
exempt under the Class 23 exemption. According to appellants, we must compare the
circumstances presented by a proposed project to all public gathering facilities in general,
including “racetracks, stadiums, convention centers, auditoriums, amphitheaters,
planetariums, swimming pools, and amusement parks” (see Guidelines, § 15323, fn. 3,
ante) and apparently all other public gathering facilities not expressly listed in the

                                              23
Class 23 exemption. Appellants also, apparently as an alternative argument, narrow the
comparison, contending that we must compare the Fairground facility to other “normal”
fairground facilities. Focusing on a comparison to the universe of public gathering
facilities or the universe of “normal” fairgrounds, appellants then look to circumstances
related to the Fairground facility that are different from other public gathering facilities
and/or other fairgrounds. They contend the impaired status of the Salsipuedes Creek is a
circumstance that is different from “normal facilities” for which a Class 23 exemption is
provided and is thus an unusual circumstance within the meaning of the unusual
circumstance exception.
       We reject appellants’ argument for two reasons specific to the Class 23 exemption
for the normal operations of public gathering facilities. First, examining public gathering
facilities generally covered by the exemption in most cases will not produce an apples-to-
apples comparison from which courts could determine whether a circumstance related to
normal operations is usual or unusual. Racetracks, stadiums, convention centers,
auditoriums, amphitheaters, planetariums, swimming pools, and amusement parks are so
different in general that any comparison of circumstances relating to the operations of
such facilities will often yield unhelpful results. This is so simply because a project that
would be unusual for one venue, may not be unusual for another type of public gathering
facility given the nature of the operations at such facilities. For example, it would be
extremely unusual to have horses or cattle and manure anywhere near a public swimming
pool; thus, a comparison of the operations of public swimming pools to fairground
facilities for usual and unusual circumstances would be unfair. Second, even if courts
were required to look to the universe of all Class 23 exempt public gathering facilities or
the smaller universe of all “normal” fairgrounds11 for comparison of the usual

11 Appellants do not describe a “normal” fairground, and they have not established that
there is such a thing. In our geographically diverse state, fairgrounds are located in cities,

                                              24
circumstances related to their normal operations, appellants have offered no proof
whatsoever of the circumstances related to other public gathering facilities or “normal”
fairgrounds against which the comparison of the unusual and usual should be made. And
appellants have the burden of producing evidence supporting the exception. (Berkeley
Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at pp. 1104-1105; Wollmer, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1350; Committee to Save the Hollywoodland Specific Plan v. City of Los Angeles
(2008) 161 Cal. App. 4th 1168, 1186 (Hollywoodland); Cal. Farm Bureau, supra,
143 Cal.App.4th at p. 186.)
       Appellants rely primarily on Azusa for the proposition that we must compare the
Fairground to all other public gathering facilities in general and that proximity to a water
source could be an unusual circumstance. Azusa did not involve a Class 23 exemption
for “normal operations” of public gathering facilities. That case involved a Class 1
exemption for the “operation . . . or minor alteration of existing . . . facilities”
(Guidelines, § 15301),12 referred to as the “existing facilities” exception (Azusa, supra,

suburbs, and rural areas. They vary in size, nature and scope of events, the number of
spectators and visitors, the number and type of livestock on site and the time of the year
when livestock events are held, which may or may not be in a rainy season. They also
differ in proximity to water sources -- some are likely nearer to water sources than others.
Moreover, there are likely differences in drainage systems and stormwater runoff which
may involve runoff into storm drains, groundwater, and/or nearby bodies of water.
Assuming such a comparison was appropriate in determining whether the rodeo event at
the Fairground and the potential stormwater runoff were public gathering facility
operations that presented an unusual circumstance relative to other fairgrounds, we need
not attempt to make this comparison here because, as we discuss post, appellants have
provided no evidence for us to compare.
12 “Class 1 consists of the operation, repair, maintenance, permitting, leasing, licensing,
or minor alteration of existing public or private structures, facilities, mechanical
equipment, or topographical features, involving negligible or no expansion of use
beyond that existing at the time of the lead agency’s determination. The types of
‘existing facilities’ itemized below are not intended to be all-inclusive of the types of
projects which might fall within Class 1. The key consideration is whether the project
involves negligible or no expansion of an existing use.” (Guidelines, § 15301, italics

                                               25
52 Cal.App.4th at p. 1193). In Azusa, unlike here, the “facility” and the project were
essentially one and the same.
       The project in Azusa was the reopening of an 80-acre unlined municipal solid
waste landfill located in an empty sand and gravel pit which was situated on top of the
Main San Gabriel Groundwater Basin, an underground reservoir that supplied the water
needs of approximately one million people. (Azusa, supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1175-
1176, 1178.) Previously, the State Board had rescinded the landfill’s permit allowing the
disposal of municipal solid waste, and the landfill closed. (Id. at pp. 1175-1176.) The
plan for the reopened landfill was that 3.2 million tons of municipal solid waste would be
deposited over a seven-year period. (Id. at p. 1176.) The State Board refused to stand in
the way. The Regional Water Board declared the project exempt under the Class 1
existing facilities exemption (id. at pp. 1176, 1192-1193), notwithstanding that the Basin
was polluted, it was on the EPA’s superfund list, and the contamination problem had
been previously characterized by the Legislature as “urgent” (id. at p. 1178). On appeal,
the court concluded that the language of the Class 1 categorical exemption for the
operation and minor alteration of existing facilities should not be construed to include a
large, municipal waste landfill. The court reasoned: the landfill was not a “facility”
within the meaning of the guideline for existing facilities13 (Azusa, supra, 52 Cal.App.4th

added.) A nonexclusive list of examples in the guideline includes: Plumbing and
electrical conveyances, public and private utilities, highways, streets, sidewalks, gutters,
bicycle and pedestrian trails, water supply reservoirs, fish screens fish ladders, wildlife
habitat areas, artificial wildlife waterway devices, artificial wildlife waterway devices,
stream channels to protect fish and wildlife resources, multiple and single-family
residences. (Guidelines, § 15301.)
13 The court noted that the concept of “facility” is vague. The court then cited a
dictionary definition, noted that a landfill is excavated and observed that a landfill does
not necessarily fit the dictionary definition of “facility,” and further noted that landfills
are not included in the list of examples set forth in Guidelines section 15301. (Azusa,
supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1193-1194.)

                                              26
at pp. 1193-1194); the layering of 3.2 million tons of solid waste over time was not a
“minor alteration” within the meaning of the exemption14 (id. at p. 1194); there had
been a legislative determination that some of the state’s existing landfills posed a threat
to groundwater, air quality and public health (id. at p. 1195); and the rationale for the
existing facility exemption (that the environmental effects of the facility operation had
already been considered) does not apply to landfills that, like the one at issue, had not
been reclassified pursuant to legislative directive (id. at pp. 1195-1996). Thus, the
Azusa court essentially held that large, municipal waste landfills cannot be exempt under
Class 1.
       The Azusa court then went on to criticize the regional water board’s implied
finding that the unusual circumstances exception15 did not preclude the categorical
exemption. (Azusa, supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1197-1209.) In looking at the first
question in determining the applicability of the exception -- the existence of an unusual
circumstance -- the court noted numerous circumstances that were unusual in comparison
with “existing facilities in general” (id. at p. 1207), including the circumstance that large
scale landfilling with municipal waste was not entitled to any exemption; waste
disposal landfills differ from other types of existing facilities in that the Legislature
had determined that such landfills posed a threat to the environment, and required that
they be reevaluated and reclassified; the landfill did not have the safeguards needed to
protect the environment from the types of pollutants that landfills are likely to produce;
and there has been an increasing awareness of the environmental hazards posed by

14  The court reasoned that, “neither ‘existing facilities’ nor the ‘operation’ of such
facilities should be construed to include landfills where the proposed dumping will
exceed the ‘minor alteration’ that the Guidelines permit.” (Azusa, supra, 52 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1194.)
15 The court referred to the exception as the “significant effect” exception. (Azusa,
supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at p. 1197.)

                                              27
landfills, and the hazards posed by this landfill in particular (id. at pp. 1207-1208). In
addition to these unusual circumstances, the court noted that the landfill differed from
“existing waste disposal landfills in general” in that it overlay a major drinking water
aquifer in highly permeable sands and gravel that provide a direct pathway for landfill
pollutants to move to ground water. (Id. at p. 1208.) Thus, given the nature of the
facility and the claimed exemption (operation of and minor alteration of existing
facilities), the focus of comparison was between the Azusa landfill facility to other
existing Class 1 facilities “in general” and other landfill facilities, not specific activities
of the facility that could be considered individual projects for CEQA purposes.16 Indeed,
the project and facility in Azusa were indistinguishable because landfills engage in only
one activity -- the deposit of municipal waste. Here, the Fairground facility involves
operations other than those involving horses and cattle and the exemption relates to the
normal operations of the facility. Consequently, we focus not on the facility itself, but on
the specific operations of the facility involving horses and cattle.
       Appellants also rely on Hollywoodland for support of their contention that we
must look to other facilities in general covered by the exemption when determining
whether the proposed project has unusual circumstances. In Hollywoodland, the
petitioners sought to compel the City of Los Angeles to rescind approval of a wooden
fence a homeowner had constructed atop one of the historic granite walls in the
Hollywoodland community. (Hollywoodland, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1172.)
On appeal, the court rejected the city’s position that the fence was categorically exempt

16  Guidelines section 15378, subdivision (a), broadly defines a “project” to mean “the
whole of an action, which has a potential for resulting in either a direct physical change
in the environment, or a reasonably foreseeable indirect physical change in the
environment . . . .”

                                               28
under Class 5 because it represented a “ ‘minor alteration in land use limitations.’ ”17
(Id. at p. 1180.) The court further held that even if the fence were exempt, the unusual
circumstances exception precluded the exemption because there was a strong possibility
of an adverse impact upon a historical monument. (Id. at p. 1185.) In making the
latter determination, the court reasoned that the city failed to consider whether the
circumstances of the fence differed from the general circumstances of projects covered by
the exemption. The fence was different from the typical “ ‘minor land use alteration’ ”
contemplated by the exemption because the alteration was to a historical resource. The
stone walls were old and unique, and any change to them could significantly alter their
physical composition. (Id. at p. 1187.) Thus, the court impliedly determined the
circumstances were unusual compared to other minor land use alterations.
       The Class 23 exemption for the normal operations of public gathering facilities
is different from the Class 5 exemption for minor land use alterations. Because the
gravamen of the Class 5 exemption is an alteration to a land use, the focus of comparison
is appropriately on other minor land use alterations in general. The Class 23 exemption,
on the other hand, involves the various activities that are “normal operations” of a public
gathering facility, and the focus of comparison should, therefore, be on those activities
that make up the facility’s normal operations. Hollywoodland does not support
appellants’ position.
       Appellants also find support for their argument in Wollmer. We do not. In
Wollmer, the city determined that the proposed mixed-use building project was exempt

17 The Class 5 exemption consists in pertinent part of “minor alterations in land use
limitations in areas with an average slope of less than 20%, which do not result in any
changes in land use or density, including but not limited to: [¶] (a) Minor lot line
adjustments, side yard, and set back variances not resulting in the creation of any new
parcel . . . .” (Guidelines, § 15305.)

                                             29
under the Class 32 exemption for in-fill development.18 The appellant argued that the
location of the project at the intersection of two major thoroughfares, and his view of the
city’s traffic modeling, qualified as unusual circumstances. (Wollmer, supra,
193 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1351-1352.) Appellants here focus on the Wollmer court’s
holding regarding the location argument, quoting the court’s statement that “locating an
in-fill project at the intersection of two major city streets that also happen to serve as state
highway routes is well within the range of characteristics one would except for class 32
projects and precisely what the law encourages.” (Id. at p. 1351.) We fail to see how this
advances appellants’ position here. The quote relates solely to the Wollmer court’s
observation that the location was not an unusual circumstance because the location fit the
criteria of the in-fill exemption. (Ibid.)
       Appellants rely on Myers v. Board of Supervisors (1976) 58 Cal. App. 3d 413
(Myers) for the proposition that a nearby water source is an unusual circumstance. Like
Azusa, Myers did not involve the Class 23 exemption for normal operations. Myers
involved a county’s interpretation of the Class 4 exemption for “minor alterations in the
condition of land.”19 (Myers, at p. 423, italics added.) Appellants sought a writ of

18 “Class 32 consists of projects characterized as in-fill development meeting the
conditions described in this section. [¶] (a) The project is consistent with the applicable
general plan designation and all applicable general plan policies as well as with
applicable zoning designation and regulations. [¶] (b) The proposed development occurs
within city limits on a project site of no more than five acres substantially surrounded by
urban uses. [¶] (c) The project site has no value, as habitat for endangered, rare or
threatened species. [¶] (d) Approval of the project would not result in any significant
effects relating to traffic, noise, air quality, or water quality. [¶] (e) The site can be
adequately served by all required utilities and public services.” (Guidelines, § 15332.)
19 “Class 4 consists of minor public or private alterations in the condition of land, water,
and/or vegetation which do not involve removal of healthy, mature, scenic trees except
for forestry and agricultural purposes.” (Guidelines, § 15304, italics added.) Various
examples are listed in the exemption, including: Grading on a slope of less than
10 percent, with certain specified exceptions (Guidelines, § 15304, subd. (a)); New or

                                              30
mandate ordering a county board of supervisors to rescind a resolution granting a request
for minor land division to subdivide property into three new parcels for use as home sites.
(Id. at pp. 417-419.) The board had interpreted the Class 4 exemption as including a
“minor land division.” (Id. at pp. 418, 422.) The appellate court held the county had
misconstrued the Class 4 exemption, and a land division was not a “minor alteration in
the condition of land,” but rather it was an alteration in the “use” of land. (Id. at pp. 423-
425.) The Myers court then went on to determine whether the land division was exempt
under Guidelines former section 15060, which at the time provided in pertinent part,
“Where it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the activity in
question may have a significant effect on the environment, the activity is not covered by
the requirements set forth in CEQA, and these Guidelines concerning the evaluation of
projects and the preparation and review of environmental documents do not apply.”20
(Myers, at p. 425, italics added; see id. at pp. 425-427.) It was in the context of
determining whether it was certain there was no possibility of a significant environmental
effect that the court noted the appellant’s claim that there was a danger of sewage from

replacement gardening or landscaping (Guidelines, § 15304, subd. (b)); Filling of earth
into previously excavated land with material compatible to natural features of the site;
(Guidelines, § 15304, subd. (c)); Minor alterations in land, water, and vegetation on
designated wildlife management areas or fish production facilities which result in
improvement of the habitat or greater fish production (Guidelines, § 15304, subd. (d));
Minor temporary use of land having negligible or no permanent effects on the
environment, including carnivals, sales of Christmas trees, etc. (Guidelines, § 15304,
subd. (e)); Minor trenching and backfilling where the surface is restored (Guidelines,
§ 15304, subd. (f)); Maintenance dredging where the spoil is deposited in an authorized
spoil area (Guidelines, § 15304, subd. (g)); The creation of bicycle lanes on existing
rights-of-way (Guidelines, § 15304, subd. (h)); and Certain fuel management activities to
reduce the volume of flammable vegetation (Guidelines, § 15304, subd. (i)).
20 This exemption can now be found in Guidelines section 15061, subdivision (b)(3),
which states, “Where it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the
activity in question may have a significant effect on the environment, the activity is not
subject to CEQA.” (Italics added.)

                                              31
the necessary septic lines seeping into a nearby stream and polluting it. (Id. at pp. 426-
427.) The court reasoned that even if this and other claims made by the appellant were
exaggerated or untrue, they were “sufficient to remove the subject project from the class
‘Where it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the activity in
question may have a significant effect on the environment . . . .’ ” (Id. at p. 427, italics
added.) Myers did not involve application of the “unusual circumstances” exception, so
it has no application here.
       Appellants also misplace reliance on Meridian Ocean Systems, Inc. v. State Lands
Com. (1990) 222 Cal. App. 3d 153 for the proposition that proximity to a water source is
an unusual circumstance. In Meridian, three companies engaged in the business of
conducting seismic research in the Pacific Ocean sued the State Lands Commission after
the Commission ordered preparation of an EIR before acting on applications to renew the
companies’ permits. (Id. at pp. 162-163.) Meridian is obviously distinguishable. There,
the water source was not merely in close proximity; rather, the project activities took
place in the water source. Moreover, the Meridian court did not actually hold that the
water source was the unusual circumstance. The court determined that the unusual
circumstance was the fact that new scientific evidence showing a possible significant
effect on the environment was not available when a previous exemption was granted. (Id.
at p. 164.) Meridian does not support appellants’ contention.
       Without analysis, appellants cite McQueen v. Board of Directors (1988)
202 Cal. App. 3d 1136 (disapproved on other grounds in Western States Petroleum Assn.
v. Superior Court (1995) 9 Cal. 4th 559, 570, fn. 2 (Western States)), for the proposition
that “[w]here the location of a project is endowed with contamination that relates to the
project, then unusual circumstances exist as to both the project and the facility.”
Appellants overstate the holding of that case. In McQueen, the project involved the
purchase of two parcels by a regional open space district from the federal government.
The parcels, which adjoined the district’s open space reserve, formerly had been an Air

                                              32
Force station and a ground air transmitter site. (McQueen, at p. 1140.) The property was
polluted. (Id. at pp. 1140-1141.) The McQueen court first held that the district’s
description of the project was misleading because it described the project as “acquisition
of named surplus federal property for public open space” (id. at p. 1144), when the
project not only involved acquisition but also maintenance of hazardous waste known to
be on the property (id. at pp. 1143-1147). After concluding that the project was not
exempt under the exemptions asserted by the district (including the Class 25 exemption
for transfers of ownership of interests in land in order to preserve open space), the
McQueen court held that the exemptions were precluded for the additional reason that the
unusual circumstance exemption applied. (Id. at pp. 1148-1149.) The court reasoned,
“the known existence of PCB [polychlorinated biphenyls] and other hazardous wastes on
property to be acquired is an unusual circumstance” threatening the environment. (Id.
at p. 1149, italics added.)
       McQueen is distinguishable from the instant case. McQueen did not involve a
proposed project related to the operations at an ongoing facility, let alone the normal
operations of a public gathering facility. The project in McQueen was the purchase of
polluted property and the necessary maintenance of the hazardous waste on the property
after the purchase. In the context of the exemption for transfer of land to preserve open
space, the fact that the land to be transferred was contaminated and required ongoing
measures to deal with the hazardous waste on site was unusual compared to other land
transfers for open space. McQueen does not advance appellants’ position here, where the
focus is on the operations of the facility.
       Appellants suggest the court in SPAWN also found an “unusual circumstance” in
a project’s proximity to a creek. Not so. SPAWN did not involve application of the
unusual circumstances exception at all. As we discussed ante, the court in SPAWN held
that the project was not exempt because the County relied upon proposed mitigation

                                              33
measures to grant a categorical exemption. (SPAWN, supra, 125 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1106-1108.)
        There are only two published cases involving the Class 23 exemption for
the normal operation of public gathering facilities, both from this court. Appellants
rely upon one, Lewis v. Seventeenth Dist. Agricultural Assn. (1985) 165 Cal. App. 3d
823 (Lewis), and ignore the other, Campbell v. Third Dist. Agricultural Assn. (1987)
195 Cal. App. 3d 115 (Campbell), which distinguished Lewis on a point that is relevant
here.
        On first blush, Lewis seems supportive of the notion that proximity of a
neighborhood to a public gathering facility activity could be an unusual circumstance.
But a closer look at Lewis reveals that it was actually the activity in question, made
possible by a change in the facility, which presented the unusual circumstance. The
public gathering facility in Lewis was a modified racetrack at a county fairground situated
less than a mile from a residential neighborhood. For some 15 years, a flat dirt racetrack
had been used for auto races until a banked track was constructed in 1973. (Lewis,
supra, 165 Cal.App.3d at p. 826.) The new track allowed for higher powered “modified
stock” car races. (Ibid.) Residents complained about the noise and dust generated from
the modified stock car races, and in 1980, the district association undertook a study. In
the meantime, a resident sought mandamus and injunctive relief, complaining that the
modified stock car races had been conducted without environmental review and seeking
cancellation of the contract between the agricultural district association and the promoter
of the races. (Id. at pp. 826-827.) Thereafter, the district association filed a notice of
exemption, relying on the Class 23 exemption for normal operations of public gathering
facilities. (Id. at pp. 827-828.) This court held that the district association abused its
discretion by finding the modified stock car racing events categorically exempt under
Class 23 because there was a reasonable possibility of a significant effect on the
environment due to unusual circumstances. (Guidelines, § 15300.2.)

                                              34
       It does not appear that the unusual circumstances prong of the exception was a
matter of active dispute in Lewis as there was substantive analysis only on the significant
effect prong. The key unusual circumstance that differentiated the project from other
auto racing events that had been held prior to the modification of the track was that the
modified stock car racing was noisier and created more dust. (Lewis, supra,
165 Cal.App.3d at p. 829.) However, while this court stated it was limiting its analysis
to the application of the normal operations exemption to the “ ‘unusual circumstances’ in
[the] case, those concerning neighboring residences,” it also said “there is no question of
the existence of unusual circumstances -- the adjacency of residential areas to the
racetrack.” (Id. at p. 829, italics added; see id. at pp. 828-829.) Yet, the adjacency of the
residences existed before the track was banked, and it was actually the characteristics of
the modified stock car races -- more noise and dust -- that were the unusual
circumstances concerning the nearby residences that made the modified stock car race
project different from events that had taken place at the fairground prior to the
modification of the track.21 Thus, although the court called the adjacency of the
residences an unusual circumstance, without the added noise and dust, the project
presented no circumstances that were different from the preexisting normal operations of
the fairground, including previous auto races.
       Here, the issue is not noise and dust permeating nearby neighborhoods, but rather
the horse and cattle manure and the potential impact on the nearby creek.22 Appellants

21  In discussing the significant effect prong of the exception, the Lewis court noted, “The
evidence clearly shows a major change in the scope and degree of racing at the
fairgrounds occurred after 1970, specifically in 1973, when the construction of a banked
racetrack permitted auto racing at higher speeds and with greater noise and dust.”
(Lewis, supra, 165 Cal.App.3d at p. 829, italics added.)
22 Appellants here expressly state in their reply brief that they “have not advanced any
claims on appeal that inconsistency with existing residential uses creates unusual

                                             35
show no change in the facility, nor a change in the use of the facility relative to the
temporary housing of cattle and horses, nor any other change in operations, let alone
changes that could constitute unusual circumstances. Thus, Lewis, where there was a
significant change in the operation which resulted in unusual circumstances compared to
previous operations, is of no help to appellants.
       This court considered Lewis in Campbell, the only other published case involving
the Class 23 exemption. Campbell also involved auto racing at a county fairground
adjacent to a residential area. The racetrack in Campbell was constructed before the
enactment of CEQA, but unlike the racetrack in Lewis, it was not modified or operated
differently than it had been since its construction in 1962. This court distinguished Lewis
on the ground that there was no change in the normal operations. Thus, there was no
adverse change in the environment, and the continued operation of the racetrack in 1986
was categorically exempt from CEQA. (Campbell, supra, 195 Cal.App.3d at pp. 118-
119.) Likewise, here, the rodeo project does not represent a change in the operation of
the Fairground.
       Here, the rodeo project had no unusual circumstances to distinguish it from others
in the exempt class, e.g., other “normal operations” of the Fairground. The normal
operations of the Fairground included about two dozen equestrian and/or livestock events
each year for at least the last three years before the rodeo. The proposed rodeo did not
involve more horses or livestock than were used for the other events and no changes to
the facility or the operations were necessary.
       Courts may also look to conditions in the immediate vicinity of a proposed project
to determine whether a circumstance is unusual. (Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at
pp. 1118-1119.) This includes whether the project is consistent with the surrounding

circumstances for the Rodeo Project. [Fn. omitted.] [Appellants] have maintained that
unusual circumstances in this matter result from the proximity of the Project to the
degraded creek.”

                                              36
zoning and land uses. In City of Pasadena v. State of California (1993) 14 Cal. App. 4th
810 (City of Pasadena) (disapproved on other grounds in Western States, supra, 9 Cal.4th
at p. 570, fn. 2), a city tried to void a lease between the state and a private landowner for
the state to operate a parole office in a building located in the city. (City of Pasadena, at
p. 814.) The state invoked a categorical exemption for “ ‘the leasing of existing office
space which has been determined not to have a significant effect upon the
environment.’ ” (Id. at p. 820.) The city argued the exemption was rendered inapplicable
by the exception for unusual circumstances, because the building was located next door
to the library, a historic building of cultural significance, and residential development was
in progress nearby. (Id. at p. 826.) The appellate court held the lease of the building for
use as a parole office “does not constitute an ‘unusual circumstance’ within the meaning
of CEQA in light of the presence of . . . other custodial and criminal justice facilities in
the immediate area.” (Id. at pp. 826-827.)
       In Bloom v. McGurk (1994) 26 Cal. App. 4th 1307, an individual sought a writ of
mandate to set aside permits issued for the continued operation of a medical waste
treatment facility. The agency had determined that the facility was exempt under the
Class 1 exemption for existing facilities. (Id. at pp. 1309, 1312.) In rejecting the
appellant’s claim that the proximity of residences presented an unusual circumstance, the
Bloom court noted that the area was zoned for heavy industry. The court further noted
that the facility’s operations were comparable to those of surrounding businesses, and
citing City of Pasadena, held that the presence of comparable facilities in the immediate
area adequately supported an implied finding that there were no “ ‘unusual
circumstances’ ” precluding a categorical exemption. (Bloom, at pp. 1315-1316.)
       Here, the rodeo was consistent with the surrounding zoning, which was
commercial agricultural, permitting the commercial raising of animals, including grazing
and livestock production, and residential agricultural, permitting animal-keeping and

                                              37
farming. Compared to the activities in the surrounding area, the rodeo presented no
unusual circumstances.
       We may also look to the scope and size of the project as a potential unusual
circumstance. (Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1105.) Voices is an example.
There, this court held that the unusual circumstances exception applied to an irrigation
district’s agreement to provide water to a tribal casino and hotel project. (Voices, supra,
209 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1108-1114.) The project involved relocating the existing three-
inch water meter and installing a short section of pipeline linking the meter to an existing
water main, both of which would occur on tribal land. (Id. at p. 1103.) The district
determined the project was exempt under the Class 3 categorical exemption for new
construction or conversion of small structures.23 (Id. at p. 1104.) This court concluded,
“the MOU [memorandum of understanding] project presents circumstances that are
unusual for this categorical exemption. The proposed project’s scope, providing 216
additional EDU’s [equivalent dwelling units] of water to a casino and hotel project so
large it brings with it its own freeway interchange instead of providing one or four EDU’s
of water as contemplated by the class 3 categorical exemption is an unusual circumstance
under that exemption. The sheer amount of water to be conveyed under the MOU
obviously is a fact that distinguishes the project from the types of projects contemplated
by the class 3 categorical exemption.” (Id. at p. 1109.)
       Here, perhaps appellants evade comparison of the rodeo project to other
Fairground equestrian and livestock events because they have no answer for the fact that

23 Among other things, the Class 3 exemption applies to construction of motels,
restaurants or similar structures not exceeding 2,500 square feet in floor area (Guidelines,
§ 15303, subd. (c)) and the “[w]ater main, sewage, electrical, gas, and other utility
extensions, including street improvements, of reasonable length to serve such
construction” (Guidelines, § 15303, subd. (d)). In Voices, the trial court determined there
was sufficient evidence to establish the project was subject to the Class 3 categorical
exemption. (Voices, supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 1104.)

                                             38
the similarity is clear. Unlike in Voices, where the nature and scope of the project were
unusual, the project at issue here is no different in nature and scope from previous
Fairground events. And appellants have not challenged the other livestock and equestrian
events held at the Fairground now or in the past. Indeed, they insist they are not
challenging the other events at the Fairground. Yet, were we to employ appellants’
analysis, other equestrian and livestock events that historically have been within the
normal operations of the Fairground would not be exempt.
       Assuming we are required to compare the Fairground to other fairgrounds and
further assuming the creek could be considered an unusual circumstance compared to
other fairgrounds, appellants’ asserted comparison to other facilities is not supported by
evidence in the record. Appellants argue that, “[a]lthough most fairgrounds include
livestock and animal events, the normal fairground does not have documented discharges
of stormwater [sic] from corral areas directly to a creek” (italics added), but appellants
cite no evidence to support this factual contention. Without supporting evidence,
we must regard their assertion as speculative. Indeed, we could just as easily speculate
that there are other county fairgrounds that have similar issues related to stormwater
runoff into nearby water sources or runoff into storm drains that flow into water sources,
so the circumstances at the Fairground here are not necessarily unusual. As we have
noted, once an agency meets its burden of establishing that a project is categorically
exempt, the burden shifts to the party challenging the exemption to produce substantial
evidence establishing the exception (Hollywoodland, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1186;
Cal. Farm Bureau, supra, 143 Cal.App.4th at pp. 185-186), including establishing the
existence of “unusual circumstances” (Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at pp. 1104-
1105; Wollmer, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1350-1351). Appellants cannot satisfy this
burden by speculation. They must provide evidence.
       Appellants have not produced substantial evidence supporting a finding of unusual
circumstances based on features related to the rodeo project. To the contrary, we

                                             39
conclude that the agency’s determination of the absence of unusual circumstances in this
regard is supported by substantial evidence. (Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at
p. 1114.)24
       2. Significant Effect on the Environment as an Unusual Circumstance
       We now turn to the alternate way a challenger can establish the unusual
circumstance prong of the unusual circumstances exception. While our high court in
Berkeley Hillside held that a mere reasonable possibility a project may have a significant
environmental effect is insufficient to establish the unusual circumstances exception
(Berkeley Hillside, supra, 60 Cal.4th at pp. 1097, 1104), the court also held that “a party
may establish an unusual circumstance with evidence that the project will have a
significant environmental effect.” (Id. at p. 1105, italics added.) The reason for this
alternative method is that “evidence that the project will have a significant effect does
tend to prove that some circumstance of the project is unusual.” (Ibid.) This method of
proving unusual circumstances requires that the project challenger provide more than
“ ‘substantial evidence’ of ‘a fair argument that the project will have significant
environmental effects.’ ” (Id. at p. 1106.) A project challenger must prove that the
project will have a significant effect on the environment. (Id. at p. 1105.) Thus, a
challenger seeking to prove unusual circumstances based on an environmental effect
must provide or identify substantial evidence indicating: (1) the project will actually
have an effect on the environment; and (2) that effect will be significant. (Ibid.) A
“significant effect on the environment” is “a substantial adverse change in the physical

24 Because we conclude there was no unusual circumstance based on the features of the
project, we need not address the second prong of the exception -- whether there is a
reasonable possibility of a significant environmental effect on the creek. A negative
answer as to the question of whether there are unusual circumstances means the
exception does not apply. (Banker’s Hill, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at p. 278.)

                                             40
conditions which exist in the area affected by the proposed project.” (Guidelines,
§ 15002, subd. (g).)
       Appellants made no attempt before the District’s board or in the trial court to
prove the rodeo project will actually have a significant effect on the environment. The
entire thrust of appellants’ argument below and on appeal is that the rodeo project creates
an environmental risk to the Salsipuedes Creek because in their view, there is a
reasonable possibility that the project may have a significant environmental effect on the
creek. Their argument is grounded on the assertion that there is a fair argument the rodeo
project may have significant adverse pollution effects on the Salsipuedes Creek.
However, the evidence they rely upon and their arguments fall well short of establishing
that the rodeo project will have a significant environmental effect on the creek.
       Appellants point to a video taken by one of the appellants “during a rain event at
the Fairground[].” The video shows muddy rainwater flowing from the horse and cattle
area over dirt roads, earth, and vegetation into a drain adjacent to the creek. Muddy
water is also depicted pouring out of an underground pipeline culvert. In their appellate
briefing, appellants do not assert that there was an equestrian event at the Fairground
during this time; nor do they say there was livestock present. And there is no activity
taking place, nor are there horses or livestock seen in the video. As the trial court noted,
nothing in the video supports appellants’ claim that the water depicted therein was
contaminated with fecal material. Nor do appellants point to any other evidence that
establishes that the water was in fact, contaminated.
       Appellants also claim that the record includes photos showing “muddy,
contaminated water” exiting the discharge pipe in the creek that drains from that storm
drain. We have reviewed the black and white photocopies of these photographs in the
record. As the trial court noted, there is no evidence when the photographs were taken.
No horses, livestock, or activity are depicted in the photographs. While it is difficult to
tell from the copies we have in the record, the trial court (which presumably had original

                                             41
color photographs) noted that there was one photograph that showed something
resembling manure, but the court also noted there was no evidence establishing how long
the suspected manure had been there, whether it was quickly collected, or whether this
was an isolated incident. From what we can tell from the black and white photocopy of
that photograph, there is no water flowing in the area of this suspected manure.
Furthermore, like the water depicted in the video, appellants point to no test results or
other evidence substantiating their bald claim that the water depicted in the photographs
was, in fact, contaminated. Nor does this evidence establish a “significant”
environmental effect. Appellants merely argue that there is a “reasonable inference” the
Fairground contributes bacteria to the creek and that a large event close to the beginning
of the rainy season will create pollution sources that “may have a significant impact”
(italics added) to the creek.
       Appellants also rely on public comment which quoted an Internet article from the
High Plains/Midwest Ag Journal about the annual Reno rodeo. That article read in part,
“Rodeo operators say cleanup of animal waste and other debris is a top priority, and loads
of manure and straw are removed daily. But there’s really no way to capture it all, and
some inevitably reaches the river.”25 Appellants cite a research study in the record
concerning E. coli outbreaks at agricultural fairs, which indicates that E. coli is frequently
found in cattle feces and persists several months after fairs end. Citing another Internet
article (this one from an unknown source), appellants assert that “[i]nfections at
fairgrounds have resulted from apparent exposure to dirt and dust at the facility, and
accumulated on environmental surfaces.” Yet, none of this information pertains to the
Fairground’s operations here or Salsipuedes Creek and thus none of it establishes that the
rodeo project will have a significant impact on the creek.

25 Ironically, this article shows that rainwater runoff from rodeos into rivers or storm
drains that drain into rivers may not be an unusual circumstance.

                                             42
       As they did below, appellants rely heavily on the Regional Water Board’s
determination that livestock operations in the area likely contribute to fecal coliform in
the Salsipuedes Creek. But Board staff actually concluded that there were multiple
sources of the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in the creek and ranked the sources from the
greatest contributor to the least.
       Storm drain discharges having nothing to do with the Fairground “likely
contributed the most FIB” to Salsipuedes Creek. Staff opined that FIB in these
discharges was the result of municipal collection system sewage spills and leaks, urban
runoff that contains pet waste, dumpster leachate, and bird, rodent, and other wildlife
waste. Pet waste, according to the report enters the watershed through storm drains after
it is deposited on sidewalks, parking lots, or other similar surfaces. Regarding dumpster
leachate, Board staff wrote that dumpsters may contain animal waste from wildlife and
domestic animals scavenging through dumpsters, as well as from humans discarding yard
and pet waste into uncovered and/or leaky trash receptacles. Rainwater then carries FIB
from these receptacles into storm drains.
       “Homeless person/encampments discharge” ranked as the second highest source
of FIB contamination. Staff observed homeless encampments at the Salsipuedes Creek
and human waste on the banks of the creek and determined that it was “highly likely” that
this waste reached surface waters.
       The third most significant source of FIB was “pet waste” from sources other than
storm water discharges. Staff observed people walking dogs along the Salsipuedes Creek
levee and a broken, rusted dispenser that once provided plastic bags for dog walkers to
collect pet waste. Since staff had seen people fail to collect this waste in other
watersheds, staff opined the same was happening at Salsipuedes Creek.
       “Farm animal livestock discharges,” related to local agricultural operations,
actually ranked fourth behind the aforementioned sources. Staff wrote that there is
evidence from other watersheds indicating that FIB from horses and livestock in close

                                             43
proximity to water bodies are the source of FIB contamination. Consequently, “[s]taff
determined that FIB from these livestock operations likely contributed to the exceedance
of water quality objectives” in the Salsipuedes Creek. The Fairground was lumped into
this section of the report. We discuss the references made to the Fairground in the report,
post.
        Ranking fifth was septic system failures. One area where this occurred was the
Delaney community, which is adjacent to Salsipuedes Creek. “Staff concluded that
onsite wastewater systems in the Delaney community were a likely source of FIB
contributing to water quality impairment in Salsipuedes Creek.” The community is “on
soil with very slow permeability and in which septic take leach fields do not function
properly.” Also, the community slopes toward the creek.
        Three other sources of FIB were listed by Board staff as potential FIB
contributors, including natural wildlife sources such as birds, rodents, squirrels, skunk,
and deer.
        As for the Fairground, which was lumped into the category ranked as the fourth
highest likely contributor with other agricultural operations, appellants cite the fact that
staff wrote that they “did not see management practices in place that would keep runoff
from the manure area from entering surface waters.” Yet, staff did not visit when there
was a livestock event going on and they only saw one horse on the premises when they
were there. Because there were no events underway, staff had no occasion to see the
MMP in play. And, as the trial court noted, the report does not even indicate staff had an
awareness of the Fairground practices for managing manure when hosting events.
Further, the report contained no water sampling results indicating discharges or runoff
from the Fairground actually contributed fecal material to Salsipuedes Creek. Moreover,
staff did not even report seeing manure on site. The Regional Water Board report does
not establish that the project will have a significant environmental effect on the creek.

                                              44
       Indeed, the evidence in the record suggests quite the opposite. In December 2010,
the Fairground retained an outside vender to take samples as part of the Fairground’s
voluntary stream monitoring program. Samples were taken “to establish a preliminary
set of water quality data focused primarily with equestrian activities and manure
management.” Samples were taken upstream where Salsipuedes Creek enters the
Fairground and downstream at a location where the creek flows out of the Fairground.
The first samples, taken December 2, 2010, showed the E. coli concentration upstream
was 920.8 MPN/100 mL while the concentration downstream was 547.5 MPN/100 mL.
Samples taken on March 18, 2011, five days after a different rodeo event took place at
the Fairground (which apparently was not challenged by appellants), showed the E. coli
concentration at the upstream location to be 3,800 MPN/100 mL and the concentration at
the downstream location to be 1,700 MPN/100 mL. Thus, as reported in the District
Board of Directors meeting on March 22, 2011, “The water sample testing of the storm
water run-off in Salsipuedes Creek after the latest storm shows that the water leaving the
Fairground[] is actually cleaner than where it comes onto the Fairground[].” At the
April 26, 2011, District Board meeting, the Fairground manager reported to the Board
that samples taken the week before the meeting, after another equestrian event at the
Fairground, “showed that the water is cleaner when it leaves [the Fairground] than where
it enters.” The sample taken from the upstream location showed an E. coli concentration
of 999,999 MPN/100 mL and the sample taken downstream from the Fairground showed
an E. coli concentration of 151.5 MPN/100 mL. While there is no evidence in the record
explaining any of these results, the results nevertheless cut against a finding that
Fairground operations or the rodeo project will have a significant environmental effect to
the creek.
       Lastly, we note that appellants’ contamination risk argument is grounded on storm
water run-off transporting manure from the livestock areas into the creek. But the record
before us indicates that even the potential for any environmental effect is far less than

                                             45
significant based on this theory because the average precipitation in the area on October 1
and 2, the dates when the rodeo project was scheduled, is less than two-hundredths of an
inch.
         We conclude that appellants have failed to establish unusual circumstances based
on substantial evidence that the project will have a significant effect on Salsipuedes
Creek.
         3. Conclusion
         Because appellants have failed to establish the unusual circumstances prong of the
unusual circumstance exception under either Berkeley Hillside alternative, we conclude
that the exception does not apply to preclude application of the Class 23 exemption for
normal operations of public gathering facilities.
                                      DISPOSITION
         The judgment is affirmed. Respondents shall recover their costs on appeal. (Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1), (2).)

                                                    Murray, J.

We concur:

Mauro, Acting P. J.

Duarte, J.

                                             46