Court Opinion

ID: 9912371
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-22 06:05:50.766768+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:58:47.081525
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                     UNPUBLISHED
In re HOGAN, Minors.                                                 December 21, 2023

                                                                     No. 365923
                                                                     Branch Circuit Court
                                                                     Family Division
                                                                     LC No. 21-006247-NA

Before: RICK, P.J., and SHAPIRO and YATES, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Respondent mother1 appeals as of right the order terminating her parental rights to her
minor children, LH, EH, and NH, under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) (more than 182 days passed and
the conditions leading to adjudication have not been remedied with no reasonable likelihood of
rectification given child’s age), MCL 712A.19b(3)(g) (parent, while financially capable, fails to
provide proper care or custody with no reasonable likelihood of doing so given child’s age), and
MCL 712A.19b(3)(j) (reasonable likelihood of harm if child returned to parent). We affirm in
part, reverse in part, and remand for additional proceedings consistent with this opinion. We retain
jurisdiction.

                     I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       This case arises out of a petition by the Michigan Department of Health and Human
Services (DHHS) to terminate mother’s parental rights to her minor children, ZT, LH, and EH. 2
The petition alleged mother was unable to provide proper support for her children and her home
environment was unfit for the children. The petition further noted mother’s children suffered

1
 While some of the fathers of the children were involved in the proceedings below, they are not
parties to this appeal. Therefore, we will refer to respondent simply as “respondent” or
“mother”.
2
 ZT’s father took custody of ZT, and ZT is not a child at issue in this appeal. NH had not been
born at the time of the initial petition’s filing.

                                                -1-
multiple injuries due to her inadequate supervision, she failed to provide for her children’s medical
needs, and she had a history of dating abusive men.3 Mother had five previous substantiated
investigations for child abuse or neglect in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, and 2021. A petition adding
NH to the case was filed one day after she was born on the basis of the previous petition.

        Throughout the duration of the case, mother moved often and her housing situation was
inconsistent and unreliable. Mother contended she was looking for suitable housing for her and
her children, but that she needed a three-bedroom apartment for the family, which was difficult to
come by, and she was on numerous waiting lists. Mother also had inconsistent employment, but
this was attributable to her disability, for which she received state support. It took some time, but
mother also eventually obtained Supplemental Security Income benefits as well. Mother
underwent a psychological evaluation, and was evaluated to have an IQ of 66, which fell within
the “Extremely Low range.” According to the evaluation, mother experienced deficits in verbal
and nonverbal reasoning and ability, nonverbal processing, ability to problem solve, ability to be
flexible regarding thinking, working memory, mental alertness, and ability to process and retain
information. Dr. Randall Haugen, the evaluating psychologist, explained that this meant mother
could be easily overwhelmed and may experience difficulties with independent problem solving.
He further explained that she may be easily manipulated in relationships. Dr. Haugen noted that,
on the basis of mother’s past conduct regarding her relationships and employment history, her
diagnosis may “affect her ability to maintain stability of a household, and consistency needed, and
understand what’s going on with her children.” The results of the evaluation made it clear that
mother would need extra assistance and resources in order to successfully parent the children. The

3
  We note there is no evidence in the record any of the men respondent dated were abusive
toward her children. “The fact that respondent was or is a victim of domestic violence may not
be relied upon as a basis for terminating parental rights.” In re Jackisch/Stam-Jackisch, 340
Mich App 326, 334; 985 NW2d 912 (2022). To the extent the trial court may have relied on
respondent’s status as a victim of domestic violence, this reasoning was in error. However, the
record also indicates the trial court’s references to respondent’s problematic relationships was a
reflection on her poor decision-making skills, and there were ongoing concerns during the
duration of the case that respondent was prioritizing her partners over her children.
Respondent’s psychological evaluation also cautioned her “vulnerability to being exploited or
taken advantage of by others[,]” citing, in part, her “more chronic issues of instability in terms of
her relationships and housing.” This concern was also noted in her earlier psychological
evaluation, which suggested respondent was someone who, “once involved in a relationship, []
will be more dependent on others and persist despite negative treatment.” Therefore, to the
extent the trial court considered respondent’s relationship history as evidence of her impaired
decision-making capabilities that affected her ability to parent, this was not in error. We lastly
note there were allegations in the petition about respondent allowing her boyfriend at the time to
drive her children “in a vehicle without a license plate, registration, [or] insurance[,]” and to
“smoke cigarettes and marijuana around her children and in the car.” While these allegations
were not explicitly addressed by the trial court, there were allegations that at least one of
respondent’s boyfriends was unsafe for the children to be around.

                                                 -2-
evaluation concluded mother was vulnerable “to being exploited or taken advantage of by
others[,]” and:

               In terms of parenting, there is no direct evidence that she will become
       physically abusive in a parenting situation. She is although likely to become easily
       overwhelmed and increasingly inflexible in her thinking, particularly as stress
       increases. She will have difficulties generating alternative and effective solutions
       to problems and will likely be overwhelmed by parenting interactions that are
       complex and involve a lot of emotion. She is also vulnerable to negative
       relationship patterns which can create a highly stressful environment for her
       children. Despite this, she desires to parent her children and is willing to engage in
       services.

Finally, the evaluation determined:

              [Mother’s] prognosis for developing the needed stability and skills to
       independently parent her children within the next 9 to 12 months [was] poor. Her
       problems [were] long-term in nature and involve[d] issues of instability and
       negative relationships. These are complicated by significant cognitive deficits that
       impair her judgment and interfere with her ability to plan ahead and anticipate the
       consequences of her behaviors.

        At the termination hearing, mother requested additional time to obtain housing and
additional stability. Mother’s aunt, with whom mother’s children were placed, testified against
terminating mother’s parental rights, but asserted, if the trial court were to terminate mother’s
parental rights, she was willing to adopt the children. The lawyer-guardian ad litem believed
mother’s case was one of the “toughest of calls,” and noted, if the trial court were to consider
guardianship, the children would likely be in guardianship until they turned 18 years old. DHHS
agreed that mother loved her children, and was consistent with attending parenting time visits.
However, DHHS expressed concern regarding mother’s ability to supervise her children by
herself, because there was always another person there to help during visits. While mother actively
participated in the majority of services offered to her, DHHS opined she made minimal progress
toward her goals.

         Several individuals who worked with mother over the course of the proceedings leading to
termination also testified at the trial. Colene Ashcraft, formerly the director of a homeless shelter
and nonprofit organization called Family Promise, testified that mother stayed at the shelter while
pregnant with NH, and that she participated in parenting classes while she was a resident. Ashcraft
testified that mother seemed to understand everything she was learning and was fully engaged with
the lessons she was learning.

        Aspen Leonard, a foster-care manager for DHHS, testified that mother consistently
participated in individual therapy and successfully completed parenting classes and an extended
parenting course with Wellsprings Lutheran. Mother also consistently participated in parenting
classes at another organization as well. Leonard noted that mother always came prepared for
parenting time and would go out of her way to get supplies for the children. The only negative
aspect regarding parenting time courses was that mother was one course away from finishing

                                                -3-
parenting classes at the homeless shelter but did not complete the program. Leonard indicated that
mother had attempted to maintain employment and had recently been approved for social security
disability insurance. Leonard also noted that mother’s housing situation had been unstable and
that she had continued to engage in relationships with men who abused her.

        Leonard testified that if the children were returned to mother, then mother would also
receive approximately $700 in disability payments for LH’s care, as he has a neurological delay
and was in speech therapy classes. Leonard confirmed that mother never missed parenting time
and arranged transportation on her own despite not having a driver’s license. Leonard also noted
that mother “adores her children and her children adore her.” However, Leonard believed that the
children deserved to be in a stable home. Leonard explained that she did not feel that mother was
benefiting from services because she was still involved in relationships with abusive men and “not
living on her own independently.” Leonard testified that mother remained on the waiting lists for
several apartment complexes and was actively searching for housing.

         Laura Crawford, who described herself as an “early head start home visitor through the
branch intermediate school district [sic]” was also presented as a witness. She testified that she
had been working with mother and the children since May 2019. She provided weekly home visits
and community resource referrals, addressed any needs that mother may have, and offered
guidance regarding parent and child interactions and child development. Crawford explained that
mother “does a fantastic job” interacting with the children, specifically stating that mother “will
sit on the floor during the parent child interactions. She listens to the reasoning behind the
activities that we’re doing, how that helps her children develop and grow. She will listen to
strategies and things to do with her children to help them grow and develop better.”

        Amy Glover, a peer support worker with Pines Behavioral Health Services, testified that
she had been working with mother for just over a year by offering case management, therapy, and
peer support. Glover explained that mother regularly attended all programs with Pines Behavioral
Health Services and that mother appeared to benefit from the services offered, specifically stating
that the only concern with mother was “just the housing situation.” She explained that Pines
Behavioral Health Services had also been assisting mother with obtaining housing and that
applications were being filled out and follow-up calls are being made, but “because of the
circumstances it’s not going well.” Glover explained that mother did not qualify for anything more
than a one-bedroom apartment because she did not have her children with her.

        Mother also testified on her own behalf. She agreed that her housing situation had been
unstable. Mother stated that she had been staying with her grandmother and at a friend’s home
and that she continued to apply and call to check on her housing applications. Mother explained
that several representatives from different apartment complexes had told her that she could not get
housing because she did not have her children with her and that some apartments were concerned
after discovering that DHHS was involved with the children. Mother explained that she was on
Medicaid, was continuing services at Pines Behavioral Health Services, and was continuing
counseling. She believed that she participated in every service that DHHS had asked her to
participate in, and attested that the only service that she did not complete was one portion of a
parenting program that she voluntarily participated in on her own. She stated that she had asked
to complete the course through Pines Behavioral Health Services, but that they did not have a

                                                -4-
worker who was qualified to run the program. Mother was also taking classes through an
organization called Beginnings Care for Life.

        During her testimony, mother proposed a guardianship for a “year or two” so that she could
obtain housing. She noted that during a family team meeting, two DHHS workers “told [her] that
[she] needed to go home and have a serious talk with [her] aunt about adoption.” Mother testified
that DHHS had indicated to her, on more than one occasion, that she needed to talk to her aunt
regarding adopting the children, implying that mother should “sign off.”

        Mother’s aunt, Amy Scherer, was also presented as a witness. Scherer testified that in
October 2022, she wrote a letter to the trial court to explain that she did not feel that termination
was appropriate because mother had “been doing everything that she has been asked to do except
with that housing because she keeps getting denied, or she is on a waiting list.” Scherer explained
that she had regular contact with mother and that the only “key issue” she was aware of was
housing. Scherer did not see any other issues with mother being able to take care of the children.
She testified that she was open to a potential guardianship to provide mother with additional time
to obtain housing.

        Before the trial court delivered its ruling, the lawyer-guardian ad litem observed that the
parties had considered placing the children under guardianship. He stated:

               I’m not sure if these kids would notice a difference, but if you do a
       guardianship, Judge, I do think there has to be a little bit of—for lack of a better
       term, a come to Jesus talk here where we’ve got to stop enabling [mother]. I’m not
       saying not be nice to her and not encourage her, but we also have to be frank with
       her when she’s not doing enough and when it’s not okay, because I understand what
       her IQ is and we have to do a delicate balance between judging her based on her IQ
       and holding her to the standards of another parent. Because I can tell you with
       some certainty if this was any other parent I wouldn’t be having this discussion, I’d
       say terminate. They’re not doing anything. They’re not doing enough.

       But I do think she gets judged in light of that, and she gets a little extra wider birth
       [sic]. But it can’t be so wide that we never say you’re not doing the stuff you need
       to do here, like making appropriate choices in your relationships and taking a few
       moments to see what the actual real housing options are for you and not coming up
       with some plan every single time that largely relies on somebody else.

        In explaining its decision regarding the existence of statutory grounds for termination, the
trial court emphasized (1) mother’s relationships, one of which resulted in mother’s boyfriend
running over her foot; (2) the evaluation, which noted concerns about mother’s ability to parent
her children without assistance, and which determined mother’s problems were long-term and
complicated; and (3) the fact that some of mother’s children had special needs and needed an even
higher level of care. The trial court had “no doubt that [mother] loves her children” and wanted
“the best for her children.” However, the problem was mother had not “gotten to the point yet
where she can have her children, so how long do we keep this going for?” The trial court found
more than 182 days had elapsed since the initial disposition, and mother had not rectified the issues
which brought the children into care within that time, satisfying MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i). The trial

                                                 -5-
court further found MCL 712A.19b(3)(g) was satisfied, because, while mother received financial
assistance from the state, she had still proven unable to properly care for the children, and
MCL 712A.19b(3)(j) was also satisfied, because there was a reasonable likelihood the children
would be harmed if returned to mother’s care.

        The trial court then moved on to consider the children’s best interests. It initially
acknowledged, while it was not necessarily opposed to a guardianship, it did “agree that this
juvenile guardianship would go on for a long time.” The trial court believed it was in the children’s
best interests to have stability, permanence, and security, and, while the trial court did not “believe
for a second that [mother] doesn’t love her children and wants to provide that[,]” the trial court
was not going to put a guardianship in place if it could not be sure the children would be returned
to mother. The children needed permanence, and, therefore, the trial court terminated mother’s
parental rights.

       This appeal followed.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

        Mother argues the trial court erred by determining there was sufficient evidence to support
a finding of both the statutory grounds for termination and that termination was in the children’s
best interests. As noted above and further discussed below, we affirm the trial court’s
determination that a statutory basis exists for termination, but we reverse and remand for further
proceedings on whether termination is in the children’s best interests.4 We retain jurisdiction.

                                  A. STATUTORY GROUNDS

        “To terminate parental rights, a trial court must find by clear and convincing evidence that
at least one statutory ground under MCL 712A.19b(3) has been established.” In re Moss, 301
Mich App 76, 80; 836 NW2d 182 (2013). “Only one statutory ground need be established by clear
and convincing evidence to terminate a mother’s parental rights, even if the court erroneously
found sufficient evidence under other statutory grounds.” In re Ellis, 294 Mich App 30, 32; 817
NW2d 111 (2011). Clear and convincing evidence:

       [M]ust produce [] in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to
       the truth of the allegations sought to be established, evidence so clear, direct and
       weighty and convincing as to enable [the fact-finder] to come to a clear conviction,
       without hesitancy, of the truth of the precise facts in issue. [Hunter v Hunter, 484

4
  We review “for clear error both the court’s decision that a ground for termination has been
proven by clear and convincing evidence and . . . the court’s decision regarding the child’s best
interest.” In re Trejo, 462 Mich 341, 356-357; 612 NW2d 407 (2000). “A finding of fact is
clearly erroneous if the reviewing court has a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been committed, giving due regard to the trial court’s special opportunity to observe the
witnesses.” In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76, 80; 836 NW2d 182 (2013).

                                                 -6-
       Mich 247, 265; 771 NW2d 694 (2009) (quotation marks, footnote, and citation
       omitted, second and third alterations in original).]

       The statutory grounds at issue in this case state:

               (3) The court may terminate a parent’s parental rights to a child if the court
       finds, by clear and convincing evidence, 1 or more of the following:

                                              * * *

               (c)(i) The conditions that led to the adjudication continue to exist and there
       is no reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified within a reasonable
       time considering the child’s age.

                                              * * *

               (g) The parent, although, in the court’s discretion, financially able to do so,
       fails to provide proper care or custody for the child and there is no reasonable
       expectation that the parent will be able to provide proper care and custody within a
       reasonable time considering the child’s age.

                                              * * *

               (j) There is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of the
       child’s parent, that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the home of
       the parent. [MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), (j).]

       Regarding MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), mother’s initial dispositional order was entered in
September 2021, regarding LH and EH, and in June 2022, regarding NH. The first termination
hearing was held in November 2022, and the continued termination hearing was held in March
2023. Therefore, “182 or more days [had] lapsed since the issuance of an initial dispositional
order.” MCL 712A.19b(3)(c). The question is therefore whether the conditions leading to the
adjudication continued to exist at the time of the termination hearing, and whether there was a
reasonable expectation they could be rectified given the children’s ages.

         When considering MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), this Court has previously held termination was
proper when “the totality of the evidence amply support[ed] that [the mother] had not
accomplished any meaningful change in the conditions” that led to the adjudication. In re
Williams, 286 Mich App 253, 272; 779 NW2d 286 (2009). In this case, the reasons for
adjudication provided in the petitions were: (1) lack of supervision resulting in injuries to the
children; (2) mother’s home being unfit for the children; (3) mother having unstable housing; (4)
mother’s failure to seek adequate medical treatment for the children, including a substantiated
investigation for medical neglect; (5) mother’s inability to address the children’s needs due to her
own cognitive limitations; (6) mother’s problematic relationships; (7) mother’s lack of cooperation
and untruthfulness with Children’s Protective Services; and (8) mother having had five
substantiated investigations for child abuse or neglect since 2016. At the termination hearing, the
trial court focused on mother’s housing problems, inability to address her children’s medical needs,
and failure to properly supervise her children.

                                                -7-
        Mother addressed and was making progress on the majority of the conditions that led to
the adjudication. Specifically, evidence was presented that mother was actively engaged and
knowledgeable regarding all her children’s medical concerns and applicable treatments. Mother
had not missed a single medical appointment for any of her children and took it upon herself to
obtain her own transportation for medical appointments without help from DHHS. The evidence
also demonstrated mother fully cooperated with the services provided by DHHS, and that mother
had successfully participated in, and completed, every service DHHS required of her. Mother also
sought additional services on her own, including supplemental parenting classes, and actively
participated in a number of voluntary services. Additionally, testimony indicated mother ended
her problematic relationships and was single at the time of the final termination hearing, and
mother was on the waitlist for several different apartments which would be suitable for herself and
her children.

        Nevertheless, mother acknowledged her current housing situation was unsuitable and that
she failed to maintain suitable housing, evidenced by her frequent moves during the pendency of
the case. She moved at least five times since the adjudication and was living at least part-time at
her grandmother’s house and part-time with a friend who was not mentioned at all until the final
termination hearing, despite needing to show her ability to live independently. More than a year
had passed since the children became temporary wards of the state, and mother still lacked stable
housing. She was, as noted, on several waiting lists, and testified that when she followed up on
her status on the waitlist for one apartment, the management indicated one would be available in
June 2023. Unfortunately, there was no evidence mother would, with certainty, be able to obtain
an apartment suitable for herself and her children in the near future, and mother herself admitted
she may need an additional one or two years to be able to provide suitable housing and care for
her children. Mother’s inability to maintain housing was a leading factor in the trial court’s
decision to terminate her parental rights, and there was no reasonable likelihood these conditions
would be rectified within a reasonable time considering the children’s ages. See In re Trejo, 462
Mich 341, 359-360; 612 NW2d 407 (2000).

        The trial court also relied on mother’s psychological evaluation in its ruling, noting the
evaluation’s concerns regarding mother’s intellectual disability, lack of awareness, distress, and
difficulty with social relationships. The trial court referred to mother’s problems as “long-term in
nature,” asserting mother’s judgment was “flawed,” which would impact her ability to rectify the
conditions which led to the adjudication.

        We acknowledge mother presented evidence she was benefiting from the services
recommended by the evaluation, and that mother was able to provide care for her children despite
her diagnoses and risk factors. She presented evidence from an Early-On head-start worker with
the Branch Intermediate School District who had been working with mother once a week since
2019. The head-start worker testified mother interacted very well with her children and listened
and implemented parenting strategies successfully. The head-start worker was not concerned with
mother as a parent, and believed mother’s only remaining barrier was inadequate housing.
Furthermore, mother’s aunt, who served as caretaker for mother’s children, did not believe
mother’s parental rights should be terminated. The aunt expressed no concerns, besides inadequate
housing, that mother could take care of her children, going so far as to propose a guardianship until
mother could find suitable housing. Finally, a peer support worker testified that mother was
consistent with services for the past year and was benefiting from them. However, all three

                                                -8-
witnesses admitted mother did not have adequate housing and was unable to provide a stable living
situation for her children. The aunt also recognized how mother’s problematic relationships
impacted her ability to care for her children, and believed mother would need approximately one
year to prove she could provide stability for her children.

         We must accord significant deference to the findings of the trier of fact. In re Miller, 433
Mich 331, 337; 445 NW2d 161 (1989). When applying the principle that findings of fact may not
be set aside unless clearly erroneous, MCR 2.613(C), we must accord deference “to the special
opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses who appeared before it.” Id.
This deference “can make a critical difference in difficult cases[,]” because “the trier of fact has
the advantage of being able to consider the demeanor of the witnesses in determining how much
weight and credibility to accord their testimony.” In re Miller, 433 Mich at 337. We recognize
this is one of the “difficult cases” highlighting the importance of the deference owed to the trial
court under MCR 2.613(C). Mother was making progress, but there were still significant hurdles
that had not been addressed, and the trial court did not believe they could be addressed in a
reasonable time given the children’s ages. The trial court had the advantage of observing and
assessing the credibility of the evidence presented by all the witnesses and made its holding on the
basis of these observations. Therefore, we conclude the trial court’s finding that mother failed to
rectify the conditions that led to adjudication, MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), was not clearly erroneous.

        Because “[o]nly one statutory ground need be established by clear and convincing evidence
to terminate a mother’s parental rights, even if the court erroneously found sufficient evidence
under other statutory grounds[,]” In re Ellis, 294 Mich App at 32, we need not address the trial
court’s findings under MCL 712A.19b(3)(g) and (j).

                                      B. BEST INTERESTS

        “Once a statutory basis for termination has been shown by clear and convincing evidence,
the court must determine whether termination is in the child’s best interests.” In re LaFrance
Minors, 306 Mich App 713, 732-733; 858 NW2d 143 (2014); MCL 712A.19b(5). “[T]he focus at
the best-interest stage has always been on the child, not the parent.”                     In re
Payne/Pumphrey/Fortson Minors, 311 Mich App 49, 63; 874 NW2d 205 (2015) (quotation marks
and citation omitted, alteration in original). “Best interests are determined on the basis of the
preponderance of the evidence.” In re LaFrance, 306 Mich App at 733. Considerations of the
best interests of the child include:

       [T]he child’s bond to the parent, the parent’s parenting ability, the child’s need for
       permanency, stability, and finality, and the advantages of a foster home over the
       parent’s home. The trial court may also consider a parent’s history of domestic
       violence, the parent’s compliance with his or her case service plan, the parent’s
       visitation history with the child, the children’s well-being while in care, and the
       possibility of adoption. [In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 713-714; 846 NW2d 61
       (2014) (quotation marks, footnotes, and citations omitted).]

This Court has also considered the length of time that a child was placed in foster care or with
relatives and whether it was likely “that the child could be returned to her parents’ home within
the foreseeable future, if at all.” In re Frey, 297 Mich App 242, 248-249; 824 NW2d 569 (2012).

                                                -9-
“The trial court should weigh all the evidence available to determine the child[]’s best interests.”
In re White, 303 Mich App at 713.

        In determining the children’s best interests, the trial court specifically addressed the
possibility of a guardianship, but feared it would “go on for a long time[,]” noting mother’s eldest
child was already in a guardianship, and there were complaints by the guardian that mother’s
involvement was inconsistent. The trial court reasoned there was no question mother loves her
children, but a guardianship would require review hearings for years, and mother would be unable
to provide the stability, permanence, and security the children deserved. The court also noted that,
to the degree mother had made progress, it did not alleviate these concerns, because she had
significant assistance from not only the various services provided by DHHS and community
agencies, but also the assistance of the children’s current placement and various other family
members. These facts alone are not sufficient for us to assess whether termination is in the
children’s best interests.

        The crux of the trial court’s decision to find it was in the best interest of the children to
terminate mother’s parental rights related to permanency. Addressing the best-interest factors, the
trial court explained that the court contemplated a guardianship but feared that the guardianship
“would go on for a long time.” The trial court further explained,

               I believe it’s in the best interest of all these children to have stability,
       permanence, and security. And again, I don’t believe for a second that [mother]
       doesn’t love her children and wants to provide that. I just don’t see, like, long-term
       foster care as being an option here. And I’m cognizant of the fact that we have a
       family placement, and I’m cautiously optimistic maybe that will turn into an
       adoptive placement.

                I would put in place a guardianship if I thought that at some point these
       children would be back to the care of the mother, but I’m not convinced that they
       can. I just think that she would certainly be overwhelmed by these three children.
       I mean, it’s unfortunate, but at this point in time I do find in the interest of what
       would be security of these children’s permanence, which is really the issue here,
       and also safety, that mother’s rights should be terminated. So, I’m going to do that
       at this time.

               And again, this isn’t something I really want to do. I debated the
       guardianship, but I don’t think that that would be an answer. I just think we would
       be reviewing this thing year, after year, after year and there wouldn’t be sufficient
       change for these children to be returned to mother’s care.

The trial court found termination to be in the children’s best interests because mother would not
be able to provide stability and permanency for the children within a reasonable amount of time.
As previously acknowledged, mother has an intellectual disability, and thus it is demonstrably
more difficult for her to independently parent the children than it might be for an able-bodied
parent. The trial court did not specifically touch on the matter of mother’s intellectual disability
when ruling on best-interests, but ample evidence was presented in the record to paint a picture of
how it affects mother’s life, interpersonal relationships, and ability to parent. Thus, it can be

                                                -10-
inferred that the trial court took mother’s intellectual disability into consideration. However, it is
our opinion that the trial court did not adequately consider that mother’s intellectual disability
means that she will need more time and more resources than the average person in order to
overcome the conditions that led DHHS to file its petition for termination.

        A similar situation came before our Supreme Court in In re Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich 79,
86; 893 NW2d 637 (2017). There, the mother had an intellectual disability; her rights were
terminated after she failed to adhere to a standard case service plan. Id. at 83-84. This Court
“concluded that because ‘the case service plan never included reasonable accommodations to
provide mother a meaningful opportunity to benefit,’ the Department had ‘failed in its statutory
duty to make reasonable efforts to reunify the family unit.’ ” Id. at 85, quoting In re Hicks, 315
Mich App 251, 269-271; 890 NW2d 696 (2016). Our Supreme Court agreed, holding that DHHS
failed to make reasonable efforts to provide reunification services tailored to the mother’s
intellectual disability. In re Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich at 90.

         Moreover, the record is devoid of actual permanency plans for the minor children. Would
the caretaking aunt adopt them, thus allowing for them to continue to have a relationship with their
mother? Would strangers adopt them, effectively severing all ties with mother? Would the
children be kept together? Would they be separated? In other words, what are the intended post-
termination plans for these children? Answers to these questions would be useful for all involved
at the trial court level, and would enable this Court to determine whether the trial court’s decision
to terminate mother’s parental rights is in the best interests of these minor children.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

     Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded for additional proceedings to be
commenced within 35 days of this opinion. We retain jurisdiction.

                                                              /s/ Michelle M. Rick
                                                              /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                              /s/ Christopher P. Yates

                                                -11-
                              Court of Appeals, State of Michigan

                                                ORDER
                                                                               Michelle M. Rick
 In re Hogan, Minors.                                                            Presiding Judge

 Docket No.     365923                                                         Douglas B. Shapiro

 LC No.         21-006247-NA                                                   Christopher P. Yates
                                                                                 Judges

               Pursuant to the opinion issued concurrently with this order, this case is REMANDED for
further proceedings consistent with the opinion of this Court. We retain jurisdiction.

                Proceedings on remand in this matter shall commence within 35 days of the Clerk’s
certification of this order, and they shall be given priority on remand until they are concluded. As stated
in the accompanying opinion, this matter is remanded for further proceedings. On remand, the trial court
shall reconsider whether termination is in the children’s best interests, and shall expressly reconsider
placing the children under guardianship. The proceedings on remand are limited to these issues.

               The parties shall promptly file with this Court a copy of all papers filed on remand. Within
seven days after entry, appellant shall file with this Court copies of all orders entered on remand.

               The transcript of all proceedings on remand shall be prepared and filed within 21 days after
completion of the proceedings.

                                                           _______________________________
                                                            Presiding Judge

                                 December 21, 2023