Court Opinion

ID: 2657932
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-03-26 15:26:50.687158+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:55.026264
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 14a0225n.06

                                          No. 13-3654

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

LOCAL 1982, INTERNATIONAL                        )                               FILED
LONGSHOREMEN=S ASSOCIATION,                      )                            Mar 26, 2014
                                                 )                     DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                      )
                                                 )
v.                                               )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                 )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                                                 )    NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
MIDWEST TERMINALS OF TOLEDO,                     )
INTERNATIONAL, INC.,                             )
                                                 )
       Defendant-Appellee.                       )

       Before: MERRITT, BOGGS, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

       BOGGS, Circuit Judge. Midwest Terminals contends that A[t]his case is really quite

simple.@ Appellee Br. 27. The danger with telling a federal court that a case is Areally quite

simple@ is that sometimes the case may turn out to be simple in favor of your opponent. Cf.

Bennett v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 731 F.3d 584, 584B85 (6th Cir. 2013) (explaining why

not to call an opponent=s argument Aridiculous@). In this case, Local 1982, a labor union, filed a

grievance against Midwest Terminals, a business employing the union=s members, under the

grievance procedures of the parties= Master Agreement.         Midwest Terminals felt that the

particular grievance could only properly be addressed under the grievance procedures of the

parties= Local Agreement, and so it did not participate in the Master Agreement grievance process.

Local 1982 obtained an award in its favor from a grievance committee which it now seeks to

enforce in federal court. The district court, interpreting ambiguous language in the Master

                                                1
Agreement, determined that the Local Agreement procedures apply and vacated the award.

Because the parties= collective-bargaining agreement is ambiguous about which grievance

procedures apply, we defer to the grievance committee, reverse the district court, and direct the

district court to enter an order enforcing the award.

                                                  I

                                                 A

       Midwest Terminals of Toledo International, Inc. (AMidwest@) operates the port at the

mouth of the Maumee River at the west end of Lake Erie. It provides access to the Great Lakes

and the St. Lawrence Seaway.           Midwest engages in the stevedoringCthe loading and

unloadingCof waterfront cargo. Midwest is a member of the Great Lakes Stevedore Employers

(AGLSE@), a multiemployer bargaining group.

       The International Longshoremen=s Association (AILA@) is the largest labor union of

maritime workers in North America. Local 1982 (AUnion@) is an affiliate local union based in

Toledo, Ohio. It is also affiliated with the Great Lakes District Council (AGLDC@), a subordinate

body of the ILA that has jurisdiction over employers and local unions in the Great Lakes region.

The Union is the collective bargaining representative for Midwest=s stevedores.

       The Union and Midwest were parties to a collective-bargaining agreement (ACBA@)

consisting, in part, of a Master Agreement, effective from January 1, 2011, through December 31,

2012. The Master Agreement was formed between the GLSE and the GLDC, and both the Union

and Midwest were signatories to it. The parties= CBA also consisted of a Local Agreement,

effective from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2010.

       Both the Master and Local Agreements contain elaborate grievance-procedure provisions

that Midwest and the Union must invoke to resolve disputes between them.            The Master

                                                  2
Agreement provides that grievances Arelating to the meaning and interpretation or application@ of

the Master Agreement are to be handled through that agreement=s grievance and arbitration

procedures. It also provides that grievances Arelating to the meaning and interpretation or

application@ of the Local Agreement must be resolved only through the Local Agreement=s

grievance and arbitration procedures.

       Specifically, section 25 of the Master Agreement states:

       Grievance and Arbitration Procedures

       25. A      Should any difference or dispute arise relating to the meaning and
       interpretation or application of any of the provisions of this Master Agreement
       (hereinafter referred to as Agrievance@) between the Employers party to this
       Agreement and an employee or group of employees of the GLDC-ACD/ILA, or
       one of the employees= Local Unions affiliated with the GLDC-ACD/ILA, such
       grievance will be handled and adjusted as hereinafter provided.

           1.    A difference or dispute relating to the meaning and interpretation or
                application of the provisions of a Local Agreement entered into with a
                Local Union affiliated with GLDC-ACD/ILA (including matters which,
                under this Master Agreement, are to be established or dealt with in Local
                Agreements) shall not be deemed to be a Agrievance@ hereunder and shall
                not be subject to the settlement and arbitration procedures provided under
                this section 21 [sic], but shall be resolved under the grievance and
                arbitration procedures provided for under such Local Agreement.

                                                B

       Around December 1, 2011, the Union submitted a draft grievance to Midwest concerning

Midwest=s failure to contribute to a required employer pension and welfare plan. In particular, the

Union maintained that Midwest did not establish a plan and, thus, did not pay its required

contributions to it. The dispute remained unresolved, and the Union filed an official grievance

against Midwest on December 9, 2011. The Union=s grievance was for: AViolation of Master

Agreement Section 5.5A Welfare Contribution for Each Hr of Wages Paid Behalf of Each

Actively Employed Person . . . .@ The Union=s grievance claimed that Midwest violated the

                                                3
following CBA provisions: AMaster Agreement & Local 1982 Agreement section 18[,] paragraph

18.1.@ As a remedy, it sought that Midwest: AEstablish Health Welfare & pension Fund including

a payment plan on the unfunded liability and the plan to be made whole.@

       The parties= CBA addresses pension and welfare plans. Section 5 of the Master

Agreement provides in part:

       Contributions to Pension and Welfare Plans

       5. A. The minimum contribution to affiliated local union and employer ERISA
       approved benefit, pension and welfare plans for each hour of wages paid on behalf
       of each actively employed person, for the below listed years, for all ports except
       Toledo Grain, Duluth/Superior, and Milwaukee Grain, will be a total increase of
       $.75 and shall be allocated according to the table listed below

       1/1/2011 B 12/31/2011 an increase of $.35@ hour for a total of $14.35@ hour
       1/1/2012 B 12/31/2012 an increase of $.40@ hour for a total of $14.75@ hour

       The above listed minimum contributions are to be allocated as per affiliated local
       contractual agreements and affiliated local trust fund agreements.

Section 18 of the Local Agreement also addresses pension and welfare plans. It states in part:

       18. PENSION AND HEALTH WELFARE FUND

               18.1 Contributions. The Company shall accrue an obligation to the
       MWTTI-ILA Health Welfare & Pension Fund (AFund@) for each hour of work paid
       to members of the collective bargaining unit by the Company, whether paid at
       straight-time, overtime, penalty or premium rates and including standby time,
       guaranteed time and other nonproductive time actually paid (Acontribution@). The
       contribution rate shall be determined be the Great Lakes District of the ILA and
       Employers Group. . . . The Fund is intended to constitute an unfunded obligation
       of the Company, but the Company shall maintain records of contributions, costs of
       benefits provided, and the current accrued balance.

       ...

       Disputes. Disputes concerning the Fund shall be submitted as a grievance at Step
       Three of the Grievance Procedure within eighteen (18) months after the event
       giving rise to the grievance.

                                               4
        On December 12, 2011, Midwest responded to the Union with what it called a ASTEP

TWO response.@          Midwest maintained that the Union=s grievance was procedurally invalid

because it did not comply with the disputes clause in section 18.1 of the Local Agreement.

Midwest also maintained that the Union=s grievance was time-barred because, to the extent the

grievance rested on a conflict between the two agreements, the Aevent@ giving rise to the conflict

was the signing of the Local Agreement on June 20, 2006Cand the Union=s grievance was filed

more than eighteen months after that date. Third, Midwest stated that the two agreements were

not in conflict and that Midwest was in compliance with the CBA=s pension and welfare plan

requirements.

        After receiving Midwest=s response to its grievance, the Union escalated the grievance to

step two under the Master Agreement=s grievance procedures by referring the matter to a AJoint

Grievance Committee@ consisting of one representative each from the GLDC and the GLSE.

        The GLSE=s representative was Keith Flagg of Federal Marine Terminals, Inc. On

December 19, 2011, prior to the Joint Grievance Committee=s meeting, Flagg e-mailed Midwest=s

senior management to notify Midwest that the Union=s grievance was now at step two. Flagg

expressed uncertainty about whether he was the proper GLSE representative: A[The Joint

Grievance Committee] consists of myself (as employer rep) and Ray Sierra (as GLDC rep). Or at

least it did during the last contract.@ Flagg stated that the Union=s grievance concerned Aa conflict

between the GLDC [Master Agreement] language and your Toledo Local Language regarding

ERISA H&W Trust funds.@ Flagg also was skeptical that the Avery complicated@ issue could be

resolved by the grievance committee, and he predicted that the issue would likely be resolved in

arbitration or court.

                                                 5
       On January 4, 2012, Midwest wrote to the Union and provided a copy of section 25.A(1) of

the Master Agreement, the provision stating that disputes Arelating to the meaning and

interpretation or application@ of the Local Agreement must be resolved under that agreement=s

grievance procedures. Midwest indicated that it was awaiting the Union=s response to its AStep

Two response@ of December 12. During this time, it appears that Midwest interpreted the Union=s

act of submitting the December 9 grievance as triggering step two of the Local Agreement=s

grievance procedures. Under that procedure, the Union submits a written grievance to Midwest,

and Midwest must provide a written response.

       On February 14, 2012, Flagg again e-mailed senior management at Midwest to report on a

recent conversation he had had with Union representatives. Flagg wrote that he had asked the

Union officials about its position regarding Midwest=s claim that the Union was not properly

following the Local Agreement=s grievance procedures.          Flagg explained that the Union=s

response was that Athere is no local grievance@ and that Athere is only a grievance based on the

GLDC Master Agreement.@ Flagg requested that Midwest management speak with the Joint

Grievance Committee to provide its position. Flagg warned Midwest of the consequences of

refusing to participate:

       If you choose not to enter into the process at all, my fear is that they will move
       forward and head to arbitration as called for in the Master Agreement grievance
       procedures. Arbitration is like flipping a coin and can go either way. If the union
       gets a favourable ruling[,] then they will probably use that in a lawsuit against you
       down the road.

       On February 27, 2012, Raymond Sierra, the Joint Grievance Committee=s GLDC

representative, wrote to the president of Midwest to notify him that the committee set a hearing

date for March 16, 2012, at 10:00 a.m., at the Toledo Park Inn.

                                                6
       Midwest did not respond to Sierra=s letter, but on March 2, 2012, it wrote to the Union

again requesting that the Union respond to its AStep Two response@ of December 12. The Union

did not submit a reply to what Midwest believed was its AStep Two response.@

                                                C

       On March 16, 2012, the Joint Grievance CommitteeCthe dispute-resolution body

sanctioned by step two of the Master AgreementCheld a hearing on the Union=s grievance.

Midwest did not appear. The committee asked the Union if it wished to proceed, and it did so.

At the hearing, the Union argued that Midwest failed to establish a fund as required by the Master

Agreement and that Midwest, instead, maintained its pension and welfare contributions in its

general treasury.

       Following the hearing, on March 28, 2012, FlaggCthe GLSE management representative

on the committeeCwrote to the president of Midwest advising him that the committee held the

hearing despite Midwest=s failure to appear.        Flagg requested that Midwest send the Joint

Grievance Committee whatever pertinent information that Midwest wished to submit relating to

the Union=s grievance and to Midwest=s compliance with the Master Agreement. The committee,

Flagg wrote, wished Ato fully understand the basis for the grievance and to make an informed

ruling in the matter.@ Flagg indicated that the committee must receive Midwest=s information

prior to April 9, 2012, but that the committee could extend that deadline upon request. Flagg

emphasized the importance of hearing from Midwest: AWe feel strongly that all parties be afforded

every opportunity [to] provide input in a grievance matter and that we obtain as much information

as possible before making any kind of ruling on a grievance.@ Midwest never submitted any

information to the committee.

                                                7
        On April 16, 2012, the Joint Grievance Committee issued its ruling against Midwest. The

committee felt that Midwest Ahad ample time to establish trust fund plans that meet minimum

ERISA standards@ and that satisfy the requirements of section 5.A of the Master Agreement. It

ruled Athat a procedure be moved forward to correct [Midwest=s] apparent violation of 5.A of the

GLSE/GLDC Master Agreement.@

         On April 24, 2012, the Union wrote to Midwest enclosing a copy of the Joint Grievance

Committee=s award. The Union indicated that the Master Agreement permitted Midwest to

appeal the committee=s award within ten days from the date of issuanceCuntil April 26, 2012.

The Union informed Midwest that if it did not appeal within that time, the Union would assume

that Midwest intended not to comply with the award. The Union further informed Midwest that,

in that case, it would seek judicial enforcement of the award. Midwest maintains that it did not

receive a copy of the Joint Grievance Committee=s ruling against it until receiving the Union=s

April 24 letter.

        On April 30, 2012, Midwest wrote to the Union to defend its actions. It stated that its

December 12, 2011, and January 4, 2012, letters constituted its response to the Union=s grievance.

It stated that the Union=s grievance Awas filed . . . using a local grievance form and the local

grievance procedure.@ It also stated that the Union=s grievance Ais currently being processed via

the local grievance procedure and is in arbitration.@ Midwest further stated that any action that the

Union Apursued outside the local CBA grievance procedure is an unnecessary duplication of

effort.@ Midwest=s did not mention the Joint Grievance Committee or the committee=s ruling

against it.

        On May 15, 2012, SierraCin his capacity as the GLDC representative on the Joint

Grievance CommitteeCwrote to Midwest to inform it that the committee=s April 16, 2012, ruling

                                                 8
was now Afinal and binding@ in light of Midwest=s failure to appeal. Sierra enclosed another copy

of the April 16 ruling and another copy of the Union=s April 24 letter regarding the ruling. Sierra

indicated that the Joint Grievance Committee was in receipt of Midwest=s April 30 letter in which

Midwest Aerroneously assert[ed] that this Master Agreement grievance is to be processed under the

local contract grievance procedure.@ Sierra informed Midwest that it was incorrect and that Athe

Master Agreement, at Section 25.B., provides the exclusive grievance remedy to be followed

regarding violations of the Master Agreement.@           Sierra indicated that FlaggCthe GLSE

management representative on the Joint Grievance CommitteeChad consented and approved of

the letter. Midwest did not respond to the committee.

       Instead, on May 23, 2012, Midwest sent the Union a strongly worded letter contesting the

legitimacy of the Joint Grievance Committee=s award and of its composition. It stated: AWe have

repeatedly made it clear to you that we do not recognize the union=s unilateral efforts at the Master

Agreement level and have not participated in this process.@ Midwest indicated that it viewed the

Union=s reliance on the Master Agreement=s grievance procedures as an attack on its interests:

A[W]e perceive the unnecessary continued duplication of efforts at the Master Agreement level to

be a thinly veiled effort to undermine MWTTI=s business interests.@ It also stated: AYour repeated

use of the Master Agreement jurisdiction clause to mask union featherbedding and your numerous

jurisdiction grievances dealing with cargo storage (a management right) are ALL designed to

punish MWTTI for refusing to turn away business.@ Midwest accused the Union of engaging in

Aongoing tortuous [sic] interference in MWTTI=s business affairs.@1

1
  Midwest may have meant Atortious@ interference, although the complicated facts of this case are,
indeed, tortuous as well.

                                                 9
       In this letter, Midwest also suggested for the first time that Flagg, the GLSE representative

on the Joint Grievance Committee, was improperly biased. It stated: AFederal Marine Terminals

vice president Keith Flagg has made it very clear to MWTTI, in writing, that his primary focus in

serving on a Master Agreement grievance committee is to protect FMT interests.@2 It also stated:

AAny unfavorable ruling for MWTTI clearly benefits the business interests of FMT, a MWTTI

business competitor.@ It further stated: A[T]he votes against MWTTI at the Master Agreement

level were cast by a Management official and a Union officer employed at docks operated by FMT

and that only FMT-related individuals were included in this decision.@

                                                D

       The following week, on June 1, 2012, the Union filed suit in federal district court to

enforce the grievance committee=s award. Midwest counterclaimed, seeking an order vacating

the award. Midwest subsequently filed a motion to vacate the award, and the Union filed a cross

motion to confirm the award.

       The district court, applying Aone of the narrowest standards of judicial review in all of

American jurisprudence,@ granted Midwest=s motion to vacate the award. Local 1982, Int=l

Longshoremen=s Ass=n v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo, Int=l, Inc., No. 3:12-cv-01384, 2013 WL
1855994, at *2, *6 (N.D. Ohio May 1, 2013). The district court determined that the Union=s

grievance Ainvolves contractual provisions violated under both the Master CBA and the Local

CBA.@ Id. at *4. The court interpreted the Master Agreement and held that that agreement

2
  Midwest appears to allude to Flagg=s February 14, 2012, e-mail in which he said: A[Union
officials] are going to keep pestering me with this until I have something to tell them. I=d resign
from this committee as I don=t want involvement in these matters but, then I wouldn=t be in a
position to protect FMT when they file ridiculous grievances against us like they always do in
[Burns Harbor.]@ We believe that Midwest mischaracterizes Flagg=s e-mail. From context, it is
evident that Flagg refers to protecting FMT interests from the unionsCnot from industry
competitors like Midwest.

                                                10
expressly excluded this grievance from the Master Agreement grievance procedures. Id. at *5.

Recognizing that the presumption in favor of arbitration applies with particular force in labor

disputes between an employer and a union, we reverse.

                                                 II

         We review de novo a district court=s conclusion about the arbitrability of a dispute. Simon

v. Pfizer, Inc. 398 F.3d 765, 772 (6th Cir. 2005).

                                                 III

         The parties dispute whether the Union=s grievance is subject to the Master Agreement=s or

the Local Agreement=s grievance and arbitration procedures. They do agree that section 25 of the

Master Agreement controls. Under that provision, a grievance Arelating to the meaning and

interpretation or application@ of the Master Agreement falls within the Master grievance

procedures, and a grievance Arelating to the meaning and interpretation or application@ of a local

agreement falls within the Local procedures. The Union=s grievance relates to both agreements.

The grievance claims a Aviolation of Master Agreement Section 5.5A@ and of ALocal 1982

Agreement section 18[,] paragraph 18.1.@ Section 25 does not specify which procedures apply

when a grievance relates to both agreements. That is, the Master Agreement is ambiguous on this

point.

         The district court resolved this ambiguity by interpreting the Master Agreement language.

It recognized that the grievance references both the Master and Local Agreements. See Local

1982, 2013 WL 1855994, at *5. Consequently, the district court reasoned, the Union=s grievance

was not subject to the Master procedures because of the Aexpress provision excluding@ the

grievance. See id. The district court did not explain why the provision excluding Local disputes

from the Master provisions overrode the provision subjecting Master disputes to the Master

                                                 11
provisions. The district court=s theory, perhaps, was that the more specific provision trumped the

more general provision. But the provision subjecting Master disputes to the Master procedures is

just as specific as the provision excluding Local disputes from the Master procedures. The

Master Agreement is unquestionably ambiguous on which grievance procedures apply to a dispute

that relates to both the Master and Local Agreements.

        The district court overstepped its role in resolving that ambiguity itself. As explained

below, the threshold questions about how to interpret this ambiguity and how to proceed in the

face of it were for the arbitrator to decide.3

                                                 A

        Midwest responded to the Union=s lawsuit seeking enforcement of the grievance award by

asking the district court to vacate the award. Judicial review of an arbitration award is Aone of the

narrowest standards of judicial relief in all of American jurisprudence.@ Lattimer-Stevens Co. v.

United Steelworkers of Am., 913 F.2d 1166, 1169 (6th Cir. 1990). The district court stated that it

recognized this principle, see Local 1982, 2013 WL 1855994, at *2, as does Midwest, see

Appellee Br. 20.

        The Supreme Court recognizes it, too. In Major League Baseball Players Ass=n v.

Garvey, 532 U.S. 504 (2001) (per curiam), the Court summarily reversed a circuit court=s decision

and explained that judicial review of arbitration decisions is Avery limited.@ Id. at 509. The

Court asked whether the arbitrator was Aeven arguably construing or applying the contract and

acting within the scope of his authority.@ Id. The Court explained that even a court=s firm

3
 For convenience, we use Aarbitrator@ as shorthand for the various entities involved in the Master
Agreement=s grievance and arbitration procedures. Formal arbitration, however, only occurs
when the parties have exhausted the other procedures in steps one to three.

                                                 12
conviction that the arbitrator Acommitted serious error does not suffice to overturn his decision.@

Id. A[O]nly when the arbitrator strays from interpretation and application of the agreement,@ the

Court explained, does it enter the forbidden world of Aeffectively dispens[ing] his own brand of

industrial justice,@ making the arbitrator=s decision Aunenforceable.@ Id. (internal quotation and

alteration marks omitted). AWhen an arbitrator resolves disputes regarding the application of a

contract,@ errors that are Aimprovident, even silly@ do Anot provide a basis for a reviewing court to

refuse to enforce the award.@ Id. As in Garvey, Athe [lower court] here recited these principles,

but its application of them is nothing short of baffling.@ Id. at 510.

       This circuit, sitting en banc, has addressed when a court may set aside an arbitration award:

       Did the arbitrator act >outside his authority= by resolving a dispute not committed to
       arbitration? Did the arbitrator commit fraud, have a conflict of interest or otherwise
       act dishonestly in issuing the award? And in resolving any legal or factual disputes
       in the case, was the arbitrator >arguably construing or applying the contract=? So
       long as the arbitrator does not offend any of these requirements, the request for
       judicial intervention should be resisted even though the arbitrator made >serious,=
       >improvident= or >silly= errors in resolving the merits of the dispute.

Michigan Family Res., Inc. v. Serv. Emps. Int'l Union Local 517M, 475 F.3d 746, 753 (6th Cir.

2007) (en banc). We recognized that federal courts even Amust tolerate >serious= arbitral errors.@

Id. at 753. We determined that judicial review of an arbitration award is reserved for the Arare

case@ when Aan arbitration decision [is] so ignorant of the contract=s plain language [so] as to make

implausible any contention that the arbitrator was construing the contract.@ Id. (internal citations,

quotation marks, and alteration marks omitted). Only in a rare case would Aan interpretation of a

contract . . . be so untethered to the terms of the agreement that it would cast doubt on whether the

arbitrator was engaged in interpretation.@ Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

       Here, Midwest=s contention is that the grievance committee acted outside its authority by

resolving a dispute not committed to arbitration. The district court relies on our statement that

                                                 13
A[w]hether [a party] is bound to arbitrate [a] grievance involves a question of contract

interpretation . . . that is properly decided by the courts.@ S. Cent. Power Co. v. Int=l Bhd. of Elec.

Workers, 186 F.3d 733, 738 (6th Cir. 1999). That is true, as Aarbitration is a matter of contract[,]

and a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to

submit.@ AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Commc'ns Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648 (1986) (internal

quotation marks omitted). AThe first task of a court asked to [resolve arbitrability] of a dispute is

to determine whether the parties agreed to arbitrate that dispute.@ Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v.

Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 626 (1985). But, as the district court recognized,

there is no dispute that the parties are bound to arbitrate the grievance. See Local 1982, 2013 WL
1855994, at *3. The question is only which procedure applies. Answering that question requires

resolving contractual ambiguity, and the underlying Aquestion of contract interpretation [is] for the

arbitrator.@ United Steelworkers of Am. v. Am. Mfg. Co., 363 U.S. 564, 567 (1960).

       The heart of the district court=s argument is that the provision subjecting local grievances to

local procedures constitutes express exclusionary language. See Local 1982, 2013 WL 1855994,

at *4. Regardless of the validity of that argument, it fails to address the express provision

allocating Master grievances to Master procedures. The Sixth Circuit cases cited by the district

court are not on point, as they involved CBA clauses that excluded certain categories of grievances

from arbitration without any arguable ambiguity.          See Teamsters Local Union No. 783 v.

Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 626 F.3d 256, 260B64 (6th Cir. 2010) (CBA expressly excluded from

arbitration disputes over determination of rights under pension plan); Int=l Ass=n of Machinists v.

AK Steel Corp., 615 F.3d 706, 711B13 (6th Cir. 2010) (parties agreed to arbitrate only certain

enumerated issues). The CBA in this case is silentCor, alternatively, internally in tensionCabout

how to proceed with a grievance that relates to both the Master and Local Agreements.

                                                  14
                                                  B

       Even if the district court were the proper authority to resolve the ambiguity in the Master

Agreement language, its conclusion is difficult to support against the backdrop of a federal policy

supporting a presumption of arbitrability in the labor-law context. The presumption in favor of

arbitration applies with particular force in labor disputes between an employer and a union. The

text of the Labor Management Relations Act provides that A[f]inal adjustment by a method agreed

upon by the parties is declared to be the desirable method for settlement of grievance disputes

arising over the application or interpretation of an existing collective-bargaining agreement.@

29 U.S.C. ' 173(d).

       Congressional     policy   favors    the       Aprivate   settlement   of   disputes@   under

collective-bargaining agreements. Int=l Union, UAW v. Hoosier Cardinal Corp., 383 U.S. 696,

702 (1966). This policy Ain favor of settlement of disputes by the parties through the machinery

of arbitration@ is long-recognized. United Steelworkers of Am. v. Warrior & Gulf Nav. Co.,

363 U.S. 574, 582 (1960). A[A]n order to arbitrate the particular grievance should not be denied

unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an

interpretation that covers the asserted dispute.@ AT &T Techs., 475 U.S. at 650. Furthermore,

any A[d]oubts should be resolved in favor of coverage.@ Id. Here, there is no positive assurance

that the Master Agreement does not cover the dispute. Were the district court the appropriate

authority to resolve the Master Agreement=s ambiguity, the presumption in favor of arbitration

would seem to militate in favor of coverage.

       The presumption in favor of contractually agreed-upon alternative dispute resolution

extends to a range of questions that may arise about a contract. Even Aattacks on the validity of

                                                  15
the contract@ must Abe resolved by the arbitrator in the first instance.@4 Nitro-Lift Techs., L.L.C. v.

Howard, 133 S. Ct. 500, 503 (2012); see United Steelworkers of Am. v. Saint Gobain Ceramics &

Plastics, Inc., 505 F.3d 417, 420 (6th Cir. 2007) (en banc) (AIf doubt exists over whether a dispute

[concerning procedural requirements for arbitrating a case] falls on one side or the other of this

line, the presumption in favor of arbitrability makes the question one for the arbitrator.@).

       The mere presence of an arbitration clause in a contract does not remove all questions

about the contract from the judicial ken. Questions about Acontract formation@Cwhether the

parties ever agreed to the contract in the first placeCare Agenerally for courts to decide.@ Granite

Rock Co. v. Int=l Bhd. of Teamsters, 130 S. Ct. 2847, 2856B57 (2010). The Court has been clear

that A[t]o satisfy itself that [an] agreement exists, the court must resolve any issue that calls into

question the formation or applicability of the specific arbitration clause that a party seeks to have a

court enforce.@   Id. at 2856.    In this case, however, the parties contest neither the proper

formation and validity of the CBA, nor whether Midwest is bound by the Master Agreement.

                                                  C

       Nothing in the record, other than Midwest=s own statements and own intransigence,

supports its claim that the Union=s grievance was one purely under the Local Agreement.

Although we do not determine in the first instance whether the Union=s grievance was one under

the Master or Local Agreements, we observe that it appears, on its face, to be a hybrid. The

grievance alleges a AViolation of Master Agreement Section 5.5A@ and also of ALocal 1982

Agreement section 18[,] paragraph 18.1.@ On December 19, 2011, Flagg formally notified

4
  The Supreme Court generally uses Avalidity@ as a term of art to refer only to questions of the
applicability of contractual defenses. See, e.g., Rent-A-Center, West, Inc. v. Jackson, 130 S. Ct.
2772, 2778 n.2 (2010) (explaining that A[t]he issue of the agreement=s >validity= is different from
the issue whether any agreement between the parties >was ever concluded.=@).

                                                  16
Midwest that the Union had filed a grievance against it under the Master Agreement. Midwest

chose to ignore this communication and to presume, in its communication with the Union, that the

Local Agreement procedures were underway.

       Midwest offered the Union differing reasons about why the grievance fell under the Local

Agreement. On April 20, 2012Cafter the committee held its hearingCMidwest claimed that the

grievance fell under the Local Agreement because it was submitted Ausing a local grievance form.@

The Union=s grievance form is titled: AGRIEVANCE FORM: ILA Local 1982.@ Nothing about it

suggests it is a Alocal grievance form.@ On May 23, 2012, again after the grievance-resolution

process had concluded, Midwest claimed that it construed the grievance as a Local one because of

the past practices of the parties. On appeal, as well, Midwest argues that A[t]he Union=s past

practice establishes that violations of the Master Agreement that even minimally impact the Local

Agreement B even when the grievance itself does not cite violations of the Local Agreement B are

processed and determined pursuant to the grievance procedure under the Local Agreement.@

Appellee Br. 8 n.2. But whether the Union had ever invoked the Master Agreement=s grievance

procedures before has no plausible bearing on the effectiveness of that section of the CBA. We

do not believe that the use-it-or-lose-it rule applies to validly formed contractual provisions. To

the extent that Midwest wishes to argue that the past practices of the parties implicitly altered the

terms of the CBA, it could have made that argument to the grievance committee. There is no

evidence that Midwest presented any of these arguments to the committee.

       Midwest also challenged the neutrality of the grievance committeeCagain for the first time

in its May 24, 2012, letterCon the ground that Flagg was biased against it. Midwest stated:

AFederal Marine Terminals vice president Keith Flagg has made it very clear to MWTTI, in

writing, that his primary focus in serving on a Master Agreement grievance committee is to protect

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FMI interests.@ Midwest offers no factual support for that statement. To the extent Flagg=s

emails evince any bias, it is bias against labor unions. In the May 24 letter, Midwest also

complained that Aonly FMT-related individuals were included in this decision.@ But Flagg

repeatedly pleaded with Midwest to include itself in the grievance process. On March 28,

2012Ceven after Midwest failed to appear for the committee hearingCFlagg solicited Midwest=s

perspective, as the committee Afe[lt] strongly that all parties be afforded every opportunity [to]

provide input.@ Midwest did not respond.5

                                                 IV

       The presumption in favor of arbitration is particularly strong in the labor-law context.

See, e.g., Michigan Family Res., Inc., 475 F.3d 746 (A[F]ederal courts= review of labor-arbitration

decisions is not just limited; it is very limited.@ (internal quotation marks and citations omitted));

see also PureWorks, Inc. v. Unique Software Solutions, Inc., No. 13-5115, 2014 WL 211831, at *5

(6th Cir. Jan. 21, 2014) (Stranch, J., concurring) (AThere has been a decided move to mandate the

use of arbitration for resolution of business against business disputes. Statutes and now caselaw

frequently enforce that intention.@). That move is especially evident with labor disputes. This

case, for instance, is not a difficult one in light of some of our recent decisions. A dose of

pragmatism may serve parties more than a team of lawyers in deciding how to proceed in the face

of broad arbitration clauses.

       In this case, Midwest did not formally contest the Joint Grievance Committee=s authority.

It simply chose not to participate. As the Ninth Circuit said: AA party may not sit idle through an

5
  Midwest also challenged the Joint Grievance Committee=s authority on the ground that, bias
aside, it simply did not consent to Flagg as the GLSE representative. On this point, we agree with
the district court: AMidwest does not provide any guidance or authority which governs this
selection process to support its assertion nor does the arbitration provision address a selection
process.@ See Local 1982, 2013 WL 1855994, at *5.

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arbitration procedure and then collaterally attack that procedure on grounds not raised before the

arbitrators when the result turns out to be to adverse.@ Marino v. Writers Guild of Am., East, Inc.,

992 F.2d 1480, 1484 (9th Cir. 1993). Keith Flagg, the GLSE management representative on the

Joint Grievance Committee, pleaded with Midwest to participate in the process and warned

Midwest of the consequences of failing to do so. On February 14, 2012, he e-mailed Midwest: AIf

you choose not to enter into the process at all, my fear is that [the Union] will move forward and

heard to arbitration as called for in the Master Agreement grievance procedures. . . . If the union

gets a favourable ruling[,] then they will probably use that in a lawsuit against you down the road.@

For the reasons above, we REVERSE and REMAND the case and direct the district court to enter

an order enforcing the arbitration award.

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