Court Opinion

ID: 1086212
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-21 19:47:59.250866+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:30:29.282184
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/21/13 P. v. Casillas CA4/1

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                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,                                                         D062069

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. SCD231927)

MANUEL ANGEL CASILLAS,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, John S.

Einhorn, Judge. Affirmed.

         Buckley & Buckley and Christian C. Buckley, under appointment by the Court of

Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.

         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Lynne G. McGinnis and Kristine

A. Gutierrez, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

         A jury convicted Manuel Angel Casillas and his codefendant girlfriend, Isis

Martinez (who is not a party to this appeal), of three felony offenses: (1) first degree
robbery in an inhabited dwelling (Pen. Code,1 §§ 211, 212.5, subd. (a)); (2) first degree

residential burglary (§§ 459, 460); and (3) unlawful taking or driving of a motor vehicle

(Veh. Code, § 10851, subd. (a)).2 The jury found not true allegations that Casillas

personally used a firearm during the commission of the robbery (§ 12022.53, subd. (b))

and the burglary (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)).

       In a bifurcated proceeding, Casillas admitted allegations he had suffered two

prison priors (§§ 667.5, subd. (b), 668), one serious felony prior (§§ 667, subd. (a)(l),

668, 1192.7, subd. (c)) and one strike prior (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12, 668).

       The court thereafter sentenced Casillas to an aggregate state prison term of 14

years four months, consisting of a term of eight years for his robbery conviction, plus a

consecutive term of one year four months for his conviction for unlawfully taking or

driving a motor vehicle; plus a consecutive term of five years for the serious felony prior.

The court stayed under section 654 the sentence for Casillas's first degree burglary

conviction, and struck the two prison priors.

       Casillas appeals, contending (1) his robbery conviction must be reversed because

there is insufficient evidence that the robbery was a natural and probable consequence of

the target crime of residential burglary; (2) his robbery conviction must be reversed

1      Undesignated statutory references will be to the Penal Code.

2      A charge of grand theft of an automobile (§ 487, subd. (d)(l)) was withdrawn by
the prosecution prior to closing arguments. A charge of receiving, concealing or
withholding a stolen vehicle (§ 496d) was alleged as an alternative to the unlawful taking
or driving a motor vehicle charge. The jury did not have to return a verdict as to the
receiving, concealing or withholding of a stolen vehicle charge because it convicted
Casillas and Martinez of the unlawful taking or driving charge.
                                                2
because the court erred by failing to sua sponte instruct the jury on theft as a lesser

included offense of robbery; and (3) the court erred by not staying under section 654 the

execution of the consecutive term of one year four months it imposed for his conviction

for unlawfully taking or driving a motor vehicle because the taking of the vehicle was

intended to be a means of fleeing from the scene of the residential burglary and robbery,

and, thus, of completing those offenses. We affirm the judgment.

                               FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       A. The People's Case

       On January 18, 2011, between 2:30 and 3:00 p.m., Gilbert Trujillo and his wife,

Gloria Trujillo3 (together the Trujillos), returned to their home on Thrush Street in San

Diego. As Gloria went to the back bedroom, she saw Casillas and Martinez in the

doorway of the bedroom. Casillas pointed what appeared to be a shotgun or rifle at

Gloria as she ran back to the front room, and then he pointed it at Gilbert.4 Gilbert told

Casillas, "[P]lease don't . . . kill us. You can take anything you want." Casillas

responded by saying, "Shut up." Gilbert started throwing bar stools at Casillas and they

started to fight.

       Gloria tried to call the police, but Martinez knocked the phone from her hand and

told her she was not going to call anyone. Martinez then grabbed Gloria's purse from her

3      In the interest of convenience and clarity, we shall refer to Gilbert Trujillo and
Gloria Trujillo by their first names. We intend no disrespect.

4       As Casillas's attorney pointed out during closing arguments, the evidence showed
that, although the police found a live 12-gauge shotgun shell in the pair of pants they
located inside the stolen van, they found no gun.
                                              3
arm, Gloria ran out of the house to get help and soon thereafter she saw Martinez running

away up Thrush Street. Gloria testified she was scared when Martinez took the purse

from her. Gloria's purse was later returned to her after it was located on the street several

houses away. Nothing was missing from her purse.

          Meanwhile, Casillas continued to fight with Gilbert and hit him in the forearm

with the butt of the shotgun or rifle, knocking Gilbert to the ground. Gilbert got up and

scratched Casillas's forehead, and Casillas ran from the house. Gilbert grabbed his

crowbar, which he had left in the backyard but found on the floor inside his house, and

went outside to find his wife. Gloria used a neighbor's phone to report the robbery to the

police.

          Shortly thereafter, Casillas and Martinez jumped into a white Nissan van that was

parked in the driveway of a house on another street, Linnet Street, after Casillas found the

keys to the vehicle hanging in the lock of a nearby gate, and drove away in it. The owner

of the van, William Asher, who testified he had not given permission to anyone to take

the van, called the police. Officers pulled the van over a few minutes later and arrested

Casillas and Martinez. A video recording of the stop, taken from a police helicopter, was

played for the jury.

          About an hour later, the Trujillos identified Casillas and Martinez in a curbside

line-up. Gilbert had seen Casillas a couple of weeks earlier, when Casillas came to the

house asking to see Gilbert's adult son, Gilbert Trujillo Jr., whose nickname is Junior and

who also lived in the home. Casillas told Gilbert that Junior owed him money. Also, on

Christmas morning 2010, Gilbert had observed Casillas attempting to break a chain that

                                                4
secured a lawnmower on the back of his truck. On that occasion, Casillas stole some

tools from Gilbert's truck. Gilbert and Gloria testified they had not seen Casillas before

the burglary. Casillas and Martinez did not have their permission to be in the home on

the day of the burglary.

       Several dresser drawers in the Trujillos' bedroom had been emptied onto the floor,

and some boxes that covered a safe had been removed from the closet. The rear door of

the house had been damaged. A white glove and a three-foot-long black bag that did not

belong to the Trujillos were found in the living room. The police impounded those items.

       Martinez told a paramedic that she and Casillas were hanging out at a friend's

house, and they "freaked out" and ran out the back when someone came home. She also

said she hurt her ankle when she fell over a fence or while running from the police.

Martinez later told a nurse at the hospital that her ankle injury occurred while she was

running away from police, when she fell while trying to climb over a fence.

       Casillas was interviewed by a detective and, after he waived his Miranda5 rights,

admitted that he stole the van. However, he denied breaking into the Trujillo's home.

Casillas told the detective his wallet and identification were in the van. Inside the

pockets of a pair of jeans that were in the van, the detective found nine used syringes,

Casillas's identification card, and a live 12-gauge shotgun round. Casillas denied he had

any weapons on the day of the burglary.

5      Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.
                                              5
       DNA samples taken from underneath Gilbert's fingernails and from the glove and

bag found in the living room matched Casillas's DNA.

       B. The Defense

       The defense presented the testimony of the Trujillos' son, Junior, who testified that

he knew Casillas and owed him money. Junior admitted he lived in the converted garage

apartment at the Trujillo's home, but denied that Casillas ever stayed at the house or that

he (Junior) let anyone in the house on the day of the burglary.

       Officer Steven Harrison testified that after he responded to the burglary call,

Junior arrived home and said he had owed Casillas money a few weeks earlier but he had

paid Casillas in full.

       Manuel Hernandez, who was friends with Junior and had lived at the Trujillos'

home for a brief period of time earlier in the year, testified the Trujillos were concerned

that Junior was letting people come over to the house "at all hours of the day and night."

He also testified that Junior told him he had let Casillas stay at the house for less than a

week in 2010. Casillas had only used the side entrance to the garage apartment and

Junior's parents did not know Casillas stayed there.

       Casillas's cousin testified that he picked Casillas up and dropped him off at the

Trujillos' home while Casillas was staying in the garage apartment in late 2010 for a

month or two.

       A district attorney investigator testified that he was unable to find a record that

Gilbert had reported a theft at his home around Christmas 2010.

                                              6
                                       DISCUSSION

                  I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE (ROBBERY)

       Casillas first contends his robbery conviction must be reversed because there is

insufficient evidence that the robbery was a natural and probable consequence of the

target crime of residential burglary. We reject this contention.

       A. Background

       Gilbert testified that Casillas pointed a "shotgun or some type of rifle" at Gloria

and him when they encountered Casillas inside their home. Gloria testified Casillas was

holding a shotgun or gun, which he pointed at Gilbert and her. Gilbert also testified he

told Casillas, "[P]lease don't . . . kill us. You can take anything you want." Gloria told

the jury she was scared when Martinez took the purse from her.

       Although it is undisputed the police found no gun in this matter, the prosecution

presented evidence that Casillas admitted to the police that he stole Asher's van, and that

his (Casillas's) wallet and identification were in the van. The prosecution also presented

evidence that the police impounded a live 12-gauge shotgun shell they located in a front

pocket of a pair of jeans they found inside the van and that the shotgun shell was found in

the same pocket in which they found Casillas's wallet and identification.

       During closing arguments, with respect to the robbery charge, the prosecutor

argued that Martinez was guilty of robbery because she used both force and fear to take

Gloria's purse. Specifically, the prosecutor argued Martinez used force when she

"initially rip[ped] the phone away from [Gloria]," and then "remove[d] the purse

forcefully from Gloria's arm." The prosecutor also argued Martinez used fear because

                                              7
Casillas was armed with a shotgun and was fighting with Gilbert when she grabbed the

purse from Gloria, who testified she was scared.

       The prosecutor then asked the jury to convict Casillas of the robbery charge based

on the natural and probable consequences doctrine. Specifically, the prosecutor argued

Casillas and Martinez were guilty of the charged burglary, Martinez committed the

robbery during that burglary, and "a reasonable person in [Casillas's] position would have

known that [Martinez's] commission of the robbery was a natural and probable

consequence of the burglary. [¶] . . . [T]his is why it was reasonably foreseeable:

[W]hen you commit a burglary in somebody's house where there are multiple people

living, it is not just reasonably foreseeable but incredibly likely that someone is going to

come home at some point. . . . [T]hat initial theft where you were trying to take items

from the house would turn into a robbery because the occupants confronted you and

because they prevented you somehow from taking their property. [¶] And how do we

know [Casillas and Martinez] even considered that possibility? Because they brought a

shotgun with them. You don't bring a shotgun to a house where you're going to commit a

burglary unless you anticipate someone coming home and perhaps resisting or preventing

you from taking something. That there would be a confrontation. And that shotgun is

critical evidence of that knowledge, that reasonable, foreseeable fact that a robbery could

occur during the course of a burglary."

       As pertinent here, the jury found both Casillas and Martinez guilty of first degree

robbery in an inhabited dwelling and first degree residential burglary. The jury found not

                                              8
true the allegations that Casillas personally used a firearm during the commission of the

burglary and robbery.

       B. Applicable Legal Principles

       1. Elements of robbery

       Section 211 defines robbery as "the felonious taking of personal property in the

possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will,

accomplished by means of force or fear."

       "The element of fear for purposes of robbery is satisfied when there is sufficient

fear to cause the victim to comply with the unlawful demand for his property." (People

v. Ramos (1980) 106 Cal.App.3d 591, 601-602, disapproved on other grounds in People

v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 353, fn. 16; People v. Smith (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 1586,

1595.) The requisite fear need not be the result of an express threat or the use of a

weapon. (People v. Brew (1991) 2 Cal.App.4th 99, 104; People v. Flynn (2000) 77

Cal.App.4th 766, 771.) All that is necessary is that the record show "'"conduct, words, or

circumstances reasonably calculated to produce fear . . . ."'" (Brew, supra, 2 Cal.App.4th

at p. 104.) Intimidation of the victim equates with fear. (People v. Davison (1995) 32

Cal.App.4th 206, 214.)

       2. Natural and probable consequences doctrine

       "Aider-abettor liability exists when a person who does not directly commit a crime

assists the direct perpetrator by aid or encouragement, with knowledge of the

perpetrator's criminal intent and with the intent to help him [or her] carry out the

                                              9
offense." (People v. Miranda (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 398, 407, citing People v. Beeman

(1984) 35 Cal.3d 547, 560–561.)

       "The liability of an aider and abettor extends also to the natural and [probable]

consequences of the acts [the defendant] knowingly and intentionally aids and

encourages." (People v. Beeman, supra, 35 Cal.3d at p. 560; see People v. Prettyman

(1996) 14 Cal.4th 248, 260.) "Under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, an

aider and abettor is guilty of not only the offense he intended to facilitate or encourage,

but also of any reasonably foreseeable offense committed by the actual perpetrator. The

defendant's knowledge that an act which is criminal was intended, and his action taken

with the intent that the act be encouraged or facilitated, are sufficient to impose liability

on him for any reasonably foreseeable offense committed as a consequence by the

perpetrator." (People v. Miranda (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 398, 407-408.)

       The elements of aider and abettor liability under the natural and probable

consequences doctrine are: (1) the defendant "by act or advice aided, promoted,

encouraged, or instigated the commission of the intended target crime"; (2) the defendant

acted with knowledge of the perpetrator's unlawful purpose; (3) the defendant acted with

the intent or purpose either to commit, or to facilitate or encourage commission of, the

target crime; (4) "the defendant's confederate committed an offense (the nontarget

offense) other than the target crime" (italics omitted); and (5) "the [nontarget] offense

committed by the confederate was a natural and probable consequence of the target crime

that the defendant aided and abetted.:" (People v. Prettyman, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 262;

People v. Miranda, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 408.)

                                              10
       In determining whether the nontarget offense committed by the defendant's

confederate was a natural and probable consequence of the target crime the defendant

aided and abetted, the question is not whether the defendant actually foresaw the

confederate's commission of the nontarget offense, but whether, judged objectively, the

commission of the nontarget crime was reasonably foreseeable. (People v. Medina

(2009) 46 Cal.4th 913, 920; People v. Miranda, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 408.) Thus,

"[l]iability under the natural and probable consequences doctrine 'is measured by whether

a reasonable person in the defendant's position would have or should have known that the

charged offense was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the act aided and abetted.' "

(People v. Medina, at p. 920, quoting People v. Nguyen (1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 518, 535.)

       To be reasonably foreseeable, the consequence of the confederate's act "'"need not

have been a strong probability; a possible consequence which might reasonably have

been contemplated is enough."'" (People v. Medina, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 920, quoting

People v. Nguyen, supra, 21 Cal.App.4th at p. 535, italics added.)

       Whether the consequence of the confederate's act was reasonably foreseeable is a

factual issue to be resolved by the jury based on its evaluation of all the factual

circumstances of the individual case. (People v. Medina, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 920.)

       3. Substantial evidence standard of review

       When assessing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a

conviction, we apply the substantial evidence standard of review, under which we view

the evidence "in the light most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it

discloses substantial evidence—that is, evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid

                                              11
value—such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt." (People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557, 578; see also Jackson v.

Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 319.) "The same standard of review applies to cases in

which the prosecution relies mainly on circumstantial evidence." (People v. Maury

(2003) 30 Cal.4th 342, 396.)

       We do not reweigh the evidence, resolve conflicts in the evidence, or reevaluate

the credibility of witnesses. (People v. Ochoa (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1199, 1206; People v.

Jones (1990) 51 Cal.3d 294, 314.) "Resolution of conflicts and inconsistencies in the

testimony is the exclusive province of the trier of fact." (People v. Young (2005) 34

Cal.4th 1149, 1181.)

       C. Analysis

       Casillas does not dispute that he and Martinez committed the burglary or that

Martinez robbed Gloria. He claims his robbery conviction must be reversed because,

"[b]ased on the facts of this case, [he] did not commit a robbery because Martinez's

actions were clearly an independent choice" she made while he and Gilbert were fighting

inside the house. He asserts "[t]he evidence overwhelming[ly] showed that Martinez

independently panicked during the incident, took the purse without thinking, and then

threw it away a couple of houses down the street"; and, thus, the robbery "was not a

natural and probable consequence of the planned theft." He also asserts the burglary was

"not an 'armed burglary'" because the jury rejected the prosecution's theory that he was in

possession of a firearm.

                                            12
       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, as we must

(Jackson v. Virginia, supra, 443 U.S. at p. 319; People v. Johnson, supra, 26 Cal.3d at p.

578), we conclude any reasonable trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt that

a reasonable person in Casillas's position would have or should have known that the

robbery was a foreseeable consequence of the burglary. The Trujillos' testimony and that

of their son established that Casillas and Martinez broke into the Trujillos' home, where

their adult son also lived, in the middle of the afternoon, intending to steal property

because the Trujillos' son owed Casillas some money.6 A reasonable person in Casillas's

position might reasonably have contemplated it was possible that one or more of the

residents would return to the home while Casillas and Martinez were inside the home,

that a confrontation and altercation might ensue, that the residents would be intimidated

and fearful, and that Martinez would take advantage of these circumstances to carry out

their criminal intent by stealing property belonging to the Trujillos. Thus, substantial

evidence supports a finding that the robbery Martinez perpetrated was a possible,

reasonably foreseeable consequence of the burglary. (See People v. Medina, supra, 46

Cal.4th at p. 920 [the consequence of the confederate's act "'"need not have been a strong

probability; a possible consequence which might reasonably have been contemplated is

enough."'"].)

6     The Trujillos' son testified for the defense that he knew Casillas and owed him
money in January 2011. Casillas and Martinez committed their crimes in this matter on
January 18, 2011.
                                             13
       It is true, as Casillas points out, that the jury rejected the prosecution's theory he

was in possession of a firearm during the incident. In her closing arguments, Casillas's

counsel argued that the police did not find a firearm, that neither Gilbert nor Gloria could

describe the weapon they testified Casillas pointed at them, and that the prosecutor "ha[d]

not proved . . . beyond a reasonable doubt that [Casillas] had a weapon, had a rifle in his

possession." The jury apparently agreed and found not true the sentence enhancement

allegations that Casillas personally used a firearm during the commission of the burglary

and robbery.

       However, Casillas's contention that his robbery conviction must be reversed

because the burglary he and Martinez committed was not an "armed burglary," is

unavailing. We have already concluded that substantial evidence─apart from both the

Trujillos' testimony that Casillas pointed a shotgun or rifle at them and the evidence

establishing that the police found a live 12-gauge shotgun shell along with Casillas's

wallet and identification in the same pocket of the pair of jeans found in the van he and

Martinez stole─supports a finding that the robbery was a reasonably foreseeable

consequence of the burglary they committed in this matter.

                 II. CLAIM OF INSTRUCTIONAL ERROR (ROBBERY)

       Casillas also contends his robbery conviction must be reversed because the court

erred by failing to sua sponte instruct the jury on theft as a lesser included offense of

robbery. This contention is unavailing.

                                              14
       A. Background

       As already discussed, Casillas was prosecuted under a theory of aiding and

abetting and the natural and probable consequences doctrine for the robbery of Gloria

actually perpetrated by Martinez. As pertinent here, the court instructed the jury on the

elements of robbery, aiding and abetting, and the natural and probable consequences

doctrine. As Casillas correctly points out, the court did not give an instruction on theft as

a lesser included offense of robbery.

       B. Applicable Legal Principles

       1. Theft as a lesser included offense

       Theft is a lesser included offense of robbery because theft "comprises the same

elements, including intent to steal, with the pertinent exception of the use of force or

fear." (People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 737.)

       2. Duty to sua sponte instruct on lesser included offenses

       "The trial court is obligated to instruct the jury on all general principles of law

relevant to the issues raised by the evidence, whether or not the defendant makes a formal

request." (People v. Blair (2005) 36 Cal.4th 686, 744 (Blair).) "That obligation

encompasses instructions on lesser included offenses if there is evidence that, if accepted

by the trier of fact, would absolve the defendant of guilt of the greater offense but not of

the lesser." (Id. at p. 745; see also People v. DePriest (2007) 42 Cal.4th 1, 50 ["Such

instructions are required only where there is 'substantial evidence' from which a rational

jury could conclude that the defendant committed the lesser offense, and that he is not

guilty of the greater offense."].)

                                               15
       "To justify a lesser included offense instruction, the evidence supporting the

instruction must be substantial—that is, it must be evidence from which a jury composed

of reasonable persons could conclude that the facts underlying the particular instruction

exist." (Blair, supra, 36 Cal.4th at p. 745; see also People v. Breverman (1998) 19

Cal.4th 142, 162 (Breverman).) "'In deciding whether evidence is "substantial" in this

context, a court determines only its bare legal sufficiency, not its weight.'" (People v.

Moye (2009) 47 Cal.4th 537, 556.)

       3. Standard of review

       We review de novo a claim of instructional error. (People v. Posey (2004) 32

Cal.4th 193, 218.)

       C. Analysis

       We shall assume, without deciding, that the court erred by failing to sua sponte

instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of theft. The People urge us to conclude

that any such error was harmless under the Watson test for prejudice (People v. Watson

(1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 (Watson)), which the California Supreme Court in Breverman,

supra, 19 Cal.4th at pages 177–178 made applicable to instructional errors of this sort in

noncapital cases. (See People v. Moye, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 555.)

       Under the Watson test, an error in failing sua sponte to instruct on a lesser

included offense requires reversal of the conviction for the greater offense "if, 'after an

examination of the entire cause, including the evidence' [citation], it appears 'reasonably

probable' the defendant would have obtained a more favorable outcome had the error not

occurred." (Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 178.) Probability under Watson "does not

                                              16
mean more likely than not, but merely a reasonable chance, more than an abstract

possibility." (People v. Superior Court (Ghilotti) (2002) 27 Cal.4th 888, 918.)

Breverman explained that appellate review under Watson "focuses not on what a

reasonable jury could do, but what such a jury is likely to have done in the absence of the

error under consideration. In making that evaluation, an appellate court may consider,

among other things, whether the evidence supporting the existing judgment is so

relatively strong, and the evidence supporting a different outcome is so comparatively

weak, that there is no reasonable probability the error of which the defendant complains

affected the result." (Breverman, at p. 177.)

       Here, Casillas has failed to meet his burden of showing a reasonable probability

under Watson that he would have obtained a more favorable outcome had the court sua

sponte instructed the jury on theft as a lesser included offense of robbery. The evidence

supporting Casillas's robbery conviction under the natural and probable consequences

doctrine (discussed, ante) is relatively strong, and the evidence that only a theft of

Gloria's purse ─committed (by definition) without force or fear─was a reasonably

foreseeable consequence of the residential burglary, is comparatively weak, that there is

no reasonable probability the instructional error of which he complains affected the

result. As already noted, Casillas's robbery conviction was based on his aiding and

abetting Martinez's theft of Gloria's purse, and on the natural and probable consequences

doctrine. After Casillas became involved in a physical altercation with Gilbert, Martinez

grabbed the telephone out of Gloria's hand as Gloria was trying to call 911 and threw it in

                                             17
the hallway; told Gloria, "You['re] not calling nobody"; then snatched Gloria's purse from

her arm and ran out of the house.

       We conclude Casillas's claim that the court erred by failing to sua sponte instruct

the jury on theft as a lesser included offense of robbery, is unavailing. On the evidentiary

record presented here, there was no basis for the jury to conclude that Martinez's theft of

the purse was reasonably foreseeable, but that it was not reasonably foreseeable force or

fear would be used to perpetrate that theft.

                                    III. SECTION 654

       Last, Casillas contends the court erred by not staying under section 654 the

execution of the consecutive term of one year four months it imposed for his conviction

for unlawfully taking or driving a motor vehicle because his taking of Asher's van was

intended to be a means of fleeing from the Trujillos' home and completing the residential

burglary and robbery offenses. We reject this contention.

       A. Background

       Casillas was convicted of robbery and unlawful taking of a vehicle. During the

sentencing hearing, Casillas's attorney asked that the recommended one-year-four-month

sentence for that conviction run concurrently, not consecutively. Casillas's counsel did

not ask that the execution of the sentence imposed for that conviction be stayed under

section 654.

       As pertinent here, the court sentenced Casillas to a term of eight years for his

robbery conviction and a consecutive term of one year four months for his conviction of

                                               18
unlawful taking of a vehicle. The court imposed, but stayed under section 654, an eight-

year sentence for Casillas's first degree burglary conviction.

       B. Section 654

       Section 654, subdivision (a) provides in part: "An act or omission that is

punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the

provision that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case

shall the act or omission be punished under more than one provision."

       Section 654 "precludes multiple punishment for a single act or omission, or an

indivisible course of conduct" (People v. Deloza (1998) 18 Cal.4th 585, 591) and ensures

the defendant's punishment will be commensurate with his or her criminal culpability

(People v. Kramer (2002) 29 Cal.4th 720, 723). If a defendant suffers two convictions

and punishment for one is barred by section 654, "that section requires the sentence for

one conviction to be imposed, and the other imposed and then stayed." (People v.

Deloza, at pp. 591-592, italics added.)

       Whether a course of conduct is indivisible for purposes of section 654 depends on

the intent and objective of the defendant, not the temporal proximity of the offenses.

(People v. Hicks (1993) 6 Cal.4th 784, 789.) Generally, if all the criminal acts were

incident to one objective, then punishment may be imposed only as to one of the offenses

committed. (People v. Rodriguez (2009) 47 Cal.4th 501, 507; People v. Garcia (1995)

32 Cal.App.4th 1756, 1781.)

                                             19
        The question of whether a defendant harbored multiple criminal objectives is a

question of fact for the trial court to decide. (People v. Coleman (1989) 48 Cal.3d 112,

162.)

        1. Standard of review

        In reviewing the trial court's determination whether section 654 precludes multiple

punishment, we apply the deferential substantial evidence standard of review. (People v.

Hutchins (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1312.) "The question whether section 654 is

factually applicable to a given series of offenses is for the trial court, and the law gives

the trial court broad latitude in making this determination. Its findings on this question

must be upheld on appeal if there is any substantial evidence to support them."

(Hutchins, supra, at p. 1312.) We must view the evidence in the light most favorable to

the sentencing order and presume in support of that order the existence of every fact that

reasonably could be deduced from the evidence. (Id. at pp. 1312-1313.)

        When a trial court has not expressly determined whether section 654 applies but

nevertheless imposes multiple punishment, we infer that the court has made a

determination that section 654 does not apply (i.e., that the defendant had more than one

objective in committing multiple offenses). (See People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th

622, 730-731.)

        C. Analysis

        In support of his claim that the court erred by not staying under section 654 the

sentence it imposed for his conviction of unlawfully taking Asher's van and citing People

v. Bauer (1969) 1 Cal.3d 368 (Bauer), Casillas asserts that, "[b]ecause [he and Martinez]

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never reached a place of temporary safety[,] the vehicle theft constituted an indivisible

course of action with the [burglary and robbery] offenses," and, thus, "section 654 barred

separate punishment for the vehicle theft." Stating that "the record did not show that [he

and Martinez] had reached a location of temporary safety when they took the van," he

asserts "[t]he record also does not show that [they] harbored a separate criminal purpose

or committed a separate gratuitous act in taking the van."

       The California Supreme Court has explained that "'[a] robbery is not complete

until the perpetrator reaches a place of temporary safety . . . ,' which is not the scene of

the robbery." (People v. Wilson (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1, 17, quoting People v. Young (2005)

34 Cal.4th 1149, 1177; see also People v. Ramirez (1995) 39 Cal.App.4th 1369, 1375

["[t]he scene of a robbery is not a place of temporary safety"].)

       Here, the record shows Casillas and Martinez had reached a place of temporary

safety, and thus their commission of the burglary and robbery offenses was complete,

when they entered Asher's van─which was parked in the driveway of Asher's home on

Linnet Street─and drove it away. Specifically, the record shows the burglary and

robbery occurred at the Trujillo's home on Thrush Street in San Diego. Gloria testified

that, after Martinez took her purse, she (Gloria) used a neighbor's telephone to call the

police after she saw Martinez running up Thrush Street. Detective Jason Rocha of the

San Diego Police Department testified that this call was made at 3:01 p.m. The record

also shows that about 10 minutes later Asher watched someone (i.e., Casillas and

Martinez) get into his van and drive away, and about a minute later he called 911 to

                                              21
report the vehicle theft. Detective Rocha testified the stolen vehicle call came in at 3:11

p.m.

       Thus, the foregoing substantial evidence shows that Casillas and Martinez

unlawfully took the van on a street other than the street where they committed the

burglary and robbery and did so about 10 minutes after Gloria called 911 to report the

crimes. This evidence is sufficient to support a reasonable inference that Casillas and

Martinez had reached a place of temporary safety when they unlawfully took Asher's van;

and, thus, for purposes of section 654, this crime was not part of an indivisible course of

conduct that began with their burglary and robbery offenses.

       Casillas's reliance on Bauer, supra, 1 Cal.3d 368, is unavailing because that case is

factually distinguishable. In Bauer, the defendant and an accomplice gained entrance

into the home of three elderly women by pretending to be gas company employees who

wished to check the stove, tied the women up, ransacked the home, carried personal

property belonging to the victims to the garage, loaded the property into a car belonging

to one of the victims, and drove away in the car. (Id. at p. 372.) A jury convicted the

defendant of first degree burglary, first degree robbery, grand theft, and automobile theft.

(Id. at p. 371.) On appeal, the Attorney General claimed the separate sentences imposed

for the robbery and car theft convictions should be upheld because the robbery was

complete before the car theft began and the theft of the automobile was an afterthought.

(Id. at p. 377.) The Bauer court rejected this claim, explaining that "[t]he fact that one

crime is technically complete before the other commenced does not permit multiple

punishment where there is a course of conduct comprising an indivisible transaction.

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[Citations.] And the fact that one of the crimes may have been an afterthought does not

permit multiple punishment where there is an indivisible transaction." (Ibid., italics

added.)

          In Bauer, the defendant stole the car from one of the robbery victims at the scene

of the robbery. (Bauer, supra, 1 Cal.3d at p. 372.) The scene of a robbery is not a place

of temporary safety for the robbers. (People v. Wilson, supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 17.) Here,

in contrast, Casillas unlawfully took the van from a victim (Asher) who was not one of

the robbery victims (the Trujillos), and he took the van not at the scene of the robbery,

but from the driveway of a home (Asher's) located on another street about 10 minutes

after one of the robbery victims (Gloria) called 911 to report the robbery. Casillas, unlike

the Bauer defendant, unlawfully took the vehicle after reaching a place of temporary

safety.

          The evidence also shows Casillas and Martinez took Asher's van after Casillas

found and took the keys to the vehicle, which were conveniently hanging in the lock of

the nearby gate where Asher had temporarily left them. Casillas took advantage of this

easy opportunity to steal a van.

          In sum, substantial evidence supports the court's implied findings that Casillas

harbored multiple criminal objectives and that the burglary and robbery at the Trujillo's

home and the unlawful taking of Asher's van were not all part of one indivisible course of

conduct. Imposition and execution of separate punishment for Casillas's unlawful taking

of Asher's van serves the important legislative purpose of section 654 of ensuring his

punishment will be commensurate with his criminal culpability. (See People v. Kramer,

                                               23
supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 723.) Accordingly, we conclude section 654 does not bar

execution of the punishment the court imposed for Casillas's conviction for unlawfully

taking or driving a motor vehicle.

                                     DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed.

                                                                              NARES, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

IRION, J.

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