Court Opinion

ID: 2803034
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-22 18:09:17.330327+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:08:18.700655
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                      Appellate Court

             City of Des Plaines v. Metropolitan Alliance of Police, Chapter No. 240,
                                    2015 IL App (1st) 140957

Appellate Court           THE CITY OF DES PLAINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                   METROPOLITAN ALLIANCE OF POLICE, CHAPTER NO. 240,
                          Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.            First District, Second Division
                          Docket No. 1-14-0957

Filed                     March 31, 2015

Decision Under            Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-CR-21078; the
Review                    Hon. Sophia H. Hall, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                  Reversed and remanded.

Counsel on                Reimer & Karlson, LLC, of Hinsdale (Keith A. Karlson and Brian
Appeal                    LaBardi, of counsel), for appellant.

                          Clark Baird Smith, LLP, of Rosemont (Yvette A. Heintzelman and
                          James J. Powers, of counsel), for appellee.

Panel                     JUSTICE LIU delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                          Presiding Justice Simon concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                          Justice Pierce dissented, with opinion.
                                                 OPINION

¶1       Plaintiff, City of Des Plaines (City), sought to terminate City police officer John Bueno
     (Bueno) after conducting an investigation into allegations that Bueno had used unnecessary or
     excessive force against arrestees and had failed to report that use of force in violation of the
     general orders of the Des Plaines police department (Department). Defendant, Metropolitan
     Alliance of Police, Chapter No. 240 (the Union), represented Bueno, and the parties submitted
     the grievance over his termination to arbitration. Although the arbitrator concluded that Bueno
     had violated certain general orders, he nevertheless determined that termination was not an
     appropriate remedy because of “due process” considerations–specifically, the City’s delay in
     investigating the complained-of incidents and the Department’s condonation of Bueno’s
     conduct.
¶2       The City filed a motion to vacate the arbitration award in the circuit court, arguing that the
     award violated public policy. The circuit court agreed and vacated the arbitration award; it also
     denied the Union’s motion to remand to the arbitrator for additional findings concerning
     Bueno’s likelihood of engaging in the same misconduct following reinstatement. The Union
     appeals. We find that a remand to the arbitrator is necessary to clarify the award; in the absence
     of a clarification, we cannot fully assess its public policy implications. We therefore reverse
     the circuit court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶3                                         BACKGROUND
¶4       Bueno had been a City police officer since 2002. In 2011, the city manager, Jason
     Slowinski (Slowinski), received a letter alleging that Bueno had physically beaten four
     arrestees, with the alleged instances occurring in 2009 and 2010. After receiving the letter,
     Slowinski initiated an investigation into the allegations.
¶5       Based on the investigation, the City identified three incidents where Bueno allegedly
     misapplied force against arrestees: (1) in August 2010, he punched in the face a handcuffed
     arrestee who was seated in the back of his squad car; (2) in January 2010, he punched an
     arrestee in the nose inside the police station; and (3) in June 2009, he pushed an arrestee in a
     holding cell. Bueno had not reported any of these incidents as required by Department General
     Order 10.01.1

         1
           Des Plaines Police Department General Order 10.01 includes sections 10.01.1 (“Authority”
     related to use of force) and 10.01.10 (“Follow-up to Officer’s Use of Force” related to reporting).
         Section 10.01.1 provides: “Officers should use only the reasonable amount of force necessary to
     effect an arrest or control a person. The objective of the use of force is to overcome the resistance
     offered by an offender. *** Violations of the rules will only be the basis for administrative discipline,
     while violations of the law will be the basis for civil and criminal penalties in a court of law.”
     Des Plaines Police Dep’t G.O. 10.01, § 10.01.1.
         Section 10.01.10 provides: “All officers will make an immediate verbal report to their supervisor
     following any use of force and file an appropriate case report that documents the actions of the suspect
     that necessitated the use of force, the reasons why the officer used force, as well as any suspect
     complaints of injury, medical treatment received, or refusal of medical treatment.” Des Plaines Police
     Dep’t G.O. 10.01, § 10.01.10.

                                                     -2-
¶6          After the investigation was complete, the City filed a complaint with the City’s board of
       fire and police commissioners, requesting that Bueno be terminated. Bueno challenged his
       termination through grievance arbitration as allowed by the City-Union collective bargaining
       agreement. The City terminated Bueno, and the parties proceeded to arbitration. After a
       three-day hearing, the arbitrator issued an award (1) reinstating Bueno without back pay,
       benefits or accumulated seniority for “time away from work”; (2) deeming Bueno’s time away
       as “a disciplinary suspension”; (3) conditioning Bueno’s reinstatement on a “last chance” basis
       for a period of three years from the date of reinstatement, such that any violation of the City’s
       use-of-force and reporting policies and/or truthfulness requirements will result in immediate
       discharge; and (4) allowing the City, at its discretion, to provide Bueno with “a reasonable
       amount and type of training in the appropriate use of force.”
¶7          In the award, the arbitrator addressed each of the three identified use-of-force incidents.
       First, with respect to the August 2010 occurrence, the parties did not dispute that Bueno had
       been driving his squad car with another officer in the passenger seat and a handcuffed arrestee,
       who had been charged with aggravated battery, in the backseat. Bueno drove the car into a
       parking garage within close proximity to the police station. He then exited the vehicle, opened
       the backseat door, and punched the arrestee in the face. During an investigation interrogation
       in November 2011, Bueno explained that he punched the arrestee because he thought the
       prisoner was trying to defeat the handcuffs. According to Bueno, he wanted to distract the
       prisoner so that he could confirm that the handcuffs were still secure.
¶8          The arbitrator found that this explanation was “not remotely credible” and would “not be
       credited.” In reaching this conclusion, the arbitrator emphasized that Bueno’s explanation was
       undermined by both his failure to ask the other officer in his squad for assistance and the
       proximity of the police department to the parking garage, where officers could have assisted
       Bueno had he truly been concerned about the arrestee’s handcuffs. The arbitrator concluded
       that Bueno “blatantly violated the Department’s use of force policy” set forth in General Order
       10.01 and further violated section 10.01.10’s reporting requirements. In addition, the arbitrator
       found that Bueno had been untruthful when describing this incident during the November 2011
       investigation interrogation, in violation of Department Rule 390.50. Under Rule 390.50,
       “Officers and employees are required to be truthful at all times, whether under oath or not.”
       Specifically, the arbitrator assessed Bueno’s explanation that he drove into the parking garage
       because it offered a “confined area” to check the arrestee’s handcuffs, finding that claim was
       “absolute nonsense” and “[held] no water whatsoever.”
¶9          Second, with respect to the January 2010 incident, Bueno did not deny punching the
       arrestee. He explained that it occurred while he was moving the arrestee from his cell into a
       holding cell. Allegedly, the arrestee became angry and aggressive and grabbed Bueno, which
       prompted Bueno to punch him in the face. The arbitrator ultimately concluded that the
       evidence did not support a finding that the use of force was “unjustified or excessive.”
       Nevertheless, he determined that Bueno violated section 10.01.10 of General Order 10.01 by
       failing to report the incident.
¶ 10        Finally, with respect to the June 2009 incident, Bueno admitted that he pushed an arrestee
       after hearing that the latter had made vulgar comments about Bueno’s daughter. The Union
       admitted that Bueno should not have pushed the arrestee, and the arbitrator found that Bueno’s
       actions were “not necessary, not justified, and not intended to accomplish any police task.” The

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       arbitrator therefore determined that Bueno’s conduct during this incident violated the general
       orders because he used unnecessary force and also failed to report the incident.
¶ 11       Concluding that Bueno had engaged in misconduct, the arbitrator next assessed the
       Union’s position that the City lacked just cause to discharge Bueno because either (1) he was
       subject to disparate treatment; (2) the City delayed action to discipline him: or (3) the
       Department condoned his conduct. The arbitrator ultimately agreed that Bueno’s discharge
       was unjustified as a result of certain “due process considerations,” namely, the City’s delay in
       investigating the incidents and the Department’s condonation of Bueno’s conduct.
¶ 12       As to the City’s delay in investigating the incidents, the arbitrator explained that it “may
       have resulted in the loss of pertinent video evidence of these incidents” that “might have been
       helpful to the Union’s defense.” Additionally, “witness memories may have faded during” the
       delay. As a result, the “delay may have prejudiced” the Union’s defense, and the “City’s
       discharge of the Grievant was procedurally flawed.”
¶ 13       Regarding the Department’s condonation of Bueno’s conduct, the arbitrator found that
       members of the Department’s command staff were aware of the use-of-force incidents yet did
       not initiate an investigation into his conduct. The command staff, he determined, “sen[t] a
       signal” that the conduct was acceptable. Because the Department essentially condoned
       Bueno’s behavior, the arbitrator concluded that the City could not discharge him for just cause.
       Despite finding that the City could not discharge Bueno for his misconduct, the arbitrator
       nevertheless acknowledged that some discipline was warranted with respect to Bueno’s
       unnecessary use of force, his failure to report the use of force, and his untruthfulness during the
       November 2011 investigation.
¶ 14       Based on these findings, the arbitrator determined that the appropriate remedy was to
       reinstate Bueno by June 3, 2013, as a full-time, paid police officer without back pay, benefits,
       or accumulated seniority for his time away from work; record his time away from work as a
       disciplinary suspension; and reinstate him on a “last chance” basis for a three-year period
       during which any “similar misconduct” by Bueno would entitle the City to immediately
       discharge him.
¶ 15       Instead of reinstating Bueno, the City filed its motion to vacate the arbitration award in the
       circuit court on June 12, 2013. The circuit court granted the City’s motion to vacate on
       December 13, 2013, agreeing with the City that the award violated public policy:
               “In the instant case, the statutes and cases presented by the City clearly state a public
               policy against police officers assaulting prisoners and lying about matters related to the
               specific duties of the officer. The arbitrator *** found that the grievant engaged in this
               egregious conduct but made no finding *** that the grievant was likely not to do so
               again in the future. Thus, the Court finds that the [public policy] exception applies, and
               the arbitrator’s order reinstating the grievant violated public policy.”
       In addition, the circuit court denied the Union’s subsequent motion to remand the case to the
       arbitrator to make a factual finding concerning Bueno’s likelihood to reoffend upon
       reinstatement. The Union timely appealed, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to Supreme
       Court Rule 303. Ill. S. Ct. R. 303 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015).

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¶ 16                                           ANALYSIS
¶ 17       On appeal, the Union contends that the circuit court erred in vacating the arbitration award.
       The Union argues that the award of reinstatement did not violate public policy because there is
       no well-defined public policy that mandates termination of a police officer who engaged in
       misconduct involving unnecessary use of force, failure to report, or untruthfulness.
       Additionally, the Union maintains that public policy supports the award because the
       Department condoned the conduct, the City delayed its investigation of the incidents, and the
       City destroyed relevant video evidence that resulted in prejudice to Bueno’s defense. In the
       alternative, the Union argues that the court erred in denying its motion to remand the cause to
       the arbitrator for additional findings concerning Bueno’s likelihood to reengage in the
       misconduct upon his reinstatement as a police officer under the terms of the award.

¶ 18                                    A. Public Policy Exception
¶ 19       Judicial review of arbitration awards “is extremely limited.” American Federation of State
       County & Municipal Employees v. Department of Central Management Services, 173 Ill. 2d
       299, 304 (1996) (AFSCME). Where, as here, the arbitration involves a collective bargaining
       agreement, under the Uniform Arbitration Act (Act), a court will disturb an arbitration award
       only on the grounds which existed in common law “prior to the enactment of [the] Act” (710
       ILCS 5/12(e) (West 2012)): specifically, “instances of fraud, corruption, partiality,
       misconduct, mistake, or failure to submit the question to arbitration” (AFSCME, 173 Ill. 2d at
       304). On review, we are “duty bound to enforce a labor-arbitration award if the arbitrator acts
       within the scope of his or her authority and the award draws its essence from the parties’
       collective-bargaining agreement.” Id. at 304-05. See Village of Posen, Illinois v. Illinois
       Fraternal Order of Police Labor Council, 2014 IL App (1st) 133329, ¶ 37 (“Whenever
       possible, arbitration awards should be construed to uphold their validity.”). As our supreme
       court explained in AFSCME, “[c]ourts have crafted a public policy exception to vacate arbitral
       awards which otherwise derive their essence from a collective-bargaining agreement.”
       AFSCME, 173 Ill. 2d at 306. Under this exception, reviewing courts “will not enforce a
       collective-bargaining agreement that is repugnant to established norms of public policy.” Id. at
       307. In order for the exception to apply, the public policy must be “well-defined and
       dominant.” Id.
¶ 20       The public policy analysis involves two steps: We must first determine “whether a
       well-defined and dominant public policy can be identified”; and if so, we then assess “whether
       the arbitrator’s award, as reflected in his interpretation of the agreement, violated the public
       policy.” Id. at 307-08. This inquiry “is necessarily fact dependent” (id. at 311); however, the
       question of whether an award violates public policy is one of law, which we review de novo.
       See Country Preferred Insurance Co. v. Whitehead, 2012 IL 113365, ¶ 27 (“Whether a
       provision in a contract, insurance policy, or other agreement is invalid because it violates
       public policy is a question of law, which we review de novo.”). We acknowledge that the court
       in AFSCME does not explicitly set forth the standard for reviewing the circuit court’s decision
       concerning the public policy exception. Its analysis, however, demonstrates a de novo review.
¶ 21       Our supreme court’s opinion in AFSCME is instructive on the proper application of the
       two-prong analysis. There, the court reviewed an arbitration award reinstating a Department of
       Children and Family Services (DCFS) employee who had been discharged for falsifying
       progress reports and failing to prepare service plans for children. In considering the first prong,

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       the court found “a well-defined public policy in favor of truthful and accurate DCFS
       reporting.” AFSCME, 173 Ill. 2d at 308. The court then proceeded to determine whether, under
       the second prong, the arbitrator’s award, reinstating the employee, violated that public policy.
       Ultimately, the court answered that question in the affirmative. In its analysis, the court
       addressed the union’s argument that the discharge violated the parties’ collective bargaining
       agreement based on DCFS’ failure to impose discipline in a timely matter. The court
       acknowledged that the identified public policy “conflicts with the policy inherent in providing
       for time limits within which disciplinary charges or claims may be brought.” Id. at 317. But
       nevertheless, the court concluded that “the State’s interest in its children’s welfare and
       protection must override [the union’s] concerns for timeliness.” Id. Similarly, the court
       rejected the union’s argument that the contractual time provision protected “industrial due
       process,” concluding instead that such due process “merely requir[es] employers to give
       employees advance notice of and an opportunity to respond to the charges against them before
       discipline is imposed.” Id. at 321. Finally, the court explained that “as long as the arbitrator
       makes a rational finding that the employee can be trusted to refrain from the offending
       conduct, the arbitrator may reinstate the employee to his or her former job, and we would be
       obliged to affirm the award.” Id. at 322. But, addressing the facts before it in AFSCME, the
       court noted that if “an arbitrator awards full reinstatement as a remedy for the contractual
       violation without any findings that the worker poses no risk to the welfare and protection of
       DCFS’s children and their families, the award simply cannot stand.” Id. at 323. Rather, “the
       full measure of the arbitrator’s discretion must always yield to public policy.” Id.
¶ 22       Applying AFSCME, we must first determine if there is a well-established and dominant
       policy implicated by the arbitration award. Here, the parties offer conflicting descriptions of
       the public policies at stake. Relying on cases where police officers have been reinstated despite
       engaging in similar misconduct, the Union maintains that there is no public policy requiring
       the termination of all officers who misapply force or who have been found to be untruthful. In
       contrast, the City argues that there are well-defined public policies against police officers
       battering defenseless prisoners and lying under oath.
¶ 23       We find that the Union’s position improperly conflates the two-prong test into a single
       inquiry. The issue is not whether the public policy itself requires that the employee be
       terminated. Rather, we first identify a public policy and then determine whether the arbitrator’s
       award reinstating the employee, under the circumstances of the particular case, violates that
       identified public policy. Thus, decisions involving reinstatement of an employee who has
       engaged in similar misconduct is not dispositive for purposes of identifying whether the award
       implicates dominant and well-defined public policies. We find AFSCME to be instructive.
       There, the public policy at issue was not whether the reinstatement of DCFS employees guilty
       of misconduct was barred; instead, it was the “well-defined public policy in favor of truthful
       and accurate DCFS reporting.” Id. at 308. The court then proceeded to address whether an
       award reinstating an employee violated this public policy.
¶ 24       When the issue is properly framed, we find that the arbitration award here implicates a
       well-defined and dominant public policy, namely, the public policy against police officers
       unnecessarily using force against prisoners and being dishonest about that use of force during a
       subsequent investigation. See Department of Central Management Services v. American
       Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 197 Ill. App. 3d 503, 514
       (1990) (“A clear public policy exists under the law not to batter prisoners.”); Valio v. Board of

                                                   -6-
       Fire & Police Commissioners, 311 Ill. App. 3d 321, 331 (2000) (“The failure of an officer to
       provide truthful statements during a department investigation could impair the department’s
       ability to properly and fully investigate violations of departmental regulations,” “impugn the
       integrity of the investigation and the department[,] and adversely affect the department’s
       ability to provide efficient service to the community. A police department must be able to
       conduct accurate investigations of its officers engaged in questionable police conduct.”).
¶ 25       Turning to the second prong, we next must consider whether the arbitrator’s award, i.e.,
       reinstatement of Bueno as a police officer under the terms and conditions attached to his
       reinstatement, resulted in a violation of the established public policy of ensuring that law
       enforcement officers refrain from using unnecessary or unreasonable force, failing to report
       such incidents if they occur, and being untruthful during investigations of the incidents. The
       arbitrator found that Bueno unnecessarily used force against prisoners, failed to report the
       misconduct, and subsequently lied about his actions–conduct which contravenes public
       policies, poses physical danger to innocent third parties and exposes the City to liability. In
       AFSCME, our supreme court reiterated our obligation to ensure that an arbitration award does
       not threaten such dominant and well-defined public policies. AFSCME, 173 Ill. 2d at 333
       (“[W]hen public policy is at issue, it is the court’s responsibility to protect the public interest at
       stake.”). What is not addressed in the award, however, is any finding by the arbitrator
       concerning the likelihood of recidivism, namely, whether Bueno is likely to engage in similar
       misconduct involving the use of force, reporting requirements or truthfulness following
       reinstatement as a police officer. Without such a finding, we do not have the necessary
       information to conclude that the arbitration award contravenes public policy. If the arbitrator
       had entered his award based on a “rational finding” that Bueno is unlikely to engage in the
       offending conduct upon reinstatement, the court “would be obliged to affirm the award.”
       AFSCME, 173 Ill. 2d at 322. But here, as the Union concedes, the arbitrator never made an
       express finding on this point. Although authority supports the position that an implicit finding
       may suffice (see id. at 332), we find the award ambiguous on this point.
¶ 26       Specifically, in determining whether reinstatement was warranted notwithstanding
       Bueno’s offenses, the arbitrator did not make any factual findings related to Bueno’s
       likelihood to reoffend: his findings, for example, are silent on Bueno’s employment history,
       character, disposition for violence, or rehabilitative potential. Instead, the arbitrator awarded
       Bueno’s reinstatement not based on mitigating factors related to Bueno himself but rather on
       the City’s delay in investigating the incidents and the Department’s condonation of his
       conduct. From these findings, we cannot reasonably infer that the arbitrator made a rational
       finding that Bueno was unlikely to reoffend. Accordingly, the award is incomplete and the
       circumstances of our review warrant a remand to the arbitrator, for the limited purpose of
       clarifying the arbitrator’s finding regarding the likelihood of recidivist behavior from Bueno.
¶ 27       The Union’s cited authority is distinguishable. In Department of Central Management
       Services v. American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees, Council 31, 401 Ill.
       App. 3d 1127 (2010), for example, the arbitrator discussed the employee’s background and
       made findings concerning his ability to return to work. Specifically, the arbitrator found that
       the employee “had no prior history of abuse,” his “performance evaluations indicated that he
       exceeded expectations with regard to human relations,” and he “could capably return to work
       with nothing in the record to suggest that [he] would repeat the conduct.” Id. at 1132.

                                                     -7-
¶ 28       Similarly, in State v. AFSCME, Council 31, 321 Ill. App. 3d 1038, 1039-40 (2001), the
       court acknowledged the arbitrator’s findings that the employee had a “proven track record,”
       “good evaluations,” “no history of prior personnel problems,” and “did not plan or provoke the
       fight.” Id. at 1042. From these findings, the court concluded that “[i]mplicit in the decision is
       the arbitrator’s *** thoughtful determination that [the employee] was amenable to
       rehabilitation and that the risk that he would engage in similar incidents in the future was low.”
       Id. See also Department of Central Management Services v. American Federation of State,
       County & Municipal Employees, Council 31, 322 Ill. App. 3d 257, 260-61 (2001)
       (acknowledging that arbitrator “carefully considered” the employee’s “rehabilitation potential
       and his amenability to discipline,” based on his “disciplinary record and work history”).
¶ 29       We note that the arbitrator did acknowledge, in the award, the Union’s argument that
       “several factors present in this case mitigate against termination.” Specifically, the arbitrator
       explained that the Union relied on the following factors in mitigation: Bueno’s “long work
       history with the City”; his “highly commendable performance during his tenure as Des Plaines
       Police Officer”; and the “positive performance evaluations” that he received. Additionally, the
       arbitrator referred to the assertion that Bueno “has consistently demonstrated his ability to
       eliminate unsatisfactory behaviors when alerted to them” and that “[h]e has provided valuable
       services to the City and he will do so again if he is reinstated.” These references to Bueno’s
       performance at work and his responsiveness to notice of “unsatisfactory” conduct, however,
       are framed within the context of the Union’s argument, not the arbitrator’s rationale for
       reinstatement or the mandatory conditions for such reinstatement. We decline to conclude that
       the arbitrator’s references to these “factors”–absent any express statement regarding their
       persuasive or dispositive value–necessarily result in an implicit finding that Bueno would not
       likely reoffend upon reinstatement. Therefore, we find the cases relied on by the Union
       unpersuasive on this point.

¶ 30                      B. Condonation of Conduct and Delay in Investigation
¶ 31       The Union, however, argues that we can nevertheless affirm the arbitrator’s award based
       on the arbitrator’s findings that the Department condoned his misconduct and that the City
       delayed in investigating the incidents. According to the Union, this state recognizes public
       policies against both prejudicial delays in investigating alleged employee misconduct and
       terminating an employee for behavior the employer condoned (i.e., the “doctrine of
       condonation”). Either of these public policies, the Union maintains, allowed the arbitrator to
       reinstate Bueno. While we agree with the Union that, under certain circumstances, an
       employer’s delay or condonation of conduct may limit or otherwise affect an employer’s
       ability to terminate an employee, an assessment of the effect of such conduct by the employer
       must necessarily take into account the nature of the employee’s conduct in the case and the
       future threat to the public policies at stake. See AFSCME, 173 Ill. 2d at 317 (explaining that
       “the nature of the [employee’s] conduct at issue must be considered before arbitrary time
       restrictions can be imposed”).
¶ 32       The Union’s cited authority does not stand for the proposition that an employer’s delay or
       condonation can overcome the public policy concerns of reinstating an employee who is likely
       to reengage in the offending conduct. See Department of Central Management Services v.
       American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees, Council 31, 322 Ill. App. 3d
       257, 260-61 (2001) (explaining that “arbitrator carefully considered [employee’s]

                                                   -8-
       rehabilitation potential and his amenability to discipline” and “concluded that there was no
       evidence that [employee] would not be amenable to progressive and corrective discipline if it
       were properly applied”); Foster v. Springfield Clinic, 88 Ill. App. 3d 459 (1980) (recognizing
       doctrine of “condonation” in suit by a doctor, who brought suit against her employer, for
       breach of her employment agreement after she was terminated due to her low productivity);
       Bartels v. Denler, 30 Ill. App. 3d 499, 502 (1975) (holding employee was entitled to incentive
       bonus based on the terms of his employment contract because the employer had “waived strict
       compliance” with the restrictive covenant provisions of the agreement by not terminating him
       despite knowing of his outside employment); Mank v. Board of Fire & Police Commissioners,
       7 Ill. App. 3d 478 (1972) (holding that certain charges against a police officer were barred by
       laches, but not considering whether that officer’s misconduct had public policy ramifications);
       Schaffer v. Park City Bowl, Inc., 345 Ill. App. 279 (1951) (finding employer condoned
       misconduct by manager of roller-skating rink without addressing public policy implications of
       misconduct). Thus, these cases do not suggest that, in the absence of an explicit or implicit
       finding that an employee is unlikely to reoffend, we can uphold an arbitration award based
       solely on the employer’s actions (e.g., delay in investigating or condonation of conduct).

¶ 33                                 C. Destruction of Video Evidence
¶ 34       In the alternative, the Union asserts that we also can confirm the arbitrator’s decision as a
       sanction for the City’s alleged destruction of video evidence. The Union does not dispute that it
       never requested that the arbitrator sanction the City for the alleged destruction of evidence, and
       its brief fails to include any citations to the record supporting its allegations that the City
       destroyed evidence despite knowing of its existence and the need to preserve it. Accordingly,
       this argument is forfeited on appeal. Board of Education of the City of Chicago v. Chicago
       Teachers Union, Local No. 1, 86 Ill. 2d 469, 476 (1981) (finding claim not presented to
       arbitrator was waived on appeal); Calloway v. Bovis Lend Lease, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st)
       112746, ¶ 115 (finding claim waived on appeal where party failed to “present a cohesive legal
       argument with citations to the pages of the record it relies upon”); Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff.
       Feb. 6, 2013) (“Argument *** shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons
       therefor, with citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on.”).

¶ 35                             D. Completeness of the Arbitration Award
¶ 36       As explained above, the award’s absence of any findings, either explicit or implicit,
       concerning Bueno’s likelihood to reoffend upon reinstatement prevents us from performing a
       comprehensive assessment of the public policies the award implicates. While we recognize
       that, in general, courts should uphold the validity of arbitration awards whenever possible
       (Posen, 2014 IL App (1st) 133329, ¶ 37), in this case, we are unwilling to assume, without any
       support in the award, that the arbitrator made a rational finding that Bueno was unlikely to
       reoffend upon reinstatement. Indeed, such an assumption would abdicate our responsibility to
       ensure that Bueno’s continued employment is unlikely to pose a future threat to the important
       public policies at stake.
¶ 37       But we also remain cognizant of the significant public policies of this State favoring the
       resolution of disputes through binding arbitration and respecting the parties’ contractual
       agreement to have the issues decided by an arbitrator. Thus, under the circumstances here, we
       agree with the Union and conclude that the proper course is to remand the action to the

                                                    -9-
       arbitrator to clarify his award to include findings concerning Bueno’s likelihood to engage in
       similar misconduct upon reinstatement. Illinois courts recognize that a remand to the arbitrator
       may be appropriate to allow the arbitrator to “correct a mistake which is apparent on the face of
       the award, complete an arbitration that is not complete, and clarify an ambiguity in the award.”
       Federal Signal Corp. v. SLC Technologies, Inc., 318 Ill. App. 3d 1101, 1111 (2001); Chicago
       Teachers Union v. Illinois Educational Labor Relations Board, 344 Ill. App. 3d 624, 632
       (2003) (“Courts have *** historically exercised the power to remand a matter to an arbitrator in
       limited circumstances, such as where the award is obviously incomplete or ambiguous.”); see
       also Clanton v. Ray, 2011 IL App (1st) 101894, ¶¶ 30-38 (holding circuit court did not err in
       remanding award to arbitrator for clarification because the award was ambiguous as to whether
       the arbitrator had imposed joint and several liability).
¶ 38       Federal court decisions, which can aid our interpretation of the Act (see Federal Signal,
       318 Ill. App. 3d at 1111-12), similarly support a remand for clarification to protect the policies
       favoring arbitration of disputes. M&C Corp. v. Erwin Behr GmbH & Co., 326 F.3d 772, 782
       (6th Cir. 2003) (“[F]or a court to engage in guesswork as to the meaning and application of an
       ambiguous arbitration award is inconsistent not only with federal policy [favoring arbitration],
       but also with the parties’ own agreement to submit their dispute to arbitration.”); Rich v.
       Spartis, 516 F.3d 75, 83-84 (2d Cir. 2008) (holding remand to arbitration panel for clarification
       was necessary “[b]ecause the lack of clarity in the arbitration panel’s award [did] not permit”
       the court to determine whether the award manifestly disregarded the law or exceeded the
       arbitrators’ powers); Tri-State Business Machines, Inc. v. Lanier Worldwide, Inc., 221 F.3d
       1015, 1019 (7th Cir. 2000) (“[D]istrict courts are not to interpret ambiguous arbitration
       awards, but rather should remand such awards for clarification.”).
¶ 39       Here, we find that the award is incomplete, or at least ambiguous, as it does not include any
       findings from which we can reasonably infer that the arbitrator found Bueno was unlikely to
       reengage in the offending conduct upon his reinstatement. Without such findings, we are
       unable to fully assess the public policy implications of Bueno’s reemployment as a City police
       officer. Accordingly, we find that a remand to the circuit court to further remand the cause to
       the arbitrator with instructions to clarify the award is appropriate.
¶ 40       The City’s arguments to the contrary are not persuasive. According to the City, the award is
       not incomplete–and, therefore, a remand is not necessary–because the arbitrator lacked the
       authority to address Bueno’s amenability to rehabilitation. That issue, the City maintains, went
       “beyond the scope of the stipulated questions that were submitted to the Arbitrator.” We
       disagree. AFSCME explicitly recognizes that arbitrators can, and indeed should, make such a
       determination. Moreover, the City’s position directly contravenes its argument that, in the
       absence of such an express or implicit finding, we must vacate the award. Indeed, if we were to
       accept the City’s contradictory positions, the arbitration award could never be confirmed: if the
       arbitrator declines to address the employee’s likelihood to reoffend, the award violates public
       policy; if the arbitrator does address the issue, the arbitrator exceeded his authority.
¶ 41       Nor does the City’s cited authority support a different result. None of those cases address
       whether a remand to the arbitrator for clarification was necessary for the reviewing court to
       perform a complete analysis of the award’s public policy implications. See Chicago Transit
       Authority v. Amalgamated Transit Union, 399 Ill. App. 3d 689 (2010) (no discussion of
       remand); County of De Witt v. American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees,
       Council 31, 298 Ill. App. 3d 634 (1998) (no discussion of remand); Amalgamated Transit

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       Union v. Chicago Transit Authority, 342 Ill. App. 3d 176 (2003) (no application of public
       policy exception).

¶ 42                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 43       For the above reasons, we reverse and remand to the circuit court with directions to remand
       the cause to the arbitrator, consistent with this opinion, for the limited purpose of issuing a
       finding, based on the record, as to whether Bueno is likely to engage in similar misconduct
       upon reinstatement.

¶ 44       Reversed and remanded.

¶ 45       JUSTICE PIERCE, dissenting.
¶ 46       The majority correctly recognizes that arbitration awards issued pursuant to a collective
       bargaining agreement are typically disturbed only on common law grounds that existed before
       the Uniform Arbitration Act (710 ILCS 5/12(e) (West 2012)). Those common law grounds are
       generally: fraud, corruption, partiality, mistake or failure to submit the question to arbitration.
       AFSCME, 173 Ill. 2d at 304. The majority also recognizes that, although we are “duty bound”
       to enforce and “uphold” the validity of arbitration awards, our supreme court has stated that a
       public policy exception exists that allows judicial vacation of arbitral awards that are
       repugnant to well-defined and dominant public policy. (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
       Supra ¶ 19.
¶ 47       In this collective bargai2ning agreement, the parties agreed that issues regarding police
       officer discipline would be submitted to an arbitrator to determine the appropriate disciplinary
       action and remedy to be imposed “and a court has no authority to disagree or to substitute its
       judgment” for that of the arbitrator. State v. AFSCME, Council 31, 321 Ill. App. 3d 1038,
       1041-42 (2001) (AFSCME II). A reviewing court is therefore duty bound to follow the
       arbitrator’s decision that draws its essence from a collective bargaining agreement, regardless
       of its view of the wrongfulness of the conduct at issue or the appropriateness of the
       punishment. Board of Trustees of Community College District No. 508, County of Cook v.
       Cook County College Teachers Union, Local 1600, 74 Ill. 2d 412, 421 (1979). It is clear that
       the arbitrator is not required to expressly state in the arbitral award that the employee is
       amenable to discipline. AFSCME II, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 1042-43.
¶ 48       Where an employee violates important public policy, as the arbitrator found in this matter,
       it does not necessarily follow that reinstatement cannot be ordered. Department of Central
       Management Services v. American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees,
       Council 31, 401 Ill. App. 3d 1127, 1133 (2010). Where a violation of public policy is found
       and termination is not ordered, it is clear that the arbitrator is not required to expressly state in
       the arbitral award that the employee is amenable to discipline. AFSCME II, 321 Ill. App. 3d at
       1043. Our supreme court has stated that “ ‘[o]rdinarily, a court would be hard-pressed to find a
       public policy barring reinstatement in a case in which an arbitrator has, expressly or by
       implication, determined that the employee is subject to rehabilitation and therefore not likely
       to commit an act which violates public policy in the future.’ ” (Emphasis added.) AFSCME,
       173 Ill. 2d at 332 (quoting Stead Motors of Walnut Creek v. Automotive Machinists Lodge No.
       1173, 886 F.2d 1200, 1213 (9th Cir. 1989)).

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¶ 49        I respectfully disagree with the majority decision to remand this matter to the arbitrator for
       findings regarding whether Officer Bueno is likely to reoffend. There is no requirement that an
       arbitrator use specific words or phrases in an order of reinstatement where there is a finding the
       employee has violated public policy. I would find that a commonsense reading of the detailed
       award clearly demonstrates the arbitrator implicitly found that Officer Bueno was amenable to
       rehabilitation and is unlikely to reoffend. The arbitrator noted Officer Bueno’s otherwise
       favorable work history and the mitigating circumstances justifying reinstatement after
       imposition of substantial penalties. The award penalized the officer by treating his time off as
       an unpaid 14-month disciplinary suspension without benefits and without seniority accruals,
       the reinstatement was subject to a three-year “last chance agreement” under the collective
       bargaining agreement where any future misconduct would be a dischargeable offense and the
       arbitrator himself retained jurisdiction over the officer during the three-year period. Lastly, the
       arbitrator gave the City the option of providing additional use of force training to Officer
       Bueno which, in my view, is further support for the conclusion that there was an implicit
       finding of an unlikelihood of repeat conduct.
¶ 50        Simply stated, the arbitrator would not have conditioned reinstatement and given the City
       the option to provide additional training if he found, explicitly or implicitly, a likely risk of
       further misconduct. We have previously found that “[i]f it is clear from the award that the
       arbitrator made a rational finding that an employee could capably return to and perform his
       duties without impinging or undermining the public policy and without posing a risk to public
       safety and welfare and that the employee will refrain from the misconduct, the court is
       obligated to affirm the award.” AFSCME II, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 1043. In my view, the remedy
       in this award demonstrates an implicit finding by the arbitrator that Officer Bueno can capably
       return to and perform his duties without undermining public policy or posing a risk to public
       safety or welfare.
¶ 51        I have little doubt that, on remand, the arbitrator will find that officer Bueno is unlikely to
       re-offend, the City will again seek vacation of the award by requesting the court to substitute
       its judgment for that of the arbitrator which, again, a court cannot do. I would affirm this
       arbitral award, not because we agree with the decision, but because we are bound to follow
       established law regarding the deference given to arbitration awards based on a collective
       bargaining agreement. I respectfully dissent.

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