Court Opinion

ID: 820186
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-02-10 19:37:00.179054+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:33:19.003804
License: Public Domain

Slip Op. 12-24

                UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

 UNION STEEL and DONGBU STEEL CO.,
 LTD.,

                       Plaintiffs,
                                                     Before: Jane A. Restani, Judge
 LG HAUSYS, LTD. and LG HAUSYS
 AMERICA, INC.,                                      Consol. Court No. 11-00083

                       Plaintiff-Intervenors,

                v.

 UNITED STATES,

                       Defendant,

 NUCOR CORPORATION and UNITED
 STATES STEEL CORPORATION,

                       Defendant-Intervenors.

                                           OPINION

[Discretionary practice of weighted average dumping margin to include zeroing in administrative
reviews of antidumping duty order upheld.]

                                                                     Dated: February 27, 2012

        Donald B. Cameron, Morris, Manning & Martin, LLP, of Washington, D.C., argued for
plaintiffs and plaintiff-intervenors. With him on the brief were Julie C. Mendoza, Mary S.
Hodgins, Brady W. Mills, and R. Will Planert.

        L. Misha Preheim, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, of Washington D.C., argued for defendant. With him on the brief were
Tony West, Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Claudia Burke,
Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Daniel J. Calhoun, Office of the Chief Counsel
for Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, D.C.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                   Page 2

       Timothy C. Brightbill, Wiley Rein, LLP, of Washington, D.C., argued for defendant-
intervenor Nucor Corporation. With him on the brief was Alan H. Price, Lori E. Scheetz, Robert
E. DeFrancesco, III, and Tessa V. Capeloto.

        Ellen J. Schneider, Skadden, Arps, Slate Meagher & Flom, LLP, of Washington, D.C.,
argued for defendant-intervenor United States Steel Corporation. With her on the brief were
Jeffrey D. Gerrish, Robert E. Lighthizer, and Ying Lin.

               Restani, Judge: This consolidated antidumping duty matter is before the court

following remand to the United States Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) requiring it to

explain its “zeroing” practice. See Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand at 3 (Oct. 13,

2011) (Docket No. 49) (“Remand Results”). The court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §

1581(c) because it is reviewing a final antidumping duty determination and it reviews such

determinations for substantial evidence and, as in this matter, to decide if the agency

determination complies with the applicable law. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

               Two relevant appellate decisions post-dated the original determination at issue

here, Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea: Notice

of Final Results of the Sixteenth Administrative Review, 76 Fed. Reg. 15,291 (Dep’t Commerce

Mar. 21, 2011) (“Final Results”). Those decisions are Dongbu Steel Co., Ltd. v. United States,

635 F.3d 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (“Dongbu”) and JTEKT Corp. v. United States, 642 F.3d 1378

(Fed. Cir. 2011) (“JTEKT”). Most pertinately, the court in JTEKT stated that Commerce there

       failed to address the relevant question – why is it a reasonable interpretation of
       the statute to zero in administrative reviews, but not in investigations? It is not
       illuminating to the continued practice of zeroing to know that one phase uses
       average-to-average comparisons while the other uses average-to-transaction
       comparisons. In order to satisfy the requirement set out in Dongbu, Commerce
       must explain why these (or other) differences between the two phases make it
       reasonable to continue zeroing in one phase, but not the other.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                     Page 3

642 F.3d at 1384–85. Commerce has provided the explanation in the Remand Results and the

court finds it sufficient to uphold the determination here.

               Both Dongbu and JTEKT came as a surprise to many1 because a long-line

of cases seemed to allow Commerce great discretion in making the calculation at issue. It is

necessary to discuss this line of precedent in order to address the first argument raised by

Commerce and defendant-intervenor, i.e., that the appellate court was bound by its prior

decision, and Dongbu and JTEKT cannot be followed. See Remand Results at 9–10; Def.’s

Reply to Pls.’ Cmts. upon the Remand Redetermination 15–16; Cmts. of Def.-Intervenor U.S.

Steel Corp. on the Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand Issued by the Dep’t of

Comm. 7–8. It is also necessary to describe exactly what the essentially mathematical issue is

that has caused so much consternation, so that the zeroing issue may be addressed on the merits.

So we begin.

       1
          Apparently, not to all. See Borusan Mannesmann Boru Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. v.
United States, Slip Op. 11–30, 2011 Ct. Intl. Trade LEXIS 28, *6–8 (CIT Mar. 22, 2011)
wherein Judge Musgrave, in granting a stay pending an appellate resolution, opined that the
precise issue now before the court was not settled.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                   Page 4

                                          BACKGROUND2

                  As explained in the House Report and in the Statement of Administrative Action

(“SAA”) to the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (“URAA”), Commerce had a practice of

calculating the amount of dumping by comparing an average of normal (or fair) values to

individual export transaction prices both in investigations, which establish an antidumping duty

order, and in subsequent administrative reviews of the order. H.R. Rep. No. 103–826, pt. 1,

at 98 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3773; Uruguay Round Agreements Act, SAA, H.R.

Doc. No. 103–316 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4177. That changed in 1995

        2
         The Court of Appeals has recently concisely explained the basics of antidumping duty
law in Sioux Honey Ass’n v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., Appeal No. 11–1040, 2012 U.S. App.
LEXIS 2399, at *4–9 (Fed. Cir. Feb. 7, 2012). To quote one paragraph:

             Dumping occurs when a foreign company sells a product in the United States
             at a lower price than what it sells that same product for in its home market.
             Such a product can be described as being sold below “fair value.” Dumping
             presents unfair competition concerns because foreign companies selling goods
             below fair value can undercut domestic producers selling those same goods at
             market prices. Congress attempted to offset the harmful effects of dumping by
             enacting the Tariff Act of 1930. This statute, in combination with other
             statutes and regulations, provides a complex framework for determining the
             extent to which an imported product is being dumped, and for calculating a
             duty rate that offsets the dumping.

Id. at *4.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                 Page 5

because of the URAA. To quote the SAA:

                   Section 229 of the bill adds new section 777A(d) [19 U.S.C.
           § 1677f–l(d)] to implement the provisions of the Agreement regarding the use
           of average normal values and export prices for purposes of calculating
           dumping margins. Although current U.S. law permits the use of averages on
           both sides of the dumping equation, Commerce’s preferred practice has been to
           compare an average normal value to individual export prices in investigations
           and reviews. In part, the reluctance to use an average-to-average methodology
           has been based on a concern that such a methodology could conceal “targeted
           dumping.” In such situations, an exporter may sell at a dumped price to
           particular customers or regions, while selling at higher prices to other
           customers or regions.

                   Consistent with the Agreement, new section 777A(d)(1)(A)(i) provides
           that in an investigation, Commerce normally will establish and measure
           dumping margins on the basis of a comparison of a weighted-average of
           normal values with a weighted-average of export prices or constructed export
           prices.

1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4177. Thus, Commerce was forced to abandon the methodology it

favored, and which it continued to use in reviews, and it switched to an average-to-average price

comparison methodology in investigations.3

                The parties’ understandings of the methodologies at issue seem to be in

agreement. Because Commerce is aiming for one weighted-average dumping margin to be

applied to the imports of a producer/exporter, it has to deal in some way with the various forms

of a product. Commerce gives each unique product a control number. As explained by plaintiffs

       3
         The court is not going to distinguish among all the various ways of establishing a
normal value, for which the paradigm is a price in the exporting/producing country, and some of
which are not price based, or among the various ways of establishing the dumped price to the
United States, either as export price or a constructed export price. For these purposes, the terms
“normal value” and “export price” suffice to describe what is being compared.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                  Page 6

in their post-argument submission:

         A “CONNUM” is a contraction of the term “control number,” and is simply
         Commerce jargon for a unique product (defined in terms of a hierarchy of
         specified physical characteristics determined in each antidumping proceeding).
         All products whose product hierarchy characteristics are identical are deemed
         to be part of the same CONNUM and are regarded as “identical” merchandise
         for purposes of the price comparison. The hierarchy of product characteristics
         defining a unique CONNUM varies from case to case depending on the nature
         of the merchandise under investigation. The definition of the CONNUM in the
         instant corrosion-resistant steel sheet review consisted of 12 physical
         characteristics (e.g., grade, specification, thickness, width, etc.) and may be
         found in the record at PR Doc. 36 at Appendix IV. In the instant review Union
         Steel alone reported 690 unique CONNUMs in its home market and U.S. sales
         databases.

Response of Pls. Union Steel, Dongbu Steel, LG Hausys, Ltd. and LG Hausys America, Inc. to

the Ct.’s Invitation to Provide a Numerical Example of the Calculation of Dumping Margins

(“Pls.’ Example”) 2 n.1 (citation omitted).

               Thus, in an average-to-average comparison, Commerce takes average normal

value for the CONNUM, or averaging group, and compares it to the average export price. The

average margin for the averaging group is multiplied by the quantity of export price sales to

derive an absolute dumping margin for the averaging group. Without zeroing, the absolute

dumping margins for each averaging group are added together, and negative numbers may offset

positive ones. The total dumping amount is divided by the total export price to achieve a

weighted-average dumping margin, expressed as a percentage, for a specific exporter or

producer. This is generally reflected in the definitional provision, 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(B).

After a World Trade Organization (“WTO”) decision holding that zeroing in average-to-average

comparisons in antidumping investigations was contrary to U.S. international obligations,

Commerce explained its abandonment of zeroing in average-to-average comparisons in
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                Page 7

Antidumping Proceedings: Calculation of the Weighted-Average Dumping Margin During an

Antidumping Investigation; Final Modification, 71 Fed. Reg. 77,722 (Dep’t of Commerce Dec.

27, 2006) (“Final Modification”).

               Prior to the Final Modification, Commerce “zeroed” in average-to-average

comparisons. That is, after it computed an average dumping margin for each averaging group, if

that averaging group (CONNUM) product did not have a positive dumping margin, Commerce

set the margin at zero rather at a negative number that would offset a positive margin for another

averaging group. Commerce did not remove the sales from the calculation to obtain the single

aggregated weighted dumping margin. It simply did not permit the offset.

               The average-to-average method is indeed inexact and may mask dumping of some

unique products, as the SAA noted. See SAA, 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4177. It is further inexact

because the averages in the CONNUM are based on the whole period of investigations. See 19

C.F.R. § 351.414(d)(3). The price comparisons in reviews are based on monthly averages for

normal values. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677f–l(d)(2).

               Now for the review methodology at issue here, which Commerce did not change

in the Final Modification. For each CONNUM, Commerce uses the average normal value and

on a month-to-month basis compares it to the individual United States transaction prices in that

month. Id. If the result is a transaction which is not dumped, i.e., there is no margin, Commerce

sets the margin for that transaction at zero. See Remand Results at 12–13. Nonetheless, the sale

price for the transaction goes into the denominator in calculating the final weighted-average
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                   Page 8

dumping margin percentage, thereby lowering the percentage margin.4

               Has this been approved by judicial precedents? The answer is “yes.” Looking

only at Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Court of Appeals”) decisions, the court begins

with Timken Co. v. United States, 354 F.3d 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Timken”). In considering a

challenge to zeroing in an administrative review of an antidumping duty order on Japanese

roller-bearings, the court stated that at a minimum, the statute “allow[s] for Commerce’s

construction” and that Commerce’s methodology “makes practical sense.” Id. at 1342. In Corus

Staal BV v. Dep’t of Commerce, with regard to an investigation of Dutch hot-rolled steel

products, the Court of Appeals opined that there was insufficient distinction between

investigations and reviews to mandate the elimination of zeroing based merely on the new post-

Uruguay round methodology for averaging on both sides of the comparison. 395 F.3d 1343,

1347–48 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“Corus I”). Zeroing in investigations thus was found permissible.

               Next, in NSK Ltd. v. United States, zeroing was upheld in a bearings review,

despite a WTO decision that had found the practice inconsistent with the governing international

agreements. 510 F.3d 1375, 1379–80 (Fed. Cir. 2007). Then, in Corus Staal BV v. United

States, upon Commerce’s announcement of the elimination of zeroing in investigations in the

Final Modification, the court stated that “our previous determination that Commerce’s policy of

zeroing is permissible under the statute applies to the challenged administrative review.”

502 F.3d 1370, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (footnote omitted) (“Corus II”). After the United States

       4
          There is an Appendix to this opinion that demonstrates the two scenarios for
investigations and the one for reviews. It was provided by plaintiffs, see Pls.’ Example, and
dramatically demonstrates the percentage differences that hypothetically may result. It is not a
representation of any values in this matter.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                 Page 9

formally changed its methodology in investigations to discontinue zeroing, the Court of Appeals

upheld the change in methodology as reflecting “Commerce’s reasonable interpretation of an

ambiguous statute.” U.S. Steel Corp. v. United States, 621 F.3d 1351, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2010). It

concluded further that “none of the cited statutory provisions speaks to the precise issue of

zeroing – or offsetting – methodology.” Id. “[T]he statute is silent.” Id. Finally, “[w]e are

bound by our previous decisions in Timken [review] and Corus II [investigation]” that the

antidumping duty statute “does not unambiguously preclude – or require – Commerce to use

zeroing methodology.” Id. at 1361 (citation omitted).

               The coffin finally appeared to be sealed by SKF USA, Inc. v. United States,

630 F.3d 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2011). This was another bearings review. Commerce was actively

taking steps to eliminate zeroing in investigations. The court noted that in Corus II, 502 F.3d

at 1375, it had been aware that the investigation methodology had changed, and that it was

adhering to its approval of zeroing in reviews. SKF, 630 F.3d at 1375.

               That leads to Dongbu. The court there noted many of its decisions on zeroing, but

not specifically its holding on the issue in the latest SKF decision, just discussed. See Dongbu,

635 F.3d at 1365–68. The court stated that “we agree with Union that this court has never

addressed the reasonableness of Commerce’s interpretation of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35) with respect

to administrative reviews now that Commerce is no longer using a consistent interpretation.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                   Page 10

Accordingly, we are not bound by the prior cases and apply the Chevron5 step two analysis

anew.” Id. at 1371. The court observed:

       The government argues, without explanation, that Congress contemplated that
       inconsistent interpretations might occur through the process of complying with
       adverse WTO decisions. We are not persuaded that Congress’s intent is so clear.
       In addition, the government has not pointed to any basis in the statute for reading
       19 U.S.C. § 1677(35) differently in administrative reviews that in investigations.
       Indeed, as noted above, it has previously argued the opposite. In the absence of
       sufficient reasons for interpreting the same statutory provision inconsistently,
       Commerce’s action is arbitrary.

Id. at 1372–73. This leads to the final case in the line, JTEKT, which echoed Dongbu and

specifically asked for an explanation from Commerce, as set forth previously.

                              STATUTES AND REGULATIONS

19 U.S.C. § 1673. Imposition of antidumping duties
       If –
              (1) the administering authority determines that a class or kind of foreign
              merchandise is being, or is likely to be, sold in the United States at less
              than its fair value, and

                (2) the Commission determines that –
                   (A) an industry in the United States –
                        (i) is materially injured, or
                        (ii) is threatened with material injury, or
                   (B) the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially
                retarded, by reason of imports of that merchandise or by reason of sales
                (or the likelihood of sales) of that merchandise for importation, then there
                shall be imposed upon such merchandise an antidumping duty, in addition
                to any other duty imposed, in an amount equal to the amount by which the
                normal value exceeds the export price (or the constructed export price) for
                the merchandise.

19 U.S.C. § 1675. Administrative review of determinations
       (a) Periodic review of amount of duty
               (1) In general

       5
           Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842–43 (1984).
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                Page 11

                      At least once during each 12-month period beginning on the
              anniversary of the date of publication of a countervailing duty order under
              this subtitle or under section 1303 of this title, an antidumping duty order
              under this subtitle or a finding under the Antidumping Act, 1921, or a
              notice of the suspension of an investigation, the administering authority, if
              a request for such a review has been received and after publication of
              notice of such review in the Federal Register, shall –

                                            ......

                (B) review, and determine (in accordance with paragraph (2)), the
              amount of any antidumping duty,

                                            ......

              and shall publish in the Federal Register the results of such review,
              together with notice of any duty to be assessed, estimated duty to be
              deposited, or investigation to be resumed.

              (2) Determination of antidumping duties
                 (A) In general
                      For the purpose of paragraph (1)(B), the administering authority
              shall determine –
                      (i) the normal value and export price (or constructed
              export price) of each entry of the subject merchandise, and
                      (ii) the dumping margin for each such entry.

19 U.S.C § 1677f–l. Sampling and averaging; determination of weighted average dumping
margin and countervailable subsidy rate
       (d) Determination of less than fair value
              (1) Investigations
                 (A) In general
                      In an investigation under part II of this subtitle, the administering
              authority shall determine whether the subject merchandise is being sold in
              the United States at less than fair value –
                      (i) by comparing the weighted average of the normal values to the
              weighted average of the export prices (and constructed export prices)
              for comparable merchandise,

                                            ......
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                 Page 12

              (2) Reviews
                      In a review under section 1675 of this title, when comparing export
              prices (or constructed export prices) of individual transactions to the
              weighted average price of sales of the foreign like product, the
              administering authority shall limit its averaging of prices to a period not
              exceeding the calendar month that corresponds most closely to the
              calendar month of the individual export sale.

19 U.S.C. § 1677. Definitions; special rules
       (34) Dumped; dumping
              The terms “dumped” and “dumping” refer to the sale or likely sale of
       goods at less than fair value.

       (35) Dumping margin; weighted average dumping margin
              (A) Dumping margin
              The term “dumping margin” means the amount by which the normal value
       exceeds the export price or constructed export price of the subject merchandise.

              (B) Weighted average dumping margin
              The term “weighted average dumping margin” is the percentage
       determined by dividing the aggregate dumping margins determined for a specific
       exporter or producer by the aggregate export prices and constructed export prices
       of such exporter or producer.

              (C) Magnitude of the margin of dumping
              The magnitude of the margin of dumping used by the Commission shall
              be–
                       (i) in making a preliminary determination under section 1673b(a)
              of this title in an investigation (including any investigation in which the
              Commission cumulatively assesses the volume and effect of imports under
              paragraph (7)(G)(i)), the dumping margin or margins published by the
              administering authority in its notice of initiation of the investigation;
                       (ii) in making a final determination under section 1673d(b) of this
              title, the dumping margin or margins most recently published by the
              administering authority prior to the closing of the Commission's
              administrative record;
                       (iii) in a review under section 1675(b)(2) of this title, the most
              recent dumping margin or margins determined by the administering
              authority under section 1675a(c)(3) of this title, if any, or under section
              1673b(b) or 1673d(a) of this title; and
                       (iv) in a review under section 1675(c) of this title, the dumping
              margin or margins determined by the administering authority under
              section 1675a(c)(3) of this title.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                  Page 13

19 C.F.R. § 351.414 Comparison of normal value with export price (constructed export
price).

      (a) Introduction. The Secretary normally will average prices used as the basis for
      normal value and, in an investigation, prices used as the basis for export price or
      constructed export price as well. This section explains when and how the
      Secretary will average prices in making comparisons of export price or
      constructed export price with normal value. (See section 777A(d) of the Act.)

      (b) Description of methods of comparison– (1) Average-to-average method. The
      “average-to-average” method involves a comparison of the weighted average of
      the normal values with the weighted average of the export prices (and constructed
      export prices) for comparable merchandise.
         (2) Transaction-to-transaction method. The “transaction-to-transaction”
      method involves a comparison of the normal values of individual transactions
      with the export prices (or constructed export prices) of individual transactions for
      comparable merchandise.
         (3) Average-to-transaction method. The “average-to-transaction” method
      involves a comparison of the weighted average of the normal values to the export
      prices (or constructed export prices) of individual transactions for comparable
      merchandise.

      (c) Preferences. (1) In an investigation, the Secretary normally will use the
      average-to-average method. The Secretary will use the transaction-to-transaction
      method only in unusual situations, such as when there are very few sales of
      subject merchandise and the merchandise sold in each market is identical or very
      similar or is custom-made. [This is even less used than implied and is not relevant
      here.]
          (2) In a review, the Secretary normally will use the average-to-transaction
      method.

      (d) Application of the average-to-average method– (1) In general. In applying
      the average-to-average method, the Secretary will identify those sales of the
      subject merchandise to the United States that are comparable, and will include
      such sales in an “averaging group.” The Secretary will calculate a weighted
      average of the export prices and the constructed export prices of the sales
      included in the averaging group, and will compare this weighted average to the
      weighted average of the normal values of such sales.
         (2) Identification of the averaging group. An averaging group will consist of
      subject merchandise that is identical or virtually identical in all physical
      characteristics and that is sold to the United States at the same level of trade. In
      identifying sales to be included in an averaging group, the Secretary also will take
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                  Page 14

       into account, where appropriate, the region of the United States in which the
       merchandise is sold, and such other factors as the Secretary considers relevant.
          (3) Time period over which weighted average is calculated. When applying
       the average-to-average method, the Secretary normally will calculate weighted
       averages for the entire period of investigation or review, as the case may be.
       However, when normal values, export prices, or constructed export prices differ
       significantly over the course of the period of investigation or review, the
       Secretary may calculate weighted averages for such shorter period as the
       Secretary deems appropriate.

       (e) Application of the average-to-transaction method– (1) In general. In applying
       the average-to-transaction method in a review, when normal value is based on the
       weighted average of sales of the foreign like product, the Secretary will limit the
       averaging of such prices to sales incurred during the contemporaneous month.
           (2) Contemporaneous month. Normally, the Secretary will select as the
       contemporaneous month the first of the following which applies:
               (i) The month during which the particular U.S. sale under consideration
       was made;
               (ii) If there are no sales of the foreign like product during this month, the
       most recent of the three months prior to the month of the U.S. sale in which there
       was a sale of the foreign like product.
               (iii) If there are no sales of the foreign like product during any of these
       months, the earlier of the two months following the month of the U.S. sale in
       which there was a sale of the foreign like product.6

                                         DISCUSSION

              The first issue raised by the parties is whether the court should disregard

Dongbu and JTEKT as contrary to binding Court of Appeals precedent. See Newell Companies,

Inc. v. Kenny Mfg. Co., 864 F.2d 757, 765 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (holding that if panel decisions

       6
          The court notes that the United States has reached an agreement with other WTO
members to limit or end zeroing in reviews. See Antidumping Proceedings: Calculation of the
Weighted-Average Dumping Margin and Assessment Rate in Certain Antidumping Duty
Proceedings; Final Modification, 77 Fed. Reg. 8,101 (Dep’t Commerce Feb. 14, 2012).
Completed reviews such as is before the court are unaffected. The agreement will result in a
new 19 C.F.R. § 351.414 that permits monthly average-to-average calculations in reviews. As in
investigations, average-to-average calculations will not be zeroed. The court expresses no
opinion on whether use of average-to-average calculations in reviews is permissible.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                   Page 15

conflict, the earlier case controls); U.S. Steel Corp., 621 F.3d at 1361 (applying the rule that

earlier decisions prevail unless overturned en banc) (citation omitted). One might argue that the

JTEKT court might have followed the last SKF case, instead of Dongbu, but the Dongbu court

clearly stated it had a new issue before it, 635 F.3d at 1371, and JTEKT agreed, 642 F.3d at

1384–85.7 Thus, the Circuit apparently has decided that Dongbu is not to be disregarded as a

failure to follow stare decisis. Whatever the Court of Appeals decides on this issue, if it is

squarely before it, it would appear that this court should conclude for this case that it is bound by

JTEKT’s view of the issue. That is, stare decisis does not apply. Thus, what is the new issue?

               Perhaps, more background will assist in presenting the problem. Domestic

industry interests, which favor zeroing, have argued in the past that the word “exceeds,” which is

found in the basic antidumping provision, 19 U.S.C. § 1673 (dumping occurs when “the normal

value exceeds the export price . . .”), and in the definitional provision, 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35),

mandates zeroing. See, e.g., Timken, 354 F.3d at 1341. That is, “exceeds” must mean that when

making the comparisons in the averaging groups, the negative results must be disregarded or, as

stated otherwise, normal value does not exceed export price so the sales are not dumped, and

must not be counted. Id. This absolute view has been rejected time and again, as demonstrated.

Furthermore, why does “exceeds” refer just to one way of computing a dumping margin, and

beyond that, one particular step is the one way? Why does “exceeds” require a particular

calculation for the aggregate? The Court of Appeals does not appear to have concluded anything

       7
        Examination of the appellate briefs in SKF reveal that the focus was on the impact of
WTO decisions and not the statutory language. See, e.g., Brief for Plaintiffs–Appellants, SKF,
(No. 10–1128), 2010 WL 894953, at *32–40; Brief for Defendant–Appellee, SKF,
(No. 10–1128), 2010 WL 2320599, at *24–25.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                   Page 16

like that. Furthermore, “exceeds” is not found in just the definitions in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35),

describing dumping margins and weighted-average dumping margins. It is used in

19 U.S.C. § 1673, in a very general way to describe the basic inquiry at issue, and in the same

words as are used in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35). As stated by the Court of Appeals, specific

antidumping calculation methodology is not set forth in the statute. See U.S. Steel Corp.,

621 F.3d at 1361.

               In a masterful about face, plaintiffs want the court to mandate “exceeds” to mean

“not zeroing,” exactly the opposite of what the domestic industry has attempted. That is,

plaintiffs essentially argue that if Commerce now reads “exceeds” as leading to a non-zeroing

methodology in investigations, it must read it as requiring non-zeroing in reviews. See Cmts. of

Pls. Union Steel, Dongbu Steel and LG Hausys on Comm.’s Remand Results 3, 11 n.7. In other

words, the court must mandate not zeroing. As plaintiffs specifically argue that having two

methods is arbitrary, they likely must admit that zeroing in both types of proceedings is

acceptable. Of course, they would be safe in making such an admission because Commerce had

committed to not zeroing in average-to-average comparisons used in investigations in order to

satisfy international commitments.

               Whether or not Commerce, in the past, has agreed with the domestic industry and

used “exceeds” as one justification for zeroing, it is no more right when it does that, than if it

were to attempt the opposite, as plaintiffs do here. In this context, “exceeds” decides nothing.

So, it was understandable for the Court of Appeals to ask Commerce, what are you doing? Are

you interpreting the word “exceeds” to mean opposite things? This is the new issued raised by

these plaintiffs and addressed by Dongbu and JTEKT. The court will turn to it now.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                 Page 17

               Plaintiffs argue that “dumping margin” is defined in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(A) to

refer specifically to the first step in Commerce’s calculation methodology, comparisons within a

CONNUM, and that “dumping margins” has this one particularly meaning. But “dumping

margin” is itself a very general term that sometimes means “dumping margin” as a comparison

and sometimes actually means “weighted-average dumping margin” as a percentage, plaintiffs’

“step two.” See Pls.’ Example at 3. In other words, the term defined in 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677(35)(A), in some contexts, has the meaning expressed in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(B). One

example that comes to mind is found in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35) itself, that is, in part (C) thereof.

               The International Trade Commission (“ITC”), in performing the injury

determination referred to in 19 U.S.C. § 1673, may examine the magnitude of the margin of

dumping. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B). 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(C) defines “magnitude of the

dumping margin” with reference specifically to “dumping margin.” But, as plaintiffs agreed at

oral argument, Commerce does not publish the individual margins found in the CONNUM

comparisons, which is what plaintiffs say is defined by 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(A). Rather,

Commerce provides for ITC’s purposes, among others, the weighted-average dumping margin

percentage calculated for specific companies. If “dumping margin” in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(A)

were meant to be as specific as plaintiffs argue, the practice under § 1677(35)(C) would be

impossible and the statute would not make sense. For example, some of the comparison

numbers are likely proprietary and would not be useful for this purpose.

               Furthermore, turning to 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2), the statute refers to a “dumping

margin” for each entry. In a typical review, there is no “dumping margin,” in the sense plaintiffs

use the term, for each entry. There are weighted-average dumping margin percentages, which
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                    Page 18

eventually are translated into assessment rates to be applied to each entry. See 19 C.F.R.

§ 351.212(b). Once again, if the statute had one common meaning for the words which define

“dumping margin,” the statute could not function.

               This is the court’s understanding of essentially why the Court of Appeals has

never read “exceeds” to mandate anything, particularly “not zeroing,” and why plaintiffs’

attempt to mandate “not zeroing” is futile. Commerce is not reading “exceeds” to mean two

things. It is reading it as basically irrelevant to the calculation methodology, whether it

expresses its view in that manner or not.

               The court now turns to Commerce’s attempt to answer the Court of Appeals’

question as to why as a matter of discretion and reasonable practice, it chose to continue zeroing

in reviews, but ceased doing so in investigations. Commerce offers three reasons. The first has

been summarized by the court and it is essentially that zeroing has been the preferred method

and it has been upheld as permissible. See Remand Results at 3–9. Reading Dongbu and

JTEKT, the court concludes that this reason is insufficient to satisfy the inquiry of the Court of

Appeals.

               The second reason is that Commerce decided upon the various procedures

implicated here as a result of a decision by the United States to accede to WTO dispute

settlement opinions. See Remand Results at 9–10; see also Final Modification, 71 Fed. Reg. at

77,722. Commerce’s view is that, if the statute is silent, it is free to make a limited change to its

practice in investigations. Remand Results at 9–10. The court agrees. While Dongbu rejected

this as a reason “standing alone” to support the two different approaches, 635 F.3d at 1372, it is

at least part of a total rationale for Commerce’s choice. The court concludes that because the
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                    Page 19

statute is silent, it is within Commerce’s discretion to adopt a new reasonable methodology to

meet international obligations. Because apparently the Court of Appeals focused on the one

word that has been used obsessively by all sides, it likely viewed this as a pure statutory

interpretation problem, and the parties did not argue otherwise. See JTEKT, 642 F.3d at

1384–85. This, however, is not a simple statutory interpretation issue.

               Commerce has wide latitude to bring its practices into WTO compliance. If

Commerce needs a statutory change to comply, it must seek that change before it acts. See 19

U.S.C. §§ 3533, 3538 [URAA §§ 123, 129]. Commerce may, however, change its practices to

comply, if they do not violate the statute. See id. §§ 3533(g), 3538(b). It was just this type of

change permitted by 19 U.S.C. § 3533 and § 3538 that the court approved for investigations in

United States Steel Corp., 621 F.3d at 1354–55, 1363.8 The court concludes that whether the

partial change is permitted is best looked at as whether Commerce abused its discretion in

coming into compliance. Because this may not be how the Court of Appeals concludes the issue

should be analyzed, the court further examines the issue under all potentially applicable forms of

inquiry. It is likely that in this context, the standards are indistinguishable. Thus, to determine

whether adherence to the prior zeroing practice in reviews is acceptable, reasonable, not an

abuse of discretion, and not arbitrary, the court turns to Commerce’s third reason.

               While the court does not conclude that Commerce’s methodologies, as applied,

       8
           Commerce relies on Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy, 6 U.S. 64, 118 (1804) to
bolster its changes in practice. That precedent may or may not support the view that Commerce
acts reasonably when it conforms itself to international norms, but it does not answer the
question of whether Commerce should also move further and change its practice in reviews.
Moreover, there is no binding precedent applying Charming Betsy to efforts to comply with
WTO decisions, as opposed to customary international law.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                 Page 20

give any particular words in the statute contrary meanings, terms may be interpreted differently

in different contexts. See FAG Kugelfischer George Schafer AG v. United States, 332 F.3d

1370, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (different interpretations of “foreign like product” upheld). Thus,

the third reason focuses on the differences in proceedings, specifically, the inherent differences

in investigations and reviews, which provide the context for different calculation methodologies.

See Remand Results at 11–14. There was no explanation of record at all before the court in

Dongbu and the explanation of the significance of the differences was missing in JTEKT. See

Dongbu, 635 F.3d at 1372; JTEKT, 642 F.3d at 1384. While these differences have never been

found sufficient to mandate different approaches, see, e.g., Corus I, 395 F.3d at 1346–47, they

are sufficient to permit different approaches.

               Commerce now states that its new investigation approach focuses on overall

pricing behavior of an exporter in order to establish an antidumping duty order. Remand Results

at 13. Thus, positive margins in one CONNUM may be offset by negative margins in another.

Id. As indicated, this approach was upheld in United States Steel Corp., 621 F.3d at 1360–61,

and is supported by the statute.

               When the statutory change following the Uruguay Round forced Commerce to

switch to the average-to-average approach, there was much less reason remaining to look for a

particular type of specificity in the investigation calculation. As a result, Commerce might have

abandoned zeroing for investigations at that time. Commerce, however, generally moves
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                     Page 21

incrementally in changing its practices.9 Specificity is less important in investigations in that

CONNUM averages in investigations are not even monthly averages, as they are in reviews.

Rather, they are averages over a broad time period compared to all other broad averages. See 19

U.S.C. § 1677f–l(d); 19 C.F.R. § 351.414(d)(3), (e). On the other hand, when it comes to setting

the final rates to be used for actual assessment, i.e., the review rates, it is reasonable for the

agency to look for more accuracy, which it achieves in some measure through monthly

averaging, and also for the agency to look for the full measure of duties resulting therefrom,

which it better achieves through zeroing.

                The parties who are marginally dumping or not dumping may be excluded from

the order pursuant to the looser standards of the investigation, particularly after zeroing is

eliminated. See, e.g., 19 U.S.C. §§ 1673d(a)(4), 1673b(b)(3) (providing in investigations de

minimis treatment for margins of less than 2%). Once a party’s overall selling behavior has led

it to be placed under the discipline of the antidumping duty order, however, it is not

unreasonable for Commerce to attempt to counteract as much dumping behavior as it can. See,

e.g., 19 C.F.R. § 351.106(c) (providing in reviews for a 0.5% de minimis rate). Thus, Commerce

continued to zero in reviews.

                Of course, it is true that sometimes rates in the investigation can become part of

the final assessment rates. That is, the parties may forego an administrative review. See

19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(1); 19 C.F.R. § 351.212(a). The court has no problem with parties, both

        9
          Some permissible, but not mandatory, changes from extant practices that would be of
benefit to foreign producers might not be made immediately for positioning in future multilateral
negotiations.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                                  Page 22

domestic and foreign, giving up rights to more specific calculations. The court also understands

that parties who want reviews do not always get them. That is, they may not be chosen as

mandatory respondents and a voluntary request for review may be rejected if Commerce decides

it is too burdened. See, e.g., Grobest & I-Mei Industrial (Vietnam) Co. v. United States, Slip

Op. 12–09, 2012 Ct. Int’l Trade LEXIS 9, *47–56 (CIT Jan. 18, 2012) (remanding for

explanation of rejection of voluntary review.) Whether Commerce is too stringent in rejecting

requests for reviews has no particular bearing on this inquiry. That is a matter to be resolved in

other cases. Here, the court concludes that when it comes to reviews, which are intended to

more accurately reflect commercial reality, Commerce is permitted to unmask dumping behavior

in a way that is not necessary at the investigation stage.

                                          CONCLUSION

               In sum, the statute does not dictate a particular manner of calculating a weighted-

average dumping margin percentage. Neither does it specify, for average-to-average

comparisons in investigations or for average-to-transaction comparisons in reviews, how to find

the numbers that are weight averaged to get a usable percent dumping margin. The statute does

restrict the comparison in reviews to monthly averages. That is essentially all it does in this

regard. The statute does not say whether to use or not use a zeroing methodology in computing

the weighted-average dumping margin percentage.

                Commerce did not abuse its discretion in changing its investigation methodology,

but not its review methodology, in the Final Modification in response to WTO decisions.

Commerce acted reasonably in applying the antidumping statute to conform to the different

purposes of investigations and reviews. Commerce’s practices are not arbitrary in this regard.
Consol. Court No. 11-00083                                                               Page 23

The court takes no position as to whether Commerce may forego zeroing in reviews going

forward, in average-to-transaction or average-to-average comparisons. The court holds that the

methodology at issue here is permissible, not that any particular methodology is required.

               The determination of Commerce is SUSTAINED.

                                                         /s/ Jane A. Restani
                                                             Jane A. Restani
                                                                Judge

Dated this 27th day of February, 2012.
New York, New York.
APPENDIX
                                          Case 1:11-cv-00083-JAR Document 72-1                             Filed 02/07/12     Page 1 of 4

                                                                Average-to-Average Comparisons (without Zeroing)
                               Home Market                                             U.S. Market
                                                                                                                            Absolute         Zeroing of   Weighted-Average
                                                     POI Average                                             POI Average Dumping Margin       Negative    Dumping Margin
Month       Sale # Quantity Unit Price Total Price      Price    Sale # Quantity Unit Price Total Price         Price     (1677(35)(A))       Margins       (1677(35(B))
                     A          B        C=A*B         D=C/A               E          F       G=E*F            H=G/E        I=(D-H)*E

Product 1
June          1          50       1200      60,000                  1         250       1000     250,000
June          2         100       1000     100,000                  2         100       1100     110,000
June          3         150        800     120,000                  3         150        900     135,000
November      4         250       1100     275,000                  4         250       1100     275,000
November      5         150        800     120,000                  5         150        900     135,000
November      6         200        700     140,000                  6         200        900     180,000
                        900                815,000     905.56               1,100              1,085,000       986.36            -88,889        N/A
Product 2
April         7         100        800      80,000                   7        100        700     70,000
April         8         150        700     105,000                   8        150        600     90,000
April         9         200        600     120,000                   9        200        500    100,000
September    10         100        700      70,000                  10        250        700    175,000
September    11          50        700      35,000                  11        150        600     90,000
September    12         150        600      90,000                  12        200        500    100,000
                        750                500,000     666.67               1,050               625,000        595.24             75,000        N/A
Product 3
March        13          75       1600     120,000                  13         75       1500    112,500
March        14          25       1400      35,000                  14        150       1400    210,000
March        15          50       1200      60,000                  15         50       1300     65,000
October      16         125       1500     187,500                  16        125       1400    175,000
October      17          50       1300      65,000                  17         50       1200     60,000
October      18          75       1100      82,500                  18         75       1000     75,000
                        400                550,000    1,375.00                525               697,500       1,328.57            24,375        N/A

                                                                                     Total     2,407,500 J                        10,486 K                           0.44% L=K/J
                                          Case 1:11-cv-00083-JAR Document 72-1                             Filed 02/07/12     Page 2 of 4

                                                                 Average-to-Average Comparisons (with Zeroing)
                               Home Market                                             U.S. Market
                                                                                                                            Absolute       Zeroing of       Weighted-Average
                                                     POI Average                                             POI Average Dumping Margin     Negative        Dumping Margin
Month       Sale # Quantity Unit Price Total Price      Price    Sale # Quantity Unit Price Total Price         Price     (1677(35)(A))     Margins           (1677(35(B))
                     A          B        C=A*B         D=C/A               E          F       G=E*F            H=G/E        I=(D-H)*E

Product 1
June          1          50       1200      60,000                  1         250       1000     250,000
June          2         100       1000     100,000                  2         100       1100     110,000
June          3         150        800     120,000                  3         150        900     135,000
November      4         250       1100     275,000                  4         250       1100     275,000
November      5         150        800     120,000                  5         150        900     135,000
November      6         200        700     140,000                  6         200        900     180,000
                        900                815,000     905.56               1,100              1,085,000       986.36            -88,889                0
Product 2
April         7         100        800      80,000                  7         100        700     70,000
April         8         150        700     105,000                  8         150        600     90,000
April         9         200        600     120,000                  9         200        500    100,000
September    10         100        700      70,000                 10         250        700    175,000
September    11          50        700      35,000                 11         150        600     90,000
September    12         150        600      90,000                 12         200        500    100,000
                        750                500,000     666.67               1,050               625,000        595.24             75,000        75,000
Product 3
March        13          75       1600     120,000                 13          75       1500    112,500
March        14          25       1400      35,000                 14         150       1400    210,000
March        15          50       1200      60,000                 15          50       1300     65,000
October      16         125       1500     187,500                 16         125       1400    175,000
October      17          50       1300      65,000                 17          50       1200     60,000
October      18          75       1100      82,500                 18          75       1000     75,000
                        400                550,000    1,375.00                525               697,500       1,328.57            24,375        24,375

                                                                                     Total     2,407,500 J                                      99,375 K               4.13% L=K/J
                                          Case 1:11-cv-00083-JAR Document 72-1                           Filed 02/07/12   Page 3 of 4

                                                          Average-to-Transaction Comparisons (without Zeroing)
                               Home Market                                           U.S. Market
                                                     Monthly                                                            Absolute         Zeroing of   Weighted-Average
                                                     Average                                                         Dumping Margin       Negative    Dumping Margin
Month       Sale # Quantity Unit Price Total Price    Price     Sale # Quantity Unit Price Total Price                (1677(35)(A))       Margins       (1677(35(B))
                     A           B       C=A*B        D=C/A               E          F       G=E*F                      H=(D-F)*E

Product 1
June          1          50       1200      60,000                1         250       1000     250,000                       -16,667        N/A
June          2         100       1000     100,000                2         100       1100     110,000                       -16,667        N/A
June          3         150        800     120,000                3         150        900     135,000                         5,000        N/A
                        300                280,000   933.33                 500                495,000

November      4         250       1100     275,000                4         250       1100     275,000                       -52,083        N/A
November      5         150        800     120,000                5         150        900     135,000                        -1,250        N/A
November      6         200        700     140,000                6         200        900     180,000                        -1,667        N/A
                        600                535,000   891.67                 600                590,000
Product 2
April         7         100        800      80,000                7         100        700      70,000                        -2,222        N/A
April         8         150        700     105,000                8         150        600      90,000                        11,667        N/A
April         9         200        600     120,000                9         200        500     100,000                        35,556        N/A
                        450                305,000   677.78                 450                260,000

September    10         100        700      70,000               10         250        700     175,000                       -12,500        N/A
September    11          50        700      35,000               11         150        600      90,000                         7,500        N/A
September    12         150        600      90,000               12         200        500     100,000                        30,000        N/A
                        300                195,000   650.00                 600                365,000
Product 3
March        13          75       1600     120,000               13          75       1500     112,500                        -5,000        N/A
March        14          25       1400      35,000               14         150       1400     210,000                         5,000        N/A
March        15          50       1200      60,000               15          50       1300      65,000                         6,667        N/A
                        150                215,000   1,433.33               275                387,500

October      16         125       1500     187,500               16         125       1400     175,000                        -7,500        N/A
October      17          50       1300      65,000               17          50       1200      60,000                         7,000        N/A
October      18          75       1100      82,500               18          75       1000      75,000                        25,500        N/A
                        250                335,000   1,340.00               250                310,000

                                                                                   Total     2,407,500   I                    18,333 J                           0.76% K=J/I
                                          Case 1:11-cv-00083-JAR Document 72-1                            Filed 02/07/12   Page 4 of 4

                                                              Average-to-Transaction Comparisons (with Zeroing)

                               Home Market                                            U.S. Market

                                                     Monthly                                                             Absolute       Zeroing of       Weighted-Average
                                                     Average                                                          Dumping Margin     Negative        Dumping Margin
Month       Sale # Quantity Unit Price Total Price    Price      Sale # Quantity Unit Price Total Price                (1677(35)(A))     Margins           (1677(35(B))
                     A           B       C=A*B        D=C/A                E          F       G=E*F                      H=(D-F)*E

Product 1
June          1          50       1200      60,000                 1         250       1000     250,000                       -16,667             0
June          2         100       1000     100,000                 2         100       1100     110,000                       -16,667             0
June          3         150        800     120,000                 3         150        900     135,000                         5,000         5,000
                        300                280,000   933.33                  500                495,000

November      4         250       1100     275,000                 4         250       1100     275,000                       -52,083                0
November      5         150        800     120,000                 5         150        900     135,000                        -1,250                0
November      6         200        700     140,000                 6         200        900     180,000                        -1,667                0
                        600                535,000   891.67                  600                590,000
Product 2
April         7         100        800      80,000                 7         100        700      70,000                        -2,222             0
April         8         150        700     105,000                 8         150        600      90,000                        11,667        11,667
April         9         200        600     120,000                 9         200        500     100,000                        35,556        35,556
                        450                305,000   677.78                  450                260,000

September    10         100        700      70,000                10         250        700     175,000                       -12,500             0
September    11          50        700      35,000                11         150        600      90,000                         7,500         7,500
September    12         150        600      90,000                12         200        500     100,000                        30,000        30,000
                        300                195,000   650.00                  600                365,000
Product 3
March        13          75       1600     120,000                13          75       1500     112,500                        -5,000             0
March        14          25       1400      35,000                14         150       1400     210,000                         5,000         5,000
March        15          50       1200      60,000                15          50       1300      65,000                         6,667         6,667
                        150                215,000   1,433.33                275                387,500

October      16         125       1500     187,500                16         125       1400     175,000                        -7,500             0
October      17          50       1300      65,000                17          50       1200      60,000                         7,000         7,000
October      18          75       1100      82,500                18          75       1000      75,000                        25,500        25,500
                        250                335,000   1,340.00                250                310,000

                                                                                    Total     2,407,500   I                                 133,889 J               5.56% K=J/I