Court Opinion

ID: 4705352
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-21 19:05:00.237459+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:18.295112
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/21/21 P. v. Carachure CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION THREE

 THE PEOPLE,

      Plaintiff and Respondent,                                          G059817

           v.                                                            (Super. Ct. No. 13CF2054)

 ARMANDO ANDRES CARACHURE,                                               OPINION

      Defendant and Appellant.

                   Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Orange County, Kimberly
Menninger, Judge. Affirmed.
                   Cynthia M. Jones, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
                   No appearance for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                             *               *               *
                Generally, a person convicted of murder under the felony-murder rule or
the natural and probable consequences doctrine may petition the trial court to vacate his
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or her murder conviction. (Pen. Code, § 1170.95.) In 2015, a jury convicted defendant
Armando Andres Carachure of first degree murder, related crimes, and enhancements.
                In 2020, Carachure filed a section 1170.95 petition. The trial court denied
the petition because the record showed Carachure was not convicted of murder under the
felony-murder rule or the natural and probable consequences doctrine. Carachure filed a
notice of appeal from that order and this court appointed appellate counsel.
                Counsel filed a “Wende brief” identifying no arguable issues. (People v.
Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436 (Wende).) Carachure filed a supplemental brief.
                We affirm the trial court’s order.

                                               I
                      FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
                We provide the following “brief description of the facts and procedural
history of the case, the crimes of which the defendant was convicted, and the punishment
imposed.” (People v. Kelly (2006) 40 Cal.4th 106, 109-110.) The underlying facts are
derived from this court’s unpublished opinion in Carachure’s initial appeal. (People v.
Carachure (Oct. 14, 2016, G051613) [nonpub. opn.].)
                On February 21, 2013, Carachure was identified as one of two or three
young men who were chasing Fidel Guarjardo in a park. Two of the men eventually
caught Guarjardo and stabbed him in the back 16 times. Guarjardo bled to death. Shortly
thereafter, Carachure was seen with a fellow gang member. Carachure had a knife in his
hands, and blood on his hands, clothes, and shoes.

1
    Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

                                               2
              The prosecution filed an information charging Carachure with murder and
with being an active member of a criminal street gang. The prosecution alleged as a
“special circumstance,” that defendant committed the murder as an active gang member
to further the activities of the gang. The prosecution further alleged: Carachure
committed the murder for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in furtherance of the gang;
he personally used a dangerous weapon; and he had two prison priors.
              A jury found Carachure guilty of murder in the first degree and being an
active gang member. The jury found true the gang special circumstance and the gang
enhancement. The jury did not find true the allegation Carachure had personally used a
knife. The trial court found true the prison priors. The trial court imposed a life sentence
without the possibility of parole. This court affirmed the judgment on appeal.

Section 1170.95 Petition

              On May 31, 2019, Carachure filed a section 1170.95 petition for dismissal
of the murder conviction and resentencing. Carachure requested counsel.
              On July 22, 2019, the prosecution filed a response. The prosecution argued
the authorizing legislation for section 1170.95 was unconstitutional. (Sen. Bill No. 1437
(2017-2018 Reg. Sess.).) The prosecution also argued the jury’s true finding on the gang
special circumstance precluded relief. (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(22).) The prosecution included
a copy of the special circumstance jury instruction, which required the jury to find
Carachure “intentionally killed Fidel Guarjardo.”
              On November 19, 2019, Carachure (now represented by counsel) filed a
reply to the prosecution’s response.
              On December 18, 2020, the prosecution filed a supplemental brief. The
prosecution conceded the trial court was bound by recent published decisions finding
Senate Bill No. 1437 to be constitutional. The prosecution also reiterated their previous

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argument: “As a matter of law, based on the jury instructions given and findings at
verdict, the jury found that [Carachure] had an intent to kill.”
              On December 4, 2020, the trial court conducted a hearing on Carachure’s
petition. The court announced a tentative ruling: “when you have a situation like this
where the defendant was an active participant in a criminal street gang as alleged in
190.2(a)(22), they are ineligible for relief because that circumstance requires the
defendant intentionally killed the victim.” After hearing oral argument, the court denied
the section 1170.95 petition.
              Carachure filed an appeal. Appointed counsel filed brief identifying no
arguable issues. Carachure filed a supplemental brief on his own behalf.

                                              II
                                       DISCUSSION
              In this discussion we will: A) state the general procedures for Wende
review; B) outline the recent statutory changes concerning liability for murder; and C)
summarize Carachure’s contentions and the reasons why they fail.

A. General Procedures for Wende Review
              When appointed counsel is unable to identify any arguable issues on
appeal, a court independently reviews the record for arguable issues. (Wende, supra, 25
Cal.3d at pp. 441-442.) Generally, “an arguable issue on appeal consists of two elements.
First, the issue must be one which, in counsel’s professional opinion, is meritorious. That
is not to say that the contention must necessarily achieve success. Rather, it must have a
reasonable potential for success. Second, if successful, the issue must be such that, if
resolved favorably to the appellant, the result will either be a reversal or a modification of
the judgment.” (People v. Johnson (1981) 123 Cal.App.3d 106, 109.)

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              When appointed counsel files a Wende brief, the appellant has the right to
file a supplemental brief. (Wende, supra, 25 Cal.3d at p. 440.) When “the defendant has
filed supplemental contentions” and the judgment is affirmed on appeal “the appellate
court necessarily must have considered and rejected those contentions.” (People v. Kelly
(2006) 40 Cal.4th 106, 120.) In these situations, the “opinion must reflect the contentions
and the reasons that they fail.” (Ibid.) However, a “decision does not require an
extended discussion of legal principles. [Citations.] Moreover, a recitation of each of the
defendant’s assertions will not be necessary in all cases; the purposes of the constitutional
requirement [for a written decision] may in some circumstances be satisfied by a
summary description of the contentions made and the reasons they fail.” (Id. at p. 121.)
              Although not required by law, an appellate court may conduct a Wende
review when a defendant appeals from a denial of a section 1170.95 petition. (See, e.g.,
People v. Flores (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 266, 269.)

B. Statutory Changes Concerning Murder Liability
              A person may be convicted of crimes as a direct perpetrator, or as an aider
and abettor. (§ 31.) An aider and abettor can be held liable for crimes that were
intentionally aided and abetted (target offenses); an aider and abettor can also be held
liable for any crimes that were unintentional but were reasonably foreseeable (nontarget
offenses). (People v. Laster (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 1450, 1463.) Aider and abettor
liability for intentional crimes is known as “direct” aider and abettor liability; aider and
abettor liability for unintentional crimes is known as the ““‘natural and probable
consequences” doctrine.’” (People v. Montes (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 1050, 1055.)
              A participant in an underlying felony may also be held liable for murder
under the felony-murder rule. Under the former first degree felony-murder rule, a
participant could be convicted of murder if the victim was killed during the commission
of a predicate felony. (See People v. Cruz (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 740, 759-760.) Under

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the former second degree felony-murder rule, a participant could be convicted of murder
if the victim was killed during the commission of a nonpredicate felony that is inherently
dangerous to human life. (In re White (2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 933, 937, fn. 2.)
              Effective January 1, 2019, the Legislature enacted Senate Bill No. 1437 “to
amend the felony murder rule and the natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it
relates to murder, to ensure that murder liability is not imposed on a person who is not the
actual killer, did not act with the intent to kill, or was not a major participant in the
underlying felony who acted with reckless indifference to human life.” (Stats. 2018, ch.
1015, § 1, subd. (f).)
              Senate Bill No. 1437 “amended sections 188 and 189 and created new
section 1170.95. The amendments to sections 188 and 189 together change the felony
murder rules and the ‘natural and probable consequences theory’ when convicting a
participant in a felony for murder, but who did not actually kill the victim.” (In re White,
supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 937, fn. 2.) Eligible persons can petition to dismiss their
prior murder convictions and be resentenced if they were convicted under an accomplice
liability theory of murder that is no longer valid (the natural and probable consequences
doctrine and the former felony-murder rules). (§ 1170.95.)
              A person is not eligible for relief under section 1170.95 if he or she was
convicted under a theory of direct aider and abettor liability. (People v. Lewis (2020) 43
Cal.App.5th 1128, 1137 [“Because one can be convicted of murder . . . if he or she
directly aided and abetted the perpetrator of the murder, defendant was required to make
a prima facie showing that he was not such a direct aider and abettor”].)

C. Application and Analysis
              A trial court properly denies a section 1170.95 petition if the jury made a
true finding on a special circumstance that renders the defendant ineligible for relief.
(See, e.g., People v. Allison (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 449, 457-458 [defendant’s admission

                                               6
of felony-murder special circumstance rendered him ineligible for relief under section
1170.95]; People v. Nunez (2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 78, 90-91 [defendant’s kidnapping
special circumstance rendered him ineligible for relief under section 1170.95 because the
jury necessarily found defendant participated in the kidnapping with the intent to kill the
victim, or that defendant was a major participant in the underlying felony].)
              Here, the jury made a true finding as to the gang special circumstance,
which required a finding that Carachure “intentionally killed Fidel Guarjardo.” (§ 190.2,
subd. (a)(22).) The jury did not find Carachure to be an aider and abettor under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine or the felony-murder rule. Thus, Carachure
is ineligible for relief under section 1170.95 as a matter of law.
              Nevertheless, Carachure contends the jury must have relied on the natural
and probable consequences doctrine to convict him of murder. Not so.
              As we noted in the direct appeal: “The jury’s finding that defendant
committed first degree premeditated murder necessarily means that it did not rely on the
natural and probable consequences theory. That is, the jury had to find that defendant
intended to kill with premeditation or deliberation; not that defendant intended to commit
one of the target crimes with premeditation and deliberation. Indeed, the prosecutor in
closing argument reinforced the trial court’s instructions and explicitly told the jury that it
could only find defendant guilty of first degree premeditated murder as a direct
perpetrator or a direct aider and abettor, but not as an aider and abettor under the natural
and probable consequences theory.” (People v. Carachure, supra, G051613.)
              Carachure also contends: “The victim was stabbed to death, 16 times with
a knife, but the jury found that I never used a knife in the commission of the crime. This
alone should make me [eligible] to have my [section] 1170.95 petition granted per SB
1437.” Again, not so.
              As we noted in the direct appeal, “nothing in the trial court’s instructions
allowed the jury to set the degree of murder at first degree based on anyone’s

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premeditation and deliberation other than defendant’s own premeditation and
deliberation. Therefore, if the jury relied on an aiding and abetting theory—and it
appears it did based on its ‘not true’ finding on the personal use of the knife allegation—
it could only be as a direct aider and abettor. That is, the jury must have concluded that
[Carachure] directly aided and abetted [the actual killer] in the murder of Guarjardo and
[Carachure] himself did so with premeditation and deliberation.” (People v. Carachure,
supra, G051613.)
              Finally, Carachure contends the trial court “did not review or address the
constitutionality issue raised in the People’s opposition brief filed on July 22, 2019.” But
prior to the hearing on the section 1170.95 petition, the prosecution had recognized
binding precedent establishing the constitutionality of Senate Bill No. 1437. Thus, it was
not necessary for the court to have addressed the constitutionality issue.
              In sum, we agree with appointed counsel’s analysis and have similarly
found no arguable issues. We further find Carachure’s contentions to be without merit.

                                             III
                                      DISPOSITION
              The trial court’s order denying the section 1170.95 petition is affirmed.

                                                   MOORE, J.

WE CONCUR:

BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

FYBEL, J.

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