Court Opinion

ID: 4573245
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-06 12:06:59.998907+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:31:45.634576
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  No. COA19-1099

                                Filed: 6 October 2020

Cleveland County, Nos. 16 CRS 54225-28, 54230-35

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

             v.

BENJAMIN EDWIN THOMPSON

      Appeal by defendant from judgments entered 30 January 2019 by Judge W.

Todd Pomeroy in Cleveland County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals

12 August 2020.

      Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Lauren
      M. Clemmons, for the State.

      Vitrano Law Offices, PLLC, by Sean P. Vitrano, for defendant.

      ARROWOOD, Judge.

      Benjamin Edwin Thompson (“defendant”) appeals from judgments entered on

his convictions for statutory sexual offenses with children, sexual activity by a

substitute parent or custodian, and sale or delivery of controlled substances to a

minor. Defendant argues the trial court plainly erred by admitting expert testimony

about one victim’s PTSD without a limiting instruction. Defendant also requests that

this Court grant him a writ of certiorari to determine whether the trial court erred in
                                         STATE V. THOMPSON

                                          Opinion of the Court

ordering him to submit to satellite-based monitoring for a lifetime and for ten years.

For the following reasons, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

                                         I.       Background

      On 10 October 2016, a grand jury indicted defendant on several charges

arising out of offenses against the minor children A.W. and A.B.1 Defendant was

indicted on two counts of statutory sexual offenses with a child against 12-year-old

A.W., two counts of a sex act by a substitute parent or custodian, and two counts of

selling or delivering controlled substances to a minor under 13 years of age.

Regarding 13-year-old A.B., defendant was indicted on two counts of statutory sexual

offenses with a child under 15 years of age and two counts of selling or delivering

controlled substances to a minor under 16 years of age but more than 13 years of age.

The matter came on for trial on 22 January 2019.

      The State’s evidence at trial tended to show the following. A.W. is defendant’s

step-daughter and the best friend of A.B. When A.W. was 12 and A.B. was 13,

defendant provided them with alcohol, Xanax, and marijuana on several occasions.

Defendant also sent the girls inappropriate messages through text and on Snapchat.

In one such message, defendant insisted A.W. “owe[d] [him] a finger f***.” In another,

defendant requested that A.B. send him nude photos. A.W. testified that defendant

on multiple occasions put his hand down her pants and rubbed and penetrated her

      1   Initials are used to protect the identities of the juveniles and for ease of reading.

                                                   -2-
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

vagina with his fingers. A.B. gave a similar account of defendant touching her in the

same manner.

      The State introduced into evidence a number of messages police recovered from

A.W.’s phone which corroborated her account, including several of the inappropriate

messages from defendant. Several witnesses also corroborated A.W.’s and A.B.’s

accounts. A.W.’s mother saw a text message from defendant to A.W. saying “you owe

me a finger f***” and telling her to use Snapchat to communicate because they were

“safer on there.” In addition, A.B.’s mother read an entry in A.W.’s diary in which

A.W. wrote that “Ben was always trying to look at their p****** and Ben was

always . . . trying to finger f*** them[.]” When first confronted by their mothers about

whether something was going on with defendant, A.W. and A.B. initially lied about

the nature of their interactions with him. At the direction of defendant, A.W. and

A.B. told their mothers that “finger f***” meant “flipping the bird.” However, A.W.’s

step-mother and her friend D.D. both testified A.W. confided in them about the things

defendant would do and say to her. Detective Jessica Woosley of the Cleveland

County Sherriff’s Department testified that A.W. and A.B. again recounted the sexual

abuse during investigative interviews.

      The State also presented testimony of A.W.’s therapist, Jessica Talbert

(“Talbert”), who was tendered as an expert licensed in clinical therapy in the area of

assessment an,d treatment of children and adolescents in trauma. A.W. was referred

                                          -3-
                                  STATE V. THOMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

to Talbert because she was cutting herself, having trouble functioning at school, was

not eating or sleeping, and expressed a desire to kill herself. After assessing A.W.,

Talbert diagnosed her with post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”) and major

depressive disorder. Talbert further testified that over the course of treatment A.W.

discussed the details of her sexual abuse by defendant, including that he touched her

vagina, told her to touch his penis, and made inappropriate comments to her of a

sexual nature. Talbert also explained that, due to feelings of shame and guilt, most

children either never disclose sexual abuse or only disclose a little at a time.

Defendant did not object to this testimony being used for corroborative purposes, and

the trial court did not issue a limiting instruction to the jury.

      Defendant presented evidence including his own testimony and that of his

mother, sister, son, and a coworker. He testified that A.W. suffered from mental

health issues since 2013 and would lie to her parents about things. Defendant also

denied exposing himself to the girls, touching them inappropriately, or providing

them with any alcohol or drugs. At the conclusion of the evidence, defendant made a

motion to dismiss. The trial court denied the motion, and the jury subsequently found

defendant guilty of all charges. The trial court consolidated the offenses against A.W.

and A.B. into two judgments and imposed consecutive sentences of 300 to 420 months

and 240 to 348 months.        After considering whether satellite-based monitoring

(“SBM”) would be appropriate, the trial court ordered that defendant enroll in SBM

                                          -4-
                                  STATE V. THOMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

for the remainder of his natural life upon his release from prison for his offenses

against A.W., and for an additional 10 years for his offenses against A.B. In addition,

defendant was required to register as a sex offender and made subject to a permanent

no-contact order. Defendant gave oral notice of appeal in open court. No written

notice of appeal of the SBM order was filed.

                                   II.    Discussion

      Defendant appeals from the trial court’s judgments against him, arguing in the

first place that the trial court plainly erred by admitting expert testimony that A.W.

suffered from PTSD without giving a limiting instruction. Defendant also filed a

petition for writ of certiorari requesting that this Court review the trial court’s order

imposing SBM. He argues that the trial court erred in (1) ordering him to enroll in

lifetime SBM because such order was unconstitutional, and (2) ordering him to enroll

in SBM for ten years without finding that he required the highest level of supervision

and monitoring.

      As an initial matter, we address this Court’s jurisdiction with respect to the

SBM order. Due to the civil nature of SBM proceedings, defendant was required to

file a written notice of appeal from the SBM order pursuant to Rule 3 of the Appellate

Rules of Procedure in order to properly bring the matter before this Court. State v.

Lopez, 264 N.C. App. 496, 503, 826 S.E.2d 498, 503 (2019). Defendant failed to do so.

However, “this Court has granted a defendant’s petition for writ of certiorari to review

                                          -5-
                                   STATE V. THOMPSON

                                    Opinion of the Court

a meritorious challenge to an SBM order notwithstanding his failure to file a written

notice of appeal—timely or otherwise.” State v. Hutchens, 846 S.E.2d 306, No. COA

19-787, 2020 WL 3240947, at *3 (N.C. Ct. App. June 16, 2020) (unpublished) (citing

Lopez 264 N.C. App. at 504, 826 S.E.2d at 504).            In our discretion, we grant

defendant’s petition and address the merits of his appeal.

                              A.       Expert Testimony

      Defendant first argues that the trial court plainly erred in admitting expert

testimony A.W. suffered from PTSD where such evidence was not accompanied by a

limiting instruction. At trial, defendant objected to Talbert’s testimony on hearsay

grounds, arguing against its admittance “unless it’s for corroboration purposes only.”

The trial court found the testimony admissible under Rule 803(4), and defendant did

not thereafter request a limiting instruction. Because defendant did not object to the

admission of the expert testimony for corroborative purposes without a limiting

instruction, he failed to preserve the matter for appeal. Nevertheless, this Court

reviews unpreserved evidentiary objections for plain error.

             For error to constitute plain error, a defendant must
             demonstrate that a fundamental error occurred at trial. To
             show that an error was fundamental, a defendant must
             establish prejudice—that, after examination of the entire
             record, the error had a probable impact on the jury’s
             finding that the defendant was guilty. Moreover, because
             plain error is to be applied cautiously and only in the
             exceptional case, the error will often be one that seriously
             affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
             judicial proceedings.

                                           -6-
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

State v. Lawrence, 365 N.C. 506, 518, 723 S.E.2d 326, 334 (2012) (citations, quotation

marks, and brackets omitted).

      At trial, Talbert testified that she interviewed A.W. following a referral from

law enforcement and administered certain assessments and questionnaires. Talbert

thereby formed an opinion that A.W. suffered from PTSD and major depressive

disorder.   Defendant raised no objection to this testimony being admitted for

corroborative purposes, and the trial court did not instruct the jury that it should

limit its consideration of the testimony for any specific purpose.

      Our Supreme Court has held that “evidence that a prosecuting witness is

suffering from post-traumatic stress syndrome should not be admitted for the

substantive purpose of proving that a rape has in fact occurred.” State v. Hall, 330
N.C. 808, 821, 412 S.E.2d 883, 890 (1992). However, “it may be admitted for certain

corroborative purposes” or “help to explain delays in reporting the crime or to refute

the defense of consent.” Id. at 821-22, 412 S.E.2d at 890-91. “If admitted, the trial

judge should take pains to explain to the jurors the limited uses for which the

evidence is admitted.” Id. at 822, 412 S.E.2d at 891. “The rule, however, in this State

has long been that an instruction limiting admissibility of testimony to corroboration

is not required unless counsel specifically requests such instruction.” State v. Quarg,

334 N.C. 92, 101, 431 S.E.2d 1, 5 (1993) (citing State v. Smith, 315 N.C. 76, 82, 337
S.E.2d 833, 838 (1985)). See also State v. Cox, 303 N.C. 75, 83, 277 S.E.2d 376, 381

                                         -7-
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

(1981) (holding that, “when a defendant fails to specifically request an instruction

restricting the use of corroborative testimony, it is not error for the trial judge to

admit the evidence without a limiting instruction.”).

      Here, Talbert’s testimony corroborated A.W.’s testimony and explained her

hesitancy and delay in reporting the crime. Trial counsel for defendant failed to

request that the trial court limit the instruction to restrict the admissibility of the

testimony for corroborative purposes only. We thus hold that the trial court did not

err in admitting Talbert’s testimony that A.W. suffered from PTSD. We note that

even if a limiting instruction were required in the absence of a specific request by

defendant, defendant was not prejudiced by the omission such that it would amount

to fundamental error. In addition to A.W.’s own testimony, the State presented text

messages and several witnesses who corroborated A.W.’s accounts of sexual abuse at

the hands of defendant, including A.W.’s mother, her step-mother, A.B., A.B.’s

mother, D.D., and the detective who interviewed A.W and A.B. Accordingly, we find

no plain error.

                      B.     Satellite-Based Monitoring Orders

                      1.     Constitutionality of Lifetime SBM

      We now turn to defendant’s challenges to the trial court’s SBM orders. This is

the latest in a series of cases in which this Court has considered the reasonableness

of lifetime and long-term SBM orders imposed upon a defendant in light of recent

                                         -8-
                                       STATE V. THOMPSON

                                         Opinion of the Court

decisions passed down by the United States Supreme Court and our state’s Supreme

Court. We first address defendant’s argument that the trial court erred in imposing

lifetime SBM for his violations of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-27.28 with respect to A.W.

because the State failed to establish this was a reasonable search under the Fourth

Amendment.

        Defendant concedes he did not raise a Fourth Amendment challenge at the

sentencing hearing.         Ordinarily, failure to do so would bar the matter from

consideration on appeal. However, as conceded by the State, the constitutional issue

of the reasonableness of lifetime SBM is nevertheless properly before this Court

where, as here, the State initiates consideration of a constitutional issue and the trial

court addresses it, thus preserving the issue even if the defendant did not object.2

Lopez, 264 N.C. App. at 503-504, 826 S.E.2d at 510; State v. Griffin, 260 N.C. App.
629, 632-33, 818 S.E.2d 336, 339 (2018). We review the constitutionality of an SBM

order de novo. State v. Grady, 372 N.C. 509, 521, 831 S.E.2d 542, 553 (2019) (Grady

III).

        2 Defendant in his brief requested that, should we find that the matter was not preserved for
review, this Court exercise its discretion under Rule 2 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure to review
the issue. See N.C.R. App. P. Rule 2 (2020) (providing that, to “prevent manifest injustice to a party,”
an appellate court may suspend the rules and “order proceedings in accordance with its directions.”).
See also State v. Bursell, 372 N.C. 196, 197, 827 S.E.2d 302, 303 (2019) (upholding our invocation of
Rule 2 to review an unpreserved Grady challenge where the State conceded that the trial court
committed error relating to a substantial right). Because, for the reasons explained above, the issue
here was preserved for review, we decline to apply Rule 2 as it is not necessary to do so in order to
reach the matter.

                                                 -9-
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

      North Carolina’s current statutory scheme provides for “a sex offender

monitoring program that uses a continuous satellite-based monitoring system” to

monitor and track the locations of individuals convicted of certain sex offenses. N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 14-208.40(a) (2019). This SBM program periodically reports on the

individual’s whereabouts, providing “[t]ime-correlated and continuous tracking of the

geographic location of the subject using a global positioning system based on satellite

and other location tracking technology.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.40(c)(1). In Grady

v. North Carolina, the United States Supreme Court held that subjecting a defendant

to this program constituted a Fourth Amendment search, the reasonableness of which

it remanded for consideration in the first instance by North Carolina courts. 575 U.S.
306, 310, 191 L. Ed. 2d 459, 462 (2015) (Grady I). In doing so, the Supreme Court

clarified that reasonableness “depends on the totality of the circumstances, including

the nature and purpose of the search and the extent to which the search intrudes

upon reasonable privacy expectations.” Id.

      Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Grady I, this Court, in a

reconsideration of Grady on remand, held that the State did not meet its burden of

proving the imposition of SBM on that defendant was a reasonable search because

“the State failed to present any evidence of its need to monitor [the] defendant, or the

procedures actually used to conduct such monitoring in unsupervised cases.” State v.

Grady, 259 N.C. App. 664, 676, 817 S.E.2d 18, 28 (2018) (Grady II). On appeal, our

                                          - 10 -
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

Supreme Court weighed the defendant’s privacy interests and the nature of the

intrusion against the State’s interests and the effectiveness of SBM. State v. Grady,

372 N.C. at 538, 831 S.E.2d at 564. Though the privacy interests of recidivists like

the defendant are greatly diminished, the Court noted that “mandatory imposition of

lifetime SBM on an individual in defendant’s class works a deep, if not unique,

intrusion upon that individual’s protected Fourth Amendment interests.” Id. The

Court further reasoned that, while the State certainly has a legitimate interest in

protecting the public from sex offenders, “a problem justifying the need for a

warrantless search cannot simply be assumed; instead, the existence of the problem

and the efficacy of the solution need to be demonstrated by the government.” Id. at

539-41, 831 S.E.2d at 564-66.

      Because the State failed to show that “the [SBM] program furthers its interest

in solving crimes that have been committed, preventing the commission of sex crimes,

or protecting the public[,]” it did not meet “its burden of establishing the

reasonableness of the [SBM] program under the Fourth Amendment balancing test

required for warrantless searches.” Id. at 544-45, 831 S.E.2d at 568. The Court

expanded our holding in Grady II to apply not only to that defendant, but to all

similarly situated individuals. Thus, its holding applied to all offenders who are

unsupervised but made subject to SBM due solely to their classification as recidivists.
Id. at 545, 831 S.E.2d at 568. The Grady III court made clear, however, that it’s

                                         - 11 -
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

holding “does not address whether an individual who is classified as a sexually violent

predator, or convicted of an aggravated offense, or is an adult convicted of statutory

rape or statutory sex offense with a victim under the age of thirteen may still be

subjected to mandatory lifetime SBM[.]” 372 N.C. at 550, 831 S.E.2d at 572.

      In the present case, Jason Harris (“Harris”), a probation and parole officer,

testified for the State regarding the nature and scope of intrusion of the equipment

currently used to monitor sex offenders under the SBM program. Harris testified

that the monitor, known as an ET-1, is clamped snugly on the offender’s leg, similar

to how a watch attaches to a wrist. The monitor is made of rubber and has microfibers

that can alert an officer to tampering if broken. It is about the size of a small pepper

spray bottle, smaller than a cell phone, and weighs “[a] pound or less.” It does not

restrict the user’s freedom of movement and can also be submerged in water, although

activities such as swimming are not recommended. At all times during which it is in

use, the monitor communicates with satellites and feeds information “into a base

system, which tells [law enforcement] where [the user’s] location is, if he leaves the

location, if he’s got curfews” and other such information. An officer is able to access

that information “at any point in time at any day.” Inside the home is a separate

device called a beacon, which casts a 150-degree radius around the house and “picks

up where [the user’s] at if he’s in that 150-degree radius.” The State also noted that

                                          - 12 -
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

a STATIC-99 assessment for defendant, which measures the likelihood an offender

will commit another sex crime, assigned a score of low risk.

      At the time of the sentencing hearing, defendant was almost 47 years old. If

he serves only the minimum of his prison sentence, defendant will be 89 years old

upon his release, at which point he would become subject to the SBM program.

      In State v. Gordon, this Court determined that the State failed to establish the

reasonableness of a lifetime SBM enrollment order under facts similar to those of the

case at bar. __ N.C. App. __, __, 840 S.E.2d 907, __, temp. stay allowed, 839 N.C. 351,

839 S.E.2d 351 (2020).     There, the defendant pleaded guilty to several charges

including rape and indecent liberties with a child, and was ordered to submit to

lifetime sex offender registration following a term of imprisonment of 190 to 288

months. Id. at __, 840 S.E.2d at 909. Defendant was convicted of an aggravated

offense under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.6(1) and ordered to enroll in the SBM program

for the rest of his life upon release from prison. Id. at __, 840 S.E.2d at 909. At the

defendant’s SBM hearing a probation and parole officer testified for the State

describing the technical aspects of the monitoring device and the scope of the

monitoring conducted by the program. Id. at __, 840 S.E.2d at 909-910. In addition,

the State introduced into evidence a STATIC-99 risk assessment which assigned a

“moderate/low” score for the defendant. Id. at __, 840 S.E.2d at 910.

                                         - 13 -
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

      On reconsideration in light of our Supreme Court’s decision in Grady III, we

considered the reasonableness of subjecting the defendant to a lifetime of SBM,

examining the totality of the circumstances. Gordon, __ N.C. App. at __, 840 S.E.2d

at 912. In doing so, we noted that a sufficient analysis of “the extent to which the

search intrudes upon reasonable privacy expectations” was not possible given the fact

it was uncertain whether the nature and extent of the information revealed under

the SBM program would remain unchanged by the time the defendant was released,

two decades later. Id. at __, 840 S.E.2d at 912 (citing Grady III, 372 N.C. at 527, 831
S.E.2d at 557). In addition, the State failed to provide evidence supporting the

government’s need to search the defendant beyond asserting the State’s general

interest in deterring and preventing future sex crimes. Id. at __, 840 S.E.2d at 913.

Furthermore, we noted the State presented testimony the STATIC-99 risk

assessment indicated the defendant was “not likely” to reoffend. Id. at __, 840 S.E.2d

at 914. We thus held that “the State has not met its burden of establishing that it

would otherwise be reasonable to grant authorities unlimited discretion to

continuously and perpetually monitor [the] Defendant’s location information upon his

release from prison.” Id. at __, 840 S.E.2d at 914.

      In State v. Griffin, we considered whether it was reasonable for the trial court

to subject “a felon on post-release supervision who was convicted of an offense

involving the physical, mental, or sexual abuse of a minor” to thirty years of SBM. __

                                         - 14 -
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

N.C. App. __, __, 840 S.E.2d 267, 273, temp. stay allowed, 374 N.C. 265, 838 S.E.2d
460 (2020). There, we held that while the defendant’s expectations of privacy as a

registered sex-offender subject to post-release supervision were “appreciably

diminished,” they were not “forever forfeit[ed].” Id. at __, 840 S.E.2d at 274. In

addition, we noted that the defendant would only be on post-release supervision for

five of the thirty years of SBM imposed, and his constitutional rights to privacy would

thus be restored throughout the remainder of the thirty-year term. Id. at __, 840

S.E.2d at 274. Ultimately, we concluded that thirty years, “though less than a lifelong

term, nonetheless constitutes a significantly lengthy and burdensome warrantless

search[,]” and because the State “did not introduce any record evidence before the

trial court showing SBM is effective in accomplishing any of the State’s legitimate

interests[,]” it failed to meet its burden of showing a thirty-year term of SBM was

reasonable in this case. Id. at __, 840 S.E.2d at 275-76.

      Though our Supreme Court issued temporary stay orders for Gordon and

Griffin, our reasoning in those cases remains instructive, and the State concedes that

Gordon compels us to hold that the imposition of lifetime SBM on defendant in this

case constitutes an unreasonable search. Similar to the Gordon defendant, defendant

here was not a recidivist but was rather ordered to enroll in the SBM program due to

the nature of his offenses against A.W. in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-27.28.

Defendant will be imprisoned for at least four decades and, as this Court noted in

                                         - 15 -
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

Gordon, it is therefore difficult to assess the reasonableness of subjecting him to SBM

given the unknown future circumstances of the program. Notably, there was no

evidence or individualized reasons given to support the State’s need to “continually

and perpetually monitor” defendant, who will be at least 89 years old upon his release

from prison, and was assessed to be a low risk reoffender. Thus, “the State . . . simply

failed to show how monitoring [defendant’s] movements for the rest of his life would

deter future offenses, protect the public, or prove guilt of some later crime.” Grady

III, 372 N.C. at 544, 831 S.E.2d at 568.

       In addition, though defendant will be registered as a sex offender and placed

on post-release supervision for five years for his offenses against A.W., his privacy

expectations, though diminished, will not be non-existent. See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§

15A-1368.2, 15A-1368.4(b1)(7) (2019); Griffin, __ N.C. App at __, 840 S.E.2d at 274.

While there may be an argument that defendant’s enrollment in the SBM program

for the duration of his post-release supervision is reasonable, for the reasons

discussed above, lifetime SBM is not. See Griffin, __ N.C. App at __, 840 S.E.2d at

274.   We therefore hold that the State did not meet its burden in establishing

defendant’s enrollment in the SBM program for the remainder of his life constitutes

a reasonable Fourth Amendment search, and reverse the order of the trial court.

       The State argues that consideration of the reasonableness of lifetime SBM in

this case is premature, and that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.40A merely requires a

                                           - 16 -
                                   STATE V. THOMPSON

                                    Opinion of the Court

determination of a defendant’s eligibility for enrollment in the SBM program.

However, we note that under our current statutes, the trial court may order a

qualified individual to enroll in the SBM program during the initial sentencing phase,

with the monitoring set to begin upon the defendant’s release from prison. N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 14-208.40A (2019).     While it may make more sense in cases such as

defendant’s, which involve a lengthy prison sentence, for the trial court to hold such

hearing after the defendant has served his active sentence and been released from

prison, such a change or modification of the law is most appropriately considered and

passed upon by our legislature, not the courts.

                              2.      10 Year SBM Order

      Defendant further contends that the trial court erred in imposing SBM for an

additional 10 years for his offenses against A.B. in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-

27.30(a). Specifically, defendant argues that because the trial court did not expressly

find that defendant “requires the highest possible level of supervision and

monitoring” pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.40A(d)-(e), it could not require

defendant to enroll in SBM.

      N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.40A provides that when a defendant is convicted of an

offense against a minor or other reportable conviction as defined by N.C. Gen. Stat. §

14-208.6(4), during the sentencing phase,

             (b) . . . the court shall determine whether the offender’s
                 conviction places the offender in one of the categories

                                           - 17 -
                                  STATE V. THOMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

                 described in G.S. 14-208.40(a), and if so, shall make a
                 finding of fact of that determination, specifying
                 whether (i) the offender has been classified as a
                 sexually violent predator pursuant to G.S. 14-208.20,
                 (ii) the offender is a recidivist, (iii) the conviction
                 offense was an aggravated offense, (iv) the conviction
                 offense was a violation of G.S. 14-27.23 or G.S. 14-
                 27.28, or (v) the offense involved the physical, mental,
                 or sexual abuse of a minor.

             ....

             (d) If the court finds that the offender committed an offense
                 that involved the physical, mental, or sexual abuse of a
                 minor, that the offense is not an aggravated offense or
                 a violation of G.S. 14-27.23 or G.S. 14-27.28 and the
                 offender is not a recidivist, the court shall order that the
                 Division of Adult Correction do a risk assessment of the
                 offender. . . .

             (e) Upon receipt of a risk assessment from the Division of
                 Adult Correction and Juvenile Justice pursuant to
                 subsection (d) of this section, the court shall determine
                 whether, based on the Division of Adult Correction and
                 Juvenile Justice’s risk assessment, the offender
                 requires the highest possible level of supervision and
                 monitoring. If the court determines that the offender
                 does require the highest possible level of supervision
                 and monitoring, the court shall order the offender to
                 enroll in a satellite-based monitoring program for a
                 period of time to be specified by the court.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.40A(b), (d), (e) (2019).

      In the present case, the trial court found that defendant had been convicted of

a sexually violent offense or an attempt to commit such an offense, but had not been

classified as a sexually violent predator or recidivist, and the offense was not an

                                          - 18 -
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

aggravated offense. The trial court further made oral findings that the offense did

not involve the physical, mental, or sexual abuse of a minor. However, in its written

order, the trial court checked box 5(a) of the Judicial Findings and Order for Sex

Offenders form indicating that the offenses did involve the physical, mental, or sexual

abuse of a minor. Additionally, the trial court gave verbal orders that

             pursuant to its finding in 5(a) [that the offenses did involve
             the physical, mental, or sexual abuse of a minor] and based
             on the risk assessment under the Division of Adult and
             Juvenile Services and the additional findings, which
             include the nature of the offense, the age of the children,
             the relation of the defendant to the victim, the Court is
             going to require that the defendant be subject to an
             additional period of satellite-based monitoring for a period
             of ten years.

The factual evidence against defendant that was considered by the court also lends

support to such a finding.

      Defendant further makes much of the fact that the trial court did not check

box 2(c)(i)(a) in the Order indicating that, based on the risk assessment, “the

defendant requires the highest possible level of supervision and monitoring.” We first

note that though defendant was assessed as low risk, the trial court nevertheless

retained the authority to impose SBM. See State v. Morrow, 200 N.C. App. 123, 131-

32, 683 S.E.2d 754, 761 (2009) (holding that the trial court may override a low or

moderate risk rating based on the totality of the evidence). Moreover, defendant

ignores the fact that though the trial court neglected to check the box, it did write on

                                          - 19 -
                                  STATE V. THOMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

the 2(c)(i)(a) line that the SBM period would be “10 years.” Thus, the trial court

appears to have simply committed a clerical error, a mistake which may easily be

remedied upon remand by this Court. Though defendant further argues the State

failed to present any evidence in support of a finding that he required the “highest

possible level of supervision and monitoring,” in ordering SBM the trial court properly

considered the totality of the circumstances, “includ[ing] the nature of the offense,

the age of the children, [and] the relation of the defendant to the victim.” In addition,

unlike the thirty-year SBM order we considered in Griffin, ten years is not

“significantly burdensome and lengthy,” especially given that defendant will already

be subject to post-release supervision by the State for half of that time period.

Accordingly, we find no reversible error, but remand to correct the clerical error.

                                   III.   Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we find no error with respect to the guilt phase of

the trial and affirm in part and reverse in part the judgments of the trial court with

respect to satellite based monitoring for life. We further remand for correction of the

clerical error in the judgment with respect to satellite based monitoring for 10 years.

      NO ERROR IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND

REMANDED.

      Judge DIETZ concurs with respect to the criminal judgment and concurs in the

      result with respect to the civil judgments.

                                          - 20 -
                        STATE V. THOMPSON

                          Opinion of the Court

Judge BERGER concurs with respect to the criminal judgment and concurs in

the result with respect to the civil judgments with a separate opinion with

which Judge Dietzs concurs.

.

                                 -2-
 No. COA19-1099 State v. Thompson

       BERGER, Judge, concurring in separate opinion.

       I concur with Issue A, and concur in result only with the remainder of the

opinion.

       The lead opinion declines to examine preservation of Defendant’s Fourth

Amendment argument because the State conceded the issue was preserved pursuant

to State v. Lopez, 264 N.C. App. 496, 826 S.E.2d 498 (2019) and State v. Griffin, 260
N.C. App. 629, 818 S.E.2d 336 (2018). However, neither State v. Lopez, nor the State’s

concession, are binding on this Court.3

       Rule 10 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure requires that

              [i]n order to preserve an issue for appellate review, a party
              must have presented to the trial court a timely request,
              objection, or motion, stating the specific grounds for the
              ruling the party desired the court to make if the specific
              grounds were not apparent from the context. It is also
              necessary for the complaining party to obtain a ruling upon
              the party’s request, objection, or motion.

N.C. R. App. P. 10(a).

       “[I]n order for an appellant to assert a constitutional or statutory right on

appeal, the right must have been asserted and the issue raised before the trial court.”

State v. McDowell, 301 N.C. 279, 291, 271 S.E.2d 286, 294 (1980) (citation omitted).

       3  In State v. Griffin, this Court determined that the defendant preserved his Fourth
Amendment argument when he argued during the SBM hearing that the “level of intrusion was not
warranted.” Griffin, 260 N.C. App. at 632-33, 818 S.E.2d at 339 (quotation marks omitted). Here,
unlike Griffin, Defendant made no argument concerning the reasonableness of the search. Defendant
simply argued that he should not be required to be monitored based on the facts of the case.
                                 STATE V. THOMPSON

                                  Berger, J., concurring

“[I]n conformity with the well[-]established rule of appellate courts, we will not pass

upon a constitutional question unless it affirmatively appears that such question was

raised and passed upon in the court below.” State v. Jones, 242 N.C. 563, 564, 89
S.E.2d 129, 130 (1955) (citation omitted). Further, “[c]onstitutional issues not raised

and passed upon at trial will not be considered for the first time on appeal, not even

for plain error[.]” State v. Gobal, 186 N.C. App. 308, 320, 651 S.E.2d 279, 287 (2007)

(citations omitted), aff’d, 362 N.C. 342, 661 S.E.2d 732 (2008).

      Lopez conjured new rules for preservation of Fourth Amendment challenges to

SBM, which the lead opinion follows here. One of the Lopez rules for preservation

states that if the State initiates a reasonableness inquiry, which it must do in every

SBM case, the constitutional challenge is automatically preserved, even if the

defendant does not object. Lopez, 264 N.C. App. at 514-15, 826 S.E.2d at 510. The

Lopez panel reasoned that the defendant’s constitutional issue was preserved because

the State had the “opportunity to satisfy its burden” and “the trial court ha[d] the

opportunity to rule on it.” Id. at 514, 826 S.E.2d at 510.

      Lopez flies directly in the face of Rule 10 and long-standing precedent from the

Supreme Court of North Carolina cited above. Thus, Lopez should not bind our

analysis and should be viewed as an outlier. Our Supreme Court has warned that

failure to comply with the Rules of Appellate Procedure “is not only discreditable to

the administration of public justice, but it leads eventually to confusion and wrong[.]”

                                            2
                                STATE V. THOMPSON

                                 Berger, J., concurring

Spence v. Tapscott, 92 N.C. 576, 578 (1885). Lopez will do just that, and could

ultimately gut preservation requirements for all constitutional arguments.

      Here, Defendant did not preserve his Fourth Amendment argument.

Ordinarily, this should end the inquiry. See State v. Bishop, 255 N.C. App. 767, 805
S.E.2d 367 (2017).    However, “the law governing imposition of satellite-based

monitoring has been anything but settled.” State v. Helms, No. COA19-955, 2020 WL
4778169, at *5 (N.C. Ct. App. Aug. 18, 2020) (unpublished). As in Helms, “after the

monitoring orders in this case were entered, this Court issued its opinion in State v.

Gordon, ___ N.C. App. ___, 840 S.E.2d 907 (2020).” Id. at * 5.

      In Gordon, our Court held that the trial court’s imposition of SBM at

sentencing was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment because the State “failed

to meet its burden of establishing that lifetime satellite-based monitoring following

Defendant’s eventual release from prison is a reasonable search[.]” State v. Gordon,

___ N.C. App. at ___, 840 S.E.2d at 914. Such is the case here.

      Because Defendant did not have the benefit of this Court’s holding in Gordon

at the time SBM was imposed, Defendant could not have properly preserved his

constitutional argument for appellate review.

      Judge DIETZ concurs.

                                           3