Court Opinion

ID: 4638899
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-02 20:02:27.818687+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:52.259728
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/2/20 Lastavich v. Nob Hill Homeowners Assn. CA4/1
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                 COURT OF APPEAL, FOURH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

LOUIS LASTAVICH,                                                     D075466

         Plaintiff and Appellant,

         v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 37-2017-
                                                                     00019472-CU-OR-NC)
NOB HILL HOMEOWNERS
ASSOCIATION et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.

         APPEAL from a judgment and postjudgment order of the Superior
Court of San Diego County, Ronald Frazier, Judge. Affirmed.

         Curran & Curran, Michael D. Curran and Susan M. Curran; Williams
Iagmin and Jon R. Williams, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
         Gatzke Dillon & Ballance, Mark J. Dillon and John W. Dillon, for
Defendants and Respondents.
         Plaintiff Louis Lastavich appeals from the judgment, and a
postjudgment award of attorney fees, in favor of defendants Nob Hill
Homeowners Association (Nob Hill HOA), Bill Cima (Cima), and Spiro Demis
(Demis) (sometimes, Nob Hill HOA, Cima, and Demis are collectively referred
to as defendants). Lastavich, Cima, and Demis each own a unit in the four-
unit Nob Hill condominium complex located in the coastal zone in Carlsbad,
California (sometimes, Nob Hill) that is subject to the Nob Hill Declaration of
Covenants, Conditions & Restrictions recorded in July 1986 (CC&Rs).
       After a bench trial based on a stipulated record without the
presentation of oral testimony, the court made a series of findings/rulings
including, as relevant to this appeal, that short-term vacation rentals
(sometimes, STVR(s)) are not a “business” and therefore, such rentals do not
violate the CC&Rs as a whole, and section 3.1 in particular, which section
requires each of the units at Nob Hill to “be used as a single family residence
and for no other purpose or purposes”; that, while an “owner may receive
rental income, the use of the property [as a STVR] remains a ‘single family
residence’ ” under section 3.1; and that at least since 2005, Lastavich has
known that other Nob Hill unit owners have rented their units on a short-
term basis.
       Among other arguments, Lastavich on appeal contends that the trial
court improperly construed the CC&Rs including section 3.1. He argues the
“plain meaning” of the CC&Rs “contemplate residential use by owners, the
owners’ guests, and the owners’ ‘tenants,’ ” but not “transient vacation
lodgers”; and further argues use of the Nob Hill units as STVRs involve a
“commercial” enterprise prohibited by the unambiguous language of section
3.1.
       Defendants in response agree with Lastavich that section 3.1 is
unambiguous. But that’s where the parties’ agreement ends.
       As relevant to this appeal, defendants instead argue that, although Nob
Hill owners who rent their units as a STVR receive income, their use of such
units remains a “single-family residence” within the meaning of section 3.1;

                                       2
that the uncontroverted evidence shows that such owners “rent their entire
units for single-family use within the coastal zone one family at a time, in
which their renters and guests inhabit the entire unit and make residential
use of each unit by eating, sleeping, cooking, cleaning, and recreating
therein,” which are all “quintessential uses within a single-family residence”;
and that Lastavich’s contention section 3.1 and the CC&Rs as whole prohibit
expressly or implicitly STVRs would impermissibly require the addition of
“new, non-existent language” to the existing CC&Rs.
      Exercising our independent review and construing, as we must, the
restrictive covenants strictly against Lastavich and in favor of the
unencumbered use of the Nob Hill property, we conclude based on the
undisputed evidence that the CC&Rs as a whole, and section 3.1 in
particular, do not prohibit STVRs in the four-unit Nob Hill condominium
complex. As a result of our decision, we deem it unnecessary to reach the
other issues raised by the parties. Affirmed.

                               BACKGROUND1
      In 1985, Albert Bovenzi and Sandra Bovenzi purchased the four-unit
Nob Hill condominium complex located in the City of Carlsbad (sometimes,
City) in a bankruptcy sale. After their purchase, they hired an attorney who
prepared the CC&Rs that were recorded in July 1986.
      In May 1995, Lastavich purchased his Nob Hill unit. Since at least
1998 through the August 2018 trial, he has continuously resided in the unit.
Lastavich’s preliminary title report shows the CC&Rs were in his “chain of

1     As noted, the parties stipulated to a bench trial without oral testimony.
The material facts are therefore undisputed, as the key issue for purposes of
this appeal turns on the interpretation of the CC&Rs, and section 3.1 in
particular, and whether STVRs are prohibited under such.
                                       3
title to the property,” and he admitted receiving a copy of the CC&Rs and
reading them when he purchased his unit.
      Defendant Cima declared under penalty of perjury that he and his wife
Saundra Cima purchased their Nob Hill unit in May 1998; that between
January 2000 to August 2005, they used their unit as a long-term rental; and
that beginning in September 2005, they have continuously used their unit as
a STVR.
      Defendant Cima further declared that since 2005 up to the time
Lastavich filed his lawsuit, they have “never had a noise complaint from
[their] neighbors”; they “have never had a City code enforcement inquiry or
violation for noise disturbances, trash, parking, or any other incident”; they
have “never had the police called to the building for short-term vacation
rental issues”; they have “visited the Nob Hill complex between the hours of
approximately 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. at least 200 times over the past 12
years, mostly in the summer months, and have never had to tell any tenant
to control the noise level”; and they “also strictly prohibit parties and other
social gatherings in all of [their] rental contracts.” Defendant Cima also
declared that Lastavich did not complain about any of the units being used as
STVRs until November 2016, more than 11 years after the Cimas began
renting their unit on a short-term basis.
      Lastavich at his deposition confirmed he has known since about 2005
that the Cimas have been using their Nob Hill unit as a STVR. Lastavich
further testified he considered a STVR to be “30 days or less.”
      In addition to the Cimas, other Nob Hill owners at times have used

their units as a STVR. Justin Ferayorni2 declared under penalty of perjury
that he owned a Nob Hill unit from about June 2004 to April 2008; that

2     Ferayorni is not a party in this lawsuit.
                                        4
starting in 2005, he “continuously” used his unit both as a “short-term
vacation rental and a long-term rental,” until he sold his unit to defendant
Demis in about 2008; and that before he began using his unit as a STVR, he
reviewed the CC&Rs and determined there was no prohibition of such rentals
“either explicitly or by implication.”
      Ferayorni further declared that he attended a Nob Hill HOA meeting in
2005, and announced during the meeting he had reviewed the CC&Rs and
concluded they did not prohibit STVRs; that during the meeting he asked
other members in attendance, including Lastavich, if they agreed with his
interpretation of the CC&Rs with respect to STVRs; that no one at the
meeting opposed his interpretation of the CC&Rs, and, in fact, there was
“general agreement that short-term vacation rentals did not violate the
CC&Rs”; and that he in response then informed other members of the Nob
Hill HOA of his “intent to rent [his] unit as a short-term vacation rental.”
      Ferayorni also declared that no other Nob Hill owner, including
Lastavich, ever complained about his use of his unit as a STVR, nor did any
such owner assert that his doing so violated the CC&Rs; and that shortly
after he began renting his Nob Hill unit on a short-term basis, defendant
Cima “also began renting his unit as a [STVR].”
      Lastavich at his deposition testified that he was in attendance at the
2005 HOA meeting when Ferayorni, joined by defendant Cima, announced
their intention to rent their units for what Lastavich recalled would be about
a “week” at a time. Lastavich further testified that Ferayorni began such
rentals “[m]aybe the following spring”; and that the Cimas began using their
unit for “[s]hort-term . . . vacation rentals” “shortly after” the 2005 HOA
meeting.

                                         5
      As noted, Ferayorni in 2008 sold his Nob Hill unit to defendant Demis.
Lastavich testified Demis then began to also use his unit “as a vacation
rental.” Lastavich further testified he knew Demis was using his newly
acquired unit as a vacation rental from the “amount of traffic, people coming
in and out” of the unit, and from a conversation they had had when Demis
told Lastavich he bought the unit for “rental use.”
      Demis confirmed Lastavich’s testimony. Demis declared under penalty
of perjury that since his purchase of the unit in May 2008, he has
“continually” used it as a “residential short term vacation rental property”;
that once he began using his unit as a STVR, Demis has “never had a City
code enforcement inquiry or violation for noise disturbances, trash, parking,
or any other incident”; and that the “[p]olice have never been called for a
problem at [his] rental.”
      Demis further declared that when he purchased his unit from the
“previous homeowners[] association president [i.e., Ferayorni],” the
“president already was renting his unit as a residential vacation rental and it
was rented and booked through the VRBO.com website.” In connection with
his purchase, Demis was provided with “residential vacation income data
that was a material basis for [his] decision to purchase the property.” Demis
also confirmed that since his purchase of the Nob Hill unit in 2008, he has
had “several conversations with Mr. Lastavich,” adding: “[Lastavich] at all
times . . . knew that my unit (and at times both other units in the building
besides his) were used as residential short-term vacation rentals.”
      Sandra Bovenzi declared under penalty of perjury that she sold her

Nob Hill unit to Don Richardson and Debbie Richardson in October 2005.3

3    Neither Sandra Bovenzi nor the Richardsons are parties in this
lawsuit.
                                       6
Sandra further declared that earlier in 2005, she took issue with signs that
defendant Cima and Ferayorni had each placed on the balcony of their
respective units, advertising them as “short-term vacation rentals.” Sandra
took down the signs and defendant Cima in response brought up the sign-
issue at a Nob Hill HOA meeting.
      Sandra in her declaration added, “At [the] meeting, we discussed the
short-term vacation rental sign placement, and the Board came to an
agreement on where the signs were to be placed. At no time did any Board
member express the opinion that the use of the units as short-term vacation
rentals was in violation of the Nob Hill CC&Rs. All members of Nob Hill
were present at the meeting (including Mr. Lastavich).”
      Lastavich in his deposition testified that shortly after the Richardsons
bought their unit, he was aware they were using it as a “vacation rental”; and
that the Richardsons continued to use their unit as such for the next “four or
five years,” although Lastavich believed they did so “sparingly.” Don
Richardson declared under penalty of perjury that, although at the time of
trial he and his wife were not renting their Nob Hill unit, in the past they
had done so, a fact Lastavich was aware of as early as 2006. Don further
declared he did not object to other owners using their units as “vacation
rentals.”
      Lastavich thus admitted that beginning in the latter part of 2005 or
early 2006, he knew that Ferayorni, defendant Cima, and the Richardsons
were using their units as STVRs. Lastavich’s knowledge of such was based
not only on the fact that there was increased “traffic” at Nob Hill, but also on
separate conversations he had had with each of these current and former
owners regarding their use of the units as STVRs, as also confirmed by them
by their sworn testimony.

                                       7
      In early November 2016, Lastavich’s legal counsel sent the other Nob
Hill owners a letter demanding they “cease and desist” using their units as
STVRs, arguing such use was a “clear violation” of the CC&Rs. The NOB
Hill board consulted various attorneys in response. At a November 10, 2016
HOA meeting where “all” unit owners were represented including Lastavich,
the board advised its members that the attorneys it had consulted “were
identical in their position that vacation rental use is part of the single-family
residence use and that such use was permitted by the CC&Rs. Therefore a
motion was passed and carried with a vote of three to zero with one
abstention (Mr. Lastavich) that the Nob Hill HOA Board hire an attorney to
represent the HOA and to write a reply to Mr. [Lastavich’s] demand letter.”
      In May 2017, Lastavich filed his original complaint, alleging nine
causes of action against the Nob Hill HOA, Cima, and Demis for breach of
fiduciary duty, fraud, trespass, negligence, intentional and negligent
infliction of emotional distress, violation of the CC&Rs, an accounting, and
declaratory relief. In addition to general damages, Lastavich sought punitive
damages from defendants, injunctive relief, and attorney fees and costs.
      In early June 2017, Lastavich filed an ex parte application seeking a
temporary restraining order to enjoin defendants “from using the NOB Hill
Association for Short Term Vacation Rentals . . . as such use violates the
[CC&Rs] which has and will cause irreparable injury before certain
legal/contractual/factual issues in this lawsuit are adjudicated.” Defendants
opposed the request. The court ordered further briefing.
      Lastavich’s request for a restraining order was denied in late August.
The court found Lastavich failed to establish both a reasonable probability of
success on the merits of his claims and irreparable harm if the injunction was
not granted. The court also found that, in balancing the hardships borne by

                                        8
the parties, the “individual homeowners [would] suffer greater harm if the
injunction [was] granted.”
      In response to a demurrer and motion to strike, Lastavich in
September 2017 filed a first amended complaint (sometimes, FAC), omitting
only his fraud cause of action, but again seeking both general and punitive
damages from defendants among other relief. Defendants again demurred to,
and moved to strike portions of, the FAC.
      In December, Lastavich filed a motion seeking a judicial declaration
that STVRs violated section 3.1 of the CC&Rs and requesting appointment of
a receiver. That motion was denied in late February 2018. The court that
same month also sustained in part the demurrer to the FAC, dismissing
Lastavich’s causes of action for trespass and intentional infliction of
emotional distress, and granted defendants’ motion to strike Lastavich’s
request for punitive damages.
      In March 2018, Lastavich filed a motion for summary adjudication,
which the court subsequently denied both on procedural and substantive
grounds. Substantively, the court found that Lastavich “failed to meet his
burden to prove that the CC&Rs prohibited use of the Nob Hill single-family
residences as short term rentals.”
      As noted, at the August 28 bench trial the parties stipulated to waive
witness testimony. The parties’ stipulation further provided the court would
decide the case based on the following: “(a) Evidence cited in parties’ trial
briefs and any attached exhibits; [¶] (b) Notice of Lodging Evidence, filed on
August 29, 2018, including an index of the lodged documentary evidence
(Tabs 1-7); and [¶] (c) Deposition Transcripts of Bill Cima and Louis
Lastavich.”

                                        9
      At the continued September 6 hearing, after indicating it had read the
evidence based on the parties’ stipulation, and, after hearing the lengthy
argument of counsel, the court orally announced its decision. As relevant to
the issues we consider on appeal, the court disagreed with Lastavich’s
interpretation of the CC&Rs, finding that “short term vacation rentals are
not a business and that their use do[es] not violate the CC&Rs,” including
section 3.1; and that all of Lastavich’s remaining causes of action were
derivative of his declaratory relief cause of action.
      Defendants subsequently filed a motion to recover $313,721 in attorney
fees and $6,156.95 in costs. In support of their motion, defendants argued
the award requested was necessary and reasonable and was incurred to “(i)
defend against numerous, largely unsuccessful motions filed by Plaintiff
[Lastavich], (ii) engage in discovery, and (iii) successfully prevail after the
bench trial.”
      Lastavich opposed the fees motion, essentially rearguing the merits of
the trial court’s ruling on his declaratory relief cause of action; and noting
that once such ruling was reversed on appeal, he would be seeking an award
of fees and costs from defendants. In addition, Lastavich also argued the
amount of fees sought by defendants was unreasonable, as his fees allegedly
were “less than a third of the Defendants claimed fees.”
      The record shows the court on its own motion twice continued the
hearing on the fees motion, wisely allowing the trial judge that had presided
over the case and bench trial to hear and rule on said motion. At the
continued February 1, 2019 hearing, the court granted the motion for
attorney fees, but reduced the award to $260,625. Lastavich appealed this
post-judgment order in connection with this main appeal.

                                        10
                                 DISCUSSION
      A. Guiding Principles
      The interpretation of a written instrument, such as the CC&Rs at issue
here, is essentially a judicial function to be exercised according to the
generally accepted canons of interpretation of contracts so that the purpose of
the instrument may be given effect. (Fourth La Costa Condominium Owners
Assn. v. Seith (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 563, 575 (Seith); Greater Middleton
Assn. v. Holmes Lumber Co. (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 980, 989.) When there is
no conflict in the evidence as to the document in question, an appellate court
is not bound by a trial court’s interpretation of the terms of the written
instrument, but should make an independent determination of the terms.
(Ekstrom v. Marquesa at Monarch Beach Homeowners Assn. (2008) 168
Cal.App.4th 1111, 1121 (Ekstrom).)
      Key to the instant case, restrictive covenants such as the CC&Rs must
be construed strictly against those seeking to enforce them, and in favor of
the unencumbered use of the property. (See Wing v. Forest Lawn Cemetery
Assn. (1940) 15 Cal.2d 472, 479 [recognizing “any provisions of an instrument
creating or claimed to create a [restrictive easement] will be strictly
construed, any doubt being resolved in favor of the free use of the land”]; Chee
v. Amanda Goldt Property Management (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 1360,
1377 (Chee) [noting “ ‘ “restrictive covenants are construed strictly against
the person seeking to enforce them,” ’ ” in favor of the unencumbered use of
property]; Smith v. North (1966) 244 Cal.App.2d 245, 248 (Smith) [noting
when a restrictive covenant is “subject to more than one interpretation, that
construction consonant with the unencumbered use of the property will be
adopted,” and “any doubt therein is resolved against enforcement of the
restriction”].)

                                       11
      Keeping these principles in mind, we nevertheless strive to give the
instrument a just and fair interpretation, so that the intent of the parties—
typically determined at the time when the instrument is formed, governs.
(See Westrec Marina Management, Inc. v. Arrowood Indemnity Co. (2008) 163

Cal.App.4th 1387, 1392 (Westrec); Civ. Code,4 § 1636 [providing: “A contract
must be so interpreted as to give effect to the mutual intention of the parties
as it existed at the time of contracting, so far as the same is ascertainable
and lawful”].) “We ascertain that intention solely from the written contract,
if possible.” (Westrec, at p. 1392; § 1639 [providing in part: “When a contract
is reduced to writing, the intention of the parties is to be ascertained from the
writing alone, if possible”].)
      However, “[r]estrictions on the use of land will not be read into a
restrictive covenant by implication, but if the parties have expressed their
intention to limit the use, that intention should be carried out, for the
primary object in construing restrictive covenants, as in construing all
contracts, should be to effectuate the legitimate desires of the covenanting
parties.” (Hannula v. Hacienda Homes (1949) 34 Cal.2d 442, 444–445.)
      As noted, in this case the parties stipulated to the evidence the court
could rely on in determining whether the CC&Rs as a whole, and section 3.1
in particular, prohibited the use of the Nob Hill units as STVRs. Because
there was no conflict in the evidence regarding the interpretation of
the CC&Rs, we independently determine their meaning. (See Ekstrom,
supra, 168 Cal.App.4th at p. 1121; Seith, supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at p. 575.)
      B. Analysis
      As noted ante, Lastavich contends that the “plain meaning” of section
3.1 of the CC&Rs prohibits the use of the Nob Hill units as STVRs. For

4     All further statutory references are to the Civil Code.
                                       12
purposes of this appeal only, we deem a STVR to mean a rental of less than
30 days, as Lastavich stated at his deposition, and as defined in Ordinance

No. CS-272, section 5.60.020,5 of the City Council of City.
      Section 3.1 is found under the heading, “Use of Units and Common
Area,” and provides: “Single-Family Residence Only. Each Unit shall be
used as a single family residence and for no other purpose or purposes except
that a sales office and/or sales display area may be maintained by Developer
in any of the units until sales of all of the Condominiums in the Project have
been consummated.”
      Section 1.2 of the CC&Rs defines “[u]nit” to “mean and refer to those
portions of the Condominium Property shown and described as such on the
Condominium Plan and shall consist of a Living Area Airspace and Garage
Airspace.” The CC&Rs do not, however, define the term “used as a single
family residence.” Nor do they include the term “transient vacation lodgers,”
which term Lastavich relies on to distinguish section 3.1 and its requirement
that the units be used only as a “single family residence.”

5     This section provides: “ ‘Short-term vacation rental’ is defined as the
rental of any legally permitted dwelling unit as that term is defined in
Chapter 21.04, Section 21.04.120 of this code, or any portion of any legally
permitted dwelling unit for occupancy for dwelling, lodging or sleeping
purposes for a period of less than 30 consecutive calendar days. Short-term
vacation rental includes any contract or agreement that initially defined the
rental term to be greater than 30 consecutive days and which was
subsequently amended, either orally or in writing to permit the occupant(s) of
the owner's short-term vacation rental to surrender the subject dwelling unit
before the expiration of the initial rental term that results in an actual rental
term of less than 30 consecutive days.” (Italics added.) We note that section
5.60.030 of Ordinance CS-272 provides: “Short-term vacation rentals which
comply with the requirements of this Chapter are permitted only in the
coastal zone,” which, as noted ante, includes Nob Hill.
                                       13
      As is clear from the undisputed evidence summarized ante, Lastavich’s
interpretation of section 3.1 would severely limit the remaining Nob Hill
owners’ free use of their property. (See Wing, supra, 15 Cal.2d at p. 479;
Smith, supra, 244 Cal.App.2d at p. 248; Chee, supra, 143 Cal.App.4th at p.
1377.) As such, we must strictly construe the CC&Rs against him.
      Initially, we note that it would have been relatively simple to have
included a single sentence in the CC&Rs, when originally drafted in 1986 or
as amended, to limit the rental of the Nob Hill units to a certain minimum
number of days. Such a sentence could have read something along the lines
of, “no rental of any ‘unit,’ as that term is defined in section 1.2, shall be for a
period of less than [fill in] days, which rental shall, in any event, be used only
as a ‘single family residence and for no other purpose,’ as provided in section
3.1,” or words to that effect.
      Indeed, as is also clear from the undisputed evidence, it cannot be said
the use of the Nob Hill units as vacation rentals was unexcepted or
unanticipated. As noted, the complex is comprised of only four units; is
located in the coastal zone of City, a beach resort; and most of the former and
current owners of such units, other than Lastavich, have used their units as a
STVR, dating back to 2005.
      In addition, Sandra Bovenzi’s sworn testimony shows she had no
intention of limiting the rental of the Nob Hill units to a minimum number of
days. As noted, she along with Arthur Bovenzi were identified as the
“Declarant” in the CC&Rs when they were recorded in 1986. As such, her
testimony is relevant to our interpretation of the CC&Rs. (See Westrec,
supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 1392; see also § 1647 [providing: “A contract
may be explained by reference to the circumstances under which it was made,
and the matter to which it relates”].)

                                         14
      On the issue of whether Bovenzi intended to restrict STVRs at Nob Hill
or to otherwise limit the rental of such units to a certain minimum number of
days, she testified: “I had no intent to prohibit the use of the Nob Hill
condominium units as short-term vacation rentals. Further, I had no intent
to restrict or prohibit any rental use of such units. I formulated my intent
prior to or at the time the CC&Rs were completed, and my intent is reflected
in the various provisions of the CC&Rs.” She went on to identify sections 3.1,
3.8, 3.11, and 4.8, all of which are summarized post, as indicative of her
intent as a “Declarant.”
      Moreover, as we have repeatedly noted, the undisputed record evidence
stipulated to by the parties shows that various owners since at least 2005
have used their units as a STVR; that in 2005, defendant Cima and
Ferayorni began advertising their respective units as STVRs by posting signs
on their units’ respective balconies; that shortly after they purchased their
unit from Sandra Bovenzi in 2005, the Richardsons also used their unit as a
“vacation rental”; and that Demis in 2008 bought his unit from Ferayorni
specifically for use as a rental, including as a STVR. (See City of Hope Nat.
Medical Center v. Genentech, Inc. (2008) 43 Cal.4th 375, 393 (Genentech)
[noting that a “party’s conduct occurring between execution of the contract
and a dispute about the meaning of the contract’s terms may reveal what the
parties understood and intended those terms to mean,” and further noting
that for “this reason, evidence of such conduct . . . is admissible to resolve
ambiguities in the contract’s language”].)
      But that’s not all. The undisputed evidence also shows that at a Nob
Hill HOA meeting in 2005 attended by Lastavich, defendant Cima and
Ferayorni both expressed their intention to use their units as STVRs; that
the owners discussed whether such use was prohibited by the CC&Rs; and

                                        15
that there was general agreement among the owners that no such prohibition
existed. The undisputed evidence further shows that, shortly after this
meeting, Ferayorni began using his unit as STVR; and that defendant Cima
and his wife Debbie Cima not long afterwards also began using their unit as
a STVR, and have continuously done so for almost 13 years, up to the time of
trial. (See Genentech, supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 393.)
      Furthermore, multiple sections of the CC&Rs expressly contemplate
the Nob Hill units can be rented and/or leased by nonowners without regard
to any minimum number of days or time period. (See Ezer v. Fuchsloch
(1979) 99 Cal.App.3d 849, 861 [concluding a declaration of restrictions is to
“be ‘construed as a whole’ so as ‘to give effect to every part thereof [citations],
and particular words or clauses must be subordinated to general intent’ ”];
see also § 1641 [providing: “The whole of a contract is to be taken together,
so as to give effect to every part, if reasonably practicable, each clause
helping to interpret the other”].)
      The opening section of the CC&Rs in part provides the “Declarant” (i.e.,
Albert Bovenzi and Sandra Bovenzi) pronounce that the “Project, and every
component thereof, shall be held, used, sold, conveyed, leased, and
encumbered subject to the following assessments, restrictions, covenants and
conditions.” (Italics added.) There is no language in this prefatory section
limiting the “leas[ing]” of units to a certain minimum number of days.
      Section 3.6 of the CC&Rs addresses use of the Nob Hill common area.
It provides in part such area, excluding buildings, may be used for

“recreational use by the Condominium Owners[6] and occupants of the Units

6    “Owner” is defined in section 1.6 of the CC&Rs in part to mean the
“owner of record of fee simple title to any condominium or, in the event a
condominium has been sold under a real property sales agreement.”

                                        16
and their guests, subject to rules and regulations established” by the Nob Hill
HOA. (Italics added.) Thus, section 3.6 expressly distinguishes “[o]wners”
from “occupants” and “their guests”; does not define the term “occupant” or
“guest”; and similar to the opening section of the CC&Rs and section 3.1, it
contains no express limitation on the minimum number of days a unit may be
rented by an “occupant” and his or her “guest.”
      Section 3.8 provides additional support for a construction of the CC&Rs
allowing a Nob Hill unit to be rented and/or leased by nonowners without
regard to the duration of such. It provides: “Sign Limitations. No
Condominium Owner shall place any sign (for rent, sale, or exchange) on the
interior walls of his Units, except where such sign is of reasonable
dimensions, as determined by the City of Carlsbad” and California law.
(Italics added.) Again, if the “rent[al]” of a Nob Hill unit was prohibited for
less than 30 days, as Lastavich argues, it would have been simple to include
such language in this section.
      Section 3.11 also distinguishes between an “Owner” and an
“occupant of such Owner’s unit” when addressing liability for damages to
common areas or any improvements thereof. (Italics added.) As is the case
with other sections in the CC&Rs, “occupant” is undefined and occupancy is
not restricted to a certain minimum stay.
      Section 4.8, governs the rights of the Nob Hill HOA to adopt reasonable
rules consistent with the CC&Rs “relating to the use of the Common Area by
Owners and their tenants or guests, and the conduct of such persons with
respect to automobile parking, outside storage of boats, trailers, bicycles and
other objects, . . . and other activities which, if not so regulated, might detract
from the appearance of the Project or offend or cause inconvenience or danger
to persons residing or visiting therein.” (Italics added.)

                                        17
      As is the case with other provisions in the CC&Rs, section 4.8 makes a
clear distinction between owners, on the one hand, and “tenants” and
“guests” on the other hand, again without defining “tenants” or “guests.” As
is also the case with respect to sections 3.1, 3.6, 3.8, and 3.11, section 4.8 does
not include any language excluding tenancy to less than 30 days.
      In sum, based on the rules of construction we must apply to Lastavich’s
interpretation of the CC&Rs, including strictly construing them against him
in favor of the free use of property; the lack of any express, unambiguous
prohibition in the CC&Rs of the use of the Nob Hill units as STVRs, despite
references in various sections to nonowners such as renters, occupants, and
guests; the undisputed evidence provided by (i) Sandra regarding her intent
as a Declarant under the CC&Rs not to limit the rental of units to a
minimum stay or to preclude STVRs, and (ii) present and former owners
regarding their use of the Nob Hill units as STVRs since about 2005, all of
which was known to Lastavich; we independently conclude the CC&Rs do not
expressly or by implication prohibit the use of the Nob Hill units as STVRs.
      Based on our decision, we find it unnecessary to reach the myriad other
arguments raised by the parties on appeal, including that even if the CC&Rs
prohibited STVRs, such a prohibition would be unenforceable under the
California Costal Act of 1976 (Pub. Resources Code, § 30000 et seq.) and
public policy underlying its enactment, as discussed in Greenfield v.
Mandalay Shores Community Assn. (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 896; or that
Lastavich’s actions, or, more appropriately, inaction, prevent the relief he
seeks under the doctrine of laches.
      Finally, as a result of our decision affirming the judgment, we decline
to reverse the award of attorney fees to defendants. We note on appeal

                                        18
Lastavich did not challenge the amount of such an award “per se,” but
claimed such an award could not stand if the judgment was reversed.
                                DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed, as is the postjudgment award of attorney
fees. Defendants to recover their costs of appeal.

                                                                 BENKE, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

HUFFMAN, J.

                                      19