Court Opinion

ID: 2826486
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-12 00:03:49.110949+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:31:22.181585
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES, Appellant

                                    v.

                   Christopher A. QUICK, Sergeant
                     U.S. Marine Corps, Appellee

                              No. 15-0347

                       Crim. App. No. 201300341

       United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces

                          Argued May 12, 2015

                       Decided August 11, 2015

ERDMANN, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which
RYAN, J., joined. BAKER, J., filed a separate concurring
opinion. STUCKY, J., filed a separate dissenting opinion, in
which OHLSON, J., joined.

                                 Counsel

For Appellant: Lieutenant James M. Belforti, JAGC, USN
(argued); Colonel Mark K. Jamison, USMC, Captain Matthew M.
Harris, USMC, and Brian K. Keller, Esq. (on brief).

For Appellee: Captain David A. Peters, USMC (argued); Captain
Daniel Douglass, USMC.

Amicus Curiae for Appellant: Gerald R. Bruce, Esq. (on brief)
-- for the United States Air Force Appellate Government
Division; Lieutenant Commander A. M. Lee (on brief) -- for the
United States Coast Guard Appellate Government Division.

Amicus Curiae for Appellee: Brian L. Mizer, Esq. (on brief) --
for the United States Air Force Appellate Defense Division.

Military Judge:   Chris Thielemann

       This opinion is subject to revision before final publication.
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

     Chief Judge ERDMANN delivered the opinion of the court.

     Contrary to his pleas, Sergeant Christopher A. Quick was

convicted by a panel of officer and enlisted members, sitting as

a general court-martial, of conspiracy to distribute an indecent

visual recording, wrongfully viewing an indecent visual

recording, and indecent conduct, in violation of Articles 81,

120c, and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ),

10 U.S.C. §§ 881, 920c, 934 (2012).    Quick was sentenced to a

bad-conduct discharge, six months of confinement, and a

reduction to E-3.    The convening authority approved the sentence

as adjudged.   In a published decision, the United States Navy-

Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals (NMCCA) set aside Quick’s

conviction for wrongfully viewing an indecent visual recording

and, finding that the penalty landscape had dramatically

changed, ordered a sentencing rehearing.    United States v.

Quick, 74 M.J. 517, 519, 524 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2014).     As a

result of the remand for a sentence rehearing, the Judge

Advocate General of the Navy has asked this court whether Courts

of Criminal Appeals (CCAs) have the legal authority to order

sentence-only rehearings under Article 66(d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.

§ 866(d) (2012). 1   In view of this court’s long-standing

1
  The government certified the following issue pursuant to
Article 67(a)(2):

                                  2
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

precedent on this issue and the doctrine of stare decisis, we

affirm the decision of the NMCCA.

                              Discussion

     Neither the substantive offenses nor the facts below are at

issue in this appeal.     The underlying issue is whether Article

66(d), UCMJ, authorizes the CCAs to order sentence-only

rehearings.   The government argues that the CCAs do not have

that authority and asks that we overrule this court’s decision

in United States v. Miller, 370 C.M.A. 296, 27 C.M.R. 10 (1956),

in which we specifically recognized the authority of the CCAs to

order sentence-only rehearings.     The government asserts that

Miller was wrongly decided in light of Jackson v. Taylor, 353
U.S. 569 (1957).   The government further argues that under the

plain language of Article 66(d), UCMJ, if a CCA orders a

rehearing, it must do so for both the finding(s) which were set

aside and the sentence.    It cannot order a sentence-only

     Whether precedent authorizing Courts of Criminal
     Appeals to order sentence-only rehearings should be
     overruled based on: (A) Jackson v. Taylor, 353 U.S.
569 (1957), which stated “no [such] authority” exists;
     (B) the plain language of the statute including the
     conjunctive “findings and sentence” in Article 66(d)
     in contrast to authority granted the Judge Advocates
     General in Article 69(a) to act with respect to
     “findings or sentence or both” and the convening
     authority in Article 60(f)(3) to order sentence
     rehearings; and (C) judicial economy.

United States v. Quick, 74 M.J. 223 (C.A.A.F. 2015)
(docketing notice).

                                   3
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

rehearing.   The government goes on to argue that, if Congress

had intended to grant the CCAs the authority to order sentence-

only rehearings, it would have amended Article 66(d), UCMJ, in

the same manner it amended Article 69, UCMJ, in the Military

Justice Act of 1983, which extended that authority to the Judge

Advocates General. 2

     Quick counters that Miller was correctly decided, that the

plain language of Article 66, UCMJ, supports the CCA’s power to

order sentence-only rehearings and that, in any event, this

court should continue to follow Miller under the doctrine of

stare decisis.   While Quick also relies on the plain language of

2
  The government also argues that Congress extended the authority
to order sentence-only rehearings to convening authorities in
the Military Justice Act of 1983 by amending Article 60, UCMJ.
While that authority was inserted into Article 60(e)(3) in the
1983 amendments, the authority already existed. The Senate
Report that accompanied the Military Justice Act of 1983
explained that the substantive rules governing a convening
authority’s power to order a rehearing were taken from the then
existing version of Article 63(a) which stated, “If the
convening authority disapproves the findings and sentence of a
court-martial he may, except where there is lack of sufficient
evidence in the record to support the findings, order a
rehearing.” S. Rep. NO. 98-53, at 51 (1983). As explained in
the Senate Report, Article 63(a) was “implemented by paragraph
92a of the Manual for Courts-Martial (rev. ed. 1969),” id. at
27, which specifically stated, “In addition to having the power
. . . to order a rehearing in full . . . , the convening
authority or a reviewing authority may order a rehearing on the
sentence only based on the sustained findings
[Article](81b(2)).” Manual for Courts-Martial, United States,
para. 92.a., at 18-1 (1969 rev. ed.) (MCM). Therefore, Congress
considered that the amendments to Article 60(e) in 1983
“continue[d preexisting] authority for the convening authority
to order . . . a rehearing on the sentence only based upon
approved findings.” S. Rep. NO. 98-53, at 21.

                                 4
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

Article 66(d), UCMJ, in his statutory construction argument he

primarily relies on 1 U.S.C. § 1, which provides that “[i]n

determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, unless the

context indicates otherwise . . . words importing the plural

include the singular . . . .”    Quick argues that since the term

“findings” in Article 66(d) can be read as “finding,” the

statute authorizes rehearings when the CCA sets aside “a finding

and sentence.”

     The process for first-level appellate review of court-

martial convictions is encompassed within Article 66, UCMJ.

Subsection (d) of Article 66 addresses the scope of the CCA’s

authority to order rehearings:

     If the Court of Criminal Appeals sets aside the
     findings and sentence, it may, except where the
     setting aside is based on lack of sufficient evidence
     in the record to support the findings, order a
     rehearing. If it sets aside the findings and sentence
     and does not order a rehearing, it shall order that
     the charges be dismissed.

Jackson v. Taylor:

     In 1957, the Supreme Court decided Jackson, which addressed

the options available to boards of review (now the Courts of

Criminal Appeals) when a sentence has been set aside. 353 U.S.

at 570-71.   Jackson and two other soldiers had been convicted at

a general court-martial of premeditated murder and attempted

rape and all three were sentenced to life in prison.    Id.   The

findings and sentences were approved by the convening authority.

                                  5
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

Id. at 571.    On appeal, however, the United States Army board of

review set aside the convictions for premeditated murder and

affirmed only the convictions for attempted rape.      Id. at 570-

71.   The board then modified the sentences and held that “only

so much of the approved sentence as provides for dishonorable

discharge, total forfeitures, and confinement at hard labor for

20 years is correct in law and fact.”    Id. at 570.    The three

soldiers sought review from this court (at that time the United

States Court of Military Appeals), but did not challenge the

authority of the board of review to modify the sentences.     Id.

at 571-72.    The petitions were summarily denied.   Id. (citing

United States v. Fowler, 2 C.M.R. 336 (A.B.R. 1952)).

      The three soldiers were confined in different federal

prisons and each appealed to the appropriate federal district

court through writs of habeas corpus, challenging the board’s

power to modify the sentences.    Id. at 572.   The district courts

arrived at conflicting decisions as did the respective Circuit

Courts of Appeal. 3   Id.   Relying on Article 66(c), the Supreme

Court held that “[t]he board may ‘affirm . . . such part or

3
  The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held
that the board of review did not have the power to modify the
sentence while both the United States Courts of Appeals for the
Third and Fifth Circuits held it possessed that authority. See
DeCoster v. Madigan, 223 F.2d 906, 910 (7th Cir. 1955),
overruled by 353 U.S. at 569; Jackson v. Taylor, 234 F.2d 611,
614 (3d Cir. 1956), aff’d, 353 U.S. at 569; Wilkinson v. Fowler,
234 F.2d 615 (5th Cir. 1956), aff’d, 353 U.S. at 569.

                                   6
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

amount of the sentence, as it finds correct . . . .’     That is

precisely what the review board did here.”   Id. at 576

(alterations in original) (citation omitted).      Having determined

that the board of review had the authority to alter the

sentence, the Supreme Court turned to Jackson’s argument that

the board was required to return the case to the convening

authority for a sentence rehearing.   Although it did not

specifically reference Article 66(d), UCMJ, the Supreme Court

summarily dispensed with this argument:

     We find no authority in the Uniform Code for such a
     procedure and the petitioner points to none. The
     reason is, of course, that the Congress intended that
     the board of review should exercise this power. This
     is true because the nature of a court-martial
     proceeding makes it impractical and unfeasible to
     remand for the purpose of sentencing alone. See
     United States v. Keith, 1 U.S.C.M.A. 442, 451, 4
C.M.R. 34, 43 (1952).

Jackson, 353 U.S. at 579 (footnote omitted).

United States v. Miller:

     In 1959 this court decided Miller, which considered whether

the boards of review had the legal authority to order sentence-

only rehearings. 10 C.M.A. at 298, 27 C.M.R. at 372.    The board

of review in Miller set aside a finding and ordered a sentence-

only rehearing.    Id. at 297, 27 C.M.R. at 371.    The Judge

Advocate General of the Army then asked this court whether the

board of review had exceeded its authority in light of the

Supreme Court’s holding in Jackson.    Id.

                                  7
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

     The Miller court reviewed its precedent as to the authority

of boards of review to order rehearings and noted that it had,

without exception, upheld the power of the boards to order

sentence-only rehearings. 4   Id. at 299, 27 C.M.R. at 373.   The

court addressed the Jackson decision, id. at 298, 27 C.M.R. at

372, and noting that the Supreme Court had “purported to rely on

the holdings of this Court,” 5 found that:

     [w]hile it is true we have generally returned cases to
     boards of review because sending them to the trial
     level is rather cumbersome in that a new court must be
     assembled and informed on the facts, there are some
     cases in which the latter disposition is preferable
     and, as indicated, our decisions approving this
     limited form of relief are found in the reported
     cases. Accordingly, we are led to believe that in
     Jackson v Taylor, supra, the Supreme Court was merely
     pointing out some of the difficulties which prompted
     Congress to authorize reassessment of the sentence by
     a board of review and that it was not intending to say
     the power to order the limited rehearing was not
     impliedly granted by Articles 66 and 67 of the Code.
     Accordingly, we reaffirm our previous holdings that a
     case may be returned to a court-martial for rehearing
     on sentence only.

Id. at 299, 27 C.M.R. at 373.

     As recognized by both parties, when this court considers a

request to overrule a prior decision of the court, we analyze

the matter under the doctrine of stare decisis.    The doctrine of

4
  Between the effective date of the UCMJ and the Jackson
decision, this court had recognized or affirmed the power of the
boards of review to order sentence-only rehearings in at least
four cases, but did not discuss the language of Article 66(d).
See Appendix.
5
  The Supreme Court in Jackson cited United States v. Keith,
1 C.M.A. 442, 451, 4 C.M.R. 34, 43 (1952). 353 U.S. at 579.

                                  8
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

stare decisis is “most compelling where courts undertake

statutory construction.”   United States v. Rorie, 58 M.J. 399,

406 (C.A.A.F. 2003).

     When considering whether to overrule a precedent, we
     are guided by the doctrine of stare decisis. Under
     this fundamental principle, adherence to precedent “is
     the preferred course because it promotes the
     evenhanded, predictable, and consistent development of
     legal principles, fosters reliance on judicial
     decisions, and contributes to the actual and perceived
     integrity of the judicial process.” Payne v.
     Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 827 (1991).

    Stare decisis is a principle of decision making, not a
    rule, and need not be applied when the precedent at
    issue is “unworkable or . . . badly reasoned.” Id.
    As a general matter, however, “adhering to precedent
    ‘is usually the wise policy, because in most matters
    it is more important that the applicable rule of law
    be settled than it be settled right.’” Id. (quoting
    Burnet v. Colorado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393, 406
    (1932) (Brandeis, J., dissenting).

United States v. Tualla, 52 M.J. 228, 231 (C.A.A.F. 2000).

     Under the doctrine of stare decisis a decision should
     not be overruled without examining intervening events,
     reasonable expectations of servicemembers, and the
     risk of undermining public confidence in the law.
     Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative
     Services v. Florida Nursing Home Ass’n, 450 U.S. 147,
     151-55 (1981) (Stevens, J., concurring).

United States v. Boyett, 42 M.J. 150, 154 (C.A.A.F. 1995).

     For purposes of our analysis under the doctrine of stare

decisis, therefore, we do not limit our review to whether Miller

was wrongly decided, but rather we examine:   whether the prior

                                 9
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

decision is unworkable or poorly reasoned; 6 any intervening

events; the reasonable expectations of servicemembers; and the

risk of undermining public confidence in the law.

Workability and Reasoning:

     As noted in Miller, sending a case to CCAs for a sentence-

only rehearing is somewhat cumbersome, as a new court must be

assembled and informed of the facts.    10 C.M.A. at 299, 27
C.M.R. at 373.   However, a process that is cumbersome does not

equate to a process that is unworkable.    The very fact that the

CCAs have been ordering sentence-only rehearings for over sixty

years demonstrates the workability of the process.    That

workability is further illustrated by paragraph 92.a. of the

1969 MCM which authorized a convening authority to order a

sentence-only rehearing and the 1983 statutory expansion of the

authority to order sentence-only rehearings to the Judge

Advocates General -- changes made with the participation and

support of the government. 7   We do not believe that the executive

6
  Cf. Johnson v. United States, 192 L. Ed. 2d 569, 584 (2015)
(“The doctrine of stare decisis allows us to revisit an earlier
decision where experience with its application reveals that it
is unworkable.”).
7
  Department of Defense General Counsel William H. Taft IV
provided testimony to both the Senate and House hearings in
support of the Military Justice Act of 1983 and noted that the
Courts of Military Review (now the CCAs) already possessed the
authority to order sentence rehearings. See S. Rep. No. 98-53,
at 1; Hearing on S. 974 before the Military Personnel and
Compensation Subcomm. of the Comm. on Armed Services, 98th Cong.
38 (1983) (statement of Hon. William H. Taft, General Counsel of
the Department of Defense). Both the Senate and House Committee

                                 10
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

branch would itself adopt, and also request Congress to adopt,

an unworkable procedure.   Indeed, the jurisprudence that has

developed since Miller has established guidelines as to when it

is appropriate for a CCA to remand a case for a sentence

rehearing and when it is appropriate for a CCA to reassess the

sentence at the appellate level. 8   Consequently, there is nothing

that has been submitted to this court which demonstrates that

the Miller process is unworkable.

     As to whether the Miller decision was poorly reasoned, both

parties have presented valid arguments supporting their

respective positions.   However, we note that the Miller court

directly addressed the Jackson decision and provided an

explanation for its interpretation of that decision.    We do not

believe that Miller was so poorly reasoned that it should be

reversed on that basis alone, particularly when it has been

accepted by and relied upon by both the legislative and

executive branches of government in the intervening years.

Reports on S. 974 recognized that the Courts of Military Review
possessed the authority to order sentence rehearings at that
time. See S. Rep. No. 98-53, at 29; H.R. Rep. No. 98-549, at
16.
8
  See, e.g., United States v. Winckelmann, 73 M.J. 11, 14-16
(C.A.A.F. 2013); United States v. Moffeit, 63 M.J. 40, 43-44
(C.A.A.F. 2006) (Baker, J., concurring in the result); United
States v. Buber, 62 M.J. 476, 480 (C.A.A.F. 2006); United States
v. Doss, 57 M.J. 182, 184-86 (C.A.A.F. 2002); United States v.
Sales, 22 M.J. 305, 307 (C.M.A. 1986).

                                11
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

Intervening Events:

     As noted, in the Military Justice Act of 1983, Congress

amended Article 69, UCMJ, to grant authority to the Judge

Advocates General to order sentence-only rehearings.        Congress

did not take that opportunity to amend Article 66(d) to grant

similar authority to the CCAs. 9    The government, while

recognizing that legislative inaction does not necessarily

reflect legislative intent, goes on to assert that Congress’s

“refusal” to grant the CCAs the same statutory authority could

be seen as evidence of congressional intent not to grant the

CCAs the same power.   They further suggest that such a failure

by the legislature could constitute an intervening event for

purposes of a stare decisis analysis.

     The legislative history of the 1983 amendments, however,

does not support such a conclusion.     The amendments were

endorsed by the Department of Defense and the Department’s

testimony recognized that the Courts of Military Review already

possessed that authority.   Moreover, as noted above, the

language supporting the government’s position that the CCAs had

9
  While Article 66, UCMJ, has been amended numerous times since
its passage, Article 66(d), UCMJ, has only been amended twice,
both times to change the name of the intermediate military
court. See National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
1995, Pub. L. No. 103–337, 108 Stat. 2663; Military Justice Act
of 1968, Pub. L. No. 90-632, 82 Stat. 1335.

                                   12
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

this power was largely adopted by Congress. 10   In view of the

government’s position and congressional recognition that the

CCAs possessed that authority at the time, there would be no

reason for Congress to take legislative action.    The Military

Justice Act of 1983 does not constitute an intervening event for

purposes of stare decisis.

Reasonable Expectations of Servicemembers:

     While it is difficult to quantify the expectations of

servicemembers in regard to the authority of the CCAs to order

sentence-only rehearings, in the over sixty years of this

court’s consistent interpretation, Miller has become an

established component of the military justice system.    See

Appendix (non-exhaustive list of cases explicitly or implicitly

affirming sentence-only rehearings).   In the almost seventy

cases identified by this court, at least nine have discussed the

CCA’s power to varying degrees. 11

10
  See supra note 7.
11
  See United States v. French, 10 C.M.A. 171, 185, 27 C.M.R.
245, 259 (1959); United States v. Christopher, 13 C.M.A. 231,
234, 32 C.M.R. 231, 234 (1962); Sales, 22 M.J. at 307; United
States v. Jones, 39 M.J. 315, 317 (C.M.A. 1994); United States
v. Boone, 49 M.J. 187, 194 (C.A.A.F. 1998); United States v.
Murphy, 50 M.J. 4, 16 (C.A.A.F. 1998); United States v. Sills,
56 M.J. 239, 239 (C.A.A.F. 2002); United States v. Gaskins, 72
M.J. 225, 231 (C.A.A.F. 2013); Winckelmann, 73 M.J. at 14.

                                 13
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

       Of particular note are Sills and Winckelmann.      In Sills,

the United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals (AFCCA)

set aside the appellant’s conviction for committing an indecent

act. 56 M.J. at 239.    Citing legislative history and the

Supreme Court’s decision in Jackson, however, the AFCCA

determined it was without power to order a sentence-only

rehearing.    Id.    We reversed the AFCCA, finding that the court

“did not take into account this Court’s contrary, controlling

interpretation of Jackson.”      Id.    In making our determination,

we noted that this court’s position on Jackson had been

unchanged for over four decades and that the power of the CCAs

to order sentence-only rehearings had been recognized by both

the executive and legislative branches of government.       Id. at

240.

       Winckelmann included an issue as to whether the CCA abused

its authority when it failed to order a sentence rehearing.
73 M.J. at 13.      In considering the issue, this Court again

addressed the Supreme Court’s holding in Jackson:

       Although Jackson conclusively established the review
       board’s authority to reassess sentences in appropriate
       cases, in light of certain dicta in Jackson, a certain
       amount of confusion arose as to the authority of the
       board of review to order a rehearing on the sentence
       alone. However, what confusion that might have arisen
       as a result of the dicta in Jackson was resolved by
        this Court in United States v. Miller. The Miller
       court discussed Jackson and reaffirmed that “a
       rehearing limited to sentence alone may be an
       appropriate and permissive remedy for the cure of
       errors not affecting findings.”

                                   14
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

     This consistent practice has stood since 1959 without
     legislative amendment by Congress.

Winckelmann, 73 M.J. at 14 (footnote and internal citations

omitted). 12

Risk of Undermining Public Confidence:

     The Supreme Court has held that stare decisis “is the

preferred course because it promotes the evenhanded,

predictable, and consistent development of legal principles,

fosters reliance on judicial decisions, and contributes to the

actual and perceived integrity of the judicial process.”   Payne

v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 827 (1991); see also Tualla, 52 M.J.

at 231.   As noted, the Miller rule has been in effect for over

sixty years and during that time has become accepted procedure

in the military justice system.    It has provided a predictable

and consistent appellate remedy for both litigants and the lower

courts to follow.

     The executive branch has acknowledged the viability of the

Miller ruling when it extended the same authority to convening

authorities in the 1969 MCM, and also when it supported

Congress’s extension of that authority to the Judge Advocates

12
  The Winckelmann court, however, was divided on this issue.
See 73 M.J. at 17 (Stucky, J., concurring in the result)
(“Despite the clear language of Jackson, this Court has refused
to follow it.”); id. at 17-18 (Ryan, J., concurring in the
result) (“I agree with Judge Stucky that the Jackson v. Taylor
language about rehearing on sentence alone is neither confusing
nor a mere dictum.”) (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted).

                                  15
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

General in 1983.   The President has also specifically recognized

the CCA’s power to order sentence-only rehearing in several

provisions of the Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.).   See R.C.M.

810(a)(2); R.C.M. 1203(c)(2).

                            Conclusion

     In the more than six decades since the adoption of the

UCMJ, this court has consistently interpreted Article 66(d),

UCMJ, to authorize CCAs to order sentence-only rehearings.

During that time the substantive language of the subsection has

not changed and the government has recognized that the CCAs have

the authority to order sentence-only rehearings, both before

Congress and this court.   The ability of CCAs to order sentence-

only rehearings is an accepted and viable appellate remedy and

is relied upon by all litigants in the military justice system.

The government has failed to establish sufficient justification

to depart from the doctrine of stare decisis.   See Arizona v.

Rumsy, 467 U.S. 203, 212 (1984) (any departure from the doctrine

of stare decisis demands special justification).

                             Decision

     The decision of the United States Navy-Marine Corps Court

of Criminal Appeals is affirmed.

                                16
                           Appendix

•   United States v. Murgaw, 2 C.M.A. 369, 371, 8 C.M.R. 169,
    171 (1953) (setting aside the sentence in part but
    “declin[ing] to exercise [the Court’s] power to order a
    rehearing”) (Quinn, C.J., concurring) (Latimer, J.,
    dissenting in part).
•   United States v. McBride, 6 C.M.A. 430, 435, 20 C.M.R. 146,
    151 (1955) (affirming the decision of board of review as to
    sentence but reversing as to findings and directing a
    rehearing as to sentence) (Quinn, C.J., concurring)
    (Brosman, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
•   United States v. Johnson, 7 C.M.A. 488, 494, 22 C.M.R. 278,
    284 (1957) (setting aside the findings of guilty of
    desertion and the sentence and authorizing a rehearing on
    the sentence) (Ferguson, J., concurring) (Latimer, J.,
    dissenting).
•   United States v. Oakley, 7 C.M.A. 733, 736, 23 C.M.R. 197,
    200 (1957) (affirming the decision of the board of review
    with regard to guilty findings but setting aside the
    sentence and authorizing a rehearing thereon) (Ferguson,
    J., concurring) (Latimer, J., concurring in part and
    dissenting in part).
•   United States v. Guy, 8 C.M.A. 66, 67, 23 C.M.R. 290, 291
    (1957) (setting aside the sentence and ordering the record
    returned for submission to an appropriate court-martial
    convening authority for rehearing on sentence) (Ferguson,
    J., concurring) (Latimer, J., concurring in part and
    dissenting in part).
•   United States v. Rinehart, 8 C.M.A. 402, 410, 24 C.M.R.
212, 220 (1957) (reversing decision below as to sentence
    and authorizing a rehearing thereon) (Quinn, C.J.,
    concurring) (Latimer, J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Hirrlinger, 8 C.M.A. 716, 718, 25 C.M.R.
220, 222 (1958) (finding error as to sentence and
    authorizing a rehearing thereon) (Quinn, C.J., concurring)
    (Ferguson, J., concurring in the result).
•   United States v. Lowe, 9 C.M.A. 215, 215, 25 C.M.R. 477,
    477 (1958) (setting aside the decision of the board of
    review as to sentence and authorizing rehearing thereon)
    (Ferguson, J., concurring) (Latimer, J., concurring in the
    result).
•   United States v. Varnadore, 9 C.M.A. 471, 476, 26 C.M.R.
251, 256 (1958) (reversing the decision below as to
    sentence and authorizing rehearing thereon) (Ferguson, J.,
    concurring) (Latimer, J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Faylor, 9 C.M.A. 547, 548, 26 C.M.R. 327,
    328 (1958) (reversing the decision below and authorizing a
    rehearing as to sentence) (Quinn, C.J., concurring)
    (Latimer, J., concurring in the result).
•   United States v. Miller, 10 C.M.A. 296, 299, 27 C.M.R. 370,
    373 (1959) (affirming the authority under then Article
    66(d), UCMJ, for a board of review body to order a sentence
    rehearing).
•   United States v. Crutcher, 11 C.M.A. 483, 484, 29 C.M.R.
299, 300 (1960) (setting aside the sentence and authorizing
    reconsideration thereof) (Ferguson, J., concurring)
    (Latimer, J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Spellman, 11 C.M.A. 505, 505, 29 C.M.R.
321, 321 (1960) (setting aside the sentence and returning
    the record of trial for reconsideration thereof) (Ferguson,
    J., concurring) (Latimer, J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Pope, 11 C.M.A. 520, 520, 29 C.M.R. 336,
    336 (1960) (setting aside decision of the board of review
    as to sentence and returning the record of trial for
    reconsideration thereof) (Ferguson, J., concurring)
    (Latimer, J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Kitchens, 12 C.M.A. 589, 594, 31 C.M.R.
175, 180 (1961) (setting aside sentence for unlawful
    command influence and authorizing the board of review to
    reassess the sentence by eliminating a punitive discharge
    or order sentence rehearing).
•   United States v. Smith, 12 C.M.A. 594, 595, 31 C.M.R. 180,
    180 (1961) (setting aside the sentence for possible
    unlawful command influence and authorizing sentence
    rehearing) (Ferguson, J., and Kilday, J., concurring).
•   United States v. Barrett, 12 C.M.A. 598, 598, 31 C.M.R.
184, 184 (1961) (setting aside the sentence for possible
    unlawful command influence and authorizing rehearing on
    sentence) (Ferguson, J., and Kilday, J., concurring).

                               2
•   United States v. Rosenblatt, 13 C.M.A. 28, 29, 32 C.M.R.
28, 29 (1962) (setting aside the decision of board of
    review as to sentence and authorizing a rehearing thereon)
    (Ferguson, J., and Kilday, J., concurring).
•   United States v. Christopher, 13 C.M.A. 231, 234, 32 C.M.R.
231, 234 (1962) (affirming the authority of the board of
    review, upon reassessment, to affirm a previously adopted
    sentence or to remand an appropriate case for a rehearing
    on sentence, but declining to hold that a board is required
    to direct a rehearing on sentence in all such cases)
    (Quinn, C.J., concurring) (Ferguson, J., concurring in part
    and dissenting in part).
•   United States v. Pope, 17 C.M.A. 156, 157, 37 C.M.R. 420,
    421 (1967) (setting aside the sentence and authorizing a
    rehearing thereon) (Quinn, C.J., and Ferguson, J.,
    concurring).
•   United States v. Smith, 22 C.M.A. 528, 529, 48 C.M.R. 13,
    14 (1973) (per curiam) (setting aside the decision below as
    to sentence and authorizing a rehearing thereon).
•   United States v. Sidney, 23 C.M.A. 185, 185, 48 C.M.R. 801,
    801 (1974) (per curiam) (reversing the decision below as to
    Charge I, dismissing the attendant specifications, and
    authorizing rehearing on sentence for remaining findings).
•   United States v. Miller, 1 M.J. 357, 358 (C.M.A. 1976) (per
    curiam) (reversing the decision below as to sentence and
    authorizing a rehearing thereon).
•   United States v. Willis, 3 M.J. 94, 96 (C.M.A. 1977)
    (setting the sentence aside and authorizing a rehearing
    thereon) (Fletcher, C.J., concurring) (Cook, J.,
    dissenting).
•   United States v. Landrum, 3 M.J. 160, 160 (C.M.A. 1977)
    (summary disposition) (setting aside the sentence and
    stating that, “[i]n the interests of justice, no further
    proceedings will be held,” although “a new hearing on
    sentence could be ordered”).
•   United States v. James, 3 M.J. 341, 341 (C.M.A. 1977)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the findings below in part
    and authorizing a sentence rehearing based on remaining
    guilty findings).

                               3
•   United States v. Cummings, 3 M.J. 377, 377 (C.M.A. 1977)
    (misc. docket) (reversing the decision below, dismissing
    Charge IV and its specifications, and returning the case
    for reassessment of the sentence).
•   United States v. Roberts, 4 M.J. 91, 91 (C.M.A. 1977)
    (reversing the decision below as to one specification,
    dismissing that specification, and authorizing reassessment
    of the sentence) (Cook, J., concurring).
•   United States v. Chastain, 4 M.J. 91, 91 (C.M.A. 1977)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the decision below as to
    certain specifications, dismissing those specifications,
    and authorizing reassessment of the sentence) (Cook, J.,
    dissenting).
•   United States v. Merchant, 4 M.J. 91, 91 (C.M.A. 1977)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the decision below as to
    certain specifications, dismissing those specifications,
    and authorizing reassessment of the sentence) (Cook, J.,
    concurring).
•   United States v. Henderson, 4 M.J. 91, 91 (C.M.A. 1977)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the decision below as to
    certain specifications, dismissing those specifications,
    and authorizing reassessment of the sentence).
•   United States v. Johnson, 4 M.J. 91, 91 (C.M.A. 1977)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the decision below as to
    certain specifications, dismissing those specifications,
    and authorizing reassessment of the sentence) (Cook, J.,
    dissenting).
•   United States v. Cader, 4 M.J. 91, 91 (C.M.A. 1977)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the decision below as to
    certain specifications, dismissing those specifications,
    and authorizing reassessment of the sentence) (Cook, J.,
    dissenting).
•   United States v. Adams, 4 M.J. 91, 91 (C.M.A. 1977)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the decision below as to
    certain specifications, dismissing those specifications,
    and authorizing reassessment of the sentence).
•   United States v. Vick, 4 M.J. 235, 236 (C.M.A. 1978)
    (reversing the decision below as to additional Charge II
    and authorizing sentence reconsideration).

                               4
•   United States v. Ludlow, 5 M.J. 411, 412 (C.M.A. 1978)
    (reversing the court below, setting aside the sentence
    imposed, and authorizing a rehearing on the sentence)
    (Fletcher, C.J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Scott, 5 M.J. 431, 433 (C.M.A. 1978)
    (setting aside sentence and authorizing a rehearing
    thereon) (Perry, J., concurring) (Cook, J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Webb, 6 M.J. 85, 85 (C.M.A. 1978)
    (reversing the court below as to sentence and authorizing a
    rehearing thereon).
•   United States v. Bowman, 7 M.J. 260, 260 (C.M.A. 1979)
    (summary disposition) (setting aside the findings of guilty
    as to certain specifications and dismissing the same and
    returning the record for reassessment of sentence based on
    remaining findings of guilty) (Cook, J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Swalley, 7 M.J. 261, 261 (C.M.A. 1979)
    (summary disposition) (setting aside the findings of guilty
    as to certain specifications and dismissing the same and
    returning the record for reassessment of sentence based on
    remaining findings of guilty) (Cook, J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Fisher, 21 M.J. 327, 329 (C.M.A. 1987)
    (reversing decision of the Court of Military Review and
    returning for reassessment of sentence) (Everett, C.J.,
    concurring).
•   United States v. Silva, 21 M.J. 336, 337 (C.M.A. 1986)
    (setting aside decision below as to sentence and
    authorizing review thereof) (Everett, C.J., concurring in
    the result).
•   United States v. Bass, 22 M.J. 113, 113 (C.M.A. 1986)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the decision below as to
    sentence and authorizing a sentence rehearing in the event
    appellate defense counsel so requests within twenty days of
    the order).
•   United States v. Murphy, 22 M.J. 113, 113 (C.M.A. 1986)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the decision below as to
    sentence and authorizing a sentence rehearing in the event
    appellate defense counsel so requests within twenty days of
    the order).
•   United States v. Cozart, 22 M.J. 113, 113 (C.M.A. 1986)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the decision below as to

                               5
    sentence and authorizing a sentence rehearing in the event
    appellate defense counsel so requests within twenty days of
    the order).
•   United States v. Sales, 22 M.J. 305, 307 (C.M.A. 1986)
    (reaffirming the authority of the Court of Military Review
    to authorize a rehearing on sentence) (Cox, J., and
    Sullivan, J., concurring), discussed in United States v.
    Abilar, 2001 CCA LEXIS 266, at *11-*12, 2001 WL 1345657, at
    *4 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. Oct. 31, 2001) (explaining this
    authority is no longer limited to instances in which the
    court is unable “to reliably determine what sentence would
    have been imposed at the trial level if the error had not
    occurred”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
•   United States v. Kinman, 25 M.J. 99, 102 (C.M.A. 1987)
    (reversing the decision below as to sentence and
    authorizing a rehearing thereon) (Sullivan, J., concurring)
    (Cox, J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Caraballo, 26 M.J. 216, 216 (C.M.A. 1988)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the decision below as to
    certain specifications, dismissing those specifications,
    and authorizing sentence rehearing based on remaining
    guilty findings) (Cox, J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Deguzman, 26 M.J. 216, 216 (C.M.A. 1988)
    (summary disposition) (reversing the decision below as to
    certain specifications, dismissing those specifications,
    and authorizing sentence rehearing based on remaining
    guilty findings) (Cox, J., concurring in part and
    dissenting in part).
•   United States v. Mullens, 27 M.J. 398, 398 (C.M.A. 1988)
    (summary disposition) (authorizing the sentence to be set
    aside and a sentence rehearing to be held if facts proved
    inadmissible and prejudicial error was found).
•   United States v. English, 27 M.J. 398, 398 (C.M.A. 1988)
    (setting aside the findings as to Charge I, dismissing
    Charge I, and authorizing reassessment of sentence based on
    the remaining guilty findings).
•   United States v. Kirk, 31 M.J. 84, 90 (C.M.A. 1990)
    (reversing the decision below as to sentence and
    authorizing a rehearing thereon) (Everett, C.J., and Cox,
    J., concurring).

                               6
•   United States v. Hadlick, 31 M.J. 413, 413 (C.M.A. 1990)
    (summary disposition) (affirming the findings below but
    setting aside the sentence and authorizing a rehearing
    thereon).
•   United States v. Pompey, 33 M.J. 266, 267, 271 (C.M.A.
    1991) (affirming the decision below to set aside the
    sentence and authorize a rehearing thereon or, in the
    alternative, authorizing a sentence of no punishment)
    (Sullivan, C.J., and Cox, J., concurring).
•   United States v. Martinez, 40 M.J. 82, 84 (C.M.A. 1994)
    (reversing the decision below as to sentence and
    authorizing a rehearing thereon) (Cox, J., Gierke, J., and
    Wiss, J., concurring) (Crawford, J., concurring in result).
•   United States v. Boone, 49 M.J. 187, 194 (C.A.A.F. 1998)
    (reaffirming the Court of Criminal Appeals’ authority to
    order a rehearing on sentence) (Cox, C.J., Crawford, J.,
    Gierke, J., and Effron, J., concurring).
•   United States v. Murphy, 50 M.J. 4, 16 (C.A.A.F. 1998)
    (setting aside the decision below, remanding the case to
    the CCA to review new evidence, and authorizing a rehearing
    as to death sentence) (Sullivan, J., and Crawford, J.,
    dissenting).
•   United States v. Harris, 53 M.J. 86, 88 (C.A.A.F. 2000)
    (affirming the decision below as to findings but reversing
    as to sentence and authorizing a sentence rehearing)
    (Gierke, J., joined by Crawford, C.J., concurring in the
    result).
•   United States v. Washington, 55 M.J. 441, 443 (C.A.A.F.
    2001) (affirming the court below as to findings but
    reversing as to sentence and authorizing a rehearing as to
    sentence) (Crawford, C.J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Sills, 56 M.J. 239, 239 (C.A.A.F. 2002)
    (per curiam) (discussing the distinction between U.S.
    Supreme Court precedent indicating that the Court of
    Criminal Appeals is without authority to order a rehearing
    on sentence, and that of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
    Armed Forces, holding that such courts indeed have the
    power to authorize rehearings as to sentence).
•   United States v. Miles, 58 M.J. 192, 195 (C.A.A.F. 2003)
    (affirming the findings but reversing the decision below as

                               7
    to sentence and authorizing a sentence rehearing)
    (Crawford, C.J., dissenting).
•   United States v. Moffeit, 60 M.J. 348, 348 (C.A.A.F. 2004)
    (setting aside the findings of guilt, remanding the case
    and authorizing a sentence rehearing based on the remaining
    offense), discussed by United States v. Moffeit, 63 M.J.
40, 41 (C.A.A.F. 2006).
•   United States v. Baier, 60 M.J. 382, 385 (C.A.A.F. 2005)
    (setting aside the decision below as to sentence and
    authorizing a sentence rehearing).
•   United States v. Quintanilla, 63 M.J. 29, 30-31 (C.A.A.F.
    2006) (affirming the decision below to set aside the
    sentence and authorizing a rehearing thereon).
•   United States v. Davis, 63 M.J. 171, 175-76 (C.A.A.F. 2006)
    (explaining the jurisdictional rules allowing for sentence
    rehearings).
•   United States v. Humphries, 71 M.J. 209, 211 (C.A.A.F.
    2012) (dismissing the finding of guilty as to certain
    charges, remanding the case for reassessment, and
    authorizing a rehearing on the sentence, if necessary).
•   United States v. Gaskins, 72 M.J. 225, 231 (C.A.A.F. 2013)
    (reaffirming the power of an appellate body to authorize a
    rehearing on sentence) (Stucky, J., concurring in part and
    in the result) (Baker, C.J., concurring in part and
    dissenting in part).
•   United States v. Winckelmann, 73 M.J. 11, 14 (C.A.A.F.
    2013) (reviewing the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed
    Forces precedent giving appellate bodies power to authorize
    a sentence rehearing as compared to the U.S. Supreme Court
    precedent that holds to the contrary).

                               8
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

     BAKER, Judge ∗ (concurring):

     I concur with the majority opinion and its compelling

analysis of stare decisis.   I write separately to make three

additional points.

     First, while neither the Government nor Appellee have

analyzed the historical underpinnings of Article 66(d), Uniform

Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 866(d) (1996), the

legislative history of the UCMJ and the predecessor Articles of

War clearly indicates that Congress empowered the courts of

criminal appeals -- previously the boards of review –- to order

rehearings on sentence.   The authority was first established in

1920, in Article 50½ of the Articles of War:

     When . . . the board of review holds the record of trial
     legally insufficient to support the findings or sentence,
     either in whole or in part . . . such findings and sentence
     shall be vacated in whole or in part . . . and the record
     shall be transmitted through the proper channels to the
     convening authority for a rehearing or such other action as
     may be proper.

Article of War 50½ (1920) (emphasis added).

     This authority was carried forward in the 1948 Elston Act,

through which Congress intended to retain “the substance of the

clauses of . . . Article of War 50½ relating to rehearings” in

the revised Articles of War, via Article of War 52.   H.R. Rep.

∗
 Former Chief Judge James E. Baker took final action in this
case prior to the expiration of his term on July 31, 2015.
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

No. 1034, at 13 (1947).   Article of War 52 stated that any

reviewing authority, including the boards of review and the

nominal predecessor of this Court -- the judicial council --

possessed the authority to order a rehearing on sentence:

     When any reviewing or confirming authority disapproves a
     sentence or when any sentence is vacated by action of the
     board of review or judicial council . . . the reviewing or
     confirming authority or the Judge Advocate General may
     authorize or direct a rehearing.

Article of War 52 (1948).   This authority, in turn, was included

in the UCMJ:

     If the board of review sets aside the findings and
     sentence, it may, except where the setting aside is based
     on lack of sufficient evidence in the record to support the
     findings, order a rehearing.

Article 66(d), UCMJ (1950).

     Notwithstanding this history, the Government contends that

this Court “rewrote” Article 66(d), UCMJ, in United States v.

Miller, 10 C.M.A. 296, 27 C.M.R. 370 (1959), in an ultra vires

grant of rehearing authority by judicial fiat.   The problem with

this argument is that the courts of criminal appeals and

predecessor boards of review have possessed the power to order a

rehearing on sentence for nearly a century, and Congress never

intended anything to the contrary.   In presenting Article 66(d),

UCMJ, to Congress, the Department of Defense succinctly

described the board of review’s rehearing power by referencing

                                 2
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

the like power of the convening authority under Article 63,

UCMJ:

     Subdivision (d) deals with the power to order a rehearing.
     (See Article 63.).

Uniform Code of Military Justice: Hearings on H.R. 2498 Before a

Subcomm. of the H. Comm. on Armed Servs., 81st Cong. 914 (1949),

reprinted in Index and Legislative History, Uniform Code of

Military Justice (1950) (not separately paginated) [hereinafter

Legislative History].

     The drafters noted in the commentary to Article 63, UCMJ

that the rehearing power was “adopted from” Article of War 52,

as amended by the 1948 Elston Act.   Legislative History at 1180.

Article of War 52, in turn, was intended to restate the

substance of its predecessor, Article of War 50½.   H.R. Rep. No.

1034, at 13.   Article 50½ makes clear that the “findings and

sentence,” used in this context, refer to the findings or

sentence set aside by the board of review, “in whole or in

part.”   In other words, statutory law dating back nearly a

century -- not one decision of this Court or the United States

Supreme Court viewed in a vacuum -- answers the question

certified by the Government.

     Nonetheless, the Government invites this Court to

relitigate this issue as if Jackson v. Taylor, 353 U.S. 569

                                 3
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

(1957), had been decided yesterday, 1 and to analyze just what

Article 66(d), UCMJ, means as if it were new law.

     My second point is this:   the year is 2015, not 1958.   In

the nearly six decades that have elapsed, the President has

consistently promulgated Rules for Courts-Martial authorizing

and establishing procedures for sentence-only rehearings. 2

United States v. Sills, 56 M.J. 239, 240 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (per

curiam) (unanimous) (noting that Rules for Courts-Martial

810(a)(2) and 1203(c)(2) specifically contemplate sentence-only

rehearings).   The Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM), in turn, has

consistently differentiated between retrials and rehearings

(i.e., not every rehearing is a retrial on findings and

1
  Contrary to the dissent’s contention, every judge of this Court
has not contravened Supreme Court precedent for more than six
decades. We have, in at least twenty cases, recognized
Jackson’s holding that Article 66(c), UCMJ, provides the
statutory authority for military appellate courts to conduct
sentence reassessment. See infra Appendix to Concurring
Opinion. That conclusion represents the holding of Jackson, as
explicitly recognized by the Supreme Court in the companion case
of Fowler v. Wilkinson, 353 U.S. 583, 585 (1957) (“[T]he board
of review had jurisdiction to modify the sentence. [The]
inquiry cannot be extended beyond that question.”).
2
  The responses that the President cannot make substantive law,
or that he has merely acquiesced to this Court’s ultra vires
action, are not persuasive. In enacting these provisions, the
President is acting pursuant to his statutory authority to
establish procedural rules for the military justice system.
Article 36, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 836 (2012).
                                 4
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

sentence), and has specifically contemplated “rehearings on

sentence only.”   E.g., MCM para. 81(b)(2) (1969 ed.). 3

     Rehearings on sentence, therefore, have been contemplated

by Congress since the Articles of War, and relevant procedures

have been consistently promulgated by the President and

recognized by the Department of Defense.   As the majority

opinion notes, they are not unworkable under well-understood

principles of stare decisis.   But an equally important

consideration, and my third point, is that the Government’s

position is itself unworkable and may raise serious

constitutional questions.

3
 The MCM has discussed rehearings on sentence since the first
edition dealing with the UCMJ was published in 1951, noting that
“[i]f a sentence is disapproved because of any procedural error
prejudicial to the substantial rights of the accused, a
rehearing may properly be ordered” by the convening authority,
the board of review, or the Court of Military Appeals. MCM ch.
XVIII, para. 92 (1951 ed.). And, of course, editions of the MCM
published under the Articles of War provided guidance for issues
presented by sentence-only rehearings. For example, the
commentary accompanying Article 50½ in the 1936 edition of the
MCM stated that when the “board of review and the Judge Advocate
General hold the record of trial to be legally insufficient to
support a sentence requiring confirmation by the President
before its execution, the record should not be submitted to the
Secretary of War for the action of the President but should be
returned to the reviewing authority in accordance with the
provisions of A.W. 50½ for re-hearing or such other action as
may be proper.” A Manual for Courts-Martial, U.S. Army app. 1
at 216 (1936 ed.).
                                 5
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

     The Government’s position (or at least the Navy’s position

in this case) is that appellate courts within the military

justice system lack the power to order a rehearing on sentence. 4

This position ignores the fact that in some cases, a military

appellate court “cannot reliably determine what sentence would

have been imposed at the trial level if the error had not

occurred.    Under these circumstances, a rehearing on sentence is

in order.”    United States v. Sales, 22 M.J. 305, 307 (C.M.A.

1986).     This consideration is perhaps most obviously illustrated

by prejudicial error arising in the sentencing phase of a

capital case.    Presumably, in the Government and the dissent’s

view, prejudicial legal error in the penalty phase of a capital

trial could be resolved on appeal as follows:

     (1)    The Court of Criminal Appeals (CCA) may find

            constitutional error, such as ineffective assistance

            of counsel.

     (2)    The CCA may test the error for harmlessness, and

            conclude that the error is not harmless beyond a

            reasonable doubt.

4
 In the context of this litigation, this position is taken by
the Navy’s Appellate Government Division, and individual
appellate divisions have decided whether or not to file amicus
briefs. The filings do not reflect whether the assertion that
appellate courts within the military justice system lack the
authority to order a rehearing on sentence represents the
coordinated position of the Department of Defense, the President
of the United States, or the United States government.
                                   6
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

     (3)   The CCA may proceed to reassess the death sentence. 5

           The CCA may not order a rehearing on sentence, because

           it lacks that authority under Article 66(d), UCMJ,

           even when presented with prejudicial constitutional

           error.

     (4)   The CCA may conclude by majority vote that,

           notwithstanding constitutional error prejudicial to

           the appellant’s substantial rights under Article

           59(a), UCMJ, during the sentencing phase of trial, the

           death penalty is appropriate.

     As a general matter, “absurd results are to be avoided if

alternative [statutory] interpretations consistent with the

legislative purpose are available.”   Griffin v. Oceanic

Contractors, Inc., 458 U.S. 564, 575 (1982). 6   That principle

5
  Sentence reassessment is not synonymous with sentence
reduction; reduction is not automatically required in the case
of reassessment. Sales, 22 M.J. at 308.
6
  As recently as 2006, the Navy’s Appellate Government Division
took the view that military appellate courts may order
rehearings on sentence, and successfully asked this Court to
order such a hearing in a death penalty case. United States v.
Quintanilla, 63 M.J. 29 (C.A.A.F. 2006). When Quintanilla moved
for reconsideration and argued that the unique nature of
military death penalty proceedings entitled him to a rehearing
on both findings and sentence, the Navy’s reply characterized
his position as “at odds with established case law,” and stated
that it “would lead to obviously absurd results.” Government’s
Answer to Petition for Reconsideration, United States v.
Quintanilla, Nos. 05-0274 and 05-5001, 2006 WL 1087142, at *3
(C.A.A.F. Apr. 11, 2006).
                                 7
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

applies here, where nothing suggests that Congress intended such

a scheme.   Moreover, even under Congress’s authority to make

rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval

forces, it is not at all clear that the system envisioned by the

Government -- allowing appellate courts to reassess and affirm a

death sentence notwithstanding prejudicial constitutional error

during the sentencing phase -- would afford a military appellant

the due process protections guaranteed by the Constitution.

Thus, when asked whether to adhere to our long-standing

interpretation of a statutory provision and its predecessors

which have permitted rehearings on sentence since 1920, or

whether to adopt a new construction that would raise novel

constitutional questions, this Court is “obligated to construe

the statute to avoid [constitutional] problems if it is fairly

possible to do so.”   Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723, 787

(2008) (citing I.N.S. v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 299 (2001)

(quoting Crowell v. Benson, 285 U.S. 22, 62 (1932))) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

     In light of these considerations, the question might

reasonably be asked, why, if every Judge of this Court has

ignored Supreme Court precedent for more than sixty years, not a

single Justice of the Supreme Court has so indicated in

                                 8
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

evaluating petitions for writ of certiorari. 7   In United States

v. Thomas, 66 M.J. 382 (C.A.A.F. 2008), cert. denied, 555 U.S.
886 (2008), the petitioner quoted Jackson’s language finding “no

authority” for sentence rehearings in the UCMJ, argued that

there was a split between this Court and other federal courts of

appeals regarding the authority to remand a case for

resentencing, and asserted that “there is a question as to

whether the CAAF even has the authority under the UCMJ to remand

a case for resentencing.”   Petition for a Writ of Certiorari,

Thomas v. United States, No. 08-117, 2008 WL 2900046, at *13,

*17 (July 24, 2008).   Of course, denials of certiorari are not

precedential, but if -- as the dissent contends -- this Court

has disregarded the hierarchy of the federal judiciary and

supported judicial “anarchy” for over six decades, it stands to

reason that the Supreme Court might say so. 8    See U.S. Sup. Ct.

7
  In at least four petitions for writ of certiorari, petitioners
have explicitly challenged the sentence reassessment power of
military appellate courts, and have noted the possibility of
sentence rehearings under this Court’s case law and Article
66(d), UCMJ. See United States v. Thomas, 66 M.J. 382 (C.A.A.F.
2008), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 886 (2008); United States v.
Hoskins, 39 M.J. 361 (C.M.A. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 809
(1994); United States v. Arguello, 30 M.J. 219 (C.M.A. 1990),
cert. denied, 498 U.S. 846 (1990); United States v. Burns, 25
M.J. 218 (C.M.A. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 977 (1987).
8
  Apart from arguing that a rehearing on sentence should have
been ordered, in some cases, petitioners stated that a rehearing
on sentence had been ordered or had already occurred. E.g.,
United States v. McMurrin, 73 M.J. 243 (C.A.A.F. 2014), cert.
                                 9
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

R. 10(c).   Alternatively, if the argument raised by the dissent

has long been settled, then no further consideration would

appear necessary.

     In summary, this Court was correct in 1959, when it

determined that appellate courts within the military justice

system have the power to order sentence-only rehearings.

Miller, 10 C.M.A. at 298–99, 27 C.M.R. at 372–74.   Whatever the

import of the Supreme Court’s dictum in 1957 finding “no

authority” for the procedure -- made in the course of denying

relief to a habeas petitioner challenging the reassessment power

of the boards of review -- there is such authority today, and it

has been consistently recognized by this Court, the Department

of Defense, and the President.   As the Navy argued in 2006, to

conclude otherwise “would lead to obviously absurd results.”

denied, 135 S. Ct. 382 (2014); Quintanilla, 63 M.J. 29, cert.
denied, 549 U.S. 886 (2006); United States v. Saintaude, 61 M.J.
175 (C.A.A.F. 2005), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 979 (2005); United
States v. Stirewalt, 60 M.J. 297 (C.A.A.F. 2004); cert. denied,
544 U.S. 923 (2005); United States v. Johanns, 20 M.J. 155
(C.M.A. 1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 850 (1985).
                                 10
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

                    APPENDIX TO CONCURRING OPINION

     Cases Addressing Jackson v. Taylor, 353 U.S. 569 (1957)

United States v. Cummins, 9 C.M.A. 669, 679, 26 C.M.R. 449, 459

(1958) (Ferguson, J., dissenting) (noting that Jackson addressed

the “power of the boards of review to determine appropriateness

of sentence”).

United States v. French, 10 C.M.A. 171, 185, 27 C.M.R. 245, 259

(1959) (Latimer, J.) (recognizing Jackson’s determination that

an accused is not “as a matter of law” entitled to a sentence

rehearing in all cases).

United States v. Miller, 10 C.M.A. 296, 299, 27 C.M.R. 370, 373

(1959) (Latimer, J.) (concluding that the Supreme Court’s

decision in Jackson was addressed to sentence reassessment and

did not intend to disturb existing rehearing practice).

United States v. Russo, 11 C.M.A. 352, 358, 29 C.M.R. 168, 174

(1960) (Ferguson, J.) (citing Jackson for the proposition that

the boards of review have broad power to determine sentence

appropriateness).

United States v. Rhodes, 11 C.M.A. 734, 745, 29 C.M.R. 551, 561

(1960) (Quinn, C.J.) (reaffirming the board of review’s

reassessment power as upheld in Jackson).

United States v. Lindsay, 12 C.M.A. 235, 242, 30 C.M.R. 235, 242

(1961) (Latimer, J., concurring in the result) (citing Jackson

                                  11
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

for the proposition that, while sentence rehearings are

permissible, sentence reassessment was appropriate).

United States v. Christopher, 13 C.M.A. 231, 234, 32 C.M.R. 231,

234 (1962) (Kilday, J.) (noting that Article 66(c), UCMJ,

authorizes the unique military procedure, approved by the

Supreme Court in Jackson, of sentence reassessment).

United States v. Zunino, 15 C.M.A. 179, 180, 35 C.M.R. 151, 152

(1964) (Kilday, J.) (citing Jackson for the proposition that

sentence rehearing, while permissible, was not required).

United States v. Glaze, 22 C.M.A. 230, 230-31, 46 C.M.R. 230,

230-31 (1973) (Darden, C.J.) (upholding the lower court’s power

to reassess the sentence under Article 66(c), UCMJ, and

Jackson).

United States v. Sales, 22 M.J. 305, 307 (C.M.A. 1986) (Everett,

C.J.) (concluding that sentence reassessment under Article

66(c), UCMJ, is constitutional, citing Jackson).

United States v. Boone, 49 M.J. 187, 195 (C.A.A.F. 1998)

(Ripple, Circuit Judge, sitting by designation) (reading Jackson

and Miller together to conclude that both sentence reassessment

and sentence rehearings are permissible appellate remedies).

United States v. Curtis, 52 M.J. 166, 168 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (per

curiam) (recognizing that Jackson upheld the reassessment power

of military appellate courts under Article 66(c), UCMJ).

                               12
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

United States v. Eversole, 53 M.J. 132, 133 (C.A.A.F. 2000)

(Cox, S.J.) (same).

United States v. Wilson, 54 M.J. 57, 61 (C.A.A.F. 2000)

(Sullivan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)

(citing Jackson in relation to Article 66(c), UCMJ).

United States v. Sills, 56 M.J. 239, 239 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (per

curiam) (unanimous) (concluding that the lower court erred in

finding that it had no authority to order a sentence rehearing

under Jackson); see also Sills, 57 M.J. 606, 607 (A.F. Ct. Crim.

App. 2002) (Breslin, S.J.) (explaining that the Air Force Court

of Criminal Appeals was “well aware of its authority to order a

rehearing on sentence,” and asserting that its original opinion

was misconstrued by all parties).

United States v. Doss, 57 M.J. 182, 187 (C.A.A.F. 2002)

(Crawford, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)

(citing Jackson and Miller to support the CCA’s authority to

reassess the sentence under Article 66(c), UCMJ).

United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 223 (C.A.A.F. 2002

(Gierke, J.) (noting that the Supreme Court’s decision in

Jackson affirmed the practice of sentence reassessment under

Article 66, UCMJ).

United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 405 (C.A.A.F. 2002)

(Sullivan, S.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)

(citing Jackson in connection with Article 66(c), UCMJ).

                               13
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

United States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138, 142 n.3 (C.A.A.F. 2010)

(Ryan, J.) (“the dissent’s interpretation of Jackson [(Stucky,

J., dissenting)] is squarely at odds with this Court's

interpretation”).

United States v. Winckelmann, 73 M.J. 11, 14 (C.A.A.F. 2013)

(Baker, C.J.) (“[W]hat confusion that might have arisen as a

result of the [Supreme Court’s] dicta in Jackson was resolved by

this Court in [Miller]”).

                               14
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

     STUCKY, Judge, with whom OHLSON, Judge, joins (dissenting):

     Stare decisis is defined as “[t]he doctrine of precedent,

under which a court must follow earlier judicial decisions when

the same points arise again in litigation.”     Black’s Law

Dictionary 1626 (10th ed. 2014).     The doctrine encompasses at

least two distinct concepts, only one of which is raised by this

case:   (1) “an appellate court[] must adhere to its own prior

decisions, unless it finds compelling reasons to overrule

itself” (horizontal stare decisis); and (2) courts “must

strictly follow the decisions handed down by higher courts”

(vertical stare decisis).    Id.    The majority employs the former

to enshrine this Court’s flawed opinion in United States v.

Miller, 10 C.M.A. 296, 27 C.M.R. 370 (1959), when the latter is

the only relevant inquiry.

     Citing Jackson v. Taylor, 353 U.S. 569 (1957), the Judge

Advocate General of the Navy asked this Court whether the courts

of criminal appeals are authorized to remand cases for

rehearings on sentence alone.      The majority begins by correctly

describing the genesis of the issue.     In Jackson, the petitioner

contested the authority of the United States Army Board of

Review to reassess his sentence instead of remanding for a

sentence rehearing.   Id. at 571.     The Supreme Court concluded:

     Finally, the petitioner suggests that the case should be
     remanded for a rehearing before the court-martial on the
     question of the sentence. We find no authority in the
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

     Uniform Code for such a procedure and the petitioner points
     to none. The reason is, of course, that the Congress
     intended that the board of review should exercise this
     power. This is true because the nature of a court-martial
     proceeding makes it impractical and unfeasible to remand
     for the purpose of sentencing alone. See United States v.
     Keith, 1 C.M.A. 442, 451, 4 C.M.R. 34, 43 (1952). Even
     petitioner admits that it would now, six years after the
     trial, be impractical to attempt to reconvene the court-
     martial that decided the case originally. A court-martial
     has neither continuity nor situs and often sits to hear
     only a single case. Because of the nature of military
     service, the members of a court-martial may be scattered
     throughout the world within a short time after a trial is
     concluded. Recognizing the impossibility of remand to the
     same court-martial, petitioner suggests as an alternative
     that the case should be remanded for a rehearing before a
     new court-martial. He admits that it would now be
     impractical for such a new court-martial to hear all of the
     evidence, and that the court would have to make its
     sentence determination on the basis of what it could learn
     from reading the record. Such a procedure would merely
     substitute one group of nonparticipants in the original
     trial for another. Congress thought the board of review
     could modify sentences when appropriate more expeditiously,
     more intelligently, and more fairly. Acting on a national
     basis the board of review can correct disparities in
     sentences and through its legally-trained personnel
     determine more appropriately the proper disposition to be
     made of the cases. Congress must have known of the
     problems inherent in rehearing and review proceedings for
     the procedures were adopted largely from prior law. It is
     not for us to question the judgment of the Congress in
     selecting the process it chose.

Id. at 579-80 (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted).

     Two years after Jackson, the Court of Military Appeals

flatly ignored the Supreme Court’s explicit holding.      Miller, 10

C.M.A. at 297, 27 C.M.R. at 371.       The Court of Military Appeals

noted that it was the practice of military courts to order

rehearings on sentence alone before Jackson.       Id. at 299, 27

                                   2
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

C.M.R. at 373.   It asserted that the UCMJ does not prohibit, and

“impliedly authorizes,” remands for rehearings on only the

sentence.   Id. at 299, 27 C.M.R. at 373.

     Moreover, as the board of review pointed out in its well-
     reasoned opinion, the literal but entirely unreasonable
     construction of Article 66(d), supra, can easily be avoided
     merely by substituting “or” for “and,” construing that
     statute to provide, “If the board of review sets aside the
     findings or sentence, it may . . . order a rehearing.”
     (Emphasis supplied.)

Id. at 299, 27 C.M.R. at 373 (quoting United States v. Miller,

26 C.M.R. 673, 680 (A.B.R. 1958)).

     The Court of Military Appeals’ decision in Miller

contravened vertical stare decisis by analyzing de novo whether

the UCMJ authorized a sentence rehearing, rather than applying

the Supreme Court precedent from Jackson.   The Supreme Court has

unequivocally condemned such actions:

     [T]he Court of Appeals could be viewed as having ignored,
     consciously or unconsciously, the hierarchy of the federal
     court system created by the Constitution and
     Congress. . . . [U]nless we wish anarchy to prevail within
     the federal judicial system, a precedent of [the Supreme]
     Court must be followed by the lower federal courts no
     matter how misguided the judges of those courts may think
     it to be.

Hutto v. Davis, 454 U.S. 370, 374–75 (1982); see United States v.

Tualla, 52 M.J. 228, 230 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (recognizing that lower

courts are bound by decisions of superior courts).

     Today, the majority analyzes the issue presented by

employing the criteria for overruling one of its own decisions

                                 3
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

(horizontal stare decisis).   United States v. Quick, __ M.J. __,

__ (9) (determining whether the precedent is unworkable or badly

reasoned (citing Tualla, 52 M.J. at 231), and examining

intervening events, reasonable expectations of servicemembers,

and the risk of undermining public confidence in the law (citing

United States v. Boyett, 42 M.J. 150, 154 (C.A.A.F. 1995))). 1

This would be all well and good in the proper context.    It

misses the point entirely in the context actually presented.

The question is not whether intervening developments, reasonable

expectations, and the like support overruling Miller vel non,

but the intrinsic legitimacy of Miller in the first place.     The

fact that we as a court may have gotten away with ignoring

Jackson v. Taylor for decades does not justify repeating the

error when the question is squarely presented, as it is here.

This conversion of the question from one of vertical to

horizontal stare decisis demonstrates a basic misunderstanding

of the doctrine and of this Court’s place in the judicial

hierarchy.   The questions raised in Tualla and Boyett are

relevant only when an appellate court is deciding whether to

overturn one of its own precedents, not when it is “compelled to

1
  Furthermore, the majority’s horizontal stare decisis discussion
is flawed. The majority asserts that a rehearing on sentence
alone is not unworkable. Quick, __ M.J. at __ (10). But we are
bound by the Supreme Court’s specific holding to the contrary.
Jackson, 353 U.S. at 579–80. Moreover, anyone who has
participated in a sentence rehearing will confirm the accuracy
of the Supreme Court’s characterization of the practice.

                                 4
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

apply the precedent of a higher court.”   Jaffree v. Wallace, 705
F.2d 1526, 1532 (11th Cir. 1983), aff’d in part, 466 U.S. 924

(1984), and aff’d, 472 U.S. 38 (1985).

     The real issue presented is whether the Supreme Court’s

decision in Jackson was a holding which this Court is bound to

apply.   If, as a majority of this Court believes, the Supreme

Court’s conclusions regarding sentence-only rehearings were not

dicta, 2 the application of horizontal stare decisis is simply

irrelevant.   As Senior Judge Everett so eloquently stated:

     The fundamental error in the court’s analysis was in
     according the policy of stare decisis an aspect of
     flexibility that it does not have. A precedent-making
     decision may be overruled by the court that made it or by a
     court of a higher rank. That discretion, however, does not
     reside in a court of a lower rank

United States v. Allbery, 44 M.J. 226, 228 (C.A.A.F. 1996)

(quotation marks and citation omitted) (referring to failure of

a court of criminal appeals to follow Court of Military Appeals

precedent).

     Both the majority and concurring opinions attach some

significance to the President’s mention of sentence-alone

rehearings in Rules for Courts-Martial 810(a)(2) and 1203(c)(2),

presumably pursuant to his authority under Article 36(a), UCMJ,

10 U.S.C. § 836(a) (2012).   See Quick, __ M.J. at __ (15-16);

2
  See United States v. Winckelmann, 73 M.J. 11, 16 (C.A.A.F.
2013) (Stucky, J., concurring in the result); id. at 17 (Ryan,
J., concurring in the result).

                                 5
United States v. Quick, No. 15-0347/MC

id. at __ (3-4) & nn.2, 3 (Baker, J., concurring).    But Article

36(a), UCMJ, grants the President authority only to prescribe

rules for courts-martial “which may not be contrary to or

inconsistent with [the UCMJ].”   As the Supreme Court has held

that the UCMJ does not authorize rehearings on sentence alone,

the President may not establish a rule to the contrary. 3

     As the majority refuses to recognize the primacy of the

Supreme Court’s decision in Jackson, and insists on continuing

the original sin of Miller, I respectfully dissent.

3
  Parenthetically, since the Supreme Court in Jackson was
construing the Article 66, UCMJ, powers of the boards of review,
I fail to see the relevance of an extended disquisition on
rehearing practice under the Articles of War. One might think
that the Supreme Court’s interpretation of a then-recent statute
would be a more compelling analysis.

                                 6