Court Opinion

ID: 4276577
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-05-18 15:06:33.745575+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:00.118885
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
      Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                          FILED
      this Memorandum Decision shall not be
                                                                                 May 18 2018, 8:38 am
      regarded as precedent or cited before any
      court except for the purpose of establishing                                    CLERK
                                                                                  Indiana Supreme Court
      the defense of res judicata, collateral                                        Court of Appeals
                                                                                       and Tax Court

      estoppel, or the law of the case.

      ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                  ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
      Lloyd P. Mullen                                         Francis A. Veltri
      Mullen & Associates PC                                  Travelers Staff Counsel Indiana
      Crown Point, Indiana                                    Merrillville, Indiana

                                                IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      Kathleen Sprehe,                                        May 18, 2018
      Appellant-Defendant,                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                              45A03-1710-CT-2463
              v.                                              Appeal from the Lake Circuit
                                                              Court
      CVP Holding Corp.,                                      The Honorable Marissa J.
      Appellee-Plaintiff                                      McDermott, Judge
                                                              Trial Court Cause No.
                                                              45C01-1502-CT-20

      Vaidik, Chief Judge.

                                          Case Summary
[1]   Following a fall at The Center for Visual and Performing Arts (CVPA) in

      Munster, Kathleen Sprehe filed a premises-liability lawsuit against CVP
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1710-CT-2463 | May 18, 2018                 Page 1 of 8
      Holding Corp., which owned and operated CVPA. The trial court entered

      summary judgment in favor of CVPA, and Kathleen now appeals. Finding a

      genuine issue of material fact as to whether CVPA knew or should have known

      about a lump in the carpet where Kathleen fell, we reverse and remand.

                             Facts and Procedural History
[2]   On the morning of August 25, 2013, Kathleen was at CVPA to help set up for

      her granddaughter’s bridal shower, which was to start at noon. The bridal

      shower was held in a room known as the Board Room. According to Kathleen,

      who was wearing strapped sandals that didn’t “come off easy,” she was walking

      from the “gift table” to the “sweets table” carrying a five-inch vase in each hand

      when her foot “hit the rug.”1 Appellant’s App. Vol. II pp. 43, 58, 77. Kathleen

      said it “[f]elt like there was a lump or something under the rug, and [she] went

      flying, and [her] shoe came off.” Id. at 43. She described the lump as an

      “abrupt unevenness in the floor.” Id. at 58. Kathleen admitted that she did not

      fall because of an object on the floor or a hole in the carpeting. Kathleen’s

      injuries included cuts to her face and a fractured shoulder.

[3]   In 2015, Kathleen filed a complaint against CVPA. Specifically, Kathleen

      alleged that CVPA breached its duty to her “by not keeping [the] premises in a

      reasonably safe condition and by failing to warn [her] of unreasonable

      1
       Kathleen used the word “rug” in her deposition, but it is apparent from the designated evidence, including
      pictures, that the floor was carpeted.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1710-CT-2463 | May 18, 2018              Page 2 of 8
dangers.” Id. at 74. In 2017, CVPA moved for summary judgment on the

ground that it “had no knowledge of any lump in the Board Room carpet at any

time prior to the alleged [A]ugust 25, 2013 incident and used reasonable care in

maintaining the Board Room carpet.” Id. at 70. In support, it designated the

affidavit of John Koshman, the CVPA Facilities Manager since 1990.

Koshman’s affidavit provides, in relevant part:

        6. I am aware that Ms. Kathleen Sprehe claims to have fallen on
        August 25, 2013 while in the Center for Visual and Performing
        Arts room designated as the “Board Room”.

        7. The carpet that was in place in the CVPA Board Room at the
        time of the alleged August 25, 2013 incident was installed in
        approximately October or November 2010.

        8. Among my many duties at CVPA as Facilities Manager, I
        oversaw the maintenance of the carpets and floors which
        included checking the rooms, floor and carpets for any debris,
        problems or defects.

        9. The carpet in the CVPA “Board Room” was regularly swept,
        cleaned and maintained before and after an event.

        10. The Center for Visual and Performing Arts was unaware of
        any lumps that existed in the carpet located in the Center for
        Visual and Performing Arts area called the “Board Room” prior
        to the alleged August 25, 2013 incident.

        11. No person has ever raised any complaints or concerns for
        lumps or defects in any of the carpets at the Center for Visual and
        Performing Arts at any time through August 25, 2013.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1710-CT-2463 | May 18, 2018   Page 3 of 8
      Id. at 82-83. Following a hearing, the trial court entered summary judgment in

      favor of CVPA.

[4]   Kathleen now appeals.

                                   Discussion and Decision
[5]   Kathleen appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

      CVPA. Specifically, she contends that there is a genuine issue of material fact

      as to whether CVPA knew or should have known about a “lump or

      unevenness”2 in the carpet. Appellant’s Reply Br. p. 7.

[6]   We review summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard as the trial

      court. Hughley v. State, 15 N.E.3d 1000, 1003 (Ind. 2014). Summary judgment

      is appropriate “if the designated evidentiary matter shows that there is no

      genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to

      judgment as a matter of law.” Ind. Trial Rule 56(C). The initial burden is on

      the summary-judgment movant to demonstrate the absence of any genuine

      2
        It is not clear if Kathleen uses the terms “lump” and “unevenness” to mean the same thing. Kathleen
      testified during her deposition that the carpeting was designed “in squares. One would be a square, and the
      next one would be higher, and then the next one would be lower.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 79. Indeed,
      CVPA designated evidence from an architect that the Board Room carpeting alternated between high and
      low pile. Id. at 94 (“Measurements of [exemplar carpeting] revealed that both the high-and-low pile areas
      were consistent in height, and that the change in level between adjacent areas of high-and-low pile was
      approximately 1/8 [inch] in every case.”). CVPA alleges in its brief that Kathleen is not pursuing “design
      defects” on appeal, Appellee’s Br. p. 6 n.1, and Kathleen does not dispute this allegation in her reply brief.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1710-CT-2463 | May 18, 2018                 Page 4 of 8
      issue of fact as to a determinative issue, at which point the burden shifts to the

      non-movant to come forward with contrary evidence showing an issue for the

      trier of fact. Hughley, 15 N.E.3d at 1003.

[7]   Summary judgment is not a summary trial. Id. at 1003-04. Indiana consciously

      errs on the side of letting marginal cases proceed to trial on the merits, rather

      than risk short-circuiting meritorious claims. Id. at 1004. Further, summary

      judgment is rarely appropriate in negligence cases because such cases are

      particularly fact-sensitive and are governed by a standard of the objective

      reasonable person, which is best applied by a jury after hearing all the evidence.

      Kramer v. Catholic Charities of Diocese of Fort Wayne-S. Bend, Inc., 32 N.E.3d 227,

      231 (Ind. 2015). Nevertheless, a grant of summary judgment is clothed with a

      presumption of validity, and the appellant bears the burden of demonstrating

      that the trial court erred. Id.

[8]   The parties agree that Kathleen was an invitee of CVPA. Under Indiana

      premises-liability law, the owner or possessor of land owes the highest duty of

      care to its invitees: the duty to exercise reasonable care for their protection

      while they are on the premises. Roumbos v. Vazanellis, 95 N.E.3d 63, 55 (Ind.

      2018). Indiana has adopted the Restatement (Second) of Torts section 343,

      which provides:

              A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused
              to his invitees by a condition on the land if, but only if, he

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1710-CT-2463 | May 18, 2018   Page 5 of 8
                       (a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would
                       discover the condition, and should realize that it involves
                       an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitees, and

                       (b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the
                       danger, or will fail to protect themselves against it, and

                       (c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against
                       the danger.

      Id. (citing Restatement § 343). An invitor is not the insurer of the invitee’s

      safety, and before liability may be imposed on the invitor, it must have actual or

      constructive knowledge of the danger. Schultz v. Kroger Co., 963 N.E.2d 1141,

      1144 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012).

[9]   CVPA does not deny, for purposes of appeal, that there was a lump in the

      carpet or that the lump posed an unreasonable risk of harm. Rather, CVPA

      argues that the trial court properly granted summary judgment in its favor

      because “there is no evidence of any actual or constructive knowledge by

      CVPA of a lump in the area where [Kathleen] fell.” 3 Appellee’s Br. p. 11. It is

      3
        The trial court did not consider certain evidence Kathleen designated to establish that CVPA had actual or
      constructive knowledge. Specifically, Kathleen’s deposition testimony and interrogatory responses included
      references to a person named “Sue,” who allegedly worked at CVPA. Kathleen said her daughter talked to
      Sue, and Sue said she had also fallen on the carpet at CVPA and had pins placed in her wrist. In addition,
      Kathleen testified during her deposition that while she was in the hospital, her husband received phone calls
      from unidentified people that there was something “under the rug.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 44. The trial
      court properly disregarded the “Sue” and “phone call” evidence as inadmissible double hearsay. See Ind.
      Trial Rule 56(E) (providing that summary-judgment affidavits “shall set forth such facts as would be
      admissible in evidence”); Ind. Evidence Rule 805 (“Hearsay within hearsay is not excluded by the rule
      against hearsay if each part of the combined statements conforms with an exception to the rule.”).

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1710-CT-2463 | May 18, 2018               Page 6 of 8
       true that the evidence shows that CVPA did not have actual knowledge of a

       lump in the carpet. But as for whether CVPA should have known, Koshman

       stated only that he oversaw the maintenance of the carpets and floors, which

       included “checking the rooms, floor and carpets for any debris, problems or

       defects,” and that “[t]he carpet in the CVPA ‘Board Room’ was regularly

       swept, cleaned and maintained before and after an event.” This limited

       statement would not preclude a reasonable inference that CVPA nevertheless

       should have known that there was a lump in the carpet. There is no

       information regarding how closely the floors were inspected, what the

       inspectors were told to look for, or the last time the floors were inspected. As

       Kathleen argues on appeal, “Unlike a water spill in a grocery store, a lump or

       unevenness in the carpeting does not develop instantaneously.” Appellant’s

       Reply Br. p. 7. “Ordinarily, the determination of whether a host has exercised

       reasonable care in making his premises safe for an invitee is a question of fact

       for the jury.” Golba v. Kohl’s Dep’t Store, Inc., 585 N.E.2d 14, 16 (Ind. Ct. App.

       1992), reh’g denied, trans. denied. Accordingly, whether CVPA should have

       known about the lump in the carpeting is an issue for the jury. See id. at 16-17

       (“In the absence of undisputed evidence to the contrary, the issues of whether

       the store had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition or

       whether reasonable precautions were taken to remedy the condition have . . .

       been held to be jury questions.”). We therefore reverse and remand.

[10]   Reversed and remanded.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1710-CT-2463 | May 18, 2018   Page 7 of 8
Barnes, J., and Pyle, J., concur.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1710-CT-2463 | May 18, 2018   Page 8 of 8