Court Opinion

ID: 9373122
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-22 16:02:52.594699+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:39.703028
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                          MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD

     JACQUELINE D. BROWN,                            DOCKET NUMBER
                   Appellant,                        SF-0752-14-0816-A-1

                  v.

     DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND                          DATE: January 12, 2023
       SECURITY,
                 Agency.

                THIS FINAL ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1

           Stephen Goldenzweig, Esquire, Houston, Texas, for the appellant.

           Wendy E. Musell, Esquire, Oakland, California, for the appellant.

           William R. Fenner, Esquire, San Francisco, California, for the agency.

                                            BEFORE

                               Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
                                Raymond A. Limon, Member
                                 Tristan L. Leavitt, Member
                       Member Leavitt issues a separate dissenting opinion.

                                        FINAL ORDER

¶1        The agency has filed a petition for review of the addendum initial decision,
     which awarded the appellant $67,105.72 in attorney fees and costs. Generally, we

     1
        A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
     significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
     but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
     required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
     precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
     as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
                                                                                        2

     grant petitions such as this one only when: the initial decision contains erroneous
     findings of material fact; the initial decision is based on an erroneous
     interpretation of statute or regulation or the erroneous application of the law to
     the facts of the case; the administrative judge’s rulings during either the course of
     the appeal or the initial decision were not consistent with required procedures or
     involved an abuse of discretion, and the resultin g error affected the outcome of
     the case; or new and material evidence or legal argument is available that, despite
     the petitioner’s due diligence, was not available when the record closed.        See
     Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations, section 1201.115 (5 C.F.R.
     § 1201.115). After fully considering the filings in this appeal, we conclude that
     the petitioner has not established any basis under section 1201.115 for granting
     the petition for review.     Therefore, we DENY the petition for review and
     AFFIRM the initial decision, which is now the Board’s final decision. 5 C.F.R.
     § 1201.113(b).

                      DISCUSSION OF ARGUMENTS ON REVIEW
¶2        The agency removed the appellant from her Transportation Security
     Inspector position based on charges of submitting false reports, failure to follow
     directions, and failure to exercise due diligence.       Brown v. Department of
     Homeland Security, MSPB Docket No. SF-0752-14-0816-I-1, Initial Appeal File
     (IAF), Tab 7 at 46-59. The appellant appealed her removal to the Board, and the
     administrative judge issued an initial decision finding that the removal penalty
     was not within the tolerable limits of reasonableness and mitigating the removal
     penalty to a demotion to a Transportation Security Officer position and a 30-day
     suspension.      Brown v. Department of Homeland Security, MSPB Docket
     No. SF-0752-14-0816-I-1, Initial Decision at 42-45 (June 26, 2015). The Board
     affirmed the initial decision. Brown v. Department of Homeland Security, MSPB
     Docket No. SF-0752-14-0816-I-1, Final Order (I-1 Final Order) (Jan. 19, 2016).
                                                                                         3

¶3         The appellant thereafter filed a motion for attorney fees and costs seeking
     $104,173.02 for the two attorneys who represented her in the removal appeal:
     Wendy Musell and Stephen Goldenzweig.          Brown v. Department of Homeland
     Security, MSPB Docket No. SF-0752-14-0816-A-1, Attorney Fees File, Tab 1.
     The administrative judge issued an addendum initial decision partially granting
     the motion, finding that the appellant was a prevailing party, an attorney-client
     relationship existed, and fees were warranted in the interest of justice. Brown v.
     Department of Homeland Security, MSPB Docket No. SF-0752-14-0816-A-1,
     Addendum Initial Decision (AID) at 4-6 (July 14, 2016). After examining the
     reasonableness of the fees requested, however, the administrative judge reduced
     the award to $67,105.72. AID at 6-13.
¶4         The agency has filed a petition for review challenging the addendum initial
     decision. Petition for Review (PFR) File, Tab 1. The appellant has responded in
     opposition to the petition for review, and the agency has replied.        PFR File,
     Tabs 3-4.
¶5         To receive an award of attorney fees under 5 U.S.C. § 7701(g)(1), an
     appellant must show that:     (1) she was the prevailing party; (2) she incurred
     attorney fees pursuant to an existing attorney-client relationship; (3) an award of
     attorney fees is warranted in the interest of justice; and (4) the amount of attorney
     fees claimed is reasonable. See Caros v. Department of Homeland Security, 122
     M.S.P.R. 231, ¶ 5 (2015).       The agency has not challenged the appellant’s
     prevailing party status, her having incurred attorney fees pursuant to an existing
     attorney-client relationship, or the reasonableness of the award, and we discern no
     basis to disturb these findings. We accordingly limit our review of the addendum
     initial decision to whether an award of attorney fees is warranted in the interest of
     justice.
¶6         An award of attorney fees may be warranted under section 7701(g)(1) in the
     interest of justice when:    (1) the agency engaged in a prohibited personnel
     practice; (2) the agency action clearly was without merit or wholly unfounded, or
                                                                                        4

     the employee was substantially innocent of the charges; (3) the agency initiated
     the action in bad faith; (4) the agency committed gross procedural error; or (5) the
     agency knew or should have known that it would not prevail on the merits. See
     Allen v. U.S. Postal Service, 2 M.S.P.R. 420, 434-35 (1980).          An award of
     attorney fees need only be premised on one category of entitlement under Allen.
     See Payne v. U.S. Postal Service, 79 M.S.P.R. 71, 72 n.* (1998).                The
     administrative judge found that an award of attorney fees was warranted in this
     case because the agency knew or should have known that it would not prevail on
     the merits. AID at 5-6. As discussed below, we agree with the administrative
     judge’s findings, and we need not consider whether the appellant established an
     entitlement to an award of attorney fees under any of the other Allen categories.
     See Payne, 79 M.S.P.R. at 72 n.*.
¶7        An agency’s penalty selection is part of the merits of a case. See Caryl v.
     Department of the Treasury, 57 M.S.P.R. 76, 78 (1993). When the Board sustains
     the charges in an adverse action appeal but mitigates the pe nalty based on
     evidence before, or readily available to, the agency at the time it took the action,
     an award of attorney fees is warranted in the interest of justice because the
     agency knew or should have known that its choice of penalty would not be
     upheld.   See Del Prete v. U.S. Postal Service, 104 M.S.P.R. 429, ¶ 7 (2007),
     overruled on other grounds by Driscoll v. U.S. Postal Service, 116 M.S.P.R. 662,
     ¶ 11 (2011). Penalty mitigation alone, however, does not create a presumption in
     favor of satisfaction of any of the Allen factors. Dunn v. Department of Veterans
     Affairs, 98 F.3d 1308, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 1996).
¶8        Here, we agree with the administrative judge’s finding that attorney fees are
     warranted under the “knew or should have known” category because the Board
     sustained the charges, but mitigated the penalty based on evidence before, or
     readily available to, the agency at the time it took the action. AID at 5 -6. As the
     administrative judge properly found, each of the factors set forth in Douglas v.
     Veterans Administration, 5 M.S.P.R. 280, 305 (1981), that warranted mitigation
                                                                                          5

      of the penalty in this case were known or readily available to the deciding official
      when he made the decision to remove the appellant. AID at 5 (citing Del Prete,
      104 M.S.P.R. 429, ¶ 11 (finding that fees were warranted under the fifth Allen
      category when no new information was introduced at the hearing that was
      unavailable to the agency before it removed the appellant) ).        Further, as the
      administrative judge properly explained, the Board agreed that the deciding
      official’s evaluation of the Douglas factors was lacking and that the agency did
      not prove the reasonableness of the penalty. AID at 5; I-1 Final Order, ¶ 9.
¶9         The Board in Allen described category 5 as including circumstances in
      which the agency prepared or presented its case so negligently as to make it a
      foregone conclusion that the action could not be sustained on the record. Allen, 2
      M.S.P.R. at 435 n.37.     Similarly, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
      Circuit has held that if the agency never possessed trustworthy, admissible
      evidence, or was negligent in its conduct of the investigation, then the agency
      knew or should have known not to take the action and fees are warranted in the
      interest of justice. Yorkshire v. Merit Systems Protection Board, 746 F.2d 1454,
      1457 (Fed. Cir. 1984); see also Dunn, 98 F.3d at 1313 (holding that a negligently
      conducted investigation might give rise to an affirmative finding under Allen
      category 5).
¶10        As indicated above, the Board found in its final decision on the merits that
      the deciding official’s evaluation of the relevant Douglas factors was lacking
      because he “appeared to admit in his testimony that he did not consider, in the
      context of the proper penalty for the submitting of false reports charge, the
      appellant’s job level, record of experience, length of service, lack of prior
      discipline, ability to get along with her coworkers, and any stress, job tensi ons, or
      personality issues.”   I-1 Final Order, ¶ 9.     The Board also agreed with the
      administrative judge that the appellant did not engage in a deliberate pattern of
      misconduct concerning the falsification charge, but found that the deciding
      official failed to consider this in his Douglas factor analysis. Id., ¶¶ 7, 10. More
                                                                                        6

      specifically, the deciding official testified that he “read” each of the Douglas
      factors, Hearing Transcript 2 (HT 2) at 9, 18-19, and that he reviewed the
      proposal and the appellant’s response to the proposal, id. at 10. He testified that
      he “will look” at any mitigating or aggravating factors that may apply, id. at 10-
      11, and that he reviewed the agency’s table of penalties, which he claimed called
      for removal for a charge of making a false statement, id. at 13-14. Nevertheless,
      the deciding official also testified that he did not consider the appellant’s job
      level and experience in her position because “[h]aving length of service is not an
      excuse for falsifying a report,” and “[w]hether you’re there a short period of time
      or whether you’re a tenured or seasoned inspector, if you falsify a report, you
      falsify a report.” Id. at 20-21. He testified that a lack of prior discipline would
      not be a mitigating factor in this case because “it was a . . . removal” and the
      table of penalties for a proposed removal did not provide for “mitigating action.”
      Id. at 21.   To the extent that the deciding official was strictly following the
      agency’s table of penalties, which indicated that there is only a “recommended”
      and “aggravated” penalty range of removal for falsification, with the “mitigated”
      penalty range for that offense described as “N/A,” it appears that he did not
      understand that the table of penalties also indicated that it “does not rep lace
      supervisory judgment for determining appropriate penalties in individual cases,”
      and that “[m]anagement officials have the discretion to go outside the ranges
      listed in this guide if they determine that circumstances warrant.” IAF, Tab 7 at
      383, 392. Under Douglas and the Board’s caselaw, consistency of the penalty
      with any applicable table of penalties is only one of the factors relevant for
      consideration in determining the penalty.    See, e.g., Zazueta v. Department of
      Justice, 94 M.S.P.R. 493, ¶ 8 (2003), aff’d, 104 F. App’x 166 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
¶11        The deciding official further testified that he did not consider the
      appellant’s past work record, including length of service, performance in
      Oakland, California, ability to get along with coworkers, and dependability “for
      the same reasons, falsifying a report,” given that “[n]one of that would have any
                                                                                           7

      bearing on falsifying a report.” HT 2 at 21-22. He testified that “having a stellar
      work record is not cause to mitigate falsifying a report.” Id. at 22. All of the
      above   testimony    was   elicited   on   direct   examination    by   the   agency’s
      representative.     In fact, in response to the question from the agency’s
      representative, “[d]id you consider any mitigating circumstances?,” the deciding
      official testified, “[n]o, I did not.” Id. at 26; see also id. at 35. He testified that
      such mitigating circumstances as unusual job tensions, personality problems,
      mental impairment, harassment, bad faith, malice, or provocation on the part of
      others were not considered because they did not “provide cause to falsify a
      report.” HT 2 at 27. On cross-examination, the deciding official also testified
      that he considered the notoriety of the offense to be an aggravating factor even
      though the misconduct was not made known to the public or the airlines. Id. at
      74-75. A review of the agency’s proposal and decision notices show that the
      acting officials only considered the appellant’s length of service and lack of prior
      discipline as mitigating factors. IAF, Tab 7 at 56, 92; see HT 2 at 39.
¶12         The Board’s Douglas factors have been in effect since 1981, yet the
      deciding official did not apply them in this case. Fees are therefore warranted in
      the interest of justice under Allen category 5 because the agency was negligent in
      preparing and presenting its case, i.e., the deciding official negligent ly considered
      the Douglas factors. A negligently conducted Douglas factor analysis, such as
      occurred here, fits within Allen category 5’s description of a negligently prepared
      or presented case, as well as the court’s references to a negligently conducted
      investigation that warrants a finding that the agency knew or should have know n
      that it would not prevail on the penalty aspect of its burden of proof. Moreover,
      this case is distinguishable from Dunn and Adeleke v. Department of Homeland
      Security, 551 F. App’x 1003 (Fed. Cir. 2014). In those cases, the court found that
      the agency did not make its original judgment negligently or in disregard of
      relevant facts. Similarly, Sims v. Department of the Navy, 711 F.2d 1578, 1579
      (Fed. Cir. 1983), is distinguishable because the court held in that case that the
                                                                                        8

      agency could not have known, nor should it have known when it took the action
      in 1979, that the Board’s 1981 Douglas decision, which required agencies to
      demonstrate consistency in the imposition of penalties on employees charged with
      similar offenses, would be issued and applied retroactively.
¶13        Although the agency argues that much of the evidence relied on by the
      administrative judge in mitigating the penalty was not known to the deciding
      official prior to rendering his decision, PFR File, Tab 1 at 11-20, the standard is
      whether the agency knew or should have known that it would not prevail on the
      merits, Allen, 2 M.S.P.R. at 434-35.      We find that the administrative judge
      properly considered the evidence and reasonably concluded that the agency knew
      or should have known—based on information readily available to it when it
      brought the proceeding—that it would not prevail on the merits. AID at 5-6; see
      Del Prete, 104 M.S.P.R. 429, ¶ 11. Accordingly, we affirm the initial decision.

                                           ORDER
            We ORDER the agency to pay attorney fees and costs in the amount of
      $28,258 to the appellant’s former counsel, Wendy Musell, Esquire. The agency
      must complete this action no later than 20 days after the date of this decision.
      See generally Title 5 of the United States Code, section 1204(a)(2) (5 U.S.C.
      § 1204(a)(2)).
            We ORDER the agency to pay attorney fees and costs in the amount of
      $38,847.72 to the appellant’s counsel, Stephen Goldenzweig, Esquire.           The
      agency must complete this action no later than 20 days after the date of this
      decision. See generally Title 5 of the United States Code, section 1204(a)(2)
      (5 U.S.C. § 1204(a)(2)).
            We also ORDER the agency to tell the appellant and the attorney promptly
      in writing when it believes it has fully carried out the Board’s Order and of the
      actions it took to carry out the Board’s Order. We ORDER the appellant and the
      attorney to provide all necessary information that the agency requests to help it
                                                                                      9

carry out the Board’s Order.      The appellant and the attorney, if not notified,
should ask the agency about its progress. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.181(b).
      No later than 30 days after the agency tells the appellant or the attorney
that it has fully carried out the Board’s Order, the appellant or the attorney may
file a petition for enforcement with the office that issued the initial decisi on on
this appeal, if the appellant or the attorney believes that the agency did not fully
carry out the Board’s Order. The petition should contain specific reasons why the
appellant or the attorney believes the agency has not fully carried out the Board’ s
Order, and should include the dates and results of any communications with the
agency. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.182(a).

                         NOTICE OF APPEAL RIGHTS 2
      You may obtain review of this final decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(a)(1). By
statute, the nature of your claims determines the time limit for seeking such
review and the appropriate forum with which to file.              5 U.S.C. § 7703(b).
Although we offer the following summary of available appeal rights, the Merit
Systems Protection Board does not provide legal advice on which option is most
appropriate for your situation and the rights described below do not represent a
statement of how courts will rule regarding which cases fall within their
jurisdiction.   If you wish to seek review of this final decision, you should
immediately review the law applicable to your claims and carefully follow all
filing time limits and requirements. Failure to file within the applicable time
limit may result in the dismissal of your case by your chosen forum.
      Please read carefully each of the three main possible choice s of review
below to decide which one applies to your particular case. If you have questions

2
  Since the issuance of the initial decision in this matter, the Board may have updated
the notice of review rights included in final decisions. As indicated in the notice, the
Board cannot advise which option is most appropriate in any matter.
                                                                                        10

about whether a particular forum is the appropriate one to review your case, you
should contact that forum for more information.

      (1) Judicial review in general. As a general rule, an appellant seeking
judicial review of a final Board order must file a petition for review with the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which must be received by the court
within 60 calendar days of the date of issuance of this decision.                 5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(A).
      If you submit a petition for review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal   Circuit,   you   must   submit    your   petition    to   the   court    at   the
following address:
                              U.S. Court of Appeals
                              for the Federal Circuit
                             717 Madison Place, N.W.
                             Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particu lar
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.

      (2) Judicial   or    EEOC    review     of   cases      involving   a   claim      of
discrimination. This option applies to you only if you have claimed that you
were affected by an action that is appealable to the Board and that such action
was based, in whole or in part, on unlawful discrimination. If so, you may obtain
                                                                                11

judicial review of this decision—including a disposition of your discrimination
claims—by filing a civil action with an appropriate U.S. district court (not the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), within 30 calendar days after you
receive this decision.     5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2); see Perry v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 582 U.S. ____ , 137 S. Ct. 1975 (2017).          If you have a
representative in this case, and your representative receives this decision before
you do, then you must file with the district court no later than 30 calendar days
after your representative receives this decision. If the action involves a claim of
discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling
condition, you may be entitled to representation by a court-appointed lawyer and
to waiver of any requirement of prepayment of fees, costs, or other security. See
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f) and 29 U.S.C. § 794a.
      Contact information for U.S. district courts can be found at their respective
websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.
      Alternatively, you may request review by the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) of your discrimination claims only, excluding
all other issues. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). You must file any such request with the
EEOC’s Office of Federal Operations within 30 calendar days after you receive
this decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). If you have a representative in this case,
and your representative receives this decision before you do, then you must file
with the EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after your representative receives
this decision.
      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC by regular U.S. mail, the
address of the EEOC is:
                         Office of Federal Operations
                  Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                               P.O. Box 77960
                          Washington, D.C. 20013
                                                                                     12

      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC via commercial delivery or
by a method requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                 131 M Street, N.E.
                                   Suite 5SW12G
                             Washington, D.C. 20507

      (3) Judicial     review   pursuant     to   the   Whistleblower       Protection
Enhancement Act of 2012. This option applies to you only if you have raised
claims of reprisal for whistleblowing disclosures under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or
other protected activities listed in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D).
If so, and your judicial petition for review “raises no challenge to the Board’s
disposition of allegations of a prohibited personnel practice described in
section 2302(b) other than practices described in section 2302(b)(8), or
2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D),” then you may file a petition for judicial
review either with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or any court
of appeals of competent jurisdiction. 3 The court of appeals must receive your
petition for review within 60 days of the date of issuance of this decision.
5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B).
      If you submit a petition for judicial review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit, you must submit your petition to the court at the
following address:

3
   The original statutory provision that provided for judicial review of certain
whistleblower claims by any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction expired on
December 27, 2017. The All Circuit Review Act, signed into law by the President on
July 7, 2018, permanently allows appellants to file petitions for judicial review of
MSPB decisions in certain whistleblower reprisal cases with the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit or any other circuit court of appeals of competent jurisdiction.
The All Circuit Review Act is retroactive to November 26, 2017. Pub. L. No. 115 -195,
132 Stat. 1510.
                                                                              13

                             U.S. Court of Appeals
                             for the Federal Circuit
                            717 Madison Place, N.W.
                            Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.
      Contact information for the courts of appeals can be found at their
respective websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.

FOR THE BOARD:                                    /s/ for
                                          Jennifer Everling
                                          Acting Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.
                    DISSENTING OPINION OF TRISTAN L. LEAVITT

                                              in

                 Jacqueline D. Brown v. Department of Homeland Security

                          MSPB Docket No. SF-0752-14-0816-A-1

¶1         The Board “may” award attorney fees to “the prevailing party” when it
     “determines that payment by the agency is warranted in the interest of justice.”
     5 U.S.C. § 7701(g)(1). Both of these prerequisites must be fulfilled in order for
     fees to be awarded. Sterner v. Department of the Army, 711 F.2d 1563, 1565-66
     (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1122 (1983). An appellant may be deemed to
     have prevailed, and thus be eligible for an award of attorney fees, where, as here,
     the agency-imposed penalty is mitigated as a result of her appeal. See id. at 1567.
     This is distinct from whether the appellant is entitled to such an award because
     fees are warranted in the interest of justice. Id. at 1565-67; see also Allen v. U.S.
     Postal Service, 2 M.S.P.R. 420, 428 (1980) (the “interest of justice” standard
     cannot be coextensive with the “prevailing party” requirement).               As to
     entitlement, the question is not whether attorneys should be paid for their success,
     but rather, whether the Government must bear the burden of payment. Sims v.
     Department of the Navy, 711 F.2d 1578, 1583 (Fed. Cir. 1983).
¶2         The Board has held that an attorney fee award may be warranted in the
     interest of justice under the following circumstances: (1) the agency engaged in a
     prohibited personnel practice; (2) the agency action was clearly without merit or
     wholly unfounded, or the employee was substantially innocent of the charges;
     (3) the agency initiated the action in bad faith; (4) the agency committed a gross
     procedural error; or (5) the agency knew or should have known that it would not
     prevail on the merits. Allen, 2 M.S.P.R. at 434-35. The majority finds an award
     of fees is warranted in this case under Allen category 5 because the agency
                                                                                      2

     purportedly knew or should have known that it would not prevail on the merits.
     For the reasons set forth below, I respectfully dissent.
¶3         Allen category 5 “may include circumstances in which the agency prepared
     or presented its case so negligently as to make it a foregone conclusion that the
     action could not be sustained on the record established before the Board.”      Id.
     at 435 n.37. In analyzing a request for fees under category 5:
           [T]he appropriate procedure is to appraise the agency’s decision to
           carry through the action against the employee. If the agency never
           possessed trustworthy, admissible evidence, or if the agency was
           negligent in its conduct of the investigation, then the agency ‘knew
           or should have known’ not to take the action. Attorney’s fees are
           then warranted in the interest of justice.
     Yorkshire v. Merit Systems Protection Board, 746 F.2d 1454, 1457 (Fed. Cir.
     1984); see Kent v. Office of Personnel Management, 33 M.S.P.R. 361, 367 (1987)
     (“If it is found that the agency was negligent . . . or that it lacked a reasonable
     and supportable explanation for its position, then it can be concluded that the
     agency knew or should have known that it could not prevail”) (citing Yorkshire,
     746 F.2d at 1457).
¶4         The fact that the Board finds a charge is not supported by preponderant
     evidence does not establish that it was negligently brought.        Wise v. Merit
     Systems Protection Board, 780 F.2d 997, 999-1000 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (considering
     whether it was “unreasonable for the deciding official to remove petitioner based
     on the charges and information available to him at that time”) (citing
     Batchelder v. Department of the Treasury, 14 M.S.P.R. 37, 39 (1982)). Similarly,
     penalty mitigation alone does not establish that an award of fees is warranted in
     the interest of justice. See Dunn v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 98 F.3d 1308,
     1313 (Fed. Cir. 1996); Sims, 711 F.2d at 1582. For instance, in Dunn, the Federal
     Circuit considered whether “the agency made its original judgment negligently or
     in disregard of relevant facts.” Dunn, 98 F.3d at 1313. Although the penalty in
     Dunn was mitigated, the petitioners were nonetheless found guilty of serious
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     offenses with tragic consequences, and the Federal Circuit agreed that an award
     of fees was not warranted under Allen category 5, notwithstanding the arbitrator’s
     lengthy disagreement with the agency’s penalty decision. Id. at 1312-13.
¶5        Here, the administrative judge found the agency proved its charge of
     submitting false reports by preponderant evidence, sustaining two of the agency’s
     seven specifications. Brown v. Department of Homeland Security, MSPB Docket
     No. SF-0752-14-0816-I-1, Initial Decision (ID) at 6-17 (June 26, 2015). Notably,
     the administrative judge concluded the appellant made two false statements on an
     official inspection report—in both instances falsely claiming to have provided
     airline employees with accurate information concerning securi ty procedures
     despite knowing she had actually provided them with incorrect information—for
     the purpose of “obtaining supervisory approval on her report and avoiding further
     edits or performance counseling.”       ID at 7-12.    The Board affirmed these
     findings, which the appellant did not challenge.      See Brown v. Department of
     Homeland Security, MSPB Docket No. SF-0752-14-0816-I-1, Final Order, ¶ 3 n.2
     (Jan. 19, 2016).
¶6        The Board has frequently stated that the nature and seriousness of the
     offense, and its relation to the employee’s duties, position, and responsibility, is
     the most important factor in assessing the reasonableness of a penalty. Singh v.
     U.S. Postal Service, 2022 MSPB 15, ¶ 18. It is well-settled that falsification is a
     serious offense that affects an employee’s reliability, veracity, trustworthiness,
     and ethical conduct. O’Lague v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 123 M.S.P.R.
     340, ¶ 20 (2016), aff’d per curiam, 698 F. App’x 1034 (Fed. Cir. 2017). In my
     view, the fact that not all of the falsification specifications were sustained does
     not substantially diminish the gravity of the sustained charge.        All Federal
     employees are expected to be trustworthy and to maintain high standards of
     integrity. Parsons v. Department of the Air Force, 21 M.S.P.R. 438, 446 (1984).
     Although falsification will not invariably result in removal, as the circumstances
     of each individual case must be considered, see id., the Board has found removal
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     to be a reasonable penalty for a first offense of falsification with no prior
     discipline. See, e.g., O’Lague, 123 M.S.P.R. 340, ¶ 20 (upholding the penalty of
     removal for a first offense of falsification with no prior discipline); Wheeler v.
     Department of the Army, 47 M.S.P.R. 240, 246-47 (1991) (the appellant’s past
     work record and lack of disciplinary history were insufficient to warrant
     mitigation of the penalty of removal for falsification due to the seriousness of t he
     offense); Delessio v. U.S. Postal Service, 33 M.S.P.R. 517, 521 n.4 (“removal is a
     reasonable penalty for the sustained falsification charge with or without reference
     to prior discipline”), aff’d, 837 F.2d 1096 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (Table).
¶7            The agency’s action comported with these well-established principles. As a
     Transportation Security Inspector, the appellant was responsible for conducting
     security inspections, “ensuring security compliance,” and “serv[ing] as a
     technical expert and agency point of contact on transportation security
     regulations.”      Brown v. Department of Homeland Security, MSPB Docket
     No. SF-0752-14-0816-I-1, Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 7 at 420. In light of the
     appellant’s “failure to record [her] inspection activity, truthfully,” the deciding
     official lost trust in the appellant’s “ability to carry out [her] responsibilities as a
     Transportation Security Inspector in a trustworthy and credible manner.”             Id.
     at 55.     The deciding official “felt that the seriousness of the offense did not
     warrant a lesser penalty than removal.” Hearing Transcript 2 at 27. He testified,
     “Having length of service is not an excuse for falsifying a report . . . having a
     stellar work record is not cause to mitigate falsifying a report . . . .         Stress,
     tension, personality issues . . . does not justify falsifying a report.” Id. at 21-22,
     27. He also relied on the agency’s Table of Penalties, which indicates removal is
     appropriate for falsification, even for a first offense.     Id. at 13-14; IAF, Tab 7
     at 392.
¶8            Given the seriousness of the sustained falsification specifications alone, I
     do not believe the agency acted negligently in deciding to remove the appellant.
     This is simply not a case where the agency never possessed trustworthy,
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admissible evidence in support of its chosen penalty. Although the penalty was
ultimately mitigated, the agency had a reasonable, supportable basis for its action
when it was taken. Accordingly, I would find an award of fees is not warranted
in the interest of justice in this matter.

/s/
Tristan L. Leavitt
Member