Court Opinion

ID: 9840607
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-19 17:02:15.678257+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:39:28.202587
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                               FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    CHRIS WRIGHT,

                  Plaintiff,

           v.
                                                                 Civil Action No. 18-0687 (TSC)
    FEDERAL BUREAU OF
    INVESTIGATION,

                  Defendant.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

         Plaintiff Chris Wright, proceeding pro se, sued the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),

seeking to compel disclosure of records responsive to his Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

request. Defendant asserts that it “took appropriate efforts to search for documents, provided all

reasonably segregable records, and withheld only that information that is properly exempt from

release.” Def. Mem. Supp. Renewed Mot. Summ. J. at 1, ECF No. 41-1 (“MSJ”). Accordingly,

it has moved for summary judgment. ECF No. 41. Plaintiff contests some of those assertions

and has moved for an opportunity to conduct discovery. ECF No. 46 (“Opp’n”). 1 For the

reasons set forth below, the court will GRANT in part and DENY in part Defendant’s Motion,

and will DENY Plaintiff’s Motion.

1
    At the court’s invitation, see September 14, 2022 Minute Order, Plaintiff filed a “Revised
    Motion to Conduct Limited Discovery,” ECF No. 46, which superseded his “Renewed Motion
    to Conduct Limited Discovery,” ECF No. 42. Accordingly, the court will DENY as moot his
    earlier, superseded motion, ECF No. 42.

                                            Page 1 of 18
                                     I.      BACKGROUND

       In setting forth the relevant facts, the court relies mainly on Defendant’s Statement of

Material Facts as to Which There Is No Genuine Issue, ECF No. 41-2 (“SMF”). The party

seeking summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the

basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes

demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.

317, 323 (1986) (quotation omitted). To dispute a fact, “the non-movant must rely on

evidence—i.e., its opposition must consist of more than mere unsupported allegations or denials

and must be supported by affidavits, declarations, or other competent evidence, setting forth

specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Rochon v. Lynch, 139 F. Supp. 3d

394, 401 (D.D.C. 2015) (quotation omitted), aff’d, 664 F. App’x 8 (D.C. Cir. 2016).

       Pursuant to that legal standard, the court informed Plaintiff that it would accept as true

the factual assertions in Defendant’s SMF unless he rebutted them with evidence of his own.

Order at 2–3, ECF No. 43. Plaintiff did not respond directly to any of the facts in Defendant’s

SMF, instead providing only a “Statement of Genuine Issues,” ECF No. 46-2. But Plaintiff’s

Statement only identified what he perceived as the pending legal issues to be resolved in this

case, and cited no record evidence to rebut Defendant’s factual assertions. Consequently, the

court largely relies on Defendant’s SMF as establishing the relevant undisputed facts.

       In February 2018, Plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to FBI, seeking the following

fifteen items:

       1. “All decisional and post-decisional records regarding the handling of inquiries
       from [Plaintiff] to the FBI’s designated press officer (Wyn Hornbuckle . . .) in
       October 2017.

                                            Page 2 of 18
2. All records discussing two articles authored by [Plaintiff] - The Mother of All
Misdirections: U.S. Counterterrorism Training Still Hostage to Radical Islamist
Thought and FBI Still Stuck on Flawed Obama-Era Counterterrorism Paradigm.

3. All decisional and post-decisional records discussing whether to adopt the
changes the Department of Homeland Security has made or discussed making to its
approach to counterterrorism with respect to: [13 enumerated aspects of countering
violent extremism and counterterrorism programs and strategies.]

4. The portions of [the FBI’s] current CVE (Countering Violent Extremism) and
other current counterterrorism training materials (including but not limited to the
Joint Terrorism Operations Course) discussing: [20 enumerated topics].

5. The portions of the pre-CVE counterterrorism training materials reviewed by
members of Congress as a result of the March 2012 meeting between the FBI and
House Judiciary Committee staff . . . discussing: [20 enumerated topics].

6. All non-training decisional and post-decisional records discussing: [20
enumerated topics].

7. All decisional and post-decisional records discussing the purge beginning in
2011 of pre-CVE counterterrorism training materials and specific trainers (e.g.,
Stephen Coughlin).

8. All decisional and post-decisional records discussing criticism of the FBI for
being too politically correct or mistaken about radical Islamic terrorism, or being
unduly concerned about discrimination against U.S. Muslims or the civil rights /
civil liberties of Muslims in the U.S.

9. All decisional and post-decisional records discussing the Ft. Hood report
recommendations (at p. 48 and 77 [of the report]) to: a) identify violent extremism
by name [and] b) conduct an in-depth analysis of (i) the ideology of violent
extremism, (ii) the factors that make that ideology appealing to individuals
(including U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents), and (iii) what ideological
indicators or warning signs show that the individual is weighing or accepting the
ideology[.]

10. All query letters from October 2011 forward from any member of the U.S.
House or Senate, or any Committee or Subcommittee of the U.S. House or Senate,
and the FBI’s responses thereto, discussing: [12 enumerated topics].

11. All records discussing success or failure in partnering with community groups
in CVE programs and the metrics by which success is judged.

12. All records discussing [regarding five specified books].

                                   Page 3 of 18
       13. All records discussing legislation or other efforts to designate the Muslim
       Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.

       14. All records discussing mosques as: [six enumerated uses].

       15. All records regarding FBI’s BRIDGES program (“Building Respect in Diverse
       Groups to Enhance Sensitivity”) discussing: [six enumerated topics].”

SMF ¶ 1.

       Upon receipt of Plaintiff’s FOIA request, Defendant divided it by subject matter into

seven request numbers. Id. ¶ 3. Declarations from the FBI’s Record/Information Dissemination

Section Chief, Michael G. Seidel, detail Defendant’s efforts to locate and produce responses to

each request. See ECF Nos. 33-3 (“1st Seidel Decl.”); 41-4 (“2nd Seidel Decl.”). The

declarations also describe the FBI’s record-keeping and searching technology, including its

Central Records System (CRS), a system for indexing records which “spans the entire FBI

organization.” 1st Seidel Decl. ¶ 39.

       FBI employees may index information in the CRS by individual (persons), by
       organization (organizational entities, places, and things), and by event (e.g., a
       terrorist attack or bank robbery). Indexing information in the CRS is done at the
       discretion of FBI investigators when information is deemed of sufficient
       significance to warrant indexing for future retrieval.

Id. ¶ 42. Today, the FBI uses a case management system called “Sentinel” that allows users to

search certain words and phrases for matching indices in CRS. Id. ¶¶ 45–47. That is one way in

which the FBI searches for records responsive to FOIA requests. Id. ¶ 47.

       Together with the Department of Justice’s Office of Information Policy (OIP), Defendant

searched for and produced eight pages of records responsive to item 1, with some redactions.

SMF ¶¶ 4–8 (request number 1401827-000). Defendant performed a search of its Central

Records System for items 2, 12, and 15 but found no responsive records. Id. ¶¶ 9–10 (1402531-

000), 36–37 (1402548-000), 40–41 (1402555-000). For items 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, and 11, all of which

                                          Page 4 of 18
concerned the subject “Countering Violent Extremism” (1402542-000), Defendant made

seventeen releases totaling several thousand pages, with several thousand more pages being

withheld or redacted under FOIA exemptions. Id. ¶¶ 11–32. Defendant also grouped together

items 6, 8, 9, and 14 (NFP-95085), but determined that they did not contain enough descriptive

information to permit a search of FBI records. Id. ¶¶ 33–35. Lastly, Defendant produced 18

pages with some redactions in response to item 13 (1402553-000). Id. ¶¶ 38–39. It also made

three supplemental productions during 2021 and 2022, releasing additional information that it

had received from other agencies or had determined did not require withholding. Id. ¶¶ 42–45.

                                  II.    LEGAL STANDARD

       In FOIA litigation, as in all civil cases, summary judgment is appropriate only when the

pleadings and declarations demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). “FOIA provides a ‘statutory right of public

access to documents and records’ held by federal government agencies.” Citizens for Resp. &

Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 602 F. Supp. 2d 121, 123 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Pratt v.

Webster, 673 F.2d 408, 413 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). The Act requires federal agencies to comply with

requests to make their records available to the public unless such “information is exempted under

[one of nine] clearly delineated statutory [exemptions].” Id. (quotationomitted); see also 5

U.S.C. § 552(a)–(b).

       In reviewing a motion for summary judgment under FOIA, the court must view the facts

in the light most favorable to the requester. See Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 745 F.2d 1476,

1485 (D.C. Cir. 1984). Summary judgment in FOIA cases may be based solely on information

provided in an agency’s supporting affidavits or declarations if they are “relatively detailed and

nonconclusory.” SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. U.S. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C.
                                           Page 5 of 18
Cir. 1991) (citation omitted). These declarations are “accorded a presumption of good faith,

which cannot be rebutted by purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of

other documents.” Id. (citation omitted). “To successfully challenge an agency’s showing that it

complied with the FOIA, the plaintiff must come forward with ‘specific facts’ demonstrating that

there is a genuine issue with respect to whether the agency has improperly withheld . . . records.”

Span v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 696 F. Supp. 2d 113, 119 (D.D.C. 2010) (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Just.

v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 (1989)).

                                        III.      ANALYSIS

A. Request descriptions

       Plaintiff argues that items 6, 8, and 14 contained sufficient description for the FBI to

search for responsive records. The FBI initially determined that it could not reasonably search

for the twenty “broad concepts” contained in item 6 because those concepts lacked “descriptors”

or “specific information such as the names of individuals, organizations, publications, or events.”

1st Seidel Decl. ¶ 178. However, the FBI did ultimately search Sentinel for terms and phrases in

item 6, although that search produced no responsive records. 2nd Seidel Decl. ¶ 34. Similarly,

the FBI initially declined to search for item 14 because it lacked descriptors, but later searched

Sentinel for the word “mosque,” which returned over one million results “covering a multitude

of subject matters.” Id. ¶ 44. Because the FBI conducted those searches, the operative question

with respect to items 6 and 14 is not whether they were reasonably described but instead whether

the FBI’s searches were adequate.

       As for item 8, the court concludes that Plaintiff did not “reasonably describe[]” the

request. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A). “A request reasonably describes records if the agency is able

to determine precisely what records are being requested.” Tax Analysts v. IRS, 117 F.3d 607,

610 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (quotation omitted). Item 8 is a blanket request for all records “discussing
                                               Page 6 of 18
criticism of the FBI for being too politically correct or mistaken about radical Islamic terrorism,

or being unduly concerned about discrimination against U.S. Muslims or the civil rights / civil

liberties of Muslims in the U.S.” SMF ¶ 1. There is no indication, for example, of where those

records might be located, see Kowalczyk v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 73 F.3d 386, 389 (D.C. Cir.

1996), or the timeframe in which they might have originated, see Rutila v. U. S. Dep’t of

Transportation, 72 F.4th 692, 696 (5th Cir. 2023). Defendant avers that “without specific

descriptors,” there is “no reasonable way to search FBI records for” any “criticism of the FBI

concerning the manner in which the FBI handles aspects of Islamic terrorism and aspects of

Muslims in the United States.” 1st Seidel Decl. ¶ 179. The court agrees.

       Plaintiff’s arguments do not alter that conclusion. He contends that item 8’s terms

“discrimination” and “civil liberties” are so “distinctive” that “a simple keyword search” would

easily yield responsive records. Opp’n at 16. But those common terms are used in dozens of

contexts, see, e.g., Discrimination, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (listing over twenty

forms of discrimination), and would not alone meaningfully narrow any potential search.

Plaintiff also relies on the fact that “some of the wording in item 8 is found in three other items

the Defendant processed without making any claim they were not reasonably described”—items

4(t), 5(t), and 10(h). Opp’n at 13. But those items all contained additional descriptors: Item 4

was limited to “counterterrorism training materials,” item 5 was limited to “training materials

reviewed by members of Congress as a result of the March 2012 meeting between the FBI and

House Judiciary Committee staff,” and item 10 was limited to “query letters from October 2011

forward from any member of the U.S. House or Senate, or any Committee or Subcommittee of

the U.S. House or Senate, and the FBI’s responses thereto.” SMF ¶ 1. Those subject matter,

timeframe, and document type limits focus the range of the request substantially, 2nd Seidel Decl.

                                            Page 7 of 18
¶¶ 39–40, 43—and therefore enabled Defendant to determine which records were being

requested—in ways that item 8’s unbounded request for “all” records does not, id. ¶ 42.

Defendant therefore did not err in declining to search for item 8 because it was insufficiently

described.

B. Search adequacy

        Most of the parties’ disputes center on the adequacy of Defendant’s searches for the items

in Plaintiff’s FOIA request. Under FOIA, an agency must undertake a search that is “reasonably

calculated to uncover all relevant documents.” Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 705 F.2d 1344,

1351 (D.C. Cir. 1983).

        The question is not whether there might exist any other documents possibly
        responsive to the request, but rather whether the search for those documents was
        adequate. The adequacy of the search, in turn, is judged by a standard of
        reasonableness and depends, not surprisingly, upon the facts of each case. In
        demonstrating the adequacy of the search, the agency may rely upon reasonably
        detailed, nonconclusory affidavits submitted in good faith.

Steinberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 23 F.3d 548, 551 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (internal citations omitted).

“Once an agency has provided adequate affidavits, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to

demonstrate a lack of a good faith search.” Sanders v. Obama, 729 F. Supp. 2d 148, 155

(D.D.C. 2010) (citation omitted), aff’d sub nom. Sanders v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. 10-5273,

2011 WL 1769099 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 21, 2011).

        The court concludes that Defendant conducted an adequate search with respect to four of

the five disputed items: 6, 10, 12, and 15, but it requires additional information before it can

determine whether Defendant’s search for item 14 was adequate.

   1.        Item 6
        Item 6 requested “[a]ll non-training decisional and postdecisional records discussing”

twenty wide-ranging topics:

                                            Page 8 of 18
       a) the nature of Islam, b) the nature of sharia law, c) the nature of jihad, d) the
       nexus between Islam, sharia law, and jihad, e) the root cause or causes of Islamic
       terror, f) the plausibility of mental illness as an explanation for terrorist attacks in
       the U.S., g) the incompatibility of sharia law with the U.S. Constitution and
       democracy, h) Islam’s drive toward world domination, i) the Muslim concept of
       ‘caliphate’ and its implications for the U.S., j) Islamic threat doctrine or war-
       fighting doctrine, k) the threat Islam poses to U.S. national security, l) the reach of
       the jihadi network in the United States, m) the nature of the Muslim Brotherhood,
       n) the nature and activities of Muslim Brotherhood front groups in the U.S., o)
       dawa or variant spellings thereof (the Muslim religious duty to prepare the ground
       for jihad), p) hijra or variant spellings thereof (the Muslim religious duty to
       colonize), q) taqiyya or variant spellings thereof (the Muslim religious duty to lie
       to infidels to further jihad), r) domestic counter-messaging addressing violent or
       extremist Islamist ideology, s) information and themes from former or estranged
       Islamic extremists, [and] t) discrimination against U.S. Muslims or the civil rights
       / civil liberties of Muslims in the U.S.

1st Seidel Decl. ¶ 178.

       The FBI performed a reasonable search for item 6. As noted above, although Defendant

initially determined that it was not sufficiently described, id. ¶ 182, the FBI ultimately

“conducted a text search of Sentinel” using search terms corresponding to each of item 6’s

subparts. 3rd Seidel Decl. ¶ 4, ECF No. 50-1 (correcting statement in 2nd Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 34–35).

       In everyday terms, [an index search] seems akin to opening a book to a specific
       index entry and finding the page numbers which the indexer identified as relevant.
       [A] text search, by contrast, combs through the entire (metaphorical) book to
       identify each instance in which the word appears in the text, as one might with an
       e-book.

Shapiro v. U. S. Dep’t of Just., 944 F.3d 940, 943 (D.C. Cir. 2019). Here, the full text search of

Sentinel, using keywords drawn from each subpart of item 6, was enough to satisfy Defendant’s

obligations to search in good faith.

       Plaintiff contends that Defendant should have done more. To begin, he argues that the

FBI should have also undertaken the same search measures it used with respect to items 4, 5, and

10(e). Pl. Reply at 5, ECF No. 51. But as the court has already noted, each of those other items

                                            Page 9 of 18
described specific document types and timeframes that could allow Defendant to conduct more

directed searches of specific locations and offices. See supra Section III.A. Item 6, by contrast,

sought “[a]ll non-training decisional and postdecisional records.” 1st Seidel Decl. ¶ 178.

Defendant reasonably responded to that much broader, less specific inquiry by searching the

FBI-wide records available through a text search of Sentinel. Plaintiff protests that “Sentinel

does not contain every record the FBI has.” Pl. Reply at 5. But that fact alone does not

demonstrate that Defendant acted in bad faith. Again, nothing in item 6 suggested that the FBI

would find responsive records in any particular place, much less a place not covered by

Sentinel’s searching capabilities. Defendant was therefore “not obliged to look beyond the four

corners of the request for leads to the location of responsive documents.” Kowalczyk, 73 F.3d at

389.

   2.      Item 10
        Plaintiff raises only one objection to Defendant’s search for item 10: that “the FBI

produced inter alia two query letters from Rep. McCaul dated December 14, 2017 propounding

questions for the records (QFRs)” but “did not produce the responses to the QFRs.” Opp’n at 34.

But Plaintiff acknowledges that he does not know whether those records exist. See id. at 34–35.

And the “failure to turn up a particular document . . . does not undermine the determination that

the agency conducted an adequate search.” Wilbur v. CIA, 355 F.3d 675, 678 (D.C. Cir. 2004)

(citation omitted). Accordingly, the “presumption of good faith” accorded to Defendant’s

declarations that it searched for and produced all non-exempt documents “cannot be rebutted by

purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.”

SafeCard, 926 F.2d at 1200 (quotation omitted). There is thus no basis to hold that Defendant’s

search for item 10 was inadequate.

                                           Page 10 of 18
   3.      Item 12
        Plaintiff’s sole objection to Defendant’s search for item 12 fares no better. He argues that

the FBI’s “CRS index search that turned up no responsive records” was “designed-to-fail” and

that the FBI should have conducted a text search for the five books listed in item 12. Opp’n at

18. But the FBI did conduct that very text search, and still found no responsive records. 2nd

Seidel Decl. ¶ 51. Confronted with that fact, Plaintiff again falls back to his assertion that

Defendant should have searched several specific offices using the same methods as for items 4,

5, and 10. See Pl. Reply at 7–8. But as with item 6, nothing in item 12 suggested that any

particular office would have responsive records, so Defendant reasonably limited its search to the

general, FBI-wide records available via a Sentinel text search. See supra Section III.B.1. That

search satisfied FOIA’s requirements.

   4.      Item 14
        Item 14 requested “[a]ll records discussing mosques as” six distinct categories: “a) seats

of government of Islam, b) arsenals to store weapons and ammunition, c) repositories to store

food and water, d) fortresses or built with fortified construction, e) providing military style

training, [and] f) potentially being used for armed insurrection against the U.S. government.” 1st

Seidel Decl. ¶ 181. As it did with item 6, Defendant initially determined that the request in item

14 did not sufficiently describe the records sought to permit a reasonable search, id., but later

performed a term search of Sentinel, 2nd Seidel Decl. ¶ 44. Specifically, the FBI searched for the

word “mosque” on Sentinel, but the search results “contained over one million hits, covering a

multitude of subject matters.” Id.

        Plaintiff does not claim that FOIA obligates Defendant to sift through a million

documents to find responsive records for item 14. He does point out, however, that Defendant

could refine its search by using “keyword[s]” and “Boolean operators (e.g., ‘mosque’ + ‘arsenal’

                                           Page 11 of 18
or ‘weapons’).” Opp’n at 16. The FBI’s declarant responds that a search “using the Boolean

operator ‘and’ . . . would yield every instance individually and combination of two or more of the

search terms, whether found together or not, yielding an even larger but less accurate pool of

possible results.” 2nd Seidel Decl. ¶ 45. But that description runs contrary to the ordinary

understanding of how the Boolean operator “and” functions. See, e.g., U.S. Government

Publishing Office, Search Query Operators, GOVINFO (accessed August 25, 2023),

https://perma.cc/BKN9-FXUG (“The [Boolean] AND operator tells the search engine to return

only documents with all the keywords you entered. This operator narrows the search and returns

fewer search results.”). It seems at least possible that using the “and” operator could have

significantly reduced the number of hits in a Sentinel search.

        The court cannot conclude whether a more reasonable search for item 14 is possible

without additional information from Defendant and therefore will deny without prejudice the

Motion for Summary Judgment as to item 14. Defendant may submit a declaration providing

further detail about why a search using the Boolean operator “and” to link the word “mosque”

with keywords from item 14’s subparts is not possible. Alternatively, if such a search is

possible, Defendant shall carry it out and submit a declaration averring that (1) the search

produced no responsive records, (2) the search produced responsive records and they have been

produced to Plaintiff or withheld as exempt, or (3) the search returned so many hits that it would

be unduly burdensome to review them all (with details on the number of hits and the estimated

time it would take to review them). After submitting a declaration or other relevant evidence,

Defendant may move for summary judgment again as to item 14.

   5.      Item 15
        Item 15 sought “[a]ll records regarding the FBI’s BRIDGES program (‘Building Respect

in Diverse Groups to Enhance Sensitivity’)” discussing six topics:

                                           Page 12 of 18
       a) the success or failure of the program and the metrics by which success is judged,
       b) ways to combat Islamophobia, c) ways to debunk derogatory information about
       Islamic ideology, d) the nature of jihad, including records asserting that jihad is just
       an inner or spiritual struggle, or merely entails defending one’s property, e) the
       participation of representatives of CAIR (Council on American-Islamic Relations)
       in BRIDGES events, or f) the plausibility of mental illness as an explanation for
       terrorist attacks in the U.S.

2nd Seidel Decl. ¶ 28.

       Defendant took several steps to search for records responsive to item 15. First, it

conducted an index search using Sentinel for “BRIDGES” and four related terms. 2nd Seidel

Decl. ¶ 57. Then, it contacted the FBI’s Office of Public Affairs and Office of Public

Engagement, along with FBI field offices in Knoxville, Detroit, and Boston, and asked each of

them to search “internal database systems as well as paper files” for records related to item 15.

Id. ¶ 58. The offices did so, and some took the further steps of reaching out to employees

seeking any information that would be responsive. Id. ¶ 59. None of these searches located

responsive records. Id. ¶¶ 57–59.

       Plaintiff finds the lack of responsive records implausible. He argues that it “beggars

belief that an FBI program documented to exist for 20 years . . . would not have generated a

single record in its entire existence” such as “event announcements, agendas, speaker lists, or

emails to speakers or partners.” Opp’n at 21. But Plaintiff did not seek every BRIDGES-related

record, only those discussing the six specific topics in item 15. It is far less surprising that

Defendant did not locate, for example, any BRIDGES-related event announcements discussing

the nature of jihad. In any event, the court has already noted that “failure to turn up a particular

document . . . does not undermine the determination that the agency conducted an adequate

search.” Wilbur, 355 F.3d at 678. Here, Defendant reasonably identified certain offices it

deemed most likely to hold responsive records and directed them to conduct a search of their

                                            Page 13 of 18
electronic and paper files. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s “purely speculative claims about the

existence and discoverability of other documents” cannot overcome the presumption that

Defendant searched in good faith. SafeCard, 926 F.2d at 1200 (quotation omitted)).

C. Glomar response

       Plaintiff also challenges Defendant’s Glomar response to item 9 of his FOIA request. An

agency gives a Glomar response when it “refuse[s] to confirm or deny the existence of records

where to answer the FOIA inquiry would cause harm cognizable under an FOIA exception.”

Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Gardels v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1103

(D.C. Cir. 1982)) (citation omitted). The “D.C. Circuit has advised courts to accord substantial

deference to an agency’s Glomar response and avoid ‘searching judicial review’ when the

information requested ‘implicat[es] national security, a uniquely executive purview.’” Schaerr v.

U. S. Dep’t of Just., 435 F. Supp. 3d 99 (D.D.C. 2020) (quoting Ctr. for Nat’l Sec. Studies v. U.S.

Dep’t of Just., 331 F.3d 918, 926–27 (D.C. Cir. 2003)), aff’d, 69 F.4th 924 (D.C. Cir. 2023).

       Item 9 requested “[a]ll decisional and post-decisional records discussing the Ft. Hood

report recommendations” to:

       a) identify violent extremism by name [and] b) conduct an in-depth analysis of (i)
       the ideology of violent extremism, (ii) the factors that make that ideology appealing
       to individuals (including U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents), and (iii) what
       ideological indicators or warning signs show that the individual is weighing or
       accepting the ideology[.]

SMF ¶ 1. Defendant initially determined that item 9 was too vague to permit a reasonable

search, but it later conducted a search that produced 427 potentially responsive pages, which

were released in part to Plaintiff. 2nd Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 47–48. Plaintiff does not challenge that

search or release, only Defendant’s invocation of Glomar with respect to any additional records.

                                           Page 14 of 18
       Defendant plausibly asserted a Glomar response under FOIA’s Exemptions 1 and 3. Its

declarant stated that item 9 “seeks records concerning organizations, events, programs and

ideologies, which triggers a standard Glomar response” to avoid any indication “that certain

national security or foreign intelligence related records do or do not exist.” 2nd Seidel Decl.

¶¶ 102, 104. Specifically, item 9 warranted a Glomar response under Exemption 1 because it

seeks information specially classified as secret by Executive Order for national defense and

foreign policy purposes, and here the FBI’s classification authority decided that disclosing

whether responsive records exist would harm U.S. national security by implicating U.S.

intelligence activities. Id. ¶¶ 106–14 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1); Exec. Order No. 13,526

§§ 1.1, 1.4(c), 3.6(a), 75 Fed. Reg. 707 (Jan. 5, 2010)). And relatedly, item 9 warranted a

Glomar response under Exemption 3 because it seeks information specifically exempted from

disclosure by statute—here, the National Security Act—that could divulge information about the

existence or non-existence of intelligence sources and methods. Id. ¶¶ 115–17. Given item 9’s

request for records related to the government’s response to violent extremism, the court finds

Defendant’s invocation of Glomar to be both “plausible and logical.” Am. C.L. Union v. U.S.

Dep’t of Def., 628 F.3d 612, 625 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

       Plaintiff’s objections to the Glomar response are unpersuasive. First, he protests that

Defendant’s FOIA declarant Michael Seidel is also the FBI’s “Original Classification Authority”

who made the Glomar determination in this case, which Plaintiff considers a conflict of interest.

Opp’n at 26–28. But he presents no evidence in the record beyond his own allegations that

Seidel has acted in bad faith (allegations the court has rejected, see supra Section III.B.) or

otherwise wrongly invoked Glomar here, and cites no authority indicating that Seidel’s dual

roles create a disqualifying conflict of interest. Consequently, Plaintiff’s argument is not enough

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to dislodge the presumption of good faith owed to Defendant’s declarations. See SafeCard, 926

F.2d at 1200.

       Second, Plaintiff argues that Glomar cannot plausibly apply here because “the Ft. Hood

massacre took place more than a dozen years ago” and “many aspects of the attack were aired

long ago in Congress and in various reports about the attack.” Opp’n at 28. Plaintiff may be

correct that some records may no longer imperil national security interests, but Defendant’s

declaration plausibly avers that other records still may pose that risk, if they exist. It requires no

stretch of the imagination to suppose that some records related to the Ft. Hood attack could be

relevant to the government’s intelligence sources, methods, or information today. The court will

therefore not second-guess Defendant’s invocation of Glomar on that basis. Ctr. for Nat’l Sec.

Studies, 331 F.3d at 926–27.

D. Exemptions and in camera review

       Defendant is entitled to summary judgment with respect to the FOIA exemptions it has

claimed to withhold all or part of records responsive to Plaintiff’s requests. It bears the burden

of showing that the exemptions apply. Pub. Citizen Health Rsch. Grp. v. FDA, 185 F.3d 898,

904 (D.C. Cir. 1999). It may meet that burden by filing (1) declarations that describe “the

documents and the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate

that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not

controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith,” Mil.

Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981), or (2) a Vaughn index similarly

containing “an adequate description of the records,” “a plain statement of the exemptions relied

upon to withhold each record,” and “arguments that related the documents to the claimed

exemption,” Nat’l Treasury Emps. Union v. U.S. Customs Serv., 802 F.2d 525, 527 n.9 (D.C. Cir.

1986). Defendant has satisfied its obligations. Its declarations set forth, in exhaustive detail, the
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basis for all the withholdings it made. 1st Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 68–176; 2nd Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 60–99. It

also produced a Vaughn index summarizing the exemptions applied to withhold any

nondisclosed portions of responsive records. See 1st Seidel Decl., Ex. GG, ECF No. 33-4 at 134–

255; 2nd Seidel Decl., Ex. 3, ECF No. 41-4 at 66–77.

       Plaintiff does not dispute any of the specific withholdings, stating that he “is not in a

position to argue whether Defendant’s grounds for [nondisclosure] are well-grounded in law and

fact.” Opp’n at 31. Instead, he argues that the court should undertake in camera review of

certain random samples of withheld databases and documents. Id. at 33–34. However, “when

the agency meets its burden [under the FOIA] by means of affidavits, in camera review is neither

necessary nor appropriate.” Ctr. for Auto Safety v. EPA, 731 F.2d 16, 22 (D.C. Cir. 1984)

(quotation omitted). Here, Defendant’s declarations “provide specific information sufficient to

place the documents within the exemption category,” that “information is not contradicted in the

record,” and “there is no evidence of agency bad faith.” Hayden v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 608 F.2d

1381, 1387 (D.C. Cir. 1979). Accordingly, there is no basis for in camera review, and the court

will grant summary judgment to Defendant with respect to the FOIA exemptions it claims. Id.

E. Discovery

       The final matter to resolve is Plaintiff’s Revised Motion to Conduct Limited Discovery.

Opp’n at 22–25. Discovery is rarely permitted in FOIA cases, and generally “only upon a

showing that the agency acted in bad faith.” Bonfilio v. Occupational Safety & Health Admin.,

320 F. Supp. 3d 152, 157 (D.D.C. 2018) (citation omitted). Plaintiff has not made that showing.

As explained above, there is insufficient evidence to show that Defendant has acted in bad faith

at any point in its response to Plaintiff’s FOIA request. There is no evidence, for example, that

Defendant “intentionally destroyed responsive records after someone submitted a FOIA request.”

Bonfilio, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 157 (citing such cases as exceptions justifying discovery in FOIA
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cases). And unlike the cases on which Plaintiff relies, see Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v.

U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. Civ. 05-2078 (EGS), 2006 WL 1518964 (D.D.C. June 1, 2006);

Campbell v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 193 F. Supp. 2d 29 (D.D.C. 2001), the court is largely satisfied

with the adequacy of Defendant’s search, and consequently is not persuaded that this case

warrants the “strongly disfavored” remedy of discovery in a FOIA case, Bonfilio, 320 F. Supp.

3d at 157. Plaintiff’s motion will therefore be denied.

                                     IV.     CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, the court will GRANT in part and DENY in part

Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 41. Specifically, the motion will be

denied without prejudice as to the adequacy of Defendant’s search for item 14, but will be

granted in all other respects. The court will set deadlines for submitting additional evidence and

a renewed motion with respect to that remaining item. In addition, the court will DENY

Plaintiff’s Revised Motion to Conduct Limited Discovery, ECF No. 46, and DENY as moot

Plaintiff’s Renewed Motion to Conduct Limited Discovery, ECF No. 42. A corresponding Order

will accompany this Memorandum Opinion.

Date: September 19, 2023

                                                 Tanya S. Chutkan
                                                 TANYA S. CHUTKAN
                                                 United States District Judge

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