Court Opinion

ID: 9412743
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-01 15:09:46.127796+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:20.268896
License: Public Domain

Fourth Court of Appeals
                                        San Antonio, Texas
                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

                     Nos. 04-22-00207-CR, 04-22-00208-CR & 04-22-00209-CR

                                           Julius Earl HARDEE,
                                                  Appellant

                                                       v.

                                           The STATE of Texas,
                                                 Appellee

                      From the 198th Judicial District Court, Kerr County, Texas
                           Trial Court No. B20-016, B20-017 & B20-174
                            Honorable M. Rex Emerson, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Sitting:          Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
                  Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice
                  Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice (Ret.) 1

Delivered and Filed: July 31, 2023

AFFIRMED

           Julius Earl Hardee appeals judgments adjudicating him guilty on two counts of aggravated

assault with a deadly weapon and one count of obstruction. He argues the evidence was insufficient

to support the trial court’s finding that he violated the terms of his deferred adjudication

community supervision. We affirm.

1
 The Honorable Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice (Retired) of the Fourth Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment
of the Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court. See TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 74.003, 75.002, 75.003.
                                                               04-22-00207-CR, 04-22-00208-CR & 04-22-00209-CR

                                                  BACKGROUND

         Hardee was charged by indictment with two counts of aggravated assault with a deadly

weapon – enhanced and obstruction for threatening a witness – enhanced. See TEX. PENAL CODE

§ 22.02, 36.06. Hardee pled guilty to the charged offenses, and the trial court ordered seven years’

deferred adjudication community supervision and a $2,500 fine on June 18, 2021. The

accompanying order on community supervision provided, in pertinent part, the following

condition: “commit no offense against the laws of this State, or any state or of the United States.”

         On October 1, 2021, the State moved to proceed to an adjudication of guilt in all three

cases. Hardee, according to the State’s second amended motion to proceed with adjudication, had

violated the no-offense provision by committing the offenses of: (1) interfering with a September

27, 2021 emergency call; (2) family violence assault on September 27, 2021; (3) violation of a

protective order on September 28, 2021; and (4) additional violations of a protective order by

phone calls made between October 7, 2021 and October 29, 2021. 2

         During the hearing, the trial court read the alleged violations, and Hardee responded “not

true” as to each. At the hearing’s conclusion, during which the state called four witnesses, the trial

court found the allegations true and adjudicated Hardee guilty in all three cases. The trial court

then sentenced Hardee to thirty years’ confinement in each case, to be served concurrently, with

the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Hardee now appeals.

                         DEFERRED ADJUDICATION COMMUNITY SUPERVISION

         Hardee contends the evidence was insufficient for the trial court to find he violated the no-

offense provision when he: (1) interfered with an emergency request for assistance; (2) committed

family violence assault; and (3) violated the protective order on September 28, 2021 and from

2
  The State also moved on a violation of the no alcohol condition, but the trial court did not rule on it, and it is not
raised by either party. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1, 47.1.

                                                         -2-
                                                     04-22-00207-CR, 04-22-00208-CR & 04-22-00209-CR

October 7, 2021 to October 29, 2021. The State does not dispute the evidence was insufficient to

prove Hardee interfered with an emergency request for assistance or he violated the protective

order from October 7, 2021 to October 29, 2021. We therefore limit our review to whether the

evidence was sufficient for the trial court to conclude Hardee committed family violence assault

and violated the protective order on September 28, 2021.

   A. The Law

       To justify the revocation of deferred adjudication community supervision, the State is

required to prove a violation of a term or condition of the deferred adjudication community

supervision by a preponderance of the evidence. See Hacker v. State, 389 S.W.3d 860, 864-65

(Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Fenner v. State, 571 S.W.3d 892, 894 (Tex. App.—Waco 2019, pet.

ref’d); see also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. arts. 42A.108(b), .751(d). The preponderance of the

evidence standard is met if the “greater weight of the credible evidence . . . would create a

reasonable belief” the defendant violated a condition of his deferred adjudication community

supervision. Rickels v. State, 202 S.W.3d 759, 764 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (quoting Scamardo v.

State, 517 S.W.2d 293, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974)). The trial court “is the sole judge of the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony.” Hacker, 389 S.W.3d at

865. Proof of a single violation is sufficient. See, e.g., Garcia v. State, 387 S.W.3d 20, 26 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2012).

       We review a trial court’s decision on a motion to proceed with adjudication and to revoke

deferred adjudication community supervision for an abuse of discretion. See Tapia v. State, 462

S.W.3d 29, 41 n.14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Leonard v. State, 385 S.W.3d 570, 576 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2012)). In determining whether the evidence is sufficient, we consider the combined and

cumulative force of all the evidence and view such evidence in the light most favorable to the

judgment. See, e.g., Hacker, 389 S.W.3d at 873; Garrett v. State, 619 S.W.2d 172, 174 (Tex. Crim.

                                               -3-
                                                               04-22-00207-CR, 04-22-00208-CR & 04-22-00209-CR

App. [Panel Op.] 1981); Bell v. State, 554 S.W.3d 742, 746 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018,

pet. ref’d); see also Cherry v. State, 215 S.W.3d 917, 919 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet. ref’d)

(providing factual sufficiency review inapplicable to revocation proceedings).

    B. Analysis

         Turning to the sufficiency of the evidence regarding the alleged family violence assault

offense, Hardee argues the evidence is insufficient because his actions were accidental and he

otherwise acted in self-defense. 3

         A person commits family violence assault if they “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly

cause[] bodily injury” to a person (1) they had a dating relationship with, (2) who was a former

spouse, or (3) who resided in the same household with them. 4 See TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.01(a)(1),

(b)(2). In addition, the State must show the defendant was previously convicted of criminal

homicide pursuant to chapter 19, kidnapping, aggravated kidnapping, indecency with a child, or

continuous violence against the family. Id. §§ 22.01(b)(2)(A), 25.11(a).

         For self-defense, “a person is justified in using force against another when and to the degree

the actor reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect the actor against the

other’s use or attempted use of unlawful force.” TEX. PENAL CODE § 9.31(a). When a defendant

claims self-defense, “the defendant bears the burden to produce evidence supporting the defense,

while the State bears the burden of persuasion to disprove the raised issues.” Braughton v. State,

3
 Hardee further contends the evidence shows he was provoked and that provocation should move the court to conclude
he did not commit the assault in question. However, as the authority cited by Hardee shows, the provocation doctrine
does not apply here because it only applies to forfeit the right to self-defense where a defendant provoked another to
make an attack on them in order to provide the defendant with pretext to harm the other. See Smith v. State, 965 S.W.2d
509, 512 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); see also TEX. PENAL CODE § 9.31(b)(4) (providing for self-defense, defendant’s
belief that force was immediately necessary is presumed reasonable if defendant did not provoke person against whom
force was used).
4
 A person acts at least recklessly in causing bodily injury when the person is aware of but consciously disregards a
substantial and unjustifiable risk the result will occur. TEX. PENAL CODE § 6.03(c). “Bodily injury” means “physical
pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition.” Id. § 1.07(a)(8).

                                                         -4-
                                                     04-22-00207-CR, 04-22-00208-CR & 04-22-00209-CR

569 S.W.3d 592, 608 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). In a revocation proceeding, the State’s burden of

persuasion countering the self-defense theory is by a preponderance of the evidence. See Simpson

v. State, 591 S.W.3d 571, 577 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020); see also 43A GEORGE E. DIX & JOHN M.

SCHMOLESKY, TEXAS PRACTICE: CRIMINAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 48.69 (3d ed. 2011) (“[A]

claim of self-defense . . . should be recognized as a defense in a revocation proceeding. The sole

difference [from a traditional criminal proceeding] should be that the burden on the State

respecting exceptions and defenses should be a preponderance of the evidence, as required for

each element of the offense in a revocation proceeding, rather than beyond a reasonable doubt.”

(footnotes omitted)). Whether the defendant established he acted in self-defense is a question for

the factfinder to decide and a finding the defendant violated the condition is an implicit finding

rejecting the defendant’s self-defense theory by a preponderance of the evidence. See Braughton,

569 S.W.3d at 609; Dearborn v. State, 420 S.W.3d 366, 373 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2014, no pet.).

       Jennifer Guffey, who Hardee was living with, testified at the hearing Hardee came home

from work around 8 p.m. and kept “saying stuff,” was arguing with her, and was angry because

there was trash on the floor; she further testified he implied she was “white trash.” Guffey also

testified she “got up in his face in the bathroom,” and she pushed his chest. According to Guffey,

Hardee said “that hurt” and then “just went off.” She elaborated he then pushed her against the

dryer and the washer, even though at that point in time, she had walked out of the bathroom and

was no longer acting aggressively toward him. She further testified Hardee pulled her hair when

he was pushing her against the dryer. The State introduced photographs and the trial court admitted

them into evidence without objection. The photographs depicted a “little bit of blood” on her scalp

that developed after Hardee pulled her hair out. When asked if Hardee had actually grabbed her

hair in reaction to falling or maybe trying to just get away from her, Guffey agreed he probably

                                               -5-
                                                       04-22-00207-CR, 04-22-00208-CR & 04-22-00209-CR

did grab her hair for one of those reasons. She further testified the photograph showing “a little bit

of blood/contact wound” on the inside of her right elbow developed after Hardee pushed her

against the dryer.

       Finally, she testified the photograph showing a “red abrasion streak” on her left arm below

her shoulder was caused by Hardee “slapping at [her]” with a “wet rag” or “towel.” When asked

if she was “up in his face” when he swung the towel, she testified in the affirmative. She testified

Hardee never punched her, and the incident was the first time he ever assaulted her. She also

testified she believed he was trying to hurt her, each of the injuries caused her pain, and she was

concerned for her safety. Finally, Guffey testified she did not want to have Hardee prosecuted and

signed affidavits of non-prosecution.

       Kerr County Sheriff’s Office Deputy Eric Graham testified he received a call to report to

3196 Junction Highway. There, he spoke to Guffey, took a statement from her, and photographed

her injuries; she was “real nervous” and “couldn’t think 100 percent clearly at the time.” He

testified Guffey requested a protective order.

       Deputy Graham then traveled to Hardee and Guffey’s home. He detained Hardee in his

patrol unit, Mirandized him, and asked him about the incident. A shortened video showing

Hardee’s discussion with Deputy Graham was admitted into evidence. The video shows Hardee

telling Deputy Graham it was Guffey who lost control, and he took her phone from her because he

knew she was going to call 911 for “no reason.” Deputy Graham also testified Hardee had a couple

of scratch marks on his right cheek.

       Todd Burdick—198th District Attorney’s office employee—testified he was a custodian

of jail telephone call recordings. He further testified he listened to Hardee’s jail calls on September

27-28, 2021, and December 25, 2021, which were admitted into evidence without objection.

During the calls, Guffey told Hardee she called the police because Hardee was “beating [her] up.”

                                                 -6-
                                                              04-22-00207-CR, 04-22-00208-CR & 04-22-00209-CR

Hardee was heard instructing Guffey to inform authorities they had had a misunderstanding, she

did not want to see him remain incarcerated, and she wanted to drop the charges.

         Considering the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence and viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, the trial court—as the sole judge of

the credibility of the witnesses and the weight given to their testimony—could have found by a

preponderance of the evidence Hardee violated the no-offense provision of his deferred

adjudication community supervision. See Hacker, 389 S.W.3d at 865. Specifically, the trial court

could have found the greater weight of the credible evidence created a reasonable belief Hardee

intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caused bodily injury to Guffey. 5

         The trial court’s adjudication of guilt was an implicit finding the greater weight of the

credible evidence created a reasonable belief Hardee was not acting in self-defense. See Simpson,

591 S.W.3d at 577; Braughton, 569 S.W.3d at 609; TEXAS PRACTICE: CRIMINAL PRACTICE AND

PROCEDURE § 48.69. Considering the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence and

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, the trial court could

have found the greater weight of the credible evidence created a reasonable belief Hardee was not

acting to protect himself from Guffey after she pushed him, but was intentionally, knowingly, or

recklessly causing her bodily injury when he pulled her hair out, pushed her against the dryer, and

slapped her with a rag or towel. See TEX. PENAL CODE §§ 9.31, 22.01(a)(1), (b)(2).

         Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by proceeding to an

adjudication of guilt and revoking Hardee’s deferred adjudication community supervision. See

5
  Hardee does not dispute the sufficiency of the evidence as to the family violence elements. See TEX. PENAL CODE
§ 22.01(a)(1), (b)(2). We therefore do not consider them. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; see also Garcia, 387 S.W.3d at 26
(explaining proof of one violation is sufficient to terminate deferred adjudication community supervision).

                                                        -7-
                                                               04-22-00207-CR, 04-22-00208-CR & 04-22-00209-CR

Tapia, 462 S.W.3d at 41 n.14; Leonard, 385 S.W.3d at 576; see also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. arts.

42A.108(b), .751(d). We overrule Hardee’s second point of error. 6

                                                   CONCLUSION

         The judgments adjudicating Hardee guilty are affirmed.

                                                           Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Do Not Publish

6
 Because we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by proceeding to an adjudication of guilt and revoking
Hardee’s deferred adjudication community supervision, we need not consider whether the evidence was sufficient for
the trial court to find by a preponderance of the evidence Hardee violated the protective order on September 28, 2021.
See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

                                                         -8-