Court Opinion

ID: 14246
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 06:33:58+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:03:20.300458
License: Public Domain

REVISED, February 27, 1998
                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                 ______________________________________

                              No. 97-20294
                 ______________________________________

ST. PAUL REINSURANCE COMPANY, LTD.,

                                                     Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                  versus

LARRY GREENBERG,

                                                     Defendant-Appellee.

          _______________________________________________

            Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Southern District of Texas
          _______________________________________________
                          February 10, 1998

Before DAVIS, WIENER and PARKER, Circuit Judges.

WIENER, Circuit Judge:

     In   this    declaratory   judgment   action,   Plaintiff-Appellant

St. Paul Reinsurance Company, Ltd. (St. Paul) appeals the district
court’s grant of Defendant-Appellee Larry Greenberg’s motion to

dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, finding that St.

Paul’s complaint failed to satisfy the amount in controversy

requirement for diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

After reviewing the record and the arguments of counsel, and

applying the applicable law, we conclude that the district court

erred in dismissing the action.            Accordingly, we reverse and

remand.
                                 I.

                       FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

     In August 1995, Greenberg purchased a homeowner’s policy from

St. Paul.   In March 1996, the home covered by that policy was

destroyed by arson.   After Greenberg filed a sworn proof of loss in

July 1996 in the amount of $35,000 —— the policy’s limits of

coverage —— St. Paul denied coverage.      It asserted, inter alia,

that (1) Greenberg had increased the risk of hazard, (2) the

property was vacant for more than thirty days prior to the fire,

and (3) Greenberg had misrepresented material facts concerning the

property.

     On September 20, 1996, Greenberg’s counsel wrote to St. Paul

demanding that it acknowledge coverage under the policy within ten

days or Greenberg would file suit seeking “all damages available to

him under the various common laws or statutes relative to this

case.”   On October 10, 1996, Greenberg’s attorney wrote again,

demanding coverage and stating, “Obviously, if we file suit, we

will seek additional damages including any penalties and interest

to which Mr. Greenberg may be entitled.”

     A week later St. Paul filed a complaint for declaratory relief

in federal district court. St. Paul pleaded the following facts in

its complaint:

     1.01 Plaintiff, St. Paul Reinsurance Company, Ltd., is a
          foreign corporation, incorporated and having its
          principal place of business in London, England.

     1.02 Defendant, Larry Greenberg, is a citizen of Texas.

     2.01 The jurisdiction of this Court is based on diversity of
          citizenship pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332.    This is a

                                  2
            civil action in which the matter in controversy exceeds
            the sum of $50,000.00, exclusive of interest and costs.

     In response, Greenberg filed a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss

for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, arguing that he was

seeking only $45,500 in the aggregate, comprising the $35,000

policy limits and attorney’s fees not to exceed $10,500,1 so that

St. Paul’s claim did not meet the amount in controversy requirement

of § 1332.2    Included with Greenberg’s Rule 12(b) motion was his

counterclaim for that amount.      While Greenberg’s motion to dismiss

was pending in federal court, he filed a petition in state court

requesting    the   $35,000   limits   of   the   policy   plus   $10,500   in

attorney’s fees and alleging that St. Paul violated the Texas

Deceptive Trade Practices Act (DTPA)3 and the Texas Insurance Code.

     The district court granted Greenberg’s motion, dismissing St.

Paul’s complaint for declaratory relief.          In its order, the court

explained:

     The plaintiff cannot bring a suit for declaratory relief
     on a claim that does not exceed $50,000 and create
     federal jurisdiction by stating all of the possible
     claims for relief that a defendant may bring. There is
     nothing in the plaintiff’s counterclaim that suggests

    1
     Attorney’s fees for a valid claim for breach of an insurance
contract are recoverable pursuant to Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code
Ann. § 38.001(8) (West 1997). In addition, Tex. Ins. Code Ann.
art. 21.21 § 16(b)(1) (West Supp. 1997), Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art.
21.55 § (6) (West Supp. 1997), and Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann.
§ 17.50(d) (West Supp. 1997) allow a plaintiff prevailing in an
action brought under any of those statutes to recover attorney’s
fees and costs.
    2
     At the time this action was filed, the amount in controversy
for diversity jurisdiction had to exceed $50,000, exclusive of
costs and interest.
     3
        Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§ 17.41 to 17.63 (West 1987).

                                       3
     that the defendant’s claim will exceed $50,000.

After the court denied St. Paul’s motions for reconsideration,

rehearing, or, in the alternative, a new trial, St. Paul timely

appealed.

                               II.

                            DISCUSSION

A.   Standard of Review

     We review dismissals for lack of subject matter jurisdiction

de novo, applying the same standard as that applied by the district

court.4

B.   Applicable Law

     “The amount in controversy, in an action for declaratory or

injunctive relief, is the value of the right to be protected or the

     4
      International Paper Co. v. Denkmann Assocs., 116 F.3d 134,
136 n.4 (5th Cir. 1997). Both parties to this appeal urge that we
should review the trial court’s determination of the amount in
controversy for an abuse of discretion, citing Dassinger v. South
Central Bell Telephone Co., 505 F.2d 672 (5th Cir. 1974). In
Dassinger, we cited Gibbs v. Buck, 307 U.S. 66, 59 S. Ct. 725, 83
L. Ed. 1111 (1939), for the proposition that “discretion is vested
in the trial court to determine whether the claim meets the
jurisdictional amount.” Id. at 673. Our understanding of Gibbs is
that the trial court has discretion in the procedure it uses for
determining the jurisdictional amount when the statute is silent.
We need not and therefore do not resolve this apparent
inconsistency, however; given the district court’s erroneous view
of the law regarding the inclusion of statutory penalties in the
calculation of the amount in controversy, see infra, we would
reverse even under the more deferential abuse of discretion
standard. “A court abuses its discretion when its ruling is based
on an erroneous view of the law.” Chaves v. M/V Medina Star, 47
F.3d 153, 156 (5th Cir. 1995) (citing Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx
Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 405, 110 S. Ct. 2447, 2461, 110 L. Ed. 2d 359
(1990)).

                                4
extent of the injury to be prevented.”5               When an insurer seeks a

declaratory       judgment   regarding       the   coverage      provided   by   an

insurance policy, “the ‘object of the litigation’ is the policy and

the ‘value of the right to be protected’ is plaintiff’s potential

liability under that policy.”6       Thus, in addition to policy limits

and   potential       attorney’s   fees,      items    to   be    considered     in

ascertaining the amount in controversy when the insurer could be

liable for those sums under state law are inter alia penalties,

statutory damages, and punitive damages —— just not interest or

costs.7       In this case, St. Paul contends that we should include the

penalties and treble damages available under the DTPA and the Texas

Insurance Code in determining the amount in controversy.

      The burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction in

federal court rests on the party seeking to invoke it.8                     It has

      5
      Leininger v. Leininger, 705 F.2d 727, 729 (5th Cir. 1983).
See also Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hilbun, 692 F. Supp. 698, 700 (S.D.
Miss. 1988) (“In actions for declaratory or injunctive relief, the
amount in controversy is measured by the value of the object of the
litigation.”).
      6
      Hilbun, 692 F. Supp. at 700 (quoting Leininger, 705 F.2d at
729). See, e.g., Stonewall Ins. Co. v. Lopez, 544 F.2d 198, 199
(5th Cir. 1976) (holding that amount in controversy exceeded the
requisite $10,000, as the plaintiff insurer would be required to
provide a defense to its insured in a pending state court action if
the court found that the policy provided coverage).
      7
      See Foret v. Southern Farm Bureau Life Ins. Co., 918 F.2d
534, 536 (5th Cir. 1990) (“[A]ttorney’s fees may be included in
determining the jurisdictional amount.”); Hilbun, 692 F. Supp. at
700 (“Punitive damages can be included to reach the amount in
controversy requirement if, under the governing law of the suit,
they are recoverable.”) (citing Bell v. Preferred Life Assurance
Soc’y, 320 U.S. 238, 64 S. Ct. 5, 88 L. Ed 15 (1943)).
          8
      Gaitor v. Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co., 287 F.2d
252, 253-54 (5th Cir. 1961).

                                         5
long been recognized that “unless the law gives a different rule,

the    sum        claimed   by    the    plaintiff        controls    if   the    claim   is

apparently made in good faith.”9                     To justify dismissal, “it must

appear to a legal certainty that the claim is really for less than

the    jurisdictional            amount.”10         We    have   previously      indicated,

however, that this “legal certainty” test has limited utility —— in

fact    is        inapplicable      ——   when       the   plaintiff    has    alleged     an

indeterminate amount of              damages.11      Furthermore, “bare allegations

[of jurisdictional facts] have been held insufficient to invest a

federal court with jurisdiction.”12

       Although most of our caselaw regarding § 1332's amount in

controversy requirement has arisen in the context of removal from

state to federal court, we find the procedures developed in those

cases to be instructive in the converse context of declaratory

judgment actions such as the one now before us.                                  In removal

practice, when a complaint does not allege a specific amount of

damages, the party invoking federal jurisdiction must prove by a

preponderance of the evidence that the amount in controversy

        9
      St. Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283,
288, 58 S. Ct. 586, 590, 82 L. Ed. 845 (1938); De Aguilar v. Boeing
Co., 47 F.3d 1404, 1408 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 180,
133 L. Ed. 2d 119 (1995).
       10
            St. Paul Mercury, 303 U.S. at 289, 58 S. Ct. at 590.
       11
            De Aguilar, 47 F.3d at 1409.
             12
         Asociacion Nacional de Pescadores a Pequena Escala o
Artesanales de Colombia v. Dow Quimica de Colombia S.A., 988 F.2d
559, 566 (5th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 570 U.S. 1041, 114 S. Ct.
685, 126 L. Ed. 2d 653 (1994) (discussing a removal petition which
“merely states, without any elaboration, that ‘the matter in
controversy exceeds $50,000 . . . .’”).

                                                6
exceeds the jurisdictional amount.13              The district court must first

examine          the   complaint   to   determine     whether   it    is   “facially

apparent” that the claims exceed the jurisdictional amount.14                     If

it is not thus apparent, the court may rely on “summary judgment-

type”           evidence   to   ascertain       the   amount    in   controversy.15

Importantly, the jurisdictional facts must be judged as of the time

the complaint is filed; subsequent events cannot serve to deprive

the court of jurisdiction once it has attached.16

       Applying this test solely to the facts pleaded by St. Paul in

its   complaint for declaratory relief, we cannot conclude that the

amount in controversy will likely exceed $50,000.                    St. Paul sets

out its reasons for denying coverage under the policy, but asserts

neither that Greenberg has expressly threatened to seek statutory

penalties or punitive damages nor that St. Paul has acted with bad

faith or intent.            Similarly, St. Paul’s complaint contains no

prayer for a declaration of nonliability under the DTPA or the

Texas Insurance Code. Conclusional allegations are insufficient to

establish jurisdiction.17

       This is not the end of our inquiry, however.                  In addition to

           13
       Allen v. R&H Oil & Gas Co., 63 F.3d 1326, 1335 (5th Cir.
1995). The test is whether it is more likely than not that the
amount of the claim will exceed $50,000. Id. at 1336.
       14
            Id. at 1335.
       15
            Id. at 1336.
      16
      St. Paul Mercury, 303 U.S. at 292, 58 S. Ct. at 592; Seafoam,
Inc. v. Barrier Sys., Inc., 830 F.2d 62, 66 (5th Cir. 1987).
       17
            Allen, 63 F.3d at 1335.

                                            7
the complaint itself, we must look as well to other evidence

relevant at the time St. Paul filed its complaint for declaratory

relief.

     The district court based its determination of the amount in

controversy on Greenberg’s counterclaim, in which he sought only

the $35,000       policy   limits     and       attorney’s    fees   not   to   exceed

$10,500.       But this was error as a matter of law, given that neither

this counterclaim nor Greenberg’s state court petition were filed

until   after      the   filing      of   St.     Paul’s     declaratory    judgment

complaint.18      Thus, neither of these pleadings may be considered in

testing the amount here in controversy.

     The only pre-complaint evidence of Greenberg’s potential claim

against    St.    Paul   are   the    letters       from   Greenberg’s     attorney,

demanding coverage under the policy and threatening to seek “all

damages available to [Greenberg] under the various common laws or

          18
         We have considered a post-removal affidavit when the
jurisdictional amount was ambiguous on the face of the state
petition. See Asociacion Nacional de Pescadores, 988 F.2d at 565.
In doing so, however, we explained that the affidavit helped
clarify the jurisdictional facts “as of the time of removal.” Id.
(emphasis added). We have nevertheless remained vigilant to the
potential for manipulation by the plaintiff who prays for damages
below the jurisdictional amount even though he knows that his claim
is actually worth more. This is one reason why we have held that
if a state court defendant can show that the amount in controversy
actually exceeds the jurisdictional amount, then the state court
plaintiff who is seeking to prevent removal must be able to show
that, as a matter of law, it is certain that he will not be able to
recover more than the damages for which he has prayed in his state
court complaint.    DeAguilar, 47 F.3d at 1411.     It would avail
Greenberg nothing to argue that his counterclaim or subsequent
state petition would merely clarify ambiguity regarding the amount
in controversy, because —— at least in Texas —— “litigants who want
to prevent removal must file a binding stipulation or affidavit
with their complaints.” Id. at 1412. (citation omitted). No such
binding stipulation or affidavit was filed by Greenberg.

                                            8
statutes relative to this case”19 and “any penalties and interest

to which Mr. Greenberg may be entitled.”20      One such penalty is

found in § 6 of Article 21.55 of the Texas Insurance Code, which

provides for statutory “damages” in the amount of “18 percent per

annum” for failure timely to pay an insurance claim.21 The district

court and Greenberg summarily concluded that “a statutory penalty

that requires no adjudication cannot be used to establish threshold

jurisdiction.”      But this is simply an incorrect statement of the

law in this circuit.      Although not cited by either party or the

district court,     this issue is controlled by our decision in Buras

v. Birmingham Fire Insurance Co. of Pennsylvania.22

     In Buras, we considered whether a “penalty” of six percent per

annum mandated under a Louisiana statute for the unjustified

     19
      Letter from Jim Alan Adams, counsel for Greenberg, to Peter
B. Thompson, Independent Surplus Underwriters, Inc., of September
20, 1996 (emphasis added).
     20
      Letter from Adams to Edward Chatelain III, counsel for St.
Paul, of October 10, 1996 (emphasis added).
     21
          Section 6, entitled “Damages,” provides:

     In all cases where a claim is made pursuant to a policy
     of insurance and the insurer liable therefor is not in
     compliance with the requirements of this article, such
     insurer shall be liable to pay the holder of the policy
     . . . , in addition to the amount of the claim, 18
     percent per annum of the amount of such claim, as
     damages, together with reasonable attorney fees.

Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art 21.55 § 6 (West Supp. 1997)(emphasis
added). As long as the insurer is found to be liable under the
policy, this fee attaches, even if the insurer had a reasonable
basis for denying coverage. Higginbotham v. State Farm Mut. Auto.
Ins. Co., 103 F.3d 456, 461 (5th Cir. 1997).
     22
          327 F.2d 238 (5th Cir. 1964).

                                   9
failure to pay a life insurance claim timely should be included in

the jurisdictional amount. Noting that the exaction was not due at

all if the claim settled within sixty days, we held that the charge

was “intended to be in the nature of a coercive penalty towards

prompt settlement” as opposed to interest.23          As such, the penalty

could serve to establish jurisdiction.

     We       discern   no   distinguishing   characteristics   between   the

penalty assessed under the Louisiana statute analyzed in Buras and

the damages provided in § 6 of Article 21.55 of the Texas Insurance

Code.        The latter impost is labeled “damages” in the statute and

applies over and above any other recovery.            Moreover, the Texas

statute specifically states that its purpose is “to obtain prompt

payment of claims made pursuant to policies of insurance.”24               We

also find persuasive the fact that on no less than two occasions

the Texas Supreme Court has referred to § 6 of Article 21.55 as a

“penalty.”25      And, like the Louisiana provision examined in Buras,

the Texas penalty applies automatically if the claim is not paid

within the period allowed.          Therefore, according to Buras —— and

the inability of one panel of this court to overrule another —— we

hold that here the statutory damages under Article 21.55 of the

Texas Insurance Code must be included in calculating the amount in

controversy for § 1332.         Despite being described in terms of a per

     23
          Id. at 238-39.
     24
          Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.55 § 8 (West Supp. 1997).
        25
       See Maryland Ins. Co. v. Head Indus. Coatings and Servs.,
Inc., 938 S.W.2d 27, 28 (Tex. 1996); State Farm Fire and Cas. Co.
v. Gandy, 925 S.W.2d 696, 714 (Tex. 1996).

                                       10
annum   percentage       for   purposes     of       calculation,       the    statutory

exaction here is not “interest” within the contemplation of § 1332;

it clearly is an element of damages.                    Indeed, if Greenberg is

successful   in    recovering       under      the    St.   Paul    policy,     he   will

automatically recover 18 percent per annum damages.

       Compared    to    the   highly   conjectural          element      of    punitive

damages, late settlement damages under the Texas Insurance Code,

with no exception for excusable neglect or justifiable delay, is a

lay down hand.      It would be ludicrous, then, to include something

as speculative as punitive damages —— which all agree is properly

includible —— while excluding the automatic penalty provided in the

insurance code.         Given the policy’s limits of $35,000, attorney’s

fees, and the 18 percent per annum statutory damages which have

been    accruing   ever     since    March       12,    1996,      we   conclude     that

Greenberg’s claim —— and St. Paul’s potential liability under the

policy —— would likely exceed $50,000, exclusive of costs and

interest.

                                        III.

                                    CONCLUSION

       Based on our de novo review of the record and applicable law,

we must conclude that the district court erred in dismissing St.

Paul’s complaint for declaratory relief for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction.      This error resulted from failure to include in the

court’s calculation the statutory damages of 18 percent per annum

under the Texas Insurance Code.                 Consequently, the judgment of

dismissal by the district court is reversed and this action is

                                          11
remanded for further proceedings in that court.

REVERSED and REMANDED.

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