Court Opinion

ID: 9362974
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-13 16:05:12.476253+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:27.507360
License: Public Domain

No. 123,485

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                       CITY OF WICHITA,
                                    Appellee/Cross-appellant,

                                                  v.

                           KARL PETERJOHN and CELESTE RACETTE,
                         INDIVIDUALLY AND AS REPRESENTATIVES OF
                              "SAVE CENTURY II COMMITTEE,"
                                Appellants/Cross-appellees.

                                 SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
       An initiative petition is effective when it substantially complies with all relevant
statutory safeguards. This means that petitioners must comply with the essential matters
necessary to assure every reasonable objective of the statutes has been met.

2.
       An initiative petition can only be used to advance policies that are legislative in
nature, not for policies that are predominantly executive or administrative.

3.
       Ordinances tend to be administrative in nature when they require particularized
knowledge in matters of city operations, associated space requirements, public safety, and
regulatory issues, as well as an intimate appreciation of the city's fiscal affairs.

       Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; ERIC A. COMMER, judge. Opinion filed December 30,
2022. Affirmed.

       Austin Keith Parker, of Parker & Parker, LLC, of Wichita, for appellants/cross-appellees.

                                                   1
       Sharon L. Dickgrafe, chief deputy city attorney, for appellee/cross-appellant.

Before MALONE, P.J., ATCHESON and WARNER, JJ.

       WARNER, J.: Kansas law allows city residents of Kansas cities to directly impact
city policy through the initiative-and-referendum process. When a certain percentage of
the voters in a city sign a petition to adopt a proposed ordinance under this procedure, the
city council must either pass the proposed law or submit it for the voters' consideration in
an election.

       Initiative petitions thus provide a powerful tool for city residents to alter a city's
legislative policies. But the initiative process cannot be used to address administrative
matters, which require specialized knowledge of the city's financial constraints and
expertise as to how day-to-day operations are carried out. And initiatives must comply
with various procedural safeguards to ensure that the petitioners, city government, and
electorate understand the specific policy advanced.

       This case involves an ordinance proposed by a group of Wichita residents through
the initiative process to prevent the sale, demolition, or redevelopment of the Century II
performing arts center and former Wichita public library. The proposed ordinance would
require the City of Wichita to hold an election whenever it sought to destroy, replace, or
adversely affect prominent buildings owned by the City that are historically important or
architecturally significant. After the residents filed their petition and proposed ordinance,
the City sued, seeking a declaration that the ordinance concerned administrative matters
that could not be raised via the initiative process. The district court agreed and entered
judgment in the City's favor. After carefully considering the parties' arguments in light of
the governing law, we affirm the district court's decision.

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                          FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The facts relevant to our discussion are generally undisputed. In the 1960s, the
City of Wichita built a new performing arts center and a public library near the banks of
the Arkansas River. The arts center, named Century II to honor the 100th anniversary of
Wichita's incorporation, has served as a performance venue for organizations such as the
Wichita Symphony Orchestra, the Wichita Youth Symphony, and Music Theatre
Wichita. Though the library has since moved to a new location, Century II continues to
host concerts, theatrical performances, and other events.

       In late 2019, defendant Celeste Racette learned of five proposals by the Riverfront
Legacy Master Plan Coalition—a partnership between various public and private
groups—to redevelop the land where Century II and the former library sit. Four of these
proposals involved demolition of Century II and the former library. This information led
Racette to join the Save Century II Committee with the goal of preserving these two
buildings. Racette and defendant Karl Peterjohn subsequently helped the Committee
organize the "Save Century II" campaign with the same aim.

       Part of the "Save Century II" campaign involved the advancement of the initiative
petition that is the subject of this lawsuit. Peterjohn submitted the campaign's petition to
the Sedgwick County Counselor in January 2020. The petition included the following
language and proposed ordinance:

       "Shall the following ordinance become effective:

       "BE IT ORDAINED THAT THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE CITY OF WICHITA,
       KANSAS:

       "No prominent city owned buildings of historical importance or architectural significance
       (regardless of historic register status), including Century II and the adjoining former
       Public Library, shall be demolished, replaced or otherwise adversely affected without a

                                                    3
       public vote of approval by the qualified voters in the City of Wichita, and further, no
       interest in such city owned buildings, including Century II and the adjoining former
       Public Library, shall be leased, sold, bartered, traded, conveyed or assigned and thereafter
       demolished, replaced or otherwise adversely affected without a public vote of approval
       by the qualified voters in the City of Wichita."

       The County Counselor approved the form of this proposed ordinance, and Save
Century II organizers went on to obtain over 17,000 voter signatures supporting the
petition—more than 34% of the number of electors who voted in the 2019 municipal
election. The organizers filed the petition, signatures, and proposed ordinance with the
Wichita city clerk in July 2020. The Sedgwick County Election Commissioner reviewed
and verified the signatures, and the proposed ordinance was presented to the city council.

       Later that month, the City sought a declaratory judgment against Racette and
Peterjohn (as organizers of Save Century II) to determine whether the City was required
to present the proposed ordinance to Wichita voters in a special election. The City argued
that the initiative petition failed to comply with various statutory requirements and that
the proposed ordinance was administrative in nature and thus not appropriate for a citizen
initiative. The City also asserted that the proposed ordinance was void because it
exceeded the City's constitutional authority by requiring the City to call future binding
elections not otherwise permitted by Kansas law. And the City asserted that the language
of the ordinance was unconstitutionally vague because it did not give sufficient direction
as to what actions the City must take to carry out the proposed law.

       As the City's lawsuit proceeded, the Wichita City Council adopted a new policy in
response to Save Century II's efforts. The City's policy acknowledged the thousands of
signatures on the initiative petition but stated that the City lacked the statutory authority
to call binding elections on its own initiative. Nevertheless, the policy announced that the
City would hold an advisory election before tearing down either Century II or the former
public library.

                                                    4
       The district court held an evidentiary hearing a few days after the City's policy
announcement. There, Wichita's Interim Assistant Director for Public Works and Utilities
testified about how the City makes its decisions regarding building maintenance,
renovation, and demolition. He also explained that the City owns about 540 buildings,
about 60% of which are at least 40 years old. Racette also testified about Save Century
II's motivations for proposing the ordinance and the group's intention that the ordinance's
scope should not be limited to buildings on the historical registry.

       The district court later announced its ruling in a 38-page decision. The court found
the initiative petition substantially complied with the governing statutory procedures. But
the court concluded that the proposed ordinance was predominantly administrative in
nature and thus could not be adopted by initiative. The court also found that the ordinance
would exceed the City's constitutional authority by requiring it to hold future binding
elections. Finally, the court found that the terms "historically important or architecturally
significant" and "adversely affected" rendered the ordinance unconstitutionally vague.
The district court thus entered a declaratory judgment for the City, finding the proposed
ordinance did not need to be adopted by the city council or set for an election.

       The Save Century II organizers now appeal the district court's judgment. The City
has cross-appealed the district court's procedural ruling that the initiative petition
substantially complied with Kansas law.

                                         DISCUSSION

       In general, a city's power to adopt and amend its legislative policies rests with its
city council. Council members consider and vote on "various ordinances, resolutions, and
motions that the issues of the day" present. City of Topeka v. Imming, 51 Kan. App. 2d
247, 252, 344 P.3d 957, rev. denied 302 Kan. 1008 (2015). While members of the public

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may participate in public debate and open meetings, their role in the development and
advancement of policy is indirect—they ultimately rely on the judgment of the city's
elected representatives.

       The Kansas Initiative and Referendum statute, K.S.A. 12-3013, establishes a
powerful procedure by which residents may more directly influence legislative decisions
by petitioning the city government to adopt new policies or repeal existing ones. Under
the initiative process relevant to this appeal:

   • Citizens seeking to initiate a new policy must present voters with the language of a
       proposed ordinance and gather a minimum number of signatures, determined by
       the size of the municipality and the number of voters who participated in the last
       city election. K.S.A. 12-3013(a).

   • Once these signatures have been collected, the proposed ordinance and petition are
       filed with the city clerk so the signatures on the petition may be verified. K.S.A.
       12-3013(a).

   • If enough voters have signed the petition, the proposed ordinance must be either
       adopted outright by the city council or presented to the voters in a special election.
       K.S.A. 12-3013(a).

   • Once an ordinance has been formally adopted through the initiative procedure, it
       can only be altered by a public vote or, if at least 10 years have passed since its
       adoption, by the city council. K.S.A. 12-3013(c).

        Given the power and lasting effect of an initiative petition—compelling the
adoption of a policy by some percentage of previous voters, but potentially less than the
voting majority who elected the city council members—Kansas law imposes various

                                                  6
procedural safeguards to ensure "the validity of the proponents' support." State ex rel.
Schmidt v. City of Wichita, 303 Kan. 650, 664, 367 P.3d 282 (2016). For example, the
initiative petition must be accompanied by the specific language of the proposed
ordinance so those signing the petition "have the opportunity to become fully aware of
the exact, unalterable ordinance being proposed to become the law of their city." 303
Kan. at 663. And like other petitions seeking elections, an initiative petition must
"pertain[] to a single issue or proposition." K.S.A. 25-3602(a). Petitions that fail to
comply with these requirements are "null and void" and do not trigger any further action
by the city council. 303 Kan. at 668.

       Kansas law also restricts the types of issues that may be pursued through the
initiative process. Initiative petitions may not be used to adopt "[a]dministrative
ordinances," K.S.A. 12-3013(e)(1), which require "particularized knowledge" in matters
of city "operations, associated space requirements, public safety, [and] regulatory issues,
as well as an intimate appreciation of the [c]ity's fiscal affairs." McAlister v. City of
Fairway, 289 Kan. 391, 408, 212 P.3d 184 (2009).

       The parties' arguments in this appeal concern both these procedural and subject-
matter limitations. Save Century II argues that the district court erred when it found that
their proposed ordinance was administrative in nature, and thus inappropriate for the
initiative process; it also challenges the court's constitutional rulings that the proposed
ordinance was vague and exceeded the City's authority to conduct elections. In its cross-
appeal, the City argues that the district court never should have reached the substance of
the proposed ordinance, as the initiative petition did not strictly comply with the
procedural safeguards in K.S.A. 12-3013, K.S.A. 25-3601, and K.S.A. 25-3602.

       Because the City's cross-appeal presents a threshold challenge to the validity of the
initiative petition, we consider those procedural claims first. We then turn to the parties'
arguments regarding the language and scope of the proposed ordinance.

                                               7
   1. The form of the initiative petition substantially complied with Kansas law.

       As we have indicated, K.S.A. 12-3013 allows city residents to initiate the adoption
of a proposed city ordinance by collecting the required minimum number of signatures on
a petition. See K.S.A. 12-3013(a); McAlister, 289 Kan. 391, Syl. ¶ 3. Initiative petitions
must comply with the procedural safeguards in K.S.A. 12-3013(a), as well as other
requirements in K.S.A. 25-3601 and K.S.A. 25-3602, which establish standards for all
petitions requesting elections.

       Under these statutes, an initiative petition "shall contain a request that the
governing body pass the ordinance or submit the same to a vote of the electors." K.S.A.
12-3013(a). A petition may only concern a single issue. K.S.A. 25-3602(a). And if a
petition requests an election on or protests an adopted ordinance or resolution, it is
presumptively valid if it includes "the title, number and exact language of the ordinance,
or resolution." K.S.A. 25-3601(c).

       The City argues that an initiative petition is void if it does not strictly comply with
each of these requirements. The district court concluded—and we agree—that Kansas
law only required the organizers to substantially comply with these provisions.

       As a starting point, we have previously observed that courts should exercise
"'extreme caution'" when rejecting citizens' initiative or referendum petitions on mere
technicalities. City of Prairie Village v. Morrison, No. 104,918, 2011 WL 6310196, at *7
(Kan. App. 2011) (unpublished opinion) (quoting 5 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations
§ 16.67, p. 481 [3d ed. rev. 2004]), rev. denied 296 Kan. 1129 (2013). In keeping with
this principle, Kansas courts have long found that an initiative petition is effective when
it substantially complies with all relevant statutory safeguards. See State v. Jacobs, 135
Kan. 513, 516-17, 11 P.2d 739 (1932) (finding substantial compliance when referendum

                                              8
petition was left with city clerk instead of board of commissioners); see also Morrison,
2011 WL 6310196, at *8 (statement asking whether ordinance should "'become
effective'" instead of "'take effect'" substantially complied with Home Rule Amendment).
This means that organizers presenting an initiative petition must comply with "the
essential matters necessary to assure every reasonable objective of the statute[s]" has
been met. Stueckemann v. City of Basehor, 301 Kan. 718, Syl. ¶ 1, 348 P.3d 526 (2015).

       The City correctly points out that the Kansas Supreme Court has previously
rejected an initiative petition because it did not comply with the requirements of K.S.A.
12-3013(a). See State ex rel. Schmidt, 303 Kan. at 667-68. The court in that case assumed
that substantial compliance was the correct standard—and the City of Wichita agreed.
See 303 Kan. at 667. The petitioners in that case, however, failed to attach a copy of the
proposed ordinance with the initiative petition when it was filed with the city. The
Supreme Court found that, without including the ordinance, the initiative petition there
did not even substantially "comply with the statutory provision that the proposed
ordinance be filed with the city clerk." 303 Kan. at 668.

       The technical variations the City points to here are a far cry from the defect
discussed in State ex rel. Schmidt. The City argues that Save Century II's initiative
petition fell short of the statutory requirements in four ways:

   • The petition did not include the "title" and "number" of the proposed ordinance.
       See K.S.A. 25-3601(c).

   • The petition preceded the language of the proposed ordinance with, "Shall the
       following ordinance become effective" rather than, "'Shall the following be
       adopted?'" See K.S.A. 12-3013(b).

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   • The petition did not specifically request the Wichita City Council to pass the
       proposed ordinance or submit the ordinance in an election. See K.S.A. 12-3013(a).

   • The petition contemplated a new election each time the City sought to change the
       character of a historically significant building and thus did not, according to the
       City, involve a single issue as required by K.S.A. 25-3602(a).

       As the district court noted, these discrepancies—to the extent they vary at all from
the statutory requirements—do not invalidate Save Century II's initiative petition.

       To begin, the district court correctly observed that petitions only need to include
the title and number references when the petitioners are "requesting an election on or
protesting an ordinance, or resolution, adopted by the . . . city." K.S.A. 25-3601(c). In
other words, this information must be included when a petition seeks to amend or rescind
existing ordinances, but not when it seeks to adopt a new ordinance. Indeed, a proposed
ordinance has not been adopted or codified; it does not have an official title or number to
reference.

       The City's attempt to distinguish requests that a proposed ordinance should
"become effective" or "be adopted" is similarly unavailing. These phrases are found in
K.S.A. 25-3601(c) and K.S.A. 12-3013(b), but neither provision applies here. K.S.A. 25-
3601(c) requires a petition protesting an existing ordinance to ask: "'Shall the following
ordinance, or resolution, become effective?'" As we have indicated, this provision does
not apply for initiative petitions proposing a new ordinance. K.S.A. 12-3013(b) provides
language that must be included on a ballot when a proposed ordinance is submitted to the
voters in an election, requiring the proposed ordinance to be preceded on the ballot by the
question, "'Shall the following be adopted?'" K.S.A. 12-3013(b). In contrast, K.S.A. 12-
3013 does not require this specific language in an initiative petition.

                                             10
       In fact, K.S.A. 12-3013(a) does not direct that any specific wording must be used
when circulating an initiative petition and the accompanying proposed ordinance. Instead,
that statute merely requires the petition to "contain a request that the governing body pass
the ordinance or submit the same to a vote of the electors." K.S.A. 12-3013(a). The City
asserts that Save Century II's initiative petition did not include such a request. But we
disagree.

       The heading on Save Century II's initiative petition stated: "PETITION TO THE
GOVERNING BODY OF THE CITY OF WICHITA, KANSAS." Directly before the
text of the proposed ordinance, the petition said: "BE IT ORDAINED THAT THE
GOVERNING BODY OF THE CITY OF WICHITA, KANSAS." While this language
could have more clearly articulated the specific actions the organizers were asking the
City to take, there is no question that the City understood what the organizers were
requesting. The district court correctly found that this language substantially complied
with K.S.A. 12-3013.

       Finally, the initiative petition substantially complied with K.S.A. 25-3602(a)'s
requirement that petitions "pertain[] to a single issue or proposition." The City correctly
points out that Save Century II's proposed ordinance would require an election whenever
the City sought to renovate, demolish, or take other actions concerning a historically
important or architecturally significant building. But the focus of K.S.A. 25-3602(a) is
the petition, not the ordinance. Here, the initiative petition proposed a single new
ordinance for adoption and complied with K.S.A. 25-3602(a).

       In sum, the initiative petition here complied with "the essential matters necessary
to assure every reasonable objective of" K.S.A. 12-3013, K.S.A. 25-3601, and K.S.A. 25-
3602. Stueckemann, 301 Kan. 718, Syl. ¶ 1. The district court did not err when it found
that Save Century II's initiative petition substantially complied with these statutes.

                                             11
   2. The proposed ordinance's aims may not be pursued through the initiative process.

       Because Save Century II's petition substantially complied with the statutes
governing the initiative process, we turn to the ordinance proposed for adoption:

       "No prominent city owned buildings of historical importance or architectural significance
       (regardless of historic register status), including Century II and the adjoining former
       Public Library, shall be demolished, replaced or otherwise adversely affected without a
       public vote of approval by the qualified voters in the City of Wichita, and further, no
       interest in such city owned buildings, including Century II and the adjoining former
       Public Library, shall be leased, sold, bartered, traded, conveyed or assigned and thereafter
       demolished, replaced or otherwise adversely affected without a public vote of approval
       by the qualified voters in the City of Wichita."

       The district court found that this proposed ordinance could not be adopted through
initiative process for three reasons. First, the ordinance was administrative and thus could
not be proposed for adoption under K.S.A. 12-3013(e). Second, adopting the ordinance
would exceed the City's constitutional authority, as the legislature had not authorized the
City to call future binding elections on its own initiative. And third, the language of the
ordinance was unconstitutionally vague because it did not define "buildings of historical
importance or architectural significance" or what actions would "adversely affect" those
buildings. The organizers challenge each of these rulings on appeal.

       After carefully reviewing the language of the proposed ordinance and the
governing Kansas law, we agree with the district court that the ordinance is
administrative and thus may not be adopted via an initiative petition under K.S.A. 12-
3013. In light of this conclusion, we need not reach the district court's alternative
constitutional rulings. See State ex rel. Schmidt, 303 Kan. at 658 (instructing that
appellate courts should generally avoid making unnecessary constitutional decisions
when the judgment can be assessed on other grounds). We therefore affirm the district
court's judgment in favor of the City.

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   2.1.   The proposed ordinance is administrative and thus cannot be adopted via a
          citizen initiative under K.S.A. 12-3013.

       As we have indicated, K.S.A. 12-3013(e)(1) excludes administrative ordinances
from the initiative-and-referendum process. Kansas courts have interpreted this provision
to signify that an initiative petition can only be used to advance policies that are
"legislative" in nature, not for policies that are "principally executive or administrative."
City of Lawrence v. McArdle, 214 Kan. 862, Syl. ¶ 1, 522 P.2d 420 (1974). This does not
mean, however, that an ordinance can only be adopted through the initiative process if it
involves purely legislative acts. Indeed, "no single act of a governing body is ever likely
to be solely legislative or solely administrative." McAlister, 289 Kan. at 402. Instead, the
question is whether an ordinance is principally—or predominantly—legislative.

       The McAlister court articulated four often-overlapping considerations Kansas
courts have historically employed to determine whether an ordinance is predominantly
legislative or administrative:

   1. "An ordinance that makes new law is legislative; while an ordinance that executes
       an existing law is administrative. Permanency and generality are key features of a
       legislative ordinance." 289 Kan. at 403.

   2. "Acts declaring a public purpose and providing ways to accomplish that purpose
       may be generally classified as legislative. Acts dealing only with a small segment
       of an overall policy question are generally administrative in character." 289 Kan.
       391, Syl. ¶ 8.

   3. "Decisions requiring specialized training and experience in municipal government
       and intimate knowledge of the fiscal and other affairs of a city in order to make a
       rational choice may properly be characterized as administrative in character, even

                                              13
       though they may also be said to involve the establishment of policy." 289 Kan.
       391, Syl. ¶ 9.

   4. "When the matter at issue in a proposed ordinance under the initiative and
       referendum statute is one of statewide concern and the legislature delegates
       decision-making power to local councils or boards rather than local electors, the
       city's action is administrative in character." 289 Kan. 391, Syl. ¶ 10.

       The weight afforded to each of these considerations differs from case to case. In
some instances, one consideration will sufficiently elucidate whether a proposed
ordinance is predominantly administrative or legislative. 289 Kan. 391, Syl. ¶ 11.
Because, where the facts are not in dispute, the characterization of an ordinance as
administrative or legislative is a legal question, we conduct our analysis of these
considerations de novo. See 289 Kan. at 399.

       The district court analyzed the ordinance proposed by Save Century II's petition
under each of the McAlister considerations and found it was predominantly
administrative. The court noted that the ordinance would create a new law, requiring an
election whenever certain city-owned buildings will be demolished, replaced, or
adversely affected, and that this new policy tended to indicate a legislative purpose. But
the court also noted that this policy change would only affect a small segment of the
approximately 540 city-owned buildings, which was more consistent with an
administrative policy. Turning to the third consideration, the court found—based on the
testimony provided regarding building maintenance and the City's financial
considerations—that the decision to demolish a building requires specialized training and
knowledge beyond what is available to the general public. And the court lastly found that
the manner in which cities hold elections is a question of statewide concern; requiring an
election whenever the City sought to take action on one of the covered buildings would,

                                             14
at the very least, distinguish Wichita from all other municipalities in Kansas in the
manner in which they held elections.

       Our analysis of these considerations differs from the district court's assessment.
But we ultimately arrive at the same end—that the proposed ordinance is principally
administrative and thus not a proper subject for an initiative petition. While it is not
necessary in every case, we explain our analysis of the McAlister considerations in some
detail to provide guidance as to how we reach this conclusion.

       The first McAlister consideration—whether the proposed ordinance would
establish a "new law"—provides little guidance as to the character of the proposed
ordinance in this case. 289 Kan. at 403. As the district court observed, if the proposed
ordinance were adopted, it would technically result in a new law. But that is true of any
ordinance proposed through the initiative process and thus provides little guidance as to
whether the substance of the ordinance is administrative or legislative. The controlling
question is not whether the ordinance would create a new law in the technical sense, but
whether the ordinance would create a new legislative policy.

       The Kansas Supreme Court's decision in Lewis v. City of South Hutchinson, 162
Kan. 104, 174 P.2d 51 (1946), illustrates this distinction. In that case, the voters in South
Hutchinson had approved a municipal water system in a previous election. Some
residents later circulated an initiative petition that sought to limit the city's authority to
proceed until the water system's plans were made available for public inspection and the
construction could proceed without interruption. The Lewis court found that the proposed
ordinance was administrative because it would merely alter an existing policy—that is, it
would "'execut[e] a law already in existence.'" 162 Kan. at 128.

       Applying these principles here yields mixed results. The City correctly points out
that Wichita, like other cities, has already adopted a policy of historic preservation. The

                                               15
City argues that the proposed ordinance merely seeks to alter these existing policies. This
is true to a point. But the proposed ordinance seeks to permanently expand these
preservation principles and develop protections for other public buildings deemed
historically important or architecturally significant. It also adds a voter-approval
requirement before the City may demolish or otherwise adversely affect one of these
properties. On the whole, we do not find that this consideration provides any significant
insight as to whether the proposed ordinance is predominantly legislative or
administrative.

       The second McAlister consideration—the ordinance's scope and purpose—is
similarly ambivalent. The proposed ordinance suggests a public purpose: that voters
should have a say when historically important or architecturally significant buildings
owned by the City are to be destroyed or otherwise adversely affected. And it contains a
means to accomplish that goal by a public vote. These broad public policy considerations
sometimes demonstrate a legislative character. But the ordinance's reach is limited—it
affects buildings that are prominent, city-owned, and either historically important or
architecturally significant. It is unclear how many of the city's approximately 540
buildings meet those criteria. But the district court found that the number of buildings
affected would be small, and the organizers themselves freely admitted that their focus
was on the Century II performing arts center and the former public library. Because the
ordinance would affect only a limited number of buildings, the ordinance also bears
administrative characteristics. Again, this consideration does not lead us to conclude the
proposed ordinance is either predominantly administrative or legislative.

       Our analysis of the third McAlister consideration—whether the ordinance requires
particularized knowledge or financial acumen—is more fruitful. The district court found
that decisions regarding the acquisition, maintenance, and demolition of city-owned
buildings required municipal experience and appreciation for the City's various financial
obligations. Because the proposed ordinance intruded on this realm, the district court

                                             16
found that it was predominantly administrative. Our review of the record leads us to the
same conclusion.

       At the hearing before the district court, Benjamin Nelson, the City's Interim
Assistant Public Works Director, testified about the various factors the City must
consider when making decisions about the maintenance, renovation, and demolition of
city-owned buildings. Nelson explained that a decision to demolish or renovate a building
is based primarily on the building's condition and utility—weighing the building's
maintenance needs and its ability to accommodate future city programming. These
assessments require an understanding of, among other things, a building's electrical,
mechanical, and plumbing systems. Because components of these systems age and
deteriorate at different rates, the City can estimate future maintenance needs by
comparing the condition of components and systems with their expected useful lives.
These estimates allow the City to determine how to best maintain buildings and help it to
project future maintenance costs, which inform the City's maintenance budget.

       In McAlister, the Kansas Supreme Court found a proposed ordinance that barred
construction of a city hall from 90% of the area within a city implicated special
knowledge and training in municipal governance. 289 Kan. at 407-09. The court noted
decisions regarding where to construct municipal facilities necessarily require specialized
knowledge and training. 289 Kan. at 408. And this was particularly true where the
proposed ordinance effectively dictated where the City Hall could be built.

       Similarly, in City of Wichita v. Kansas Taxpayers Network, Inc., 255 Kan. 534,
541, 874 P.2d 667 (1994), the Supreme Court determined an attempt to repeal an
ordinance establishing a city-wide stormwater management system required specialized
knowledge, particularly regarding the system's physical structure, maintenance, and
collection of fees. Because the city owned and operated the system, the system also
implicated the city's expertise in fiscal management.

                                            17
       The City argues that a similar conclusion is warranted here because the decision
whether to maintain, renovate, demolish, or otherwise dispose of city property requires
specialized knowledge about the buildings and the City's budget. The City asserts that, as
in McAlister, the proposed ordinance would limit the City's ability to operate. Save
Century II counters the ordinance is legislative because it involves a value judgment—
whether a building's historical importance or architectural significance outweighs the
City's judgment regarding the building's condition and utility—that can be made by
average citizens. But the organizers' argument fails to appreciate the specialized
knowledge that this judgment requires.

       The proposed ordinance would trigger an election whenever the City decided that
certain city-owned buildings should be demolished, replaced, or adversely affected. As in
Kansas Taxpayers Network, that decision requires expertise in fiscal management, as
well as an understanding of the buildings' existing system needs. The ordinance would
invade and permeate the City's administrative assessments of these structures. And the
ordinance would prevent the City from acting on its particular knowledge of these
buildings, or creating financial plans to cover the buildings' future upkeep, without an
election. These traits all demonstrate the ordinance's administrative nature.

       Our analysis of the fourth McAlister consideration—whether the ordinance
implicates a statewide policy administered by city officials—further strengthens this
conclusion. Save Century II asserts the proposed ordinance only concerns local affairs
and does not impose on statewide policy. The district court disagreed, ruling that the
proposed ordinance would conflict with the City's constitutional authority to conduct
elections. We find that this analysis misconstrued how this fourth point should be
analyzed and applied. But we agree with the City that this consideration again tends to
demonstrate that the ordinance is administrative.

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       This fourth consideration was first discussed at length by the Kansas Supreme
Court in Rauh v. City of Hutchinson, 223 Kan. 514, 575 P.2d 517 (1978). The plaintiff in
Rauh was circulating initiative petitions to challenge the city's issuance of industrial
revenue bonds to finance the improvement and expansion of a Cargill plant and sought a
declaratory judgment that the bond ordinances were legislative (and thus within the
purview of the initiative statute). The Kansas Supreme Court found that the bond
ordinances were administrative and thus could not be altered through the initiative
process. 223 Kan. at 522.

       To reach this conclusion, the Rauh court observed that when the subject of an
ordinance is a matter of statewide concern or policy—like the issuance of revenue
bonds—courts may be able to glean whether the policy is legislative or administrative
from the Kansas Legislature's delegation of authority. 223 Kan. at 519-20. When the
legislature has delegated decision-making power to a "'local council or board as the
state's designated agent for local implementation of state policy,'" it tends to show that
the actions are administrative. 223 Kan. at 519-20. Because the industrial-revenue-bond
statutes delegated the authority to city governments to adopt procedures as to how the
bonds should be implemented, the cities were merely administering the existing statutory
policy (not adopting new policies of their own). See 223 Kan. at 520-21.

       The City's constitutional authority to conduct elections—on which the district
court based its ruling—does not involve these same questions. Whether the City had the
constitutional authority to engage in the actions demanded by proposed ordinance, if
adopted, presents a different issue from whether the ordinance intruded on the City's
administration of a statewide policy.

       But the district court's mistaken analysis does not render the fourth McAlister
consideration inapplicable. As the City argued before the district court and continues to
argue on appeal, the Historic Preservation Act and various statutes, such as K.S.A. 12-

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1739—authorizing a city to sell city-owned buildings—suggest that historical
preservation is an issue of statewide concern and that the legislature has delegated the
administration of this statewide policy to local governments. K.S.A. 75-2724(e)(1);
Wichita Municipal Code of Ordinances (W.M.O.) §§ 2.12.1015-1025 (2022).

       The Historic Preservation Act enables a "comprehensive program of historic
preservation," noting that preservation "should be among the highest priorities of
government." K.S.A. 75-2715. The Act permits delegation of local projects to cities that
have enacted their own "comprehensive local historic preservation ordinance," as Wichita
has adopted in W.M.O. §§ 2.12.1015-1025. K.S.A. 75-2724(e)(1). In other words, the
legislature has entrusted city governments—not individual citizens—with the
administration of Kansas' historic-preservation policies. This consideration, while not
conclusive, again suggests that the proposed ordinance is administrative, not legislative,
in nature.

       After analyzing each of these considerations, we conclude that Save Century II's
initiative petition proposed an ordinance that was predominantly administrative. While
the proposed ordinance's policy and reach could be interpreted as either legislative or
administrative, the specialized experience and financial acumen necessary to determine
how and whether a historic building should be maintained reveal the ordinance's
administrative nature. Indeed, these specialized considerations might have contributed to
the Kansas Legislature's decision to delegate and entrust the administration of the
Historic Preservation Act to the city government.

       Because the ordinance proposed by Save Century II's petition is predominantly
administrative, it cannot be adopted through the initiative process. K.S.A. 12-3013(e)(1).
The district court correctly found that the City is not required to take any further action
on the proposed ordinance under K.S.A. 12-3013.

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   2.2.   We decline to reach the district court's alternative constitutional analyses as to
          whether the proposed ordinance would be enforceable if adopted.

       The district court provided two alternative bases for its conclusion that the City
was not required to submit Save Century II's proposed ordinance to the electorate: The
court found that the future elections contemplated by ordinance exceeded the City's
authority to call elections, as defined by the Kansas Constitution and Kansas statutes. But
see Kan. Const. art. 12, § 5 (defining a city's home-rule powers). And the court concluded
that several undefined terms in the ordinance violated the constitutional guarantee of due
process because they did not inform the City what buildings and actions were subject to
the ordinance. But see Banks v. Spirit Aerosystems Inc., Case No. 120,335, 2020 WL
741567, at *3 (Kan. App.) (unpublished opinion) (unclear policy language that does not
impose criminal liability or other penalties should not give rise to "a judicial finding of
unconstitutional vagueness," but rather requires "an interpretation of the statutory
language consistent with the discernible legislative intent and, if necessary, recognized
canons of construction"), rev. denied 312 Kan 890 (2020).

       The Kansas Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized that appellate courts should
refrain from deciding constitutional questions if a case can be resolved in some other
fashion. See, e.g., Butler v. Shawnee Mission School District Board of Education, 314
Kan. 553, 554, 502 P.3d 89 (2022); State ex rel. Schmidt, 303 Kan. at 658. Based on this
principle, we decline to further consider the district court's constitutional analyses.

       In closing, we—like the district court—are mindful of the effect of our decision.
Thousands of Wichita residents supported Save Century II's efforts to preserve Wichita's
performing arts center and former public library. Those efforts had an impact—in
response to these signatures, the City has adopted a policy that it will not tear down the
Century II performing arts center or the former public library without first holding an
advisory election to allow the residents' voices to be heard.

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       But the extent of this support does not mean that Save Century II's proposed
ordinance is appropriate for an initiative petition. Kansas law has long recognized that
residents may not use the initiative process to advance ordinances that are predominantly
administrative in nature, and the ordinance proposed here falls into this category. The
district court correctly applied this principle and ruled in favor of the City. We affirm the
court's judgment.

       Affirmed.

                                            ***

       ATCHESON, J., concurring: I concur in the result affirming the Sedgwick County
District Court's judgment for the City of Wichita.

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