Court Opinion

ID: 6835038
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-23 20:02:57.933356+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:04:40.428206
License: Public Domain

PHILLIPS, District Judge.
Frank O’Neill was indicted, tried, convicted, and sentenced for a violation of section 1 of the Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act. Act Dec. 17, 1914 (38 Stat. 785), amended February 24, 1919 (40 Stat. 1130), re-enacted November 23, 1921 (42 Stat. 298), and re-enacted June 2, 1924 (43 Stat. 328 [Comp. St. § 6287g]). The conviction was upon the first count of the indictment. The charging part of this count reads as follows:
“That Sam House, Pat Burkrey and Frank O’Neill, late of the district of Nebraska, heretofore, to wit, on or about the twenty fifth day of July, in the year nineteen hundred and twenty four, at Omaha, in the county of Douglas, in the Omaha division of the district of Nebraska, circuit aforesaid, and within the jurisdiction of this court then and there being, being then and there persons required under the provisions of the act of Congress of the United States of America of December 17,19Í4, known as the Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act [38 Stat. 785], as amended by the act of Congress of the United States of America approved February 24, 1919, and known as the Revenue Act of 1918, [40 Stat. 1057], to register with the collector of internal revenue for the district of Nebraska, and to pay the special tax as therein required, that is to say, the said defendants being then and there persons who dealt in, sold and dispensed narcotie drugs, and they, the said defendants, Sam House, Pat Burkrey and Frank O’Neill not having so registered and paid said special tax, did then and there unlawfully, willfully, knowingly and feloniously sell and dispense to one Richie Feinberg certain narcotic drugs, to wit, about three ounces of morphine, a derivative of opium.” The material facts are these:
One Richie Feinberg was employed by the narcotic agents as an informer. Fein-berg was an addict. He testified that on July 25, 1924, at Omaha, Frank O’Neill agreed to sell him three ounces of morphine for $200; that shortly after such agreement, they went to the Carlton Hotel; that he there paid O’Neill the sum of $200 in currency; that they then went to the Rent-a-Ford Garage, where O’Neill rented a Ford ear; that from there they drove to a point near the gas plant in Omaha; that O’Neill left Feinberg at a comer near the gas plant; that O’Neill returned in about 15 minutes; that Feinberg again got into the car with O’Neill; and that thereupon O’Neill delivered to him the three ounces of morphine. This testimony of Feinberg was corroborated in certain particulars by the testimony of the narcotic agents. O’Neill was arrested on July'31, 1924. He was taken to the office of the narcotic agents in the Federal Building at Omaha, Neb., and was there questioned by Narcotic Agent Manning and Narcotic Inspectors Matthews, Carroll, and Hesse.. Agent Manning undertook to make a summary or digest of the statements made by O’Neill, in response to the questioning of the officers. This summary or digest was *324offered and received in evidence over the objection of counsel for O’Neill. The testimony showed that the morphine purchased by Feinberg was neither in an original stamped package nor from an original stamped package.
O’Neill and his codefendants demurred to the first count of the indictment, on the following grounds:
First, that it failed to allege the exact date of the sale, the time of day when the sale was made, the exact place where the sale was made, and the price paid;
Second, that it was vague and indefinite, and did not allege sufficient facts and circumstances to identify the particular offense sought to be charged;
Third, that it was duplicitous, in that it charged the sale and also the dispensing of narcotie drugs.
The demurrer was overruled and this ruling is assigned as error.
It will be noted that count 1 of the indictment charges that O’Neill, on or about July 25, 1924, at Omaha, was a person who dealt in, sold and dispensed narcotic drugs, and was a person required to register under the provisions of the act and pay the special tax therein required, and that at such time and place O’Neill, not having so registered and paid the special tax, did sell and dispense to Feinberg certain narcotic drugs, to wit, three ounces of morphine.
The crime sought to be charged is a violation of the first penal provision of section 1 of the Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act. The statute describes and defines all the elements of the offense. Count 1 charges the offense substantially in the language of the statute. No general or common-law terms are employed. The indictment therefore meets the requirements of the general rule for charging a statutory crime. Ackley v. U. S. (C. C. A. 8) 200 F. 217, 221; Rupert v. U. S. (C. C. A. 8) 181 F. 87, 90; Hardesty v. U. S. (C. C. A. 6) 168 F. 25, 28, 29; Jelke v. U. S. (C. C. A. 7) 255 F. 264, 274, 275; Newton Tea & Spice Co. v. U. S. (C. C. A. 6) 288 F. 475, 478. The particular kind of narcotics sold, the amount thereof, and the name of the purchaser are alleged. These allegations sufficiently earmark and identify the particular offense. Count 1 charged the essential elements of the offense with sufficient certainty to enable O’Neill to prepare his defense, and after judgment to plead the record and judgment in bar of a further prosecution for the same offense.
Count 1 is not duplicitous. Where a statute denounces several things as a crime and connects them with the disjunctive “or,” the pleader, in drawing an indictment, should connect them by the conjunctive “and.”- An indictment so drawn is not bad for duplicity, and where the testimony establishes the guilt of the defendant as to any one of the things charged conviction may follow. Ackley v. U. S., supra; Shepard v. U. S. (C. C. A. 9) 236 F. 73, 82; Simpson v. U. S. (C. C. A. 9) 229 F. 940, 942, 943; Rowan v. U. S. (C. C. A. 5) 281 F. 137, 188, 139; Jacobsen v. U. S. (C. C. A. 7) 272 F. 399; Crain v. U. S., 162 U. S. 625, 634, 635, 636, 16 S. Ct. 952, 40 L. Ed. 1097.
We conclude that count 1 of the indictment was sufficient and that the demurrer was properly overruled.
The defendant also filed a motion for a bill of particulars. This motion was denied, and the ruling is assigned as error. By this motion O’Neill sought an order requiring the government to state the exact date of the sale, the exact time of day of the sale, the exact place of the sale, which defendants were present at the sale, who delivered the drugs, the amount of money paid, who paid the money, who furnished the money to the purchaser, what kind of container the morphine was in, the markings on the container, the copy of the label on the package, whether Feinberg was an informer, any evidence the government relied on to prove O’Neill was a person who dealt in narcotie drugs, any prior sales which the government relied on, and who'was present when such sales were made.
 Where an indictment sets forth the facts constituting the essential elements of the offense with such certainty that it cannot be pronounced bad on motion to quash or demurrer, and yet is couched in such language that the accused is liable to be surprised by the production of evidence for which he is unprepared, his remedy is a bill of particulars. Billingsley v. U. S. (C. C. A. 8) 16 F.(2d) 754. The allowance or refusal of an application for a bill of particulars rests in the sound discretion of the trial court. Wong Tai v. U. S. (opinion filed January 3, 1927) 47 S. Ct. 300, 71 L. Ed.-; Bill-ingsley v. U. S., supra. We cannot upon an examination of the record in this case, say that the court abused its discretion in denying the motion for a bill of particulars. The record does not indicate that O’Neill was taken by surprise in the progress of the trial, or that his substantial rights were in *325any wise prejudiced by tbe denial of tbe motion. Wong Tai v. U. S., supra; Connors v. U. S., 158 U. S. 408, 411, 15 S. Ct. 951, 39 L. Ed. 1033; Armour Packing Co. v. U. S., 209 U. S. 56, 84, 28 S. Ct. 428, 52 L. Ed. 681; New York Central R. R. v. U. S., 212 U. S. 481, 497, 29 S. Ct. 304, 53 L. Ed. 613.
Tbe introduction in evidence of tbe summary, wbieb Manning prepared, of tbe statements given by O’Neill, is also assigned as error. Statements and declarations by an accused, from wbieb, in connection witb other evidence of surrounding circumstances, an inference of guilt may be drawn, if shown to have been made voluntarily (Bram v. U. S., 168 U. S. 532, 18 S. Ct. 183, 42 L. Ed. 568; 16 C. J. p. 628, § 1247), are admissible against him as admissions. (U. S. v. Larkin, 4 Cranch, C. C. 617, Fed. Cas. No. 15,561; State v. Jackett, 85 Kan. 427,116 P. 509; State v. Mariano, 37 R. I. 168, 91 A. 21, 27; Jones v. State, 13 Ala. App. 10, 68 So. 690, 695; 16 C. J. p. 626, § 1243). But tbe proof offered to establish such statements or admissions ought to show, at least, tbe substance and effect of tbe statement, and not a mere digest or summary thereof. Grubey v. National Bank of Illinois, 35 Ill. App. 354. It is a well-settled principle of tbe law of evidence that a witness who has beard a statement or conversation should not be permitted to state his conclusions as to what was stated or admitted. Atchison v. King, 9 Kan. 550; Mather v. Parsons, 32 Hun (N. Y.) 338, 345, 346; Wolverton v. Saranac, 171 Mich. 419,137 N. W. 211, 212; Irwin v. Nolde, 164 Pa. 205, 30 A. 246; Snell v. Snow, 54 Mass. (13 Metc.) 278, 282, 46 Am. Dec. 730; Henderson v. Brunson, 141 Ala. 674, 37 So. 549; McKee Live Stock Co. v. Menzel, 70 Colo. 308, 201 P. 52, 53; Boone v. Rickard, 125 Ill. App. 438; Grubey v. National Bank of Illinois, supra. The summary prepared by Manning and introduced in evidence in tbe instant cáse was neither a verbatim transcript of what O’Neill said, nor tbe substance and effect of what be said. It was not O’Neill’s statement, but Manning’s statement of tbe conclusions and deductions arrived at -by him from tbe conversation between O’Neill and the narcotic officers. It follows that its admission in evidence was erroneous.
At tbe close of tbe evidence, counsel for O’Neill moved tbe court to instruct tbe jury to return a verdict of not guilty upon count 1 of tbe indictment. Tbe motion was denied, and this ruling is assigned as error.
The portions of section 1 of tbe Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act material here are set out in footnote No. I.1
It will be observed that this section defines two distinct offenses. Tbe first penal *326provision makes it unlawful for any person required to register under the provisions of the act to import, manufacture, produce, compound, sell, deal in, dispense, distribute, administer, or give away any of such drugs without having registered and paid the special tax imposed hy section 1. The second penal provision makes it unlawful for any person to purchase, sell, dispense, or distribute any of such drugs, except in the original stamped package or from the original stamped package.
It will be further observed that section 1 provides that importers, manufacturers, producers and compounders shall register and pay a tax of $24 per- annum, that wholesale dealers shall register and pay a tax of $12 per annum, that retail dealers shall register and pay a tax of $6 per annum, and that physicians and other practitioners lawfully entitled to dispense, give away or administer any such drugs shall register and pay a tax of $3 per annum. It further provides that “every person who imports, manufactures, compounds, or otherwise produces for sale or distribution any of” such “drugs shall he deemed to he an importer, manufacturer, or producer,” that “every person who sells or offers for sale any of said drugs in the original stamped packages, ** * • shall be deemed a wholesale dealer,” and that “every person who sells or dispenses from original stamped packages * * * shall be deemed a retail dealer.” It further provides that “the possession of any original stamped package containing any of the aforesaid drugs by any person who has not registered and paid special taxes as required by this section shall he prima facie evidence of liability to such special tax.”
It will be noted that the only provision for registry and payment of tax by dealers is limited to wholesale dealers who sell in the original stamped package, and retail dealers who sell from the originad stamped package. It will be further noted that the provision creating a presumption of liability for registry and payment of tax is limited to persons in possession of a stamped package. We think that it was the intent of Congress by these provisions of section 1 requiring registration and the payment of a special tax, to regulate and control the sale of drugs in or from stamped packages as distinguished from sales in' or from unstamped packages, and that the only persons required to register or that are eligible to register under the act, are importers, manufacturers, producers, wholesale dealers and retail dealers, as therein defined, and physicians and other persons entitled to distribute, dispense, give away or administer such drugs. Weaver v. U. S. (C. C. A. 6) 15 F.(2d) 38.
This construction of section 1 is further strengthened by a consideration of the second penal provision thereof. This provision of section 1 makes it unlawful for any person to sell or purchase in or from an unstamped package. It is not limited to persons required to register, but makes it unlawful for any person, whether registered or not to purchase or sell such drugs except from or in the original stamped package. U. S. v. Wong Sing, 260 U. S. 18, 43 S. Ct. 7, 67 L. Ed. 105; Rossi v. U. S. (C. C. A.) 9 F.(2d) 362, 365; Ng Sing v. U. S. (C. C. A. 9) 8 F.(2d) 919, 922; Bethea v. U. S. (C. C. A. 7) 1 F.(2d) 290, 291; Sam Wong v. U. S. (C. C. A. 9) 2 F.(2d) 969; Wong Lung Sing v. U. S. (C. C. A. 9) 3 F. (2d) 780, 782; Hayden v. U. S. (C. C. A. 5) 284 F. 852; Weaver v. U. S., supra.
Under section 1, narcotic drugs are placed in two classifications, those contained in stamped packages, and those contained in unstamped packages. Stamped drugs may be lawfully sold by persons who have duly registered and paid the tax provided by the act. Unstamped drugs may not be lawfully sold by any person, whether registered or unregistered. Thus it will be seen that Congress has undertaken to restrict lawful sales of narcotics to drugs that are contained in stamped packages and are sold through dealers who have registered and paid the special tax. The purpose of the first penal provision is to make the law effective as a revenue measure hy making it unlawful for a person eligible and required to register and pay the special tax to sell without having so registered and paid such tax. The purpose of the seeond penal provision is not only to enforce the payment of the stamp tax, but to bring the traffic in the drugs within the lim-*327Rations contemplated by Congress, by limiting lawful sales to stamped drugs, tbe dealers in wbieb are required to register.
Count 1 of the indictment charges a violation of tbe first penal provision of section 1.
Tbe morphine sold in tbe ease at bar was neither in nor from tbe original stamped package. Tbe sale to Feinberg is tbe sole evidence relied upon by tbe government to show that O’Neill was a dealer and a person required to register under tbe act. If O’Neill was dealing in unstamped drugs, be was neither a wholesale dealer nor a retail dealer as defined in section 1, and was therefore not a person required to register under tbe act. If this be true, then tbe sale by O’Neill to Feinberg violated tbe second, and not the first, penal provision of tbe section.
Tbe contention is made that tbe possession by O’Neill of tbe unstamped drugs is. prima facie evidence of tbe violation of tbe first penal provision of section 1. This contention is predicated upon tbe language which follows tbe second penal provision and reads as follows: “And tbe absence of appropriate tax-paid stamps from any of tbe aforesaid drugs shall be prima facie evidence of a violation of this section by tbe person in whose possession same may be found.” This contention finds support in tbe ease of Pierriero v. U. S. (C. C. A. 4) 271 F. 912. Tbe .contention is made that tbe provision of section 1 last above quoted applies only to tbe second penal provision of tbe act. If tbe provisions for registration and payment of tax by dealers is limited to persons who sell in or from tbe original stamped package, then to construe tbe provision of tbe act last above quoted as applicable to tbe first, as well as tbe second penal provision, would be to declare that possession by a person of unstamped drugs is prima facie evidence of tbe faet that be deals in stamped drugs. This would be a wholly illogical and irrational presumption; it would be so unreasonable as to be a purely arbitrary mandate. The faet that one possesses unstamped drugs instead of indicating that be deals in stamped drugs, indicates just tbe opposite.
The general principle is well recognized that even in criminal prosecutions, Congress or a state Legislature may with certain limitations enact that when certain facts have been proved they shall be prima facie evidence of tbe existence of tbe main fact in question. 12 C. J. p. 823, § 285. Tbe limitations are these: There must be some rational connection between tbe faet proved and tbe ultimate fact presumed; tbe inference of tbe existence of the ultimate fact from proof of tbe other faet must not be so unreasonable or unnatural as to be a purely arbitrary mandate; and tbe accused must not be deprived of a proper opportunity to present bis defense to tbe main fact so presumed and have tbe case submit: ted upon all tbe evidence to tbe jury for its decision. People v. Cannon, 139 N. Y. 32, 34 N. E. 759, 762, 36 Am. St. Rep. 668; Hawes v. Georgia, 258 U. S. 1, 4, 42 S. Ct. 204, 66 L. Ed. 431; Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U. S. 219, 238, 239, 31 S. Ct. 145, 55 L. Ed. 191; McFarland v. American Sugar Refining Co., 241 U. S. 79, 86, 36 S. Ct. 498, 60 L. Ed. 899; Mobile, Jackson & Kansas City R. R. Co. v. Turnipseed, 219 U. S. 35, 43, 31 S. Ct. 136, 55 L. Ed. 78, 32 L. R. A. (N. S. ) 226, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 463; U. S. v. Luria (D. C. N. Y.) 184 F. 643, 647, 648; Hall v. Johnson, 87 Or. 21, 169 P. 515, 516, Ann. Cas. 1918E, 49.
In McFarland v. Sugar Co., supra, tbe court said:
“It is ‘essential that there shall be some rational connection between tbe faet proved and tbe ultimate fact presumed, and that tbe inference of one fact from proof of another shall not be so unreasonable as to be a purely arbitrary mandate.’ ”
In Bailey v. Alabama, supra, tbe court said:
“This court has frequently recognized the general power of every Legislature to prescribe tbe evidence wbieb shall be received, and tbe effect of that evidence in tbe courts of its own government. Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U. S. 698, 749 [13 S. Ct. 1016, 37 L. Ed. 905]. In tbe exercise of this power numerous statutes have been enacted providing th,at proof of one fact shall be prima facie evidence of tbe main fact in issue; and where tbe inference is not purely arbitrary and there is a rational relation between tbe two facts, and the accused is not deprived of a proper opportunity to submit all tbe facts bearing upon the issue, it has been held that such statutes do not violate tbe requirements of due process of law.”
In People v. Cannon, supra, tbe court said:
“It cannot be disputed that tbe courts of this and other states are committed to tbe general principle that, even in criminal prosecutions, the legislature may, with some limitations, enact that when certain facts have been proved they shall be prima facie evidence of tbe existence of tbe main fact in *328question. See eases cited in [Board Com’rs Excise of Auburn v. Merchant], 103 N. Y. 143, 8 N. E. 484 [57 Am. Rep. 705]. The limitations are that the fact upon whieh the presumption is to rest must have some fair relation to, or natural connection with, the main fact. The inference of the existence of the main fact, because of the existence of the fact actually proved, must not be merely and purely arbitrary, or wholly unreasonable, unnatural, or extraordinary; and the accused must have, in each case, a fair opportunity to make his defense, and to submit the whole ease to the jury, to be decided by it after it has weighed all.the evidence, and given such weight to the presumption as to it shall seem proper.”
In our opinion, Congress could not lawfully enact that possession of unstamped narcotic drugs should be prima facie evidence of a violation of the first penal provision of section 1. We do not think it intended so to do by the language of section 1 last above quoted. We think that language can properly be construed to apply only to the second penal provision which immediately precedes it.
It follows from the foregoing that the government wholly failed to prove that O’Neill was a person required to register under section 1 of the act, and thus failed to establish a material element of the offense charged in count 1 of the indictment. We conclude therefore that the court erred in overruling the motion to direct the jury to find O’Neill not guilty on the first count of the indictment.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded, with instructions to grant O’Neill a new trial.

 “On or before July 1 of each year every person who imports, manufactures, produces, compounds, sells, deals in, dispenses, or gives away opium or coca leaves, or any compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, or preparation thereof, shall register with the collector of internal revenue of the district his name or style, place of business and place or places where such business is to be carried on, and pay the special taxes hereinafter provided;
“Every person who on January 1, 1919, is engaged in any of the activities above enumerated, or who between such date and the passage of this act first engaged in any of such activities, shall within thirty days after the passage of this act make like registration; and shall pay the proportionate part of the tax for the period ending June 30, 1919; and
“Every person who first engages in any of such activities after the passage of this act shall immediately make like registration and pay the proportionate part of the tax: for the period ending on the following June 30th;
“Importers, manufacturers, producers or compounders, $24 per annum; wholesale dealers, $12 per annum; retail dealers, $6 per an-num; physicians, dentists, veterinary surgeons, and other practitioners lawfully entitled to distribute, dispense, give away, or administer any of the aforesaid drugs to patients upon whom they in the course of their professional practice are in attendance, shall pay $3 per annum.
“Every person who imports, manufactures, compounds, or otherwise produces for sale or distribution any of the aforesaid drugs shall be deemed to be an importer, manufacturer, or producer.
“Every person who sells or offers for sale any of said drugs in the original stamped packages, as hereinafter provided, shall be deemed a wholesale dealer.
“Every person who sells or dispenses from original stamped packages, as hereinafter provided, shall be deemed a retail dealer: ******
“It shall be unlawful for any person required to register under the provisions of this act to import, manufacture, produce, compound, sell, deal in, dispense, distribute, administer, or give away any of the aforesaid drugs without having registered and paid the special tax as imposed by this section.
>'.t :;s *. $ $ $
“That there shall be levied, assessed, collected, and paid upon opium, coca leaves, any compound, salt, derivative, or preparation thereof, produced in or imported into the United States, and sold, or removed for consumption or sale, an internal revenue tax at the rate of 1 cent per ounce, and any fraction of an ounce in a package shall be taxed as an ounce, such tax to be paid by the importer, manufacturer, producer, or compounder thereof, and to be represented by appropriate stamps, to be provided by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury; and the stamps herein provided shall be so affixed to the bottle or other container as to *326securely seal the stopper, covering, or wrapper thereof. * * * * * *
“It shall be unlawful for any person to purchase, sell, dispense, or distribute any of the aforesaid drugs except in the original stamped package or from the original stamped package; and the absence of appropriate tax-paid stamps from any of the aforesaid drugs shall be prima facie evidence of a violation of this section by the person in whose possession same may be found; and the possession of any original stamped package containing any of the aforesaid drugs by any person who has not registered and paid special taxes as required by this section shall be prima facie evidence of liability to such special tax.”
ü. S. Comp. St. 1925, c. 7f, § 6287g.