Court Opinion

ID: 4332383
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 00:40:22.426969+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:47:54.541494
License: Public Domain

113 T.C. No. 7

                UNITED STATES TAX COURT

           HERBERT C. ELLIOTT, Petitioner v.
     COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 733-96.                    Filed August 10, 1999.

     On Oct. 17, 1991, a Form 1040 was submitted by an
attorney, A, on behalf of P for the taxable year 1990, which
would have been timely. The submission of the return by A
did not comply with the requirements of sec. 1.6012-1(a)(5),
Income Tax Regs. P contends that, irrespective of the
regulations, the return was timely filed under Miller v.
Commissioner, 237 F.2d 830 (5th Cir. 1956), which this Court
followed in Booher v. Commissioner, 28 T.C. 817 (1957).
Both Miller and Booher were decided under the 1939 Code.
The 1954 Code and the regulations thereunder provide a
different framework. Held: Because the Form 1040 submitted
on behalf of P was not signed as required by sec. 1.6012-
1(a)(5), Income Tax Regs., it did not constitute a valid
return. Held, further, sec. 1.6012-1(a)(5), Income Tax
Regs., is valid. Held, further, P is liable for the
addition to tax under sec. 6651(a)(1), I.R.C., for 1990.

John H. Trader, for petitioner.

Dennis R. Onnen, for respondent.
                                 - 2 -

     DAWSON, Judge:     This case was assigned to Special Trial

Judge Carleton D. Powell pursuant to the provisions of section

7443A(b)(3) and Rules 180, 181, and 182.1    The Court agrees with

and adopts the opinion of the Special Trial Judge, which is set

forth below.

                  OPINION OF THE SPECIAL TRIAL JUDGE

     POWELL, Special Trial Judge: Respondent determined a

deficiency in petitioner's 1990 Federal income tax in the amount

of $6,237 and an addition to tax under section 6651(a) in the

amount of $647.    By a separate notice of deficiency, respondent

also determined deficiencies in petitioner's 1991 and 1992

Federal income taxes.

     The parties stipulated that the substantive issues for all 3

years are identical and that the substantive issues for the tax

year 1990 would be determined by the opinion rendered for the

taxable years 1991 and 1992.    The substantive issues for 1991 and

1992 were decided adversely to petitioner in Elliott v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-294, affd. per curiam without

published opinion 149 F.3d 1187 (8th Cir. 1998).       The issues

remaining for the 1990 taxable year are (1) whether respondent is

barred by the statute of limitations from assessing the tax for

1
     Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to
the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the year in issue, and
all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and
Procedure.
                                - 3 -

1990, and (2) whether petitioner is liable for the addition to

tax under section 6651(a)(1) for 1990.

                          FINDINGS OF FACT

     Petitioner resided in Kansas City, Missouri, at the time his

petition was filed.

     Petitioner requested and received an extension to file his

1990 Federal income tax return.    On October 17, 1991, the

Internal Revenue Service (IRS) received a Form 1040 submitted in

petitioner's name.    Petitioner did not sign the Form 1040.

Rather it was signed "Herbert C. Elliott By: John H. Trader Under

Power of Attorney" and submitted by Mr. Trader, petitioner's

attorney.   There was no Form 2848 (Power of Attorney and

Declaration of Representative) or other power of attorney

accompanying the Form 1040, and there is no evidence that Mr.

Trader or petitioner obtained the consent of the District

Director for Mr. Trader to file the return as an agent for

petitioner.

     At the time Mr. Trader signed and submitted the Form 1040,

he did not have a written power of attorney from petitioner to

file a return for the taxable year 1990.     On October 25, 1991,

the IRS returned the Form 1040 to Mr. Trader and requested that

he return the form with a copy of the power of attorney.      Mr.

Trader received the Form 1040 and the request.     However, the Form
                                 - 4 -

1040 and the letter request were put in a file and not returned

to the IRS until July 1993.

      On or about July 12, 1993, Mr. Trader resubmitted the Form

1040 and enclosed a Form 2848 power of attorney that was

improperly filled out.   Subsequently, Mr. Trader correctly filled

out the Form 2848 and submitted it to the IRS on a date that is

not contained in the record.

      Respondent issued a notice of deficiency for petitioner's

1990 taxable year on October 10, 1995.

                                OPINION

1.   Statute of Limitations

      Petitioner contends that his Federal income tax return for

1990 was filed on October 17, 1991, when the Form 1040 was

submitted by Mr. Trader, and respondent is therefore barred by

the statute of limitations from asserting a deficiency for 1990.

To the contrary, respondent contends that the Form 1040 submitted

by Mr. Trader was not a valid return, and therefore the period

for assessment is not barred.

      Generally, an assessment of taxes must be made within "3

years after the return was filed (whether or not such return was

filed on or after the date prescribed)".    Sec. 6501(a).   Section

6011(a) provides that "any person made liable for any tax * * *

shall make a return * * * according to the forms and regulations

prescribed by the Secretary."    A return required to be filed
                                 - 5 -

"shall contain or be verified by a written declaration that it is

made under the penalties of perjury."    Sec. 6065; see also

Plunkett v. Commissioner, 41 B.T.A. 700, 711 (1940), affd. 118

F.2d 644 (1st Cir. 1941); Wallace v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1975-133.     Section 6061 provides that "any return, statement, or

other document required to be made under any provision of the

internal revenue laws or regulations shall be signed in

accordance with forms or regulations prescribed by the

Secretary."    The regulations promulgated under section 6061

require that "Each individual * * * shall sign the income tax

return required to be made by him, except that the return may be

signed for the taxpayer by an agent who is duly authorized in

accordance with paragraph (a)(5) or (b) of section 1.6012-1 to

make such return."    Sec. 1.6061-1(a), Income Tax Regs.2

     Section 1.6012-1(a)(5), Income Tax Regs., provides, inter

alia,3 that

     In addition, a return may be made by an agent if the
     taxpayer requests permission, in writing, of the district
     director * * * and * * * [the] district director determines
     that good cause exists for permitting the return to be so
     made. * * * Whenever a return is made by an agent it must be

2
     Sec. 1.6012-1(b), Income Tax Regs., applies to returns of
nonresident alien individuals and is not relevant here.

3
     Sec. 1.6012-1(a)(5), Income Tax Regs., also sets forth the
rules for making a return by an agent for persons under
disabilities or out of the country for at least 60 days.
Petitioner does not contend that either of these provisions
applies.
                               - 6 -

     accompanied by a power of attorney (or copy thereof)
     authorizing him to represent his principal in making,
     executing, or filing the return. A Form 2848, when properly
     completed, is sufficient. * * *

     Failure to satisfy the requirements for filing a return is

fatal to the validity and the timeliness of the return.     See

Plunkett v. Commissioner, supra.   As we noted in Richardson v.

Commissioner, 72 T.C. 818, 823 (1979):   "It is well established

that the filing of an unsigned return form is not the filing of a

return and does not start the running of the statute of

limitations against respondent."   See also Lucas v. Pilliod

Lumber Co., 281 U.S. 245, 249 (1930); Hamilton v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 1954-118, affd. per curiam 232 F.2d 891 (6th Cir.

1956).

     The question here is whether the Form 1040 submitted by Mr.

Trader in October 1991 constitutes a return.   Petitioner did not

sign the form and the execution of the form by Mr. Trader did not

satisfy the signature requirements of the regulations for signing

a return by an agent.   In particular there was no power of

attorney attached to the return as originally submitted.4     The

Form 1040 submitted in October 1991 by Mr. Trader did not

4
     We are not concerned here with whether the resubmission of
the Form 1040 on July 12, 1993, constituted a valid return. The
notice of deficiency was mailed on Oct. 10, 1995. The question
then focuses on whether a return was filed prior to Oct. 10,
1992, 3 years prior to the mailing of the notice of deficiency.
See sec. 6501(a).
                                - 7 -

constitute a signed return under section 1.6012-1(a)(5), Income

Tax Regs.

     Petitioner does not directly attack the validity of section

1.6012-1(a)(5), Income Tax Regs.    Rather, petitioner relies upon

Miller v. Commissioner, 237 F.2d 830 (5th Cir. 1956), affg. in

part, revg. in pertinent part and remanding T.C. Memo. 1955-112,

to support his position.   In Miller the taxpayer submitted

returns that he did not sign.   For the 1943 year the taxpayer had

his wife sign the return for him.   See id. at 832.   This was done

at the taxpayer's direction and in front of his accountant.    "All

of the inscriptions were affixed by the taxpayer's wife, upon his

oral authorization and direction, at the place on the return

pointed out by the accountant who had prepared the return."    Id.

    The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that

         Where, as here, a return complete in form, signed in
    the taxpayer's name by one purporting to have authority and
    who actually had such authority, was filed, we find no basis
    for holding that this was no such return as would commence
    the running of the statute of limitations. * * * [Id. at
    837.]

In Booher v. Commissioner, 28 T.C. 817, 824-825 (1957), this

Court adopted the reasoning of the Court of Appeals for the Fifth

Circuit in Miller v. Commissioner, supra, and in Lombardo v.

Commissioner, 99 T.C. 342, 358 (1992), affd. sub nom. Davis v.

Commissioner, 68 F.3d 1129 (9th Cir. 1995), we reiterated that

position.
                                 - 8 -

     Booher arose under the 1939 Code provisions, and for reasons

discussed, infra, we do not believe that it is controlling under

the 1954 Code and subsequent enactments.     Lombardo involved the

situation where a taxpayer sought to disavow the filing of a

return.   The Court held that the taxpayer had "not carried his

burden of showing that the filing of his return and affixing of

his signature by * * * [an agent] was not authorized."     Lombardo

v. Commissioner, supra at 358.    In making this determination, we

relied on United States v. Wynshaw, 697 F.2d 85 (2d Cir. 1983).

In that case, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit applied

the doctrine of estoppel to preclude the taxpayer from denying

that she had executed the return.    In Lombardo we also referred

to both Miller and Booher.   This reference, however, was not

necessary to the rationale of our holding and was essentially

dictum.   In Lombardo, unlike the present case, the taxpayer's

agent timely filed the return under authority duly granted by a

power of attorney that was signed by the taxpayer and attached to

the return.

     Booher relies upon Miller.     The holding in Miller v.

Commissioner, 237 F.2d at 835, was predicated on the view that

there was no "specific authorization in the statute [under the

1939 Code] for the Commissioner to specify by regulations what

constitutes a return."   See Miller v. Commissioner, supra at 837

where the Court of Appeals noted that under the 1939 Code:
                               - 9 -

     The statutory grant of power to the Treasury to issue
     regulations does not touch upon the matter of the execution
     or making of the return, but covers only the extent and
     detail in which the items of gross income and the deductions
     and credits and "such other information for the purpose of
     carrying out the provisions of this chapter" are to be
     stated.

     The court recognized, however, that such authority existed

in section 6061 of the 1954 Code.   See id. at 835 n.4.     As we

have previously pointed out, section 6061 specifically authorizes

the Secretary to issue regulations governing the signing of a

return.   Thus, the statutory landscape that was crucial to the

reasoning in Miller was altered by section 6061 of the 1954 Code.

     We think the cases of Miller, Booher, and Lombardo are all

factually distinguishable from the present case.

     There still may be a question whether the provisions of

section 1.6012-1(a)(5), Income Tax Regs., are valid.   This is a

legislative regulation and is entitled to greater deference than

interpretive regulations.   See Peterson Marital Trust v.

Commissioner, 102 T.C. 790, 797 (1994), affd. 78 F.3d 795 (2d

Cir. 1996).   We accord legislative regulations the highest level

of judicial deference.   See Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural

Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843-844 (1984);

see also Ahmetovic v. INS, 62 F.3d 48, 51 (2d Cir. 1995).

     Legislative regulations "can only be set aside by a court if

they are arbitrary, capricious, or clearly contrary to the

statute."   McKnight v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. 180, 183 (1992)
                               - 10 -

(citing Morton v. Ruiz, 415 U.S. 199 (1974)), affd. 7 F.3d 447

(5th Cir. 1993).   The regulation is not contrary to the language

of any statute governing the filing of tax returns.     Furthermore,

respondent has a definite interest in the manner of the execution

of tax returns.    It affects, as here, the period of limitations.

Furthermore, as noted supra, returns must be verified under

penalties of perjury.   See sec. 6065.    Criminal liabilities are

affixed to the jurat on tax returns.     See, e.g., sec. 7206(1).

The requirements of section 1.6012-1(a)(5), Income Tax Regs.,

ensure that both the civil and criminal liabilities are not

circumvented.   Under these circumstances we cannot say that the

provisions of section 1.6012-1(a)(5), Income Tax Regs., are

arbitrary, capricious, or contrary to the statutory provisions,

and we hold that the regulation is valid.

      The execution of the Form 1040 by Mr. Trader in October 1991

did not comply with section 1.6012-1(a)(5), Income Tax Regs.

Accordingly, the notice of deficiency was issued within the 3-

year period, and respondent was not barred by the statute of

limitations from issuing the notice of deficiency for

petitioner's 1990 taxable year.

2.   Addition to Tax Under Section 6651(a)(1)

      Section 6651(a) imposes an addition to tax for failing to

file a timely income tax return, unless such failure to file is

due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect.     The
                               - 11 -

addition to tax is 5 percent of the amount required to be

reported on the return for each month or fraction thereof during

which such failure to file continues, not to exceed 25 percent in

the aggregate.   See sec. 6651(a)(1).   The question whether

failure to timely file is due to reasonable cause and not willful

neglect is one of fact, on which petitioner bears the burden of

proof.    See Rule 142(a); United States v. Boyle, 469 U.S. 241

(1985).

     Petitioner's argument regarding the imposition of the

section 6651(a)(1) addition to tax is contained in the following

sentence:    "In that petitioner's 1990 income tax return was

timely filed, it follows that petitioner is not liable for this

penalty."    We have found that petitioner's return was not timely

filed.    Moreover, as United States v. Boyle, supra, makes clear,

while a taxpayer may entrust the filing of a tax return to an

agent, the taxpayer does so at his or her own risk.    Respondent's

determination of the addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1) for

1990 is sustained.

                                          Decision will be entered

                                     for respondent.