Court Opinion

ID: 4880066
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-30 15:00:46.30727+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:41.644114
License: Public Domain

20-602-cv
     Next Investments, LLC v. Bank of China

 1

 2                    United States Court of Appeals
 3                        for the Second Circuit
 4
 5                                    August Term, 2020
 6
 7                 (Argued: May 10, 2021             Decided: Aug 30, 2021)
 8
 9                                 Docket No. 20-602-cv
10                        _____________________________________
11
12                               NEXT INVESTMENTS, LLC,
13                                                  Interested Party–Appellant,
14                                             v.
15
16            BANK OF CHINA, AGRICULTURAL BANK OF CHINA,
17         BANK OF COMMUNICATIONS, CHINA CONSTRUCTION BANK,
18         CHINA MERCHANTS BANK, INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL
19                      BANK OF CHINA LIMITED,
20                                                    Appellees. *
21                        _____________________________________
22   Before:
23
24                NEWMAN, PARK, AND MENASHI, Circuit Judges.
25
26         In 2013, Nike, Inc., and its subsidiary, Converse, Inc. (together, “Nike”),
27   brought a trademark-infringement suit under the Lanham Act against hundreds
28   of participants in Chinese counterfeiting networks (“Defendants”). The United
29   States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Scheindlin, J., and
30   McMahon, then-C.J.) entered five prejudgment orders, a default judgment, and
31   one postjudgment order against Defendants, who never appeared in court. Each
32   of those orders enjoined Defendants “and all persons acting in concert or in

           * The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption of this matter
     accordingly.
 1   participation with any of them . . . from transferring, withdrawing or disposing of
 2   any money or other assets into or out of [Defendants’ accounts] regardless of
 3   whether such money or assets are held in the U.S. or abroad.” In 2019, Nike’s
 4   successor-in-interest, Appellant Next Investments, LLC (“Next”), moved to hold
 5   Appellees—six nonparty Chinese banks (the “Banks”)—in contempt for failure to
 6   implement the asset restraints and for failure to produce certain documents sought
 7   in discovery. The district court denied the motion, and Next appealed.
 8          We hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Next’s
 9   motion for contempt sanctions against the Banks because (1) until the contempt
10   motion, Nike and Next never sought to enforce the asset restraints against the
11   Banks; (2) there is a fair ground of doubt as to whether, in light of New York’s
12   separate entity rule and principles of international comity, the orders could reach
13   assets held at foreign bank branches; (3) there is a fair ground of doubt as to
14   whether the Banks’ activities amounted to “active concert or participation” in
15   Defendants’ violation of the asset restraints that could be enjoined under Federal
16   Rule of Civil Procedure 65(d); and (4) Next failed to provide clear and convincing
17   proof of a discovery violation. We thus AFFIRM.
18
19                                          ROBERT L. WEIGEL (Howard S. Hogan,
20                                          Matthew S. Rozen, Lauren M. L. Nagin on
21                                          the brief), Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP,
22                                          New York, NY & Washington, DC, for
23                                          Interested Party–Appellant.
24
25                                          SANFORD I. WEISBURST, Quinn Emanuel
26                                          Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, New York, NY
27                                          (David G. Hille, Jacqueline I. Chung, White
28                                          & Case LLP, New York, NY; Carey R.
29                                          Ramos, Cory D. Struble, Quinn Emanuel
30                                          Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, New York, NY,
31                                          on the brief) for Appellees Bank of China, Bank
32                                          of Communications, China Construction Bank,
33                                          China Merchants Bank, and Industrial and
34                                          Commercial Bank of China Limited.
35

                                              2
 1   ADAM S. HOFFINGER, Greenberg Traurig,
 2   LLP, Washington, DC (Gary Stein, Robert E.
 3   Griffin, Thomas L. Mott, Hannah M.
 4   Thibideau, Schulte Roth & Zabel LLP, New
 5   York, NY, on the brief) for Appellee
 6   Agricultural Bank of China.
 7
 8   Matthew J. Oppenheim, Oppenheim +
 9   Zebrak, LLP, Washington, DC, for Amicus
10   Curiae Association of American Publishers, Inc.
11   in support of Appellant.
12
13   Lauren Beth Emerson, Robert M. Isackson,
14   Cameron Rueber, Peter S. Sloane, Leason
15   Ellis LLP, White Plains, NY, for Amici Curiae
16   Center for Anti-Counterfeiting and Product
17   Protection and American Apparel & Footwear
18   Association in support of Appellant.
19
20   Joshua A. Goldberg, Patterson Belknap
21   Webb & Tyler LLP, New York, NY, for
22   Amicus Curiae Banking Law Committee of the
23   New York City Bar Association in support of
24   Appellees.
25
26   Roberto J. Gonzalez, Brad S. Karp, H.
27   Christopher Boehning, Jessica S. Carey,
28   Ethan C. Stern, Xinshu Sui, Paul, Weiss,
29   Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP,
30   Washington, DC & New York, NY, for Amici
31   Curiae Institute of International Bankers and
32   European Banking Federation in support of
33   Appellees.
34
35

       3
 1   Park, Circuit Judge:

 2         In 2013, Nike, Inc., and its subsidiary, Converse, Inc. (together, “Nike”),

 3   brought a trademark-infringement suit under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et

 4   seq., against hundreds of participants in Chinese counterfeiting networks

 5   (“Defendants”). The United States District Court for the Southern District of New

 6   York (Scheindlin, J., and McMahon, then-C.J.) entered five prejudgment orders, a

 7   default judgment, and one postjudgment order against Defendants, who never

 8   appeared in court. Each of those orders enjoined Defendants “and all persons

 9   acting in concert or in participation with any of them . . . from transferring,

10   withdrawing or disposing of any money or other assets into or out of [Defendants’

11   accounts] regardless of whether such money or assets are held in the U.S. or

12   abroad.” App’x at 229, 648; see id. at 281, 318, 377–78, 501, 526–27. In 2019, Nike’s

13   successor-in-interest, Next Investments, LLC (“Next”), moved to hold Appellees—

14   six nonparty Chinese banks (the “Banks”)—in contempt for failure to implement

15   the asset restraints and for failure to produce certain documents sought in

16   discovery. The district court denied the motion, and Next appealed.

17         We hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Next’s

18   motion for contempt sanctions against the Banks because (1) until the contempt

                                              4
 1   motion, Nike and Next never sought to enforce the asset restraints against the

 2   Banks; (2) there is a fair ground of doubt as to whether, in light of New York’s

 3   separate entity rule and principles of international comity, the orders could reach

 4   assets held at foreign bank branches; (3) there is a fair ground of doubt as to

 5   whether the Banks’ activities amounted to “active concert or participation” in

 6   Defendants’ violation of the asset restraints that could be enjoined under Federal

 7   Rule of Civil Procedure 65(d); and (4) Next failed to provide clear and convincing

 8   proof of a discovery violation. For these reasons, we affirm.

 9                                       I. BACKGROUND

10   A.     The Asset Restraints

11          In November 2013, Nike, Inc. and its subsidiary Converse, Inc. sued the

12   proprietors   1   of websites advertising and selling products bearing Nike or

13   Converse marks, like Nike’s “Swoosh,” its Jordan brand “Jumpman,” or the

14   Converse Chuck Taylor “All Star” label. Nike alleged trademark infringement,

15   trademark counterfeiting, and false designation of origin, all in violation of the

            1  Nike’s original complaint identified about three-dozen Defendants. Over the course of
     the district court proceedings, Nike identified hundreds of additional alleged members of the 26
     counterfeiting networks alleged in the original complaint and successfully added them to the
     action, first as Defendants named in an amended complaint and eventually as Defendants subject
     to the judgment below. At the time of this appeal, the judgment applied to 636 Defendants.

                                                    5
 1   Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1114(1), 1116(d), 1117(b)–(c), 1125(a), along with several

 2   related federal and state causes of action. Nike sought an injunction restraining

 3   Defendants from further use of the trademarks, an accounting of Defendants’

 4   profits (plus treble recovery) or treble compensatory damages for counterfeiting,

 5   statutory damages related to cyberpiracy, and punitive damages.

 6         Nike immediately sought and received a temporary restraining order. After

 7   Defendants failed to appear, the district court granted a preliminary injunction

 8   and three orders amending the preliminary injunction. All five prejudgment

 9   orders contained the following restriction regarding Defendants’ assets:

10         IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, in accordance with Rule 65 of the
11         Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 15 U.S.C. § 1116(a), and this Court’s
12         inherent equitable power to issue provisional remedies ancillary to its
13         authority to provide final equitable relief, Defendants, their officers,
14         directors, agents, representatives, successors or assigns, and all
15         persons acting in concert or in participation with any of them,
16         including any third parties receiving actual notice of this Order by personal
17         service or otherwise, are restrained and enjoined from transferring,
18         withdrawing or disposing of any money or other assets of
19         Defendants, or otherwise paying or transferring any money or other
20         assets into or out of any accounts held by, associated with, or utilized
21         by Defendants, regardless of whether such money or assets are held in the
22         U.S. or abroad.

23   App’x at 281 (emphasis added); see id. at 318, 377–78, 501; see also id. at 229 (TRO). 2

           2   The TRO did not contain the residual clause prohibiting “otherwise paying or
     transferring money or other assets into or out of” Defendants’ accounts. App’x at 229.

                                                6
 1   B.    The Banks Attempt To Challenge the Asset Restraints

 2         In June 2015, Nike moved for default judgment. Nike’s proposed judgment

 3   would have preserved the asset restraints from the prejudgment orders and

 4   extended them to any later-discovered assets belonging to Defendants. About one

 5   month later, the Banks—six nonparty banks headquartered in China 3—filed a joint

 6   letter opposing Nike’s motion for default judgment “insofar as the proposed

 7   judgment contains a federal asset-freezing injunction that would purport to

 8   require the Banks to restrain customer accounts located outside the United States.”

 9   App’x at 1096.    Nike had notified the Banks of the prejudgment orders by

10   personally serving the orders and related material at the Banks’ New York branch

11   offices or by approved email service. The Banks’ letter argued that the court could

12   not enforce the asset restraints against the Banks in light of international comity

13   concerns and New York’s separate entity rule and because the court lacked

14   personal jurisdiction over the Banks.

15         Nike responded that the Banks’ objections were irrelevant and premature

16   because the proposed judgment “is not an order against the Banks.” Id. at 1102.

           3  The Bank of China (“BOC”), Agricultural Bank of China (“ABC”), Bank of
     Communications (“BOCOM”), Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (“ICBC”), China
     Construction Bank (“CCB”), and China Merchants Bank (“CMB”).

                                             7
 1   “If the Court later needs to compel the Banks to take (or refrain from) any specific

 2   actions to prevent the counterfeiters from violating the default judgment, the

 3   Court can then evaluate whether personal jurisdiction exists over the Banks and

 4   whether any comity issues exist for the Court to consider.” Id. The district court

 5   agreed with Nike and denied the Banks’ letter motion, reasoning that the Banks’

 6   objections were not “ripe” because “the Proposed Default Judgment is directed

 7   entirely at defendants and seeks no enforcement against the non-party Banks.”

 8   Nike, Inc. v. Wu, No. 13-cv-8012, 2015 WL 9450795, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 20, 2015)

 9   (“Nike I”). The district court acknowledged the possibility—however remote—

10   “that defendants will comply with the Court’s Order and make plaintiffs whole—

11   in which case the Banks would never be required to take any action with respect

12   to the asset freeze.” Id.

13         The district court entered default judgment against Defendants on August

14   20, 2015 and granted Nike an accounting of profits. Without any documents from

15   Defendants to assist in calculating their profits, the court used statutory proxies,

                                              8
 1   yielding a judgment of over $1 billion. 4 The judgment also kept the prejudgment

 2   asset restraints in place, ordering that

 3          in accordance with Rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 15
 4          U.S.C. § 11l6(a), Article 52 of New York State’s Civil Practice Law and
 5          Rules, and this Court’s inherent equitable power to issue remedies
 6          ancillary to its authority to provide final relief, all Defendants’ Assets
 7          that have been previously identified as frozen or that were otherwise
 8          required to be restrained in compliance with this Court’s Orders,
 9          continue to be restrained regardless of whether the Defendants’
10          Assets are located in the United States or abroad.

11   App’x at 526–27. The default judgment went on to apply the same restraints to

12   “any other of Defendants’ Assets that Plaintiffs identify in the future and/or that

13   have not yet been frozen . . . regardless of whether the Defendants’ Assets are

14   located in the United States or abroad.” Id. at 527.

15          On January 31, 2017, nearly a year-and-a-half later, Nike assigned its interest

16   in the judgment to Next Investments, LLC, an investment vehicle owned by the

17   litigation-finance firm Tenor Capital. Next (represented by Nike’s counsel) sought

18   an order to show cause why (1) Defendants should not be held in contempt of

19   court and (2) additional bank accounts and websites associated with the

20   counterfeiter networks should not be subject to the judgment. The district court

            4 The Lanham Act authorizes damages of not more than $2,000,000 for each willful use of
     a counterfeit mark, 15 U.S.C. § 1117(c)(2), and not more than $100,000 for each infringing domain
     name, id. § 1117(d).

                                                    9
 1   (reassigned to then-Chief Judge Colleen McMahon after Judge Scheindlin retired)

 2   entered the order. Defendants again failed to appear, so the court held them in

 3   contempt for failing to comply—or even to make reasonable efforts to comply—

 4   with the default judgment. That contempt order, which the parties call the “Final

 5   Order,” incorporated the additional bank accounts, and as before, it prohibited

 6   “all persons acting in concert or in participation with” Defendants from moving

 7   assets in the accounts “regardless of whether such money or assets are held in the

 8   U.S. or abroad.” App’x at 648. But this time the court explicitly ordered, “by

 9   automatic operation of Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d)(2), that all third parties who act in

10   concert or participation with [Defendants] . . . and who receive actual notice of this

11   order . . . shall be bound by the terms of this order,” including the asset restraints.

12   App’x at 653.    The Final Order also gave Next the right to seek expedited

13   discovery, from any financial institution servicing Defendants, of “all documents

14   and records . . . whether located in the U.S. or abroad, relating to any financial

15   accounts” associated with any Defendant. Id. at 649–50.

16         Next served the Banks with the Final Order and subpoenas for expedited

17   discovery. The cover letter to each Bank explained that the Bank was bound by

18   the asset restraints, which applied both within the United States and abroad.

                                               10
 1         All of the Banks complied with the subpoenas on behalf of their sole New

 2   York branches and stated that none of Defendants’ accounts was held in New

 3   York. But the Banks argued that, for the same reasons they objected to the default

 4   judgment, neither the subpoenas nor the asset restraints could reach accounts held

 5   at Bank branches outside of New York. The Banks moved to quash the subpoenas

 6   insofar as they sought discovery beyond the New York branches and to modify

 7   the Final Order to limit the asset restraints to New York accounts. Next cross-

 8   moved to compel production and opposed modification.

 9         The district court granted Next’s cross-motion to compel production, with

10   certain modifications to accommodate China’s banking laws. See Nike, Inc. v. Wu,

11   349 F. Supp. 3d 310, 318 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (“Nike II”) (Freeman, M.J.), aff’d, Nike, Inc.

12   v. Wu, 349 F. Supp. 3d 346 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (“Nike III”) (McMahon, then-C.J.); Memo

13   Endorsement of Bank Letter at 1, Nike, Inc. v. Wu, No. 13-cv-8012 (S.D.N.Y. Dec.

14   12, 2018), ECF No. 181 (permitting delivery of documents through China’s

15   Ministry of Justice). Although the court lacked general personal jurisdiction over

16   the Banks, it found that it had specific personal jurisdiction sufficient to compel

17   production abroad based on the Banks’ maintenance of correspondent and

18   settlement accounts in New York, some of which had been used to facilitate

                                               11
 1   transfers for Defendants. See Nike II, 349 F. Supp. 3d at 322–27, 331–32; Nike III, 349

 2   F. Supp. 3d at 354–60. The court concluded that the totality of the comity factors

 3   weighed in favor of compelling compliance with Next’s discovery requests. See

 4   Nike II, 349 F. Supp. 3d at 334–41; Nike III, 349 F. Supp. 3d at 363–68.

 5         The court did not decide, however, whether the asset restraints could apply

 6   outside the United States. In response to the Banks’ motion to limit the asset

 7   restraints in the Final Order to New York accounts, Next averred that the “Final

 8   Order, same as the Judgment, is directed entirely at Judgment Debtors and seeks

 9   no enforcement against the Banks.” App’x at 1280. Next clarified that it did “not

10   currently seek[] an order compelling the Banks to turn over their proceeds.” Id.

11   The Banks thus withdrew their motion for modification and asked that the

12   withdrawal be without prejudice to allowing the Banks to renew the request if

13   Next were to seek to enforce the restraints. The magistrate judge agreed and no

14   party objected. See Nike II, 349 F. Supp. 3d at 345–46.

15         The Banks collectively produced over 7,000 documents, totaling over 20,000

16   pages, in the three months after the district court affirmed the magistrate judge’s

17   ruling.

                                               12
 1   B.    The Contempt Motion Against the Banks

 2         In response to a motion by the Banks to shift certain discovery costs (a

 3   motion denied below and not challenged on appeal), Next moved to hold the

 4   Banks in contempt on July 19, 2019.

 5         First, Next asserted that the Banks had never instituted an asset freeze on

 6   any Defendants’ accounts and were thus in contempt of the asset-restraint

 7   provisions of the prejudgment orders, the default judgment, and the Final Order.

 8   Based on documents produced by the Banks, Next counted at least 36,000

 9   transactions in violation of the asset restraints, including withdrawals and

10   deposits as early as November 15, 2013, the day after entry of the TRO. These

11   allegedly violative transactions continued up through the Bank’s production of

12   documents in late 2018.

13         Second, Next accused the Banks of producing just a small fraction of their

14   relevant documents and thus failing to display reasonable diligence in complying

15   with the discovery order.

16         Next sought several sanctions.        It first asked for $150 million as

17   “compensatory contempt damages” resulting from the thousands of prohibited

18   transactions. App’x at 1689. Next calculated that Defendants transferred over

                                            13
 1   $32 million out of their accounts after the Banks had been made aware of the asset

 2   restraints. Next also argued that the Banks’ conduct made them participants in

 3   the counterfeiting networks and thus jointly and severally liable for at least $118

 4   million in statutory damages. Next also sought a turnover order of the roughly

 5   $40,000 left in Defendants’ accounts. And as sanctions for the alleged discovery

 6   violations, Next sought an adverse inference that the missing documents would

 7   have shown additional violative transactions, increasing the sanctions above the

 8   $150 million already specified.

 9         This contempt motion, filed on July 19, 2019, marked the first time Nike or

10   Next had sought to enforce the asset restraints against the Banks, squarely raising

11   the question whether the restraints applied extraterritorially. The district court

12   concluded that they did not. Instead, the district court found that the asset

13   restraints had “never bound” the Banks. Nike, Inc. v. Wu, No. 13-cv-8012, 2020 WL

14   257475, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 17, 2020) (“Nike IV”).

15         The district court offered two main reasons why the asset restraints never

16   bound the Banks. First, it concluded that New York’s separate entity rule required

17   the court to treat the Banks’ foreign branches as entities separate from their New

18   York branches for the purpose of “enforcement of postjudgment asset restraints

                                               14
 1   and turnover orders.” Id. at *21. Second, the court found that Next failed to offer

 2   “proof showing that the Banks aided and abetted the Judgment Debtors’ unlawful

 3   activity.” Id. at *20. It thus rejected Next’s charge that the Banks had been in

 4   “active concert or participation” with Defendants by providing “routine banking

 5   activities.” Id. at *19. The court held that “‘active concert or participation’ is

 6   something more than account management in the ordinary course.” Id.

 7         The district court also gave other reasons for concluding that the Banks were

 8   not bound by the asset restraints. Noting that an order must be “clear and

 9   unambiguous” to be the basis for contempt, the court concluded that the various

10   orders failed to “identify each account subject to the asset restraints” or to identify

11   the Banks as third parties subject to the restraints. Id. at *17–18. Similarly, the

12   “geographic scope” of the orders was ambiguous, id. at *17, and the court found

13   the postjudgment asset restraints to be ultra vires, see id. at *23–24 (citing Grupo

14   Mexicano de Desarrollo S.A. v. All. Bond Fund, Inc., 527 U.S. 308 (1999)). Finally, the

15   court stated that “the Contempt Motion clashes with fundamental notions of due

16   process.”   Id. at *24.   The court characterized the contempt motion as an

17   “underhanded” or “gotcha” tactic in light of Nike’s and Next’s earlier, repeated

18   assertions that they were not seeking enforcement against the Banks. Id. at *25.

                                               15
 1   The court thus concluded that awarding $150 million in contempt sanctions would

 2   unfairly “reward efforts by both Plaintiffs and Assignee to delay resolution of this

 3   issue and bolster their contempt arguments.” Id.

 4         The district court also denied Next’s motion for contempt sanctions for

 5   violation of the discovery orders. It found that Next failed to show that the Banks’

 6   effort to comply with the discovery orders fell below the standard of reasonable

 7   diligence. To the contrary, the court noted that “the Banks searched numerous

 8   branches and databases for the information demanded in the subpoenas, even

 9   though some of the Debtor information was incomplete and unsearchable.” Id. at

10   *26. Although the court disagreed with the Banks’ decision to withhold currency

11   transaction and credit reports to avoid violating Chinese law, “those limited

12   instances of noncompliance are slender reeds on which to rest the finding of

13   contempt that [Next] demands.” Id. at *27. The district court thus refused Next’s

14   request for an adverse inference.

15         This timely appeal followed. We have subject-matter jurisdiction under 15

16   U.S.C. § 1121(a) and 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1338(a)–(b), and appellate jurisdiction

17   under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. See Latino Officers Ass’n City of N.Y., Inc. v. City of New York,

18   558 F.3d 159, 163 (2d Cir. 2009) (“[W]here, as in this case, civil contempt

                                                16
 1   proceedings are instituted after the conclusion of the principal action rather than

 2   during the pendency of the action, the order disposing of the contempt

 3   proceedings is appealable as a final decision of a district court under 28 U.S.C.

 4   § 1291.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

 5                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

 6         “A court of the United States shall have power to punish by fine or

 7   imprisonment, or both, at its discretion, such contempt of its authority, and none

 8   other, as . . . [d]isobedience or resistance to its lawful writ, process, order, rule,

 9   decree, or command.” 18 U.S.C. § 401, 401(3). “To demonstrate [contempt], ‘a

10   movant must establish that (1) the order the contemnor failed to comply with is

11   clear and unambiguous, (2) the proof of noncompliance is clear and convincing,

12   and (3) the contemnor has not diligently attempted to comply in a reasonable

13   manner.’” Gucci Am., Inc. v. Weixing Li, 768 F.3d 122, 142 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting

14   Perez v. Danbury Hosp., 347 F.3d 419, 423–24 (2d Cir. 2003)).

15         “It is peculiarly within the province of the district court to determine the

16   meaning of its own order,” Truskoski v. ESPN, Inc., 60 F.3d 74, 77 (2d Cir. 1995)

17   (cleaned up), so the district court is best positioned to determine whether the

18   “potent weapon” of contempt is the best means of enforcing that order, Int’l

                                              17
 1   Longshoremen’s Ass’n Loc. 1291 v. Phila. Marine Trade Ass’n, 389 U.S. 64, 76 (1967).

 2   We review the “ultimate ruling on the contempt motion . . . for abuse of

 3   discretion.” Latino Officers Ass’n, 558 F.3d at 164. 5 We accept the district court’s

 4   factual findings “unless they are shown to be clearly erroneous.” Id. “We accord

 5   substantial deference to a district court’s construction of its own orders,” while

 6   acknowledging that “the construction cannot be based on an error of law.” United

 7   States v. Canova, 412 F.3d 331, 346 (2d Cir. 2005). Purely legal questions are

 8   considered de novo. See S. New England Tel. Co. v. Glob. NAPs Inc., 624 F.3d 123, 145

 9   (2d Cir. 2010).

10                                        III. DISCUSSION

11   A.     The District Court’s Denial of Contempt Sanctions Was Not an Abuse of
12          Discretion in Light of Plaintiffs’ Failure to Move to Compel the Banks to
13          Comply with the Asset Restraints

14          The district court faulted Next for delaying resolution of key issues

15   regarding the scope and application of the asset restraints. See Nike IV, 2020 WL

            5 Given the seriousness of the contempt remedy and the careful limitations on its use, we
     apply a “rigorous” or “more exacting” abuse of discretion review to district court orders holding
     a party in contempt. Chevron Corp. v. Donziger, 990 F.3d 191, 202, 212 (2d Cir. 2021) (citations
     omitted); see also EEOC v. Loc. 638, 81 F.3d 1162, 1171 (2d Cir. 1996). But such scrutiny is not
     appropriate here because the district court did not hold a party in contempt.

                                                    18
 1   257475, at *25. We agree—the district court’s denial of the contempt motion on

 2   this basis was an appropriate exercise of its discretion.

 3         First, Nike and Next (together, “Plaintiffs”) failed to seek enforcement of the

 4   asset restraints against the Banks for almost six years. Next’s July 2019 contempt

 5   motion alleged that the Banks had violated the orders as far back as November 15,

 6   2013, the day after the district court issued the temporary restraining order.

 7   According to Next, during the period between the TRO and the contempt motion,

 8   the Banks facilitated tens of thousands of transactions in violation of the orders,

 9   which caused $150 million in damages to Next. This delay of nearly six years is

10   difficult to explain. Nike was sufficiently suspicious of ongoing violations that it

11   served all six nonparty Banks with the TRO within twelve days of its issuance, and

12   Nike and Next continued to serve the Banks with notice of each successive order.

13   But instead of acting on their suspicions and taking any steps to compel the Banks’

14   compliance, Plaintiffs allowed six years to pass while at least $150 million in

15   alleged damages accumulated.

16         Second, Nike and Next explicitly disclaimed that they were seeking

17   enforcement of the asset restraints against the Banks for four years, which

18   prevented the court from addressing the Banks’ objections to the orders. Not only

                                              19
 1   did Plaintiffs fail to take any action despite knowing of or suspecting that

 2   transactions were ongoing; they specifically averred that they were not enforcing

 3   the orders against the Banks. The Banks tried twice to present legal arguments

 4   challenging the scope of the asset restraints, once in July 2015 and again in

 5   February 2018. See App’x at 1096–99, 1160–89 (objecting to the default judgment

 6   and the Final Order). But Plaintiffs expressly disclaimed enforcement against the

 7   Banks, and thus forestalled any case or controversy about the scope of the orders.

 8   See Nike I, 2015 WL 9450795, at *1; Nike II, 349 F. Supp. 3d at 345 (concluding that

 9   the Banks’ legal challenges to the orders were not ripe). The damages sought in

10   Plaintiffs’ contempt motion accumulated for four years from their first disclaimer

11   of any attempt to enforce the orders against the Banks.

12         Under these circumstances, it was well within the district court’s discretion

13   to consider Plaintiffs’ dilatory conduct in denying Next’s contempt motion.

14   Plaintiffs’ delay made a contempt motion an improper vehicle for addressing the

15   Banks’ substantial legal defenses to the orders for the first time. See Chao v. Gotham

16   Registry, Inc., 514 F.3d 280, 292 (2d Cir. 2008) (“[I]t seems unreasonable that

17   Gotham be required, on pain of contempt, to arrive at a correct answer to such a

18   difficult question of first impression.”); see also Radio Corp. of Am. v. Cable Radio

                                              20
 1   Tube Corp., 66 F.2d 778, 782–83 (2d Cir. 1933) (noting potential unfairness to

 2   defendant where contempt proceedings used to resolve “substantial dispute”).

 3         As noted above, until the contempt motion, Plaintiffs’ disavowals had

 4   prevented the district court from resolving questions about the applicability of its

 5   orders to the Banks.       For almost six years—including four years directly

 6   attributable to Plaintiffs’ disclaimer in 2015—the Banks were unable to obtain a

 7   ruling on their arguments that the asset-restraint orders did not reach them

 8   because they could not apply extraterritorially, did not encompass ordinary

 9   banking activities, or failed to identify the frozen accounts with adequate

10   specificity. In light of these unresolved questions of law, the district court properly

11   declined to hold the Banks in contempt. “[W]here infringement . . . is not clear on

12   the face of the matter,” it is simply not “reasonable” to put the Banks “at the peril

13   of correctly gauging [their] right[s] under the [orders] or being liable in contempt.”

14   Radio Corp. of Am., 66 F.2d at 782–83; see also Gotham Registry, 514 F.3d at 292.

15         Moreover, Plaintiffs’ conduct precluded them from carrying their burden to

16   “establish that . . . the order the contemnor failed to comply with is clear and

17   unambiguous.” Gucci Am., 768 F.3d at 142. Plaintiffs made it impossible to satisfy

18   that burden by disclaiming enforcement of the restraints. Next could have moved

                                               21
 1   to compel the Banks to comply with the orders on behalf of their foreign branches.

 2   See Nike IV, 2020 WL 257475, at *25 (“If Assignee wishes to enforce the asset

 3   restraints against the Banks, it should brief the comity factors and give the Banks

 4   an opportunity to respond in connection with a motion to compel compliance.”);

 5   see also, e.g., Gucci Am., 768 F.3d at 127–28 (noting that the district court granted a

 6   motion to compel compliance with the asset restraints before granting the

 7   contempt motion); Tiffany (NJ) LLC v. China Merchs. Bank, 589 F. App’x 550, 553–54

 8   (2d Cir. 2014) (vacating order compelling compliance with asset freezes). Under

 9   the circumstances, Next should have proceeded with a motion to compel

10   compliance by the Banks before seeking contempt sanctions.

11         We also note that the district court has “broad discretion in fashioning

12   coercive remedies,” including declining to award sanctions. King v. Allied Vision,

13   Ltd., 65 F.3d 1051, 1062 (2d Cir. 1995). Contempt sanctions must be “reasonable in

14   relation to the facts,” a determination we leave “to the informed discretion of the

15   district court.” N.Y. State Nat’l Org. for Women v. Terry, 886 F.2d 1339, 1353 (2d Cir.

16   1989). Here, the district court refused to reward Next’s “‘gotcha’ tactics” and other

17   efforts “to delay resolution” of key legal issues. Nike IV, 2020 WL 257475, at *25.

18   The district court emphasized the gamesmanship at the foundation of Next’s

                                               22
 1   motion: The $150 million in contempt sanctions reflects injuries that Plaintiffs

 2   allowed to accumulate while resting on their rights for six years and disclaiming

 3   enforcement for four. These dilatory tactics undermine Next’s claim to such a

 4   large amount in damages. See 11A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal

 5   Practice and Procedure § 2946 (3d ed. 2021) (“[A] plaintiff is advised to assert all

 6   rights under Rule 65 promptly. Any unnecessary delay in doing so may be viewed

 7   as inconsistent with a claim that plaintiff is suffering great injury . . . .”).

 8         In sum, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Nike and

 9   Next’s motion for $150 million in contempt sanctions in light of Plaintiffs’ years-

10   long delay in seeking enforcement of the orders.

11   B.    There Is a “Fair Ground of Doubt” as to Whether the Restraints Could
12         Bind the Banks

13         The district court also properly denied Next’s contempt motion because

14   Next failed to carry its burden to demonstrate that the asset restraints clearly and

15   unambiguously forbade the Banks’ conduct. As in any contempt motion, Next

16   must establish that the orders are “clear and unambiguous” to hold the Banks in

17   contempt. Next also must show that the orders were sufficiently clear to the Banks

18   at the time of the alleged conduct that it would not be “unreasonable” to require

                                                 23
 1   compliance in the first instance “on pain of contempt.” Gotham Registry, 514 F.3d

 2   at 292.

 3          “A clear and unambiguous order is one that leaves no uncertainty in the

 4   minds of those to whom it is addressed, who must be able to ascertain from the

 5   four corners of the order precisely what acts are forbidden.” King, 65 F.3d at 1058

 6   (cleaned up). Thus, a contempt order “is inappropriate if ‘there is a fair ground of

 7   doubt as to the wrongfulness of the [alleged contemnor’s] conduct.’” Latino

 8   Officers Ass’n, 558 F.3d at 164 (quoting Cal. Artificial Stone Paving Co. v. Molitor, 113

 9   U.S. 609, 618 (1885)). Ambiguities in the order’s language and persisting questions

10   about legal limits on the court’s power can each defeat a contempt motion. See,

11   e.g., King, 65 F.3d at 1059 (linguistic ambiguity); Gotham Registry, 514 F.3d at 292

12   (legal ambiguity). 6

13          We hold that the district court appropriately exercised its discretion to deny

14   Next’s contempt motion because there are “fair ground[s] of doubt” as to whether

15   those restraints apply extraterritorially in light of principles of international

            6 By contrast, the First Circuit has held that only linguistic ambiguity is a defense to
     contempt. See Goya Food, Inc. v. Wallack Mgmt. Co., 290 F.3d 63, 76 (1st Cir. 2002) (“Thus, the ‘clear
     and unambiguous’ standard applies to the language of the relevant court order, not to its
     effectiveness.” (emphasis in original)).

                                                      24
 1   comity and New York’s separate entity rule and as to whether the Banks were “in

 2   active concert or participation” with Defendants within the meaning of Rule 65(d).

 3         1.     International Comity

 4         To avoid a conflict with Chinese law, principles of international comity

 5   might limit the asset restraints’ geographic scope to domestic accounts. Comity

 6   “is the recognition which one nation allows within its territory to the legislative,

 7   executive or judicial acts of another nation.” Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113, 164

 8   (1895). “Although courts in this country have long recognized the principles of

 9   international comity and have advocated them in order to promote cooperation

10   and reciprocity with foreign lands, comity remains a rule of ‘practice, convenience,

11   and expediency’ rather than of law.” Pravin Banker Assocs., Ltd. v. Banco Popular

12   Del Peru, 109 F.3d 850, 854 (2d Cir. 1997) (quoting Somportex Ltd. v. Phila. Chewing

13   Gum Corp., 453 F.2d 435, 440 (3d Cir. 1971)). It follows that “when a court order

14   will infringe on sovereign interests of a foreign state,” we eschew any categorical

15   rule and instead draw on the eight-factor framework found in Section 403 of the

16   Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law. Gucci Am., 768 F.3d at 139 (citing

17   United States v. Davis, 767 F.2d 1025, 1036–39 (2d Cir. 1985)).

                                              25
 1         Here, the Banks assert that China’s banking laws prohibit them from

 2   freezing customer accounts. A Chinese bank may freeze assets only at the request

 3   of a “competent organ”—a term that includes Chinese courts but excludes foreign

 4   courts. App’x at 10,345–46 (citing Provisions on the Administration of Financial

 5   Institutions’ Assistance to Inquiries, Freezing or Deduction of Accounts

 6   (promulgated by People’s Bank of China, Jan. 15, 2002, effective Feb. 1, 2002),

 7   CLI.10.56742(EN) (Lawinfochina)). Next disputes this reading of Chinese law and

 8   dismisses the possibility that the Banks, as “quasi-governmental entities,” would

 9   actually be sanctioned for freezing Defendants’ accounts. Reply Br. at 32.

10         There is a “fair ground of doubt” about how the comity factors would apply

11   in this case. Section 403 calls for China and the United States to “evaluate both [of]

12   its interests” and to yield to the state with the “clearly greater interest.”

13   Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations § 403 cmt. e (Am. Law Inst. 1987). “It

14   need hardly be stated that the United States itself has a powerful interest in

15   enforcing the acts of Congress, especially those, such as the Lanham Act, that are

16   designed to protect intellectual property rights and prevent consumer confusion.”

17   Gucci Am. v. Li, No. 10-cv-4974, 2011 WL 6156936, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 23, 2011)

18   (Sullivan, J.), vacated on other grounds 768 F.3d 122 (2d Cir. 2014). On the other

                                              26
 1   hand, factors like “the connections . . . between the regulating state and the person

 2   principally responsible for the activity to be regulated, or between that state and

 3   those whom the regulation is designed to protect,” Restatement (Third) of Foreign

 4   Relations § 403(2)(b), suggest that enforcing the asset restraints would be

 5   improper, because the Banks, the accounts, and the affected customers are located

 6   in China.

 7          The district court never engaged in this kind of analysis with respect to the

 8   asset restraints. 7 “A comity analysis drawing upon § 403 is . . . appropriate before

 9   ordering a nonparty foreign bank to freeze assets abroad in apparent

10   contravention of foreign law to which it is subject.” Gucci Am., 768 F.3d at 139

11   (emphasis added). Where, as here, the comity concerns are colorable and the

12   district court had not decided the issue, the Banks had a reasonable basis to doubt

13   whether the asset restraints applied to their foreign branches. The district court

14   thus did not abuse its discretion in denying Next’s contempt motion based on the

15   Banks’ failure to implement such restraints in China.

            7 The district court engaged in a comity analysis only with respect to the discovery
     requests, which implicate a set of factors distinct from section 403.

                                                 27
 1         2.     Separate Entity Rule

 2         New York’s separate entity rule, which in this context is itself a rule of

 3   comity, also provides “fair ground[s] of doubt” about whether the asset restraints

 4   apply to the Banks’ Chinese branches. “The separate entity rule . . . provides that

 5   even when a bank garnishee with a New York branch is subject to personal

 6   jurisdiction, its other branches are to be treated as separate entities for certain

 7   purposes, particularly with respect to [New York Civil Practice Law and Rules]

 8   article 62 prejudgment attachments and article 52 postjudgment restraining

 9   notices and turnover orders.” See Motorola Credit Corp. v. Standard Chartered Bank,

10   21 N.E.3d 223, 226 (N.Y. 2014), answering question certified by Tire Eng’g & Distrib.

11   L.L.C v. Bank of China Ltd., 740 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2014).

12         Although the separate entity rule is a principle of state law, the Federal

13   Rules of Civil Procedure incorporate state law under certain circumstances. As

14   relevant here, Rule 69 provides that “[t]he procedure on [writs of] execution—and

15   in proceedings supplementary to and in aid of judgment or execution—must

16   accord with the procedure of the state where the court is located.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

17   69(a)(1). Any conflicting “federal statute governs to the extent it applies.” Fed. R.

18   Civ. P. 69(a)(1).

                                               28
 1         In the district court’s view, the postjudgment asset restraints were subject to

 2   the separate entity rule, which prevented their extraterritorial application. See Nike

 3   IV, 2020 WL 257475, at *21–22 (citing Motorola, 21 N.E.3d at 230). We need not

 4   decide whether the separate entity rule bars enforcement of the postjudgment

 5   asset restraints. It is enough that Next fails to identify a legal principle that clearly

 6   subjects the Chinese branches to the asset restraints, whether by blocking

 7   application of the separate entity rule or by reaching the Chinese branches

 8   notwithstanding the separate entity rule.

 9         Next makes two dubious arguments. First, it claims that the separate entity

10   rule cannot apply where it is in conflict with Federal Rule of Civil

11   Procedure 65(d)’s provisions binding nonparties who have actual notice. We

12   reject this argument. Rule 69 describes its operation with more specificity than

13   does Rule 65(d).     In such circumstances, “the particular enactment must be

14   operative, and the general enactment must be taken to affect only such cases

15   within its general language as are not within the provisions of the particular

16   enactment.” RadLAX Gateway Hotel, LLC v. Amalgamated Bank, 566 U.S. 639, 646

17   (2012) (quoting United States v. Chase, 135 U.S. 255, 260 (1890)).

                                                29
 1         Second, Next asserts that the separate entity rule applies only if personal

 2   jurisdiction is based entirely on the presence of a New York branch. And here,

 3   Next argues that personal jurisdiction is based on the foreign accounts’ use of New

 4   York correspondent and settlement accounts, so the separate entity rule must not

 5   apply. Again, we disagree. To start, Next points to no New York authority

 6   holding that the separate entity rule depends on the nature of the jurisdictional

 7   hook. Cf. Global Tech., Inc. v. Royal Bank of Can., No. 150151/2011, 2012 WL 89823,

 8   at *13 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2012) (explaining that the separate entity rule should be

 9   “understood as akin to a rule governing service of process” independent of

10   jurisdiction). Moreover, the district court did not decide whether it had specific

11   personal jurisdiction over the Banks as to their compliance with the asset

12   restraints, let alone over their Chinese branches. The district court’s personal

13   jurisdiction finding was expressly limited to the discovery orders. See Nike II, 349

14   F. Supp. 3d at 322, 332 & n.12. Next thus failed to meet its burden to show that the

15   restraints applied to the foreign bank branches.

16         3.    “Active Concert or Participation” Under Rule 65(d)

17         The district court also determined that the Banks were not in “active concert

18   or participation” with Defendants and thus the asset restraints did not clearly and

                                             30
 1   unambiguously apply to the nonparty Banks under Rule 65(d)(2). See Nike IV, 2020

 2   WL 257475, at *19–20. We agree with this conclusion.

 3         “Rule 65(d) is designed to codify the common-law doctrine that defendants

 4   may not nullify a decree by carrying out prohibited acts through aiders and

 5   abettors, although they were not parties to the original proceeding.” Doctor’s

 6   Assocs., Inc. v. Reinert & Duree, P.C., 191 F.3d 297, 302–03 (2d Cir. 1999) (internal

 7   quotation marks omitted); see also Alemite Mfg. Corp. v. Staff, 42 F.2d 832, 833 (2d

 8   Cir. 1930) (L. Hand, J.) (stating that, in order to hold a nonparty in contempt of a

 9   court order, the nonparty “must either abet the defendant, or must be legally

10   identified with him”). The relevant inquiry under Rule 65(d) is whether the

11   nonparty Banks aided or abetted the Defendants’ violations of the court’s orders.

12   See NML Cap., Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 727 F.3d 230, 243 (2d Cir. 2013) (stating

13   that Rule 65(d) forbids nonparties “‘in active concert or participation’ with an

14   enjoined party . . . from assisting in a violation of the injunction” (emphasis added)).

15         We have never catalogued the activities that constitute aiding and abetting

16   a defendant’s violation of an asset-restraint order. Although Defendants may have

17   violated the orders by withdrawing or transferring funds, there is a “fair ground

18   of doubt” as to whether the facilitation of such transactions by providing routine

                                               31
 1   financial services could expose the Banks to liability under Rule 65(d). 8 The

 2   district court reasonably concluded that Rule 65(d) requires “clear and convincing

 3   proof” that “‘an enjoined party is substantially intertwined with a non-party,’”

 4   and that such proof was lacking here. Nike IV, 2020 WL 257475, at *19 (quoting

 5   John Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. Book Dog Books, LLC, 327 F. Supp. 3d 606, 638 (S.D.N.Y.

 6   2018)). The ultimate answer to this question might also depend on the common-

 7   law understanding of aiding and abetting, which would ask whether a nonparty’s

 8   assistance is sufficiently “substantial” to be proscribed by the Rule.                      See

 9   Restatement (First) of Torts § 876(b) (Am. Law Inst. 1939).                     But such an

10   understanding is at best uncertain and our sister circuits have not adopted it. See,

11   e.g., Inst. of Cetacean Rsch. v. Sea Shepherd Conservation Soc’y, 774 F.3d 935, 949–51

12   (9th Cir. 2014); Goya Foods, Inc. v. Wallack Mgmt. Co., 290 F.3d 63, 75 (1st Cir. 2002);

13   Additive Controls & Measurement Sys., Inc. v. Flowdata, Inc., 154 F.3d 1345, 1353 (Fed.

14   Cir. 1998).

            8 We thus need not address the question whether the Banks’ provision of “routine”
     banking services can constitute aiding and abetting violations of asset-restraint orders. To the
     extent the district court held otherwise, we reach no conclusion on that portion of its ruling.

                                                   32
 1         As with the question of extraterritorial application, the “fair ground of

 2   doubt” as to whether the Banks were in “active concert or participation” with

 3   Defendants is enough to defeat Next’s contempt motion.

 4   C.    The Alleged Discovery Violations

 5         Finally, we affirm the district court’s denial of Next’s motion for discovery

 6   sanctions. The standard for holding a party in contempt of discovery orders is the

 7   same as the standard for holding a party in contempt of asset restraints. See S. New

 8   England Tel. Co., 624 F.3d at 144–45. Next “must establish that (1) the order the

 9   contemnor failed to comply with is clear and unambiguous, (2) the proof of

10   noncompliance is clear and convincing, and (3) the contemnor has not diligently

11   attempted to comply in a reasonable manner.” King, 65 F.3d at 1058. Unlike the

12   asset restraints, where the focus has been on the clarity of the orders, the district

13   court found that Next’s proof of noncompliance with the discovery orders was not

14   “clear and convincing” because the Banks made “diligent and energetic efforts to

15   comply in a reasonable manner.” Nike IV, 2020 WL 257475, at *25 (quoting Gotham

16   Registry, 514 F.3d at 293). These are factual findings, which Next must show were

17   clearly erroneous in order to prevail. See Latino Officers Ass’n, 558 F.3d at 164.

                                               33
 1         On appeal, Next focuses on just two of the Banks: BOCOM and ABC. See

 2   Appellant’s Br. at 56–57. Next alleges that BOCOM and ABC each withheld

 3   requested documents showing transactions associated with several merchant

 4   accounts used in the counterfeiting scheme.        But Next offers no clear and

 5   convincing proof that such documents existed and were in each bank’s possession.

 6   For example, BOCOM’s compliance officer’s statement that BOCOM “identified

 7   transaction information pertaining to” several merchants before blacklisting those

 8   merchants, App’x at 1492, in no way proves that BOCOM created records of

 9   individual transactions and maintained such records. Likewise, Next’s assertion

10   that Mastercard’s intricate rules for intermediary merchants required ABC and

11   BOCOM to keep such records does not prove that the records exist or ever existed.

12   We thus affirm the district court’s denial of Next’s motion for discovery sanctions.

13                                  IV. CONCLUSION

14         For the reasons set forth above, the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.

                                             34