Court Opinion

ID: 9669561
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 02:59:53.38894+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:15:58.023532
License: Public Domain

COCHRAN, J.,
concurring, in which PRICE, J. joined.
I join the majority opinion. I write separately to emphasize several points: (1) the majority is not overruling Williams v. State1 or Powell v. State;2 (2) this is a “sauce for goose is sauce for gander” rule which protects both defendants and society-at-large from a trial judge’s accidental misstatements or momentary mistakes; and (3) the State did not appeal the issue of whether the trial court’s re-sentencing, if it was based upon a statutorily prohibited consideration of the victim impact statement, was illegal; therefore, we cannot address that issue.
A. The majority opinion clarifies, but does not overrule, Williams and Powell on the question of when a sentence commences.
In both Williams and Powell, this Court held that a trial court does not have the power to alter or modify a defendant’s sentence once the defendant has begun to serve his sentence.3 Indeed, the Double *700Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution forbids any increase in a defendant’s sentence once that sentence has been served or “executed.”4 However, in Powell, this Court expressly stated:
It seems to be well established by the authorities in other states that a court has power to revise, correct or vacate a sentence imposed during the term of the court in which the conviction was had and before the original sentence has gone into operation or action is had under it.5
The issue in this case, then, is when does a sentence go into operation? Article 42.09, section 1, of the Code of Criminal Procedure states that “[t]he defendant’s sentence begins to run on the day it is pronounced....” The State argues that, in fact, it begins to run “the moment that it is orally pronounced and that sentencing has concluded.6 This rule has the advantage of being a very bright line, but it fails in flexibility. Judges and parties occasionally make mistakes or misstatements in speaking. Such mistakes ought not be cast in stone.7 “The Constitution does not re*701quire that sentencing should be a game in which a wrong move by the judge means immunity for the prisoner.”8 Similarly, the rule fails to allow for a sudden change of heart if made swiftly enough.
Both federal and state jurisdictions, recognizing the inequitable harshness of such an inflexible rule, have held that a trial court may modify or alter its sentence — up or down — with “reasonable promptness” as long as the defendant has not actually begun to serve his sentence.9 The virtue of the majority’s default rule — a defendant’s sentence begins at the adjournment of court on the day that it is pronounced — avoids the ticklish technicali*702ties of deciding whether the defendant may be returned to the bench after the trial court has orally remanded him to the custody of the sheriff,10 returned him from a hold-over cell11 or the elevator,12 and so forth. Of course, if the evidence affirmatively and clearly shows that the defendant had begun serving his sentence before adjournment of court on the day of sentencing,13 then the trial court cannot modify or alter his original sentence under Williams or Powell,14
B. The Court’s rule permits a trial judge to alter or modify his sentence either up or down if the defendant has not yet begun to serve the original sentence.
Although the Court does not expressly say so, the rule set out in the majority opinion sets the finality of the sentencing process for both upward and downward alterations. A good rule generally works both ways. If a trial judge has authority to decrease a sentence before the defendant begins to serve that sentence — as the majority correctly holds — then surely he has equal authority to increase it if double jeopardy is no bar. As noted in the cases cited in Part A, double jeopardy is no bar.15
The majority holds that “a trial court also retains plenary power to modify its sentence if, as in this case, the modification is made on the same day as the assessment of the initial sentence and before the court adjourns for the day.” That is, the trial court may modify its sentence either up or down on the day of sentencing as *703long as the defendant has not yet begun to serve his sentence.
C. The State did not appeal the propriety of a trial court altering its sentence after hearing the victim’s statement.
The trial judge changed her sentence from twenty-five years to fifteen years after hearing the victim’s statement about the crime. I certainly agree with the dissent that this is “an additional problem with this case which warrants mentioning.” 16 It deserves nothing more than a mere mention, however, because the State did not appeal on this basis. The State raised a single point of error in the court of appeals:
A trial court has no authority to “resen-tence” a defendant when the first sentence is within the statutory range and the defendant has begun serving the sentence, and any purported resentence is void and appealable by the State as being a sentence that is illegal. When the trial court here sentenced Aguilera to a valid sentence within the statutory range of punishment of 25 years’ confinement and remanded him to custody, but within minutes, with the only intervening court event being the victim’s post-sentencing statement, resenteneed Aguilera to a lower punishment of 15 years’ confinement, wasn’t such purported resentencing void and appealable by the State as being a sentence that was illegal?
Because the State did not bring a point of error to the court of appeals addressing the purported illegal basis for the re-sentencing, we cannot address that question ourselves nor remand to the court of appeals to address an issue that was never directly presented to it.17
With these comments, I join the majority opinion.

. 145 Tex.Crim. 536, 542, 170 S.W.2d 482, 486 (1943) (“when the accused has accepted the judgment and has performed a part thereof, or has suffered some punishment as a result thereof, in which event the court is powerless to change the judgment in any substantial respect”).

. 124 Tex.Crim. 513, 515-16, 63 S.W.2d 712, 713 (1933) (trial court does not have power to stack sentences after appellant had served several months of sentence which had been ordered to run concurrently with another sentence).

.Williams, 145 Tex.Crim. at 542, 170 S.W.2d at 486; Powell, 124 Tex.Crim. at 515-16, 63 S.W.2d at 713; see also Ex parte Reynolds, 462 S.W.2d 605, 608 (Tex.Crim.App.1970) (holding that "it was beyond the power of the court ... to add a cumulation order onto the last sentence imposed after the petitioner had suffered punishment under the sentence originally imposed”); Ex parte Brown, 477 S.W.2d 552, 554 (Tex.Crim.App.1972) (trial court’s re-sentencing order making sentences cumulative entered after defendant had been imprisoned for two months was invalid; "[s]uch *700a belated attempt at altering the terms of a defendant's sentence [is] null and void of effect"); Blackwell v. State, 510 S.W.2d 952, 956 (Tex.Crim.App.1974).

. Ex parte Lange, 18 Wall. 163, 175-6, 85 U.S. 163, 174, 21 L.Ed. 872 (1873) (double jeopardy protects against any increase in punishment for the same crime once the defendant has served his sentence or a portion thereof or other-wise suffered punishment; when statute set punishment at either a fine or imprisonment and defendant had already paid fine, trial court was without power to modify, five days later, original sentence of both a fine and imprisonment to delete the fine and require the imprisonment). In Lange, the Supreme Court expressly noted that the trial court did have constitutional authority to modify or alter the sentence upwards as long as that sentence had not yet been "executed.” Id. at 174, 85 U.S. 163. See also Ex Parte Barley, 842 S.W.2d 694, 695 (Tex.Crim.App.1992) (a cumulation order entered after a defendant has commenced serving his sentence violates double jeopardy provisions); see generally, Lee R. Russ, Power of State Court, During Same Term, to Increase Severity of Lawful Sentence-Modem Status, 26 A.L.R.4th 905 at [3] (1983 & 2005 Supp.) ("Russ”).

. 124 Tex.Crim. at 515, 63 S.W.2d at 713.

. The State relies, in part, on Ex parte Madding, 70 S.W.3d 131, 135 (Tex.Crim.App.2002), in which this Court stated that
the imposition of sentence is the crucial moment when all of the parties are physically present at the sentencing hearing and able to hear and respond to the imposition of sentence. Once he leaves the courtroom, tíre defendant begins serving the sentence imposed.
Id. An important aspect in Madding, however, was that the defendant was never brought back into open court, much less on the same day as the original sentencing, before the written judgment was modified outside his presence and without his knowledge. Id. at 136 ("Once applicant was removed from the courtroom and began serving his sentence, it was too late to cumulate the sentence just imposed with an earlier one. A trial court does not have the statutory authority or discretion to orally pronounce one sentence in front of the defendant, but enter a different sentence in his written judgment, outside the defendant’s presence”). To the extent that Madding could be construed as suggesting that the second the courtroom door closes upon the sentenced person’s back, that person has begun serving his sentence, and that sentence is forever cast in stone regardless of how speedily the defendant is returned to open court, the majority’s opinion today clarifies Madding.

.See Rowley v. Welch, 72 App. D.C. 351, 114 F.2d 499 (1940). In rejecting the argument that the Double Jeopardy Clause prohibits any correction, alteration, or change once the words pronouncing sentence have fallen from a judge’s lips, the court of appeals stated:
If the mere oral pronouncement of the words of sentence is a final and irrevocable judgment taking unalterable effect instantaneously, by that act the prisoner is placed in danger of execution of the sentence and therefore in jeopardy. But this assumes that the oral utterance is final and unalterable, that it exhausts the court’s power over its act of judgment. That certainly is not *701true, so far as some kinds of change are concerned. The oral utterance is an act of judgment, but it is not an entirely unalterable one. Other events, as for example entry of the order of commitment, are required to give it absolute finality. Until they occur, the court retains jurisdiction and power, within recognized limits which need not be specified here, to make corrections, perhaps even other changes, which may be required by a right administration of justice. Entirely apart from specific constitutional limitations, therefore, there is nothing in the nature of mere oral pronouncement of sentence, judgmental in character though that act may be, which gives it absolutely unalterable quality.
... Appellant’s view, carried to its logical extreme, would prevent a correction of mere inadvertence at any time after it occurs, even in the next breath. So construed, the Amendment would embalm into constitutional right an act of pure inadvertence, although every consideration of justice and its proper administration requires that this most solemn judicial step be taken with no taint of accident or inattention, but with the utmost deliberation and presence of mind. Courts, being human, cannot avoid occasional lapses characteristic of humanity, nor can the Constitution prevent them. It can only guard against their consequences. But it would not do so by perpetuating or making them inescapable.
Id. at 503 (footnote omitted).

. Bozza v. United States, 330 U.S. 160, 166-167, 67 S.Ct. 645, 91 L.Ed. 818 (1947) (holding that five-hour interim between first and second sentencing did not violate double jeopardy although defendant was taken first to the U.S. Marshal’s office and then to a local federal detention jail awaiting transportation to the penitentiary where he was finally to be confined; trial judge had forgotten to impose mandatory fine); compare State v. Dickerson, 864 S.W.2d 761, 763 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no pet.) (holding that trial court did not have authority to correct mistake in failing to sentence defendant as habitual offender when less than a minute elapsed from time of imposing first sentence of two years to imposing intended sentence of twenty-five years even though it was clear that the "trial court meant to find the enhancement paragraphs true”); Tooke v. State, 642 S.W.2d 514, 518 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1982, no pet.) (trial court, which immediately realized that it had mistakenly omitted consideration of enhancement paragraph in pronouncing sentence, could not correct mistake and re-sentence defendant in same proceeding). Of course, neither Dickerson nor Tooke survive the majority’s holding today.

. See Russ, 26 A.L.R.4th 905 at [4]; see also United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117, 134, 101 S.Ct. 426, 66 L.Ed.2d 328 (1980) (noting that "the established practice in the federal courts [is] that the sentencing judge may recall the defendant and increase his sentence, at least (and we venture no comment as to this limitation) so long as he has not begun to serve that sentence”); United States v. DiLorenzo, 429 F.2d 216, 221 (2d Cir.1970) (because defendant was free on bail at the trial and had not yet commenced to serve his sentence, trial judge had the power to promptly recall him and impose a corrected sentence "a few hours later”); Green v. United States, 363 A.2d 979, 980 (Dist.Col.App.1976) (no double jeopardy violation when judge "misspoke” in originally sentencing defendant to a term of 3 to 6 years, and there was a delay of less than one hour before orally re-sentencing defendant to sentence of 3 to 9 years when defendant was still in courthouse); Thomas v. United States, 388 A.2d 1231, 1232-33 (Dist.Col.App.1978) (7 hour delay between imposition of original sentence and increased sentence was reasonably prompt when defendant had spent interval in detention cell awaiting transfer to jail; trial court explained that he wanted to correct a sentence he never intended to impose).

. Maher v. State, 991 P.2d 1248, 1250-51 (Wyo.1999) (although trial judge had completed sentencing and ordered defendant remanded to custody of sheriff, defendant had not left courtroom; trial judge could reconvene court 25 minutes later, recall defendant to bench, and cumulate sentences); Vincent v. United States, 337 F.2d 891, 893-894 (8th Cir.1964) (defendant had not yet begun serving his sentence when he had not left courtroom although he was told to report to the marshal; trial court had authority to re-sentence him).

. See Oxman v. United States, 148 F.2d 750, 752-53 (8th Cir.1945) (defendant was sentenced to six years’ imprisonment and taken to marshal’s office in the same building while co-defendants were being sentenced; more than an hour later, the trial court ordered the defendant returned to the courtroom and re-sentenced him; permissible because it was done prior to cpmmencement of service of sentence).

. See Rowley, 114 F.2d at 501 (defendant had not begun to serve his sentence when he had been removed from courtroom, led through vestibule, and was recalled from elevator).

. For example, if the defendant was sentenced to pay a fine and he did so before the end of the day. See Ex parte Lange, 18 Wall, at 176, 21 L.Ed. 872.

. Under the Supreme Court's reasoning in DiFrancesco, 133-39, it appears that the Double Jeopardy Clause might not necessarily bar an upward modification of a sentence under certain circumstances even though the defendant had begun serving it. 449 U.S. at 133-39, 101 S.Ct. 426; see United States v. Lundien, 769 F.2d 981, 985-87 (4th Cir.1985) (analyzing DiFrancesco and reasoning that double jeopardy did not bar resentencing even after a defendant had begun serving his sentence, but concluding that due process concerns should be balanced in each case in determining whether defendant’s sentence can be increased once he has begun to serve it); United States v. Busic, 639 F.2d 940, 949-50 (3d Cir.1981) (stating that, under DiFran-cesco, trial judge could alter sentence upward on remand from appeal when original sentence on multiple counts was incorrect); compare United States v. Henry, 709 F.2d 298, 309-10 (5th Cir.1983) (noting that the scope of the holding in DiFrancesco "remains uncertain,” and declining to reach the constitutional question).

. See, e.g., DiFrancesco, supra; DiLorenzo, supra; Green, supra; Thomas, supra; Rowley, supra.

. Infra, op. at 706 (Keasler, J., dissenting).

. The State did argue, in the court of appeals, that one rationale supporting its argument that the sentence was final and unalterable at the moment the trial judge orally spoke the words, was to avoid the situation in which a trial court could pronounce sentence, hear a victim impact statement, and then alter its sentence (either up or down) based upon that statutorily-prohibited consideration. See Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 42.03(b)(3) (victim impact statement must be made "after sentence is pronounced”).