Court Opinion

ID: 5433657
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-08 17:49:53.890779+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:31:44.134473
License: Public Domain

Field, J., after stating the facts, delivered the opinion of the Court—Terry, C. J., and Burnett, J., concurring.
To the judgment, the appellants urge various objections : first, the impolicy of upholding voluntary separations between husband and wife; second, the illegality of the contract under the civil law; third, the invalidity of the trust for want of acceptance by the trustee; fourth, title in the defendants, or those under whom they hold by virtue of the sale and judgment of April, 1850; fifth, want of registration of the deed, and consequent absence of notice to the purchasers under the sheriff's sale; and sixth, subsequent reconciliation and cohabitation between the husband and wife.
It is admitted by the counsel of the appellants that deeds of separation between husband and wife have been upheld by the Courts of Chancery in England, but it is insisted that this has been done with expressions of regret by the later Judges that they have felt themselves bound by previous adjudications, as otherwise they would not have hesitated to pronounce such agreements void as against the policy of the law. Our attention is particularly called to the observations of Lord Eldon, in the celebrated case of Lord St. John v. Lady St. John. (11 Vesey, 526.) In that case Lord Eldon doubted whether such agreements could be the foundation of cither action or specific performance, and said: “ That doubt has long had place in my mind. If this were res integra, untouched by dictum or decision, I would not have permitted such a covenant to be the foundation of an action, or a suit in this Court. But if dicta have followed dicta, or decision has followed decision, to the extent of settling the law, I cannot, upon any doubt of mine as to what ought originally to have been the decision, shake what is the settled law upon the subject.” The same opinion was reiterated by the Chancellor several years afterwards, in the case of The Earl of Westmeath v. The Countess of Westmeath. Previous to the decision in Lord St. John v. Lady St. John, agreements of this kind, made through the intervention of a trustee, were upheld in a great variety of cases, and notwithstanding the observations of Eldon, the law seems to have undergone no change. Indeed, it is settled by an unbroken series of decisions, from Seeling v. Crawley, decided by the Master of the Bolls in 1700, (2 Tern on, 385,) to Wilson v. Wilson, decided by the Vice-Chancellor in 1845, (14 Simons, 405,) that agreements of this nature are valid, and not liable to the objection that they are against sound principles of policy.
Those who feel an interest in the investigation of the subject will find a citation of the English authorities in the opinion of *493the Vice-Chancellor in Wilson v. Wilson, and will find it difficult, after their examination, to dissent from his judgment “that the matter is concluded by authority.”
And the law in the United States is equally well settled as in England, as will appear by reference to some of the principal cases in which the question has arisen. In Carson v. Murray, (3 Paige, 483,) Chancellor Walworth said:
“ It has, however, long since become the settled law in England, that a valid agreement for an immediate separation between a husband and wife, and for a separate allowance for her support, may be made through the medium of a trustee; and, as-, many of the decisions which have gone the greatest length on this subject took place previous to the Revolution, they have been recognized here as settling the law in this State (Hew York) to the same extent.”
In Nichols v. Palmer, (5 Day, 47,) the Supreme Court of Connecticut held such agreements valid, and Smith, J., in his opinion in the case, said: “ Contracts between the husband and some third person, for the separate maintenance of the wife, have the uniform sanction of the Courts, in England, from the earliest period of their jurisprudence, and is a part of the ancient common law. In this coxintiy, it is believed, that our ancestors have been in the habit of making similar arrangements, from the first settlement of the country; and many exist at this time, in various parts of the State, which have been made in pursuance of this usage. Such being the common law of England at the time our ancestor’s emigrated from that country, and such having been the usage in this country ever since, it ought now to be binding on our Courts as the common law of the land.”
In Hutton v. Day, (3 Barr, Penn., 100,) the article of agreement was entered into without the intoi’vention of a trustee, and the wife, after the death of her husband, sought to invalidate it, and recover the portion of his estate which she had relinquished by the ai’ticle; but the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania upheld the contract as having been consummated, and in its opinioxx, said:
“ Deeds for the separation of husband and wife are valid and effectual, both at law and in equity, provided their object be actual and immediate, and not a contingent or future separation. This distinction runs through all the cases, and, although the wisest Judges have frequeixtly assoi’ted that deeds of separation are at variance with the policy of the law, it is now too firmly settled to be shaken. The agreement here contemplates an immediate separation; it was carried into effect in good faith by the husband; has nothing unreasonable in it; and, consequently, the wife, after the death of the husband, is not entitled to the aid of the Court in any attempt to violate it.”
In Battle v. Wilson, (14 Ohio, 257,) the Supreme Ooxxrt of Ohio held that articles of separation, through the medium of a tx’ustee, *494where the separation takes place, are not void, as against public policy.
In Chapman v. Gray, (8 Geo., 341,) the Supreme Court of Georgia, after an extended consideration of the English and American cases, sustained the validity of an agreement of separation. Mr. Justice Lumpkin, in delivering the opinion of the Court, expressed doubts as to the policy and morality of voluntary separations, but considered the law on the subject too well settled to be departed from.
In Reed v. Beazley, (1 Blackford, 97,) the Supreme Court of Indiana upheld the agreement, and to the objection that the contract was void, as against the policy of the law, said : “ that contracts of this nature are supported by a long train of English decisions; and we are satisfied that it comports with good policy to act in conformity with those decisions. How much soever we may regret the unhappy state of society that renders articles of this nature necessary, we see no reason to regret that such contracts, so far as they provide for the maintenance of the wife, are considered obligatory.”
From these authorities, and others to the same effect might be cited, it is clear that, by the settled law in the United States, such agreements are not invalid, because against sound principles of policy, and are upheld and enforced, when entered into through the intervention of a trustee, if followed by immediate separation, or, if separation has previously taken place.
The second objection urged upon our attention, is the illegality of the contract under the civil law. The deed was executed on the sixteenth of February, 1850. The common law, as a rule of decision, was not adopted until April 13, 1850, and by an act passed April 22,1850, all laws in force in this State, except those passed at the first session of the Legislature, were repealed, with a proviso that all rights acquired, contracts made, or suits pending, should not be affected thereby. It is contended, therefore, that the validity of the agreement in suit must be determined by the civil law in force in California at the date of its execution, and that by the civil law it is a nullity.
The briefs of counsel are exceedingly barren of references to authorities as to the Mexican civil law, and furnish little aid to the Court in its investigation. It is true that the Court is bound to take judicial notice of the general laws in force in this State at the cession of California which remained unrepealed until the act of April, 1850. Those laws are not regarded as foreign, so as to require proof of their existence, and counsel seem to have contented themselves with this circumstance and general assertions as to their character, with few citations of text-books or judicial decisions.
In 14 Merlin, title 5, § 25, “ of the contract of marriage,” the doctrine of the civil law is laid down as follows :
*495“ There can be no derogation from, the power of the husband over the person of his wife. So that the agreement by which the wife would be authorized, in case of incompatibility of temper, to live separate from her husband, or the husband to live separate from his wife, would be null, and of no effect."
The nullity of the agreement for separation may be admitted, and the conclusion does not follow that the husband may not be bound to pay an annuity in consideration of being indemnified against the support and debts of his wife. The covenants for separation will not be enforced, either in the English or American Courts, and yet full force is given to the collateral covenants of the husband and trustee. (2 Story’s Equity, § 1428.) So, in the civil law, contracts by the husband for the maintenance of the wife will be upiheld like any other contracts, if made upon sufficient consideration, between parties captable of contracting.
In Labbe’s Heirs v. Abbot et al., (2 La., 554,) the validity of an agreement between husband and wife for a division of the common property upion a voluntary separation was upheld. In that case, it appeared that in 1781 the parties entered into a marriage contract, by which they formed a community of property. Upon this contract they were married, and lived together until 1805, “ when they entered into a voluntary agreement to separate, and to live separate, both in person and property." The act of separation was drawn up, and signed by the parties, and acknowledged before an officer exercising at the time the functions of judge and notary. The common property was then divided, and from that time until the death of the wife, the p>arties lived separately, and used and enjoyed separately the propierty assigned to them respectively. Ón the death of the wife, her heirs brought suit against the husband for an account, alleging that the community of property never ceased to exist between the husband and wife, notwithstanding they lived separately, and had divided their property at the separation ¡ and the principal question of law raised in the case was, whether the act of separation of goods, and dissolution of the community, was valid and binding on the parties in any respect, according to the laws in force in the country at the time of its execution. On the argument, it was urged by the plaintiffs, that a voluntary separation of husband and wife was not permitted by the Spanish laws, and such separation did not put an end to the community of property; but the Court, in deciding the case, said :
“ For a solution of the first two of these questions, we must resort to the Sp>anish laws, which afford the only legitimate rules by which the acts of the p>arties are to be construed. According to these laws, it is clear that husband and wife were considered so far separate persons, that they could validly enter into any onerous contracts between themselves. A sale is the example given to illustrate this doctrine. They seem to have been pro*496hibited only from making donations to each other, during the marriage, of property actually in possession. * * The contract by which Deseuirs and his wife agreed, in 1805, to a separation of property, and dissolution of the matrimonial community which had previously existed between them, may he considered as partaking strongly of a contract of exchange, by which each one of the parties gave up his common right or claim to all the property, in consideration of his having obtained a separate ana distinct title to a part. It was, strictly speaking, a partition of common property, and can not be assimilated to a donation. It is well known, that contracts of exchange, .and agreements to divide a common property, create many obligations between the parties to such contracts, very similar to those which arise out of the contract of sale. We, therefore, conclude that the contract of 1805, did operate a good and valid separation of goods between the contracting parties, and dissolution of the community which previously subsisted between them, and a consequent mutual renunciation of any community of acquets and gains which may have been acquired subsequent to that period, by the parties to the contract. It can not be considered as having produced a legal separation, a mensa et thoro. The husband would probably have been obliged to provide for the maintenance of his wife, or to have afforded her bed and board, had she required it at his hands. It is true, the testimony sIioavs that, after the execution of this contract, a voluntary separation of persons took place between the parties; but Ave have no evidence of any violence, or actual constraint, exercised by the husband or his wife." * * “Saving been made by parties capable of contracting, and by mutual consent, it should be held as valid, intoto, unless some of its provisions contained stipulations reprobated by IaAAr."
We can see no distinction in principle between this case and the one at bar. The collateral contract, made with a vieiv to carry into effect a previous agreement to live separately, is upheld, because made by parties capable of contracting, and upon a valid consideration. In the present case, there is sufficient consideration in the covenant of indemnity, on the part of the trustee, against the debts of the Avife, to uphold the covenants and conveyance by her husband.
Such a person as a trustee is unknoAvn to the civil law, and contracts termed onerous, such as contracts of sale, exchange, and lease, can be made directly between husband and wife, and of course between husband and a third party. So far, then, as the collateral undertakings are concerned, avo do not And anything in the civil law Avhich would invalidate them and prevent their enforcement.
This disposition of the objection renders it unnecessary to consider the very interesting question, how far the civil Iuav can he deemed to have been in force after the treaty of G-uadalupe Hi*497dalgo, under the very peculiar and unprecedented condition of California at the time.
The third objection urged for a reversal of the decree is, the invalidity of the trust for want of acceptance by the trustee. The deed was delivered to the trustee, and by him signed, and subsequently left in the possession of his counsel, without any direction as to its disposition. Some weeks afterwards, the deed was placed on record, and subsequently the trustee informed an applicant for a lease of the premises that they were held by him, in trust, for Mrs. Stout. His execution and detention of the instrument, taken in connection with the fact of his previous agreement to accept the trust, and his subsequent declarations, leave no doubt of the acceptance by him. The husband and wife both immediately acted upon the deed. They lived separately, and no complaint is made by the husband of any expenses having been incurred by his wife for which he has been charged. He was personally served with process in this suit, and allowed judgment by default to pass against him.
The defendants who answered the complaint, claim the premises under the sale made upon the execution issued on the judgment against William Stout. There is no evidence that the debt for which this judgment was confessed existed previous to the first of April, 1850. The statute in relation to fraudulent conveyances was not passed until April 19th, 1850, and neither by the civil law or the statute of this state is the provision for the wife fraudulent as against the judgment-creditor, the judgment having been confessed for a debt contracted subsequent to the execution of the deed. Under the statute, and by the civil law, a conveyance for family or wife is valid as against subsequent creditors, provided the husband is solvent at the time. In the present case, no question is raised as to the solvency of William Stout at the date of the deed.
It is unnecessary to consider the objection that there was no such registration of the deed as imparted notice to the purchaser at the sheriff's sale, and those who claim under him, as no title passed by that sale. The judgment, though rendered on the 19th of April, 1850, was not signed by the District Judge until June 8, 1850.
By the act to organize the District Courts, passed March 16, 1850, no process or execution could issue upon any judgment or decree of the Court until signed by the Judge. The thirty-first section of the act reads as follows : “It shall be the duty of the clerk of the District Court to draw up each day’s proceedings at full length, and the same shall be publicly read in open Court, and corrected when necessary; after which they shall be signed by the Judge thereof, and no process or execution shall issue on any judgment or decree of the Court until it has been so read and signed.” The execution upon which the sale was made, issued April 26, *4981850, and the sale was made May 27, 1850, both before the judgment was signed. The whole proceeding was null and void. (Bairre v. Dana, 20 John., 307; Burrill’s Prac., 243.) In Hew York a statute (2 R. S., 360, § 11,) provided that no judgment should be deemed valid so as to authorize any proceedings thereon until the record was signed and filed; and in Butler v. Lewis, (10 Wend., 544,) a record not signed by the proper officer was set aside, and a motion.to allow the record to be signed nunc pro tunc was refused. In the opinion given upon the decision of the case, Mr. Justice Helson said:
“ The record in this ease has no more, validity than if the attorney had filed it when it came from the hands of his clerk; it is mere blank paper, so far as 'the judgment is concerned. The release of all errors in the warrants of attorney and pleas can not cure the defect.” The defendants claiming under the deed from the sheriff are chargeable with notice of the defects in the judgment. A notice of lis pendens was filed in the recorder’s office in May, 1854, and the present holders of the premises all purchased with notice of this litigation, and voluntarily took upon themselves its risks.
The objection of subsequent reconciliation and cohabitation between the husband and wife is unsupported by the evidence in the case, and the point would not merit notice but from the fact that it was the basis of the previous decision of this Court. It is admitted that if parties, after separation, become reconciled and live together, that fact will avoid the deed. (Bright’s Husband and Wife, 349.) The reason of the doctrine is obvious. The object of the deed is to provide for the maintenance of the wife whilst living sep>arately from her husband; but, if reconciliation and cohabitation take place, her maintenance being obligatory upon him, the consideration of the deed fails. The argument of appellant is as follows: Mrs. Stout had a child in 1852, and there is no proof of her husband’s absence from the State at any time after the execution of the deed; access must therefore be presumed.; access is proof of reconciliation, and reconciliation avoids the deed. The argument assumes as a fact that Mrs. Stout gave birth to a child in 1852; but of this there is no legal evidence. The only evidence is mere hearsay, and this connects with the birth of the child the name of its reputed father. From a report of this nature no presumption of access to the husband can arise.
But assuming access to have been proved, it does not follow that it was the consequence of such a reconciliation as would avoid the deed. To effect this end, the reconciliation must be permanent, and be followed by cohabitation. It must be a reconciliation which restores the former relations of the parties. (Hyer v. Bruger, Hoffman Chan. Rep.)
*499There was no cohabitation between the parties in the present case; none is pretended.
The rule as to the presumption of access, cited in the former opinion of this Court, applies only to cases affecting children, and has no application to the parties. It is a rule, founded in policy, out of tenderness to the heirs, to avoid embarrassing questions of legitimacy, and prevent confusion in determining the succession of estates.
Judgment affirmed.