Court Opinion

ID: 4256160
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-03-20 12:12:48.805668+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:14.818340
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                   No. COA17-596

                                Filed: 20 March 2018

Forsyth County, No. 16 CVS 7555

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, Plaintiff,

             v.

ROBERT B. STIMPSON; and BANK OF AMERICA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,
Defendants.

      Appeal by Plaintiff from orders entered 23 February 2017 and 25 April 2017

by Judge John O. Craig, III in Superior Court, Forsyth County. Heard in the Court

of Appeals 13 November 2017.

      Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General James
      M. Stanley, Jr., Assistant Attorney General J. Aldean Webster, III, Assistant
      Attorney General Alexandra M. Hightower, and Assistant Attorney General
      William A. Smith, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

      Hendrick Bryant Nerhood Sanders & Otis, LLP, by Matthew H. Bryant, T. Paul
      Hendrick, Timothy Nerhood, W. Kirk Sanders, and Kenneth C. Otis III, for
      Defendant-Appellee Robert B. Stimpson.

      McGEE, Chief Judge.

                         I. Factual and Procedural History

                                     A. General

      This appeal involves Article 2E, Chapter 136 of the North Carolina General

Statutes, “Transportation Corridor Official Map Act,” (the “Map Act”), that has been

the source of substantial litigation involving hundreds of real property owners. These
                                 DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                         Opinion of the Court

“Map Act” cases have been before this Court and our Supreme Court on multiple

occasions, and the general factual and procedural history has been repeatedly and

thoroughly addressed many times. See, e.g., Beroth Oil Co. v. N.C. Dep’t of Transp.,

220 N.C. App. 419, 725 S.E.2d 651 (2012) (“Beroth I”), aff’d in part, vacated in part,

Beroth Oil Co. v. N.C. Dep’t of Transp., 367 N.C. 333, 757 S.E.2d 466 (2014) (“Beroth

II”); Beroth Oil Co. v. N.C. Dep’t of Transp., __ N.C. App. __, 808 S.E.2d 488 (2017)

(“Beroth III”); see also Kirby v. N.C. Dep’t of Transp., 239 N.C. App. 345, 769 S.E.2d
218 (2015) (“Kirby I”), aff’d by separate opinion, Kirby v. N.C. Dep’t of Transp., 368
N.C. 847, 786 S.E.2d 919 (2016) (“Kirby II”).

                         B. Procedural History of the Present Matter

       The present matter involves real property located in Forsyth County (the

“Property”) owned by Robert B. Stimpson (“Defendant”). Pursuant to its authority

under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-44.50 (2015) of the Map Act, the North Carolina

Department of Transportation (“DOT”) recorded a Transportation (roadway) Corridor

Map for State Project 34839 (the “Corridor Map”) with the Register of Deeds, Forsyth

County, on 26 November 2008, as part of DOT’s Northern Beltway Project (the

“Project”).1 The Property was included in the Corridor Map, and thus subject to the

       1 Effective 11 July 2016, all transportation corridor maps were rescinded. Act of July 1, 2016,
ch. 90, sec. 17(a), 2016 N.C. Sess. Laws 2016 (“All transportation corridor official maps adopted
pursuant to Article 2E of Chapter 136 of the General Statutes, and any amendments thereto, are
hereby rescinded, and all restrictions under Article 2E of Chapter 136 of the General Statutes shall no
longer apply to properties or portions of properties within the affected transportation corridors.”).

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                                DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                        Opinion of the Court

provisions of the Map Act related to the Project.2 Defendant filed a complaint in an

earlier action (“Defendant’s Action”) on 9 May 2016, seeking, inter alia, a declaratory

judgment that the Property had been taken through inverse condemnation by DOT

pursuant to DOT’s actions under the Map Act, and requesting DOT be ordered “to

purchase [the] Property for the inverse condemnation[.]”                  Defendant moved for

judgment on the pleadings, and the trial court consolidated Defendant’s Action with

a number of additional related actions pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 42.3

Beroth Oil Co. v. N.C. Dep’t. of Transp, 2016 WL 9234026, *1 (N.C. Super. 2016)

(“Beroth Order”). With regard to the motion in Defendant’s Action, the Beroth Order

determined that (1) the Property was located in the area of the Project; (2) certain

property rights of Defendant’s were taken by DOT pursuant to inverse condemnation;

(3) the trial court was not prepared to rule on whether the taking constituted a fee

simple taking; and (4) the issue of the nature of the taking and damages would be

revisited. Id. at *1-2. The trial court ordered DOT to comply with the procedural

requirements of Article 9, Chapter 136, “Condemnation,” for all the plaintiffs;

including filing plats, obtaining appraisals, and depositing good faith estimates of the

value of the properties involved. Id. at *2-3. DOT appealed the Beroth Order, but

       2  Two companion cases, with opinions filed concurrently with this opinion, also involve
property recorded in the Corridor Map of the Project on 26 November 2008. Those cases are COA17-
597, Dep’t of Transp. v. Chapman and COA17-598, Dep’t of Transp. v. MDC Invs., LLC.
       3 Along with Defendant, other plaintiffs added in the consolidation included the defendants in

the companion cases, Chapman and MDC; the Beroth plaintiffs, and the Kirby plaintiffs.

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                           DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

this Court dismissed the appeal as an improper interlocutory appeal. Beroth III, __

N.C. App. at __, 808 S.E.2d at 502.

      DOT filed the complaint in the present action on 13 December 2016, seeking

to take the Property pursuant to its powers of direct condemnation under Article 9,

Chapter 136. Defendant filed a motion to dismiss on 11 January 2017 arguing, inter

alia: “As there is a prior pending action [Defendant’s Action] and judgment on the

exact property and area and interest/interest valuation, and involving the same

parties, the Prior Pending action and judgment for taking precludes [DOT] filing and

prosecuting this action.” The trial court granted Defendant’s motion to dismiss by

order entered 23 February 2017.       DOT filed a motion for relief from judgment

pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6) on 24 March 2017. The trial court entered an order on 25

April 2017 denying DOT’s motion to reconsider its 23 February 2017 ruling

dismissing the action. DOT appeals.

                                      II. Analysis

                                 A. Condemnation

      In order to address the relevant issues brought forth in the present case, we

review the provisions of Article 9, Chapter 136, which concerns condemnation by

DOT, both direct and inverse. See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 136-103(a) and -111 (2017). It

is the duty of DOT to institute an action when it determines condemnation of real

property for DOT purposes is necessary.              N.C.G.S. § 136-103(a) (“In case

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                           DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

condemnation shall become necessary [DOT] shall institute a civil action by filing in

the superior court of any county in which the land is located a complaint and a

declaration of taking declaring that such land, easement, or interest therein is

thereby taken for the use of [DOT].”).      When DOT properly initiates an action

pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 136-103, the relevant property is deemed condemned, title to

the property immediately vests in DOT, and DOT obtains all associated rights. N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 136-104 (2017).

      However, if DOT fails to initiate condemnation proceedings pursuant to

N.C.G.S. § 136-103, a person with an interest in a property may initiate inverse

condemnation proceedings to determine whether a taking by DOT has occurred:

             Any person whose land or compensable interest therein has
             been taken by an intentional or unintentional act or
             omission of [DOT] and no complaint and declaration of
             taking has been filed by [DOT] may, within 24 months of
             the date of the taking of the affected property or interest
             therein or the completion of the project involving the
             taking, whichever shall occur later, file a complaint in the
             superior court . . .; said complaint shall . . . allege with
             particularity the facts which constitute said taking
             together with the dates that they allegedly occurred; said
             complaint shall describe the property allegedly owned by
             said parties and shall describe the area and interests
             allegedly taken. . . . . The procedure hereinbefore set out
             shall be followed for the purpose of determining all matters
             raised by the pleadings and the determination of just
             compensation.

N.C.G.S. § 136-111 (emphasis added). Therefore, the procedures set forth in Article

9 pertain to takings established pursuant to both N.C.G.S. § 136-103 and N.C.G.S. §

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                            DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

136-111. See also Berta v. Highway Comm., 36 N.C. App. 749, 754, 245 S.E.2d 409,

412 (1978). Although N.C.G.S. § 136-111 does not expressly state when an inverse

condemnation taking established pursuant to that section is deemed to have occurred,

this Court has held that, once a taking has been established pursuant to N.C.G.S. §

136-111, the taking shall be deemed to have occurred at the time the injury to the

property resulting in the taking occurred. Berta, 36 N.C. App. at 753–54, 245 S.E.2d

at 411–12. Our Supreme Court held in Kirby II that, for the properties affected, a

taking occurs at the time DOT records corridor maps pursuant to the Map Act. Kirby

II, 368 N.C. at 856, 786 S.E.2d at 926 (“By recording the corridor maps at issue here,

which restricted plaintiffs’ rights to improve, develop, and subdivide their property

for an indefinite period of time, NCDOT effectuated a taking of fundamental property

rights.”).

        “To prevail on [an] inverse condemnation claim, [the] plaintiffs must show that

their ‘land or compensable interest therein has been taken.’” Beroth II, 367 N.C. at

340, 757 S.E.2d at 472 (citation omitted). In the present case, the Beroth Order

established that a compensable interest in the Property was taken by DOT through

inverse condemnation. Beroth Order, 2016 WL 9234026, *2. DOT does not contest

that a taking of a compensable interest in the Property occurred pursuant to the 26

November 2008 recordation of the Corridor Map.            In an action for either direct

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                            DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                    Opinion of the Court

condemnation or inverse condemnation, the trial court first makes a determination

of all issues other than damages:

             [T]he [trial] judge . . . shall, either in or out of term, hear
             and determine any and all issues raised by the pleadings
             other than the issue of damages, including, but not limited
             to, if controverted, questions of necessary and proper
             parties, title to the land, interest taken, and area taken.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-108 (2017). As this Court has stated:

             Inverse condemnation is simply a device to force a
             governmental body to exercise its power of condemnation,
             even though it may have no desire to do so. It allows a
             property owner to obtain compensation for a taking in fact,
             even though no formal exercise of the taking power has
             occurred. [The inverse condemnation statute] provides the
             private property owner with a means to compel
             government action.

Smith v. City of Charlotte, 79 N.C. App. 517, 521, 339 S.E.2d 844, 847 (1986) (citations

omitted). In order to fulfill the intent of Article 9, the General Assembly has granted

the trial court broad discretion to conduct its proceedings in the manner it believes

will best achieve the purposes of the Article:

             In all cases of procedure under this Article where the mode
             or manner of conducting the action is not expressly
             provided for in this Article or by the statute governing civil
             procedure or where said civil procedure statutes are
             inapplicable the judge before whom such proceeding may
             be pending shall have the power to make all the necessary
             orders and rules of procedure necessary to carry into effect
             the object and intent of this Chapter and the practice in
             such cases shall conform as near as may be to the practice
             in other civil actions in said courts.

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                           DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-114 (2017) (emphasis added). We now apply this law to the

facts before us.

                             B. Defendant’s Prior Action

      Defendant’s Action, filed 9 May 2016, requested, inter alia, that the trial court

rule the Property had been taken by DOT upon recordation of the Corridor Map for

the Eastern Loop portion of the Project on 26 November 2008. Defendant requested

that DOT “be compelled to purchase [the] Property for the inverse condemnation;”

and further requested damages for the alleged taking, including compensatory

damages, various fees and costs incurred, interest accrued since the alleged 26

November 2008 taking, and reimbursement for “all taxes and expenses paid on the

Property from the date of taking[.]”

      The decisions in Kirby I and Kirby II, reversing the ruling of the trial court,

held that recordation of the relevant corridor maps effectuated takings by DOT of

fundamental property rights of the Kirby plaintiffs and remanded the matter for

further proceedings. Accordingly, Kirby II held that the trial court had improperly

dismissed the Kirby plaintiffs’ inverse condemnation claims. Kirby II, 368 N.C. at

856, 786 S.E.2d at 926. The Beroth Order addressed certain outstanding issues

related to Defendant, defendants in the companion cases, the Kirby plaintiffs, the

Beroth plaintiffs, and multiple additional plaintiffs. Relying on the Kirby opinions,

the trial court, inter alia, granted Defendant’s motion for partial judgment on the

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                            DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

pleadings as to DOT’s “liability for a taking in inverse condemnation under N.C.G.S.

§ 136-111 . . ., in accordance with Rule 12(c) of the Rules of Civil Procedure.” Beroth

Order, 2016 WL 9234026 at *4. The trial court stated:

             Using the powers afforded this [c]ourt under N.C.G.S. §
             136-114 to fashion such rules and procedures necessary to
             carry out the object and intent of Article 9 of Chapter 136
             of the North Carolina General Statutes, the [c]ourt will
             establish a procedure and timetable for []DOT to file plats,
             make deposits with the required statutory interest, and, if
             any plaintiff rejects []DOT offer, scheduling Section 108
             hearings if either party requests it, in order to implement
             and comply with the requirements of N.C.G.S. § 136-111.

Id. at *1. Although the trial court stated it was “not prepared at this stage of the

proceedings to rule that the takings are in the nature of fee simple valuation; . . . so

the [trial] court will deny [Defendant’s] motion[] at this time in this regard[,]” it

further stated that the issue of whether DOT’s taking of Defendant’s property would

be declared a fee simple taking could, and likely would, be addressed “at the Section

136-108 hearing phase.” Id. at *2.

      Pursuant to the authority granted by N.C.G.S. § 136-114, the Beroth Order set

a specific procedure to follow in preparation for the N.C.G.S. § 136-108 hearing phase,

including ordering “that it is now incumbent upon []DOT to comply with N.C.G.S. §

136-111 by filing its plats and making good faith deposits with interest at the

statutory rate from the date of taking with the Forsyth County Clerk of Court[.]” Id.

The trial court set further procedures and timetables for DOT and the plaintiffs to

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                                DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                       Opinion of the Court

follow. Id. at *2-4. The trial court further ruled: “Upon [DOT] filing the plat, making

the deposit, delivery of the appraisal, and notice from the property owner that []DOT

valuation is rejected, either party may ask for Section 108 hearings if there is a

controversy regarding the necessary and proper parties, title to the land, interest

taken, or area taken.” Id. at *4.

       As noted above, DOT’s appeal of the Beroth Order was held to be an improper

interlocutory appeal and was dismissed. Beroth III, __ N.C. App. at __, 808 S.E.2d

at 502. Therefore, the Beroth Order remains in force and currently controls on the

issues decided therein.4 As this Court stated in Beroth III:

               At this juncture, it is []DOT that must follow the [Beroth
               Order] appealed herein and file plats or maps, without
               further delay, identifying interests and areas taken to
               comply with G.S. § 136-111 and with the clear mandates of
               this Court in Kirby I, and our Supreme Court in Kirby II.

               Following this, as per the appealed order, either party may
               schedule a hearing pursuant to Section 108 from which the
               trial court would determine any and all issues raised by the
               pleadings other than the issue of damages. The measure
               of damages can then be determined by a jury pursuant to
               N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-112, to which the trial court shall add
               interest accrued from the date of the taking to the date of
               judgment pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-113, as well as
               reimbursement of costs, disbursements, and expenses
               pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-119.

Id. at __, 808 S.E.2d at 502 (emphasis added).

       4  The Beroth Order is not before us, so we make no determinations regarding the correctness
of that order in this appeal.

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                           DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                 Opinion of the Court

                                C. The Present Case

      In the present case, DOT filed a declaration of taking and a complaint on 13

December 2016 indicating it was initiating a direct condemnation action against

Defendant pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 136-103, and depositing with the trial court the

amount of money DOT estimated Defendant was entitled to for the taking of the

Property. According to Article 9, proper compliance with the provisions of N.C.G.S. §

136-103 causes title to the subject property to immediately vest in DOT. N.C.G.S. §

136-104. However, DOT initiated the present direct condemnation action on 13

December 2016, approximately two and a half months after entry of the 29 September

2016 Beroth Order. In his motion to dismiss, Defendant argued that, because he filed

an action for inverse condemnation pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 136-111 on 9 May 2016,

and because Defendant’s inverse condemnation action concerns substantially the

same parties and subject matter as DOT’s 13 December 2016 direct condemnation

action, DOT’s action must be abated. See Jessee v. Jessee, 212 N.C. App. 426, 438,

713 S.E.2d 28, 37 (2011) (citations omitted) (“‘Under the law of this state, where a

prior action is pending between the same parties for the same subject matter in a

court within the state having like jurisdiction, the prior action serves to abate the

subsequent action.’”). We note that the trial court’s 23 February 2017 order granting

Defendant’s motion to dismiss DOT’s direct condemnation action against Defendant

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                            DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

was entered “without prejudice to []DOT’s right to file a permissive counterclaim in

[Defendant’s inverse condemnation action.]”

                          1. Prior Pending Action Doctrine

      “The ‘prior pending action’ doctrine involves ‘essentially the same questions as

the outmoded plea of abatement[.]’” Id. at 438, 713 S.E.2d at 37 (citation omitted).

The doctrine is

             intended to prevent the maintenance of a “subsequent
             action [that] is wholly unnecessary” and, for that reason,
             furthers “the interest of judicial economy.” “The ordinary
             test for determining whether or not the parties and causes
             are the same for the purpose of abatement by reason of the
             pendency of the prior action is this: Do the two actions
             present a substantial identity as to parties, subject matter,
             issues involved, and relief demanded?”

Id.

      DOT argues there “was no identity of subject matter, issues involved or relief

demanded” because Defendant’s Action involved “the alleged taking of non-

possessory restrictions imposed on the subject property on 26 November 2008 as the

result of [DOT’s] recording a corridor protection map[,]” whereas DOT’s present

action involves “the taking of possessory interests (right of way in fee simple, control

of access and temporary construction easements) on 13 December 2016” – the date

DOT initiated this action pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 136-103.

      Defendant’s complaint in his 9 May 2016 action alleged that DOT had taken

compensable interests in the Property through inverse condemnation; DOT’s action

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                                 DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                         Opinion of the Court

sought to take the Property by direct condemnation. There is no dispute concerning

the real property involved, only about the nature of the property rights acquired by

DOT’s 26 November 2008 taking.5                Defendant’s complaint requested “damages

. . . arising out of [DOT’s] taking by inverse condemnation of [Defendant’s]

property[.]” DOT’s complaint contended that DOT and Defendant could not agree on

the value of the Property. Defendant’s complaint requested that DOT “be compelled

to purchase [the] Property for the inverse condemnation” for “just compensation” as

determined pursuant to Article 9. DOT’s action sought to acquire the Property for

$188,500.00, or for whatever amount was determined to be just in the condemnation

proceeding.

       DOT contends that these facts in this case do not demonstrate a substantial

identity of subject matter, issues involved, and relief demanded. DOT bases its

argument on the fact that through its direct condemnation action it took the Property

in fee simple; that this taking did not occur until 13 December 2016; Defendant’s

Action involves DOT’s taking of Defendant’s property rights that result in a “negative

easement” affecting the Property; and that the taking involved in Defendant’s Action

occurred when the Corridor Map was recorded on 26 November 2008. DOT seems to

want this Court to ignore Defendant’s complaint, and the full extent of the Beroth

       5 Though DOT, in its brief, speaks of “the alleged taking” in Defendant’s Action, that there was
a taking on 26 November 2008 has been established by the Beroth Order.

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                               DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                      Opinion of the Court

Order, and restrict our analysis to DOT’s limited reading of the holdings in Kirby I

and Kirby II.

       Defendant seeks to compel DOT to purchase the Property in fee simple through

his inverse condemnation action. Although in the Beroth Order the trial court did

not grant Defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings in this respect, that issue

is still before the trial court in Defendant’s prior action:

                To the extent [Defendant] requested the [trial c]ourt to find
                a taking at fee simple valuation, the [trial c]ourt is not
                prepared at this stage of the proceedings to rule that the
                takings are in the nature of fee simple valuation; therefore,
                . . .the [trial] court will deny [Defendant’s] motion[] at this
                time in this regard. The issue may, and will likely be,
                revisited at the Section 136-108 hearing phase.

Beroth Order, 2016 WL 9234026 at *2. The trial court further ruled:

                []DOT may issue instructions to its appraisers to make
                appraisals based on something other than a fee simple
                taking, such as the concept of a negative easement. While
                this [c]ourt has not yet judicially imposed a fee simple
                valuation upon []DOT at this juncture, []DOT may
                ultimately conclude, based on the actual location of the
                [P]roperty and the fact that [the P]roperty will be graded
                and covered with asphalt, that it only makes sense to treat
                the appraisal as a fee simple valuation[.]

Id. at *3 (emphasis added). In preparation for the N.C.G.S. § 136-108 hearing, the

Beroth Order ruled “that it is now incumbent upon []DOT to comply with N.C.G.S. §

136-111 by filing its plats and making good faith deposits with interest at the

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                             DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

statutory rate from the date of taking with the Forsyth County Clerk of Court[.]” Id.

at *2.

         Pursuant to the broad discretion granted it by the General Assembly through

N.C.G.S. § 136-114, the trial court has provided DOT with the opportunity to proceed

with a fee simple direct condemnation action alongside Defendant’s inverse

condemnation action. As evidenced by the relief sought in Defendant’s complaint,

proceeding to fee simple determination of the condemned land is apparently

Defendant’s desire as well. See N.C.G.S. § 136-108 (“After the filing of the plat, the

judge . . . shall, either in or out of term, hear and determine any and all issues raised

by the pleadings other than the issue of damages, including, but not limited to, if

controverted, questions of necessary and proper parties, title to the land, interest

taken, and area taken.”). DOT argues that, pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 136-103, it has

the right to file a complaint and declaration of taking for a property at any time, no

matter that there exists at that time a prior, ongoing condemnation action concerning

the same property. DOT contends that, because it “determined that it [was] in the

public interest to condemn whatever interests [Defendant] still has in the subject

property[,]” it was authorized to do so. However, the interests, if any, that Defendant

maintains in the Property is one of the issues to be determined in Defendant’s Action.

         If the trial court determines that DOT has acquired, or must acquire, a fee

simple interest in the Property pursuant to Defendant’s inverse condemnation action,

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                            DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

Defendant will retain no remaining property interest in the Property for DOT to

directly condemn pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 136-103. DOT fails to convey to this Court

any utility in initiating a condemnation action concerning a property already subject

to a condemnation action, nor how DOT’s action could result in anything other than

confusion and delay – as is currently the situation for the Property, as well as the

properties involved in the companion appeals. We hold that the prior pending action

doctrine applies in this case, and on these facts Defendant’s Action served to prevent

DOT from proceeding with a direct condemnation action pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 136-

103.

                               2. Alternate Procedures

       DOT contends that the General Assembly “did not empower [DOT] to institute

a condemnation proceeding by filing a counterclaim in a pending action. The General

Assembly did not authorize the courts, in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-114 or otherwise, to

re-write the unambiguous language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-103.” DOT seeks an

application of N.C.G.S. § 136-103 in isolation, and not as one of multiple sections of

Article 9. DOT took compensable property rights from Defendant in 2008 without

filing a complaint or declaration of taking as required by N.C.G.S. § 136-103. For this

reason Defendant initiated an action pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 136-111: “Remedy where

no declaration of taking filed[,]” that states in relevant part: “Any person whose land

or compensable interest therein has been taken by an intentional or unintentional

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                            DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

act or omission of [DOT] and no complaint and declaration of taking has been filed by

[DOT] may . . . file a complaint in the superior court” alleging a taking by inverse

condemnation. N.C.G.S. § 136-111. This was the appropriate and sole remedy

established in Article 9 available to Defendant in response to DOT’s taking of

Defendant’s property rights absent initiating a direct condemnation action pursuant

to N.C.G.S. § 136-103. There is nothing in Article 9 suggesting that, once a plaintiff-

property owner acts pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 136-111, precisely because of DOT’s

failure to act pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 136-103, that DOT can derail the plaintiff’s

action by initiating an action pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 136-103 while the plaintiff-

property owner’s N.C.G.S. § 136-111 action is ongoing.

      DOT is also incorrect in arguing that bringing a counterclaim in an N.C.G.S. §

136-103 action is not permitted by Article 9. As noted above, N.C.G.S. § 136-114

states:

             In all cases of procedure under this Article where the mode
             or manner of conducting the action is not expressly
             provided for in this Article or by the statute governing civil
             procedure or where said civil procedure statutes are
             inapplicable the judge before whom such proceeding may
             be pending shall have the power to make all the necessary
             orders and rules of procedure necessary to carry into effect
             the object and intent of this Chapter and the practice in such
             cases shall conform as near as may be to the practice in
             other civil actions in said courts.

N.C.G.S. § 136-114 (emphasis added). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 13, which applies

to the relevant actions in this appeal by the express terms of N.C.G.S. § 136-114,

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                              DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                    Opinion of the Court

concerns counterclaims. It is unnecessary for this Court to determine whether DOT’s

counterclaim in Defendant’s Action would be best described as “permissive,” and

likely unhelpful in light of the particular and distinct nature of actions pursuant to

Article 9. To the extent that Rule 13 required “amendment” by the trial court to best

apply to the facts before it in the present case, N.C.G.S. § 136-114 provided the trial

court with that authority. We find the following citation from this Court generally

instructive:

               [Our Supreme Court] held that if an action may be
               denominated a compulsory counterclaim in a prior action,
               it must be either (1) dismissed with leave to file it in the
               former case or (2) stayed until the conclusion of the former
               case. Because the purpose of Rule 13(a) is to combine
               related claims in one action, “thereby avoiding a wasteful
               multiplicity of litigation,” we believe the option to stay the
               second action should be reserved for unusual
               circumstances, not present in the case at bar.

Brooks v. Rogers, 82 N.C. App. 502, 507, 346 S.E.2d 677, 681 (1986) (citations

omitted). The purpose of Rule 13(a) is just as relevant in the present case, and we

hold that the trial court had the authority to enter its 23 February 2017 order

dismissing DOT’s direct condemnation action “without prejudice to [DOT’s] right to

file a . . . counterclaim in the Pending Action[.]” Because of the unique nature of

condemnation proceedings, DOT would retain its right to bring an action pursuant to

N.C.G.S. § 136-103 to condemn the Property, or any remaining rights in the Property

                                           - 18 -
                             DEP’T OF TRANSP. V. STIMPSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

retained by Defendant, if resolution of Defendant’s Action leaves DOT lacking in some

right in the Property necessary for completion of the Project.

      However, DOT instead continues to seek to proceed by its own direct

condemnation actions – actions it only decided to file after years of litigation involving

hundreds of plaintiffs who have been seeking the same resolution through inverse

condemnation actions, some of which were filed over seven years ago. We do not

believe the General Assembly contemplated Article 9 to permit direct condemnation

actions and inverse condemnation actions concerning the same property to be

litigated simultaneously, and we find nothing in Article 9 or elsewhere granting DOT

that right. We therefore affirm the 23 February 2017 order dismissing DOT’s 13

December 2016 action.

      DOT also argues that “the trial court abused its discretion in denying [DOT’s]

motion for relief from [the 23 February 2017] judgment” pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6).

DOT’s argument is wholly predicated on its argument that the trial court erred in

dismissing its 13 December 2016 action. In light of our decision affirming the 23

February 2017 order, we also affirm the trial court’s 25 April 2017 order denying

DOT’s 24 March 2017 motion to reconsider the 23 February 2017 order.

      AFFIRMED.

      Judges ELMORE and MURPHY concur.

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