Court Opinion

ID: 4707402
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-29 15:00:40.725739+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:05.240077
License: Public Domain

20-1463
Bellin v. Zucker

                                         In the
                    United States Court of Appeals
                              For the Second Circuit
                                     ______________

                                    August Term, 2020

                   (Argued: December 11, 2020      Decided: July 29, 2021)

                                    Docket No. 20-1463
                                     ______________

              ROSALIND BELLIN, ON BEHALF OF HERSELF AND ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY
                                        SITUATED,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                           –v.–

         HOWARD A. ZUCKER, M.D., J.D., IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS COMMISSIONER,
         NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, ELDERSERVE HEALTH, INC., DBA
                               RIVERSPRING AT HOME,

                                                               Defendants-Appellees.
                                     ______________

B e f o r e:

                        POOLER, WESLEY, and CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
                                    ______________

       Plaintiff-Appellant Rosalind Bellin brings this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action on behalf of
herself and a putative class of similarly situated Medicaid beneficiaries. She alleges that
managed long-term care plans (“MLTCs”) that contract with New York State violate
Medicaid beneficiaries’ rights under the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause by
denying them the right to appeal an MLTC’s initial determination of the personal care
services hours the MLTC will provide the beneficiary if they choose to enroll with the
MLTC. Bellin also alleges that beneficiaries are entitled to this appeal right, and to
notice of the right, under federal statutory and constitutional law. Bellin brings her
claims against Defendant-Appellee ElderServe Health, Inc. (d/b/a RiverSpring at
Home), an MLTC that she alleges denied her these rights, and Defendant-Appellee
Howard A. Zucker, in his official capacity as Commissioner of the New York State
Department of Health, for his alleged failure to enforce these asserted rights.
        The district court (Hellerstein, J.) granted Defendants-Appellees’ motions to
dismiss Bellin’s complaint. The district court dismissed Bellin’s federal law claims on
the grounds that the relevant federal statutes do not provide Medicaid beneficiaries a
right to appeal initial personal care services hours determinations. We affirm this aspect
of the judgment. The district court also dismissed Bellin’s Fourteenth Amendment due
process claims after concluding that Bellin did not plausibly allege a constitutionally
protected property interest in an MLTC’s determination of a particular number of
personal care services hours. We vacate this aspect of the district court’s judgment and
remand, holding that Bellin plausibly alleged a constitutionally protected property
interest in the determination of her personal care services hours.

      AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
                             ______________

                           AYTAN Y. BELLIN (Nina Keilin, Law Office of Nina Keilin,
                                New York, NY, on the brief), Bellin & Associates LLC,
                                White Plains, NY, for Plaintiff-Appellant Rosalind Bellin.

                           CAROLINE A. OLSEN, Assistant Solicitor General of Counsel,
                                Barbara D. Underwood, Solicitor General, New York
                                State Office of the Attorney General, New York, NY,
                                for Defendant-Appellee Howard A. Zucker.

                           BRIAN T. MCGOVERN (Mara R. Lieber, on the brief), Crowell &
                                 Moring LLP, New York, NY, for Defendant-Appellee
                                 ElderServe Health, Inc., DBA RiverSpring at Home.

                           Martha Jane Perkins and Sarah Somers, National Health Law
                                Program, Chapel Hill, NC; Alice Bers, Center for
                                Medicare Advocacy, Willimantic, CT, for National
                                Health Law Program, Center for Medicare Advocacy, and

                                            2
                                    Justice in Aging, Amici Curiae in support of Plaintiff-
                                    Appellant Rosalind Bellin.

                             Benjamin W. Taylor, New York Legal Assistance Group,
                                   New York, NY, for Empire Justice Center and New York
                                   Legal Assistance Group, Amici Curiae in support of
                                   Plaintiff-Appellant Rosalind Bellin.

                                       ______________

CARNEY, Circuit Judge:

       Plaintiff-Appellant Rosalind Bellin brings this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action on behalf of

herself and a putative class of similarly situated Medicaid beneficiaries. She alleges that

managed long-term care plans (“MLTCs”) that contract with New York State violate

Medicaid beneficiaries’ rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment by denying them the right to appeal initial determinations of the personal

care services hours the MLTCs will provide them if they choose to enroll. Bellin also

alleges that beneficiaries are entitled to this appeal right, and to notice of the right,

under federal Medicaid statutes. Bellin brings her claims against Defendant-Appellee

ElderServe Health, Inc. (d/b/a RiverSpring at Home) (“RiverSpring”), an MLTC that she

alleges denied her these rights, and Defendant-Appellee Howard A. Zucker, in his

official capacity as Commissioner of the New York State Department of Health (the

“State”), for his alleged failure to enforce these rights.

       The district court (Hellerstein, J.) granted Defendants-Appellees’ motions to

dismiss Bellin’s complaint, concluding that the federal statutes do not provide Medicaid

beneficiaries with a right to appeal initial personal care services hours determinations. It

dismissed Bellin’s due process claims after concluding that Bellin did not plausibly

allege a constitutionally protected property interest in an MLTC’s initial determination

of a particular number of care hours. We agree that the federal statutes do not

                                               3
guarantee the appeal right Bellin asserts, but we conclude that the district court’s

dismissal of Bellin’s due process claims was premature.

       When the State determines that a New York Medicaid beneficiary like Bellin is

eligible on a long-term basis for in-home assistance with personal care needs, the

administrative scheme provides that the beneficiary then contacts one or more MLTCs

for an evaluation. After the evaluation, each MLTC determines how many hours of care

it will provide per week as an initial matter if the beneficiary chooses to enroll in its

program. The current administrative regime establishes no mechanism for beneficiaries

to appeal the MLTCs’ initial care hours determinations. If a beneficiary receives offers

for care hours that are in her view insufficient, she has no choice but to enroll and begin

receiving care at an inadequate level (perhaps supplementing state-covered care with

private care pending any later adjustment). After beginning care with an MLTC, she

may request additional care hours. She then waits for the MLTC to rule on the request.

If her request is accepted, she begins receiving care at the adjusted level, having done

without or paid privately for care in the interim. If the adjustment is denied, she may

internally appeal to the MLTC. If the appeal fails, she has recourse to an appeal in the

form of a New York State “fair hearing,” under the State’s Medicaid regulations.

       Bellin plausibly alleged that MLTCs’ discretion in making initial personal care

hours determinations is meaningfully channeled by contract, regulation, and related

authorities such that beneficiaries have a constitutionally protected property interest in

the number of hours an MLTC initially determines they are entitled to receive. Records

from fair hearings in Bellin’s case and others lend further support to the view that, at

least in some cases, New York State is able to determine based on MLTCs’ assessment

records that a beneficiary is entitled to a particular number of care hours above what

the MLTC initially determined.

                                              4
       We therefore vacate the district court’s dismissal of Bellin’s due process claims

and remand for further consideration of the limits on MLTCs’ discretion in making

initial determinations of personal care hours, as well as for consideration of whether the

current system adequately protects any property interest beneficiaries may have in

those care hours. We reject Bellin’s federal statutory claims.

       The district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED with respect to Bellin’s federal law

claims, VACATED with respect to Bellin’s due process claims, and the action is

REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.

                                      BACKGROUND

I.     Bellin’s Application for Personal Care Services

       Rosalind Bellin is a woman in her early 80s who lives alone in the Bronx, New

York. She suffers from several serious illnesses that limit her ability to care for herself

independently. In 2019, believing that she needed in-home care 24 hours a day, Bellin

applied for personal care services through the joint federal-state health care program

commonly known as Medicaid. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396 et seq.

       In Medicaid jargon, the term “personal care services” refers to in-home assistance

with personal care that is provided to people whose health conditions might otherwise

require that they reside in a nursing home. 1 In New York State, personal care services

1See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 18, § 505.14(a)(1) (defining personal care services as
“assistance with nutritional and environmental support functions and personal care functions”
that are “essential to the maintenance of the patient’s health and safety in his or her own
home”); CTRS. FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVS., Personal Care Services (PCS) (July 15, 2020),
https://www.cms.gov/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination/Fraud-Prevention/Medicaid-Integrity-
Program/Education/Personal-Care-Services (explaining that personal care services “are
provided to eligible beneficiaries to help them stay in their own homes and communities rather
than live in institutional settings, such as nursing homes”). To minimize the burden of

                                              5
for individuals like Bellin are provided by MLTCs, entities that act under contract with

the State. See N.Y. Pub. Health Law § 4403-f(7)(b). Under New York law, the State pays

each MLTC a fixed sum—a “capitation”—for each beneficiary that it enrolls. Jt. App’x

16. Each MLTC bears the financial risk that the cost of a beneficiary’s care will exceed

the capitation amount. 2

          When a Medicaid beneficiary seeks personal care services, 3 she is first evaluated

by New York’s Conflict-Free Evaluation and Enrollment Center (“CFEEC”), a single,

state-wide organization charged with determining whether the beneficiary is qualified

to receive such services. 4 Bellin was evaluated by the CFEEC and determined eligible to

receive personal care services. 5

acronyms in this discussion, we will refer to these services simply as “care services” or
“personal care services.”
2See Antonia C. Novello, N.Y. STATE DEP’T OF HEALTH, New York State Management Long-Term
Care, Interim Report to the Governor and Legislature at 20 (May 2003) (“2003 Interim Report”),
https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/managed_care/mltc/reports.htm (last visited July 8,
2021) (“One of the innovative aspects of the managed long-term care demonstrations is the use
of an insurance or ‘risk’ model where plans are paid a predetermined amount per member per
month (PMPM), and in return must manage and pay for all services included in the benefit
package. This PMPM amount is referred to as the monthly capitation rate.”). The payment
structure is described in the Department of Health’s draft model contract for use with MLTCs.
See N.Y. STATE DEP’T OF HEALTH, Managed Long Term Care Partial Capitation Contract, art. VI(A),
https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/redesign/mrt90_partial_capitation_contract.ht
m#a6 (last visited July 8, 2021) (“The monthly capitation payment to the Contractor shall
constitute full and complete payments to the Contractor for all services that the Contractor
provides pursuant to this Agreement.”). As the State observes, the capitation payments in New
York are risk-adjusted so that MLTCs serving high-risk populations receive higher per-enrollee
payments than those in less needy areas.
3For clarity, we underscore that those seeking personal care services in this way must already
have been acknowledged by the State as qualified to receive Medicaid services.
4   CFEEC evaluations are conducted by Maximus, Inc., as of this writing.
5In this evaluation, the CFEEC relies on New York’s Uniform Assessment System (“UAS” or
“assessment system”). See N.Y. STATE DEP’T OF HEALTH, MLTC POLICY 15.08: CONFLICT-FREE

                                                 6
       Once determined eligible, a beneficiary has 75 days to enroll with an MLTC. 6 She

may apply to one MLTC or many.7 Each MLTC applied to by the beneficiary must

conduct a “comprehensive assessment” of the beneficiary’s “medical, social, cognitive,

and environmental needs,” relying in large part on the State’s Uniform Assessment

System (“UAS” or “assessment system”). N.Y. Pub. Health Law § 4403-f(7)(g)(i); N.Y.

STATE DEP’T OF HEALTH, MLTC POLICY 13.09: TRANSITION OF SEMI-ANNUAL ASSESSMENT

OF MEMBERS TO UNIFORM ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR NEW YORK            (Apr. 26, 2013),

https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/redesign/mltc_policy_13-09.htm (last

visited July 8, 2021) (requiring MLTCs to use the assessment system). The assessment is

performed in the beneficiary’s home by a registered nurse. It produces a “Nursing

Facility Level of Care” (“NFLOC” or “Level of Care”) score; the higher the score, the

greater the beneficiary’s need for care. Based on the results of the assessment, the MLTC

determines the services it will provide, including the number of daily hours of personal

care services, if the beneficiary chooses to enroll with that MLTC.

EVALUATION & ENROLLMENT CENTER DISPUTE RESOLUTION (Dec. 29, 2015),
https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/redesign/mltc_policy_15-08.htm (last visited
July 8, 2021). The UAS, discussed infra, is a mechanism for assessing Medicaid beneficiaries’
particular care needs. It is designed to produce consistent and standardized results in the
assessment task. See N.Y. STATE DEP’T OF HEALTH, Medicaid Redesign: Uniform Assessment System
for Long-Term Care in New York State (Oct. 2019),
https://www.health.ny.gov/facilities/long_term_care/uniform_assessment_system/ (last visited
July 8, 2021).
6 If the beneficiary does not select a long-term care plan within that time, she must be
reevaluated by the CFEEC. See N.Y. STATE DEP’T OF HEALTH, MLTC POLICY 16.08 (Dec. 16,
2016), https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/redesign/mrt90/mltc_policy/16-08.htm
(last visited July 8, 2021).
7As of April 2021, New York State’s Department of Health website reflected that it was
contracting with between 40 and 50 MLTCs. See N.Y. STATE DEP’T OF HEALTH, Managed Long-
Term Care Plan Directory (Apr. 2021),
https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/managed_care/mltc/mltcplans.htm (last visited July 8,
2021).

                                              7
       In April 2019, Bellin contacted RiverSpring after another MLTC gave her a care

hours determination that she felt was too low. On May 8, a registered nurse from

RiverSpring assessed Bellin’s personal care services needs using the assessment system.

The RiverSpring nurse concluded that Bellin required eight hours of care services daily.

When the nurse told Bellin that this was her recommendation, Bellin’s daughter

protested on Bellin’s behalf, arguing that Bellin required substantially more hours of

daily care. Still, one week later, on May 15, Bellin’s daughter formally requested

enrollment with RiverSpring. Bellin began receiving personal care from RiverSpring in

her home, eight hours per day, on June 1, two weeks after she requested enrollment.

II.    Bellin’s Appeal Attempts

       Before she began receiving RiverSpring’s personal care services, Bellin tried to

appeal the initial determination that she was entitled to eight hours of personal care

services per day and no more. On May 22, 2019, Bellin’s attorney contacted RiverSpring

asking to appeal its initial determination. RiverSpring responded that Bellin could not

then appeal because Bellin was not yet enrolled in RiverSpring. She would be

“enrolled” and able to appeal only after June 1, when her care began, they advised.

       On June 3, Bellin’s attorney again contacted RiverSpring about appealing the

initial determination. RiverSpring responded by letter dated June 4, entitled “NOTICE

OF NON-CONSIDERATION OF APPEAL.” Jt. App’x 22. The June 4 letter said that

Bellin’s “request for an appeal regarding the personal care [services] hours assigned at

enrollment” could not be processed because “an Initial Adverse Determination (IAD)

from the Plan regarding [the] request for additional [care service] hours has not been

issued.” Id. It further stated that it would construe Bellin’s attempted appeal as a

request for additional hours and would adjudicate that request. In other words,

RiverSpring now maintained that, even once her care began on June 1, Bellin was not

                                             8
entitled to appeal its initial personal care services hours determination. Instead, she was

entitled to request additional personal care services hours prospectively and have

RiverSpring adjudicate that request alone.

       RiverSpring then assessed Bellin a second time, on June 15, and concluded that

her condition had not changed and her care hours should not be increased. According

to RiverSpring, Bellin’s daughter contacted the company three days later, informing the

company that Bellin’s condition had worsened and that Bellin was newly wheelchair-

bound. About three weeks later, on July 10, the company assessed Bellin a third time.

Based on that assessment, it concluded that Bellin required 24-hour care. On July 12,

RiverSpring notified Bellin of that conclusion. It began providing Bellin full-time, live-in

care on July 23.

III.   Complaint

       Bellin filed this putative class action complaint on June 18, 2019, the same day

RiverSpring claims to have learned about a deterioration in Bellin’s condition that

confined her to a wheelchair. Bellin asserts that Medicaid beneficiaries who need

personal care services have the right under law to appeal initial determinations of their

personal care services hours made by MLTCs and to receive notice of that right to

appeal. She alleges that the State failed to enforce these rights and that Defendant

RiverSpring violated these rights by failing to process internal appeals when they were

requested and, relatedly, by failing to provide notice of the right to appeal. Bellin brings

the action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, asserting that the State and RiverSpring’s actions

violate her and the putative class members’ rights under the Due Process Clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment, as well as under various federal statutes governing Medicaid

                                             9
beneficiaries’ rights to appeal. 8 Bellin seeks to represent a class of “current and future

New York State Medicaid recipients who have applied or will apply for Medicaid-

funded personal care services from MLTCs” and a sub-class of those Medicaid

recipients “who have applied or will apply for Medicaid-funded personal care services

from RiverSpring.” Jt. App’x 23. She seeks declaratory and injunctive relief instructing

the State to enforce class members’ rights to appeal MLTCs’ initial personal care hours

determinations and to receive notice of those appeal rights, and ordering RiverSpring to

provide notice of that right and process any such appeals. She also seeks attorney’s fees

and costs.

IV.    Fair Hearing Appeal

       In a separate administrative appeal (the “fair hearing appeal”) filed with the

State on July 5, 2019, Bellin contested RiverSpring’s determination that she was entitled

to only eight hours of daily personal care services in the roughly six-week-period from

June 1, 2019, through July 12, 2019. In deciding Bellin’s appeal, the Commissioner’s

designee reviewed RiverSpring’s assessments and ruled for Bellin. 9

       In a written decision dated September 23, 2019, he determined that neither

RiverSpring’s May 2019 assessment (completed before Bellin enrolled), nor the June

2019 assessment (completed after Bellin enrolled and requested more care hours)

supported the conclusion that Bellin was entitled to only eight hours of care per day at

8 Bellin charged that the denial of appeal rights and related notice violated 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)
(requiring states to provide review of adverse Medicaid benefits determinations in fair
hearings), 42 U.S.C. § 1396u-2 (authorizing expanded use of managed care organizations in
Medicaid and outlining required appeal rights), and federal regulations issued by the Centers
for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) in conjunction with these statutes. We discuss these
provisions in greater detail below.
9Fair hearing appeals in the Department of Health are decided by Commissioner Zucker or his
designees. See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 18, §§ 358-5.6(a)-(b), 358-6.1(a).

                                                10
those times. 10 He found that “the Plan’s [i.e., RiverSpring’s] own documentation” did

not support that Bellin became eligible for 24-hour care due to a “change in

circumstances [that] came to light” only after the July assessment. Jt. App’x 81. Rather,

RiverSpring’s initial evaluation of Bellin in May 2019 supported a need for overnight

care, he wrote, citing documentation of Bellin’s various health conditions and her need

for “hands-on assistance with walking and locomotion.” Id. at 80. He concluded, “The

record does not support the Plan’s determination not to provide twenty-four (24) hour

daily assistance from the start of [Bellin’s] enrollment with the Plan on June 1, 2019.” Id.

at 81. He therefore ordered “retroactive authorization” of 24-hour, live-in care as of June

1, 2019—when Bellin first began receiving care services from RiverSpring. 11 Id. at 82.

Notably, in reaching this conclusion, the designee rejected RiverSpring’s argument that

“appeal was not . . . available” to Bellin immediately after the initial determination. Id.

10Bellin’s fair hearing appeal decision and amended decision, which were included in the
parties’ joint appendix on appeal, as well as other fair hearing decisions we discuss below, are
public records properly subject to judicial notice under Federal Rule of Evidence 201(b). See Fed.
R. Evid. 201(b) (“The court may judicially notice a fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute
because it . . . can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot
reasonably be questioned.”); Kramer v. Time Warner Inc., 937 F.2d 767, 773 (2d Cir. 1991)
(explaining that district court entitled to consider “matters of which judicial notice may be taken
under [Federal Rule of Evidence] 201” in deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss). We do not
take judicial notice of Bellin’s fair hearing appeal record and other fair hearing decisions for the
“truth of the matters asserted.” Staehr v. Hartford Fin. Servs. Grp., Inc., 547 F.3d 406, 425 (2d Cir.
2008). Bellin filed the Commissioner’s designee’s initial fair hearing decision in the district court
as part of her opposition to the State’s and RiverSpring’s motions to dismiss. See Declaration of
Aytan Y. Bellin, Exs. A, B, Bellin v. Zucker, 457 F. Supp. 3d 414 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) (No. 19-cv-5694
(AKH)), ECF No. 45. The record before the district court did not include the amended fair
hearing decision discussed here.
11 Under certain circumstances, retroactive authorization will entitle a recipient to
reimbursement for expenses incurred while care was denied. See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs.
tit. 18, § 360-7.5(a)(3). According to Bellin’s counsel, Bellin’s daughter and son-in-law paid for
Bellin to receive additional care from June 1 through the date that RiverSpring began to provide
it. See Appellant’s Br. 7. The issue of reimbursement not having been raised on appeal, we
express no opinion about Bellin’s entitlement to it.

                                                 11
at 81. Instead, the designee explained that Bellin “ha[d] a right to contest the adequacy

of the” initial determination “from the moment” RiverSpring provided it. Id.

       New York State sought reconsideration. In an amended decision dated March 26,

2020, a different Commissioner’s designee did not disturb the earlier factual findings

regarding Bellin’s needs. He did, however, move the retroactive authorization date

from June 1 to June 18. He explained that the original decision was erroneous in its

conclusion that Bellin had a right to appeal RiverSpring’s initial determination. Upon

reconsideration, he ruled that Bellin had no right to appeal the initial determination,

even after she was enrolled and began receiving care. Rather, her request was properly

treated as a request to increase her care hours dated to June 4. He reasoned that, as a

result, RiverSpring should have issued its adverse determination denying her June 4

request within 14 days. It failed to do so. 12 Bellin therefore was entitled to retroactive

authorization of fulltime live-in care dating back only to June 18—14 days after her

June 4 request.

V.     District Court Proceedings

       In a memorandum and order issued in April 2020, the district court granted the

defendants’ motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim. As to Bellin’s § 1983 due

process claims, it reasoned that she “did not have a property interest in a particular

level of care,” and therefore was not unlawfully denied a property right by the State’s

and RiverSpring’s appeal procedures. Bellin v. Zucker, 457 F. Supp. 3d 414, 422 (S.D.N.Y.

12On June 18, 2019, RiverSpring extended the time for decision another 14 days. The
Commissioner’s designee found that the circumstances satisfied none of the statutory bases
permitting that extension, making June 18, 2019, the operative date of the adverse
determination. (RiverSpring did not ultimately deny Bellin’s request 14 days after June 18
either: it was only on July 15, almost one month later, that RiverSpring finally denied Bellin’s
request for additional services based on her June request and granted it as of July 13, citing the
claimed change in her condition.)

                                                12
2020). 13 As to her federal statutory claims, it concluded that the relevant statutes do not

guarantee Medicaid beneficiaries the right to appeal MLTCs’ initial care hours

determinations.

       Bellin timely appealed.

                                        DISCUSSION

       We review de novo the grant of a motion to dismiss. Fink v. Time Warner Cable, 714

F.3d 739, 740-41 (2d Cir. 2013). In so doing, “we ‘must consider the complaint in its

entirety, as well as other sources courts ordinarily examine when ruling on Rule 12(b)(6)

motions to dismiss, in particular, documents incorporated into the complaint by

reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial notice.’” Kaplan v. Lebanese

Canadian Bank, SAL, 999 F.3d 842, 854 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues

& Rts., Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007)). We draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s

favor to determine whether the plaintiff stated a plausible claim to relief. See Fink, 714

F.3d at 740-41. Whether an action is moot is a legal question that we address de novo.

White River Amusement Pub, Inc. v. Town of Hartford, 481 F.3d 163, 167 (2d Cir. 2007).

I.     Mootness

       The State presses the position that, because Bellin is now receiving 24-hour, live-

in care from RiverSpring, this case is moot. The district court rejected this argument,

concluding that Bellin’s suit satisfied the exception to the mootness doctrine for

inherently transitory claims. Under this exception, “a case will not be moot, even if the

controversy as to the named plaintiffs has been resolved, if: (1) it is uncertain that a

claim will remain live for any individual who could be named as a plaintiff long

13In quotations from caselaw and the parties’ briefing, this Opinion omits all quotation marks,
alterations, and citations, unless otherwise noted.

                                               13
enough for a court to certify the class; and (2) there will be a constant class of persons

suffering the deprivation complained of in the complaint.” Salazar v. King, 822 F.3d 61,

73 (2d Cir. 2016); see also Klein ex rel. Qlik Techs., Inc. v. Qlik Techs., Inc., 906 F.3d 215, 223

(2d Cir. 2018).

       We agree with the district court that Bellin’s claims fall squarely within this

exception. 14 The current administrative system precludes Medicaid beneficiaries from

appealing initial care hours determinations made by MLTCs. They must instead accept

the MLTC’s initial determination and request additional hours once their personal care

services begin. Federal regulations call for MLTCs in most circumstances to rule on

these requests within fourteen or twenty-eight days. See 42 C.F.R. § 438.210(d)(1). 15 As

the district court recognized, however, any named plaintiff who, like Bellin, believes

that the MLTC’s initial determination denies her the appropriate number of care service

hours and who attempts to internally appeal that determination is likely to have her

attempt narrowly construed as a request for additional hours in the future. That request

will likely be adjudicated within the first month of her care, but one month is generally

not enough time to sue and obtain class certification in federal court. See Salazar, 822

F.3d at 73-74. Meanwhile, a large number of present and future enrollees who seek

more care hours than MLTCs initially determine they are entitled to receive—a

“constant class of persons”—is harmed by the denial of the asserted right to appeal

those determinations. Id. at 73.

14A reimbursement claim for the period through June 18 might also affect the possible mootness
of this dispute, but as noted above, Bellin did not press for reimbursement in her suit or attempt
to pursue it on appeal. See note 11, above.
15An MLTC may take 28 days to adjudicate a request if the “enrollee, or the provider, requests
extension” or if the MLTC “justifies (to the State agency upon request) a need for additional
information and how the extension is in the enrollee’s interest.” 42 C.F.R. § 438.210(d)(1)(i)-(ii).

                                                 14
       The State observes that another named plaintiff’s claims might not become moot

if that plaintiff’s request for additional hours is denied. Therefore, according to the

State, Bellin’s claims do not fall within the “inherently transitory” exception to

mootness. It is true that a plaintiff seeking additional care services hours—particularly

one with a meritless claim—might not receive her requested additional hours before a

plaintiff class can be certified and therefore might be able to serve as class

representative of a suit that is not moot. But this argument draws the “inherently

transitory” exception too narrowly. To take advantage of this exception to the mootness

doctrine, a plaintiff need not show that every hypothetical plaintiff’s claim faces certain

dismissal. The standard articulated in Salazar requires no more than that it be

“uncertain that a claim will remain live for any individual who could be named as a

plaintiff.” 822 F.3d at 73; see also Robidoux v. Celani, 987 F.2d 931, 938-39 (2d Cir. 1993)

(holding that recipients of public assistance challenging delays by the Vermont

Department of Social Welfare could proceed under the “inherently transitory”

exception in part because “the Department will almost always be able to process a

delayed application before a plaintiff can obtain relief through litigation” (emphasis

added)); Zurak v. Regan, 550 F.2d 86, 92 (2d Cir. 1977) (applying exception to mootness

doctrine when there was “a significant possibility that any single named plaintiff would

be released prior to certification” (emphasis added)).

       There is a “significant possibility” that any plaintiff who brings the claims Bellin

asserts here would have her request for additional care hours resolved before a decision

on class certification could be made. Zurak, 550 F.2d at 92. Even more persuasive,

plaintiffs with strong arguments that they have been denied the appropriate number of

care hours are particularly likely to have their claims mooted, undermining the

underlying purposes of this class action lawsuit.

                                              15
       The State also urges that Bellin’s case became moot “for reasons unique to her

rather than for reasons that would be common for the putative class.” State Br. 26.

According to the State, Bellin became entitled to additional personal care hours only

after RiverSpring’s initial assessment, when (as the State recounts) her medical

condition deteriorated. As detailed above, however, in Bellin’s fair hearing appeal the

Commissioner’s designee found that RiverSpring’s own records supported Bellin’s

entitlement to 24-hour care as of RiverSpring’s first assessment of Bellin in May 2019;

the records did not support the conclusion that Bellin became entitled to increased care

as a result of changed medical circumstances. Even on reconsideration, the second

designee did not disturb these factual findings. The State’s additional mootness

argument therefore has no force. The district court thus did not err by determining that

Bellin’s action could proceed.

II.    Bellin’s Due Process Claims

       Bellin challenges the district court’s dismissal of her § 1983 claims alleging a due

process right to appeal MLTCs’ initial personal care services hours determinations. A

plaintiff states a due process claim by plausibly alleging that “(1) state action

(2) deprived him or her of liberty or property (3) without due process of law.” Barrows

v. Burwell, 777 F.3d 106, 113 (2d Cir. 2015); see also Kapps v. Wing, 404 F.3d 105, 112 (2d

Cir. 2005) (“In adjudicating [a procedural due process] claim, we consider two distinct

issues: 1) whether plaintiffs possess a liberty or property interest protected by the Due

Process Clause; and, if so, 2) whether existing state procedures are constitutionally

adequate.”). Bellin alleged in her complaint that “Zucker exercises significant control

over the MLTCs” and “the MLTCs are not simply regulated by state and federal law,

they are deeply integrated into the regulatory scheme provided for under federal and

state law.” Jt. App’x 20. Neither the State nor RiverSpring contests that RiverSpring is a

state actor in this context. See, e.g., Catanzano by Catanzano v. Dowling, 60 F.3d 113, 119

                                              16
(2d Cir. 1995) (holding that actions of New York State-certified home health agencies

constituted state action in part because those agencies were “the only entities permitted

to provide home health care under Medicaid, and are required to evaluate all potential

recipients,” and their decisions with respect to beneficiaries were guided by regulation

in addition to medical judgment). The district court did not reach the third prong of the

due process test because it held that Bellin lacks a property interest “in a particular level

of care.” 16 Bellin, 457 F. Supp. 3d at 422. As explained below, the district court’s

conclusion may ultimately prove to be correct, but its determination at the motion-to-

dismiss stage was premature.

       A.      Constitutionally Protected Property Interests

       A constitutionally protected interest exists where “one has a legitimate claim of

entitlement to the benefit”; “[a] mere unilateral expectation of receiving a benefit” does

not suffice. Kapps, 404 F.3d at 113. To determine whether an applicant for benefits has a

constitutionally protected property interest in the receipt of a particular benefit, a court

must “look to the statutes and regulations governing the distribution of benefits” and

determine whether “those statutes or regulations meaningfully channel official

discretion by mandating a defined administrative outcome.” Id.; see Sealed v. Sealed, 332

F.3d 51, 56 (2d Cir. 2003) (“In evaluating whether a state has created a protected interest

16Before reaching this conclusion, the district court expressed skepticism about whether Bellin,
as an applicant for benefits, could have a constitutionally protected property interest in
receiving benefits at all. See Bellin, 457 F. Supp. 3d at 422-23 (“The Supreme Court has not
announced a property interest in cases like Plaintiff’s because ‘[t]he Supreme Court has
repeatedly reserved decision on the question of whether applicants for benefits (in
contradistinction to current recipients of benefits) possess a property interest protected by the
Due Process Clause.’” (quoting Kapps, 404 F.3d at 115)). The district court’s skepticism was
misplaced. In Kapps, we acknowledged that the “Supreme Court has repeatedly reserved
decision on the question,” but we then observed that “[e]very circuit to address the question . . .
has concluded that applicants for benefits, no less than current benefits recipients, may possess
a property interest in the receipt of public welfare entitlements.” Kapps, 404 F.3d at 115.

                                                17
in the administrative context, we must determine whether the state statute or regulation

at issue meaningfully channels official discretion by mandating a defined

administrative outcome.”). In addition to the relevant statutes and regulations, we must

consider the regulatory scheme as a whole: just as discretion may be channeled by law,

it may also be channeled by informal rules or institutional practices. See Furlong v.

Shalala, 156 F.3d 384, 395 (2d Cir. 1998) (“[P]roperty interests may be established

through such diverse sources as unwritten common law and informal institutional

policies and practices.”); see also Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 (1972)

(explaining that “[p]roperty interests . . . are not created by the Constitution,” but rather

by “existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as

state law—rules or understandings that secure certain benefits and that support claims

of entitlement to those benefits”).

       This inquiry involves two questions, corresponding to two distinct uses of the

word “discretion.” First, “discretion” may refer to a decision-maker’s ultimate power to

decide—the power to grant or deny a benefit regardless of whether particular criteria

are met. When the decision-making authority is accorded such wholesale discretion, a

procedural due process claim based on the decision-making process will fail. See Sealed,

332 F.3d at 56 (“Where the administrative scheme does not require a certain outcome,

but merely authorizes particular actions and remedies, the scheme does not create

‘entitlements’ that receive constitutional protection under the Fourteenth

Amendment.”). Second, “discretion” may refer to the extent to which criteria govern

and limit a decision-maker’s power to decide—whether the prescribed criteria are open-

ended and subjective, or determinate and well-defined. When this more restricted type

of discretion is at issue, the procedural due process inquiry turns on the question—in an

admittedly somewhat circular inquiry—whether the relevant criteria “meaningfully

channel official discretion” to an extent sufficient to create a property interest. Kapps, 404

                                              18
F.3d at 113 (emphasis added); see also Bd. of Pardons v. Allen, 482 U.S. 369, 375 (1987)

(explaining the “two entirely distinct uses of the term discretion”: (1) where an official

“‘is simply not bound by standards set by the authority in question,’” and (2) whether

an official “‘must use judgment in applying the standards set . . . by authority’”

(quoting RONALD DWORKIN, TAKING RIGHTS SERIOUSLY 31-32 (1977))).

              1. The District Court’s Ruling

       The district court alluded to the presence of both types of discretion in MLTCs’

decision-making authority. It suggested that MLTCs have ultimate discretion to decide

whether to offer a particular number of personal care hours. See Bellin, 457 F. Supp. 3d

at 423 (“[T]he regulations and agency guidance describe when 24-hour care may be

authorized; they do not state that it must be offered.”). It also implied that the relevant

regulations do not sufficiently channel MLTCs’ assessments of beneficiaries’ personal

care services needs so as to create a constitutionally protected property interest. See id.

(explaining that Bellin failed to allege a “scheme to channel discretion in MLTCs’

personal care determinations”).

       The district court also pointed to two other aspects of the personal care services

assessment scheme as relevant to its conclusion: the fact that beneficiaries have the

option of seeking and choosing among multiple MLTC offers, and the fact that MLTCs

may compete with one another to sign up beneficiaries. See id. (pointing to “choice on

the part of the potential Medicaid enrollee, and the possibility of competition among

MLTCs as to the quantity and quality of care each proposes to offer” as reasons

beneficiaries lack a constitutionally protected due process interest in the initial

determination of their care services hours).

       On appeal, the State and RiverSpring do not substantially defend the district

court’s suggestion that MLTCs possess the ultimate discretion to grant or deny care

                                               19
services hours regardless of whether certain criteria are satisfied. 17 They instead argue

that MLTCs’ initial determinations of personal care services hours involve the

application of fluid, subjective criteria and specialized medical judgment such that their

discretion is not “meaningfully channeled.” We consider this argument below,

ultimately concluding that Bellin has plausibly alleged that MLTCs lack both this type

of unbounded discretion as well as the sort of “ultimate” discretion that the district

court suggested they have.

               2. Meaningfully Channeled Discretion

       As explained above, determining the extent to which decision-makers’ discretion

is channeled demands a careful examination of the required decision-making process.

In Barrows v. Burwell, for example, this Court considered whether Medicare beneficiaries

have a constitutionally protected property interest in being admitted to hospitals on an

inpatient basis as opposed to being placed on observation status, a decision that

substantially alters their responsibility under Medicare for the cost of their treatment.

17Both the State and RiverSpring’s briefs could be read to imply that MLTCs are never under an
obligation to provide a particular number of personal care services hours—that they possess the
sort of “ultimate” discretion that absolutely precludes a constitutionally protected property
interest. Upon closer examination, however, both parties’ arguments are simply variations on
their claims that the relevant personal care services hours criteria are too fluid and subjective to
create a constitutionally protected property interest in any particular number of hours. For
example, RiverSpring suggests in passing that under New York regulations “the conferral of the
benefit . . . never becomes mandatory.” RiverSpring Br. 32. Yet, in support of this contention,
RiverSpring cites the facts that “a nurse conducting a [uniform assessment] considers numerous
data points,” that “two individuals with the same [uniform assessment] score may” receive
different assessments, and that “different plans may assess the required number of hours
differently for [different] individuals.” RiverSpring Br. 32. In much the same way, the State
highlights “precatory language throughout the statutory and regulatory framework,” but in the
end argues only that this language “reinforces the absence of a predetermined outcome.” State
Br. 53. Neither party argues that the MLTC has the option under its contract with the State to
deny providing a given level of personal care services altogether to an individual who qualifies
for that level of care.

                                                20
777 F.3d 106, 107-09 (2d Cir. 2015). The district court held that because the decision

whether to admit a patient was a “complex medical judgment” committed to the

discretion of hospital physicians, beneficiaries have no constitutionally protected

property interest in being admitted. Id. at 114. In support of this conclusion, it pointed

to the Medicare Policy Manual, published by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid

Services (“CMS”), which specifically stated that the decision whether to admit a patient

was a “complex medical judgment” based on a physician’s application of various

factors. Id.

       This Court held that the district court’s dismissal of the action for failure to state

a claim was premature. The Barrows plaintiff alleged that, despite the CMS guidance,

admissions decisions were in fact made “through rote application of ‘commercially

available screening tools,’” which, in practice, “substitute[d] for the medical judgment of

treating physicians.” Id. In light of this allegation, we explained, the district court could

not fairly rely on the Medicare Policy Manual to serve as an accurate representation of

the admissions procedures. Otherwise stated, whether the plaintiffs had a

constitutionally protected property interest “turn[ed] on facts that [were], at th[at] stage,

contested.” Id. at 115. The Barrows Court recognized that a protected property interest

can arise in a number of ways and that it is important for district courts to consider the

details of the administrative scheme—and the allegations regarding those details—

before relying on general discretion-granting regulations to dismiss procedural due

process claims. Accordingly, although “[t]he issue of whether an individual has such a

property interest is a question of law,” Gagliardi v. Vill. of Pawling, 18 F.3d 188, 192 (2d

Cir. 1994), Barrows and other precedents make clear that when a complaint plausibly

alleges discretion is meaningfully channeled based on the relevant sources, including

                                              21
informal institutional policies and practices, the case should not be dismissed at the

Rule 12(b)(6) stage. 18

       In this case, the district court dismissed Bellin’s due process claims after

examining the New York regulations that describe—at the highest level of generality—

the criteria MLTCs must consider in making initial hours determinations for personal

care services. See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 18, § 505.14(a). In the district court’s

view, the fact that MLTCs were directed to apply criteria that “require medical

judgment and administrative decision making” established that MLTCs’ discretion was

not meaningfully channeled. Bellin, 457 F. Supp. 3d at 423. But whether Bellin plausibly

alleged that MLTCs’ discretion is meaningfully channeled cannot be answered simply

by an examination of the highest-level generally applicable regulations.

       The relevant regulations, which are incorporated by reference into the complaint,

do not establish as a matter of law that the discretion of the MLTCs is not meaningfully

channeled. The State and RiverSpring argue that because 18 N.Y.C.R.R. § 505.14(b),

which sets forth criteria the MLTCs must consider, contains a physician’s evaluation, a

social assessment, and a nursing assessment that each require subjective judgments, the

criteria are too open-ended to be meaningfully channeled. For example, the State

contends that “[u]nder state law, an MLTC plan may provide personal care services

only to the extent those services are ‘determined to meet the patient’s needs for

assistance,’ and ‘when’ those services are also ‘cost effective and appropriate.’” State Br.

50 (emphasis omitted). Although the criteria involve professional and subjective

18To be clear, we do not mean to suggest that anytime a plaintiff alleges a due process claim, the
case should move on to discovery because there may be sources that could be uncovered during
discovery that would help determine whether discretion is meaningfully channeled. The
complaint, documents incorporated by reference into the complaint, and matters of which the
court may take judicial notice must in totality raise a plausible inference that plaintiffs are
entitled to relief and that the case should therefore proceed to discovery.

                                               22
determinations, many of the criteria are also objective and fixed. For instance, the

nursing assessment must by regulation include six specific factors, including more

objective ones such as “the primary diagnosis code from the ICD-9-CM.” 18 N.Y.C.R.R.

§ 505.14(b)(3)(iii)(b)(2). Even with the cost-effectiveness criteria, the regulation

delineates the considerations and alternatives that should be taken into consideration; it

does not just leave the assessment of cost-effectiveness to the MLTCs without providing

any substantive guidance. See id. § 505.14(b)(3)(iv); see also Fleury v. Clayton, 847 F.2d

1229, 1232 (7th Cir. 1988) (“[T]he inclusion of elastic items in a list of criteria does not

destroy a property interest.”).

         As a result, this case is different from Yale Auto Parts, Inc. v. Johnson, 758 F.2d 54

(2d Cir. 1985), upon which the State relies in support of the view that “this Court and

others [] reject claims of constitutionally protected entitlements” when “the regulatory

scheme involves both professional judgment and open-ended criteria.” State Br. 48. In

Yale Auto Parts, the Court held that the plaintiff businesspeople had no constitutionally

protected property interest in approval by the West Haven Zoning Board of Appeals of

the location for an auto junkyard. 758 F.2d at 60. The Court highlighted the appellate

zoning board’s statutory duty to take into account highly subjective considerations such

as “the health, safety and general welfare of the public,” and, citing this substantial

“discretion,” concluded that the plaintiffs lacked the requisite property interest. Id. at

59. 19

19In addition, the Yale Auto Parts court did not affirm dismissal of the complaint simply because
the Zoning Board of Appeals applied subjective criteria. The court emphasized that the plaintiff
in that case did not allege that “but for the” alleged due process violation, the Zoning Board of
Appeals “would have been required to award them the requested” approval. Id. at 60. The
presence of highly subjective criteria confirmed that there was no “certainty or a very strong
likelihood that,” absent the alleged denial of due process, plaintiff’s “application would have
been granted.” Id. at 59. In Bellin’s case, by contrast, the Commissioner’s designee has already

                                                23
       In her complaint, Bellin plausibly alleged that “MLTCs’ decisions regarding the

appropriateness and amount of personal care services to provide to Medicaid recipients

are not independent professional judgments because those decisions are governed by,

and must conform with Federal and New York State statutes, regulations, manuals and

transmission letters.” Jt. App’x 20. She pointed out that they must by contract provide

sufficient services “to reasonably be expected to achieve the purpose for which the

services are furnished,” and that they must be furnished at levels “no less . . . than

[those] furnished to beneficiaries under fee-for-service Medicaid.” Id. at 17 (quoting 42

C.F.R. § 438.210(a)). She further alleged that, when certain regulatory criteria are

satisfied, “MLTC plans are required to provide medically necessary in-home personal

care services up to and including 24 hours per day.” Id. (citing 18 N.Y.C.R.R.

§§ 505.14(a)(3), (5), 505.28(b)(4), (8)). As explained above, the criteria outlined in 18

N.Y.C.R.R. § 505.14(b) place substantive limitations on the MLTCs’ decision-making. In

addition, the complaint identifies the MLTC Policy, which incorporates the Uniform

Assessment System, a special tool that all parties discuss in their briefing and as Bellin

argues “generates the answers to certain questions about functional impairments.”

Bellin Reply Br. 22. Although Bellin’s complaint was not a model of specificity, it

included these plausible, relatively specific allegations that MLTCs’ decision-making is

determined that RiverSpring’s May 2019 assessment supported her entitlement to 24-hour, live-
in personal care services. Absent the denial of her right to appeal, then, RiverSpring would
almost certainly have been required to offer Bellin that care as part of its initial care services
hours determination. We also read the Yale Auto Parts case to be concerned about applying
federal due process review to state administrative decision-making. In light of the substantial
federal role in overseeing and regulating state Medicaid programs, we see no similar risk here
of “open[ing] a Pandora’s Box of unnecessary federal-state conflict.” Yale Auto Parts, 758 F.2d at
59.

                                                24
not unbounded; rather, it is meaningfully channeled, and on this basis she claimed a

constitutionally protected property interest in a particular level of care.

       Other aspects of the record in the district court reinforce the plausibility of

Bellin’s due process claim. In opposing the motion to dismiss, Bellin filed with the

district court the initial decision and portions of the record in her fair hearing appeal in

which she sought reimbursement for the days she went without full-time care before

RiverSpring determined she was entitled to care at that level. See Declaration of Aytan

Y. Bellin, Exs. A, B, Bellin v. Zucker, 457 F. Supp. 3d 414 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) (No. 19-cv-5694

(AKH)), ECF No. 45. 20 She also included records of another fair hearing decision made

publicly available in a redacted format, in light of the privacy interests in the medical

information it necessarily contains. 21 Id., Ex. D.

       In deciding Bellin’s fair hearing appeal (as described above), the Commissioner’s

designee reviewed RiverSpring’s evaluations of Bellin’s condition and concluded that

they conclusively established her entitlement to 24-hour, live-in care. This fair hearing

decision lends plausibility to Bellin’s allegation that the MLTCs are required to provide

a particular level of personal care services upon finding that beneficiaries satisfy certain

criteria. Contrary to the district court’s suggestion that the regulatory scheme merely

authorizes a certain level of care when certain criteria are met, Bellin, 457 F. Supp. 3d at

423, and does not require that care be offered, the fair hearing record plausibly

establishes that upon finding certain criteria satisfied, MLTCs must provide 24-hour

20 The record did not include the amended fair hearing decision, which was issued after Bellin
filed her opposition to the motion to dismiss. Because it concerned the date on which an
entitlement began rather than the entitlement and record itself, it is not relevant to our
discussion at this point.

21As discussed in note 10, supra, these fair hearing decisions are matters of public record
properly subject to judicial notice.

                                                25
personal care services, see Appellant’s Reply Br. 25 (“The fair hearing decisions indicate

unequivocally that upon satisfying the criteria for a particular number of home care

hours, the hours must be awarded.”).

       Critically, Bellin’s fair hearing decision does not appear to be unique in this

aspect. She cites several other fair hearing decisions that reflect an apparent practice in

the Department of Health of reviewing MLTCs’ assessments and concluding based on

the satisfaction of certain criteria that beneficiaries are entitled to a specific number of

personal care services hours. See Appellant’s Br. 48-49; Appellant’s Reply Br. 26. For

instance, in one case, the Commissioner’s designee ruled that an MLTC had wrongly

denied a 99-year-old recipient’s request to increase her personal care services from 12

hours per day to 24-hour, live-in care. The Commissioner’s designee reached this

conclusion based on the MLTC’s assessment, which indicated that the recipient could

not walk or use a toilet without support. See Decision After Fair Hearing, No. 8110102H

(State of N.Y. Dep’t of Health Aug. 12, 2020),

https://otda.ny.gov/fair%20hearing%20images/2020-8/Redacted_8110102H.pdf (last

visited July 9, 2021); see also Decision After Fair Hearing at 21-22, No. 8171784M (State of

N.Y. Dep’t of Health July 13, 2020) (directing MLTC to increase appellant’s personal

care services hours from 10 hours per day to 24-hour, live-in care based in part on

“skilled services nurse[‘]s notes contained in the Plan’s evidence”),

https://otda.ny.gov/fair%20hearing%20images/2020-8/Redacted_8171784M.pdf (last

visited July 12, 2021).

       The fact that administrative review is possible for such similar claims supports

Bellin’s claim that beneficiaries have a property interest in the initial determination of

their personal care services hours. Our decision in Furlong v. Shalala, 156 F.3d 384 (2d

Cir. 1998), is instructive in this regard. In Furlong, plaintiff anesthesiologists challenged

the denial of the right of non-assigned physicians to appeal Medicare adverse payment

                                              26
decisions. The anesthesiologists asserted that they were denied a constitutionally

protected property interest when they were prevented from appealing insurance

carriers’ decisions to deem certain of their services “surgical,” resulting in lower

reimbursement rates. Id. at 389, 393. The Court first explained that federal regulations

left insurance carriers with considerable discretion in deciding whether a service was

“surgical,” and so did not provide a basis for identifying a protected property interest.

Id. at 394. But the Court then considered the fact that, when assigned physicians—who

had appeal rights—appealed the designation of the same services as the non-assigned

plaintiff anesthesiologists performed, ALJs repeatedly reversed the carriers’ decisions.

Id. Recognizing that these ALJ decisions were “persuasive authority in interpreting

Medicare law,” and ruling that the “constant, consistent pattern of ALJ decisions” was

sufficient to create a property interest in the designation of services, the Court held that

the plaintiff anesthesiologists had a protected property interest in receiving the higher

reimbursement amount. Id. at 395-96. In the same way, the fair hearing appeal decisions

Bellin identifies lend support to her assertion of a constitutionally protected property

interest. 22

        Bellin therefore plausibly alleges a property interest in MLTCs’ initial care

services hours determinations. We appreciate the State’s argument that the regulations

introduce sufficiently “open-ended considerations” into these determinations that

22The State and RiverSpring are largely silent about the relevance of the State fair hearing
decisions to Bellin’s due process claims. RiverSpring argues that “the fact . . . that fair hearing
decisions include descriptions of the standards and procedures MLTCs must utilize when
making home-care-hour determinations . . . (which are nothing more than recitations of the
guidelines) . . . does not demonstrate that a plan is required to authorize a specific level of
personal care services upon rote application of such standards and procedures.” RiverSpring Br.
34. However, “rote” application is not required to establish that discretion is meaningfully
channeled.

                                                27
Bellin cannot have a constitutionally protected property interest in a particular level of

care, even at the full-time, live-in level, where one might imagine few would differ on

the level of need. State Br. 51. Yet, to survive the motions to dismiss, it was not Bellin’s

burden to make anything more than a plausible allegation that MLTCs’ discretion is

channeled so as to create a property interest in initial hours determinations, and the

district court was obligated to draw all reasonable inferences from Bellin’s allegations in

her favor. Bellin carried this burden.

       On remand, the parties will likely have the opportunity to develop the record

concerning how these personal care services hours determinations are made and what

the applicable regulations require of both the MLTC and the State. This includes the

various forms of guidance that may be non-public and may limit MLTCs’ discretion to

which Bellin alluded in her complaint. See Jt. App’x 20 (“MLTCs’ decisions regarding

the appropriateness and amount of personal care services to provide to Medicaid

recipients are not independent professional judgments because those decisions are

governed by, and must conform with . . . manuals and transmission letters.” (emphasis

added)). It also includes the way MLTCs’ discretion is channeled in practice. Given the

review of assessment records that occurs in fair hearing appeals, the way the Uniform

Assessment System works in practice may be particularly relevant on remand.

RiverSpring acknowledges that “the [Uniform Assessment System] assigns a numbered

[nursing facility level of care] score based on the various data collected.” RiverSpring

Br. 32. Although RiverSpring submits on appeal that this data includes “the subjective

observations of the assessor,” and that two beneficiaries may receive the same score and

yet receive different levels of care, id., the fair hearing appeal decisions suggest that

these assessments at least sometimes support an obvious entitlement to a particular

number of personal care services hours. The evaluation of this and other relevant issues

will benefit from further factual development on remand.

                                             28
               3. Beneficiary Choice and MLTC Competition

       The district court cited “choice on the part of the potential Medicaid enrollee, and

the possibility of competition among MLTCs as to the quantity and quality of care each

proposes to offer,” as additional reasons for its conclusion that Bellin lacks a

constitutionally protected property interest in the initial determination of her care

services hours. Bellin, 457 F. Supp. 3d at 423. These aspects of New York’s Medicaid

scheme have no legitimate bearing on whether Bellin has a constitutionally protected

property interest. The fact that a beneficiary can seek out another MLTC and go through

the same evaluation process does not affect whether the regulatory scheme

“meaningfully channel[s] official discretion by mandating a defined administrative

outcome.” Kapps, 404 F.3d at 113. If we were to hold otherwise, states could dodge the

dictates of the Due Process Clause by having multiple firms “compete” to assess

beneficiaries’ entitlement to a particular amount of a benefit and to provide that benefit,

even if in practice those “competing” assessments yielded the same outcomes and the

competition was largely illusory. 23 The fact that beneficiaries can opt to seek initial

23In other words, one cannot infer “choice” and “competition” from the presence of multiple
MLTCs to which a beneficiary may apply. The number of available MLTCs varies by region,
and federal law requires states to ensure only that two managed care organizations are
available to any given enrollee, subject to certain exceptions. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396u-2(a)(3).
Meanwhile, the same structure that is designed to generate cost savings in the managed care
model may also create incentives for providers not to offer adequate care to high-needs
beneficiaries in hopes that those beneficiaries choose the competition. Recall that MLTCs are
paid a flat capitation per beneficiary. When considering a high-needs beneficiary such as Bellin,
MLTCs may have an incentive not to take her on as a patient—and therefore an incentive not to
offer an attractive or even adequate number of personal care hours. See 2003 Interim Report at
20-21 (explaining that MLTCs are “paid a predetermined amount per member per month” and
that, although regional rates vary based on broad enrollee demographic and other factors,
MLTCs ultimately bear the risks associated with covering the costs of “all needed medical
services” for any single enrollee through these payments). The Medicaid and CHIP Payment
and Access Commission, a non-partisan federal legislative agency, has observed that

                                               29
offers of personal care service levels from multiple MLTCs, and that these MLTCs may

provide different initial determinations, does not preclude finding that Bellin plausibly

alleged beneficiaries have a constitutionally protected property interest in the initial

determination of the care hours they will receive.

       B.     Constitutionally Adequate Protections

       The State argues that, even if Bellin has a constitutionally protected interest in the

amount of personal care services she receives, New York’s procedures for reviewing

MLTCs’ initial offers of such hours “are constitutionally adequate.” State Br. 55; see

Furlong, 156 F.3d at 395 (“The issue of what constitutes a substantive property interest is

analytically distinct from the issue of what procedures must be followed if such interest

is to be taken away.”). In keeping with our general practice, however, we decline to

reach this question as it was not addressed by the district court. See Booking v. Gen. Star

Mgmt. Co., 254 F.3d 414, 418-19 (2d Cir. 2001) (explaining that, although it has “broad

discretion” to address such questions, the Court generally does not reach questions not

addressed by district court).

       The State contends that it raised the constitutional adequacy of process argument

in his motion to dismiss to preserve it for our consideration on appeal. We leave it to the

district court to decide whether on remand, before discovery proceeds, the State (or

RiverSpring) may challenge the adequacy of Bellin’s allegations regarding the

inadequacy of current procedural protections.

“[c]apitated plans may also seek to enroll as many healthy patients as possible and discourage
participation of disabled or high utilizing enrollees.” MEDICAID & CHIP PAYMENT & ACCESS
COMM’N, Managed care’s effect on outcomes, https://www.macpac.gov/subtopic/managed-cares-
effect-on-outcomes/ (last visited July 10, 2021). We do not mean to suggest that this is how
RiverSpring or any other MLTC in New York operates in practice—only that one cannot safely
infer beneficiary “choice” and “competition” as would be relevant here from the fact that
beneficiaries may seek service offers from multiple MLTCs.

                                              30
III.     Statutory Claims

         Bellin also appeals the district court’s dismissal of her § 1983 claims alleging the

State’s violation of her federal statutory rights. In interpreting any statute, we start

with—and absent any ambiguity, end with—the plain meaning of the text construed in

its statutory context. See, e.g., MacNeil v. Berryhill, 869 F.3d 109, 113 (2d Cir. 2017).

         A.     Enrollee Appeal Rights

         Bellin first argues that she is entitled to appeal initial care hours determinations

under the federal statutes and regulations governing the appeal rights of Medicaid

beneficiaries. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396a(a)(3), 1396u-2(b)(4); 42 C.F.R. Part 438. Specifically,

Bellin avers that after she “enrolled with RiverSpring, RiverSpring was required to

process [her] appeal of RiverSpring’s initial authorization” and to provide her notice of

her right to appeal the initial determination. Appellant’s Br. 24. Bellin does not contest

that she was not formally “enrolled” in RiverSpring until June 1, 2019, when her care

began.

         Section 1396u-2 requires managed care organizations such as MLTCs to

“establish an internal grievance procedure under which an enrollee who is eligible for

medical assistance under the State plan under this subchapter, or a provider on behalf

of such an enrollee, may challenge the denial of coverage of or payment for such

assistance.” 42 U.S.C. § 1396u-2(b)(4). As explained in corresponding CMS regulations,

MLTCs must provide an internal appeal right, and notice of that right, whenever the

MLTC makes an “adverse benefit determination.” 42 C.F.R. § 438.404(b) (requiring that

managed care organizations provide notice explaining the “adverse benefit

determination,” the “enrollee’s right to request an appeal of the . . . adverse benefit

determination,” and the “procedures for exercising” that right); see also id.

§ 438.402(c)(2)(ii) (“Following receipt of a notification of an adverse benefit

determination . . . , an enrollee has 60 calendar days from the date on the adverse

                                               31
benefit determination notice in which to file a request for an appeal to the managed care

plan.”).

       Applicable regulations define an “adverse benefit determination” as, among

other things, “[t]he denial or limited authorization of a requested service, including

determinations based on the type or level of service, requirements for medical necessity,

appropriateness, setting, or effectiveness of a covered benefit.” 42 C.F.R. § 438.400(b)(1).

Bellin argues that RiverSpring’s initial determination that Bellin was eligible for only

eight hours of personal care services per day constituted an “adverse benefit

determination” within this statutory scheme. Appellant’s Br. 24. Once Bellin enrolled

with RiverSpring, she maintains, RiverSpring was obliged to provide her notice of her

right to appeal.

       We are not persuaded that the “adverse benefit determination” contemplated by

these regulations includes an MLTC’s initial determination of personal care hours. An

adverse benefit determination is the “denial or limited authorization of a requested

service,” 42 C.F.R. § 438.400(b)(1) (emphasis added), but Bellin had no opportunity to

formally “request” 24-hour, live-in personal care services when she sought an

evaluation by RiverSpring. Bellin conceded before the district court that Medicaid

beneficiaries do not “request” a particular number of care hours in applying for those

services: she described instead an informal procedure for making “requests,” in which

beneficiaries may tell an MLTC’s assessing nurse the number of care hours they hope to

receive, and thereby de facto make a request for a service that may be denied or

limitedly authorized. See Letter Addressed to Judge Alvin K. Hellerstein at 2, Bellin v.

Zucker, 457 F. Supp. 3d 414 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) (No. 19-cv-5694 (AKH)), ECF No. 58

(explaining that the Medicaid application form “does not contain a place to request a

particular number of hours of care,” but that a personal care services applicant

“generally makes a request for a particular number of hours of home care services later,

                                             32
to an MLTC nurse, who comes to the applicant’s home to determine the number of

hours of home care to which the applicant is entitled”). Although Bellin argues that she

“requested” 24-hour service after RiverSpring’s initial evaluation and before she

enrolled and “requested” an appeal of RiverSpring’s determination after she enrolled,

see Appellant’s Br. 22, 24, she does not claim that this sort of de facto informal request to

an MLTC nurse is contemplated by the Medicaid laws.

       In Bellin’s case, after a RiverSpring nurse informed Bellin that she was going to

recommend that Bellin receive eight hours of personal care services daily, Bellin alleges

that she “protested” that amount of care “through her daughter,” claiming it “was

woefully insufficient.” Jt. App’x 21. We do not see how this statement, or even a request

made before the evaluation began, could constitute an actionable “request” for care

hours that RiverSpring “denied” in its initial determination under the plain meaning of

the term “request” as understood in its statutory context. In this circumstance, the

statute unambiguously establishes that MLTCs’ initial personal care hours

determinations cannot constitute adverse benefit determinations.

       This conclusion is further supported by the regulations governing notice of

adverse benefit determinations. CMS regulations require that notice of decisions

denying services be mailed within 14 days of the request for services. See 42 C.F.R.

§ 438.404(c)(3) (requiring that notice of “standard service authorization decisions that

deny or limit services” be mailed to enrollees “within the timeframe specified in

§ 438.210(d)(1).”); id. § 438.210(d)(1) (“For standard authorization decisions, [the MLTC

must] provide notice as expeditiously as the enrollee’s condition requires and within

State-established timeframes that may not exceed 14 calendar days following receipt of

the request for service . . . .”). Bellin maintains that pre-enrollment initial determinations

of personal care services hours trigger this notice requirement based on informal

requests made by potential recipients for a particular number of hours. Yet Bellin

                                             33
concedes that only enrollees are entitled to notice under this provision. Since potential

recipients have more than 14 days to accept pre-enrollment offers from MLTCs, and

enrollment may not follow until weeks after that, 14 days could regularly elapse

between the request for a specific number of personal care services hours and the time

when a recipient enrolls in an MLTC. As a result, MLTCs could often involuntarily

violate the notice provision even if they gave notice of appeal rights the day a recipient

began to receive care and thus became an enrollee.

       Bellin responds that MLTCs could avoid this problem by “providing [each]

potential enrollee with the required appeal notice when the [MLTC] makes its initial

service determination.” Appellant’s Br. 27. This misunderstands the problem. While it

might be feasible for MLTCs to provide the required notice to every potential enrollee at

the time of the initial assessment, the regulations contemplate notice to enrollees only,

and the impossibility of providing notice on the regulatory timetable, as discussed,

provides another reason to doubt that Bellin’s reading of these provisions comports

with their intended meaning. 24

24As the State notes, CMS knows how to require notice to potential enrollees and how to
identify potential enrollees when a notice must go to them. See, e.g., 42 C.F.R. § 438.10 (requiring
managed care organizations to “provide all required information in this section to enrollees and
potential enrollees in a manner and format that may be easily understood and is readily
accessible by such enrollees and potential enrollees”). Bellin counters that, in her view, CMS
generally uses “enrollee” to include “potential enrollees” as well. Bellin’s argument relies,
however, on misreadings of CMS responses to public comments published in the Federal
Register. Bellin cites a CMS discussion of “potential enrollee financial liability” as if it is
discussing the financial liability of potential enrollees. See Medicaid and Children's Health
Insurance Program (CHIP) Programs; Medicaid Managed Care, CHIP Delivered in Managed
Care, and Revisions Related to Third Party Liability, 81 Fed. Reg. 27,498, 27,507 (May 6, 2016). In
fact, in the quoted passage CMS appears to be discussing the potential financial liability of
enrollees, since its response is to comments recommending “that CMS revise the definition of
‘adverse benefit determination’ to include disputes regarding an enrollee’s financial liability.”

                                                34
       B.      Fair Hearing Appeal Rights

       Bellin argues in the alternative that Medicaid beneficiaries are entitled to an

appeal of initial care hours determinations based on the guarantee of fair hearing

appeal rights in 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3) and accompanying CMS regulations. State

Medicaid plans must “provide for granting an opportunity for a fair hearing before the

State agency to any individual whose claim for medical assistance under the plan is

denied or is not acted upon with reasonable promptness.” 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3). This

requirement is further outlined by CMS regulation:

         The State agency must grant an opportunity for a hearing to . . . [a]ny
         individual who requests it because he or she believes the agency has
         taken an action erroneously, denied his or her claim for eligibility or for
         covered benefits or services, or issued a determination of an individual’s
         liability, or has not acted upon the claim with reasonable
         promptness . . . .
42 C.F.R. § 431.220(a)(1). Bellin argues that RiverSpring “denied . . . her claim for . . .

covered . . . services” and she was entitled to appeal that denial at a fair hearing. Id.

       But Bellin did not make a “claim” for personal care services that was “denied.”

Id. As explained in Part III.A above, Bellin did not and could not request a certain

number of hours when she sought evaluation by RiverSpring. Bellin points to

statements by CMS that the denial of a claim includes the “denial of a particular ‘level

of benefits,’” Appellant’s Br. 20, but this does not alter the analysis. No party disputes

that, once enrolled, recipients may request additional personal care services hours and

may appeal the denial of their request. What Bellin fails to provide support for is the

proposition that potential recipients at any point make a “claim” for a particular

Id. at 27,507. This same misreading underlies the use of “potential enrollee” on the next page of
the Federal Register, which Bellin also cites in support of her argument. See id. at 27,508.

                                               35
number of hours of personal care services that is denied through MLTCs’ initial hours

determinations.

       In the absence of clear textual support for her view, Bellin argues that

interpreting federal law not to require a fair hearing right in the instant circumstance

would “amount to an improper repeal of the long-standing appeal rights granted by 42

U.S.C.[]§ 1396a(a)(3).” Appellant’s Br. 34. In making this argument, Bellin relies on the

well-established presumption that Congress does not repeal earlier statutes sub silentio.

See Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defs. of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 662 (2007) (“We will not

infer a statutory repeal unless the later statute expressly contradicts the original act or

unless such a construction is absolutely necessary in order that the words of the later

statute shall have any meaning at all.”). According to Bellin, an interpretation of

§ 1396u-2 that denies beneficiaries fair hearing rights effects a repeal of § 1396a and

should be avoided.

       In the fee-for-service model, local social services districts determine beneficiaries’

entitlement to personal care services and the number of hours they receive. These

determinations are subject to appeal in a fair hearing. Congress passed § 1396u-2 in 1997

and substantially expanded states’ ability to use a managed care model to deliver

Medicaid services. See Balanced Budget Act of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-33, 111 Stat. 251.

New York now requires beneficiaries like Bellin to receive personal care services from

MLTCs. These managed care organizations both assess beneficiaries’ care hours needs

and provide them with that care.

       Bellin would have us read into § 1396u-2 a congressional guarantee that

beneficiaries’ fair hearing rights remain untouched in the move to managed care. We

see no basis in the statute to understand that Congress intended such a guarantee. For

example, § 1396u-2 requires managed care organizations to set up internal appeal

procedures. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396u-2(b)(4) (requiring managed care organizations to

                                              36
“establish an internal grievance procedure under which an enrollee . . . may challenge

the denial of coverage of or payment for such assistance”). Although not addressed in

the statute, subsequently issued CMS regulations require that beneficiaries’ appeals be

handled by managed care organizations in the first instance; only after that can

beneficiaries demand an appeal through a fair hearing. See 42 C.F.R. § 438.408(f)(1) (“An

enrollee may request a State fair hearing only after receiving notice that the [managed

care organization] . . . is upholding the adverse benefit determination.”); see also id.

§ 438.402(b) (“Each [managed care organization] . . . may have only one level of appeal

for enrollees.”). The result is a substantial limitation of beneficiaries’ rights to appeal

through a fair hearing.

       Bellin cites statements by CMS during a notice and comment period regarding 42

C.F.R. Part 438 to argue that “CMS has explicitly disavowed any intent to limit

individual[s’] pre-existing appeal rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3).” Appellant’s Br.

36. Upon closer inspection, however, CMS did no more than largely reiterate the

importance of beneficiaries generally retaining fair hearing rights. For instance, Bellin

cites a CMS statement that it was “critical that all beneficiaries . . . have access to the

State fair hearing process rights provided for” in § 1396a(a)(3). Medicaid Program;

Medicaid Managed Care, 66 Fed. Reg. 6228, 6341 (Jan. 19, 2001). But no party disputes

that beneficiaries remained entitled to robust fair hearing rights under the managed

care model. The question is whether those fair hearing rights had to mirror prior fee-

for-service hearing rights in every respect. In promulgating the internal grievance

procedure rules, CMS explained that it was acting pursuant to its authority under

§ 1396a(a)(3) as well as § 1396u-2, and that before its rulemaking, § 1396a(a)(3)’s fair

hearing requirements “ha[d] not been implemented in regulations that appl[ied] to

managed care enrollees.” Id. at 6335. CMS thus recognized that a managed care model

required the development of new fair hearing procedures tailored to that model.

                                              37
Accepting Bellin’s argument would demand that we import wholesale the fair hearing

requirements applicable to the fee-for-service model into this substantially different

context. Finding Bellin’s reading of the statutory language strained, we decline to do so.

       Bellin is not wrong that New York’s managed care system has altered

beneficiaries’ appeal rights. If every MLTC that evaluates a beneficiary makes too low

an initial personal care services hours determination, that beneficiary is left with no

choice but to accept one of the offers of care, begin care receiving fewer hours than she

is entitled to receive, and then go through the process of requesting more hours, waiting

for a decision, appealing internally, and appealing to a fair hearing. Meanwhile, the

State does not dispute that the same beneficiary in a fee-for-service care delivery model

would be entitled to appeal immediately the number of personal care hours initially

determined. The limits on beneficiaries’ appeal rights may prove important on remand

in evaluating Bellin’s procedural due process claims. They do not provide a persuasive

basis for concluding that beneficiaries have a federal statutory right to appeal an

MLTC’s initial care hours determination.

                                     CONCLUSION

       New York’s decision to restructure the initial determination of Medicaid

beneficiaries’ personal care services hours had major consequences for those seeking to

challenge and promptly resolve the number of hours of care they would receive.

Although we conclude that the resulting limitations on beneficiaries’ appeal rights do

not violate federal Medicaid law, we hold that Bellin has plausibly alleged that those

limitations deprive her and similarly situated plaintiffs of a constitutionally protected

property interest.

                                            38
      For the reasons set forth above, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED

in part and VACATED in part, and the action is REMANDED for further proceedings

consistent with this Opinion.

                                         39