Court Opinion

ID: 8206906
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-16 14:06:57.298431+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:20.723145
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 9, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
                            TO BE PUBLISHED

                   Commonwealth of Kentucky
                               Court of Appeals

                                   NO. 2021-CA-1062-MR

LUIS O. GARCIA MARTINEZ                                                         APPELLANT

                APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.            HONORABLE ANGELA MCCORMICK BISIG, JUDGE
                       ACTION NO. 16-CR-000242

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                                           APPELLEE

                                        OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING IN PART,
                                   REVERSING IN PART,
                                    AND REMANDING

                                        ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: GOODWINE, MAZE, AND K. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

MAZE, JUDGE: Luis O. Garcia Martinez (Martinez)1 appeals from a judgment of

conviction by the Jefferson Circuit Court. He argues that he was unfairly

1
  The Commonwealth’s/Appellee’s brief spells the defendant’s/Appellant’s last name as
“Martines.” That spelling also occurs at various points in the record below. However, the name
is spelled as “Martinez” in the indictment and in the Appellant’s brief. In addition, his last name
prejudiced by his exclusion from a bench conference and because the

Commonwealth presented the testimony of a witness who it had previously stated

would not testify. These issues are not preserved for review, and we find no

palpable error or prejudice occurred as a result. However, we agree with Martinez

that he was entitled to directed verdicts on the charges of tampering with physical

evidence and first-degree fleeing or evading police. But he was not entitled to a

directed verdict on the charge of second-degree disorderly conduct. Finally, we

conclude that the trial court did not err in denying Martinez’s motion to suppress

evidence seized during and following his arrest. Hence, we reverse in part, affirm

in part, and remand for entry of a new judgment and sentence as set forth below.

              I.     Facts and Procedural History

              On January 28, 2016, a Jefferson County grand jury returned an

indictment charging Martinez on charges of first-degree trafficking in a controlled

substance (heroin), first-degree trafficking in a controlled substance (cocaine),

first-degree fleeing or evading police, third-degree assault, tampering with physical

evidence, resisting arrest, second-degree disorderly conduct, possession of

marijuana, and alcohol intoxication in a public place. The charges against

is sometimes listed as “Garcia Martinez” or “Garcia-Martinez.” This is consistent with the
common form for Spanish surnames, which typically employ a paternal surname followed by a
maternal surname, with the paternal surname being primary. But the defendant/Appellant is
most commonly referred to as “Martinez,” and we will continue to use this name and spelling in
the interest of consistency.

                                             -2-
Martinez and the issues on appeal stem from an interaction he had with two

Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) officers on October 29, 2015.

Around midnight on that date, Officers John Chenault and Joseph Hardison heard

yelling while on patrol in the Beechmont neighborhood of Louisville. They

followed the noise for several blocks and found Martinez on an apartment patio,

which sat two-to-three feet below grade and behind a row of bushes. Martinez was

surrounded by empty beer cans. His eyes were bloodshot and he was yelling at a

woman inside.

             The officers then asked Martinez what was going on. He motioned to

a woman standing inside the apartment and said, “It’s my girlfriend, my

girlfriend.” However, the woman shook her head indicating “no.” Officer

Chenault directed Martinez to step up off the patio and then Officer Hardison told

him to sit down on the sidewalk. Instead, Martinez took off running.

             During the ensuing chase, Officer Hardison saw Martinez drop a

white plastic bag in a parking lot. The officers continued after Martinez, chasing

him back and forth across Third Street several times and onto the grounds of a

nearby apartment complex. Once there, the officers tackled Martinez and used a

Taser to subdue him.

             After Martinez was in custody, Officer Hardison retraced his steps to

recover a flashlight that he had dropped during the chase. In addition, Officer

                                        -3-
Hardison found the white bag that Martinez had dropped. The bag contained

marijuana, heroin, cocaine, jewelry, and twelve pages of notes written in Spanish.

The officers also recovered a substantial amount of currency from Martinez.

             Prior to trial, Martinez moved to suppress evidence seized from him at

the time of his arrest. Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motion. The

matter then proceeded to a jury trial in May 2021. The jury ultimately found

Martinez not guilty of alcohol intoxication in a public place, but guilty of the

remaining charges. The jury fixed his sentence at a total of seven years’

imprisonment, which the trial court imposed. After trial, Martinez moved for new

trial or a judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The trial court denied the motion.

This appeal followed. Additional facts will be set forth below as necessary.

             II.    Issues Relating to the Testimony of Officer Hardison

             Martinez first raises several issues involving the testimony of Officer

Hardison. After the jury was seated, the Commonwealth called Officer Chenault

as its first witness. In pertinent part, Officer Chenault began to narrate his account

of the encounter with Martinez while the body-cam video from Officer Hardison

played for the jury. Martinez objected to Officer Chenault’s testimony about what

Officer Hardison saw, stated, or observed. The trial court agreed and limited

Officer Chenault’s testimony accordingly.

                                          -4-
             During a break in Officer Chenault’s testimony, Juror 2724170

approached the bench and informed the trial court that she recognized Officer

Hardison’s name and his voice in the video. She told the court that she and Officer

Hardison had been friends about fifteen years earlier, but the friendship ended

when he assaulted her. Concluding that the juror could not be impartial, the trial

court excused her from jury service.

             During the bench conference, the Assistant Commonwealth’s

Attorney advised the court that “we’re not calling [Officer Hardison] as a witness.”

But near the end of the Commonwealth’s case, the Commonwealth called Officer

Hardison to the stand. Officer Hardison explained that he had just returned from

military leave and the Commonwealth offered that it had been unsure whether he

would be available for trial. Martinez’s counsel did not object to Officer

Hardison’s testimony.

             A. Deprivation of Right to Be Present at Critical Stages of the
                Proceeding

             Martinez first contends he was deprived of his constitutional right to

be present at all critical stages of the proceedings. Martinez was present in the

courtroom and had an interpreter. However, he remained at the counsel table

during the bench conference with Juror 2724170. Furthermore, it does not appear

from the record that the interpreter provided Martinez with a translation of the

discussion at the bench.

                                         -5-
                Martinez argues that his absence from the bench conference prevented

him from fully participating in his own defense. He asserts that the bench

conference revealed information substantially related to Officer Hardison’s

credibility. As a result, Martinez maintains that his absence from the bench

conference frustrated his Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine

Officer Hardison.

                As noted, Martinez’s counsel did not object either to Martinez’s

absence at the bench conference or to Officer Hardison’s later testimony. Martinez

essentially argues that they may be reviewed as structural errors despite their lack

of preservation. In the alternative, Martinez asks this Court to review the issues

under the palpable error standard of RCr2 10.26.

                We disagree that Martinez’s claims on these issues amount to

structural error. Structural errors “affect[] the framework within which the trial

proceeds, rather than being simply an error in the trial process itself.” Weaver v.

Massachusetts, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 1899, 1907, 198 L. Ed. 2d 420 (2017)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As such “a structural error def[ies]

analysis by harmless error standards.” Id. at 1907-08 (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted). “Structural errors are rare.” Crossland v. Commonwealth, 291

2
    Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.

                                            -6-
S.W.3d 223, 232 (Ky. 2009). Moreover, the structural error has only been found in

seven circumstances: (1) complete denial of counsel; (2) biased trial judge; (3)

racial discrimination in selection of grand jury; (4) denial of self-representation at

trial; (5) denial of public trial; (6) defective reasonable-doubt instruction; and (7)

erroneous deprivation of the right to counsel of choice. McCleery v.

Commonwealth, 410 S.W.3d 597, 605 (Ky. 2013) (citations omitted). In this case,

Martinez’s absence from a single bench conference, during which he was

represented by counsel, did not affect the entire framework of the trial so as to

render the proceedings fundamentally unfair.

             Since Martinez did not preserve this objection, our review is limited to

palpable error. An error is palpable when it affects the substantial rights of a party

and appropriate relief may be granted upon a determination that manifest injustice

has resulted from the error. RCr 10.26. To determine whether manifest injustice

has occurred, an appellate court must find that on the whole case there is a

substantial possibility that the result would have been different had the error not

occurred. Barker v. Commonwealth, 341 S.W.3d 112, 114 (Ky. 2011).

             It is well-established that a defendant has a right to be present and

represented by counsel at all critical stages of a criminal proceeding. See

Tennessee v. Lane, 541 U.S. 509, 523, 124 S. Ct. 1978, 1988, 158 L. Ed. 2d 820

(2004). We agree with Martinez that the bench conference was a critical stage of

                                          -7-
the criminal proceeding. Allen v. Commonwealth, 410 S.W.3d 125, 139 (Ky.

2013). However, the right to be present at all critical stages of a criminal

proceeding is not absolute. See RCr 8.28. Unlike in Allen, Martinez was not

representing himself – he was represented by counsel who fully participated in the

bench conference involving the juror. Thus, the trial court’s failure to include

Martinez in the bench conference did not affect his substantial rights.

                Furthermore, Martinez fails to establish that he suffered any prejudice

due to his absence from the bench conference. Martinez asserts that he would have

asked his counsel to cross-examine Officer Hardison about the alleged assault on

the juror. But as the Commonwealth notes, the proposed cross-examination would

have involved a collateral matter and would have been subject to the relevancy

limitations of KRE3 402. See also Davenport v. Commonwealth, 177 S.W.3d 763,

772 (Ky. 2005). Furthermore, prior bad acts are generally not admissible unless

the court determines that the conduct is probative of truthfulness. KRE 403, 404,

and 608. Martinez offers no explanation of how an allegation of assault, dating

back more than a decade, would have been relevant or admissible. Therefore, he

cannot establish any prejudice resulting from his absence from the bench

conference.

3
    Kentucky Rules of Evidence.

                                           -8-
              B. Unfair Surprise

              Martinez next argues that he was unfairly surprised by Officer

Hardison’s testimony after the Commonwealth stated he would not appear.

Martinez notes that Officer Hardison was the only witness who could testify to

seeing him drop the bag containing the drugs. Martinez contends that he was

misled by the Commonwealth’s statement that Officer Hardison would not testify

and that it affected counsel’s ability to cross-examine him.

              As previously noted, Martinez’s counsel did not object when Officer

Hardison was called. Therefore, we must also review this issue under the palpable

error standard. As an initial matter, there was no evidence the Commonwealth

intentionally misled the trial court or the defense. During the bench conference,

the Commonwealth stated that it did not intend to call Officer Hardison to testify.

In addition, the Commonwealth advised the court that it was unsure whether

Officer Hardison would be available for trial because he was on military leave.

Given the changing circumstances of trial and the availability of Officer Hardison,

we find no indication that the Commonwealth intentionally misrepresented its

intentions.

              Furthermore, Martinez has failed to identify any substantial prejudice

from allowing Officer Hardison to testify. The Commonwealth identified Officer

Hardison as a potential witness in its pre-trial disclosures. The Commonwealth’s

                                         -9-
statements occurred after trial had begun and could not have affected defense

counsel’s ability to prepare. And as discussed above, the allegations about Officer

Hardison probably would not have been admissible. Therefore, we agree with the

Commonwealth that Martinez failed to show a substantial possibility that the

outcome of the trial was affected.

             III.   Denial of Motions for Directed Verdict

             Martinez next argues that he was entitled to directed verdicts on the

charges of tampering with physical evidence, fleeing or evading police, and

disorderly conduct. On appellate review, a trial court’s denial of a motion for

directed verdict should only be reversed “if under the evidence as a whole, it would

be clearly unreasonable for a jury to find guilt[.]” Commonwealth v. Benham, 816

S.W.2d 186, 187 (Ky. 1991) (citing Commonwealth v. Sawhill, 660 S.W.2d 3, 4-5

(Ky. 1983)). In determining whether to grant a motion for directed verdict, the

trial court must consider the evidence as a whole, presume the Commonwealth’s

proof is true, draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the Commonwealth, and

leave questions of weight and credibility to the jury. Id. To sustain a motion for a

directed verdict, the Commonwealth must produce less than a “mere scintilla of

evidence.” Id. at 188.

                                        -10-
                A. Tampering With Physical Evidence

                KRS4 524.100 makes it unlawful for a person to tamper with physical

evidence. In relevant part, that statute provides the following:

                (1) A person is guilty of tampering with physical
                evidence when, believing that an official proceeding is
                pending or may be instituted, he:

                    (a) Destroys, mutilates, conceals, removes or alters
                    physical evidence which he believes is about to be
                    produced or used in the official proceeding with intent
                    to impair its verity or availability in the official
                    proceeding; . . . .

                The statute requires the Commonwealth to “prove both that the

defendant committed one of the proscribed criminal acts – [d]estroys, mutilates,

conceals, removes, or alters – and that the defendant did so with the intent to

impair its verity or availability.” McGuire v. Commonwealth, 595 S.W.3d 90, 98

(Ky. 2019) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In Commonwealth v.

James, 586 S.W.3d 717, 731 (Ky. 2019), our Supreme Court held that, “where a

defendant merely drops, throws down, or abandons drugs in the vicinity of the

defendant and in the presence and view of the police, and the officer can quickly

and readily retrieve the evidence, the criminal act of concealment or removal has

not taken place.”

4
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.

                                           -11-
               Likewise, Martinez argues that his actions in dropping the plastic bag

in plain view of Officer Hardison cannot amount to concealment within the

meaning of KRS 524.100. The Commonwealth agrees that, under McGuire and

James, a directed verdict would be appropriate on the charge of tampering with

physical evidence. Since the Commonwealth has conceded the error, we will set

aside the conviction for tampering with physical evidence.5

               B. Fleeing or Evading Police

               KRS 520.095(1)(b) criminalizes pedestrian flight from police, when

the “person knowingly or wantonly disobeys an order to stop, given by a person

recognized to be a peace officer[.]” In addition, the statute requires the presence of

an aggravating circumstance, in this case, “[b]y fleeing or eluding, the person is the

cause of, or creates a substantial risk of, serious physical injury or death to any

person or property[.]” See Bell v. Commonwealth, 122 S.W.3d 490, 496 (Ky.

5
  The Commonwealth reserved its right to file supplemental briefing based upon the outcome of
the Kentucky Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Bell, No. 2021-SC-0252-DG. The
Kentucky Supreme Court heard oral arguments in that case in June 2022, but no opinion in that
case has been rendered as of this writing. Furthermore, the controlling issue in Bell was whether
the defendant’s “furtive but futile acts” of attempting to hide a bag of drugs amounted to
concealment within the meaning of the statute. This Court concluded that it did not because the
drugs remained in plain view despite the defendant’s efforts. Bell v. Commonwealth, No. 2019-
CA-1260-MR, 2021 WL 2274313, at *2 (Ky. App. Jun. 4, 2021), review granted (Oct. 20,
2021). Regardless of the outcome in Bell, we conclude that McGuire and James remain
applicable because there was no evidence in this case that Martinez attempted to conceal his
actions by dropping the bag out of the sight of Officer Hardison.

                                              -12-
2003). Martinez challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on both of these

elements.

             First, Martinez argues that there was no evidence he “knowingly or

wantonly” disobeyed an order to stop. He points out that he primarily speaks

Spanish with only limited English skills. In fact, the officers needed to translate a

simple command such as “sit down” so that Martinez could understand it. As a

result, Martinez contends there was no evidence he understood the officers’ orders

to stop fleeing.

             Second, Martinez contends that there was no evidence that his fleeing

from the police was the cause of or created a substantial risk of serious physical

injury to any person or property. He notes that it was around midnight; there was

very little traffic on Third Street while he was fleeing from the officers. He

contends that any risk of harm to the officers was merely speculative and not

sufficient to support the charge of first-degree fleeing or evading.

             In response, the Commonwealth notes that Martinez demonstrated an

understanding of basic English. The Commonwealth also points to Officer

Hardison’s testimony that there was traffic on Third Street despite the late hour.

The Commonwealth also notes that both officers fell during the chase. Thus, the

Commonwealth argues that there was sufficient evidence to submit this charge to

the jury.

                                         -13-
             Martinez clearly disobeyed the officers’ commands to stop fleeing.

The only question was whether he understood that command. There was sufficient

evidence for the jury to infer that he did. The more difficult question is whether

Martinez’s act of fleeing or eluding police created “a substantial risk of death or

serious physical injury.”

             Generally speaking, however, we would observe that a
             substantial risk is a risk that is “[a]mple,” “[c]onsiderable
             in . . . degree . . . or extent,” and “[t]rue or real; not
             imaginary.” Accordingly, it is clear that not all risks are
             substantial – hence the phrase “low risk” – and not every
             hypothetical scenario of “what might have happened”
             represents a substantial risk. In any trial, the issue of
             whether a defendant’s conduct creates a substantial risk
             of death or serious physical injury “depends upon proof”
             and reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the
             evidence.

Bell, 122 S.W.3d at 497 (citations omitted).

             In Bell, the defendant dropped a handgun while fleeing from the

police. The Commonwealth argued that this created a substantial risk of harm

because it could have gone off and injured the officers. The Kentucky Supreme

Court emphasized that not every potential risk constitutes a “substantial” risk of

harm under the statute. Id. at 498-99. In contrast, a defendant who drives

erratically while fleeing from police clearly creates a substantial risk of harm to

other persons or property. See Crain v. Commonwealth, 257 S.W.3d 924, 929 (Ky.

                                         -14-
2008), and Lawson v. Commonwealth, 85 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Ky. 2002), overruled

on other grounds by Hall v. Commonwealth, 551 S.W.3d 7 (Ky. 2018).

             In this case, there was no evidence of any significant traffic on Third

Street during the chase. Likewise, there was no evidence that Martinez ran out in

front of vehicles or that the officers were required to do so during the chase. And

while the officers fell during the chase, there was no evidence that they were

placed at risk of “serious physical injury.” Consequently, we must agree that

Martinez was entitled to a directed verdict on the charge of first-degree fleeing or

evading police.

             C. Second-degree Disorderly Conduct

             A person is guilty of disorderly conduct in the second
             degree when in a public place and with intent to cause
             public inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm, or wantonly
             creating a risk thereof, he:

                   (a) Engages in fighting or in violent, tumultuous,
                   or threatening behavior;

                   (b) Makes unreasonable noise;

                   (c) Refuses to obey an official order to disperse
                   issued to maintain public safety in dangerous
                   proximity to a fire, hazard, or other emergency; or

                   (d) Creates a hazardous or physically offensive
                   condition by any act that serves no legitimate
                   purpose.

KRS 525.060(1).

                                        -15-
             Martinez argues that the patio of his girlfriend’s apartment was not a

“public place” within the meaning of the statute. However, the Kentucky General

Assembly defined “public place” in KRS 525.010(3) as:

             “Public place” means a place to which the public or a
             substantial group of persons has access and includes but
             is not limited to highways, transportation facilities,
             schools, places of amusements, parks, places of business,
             playgrounds, and hallways, lobbies, and other portions of
             apartment houses and hotels not constituting rooms or
             apartments designed for actual residence. An act is
             deemed to occur in a public place if it produces its
             offensive or proscribed consequences in a public place.

             This definition is applicable to all offenses set out in KRS Chapter

525. In Maloney v. Commonwealth, 489 S.W.3d 235, 241 (Ky. 2016), the

Kentucky Supreme Court further clarified that:

             KRS 525.010(3) provides a definition of a “public place”
             but that definition is not exhaustive, and while this Court
             has not explicitly stated whether a porch would be
             considered a public place, our previous decisions make it
             clear that Appellant’s porch was open at least to limited
             access by the general public, which would include
             inquisitive police officers.

             The Court in Maloney concluded that the front porch of a residence

was a “public place” because it was “open at least to limited access by the general

public[.]” Id. The dissent instead relies upon Pace v. Commonwealth, 529 S.W.3d

747 (Ky. 2017), which held that a partially-walled back patio was within the

protected curtilage of the home. Id. at 756. However, the issue in Pace concerned

                                        -16-
whether the officers lawfully entered onto the patio for purposes of the Fourth

Amendment. The Supreme Court held that the patio enjoyed curtilage protection.

Consequently, the officers could not have maintained a lawful vantage point when

viewing items inside the apartment that were only visible from the patio. Id.

             The current case, unlike Pace, did not involve a warrantless entry or

search. Officers Chenault and Hardison did not enter onto the patio. They merely

viewed Martinez from the vantage of the public sidewalk adjacent to the patio, and

they directed him to step off the patio onto the sidewalk. Consequently, the Fourth

Amendment analysis applied in Pace is not applicable here.

             Rather, the only question is whether the patio was a “public place”

within the definition set out in KRS 525.010(3). As a result, the analysis set out in

Maloney is directly applicable. The patio in this case was somewhat more

secluded than in Maloney – it was several feet below grade level and at least

partially behind a row of bushes. Nevertheless, we conclude that, like the porch in

Maloney, it was open to at least limited access by the general public. Moreover,

the statute provides that “[a]n act is deemed to occur in a public place if it produces

its offensive or proscribed consequences in a public place.” KRS 525.010(3).

Even if the apartment patio was private, the officers could hear Martinez’s

shouting from several blocks away. Under the circumstances, there was at least a

jury issue whether the patio could be considered a “public place” for purposes of

                                         -17-
the disorderly conduct statute. Therefore, the trial court did not err by denying

Martinez’s motion for a directed verdict on the charge of second-degree disorderly

conduct.

             IV.    Denial of Motion to Suppress

             Finally, Martinez argues that the trial court erred by denying his pre-

trial motion to suppress evidence seized from him at the time of his arrest. RCr

8.27 sets out the procedure for conducting a suppression hearing. When the trial

court conducts a hearing, our standard of review is two-fold. “First, the factual

findings of the court are conclusive if they are supported by substantial

evidence[;]” and second, this Court conducts “a de novo review to determine

whether the [trial] court’s decision is correct as a matter of law.” Stewart v.

Commonwealth, 44 S.W.3d 376, 380 (Ky. App. 2000) (footnotes omitted) (citing

Adcock v. Commonwealth, 967 S.W.2d 6, 8 (Ky. 1998)).

             Martinez argues that Officers Chenault and Hardison lacked any

reasonable suspicion to detain him or to pursue him when he fled. Consequently,

he maintains that any evidence seized as a result of the stop should have been

suppressed. However, both officers testified that they could hear yelling from

several blocks away. And as discussed above, the officers had a reasonable basis

to believe that the patio was a public place. They also observed that Martinez

appeared to be intoxicated. And from the reaction given by the woman inside the

                                         -18-
apartment, the officers reasonably concluded that she did not want Martinez to be

on her patio. Accordingly, the officers had a reasonable suspicion to justify the

initial investigatory stop. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed.

2d 889 (1968).

             Martinez correctly notes that “flight, in and of itself, is insufficient to

establish probable cause.” Commonwealth v. Jones, 217 S.W.3d 190, 197 (Ky.

2006) (citing United States v. Margeson, 259 F. Supp. 256, 265 (E.D. Pa. 1966)).

However, the probable cause standard is a “‘practical, nontechnical conception’

that deals with ‘the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which

reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act.’” Williams v.

Commonwealth, 147 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Ky. 2004) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S.

213, 231, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2328, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527 (1983) (additional citations

omitted)). Unlike in Jones, Martinez fled after the officers clearly established a

reasonable suspicion for the stop. And Martinez did not simply “walk away once

he noticed the presence of authorities[,]” like the defendant in Jones. 217 S.W.3d

at 197.

             Rather, the facts of this case more closely resemble those in Hunter v.

Commonwealth, 587 S.W.3d 298 (Ky. 2019), where the defendant fled after the

officers identified themselves and directed him to stop. Id. at 307-08. Although

this evidence was not sufficient to sustain the charge of first-degree fleeing or

                                          -19-
evading, it was sufficient to support a finding of probable cause for the pursuit and

arrest. Id. Likewise, the trial court in this case did not clearly err in finding that

the officers had probable cause to pursue and arrest Martinez after he defied their

orders to stop and fled. In any event, Officer Hardison recovered the bag

containing the drugs after Martinez had discarded it. Thus, that evidence was not

“seized” from him within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. See United

States v. Martin, 399 F.3d 750, 753 (6th Cir. 2005). Therefore, the trial court

properly denied Martinez’s motion to suppress evidence obtained following his

arrest.

             V.     Conclusion

             Based on the foregoing, we reverse Martinez’s convictions for

tampering with physical evidence and first-degree fleeing or evading police.

However, we affirm Martinez’s remaining convictions. This matter is remanded to

the Jefferson Circuit Court for entry of a new judgment consistent with this

Opinion.

             GOODWINE, JUDGE, CONCURS.

         THOMPSON, K., JUDGE, CONCURS IN PART, DISSENTS IN
PART, AND FILES SEPARATE OPINION.

THOMPSON, K., JUDGE, CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN

PART: With one exception, I agree with the majority’s resolution of this case. I

                                          -20-
disagree with the majority Opinion that Martinez was properly convicted of

second-degree disorderly conduct “in a public place” under KRS 525.060.

             The majority has determined that the back patio of the apartment

where Martinez was heard shouting was a “public place” by relying on Maloney v.

Commonwealth, 489 S.W.3d 235 (Ky. 2016). In Maloney, the area in question was

the porch abutting the front door of a residence. The porch was not gated and there

was no other impediment indicating that the porch was an “exclusively private

area, unavailable to members of the public seeking to approach the residence for a

legitimate purpose.” Id. at 241-42.

             However, I am more persuaded by the opinion in Pace v.

Commonwealth, 529 S.W.3d 747 (Ky. 2017), whose facts closely resemble those

in the present case and involved a determination as to whether a back patio was

within the protected curtilage of a home. I believe there is a large distinction

between a front porch and a back patio.

             In Pace, the Kentucky Supreme Court applied the four-factor test set

forth in United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294, 107 S. Ct. 1134, 94 L. Ed. 2d 326

(1987), and determined that the back patio was within the protected curtilage of the

house. The Dunn factors are “[1] the proximity of the area claimed to be curtilage

to the home, [2] whether the area is included within an enclosure surrounding the

home, [3] the nature of the uses to which the area is put, and [4] steps taken by the

                                          -21-
resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by.” Pace, 529

S.W.3d at 756 (quoting Dunn, 480 U.S. at 301, 107 S.Ct. at 1139).

             In Pace, the Court explained how the following facts applied to each

Dunn factor: (1) “the patio was attached and immediately adjacent to the

apartment. In fact, a sliding glass door was the only object separating the inside of

the home to the patio[;]” (2) “the patio was partially enclosed by a five foot, four

inch tall brick wall. This wall provided Appellants’ with privacy[;]” (3) “the

nature of Appellants’ patio use was not revealed during the suppression hearing.

Even so, it is common knowledge that a back yard, porch, or patio is an area where

private domestic activities extend[;]” and (4) “the patio . . . was accessible via a

public walkway and was not totally enclosed by a fence or gate.” Pace, 529

S.W.3d at 756. As to this fourth factor, the Kentucky Supreme Court disagreed

that a patio could not be part of the curtilage because the homeowner had not

“totally enclose[d] an area in order to ensure curtilage protection.” Id.

             The subterranean rear patio at issue here was attached to the back of

the apartment, was partially enclosed by a wall of bushes, and sat two to three feet

below grade but was not totally separated from the walkway. These facts, when

considered pursuant to the Dunn factors, merit reversal as this patio was within the

curtilage of the residence. Therefore, Martinez could not be found guilty of

disorderly conduct in a public place.

                                         -22-
          Accordingly, I dissent.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                 BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Christopher B. Thurman                Daniel Cameron
Louisville, Kentucky                  Attorney General of Kentucky

                                      Harrison Gray Kilgore
                                      Assistant Attorney General
                                      Frankfort, Kentucky

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