Court Opinion

ID: 6331797
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-14 19:00:25.894717+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:14.901877
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit

No. 20-1612

                    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                           Appellee,

                               v.

                       CHRISTOPHER BROWN,

                      Defendant, Appellant.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
               FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

         [Hon. Timothy S. Hillman, U.S. District Judge]

                             Before

                   Lynch, Lipez, and Thompson,
                         Circuit Judges.

     Christine DeMaso, Assistant Federal Public Defender, for
appellant.
     Karen L. Eisenstadt, Assistant United States Attorney, with
whom Andrew E. Lelling, United States Attorney, was on brief, for
appellee.

                         April 14, 2022
              LIPEZ, Circuit Judge.    Appellant Christopher Brown pled

guilty, pursuant to a written plea agreement, to being a felon in

possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).

The district court sentenced Brown to 41 months' imprisonment.

Brown challenges that sentence on two grounds.       He argues that the

district court erroneously calculated his sentencing guidelines

range    by     imposing    a   two-point   enhancement   for   reckless

endangerment during flight.       See U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2.   He also argues

that the government paid mere "lip service" to the plea agreement

at sentencing and, in so doing, breached the agreement.          Because

we disagree with Brown on both grounds, we affirm his sentence.

                                      I.

              This sentencing appeal follows a guilty plea.     Thus, "we

glean the relevant facts from the plea agreement, the undisputed

sections of the presentence investigation report (PSR), and the

transcripts of      [the]   change-of-plea and sentencing hearings."

United States v. Ubiles-Rosario, 867 F.3d 277, 280 n.2 (1st Cir.

2017).

A. Factual Background

              Shortly after 2:00 a.m. on November 25, 2018, Worcester

Police Officer Trevis Coleman was responding to a traffic stop

when he observed Christopher Brown getting out of an SUV in front

of an apartment complex.        Coleman was familiar with Brown and his

criminal record, including his affiliation with a violent gang and

                                    - 2 -
his inability to lawfully carry a firearm.       When Coleman observed

Brown exiting the SUV, he saw a gun protruding from Brown's

waistband.       Coleman exited his vehicle, approached Brown, and

instructed him to put his hands behind his back.

              Brown refused to do so and asked Coleman why he was being

stopped.     Coleman responded that he would provide more information

once he placed Brown in handcuffs.1       Coleman attempted to handcuff

Brown, but Brown pulled away, yelling "Nisha, help, Nisha, help,

open the door."        Brown eventually broke his hands free from

Coleman, who then wrapped his arms around Brown's waist in an

attempt to retrieve the gun that he had previously observed

protruding from Brown's waistband.        He was unable to locate the

gun.       Brown broke free from Coleman's grip and ran toward the

entrance of the apartment complex, tried to open the door, and

again yelled for "Nisha" to help him.        Coleman radioed for back-

up and continued to pursue Brown.      He removed his taser and warned

Brown that he would discharge it if Brown continued to resist

arrest. Brown then ran down the street. Coleman indeed discharged

his taser, "but it had no effect on Brown [who] kept running."

       Coleman was driving an unmarked cruiser on the night of the
       1

incident. Nevertheless, in light of the undisputed facts in the
record, and the absence of an argument to the contrary by
appellant, we think it is a fair inference that Brown knew Coleman
was a police officer. Indeed, the dispute over the application of
the guidelines would make no sense otherwise.

                                  - 3 -
           Moments later, Coleman heard a woman yelling "Chris,"

which caused Brown to reverse course and run back toward the

apartment building.   The woman opened the door to the building and

Brown ran inside.     Coleman attempted to follow Brown, but Brown

pushed Coleman back outside and, in the process, grabbed Coleman's

taser.2   The taser eventually ended up on the floor of the entryway

to the apartment building.     Coleman continued to pursue Brown,

pulling him outside the building, and eventually pinned him against

a vehicle on the street while waiting for back-up.

           Back-up officers arrived and Brown continued resisting

Coleman's attempts to arrest him, apparently trying "to throw

Officer Coleman over his shoulders."3    With some assistance from

the other officers on the scene, Coleman was able to force Brown

to the ground.    Brown pinned his hands underneath his body and

continued to resist arrest.     Coleman attempted to use his taser

again, but, again, it had no effect.       Using physical force --

including "punches and knee strikes" -- the officers were finally

able to subdue Brown.

     2 Brown objected to the statement in the PSR that he grabbed
Coleman's taser. The district court apparently adopted the facts
as presented in the PSR but did not rule specifically on Brown's
objections. As we explain, however, this disputed fact plays no
role in our analysis.
     3 Brown also objected to this statement in the PSR. He argues
that he "was trying to free himself from the officer, not to throw
him." Again, this fact is not necessary to our analysis.

                                - 4 -
             After Brown was restrained, Coleman searched the area

for the gun that he had observed protruding from Brown's waistband.

Coleman located a loaded, black .38-caliber revolver on the street

where his encounter with Brown began.

B. The Plea Agreement

             In     August   2019,      a     federal      grand      jury    returned   a

superseding indictment charging Brown with one count of being a

felon   in    possession     of    a    firearm      in    violation     of    18   U.S.C.

§ 922(g)(1).         He   agreed       to    plead    guilty     to    the    superseding

indictment pursuant to a written plea agreement.

             In     the   plea    agreement,         the   government        agreed   that

Brown's      base    offense      level       ("BOL")      was     20,   see     U.S.S.G.

§ 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), and that it should be decreased by three levels

for acceptance of responsibility, see U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, for a total

offense level ("TOL") of 17.                Brown agreed that the district court

"[wa]s not required to follow th[at] calculation" and waived his

right to appeal his conviction or any sentence of 37 months or

less.     The agreement did not include a calculation of Brown's

criminal history category or the resulting guidelines sentencing

range ("GSR").        Instead, the government promised to recommend a

sentence "within the [g]uidelines sentencing range as calculated

by the U.S. Attorney at sentencing."                       The plea agreement also

provided that "[n]othing in this Plea Agreement affects the U.S.

Attorney's obligation to provide the [c]ourt and the U.S. Probation

                                            - 5 -
Office   with    accurate   and   complete   information   regarding   this

case."

           The court held a change-of-plea hearing at which Brown

entered his guilty plea.          At that hearing, the court asked the

government to provide the applicable sentencing range under the

guidelines.      The government stated that the applicable GSR with

the three-level decrease for acceptance of responsibility was "30

to 37 months; without acceptance, 41 to 51 months."             The court

informed Brown that "while [the court] put[s] a great deal of faith

in the negotiations between the lawyers[,] th[e] plea agreement is

really just a recommendation," and the court "could reject th[at]

recommendation[]" and "impose a sentence that may be more severe

than . . . anticipate[d]," without allowing Brown to withdraw his

guilty plea. Brown stated that he understood and wished to proceed

with his guilty plea.

C. The PSR

           The Probation Office prepared a PSR that calculated the

applicable GSR differently than the GSR set forth in the plea

agreement.      Probation agreed that Brown's BOL was 20 but applied

a two-level increase for "[o]bstruction of [j]ustice."          Probation

explained that Brown

           recklessly created a substantial risk of death
           or serious bodily injury to another person in
           the course of fleeing from a law enforcement
           officer, to include pushing the arresting
           officer, grabbing his taser, and attempting to

                                    - 6 -
            throw him over his shoulders. In the course
            of   struggling    with   the   officer[,]the
            defendant's firearm ended up in the street
            before it could be safely retrieved . . . . As
            such, 2 levels are added.    (Citing U.S.S.G.
            § 3C1.2.)

Brown objected to this characterization in the PSR.4 Specifically,

Brown objected "that the gun had already been dislodged from

Brown's waist" by the time Coleman felt around his waist.           Brown

points to the PSR's statement that "Coleman found the gun in the

same place where he first observed Brown" as additional support

for his assertion that the gun had already been dislodged from his

waist by the time of the struggle with Coleman.         Brown reiterated

this objection in his sentencing memorandum, writing that "the

officer never felt the firearm or saw the firearm during the

struggle.    In fact, it is clear that the firearm was out of Mr.

Brown's possession during the entire struggle."

            Probation   also   applied    a   three-level   reduction   for

acceptance of responsibility, resulting in a TOL of 19 (two levels

higher than the TOL of 17 contemplated in the plea agreement).

The PSR also concluded that Brown had a criminal history score of

seven, which placed him in criminal history category ("CHC") IV.

Ultimately, the PSR calculated the applicable GSR as 46 to 57

months.

     4   We discuss the relevance of this factual dispute infra.

                                  - 7 -
           The government did not object to the PSR. Brown objected

to several factual statements (as noted above) as well as to the

PSR's two-level adjustment under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2.          Noting that

merely fleeing arrest is insufficient to trigger the adjustment,

he argued that the facts did not support a finding that he

"recklessly created a substantial risk of death or serious bodily

injury to another person" in the course of his attempt to flee.

And, putting aside his factual challenges to the role of the gun

in this event, Brown explained that his alleged conduct of pushing

an officer, grabbing the officer's taser, and attempting to throw

the officer over his shoulders would not create such a risk.         He

also argued that the fact that the firearm ended up in the street

was insufficient to warrant the adjustment because "it is unclear

how [the gun] got there and . . . it was 2:00 a.m. and there was

no one else on the street and the gun was there for only a brief

period of time."

           In response,   Probation explained    that the "physical

encounters" with Coleman that Brown admitted to "go beyond mere

flight from arrest and are squarely in the realm of resisting

arrest."    "Between   the   defendant's   disposal   (or   inadvertent

dropping) of his weapon and the presence of the officer's dislodged

taser during a struggle," Probation concluded that the criteria

for the two-level increase under § 3C1.2 were met.

                                - 8 -
D. Sentencing Memoranda

             Both parties filed sentencing memoranda based on their

agreed-upon calculation of a TOL of 17, the PSR's CHC of IV, and

a GSR of 37 to 46 months.             In his sentencing memorandum, Brown

again argued that the § 3C1.2 enhancement was inapplicable and

that   the    court      should     disregard   that   aspect    of    the   PSR.

Ultimately, Brown asked the court to impose a sentence of time

served, which would have amounted to approximately 22 months, with

good time.

             For its part, the government asked for a "high-end

guideline sentence of 46 months."          The government argued that such

a sentence was appropriate under the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing

factors    "because      of   the   dangerous   nature    of   the    defendant's

offense,     and   his    substantial     and   violent    criminal      record."

Specifically,      the     government     argued   that    Brown's      "reckless

behavior" demonstrated that he was "a dangerous individual with no

regard for the safety of Police Officers, the community[,] or

others."     The government labeled the offense as "very dangerous

and violent" because "[t]he defendant's gun was loaded and his

reckless and dangerous conduct toward Officer Coleman could have

caused tragic consequences."           The government also noted that Brown

has a "long and troubling criminal history" that involved, among

other things, "violence against women, guns, knives[,] and crack

cocaine" and argued that Brown's "violent and reckless character

                                       - 9 -
justify a significant period of incarceration to keep the community

safe, to punish him[,] and to hopefully give him the needed time

to reform his life."

E. Sentencing Hearing

           At sentencing, the court heard argument on whether to

apply the reckless endangerment enhancement to Brown's offense

level.    Defense counsel started his argument by emphasizing that

the plea agreement did not impose the enhancement.                 He further

argued    that   "certain    arguments       made   in   [the    government's]

sentencing memo were against the plea agreement."                   Factually,

defense   counsel   argued   that    the     enhancement   was    inapplicable

because this was "more of a run-of-the-mill resisting arrest"

situation, given Brown's contention that the firearm dislodged

early in the encounter before the struggle with Coleman, and the

fact that the scuffle lasted less than two minutes, did not result

in any injuries, and occurred on an empty street in the middle of

the night.

           In    response,   the    government      confirmed     that   "[t]he

government [wa]s not asking for th[e] enhancement to be applied,"

and asked the court to use the agreed-upon TOL of 17.                       The

government explained that its sentencing memorandum emphasized the

nature and circumstances of the offense only in the context of

applying the § 3553(a) factors.

                                    - 10 -
            The court recognized the absence of the enhancement in

the plea agreement but nevertheless concluded that the enhancement

applied.    The court explained: "I think that the rationale from

Matchett . . .       works and is analogous."5         Hence, the court

calculated Brown's TOL as 19 and his CHC as VII for a GSR of 46 to

57 months (rather than the 37- to 46-month GSR that would apply to

a TOL of 17).       The court then heard sentencing recommendations

from the parties.

            The government asked for a high-end guidelines sentence

of 46 months "because of the dangerous nature of the defendant's

offense and the defendant's substantial violent criminal record."

Defense counsel asked for time served.            Ultimately, the court

sentenced Brown to 41 months in prison.          Defense counsel renewed

his objection to the court's guideline calculation and to the

"position    that    [the   government]   took    in   their   sentencing

memorandum."    Brown appeals his sentence on those same grounds,

arguing that: (1) the district court erred by imposing the two-

point reckless endangerment enhancement; and (2) the government

violated the plea agreement.6

     5 We further discuss this case, United States v. Matchett,
802 F.3d 1185 (11th Cir. 2015), below.
     6 Neither of these claims are covered by the waiver of
appellate rights in Brown's plea agreement. He reserved the right
to appeal any prison sentence longer than 37 months; the district
court sentenced him to 41 months. He also reserved the right to
argue that the prosecutor "engaged in intentional misconduct

                                 - 11 -
                                 II.

A. The Sentencing Enhancement

          We review a district court's factfinding at sentencing

"for clear error, giving due deference to the court's application

of the guidelines to the facts."         United States v. Carrero-

Hernández, 643 F.3d 344, 349 (1st Cir. 2011) (quoting United States

v. Thompson, 32 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 1994)).   We will not find clear

error in the court's application of the guidelines to the facts

"as long as the district court's decision is based on reasonable

inferences drawn from adequately supported facts."    United States

v. Martin, 749 F.3d 87, 92 (1st Cir. 2014) (quoting United States

v. Santos, 357 F.3d 136, 142 (1st Cir. 2004)).

          Section 3C1.2 of the Sentencing Guidelines provides for

a two-level increase to a defendant's offense level "[i]f the

defendant recklessly created a substantial risk of death or serious

bodily injury to another person in the course of fleeing from a

law enforcement officer."    U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2.     "Reckless" means

"the defendant was aware of the risk created by his conduct and

the risk was of such a nature and degree that to disregard that

risk constituted a gross deviation from the standard of care that

a reasonable person would exercise in such a situation."        Id.

§ 2A1.4 cmt. n.1.   The Sentencing Commission promulgated § 3C1.2

serious enough to entitle [him] to have his conviction or sentence
overturned."

                                - 12 -
to "adopt the view that 'mere flight from arrest was not sufficient

for an adjustment, but that flight plus endangerment was enough.'"

Carrero-Hernández, 643 F.3d at 348 (quoting United States v. Bell,

953 F.2d 6, 10 (1st Cir. 1992)).

          Many of the cases in which we have upheld the application

of the § 3C1.2 enhancement involve "wildly dangerous" conduct.

Carrero-Hernández, 643 F.3d at 349; see also United States v.

Alicea, 205 F.3d 480, 486 (1st Cir. 2000) (firing a weapon in a

public plaza occupied by police officers and bystanders); United

States v. Cruz, 213 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2000) (leading police

officers on a high-speed chase, ramming vehicles, and driving on

the sidewalk); United States v. Vega-Rivera, 866 F.3d 14, 19 (1st

Cir. 2017) (similar).    But in Carrero-Hernández we joined other

courts in concluding that "less egregious, though still reckless,

conduct can indeed qualify under § 3C1.2."     See 643 F.3d at 349.

There, we concluded that leading the police on a car chase "on

small back roads in a heavily populated area during the early

evening" was sufficient to warrant the enhancement.           Id.    We

reasoned that "the risk of serious injury or death could hardly

have been more obvious" due to the "high likelihood of collision

with   pedestrians   and/or   oncoming   traffic"   created   by    the

defendant's driving, and held that this conduct justified the

application of the § 31C.2 enhancement.        Id. at 350.      As in

Carrero-Hernández, the question we must answer here "is what level

                               - 13 -
of endangerment is called for" to trigger proper application of

the enhancement.        Id. at 348.

           For this purpose, it is helpful to distinguish the

conduct    at    issue    in   Carrero-Hernández,     which   we    concluded

transgressed the boundary separating mere "flight" from "flight

plus endangerment," id. at 348-50, from the conduct at issue in

United States v. Bell, 953 F.2d 6 (1st Cir. 1992), which we

concluded fell below the line.           In reversing the application of

the sentencing enhancement in Bell,7 we held that even if "Bell

obtained   the    gun    for   the    purpose   of   resisting     arrest   and

contemplated its use for a few critical seconds,"8 his conduct did

     7 "Although the government and apparently the [district] court
assumed that Bell's conduct was governed by § 3C1.1" -- and the
district court ultimately imposed the § 3C1.1 enhancement -- we
explained that "it is § 3C1.2 which in fact addresses this kind of
situation" and evaluated whether Bell's conduct warranted the
application of the § 3C1.2 enhancement. 953 F.2d at 10. Section
3C1.1, like § 3C1.2, provides for a 2-level increase in the offense
level. U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. Section 3C1.1 applies where "(1) the
defendant willingly obstructed or impeded, or attempted to
obstruct or impede, the administration of justice with respect to
the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant
offense of conviction, and (2) the obstructive conduct related to
(A) the defendant's offense of conviction and any relevant conduct;
or (B) a closely related offense." Id.
     8 The district court in Bell "concluded that Bell's possession
of the firearm and ammunition 'indicate[d] a clear, willful intent
to obstruct his apprehension.'" Id. at 9. Although we expressed
skepticism that the available evidence supported this factual
finding by the district court, id. at 9 n.3, we assumed, for
purposes of reviewing the application of the enhancement, that the
district court's inference was reasonable, id. at 9.       But even
assuming that Bell fleetingly intended, during his "momentary
hesitation," to use the gun to resist arrest, we nevertheless

                                      - 14 -
not rise to the level of conduct implicated by § 3C1.2.            Id. at 10.

We emphasized that Bell "did not use the gun.          Nor did he make any

clear attempt to draw it.         Although Bell's conduct came close to

the line, something more -- reaching for the gun, for example --

would be required" to warrant an adjustment under § 3C1.2.               Id.

           Our    circuit   has    not     addressed   whether     physically

struggling to resist arrest while possessing a firearm can provide

the "something more" that § 3C1.2 requires.               Like the district

court, we find case law from other circuits to be instructive on

this point.      In United States v. Matchett, the Eleventh Circuit

held that possessing a loaded firearm while resisting arrest in a

physical   struggle    justified     the    application    of    the   § 3C1.2

enhancement. 802 F.3d 1185, 1198 (11th Cir. 2015).9               Under that

circuit's precedent, "conduct that could potentially harm a police

officer or a third party is sufficiently reckless" to qualify for

the enhancement, and the Matchett court determined that the "drop-

fire"10 risk of the defendant's gun "created the requisite degree

concluded that the facts of the case did not warrant application
of the enhancement. Id. at 9-10.
     9 Matchett involved a three-minute "scuffle" between a police
officer and Matchett after a Terry stop revealed a firearm in
Matchett's pocket and he tried to run from the officer. 802 F.3d
at 1190. Throughout the struggle, the officer kept his hand on
the gun in Matchett's pocket.      Id. at 1197.    After subduing
Matchett, the officer found the loaded gun "about ten feet" away
from the site of the struggle. Id. at 1190.
     10"Drop-fire occurs when the gun is carried with a bullet in
the chamber over which the hammer rests. In this situation,

                                   - 15 -
of risk."     Id. at 1197-98.    Other circuits have reached similar

conclusions    about   the   relevance   of   a   loaded   firearm   to   the

application of the § 3C1.2 enhancement.           E.g., United States v.

Easter, 553 F.3d 519, 523-24 (7th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (reaching

for a loaded gun while fleeing from a police officer, regardless

of intent, justified enhancement); United States v. Bates, 561

F.3d 754, 757 (8th Cir. 2009) (struggling with officer while armed

with a loaded weapon justified enhancement); United States v.

Williams, 278 F. App'x 279, 280-81 (4th Cir. 2008) (per curiam)

(briefly    struggling   with    officers     while   carrying   a   pistol

justified enhancement).

            At the sentencing hearing, the district court expressed

concerns about the "drop-fire" risk of appellant's firearm as it

considered whether to apply the § 3C1.2 enhancement.             The court

asked defense counsel how to distinguish this case from Matchett.

Defense counsel offered the following explanation:

            the struggle in Matchett lasted for a
            significant period of time. . . . [T]he
            defendant had the possession of the firearm
            the entire time during the encounter and that
            the officer had his hand on the firearm during
            the struggle . . . . [T]he parties were
            injured in Matchett . . . . [T]here were
            people surrounding [the incident], watching
            it, and pedestrians walking by.

regardless of the cock position of the hammer, a sharp blow to the
hammer, such as when the gun is dropped and lands hammer first,
will cause the gun to discharge." Johnson v. Colt Indus. Operating
Corp., 797 F.2d 1530, 1532 (10th Cir. 1986); see also Matchett,
802 F.3d at 1198.

                                  - 16 -
In   contrast,   defense   counsel   explained    that   during   Brown's

encounter with Coleman,

           there is literally not a single automobile
           that goes by during the encounter; there's not
           a single pedestrian that walked by during this
           encounter. And . . . the officer tried to grab
           for the firearm but couldn't find it. And the
           only conclusion to reach from that is that the
           firearm had been disposed of by Mr. Brown not
           during the struggle [but] prior to the
           struggle, which I think is a distinction in
           terms of [] dropping it . . . and [the]
           possibility of it firing because at the end of
           a struggle and once he's arrested they go back
           and they find it at the location where he was
           first    observed . . . .   [T]he    firearm's
           dislodged early on.

Notably, appellant's arguments at sentencing did not challenge the

actual "drop-fire" risk of appellant's gun.           And the arguments

that appellant did set forth to distinguish his situation from

Matchett -- and from the concerns about the reckless possession of

firearms   while   resisting   arrest    that    animated   the   Eleventh

Circuit's reasoning -- are unavailing.

           The uncontested record in this case indicates that at

the outset of the encounter between Brown and Coleman, appellant

had a firearm visibly tucked in the waistband of his trousers.

Between Coleman's sighting of the weapon and the end of the

encounter, the firearm became dislodged and fell to the ground.

Although appellant disclaims knowledge of when the firearm moved

from his waistband to the ground, he admits that the gun was

                                - 17 -
"dislodged" and he does not claim to have carefully placed the gun

on the ground for safekeeping.11          At a minimum, then, this case

involves a loaded gun falling to the ground without its possessor's

knowledge during a physical struggle with a police officer.             And

appellant's inattention to his loaded firearm implicates the very

concerns about "drop fire" that animated Matchett.           As that court

observed, § 3C1.2 punishes "reckless" conduct and "requires only

that there was a substantial risk that something could have gone

wrong and someone could have died or been seriously injured."

802 F.3d at 1197-98.        Losing track of and allowing a loaded gun to

fall    to   the   ground   while   physically   resisting   arrest   surely

qualifies as reckless conduct under the § 3C1.2 standard due to

the risk of accidental firing and corresponding possibility of

serious injury.12

        In his opening brief, appellant notes that "his conduct
       11

involved a gun only insofar as he dropped it, placed it on the
ground, left it in the SUV (whose driver discarded it), or let it
slide down his pantleg." In other words, appellant has no idea
what happened to the gun.
       It does not matter, as appellant suggests, that the gun was
       12

dislodged onto "a dark, empty street" at a time "when it was highly
unlikely that anyone would walk by." Section 3C1.2 applies when
a defendant's conduct "created a substantial risk of death or
serious bodily injury to another person," (emphasis added), which
is defined in comment 4 to "include[] any person, except a
participant in the offense who willingly participated in flight."
U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2 cmt. n.4.      It suffices for purposes of the
enhancement that Brown's struggle with Coleman created a
substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury to the officer
alone. Cruz, 213 F.3d at 5.

                                    - 18 -
            For the first time on appeal, appellant argues that the

district court erred in imposing the § 3C1.2 enhancement because

its conclusion about the risk of drop fire was unreasonable absent

affirmative record evidence of that risk.                 Appellant claims that

            [t]he PSR said the gun was a Taurus .38
            revolver, serial number DN89861, with four
            rounds in the cylinder. It did not state that
            there was a round in the chamber over which
            the hammer rests, aver that the hammer was
            cocked, or describe whether the revolver was
            single or double action. While the PSR did not
            describe the number of chambers in the
            cylinder, the court could have taken judicial
            notice from the manufacturer’s website that
            there are 5.

Appellant urges the court to follow United States v. Mukes, 980

F.3d 526, 538 (6th Cir. 2020), where the Sixth Circuit held that

the government needed to show that a gun was both cocked and loaded

at   the   time   it    was    dropped    to   justify    applying   the   § 3C1.2

enhancement.      We decline this invitation for two reasons.

            First,       the         circumstances       of   this    case    are

distinguishable        from    the    situation   in   Mukes.     Whereas    Mukes

involved a defendant dropping a gun while fleeing arrest -- at

some distance from police, see id. at 530 -- the record here is

consistent with Brown's loaded gun falling to the ground during a

physical struggle with a police officer, where the risk and

potential consequences of accidental firing are heightened.

            Second, even if we take Mukes's point that not all guns

pose a risk of drop fire, it was not clearly erroneous for the

                                         - 19 -
district court to conclude that this gun posed a risk of drop fire.

As Brown himself notes, there were rounds in four of the gun's

five chambers.    It was reasonable for the district court to infer

that Brown's loaded gun posed a risk of drop fire to Coleman.13

See Vega-Rivera, 866 F.3d at 19 ("[T]he absence of such specific

minutiae does not invalidate a finding that the defendant's actions

were reckless where his actions grossly deviated from the standard

of care that a reasonable person would exercise in the same

situation.").

B. The Plea Agreement

           Appellant    preserved    his    claim    that   the    government

violated the plea agreement by objecting at the sentencing hearing,

and so we review that claim de novo.            United States v. Davis, 923

F.3d 228, 236 (1st Cir. 2019).

           Traditional    principles       of    contract   law   guide   our

interpretation of the terms and performance of a plea agreement.

United States v. Clark, 55 F.3d 9, 12 (1st Cir. 1995).            But because

a   defendant   who   enters   a   plea    agreement    waives    fundamental

       We need not, as appellant urges, delve into the specific
      13

firing mechanism of the gun or the precise location of the four
rounds to conclude that the district court's inference was
reasonable. We think it reasonable to conclude that a gun that
contains a bullet possesses a probability of accidental firing.
The district court is best situated to evaluate the magnitude of
this risk, and the four bullets in the gun here provide adequate
support for its conclusion that the risk present justified the
application of the § 3C1.2 enhancement.

                                   - 20 -
constitutional     rights,    we    "hold      prosecutors        to    'the     most

meticulous standards of promise and performance.'"                    United States

v. Marín-Echeverri, 846 F.3d 473, 478 (1st Cir. 2017) (quoting

United States v. Almonte-Nuñez, 771 F.3d 84, 89 (1st Cir. 2014)).

The   government   cannot    satisfy    its     obligations        under    a    plea

agreement by mere "lip service."        See id. ("Such standards require

more than lip service to, or technical compliance with, the terms

of a plea agreement. . . . [I]t is possible for a prosecutor to

undercut   a    plea   agreement    while    paying    lip       service    to    its

covenants."     (quoting   Almonte-Nuñez,       771   F.3d       at    89-91)).    In

addition to entitlement to the government's technical compliance

with the agreement, appellant is entitled to the "benefit of the

bargain" and the "good faith" of the prosecutor.                 Ubiles-Rosario,

867 F.3d at 283 (quoting United States v. Matos-Quiñones, 456 F.3d

14, 24 (1st Cir. 2006)).            We consider "the totality of the

circumstances" in determining whether the government has failed to

uphold its part of the bargain.         See id.       ("There is, of course,

'[n]o   magic   formula'    for    assessing    whether      a    prosecutor      has

complied with a sentencing recommendation in a plea agreement.

. . . [W]e examine the totality of the circumstances to determine

whether 'the prosecutor's overall conduct [is] . . . reasonably

consistent with making such a recommendation, rather than the

reverse.'" (citations omitted) (quoting United States v. Gonczy,

357 F.3d 50, 54 (1st Cir. 2004)).

                                    - 21 -
          In both its sentencing memorandum and at the sentencing

hearing, the government asked the court to impose a sentence based

on a TOL of 17, as provided for in the plea agreement.           On appeal,

appellant nevertheless presents two theories in arguing that the

government's    actions   constitute      mere   lip   service    to   that

agreement.    One theory, based on the government's inaction, posits

that the government violated the plea agreement by failing to

object to the PSR's inclusion of the § 3C1.2 enhancement or to

discourage the district court from imposing the enhancement.            But

the plea agreement did not require the government to do either of

these things.     Absent an affirmative obligation to do so, the

government did not violate the terms of the plea agreement by

failing to affirmatively state that the § 3C1.2 enhancement should

not apply.    United States v. Luis Rivera-Cruz, 878 F.3d 404, 409-

10 (1st Cir. 2017); see also Davis, 923 F.3d at 239.

          Appellant's other theory characterizes the government's

arguments at the sentencing hearing as "undercutting" its stated

recommendation of a TOL of 17.    By describing appellant's behavior

as "reckless" and "show[ing] absolutely no care or concern for

safety," appellant contends that the prosecutor implicitly argued

for the § 3C1.2 enhancement to apply.            This argument, too, is

unavailing.

          Our case law makes clear that a plea agreement cannot

impair the government's "solemn obligation to provide relevant

                                 - 22 -
information to the sentencing court."                   Ubiles-Rosario, 867 F.3d

at 283 (quoting Almonte-Nuñez, 771 F.3d at 90); see also 18 U.S.C.

§   3661   ("No    limitation      shall     be   placed       on   the   information

concerning the background, character, and conduct of a person

convicted of an offense which a court of the United States may

receive and consider for the purpose of imposing an appropriate

sentence.").       By   statute,    the    sentencing      court      must    consider

several factors when imposing a sentence, see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a),

and it "has a right to expect that the prosecutor" will be

forthcoming with "all relevant facts," United States v. Saxena,

229 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2000) (quoting United States v. Hogan, 862

F.2d 386, 389 (1st Cir. 1988)).              The government's conduct in this

case struck a permissible balance between its statutory obligation

of candor to the court and its plea-agreement obligations to

appellant.       Indeed, the government conveyed to the court "early,

often,     and    throughout     the   sentencing"        hearing      that    it   was

requesting a sentence based on a TOL calculation of 17.                        Ubiles-

Rosario,     867    F.3d    at     286-87.        The     government's        repeated

recommendations of this TOL were not "impermissibly equivocal,

apologetic, or begrudging."            Davis, 923 F.3d at 239.

             The   government      explained      that    it    sought    a   high-end

guideline sentence of 46 months -- based on a TOL of 17 -- in part

due to the dangerous nature of Brown's conduct.                     This sentence was

within the range expressly contemplated by the plea, which did not

                                       - 23 -
prevent the government from seeking a high-end sentence.                        Cf.

Gonczy, 357 F.3d at 54 (holding that the government breached its

promise    in   a   plea   agreement    to     seek    a   low-end   sentence   by

requesting a low-end sentence "at a minimum" and "undercut[ting],

if   not   eviscerat[ing],"     the    initial        recommendation   (emphasis

added)). Because the agreement permitted the government to request

a sentence "within the [g]uidelines sentencing range as calculated

by the U.S. Attorney at sentencing," it was entitled to request

this sentence and to support its high-end recommendation with

reference to the § 3553(a) factors, including details about the

nature of Brown's conduct and the risk it posed to another person's

safety. See Davis, 923 F.3d at 238; United States v. Irizarry-

Rosario, 903 F.3d 151, 154-55 (1st Cir. 2018).                Consequently, the

government's sentencing arguments did not constitute a breach of

the plea agreement.

            Affirmed.

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