Court Opinion

ID: 29208
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 09:35:47+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:39:48.011078
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                             No. 02-40336

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                                 Plaintiff-Appellee

     v.

GILBERTO AVILA, JR

                                 Defendant-Appellant

           Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the Southern District of Texas
                         No. C-01-CR-323-1

                           October 23, 2002

Before KING, Chief Judge, and JOLLY and HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit

Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

     Defendant Gilberto Avila, Jr. appeals from the district

court's sentencing determination that his prior uncharged

marijuana offense was relevant in the base offense calculation

under U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 1B1.3 (2001).1   For the

     *
          Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined
that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent
except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R.
47.5.4.
     1
          Avila was sentenced under the 2001 version of
Sentencing Guidelines, which is the current version.
                             No. 02-40336
                                  -2-

following reasons, we AFFIRM.

                 I.   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

     On October 12, 2001, Gilberto Avila, Jr. ("Avila") drove a

Freightliner tractor/trailer to the border patrol checkpoint in

Sarita, Texas.   He was joined by passenger Ismael Soza.    During a

routine immigration stop, a drug-detecting dog alerted federal

agents to the presence of narcotics in Avila's trailer.     A search

of the vehicle revealed 214 bundles of marijuana, weighing 905

kilograms in total.    The bundles were wrapped with brown packing

tape and were hidden among boxes of limes and watermelons near

the front of the trailer.    Avila agreed to cooperate with federal

authorities and negotiated a plea agreement.

     Just about a year before, Avila had been involved in a

similar incident along the Mexico/Texas border.     On October 28,

2000, Avila drove a Freightliner tractor/trailer to the border

patrol checkpoint in Falfurrias, Texas.     A drug-detecting dog

directed agents to Avila's trailer, and a search revealed 67

bundles of marijuana, weighing 659 kilograms in total.     The

marijuana was wrapped in brown contact paper and wallpaper and

hidden among boxes of watermelons near the front of the trailer.

     Avila was indicted for the 2001 offense and pled guilty to

possession with intent to distribute 905 kilograms of marijuana

in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) & (b)(1)(B) (2000).     Before

the district court accepted Avila's plea, it advised Avila that
                             No. 02-40336
                                  -3-

his 2000 marijuana offense could be used as relevant conduct

during sentencing.    The Presentence Report ("PSR") recommended a

base offense level of 32, counting as relevant 905 kilograms of

marijuana from the 2001 offense and 6591 kilograms of marijuana

from the uncharged 2000 offense.     Avila objected to the inclusion

of the 2000 offense as relevant conduct.      Ths district court

accepted Avila's stipulation to the facts in the PSR and heard

testimony of a federal agent regarding the 2000 offense.        The

district court then adopted the PSR's finding that the 2000

offense constituted relevant conduct and sentenced Avila to 87

months' imprisonment followed by five years of supervised

release.

     Avila appeals his sentence, claiming that the district court

erred in considering the 2000 offense relevant conduct under U.S.

SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 1B1.3(a)(2) (2001).   Avila argues that

the two offenses were not part of a "common scheme or plan" and

were not part of the "same course of conduct."

                       II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

     We review a district court's application of the Sentencing

Guidelines de novo and the district court's findings of fact for

clear error.   United States v. Jefferson, 258 F.3d 405, 413 (5th

     1
          Though the PSR incorrectly lists the amount of
marijuana from the 2000 offense as 695 kilograms, the PSR
properly calculated the offense level based on 659 kilograms and
the case agent testified during sentencing that the amount was
659 kilograms.
                            No. 02-40336
                                 -4-

Cir.), cert. denied, 122 S. Ct. 379 (2001).    A district court's

finding as to what constitutes relevant conduct for purposes of

sentencing is a factual finding reviewed for clear error.    United

States v. Ocana, 204 F.3d 585, 589 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 121

S. Ct. 192 (2000).

     A determination is clearly erroneous when, after a review of

the record, "the reviewing court is left with the 'definite and

firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.'"    Jackson v.

OMI Corp., 245 F.3d 525, 528 (5th Cir. 2001) (quoting McAllister

v. United States, 348 U.S. 19, 20 (1954)).    "If the district

court's account of the evidence is plausible . . . the court of

appeals may not reverse it even though convinced that had it been

sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence

differently."    Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564,

573-74 (1985).

                          III.   DISCUSSION

     Arana challenges the base offense level used to calculate

his sentence, claiming his October 28, 2000 offense should not

have been considered "relevant conduct" under the Sentencing

Guidelines.   First, he contends that the two events were not part

of a "common scheme or plan."    Second, he argues that the two

events were not part of the "same course of conduct."

     Under the Sentencing Guidelines, Avila's base offense level

depends on the amount of drugs involved in the offense.    U.S.
                              No. 02-40336
                                   -5-

SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 2D1.1 (2001).   A district court may

include amounts from a prior uncharged drug offense if the

previous offense constitutes "relevant conduct" under § 1B1.3.

U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 1B1.3 (2001); see also United

States v. Vital, 68 F.3d 114, 117 (5th Cir. 1995) ("It is well

established that a defendant's base offense level for the offense

of conviction must be determined on the basis of all 'relevant

conduct' as defined in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3.").        Relevant conduct

includes "all acts and omissions . . . that were part of the same

course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of

conviction."   U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 1B1.3(a)(4) (2001).

     The Commentary to the Sentencing Guidelines further defines

"common scheme or plan" and "same course of conduct."2        The

Commentary notes that "'[c]ommon scheme or plan' and 'same course

of conduct' are two closely related concepts."        U.S. SENTENCING

GUIDELINES MANUAL § 1B1.3 cmt. n.9 (2001).     For two offenses to be

part of a common scheme or plan, "they must be substantially

connected to each other by at least one common factor, such as

common victims, common accomplices, common purpose, or similar

modus operandi."    U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 1B1.3 cmt. n.9(A)

(2001).   Offenses are part of the same course of conduct if "they

     2
          The Commentary is given controlling weight if it is not
plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the Sentencing Guidelines.
United States v. Delgado-Nunez, 295 F.3d 494, 498 (5th Cir.
2002).
                             No. 02-40336
                                  -6-

are sufficiently connected or related to each other as to warrant

the conclusion that they are part of a single episode, spree, or

ongoing series of offenses."    U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 1B1.3

cmt. 9(B) (2001).    Factors relevant to determining if the

offenses make up the same course of conduct are "the degree of

similarity of the offenses, the regularity (repetitions) of the

offenses, and the time interval between the offenses"; "[w]hen

one of the above factors is absent, a stronger presence of at

least one of the other factors is required."       Id.

     We consider first whether the district court clearly erred

in finding that the two offenses were part of a common scheme or

plan.   The Guidelines suggest that we look to factors such as

common victims, common accomplices, common purposes, or similar

modus operandi.     In this case, Avila was an experienced truck

driver who twice transported large quantities of drugs from

Mexico to Texas.    In both cases, Avila was transporting over one

thousand pounds of marijuana in a tractor/trailer, using

watermelons to evade detection.    The marijuana was hidden among

the watermelons, near the front of the trailer, and was wrapped

in bricks.   Avila was the driver both times; in 2001, he was

accompanied by a passenger.    The two incidents took place in the

same area in Texas.    Both occurred in October.

     Assessing Avila's conduct using the factors set forth in the

Sentencing Guidelines, we find that district court did not
                              No. 02-40336
                                   -7-

clearly err in finding the two offenses to be part of a common

scheme or plan.3    The Guidelines require that the incidents be

"substantially connected to each other by at least one common

factor."    U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 1B1.3 cmt. 9(A) (2001).

Here, Avila used a similar modus operandi in both 2000 and 2001:

he drove large quantities of marijuana from Mexico into Texas in

a Freightliner tractor/trailer and attempted to evade detection

using watermelons as a cover.      See Powell, 124 F.3d at 665-66

(upholding a finding of a common scheme or plan when a defendant

used the same modus operandi to evade state and federal excise

taxes on gasoline).     Though the district court did not make any

findings as to the victims or any particular criminal purpose,

the offenses share the general criminal purpose of transporting

large quantities of marijuana into the United States.        The two

incidents occurred about a year apart in the same geographical

area.    The many similarities between the two offenses, including

a nearly identical modus operandi, show that the district court

had sufficient evidence to conclude that the two offenses were

part of a common scheme or plan.      See United States v. Anderson,

174 F.3d 515, 526-28 (5th Cir. 1999) (affirming that two offenses

were part of a common scheme or plan when they shared a common

     3
          "Particularly in drug cases, this circuit has broadly
defined what constitutes 'the same course of conduct' or 'common
scheme or plan.'" United States v. Bryant, 991 F.2d 171, 177
(5th Cir. 1993).
                             No. 02-40336
                                  -8-

criminal purpose and similar modus operandi).

     Avila argues that under United States v. Wall, 180 F.3d 641

(5th Cir. 1999), his marijuana offenses were not part of a common

scheme or plan.     In Wall, we held that a series of three

marijuana offenses were not part of a common scheme or plan.         See

180 F.3d at 645-46.     The offenses were: (1) possession of 0.1

kilograms of marijuana, found in a car during a border stop in

Texas; (2) possession of 58 kilograms of marijuana, found in the

tires of a pick-up truck during a traffic stop in Arkansas; and

(3) possession of 20.8 kilograms of marijuana, found in the gas

tank of a pick-up truck during a border stop in Texas.        Id. at

642-43.   We found no common scheme or plan because the incidents

did not involve the same accomplices and they shared only "the

common general purpose of importing marijuana for distribution in

the United States."     Id. at 645.   We also found "insufficient

evidence of a distinctive modus operandi" because the incidents

involved different vehicles and different quantities of

marijuana.    Id.   This case is distinguishable from Hall because

of the evidence of Avila's modus operandi.      In both incidents,

Avila drove the same type of vehicle containing over one thousand

pounds of marijuana and using a watermelon cover from Mexico to

Texas.    Avila notes Wall's warning that two incidents are not

part of a common scheme or plan simply because both involve

marijuana.    See id. at 646-47.   In this case, however, Avila's
                            No. 02-40336
                                 -9-

two offenses share many similarities aside from drug type,

including a nearly identical modus operandi.

     Avila also suggests that our holding in United States v.

Miller, 179 F.3d 961 (5th Cir. 1999), counsels against finding a

common scheme or plan.4    In Miller, we considered three incidents:

(1) a border stop where Miller was following a motor home

carrying 400 pounds of marijuana; (2) a traffic stop involving

Miller where 5 kilograms of cocaine were recovered; and (3)

Miller's sale of 2 kilograms of cocaine in a grocery store

parking lot.   179 F.3d at 962-63.   We found Miller's offenses

were not part of a common scheme or plan because they "did not

involve common victims or accomplices, share similar modus

operandi, or serve a common purpose beyond the fact that they

were drug transactions."    Id. at 966.    Again, the present case is

distinguishable: Avila used the same modus operandi to transport

the same relative amount of the same drug from Mexico to Texas.5

The district court thus did not err in finding a common scheme or

plan.

     4
           Miller concerned the application of § 5C1.2 of the
Sentencing Guidelines, which also includes the term "relevant
conduct." 179 F.3d at 963-64. In Miller, we looked to our
§ 1B1.3 cases for guidance in defining "relevant conduct." Id.
at 964-65.
     5
          Avila reads Miller as requiring us to define modus
operandi narrowly. Miller only states, however, that we should
not broadly define the term "relevant conduct" as "any other drug
activity." 179 F.3d at 966 n.8.
                             No. 02-40336
                                 -10-

     Because we uphold the district court's sentencing

determination based on the finding that the two incidents were

part of a common scheme or plan, we do not consider whether the

two incidents also qualify as part of the same course of conduct.

                        IV.     CONCLUSION

     For the foregoing reasons, the district court's sentencing

determination is AFFIRMED.