Court Opinion

ID: 9894891
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-03 16:01:35.456583+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:10:56.265554
License: Public Domain

Case: 21-1858     Document: 85           Page: 1       Filed: 11/03/2023

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                   ______________________

   IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC,
          -------------------------------------------------

   AMAZON.COM, INC., AMAZON WEB SERVICES,
                     INC.,
              Plaintiffs-Appellees

                                   v.

       PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC,
              Defendant-Appellant

         LEVEL 3 COMMUNICATIONS, LLC,
                   Defendant

            -------------------------------------------------

       PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC,
               Plaintiff-Appellant

         LEVEL 3 COMMUNICATIONS, LLC,
                    Plaintiff

                                   v.

            TWITCH INTERACTIVE, INC.,
                 Defendant-Appellee
               ______________________

             2021-1858, 2021-1859, 2021-1860
                 ______________________
Case: 21-1858     Document: 85     Page: 2    Filed: 11/03/2023

 2                     IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

     Appeals from the United States District Court for the
 Northern District of California in Nos. 5:18-cv-00767-BLF,
 5:18-cv-05619-BLF, 5:18-md-02834-BLF, Judge Beth Lab-
 son Freeman.
                  ______________________

                 Decided: November 3, 2023
                  ______________________

     J. DAVID HADDEN, Fenwick & West LLP, Mountain
 View, CA, for Amazon.com, Inc., Amazon Web Services,
 Inc, Twitch Interactive, Inc. Also represented by RAVI
 RAGAVENDRA RANGANATH, SAINA S. SHAMILOV; TODD
 RICHARD GREGORIAN, San Francisco, CA.

     MICHAEL AMORY SHERMAN, Stubbs Alderton &
 Markiles LLP, Sherman Oaks, CA, for PersonalWeb Tech-
 nologies LLC. Also represented by JEFFREY F. GERSH,
 WESLEY WARREN MONROE.
                 ______________________

      Before LOURIE, DYK, and REYNA, Circuit Judges.
     Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge REYNA.
       Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge DYK.
 REYNA, Circuit Judge.
      PersonalWeb appeals a district court award of
 $5,187,203.99 in attorneys’ fees entered against it. Person-
 alWeb argues that we should reverse the award because
 the district court erred in finding that the underlying case
 was “exceptional” within the meaning of the term under
 35 U.S.C. § 285. PersonalWeb also contends that, even if
 the case was exceptional and fees are appropriate, the dis-
 trict court erred in its calculation of the overall fee award.
 Because the district court did not abuse its discretion in
 finding this case exceptional or in calculating the total fees
 awarded, we affirm.
Case: 21-1858     Document: 85     Page: 3    Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                         3

                        BACKGROUND
     This is the third appeal from the same multidistrict lit-
 igation (“MDL”). See In re PersonalWeb Techs., LLC, 961
 F.3d 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (“PersonalWeb I”); In re Person-
 alWeb Techs., LLC, No. 20-1566, 2021 WL 3557196 (Fed.
 Cir. Aug. 12, 2021) (“PersonalWeb II”). In 2011, Personal-
 Web sued Amazon in the Eastern District of Texas (Case
 No. 6:11-cv-658, referred to as the “Texas Action”), alleging
 that Amazon’s S3 technology infringed PersonalWeb’s pa-
 tents. PersonalWeb I, 961 F.3d at 1370. The asserted pa-
 tents 1 are generally directed to what the inventors termed
 the “True Name” for data items. Id. at 1369–70. After the
 district court construed the claim terms, PersonalWeb stip-
 ulated to dismissal, resulting in the district court dismiss-
 ing with prejudice the infringement claims against Amazon
 and entering final judgment against PersonalWeb. Id.
 at 1372.
     In 2018, PersonalWeb asserted the True Name patents
 against eighty-five Amazon customers (the “customer
 cases”) across the country for their use of Amazon S3. Id.;
 Appellant Br. 4. Amazon intervened and filed a declara-
 tory judgment action against PersonalWeb “seeking an or-
 der barring PersonalWeb’s infringement actions against
 Amazon and its customers based on [the Texas Action].”
 PersonalWeb I, 961 F.3d at 1372. The customer cases and
 Amazon’s declaratory judgment action were consolidated
 into an MDL and assigned to the Northern District of Cal-
 ifornia. Id. PersonalWeb represented that if it lost its case
 against Twitch, a customer case, it would not be able to
 prevail in the other customer cases. Id. On that basis, the

     1  The asserted patents are U.S. Patent Nos.
 5,978,791 (the “’791 patent”); 6,928,442 (the “’442 patent”);
 7,802,310 (the “’310 patent”); 7,945,544 (the “’544 patent”);
 and 8,099,420 (the “’420 patent”) (collectively, the “asserted
 patents” or the “True Name patents”).
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85      Page: 4    Filed: 11/03/2023

 4                     IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

 district court stayed the other customer cases so that only
 the Twitch customer case and Amazon’s declaratory judg-
 ment action proceeded in parallel. 2 Id.
     In the declaratory judgment action, PersonalWeb coun-
 terclaimed against Amazon, alleging that Amazon S3 in-
 fringed its True Name patents. Id. Almost a year into the
 case, PersonalWeb accused another Amazon product,
 CloudFront, of infringement. J.A. 1188–1200. Amazon
 moved for summary judgment.
     The district court granted partial summary judgment
 of non-infringement of the S3 product in favor of Amazon,
 based on the Kessler doctrine and claim preclusion. Per-
 sonalWeb I, 961 F.3d at 1373. We affirmed in Personal-
 Web I. Id. at 1376–79. The litigation continued as to
 CloudFront. PersonalWeb II, 2021 WL 3557196, at *2. The
 district court granted summary judgment of non-infringe-
 ment as to the CloudFront product in favor of Amazon and
 Twitch because, under the district court’s claim construc-
 tion, PersonalWeb conceded it could not meet its burden of
 proving infringement. Id. at *3, *6. We affirmed in Per-
 sonalWeb II. Id. at *6.
     The district court granted Amazon and Twitch’s motion
 for attorneys’ fees and costs under 35 U.S.C. § 285, 3 deter-
 mining that the case was exceptional. The district court
 found that:
         (1) PersonalWeb’s infringement claims re-
         lated to Amazon S3 were objectively base-
         less and not reasonable when brought

     2   For convenience, we generally refer to the various
 cases that proceeded in this MDL as the singular “case.”
     3   35 U.S.C. § 285 provides: “The court in exceptional
 cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing
 party.”
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85     Page: 5     Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                        5

        because they were barred due to a final
        judgment entered in the Texas Action;
        (2) PersonalWeb frequently changed its in-
        fringement positions to overcome the hur-
        dle of the day;
        (3) PersonalWeb unnecessarily prolonged
        this litigation after claim construction fore-
        closed its infringement theories;
        (4) PersonalWeb’s conduct and positions re-
        garding the customer cases were unreason-
        able; and
        (5) PersonalWeb submitted declarations
        that it should have known were not accu-
        rate.
 In re PersonalWeb Techs., LLC, No. 18-MD-02834-BLF,
 2020 WL 5910080, at *20 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 6, 2020) (“Deci-
 sion”). The district court calculated an award of attorneys’
 fees and costs totaling $5,401,625.06, of which
 $5,187,203.99 was attorneys’ fees. See In re PersonalWeb
 Techs., LLC, No. 18-MD-02834-BLF, 2021 WL 796356,
 at *18 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2021) (“Fees Decision I”) (finding
 “Amazon is entitled to $4,615,242.28 in fees for 9,263.43
 hours of work and $203,300.10 in non-taxable costs”); In re
 PersonalWeb Techs., LLC, No. 18-MD-02834-BLF, 2021
 WL 11113167 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 19, 2021) (“Fees Deci-
 sion II”) (finding “Defendants are entitled to $571,961.71
 in fees for 926.92 hours of work and $11,120.97 in non-tax-
 able costs”).
    PersonalWeb appeals.       We have jurisdiction under
 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
                      LEGAL STANDARD
     “The court in exceptional cases may award reasonable
 attorney fees to the prevailing party.” 35 U.S.C. § 285. To
 determine whether a case is exceptional under § 285,
Case: 21-1858     Document: 85     Page: 6    Filed: 11/03/2023

 6                      IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

 courts consider “the totality of the circumstances.” Octane
 Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc., 572 U.S. 545,
 554 (2014).
     We review a district court’s exceptional-case determi-
 nation and award of fees under § 285 for abuse of discre-
 tion. See Highmark Inc. v. Allcare Health Mgmt. Sys.,
 Inc., 572 U.S. 559, 563–64 (2014). “To meet the abuse-of-
 discretion standard, the moving party must show that the
 district court has made ‘a clear error of judgment in weigh-
 ing relevant factors or in basing its decision on an error of
 law or on clearly erroneous factual findings.’” In re Rem-
 brandt Techs. LP Pat. Litig., 899 F.3d 1254, 1266 (Fed.
 Cir. 2018) (quoting Bayer CropScience AG v. Dow AgroSci-
 ences LLC, 851 F.3d 1302, 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2017)). We “give
 great deference to the district court’s exercise of discretion
 in awarding fees.” Energy Heating, LLC v. Heat On-The-
 Fly, LLC, 889 F.3d 1291, 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (citation
 omitted).
                         DISCUSSION
      PersonalWeb argues that the district court erred in
 finding this case exceptional under 35 U.S.C. § 285. Alter-
 natively, PersonalWeb contends that, even if the case was
 exceptional and an award of fees was appropriate, the dis-
 trict court erred in assessing $1,948,987.01 of the total
 $5,187,203.99 attorneys’ fees award. We first address the
 exceptionality issue.
                   I.    EXCEPTIONALITY
      An exceptional case is “simply one that stands out from
 others with respect to the substantive strength of a party’s
 litigating position (considering both the governing law and
 the facts of the case) or the unreasonable manner in which
 the case was litigated.” Octane Fitness, 572 U.S. at 554.
 The district court’s exceptional-case determination was
 based on the five findings discussed above. We review each
 finding in turn.
Case: 21-1858     Document: 85      Page: 7    Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                          7

                   1. Objectively Baseless
      PersonalWeb contends that the district court abused
 its discretion in finding that this case was objectively base-
 less. The district court relied on the Kessler doctrine and
 claim preclusion in concluding that “PersonalWeb’s in-
 fringement claims related to the use of Amazon S3 were
 objectively baseless and clearly untenable based on estab-
 lished Federal Circuit precedent[s] and in light of the with-
 prejudice dismissal of the Texas Action.” Decision, at *8.
     PersonalWeb argues that the district court’s finding of
 objective baselessness was in error because PersonalWeb I,
 “while adverse to [it], illustrates that the reach of Kessler
 had not been a well-settled issue” and “extended Kessler to
 situations where non-infringement had not previously
 been adjudicated.” Decision, at *5 (citation omitted); see
 Appellant Br. 36–38; Reply Br. 2–3 (PersonalWeb arguing
 that the Solicitor General was invited to file a brief express-
 ing its views on whether the Kessler doctrine should have
 applied in PersonalWeb I). For claim preclusion, Personal-
 Web argues that the district court did not address its argu-
 ment on privity. Appellant Br. 34–36.
     We conclude that the district court did not abuse its
 discretion when considering Kessler in its assessment of ex-
 ceptionality. 4 In Kessler, the Supreme Court reasoned
 that, after a “final judgment” of non-infringement in favor
 of the accused infringer Kessler, allowing follow-up suits
 by the patentee against Kessler’s customers over the non-
 infringing product “will be practically to destroy Kessler’s

     4   PersonalWeb’s infringement claims against Ama-
 zon S3 that were barred by Kessler occurred after the final
 judgment in the Texas Action, while its infringement
 claims against Amazon S3 that were barred by claim pre-
 clusion occurred before the final judgment of the Texas Ac-
 tion. See PersonalWeb I, 961 F.3d at 1373.
Case: 21-1858     Document: 85     Page: 8    Filed: 11/03/2023

 8                     IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

 judgment right.” Kessler v. Eldred, 206 U.S. 285, 289–90
 (1907); Rubber Tire Wheel Co. v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber
 Co., 232 U.S. 413, 418 (1914) (describing Kessler as having
 gone “no further than to hold it to be a wrongful interfer-
 ence with Kessler’s business to sue his customers” over the
 identical accused infringing product). In Rubber Tire, we
 reasoned that Kessler granted a “trade right” that “at-
 taches to” the non-infringing product. 232 U.S. at 419; see
 also Hart Steel Co. v. R.R. Supply Co., 244 U.S. 294, 299
 (1917) (relying on Kessler to reason that “rights once estab-
 lished by final judgment of a court . . . shall be recognized
 by those who are bound by it in every way”); Kerotest Mfg.
 Co. v. C-O-Two Fire Equip. Co., 342 U.S. 180, 185–86 & n.5
 (1952) (citing Kessler to reason that “a judgment in [the ac-
 cused infringer’s] favor bars suits against his customers”).
      Our case law is consistent with Supreme Court prece-
 dent. In MGA, Inc. v. General Motors Corp., we explained
 that the Kessler doctrine “bars a patent infringement ac-
 tion against a customer of a seller who has previously pre-
 vailed against the patentee because of invalidity or
 noninfringement of the patent.” 827 F.2d 729, 734 (Fed.
 Cir. 1987); see id. (explaining the “limited trade right” that
 attaches to the non-infringing product). In Brain Life, LLC
 v. Electa Inc., we explained that the “final judgment” in the
 first suit entitles a manufacturer to sell its product “with-
 out fear of allegations of infringement by [the patentee]—
 even when the acts of infringement occurred post-final
 judgment and even when it was third-parties who allegedly
 engaged in those acts of infringement.” 746 F.3d 1045,
 1056 (Fed. Cir. 2014).
     In SpeedTrack, Inc. v. Office Depot, Inc., we reasoned
 that the Kessler doctrine precludes a patentee who is first
 “unsuccessful” against the manufacturer from then suing
 the “manufacturer’s customers” for “only those acts of in-
 fringement that post-dated the judgment in the first ac-
 tion.” 791 F.3d 1317, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2015); see also
 SimpleAir, Inc. v. Google LLC, 884 F.3d 1160, 1170 (Fed.
Case: 21-1858     Document: 85     Page: 9    Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                         9

 Cir. 2018) (explaining that Kessler “does preclude asser-
 tions of a patent against even post-judgment activity if the
 earlier judgment held that ‘essentially the same’ accused
 activity did not infringe that patent” (citation omitted)).
      Attorneys’ fees under § 285 are not a penalty for losing
 a patent infringement suit. See Octane Fitness, 572 U.S.
 at 548. It is a form of sanction where, for example, a party
 advances an argument that is wholly unsupported by the
 law. Here, a straightforward application of Kessler barred
 PersonalWeb’s claims. 5 After claim construction in the
 Texas Action, PersonalWeb stipulated to dismissal with
 prejudice of all of its claims against Amazon and its S3
 product, stating that PersonalWeb stipulates “that all
 claims” in the Texas Action should “be dismissed with prej-
 udice.” Texas Action, ECF No. 163 (June 6, 2014); Person-
 alWeb I, 961 F.3d at 1372. The district court then issued
 an order dismissing with prejudice “all claims” against Am-
 azon and its S3 product, and the district court entered final
 judgment against PersonalWeb.          Texas Action, ECF.
 No. 164 (June 9, 2014); PersonalWeb I, 961 F.3d at 1372.
 It is well-settled that this final judgment operated as an
 adverse adjudication on the merits of PersonalWeb’s in-
 fringement claims. See Hallco Mfg. Co. v. Foster, 256 F.3d
 1290, 1297 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (stating that “a dismissal with
 prejudice[] is a judgment on the merits”); Hartley v. Mentor
 Corp., 869 F.2d 1469, 1473 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (“Such a judg-
 ment operates as an adverse adjudication on the merits of
 a claim.”); see also 18A Charles A. Wright et al., Federal
 Practice and Procedure § 4435 (2d ed. 2002) (“A stipulated

     5    The district court determined that although the
 “baselessness of PersonalWeb’s claims related to” Amazon
 S3 was one exceptional finding, it only played a “limited
 role” in the totality of circumstances analysis because “un-
 reasonable litigation tactics alone . . . would have been suf-
 ficient to find this case exceptional.” Decision, at *7.
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85     Page: 10   Filed: 11/03/2023

 10                   IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

 dismissal with prejudice operates as an adjudication on the
 merits for claim-preclusion purposes.”).
      But years later in 2018, PersonalWeb asserted the
 same patents from the Texas Action—the True Name pa-
 tents—against the same accused infringing technology
 from the Texas Action—Amazon S3. PersonalWeb I, 961
 F.3d at 1372. The only difference was that PersonalWeb
 accused Amazon’s customers of infringement. Id. Person-
 alWeb did so despite the then-existing precedent of Kessler,
 Rubber Tire, MGA Inc., Brain Life, and Speed Track all ex-
 plaining that, after a “final judgment” of non-infringement,
 follow-up suits against customers over the same allegedly
 infringing product, which receives the limited trade right,
 were precluded. On appeal, we reviewed the Texas Action
 dismissal and concluded that “PersonalWeb abandoned its
 claims against Amazon without reservation, explicit or im-
 plicit.” Id. at 1378. Relying on Kessler and other prece-
 dents, we concluded that “the judgment in the Texas case,
 pursuant to a with-prejudice dismissal, protected Ama-
 zon’s S3 product from subsequent infringement challenges,
 even when those challenges were directed at Amazon’s cus-
 tomers rather than at Amazon itself.” Id. at 1379.
      The dissent contends that PersonalWeb is being pun-
 ished for taking the wrong side of an open argument. Dis-
 sent at 2. This is incorrect. PersonalWeb wove the very
 net in which it now stands. It was PersonalWeb’s own
 broad dismissal with prejudice of “all claims” against Am-
 azon and the Amazon S3 product that led to a final judg-
 ment of non-infringement on the merits. And PersonalWeb
 agreed to the broad dismissal despite the “general princi-
 ple” that parties may reserve the “right to litigate some or
 all issues.” Hallco Mfg. Co., 256 F.3d at 1295. Personal-
 Web sought no such reservation to litigate. Then Person-
 alWeb sued Amazon’s customers, asserting the same True
 Name patents and accusing the same Amazon S3 technol-
 ogy of infringement. PersonalWeb is not being punished
 for its lack of success on its Kessler argument. Despite the
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85      Page: 11    Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                        11

 existence of Supreme Court precedent and our case law,
 PersonalWeb previously lost on infringement and then con-
 travened its broad dismissal in order to wager a second bite
 of the apple against Amazon S3, an action tantamount to a
 “wrongful interference” with Amazon’s business with its
 customers. Rubber Tire, 232 U.S. at 419. As the Supreme
 Court has reasoned, PersonalWeb was “bound” by its “final
 judgment” that PersonalWeb stipulated to, and it is a “rule
 of fundamental and substantial justice” for courts to recog-
 nize and enforce those established rights. Hart Steel Co.,
 244 U.S. at 299 (citing Kessler, 208 U.S. at 289–90).
      The dissent also contends that we ultimately treated
 the issue of Kessler’s application to a stipulated dismissal
 as a matter of “first impression.” Dissent at 7 (emphasis
 added). This is incorrect. At the time we decided Person-
 alWeb I, existing precedents of Kessler, Rubber Tire, MGA
 Inc., Brain Life, Speed Track, and SimpleAir all explained
 that, after a “final judgment” of non-infringement, follow-
 up suits against customers over the same infringing prod-
 uct were precluded. In PersonalWeb I, we applied our case
 law to PersonalWeb’s own broad stipulation that led to an
 adverse final judgment of non-infringement. See Personal-
 Web I, 961 F.3d at 1376–79 (“We have previously addressed
 whether the Kessler doctrine precludes relitigation only of
 issues that were actually litigated in a prior action, albeit
 in slightly different contexts.”). Nor does it matter that, on
 appeal to the Supreme Court of PersonalWeb I, Solicitor
 General views were sought. 6 This is a common occurrence.
 The Supreme Court, however, denied certiorari. See Brief
 for United States as Amicus Curiae, PersonalWeb Techs.,
 LLC v. Patreon, Inc., 2022 WL 1082550, at *8 (April 8,
 2022) (No. 20-1394); PersonalWeb Techs., LLC v. Patreon,

     6   The record shows that PersonalWeb brought its
 suits against Amazon’s customers before it appealed to the
 Supreme Court.
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85     Page: 12    Filed: 11/03/2023

 12                    IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

 Inc., cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 2707 (May 16, 2022) (No. 20-
 1394). We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s
 Kessler analysis.
      We next turn to PersonalWeb’s contention that the dis-
 trict court did not address its argument on privity for claim
 preclusion. Appellant Br. 34–36. Privity, as the Ninth Cir-
 cuit has concluded, exists when the interests of the party
 in a subsequent action were shared with and adequately
 represented by a party in a former action. See Shaw v.
 Hahn, 56 F.3d 1128, 1131–32 (9th Cir. 1995). The district
 court concluded that “the law of claim preclusion was
 straightforward and well-settled when PersonalWeb filed
 this case.” Decision, at *5. We observed, in PersonalWeb I,
 that PersonalWeb did not dispute two of three elements of
 claim preclusion: that the “Texas case is a final judgment
 on the merits” and that “Amazon and its customers are in
 privity.” PersonalWeb I, 961 F.3d at 1374. So “[t]he sole
 basis for PersonalWeb’s challenge to the district court’s
 finding on claim preclusion [was] its contention that the
 Texas action and the customer suits involved different
 causes of action.” Id. We rejected this premise, concluding
 that claim preclusion applies because “the complaints in
 the customer cases and the complaint in the Texas case re-
 late to the same set of transactions”—alleged acts of in-
 fringement related to the Amazon S3 product. Id. at 1376.
     We hold that the district court did not abuse its discre-
 tion in finding PersonalWeb’s claims against Amazon S3
 were baseless under well-settled claim preclusion prece-
 dents. In its summary judgment opinion, the district court
 rejected PersonalWeb’s contrary arguments and held that
 Amazon and its customers were in privity because they
 “share the same interest in the unfettered use of Amazon’s
 web services, and Amazon adequately represented this in-
 terest in the Texas Action.” J.A. 3246. On appeal, Person-
 alWeb did “not challenge the district court’s determination
 that Amazon and its customers are in privity.” Personal-
 Web I, 961 F.3d at 1374.
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85     Page: 13    Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                       13

      When it came to opposing Amazon and Twitch’s motion
 for attorneys’ fees, PersonalWeb argued that it diligently
 sought opinions on preclusion doctrines, not that the dis-
 trict court overlooked its privity argument. See J.A. 7884–
 7908. We decline to consider PersonalWeb’s new argument
 on appeal here. See Sage Prods., Inc. v. Devon Indus., Inc.,
 126 F.3d 1420, 1426 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (“If a litigant seeks to
 show error in a trial court’s overlooking an argument, it
 must first present that argument to the trial court.”). In
 any event, the district court has already rejected the argu-
 ment PersonalWeb makes on appeal, see J.A. 3245–55, and
 we find no reason to disturb that conclusion.
     Accordingly, PersonalWeb’s claims involving the Ama-
 zon S3 product were precluded under the Kessler and claim
 preclusion doctrines and should not have been brought.
 See Lumen View Tech. LLC v. Findthebest.com, Inc., 811
 F.3d 479, 483 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (finding infringement alle-
 gations “ill-supported” and the lawsuit “baseless”). The
 district court did not abuse its discretion when it deter-
 mined that PersonalWeb’s arguments were ill-supported
 and should not have been brought.
        2. Frequently Changing Infringement Positions
     PersonalWeb contends that the district court abused
 its discretion in finding that PersonalWeb frequently
 changed its infringement positions. The district court re-
 viewed various pleadings and express statements made by
 PersonalWeb and concluded that “PersonalWeb frequently
 changed its infringement positions to overcome the hurdle
 of the day.” Decision, at *11.
      PersonalWeb argues that the district court abused its
 discretion because PersonalWeb’s conduct constituted zeal-
 ous advocacy, explaining that its arguments about Amazon
 S3 and Ruby on Rails (described as a type of architecture
 for creating websites) “are part of the same argument.” Ap-
 pellant Br. 39–40 (emphasis omitted).
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85     Page: 14    Filed: 11/03/2023

 14                    IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

     We hold that the district court did not abuse its discre-
 tion in concluding that PersonalWeb’s position-shifting
 supported an exceptionality determination. The record
 shows that PersonalWeb’s infringement theories involving
 Amazon S3 and Ruby on Rails were constantly changing
 throughout the case, ranging from emphasizing one, or the
 other, or both. For example, PersonalWeb contended, in its
 motion for MDL consolidation under 28 U.S.C. § 1407, that
 “each defendant’s website is alleged to use a Ruby on Rails
 architecture to develop and compile its webpage files” that
 are then uploaded to the “Amazon S3” system with “unique
 [] E-Tag[s].” J.A.7734–35. When opposing Amazon’s mo-
 tion for injunctive relief, PersonalWeb asserted that its
 “Ruby on Rails-based infringement allegations are wholly
 independent of any use of S3.” J.A. 9424 (emphasis in
 original). PersonalWeb moved to dismiss Amazon’s declar-
 atory judgment action, contending that it “has sued the
 website owners because they use a combination of the Ruby
 architecture and aspects of the HTTP web protocol . . . not
 just because they use S3.” J.A. 9455; see also J.A. 9505
 (44:1–2) (PersonalWeb representing at a hearing that “Per-
 sonalWeb’s theory of infringement revolves around Ruby
 on Rails not S3”). PersonalWeb later offered in its prelim-
 inary case management statement four infringement theo-
 ries, none of which mentioned Ruby on Rails. See J.A. 561
 (5:19–25). In the case management statement, Personal-
 Web also contended that “issues raised” in its suits be-
 tween Amazon’s customers and Amazon were not
 “identical” and did not “even substantially overlap.” J.A.
 17 (citing the preliminary case management statement).
     PersonalWeb’s briefing reflects the same shifts in the-
 ories of arguments. Compare Appellant Br. 40 (“S3 and
 [Ruby on Rails] are part of the same argument.” (emphasis
 omitted)), with Reply Br. 18–19 (“Ruby on Rails was part
 of the category 4 infringements” relevant only to the ’544
 patent), and id. at 19 (“Amazon S3 did not use Ruby on
 Rails.”). PersonalWeb defends the “vanishing” of Ruby on
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85     Page: 15    Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                       15

 Rails from its infringement theories, contending that it had
 to drop the ’544 patent due to the “practical effect of the
 district court’s claim construction order.” Reply Br. 20–21.
      We are unconvinced by PersonalWeb’s arguments. The
 record demonstrates that the district court’s claim con-
 struction order occurred in August 2019, which is almost a
 year after PersonalWeb had already omitted Ruby on Rails
 as part of its infringement theories in September 2018. See
 J.A. 561 (5:19–25) (preliminary case management state-
 ment); J.A. 5170–5203 (claim construction order). Person-
 alWeb’s position-shifting throughout this case extended to
 its reply brief on appeal when it sought to minimize Ruby
 on Rails despite PersonalWeb’s unqualified and express
 emphasis earlier in this case of the importance of Ruby on
 Rails. J.A. 7734–35; J.A. 9455; J.A. 9505 (44:1–2); see also
 Oplus Techs., Ltd. v. Vizio, Inc., 782 F.3d 1371, 1374–75
 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (explaining that party’s “infringement con-
 tentions were a constantly moving target”).
      We are not persuaded that PersonalWeb’s conduct was
 zealous representation. Zealous representation is the rule,
 not an exception. But zealous representation is tempered
 by the obligation of counsel to assist the court by fully and
 fairly presenting legal issues relevant to the facts of the
 case. See Allen Eng’g Corp. v. Bartell Indus., Inc., 299 F.3d
 1336, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“Counsel must remember that
 they are not only advocates for their clients; they are also
 officers of the court.”). Exceptionality cannot hide behind
 a claim of zealous representation. PersonalWeb’s con-
 stantly changing infringement theories obfuscated the
 merits of its case and undermined its trustworthiness and
 reliability before the district court. This pattern of flip-
 flopping infringement theories “stands out from others
 with respect to the substantive strength of [PersonalWeb’s]
 litigating position” and “the unreasonable manner in which
 the case was litigated.” Octane Fitness, 572 U.S. at 554.
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85     Page: 16    Filed: 11/03/2023

 16                    IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

     On these grounds, the district court did not abuse its
 discretion when it premised its exceptionality determina-
 tion on PersonalWeb’s frequently changing infringement
 theories.
      3. Unnecessarily Prolonged Litigation Post-Claim
                         Construction
    PersonalWeb contends that the district court abused its
 discretion in finding that PersonalWeb unnecessarily pro-
 longed this case after claim construction. The district court
 reviewed the parties’ conduct post-claim construction, con-
 cluding that “PersonalWeb’s prolongation of the Twitch
 case after claim construction and its instruction to the ex-
 pert to apply PersonalWeb’s ‘interpretation’ of the [district
 court’s] claim construction were unreasonable litigation
 conduct.” Decision, at *13. We disagree with PersonalWeb.
    PersonalWeb argues that the district court abused its
 discretion because the district court expressly credited Per-
 sonalWeb’s streamlining efforts post-claim construction
 and observed that Amazon bore some responsibility for pro-
 longing this case. Appellant Br. 42–46.
     We hold that the district court did not abuse its discre-
 tion in finding that PersonalWeb engaged in unreasonable
 conduct post-claim construction that prolonged this case.
 In August 2019, the district court construed the claim
 terms (present in all remaining asserted claims) “authori-
 zation” as “a valid license” and “unauthorized or unli-
 censed” as “not compliant with a valid license.” See J.A.
 5175–81; PersonalWeb II, 2021 WL 3557196, at *1–2. Be-
 cause the accused infringing technology does not assess the
 validity of user licenses, Amazon requested that Personal-
 Web dismiss all claims against Amazon and Twitch with
 prejudice as the district court’s claim construction order
 “ma[de] clear that PersonalWeb ha[d] no viable infringe-
 ment claim.” J.A. 5218.
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85      Page: 17    Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                        17

     PersonalWeb offered to stipulate to judgment of non-
 infringement as to all counterclaims against the Amazon
 S3 and CloudFront technologies, except for those against
 Twitch. J.A. 5220. For Twitch, PersonalWeb offered to
 stipulate to non-infringement only as to the ’544 patent be-
 cause of an alleged ambiguity in the district court’s claim
 construction. J.A. 5220–24. Amazon disagreed with Per-
 sonalWeb’s effort to keep Twitch in the case and threatened
 to seek sanctions, explaining that PersonalWeb’s attempt
 to “re-construe” the district court’s claim construction was
 “improper.” J.A. 5223. The case continued.
     During expert discovery, PersonalWeb’s expert opined
 about Twitch’s alleged infringement by relying on the al-
 leged ambiguity (first offered by PersonalWeb’s counsel) in
 the district court’s claim construction. J.A. 5298 at ¶ 64.
 PersonalWeb also filed a motion to clarify the district
 court’s claim construction, which the district court denied.
 J.A. 5433–37.
     Despite “an adverse claim construction,” PersonalWeb
 refused to stipulate to non-infringement and continued to
 litigate the case despite an obligation to “continually assess
 the soundness of pending infringement claims.” Taurus IP,
 LLC v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 726 F.3d 1306, 1328 (Fed.
 Cir. 2013). PersonalWeb’s offering of its expert opinion, re-
 lying on the alleged ambiguity in the claim construction,
 was an unequivocal attempt to re-litigate the district
 court’s claim construction. While it may be said that Per-
 sonalWeb took other actions that did not prolong the case,
 this misconduct unnecessarily prolonged the action—a
 point expressly made by the district court. See Decision, at
 *13.
     As the district court explained, PersonalWeb should
 have stipulated “to non-infringement in both Amazon and
 Twitch cases immediately after claim construction when it
 received Amazon’s Rule 11 letter and proceed[ed] to ap-
 peal.”   Id.   PersonalWeb “may have filed a weak
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85    Page: 18    Filed: 11/03/2023

 18                   IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

 infringement lawsuit,” but it “became baseless after” the
 district court’s claim construction order as to both Amazon
 and Twitch. AdjustaCam, LLC v. Newegg, Inc., 861 F.3d
 1353, 1360–61 (Fed. Cir. 2017); MarcTec, LLC v. Johnson
 & Johnson, 664 F.3d 907, 920–21 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (explain-
 ing plaintiff “persisted in advancing unfounded arguments
 that unnecessarily extended this litigation”).
     We conclude that the district court did not abuse its
 discretion when it supported its exceptionality determina-
 tion on PersonalWeb unnecessarily prolonging the case af-
 ter claim construction.
   4. Unreasonable Position and Conduct Regarding the
                     Customer Cases
     PersonalWeb asserts that the district court abused its
 discretion in finding that PersonalWeb’s conduct and posi-
 tions regarding the customer cases were unreasonable.
 The district court found PersonalWeb’s shift in position
 with respect to Twitch to be another example of “unreason-
 able litigation conduct” as well as a “final attempt to un-
 ravel the MDL after summary judgment and to keep some
 of the customer cases in play.” Decision, at *15.
     According to PersonalWeb, the removal of the Twitch
 action would not unravel the MDL because whether or not
 Twitch was representative of the customer cases was a
 mere belief subject to change by discovery. Appellant Br.
 47–50 (citing J.A. 804–05 (7:17–8:8); J.A. 807 (10:10–15);
 J.A. 838). We disagree.
      We hold the district court did not abuse its discretion
 in finding that PersonalWeb engaged in unreasonable liti-
 gation conduct when it reversed its representation about
 Twitch. In November 2018, PersonalWeb represented to
 the district court that Twitch was representative of its in-
 fringement theories across all customer cases, agreeing
 that a non-infringement verdict in favor of Twitch would
 result in “none of the customer cases” being able to “go
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85     Page: 19    Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                       19

 forward.” J.A. 803 (6:17–22); J.A. 756–97. Based on this
 input, the district court proceeded with Twitch and stayed
 the other customer cases. See PersonalWeb I, 961 F.3d at
 1372; J.A. 838. Thus, the foundation of the district court’s
 case management of the MDL was that Twitch was repre-
 sentative of the other customer cases.
      Yet, in February 2020, after the district court granted
 summary judgment of non-infringement in favor of Ama-
 zon and Twitch, PersonalWeb changed horses. It con-
 tended for the first time that “not all grounds of the
 summary judgment order as it relates to Twitch” are “ap-
 plicable to the remaining customer cases.” J.A. 6763–64.
 According to PersonalWeb, it learned during discovery in
 July 2019 that Twitch was not representative for a certain
 category of the customer cases. J.A. 6766. PersonalWeb
 defended the seven-month delay in raising the issue by as-
 serting that it believed there was no issue before the dis-
 trict court “to which this [would] ha[ve] been germane.”
 J.A. 6766–67.
     PersonalWeb bases its arguments on a record that only
 confirms that judicial efficiency concerns were always ger-
 mane and at the forefront of the district court’s priorities.
 See J.A. 804–05 (7:17–8:8); J.A. 806–07 (9:21–10:16); J.A.
 838. For instance, the district court emphasized that its
 “biggest job” was looking for the “best, most efficient way
 to move to a resolution of the case.” J.A. 804 (7:17–25). We
 find no support in the record that the district court ex-
 pected that subsequent discovery might undermine the
 MDL management structure. As the district court ex-
 plained at the outset of the case, having different defend-
 ants as representative for different categories of customer
 cases was not “manageable.” J.A. 806–07 (9:21–10:16) (de-
 scribing this as “kick[ing] the can down the road”); see also
 J.A. 667–68 (60:25–61:3) (the district court explaining it
 has “great concern” over the manner PersonalWeb pro-
 posed “to litigate these cases” and “to have four categories
 of cases is really to have four separate MDL’s”).
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85      Page: 20    Filed: 11/03/2023

 20                    IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

      PersonalWeb was obligated to promptly inform the dis-
 trict court of any developments concerning Twitch’s status
 as representative. See In re Solerwitz, 848 F.2d 1573, 1577
 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (“[T]he attorney’s obligations to the court
 are ongoing at every stage of the litigation and the attorney
 must continually reevaluate the positions advanced.”);
 Taurus, IP LLP, 726 F.3d at 1328 (explaining that a party
 “must continually assess the soundness of pending in-
 fringement claims”). PersonalWeb’s failure to do so was
 another attempt to “slice and dice this case” to give it “an
 escape hatch at every turn regarding the customer cases.”
 Decision, at *16 (describing PersonalWeb’s attempt to “bob
 and weave its way around the issues in this case”). This is
 unreasonable litigation conduct.
     The district court did not abuse its discretion when it
 supported its exceptionality determination with Personal-
 Web’s unreasonable position and conduct regarding the
 customer cases.
                 5. Inaccurate Declarations
     PersonalWeb argues that the district court abused its
 discretion in considering two declarations, submitted by
 PersonalWeb’s attorney and executive in support of Per-
 sonalWeb’s opposition to Amazon’s summary judgment mo-
 tion, as relevant in its exceptionality analysis. The district
 court reviewed the record in the Texas Action and found
 PersonalWeb’s declarants’ testimony was “contrary to the
 record in the Texas Action.” Decision, at *17. The district
 court concluded that PersonalWeb submitted “inaccurate”
 declarations and considered this conduct as “one factor in
 the ‘totality of the circumstances’ related to PersonalWeb’s
 unreasonable litigation conduct.” Id. at *18.
     PersonalWeb asserts that the declarations should not
 have been considered in the district court’s analysis be-
 cause its declarants did not testify about whether the con-
 ditional technology at issue was involved in the Texas
 Action. Appellant Br. 50–52; Reply Br. 25–27.
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85      Page: 21     Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                         21

     We hold that the district court did not abuse its discre-
 tion in considering the inaccurate declarations as part of
 its exceptionality determination. Prior to its filing of
 eighty-five suits after the Texas Action, PersonalWeb had
 an obligation to reasonably investigate the scope of the ac-
 cused infringing technology in the Texas Action. See Ther-
 moLife Int’l LLC v. GNC Corp., 922 F. 3d 1347, 1356 (Fed.
 Cir. 2019) (finding plaintiffs “did not conduct an adequate
 pre-suit investigation into infringement”); Blackbird Tech
 LLC v. Health In Motion LLC, 944 F.3d 910, 916 (Fed. Cir.
 2019) (“[T]he exercise of even a modicum of due diligence
 by [plaintiff], as part of a pre-suit investigation, would have
 revealed the weaknesses in its litigation position.”).
     In opposition to Amazon’s summary judgment motion,
 PersonalWeb’s declarants testified that the Texas Action
 “only accused the Multipart Upload functionality” of Ama-
 zon’s S3 technology of infringement. J.A. 1430 at ¶ 4; see
 also J.A. 1566 at ¶ 9 (declarant testifying that the Texas
 Action was “based only upon Multipart Upload”). But dur-
 ing the Texas Action in 2014, PersonalWeb had accused
 two features of Amazon’s S3 technology of infringement—
 the Multipart Upload functionality and a conditional GET
 HTTP functionality. See PersonalWeb I, 961 F.3d at 1376
 (“PersonalWeb told the trial court in the Texas case, the
 accused functionalities of S3 include but are not limited to
 its multipart upload feature and conditional operations.”
 (quotations omitted)). During the Texas Action, Personal-
 Web’s counsel had even emailed these same declarants (the
 attorney and executive) a proposed settlement that refer-
 enced the accused infringing technology as including the
 conditional features in addition to Multipart Upload fea-
 tures. J.A. 7918.
     PersonalWeb’s arguments that its declarants did not
 testify about the presence of conditional requests are frivo-
 lous. PersonalWeb’s declarants used the limiting term
 “only” to show the presence of Multipart Upload function-
 ality and necessarily exclude conditional functionality. See
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85       Page: 22    Filed: 11/03/2023

 22                     IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

 J.A. 1430 at ¶ 4 (declarant testifying that the Texas Action
 “only accused the Multipart Upload functionality”); J.A.
 1566 at ¶ 9 (declarant testifying that the Texas Action was
 “based only upon Multipart Upload”). Although the district
 court did not find that the inaccurate declarations rose to a
 breach of the duty of candor, Decision, at *18, Personal-
 Web’s counsel “excessive[ly] emphas[ized]” its role as “zeal-
 ous advocates” to the detriment of its role as “officers of the
 court,” see Allen, 299 F.3d at 1356.
    The district court did not abuse its discretion when it
 supported its exceptionality determination with Personal-
 Web’s submission of inaccurate declarations.
                        *   *   *   *
      The district court lived with this case and its counsel
 for years. It thoroughly reviewed the totality of the circum-
 stances to find that this case both lacked “substantive
 strength” and was litigated in an “unreasonable manner.”
 Octane Fitness, 572 U.S. at 554. We see no clear error in
 law or fact by the district court in arriving at these conclu-
 sions. See Rembrandt, 899 F.3d at 1266.
      Counsel, as officers of the court, “are expected to assist
 the court in the administration of justice, particularly in
 difficult cases involving complex issues of law and technol-
 ogy.” Allen, 299 F.3d at 1356. We see no clear error in the
 district court’s finding that PersonalWeb litigated this case
 with “obfuscation, deflection and mischaracterization.” Id.
 at 1357. The district court did not abuse its discretion in
 finding this case exceptional under 35 U.S.C. § 285.
         II.    CALCULATION OF ATTORNEYS’ FEES
     PersonalWeb next asserts that the district court erred
 in assessing $1,948,987.01 of the total $5,187,203.99 attor-
 neys’ fees award. In arriving at the award, the district
 court reviewed Amazon’s billing records for specific catego-
 ries of fees related to exceptional conduct and performed
 reductions from the amount of fees sought by Amazon. See
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85      Page: 23     Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                         23

 Fees Decision I, 2021 WL 796356, at *6–18; Fees Decision
 II, 2021 WL 11113167, at *2.
     PersonalWeb points to specific categories of alleged
 non-exceptional fees and argues that the percentage reduc-
 tion performed by the district court was arbitrary. Appel-
 lant Br. 53–61.
     We conclude that the district court did not abuse its
 discretion in attributing the challenged $1,948,987.01 in
 attorneys’ fees to exceptional conduct. For case manage-
 ment fees, the district court reviewed the totality of the cir-
 cumstances in this case and reasoned that: “PersonalWeb’s
 ever-shifting infringement theories—S3, Ruby on Rails,
 the late emergence of CloudFront and complete abandon-
 ment of Ruby on Rails, and, finally, PersonalWeb’s extraor-
 dinary declaration that Twitch was not a representative
 customer case only fifteen months after insisting just the
 opposite—support Amazon’s need for significant case man-
 agement efforts.” Fees Decision I, 2021 WL 796356, at *7.
 The district court also noted that Amazon excluded “billing
 requests by 29 timekeepers” and applied a 25% reduction
 from the amount requested by Amazon that “amply ad-
 dresse[d] any over-billing in this category.” Id. at *18.
      The district court took steps to be fair. For early mo-
 tion practice, such as the motion to stay and motion for pre-
 liminary injunction, the district court recognized the
 efficiency of these tactics, stating Amazon “would have un-
 doubtedly incurred even more legal fees in actively defend-
 ing the menagerie of customer cases.” Id. at *9. As to fees
 for investigating PersonalWeb’s shifting infringement the-
 ories, the district court reduced Amazon’s requested fees by
 25% to account for “otherwise necessary activities” after ex-
 plaining PersonalWeb’s “abandoned infringement theories
 serially dominated the case, leading to unnecessary work
 across multiple categories of litigation.” Id. at *8; see also
 id. at *10 (infringement contentions). Finally, for claim
 construction conduct, the district court arrived at a 25%
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85      Page: 24    Filed: 11/03/2023

 24                    IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

 reduction after considering PersonalWeb’s egregious re-lit-
 igation of the district court’s claim construction that led to
 additional work, while also admitting that the district
 court “cannot trace all of the requested fees to Personal-
 Web’s misconduct.” Id. at *11.
      The fees analysis by the district court “demonstrates to
 us a careful exercise of discretion.” Monolithic Power Sys.,
 Inc. v. O2 Micro Int’l Ltd., 726 F.3d 1359, 1369 (Fed. Cir.
 2013). The district court thoroughly analyzed the exten-
 sive record, considered conduct that both supported and de-
 tracted from its award of attorneys’ fees, and explained the
 award’s relation to the misconduct. See Rembrandt, 899
 F.3d at 1279 (explaining that the district court must “ex-
 plain th[e] relationship, at least to the extent practicable”
 between the fee award and “the extent of the misconduct”).
 The district court’s thorough and well-reasoned fee award
 determinations for the challenged categories are “entitled
 to substantial deference on appeal” in light of the district
 court’s “superior understanding of the litigation.” Good-
 year Tire & Rubber Co. v. Haeger, 581 U.S. 101, 110 (2017)
 (citation omitted).
                         CONCLUSION
     We have considered PersonalWeb’s remaining argu-
 ments and have found them unpersuasive. We affirm the
 district court’s finding that this case was exceptional under
 35 U.S.C. § 285 and the total award of $5,187,203.99 in at-
 torneys’ fees.
                         AFFIRMED
                            COSTS
 Costs against Appellant.
Case: 21-1858     Document: 85           Page: 25        Filed: 11/03/2023

    United States Court of Appeals
        for the Federal Circuit
                    ______________________

    IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC,
           -------------------------------------------------

   AMAZON.COM, INC., AMAZON WEB SERVICES,
                     INC.,
              Plaintiffs-Appellees

                                    v.

        PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC,
               Defendant-Appellant

          LEVEL 3 COMMUNICATIONS, LLC,
                    Defendant

             -------------------------------------------------

        PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC,
                Plaintiff-Appellant

          LEVEL 3 COMMUNICATIONS, LLC,
                     Plaintiff

                                    v.

                TWITCH INTERACTIVE, INC.,
                     Defendant-Appellee
                   ______________________

                2021-1858, 2021-1859, 2021-1860
                    ______________________
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85      Page: 26   Filed: 11/03/2023

 2                     IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

     Appeals from the United States District Court for the
 Northern District of California in Nos. 5:18-cv-00767-BLF,
 5:18-cv-05619-BLF, 5:18-md-02834-BLF, Judge Beth Lab-
 son Freeman.
                  ______________________

 DYK, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
      The majority’s opinion rests on the remarkable propo-
 sition that PersonalWeb’s arguments were objectively
 baseless (and supported a fee award) despite the Solicitor
 General’s agreeing that those very same arguments were
 correct. The majority’s opinion effectively awards fees for
 a lack of success, which is not an appropriate use of section
 285, and will likely chill legitimate advocacy. Munchkin,
 Inc. v. Luv n’ Care, Ltd., 960 F.3d 1373, 1378 (Fed. Cir.
 2020); Pro. Real Est. Invs., Inc. v. Columbia Pictures In-
 dus., Inc., 508 U.S. 49, 50 (1993). I respectfully dissent.
                               I
     The district court here awarded fees pursuant to sec-
 tion 285 on the ground that PersonalWeb (the owner of the
 patents at issue) in the underlying infringement action
 made baseless arguments that the Kessler doctrine did not
 apply to bar an infringement action against Amazon’s cus-
 tomers where there had been a stipulated dismissal with
 prejudice of a prior infringement action brought against
 Amazon itself.
     In Kessler, a patent holder sued a manufacturer for in-
 fringement, and after trial the court found for the manu-
 facturer, holding there was no infringement. Kessler v.
 Eldred, 206 U.S. 285, 288 (1907). The patent holder then
 sued the manufacturer’s customers for infringement of the
 same patent. Id. The Supreme Court held that the patent
 holder was barred from bringing suit against the manufac-
 turer’s customers. Id. at 290.
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85      Page: 27   Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                        3

     The central question here was whether the Kessler doc-
 trine applies to a stipulated dismissal with prejudice or
 only to a litigated determination of non-infringement (as in
 Kessler itself). In 2019 the California district court held
 that the doctrine applied to a stipulated dismissal as to the
 so-called S3 products. PersonalWeb appealed to our court.
     Ultimately, we affirmed in a precedential decision (Per-
 sonalWeb I) holding Kessler is “not limited to cases involv-
 ing a finding of non-infringement that was necessary to the
 resolution of an earlier lawsuit, but extends to protect any
 products as to which the manufacturer established a right
 not to be sued for infringement.” PersonalWeb I, 961 F.3d
 at 1379. However, our decision on appeal in no way sug-
 gested that the issue had been decided in earlier cases or
 that PersonalWeb’s position on Kessler was baseless. See
 id. at 1376–79 (addressing PersonalWeb’s Kessler argu-
 ments at length on the merits).
      Following our decision, the California district court
 awarded fees against PersonalWeb for making the Kessler
 argument during the period of 2018 to 2020, before our de-
 cision on appeal, stating that “[w]hile it is true that the
 Federal Circuit issued a precedential decision affirming
 this Court’s Kessler Order, the opinion itself belies Person-
 alWeb’s contention that it had a reasonable belief that the
 claims against S3 could be brought.” Decision, 2020 WL
 5910080, at *5.
                              II
      After our decision on the Kessler issue PersonalWeb
 had sought certiorari. The Supreme Court invited the So-
 licitor General to file an amicus brief, which she did after
 the district court decision here, agreeing with PersonalWeb
 that Kessler should not have barred PersonalWeb’s claims.
 Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae, PersonalWeb
 Techs., LLC v. Patreon, Inc. (No. 20-1394), 2022 WL
 1082550, at *8. The Solicitor General argued that “[t]he
 [Federal Circuit] [e]rred [i]n [t]reating Kessler [a]s
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85       Page: 28   Filed: 11/03/2023

 4                     IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

 [c]ontrolling [h]ere.” Id. at *14. She explained that “[u]ntil
 this case, the Federal Circuit had relied on Kessler only in
 cases in which the prior judgment embodied a judicial de-
 termination of the respective rights and duties of the par-
 ties.” Id. at *15. Thus, “[b]ecause the prior judgment in
 Kessler was premised on a judicial finding of noninfringe-
 ment, while the Texas judgment at issue in this case was
 entered after a stipulated dismissal, Kessler is not control-
 ling here.” Id. at *8. Ultimately, the Supreme Court de-
 nied certiorari in May 2022. 142 S. Ct. 2707 (May 16, 2022)
 (No. 20-1394).
                              III
     The majority now affirms the district court decision on
 the theory that “[a]t the time we decided PersonalWeb I,
 existing precedents of Kessler, Rubber Tire, MGA Inc.,
 Brain Life, Speed Track, and SimpleAir all explained that,
 after a ‘final judgment’ of non-infringement, follow-up suits
 against customers over the same infringing product were
 precluded.” Maj. Op. 11.
      The majority dismisses the Solicitor General’s views
 apparently on the ground that it is “a common occurrence”
 for the Supreme Court to solicit such views. Maj. Op. 11.
 But it is not a common occurrence for the Supreme Court
 to regard those views as irrelevant, and neither should we.
 The Solicitor General was addressing exactly the same is-
 sue and making the same argument as PersonalWeb. The
 Solicitor General is not in the habit of making objectively
 baseless arguments to the Supreme Court. On the major-
 ity’s theory that we can ignore later developments, if Per-
 sonalWeb’s Kessler argument had been adopted by the
 Supreme Court itself, the argument would still have been
 objectively baseless.
    And even if the question of objective baselessness de-
 pended only on the state of the law at the time the
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85      Page: 29    Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                         5

 argument was made, 1 our decision in PersonalWeb I, of
 course, had not been issued when the arguments were
 made, and the Solicitor General’s views as to existing law
 are just as relevant as our PersonalWeb I determination.
     The majority even fails to show that there was any
 binding authority on the Kessler issue at the time that Per-
 sonalWeb addressed the Kessler issue. The cases cited by
 the majority, as the Solicitor General points out, unlike the
 present case all involved “cases in which the prior judg-
 ment embodied a judicial determination of the respective
 rights and duties of the parties” (and therefore involved col-
 lateral estoppel). Brief for the United States as Amicus

     1   It does not. Even if PersonalWeb had been urging
 a change in the law, such an argument can be appropriate
 and supported. Finch v. Hughes Aircraft Co., 926 F.2d
 1574, 1579 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (explaining that a claim is friv-
 olous and thus supports sanctions when the arguments are
 “contrary to established law and unsupported by a rea-
 soned, colorable argument for change in the law” (internal
 quotation omitted)); Carter v. ALK Holdings, Inc., 605 F.3d
 1319, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (noting “sanctions should only
 be imposed in limited circumstances where the frivolous
 nature of the claims-at-issue is unequivocal” such as when
 “the party files a pleading that is based on a legal theory
 that has no reasonable chance of success and that cannot
 be advanced as a reasonable argument to change existing
 law”).
     The denial of certiorari cannot be viewed as approval
 of our decision particularly since the Solicitor General
 urged a certiorari denial on an alternative ground. Brown
 v. Davenport, 142 S. Ct. 1510, 1529 (2022) (“The denial of a
 writ of certiorari in this Court imports no expression of
 opinion upon the merits of the case.” (internal quotations
 omitted)).
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85      Page: 30    Filed: 11/03/2023

 6                     IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC

 Curiae, PersonalWeb Techs., LLC v. Patreon, Inc. (No. 20-
 1394), 2022 WL 1082550, at *8. 2
      So too in the case where we decided the Kessler issue,
 Amazon never argued on appeal that the Kessler issue had
 been previously decided. Instead, Amazon only pointed to
 a 45-year-old non-binding district court case as “[t]he only
 court to consider this issue” and urged that this court fol-
 low the district court’s holding “that Kessler preclusion ap-
 plies even in the absence of an express finding of non-
 infringement.” Corrected Response Brief of Defendants-
 Appellees and Intervenors at 34, PersonalWeb I, 961 F.3d
 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2020), 2019 WL 6699258, at *34 (citing Mo-
 linaro v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 460 F. Supp. 673, 676 (E.D.
 Pa. 1978), aff’d, 620 F.2d 288 (3d Cir. 1980)); see also Brief
 in Opposition to Petition for a Writ of Certiorari at 30, Per-
 sonalWeb Techs., LLC v. Patreon, Inc., 142 S. Ct. 2707
 (2022), 2021 WL 3773238, at *30. Nor did our decision in
 that case suggest that the issue had been directly decided
 in our prior cases. At the time of our decision, one of our
 prior cases included language that seemed to support Per-
 sonalWeb’s position, stating that the Kessler doctrine “in
 its effect may be compared to defensive collateral estoppel”
 and that collateral estoppel only applies to a litigated de-
 termination of non-infringement. MGA, Inc. v. Gen. Motors
 Corp., 827 F.2d 729, 734 (Fed. Cir. 1987). Indeed, our de-
 cision in PersonalWeb I acknowledged that same language
 in MGA, explaining “we said that ‘in its effect,’ the Kessler
 doctrine may be compared to defensive collateral estoppel.”

     2    The Solicitor General addressed the same cases as
 the majority. See Rubber Tire Wheel Co. v. Goodyear Tire
 & Rubber Co., 232 U.S. 413 (1914); MGA, Inc. v. Gen. Mo-
 tors Corp., 827 F.2d 729 (Fed. Cir. 1987); Brain Life, LLC
 v. Elekta Inc., 746 F.3d 1045 (Fed. Cir. 2014); SpeedTrack,
 Inc. v. Off. Depot, Inc., 791 F.3d 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2015); Sim-
 pleAir, Inc. v. Google LLC, 884 F.3d 1160 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
Case: 21-1858    Document: 85     Page: 31    Filed: 11/03/2023

 IN RE: PERSONALWEB TECHNOLOGIES LLC                        7

 PersonalWeb I, 961 F.3d at 1377. The finding of objective
 baselessness on this record is entirely without support.
     In short, I am at a loss to understand how making an
 argument that the Solicitor General agreed was correct
 and that was a matter of first impression in our court can
 lead to an award of fees. The Kessler argument was not
 objectively baseless, and the district court’s fee award in-
 cluded fee amounts directed only to the Kessler issue. The
 portion of the district court’s fee award attributable to the
 Kessler argument cannot stand. While I agree that in other
 respects a fee award was proper, a remand is appropriate
 because the district court improperly awarded fees based
 on PersonalWeb’s Kessler argument.