Court Opinion

ID: 1034155
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-17 19:18:44.33715+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:44:34.164639
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                    Nos. 06-835C, 06-853C, 06-858C, 07-82C
                               Filed: July 2, 2013
              Unsealed Opinion Issued for Publication: July 17, 2013

    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *          *
    GULF GROUP GENERAL                     *
    ENTERPRISES CO. W.L.L.,                *   False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729;
                                           *   Special Plea in Fraud, 28 U.S.C.
                     Plaintiff,            *   § 2514; Contract Disputes Act, 41
              v.                           *   U.S.C. § 604; Rescission and
                                           *   Disgorgement; Termination; Breach
    UNITED STATES,                         *   of Contract; Abuse of Discretion;
                                           *   Demurrage.
                     Defendant.            *
                                           *
    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *          *

     Iliaura Hands, Miller & Williamson LLC, New Orleans, LA, for plaintiff. With her
was Machale A. Miller, Miller & Williamson LLC, New Orleans, LA.

        Timothy P. McIImail, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With
him were Robert C. Bigler, Stacey K. Grigsby, Kent C. Kiffner, Lartease M. Tiffith,
Russell J. Upton, Trial Attorneys, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, Commercial
Litigation Branch, and Stuart F. Delery, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Civil
Division. Of counsel, Major Daniel Everett, Major John Gowel, and Captain Dana
Collins, United States Army, Litigation Division.

                                    OPINION

HORN, J.

                                  FINDINGS OF FACT

      This opinion relates to four consolidated cases filed by the same plaintiff, Gulf
Group General Enterprises Co. W.L.L. (Gulf Group), in the United States Court of
Federal Claims.1 The cases arise from four awards to Gulf Group by the United States
Army in 2004. In the lead case, Case No. 06-835C (the camp package BPA case), Gulf

1
  The original complaints were filed as follows: Case No. 06-835C, the camp package
blanket purchase agreement (BPA) case was filed on December 8, 2006; Case No. 06-
858C, the latrine case, was filed on December 15, 2006; Case No. 06-853C, the
Group alleges that the government’s termination of its BPA call under a general
services contract was arbitrary, capricious, and an abuse of discretion. Gulf Group also
alleges that the camp package BPA call termination was made in bad faith.2 In Case
No. 06-858C (the latrine case), Gulf Group alleges that the government’s termination of
its contract to supply latrines to Camp Arifjan in Kuwait was arbitrary, capricious, and an
abuse of discretion. Gulf Group also alleges that the latrine contract termination was
made in bad faith. In Case No. 06-853C (the dumpster case), Gulf Group alleges that
the government’s termination of its contract to supply dumpsters to Camp Arifjan in
Kuwait was arbitrary, capricious, and an abuse of discretion. Gulf Group also alleges
that the termination of the dumpster contract was made in bad faith. In Case No. 07-
82C (the bottled water BPA case), Gulf Group alleges that the government’s
requirement that it travel in military convoys to deliver bottled water to base camps in
Iraq and Kuwait3 and on return trips resulted in significant delays, as a result of which
plaintiff incurred additional costs. Gulf Group contends that the government breached
its duty of good faith and fair dealing in delaying plaintiff’s delivery of bottled water and
that, because of the breach, the government is responsible for demurrage expenses.

dumpster case, was filed on December 19, 2006; Case No. 07-82C, the bottled water
BPA case, was filed on February 1, 2007. The cases were consolidated on August 28,
2008. The complaints in each case, however, have been amended multiple times, with
the final amendment in the camp package BPA case dated May 6, 2011, the final
amendment in the latrine case dated February 25, 2011, the final amendment in the
dumpster case dated February 25, 2011, and the final amendment in the bottled water
BPA case dated February 25, 2011. Some of the cases were stayed pending decisions
of the contracting officer. Subsequently, the second amended complaints in the camp
package BPA case, latrine case, and dumpster case raised allegations of abuse of
discretion and bad faith on the part of the United States. The cases also were stayed
for a considerable period of time at the request of defendant to accommodate ongoing
criminal investigations and prosecutions, which are addressed more fully below.
2
  Although plaintiff alleged bad faith in the second amended complaints in the camp
package BPA case, the latrine case, and the dumpster case, plaintiff subsequently
dropped all allegations concerning bad faith in each of the cases in which it originally
was raised. As confirmed in an April 22, 2011 Order issued by this court, “[i]n a
conference the court held with the parties on April 8, 2011, plaintiff’s counsel advised
the court that, upon reflection, counsel does not wish to pursue a bad faith claim on the
part of the government, but that plaintiff’s counsel intends to proceed with the allegation
that government officials acted arbitrarily and capriciously with respect to the
cancellation of Gulf Group’s contract.” Thereafter, in its third amended complaint in
Case No. 06-835C (the camp package BPA), filed on May 6, 2011, plaintiff dropped its
bad faith claim against the government. Plaintiff reiterated at closing argument, “there is
no bad faith claim in any one of these four cases, 06-835, 06-858, 06-853, and 07-082.”
3
  The court notes that the bottled water BPA statement of work states that water was to
be delivered to camps in Kuwait, whereas the “Special Instructions” in the bottled water
BPA, discussed more fully below, indicate that water was to be delivered in Kuwait and
Iraq.

                                             2
       The government filed counterclaims and affirmative defenses in each of the four
consolidated cases. Regarding the camp package BPA case, Case No. 06-835C,
defendant alleges violations of the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729 (2000),
amended by Fraud Enforcement & Recovery Act of 2009 (FERA), Pub. L. No. 111–21,
123 Stat. 1617,4 the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. § 604 (2000) (current version at
41 U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2) (Supp. V 2011)), and the Special Plea in Fraud statute, 28
U.S.C. § 2514 (2000).5 Defendant seeks forfeiture of plaintiff’s entire camp package
BPA claim under the Special Plea in Fraud statute, damages in the amount of plaintiff’s
unsupported claim, as well as defendant’s cost of reviewing plaintiff’s alleged false claim
under the Contract Disputes Act, and treble damages and allowable civil penalties
under the False Claims Act. Defendant also seeks rescission of the calls issued under
the camp package BPA, which the government alleges were obtained by plaintiff
through bribery, conflict of interest, and fraud, and defendant seeks disgorgement of all
monies the United States paid for calls issued under the camp package BPA, plus
costs.

       In the latrine case, Case No. 06-858C, defendant alleges violations of the False
Claims Act, the Contract Disputes Act, and the Special Plea in Fraud statute.
Defendant seeks forfeiture of plaintiff’s entire claim under the Special Plea in Fraud
statute, damages in the amount of plaintiff’s unsupported claim, as well as defendant’s
cost of reviewing plaintiff’s allegedly false claim under the Contract Disputes Act, and
allowable civil penalties under the False Claims Act, plus costs. Although defendant
argues that the latrine contract also was tainted by bribery, conflict of interest, and
fraud, defendant does not seek rescission of the latrine contract.

        In the dumpster case, Case No. 06-853C, defendant alleges violations of the
False Claims Act, the Contract Disputes Act, and the Special Plea in Fraud statute. As
in the latrine case, defendant seeks forfeiture of plaintiff’s entire claim under the Special
Plea in Fraud statute, damages in the amount of plaintiff’s unsupported claim, as well as
defendant’s cost of reviewing plaintiff’s allegedly false claim under the Contract
Disputes Act, and allowable civil penalties under the False Claims Act, plus costs. As in
the latrine case, although defendant argues that the dumpster contract was tainted by
bribery, conflict of interest, and fraud, defendant does not seek rescission of the
dumpster contract.
4
  The 2009 amendments to the False Claims Act apply retroactively to claims pending
on or after June 7, 2008. See United States ex rel. Bennett v. Medtronic, Inc., 747 F.
Supp. 2d 745, 762-63 (S.D. Tex. 2010). Although the amended version of the False
Claims Act could potentially apply to a submission that plaintiff made in 2011, the court
refers to the previous version of the False Claims Act because, as indicated below,
plaintiff’s conduct in 2011 does not implicate liability under the False Claims Act.
5
  The court notes that some courts refer to the Special Plea in Fraud statute as the
“Forfeiture of Fraudulent Claims Act” or “FFCA.” See, e.g., Ulysses, Inc. v. United
States, 110 Fed. Cl. 618, 648 (2013); Grand Acadian, Inc. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl.
447, 458, appeal dismissed (Fed. Cir. 2012).

                                             3
       As to the bottled water BPA case, Case No. 07-82C, defendant alleges violations
of the False Claims Act, the Contract Disputes Act, and the Special Plea in Fraud
statute. As in the camp package BPA case, defendant seeks forfeiture of plaintiff’s
entire claim under the Special Plea in Fraud statute, damages in the amount of plaintiff’s
unsupported claim and the cost of reviewing plaintiff’s allegedly false claim under the
Contract Disputes Act, and treble damages, as well as allowable civil penalties under
the False Claims Act. Defendant also seeks rescission of the BPA calls, which
defendant alleges were obtained by plaintiff through bribery, conflict of interest, and
fraud, and seeks disgorgement of all monies the United States paid for calls issued
under the bottled water BPA, plus costs.

        Pursuant to the False Claims Act, the government alleges that Gulf Group
knowingly submitted false or fraudulent claims to the government on the camp package
BPA, the latrine contract, the dumpster contract, and the bottled water BPA. Regarding
the camp package BPA, defendant claims that plaintiff violated the False Claims Act in
submitting invoices for a call issued under the camp package BPA and in submitting to
the government its claims for monies due because the award of the camp package BPA
was tainted by bribery, plaintiff inflated the amount of its claims relating to BPA call
00016 for services and supplies it had not rendered, and plaintiff supported at least one
of its claims with an invoice for services rendered by another government contractor,
Green Valley Company (Green Valley).7 According to defendant, plaintiff also inflated
6
 Camp package BPA call 0001 was issued pursuant to the camp package BPA on
September 30, 2004, for items covered by the camp package BPA for Camp Buehring.
7
  The parties stipulated that, “[o]n September 28, 2004, Gulf Group and Green Valley
entered into a joint venture agreement to perform certain contracts,” including for
supplies and equipment and other necessary expenses, under which Suresh Pulikkal, a
legal consultant for Gulf Telecom, a wholly owned subsidiary of Gulf Group, and other
companies in the region, was given power of attorney to act for Green Valley. Saud Al
Tawash, the General Manager of Gulf Group, testified that, to the best of his
recollection, Gulf Group did not perform any projects with Green Valley under the brief
joint venture agreement between the two companies. Saud Al Tawash also testified,
however, that Gulf Group had contacted Green Valley in connection with securing
equipment to perform under the camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring. Palm
Springs General Trading and Contracting Establishment (Palm Springs), a separate
company established by Saud Al Tawash, apparently also had a joint venture with
Green Valley. Saud Al Tawash testified that, although Palm Springs and Green Valley
had worked together on a project, he terminated the joint venture between Palm Springs
and Green Valley shortly after a December 2004 meeting about waste management
fraud perpetrated by Green Valley employees. Saud Al Tawash testified that
government personnel were confused about the relationship between Palm Springs and
Green Valley and a contract performed by the two companies was modified in an
attempt to clarify the confusion. When asked about the relationship between Palm
Springs and Green Valley, Saud Al Tawash offered the following testimony:

                                            4
the amount of its latrine and dumpster contract claims for services and supplies it did
not render, inflated the amount due on its claims for demurrage under the bottled water
BPA, and obtained the bottled water BPA, and latrine and dumpster contracts through
bribery.

        Pursuant to the Contracts Disputes Act, defendant alleges that Gulf Group
cannot support the monetary claims submitted in the above-captioned cases due to
misrepresentation of fact or fraud. In each case, defendant asserts that plaintiff
submitted a claim for an amount significantly greater than the contract or BPA call price.
As to the camp package BPA, defendant contends that plaintiff claimed $4,544,339.84,8
although BPA call 0001 was only for $1,447,457.22, the call was only twelve days into
performance when it was terminated, and as with the False Claims Act allegations,
plaintiff supported its claim with an invoice from Green Valley. Under the latrine
contract, defendant alleges that plaintiff claimed $4,558,428.60, although the contract
was only for $613,142.86, the contract was terminated after twenty days of
performance, and the contract was obtained through bribery. Defendant also alleges
that plaintiff certified entitlement to $999,994.67 under the dumpster contract, although
the contract was only for $346,998.00, the contract was terminated thirty-two days into
the performance period, and the contract was tainted by bribery. Defendant further
argues that plaintiff claimed $1,065,711.39 for demurrage under the bottled water BPA,
although its documented demurrage charges do not total $1,065,711.39. Defendant
also alleges that the bottled water BPA was obtained through bribery. Therefore,
defendant contends, plaintiff must pay the government the amount of money it has
claimed which is unsupported, plus the government’s costs generated in reviewing the
claims.

     Pursuant to the Special Plea in Fraud statute, asserted in Case No. 06-835C, the
camp package BPA case, Case No. 06-858C, the latrine case, Case No. 06-853C, the
dumpster case, and Case No. 07-82C, the bottled water BPA case, the government

      Q: So these [Palm Springs and Green Valley] are two completely separate
      companies?

      A: Yes.

      Q: There’s no comingling of funds, there’s no joint employees, there’s
      nothing that is in common to each other?

      A: If Green Valley was my company why would I ask for a modification on
      this contract?

      Q: Why would you even need a joint venture?

      A: Why would I need a joint venture, right.
8
 The parties have, by stipulation, generally converted Kuwaiti dinars (KD) into United
States dollars (USD) using a 1:3.571 rate throughout their pleadings.

                                            5
alleges that the contracts and BPA calls were awarded in exchange for “money, trips,
and other things of value” given by Gulf Group to Carolyn Blake, the sister of John
Cockerham, a former Army Major, contract specialist, and contracting officer at Camp
Arifjan, Kuwait, who was involved in the award, and terminations, of some of Gulf
Group’s contracts. Defendant asserts that Gulf Group’s actions constitute fraud under
the Special Plea in Fraud statute, requiring forfeiture of plaintiff’s claims, as Gulf
Group’s actions created an unlawful conflict of interest and violated 18 U.S.C.
§ 201(b)(1) (2000), which prohibits the offering or promising of anything of value to a
public official with the intent to influence an official act. Defendant further alleges that
Gulf Group violated the Special Plea in Fraud statute by submitting false claims under
each contract and BPA call to the United States government for an amount of money “to
which it knew or knows it was not entitled.” Defendant also contends that Gulf Group’s
camp package and bottled water BPAs were void from the beginning, because they
were tainted by bribery, conflict of interest, and fraud, entitling the government to the
rescission of the calls and the disgorgement of all amounts paid to Gulf Group under the
calls issued for the BPAs.

Contract Awards

       Gulf Group is owned by members of the Al Tawash family, including Saud Al
Tawash. Saud Al Tawash, a Kuwaiti citizen, was the General Manager and one of the
directors of Gulf Group in 2004 and 2005, the time period pertinent to the contracts and
BPAs at issue. Saud Al Tawash also was the Managing Director of Gulf Telecom,
which employed Ms. Blake. Saud Al Tawash was the primary point of contact for the
United States for both Gulf Group and Gulf Telecom.

       On September 30, 2004, Maj. Gloria Davis,9 who was at the time the chief of
Army contracting at Camp Arifjan, awarded the camp package BPA to Gulf Group. The
parties stipulated that the camp package BPA, W912D1-04-A-0047, called for “the
provision of tent packages, portable latrines, light sets, bulk water, dumpsters, and
generators for use in Kuwait.” The period of performance on the camp package BPA
was September 30, 200410 through September 30, 2006, with a BPA master dollar limit
of $10,000,000.00, and a BPA call limit of $7,000,000.00. On September 30, 2004, Maj.
9
  On December 12, 2006, after speaking with the Army’s Criminal Investigation Division
(CID) at Camp Victory, Maj. Davis committed suicide. The Wall Street Journal reported
that “[o]n December 11, 2006, CID agents met Maj. Davis at Camp Victory in Baghdad’s
Green Zone to ask about $225,000 found in her offshore accounts. Sometime after
midnight, the CID investigators escorted Maj. Davis to her quarters, agreeing to resume
debriefing the next morning. Before dawn, she used her own sidearm to commit
suicide.”
10
   There is a slight discrepancy in the camp package BPA as to the period of
performance. In one section, the camp package BPA states the period of performance
begins on September 30, 2004, but in another section, the camp package BPA states
that the period of performance begins on October 1, 2004.

                                             6
Davis issued call No. 0001 for Camp Buehring pursuant to the master camp package
BPA in the amount of $1,447,457.22, with a period of performance from December 15,
2004 through June 15, 2005. Maj. Davis modified the camp package BPA call twice on
September 30, 2004, under Modification No. 101 and Modification No. 102.

        John Cockerham was on the Contract Review Board that recommended award of
the camp package BPA to Gulf Group, but he was not the contract specialist or the
contracting officer. The parties stipulated that “Mr. Cockerham was employed by the
Department of Defense (‘DoD’) as a Major in the Army attached to the Army Contracting
Activity, Fort Sam Houston Army Post, San Antonio, Texas, from on or about June
2004, until on or about July 2007.” The parties also stipulated: “From on or about June
30, 2004, through late December 2005, Mr. Cockerham was deployed to Camp Arifjan,
Kuwait, first as a contract specialist and then as a contracting officer upon obtaining a
contracting warrant,” initially for five million dollars. Mr. Cockerham reported to Col.
John Hess, the Director of Contracting at Camp Arifjan in Kuwait. Mr. Cockerham was
responsible for soliciting and reviewing bids for Department of Defense contracts in
support of Army operations in the Middle East, and was authorized to award contracts
after receipt of his contracting warrant in October 2004. Mr. Cockerham has been
convicted of conspiracy, bribery, and money laundering in connection with his
assignment in Kuwait. Mr. Cockerham is currently serving his prison sentence at a
federal facility in Texas. Mr. Cockerham was in federal custody when he testified at trial
in the four above-captioned cases.

        On September 28, 2004, Maj. Davis awarded Gulf Group a fixed-price contract
for the provision of latrines and latrine services at Camp Arifjan. The contract, W912D1-
04-P-0932, required four hundred new latrines with daily cleaning services. Mr.
Cockerham was the contract specialist assigned to the contract award. Although Mr.
Cockerham was not a member of the Contract Review Board that recommended that
the latrine contract be awarded to Gulf Group, he signed the Contract Review Board’s
Contract Review Memorandum as the point of contact for the latrine contract. The base
period of the latrine contract was listed as September 28, 2004 through January 21,
2005, with additional option periods totaling twenty-nine months, which could have
caused the contract to be extended through early 2007. After a modification, the
contract price for the base period of the latrine contract was $613,142.86.11 The option
periods were priced at a combined $4,444,752.28.12 Thus, the total potential price of
the latrine contract was $5,057,895.14.
11
  The latrine contract indicates that the base period price of 171,680.000 KD was
equivalent to $613,142.86, which is the figure that defendant cites in its briefs. Although
an application of the conversion rate to which the parties have stipulated results in a
base period price of $613,069.28, the court uses the price that appears on the face of a
contract or call, rather than the conversion rate to which the parties have stipulated,
when the contract or call provides a USD figure.
12
  The prices for the base and option periods are listed in the original contract in USD,
but a modification to the contract listed the prices for the base period in USD and KD,
and for the option periods in KD. The KD numbers are calculated into USD in plaintiff’s

                                            7
      On September 20, 2004,13 Maj. Davis awarded a fixed-price contract, W912D1-
04-P-0897, to Gulf Group for the provision of dumpsters and dumpster services at
Camp Arifjan. Mr. Cockerham testified that he “thought” he was the contract specialist
assigned during the award of the dumpster contract. Mr. Cockerham signed a Contract
Review Board Memorandum as the point of contact for the dumpster contract, although
he was not a member of the Contract Review Board that recommended award of the
dumpster contract to Gulf Group. The base period of the dumpster contract was listed
as September 25, 2004 through March 24, 2005. There were five additional option
periods of six months each following the base period, which were available to extend
the contract through September 24, 2007. The price awarded for the base period of the
dumpster contract was $346,998.00. The combined price of the option periods was
$1,110,621.72.     Thus, the total potential price of the dumpster contract was
$1,457,619.72.

       On September 28, 2004, Maj. Davis awarded the bottled water BPA, W912D1-
04-A-0052, to Gulf Group for the provision of bottled water. Although Mr. Cockerham,
the contract specialist, was not a warranted contracting officer at the time the BPA was
awarded, and he was not a member of the Contract Review Board that reviewed the
award of the bottled water BPA, his name appears next to the duty position “Contracting
Officer” in the Contract Review Board Memorandum. The base period of performance
for the bottled water BPA was September 28, 2004 through September 28, 2006. The
contract called for the supply and delivery of bottled water to locations in Kuwait and
Iraq. The BPA master dollar limit on the bottled water BPA was $10,000,000.00, and
the BPA call limit was $7,000,000.00. The performance period was extended to
September 7, 2008 by Modification P00001, which also deleted the original
$10,000,000.00 BPA call limit. Modification P00001 was signed by Mr. Cockerham as
the contracting officer on December 20, 2005.

       A number of separate incidents are relevant to understanding the events related
to each of the contracts and BPAs at issue in the above-captioned cases. The parties
stipulated that, subsequent to the award of the BPAs and contracts, “COL Patrick

claim. Defendant does not dispute plaintiff’s numbers and agrees that the correct base
period price is represented by the USD and KD figures listed in the contract
modification. Therefore, the total, possible award for the latrine contract appears to
have been $5,057,895.14. In his decision on Gulf Group’s claim with respect to the
latrine contract, which is described below, contracting officer Joseph Libbey, a
warranted level-3, maximum level, contracting officer, stated that the price reflected on
the contract for the base period was inaccurate. The latrine contract, however, states
the price of each line item. The court, therefore, refers to the amounts listed on the face
of the modification to the contract.
13
   According to the parties’ joint stipulation of facts, the dumpster contract was entered
into on September 26, 2004. This appears to be an error, however, as the contract
performance period is listed as starting on September 25, 2004, and the signatures on
the dumpster contract are both dated September 20, 2004.

                                            8
Dardis, the ‘Camp Buehring Mayor,’ sent MAJ Robert McKinzie and MAJ Terry England
to conduct a site visit of Gulf Group’s yard at Amgarah on or about October 6, 2004.”
According to Saud Al Tawash and his brother, Megbel Al Tawash, a director of Gulf
Group, and Gulf Group’s Operations Manager in 2004 and 2005, the visit was
conducted to inspect Gulf Group’s preparations for the camp package BPA. Saud Al
Tawash and Megbel Al Tawash testified that this first site visit was very quick and
unannounced, and, although the inspectors “were not happy,” they did not explain their
concerns to Megbel Al Tawash, who had received them. Nevertheless, the government
moved up the period of performance of Gulf Group’s camp package BPA call for Camp
Buehring from December 15, 2004 to November 15, 2004 due to a surge. A second
site visit was conducted on October 13, 2004, by Lt. Theodore Rivera, Capt. William
Trimble, Jr., and Capt. Ryan N. Novak, who were assigned to the contracting office at
Camp Arifjan. The purpose of the second site visit was to ensure that Gulf Group was
prepared to carry out the camp package BPA call. Saud Al Tawash was present during
this second site visit, apparently conducted a day after the termination of the camp
package BPA call at issue, at which time he first learned that the date of the camp
package BPA call was being accelerated due to the surge. Bobby Wilson, Gulf Group’s
Project Manager in Kuwait, also was present during this second inspection and
indicated that the contracting office inspectors were satisfied with their review.
Regarding the second site visit, defendant’s October 20, 2004 Memorandum for the
Record14 on the subject of “Gulf Group Cancellation” states:

      During the site visit, the government was able to evaluate the Gulf Group’s
      capabilities of meeting the surge. All the equipment (dumpsters, latrines,
      generators) on site was brand new and Saud [sic] Tawash (General
      Manager) produced copies of the purchase orders for the fire-retardant
      tents. Saud informed the CO’s [contracting officers] that he currently has
      a contract at Camp Arifjan supplying dumpsters and latrines. The CO’s
      believed Gulf Group were [sic] able to do the job and do the job well. Gulf
      Group had the technical and logistical expertise, manpower, material, and
      equipment, and it was our firm recommendation to allow Gulf Group to
      continue with this contract.... On 14 Oct 2004, the 3 CO’s arranged a
      meeting with Major Cockerham and Mr. Tijani to meet GG [Gulf Group].
      Prior to meeting with GG, the government personnel discussed GG’s
      capabilities.... He blessed their capabilities and informed the CO’s he
      would follow up with Lt. Col Hess.

      At trial, Capt. Novak remembered preparing a memorandum on the subject of
Gulf Group’s readiness to perform the camp package BPA, along with Capt. Trimble
14
   The October 20, 2004 Memorandum for Record introduced as an exhibit at trial is
unsigned. Additionally, at the end of the unsigned memorandum, there were hand-
written notations. At trial, it was not established who wrote the October 20, 2004
Memorandum for Record, or who authored the hand-written notes on the document,
with various witnesses disavowing responsibility for the Memorandum for Record and
Mr. Cockerham challenging some of the statements attributed to him in the
memorandum.

                                          9
and Lt. Rivera, and Capt. Novak agreed with the impression that Gulf Group could do
the job well.      Capt. Novak indicated remembering a document similar to the
memorandum quoted above. He testified, however, that he did not believe the
memorandum quoted above is the exact memorandum he prepared because of the
phrase, “blessed their capabilities,” which he said “just seems out of place to me.” Capt.
Novak acknowledged that the memorandum quoted above could have been a draft of
the final memorandum he prepared. Capt. Trimble did not remember writing the
memorandum quoted above or any similar memorandum, or assisting anyone in writing
such a memorandum, but stated that “[w]e left with the impression that they could
perform the work.” Capt. Trimble also agreed with statements in the memorandum,
including, “[t]he CO [contracting officer] believed Gulf Group were [sic] able to do the job
and do the job well,” and noted that “Gulf Group had the technical and logistical
expertise, manpower, material, and equipment and it was our firm recommendation to
allow Gulf Group to continue with the contract.”

       With regard to Gulf Group’s performance on the dumpster contract, according to
the testimony of M. Sgt. Edward Sivert,15 a contracting officer’s representative who
maintained life support systems, including dumpsters, at Camp Arifjan from March 2004
to February 2005, there were issues with Gulf Group not having enough dumpsters to
replace Future Services, a rival contractor, when Gulf Group took over performance of
dumpster services at Camp Arifjan between mid-September and October 10, 2004.
M. Sgt. Sivert testified that, as a result of this dumpster shortage, trash appeared on the
ground in different areas of Camp Arifjan over the course of a week or so, although no
item of trash necessarily had been on the ground for a full week. According to plaintiff,
the government had reduced the number of dumpsters below the number required from
previous contractors.16 Following the termination of Gulf Group’s dumpster contract, the
government awarded the contract to another contractor, Green Valley, and required two
hundred sixty-five dumpsters, which was thirty-two more dumpsters than the
government had ordered plaintiff to provide. M. Sgt. Sivert explained that the trash on
the ground was not necessarily caused by the alleged reduction in the number of
government-requested dumpsters because some of the dumpsters had been located at
the ball field, which was closed. When asked, “if there is trash on the ground because
there is no [sic] sufficient dumpsters, whose fault is it,” M. Sgt. Sivert replied “probably
the government’s at that time, if there was enough dumpsters to put there.” M. Sgt.
Sivert further explained that not all of the other dumpster contracts had run out by
September 30, 2004, and that both Future Services and Gulf Group had dumpsters on
base at the same time. M. Sgt. Sivert noted that he was not present when Gulf Group
allegedly had insufficient dumpsters on site. He also testified that he remembered Gulf

15
   Edward Sivert was a Sergeant First Class, rather than a Master Sergeant, during the
time of the relevant BPAs and contracts.
16
   According to a spreadsheet introduced into the record, which plaintiff asserts was
prepared by a Maj. Ken Braddock, there were three hundred fifty-one dumpsters that
were expired and renewed between June 2003 and September 2004. The Army
contracted with Gulf Group for the provision of two hundred thirty-three dumpsters.

                                            10
Group’s dumpsters being blue and Future Services’ dumpsters being “[g]oldish brown.”
Saud Al Tawash testified, however, that Gulf Group’s dumpsters were painted red.

       According to Saud Al Tawash, there was an incident with trash on the ground in
September 2004, which he attributed to “dirty competitors or dirty practices.” Saud Al
Tawash testified that other contractors had flipped over their own dumpsters, causing
trash to pile up on the ground. Megbel Al Tawash also testified that he believed the
trash on the ground on the first day of Gulf Group’s performance resulted from other
companies tipping over their dumpsters. Mr. Cockerham, who was a contract specialist
at Camp Arifjan at the time, testified that he had never heard of any problems with Gulf
Group’s dumpsters.

         According to Joseph Libbey, the contracting officer who issued the final decisions
on Gulf Group’s latrine and dumpster contracts and camp package BPA claims, a police
report that was in the contract files, which he reviewed while considering Gulf Group’s
claims, indicated that employees of Gulf Group were scavenging through dumpsters at
Camp Arifjan. The police report that Mr. Libbey referred to, however, was addressed to
another contractor, Gulf Company, as opposed to plaintiff Gulf Group. During testimony
at trial, Mr. Libbey indicated that “I took Gulf Company to mean Gulf Group, I mean it’s
got Gulf and then Co. over here.” The parties have stipulated, however, that “Gulf
Company is not associated or related in any way with Gulf Group, Gulf Telecom, or any
of the Al Tawash family members.” The two companies are distinct organizations, and
the record does not reflect that the government has ever issued any cure notices to Gulf
Group regarding performance under the dumpster contract. Moreover, Saud Al Tawash
testified that he received no performance complaints related to the dumpsters under the
contract.

       Gulf Group’s performance of the latrine contract appears to have been
contentious since its inception, or even before, as Mr. Cockerham testified at trial that,
prior to the initiation of contract performance on the latrine contract, Col. Hess had
received a telephone call from Sally Ziedan of the incumbent contractor, Future
Services, who was “livid going off about how dare he. How could he let Maj.
Cockerham go ahead and award the latrine contract to Gulf Group and how much
experience they had, and she was just raving.”17

        Mohammed Al Tawash, Saud Al Tawash’s and Megbel Al Tawash’s brother, was
asked to oversee the servicing of the four hundred Gulf Group latrines. Mohammed Al
Tawash also was a shareholder in Gulf Group, although, according to his testimony, he
only worked for Gulf Group on one occasion, October 7, 2004, which was his first time
at Camp Arifjan. On that day, Mohammed Al Tawash carried a notepad, asked the
military escorts for a map, and asked questions about the location of the cafeteria and
other buildings where latrines were to be placed. Mohammed Al Tawash testified that
he requested the information because Gulf Group did not have a service route for the
latrines, and a map could enable Gulf Group to be more efficient and effective in its
performance of the latrine contract. The parties stipulated that, “[o]n October 7, 2004,
17
     According to Mr. Cockerham, Future Services’ bid had arrived two days late.

                                            11
four Gulf Group employees, were detained by Military Police and/or Counterintelligence
officers at Camp Arifjan. After being questioned, they were released to the Kuwait
Ministry of the Interior” and a Military Police Report was generated regarding the
incident. The police report stated that Mohammed Al Tawash asked questions
regarding locations on base for latrine placement.

        According to Mohammed Al Tawash, the military escorts answered his questions
and he did not remember the escorts questioning his need for information or the
building locations. The military escorts worked in three hour shifts and, after the second
shift, Mohammed Al Tawash and the three other Gulf Group employees with him
returned to the security station, hoping that a third escort could be arranged.18 At that
time, Mohammed Al Tawash and the other three Gulf Group employees were detained
and interviewed by military police, who were not in uniform, but dressed in what
Mohammed Al Tawash testified was “evening night out attire.” The military police did
not search him or the vehicle the Gulf Group employees were driving. Mohammed Al
Tawash was not asked to sign any paperwork, nor was he fingerprinted. The notepad
he used to draw a service map and to take notes on the latrines that had already been
serviced was confiscated and not returned. The military police turned the Gulf Group
employees over to the Kuwait Ministry of the Interior, and they were transported to a
police station. According to Mohammed Al Tawash, at the police station a detective
asked them questions, requested their civil identifications, ran a background check, and
cleared them shortly before midnight on the same day, October 7, 2004. Mohammed Al
Tawash testified that they were released, no charges were filed against them, and they
were not asked to return for a hearing. According to Saud Al Tawash, none of Gulf
Group’s employees were barred from the United States military camps as a result of this
incident or any other incident. Mohammed Al Tawash testified that he was not able to
finish cleaning the latrines that day, but believed a vacuum truck returned to finish the
job. He was unsure how many latrines remained to be serviced. Mr. Wilson testified
that he had heard that Mohammed Al Tawash had been using a GPS on base, and had
a cell phone with him at the time he inquired about the latrines, but could not confirm the
accuracy of the information. Capt. Novak also reported hearing something about a GPS
incident and Gulf Group, but he did not necessarily remember anything about workers
asking allegedly suspicious questions. Mr. Wilson indicated that he “grilled him
[Mohammed Al Tawash] pretty hard” about the alleged security incident afterward and
instructed him, as a precaution, not to ask similar types of questions on base.

        According to Col. Laurence Portouw, the Third Army Assistant Chief of Staff who
ran the intelligence organization for the staff that supported the General at the Third
Army at Camp Arifjan and in Atlanta, Georgia, one of his staff officers told him about the
alleged security incident involving Gulf Group personnel and said that the contract was
going to be cancelled. Col. Portouw was asked whether he could have the cancellation
delayed so that the incident could be examined. Thereafter, Col. Portouw called Col.
Brick Miller, Commander of the Area Support Group in Kuwait, stationed at Camp
Arifjan, about the incident. During this call, Col. Portouw asked Col. Miller to delay
18
  At trial, Mohammed Al Tawash was unclear as to whether he asked questions of both
the first and second shifts of escorts, or only of a single shift.

                                            12
cancellation of Gulf Group’s contract so the intelligence organization could look into the
incident. Ultimately, a case was not opened on the incident involving Gulf Group
because, according to Col. Portouw, “there was no substance to it” and the questions
asked by Mohammed Al Tawash were “innocent.”

        According to Col. Miller, he received a telephone call asking him to delay
termination of Gulf Group’s contract, but he does not recall who the call was from,
although he admitted that “it could very well” have been from Col. Portouw.19 Col. Miller
also indicated that during this telephone call he was informed that the Counter
Intelligence Team was looking into whether Gulf Group was involved in detonating
improvised explosive devices (IEDs) using cell phones, and he “took that as they [Gulf
Group] were aiding and abetting those that detonated IED’s with cell phones.”
According to Col. Miller, he notified Col. Hess of the request to delay cancellation, and it
was his understanding that Col. Hess then deferred the termination.20 Col. Portouw,
however, testified that he did not tell Col. Miller that Gulf Group employees were
suspected of detonating IEDs with cell phones because he was “not even sure I knew
who the company was at the time.” According to Capt. Jacquelyn Olsa,21 the S222
intelligence officer at Camp Arifjan in October 2004, who reported to Col. Miller, she did
not have any discussions with Col. Miller about IEDs related to Gulf Group. She did
believe, however, that she would have discussed the alleged security incident with Col.
Miller, although she did not specifically remember doing so.

        Col. Portouw indicated that such incident reports were not frequent, but also not
uncommon, and that, “invariably we found out that they were curiosity-generated reports
and simply required explaining to the employee why they shouldn’t do that.” Capt. Olsa
indicated that similar incidents would typically occur “once a week,” although she
indicated that she would “recommend a bar for these types of activities.” Col. Miller felt
the incident was not particularly important. When asked, Col. Hess agreed that the
failure to give a contractor a schematic plan of the camp could complicate performance,
particularly during startup, and that a layout with the number and locations of latrines
would be of considerable use to a new contractor. Like Col. Hess, Maj. Timothy Petty,
the support operations officer under the director of logistics at Camp Arifjan who

19
   In a July 7, 2010 email to Capt. Lisa Satterfield of the office of the Judge Advocate
General, Col. Miller indicated that he had received a phone call from “[t]he CFLCC/3rd
AR C2/G2, a COL whose name escapes me,” and the officer stated that he had heard
the contractor would be terminated for deficiency and asked for a delay of the
termination.
20
  As described in greater detail below, Col. Hess testified that he reviewed Gulf Group’s
contract files and found no documentation linking the Al Tawash family to terrorists, anti-
American groups, the Taliban, Saddam Hussein, or any other enemies of America.
21
     At the relevant time, in Kuwait in 2004, Capt. Olsa was known as Capt. Hellmeier.
22
     The S2 refers to an intelligence officer at the coordinating staff level.

                                                13
oversaw latrine contracts, testified that the provision of a map of where latrines should
be located was a good idea.

        As a result of the alleged security incident, Col. Miller sent warning letters on
October 21, 2004 to Saud Al Tawash, Marcos Sotos, Bobby Wilson, Mohammed Al
Tawash,23 Fizan Abdula, Mohadien Asif, and Munir Ahmed regarding Gulf Group and its
employees not following certain unspecified security regulations. According to Saud Al
Tawash, only four of the letter recipients (Mohammed Al Tawash, Fizan Abdula,
Mohadien Asif, and Munir Ahmed) had been involved in the incident. Although not
consistent with other testimony he offered at trial, Col. Miller testified that he first
became aware of the alleged security incident concerning Gulf Group when he signed
these warning letters. Col. Miller indicated that “[t]housands” of warning letters such as
these were sent at that point in time in Kuwait and that this incident had “[n]othing to do
with” the termination of Gulf Group’s contracts and camp package BPA call.

        In addition to testifying about the alleged security incident, Col. Miller also
testified about a latrine incident. According to Col. Miller, on a day in September or
October 2004, he was summoned by Maj. Gen. Gary Spear24 to view about twenty
latrines in front of headquarters and facing the dining facility, which, according to Col.
Miller, were “in a deplorable state of affairs or condition.” Col. Miller agreed with
plaintiff’s counsel’s characterization of Maj. Gen. Spear having a “one-sided
conversation” with Col. Miller, and which Col. Miller characterized as “a chewing out,
basically,” about fixing the latrines. Col. Miller testified that liquids were “overflowing out
of the toilets,” and that it was a “life health safety issue” affecting “all of the latrines that
were there, because we opened every door.” At the trial, Col. Miller further described
the overflowing latrines as follows: “It’s coming over. It’s on the floor. It’s on the seat.”
According to Col. Miller, either Col. Fugate, Col. Miller’s executive officer, or Col. Hess
was with him when he viewed the latrines, but he was not sure which officer was with
him. Col. Miller testified that either he told Col. Hess to fix the issue or had Col. Fugate
tell Col. Hess to get it fixed. According to Col. Miller, there were no subsequent
complaints, and Maj. Gen. Spear did not summon him again to view the latrines.

        Joseph Libbey wrote in his contracting officer’s final decision on Gulf Group’s
contract and BPA claims that Maj. Gen. Spear not once, but twice, had “summoned
Colonel Miller and LTC Hess to, again, observe the deplorable conditions of the
latrines.” When Col. Hess testified at trial, he did not recall the latrine incident, and
testified that he did not recall ever seeing even one latrine overflowing. When
questioned about Mr. Libbey’s contracting officer’s final decision, which found, in part,
“[b]arely a week had passed from the first latrine inspection when the General again
summoned Colonel Miller and LTC Hess to again observe the deplorable conditions of
the latrines,” Col. Hess testified that he certainly did not recall a second latrine incident
a week after the alleged first incident. Furthermore, contrary to Col. Miller’s testimony,
23
   The letter to Mohammed Al Tawash was incorrectly directed to “Mohammed
Altawash.”
24
     Maj. Gen. Spear is sometimes referred to as Maj. Gen. “Spears” in the trial transcript.

                                               14
Col. Hess testified that no one ever directed him to fix the dirty latrine. According to Mr.
Cockerham, the dirty latrine was in front of Maj. Gen. Spear’s office, and it was a one-
time issue in which one latrine was not cleaned, and was subsequently corrected. Mr.
Cockerham testified that he believed the latrine issue was used as an excuse to
terminate Gulf Group’s latrine contract because Maj. Petty wanted to consolidate two
latrine contractors into one, and because Maj. Petty preferred Future Services as the
contractor.

         According to Maj. Petty, he learned of a latrine problem while he was at a
meeting at Camp Doha, through a call from Lt. Col. Platt, who told him that “he had
received a phone call, that they were, that they [the latrines] were just really dirty,
disgusting, and I needed to get it fixed.” Maj. Petty testified that he personally inspected
a group of eight to ten Gulf Group latrines in a high-traffic area between the dining
facility and headquarters after 5 p.m., which had “feces above the rim.” He indicated
that “there was one that was extremely bad and then the others were just unkept,” but
that all but one were usable. He did not recall seeing any debris in the basin of the
latrines. After seeing the latrines, Maj. Petty called one of the non-commissioned
officers in his office, which may have been M. Sgt. Seibert,25 who served the role of
contracting officer representative for Gulf Group’s latrine contract, to make him aware of
the situation. Maj. Petty did not recall any specific conversation with Col. Hess about
the latrine issue, but did make Col. Miller, who was at the same meeting at Camp Doha,
aware of the situation. According to Maj. Petty, Gulf Group was contacted to resolve
the issue, which he believes Gulf Group resolved the following day, and there were no
further incidents.

       Saud Al Tawash testified that he never received a non-conformance report or
written complaint about Gulf Group’s latrine contract. Saud Al Tawash did, however,
receive a call about a single overflowing latrine next to the dining facility, which,
according to his on-site superintendent, was filled with empty plastic bottles, even inside
the sewage tank “as if somebody was storing plastic bottles.” According to Saud Al
Tawash, Gulf Group’s latrines were unplumbed, such that it was “not possible” for them
to overflow. Saud Al Tawash also testified, however, that the single, overflowing latrine
was an “isolated event.” Saud Al Tawash believed that this incident was due to people
storing plastic bottles in the latrine for recycling, or a cultural issue for third country
nationals on Camp Arifjan, who were not used to unplumbed latrines.

       According to trial testimony from Megbel Al Tawash, Gulf Group’s office received
a call that one latrine had feces up to the brim, which plaintiff’s on-site supervisor
cleaned that same day. Megbel Al Tawash indicated that a Gulf Group latrine was
“overflowing with bottles of water and feces.” Megbel Al Tawash testified that Future
Services had about eight to ten latrines in the same area near the mess hall. Mr.
Wilson testified that, because the latrines from various companies all looked the same,

25
  Maj. Petty testified that “M. Sgt. Seibert” oversaw the latrine contract. It is unclear
whether Maj. Petty’s testimony refers to M. Sgt. Sivert, who as indicated above,
maintained life support systems at Camp Arifjan, including dumpsters.

                                            15
it was possible that the dirty latrine, or the latrines involved in the incident, belonged to
another contractor.

        Maj. Petty testified that Future Services still had latrines in place when Jasmine
International Trading & Service Company (Jasmine) and Gulf Group first arrived, so that
these new contractors would know where to put the latrines, and that, as a result, two
sets of latrines may have been in a particular area at the same time. Maj. Petty also
testified that, to the best of his recollection, servicing the latrines once a day would have
been sufficient. The statement of work for Gulf Group’s latrine contract stated, in part:

       4.2 Cleaning. The Contractor will empty and clean each latrine daily by
       wiping down interior walls and seat with mild disinfectant water or solution
       (that is nonharmful to the skin and eyes) and will provide steam cleaning
       reconditioning services once a month. The Contractor will provide all
       materials, equipment, personnel, chemicals, and cleaning supplies to
       include using an approved disinfectant. The Contractor will provide a
       Material Safe Data Sheet to the COR for any chemicals used in this
       contract. The cleaning services will include the following:

       4.2.1 Daily. The Contractor will vacuum sewage from the basin. Debris
       such as cans, bottles, rags, sticks, etc. will be removed from the waste
       tank, collected and hauled away for proper disposal. No debris will be
       allowed to contaminate the outside area around the chemical latrine. The
       Contractor will be responsible for cleanup of any spills. After all sewage
       and debris have been removed the Contractor will wash the toilet seat,
       urinal, and adjacent area around the toilet seat with the approved cleaning
       solution and remove all built up dirt and waste by scrubbing with a nylon
       hand brush. The Contractor will fill the empty basin with a mixture of two
       (2) cups disinfectant solution and ten (10) gallons fresh water. The
       Contractor will refill toilet paper dispensers and hand sanitation gel
       dispensers. The Contractor will leave the area in and around the latrines
       in a sanitary state.

(emphasis in original). Based on his experience, Col. Hess believed that a contract that
only required service of latrines once a day in high-traffic areas like the mess hall or
headquarters may have set a contractor up for failure because these areas should have
been cleaned twice a day. Steven Perry, a former Army Colonel and plaintiff’s expert
on issues of Army contracting and standard practices and procedures for Army
contracting,26 also testified that, if the government sets a once-per-day cleaning
requirement for latrines, but has not anticipated the extent of the usage, the state of
uncleanliness of the latrines may not be attributable to the contractor, but rather to faulty
26
   Mr. Perry was qualified as an expert in the standard practices and procedures of
Army contracting, including the subjects of the solicitation, award, management,
administration, closeout, and termination of contracts. Mr. Perry also was qualified as
an expert on the interrelationship and interface of those same practices and procedures
with basic principles of command and control.

                                             16
specifications, and that, if the specification underestimates usage, the specifications
may need to be altered. Moreover, according to Mr. Perry, if bottles of water were
found in a latrine, it would be the fault of the “end-user,” not of the contractor.

        Mr. Perry further stated that “in a latrine contracting situation, you get all kinds of
garbage dumped in the latrines all the time. That happens to be a performance issue.
That is why this type of contract is very hard to manage.” During his testimony, Col.
Miller also indicated that latrines are “a subject that you have to watch,” and that he
would expect that, if a contracting officer representative had seen the latrine incident, a
non-conformance report would have been prepared “[a]t some point.” In contrast, Col.
Hess testified that “we generally did not have problems with latrine contracts.”
According to Col. Hess, a contractor missing a group of latrines during servicing was not
uncommon and was not considered a serious offense warranting termination for default.
Col. Hess further testified that, to his knowledge, his contracting office had no
performance problems with Gulf Group and that Gulf Group’s latrine contract was not
terminated for failure to clean the latrines. Mr. Perry also testified that he does not think
latrine contracts are “hard to manage, as long as you set in place what needs to be
done.”

       There is confusion and inconsistency in the record as to the timing of the latrine
incident relative to the alleged security incident involving Mohammed Al Tawash. In his
July 7, 2010 email to Capt. Satterfield, Col. Miller indicated, almost six years after the
event in question, that he believed the latrine incident occurred in the week prior to the
alleged security incident. According to Maj. Petty, the support operations officer at
Camp Arifjan who oversaw numerous latrine contracts, the alleged security incident
occurred before the latrine incident, the latter of which occurred in the “October time
frame.” Maj. Petty testified that, “[i]nitially before the deposition and we met, I would
have said it [the questions incident] was after the dirty latrines. But after reviewing the
notes that you [plaintiff’s counsel] showed me to refresh my memory, that it was before.”
According to Mr. Wilson, the latrine incident was before the alleged security incident.
Mr. Wilson stated, “you know, first it was this issue in the latrine, and the next thing it’s
the issue of Mohammed. And the next thing it’s the issue of a counterintelligence
measure.…”

Terminations of the Camp Package BPA Call, the Latrine Contract, and the
Dumpster Contract

        Maj. Davis terminated Gulf Group’s camp package BPA call at Camp Buehring
on October 12, 2004, through Modification 103. According to the parties’ joint
stipulation of facts, the camp package BPA call was terminated for the government’s
convenience, although this is not clearly indicated on Modification 103. The
modification stated: “The purpose of this modification is to cancel the BPA call with Gulf
Group. Gulf Group has no issues with this cancellation and will accept it at no cost to
the government.” Despite terminating the camp package BPA call, the government had
sufficient funds to pay for, and continued to be in need of, the camp package services.
The same day the cancellation was issued, Future Services was awarded two BPA calls

                                              17
for Camp Buehring for approximately the same amount of goods and services as Gulf
Group’s cancelled camp package BPA call.

       Plaintiff’s initial submission to the contracting officer in relation to the camp
package BPA call termination indicated that the termination was made in order to award
Gulf Group another BPA call. Plaintiff’s statement was supported by some of the
testimony at trial, which indicated that the termination of the Camp Buehring camp
package call was conditioned on the award to Gulf Group of a camp package call for
Camp Virginia. During cross-examination at trial, Saud Al Tawash indicated that he
may have agreed to the termination of the Camp Buehring camp package call based
upon the assurance that he would receive a camp package call for Camp Virginia.
Saud Al Tawash testified that he had asked for the paperwork to be sent over for the
proposed swap, which he never received. The parties have stipulated that “BPA Call
No. 0002 under Master BPA 0047 for general camp package services at Camp Virginia
was prepared for Gulf Group but never signed.” Saud Al Tawash indicated at trial that
he had received an undated hand-written note from Mr. Cockerham, stating:

      Here is a copy of the cancellation to Camp Buehring. This cancellation
      was made because we were giving you a larger camp call Virginia.
      Virginia award was verbal with the agreement to cancel Buehring. Virginia
      was not awarded on paper as a command directive. The original
      cancellation was sent out 13 Oct 04. But here is another copy as
      requested. Thank you.

        From this note, Saud Al Tawash testified that he understood that the Army would
not award Camp Virginia to Gulf Group. Mr. Cockerham testified, however, that he may
have sent the note as a “reassurance” and that the note was intended to convey that a
call for Camp Virginia had been verbally “awarded,” but that Col. Hess had ordered
contracting personnel not to award Camp Virginia “on paper” because he may have
been considering another contractor for the Camp Virginia call and because Col. Hess
“was checking on...some other issues from perhaps a security report.” Instead, the
camp package call for Camp Virginia was initially awarded to StarCon, Ltd. (StarCon),
but the BPA call issued under that BPA was cancelled on October 11, 2004 by Maj.
Davis, and ultimately was awarded to Kamal Al Sultan Company (KMS) on October 14,
2004.

        On October 18, 2004, Mr. Cockerham issued Modification P00002, which
terminated plaintiff’s latrine contract pursuant to 48 C.F.R. § 52.212-4. The description
of Modification P00002 reads: “This contract is being canceled due to command
directive of the ASG [Army Support Group] commander SWA COL Brick Miller 3rd Army
Arcent Kuwait. The contract is canceled under the terms of 52.212-1, 52-212-4 [sic],
52.249-4.” According to the parties’ joint stipulation of facts, the latrine contract was
cancelled on October 24, 2004, pursuant to Modification P00003, but the description of
Modification P00003 reads: “Modification to this previously canceled contract by order of
the ASG Commander Kuwait COL Miller. This mod is to remove money from previously
canceled contract that was ordered [sic] to be canceled. Contract was canceled in

                                           18
accordance with FAR Part 52.212-4.” Despite terminating Gulf Group’s latrine contract,
the government had sufficient funds to pay for, and continued to be in need of, the
latrine services. The parties stipulated that “[a]ll or part of the service that was initially
awarded to Gulf Group under the latrine contract was awarded to Jasmine.” Following
termination of the latrine contract, the government continued to place orders for latrines
with Gulf Group for other locations, including Camp Victory, Camp Crossing, and the
Ash Shuaybah Sea Port of Debarkation.

       On October 22, 2004, Mr. Cockerham issued Modification P00005 on behalf of
the Army, which terminated Gulf Group’s dumpster contract for the convenience of the
government.27 Modification P00005 reads: “Contract is cancelled by order of the ASG
Commander Kuwait COL Brick Miller. Contract was canceled in accordance with FAR
Part 52.212-4 Termination for Convenience of the Government.” Despite terminating
the dumpster contract, the government had sufficient funds to pay for, and continued to
be in need of, the dumpster services. Prior to the termination of Gulf Group’s dumpster
contract, on October 14, 2004, the government sent a request to Fouad Salem of Abdul
Hameed Salem, seeking a quote for dumpster services at Camp Arifjan, to which Fouad
Salem responded. Four days later, on October 18, 2004, and before plaintiff’s dumpster
contract was cancelled, a contract for dumpster services was awarded to Green Valley.
After Gulf Group’s dumpster contract was terminated, however, the government
continued to order dumpsters from Gulf Group for the Ash Shuaybah Sea Port of
Debarkation.

        Despite the language contained in the modifications terminating the camp
package BPA call and the latrine and dumpster contracts, at trial, a number of
witnesses offered contradictory testimony as to the reasons for the multiple
terminations. Although contradicted by other witnesses, Col. Miller indicated that he did
not direct, nor was he involved in, the termination of the camp package BPA call, the
latrine contract, or the dumpster contract.28 Col. Miller stated that contracting was a

27
   The parties’ joint stipulation of facts states that Mr. Cockerham issued the termination
on October 22, 2004. Although Mr. Cockerham signed the modification terminating the
contract on October 21, 2004, October 22, 2004 is shown as the “effective date” of the
termination. Gulf Group was faxed the modification on October 28, 2004.
28
   For example, during direct examination, Col. Miller was presented with a copy of
Modification P00005 to the dumpster contract, which stated: “Contract is canceled by
order of the ASG Commander Kuwait COL Brick Miller. Contract was canceled in
accordance with FAR Part 52-212-4 Termination for Convenience of the Government.”
After the Modification P00005 to the dumpster contract was read into the record, Col.
Miller and plaintiff’s counsel had the following exchange:

       Q: Is that statement true and correct?

       A: No, sir.

                                             19
completely separate command structure from his own command, and that he did not
have the authority to terminate or award contracts. Col. Miller also testified, however,
that the Gulf Group terminations were not related to the alleged security incident,
indicating at least some awareness of the whole situation. In addition, according to
Clea Efthimiadis, a United States Army29 civilian attorney assigned to Camp Arifjan at
the time, Col. Miller represented to her that Gulf Group’s latrine contract “was
terminated because they couldn’t do the job,” and that the contract was terminated for
default based on a “repeated failure to perform to the statement of work.” As noted
above, however, Gulf Group’s contracts and camp package BPA call were terminated
for the convenience of the government.30

      Q: Do you have any idea on your -- this is going back to your knowledge
      and -- mind you -- why Major Cockerham would have said that you
      ordered this termination?

      A: Can you be more specific than, “any idea?” Any idea at that time? Any
      idea now? Any idea hearsay?

      Q: Very good point. In -- you’ll notice the effective date of this is October
      22, 2004. In 2004, did you have any idea -- did you even know that this
      contract had been canceled?

      A: Sir, I couldn’t have told you that this contract even existed in this form.
      Because I didn’t talk to contractors. I didn’t --

      Q: This is not your command.

      A: -- correct. I had no reason to look at these, nor do I have any reason to
      look at when they cancel them.
29
  Although formerly a civilian attorney for the United States Army, Ms. Efthimiadis was
an attorney for the United States Navy when she testified in the above-captioned cases.
30
   The distinction between termination for default or cause and termination for
convenience is evident from the termination clauses in the camp package BPA:

      Termination for the Government’s convenience.              The Government
      reserves the right to terminate this contract, or any part hereof, for its sole
      convenience. In the event of such termination, the Contractor shall
      immediately stop all work hereunder and shall immediately cause any and
      all of its suppliers and subcontractors to cease work. Subject to the terms
      of this contract, the Contractor shall be paid a percentage of the contract
      price reflecting the percentage of the work performed prior to the notice of
      termination, plus reasonable charges the Contractor can demonstrate to
      the satisfaction of the Government using its standard record keeping
      system, have resulted from the termination. The Contractor shall not be
      required to comply with the cost accounting standards or contract cost

                                            20
        Col. Hess, the head of contracting at Camp Arifjan at the relevant time, offered
inconsistent and self-serving testimony at trial, but generally testified that he believed
Gulf Group’s camp package BPA call, latrine contract, and dumpster contract were
terminated because of security concerns, and that Col. Miller gave a directive or order
to terminate the contracts. According to Col. Hess’ testimony, Col. Hess ordered Mr.
Cockerham to terminate Gulf Group’s latrine and dumpster contracts, and Col. Hess
ordered Maj. Davis to terminate Gulf Group’s camp package BPA call, because “[w]e
were ordered to get Gulf Group off the bases, the camps.” Col. Hess indicated that this
order to remove Gulf Group from the bases did not come from Col. Mark Neumann, the
Principal Assistant Responsible for Contracting at Camp Arifjan in October 2004, to
whom Col. Hess reported, or anyone in ARCENT (United States Army Central
Command). He also stated that he had reviewed the contract files, and that none of the
files included any documentation linking the Al Tawash family to terrorists, anti-
American groups, the Taliban, Saddam Hussein, or any other enemies of America.
According to Mr. Wilson, however, Col. Hess told him that Gulf Group’s contracts were
terminated due to “counterintelligence on the Al Tawash family, and they have ties [to]
Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein.” Notably, Col. Hess testified that the government
terminated Gulf Group for convenience, rather than for default, so that Gulf Group could
file claims for reimbursement because the government did not “want to cause any
undue hardship” to Gulf Group. Col. Hess further stated that he does not believe that a
termination for default is proper even if a contractor is suspected of anti-American ties
or sentiments.

       According to Col. Portouw, the Gulf Group cancellations “had something to do
with performance with latrines,” but he did not recall who told him that and did not
indicate to which Gulf Group contract he was referring because he never referred
specifically to any particular contract during his testimony. According to Maj. Petty’s
recollection, Gulf Group’s contracts were terminated because of the alleged security

      principles for this purpose. This paragraph does not give the Government
      any right to audit the Contractor’s records. The Contractor shall not be
      paid for any work performed or costs incurred which reasonably could
      have been avoided.

      Termination for cause. The Government may terminate this contract, or
      any part hereof, for cause in the event of any default by the Contractor, or
      if the Contractor fails to comply with any contract terms and conditions, or
      fails to provide the Government, upon request, with adequate assurances
      of future performance. In the event of termination for cause, the
      Government shall not be liable to the Contractor for any amount for
      supplies or services not accepted, and the Contract shall be liable to the
      Government for any and all rights and remedies provided by law. If it is
      determined that the Government improperly terminated this contract for
      default, such termination shall be deemed a termination for convenience.

                                           21
incident, as opposed to the dirty latrine incident.31 Maj. Petty testified that he had never
heard of Gulf Group having any affiliation with the Taliban.

       Capt. Novak also testified that a Gulf Group contract was terminated because of
a “security incident.” Capt. Novak disagreed with the decision to terminate Gulf Group’s
camp package BPA call, and although he was at first unable to meet with Col. Hess,
Capt. Novak did meet with Col. Neumann32 to discuss his disagreement with the
termination. Capt. Novak also indicated that he did not feel that he was going outside
the chain-of-command or risking his career by doing so. Eventually, Capt. Novak was
able to meet with Col. Hess to voice his disagreement with the decision to terminate
Gulf Group’s camp package BPA call. Capt. Novak also met with Tijani Saani, a civilian
assigned to the contracting office at Camp Arifjan, who was the deputy to Col. Hess,
about the decision. Capt. Trimble also spoke to Col. Neumann about terminating Gulf
Group’s camp package BPA call and told Col. Neumann that he believed Gulf Group
was capable of performing. Capt. Trimble indicated that he had heard that Gulf Group’s
camp package BPA call was going to be terminated because the camp “mayors”
preferred to keep their current contractors to avoid interruption of services.

       Mr. Cockerham testified that he terminated Gulf Group’s latrine and dumpster
contracts based on a direct order from Col. Hess, who himself had been ordered to
terminate the contracts by Col. Miller. According to Mr. Cockerham, a termination for
convenience in the interest of national security relieves the government of liability for
“any losses.”33 Mr. Cockerham stated, however, the termination has to be or should be
heavily documented, which is why he requested a report to document the file, to protect
the contracting office and the government. According to Mr. Cockerham, Col. Hess
directed him to cancel Gulf Group’s contracts “in the interest of security, national
security.” Mr. Cockerham further testified that Col. Hess said that a call for Camp
Virginia should not be awarded to Gulf Group because they were a security risk.
According to Mr. Cockerham, he asked Col. Miller and Col. Hess for a security incident
report, or even just the incident number, to attach to the latrine and dumpster contract
cancellations, but they never gave him one. Capt. Trimble testified that Mr. Cockerham
was upset that he never received a Memorandum of Record from Col. Hess, stating that
Col. Hess directed Mr. Cockerham to cancel Gulf Group’s contracts. At trial, Col. Hess
31
   Maj. Petty’s testimony on this point appears to be related to the termination of three of
plaintiff’s contracts, the camp package BPA call and the latrine and dumpster contracts,
although his testimony is not explicit in this regard.
32
   Although the trial transcript refers to “Col. Newman,” other areas of Capt. Novak’s
testimony refer to Col. Neumann, Col. Hess’ superior and the Principal Assistant
Responsible for Contracting at Camp Arifjan.
33
    Mr. Cockerham subsequently elaborated that in his mind, “[t]he only time the
government can possibly get around reimbursing in the interest of convenience is in the
interest of national security.” It is unclear from Mr. Cockerham’s testimony whether he
believed that a termination for convenience in the interest of national security absolves
the government of all liability or only liability relating to “losses.”

                                            22
denied that either Mr. Cockerham or Maj. Davis had asked for a security incident report
in order to support the cancellations of the contracts or the camp package BPA call.

        The October 20, 2004 Memorandum for Record, which Capt. Novak stated is
similar to the one he wrote with Capt. Trimble and Lt. Rivera, provides that, “Major
Cockerham informed the CO’s to cancel the [camp package] BPA call to Gulf Group
due to their inexperience in building tents,” and that the contract should be awarded to
British Link Kuwait, although its prices were “unreasonably” high. At trial, however, Mr.
Cockerham denied having told Capt. Trimble, Capt. Novak, and Lt. Rivera that Gulf
Group’s camp package BPA call was being terminated due to Gulf Group’s
inexperience in building tents, or that it was in the government’s best interest to award
the call to British Link Kuwait. Mr. Cockerham testified he believed that Tijani Saani told
Capt. Trimble, Capt. Novak, and Lt. Rivera that the statements were coming from Mr.
Cockerham, when they actually came from Col. Hess.

         Joseph Libbey stated in his contracting officer’s final decisions, and testified at
trial, that he believed that the contracts were terminated due to dumpster diving and
rummaging through camp dumpsters, perhaps the latrine issue, and security reasons.
In Mr. Libbey’s final decision for the dumpster contract he stated: “On 9 October 2004,
six Gulf Group employees were detained for security violations involving traveling on
Camp Arifjan without their required escort, and rummaging through a dumpster. At
least four of these individuals were barred from Camp Arifjan by Colonel Miller on 16
and 18 October 2004.” The contractor allegedly involved in dumpster diving, however,
was Gulf Company, not Gulf Group. At trial, Mr. Libbey testified that he “took Gulf
Company to mean Gulf Group.” Mr. Libbey’s final decision on Gulf Group’s dumpster
contract also stated:

       The Government originally contemplated terminating Gulf Group’s
       contracts for failure to comply with security regulations; however, due to
       the global war on terror operational tempo in the area, and a desire to
       maintain a friendly working relationship with local contractors that often
       include prominent Kuwaiti families, the Government decided to terminate
       the contract for the convenience of the Government.34

        According to Saud Al Tawash and Mr. Wilson, they first learned that Gulf Group’s
latrine and dumpster contracts and camp package BPA call were being terminated
through their competitors. According to Saud Al Tawash, he first heard rumors about
the cancellations from an individual working with a competitor, Jasmine, who told him
“they’re going to cancel all your contracts because they have a report of an intelligence
that you guys are related to terrorist groups and you’re anti-American.” Saud Al Tawash
also testified that Mr. Wilson was then told “directly from the contracting office” that
34
   Mr. Libbey testified that Mr. Randall Kemplin, a government civilian counsel who
worked with Mr. Libbey on the claims, wrote the above quoted paragraph, which was
incorporated into Mr. Libbey’s contracting officer’s final decision. Although Mr. Libbey
was not aware of how Mr. Kemplin had obtained the information, Mr. Libbey stated he
was “good with it.”

                                            23
there was a “security” and a “counter intelligence concern,” and that the contracting
office alleged that the alleged security incident was the reason for the cancellations. At
trial, Saud Al Tawash also pointed out that the contracting officer, Mr. Libbey, made a
final determination that the contracts were terminated due to the alleged security
incident. Saud Al Tawash testified that Capt. Trimble, Capt. Novak, Lt. Rivera, and
Tijani Saani all told him that the contracts were terminated as a result of a concern for
security. Saud Al Tawash also indicated that he had heard that the promised award of
Camp Virginia had been put on hold, with the possibility of cancellation, due to the
security concerns.

        According to testimony offered by Mr. Wilson, on October 17 or 18, 2004, he
spoke with Mr. Cockerham, Tijani Saani, and Col. Hess about the Gulf Group
cancellations and prepared a report about those discussions. Mr. Wilson testified that
Mr. Cockerham told him that the cancellations were coming from above him at “the
general level.” Mr. Wilson also stated that Col. Hess told him that the cancellations had
to do with security and counterintelligence, and that the Army Support Group
commander made the decision to cancel. According to Mr. Wilson, Tijani Saani told him
that they were cancelling all of Gulf Group’s contracts for security reasons, but that
“we’ll try to get you guys some work.” Mr. Wilson also spoke to Col. Hess over the
telephone. Mr. Wilson stated Col. Hess did not want to talk to him, and was “really
nervous, talking in circles.” According to Mr. Wilson, Col. Hess stated during this
telephone call that Gulf Group’s contracts were terminated due to “counterintelligence
on the Al Tawash family, and they have ties [to] Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein.” Mr.
Wilson also heard someone comment that Gulf Group was a “bunch of kids” and
needed to be “taken out,” although he could not remember if he heard this from an Army
officer or from one of Gulf Group’s competitors.

        Col. Khalid Al Salal, a retired intelligence officer for the Kuwait Ministry of
Defense, who had left the ministry, but maintained communication with the security and
intelligence office, testified as a witness for plaintiff and stated that Gulf Group, Gulf
Telecom, and Saud Al Tawash were all cleared by Kuwaiti security and passed
background checks. Col. Al Salal further testified that the Al Tawash family is very well-
known in Kuwait, and that he had never heard of any links between the Al Tawash
family and the Taliban, Saddam Hussein, or other anti-American groups. Maj. Petty
similarly testified that he never heard that Gulf Group was suspected of having
connections with the Taliban. Mr. Cockerham testified that he heard a number of
rumors about Gulf Group’s involvement with the Taliban and other similar groups, which
he believed were not true.

       Ferdinand Peters, the attorney retained by Gulf Group in October 2004, testified
that he met separately with Col. Hess, Col. Miller, Mr. Cockerham, and Tijani Saani, and
was given “a variety of reasons” by “everyone” for the termination of Gulf Group’s latrine
and dumpster contracts and camp package BPA call. Mr. Peters testified that “I can
only say that there were multiple reasons given.” Mr. Peters indicated that he was “told
about security problems, and words had come up in various discussions as connections
to terrorists, cell phone use, personnel of Gulf Group asking questions and being a

                                           24
security threat, or whatever. Things like that.” Mr. Peters recalled that, in his meeting
with Col. Miller, Col. Miller had “mentioned” the latrine incident to Mr. Peters, and may
have indicated that Gulf Group was suspected of being allied with anti-American
interests. Mr. Peters could not “remember exactly what was stated,” but indicated that
“[i]t was so serious of what we were being told that efforts were being made by the
family to figure out through Congressional action and like that on what was going on
here.”

       After speaking with Mr. Wilson and hearing rumors from his competitors, Saud Al
Tawash contacted Congressman Trent Franks, who was “an old family friend,” to
inquire on Gulf Group’s behalf about rumors of Al Tawash family links to anti-American
groups because “it was hurting our family reputation.” According to Saud Al Tawash,
Congressman Franks called Col. Miller, Col. Hess, Tijani Saani, and Mr. Cockerham to
“restore my family’s reputation” and to “chat with the right people from in the upper
channels at the military to find out if this is truth [sic].” In an October 27, 2004 email
addressed to Gen. Keith Alexander and Gen. Steven Whitcomb, Congressman Franks
stated: “I am respectfully asking the military command to issue a letter stating
categorically that the cancellation of the subject contracts was in no way related to any
counterintelligence, espionage, or security concern connected to the Al-Tawash family
or the Gulf Group.” Gen. Whitcomb forwarded the email to Col. Miller, Col. Richard
McEvoy, and Col. Louis Yuengert, requesting a status update. Col. McEvoy responded
that the letter had been taken care of by the Army. Col. Miller recalled receiving a
telephone call from Congressman Franks about the Al Tawash family, followed shortly
by a telephone call from Gen. Alexander on the same subject. Col. Hess testified that
he did “not remember being called by Congressman Franks.” On November 3, 2004,
Col. Hess was directed, he assumed by Col. Miller,35 to write a letter to Mohammed Al
35
     Col. Hess’ testimony at trial was as follows:

         Q: Looking at Exhibit 147, this being a letter from the Department of the
         Army dated November 3, 2004 to Mohammed Al Tawash, with what
         purports to be your signature. Is that indeed your signature?

         A: Yes, it is.

         Q: Did anyone order you to write this letter?

         A: I don’t remember, but I wrote the letter so I presume I was directed to
         write the letter.
                                             …

         Q: Do you recall receiving a direct order commanding you to write the
         letter, or did someone simply ask if you might accommodate them by
         writing the letter?

         A: Instead of saying yes or no, can I explain my recollection of the letter?

                                               25
Tawash about the cancellation of Gulf Group’s latrine contract, which, according to
Saud Al Tawash, was drafted in response to Congressman Franks’ inquiries. Saud Al
Tawash testified that he did not know why the letter from Col. Hess was addressed to
his brother, Mohammed Al Tawash. The letter stated, in pertinent part:

       Please rest assured that the Gulf Group’s contract to service portable
       latrines at Army camps in Kuwait was not terminated because of security
       reasons. While it is true that some employees of the Gulf Group have
       been either barred from the installation or warned because they had not
       followed the rules for contract employees on the installation, these
       incidents did not cause the termination of the contract.

       The contracting officer terminated the contract because circumstances
       arose that caused the contracting officer to conclude that it was in the best
       interest of the Army to terminate the contract. Since the contract was
       terminated for convenience of the government, the Gulf Group should not
       suffer any repercussions to its reputation or competitive standing. The
       Gulf Group is fully eligible to compete for other Army contracts in Kuwait.
       I hope this clarifies this unfortunate misunderstanding.

       Col. Hess further testified that “Colonel Miller actually wanted to author a letter to
send to the Al Tawash family and I recommended against that, that this was a
contractual issue and any such letter ought to be coming from the contracting office.”
According to Col. Hess, the security and espionage concerns about Gulf Group “turned
out to be unfounded,” but the statement in the letter that Gulf Group’s latrine contract
“was not terminated because of security reasons” was “false.” In other words, based on
Col. Hess’ testimony, Gulf Group was terminated for security reasons, but those same
security concerns later turned out to be unfounded. Also according to Col. Hess, the

       Q: Please do. Yes, sir.

       A: My recollection of the letter was we went through all the security stuff,
       all the concerns about espionage in the previous few exhibits we went
       through, and it turned out to be unfounded. This is my recollection. As
       such, we still had a viable contractor that we could do business with. The
       purpose of this letter was to put Gulf Group on notice that we still would
       like to consider them to do Army contracting, to engage, to bid on Army
       requirements in the future.

       Q: Who directed you to send this letter?

       A: I don’t recall specifics.

       Q: It was Colonel Brick Miller, wasn’t it?

       A: I’m going to have to make the assumption that it was the ASG, Colonel
       Miller. He was my primary customer.

                                             26
statement that some Gulf Group employees had been barred was, likewise, untrue and
inaccurate based on his recollections, but he had obtained that information to insert into
the letter from Col. Miller. Col. Hess indicated that he also had help from the ASG
Judge Advocate General’s office when composing the November 3, 2004 letter, but did
not identify by name any individuals who aided him.

Bottled Water Delays

       Gulf Group’s bottled water BPA calls were not cancelled at the time of the
October 2004 terminations of the camp package BPA call, the latrine contract, and the
dumpster contract, and Gulf Group continued to supply bottled water to the Army under
the bottled water BPA in 2005. According to the parties’ joint stipulation of facts,
between November 1, 2004 and March 31, 2005, United States government contractors
supplying bottled water in Iraq were required to travel in military convoys. The convoy
requirement was issued to ensure the prompt delivery of bottled water and for the
protection of personnel and supplies. During this time period, all of Gulf Group’s
deliveries of bottled water to camps in Iraq were made by trucks traveling to and from
Iraq and Kuwait with military convoys. The trucks were delayed at times for a number of
reasons, including IEDs and observance of religious holidays by Iraqi nationals. The
parties have jointly stipulated that “[a]dditionally, the delays occasionally were caused
by the Government not having sufficient escorts.” According to Saud Al Tawash, most
Gulf Group trucks going into Iraq around April 2005 were delayed more than a week.

       Saud Al Tawash testified that, pursuant to Gulf Group’s bottled water BPA, Gulf
Group was required to contact certain Army officials to obtain delivery instructions. The
bottled water BPA refers to these requirements as “Special Instructions,” which state in
part:

      Purchased For: US Army Various Locations in Kuwait and Iraq. Surface
      to some of the locations are unimproved which could cause delays in
      deliveries. Contractor shall do everything possible to ensure deliveries are
      made on time. The contractor is liable for all equipment and personnel
      necessary to deliver to the proper quantities. The US Military is not liable
      for damages caused to transportation assets or equipment necessary to
      deliver the items.

      Personnel to contact for directions and acess [sic] to various locations are
      as follows:

      MAJ Banks:36 968-4819
      CPT Sharp:37 970-5952

36
  According to the parties’ joint stipulation of facts, “Major Banks was the chief of the
bottled water branch until October 2004, when she was replaced by LTC Derrick
Shoemake,” who was the chief of the bottled water branch at Camp Arifjan during April
2005.

                                           27
       Saud Al Tawash further testified that the Army officers gave Gulf Group convoy
numbers, which he understood to be a requirement that Gulf Group travel in convoys.
According to Mr. Wilson, at a post-award vendor meeting attended by Lt. Col. Derrick L.
Shoemake, chief of the bottled water branch at Camp Arifjan, Mr. Cockerham, and Sgt.
Diane Brooks, all the bottled water contractors were told that they were required to
move in convoys. Also at the post-award vendor meeting, Mr. Wilson was told to follow
the instructions to travel with convoys given by Lt. Col. Shoemake and Sgt. Brooks. Mr.
Wilson stated that contractors could hire private protection, but that even then they
would have had to coordinate transportation with the Army. Mr. Wilson explained that
Gulf Group could not have transported the water without the military convoys because
there was significant fear over the physical safety of the water and potential biological
additives, such that “if you showed up at a front gate of an army base unescorted with
truck loads of water, you’re probably going to be shot.” Mr. Wilson also testified that
rules and regulations were posted on a wall at Camp Navistar, a convoy consolidation
point in Kuwait, specifying that trucks “must stay in convoy, they must be escorted all
times.”

       Lt Col. Mary O’Connor, a battalion commander and chief of transportation
responsible for the movement of control teams at convoy support centers throughout
Iraq in 2004 and 2005, testified that all trucks in Iraq were required to move in military
convoys, and that she knew this to be the case because she was in charge of this
process. Lt. Col. O’Connor identified a specific “fragmentary order” (FRAGO) as the
document requiring all vehicles used in support of the military to travel in convoys. The
FRAGO provides:

      The purpose of this FRAGO is to enhance and convoy [sic] security
      measures to protect the force by providing convoy commanders and unit
      commanders tools to ensure that all measures have been properly taken
      to safeguard personnel and equipment. Unit/convoy commanders are
      personally responsible for the conduct and protection of convoy
      operations. MNF-I units will monitor their convoys, and exercises control
      measures implemented by unit commanders.

      3.C. (U) Tasks to Subordinate Unites. [sic]

      3.C.1. MNC-I

      3.C.1.A. Continue to produce internet status updates, and maintain the
      information on the MNCI webpage. Convene emergency status board
      update when the situation warrants.

      3.D. (U) Coordinating Instructions.

37
   Capt. Sharp was Maj. Banks’ deputy at the time the “Special Instructions” were
issued.

                                            28
         3.D.1. There will be two vehicles minimum during daylight hours, and
         three vehicles minimum during the hours of darkness. There will be at
         least two soldiers per vehicle and three in the trail vehicle to provide a
         turret or rear gunner for tactical vehicle movements.

         3.D.2. Non-tactical vehicle (NTV) movements used to transport
         military members, DOD civilians, and DOD contractors are cautioned
         not to move outside secure zones without security as set forth by
         MSC38 commanders. As far as practical use armored/add on armored
         commercial vehicles to move off FOBS. The use and number of NTVS to
         support movement requirements is delegated to the MS[] commanders.
         However, the number of NTVs used should consider current AIF TTPS,
         emergency cross loading of personnel requirements and safety. NTVs will
         posses [sic] communication IAW Para 5.A.2. below, and have
         communication with the security escort.

         3.D.3. Convoy commanders are responsible for the self-protection
         capability within their convoy. There will be at least one rifle in each
         vehicle for all movements. Tactical vehicle movements must have 360
         degree security consisting of an M249 or above from the turret or out the
         back with the “canvas” removed. All military personnel will carry personal
         weapons, wear fragmentation protective vest, ballistic eye protection, and
         combat helmet. A minimum of one vehicle will maintain communications
         contact with coalition forces. Convoys will not have lights on during
         daylight operations. During night operations white lights will be used, and
         they will have NVDS in each vehicle.

         3.D.4. Prior to all movements, convoy commanders will conduct
         coordination and include communications equipment sufficient to
         communicate with other MSCS when traveling through their AOR.
         Advanced notification to other MSCS will minimize potential fratricide of
         blue on blue forces. All vehicles must log out with parent unit and provide
         ETA to destination. All vehicles must report at destination to their parent
         unit.

         3.D.5. Breakdown procedures, convoy commanders are responsible for
         self-recovery capability within each convoy. Recovery equipment will be
         available to each convoy. Commanders will take all reasonable measures
         to recover vehicles and will abandon vehicles as last resort only. They will
         recover the vehicle to the nearest CSO or LSA if possible. If not, leave
         appropriate security personnel and an operational vehicle with it until it
         can be recovered.

         3.D.6. All MSCS will report deteriorating road conditions to MNCI, upon
         reporting to convoy support center operations cell(s), convoy commanders
38
     It appears that MSC stands for Major Subordinate Command.

                                             29
       will report locations where maintenance is required and where engineer
       work could mitigate areas of vulnerability.

       3.D.7. In the greater Baghdad area defined by the MND Baghdad area
       there will cautinue [sic] to be mission critical movements only. Units will
       verify route status with 1 CD website or Iraqna or prior to any movement.

       3.D.8. There will be a minimum ratio of one tactical security vehicle for
       every ten military cargo vehicles, and a minimum ratio or [sic] one tactical
       security vehicle for every 5 KBR cargo vehicles. There will be no less
       than two security vehicles for every convoy (Para. 3.D.1.).
                                            ...

       4.B. (U) All units will conduct risk assessments using mission, enemy,
       terrain, troops, time available, and civilian demonstrations (METT-TC) to
       identify and assess hazards. Ensure that seatbelts are properly used.
       Gunners in turrets and rear facing security will ensure other safety
       measures are used due to the inability to wear seat belts. All soldiers
       operating or riding in tactical and NTV vehicles must wear regulation gear
       as stated in paragraph 3.D.3. above.

        The FRAGO does not specifically refer to government contractors. Lt. Col.
O’Connor testified, albeit inconsistently, that it was understood that, if a contractor was
supporting the military, it was “assumed in the order that they would – that we would
protect them.” Nevertheless, Lt. Col. O’Connor testified that the language “DOD
contractors are cautioned not to move outside secure zones without security as set forth
by MSC commanders. As far as practical use armored/add on armored commercial
vehicles to move off FOBS,” was a recommendation, rather than an order, until a more
stringent order was delivered. Lt. Col. O’Connor also testified that she had not seen a
more stringent order. She then stated that the existing order was intended to require
civilian contractors to travel in military convoys. Lt. Col. O’Connor also testified that
there were no exceptions to this convoy requirement, however, she conceded that some
contractors violated the convoy requirement. She also acknowledged that the Army
could not control the travel of all civilians. Although her testimony regarding the number
of days of travel time between Kuwait and Iraq was inconsistent, she did indicate,
however, perfect travel conditions were rare in Iraq at the time.

       Regarding the cause of the bottled water transportation delays, Saud Al Tawash
stated that, having been to the border between Kuwait and Iraq, he had personal
knowledge of Gulf Group trucks delayed at the border due to insufficient escorts, which
was “the only cause” of delay. He stated, however, that he did not travel with the Gulf
Group trucks beyond the border to deliver the water into Iraq. According to Saud Al
Tawash, it was Lt. Col. Shoemake and KBR, another contractor, through whom Saud Al
Tawash learned that the truck delays in Iraq were caused by lack of escorts. Mr. Wilson
stated that he had learned from the truck drivers that the delays in the delivery of bottled
water were caused by “security and the lack of escorts,” as well as convoy priorities. He

                                            30
further indicated the delays were also caused by IEDs and accidents. Mr. Wilson also
testified that Gulf Group trucks were being delayed at the bases because they also were
being used to store water and to haul military equipment on their return trips, despite
Gulf Group’s contract and arrangement with the trucking company that there only would
be one-way hauls. Neither Saud Al Tawash nor Mr. Wilson, personally, were on board
the trucks that delivered bottled water for Gulf Group into Iraq.

        Megbel Al Tawash testified that he knew from project managers and from
coordinating with Expeditors, the company Gulf Group had hired to transport the bottled
water, that the lack of escorts “was the main problem” Gulf Group experienced with the
delivery of bottled water to Iraq. Megbel Al Tawash further stated that he personally
observed Gulf Group trucks used by the military to haul equipment, specifically
Humvees, on return trips from Iraq. Lt. Col. O’Connor agreed that it was “quite
possible” that bottled water trucks coming back from Iraq into Kuwait were loaded with
military equipment. Mr. Cockerham testified that “quite often what they would do is put
equipment on the trucks that were designated just for carrying water,” and that he
believed Gulf Group’s bottled water trucks were being used to haul military equipment
on the return trips. Mr. Cockerham stated that there was no agreement between the
bottled water contractors and the government to use the bottled water trucks for hauling
military equipment on return trips. The parties also have stipulated that, “[t]here was no
agreement between Gulf Group and the Government to use some or all of Gulf Group’s
trucks that delivered bottled water to camps in Iraq, to transport military equipment back
to Kuwait on their return trips from Iraq.” The Army had another contract in place to
take equipment out of Iraq, but it apparently was not always used.

       Due to the acknowledged delays in the delivery of bottled water, the government
offered to increase the amount it was paying to the bottled water contractors to cover
demurrage charges. Between November 1, 2004 and March 31, 2005, Gulf Group
charged 2.400 KD per case for bottled water. The parties stipulated, “[o]n April 5, 2005,
a contracting officer, John Cockerham, submitted a proposal to all contractors supplying
bottled water to camps in Iraq to increase the price of the bottled water to 2.578 KD per
case, in exchange for the contractors not charging the Government for additional
expenses including demurrage incurred in the deliveries.” Mr. Cockerham’s email
stated: “All previous claims prior to APR 05 will continue to be processed.” According to
the parties’ joint stipulation of facts, Gulf Group received, and accepted, the proposal of
the higher rate per case in exchange for not making any more claims for demurrage
incurred after April 1, 2005.

Plaintiff’s Submissions and Claims

      On December 15, 2005, Gulf Group submitted a claim under the bottled water
BPA for 298,435.000 KD in demurrage for delays incurred between November 2004
and March 2005 to Mr. Cockerham, who was the contract specialist for the bottled water
BPA in Kuwait.39 The following day, December 16, 2005, Gulf Group submitted three
39
   The KD value later was calculated to be equivalent to $1,035,802.23 in plaintiff’s
original complaint in the bottled water case, Case No. 07-82C, and $1,065,711.39 in its

                                            31
“Claim & Settlement Offers”40 to Mr. Cockerham, proposing settlement in the amount of
$4,544,339.84 for the termination of the camp package BPA call, in the amount of
$4,558,428.60 for the termination of the latrine contract, and in the amount of
$999,994.67 for the termination of the dumpster contract.41 The 2005 Claim and
Settlement Offers also asserted that Gulf Group was entitled to $10,000,000.00 for the
termination of the camp package BPA call, $5,058,428.5942 for the termination of the
latrine contract, and $1,110,621.72 for the termination of the dumpster contract. Saud
Al Tawash signed the cover letter to Gulf Group’s four submissions to Mr. Cockerham in
2005, and all four submissions were certified by plaintiff’s attorney at the time,
Ferdinand Peters.

       On October 19, 2006, the Camp Arifjan contracting office files were searched,
but there was no record of Gulf Group’s December 15 and 16, 2005 submissions. Gulf
Group then re-submitted the same Claim and Settlement Offers between October 20,
2006 and October 22, 2006, and the submissions were put on the contracting command
log. Mr. Cockerham testified that he had received the 2005 latrine and dumpster Claim
and Settlement Offers twice, and that he does not know if Gulf Group’s initial
submissions were logged, although they would have been placed in a box in the
contracting office. Although not clearly referring to plaintiff’s 2006 resubmissions, Mr.
Cockerham also testified that he made minimal efforts to ensure that Gulf Group’s Claim

second amended complaint in the bottled water case. In plaintiff’s first amended
complaint in the bottled water case, plaintiff simply listed the amount as 298,435.000 KD
without a USD equivalent.
40
   As indicated below, it is not immediately clear that the 2005 submissions relating to
the terminations of the camp package BPA call, the latrine contract, and the dumpster
contract, constituted “claims” under the Contract Disputes Act. Defendant’s post-trial
briefs generically refer to plaintiff’s 2005 submissions as “claims,” but defendant initially
argued that the Claim and Settlement Offers did not constitute claims under the
Contract Disputes Act. In discussing plaintiff’s submissions with respect to the court’s
jurisdiction under the Contract Disputes Act, therefore, the court distinguishes between
the “Claim and Settlement Offers” that plaintiff submitted in 2005, and the “claims” that
plaintiff submitted in 2007 and 2011. The court includes the 2005 Claim and Settlement
Offers in general references to “claims” elsewhere in this opinion, however, because the
2005 submissions constitute claims in other contexts, such as under the False Claims
Act. See 48 C.F.R. § 49.001 (2005) (“A settlement proposal is included within the
generic meaning of the word ‘claim’ under false claims acts (see 18 U.S.C. 287 and 31
U.S.C. 3729).”).
41
  The parties’ joint stipulation of facts lists plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer as
seeking $5,058,428.59. That is the full amount that plaintiff claimed it was owed, but
plaintiff’s submission offered to settle for $4,558,428.60.
42
  In calculating plaintiff’s claimed entitlement to $5,058,428.59, plaintiff’s 2005 Claim
and Settlement Offer appears to have used a different conversion rate between KD and
USD than the rate stipulated to by the parties.

                                             32
and Settlement Offers were processed, indicating that the “[o]nly thing I really remember
doing was just notifying the chief that this was the second time....”

       The record is unclear as to whether the government ever reviewed plaintiff’s
2005 Claim and Settlement Offers. Mr. Cockerham, however, confirmed at trial that he
wrote the notations on the Claim and Settlement Offers that appear in the record
relating to the camp package BPA call, the latrine contract, and the dumpster contract,
indicating that the Claim and Settlement Offers in the record are the Claim and
Settlement Offers that Mr. Cockerham received on December 16, 2005, rather than the
copies of the Claim and Settlement Offers that plaintiff re-submitted between October
20, 2006 and October 22, 2006. Although raising more questions than it addressed, Mr.
Libbey’s contracting officer’s final decision for plaintiff’s 2007 camp package BPA claim
attempted to explain what had happened to the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offers,
stating:

      The settlement offer [for the camp package BPA] was one of three
      termination packages Major Cockerham allegedly received from Mr.
      Surresh Pulikkal [sic] of Gulf Group43 in October 2005. Major Cockerham
      allegedly signed for the three settlement proposals, and handed them off
      to the Claims Section in the contracting office. These matters are
      “alleged” as the Government has no evidence to establish these events
      actually occurred. Major Cockerham and Gloria Davis, the awarding
      contracting officer, came under investigation for improper and illegal
      contracting activity after the subject contract was awarded....

      Gulf Group representatives returned to the Contracting Command in late
      November 2005 and again in December 2005 to check on the status of
      the settlement offer. No record could be found that it had been submitted,
      so Mr. Surresh Pulikkal [sic] was asked to resubmit the settlement offer.
      Mr. Pulikkal subsequently gave a settlement offer to Major Cockerham,
      who signed for it acknowledging receipt....

      Gulf Group Representatives Saud Al Tawash and Allen Tadayon met with
      LTC David Pershing, Commander, United States Army Contracting
      Command, Southwest Asia-Kuwait (USACC), Major Marcellus Newson,
      Contracting Officer, and Captain Andrew Gast, Contracting Claims Officer,
      both of USACC, on or about 19 October 2006 to discuss the following
      topics.... Concern over an earlier termination for convenience.... Their
      settlement offers....

43
  Although defendant has repeatedly described Suresh Pulikkal as a Gulf Group
employee, Saud Al Tawash testified that Suresh Pulikkal was a legal consultant for a
number of the companies that Saud Al Tawash managed, describing him as “our legal
counsel…a legal consultant.” Mr. Cockerham also confirmed that Suresh Pulikkal
“worked with several companies.”

                                           33
      Mr. Tadayon asked about the settlement offer Gulf Group had submitted,
      inquiring about its status. Captain Gast was directed by LTC Pershing
      during the meeting to check his files for its status. Captain Gast checked
      his file log for disputes and reported there was no record of any settlement
      offers being filed by Gulf Group....

      Captain Gast checked with other members of the Claims Team on 20
      October 2006, specifically asking Major Paul Bidinger, Contracting Claims
      Officer, Third Army, U.S. ARCENT, about the Gulf Group’s inquiry. Major
      Bidinger reported back to Captain Gast the same day that he could not
      find Gulf Group’s name on the disputes lists....

      On 22 October 2006, Gulf Group representative Allen Tadayon provided
      Captain Gast with a copy of the settlement offer by email. Captain Gast
      reviewed the documents briefly and noted they were missing the required
      certification....

      On 22 October 2006, Mr. Tadayon emailed three “certifications” signed by
      Gulf Group’s counsel to Captain Ghast [sic].

      On 15 November 2006, Mr. Tadayon requested an appointment with
      Captain Gast to discuss the settlement offer. Captain Gast responded on
      16 November 2006 that the only appointments he was making was for
      current disputes and ratifications he was working on....

      Mr. Tadayon communicated again with Captain Gast on or about 17
      November 2006 concerning the status of the three settlement offers.
      Captain Gast stated he had not yet begun to work on them. This was the
      last communication Captain Gast had with Gulf Group concerning its
      documents.

       It appears from Mr. Libbey’s summary of the events surrounding the submission
of plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offers, and from Mr. Cockerham’s testimony
regarding his receipt of plaintiff’s Claim and Settlement Offers, that plaintiff may also
have originally submitted the Claim and Settlement Offers to Mr. Cockerham in October
2005, prior to the December 16, 2005 submissions in the record. That plaintiff
previously submitted the camp package BPA, latrine contract, and dumpster contract
Claim and Settlement Offers is consistent with the October 2005 date that appears on
the cover letters to each submission.

       Plaintiff interpreted the lack of a response to its 2005 submissions for almost a
year to be a deemed denial of its “claims” pursuant to 41 U.S.C. §§ 605(c)(1), (c)(3)
(2005) (current versions at 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(1), (f)(3) (Supp. V 2011)).44 Based on
44
   In Case No. 06-835C, the camp package BPA case, plaintiff asserts that the sixty
days under 41 U.S.C. § 605 began to run on October 10, 2005. In Case No. 06-853C,
the dumpster case, plaintiff asserts that the sixty days began to run on October 20,

                                           34
this perceived denial of its “claims,” Gulf Group ultimately filed the four suits which are
currently consolidated before this court. The parties stipulated that, “[o]n December 8,
2006, Gulf Group commenced [the camp package BPA case in the United States Court
of Federal Claims] seeking $7,000,000.00, plus interest, costs, and attorney fees arising
from the contracting officer’s deemed denial of its claim” for the cancellation of the camp
package BPA call. The parties also stipulated that, “[o]n December 15, 2006, Gulf
Group commenced [the latrine case in the United States Court of Federal Claims]
seeking $6,000,000, plus interest, costs, and attorney fees arising from the termination”
of the latrine contract. The parties further stipulated that, “[o]n December 19, 2006, Gulf
Group commenced [the dumpster case in the United States Court of Federal Claims]
seeking $1,800,000, plus interest, costs, and attorney fees arising from the cancellation”
of the dumpster contract. Finally, the parties stipulated that, “[o]n February 1, 2007,
Gulf Group commenced [the bottled water case in the United States Court of Federal
Claims] seeking $1,035,802.23, plus interest, costs, and attorney fees arising from calls
issued pursuant to” the bottled water BPA.

        In the camp package BPA case, the latrine case, the dumpster case, and the
bottled water BPA case, defendant requested that the judges initially assigned to each
case stay the proceedings in each case because defendant believed, with respect to
each Claim and Settlement Offer, “that plaintiff’s submission constitute[d] a ‘termination
settlement offer,’” rather than a “claim” under the Contract Disputes Act, which,
according to defendant, deprived this court of jurisdiction over plaintiff’s complaints.
The judges initially assigned to the camp package BPA case, the latrine case, and the
dumpster case, each agreed to stay the cases pending a decision by the contracting
officer on each of plaintiff’s “claims.”45 On March 26, 2007, Gulf Group presented
“revised” claims to the contracting officer, certified by plaintiff’s replacement attorney,
and current attorney of record, Ms. Iliaura Hands, for $7,000,000.00, $1,800,000.00,
and $6,000,000.00, arising from the camp package BPA, the latrine contract, and the
dumpster contract, respectively.46 In addition, Ms. Hands signed the cover letter to all of

2005. In Case No. 06-858C, the latrine case, plaintiff references two dates, October 17,
2005 and December 16, 2005, from which the sixty days could have run. In Case No.
07-82C, the bottled water BPA case, plaintiff asserts that the agency’s sixty days began
to run on December 15, 2005.
45
   The undersigned judge denied defendant’s request to stay the bottled water BPA
case. The bottled water BPA case did not involve a termination for convenience. With
respect to the 2005 bottled water BPA Claim and Settlement Offer, the language that
plaintiff used in requesting a decision, and the context in which plaintiff’s submission
was made, indicated that plaintiff had asserted a “claim” under the Contract Disputes
Act. The undersigned judge, however, subsequently stayed all four of the consolidated
cases at the request of the United States Department of Justice because of related
ongoing criminal investigations and prosecutions.
46
   In its pleadings to the court, plaintiff submitted a different version of the revised claim
for the dumpster contract than the version of the revised claim that was admitted at trial.
Although the differences between the versions are minimal, this discrepancy is one of

                                             35
the revised claims. Each revised claim included a copy of the relevant 2005 Claim and
Settlement Offer, which contained a cover letter that was signed by Saud Al Tawash,
and which was certified by plaintiff’s previous attorney, Ferdinand Peters.

       On May 21, 2007, Joseph Libbey reviewed Gulf Group’s revised claims and
issued final decisions on the revised camp package BPA, latrine contract, and dumpster
contract claims. Mr. Libbey awarded Gulf Group $33,053.57, $149,285.71, and
$57,833.00, plus interest, for its camp package BPA, latrine contract, and dumpster
contract claims, respectively. The parties stipulated that “Mr. Libbey did not interview
anyone in preparation of the final decisions.” Randall Kemplin, a civilian attorney for the
Army, wrote portions of the final decision from information he received from Army
attorney Clea Efthimiadis, who, in turn, obtained information on the terminations of Gulf
Group’s contracts from Col. Brick Miller, Tijani Saani, and Mr. Cockerham.47

        After Mr. Libbey issued his contracting officer’s final decisions, Gulf Group filed
amended complaints before this court in each of the three cases he addressed, the
camp package BPA and the latrine and dumpster contracts. The original complaint in
the bottled water BPA case was also subsequently amended. In its amended
complaints, plaintiff altered the amounts sought in each case, except the bottled water
BPA case, the only case on which Mr. Libbey did not issue a contracting officer’s final
decision. In its original complaint in Case No. 06-835C, the camp package BPA case,
plaintiff sought $7,000,000.00. In its first amended complaint in the camp package BPA
case, plaintiff sought $2,682,160.86.48 In its second amended complaint in the camp
package BPA case, plaintiff sought $3,463,287.57.49 Subsequently, in its third

numerous deficiencies in plaintiff’s submissions to the court. Additionally, as discussed
below with respect to the dumpster contract, the copy of Saud Al Tawash’s signature
page from the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer is dated October 20, 2004.
47
 Ms. Efthimiadis testified that she did not contact Col. Hess regarding plaintiff’s claims.
When questioned, Ms. Efthimiadis stated:

      I was in the middle of starting the litigation report, I did not complete the
      litigation report. I did not interview all the witnesses or take even written
      statements from them as is required in [sic] litigation report. The uptempo
      in Kuwait was tremendous, the workload was tremendous at that time.
48
   Plaintiff sought $1,447,457.22 in lost profits, $1,234,703.64 in preparatory expenses,
legal fees, costs incurred in preparing a settlement of plaintiff’s claims, and interest.
49
   Plaintiff sought $3,387,247.64 in lost profits, $69,002.43 in preparatory expenses,
$7,037.50 in fees and costs incurred in preparing the settlement for plaintiff’s claims,
prejudgment interest, cost of litigation, and attorneys’ fees.

                                            36
amended complaint in the camp package BPA case, plaintiff now seeks $922,851.84.50
In 2011, plaintiff submitted a second revised claim for the camp package BPA to Maj.
Daniel Everett,51 which mirrored the amounts plaintiff claimed in its third amended
complaint. In its original complaint in Case No. 06-858C, the latrine case, plaintiff
sought $6,000,000.00. In its first amended complaint in the latrine case, plaintiff sought
1,572,967.611 KD.52 In its second amended complaint in the latrine case, plaintiff now
seeks $2,830,662.20.53 In its original complaint in Case No. 06-853C, the dumpster
case, plaintiff sought $1,800,000.00. In its first amended complaint in the dumpster
case, plaintiff sought $1,946,721.78.54 In its second amended complaint in the
dumpster case, plaintiff now seeks $780,031.63.55 In its original complaint in Case No.
07-82C, the bottled water BPA case, plaintiff sought 298,435.000 KD, calculated as
$1,035,802.23. In its first amended complaint in the bottled water BPA case, plaintiff
sought 298,435.000 KD. In its second amended complaint in the bottled water BPA
case, plaintiff now seeks 298,435.000 KD, calculated as $1,065,711.39, for demurrage
and related expenses.56

    The total potential contract prices and the amounts claimed by Gulf Group can be
summarized as follows:
50
   Plaintiff seeks $846,811.91 in lost profits, $69,002.43 in preparatory expenses,
$7,037.50 in fees and other costs, prejudgment interest, costs of litigation and attorneys’
fees.
51
   Contrary to plaintiff’s assertion that the judge directed plaintiff to submit a revised
claim to Maj. Everett, a member of the Army JAG Corps assisting defendant, the court
directed plaintiff to file revisions to any of the complaints filed in the four above-
captioned cases, if appropriate.
52
   Plaintiff sought 1,416,360.000 KD in lost profits, 156,607.611 KD in preparatory
expenses, legal fees, costs incurred in preparing a settlement of plaintiff’s claims, and
interest. Plaintiff did not convert the amount to USD.
53
   Plaintiff seeks $2,724,795.96 in lost profits, $91,978.74 in preparatory expenses,
$13,887.50 in fees and other costs, plus prejudgment interest, costs of litigation and
attorneys’ fees.
54
   Plaintiff sought $1,457,619.72 in lost profits, $489,102.06 in preparatory expenses,
legal fees, costs incurred in preparing the settlement of the claims, and interest.
55
   Plaintiff asserts in its second amended complaint in the dumpster case that it seeks
$780,131.63, but the total of the various amounts listed by plaintiff is only $780,031.63.
Plaintiff seeks $483,322.42 in lost profits, $282,871.71 for preparatory expenses,
$13,837.50 for fees and other costs, prejudgment interest, costs of litigation and
attorneys’ fees.
56
  It appears that plaintiff’s original complaint used a different currency conversion rate
than the currency conversion rate stipulated to by the parties.

                                            37
BPA/Contract         Maximum          2005 Claim &        2007 Claim     2011 Claim      Original      Additional
                   Potential Price   Settlement Offer                                   Complaint      Complaints

Camp               BPA Limit:        Claimed             $7,000,000.00   $922,851.84   $7,000,000.00   1st Amended:
Package            $10,000,000.00    Entitlement:                                                      $2,682,160.86
                                     $10,000,000.0057
                   Call Limit:                                                                         2d Amended:
                   $7,000,000.00     Settlement Offer:                                                 $3,463,287.57
                                     $4,544,339.84
                   Call 0001                                                                           3d Amended:
                   Price:                                                                              $922,851.84
                   $1,447,457.22

Latrine            Total:            Claimed             $6,000,000.00   N/A           $6,000,000.00   1st Amended:
                   $5,057,895.14     Entitlement:                                                      1,572,967.611
                                     $5,058,428.59                                                     KD
                   Base Period:
                   $613,142.86       Settlement Offer:                                                 2d Amended:
                                     $4,558,428.60                                                     $2,830,662.20

Dumpster           Total:            Claimed             $1,800,000.00   N/A           $1,800,000.00   1st Amended:
                   $1,457,619.72     Entitlement:                                                      $1,946,721.78
                                     $1,110,621.7258
                   Base Period:                                                                        2d Amended:
                   $346,998.00       Settlement Offer:                                                 $780,031.63
                                     $999,994.67

Bottled Water      BPA Limit:        298,435 KD          N/A             N/A           298,435 KD      1st Amended:
                   $10,000,000.00                                                      calculated at   298,435 KD
                                                                                       $1,035,802.23
                   Call Limit:                                                                         2d Amended:
                   $7,000,000.00                                                                       298,435 KD
                                                                                                       calculated at
                                                                                                       $1,065,711.39

          57
             Mr. Peters testified that he did not remember if the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer
          for the camp package BPA claimed entitlement to $10,000,000.00, but later testified that
          the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer did not claim entitlement to $10,000,000.00,
          guessing it claimed entitlement to $5,000,000.00. The only number that is referenced in
          the Claim and Settlement Offer other than the amount of plaintiff’s settlement proposal
          is the $10,000,000.00 figure. In this column, the court refers to the “claimed” amount as
          the amount to which plaintiff stated it was entitled in the claim, other than the settlement
          offer.
          58
            According to Mr. Peters, only the option periods were added to the dumpster contract
          Claim and Settlement Offer, without the base period. The dumpster contract Claim and
          Settlement Offer, however, asserted entitlement to the total contract price. Including the
          base period, the amount to which plaintiff appeared to assert it was entitled was
          $1,457,619.72.

                                                          38
       The 2005 Claim and Settlement Offers for the camp package BPA and latrine
and dumpster contracts included settlement offers lower than the total amount to which
Gulf Group believed it was entitled, which, notwithstanding an apparent omission of the
base period price in the dumpster Claim and Settlement Offer, the Claim and Settlement
Offers included the price of the base period and all option periods for the latrine and
dumpster contracts. Gulf Group’s camp package BPA, latrine, and dumpster Claim and
Settlement Offers described the total potential awards as “contract costs...added to the
anticipated contract profit.”59 Saud Al Tawash indicated that he believed Gulf Group
would have performed the option periods on the latrine contract because Camp Arifjan
was permanent and there would be a need beyond the base period for Gulf Group’s
services. Saud Al Tawash further testified that Maj. Davis informed Gulf Group that, if
they performed well on the latrine contract, they would be completing the full potential
period of the contract, including all of the option periods. Saud Al Tawash also
explained that he expected to perform the option periods of the latrine contract because
the capital expenditures necessary to acquire the materials and equipment needed to
perform the contract would not have been covered by the base period alone.60
According to Saud Al Tawash, he also understood the period of performance on the
dumpster contract to be for three years because Maj. Davis told him Camp Arifjan was a
permanent camp and that, if Gulf Group performed well, then they would have the
contract for the full three-year term, inclusive of the base period and all of the option
periods. When asked whether Gulf Group understood it was not guaranteed the option
periods, Saud Al Tawash explained on cross examination:

        A: No, we didn’t understand if we were guaranteed -- to be given
        guaranteed or not guaranteed? We did not understand that.

        Q: What was Gulf Group’s understanding with regard to the option
        period?

        A: We had no understanding. We understood that this contract starts
        from this day and finishes from this day. That was our understanding.

59
   At times, plaintiff appears to indicate in its post-trial briefs that it did not separately
seek costs in its submissions to the contracting officer. Plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and
Settlement Offers for the camp package BPA, the latrine contract, and the dumpster
contract, however, stated that “[t]his offer includes reimbursement for both costs and
lost profits” and that “Gulf Enterprises should also be compensated fully for the costs
incurred in furtherance of the contract.” In both its 2005 submissions to the contracting
officer and the 2006 complaints filed in this court, therefore, plaintiff sought lost profits
and costs as a result of defendant’s alleged breach of the camp package BPA call, the
latrine contract, and the dumpster contract.
60
   As discussed below, plaintiff’s lost profits calculation indicates that plaintiff’s costs
would have exceeded its profits for the base period of the dumpster contract, rather
than the latrine contract.

                                             39
        Q: When you say start this date and ends this date, you’re talking about
        the base period?

        A: Talking about the contract overall period which is from A through Z, the
        duration of the contract itself.

        Q: Are you saying you didn’t understand that there were option periods in
        the contract?

        A: I believed that the understanding we had at that time was that the
        contract is the contract in a normal sense, the base period. We did not
        understand this options that reflect in like a contract within a contract.
        We did not understand that. Now we are understanding that this is quite
        different from our understanding from that time. In Kuwait most waste
        management contracts are for three years, municipal. So this contract
        being two to three years, we thought that this is the time that we have to
        perform the contract.

      An August 20, 2004 Memorandum titled, “Determination and Findings Use of
Options,” signed by Maj. Davis, stated:

       Upon the basis of the following findings and determinations which I hereby
       make, the Dumpster Service contract requires the use of options as
       defined by FAR 17.202, Use of Options.... It is in the Government’s best
       interest to include these options. There is an anticipated need for the
       service beyond the contract period and the government risks potential
       costs of disrupted support in re-competing the contract.... There is a
       reasonable likelihood that the options will be exercised.

The memorandum was not circulated to contractors, including Gulf Group. At trial,
Saud Al Tawash did not remember if he had seen the document before, but stated that
it confirmed his understanding of what Maj. Davis had told him at the time of contract
award.

        Gulf Group’s first attorney, Ferdinand Peters, testified that he believed the Army
owed Gulf Group for the option periods and included them in the 2005 Claim and
Settlement Offers. Attorney Peters testified that his legal research indicated that plaintiff
was entitled to lost profits, and that he believed there was a sound basis for claiming
lost profits for both the base periods and the option periods, without deducting expenses
for the base period or the option periods. Attorney Peters further stated that the lost
profits were the total contract price.61 Terry Carlson, an expert in government contract
61
  Under cross-examination, government counsel asked Mr. Peters, “you testified earlier
that you got the amount of lost profits by summing up the values that appeared in all
option periods; is that right?” Mr. Peters replied: “Right. It is clearly stated. We even
chose the lines from the government contracts where they came from.”

                                             40
accounting hired by Gulf Group to determine lost profit calculations on Gulf Group’s
camp package BPA, latrine, and dumpster claims, also included the base period and all
options periods when determining lost profits on the camp package BPA call, latrine
contract, and dumpster contract. Mr. Carlson testified that his calculations were
reasonable, accurate, and correct based on a good faith effort to account for every
single item of costs, and that option periods were reasonably included in the 2005 Claim
and Settlement Offers.

       Although Saud Al Tawash and Attorney Peters testified that the 2005 Claim and
Settlement Offers were based on the base period and option periods, included in each
Claim and Settlement Offer was an expense table, which Saud Al Tawash and Mr.
Peters testified was only incorporated to show that Gulf Group was prepared to perform,
and not to claim that Gulf Group had actually incurred all of the expenses listed. Mr.
Peters testified that he could not calculate projected costs and, thus, did not include the
expense tables to suggest such costs as a basis for the amounts claimed, because
there had not been any performance. Attorney Peters also testified that he “didn’t put
any costs in because I didn’t have any cost data.... And I felt that if the government was
using bad faith to terminate these agreements, then they should pay everything, and
that was a legitimate basis for the claim.”

        In the 2005 camp package BPA Claim and Settlement Offer, Gulf Group listed in
the expense table, in Kuwaiti dinars, 12,200.000 KD for sixty-one dumpsters,
28,000.000 KD for two vacuum tankers, 22,945.000 KD for a tower light system,
241,962.000 KD for tents, 3,490.000 KD for electric generators, 22,120.000 KD for one
hundred fifty-eight latrines, and 15,000.000 KD for a potable water truck. The 2005
latrine Claim and Settlement Offer expense table listed as expenses, in Kuwaiti dinars,
14,437.359 KD for one hundred fifty-nine drop tanks, 36,984.985 KD for shipment
expenses, 11,478.000 KD for equipment leasing and services, 3,805.000 KD for truck
rentals, 31,300.000 KD for agreements for specialized labor and equipment,
19,195.126 KD for installation, management, and consulting, 1,014.500 KD for
miscellaneous costs, and 153,900.00 in Euros for six hundred drop tanks.62 The 2005
dumpster Claim and Settlement Offer’s expense table included, in Kuwaiti dinars,
127,740.000 KD for a dumpster container purchase, 72,000.000 KD for subcontracting
papers, invoices, and receipts for dumpster service, and 761.200 KD in miscellaneous
payments. Also included in each Claim and Settlement Offer was a copy of purchase
orders and invoices for some, but not all, of the items listed in each expense table.

        Of the items listed in the expense tables, Gulf Group subsequently maintained
that it purchased one tower light, one tent, one generator, and fifty dumpsters for the
camp package BPA call, which it reflected in a 2011 notice to the court. Regarding the
2005 camp package BPA Claim and Settlement Offer, Saud Al Tawash testified that the
Army would have understood Gulf Group was not submitting the expense table as a
basis for the amounts listed in the Claim and Settlement Offer because “[t]here was [sic]
no receipt vouchers, no checks, no wire transfers for the PO’s [Purchase Order’s] that
62
  The claim lists a total of 171,044.970 KD, which purportedly includes the 153,900.00
Euro expense.

                                            41
have been not purchased.” The contract for the latrines required only six hundred
latrines, and Saud Al Tawash testified that the seven hundred fifty-nine latrines listed in
the 2005 latrine Claim and Settlement Offer’s expense table was a mistake made by
Gulf Group’s accounting department. Gulf Group eventually revised its latrine Claim
and Settlement Offer to reflect the purchase of only four hundred latrines. Saud Al
Tawash explained that Gulf Group had taken mitigation efforts to sell many of the
latrines, reducing its actual costs from the costs shown in the 2005 expense table.
When questioned about the latrine Claim and Settlement Offer, Mr. Peters
acknowledged that the terminology he had used was “a little bit misleading.” Mr. Peters
stated that he understood at the time that Gulf Group had obligated itself to buy the
items listed in the expense table, not that Gulf Group had actually made the purchases.
Mr. Peters stated, however, that he did not intend for the expense tables to be
considered a basis for the amount submitted in the latrine Claim and Settlement Offer.
Mr. Peters also testified, “I admit this is pretty aggressive in what we are going for here,
but I had a bad faith situation, and a bad faith termination. So there was no reason not
be aggressive with the military.” Mr. Peters indicated that he expected the latrine Claim
and Settlement Offer would be a starting point for settlement negotiations with the Army.
Gulf Group also revised its claim for the dumpster contract, reducing the contract
preparatory expenses to 59,927.871 KD. The 2005 expense table for the dumpster
Claim and Settlement Offer showed expenses of 200,501.220 KD.

       When asked why the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offers on the camp package
BPA and latrine and dumpster contracts were revised in the 2007 revised claims and in
the complaints filed in this court, Saud Al Tawash testified that he relied on the advice of
both attorneys Gulf Group hired to assist Gulf Group in putting together submissions for
the contracting officer and the court. He stated that the complaints were “revised
because we saw errors in the first claim, in the initial claim, and we seeked [sic] help
from a U.S. CPA [Certified Public Accountant], who helped us determine what would be
the best way to -- the best method and the acceptable method by the U.S. government
standards to file a revised claim.” Saud Al Tawash stated that Gulf Group believed
“[w]e are entitled to what we are [sic] deserved,” but admitted that Gulf Group had made
some mistakes with respect to the various amounts that it claimed.

       Although Saud Al Tawash recognized that he had signed the cover pages to the
2005 Claim and Settlement Offers, he indicated that he did not look at the various
submissions in detail until his deposition. He stated that he had trusted Attorney Peters
to prepare the Claim and Settlement Offers properly, and that he glanced at the cover
page of each Claim and Settlement Offer before signing it, but did not understand all of
the technical matters therein about the law and accounting. Saud Al Tawash stated that
he considered it the responsibility of everyone involved with the various submissions to
the contracting officer to ensure that the submissions were accurate. Saud Al Tawash
explained that he followed Attorney Peters’ recommendations because he had never
filed a claim with the United States government before and did not understand the
process. Finally, Saud Al Tawash stated that he believed that the amounts claimed
were correct at the time they were originally presented. Yet, when questioned at trial,
Saud Al Tawash did not know why Gulf Group claimed more than the full price of the

                                            42
latrine and dumpster contracts in its 2007 revised claims. In 2007, Gulf Group claimed
$6,000,000.00 pursuant to the latrine contract, although the latrine contract, including all
of the option periods, was worth only $5,057,895.14. Similarly, the dumpster contract,
including all the option periods, was worth up to $1,457,619.72, but Gulf Group claimed
$1,800,000.00 in 2007.

        Regarding Gulf Group’s bottled water BPA demurrage claim, Saud Al Tawash
testified that the 85.000 KD/day demurrage expenses were the result of various costs,
including the fees charged by its trucking company, Expeditors, for each of the 3,511
days of delay, but also other fees related to the delays, such as insurance for the water,
temporary storage, loading and unloading, salaries, vehicles, staging area, and local
transportation charges. The water had to be stored for climate and security reasons
while Gulf Group awaited the next convoy. Saud Al Tawash testified that, although Gulf
Group’s demurrage claim was denied, he believed that the Army had awarded costs for
other contractors’ demurrage expenses. The parties stipulated that, “[s]ometime prior to
December 24, 2004 another contractor supplying bottled water to the US Government in
Iraq, StarCon Ltd., submitted a claim for demurrage expenses incurred from delays of
the convoys,” which was approved by the issuance of a BPA call on December 24,
2004. According to Mr. Cockerham, the Army also awarded demurrage to a company
identified as IAP. Mr. Cockerham testified that there were, on average, two demurrage
claims submitted each week around April 2005, and that, in total, hundreds of
demurrage claims were submitted. Mr. Cockerham recalled the government policy on
demurrage being that the Army would pay if a truck was held seven days past the
required time given for delivery, including reimbursement for offloading, storage,
reloading, and delays at the government’s port.

Certifications

Camp Package BPA

      With respect to the camp package BPA, Saud Al Tawash signed the October 10,
2005 cover letter to plaintiff’s Claim and Settlement Offer. Mr. Peters certified the Claim
and Settlement Offer. Plaintiff included an unsigned copy of Standard Form 1436 in its
Claim and Settlement Offer. Standard Form 1436, which is titled “Settlement Proposal
(Total Cost Basis),” contains the following statement under the heading
“CERTIFICATE:”

       (a) AS TO THE CONTRACTOR’S OWN CHARGES. The proposed
       settlement (exclusive of charges set forth in Item 14) and supporting
       schedules and explanations have been prepared from the books of
       account and records of the Contractor in accordance with recognized
       commercial accounting practices; they include only those charges
       allocable to the terminated portion of this contract; they have been
       prepared with knowledge that they will, or may, be used directly or
       indirectly as the basis of settlement of a termination settlement proposal or

                                            43
      claim against an agency of the United States; and the charges as stated
      are fair and reasonable.

48 C.F.R. 53.301–1436 (2005) (emphasis in original). The signature block of the form
contains the phrase “BY (Signature of authorized official).” Id. (emphasis in original).
Both the 2005 camp package BPA Claim and Settlement Offer and the Standard Form
1436 included in the submission sought $4,544,399.84. Ms. Hands signed the cover
letter and certification to plaintiff’s 2007 revised camp package BPA claim.63 Plaintiff’s
2007 revised claim requested $7,000,000.00. Although plaintiff attached its 2005 Claim
and Settlement Offer to its 2007 revised claim, plaintiff inexplicably replaced the
unsigned copy of Standard Form 1436 included in its 2005 camp package BPA Claim
and Settlement Offer with a signed copy of the Standard Form 1436 included in
plaintiff’s 2005 dumpster Claim and Settlement Offer. Plaintiff submitted a second
revised camp package BPA claim to Maj. Everett on April 12, 2011. Plaintiff’s second
revised claim sought $922,851.84 and was similarly certified by Ms. Hands.

Latrine Contract

       With respect to the latrine contract, Saud Al Tawash signed the October 17, 2005
cover letter to the Claim and Settlement Offer. Attorney Peters certified the 2005 Claim
and Settlement Offer. Saud Al Tawash’s signature, dated October 17, 2004,64 appears
63
   The language that Ms. Hands used to certify plaintiff’s 2007 revised claim deviates
from the language set forth in the Contract Disputes Act and the FAR implementing
regulations. Ms. Hands’ certification states:

      I hereby certify that the claim herein is made in good faith and that the
      supporting data submitted is accurate and complete to the best of my
      knowledge and belief, that the amount requested herein accurately
      reflects the contract adjustment for which the contractor believes the US
      Government is liable, and that I am duly authorized to certify the claim on
      behalf of the contractor, Gulf Group General Enterprises, Co. W.L.L. as its
      attorney in fact.

The Contract Disputes Act and the FAR implementing regulations prescribe the
following language:

      I certify that the claim is made in good faith; that the supporting data are
      accurate and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief; that the
      amount requested accurately reflects the contract adjustment for which
      the contractor believes the Government is liable; and that I am duly
      authorized to certify the claim on behalf of the contractor.

See 48 C.F.R. § 33.207 (2005).
64
  Saud Al Tawash appears to have erroneously indicated that he signed the Standard
Form included in plaintiff’s latrine Claim and Settlement Offer in 2004, rather than 2005.

                                           44
on the Standard Form 1436 included in the Claim and Settlement Offer. Both the Claim
and Settlement Offer and the Standard Form 1436 included in the Claim and Settlement
Offer seek $4,558,428.60. Ms. Hands signed the cover letter and certification to
plaintiff’s 2007 revised latrine claim.65   Plaintiff’s 2007 revised claim requests
$6,000,000.00. The Standard Form 1436 included with plaintiff’s 2007 revised claim is
identical to the copy of the Standard Form 1436 included in plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and
Settlement Offer.

Dumpster Contract

        With respect to the dumpster contract, Saud Al Tawash signed the October 20,
2005 cover letter to the Claim and Settlement Offer. Attorney Peters certified the 2005
Claim and Settlement Offer. The stand-alone copies of plaintiff’s Claim and Settlement
Offer that appear in the record include an unsigned copy of Standard Form 1436. Both
the Claim and Settlement Offer and the Standard Form 1436 included in the Claim and
Settlement Offer sought $999,994.67. Ms. Hands signed the cover letter and
certification to plaintiff’s 2007 revised dumpster claim.66 Plaintiff’s 2007 revised claim
requested $1,800,000.00. The Standard Form 1436 that plaintiff included in its 2007
revised claim appears to be a copy of the Standard Form 1436 included in plaintiff’s
2005 Claim and Settlement Offer, except that the copy included in plaintiff’s 2007
revised claim contains Saud Al Tawash’s signature, dated October 20, 2004.67

Bottled Water BPA

       With respect to the bottled water BPA, Saud Al Tawash signed the December 1,
2005 cover letter to the Claim and Settlement Offer. Attorney Peters certified plaintiff’s
2005 Claim and Settlement Offer.68 Saud Al Tawash’s signature, dated December 1,
2005, appears on the Standard Form 1436 included in plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and
Settlement Offer. Both the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer and the Standard Form
1436 included in the claim seek 298,435.000 KD. Plaintiff did not submit a revised
bottled water BPA claim.

65
   The language that Ms. Hands used to certify plaintiff’s 2007 revised latrine claim
similarly deviates from the language prescribed by the Contract Disputes Act and the
FAR implementing regulations.
66
  The language that Ms. Hands used to certify plaintiff’s 2007 revised dumpster claim
similarly deviates from the language prescribed by the Contract Disputes Act and the
FAR implementing regulations.
67
  Saud Al Tawash appears to have erroneously indicated that he signed the Standard
Form included in plaintiff’s dumpster claim in 2004, rather than 2005.
68
   At trial, the parties failed to introduce a signed copy of plaintiff’s 2005 bottled water
BPA Claim and Settlement Offer and the corresponding Standard Form 1436. Plaintiff
included a signed copy of both forms in its original complaint.

                                            45
John Cockerham and Carolyn Blake

        John Cockerham and Carolyn Blake each testified in the above-captioned
consolidated cases in San Antonio, Texas.69 When they testified before this court they
were both incarcerated and serving federal, criminal prison sentences. The parties
stipulated that Mr. Cockerham was a member of the Army procurement team in Kuwait
and was introduced to Saud Al Tawash at Saud Al Tawash’s home in Kuwait in 2002.
Saud Al Tawash testified that he first met Mr. Cockerham in 2002 or 2003 in the
“Diwanya”70 at his house. Mr. Cockerham testified that he believes, however, he was
briefly introduced to Saud Al Tawash by a “Mr. Eli or Elias” during one of his earlier
tours of Kuwait at the end of 2002 at a Ramadan “social dinner.” Mr. Cockerham also
testified that he has been to dinner at Saud Al Tawash’s house twice. According to Mr.
Cockerham’s testimony at trial, he thought of, and still thinks of, Saud Al Tawash as a
friend. Saud Al Tawash testified that Mr. Cockerham and Mr. Cockerham’s wife
attended Saud Al Tawash’s wedding on February 4, 2006, in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Mr. Cockerham also testified that he was the only person from the Army contracting
office who attended Saud Al Tawash’s wedding. Saud Al Tawash and Joanne Hands,
Saud Al Tawash’s fiancé at the time, now wife, also visited Mr. Cockerham at his home
in San Antonio, Texas, in the spring of 2005 to congratulate Mr. Cockerham on the birth
of his daughter, and brought toys for Mr. Cockerham’s children. Joanne Hands testified
that she remembers Saud Al Tawash saying “a friend or something had a baby,” and
that she first met Mr. Cockerham at this visit to his house where they had conversations
like one would have with a friend.

        Saud Al Tawash described Mr. Cockerham as an “older acquaintance” with
whom he had a “professional relationship.” Saud Al Tawash stated that the only social
activity he engaged in with Mr. Cockerham in September or October of 2004 was in the
“Diwanya.” Saud Al Tawash also testified to hosting a change-over ceremony for Mr.
Cockerham at the end of 2005, in which Mr. Cockerham received a small wooden
souvenir boat, because Mr. Cockerham was leaving Kuwait. Saud Al Tawash testified
that a number of Army contracting officers and Carolyn Blake, Mr. Cockerham’s sister,
were in attendance. According to Saud Al Tawash, “[i]t’s a common practice in Kuwait
when a new group -- an old group leaves and a new group comes in that we have these
change-over ceremonies.” According to Mr. Cockerham, he believes the last time he
saw Saud Al Tawash was for “a quick lunch” in Austin, Texas, in March or April of 2006.

69
   Throughout the testimony of Mr. Cockerham, and especially Ms. Blake, there were
many inconsistencies and numerous memory lapses. Unfortunately, the same was true
for some of the government witnesses, such as Col. Miller and Col. Hess. Although
there were some inconsistencies in Saud Al Tawash’s testimony, he struck the court as
sincerely trying accurately to recall the events of 2004 and 2005.
70
   Saud Al Tawash testified that a “Diwanya” (which he spelled out for the court reporter)
is an “open door,” and “you could receive strangers coming to a Diwanya because
usually Diwanya is not inside the house, the main quarters of houses.”

                                           46
       In 2004, Saud Al Tawash met Carolyn Blake, Mr. Cockerham’s sister, in Kuwait.
According to Ms. Blake, she went to Kuwait after she had contacted her sister-in-law,
Mr. Cockerham’s wife, to ask Mr. Cockerham if they were hiring females in Kuwait. Mr.
Cockerham recommended that Ms. Blake visit Kuwait to see if the culture was
amenable to her. Ms. Blake’s first trip to Kuwait was from August 16, 2004 through
August 22, 2004. According to Ms. Blake, Mr. Cockerham picked her up at the airport
with Diaa Salem, who was identified as the owner of Jasmine, and Diaa Salem gave her
an amount of Kuwaiti dinars, but the testimony is unclear as to whether the amount was
500.000 KD or an amount equal to $500.00. Ms. Blake testified that she was under the
impression that Mr. Cockerham and Diaa Salem talked about her working for Saud Al
Tawash. Ms. Blake also testified that during this visit, Mr. Cockerham was trying to
arrange an interview at Camp Arifjan for a clerical position.

        The testimony is not clear as to when Saud Al Tawash met Ms. Blake for the first
time and if Saud Al Tawash knew she was Mr. Cockerham’s sister at the time, although
the parties stipulated that Saud Al Tawash met Ms. Blake for the first time in Kuwait,
when Mr. Cockerham introduced her as his sister and mentioned that she was
searching for a job. According to Ms. Blake, she believed that when she first arrived in
Kuwait, Saud Al Tawash knew that she and Mr. Cockerham “were family.” Ms. Blake
testified that her first introduction to Saud Al Tawash occurred at the Crowne Plaza
hotel where she was staying. Ms. Blake testified that she had never heard of Saud Al
Tawash, Gulf Telecom, Gulf Group, or Palm Springs71 before arriving in Kuwait on
August 16, 2004. Mr. Cockerham testified that he was not aware that Saud Al Tawash
was interested in hiring expatriates prior to Ms. Blake’s move to Kuwait, and that he
believes Saud Al Tawash first met Ms. Blake at Camp Doha, Kuwait, when she was
given a temporary badge. According to Saud Al Tawash, Mr. Cockerham referred to
Ms. Blake as “Sis” when they were first introduced, but Saud Al Tawash indicated he did
not realize that Ms. Blake was Mr. Cockerham’s sister until she later returned to Kuwait
for work.

       Ms. Blake testified that she told Saud Al Tawash during her first visit to Kuwait
that she wanted to come back to Kuwait to work there. According to Saud Al Tawash,
after Ms. Blake returned to the United States, Saud Al Tawash offered her a job as a
“marketing consultant” for Gulf Telecom call centers, which Ms. Blake accepted. Ms.
Blake testified that when she returned to Kuwait:

      I believe it was Mr. Al Tawash or his brother Michel [sic]. I think they were
      trying to help me find employment, so John [Cockerham] got them to help
      me, more or less like, to pay for an apartment or something like that until I
      could find a job and then after not being able to find a job, then, Saud
      talked more about well he would just try to hire me and find a position or
      make a position for me and he would just try to set it up as me being a
      consultant.
71
    According to the parties’ joint stipulation of facts, “[i]n July 2005, Mr. [Saud] Al
Tawash became the sole owner of Palm Springs General Trading and Contracting
Establishment (‘Palm Springs’).”

                                           47
        According to Saud Al Tawash, the job offer to Ms. Blake was an offer with the
same benefits as those given to other Americans working for Gulf Telecom. Saud Al
Tawash testified that these benefits included “housing, travel allowance or tickets,
tuition and vehicle, phone.” Saud Al Tawash gave the following explanation of Ms.
Blake’s qualifications: “She’s an American. She understands the culture very well of the
military. She understands the American culture. She knows the holidays. She’s
somebody who has experience with that environment,” and “[s]he’s American citizen
and clients are Americans. She’s ex-military; she has retail experience; she has
experience in security as a guard and she has the personality to -- the attitude, for this
particular position. She’s educated. She has a degree. She has also a -- quite a good
knowledge of the different demographics and segments of the military.” Immediately
prior to accepting Gulf Telecom’s job offer, Ms. Blake was employed in the United
States as both an assistant school teacher and a shopping mall security guard. Ms.
Blake testified that she also had worked as a clerk in a gas station. Mr. Cockerham
testified that Saud Al Tawash hired Ms. Blake as an “English speaking liaison” and to do
“some office work and research work” and that both Ms. Blake and Saud Al Tawash told
him that Ms. Blake was doing administrative paperwork for Saud Al Tawash. Mr.
Cockerham also indicated that Ms. Blake had military training and experience, which is
listed on the résumé that Ms. Blake prepared in 2006 or 2007, although not on the
résumé that appears to have been prepared prior to working for Gulf Telecom.

        According to Saud Al Tawash, Ms. Blake’s position had been open to others and
he had interviewed other individuals for the job, but he did not remember the names of
the other candidates. Saud Al Tawash testified that he did not believe it was a conflict
of interest to hire Ms. Blake “because she was not working on any contracts then or
after.” Saud Al Tawash testified that he did not tell Mr. Cockerham that he had hired
Ms. Blake, although Ms. Blake testified that Mr. Cockerham knew that the Al Tawash
family was trying to help her get a job. Mr. Cockerham testified that Ms. Blake told him
that she had worked out temporary employment with Saud Al Tawash, and that Gulf
Telecom paid her a salary, but that he was not then aware of Ms. Blake’s employment
conditions. Mr. Cockerham testified that he did not tell anybody in the Army that Saud
Al Tawash had hired his sister.

       Ms. Blake testified that after she accepted the job, she was met at the airport in
Kuwait on August 27, 2004 by Mr. Cockerham, Maj. Davis, Saud Al Tawash, and Diaa
Salem. Subsequently, Megbel Al Tawash helped Ms. Blake locate housing in Kuwait.
Megbel Al Tawash cashed a 1,200.000 KD check for her, and paid Ms. Blake that
amount in cash every month as her salary, which he delivered to her in envelopes at her
apartment. Ms. Blake was paid twice as much in salary as Megbel Al Tawash. She had
asked for $4,000.00 or more per month in wages. Saud Al Tawash testified that Ms.
Blake was graded higher and, therefore, entitled to a higher wage than the local staff
because she knew the American culture and the English language, which presented a
barrier for local workers when communicating with the Army. Ms. Blake testified that
she believed her salary could have been paid to her in cash or “they can send it to your
account.” Saud Al Tawash testified that Ms. Blake was paid in cash rather than wire
transfers because “[s]he didn’t ask it to be wired to the United States, she asked to be

                                           48
paid locally in Kuwait.” Saud Al Tawash further explained that Ms. Blake was paid in
cash because she could not obtain a local bank account and that cash payments were a
common practice in Kuwait. Mr. Wilson testified that he did not have a Kuwaiti bank
account when he first arrived in Kuwait so Gulf Group wired his salary to his United
States account, but he was not paid in cash. Megbel Al Tawash testified that he did not
remember paying cash to any other Gulf Telecom employee, although he believes
Shane Mi, a Gulf Telecom employee, also initially was paid in cash. Mr. Cockerham
testified that he never received any of Ms. Blake’s salary and did not know how much
money she earned.

        The parties stipulated that, “[w]hile employed in Kuwait, Ms. Blake was given the
task of calling members of the Kuwaiti public to ask if they were interested in buying
water purification systems by cold-calling from a telephone book,” but she testified that
she failed to sell a single system. The parties also stipulated that Ms. Blake did not
speak Arabic. According to Saud Al Tawash, the call centers at which Ms. Blake was
supposed to work were on military bases, and she never went to them because she did
not have the requisite paperwork to obtain a civil identification. Saud Al Tawash
testified at trial that, although he realized Ms. Blake could not work in the call centers in
late fall 2004, he “could not cancel her employment because [he] had a close contract
with her.” Saud Al Tawash explained that a close contract is “when you enter into a
contract with your employer and employee regarding the duration period that you’re
agreed on.” Saud Al Tawash stated that, on such a contract, “I cannot fire her at that
time because she had her kids in school and it wasn’t the right thing to do. And I was
obligated by law because of a fixed contract I had to pay her anyway because of the
remainder of her contract.” According to Saud Al Tawash, under Kuwaiti labor law, he
was obligated to pay Ms. Blake for the full, one-year-term of her contract, including
indemnity, salary, and benefits, starting in August 2004, even if he fired her. In
response to a question how long did she have use of a company vehicle, Ms. Blake
stated, “I think it was December ’05, no, December ’04 until June ’07.” It does not
appear, however, that there is other testimony regarding Ms. Blake being employed by
a Gulf entity until June 2007, and Ms. Blake testified she was no longer in
communication with Saud Al Tawash after December 2006. In fact, Ms. Blake offered
confused and inconsistent testimony on many issues throughout the course of the trial.

        Ms. Blake testified that she thought she was working for Gulf Telecom or Gulf
Group, “but I never did work for anyone.” The parties stipulated that, “[w]hile in Kuwait
in October 2005, Ms. Blake also worked for Mr. Saud Al Tawash’s uncle at Jireh
Springs [General Trading & Contracting Establishment],” to whom she was referred and
recommended by Saud Al Tawash. In a résumé that Ms. Blake prepared at the end of
2006 or early in 2007 and introduced at trial, Ms. Blake listed the following under the
“Employment” heading: “Gulf Group Enterprise - Consultant” and “Jireah [sic] Springs -
Sales Representative.” Upon being asked why she listed Gulf Group, rather than Gulf
Telecom as her employer, Ms. Blake testified that she “really didn’t know who I was
employed by,” but that she “thought it was Gulf Telecom” and also thought she was
supposed to be working for Jireh Springs in 2005 or 2006. Additionally, Ms. Blake
testified that she never did any work for Jireh Springs from 2004 to 2007. According to

                                             49
Saud Al Tawash, Ms. Blake’s passport lists Gulf Telecom, in Arabic, on her October 9,
2004 Kuwait residency permit, because Gulf Telecom was her visa sponsor and
employer at the time. Mr. Cockerham testified that Saud Al Tawash told him Jireh
Springs would sponsor Ms. Blake and that Ms. Blake told Mr. Cockerham that she was
in fact sponsored by Jireh Springs. It also appears that Jireh Springs considered Ms.
Blake to be an employee in February 2006, based on a letter from Jireh Springs to the
Commercial Bank of Kuwait regarding the transfer of salary funds to three Jireh Springs
employees, including Carolyn Blake. The letter stated: “They work for the Jireh Springs
General Trading and Contracting Establishment.”

        As one of her employment benefits, Gulf Telecom paid tuition for Ms. Blake’s
children to attend the American International School in Kuwait, which, according to Ms.
Blake, amounted to about $20,000.00 per year. Ms. Blake also testified that Saud Al
Tawash provided her with a vehicle while she was in Kuwait. According to Mr. Wilson,
Gulf Group purchased similar vehicles for at least four employees. Ms. Blake further
testified that Saud Al Tawash paid for travel and a hotel for her and her children for a
trip to Dubai and that Saud Al Tawash gave her between $1,500.00 and $2,000.00 in
spending money. According to Saud Al Tawash, this trip to Dubai was deducted from
Ms. Blake’s monthly cash envelopes, and he did not give her spending money for
personal trips. According to Ms. Blake, Saud Al Tawash paid for another trip, to
Bahrain, including hotel costs, to get a blood test for a visa, with spending money, in the
amount of about $1,000.00. Saud Al Tawash testified that the trip to Bahrain, on
February 3, 2005, was to further Ms. Blake’s application to obtain residency in Kuwait.
Ms. Blake additionally stated that she returned to the United States for a vacation in
June 2005, but was not asked to retrieve any of the documents required for her to
obtain an identification. The parties stipulated that, “[i]n March 2005, Gulf Group wired
$9,478 to Ms. Blake for her to pay taxes due upon property she owned in the United
States.” Saud Al Tawash testified that this payment was “helping her out with payments
that she required for tax and credit cards” and that “this amount would have been
deducted from her -- it was like an advance payment that was paid from our company.”
During his rebuttal testimony, Saud Al Tawash testified that this wire payment was to
reimburse Ms. Blake for her travel expenses. He explained that “she voiced her
concern that taxes are up and she has a lot of credit card bills and the agreement
between the company that we reimburse or [sic] staff for airline tickets, so she asked if
she could get paid, urgently because she had to meet the first of April deadline.”
According to Ms. Blake, when she told him she “didn’t need that much,” he replied,
“don’t worry about it, just use it if you need it for your other bills.”

       Regarding Ms. Blake’s relationship to the Al Tawash family, Ms. Blake testified
“we were like family” and that she “really loved the Al Tawash family.” Ms. Blake
attended dinners at the Al Tawash home, including when Saud Al Tawash was present.
According to Ms. Blake, she was invited, but did not go on the honeymoon of Saud Al
Tawash and Joanne Hands. Ms. Blake testified, “[s]o, I spoke to her so I said Joanne,
Saud has invited us all to go with you all on your honeymoon to Sharm el Sheikh and
so, she said, yes, girl, it will be fine, we will have fun.” Joanne Hands, however, testified
that nobody but her husband, Saud Al Tawash, accompanied her on their honeymoon in

                                             50
the Maldives, not Sharm el Sheikh as Ms. Blake testified, and that she did not invite Ms.
Blake on her honeymoon. Joanne Hands further testified that the Al Tawash family took
a vacation in the summer of 2006 to Sharm el-Sheikh, but neither Ms. Blake nor anyone
outside the family was invited or came on that trip.

       When questioned about whether he had improperly tried to influence the award
of any Army contracts, Saud Al Tawash adamantly denied any such allegations.72
Saud Al Tawash also pointed out that there were contracts for which he submitted bids
to Mr. Cockerham, which were not awarded to Saud Al Tawash’s company, although
there were several smaller contracts, valued at $100,000.00 or less, that Mr.
Cockerham awarded to Gulf Group after the terminations of the camp package BPA call
and the latrine and dumpster contracts.73 Saud Al Tawash forcibly and credibly denied
obtaining inside information not otherwise available to the public, influencing anyone in
the contracting office, offering to give money, gifts, favors, or property to anyone in the
contracting office, paying anyone’s debts, or hiring anyone in exchange for favorable
treatment as a contractor, including the contracts and BPA call awards at issue in this
case. Saud Al Tawash also testified that he never had an agreement with Mr.
Cockerham for contracting actions, the purchase of land, or investment in any
companies Mr. Cockerham owned. Mr. Cockerham similarly testified that he never had
a conversation with Saud Al Tawash about business opportunities. Saud Al Tawash
explained that he had, however, heard of other contractors bribing Army officers for
favorable consideration.

       The parties stipulated that, “[o]n February 4, 2008, Saud Al Tawash met with Mr.
Mark Pletcher, Ms. Emily Allen, Mr. Richard Evans, attorneys for the Department of
Justice, as well as with Mr. Larry S. Moreland and Mr. Sergio Gamino of the U.S. Army
CID.” At the trial before this court, Saud Al Tawash testified that he told federal
investigators he had heard that Tijani Saani and former Army Maj. James Momon, Jr.74
were soliciting bribes, and that Green Valley had been debarred for bribing Mr. Momon.
During this meeting, which was prior to Mr. Momon pleading guilty to participation in a
72
   For example, on direct examination, plaintiff’s counsel asked Saud Al Tawash if he
had given anything of value to Maj. Cockerham in order to receive the award of “the
Internet Café, the UPS [uninterruptable power supply] contract, the light set contract or
the wash rack contract?” to which Saud Al Tawash replied: “No ma’am.”
73
  Mr. Wilson noted, for example, that after the terminations of the camp package BPA
call, the latrine contract, and the dumpster contract, Gulf Group “built a loading ramp at
Shuait for the departing troops, that was like an $80,000 small job, then at Kuwait Naval
Base we did some construction work on one of the piers that had been hit by a ship and
bent....”
74
  According to the parties’ joint stipulation of facts, “Mr. Momon was employed by the
DoD as a Major with the Army deployed to Camp Arifjan, Kuwait where he served as a
contract specialist from about September 21, 2005 through August 10, 2006.”
According to Saud Al Tawash, Mr. Cockerham introduced Saud Al Tawash to Mr.
Momon at the end of 2005.

                                            51
bribery scheme and involvement in a criminal conspiracy to accept bribes, Saud Al
Tawash also told the investigators that Mr. Momon had solicited a bribe from him, and
that he, Saud Al Tawash, had rejected the solicitation.

       Saud Al Tawash testified that he first learned that Mr. Cockerham and Ms. Blake
were involved in bribery allegations related to other contractors from the news media in
2007 or 2008. According to Saud Al Tawash, a number of Gulf Group bottled water
competitors, including Jasmine and Allied Arms, were debarred for bribing Mr.
Cockerham. In addition, Saud Al Tawash testified that he believed there was a
proposed debarment against Jireh Springs, and perhaps against Palm Springs, for
bribing Mr. Cockerham, although in response to the questions, “as of today has Palm
Springs ever been debarred? Completely debarred?” Saud Al Tawash responded “no.”

        At trial, Mr. Cockerham was questioned about his undated, hand-written
“appreciation payments” list, which was introduced into evidence, and which included
abbreviations of names of contractors and numeric values. Mr. Cockerham testified “[i]t
was money, a list of either money anticipated receiving or received,” on his behalf, by
his wife, Carolyn Blake, or Kermit Cruz, who established a business at the direction of
Mr. Cockerham. According to Mr. Cockerham, “AA” on the “appreciation payments” list
refers to Allied Arms, “Jireh” refers to Jireh Ventures, “Jas” refers to Jasmine
International, “Zenith” refers to Ghopal Zenith, “Falah” refers to the owner of Trans
Orient, “F.S.” refers to Future Services, “KMS” refers to Kamal Sultan, and “Terry” refers
to a representative of Freedom Catering Company. “Lee Dynamics” and “Green Valley”
both appear on the “appreciation payments” list as well. Mr. Cockerham testified he
began receiving payments from contractors on the list in August 2005 to “show some
appreciation” for his work in preventing bottled water contracts from being cancelled and
getting contractors off of the contracting office blacklist. Mr. Cockerham also stated that
these “appreciation payments” were for a church that he was in the process of starting
and for displaced women with whom Ms. Blake was working. Mr. Cockerham noted that
“I was just thinking, you know, be able to help a lot of people and definitely wouldn’t
have to ever worry about taking up a collection.…” Mr. Cockerham testified that, of the
fourteen contractors that he saved from cancellation, five of them were bottled water
contractors that appear on the “appreciation payments” list: Allied Arms, Jasmine, Trans
Orient, Zenith, and Freedom Catering Company. According to Mr. Cockerham,
although Gulf Group was one of the fourteen bottled water contractors that he saved
from cancellation, Gulf Group did not give any “appreciation payments” to him, his
sister, his wife, or Kermit Cruz. Moreover, as noted above, Mr. Cockerham also signed
the cancellations of Gulf Group’s latrine and dumpster contracts. According to Saud Al
Tawash, Mr. Cockerham did ask him to donate to a “fictional church,” which “[t]o me,
that was a big no no because to me that is a bribe.” Saud Al Tawash testified that he
never had any agreement with Mr. Cockerham to do business of any kind.

        Allied Arms is included on the “appreciation payments” list as giving two million
dollars to Ms. Blake, which Mr. Cockerham testified was given to Ms. Blake on his
behalf and at his direction. According to Mr. Cockerham, he “told [Ms. Blake] to just put
it in a safe deposit box” “for what we were wanting to do with the church, the mission,

                                            52
the school, the daycare, the boys’ center and on and on.” Mr. Cockerham testified that
Ms. Blake understood that this money was for the church, as opposed to personal
spending, but that she could keep ten percent of whatever money she received from the
bottled water contractors on Mr. Cockerham’s behalf.

        Lee Dynamics also is referenced on the “appreciation payments” list, and Mr.
Cockerham testified at trial that he had gotten them off of the contracting office blacklist.
According to Mr. Cockerham, they were under the mistaken impression that he was
influencing a contract award to them, and they had, in return, “expressed like $300,000
or whatever” so he told them, “if you want to give something to somebody, I said give it
to Maj. Davis’ daughter for dental school.” Mr. Cockerham further testified that the
representative from Lee Dynamics “was persisting and by this time I was thinking about
the church and all of this stuff, and so I was like, well, if you want to give something, you
can, but I say, you know, understand this, you don’t have to.” Similarly, Green Valley75
is referenced on the “appreciation payments” list, and Mr. Cockerham testified that the
amount listed from Green Valley also was “showing me appreciation.” Mr. Cockerham
testified, however, that Green Valley did not pay him any “appreciation payments” until
the summer of 2005. Mr. Cockerham clarified that he did not receive any “appreciation
payments” or indicate that he would be willing to accept any “appreciation payments”
during the time period in which Gulf Group’s camp package BPA call for Camp
Buehring, latrine contract, and dumpster contract were awarded and terminated. Mr.
Cockerham also testified that one of the names blacked out on the “appreciation
payments” list is Mr. Ishmal, an employee of Green Valley, who, Mr. Cockerham
speculated, “worked with a couple of other different companies.” Mr. Cockerham stated
that he told Mr. Ishmal to give money to a church in Israel, but that Mr. Ishmal was
unable to so. According to Mr. Cockerham, while Mr. Cockerham was on leave in the
Spring or Summer of 2005, Mr. Ishmal, the Green Valley employee, visited San Antonio,
Texas, and left an ATM card with $250,000.00 on it for Mr. Cockerham in the backseat
of a van, which Mr. Cockerham never used and ended up shredding. Mr. Cockerham
testified that the money from Green Valley did not come from Saud Al Tawash.

        According to Mr. Cockerham, another contractor on the list, “Jireh” was Jireh
Ventures, a company that Mr. Cockerham directed Mr. Cruz to establish in San Antonio
for “providing supplies and so forth for vendors overseas that needed things from the
states.” Mr. Cockerham testified that neither Saud Al Tawash nor Jamal Al Dahma,
Saud Al Tawash’s uncle, had any involvement with Jireh Ventures. Mr. Cockerham
testified at trial before this court that, in a January 2007 meeting with investigators, he
explained to Ann Brickley and Mark Pletcher of the Department of Justice that “Jireh” on
the appreciation list was a Kuwaiti company. Mr. Cockerham’s testimony on Jireh
Ventures, however, was contradictory and disjointed. Mr. Cockerham also stated
shortly thereafter: “No, I don’t think -- I don’t think I told them it was a Kuwait company.”
Mr. Cockerham also testified that, although he was aware that Mr. Al Dahma was
related to Saud Al Tawash, he could not recall if he knew Mr. Al Dahma was Saud Al
Tawash’s uncle. Mr. Cockerham also testified that Mr. Al Dahma did not pay him any
75
  As noted above, Saud Al Tawash testified he had no financial interest in Green
Valley.

                                             53
money. According to Mr. Cockerham, his 2007 statements to Department of Justice
investigators, that he had asked Mr. Cruz to start Jireh Ventures so that Mr. Al Dahma
could transfer money to it and that he had held up a large BPA call to Jireh Springs
because Mr. Al Dahma did not want to pay him, were “not true,” and he was pressured
into making them. In a BPA call for bottled water in Kuwait issued by Mr. Cockerham to
Jireh Springs, however, Mr. Cockerham listed Ms. Blake as the point of contact for the
Army and Nathan Blake, Ms. Blake’s teenage son, as the point of contact for the
contractor. In total, Mr. Cockerham testified that he received “close to seven” million
dollars from the contractors on the “appreciation payments” list.76

       In addition, after being questioned by the federal investigators and after the
investigators searched Mr. Cockerham’s house, Mr. Cockerham testified that he drafted,
but never sent, the note, reproduced below, to Ms. Blake telling her, among other
things, to “Get Rid of Everything.” The full text of the hand-written note, as introduced
into evidence at trial, reads:

       1. Carolyn Get Rid of Everything
       2. Do not talk to them at All
       3. Make sure no excess money is lying around. Put it all in the bank.
       4. Make sure no keys are laying around.
       5. Tell Saud if ask to don’t confess to anything. Tell them they can talk to
       his lawyer that he never called Fernand Peters [sic] gave me a penny for a
       contract. We will do business later in trading.
       6. Tell Carolyn start business in Dubai.
       7. It’s perfect legal for Carolyn to work for him doing admin paperwork as
       long as he and I didn’t have an agreement. She never work on nor
       prepared any contracts or worked in that Department. She got the job on
       her own.

(emphasis, capitalization, and strike-through in original).

        According to Mr. Cockerham’s testimony at trial, “[e]verything” in the first line of
the note referred to “appreciation payments” by bottled water contractors, as well as Ms.
Blake’s employment relationship with Saud Al Tawash. Mr. Cockerham further testified
that “them” in the second entry of the note refers to federal investigators. The note
stated, “[d]o not talk to them at All,” and “[t]ell Saud if ask to don’t confess to anything.”
Mr. Cockerham explained that when he wrote, regarding Saud Al Tawash, “[w]e will do
business later in trading,” he “thought there might be perhaps an opportunity in the
future,” despite the fact that he had not had any business with Saud Al Tawash prior to
writing this note. In another hand-written note, written during the same time period, but
also never sent, Mr. Cockerham wrote to Ms. Blake:

76
    Information in the indictments against Mr. Cockerham, Ms. Blake, and Mr.
Cockerham’s wife suggests that Mr. Cockerham accepted as much as $9.6 million in
bribes.

                                             54
      0.  Identify anyone other than me, Dia, Saud, you don’t know them.
      1.  Kids → []ist of Phone # Safe Deposit Box
      2.  Keys/D&J Get rid of it Talk is Bad
      3.  Tony: American Business / Just say he only knows
      4.  Don’t talk to them, you have no money except your business. (1.)
          $ Melissa Business Loan
      5. Put the 1 Key inside the other box. (2.)
      6. Get rid of all the keys / turn them in
      7. They will show you a list / that was made reference Shirly Robinson other
          names, Do not answer. They are not your friends. They have nothing on
          you. They will use anything and twist it against you. Sade[]→Gopal →
          Disa→
      8. He just a friend/ Tony
      9. Marriage Kuwaiti Only / Non American
      10. Sponsor Aunt/ Legal/ work / no exchange for...for Jireah Ad[] Mission work,
          Christian counselor

(all punctuation in original). According to Mr. Cockerham, these notes were “just
brainstorming,” and there were “about 70 pages of these notes, just -- I’m just on a
mental rampage, just everything I can -- that was coming to mind....”

       Besides meeting with Mr. Cockerham, federal investigators called Ms. Blake in
February 2007 and requested to meet with her. According to Ms. Blake, before meeting
with the investigators, she called Megbel Al Tawash, and he suggested that she meet
with them at a restaurant, rather than her apartment “[b]ecause the apartment was not
my apartment.” According to Ms. Blake, she did not tell Mr. Cockerham that the
investigators wanted to meet with her. Ms. Blake testified that she met with the federal
investigators a few weeks later and they asked her about money she had received from
certain people whose names she had written in a list.

       On a list Ms. Blake prepared of people who gave her money, contractors were
assigned “some type of American name because I didn’t know how to spell their
names.” According to Ms. Blake’s testimony, “Felicia Hamilton” refers to Mr. Falah,
“Julie Landsheen” refers to Justin Lee, “Destiny Carter” refers to Diaa Salem, and
“Sharon Miller” perhaps refers to Mr. Shawak. Ms. Blake testified that the people
named on the list gave her $3,135,120.00, which she eventually gave back, “except for
the amount for the tuition and for the amount to pay for a plane ticket for the kids to
come home.” According to Ms. Blake, none of the names on the list refer to Saud Al
Tawash, Megbel Al Tawash, or Suresh Pulikkal, a legal consultant for Gulf Group, and
she never considered any of the money she received from Gulf Telecom or the Al
Tawash family to be a bribe toward obtaining army contracts through Mr. Cockerham.

       A few months prior to meeting with the investigators, in December 2006, Ms.
Blake claims that the Al Tawash family “just wouldn’t talk to me no more” and would not
return her phone calls about paying her children’s tuition. Mr. Cockerham testified that
he told Ms. Blake to talk to Saud Al Tawash about paying the tuition and that he also

                                          55
“mentioned it to him one time that she was concerned about the tuition in time for the
kids so that they wouldn’t be put out of school....” Around this same time period,
according to Ms. Blake, Mr. Cockerham sent Ms. Blake’s niece, to “just give the money
back, back to the contractors because the Feds had been asking questions about it.”
According to Ms. Blake, she gave money back to the contractors on January 3, 2007.

       According to Ms. Blake, although members of the Al Tawash family were not
returning her calls in December 2006, after Ms. Blake met with the federal investigators
in early 2007, Saud Al Tawash called and said he wanted to meet with her at the
college where his wife worked. Ms. Blake stated that she met with Saud Al Tawash at
the college for about ten or fifteen minutes and he “wanted to know why the Feds
wanted to meet with me or something like that and that he said something else about if
John gets ousted or something....” According to Saud Al Tawash, he never used the
word “ousted” in his conversations with Ms. Blake and he does not “even know what it
means.” Ms. Blake testified that she told Mr. Cockerham around April 2007 that the Al
Tawash family had stopped communicating with her.

       Eventually, Mr. Cockerham was indicted and convicted, and he entered a plea
agreement as a result of bribery in connection with the “appreciation payments.” Ms.
Blake also was indicted and convicted, and she entered a plea agreement, confessing
that she had received bribe payments from government contractors on Mr. Cockerham’s
behalf. According to the joint stipulation of facts in the above-captioned cases, “none of
the contractors from whom Blake received bribe money included Mr. Saud Al Tawash,
Gulf Group, Gulf Telecom, Palm Springs, Mr. Jamal Al Dahma or Jireh Springs.” The
parties also stipulated that, “[t]he Indictment obtained against Cockerham does not
mention any of the contracts that are the subject of this litigation or any contract ever
issued to Gulf Group, Gulf Telecom, or Saud Al Tawash.” In addition, the parties
stipulated that “[t]he Indictment obtained against Cockerham also does not mention any
contracts awarded to Jireh Springs.” The plea agreements signed by Mr. Cockerham
and Ms. Blake also do not mention any members of the Al Tawash family, Gulf Group,
Gulf Telecom, Palm Springs, Mr. Al Dahma, or Jireh Springs. In fact, the plea
agreements do not mention any contractor by name. According to Mr. Cockerham, he
was arrested in late July 2007, and he had not exchanged any communications with
Saud Al Tawash, including phone calls or emails, since his arrest, until his testimony
during the trial before this court.

                                     DISCUSSION

        Gulf Group’s complaints allege abuse of discretion and arbitrary and capricious
action by the Army concerning the terminations, and, therefore, breaches of the camp
package BPA call, the latrine contract, and the dumpster contract. Plaintiff also claims
what appear to be expectancy damages and preparation costs for breaches of the camp
package BPA, the latrine contract, and the dumpster contract. Plaintiff further asserts
that the United States violated its duty of good faith and fair dealing by causing delays
for the delivery of plaintiff’s bottled water pursuant to the bottled water BPA, for which
plaintiff seeks demurrage compensation.

                                           56
       Defendant responds to plaintiff’s complaints by asserting various affirmative
defenses and counterclaims. For Case No. 06-835C, the camp package BPA,
defendant alleges that plaintiff’s claim is “barred by illegality as a result of submitting a
false claim,” “barred by fraud in the inducement of the contract,” and “[p]laintiff’s
agreement is unenforceable because of conflict-of-interest taint.” Defendant states:

       As to Count I, under the Special Plea in Fraud, 28 U.S.C. § 2514, against
       plaintiff, for forfeiture of Gulf Group’s entire claim; As to Count II, under
       the Contract Disputes Act, 28 [sic] U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2),77 against plaintiff,
       for damages in the amount of Gulf Group’s unsupported claim, plus the
       Government’s cost of reviewing plaintiff’s false claim; As to Count III,
       under the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729, against plaintiff, for treble
       the damages sustained by the United States, plus civil penalties as are
       allowable by law in the amount of $5,500 to $11,000 per violation, post-
       judgment interest, and costs; As to Count IV, rescission and
       disgorgement, for rescission of the contracts obtained by plaintiff through
       bribery, conflict of interest, and fraud, and for disgorgement of all monies
       the United States paid under calls under BPA [W912D1-04-A-]0047. For
       the dismissal of Gulf Group’s third amended complaint; and For such other
       and further relief as the Court may deem appropriate.

(capitalization in original).

        Regarding Case No. 06-858C, the latrine contract, defendant alleges that
plaintiff’s claim is “barred by illegality as a result of submitting a false claim,” “barred by
fraud in the inducement of the contract,” and “[p]laintiff’s agreement is unenforceable
because of conflict-of-interest taint.” Defendant states:

       As to Count I, under the Special Plea in Fraud, 28 U.S.C. § 2514, against
       plaintiff, for forfeiture of Gulf Group’s entire claim; As to Count II, under the
       Contract Disputes Act, 28 [sic] U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2), against plaintiff, for
       damages in the amount of Gulf Group’s unsupported claim, plus the
       Government’s cost of reviewing plaintiff’s false claim; As to Count III,
       under the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729, against plaintiff, for civil
       penalties as are allowable by law in the amount of $5,500 to $11,000 per
       violation, post-judgment interest, and costs; For the dismissal of Gulf
       Group’s second amended complaint; and For such other and further relief
       as the Court may deem appropriate.

(capitalization in original).

77
   Defendant incorrectly cites to the amended provisions of the Contract Disputes Act.
See 41 U.S.C. § 7103. The court refers to the provisions of the Contract Disputes Act in
effect during the time period relevant to this dispute unless quoting from defendant’s
briefs. See 41 U.S.C. § 604.

                                              57
        Regarding Case No. 06-853C, the dumpster contract, defendant alleges that
plaintiff’s claim is “barred by illegality as a result of submitting a false claim,” “barred by
fraud in the inducement of the contract,” and “[p]laintiff’s agreement is unenforceable
because of conflict-of-interest taint.” Defendant states:

       As to Count I, under the Special Plea in Fraud, 28 U.S.C. § 2514, against
       plaintiff, for forfeiture of Gulf Group’s entire claim; As to Count II, under the
       Contract Disputes Act, 28 [sic] U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2), against plaintiff, for
       damages in the amount of Gulf Group’s unsupported claim, plus the
       Government’s cost of reviewing plaintiff’s false claim; As to Count III,
       under the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729, against plaintiff, for civil
       penalties as are allowable by law in the amount of $5,500 to $11,000 per
       violation, post-judgment interest, and costs; For the dismissal of Gulf
       Group’s second amended complaint; and For such other and further relief
       as the Court may deem appropriate.

(capitalization in original).

        Regarding Case No. 07-82C, the bottled water BPA, defendant alleges that
plaintiff’s claim is “barred by illegality as a result of submitting a false claim,” “barred by
fraud in the inducement of the contract,” and “[p]laintiff’s agreement is unenforceable
because of conflict-of-interest taint.” Defendant states:

       As to Count I, under the Special Plea in Fraud, 28 U.S.C. § 2514, against
       plaintiff, for forfeiture of Gulf Group’s entire claim; As to Count II, under the
       Contract Disputes Act, 28 [sic] U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2), against plaintiff, for
       damages in the amount of Gulf Group’s unsupported claim, plus the
       Government’s cost of reviewing plaintiff’s false claim; As to Count III,
       under the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729, against plaintiff, for treble
       the damages sustained by the United States, plus civil penalties as are
       allowable by law in the amount of $5,500 to $11,000 per violation, post-
       judgment interest, and costs; As to Count IV, rescission and
       disgorgement, for rescission of the contracts obtained by plaintiff through
       bribery, conflict of interest, and fraud, and for disgorgement of all monies
       the United States paid under calls under BPA [W912D1-04-A-]0052. For
       the dismissal of Gulf Group’s second amended complaint; and For such
       other and further relief as the Court may deem appropriate.

(capitalization in original).

I.     The False Claims Act and the Contract Disputes Act

        Defendant alleges that plaintiff violated the False Claims Act in the submission of
its claims to the government under the camp package BPA and the bottled water BPA,
as well as under the latrine contract and the dumpster contract. Defendant also asserts
that plaintiff submitted claims for the camp package BPA call and bottled water BPA

                                              58
calls, as well as for the latrine contract and dumpster contract, for an amount
significantly greater than what was owed, and that, under the antifraud provision of the
Contract Disputes Act, plaintiff must pay the government the money it has claimed
which is not supported, plus the government’s costs in reviewing the claims.

       On December 15, 2005, Gulf Group submitted a Claim and Settlement Offer to
Mr. Cockerham under the bottled water BPA for 298,435.000 KD in demurrage for
delays incurred between November 2004 and March 2005. Saud Al Tawash signed the
cover letter to the bottled water BPA Claim and Settlement Offer and the Claim and
Settlement Offer was signed and certified by plaintiff’s attorney at the time, Ferdinand
Peters. On December 16, 2005, Gulf Group submitted a Claim and Settlement Offer to
Mr. Cockerham for $4,544,339.84 for the camp package BPA. Mr. Peters and Saud Al
Tawash disagreed at trial as to who chose the settlement amount, with each testifying
that the other chose it. Within the settlement offer, plaintiff asserted that it was entitled
to the master BPA limit of $10,000,000.00.

        On December 16, 2005, Gulf Group also submitted Claim and Settlement Offers
to Mr. Cockerham in the amount of $4,558,428.60 for the latrine contract and
$999,994.67 for the dumpster contract.78 Saud Al Tawash signed the cover letter to the
2005 Claim and Settlement Offers relating to the latrine contract and the dumpster
contract, and the Claim and Settlement Offers were certified by plaintiff’s attorney at the
time, Ferdinand Peters. On March 26, 2007, Gulf Group presented revised claims to
Joseph Libbey, the contracting officer, certified by plaintiff’s replacement attorney and
current attorney of record, Iliaura Hands, for $7,000,000.00 for the camp package BPA,
$6,000,000.00 for the latrine contract, and $1,800,000.00 for the dumpster contract. On
May 21, 2007, Mr. Libbey issued separate final decisions on the camp package BPA,
the latrine contract, and the dumpster contract termination claims.

        The total price of the camp package BPA call No. 0001 was $1,447,457.22. In its
original complaint in Case No. 06-835C, the camp package BPA case, plaintiff sought
$7,000,000.00. In its first amended complaint in the camp package BPA case, plaintiff
sought $2,682,160.86. In its second amended complaint in the camp package BPA
case, plaintiff sought $3,463,297.57. In its third amended complaint in the camp
package BPA case, plaintiff now seeks $922,851.84. The total price of the base period
of the latrine contract was $613,142.86. In its original complaint in Case No. 06-858C,
the latrine case, plaintiff sought $6,000,000.00. In its first amended complaint in the
latrine case, plaintiff sought 1,572,967.611 KD. In its second amended complaint in the
latrine case, plaintiff now seeks $2,830,662.20. The total price of the base period of the
dumpster contract was $346,998.00. In its original complaint in Case No. 06-853C, the
dumpster case, plaintiff sought $1,800,000.00. In its first amended complaint in the
dumpster case, plaintiff sought $1,946,721.78. In its second amended complaint in the
dumpster case, plaintiff now seeks $780,031.63. In its original complaint in Case No.
78
  As indicated above, on October 19, 2006, the Camp Arifjan contracting office files
were searched, but there was no record of claim submissions from Gulf Group on
December 15 and 16, 2005. Gulf Group, therefore, re-submitted its Claim and
Settlement Offers and, this time, the claims were put on the contracting command log.

                                             59
07-82C, the bottled water BPA case, plaintiff sought 298,435.000 KD, calculated as
$1,035,802.23. In its first amended complaint in the bottled water BPA case, plaintiff
sought 298,435.000 KD. In its second amended complaint in the bottled water BPA
case, plaintiff now seeks 298,435.000 KD, calculated as $1,065,711.39, for demurrage
and related expenses. For each of the amended complaints in the camp package BPA,
the latrine case, and the dumpster case, plaintiff altered the amount of money sought.

       As noted above, with respect to the camp package BPA, Saud Al Tawash signed
the October 10, 2005 cover letter to plaintiff’s Claim and Settlement Offer and Attorney
Peters certified plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer. Plaintiff included an
unsigned copy of Standard Form 1436 (Rev. 5/04) in its 2005 Claim and Settlement
Offer. Standard Form 1436, which is titled “Settlement Proposal (Total Cost Basis),”
contains the following statement under the heading “CERTIFICATE:”

      (a) AS TO THE CONTRACTOR’S OWN CHARGES. The proposed
      settlement (exclusive of charges set forth in Item 14) and supporting
      schedules and explanations have been prepared from the books of
      account and records of the Contractor in accordance with recognized
      commercial accounting practices; they include only those charges
      allocable to the terminated portion of this contract; they have been
      prepared with knowledge that they will, or may, be used directly or
      indirectly as the basis of settlement of a termination settlement proposal or
      claim against an agency of the United States; and the charges as stated
      are fair and reasonable.

48 C.F.R. 53.301–1436 (emphasis in original). The signature block of the form contains
the phrase “BY (Signature of authorized official).” Id. (emphasis in original). Both the
2005 camp package BPA Claim and Settlement Offer and the Standard Form 1436
included in the Claim and Settlement Offer sought $4,544,399.84. Ms. Hands signed
the cover letter and certification to plaintiff’s 2007 revised camp package BPA claim.79

79
   The language that Ms. Hands used to certify plaintiff’s 2007 revised claim deviates
from the language set forth in the Contract Disputes Act and the FAR implementing
regulations. Ms. Hands’ certification states:

      I hereby certify that the claim herein is made in good faith and that the
      supporting data submitted is accurate and complete to the best of my
      knowledge and belief, that the amount requested herein accurately
      reflects the contract adjustment for which the contractor believes the US
      Government is liable, and that I am duly authorized to certify the claim on
      behalf of the contractor, Gulf Group General Enterprises, Co. W.L.L. as its
      attorney in fact.

The Contract Disputes Act and FAR implementing regulations prescribe the following
language:

                                           60
Plaintiff’s 2007 revised claim requested $7,000,000.00. Although plaintiff attached its
2005 Claim and Settlement Offer to its 2007 revised claim, plaintiff inexplicably replaced
the unsigned copy of Standard Form 1436 included in its 2005 Claim and Settlement
Offer with a signed copy of the Standard Form 1436 relating to plaintiff’s dumpster
claim. Plaintiff submitted a second revised camp package BPA claim to Maj. Daniel
Everett on April 12, 2011. Plaintiff’s second revised claim sought $922,851.84 and was
similarly certified by Ms. Hands.

        With respect to the latrine contract claim, Saud Al Tawash signed the October
17, 2005 cover letter to plaintiff’s Claim and Settlement Offer and Attorney Peters
certified plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer. Saud Al Tawash’s signature, dated
October 17, 2004,80 appears on the Standard Form 1436 included in plaintiff’s 2005
Claim and Settlement Offer. Both the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer and the
Standard Form 1436 included in the Claim and Settlement Offer sought $4,558,428.60.
Ms. Hands signed the cover letter and certification to plaintiff’s 2007 revised latrine
claim,81 which requested $6,000,000.00. The Standard Form 1436 included with
plaintiff’s 2007 revised claim is identical to the copy of the Standard Form 1436 included
in plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer.

        With respect to the dumpster contract claim, Saud Al Tawash signed the October
20, 2005 cover letter to plaintiff’s Claim and Settlement Offer and Attorney Peters
certified plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer. The stand-alone copies of plaintiff’s
2005 Claim and Settlement Offer that appear in the record include an unsigned copy of
Standard Form 1436. Both the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer and the Standard
Form 1436 included in the Claim and Settlement Offer sought $999,994.67. Ms. Hands
signed the cover letter and certification to plaintiff’s 2007 revised dumpster claim,82
which requested $1,800,000.00. The Standard Form 1436 that plaintiff included in its
2007 revised claim appears to be a copy of the Standard Form 1436 included in

       I certify that the claim is made in good faith; that the supporting data are
       accurate and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief; that the
       amount requested accurately reflects the contract adjustment for which
       the contractor believes the Government is liable; and that I am duly
       authorized to certify the claim on behalf of the contractor.

See 48 C.F.R. § 33.207.
80
  Saud Al Tawash appears erroneously to have indicated that he signed the Standard
Form included in plaintiff’s latrine Claim and Settlement Offer in 2004, rather than 2005.
81
   The language that Ms. Hands used to certify plaintiff’s 2007 revised latrine claim
similarly deviates from the language prescribed by the Contract Disputes Act and the
FAR implementing regulations.
82
  The language that Ms. Hands used to certify plaintiff’s 2007 revised dumpster claim
similarly deviates from the language prescribed by the Contract Disputes Act and the
FAR implementing regulations.

                                            61
plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer, except that the copy included in plaintiff’s
2007 revised claim contains Saud Al Tawash’s signature, dated October 20, 2004.83

        With respect to the bottled water BPA claim, Saud Al Tawash signed the
December 1, 2005 cover letter to plaintiff’s Claim and Settlement Offer. Attorney Peters
certified plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer. Saud Al Tawash’s signature, dated
December 1, 2005, appears on the Standard Form 1436 included in plaintiff’s 2005
Claim and Settlement Offer. Both the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer and the
Standard Form 1436 included in the Claim and Settlement Offer sought 298,435.000
KD.

        It is not clear from the face of the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offers that plaintiff
submitted to Mr. Cockerham for the termination of camp package BPA call, the latrine
contract, and the dumpster contract whether the Claim and Settlement Offers
constituted “claims” under the Contract Disputes Act.84 The United States Court of
Appeals for the Federal Circuit has indicated that a submission to a contracting officer
constitutes a claim if it is “(1) a written demand, (2) seeking, as a matter of right, (3) the
payment of money in a sum certain.” See Northrop Grumman Computing Sys., Inc. v.
United States, 709 F.3d 1107, 1112 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton,
60 F.3d 1572, 1575-76 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 1995)). An “explicit request
for a final decision” is not required, however, “‘as long as what the contractor desires by
its submissions is a final decision....’” See James M. Ellett Constr. Co. v. United States,
93 F.3d 1537, 1543 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (quoting Transamerica Ins. Corp. v. United States,
973 F.2d 1572, 1576 (Fed. Cir. 1992), overruled on other grounds by Reflectone, Inc. v.
Dalton, 60 F.3d 1572). Whether a submission requests a final decision, therefore, “‘can
be implied from the context of the submission.’” James M. Ellett Constr. Co. v. United
States, 93 F.3d at 1543 (quoting Heyl & Patterson, Inc. v. O’Keefe, 986 F.2d 480, 483
(Fed. Cir. 1993), overruled on other grounds by Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 F.3d
1572).

       The Contract Disputes Act requires that a contractor certify with respect to a
claim valued at more than $100,000.00, “that the claim is made in good faith, that the
supporting data are accurate and complete to the best of his knowledge and belief, that
the amount requested accurately reflects the contract adjustment for which the
contractor believes the government is liable, and that the certifier is duly authorized to
certify the claim on behalf of the contractor.” 41 U.S.C. § 605(a)(1) (2005)
(subsequently codified with minor alterations at 41 U.S.C. § 7103(b)). A contractor is
required to submit a settlement proposal to a contracting officer when seeking the
83
  Saud Al Tawash appears to have erroneously indicated that he signed the Standard
Form included in plaintiff’s dumpster Claim and Settlement Offer in 2004, rather than
2005.
84
   Plaintiff also submitted a Claim and Settlement Offer under the bottled water BPA in
2005. Although plaintiff included a settlement form in its 2005 submission for the bottled
water BPA, plaintiff did not propose a settlement amount and appeared to request a
final decision on the amount of its claim.

                                             62
payment of money in connection with the termination for convenience of a fixed-price
contract. See 48 C.F.R. § 49.502(b) (2005) (directing that “the clause at 52.249–2” be
inserted in fixed-price contracts that exceed the simplified acquisition threshold); see
also 48 C.F.R. § 52.249–2(e) (2005) (“After termination, the Contractor shall submit a
final termination settlement proposal to the Contracting Officer in the form and with the
certification prescribed by the Contracting Officer.”).

        Before the 1992 amendments to the Contract Disputes Act, a number of courts
found the certification on Standard Form 1436 to be insufficient to confer jurisdiction on
this court under the Contract Disputes Act. See Technassociates, Inc. v. United States,
14 Cl. Ct. 200, 211 (1988) (noting that the certification on Standard Form 1436 “does
not state that the claim is made in good faith[,]...does not state that the data are
accurate and complete to the best of the contractor’s knowledge[,]…[and] does not state
that it accurately reflects the contract adjustment for which the contractor believes the
Government to be liable”); cf. Gardner Mach. Corp. v. United States, 14 Cl. Ct. 286, 292
(1988) (concluding that the submission of a settlement proposal on Standard Form 1436
did not qualify as a claim under the Contract Disputes Act). “Following the 1992
amendments, however, this court and other tribunals have determined that the
certification language found in...SF [Standard Form] 1436…is sufficiently similar to the
CDA [Contract Disputes Act] certification to permit jurisdiction.” See Scan-Tech Sec.,
L.P. v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 326, 336 (2000) (citing James M. Ellett Constr. Co. v.
United States, 93 F.3d at 1544–45) (noting that the government “does not argue that the
substance of the preprinted certification contained on the SF 1436 was in any way
deficient...[and] concedes that the ‘certification Ellett submitted with its settlement
proposal contained similar language’ to that of the CDA.” (comparing 48 C.F.R.
§ 53.301–1436 to 41 U.S.C. § 605(c)(1))); Medina Constr., Ltd. v. United States, 43
Fed. Cl. 537, 547–48 (1999) (“The certification executed by Medina, pre-printed on the
TSP [termination settlement proposal] form SF 1436, contains similar language to that
required for a CDA certification.... Medina’s refusal to provide a new certification does
not preclude the previously executed and certified TSP from ripening into a CDA claim
within this Court’s jurisdiction.”); Appeal of Metric Constructors, Inc., ASBCA No.
50,843, 98–2 BCA ¶ 30,088 (“The only certification submitted by appellant was the
standard certification included in the SF 1436. That certification language differs from
the certification required by the CDA. In fact, this Board has previously determined that
those differences are such as to render the SF 1436 certification one which could not be
corrected to meet the CDA certification requirements.... However, the Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit has since given us reason to hold differently than we did....”).
The certification included in Standard Form 1436 is, therefore, considered to be a
certification under the Contract Disputes Act, albeit defective. See 48 C.F.R. § 33.201
(2005) (“Defective certification means a certificate which alters or otherwise deviates
from the language in 33.207(c)....”); see also Appeal of Green Dream Grp., ASBCA No.
57,413, 11–1 BCA ¶ 34,739; Appeal of W. Plains Disposal, ASBCA No. 56,986, 11–1
BCA ¶ 34,617.

      “[T]hat the contractor may express a desire to settle or negotiate the dispute...will
not necessarily prevent a finding that the contractor’s submissions requested a final

                                            63
decision.” See Kanag’Iq Constr. Co. v. United States, 51 Fed. Cl. 38, 44 (2001)
(citations omitted); see also Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 F.3d at 1583. However,
“settlement proposals submitted under the termination for convenience clause of the
FAR generally are not CDA claims.” See Sys. Dev. Corp. v. McHugh, 658 F.3d 1341,
1346–47 (Fed. Cir. 2011); see also Gardner Mach. Corp. v. United States, 14 Cl. Ct. at
292–93. A settlement proposal is, by its nature, submitted to a contracting officer “for
the purpose of negotiation, not for a contracting officer’s decision.” See James M. Ellett
Constr. Co. v. United States, 93 F.3d at 1543–44 (“A settlement proposal is just that: a
proposal.” (citing 48 C.F.R. § 49.001 (1995))); see also Rex Sys., Inc. v. Cohen, 224
F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir.) (“Settlement proposals submitted under the termination for
convenience clause of the FAR are by their very nature merely negotiating tools and not
claims.”), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2000). A settlement proposal,
however, may ripen into a claim once negotiations reach an impasse. See James M.
Ellett Constr. Co. v. United States, 93 F.3d at 1544; see also Scan-Tech Sec., L.P. v.
United States, 46 Fed. Cl. at 337 (noting that the FAR contemplates that the submission
of Standard Form 1436 “will ripen automatically into a CDA claim if the parties reach an
impasse in their negotiations”).

        In each of its 2005 Claim and Settlement Offers submitted to the contracting
officer, for the camp package BPA, the latrine contract, and the dumpster contract, Gulf
Group appeared to seek a final decision from the contracting officer, in addition to
making a settlement offer. Although Gulf Group referred to each submission as “an
offer for settlement,” included Standard Form 1436, “Settlement Proposal (Total Cost
Basis),” and cited provisions of the FAR relating to settlement, the cover letter to each
2005 Claim and Settlement Offer, each of which was signed by Saud Al Tawash, stated
that “[w]e hereby submitting [sic] our claim,” requested “approval for our claim,” and
indicated that Gulf Group had attached supporting documentation in support of its
“claim.” Moreover, each 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer included the certification
required by the Contract Disputes Act for claims seeking more than $100,000.00.
Furthermore, in each of Gulf Group’s 2007 submissions to the contracting officer with
respect to the camp package BPA and latrine and dumpster contracts,85 Iliaura Hands,
plaintiff’s replacement attorney, referred to the previous submission as the “initially
submitted certified claim,” designated the corresponding cover letter as “Mr. Al
Tawash’s claim letter,” and stated that “a Settlement Proposal in the Standard Form
1436 and a Claim & Settlement Offer letter” was “[i]ncluded in Gulf Group’s claim.” The
2007 submissions purported to withdraw each initial “settlement offer,” but also

85
  Prior to the above-captioned cases being consolidated before the undersigned judge,
Gulf Group submitted its 2007 revised claim to the contracting officer with respect to the
camp package BPA claim, as well as the latrine and dumpster contract claims, after
defendant requested the then-presiding judges, to whom each of the cases individually
had been assigned, to issue a stay in each case pursuant to 41 U.S.C. § 605(c)(5), “so
that the contracting officer can issue a decision regarding plaintiff’s ‘claim and
settlement offer.’” The bottled water BPA case was not stayed at that time.
Subsequent stay requests were granted by the undersigned judge in each of the
consolidated cases to accommodate related ongoing criminal investigations.

                                           64
indicated that Gulf Group “hereby re-submit[s] a claim under the Contract Dispute [sic]
Act.”

        At least one decision issued by the United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit has indicated, however, that a contracting officer’s failure to respond to a
settlement proposal may not be sufficient to demonstrate a breakdown in the settlement
process, precluding the “deemed denial” of a settlement proposal from allowing the
settlement proposal to ripen into a claim. Specifically, in Walsky Construction Co. v.
United States, the contractor submitted “a termination for convenience settlement
proposal to the contracting officer, which also contained what purported to be a
certification submitted pursuant to the Contract Disputes Act....” See Walsky Constr.
Co. v. United States, No. 98–5112, 178 F.3d 1312, 1999 WL 13376, at *2 (Fed. Cir.
1999) (unpublished table decision). The Federal Circuit concluded, however, that the
“deemed denial” of the settlement proposal did not cause the settlement proposal to
ripen into a claim, even though the contractor waited almost a year after transmitting its
settlement proposal before bringing suit in the United States Court of Federal Claims.
The Federal Circuit reasoned that the “deemed denial” of the settlement proposal did
not constitute an impasse in negotiations between the parties. See id. at *2–3.

        The court recognizes the similarity between the submissions at issue in Walsky
Construction Co. v. United States and the submissions at issue in the camp package
BPA, latrine, and dumpster cases. The context in which the settlement proposals were
submitted, however, is different. After submitting the termination settlement proposal,
the contractor in Walsky Construction Co. v. United States requested that the
government “‘set a negotiations date,’” the government indicated that settlement was “‘a
definite priority,’” and the government updated the contractor as to the status of its
review of the settlement proposal. See id. at *3. In contrast, the record before this court
does not reflect that the settlement proposals that Gulf Group submitted for the
termination of the camp package BPA call, the latrine contract, and the dumpster
contract were subject to further discussions between the parties. Instead, the record
reflects that government personnel may have lost the initial submission of the Claim and
Settlement Offers in October 2005, that government personnel could not
contemporaneously locate a copy of the Claim and Settlement Offers that plaintiff
submitted on December 16, 2005, which now inexplicably appear in the record before
the court, and that government personnel refused to meet with plaintiff’s representatives
in November 2006, approximately a year after plaintiff had made its submissions. Mr.
Libbey, the contracting officer who issued the final decisions on the camp package BPA
call, and latrine and dumpster contracts, testified, apparently with respect to plaintiff’s
2005 submissions, that “the government didn’t answer the claim,” that he could not even
remember whether plaintiff had submitted a termination for convenience settlement, and
that the “government was in error” with regard to “the delay in processing.” Although
“[o]bjective evidence that negotiations had been abandoned by the parties is necessary
before the negotiations can be found to have reached an impasse,” see Rex Sys., Inc.
v. Cohen, 224 F.3d at 1372–73, at least one authority has recognized that, when a
settlement proposal, which also is styled as a claim under the Contract Disputes Act, is
not subject to any form of negotiation, an impasse in negotiations may result, allowing

                                            65
the settlement proposal to ripen into a claim under the Contract Disputes Act. See
ePlus Tech., Inc. v. FEC, CBCA No. 2,573, 12–2 BCA ¶ 35114 (“In looking at the
circumstances presented here, we see a settlement proposal as well as a certified claim
being presented to the contracting officer. No attempt was made by the contracting
officer to contact the appellant to discuss either the settlement proposal or the certified
claim. After more than six months had passed, the contractor got fed up, filed the
appeal, and refused to negotiate on the settlement proposal or certified claim.”).
Notwithstanding the potentially broad holding of the unpublished table decision in
Walsky Construction Co. v. United States, therefore, the court determines that the
parties had reached an impasse with regard to plaintiff’s Claim and Settlement Offers
and that the settlement proposals included in the Claim and Settlement Offer
submissions with respect to the camp package BPA and the latrine and dumpster
contracts had ripened into claims under the Contract Disputes Act when the plaintiff filed
the complaints in the above-captioned cases based on a deemed denial of plaintiff’s
claims.

       Accordingly, because the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offers had ripened into
claims under the Contract Disputes Act, and because settlement proposals constitute
claims under the False Claims Act, see 48 C.F.R. § 49.001 (“A settlement proposal is
included within the generic meaning of the word ‘claim’ under false claims acts (see 18
U.S.C. 287 and 31 U.S.C. 3729).”), the court examines plaintiff’s liability under the False
Claims Act and the Contract Disputes Act for its 2005, 2007, and 2011 submissions for
the camp package BPA, and its 2005 and 2007 submissions for the latrine and
dumpster contracts.

      The False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729, provides that any person who –

             (1) knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, to an
             officer or employee of the United States Government or a
             member of the Armed Forces of the United States a false or
             fraudulent claim for payment or approval;

             (2) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a
             false record or statement to get a false or fraudulent claim
             paid or approved by the Government;

             (3) conspires to defraud the Government by getting a false
             or fraudulent claim allowed or paid;

             (4) has possession, custody, or control of property or money
             used, or to be used, by the Government and, intending to
             defraud the Government or willfully to conceal the property,
             delivers, or causes to be delivered, less property than the
             amount for which the person receives a certificate or receipt;

                                            66
             (5) authorized to make or deliver a document certifying
             receipt of property used, or to be used, by the Government
             and, intending to defraud the Government, makes or delivers
             the receipt without completely knowing that the information
             on the receipt is true;

             (6) knowingly buys, or receives as a pledge of an obligation
             or debt, public property from an officer or employee of the
             Government, or a member of the Armed Forces, who
             lawfully may not sell or pledge the property; or

             (7) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a
             false record or statement to conceal, avoid, or decrease an
             obligation to pay or transmit money or property to the
             Government,

      is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not less than
      $5,000 and not more than $10,00086 plus 3 times the amount of damages
      which the Government sustains because of the act of that person....
86
   “The Department of Justice, by regulation, has increased the penalties for FCA [False
Claims Act] violations to a minimum of $5,500.00 and a maximum of $11,000.00.”
Alcatec, LLC v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 502, 526 n.13 (2011) (citing 28 C.F.R.
§ 85.3(a)(9)), aff’d, 471 F. App’x 899 (2012); see also Federal Civil Penalties Inflation
Adjustment Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-410, 104 Stat. 890; Civil Monetary Penalties
Inflation Adjustment, 64 Fed. Reg. 47,099–01, 47,104 (Aug. 30, 1999). The regulation
at 28 C.F.R. § 85.3 states:

      The civil monetary penalties provided by law within the jurisdiction of the
      respective components of the Department, as set forth in paragraphs (a)
      through (d) of this section, are adjusted in accordance with the inflation
      adjustment procedures prescribed in section 5 of the Federal Civil
      Monetary Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–410,
      effective on or after September 29, 1999, as follows:

      (a) Civil Division.
                                           …

             (9) 31 U.S.C. 3729(a), False Claims Act, violations: minimum from
             $5,000 to $5,500; maximum from $10,000 to $11,000.

28 C.F.R. § 85.3 (2005). In its counterclaims in Case No. 06-835C, the camp package
BPA, and Case No. 07-82C, the bottled water BPA, defendant requests treble
damages, but in its post-trial briefing defendant addresses only statutory penalties.
Neither plaintiff nor defendant address the number of claims at issue in the alleged
False Claims Act violation(s) pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 3729. Plaintiff’s position appears
to be that, even if the court finds violation(s) of the False Claims Act, defendant should

                                           67
31 U.S.C. § 3729(a) (emphasis in original). The term “claim” is defined in the False
Claims Act as:

       Includ[ing] any request or demand, whether under a contract or otherwise,
       for money or property which is made to a contractor, grantee, or other
       recipient if the United States Government provides any portion of the
       money or property which is requested or demanded, or if the Government
       will reimburse such contractor, grantee, or other recipient for any portion
       of the money or property which is requested or demanded.

31 U.S.C. § 3729(c). The False Claims Act also states:

       the terms “knowing” and “knowingly” mean that a person, with respect to
       information –

              (1) has actual knowledge of the information;

              (2) acts in deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the
              information; or

              (3) acts in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the
              information,

       and no proof of specific intent to defraud is required.

31 U.S.C. § 3729(b).

        Congress rejected requiring a specific intent to defraud under the False Claims
Act. See 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b). Instead, Congress adopted a knowing standard, defined
as “actual knowledge of the falsity,” acting in “deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity,”
or “acting in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity.” Id. The standard was designed to
address “the problem of the ‘ostrich-like’ refusal to learn of information which an
individual, in the exercise of prudent judgment, had reason to know.” See S. Rep. No.
99-345, at 21 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266, 5286. Thus, the False
Claims Act covers not just those who set out to defraud the government, but also those
who ignore obvious deficiencies in a claim.

       Therefore, the critical issue before the court is whether plaintiff had “knowledge,”
as defined by the False Claims Act to include reckless disregard, that the claims plaintiff
submitted to the government were false or fraudulent. To prove a violation of the False

not recover because it has not proven damages. As discussed below, however, under
the False Claims Act, the wrongdoer still may be held liable for the statutory penalty,
even if the government is not injured by the conduct. The court has the discretion to
impose penalties within the statutory range. See Morse Diesel Int’l, Inc. v. United
States, 79 Fed. Cl. 116, 125 (2007), recons. denied, 81 Fed. Cl. 311 (2008).

                                              68
Claims Act, the government can, but need not, prove that a party intended to deceive
the government. See United States v. TDC Mgmt. Corp., 24 F.3d 292, 298 (D.C. Cir.
1994); see also Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d 1332, 1340
(Fed. Cir.) (“no proof of specific intent to defraud is required.” (quoting 31 U.S.C.
§ 3729(b))), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 990
(2009). The False Claims Act requires only that the government prove that a party
knowingly, as defined under the Act, submitted a claim with reckless disregard to the
truth or falsity of the information. See 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b); United States v. TDC Mgmt.
Corp., 24 F.3d at 298; Wang ex rel. United States v. FMC Corp., 975 F.2d 1412, 1420
(9th Cir. 1992); see also Allison Engine Co. v. United States ex rel. Sanders, 553 U.S.
662, 672 n.2 (2008) (“Section 3729(b) provides that the terms ‘knowing’ and ‘knowingly’
‘mean that a person, with respect to information—(1) has actual knowledge of the
information; (2) acts in deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information; or
(3) acts in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the information, and no proof of
specific intent to defraud is required.’”), superseded in unrelated part by statute, FERA,
Pub. L. No. 111–21, § 4, 123 Stat. 1617, 1621. The United States Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit has noted that, “[f]or purposes of the FCA [False Claims Act], a
contractor is deemed to have known that a claim it submitted was false if it had actual
knowledge of the falsity of the claim or if it acted in deliberate ignorance or reckless
disregard of the truth or falsity of the claim.” Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States,
154 F.3d 1357, 1362 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 1998).

       Reckless disregard has been characterized as “‘an extreme version of ordinary
negligence,’” United States ex rel. K & R Ltd. P’ship v. Mass. Hous. Fin. Agency, 530
F.3d 980, 983 (D.C. Cir.) (quoting United States v. Krizek, 111 F.3d 934, 942 (D.C. Cir.
1997)), reh’g en banc denied (D.C. Cir. 2008), or “aggravated gross negligence” such
as when the party “deliberately avoided learning the truth.” United States v. Sci.
Applications Int’l Corp., 626 F.3d 1257, 1274-75 (D.C. Cir. 2010); see also United
States ex rel. Burlbaw v. Orenduff, 548 F.3d 931, 945 n.12 (10th Cir. 2008); Trafalgar
House Constr., Inc. v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 48, 53 (2007) (“‘Reckless disregard’
has been defined as an ‘“aggravated form of gross negligence.”’ (quoting UMC Elecs.
Co. v. United States, 43 Fed. Cl. 776, 792 n.15 (1999) (quoting United States ex rel.
Aakhus v. Dyncorp, Inc., 136 F.3d 676, 682 (10th Cir. 1998)), aff’d, 249 F.3d 1337 (Fed.
Cir. 2001))), aff’d, 274 F. App’x 898 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Riley Constr. Co. v. United States,
65 Fed. Cl. 264, 270 (2005) (“The legal standard that may apply is ‘reckless disregard.’
This has been defined in the case law as something more than gross negligence, or
‘gross negligence plus.’”).87
87
     Black’s Law Dictionary defines gross negligence as:

         A lack of slight diligence or care. A conscious, voluntary act or omission in
         reckless disregard of a legal duty and of the consequences to another
         party, who may typically recover exemplary damages. — Also termed
         reckless negligence; wanton negligence; willful negligence; willful and
         wanton negligence; hazardous negligence; magna neglegentia....
         “Negligence is gross if the precautions to be taken against harm are very
         simple, such as persons who are but poorly endowed with physical and

                                              69
       A failure to make a minimal examination of records can constitute deliberate
ignorance or reckless disregard, and a contractor that deliberately ignores false
information submitted as part of a claim can be found liable under the False Claims Act.
See United States v. TDC Mgmt. Corp., 24 F.3d at 298; see also Miller v. United States,
213 Ct. Cl. 59, 70, 550 F.2d 17, 23 (1977) (An applicant who submitted estimates of the
quantities of the materials billed to the government prepared by his workmen, but
substantially overbilled due to misrepresentation, resulted in a finding of “extreme
negligence” for which he was found liable under the False Claims Act.). The court in
Miller v. United States noted that a contractor cannot be saved by relying on local
government officials in preparing its claims. See Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at
70, 550 F.2d at 23. The applicant in Miller had the responsibility to ensure the claims
were accurate, and the contractor had in fact signed the claims, “evidencing his
agreement to the figures it contained.” Id.; see also Riley Constr. Co. v. United States,
65 Fed. Cl. at 268-69 (noting that Senate committee Report on the False Claims Act
states that “‘those doing business with the Government have an obligation to make a
limited inquiry to ensure that the claims they submit are accurate.’” (citation omitted)).
When the claims are prepared in a “sloppy or unsupervised fashion” and it results in
overcharging the government, there is reckless disregard. See 132 Cong. Rec. H9,382-
03 (1986) (statement of Rep. Berman, as sponsor of the 1986 amendment to the False
Claims Act). Although a person must make at least a minimal examination of the
records, the examination need be only “reasonable and prudent under the
circumstances.” United States v. Bourseau, 531 F.3d 1159, 1168 (9th Cir. 2008)
(quoting S. Rep. No. 99-345, at 21), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1212 (2009). Courts have
found reckless disregard when a plaintiff failed to review claims that either he or another
person prepared before submitting them. See Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 70,
550 F.2d at 23; United States v. Krizek, 111 F.3d at 942. In Krizek, the United States
Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit upheld the district court’s conclusion that plaintiff
acted with reckless disregard in failing “utterly” to review the false submissions made on
his behalf in violation of the False Claims Act when, inter alia, plaintiff doctor let his wife
complete the submission of claims to the local Medicare carrier; the wife did not attempt
to establish how much time was actually spent with each patient; and the doctor did not
review the submission. United States v. Krizek, 111 F.3d at 942. Indeed, a person
generally cannot escape liability by claiming to have relied on others in preparing the
claim. Id.; see also Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 70, 550 F.2d at 23. But see
United States v. Chen, 402 F. App’x 185, 188 (9th Cir. 2010); Riley Constr. Co. v.
United States, 65 Fed. Cl. at 270 (“Mr. Riley would have had reason to rely on Douglas,
the former Navy ROIC, as an expert in submitting claims. Such reliance, if it exists, may
be relevant in considering the various counterclaims.”).

       mental capacities can easily take.... As it originally appeared, this was
       very great negligence, or the want of even slight or scant care. It has
       been described as a failure to exercise even that care which a careless
       person would use.”

Black’s Law Dictionary 1134 (9th ed. 2009) (emphasis in original) (citations omitted).

                                              70
      An innocent mistake or mere negligence, such as a math error or flawed
reasoning, may be excused. See Wang ex rel. United States v. FMC Corp., 975 F.2d at
1420-21; see also United States v. Sci. Applications Int’l Corp., 626 F.3d at 1274 (citing
S. Rep. No. 99-345, at 7); United States ex rel. Fowler v. Caremark RX, L.L.C., 496
F.3d 730, 742 (7th Cir.) (citations omitted), reh’g and suggestion for reh’g en banc
denied (7th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1183 (2008), overruled on other grounds
by Glaser v. Wound Care Consultants, Inc., 570 F.3d 907 (7th Cir. 2009); Riley Constr.
Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. at 269 (noting that the False Claims Act was not
intended to punish honest mistakes and mere negligence (citing S. Rep. No. 99-345 at
7 (1986))); see also United States ex rel. Lamers v. City of Green Bay, 168 F.3d 1013,
1018 (7th Cir. 1999) (summarizing innocent mistake cases).

       Thus, under the False Claims Act, there must be a showing of more than an
innocent mistake or mere negligence. See Wang ex rel. United States v. FMC Corp.,
975 F.2d at 1420; see also Riley Constr. Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. at 269. The
government is required to show the knowing presentation by the contractor of
information known to be “false or fraudulent.” Wang ex rel. United States v. FMC Corp.,
975 F.2d at 1420; see also Young-Montenay, Inc. v. United States, 15 F.3d 1040, 1043
(Fed. Cir. 1994). The government has “the burden to allege and prove that the
statements were false under any reasonable interpretation.” United States v. Adler, 623
F.2d 1287, 1289 (8th Cir. 1980). The burden of proof on the government in this regard
is by a preponderance of the evidence. See Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United
States, 557 F.3d. at 1340 (citing 31 U.S.C. § 3731(c); Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United
States, 154 F.3d at 1362).

        “To bring [a] FCA claim, the Government is not tasked to show that it incurred
damages, although a showing of damages as a result of the fraudulent claim is required
if the Government seeks to recover damages.” Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 105
Fed. Cl. 769, 808, modified by 107 Fed. Cl. 762 (2012); see also Daewoo Eng’g &
Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1341 (“The Court of Federal Claims did not err
in concluding that Daewoo violated the False Claims Act. Because the court did not find
that the government incurred damages from Daewoo’s false claim, the court properly
assessed only the statutory penalty.”); see also Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United
States, 154 F.3d at 1371-72 (“[A] contractor can be held liable for submitting a false
claim even if the goods it delivered are of the same quality as the goods specified in the
contract, provided that the contractor acted with the requisite knowledge that the
corresponding claim was false. But while the contractor may be liable in that situation, it
is liable only for FCA penalties, not damages.... In order to recover FCA damages, the
government must prove that it sustained an actual loss as a result of the contractor’s
false or fraudulent claim.” (citations omitted)); Alcatec, LLC v. United States, 100 Fed.
Cl. at 526 (“To bring an FCA claim, the Government does not have to show that it
incurred damages, although a showing of damages as a result of the fraudulent claim is
required if the Government seeks to recover damages.” (citing Daewoo Eng’g & Constr.
Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1341; Young–Montenay, Inc. v. United States, 15 F.3d
at 1043 (absent proof of harm, the government can recover penalties, but not
damages))). In Daewoo, the Federal Circuit rejected the plaintiff’s argument that a

                                            71
claim can only be fraudulent it if rests upon false facts, not if it rests upon a baseless
calculation, stating: “It is well established that a baseless certified claim is a fraudulent
claim.” Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1349.

        In Rex Trailer Co. v. United States, the United States Supreme Court stated,
“there is no requirement, statutory or judicial, that specific damages be shown, and this
was recognized by the Court in Marcus.” Rex Trailer Co. v. United States, 350 U.S.
148, 152-53 (1956). In Rex Trailer, the United States Supreme Court summarized
United States ex. rel. Marcus v. Hess, 41 F. Supp. 197, 218 (W.D. Pa. 1941), rev’d on
other grounds, 127 F.2d 233 (3d Cir.), cert. granted, 317 U.S. 613 (1942), and rev’d on
other grounds, 317 U.S. 537, and reh’g denied, 318 U.S. 799 (1943), superseded by
statute on other grounds as recognized in Graham Cnty. Soil & Water Conservation
Dist. v. United States ex rel. Wilson, 559 U.S. 280, reh’g denied, 130 S. Ct. 3351
(2010), by noting that, in the 1940s, the United States District Court for the Western
District of Pennsylvania concluded that plaintiff was liable for the statutory penalty for
submission of a false claim, but not damages, as damages were not proven. See Rex
Trailer Co. v. United States, 350 U.S. at 152-53. Although the Supreme Court’s
discussion in Rex Trailer focused on the Surplus Property Act, the Supreme Court
referred to Marcus, which involved the False Claims Act, in determining that proof of
damages was not necessarily required in the assessment of a civil remedy or statutory
penalty. See id. at 153 n.5 (“On several of the projects involved in the Marcus case,
fraud was discovered by the Government in time for payments to be withheld. At trial
[on the False Claims Act] in the District Court defendants urged that there could be no
recovery of a penalty or forfeiture in these instances in which no actual damages could
be shown. The District Court held that failure to show actual damages in these
instances would not preclude recovery under the statute. United States ex rel. Marcus
v. Hess, 41 F. Supp. 197, 218. The judgment of the District Court [in Marcus] was
affirmed here. See United States v. Rohleder, 157 F.2d 126, 129 [(3d Cir. 1946)].”).

      The anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. § 604 (now 41
U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2)) provides:

       If a contractor is unable to support any part of his claim and it is
       determined that such inability is attributable to misrepresentation of fact or
       fraud on the part of the contractor, he shall be liable to the Government for
       an amount equal to such unsupported part of the claim in addition to all
       costs to the Government attributable to the cost of reviewing said part of
       his claim.

41 U.S.C. § 604.88 A misrepresentation of fact is defined as “‘a false statement of
substantive fact, or any conduct which leads to a belief of a substantive fact material to

88
   The language of the anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act was slightly
altered when it was recodified in 2011 at 41 U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2). The current language
of the provision now states:

                                             72
proper understanding of the matter in hand, made with intent to deceive or mislead.’”
Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1335 (quoting 41 U.S.C.
§ 601(9) (now 41 U.S.C. § 7101(9) (Supp. V 2011))). “The government must prove a
violation of the Contract Disputes Act and False Claims Act by a preponderance of the
evidence.” UMC Elecs. Co. v. United States, 249 F.3d 1337, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2001)
(citing Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362).89 “To recover
under the CDA, the government is required to establish that the contractor made false
or fraudulent statements in its submitted claim with an intent to deceive or mislead the
government.” Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362 (citing 41
U.S.C. § 601(7) (now 41 U.S.C. § 7101(7) (Supp. V 2011))); see also Daewoo Eng’g &
Constr. Co. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. 547, 584 (2006), aff’d, 557 F.3d 1332 (Fed.
Cir.), and reh’g and reh’g denied (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 990 (2009);
Chemray Coatings Corp. v. United States, 29 Fed. Cl. 278, 285 (1993) (“In order to
obtain reimbursement for a paid claim, defendant must prove that a part of plaintiff's
claim is unsupported and that this lack of support is due to fraud or misrepresentation
intended by plaintiff to deceive the government.” (citing Tyger Constr. Co. v. United
States, 28 Fed. Cl. 35, 58 (1993))).

       When a contractor files a complaint in the United States Court of Federal Claims
that incorporates claims previously submitted to a contracting officer, and the
government contends that those claims violate the False Claims Act, a question arises
as to whether the act of filing the complaint constitutes the making of an additional claim
under the False Claims Act. See 31 U.S.C. § 3729. Judges of the Court of Federal
Claims appear to have come to varying conclusions as to whether the act of filing a
complaint is equivalent to the making of a claim for the purpose of determining a
contractor’s liability under the False Claims Act. Compare Ab-Tech Constr., Inc. v.
United States, 31 Fed. Cl. 429, 435 (1994) (assessing the False Claims Act’s statutory
penalty for “21 payment vouchers that were submitted by Ab-tech during the course of

      If a contractor is unable to support any part of the contractor’s claim and it
      is determined that the inability is attributable to a misrepresentation of fact
      or fraud by the contractor, then the contractor is liable to the Federal
      Government for an amount equal to the unsupported part of the claim plus
      all of the Federal Government’s costs attributable to reviewing the
      unsupported part of the claim.

41 U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2). Although the minor differences in the revisions to the current
versions do not change the court’s analysis, the court refers to the anti-fraud provision
of the Contract Disputes Act in effect at the time of the events in the above-captioned
cases.
89
   The preponderance of the evidence standard applied to proof under the Contract
Disputes Act and the False Claims Act is a less rigorous standard than the clear and
convincing standard of proof applied under the Special Plea in Fraud statute. See UMC
Elecs. Co. v. United States, 249 F.3d at 1338-39 (“Under the Special Plea in Fraud, the
government must prove its allegations by clear and convincing evidence.” (citing Comm.
Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362)).

                                            73
contract performance and also for the claim that was later brought in this court,”
resulting in a total assessment of “$220,000 in penalties” at a rate of $10,000 per claim
(emphasis added)), aff’d, 57 F.3d 1084 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (unpublished table decision),
with Ry. Logistics Int’l v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl. 252, 260 (2012) (assessing the
False Claims Act’s statutory penalty for a claim “submitted to a contracting officer,” but
failing to assess an additional penalty for the plaintiff’s decision to sue the government
“for millions of dollars on a specious claim”).

        In interpreting the False Claims Act’s definition of a claim, the United States
Supreme Court has stated: “A correct application of the statutory language
requires...that the focus in each case be upon the specific conduct of the person from
whom the Government seeks to collect the statutory forfeitures.” See United States v.
Bornstein, 423 U.S. 303, 312 (1976).90 The Supreme Court’s guidance in United States
v. Bornstein has been interpreted to require the court to ask: “‘With what act did the
defendant submit his [or her] demand or request and how many such acts were there?’”
United States v. Krizek, 111 F.3d at 939. When a fraudulent claim consists of multiple
components, the submission of an aggregate claim, rather than its individual
components, is the act that creates liability under the False Claims Act. See Miller v.
United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 71–72, 550 F.2d at 23–24 (rejecting an argument that a
contractor had asserted sixteen false claims under an earlier version of the False
Claims Act, “eleven based on invoices used in calculating the monthly billings plus five,
one for each of the monthly consolidated billings,” because “the invoices are like tally
sheets used in calculating a final figure to present to the Government; they are not the
claim itself”); see also United States v. Woodbury, 359 F.2d 370, 378 (9th Cir. 1966)
(rejecting the argument that a penalty could be assessed under an earlier version of the
False Claims Act for each document that was attached to fraudulent applications for
payment).

       When Gulf Group submitted a certified claim to the contracting officer relating to
each of the above-captioned cases, it made a single “request or demand...for money.”
See 31 U.S.C. § 3729. Although a complaint that incorporates claims that have already
been submitted to a contracting officer can similarly be characterized as a “demand...for
money,” a complaint, unlike a certified claim, is not “present[ed]...to an officer or
employee of the United States Government...for payment or approval.” See id.; cf.
United States ex rel. Bennett v. Medtronic, Inc., 747 F. Supp. 2d 745, 763 (S.D. Tex.
2010) (indicating while discussing amendments to the False Claims Act that apply
retroactively to pending claims, that the definition of a claim in the False Claims Act
does not refer to “cases or causes of action” (emphasis in original)); United States ex
rel. Bender v. N. Am. Telecomms., Inc., 686 F. Supp. 2d 46, 49 n.4 (D.D.C. 2010)
(same). When a contractor’s complaint incorporates the claims that it had submitted to
a contracting officer, and the government contends that those claims violate the False
Claims Act, the submission of a claim to the contracting officer may create liability under
90
   United States v. Bornstein analyzed an earlier version of the False Claims Act, but the
guidance of the United State Supreme Court remains relevant to the court’s
interpretation of amended versions of the False Claims Act. See United States v.
Krizek, 111 F.3d at 939 n.1.

                                            74
the False Claims Act, but the filing of a complaint in the United States Court of Federal
Claims does not.

       In addition, the filing of a complaint in this court does not constitute the making of
a claim under the Contract Disputes Act. The Contract Disputes Act permits a
contractor to “bring an action directly on the claim in the United States Court of Federal
Claims” only after submitting a “claim” to a contracting officer. See 41 U.S.C. § 609.
The FAR also indicates that a “written demand or written assertion by the Contractor
seeking the payment of money exceeding $100,000 is not a claim under the Act [the
Contract Disputes Act] until certified.” See 48 C.F.R. § 52.233–1 (2005). A complaint,
therefore, cannot serve as the basis for liability under the Contract Disputes Act
because it is not submitted to a contracting officer. See SITCO Gen. Trading &
Contracting Co. v. United States, 87 Fed. Cl. 506, 509 (2009) (“A complaint filed in this
court does not seek a decision from the contracting officer or meet the other CDA
requirements of a ‘claim.’”).91

         The circumstances of the above-captioned cases present a further question as to
whether the submission of additional certified claims to a contracting officer while
litigation is pending can serve as the basis for additional liability under the Contract
Disputes Act or the False Claims Act. A line of cases dealing with the jurisdiction of the
Court of Federal Claims over a modification to a claim that already has been submitted
to a contracting officer suggests that, in particular circumstances, a contractor may
modify the amount of its claim as long as it does not “raise new claims not presented
and certified to the contracting officer.” See, e.g., Santa Fe Eng’rs, Inc. v. United
States, 818 F.2d 856, 858 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (emphasis in original) (citations omitted).
Although the cases that discuss the effect of a modification on the court’s jurisdiction
over a modified claim generally involve amendments to a contractor’s complaint during
litigation, these cases indicate that the submission of a revised claim to a contracting
officer after litigation has commenced may not constitute a new claim under the
Contract Disputes Act because the amendment of a complaint during litigation, which
effectively modifies the amount of an existing claim submitted to a contracting officer,
does not transform the existing claim into a new claim for the purpose of the court’s
jurisdiction under the Contract Disputes Act. See Kunz Constr. Co. v. United States, 12
Cl. Ct. 74, 79 (1987) (“[T]he Claims Court does not have jurisdiction under the Contract
Disputes Act over claims which a contractor has failed to present to the agency’s
contracting officer.” (citations omitted)). The Federal Circuit has indicated that “[a]n
action brought before the Court of Federal Claims under the CDA must be ‘based on the
91
   In contrast to the False Claims Act and the Contract Disputes Act, the Special Plea in
Fraud statute contemplates that the filing of a complaint constitutes a “claim.” The
Special Plea in Fraud statute is located in Title 28 of the United States Code, which
relates to the judiciary and judicial procedure, and the statute specifically directs the
Court of Federal Claims to “find such fraud or attempt and render judgment of forfeiture”
in relation to a fraudulent “claim against the United States.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2514; see
also DeRochemont v. United States, 23 Cl. Ct. 87, 90 (1991) (“DeRochemont has filed a
claim—the pending complaint—for a tax refund relative to tax year 1979, and he has
attempted to practice fraud in the statement of that claim.”).

                                             75
same claim previously presented to and denied by the contracting officer.’” See Scott
Timber Co. v. United States, 333 F.3d 1358, 1365 (Fed. Cir.) (quoting Cerbonics, Inc. v.
United States, 13 Cl. Ct. 415, 418 (1987)), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 2003). In order for a
revised claim to be the “‘same claim previously presented to and denied by the
contracting officer,’” Scott Timber Co. v. United States, 333 F.3d at 1365, the revised
claim must be based on “the same operatives facts,” and request “essentially the same
relief” as the claim originally submitted to the contracting officer, and, if applicable,
“merely assert differing legal theories for that recovery,” which satisfies the requirement
that the contracting officer be given “‘adequate notice of the basis and amount of the
claim.’” Id. (quoting Contract Cleaning Maint., Inc. v. United States, 811 F.2d 586, 592
(Fed. Cir. 1987)); see also Modeer v. United States, 68 Fed. Cl. 131, 137 (2005)
(requiring that the revised claim be based on “the same operative facts as the original
claim and claims the same categories of relief” (citing Cerbonics, Inc. v. United States,
13 Cl. Ct. at 418)), aff’d, 183 F. App’x 975 (Fed. Cir. 2006). When a contractor submits
a revised claim to a contracting officer during litigation, therefore, that revised claim is
not treated as a new claim under the Contract Disputes Act for jurisdictional purposes,
which indicates that the revised claim also should not be considered a new claim for the
purpose of assessing liability under the Contract Disputes Act.92

      That the revised claims Gulf Group submitted to the contracting officer in 2007,
and that the submission addressed to Maj. Everett in 2011 with respect to the camp
92
    Generally, “[o]nce a claim is in litigation, the Department of Justice gains exclusive
authority to act in the pending litigation.... The exclusive authority divests the
contracting officer of his authority to issue a final decision on the claim.” See Sharman
Co. v. United States, 2 F.3d 1564, 1571 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (citations omitted), overruled
on other grounds by Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 F.3d 1572. This is because, “[e]xcept
as otherwise authorized by law, the conduct of litigation in which the United States, an
agency, or officer thereof is a party, or is interested, and securing evidence therefor, is
reserved to officers of the Department of Justice, under the direction of the Attorney
General.” See 28 U.S.C. § 516 (2000). The Contract Disputes Act, however, explicitly
grants a reviewing court the authority to “retrocede authority to the contracting officer”
when the court “possess[es] jurisdiction over a claim based on a deemed denial.” See
United Partition Sys., Inc. v. United States, 59 Fed. Cl. 627, 643 (2004); see also 41
U.S.C. § 605(c)(5) (“[I]n the event an appeal or suit is...commenced in the absence of a
prior decision by the contracting officer, the tribunal concerned may, at its option, stay
the proceedings to obtain a decision on the claim by the contracting officer.”). The
judges previously assigned to the camp package BPA, latrine, and dumpster cases,
therefore, stayed proceedings pending the issuance of a final decision by the
contracting officer. Although Gulf Group’s revised claims submitted to the contracting
officer in 2007 did not each constitute a new claim under the Contract Disputes Act, the
contracting officer was not deprived of jurisdiction to render a final decision during the
litigation of the above-captioned cases as would typically be the case after a contractor
files a complaint in the Court of Federal Claims because the judges previously assigned
to the camp package BPA, latrine, and dumpster cases exercised their authority to “stay
the proceedings to obtain a decision on the claim by the contracting officer.” See 41
U.S.C. § 605(c)(5).

                                            76
package BPA, did not constitute new claims under the Contract Disputes Act, however,
does not indicate whether the revised claims constituted additional claims under the
False Claims Act. Similar to the contractor in Daewoo Engineering & Construction Co.,
Gulf Group repeatedly has modified the amount that it seeks in the camp package BPA
case and in the latrine and dumpster cases. See Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United
States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 560 n.19. Unlike the contractor in Daewoo Engineering &
Construction Co., in which the plaintiff was assessed a single penalty under the False
Claims Act after revising its single claim to the contracting officer during litigation, Gulf
Group submitted its revised, certified claims to the contracting officer for “a final
decision...awarding Gulf Group full compensation for its damages....” See id. at 560
n.19, 573 (indicating that the revised claim amount that was discussed at trial in
Daewoo was never certified and submitted to a contracting officer). In its revised 2007
claims, Gulf Group even requested that the contracting officer disregard its initial claims.
The court concludes, therefore, that Gulf Group’s submission of revised claims in 2007
and potentially the submission of its second revised claim for the camp package BPA in
2011,93 in the specific circumstances presented by the facts of this case, constituted a
“request or demand...for money,” which was “present[ed]...to an officer or employee of
the United States Government...for payment or approval,” thereby creating the potential
for additional liability under the False Claims Act. See 31 U.S.C. § 3729; see also
Harrison v. Westinghouse Savannah River Co., 176 F.3d 776, 785 (4th Cir. 1999)
(describing a claim under the False Claims Act as “a call upon the government fisc”).

A.     The Camp Package BPA Claims under the False Claims Act and the Contract
       Disputes Act

       The camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring was awarded to plaintiff on
September 30, 2004 and terminated on October 12, 2004. Gulf Group submitted a
claim to the government on the camp package BPA call, first to the Army, and then
incorporated those claims in the original complaint filed in this court as Case No. 06-
835C. The original complaint filed in this court in the camp package BPA case was
amended three times. Additionally, plaintiff resubmitted its camp package BPA claim to
the contracting officer in 2007 and again in 2011.94 In each instance, plaintiff alleged it
was owed monies based on its contractual relationship with the government, which the
Army had refused to pay. In its third amended complaint filed in this court regarding the
camp package BPA, plaintiff alleges:

93
  A number of differences between the 2007 and 2011 submissions, including that the
Army lacked authority to issue a decision on plaintiff’s 2011 submission, give the court
pause in concluding that the 2011 submission constitutes a claim under the False
Claims Act. Regardless of whether the 2011 submission constitutes a claim under the
False Claims Act, Gulf Group’s 2011 submission does not implicate liability under the
False Claims Act.
94
  Gulf Group’s 2011 claim was submitted to a contracting officer “in the care of” Maj.
Everett.

                                             77
       Gulf Group was fully prepared to perform under the...BPA Call and was
       ready to continue to fully perform for the complete duration of the BPA Call
       any subsequent BPA Call Modifications or additional separate BPA Calls,
       including other future extensions of the Master BPA.

       On or about October 12, 2004, after Gulf Group had commenced
       preparations to perform its contractual duties and had incurred substantial
       preparatory costs to perform under the Master BPA, the U.S. Army
       Contracting Command SWA-Kuwait (ARCENT) Contracting Officer, Gloria
       D. Davis, issued BPA Call Modification Number 000103 which cancelled
       and terminated the BPA Call without warning or valid justification and
       without any benefit ensuring [sic] to the Government.

(internal citation omitted).

      In its third amended answer to plaintiff’s complaint in the camp package BPA
case, No. 06-835C, defendant responds by alleging that:

       Gulf Group is unable to support its claim,95 as alleged above, due to a
       misrepresentation of fact or fraud. Gulf Group knowingly and deliberately
       certified entitlement to $4,544,339.8496 for Call 0001, despite that: (a) the
       total contract award was $1,447,457; (b) the contract was terminated 12
       days into the performance period; and (c) Gulf Group submitted an invoice
       from Green Valley generated by a Gulf Group employee97 to support its
95
   Defendant’s answers to plaintiff’s complaints in the camp package BPA case and the
latrine and dumpster cases interchangeably refer to plaintiff’s “certified claim” and
plaintiff’s “claims” when discussing the False Claims Act. Defendant’s answers,
however, seek “civil penalties as are allowable by law…per violation.” As indicated
above, plaintiff’s submissions in 2005 and 2007 create the potential for liability under the
False Claims Act.
96
   Defendant’s third amended answer interprets plaintiff’s settlement offer as the amount
to which plaintiff claimed entitlement in its 2005 camp package BPA claim. As indicated
above, plaintiff asserted entitlement to more than the amount of its settlement offer in its
2005 claim.
97
   In its third amended answer, defendant argued that the Green Valley invoice was
included in the camp package BPA claim to evidence the purchase of one hundred fifty-
eight latrines and one potable water tanker, and highlighted that the invoice had the
mobile telephone number of Suresh Pulikkal, who defendant described as a “Gulf Group
employee.” As noted above, Suresh Pulikkal appears to have been a legal consultant
for a number of different companies. Saud Al Tawash explained that Suresh Pulikkal
was “the project coordinator” for Gulf Group and Green Valley’s joint venture. The joint
venture agreement between Gulf Group and Green Valley indicated that Suresh
Pulikkal had authority to act on the behalf of Green Valley. In addition, plaintiff asserted
that the invoice from Green Valley was not included in the claim calculation, but was

                                            78
       claim. Accordingly, Gulf Group is liable to the United States pursuant to
       the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2), for the unsupported
       claim, plus the Government’s costs attributable to reviewing the claim.

Defendant continues:

       Gulf Group knowingly presented and caused to be presented, to officers
       and employees of the United States Government, and to members of the
       Armed Forces of the United States, false or fraudulent claims for payment
       or approval, in submitting invoices for all calls under BPA 0047 and in
       submitting its certified claim to the contracting officer(s). The claims for
       payment were false or fraudulent because: (a) Gulf Group inflated the
       amount of its claim for Call 0001 for supplies and services it did not
       render; (b) Gulf Group submitted an invoice from Green Valley generated
       by a Gulf Group employee to support its claim for Call 0001; and (c) the
       award of BPA 0047 contract was tainted by bribery.98

        In a post-trial brief, defendant contends that plaintiff violated the False Claims Act
because the amounts it claimed, when plaintiff submitted its claims in 2005 and 2007 on
the camp package BPA claim, were without basis and inflated, and because plaintiff
sought payment for expenses it never had incurred. Defendant also argues that plaintiff
is liable to the United States in the amount of $6,674,502.13, pursuant to the antifraud
provision of the Contract Disputes Act, for the amounts it claimed when plaintiff
submitted its claims in 2007. Defendant identifies $5,545,505.28 as the unsupported
amount of plaintiff’s 2007 claim, which asserted entitlement to the BPA call limit,
$7,000,000.00, and attorneys’ fees, which were later identified as amounting to
$7,037.50, even though the price of the call was $1,447,457.22.99 In addition,
defendant argues that plaintiff asserted entitlement to $1,128,996.85 in unsupported
costs in its 2005 and 2007 submissions. Defendant not only contends that plaintiff

included with the claim documents to show that plaintiff was ready to perform and that it
had a good faith belief that the government would award other calls under the camp
package BPA to Gulf Group or extend the call already awarded.
98
  As is discussed more fully below regarding defendant’s allegations of bribery, Saud Al
Tawash testified forcefully that he did not obtain inside information from Mr. Cockerham,
Maj. Davis, or anyone else in the contracting office, and that he and his company did
not offer money, gifts, or favors to Mr. Cockerham, Maj. Davis, or any other official in the
contract office in order to receive any inside information or award of any of the
contracts, BPAs, or BPA calls. The court had considerable opportunity to observe Saud
Al Tawash in the courtroom, including during his lengthy direct testimony, cross-
examination, and rebuttal, to reach its conclusion that Saud Al Tawash offered sincere
and credible testimony.
99
  Defendant does not address the fact that plaintiff’s claim to attorneys’ fees arises out
of Attorney Peters’ preparation of plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer, rather
than plaintiff’s 2007 claim.

                                             79
sought costs it had not incurred, but also that the claimed amount was merely a
negotiating ploy.

       Plaintiff argues in response that it “sought full contract value including the base
period and all options that Gulf Group believed would have performed if the contracts
were not improperly terminated, which is also the total amount the Government would
have spent to obtain the services.” Plaintiff contends that it sought payment for the full
contract price, including the option periods, based on case law, which plaintiff asserts
established that a contractor may recover for unexercised option periods if the
government made an arbitrary and capricious or bad faith100 decision not to exercise the
options.

       The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit stated in White v.
Delta Construction International, Inc.:

       The primary objective of damages for breach of contract is to place the
       non-breaching party “in as good a position pecuniarily as he would have
       been by performance of the contract.” Miller v. Robertson, 266 U.S. 243,
       257 (1924). As this court has stated, “[t]he general rule is that damages
       for breach of contract shall place the wronged party in as good a position
       as it would have been in, had the breaching party fully performed its
       obligation.” Mass. Bay Transp. Auth. v. United States, 129 F.3d 1226,
       1232 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (citing prior cases of this court and its predecessor,
       the Court of Claims). Commentators and the Restatement of Contracts
       also have consistently recognized this principle. Arthur Linton Corbin,
       Corbin on Contracts § 992, at 5 (1964); E. Allan Farnsworth, Farnsworth
       on Contracts § 12.3, at 157 (2d ed. 1998); Charles T. McCormick,
       Damages § 137, at 561 (1935); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 344
       cmt. a (1979).

       A corollary of that principle is that the non-breaching party is “not entitled
       to be put in a better position by the recovery than if the [other party] had
100
    In the second amended complaints submitted to this court, plaintiff alleged bad faith
terminations in Case No. 06-835C (the camp package BPA), Case No. 06-858C (the
latrine contract), and Case No. 06-853C (the dumpster contract). Plaintiff subsequently
dropped all allegations concerning bad faith in each case. As confirmed in an April 22,
2011 Order issued by this court, “[i]n a conference the court held with the parties on
April 8, 2011, plaintiff’s counsel advised the court that, upon reflection, counsel does not
wish to pursue a bad faith claim on the part of the government, but that plaintiff’s
counsel intends to proceed with the allegation that government officials acted arbitrarily
and capriciously with respect to the cancellation of Gulf Group’s contract.” Thereafter,
in its third amended complaint in Case No. 06-835C (the camp package BPA), filed on
May 6, 2011, plaintiff dropped its bad faith claim against the government. At closing
argument, in response to the question from the court, “there is no bad faith claim in any
one of these four cases, 06-835, 06-858, 06-853, and 07-082, is that correct?” plaintiff’s
counsel responded, “[t]hat is correct.”

                                            80
      fully performed the contract.” Miller, 266 U.S. at 260, 45 S. Ct. 73. As the
      First Circuit stated the rule, the non-breaching party “should on no account
      get more than would have accrued if the contract had been performed.”
      DPJ Co. v. FDIC, 30 F.3d 247, 250 (1st Cir. 1994).

White v. Delta Constr. Int’l, Inc., 285 F.3d 1040, 1043 (Fed. Cir. 2002); see also
Bluebonnet Sav. Bank, F.S.B. v. United States, 339 F.3d 1341, 1344-45 (Fed. Cir.
2003) (stating that breach of contract damages are meant to place the wronged party in
as good a position as he or she would have been in but for the breach, not in a better
position); San Carlos Irrigation & Drainage Dist. v. United States, 111 F.3d 1557, 1562–
63 (Fed. Cir.) (stating that breach of contract damages put the wronged party in as good
a position as he would have been in if the breaching party had performed in full), reh’g
denied (Fed. Cir.), and corrected on limited grant of reh’g (Fed. Cir. 1997). In Glendale
Federal Bank, FSB v. United States, 239 F.3d 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2001), the Federal Circuit
addressed “expectancy damages,” which are often equated with “lost profits.” The court
wrote:

      One way the law makes the non-breaching party whole is to give him the
      benefits he expected to receive had the breach not occurred. See
      Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 344(a) (1981). The benefits that
      were expected from the contract, “expectancy damages,” are often
      equated with lost profits, although they can include other damage
      elements as well. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 347. The
      problems of proof attendant on the burden placed on the non-breaching
      party of establishing lost profits—on establishing what might have been—
      are well recognized. Even with a generous standard of proof applied in
      such cases, see, e.g., San Carlos Irrigation & Drainage Dist. v. United
      States, 111 F.3d 1557, 1563 (Fed. Cir. 1997); Neely v. United States, 152
      Ct. Cl. 137, 285 F.2d 438, 443 (1961), the proof problems can in some
      situations prove to be insurmountable.

Glendale Fed. Bank, FSB v. United States, 239 F.3d at 1380.

       Plaintiff admits that the claims it submitted relevant to the camp package BPA in
2005 and 2007 were incorrect. Plaintiff argues, however, that the mistakes made in
submitting the camp package BPA claims in 2005 and 2007 were innocent mistakes
and, thus, should not be actionable under the False Claims Act or the Contract Disputes
Act. Plaintiff further argues that the expense table that was included in the 2005 camp
package BPA claim was not attached to show expenses actually incurred, or as a basis
for the amount claimed, but rather to show that plaintiff was prepared to perform. At
closing argument, plaintiff’s current attorney of record, Ms. Hands, who prepared,
signed, and certified plaintiff’s revised camp package BPA claim in 2007, stated: “I
made a mistake. I misunderstood the claims. I thought that we could collect full
contract value, plus the expenses. I misunderstood the expenses to be the full amount
on those expense tables,” and “I read those expense tables as including all of the
expenses.” Plaintiff also responds to defendant’s counterclaims by arguing that it had a
legal and factual basis for claiming the full amount of the camp package BPA call 0001,

                                           81
stating: “Gulf Group had a good faith basis for claiming the full $7,000,000 call limit and
Gulf Group did not submit a claim for costs as the Government interpreted or
maintained that it had actually paid $1,183,838.72 in costs.”

      According to plaintiff, Maj. Davis, on behalf of the Army, had informed Saud Al
Tawash that Gulf Group would receive multiple calls under the camp package BPA if it
performed well.101 Moreover, even after camp package BPA call 0001 was terminated,
Gulf Group received other calls for latrines and dumpster services under the camp
package BPA. Plaintiff states that “Mr. Al Tawash thus had every expectation that the
Army would either amend BPA Call 001 [sic] to issue additional requests for camp
packages or individual items listed on the BPA Call up to the maximum Call limit of
$7,000,000, and even up to the full Master BPA aggregate of $10,000,000.”

       During cross-examination, Attorney Peters, plaintiff’s prior attorney, revealed his
views regarding his decision to seek the entire amount of the camp package BPA, and
his misunderstanding of what had occurred:

       Q: So the future work under this call, or the future work under the entire
       BPA?

       A: The entire BPA.

       Q: And when you put whatever number, the $5 million, in the claim, you
       put it in because you believed the termination for the BPA call was based
       on the Army’s bad faith and abuse of discretion; isn’t that right?

       A: Yes, but I might have been -- I might have made a mistake on this one.
       I might have misunderstood and thought that the entire BPA was being
       canceled, or was being withdrawn, because I was going by what I had
       been told by Hess and everyone else that they were canceling everything
       that my clients had with them.

       Q: Did you ask anyone at Gulf Group whether Gulf Group received further
       calls under this BPA?

       A: I probably didn’t because I thought that everything had been canceled.

        The extent to which Attorney Peters did a disservice to his client and opened up
the possibility of a False Claims Act counterclaim and a Contract Disputes Act
counterclaim regarding his client’s claims, as a result of advice that he gave to his client,
is further illustrated by this exchange on direct examination of Mr. Peters at trial:
101
    Maj. Davis both awarded and terminated plaintiff’s camp package BPA call. Unlike
the other contracts, Mr. Cockerham had more limited involvement with the camp
package BPA call. He was not the contract specialist or contracting officer on the camp
package BPA, but was listed on the Contract Review Board that recommended award
of the camp package BPA to Gulf Group.

                                             82
       Q: And when you submitted this claim did you intend to submit a
       fraudulent claim?

       A: Never.

       Q: And when you submitted these claims did you knowingly submit a false
       claim?

       A: No, I would never submit anything fraudulently at all for a variety of
       reasons. One, having to do with my oath as an officer, and as an attorney
       who values his license, and ability to practice law, and I will not
       compromise myself for any client ever.

       Q: Did Gulf Group ask you to submit a claim that was inflated?

       A: No.

       Q: Did Gulf Group ask you to submit a claim that was false?

       A: No, they relied on me to know what the American law was, and I felt
       that what I submitted was correct. If I had submitted anything less, then I
       would be guilty of malpractice for not submitting the full amount that under
       the circumstances would be correct in a court of law based on my review
       of case law, et cetera, and the rules that guide us in this endeavor.

       Plaintiff insists that it did not include a claim for the expenses listed on the
expense table for the camp package BPA. Plaintiff also asserts that the invoice from
Green Valley was included with the camp package BPA claim documents only to show
that plaintiff was ready to perform and that it had a good faith belief that the government
would award other calls under the camp package BPA or extend the call awarded.
According to plaintiff, the Green Valley invoice was not included in the claim calculation.

        In 2005, plaintiff submitted its Claim and Settlement Offer to the Army for the
camp package BPA, certified by Attorney Peters, with a cover letter and settlement offer
in the amount of $4,544,339.84, both signed by Saud Al Tawash. Neither Attorney
Peters nor Saud Al Tawash offered any specific basis for the settlement amount
included, other than Attorney Peters testifying that he generally instructed his clients to
offer “something less” than the total claim amount. The camp package BPA call No.
0001 was in the amount of $1,447,457.22. In its 2007 revised claim submitted to the
Army, which was prepared, signed, and certified by plaintiff’s second attorney, and
current attorney of record, Iliaura Hands, as well as in its original complaint filed in this
court, also submitted by Ms. Hands as attorney of record in the above-captioned cases,
plaintiff claimed $7,000,000.00, the price of the camp package BPA call limit. In its first
amended complaint in the camp package BPA case, plaintiff sought $3,463,297.57, in
its second amended complaint plaintiff sought $3,463,287.57, and in its third amended

                                             83
complaint plaintiff now seeks $922,851.34. Each of the three amended complaints was
submitted by Ms. Hands as plaintiff’s attorney of record.

        The amounts plaintiff claimed in its successive claims and complaints were
inconsistent and submitted without reasonable explanation of the original submission to
the contracting officer, and without reasons and justifications for the amendments to the
complaints or claims. Plaintiff sought amounts that would have placed plaintiff in a
better position than if camp package BPA call 0001 had been fully performed. Had the
maximum value of the calls been issued under the camp package BPA, plaintiff would
have incurred expenses, which would have reduced its gross profits under any given
camp package BPA call. In its 2007 claim, plaintiff sought the entire call limit of
$7,000,00.00, an amount that far exceeded any potential profit on the $1,447,457.22
BPA call 0001. Although plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer, which was
incorporated into plaintiff’s 2007 claim, acknowledged that the law directs that contract
damages place the wronged party in as good a position as it would have been but for
the breach, the claims plaintiff submitted in 2005 and 2007 would have put plaintiff in a
far better position. Unfortunately for plaintiff, which has indicated it acted on its
attorneys’ advice, Gulf Group is bound by its attorneys’ mistakes and errors. See Link
v. Wabash R.R., 370 U.S. 626, 633-34 (“Petitioner voluntarily chose this attorney as his
representative in the action, and he cannot now avoid the consequences of the acts or
omissions of this freely selected agent. Any other notion would be wholly inconsistent
with our system of representative litigation, in which each party is deemed bound by the
acts of his lawyer-agent and is considered to have ‘notice of all facts, notice of which
can be charged upon the attorney.’” (quoting Smith v. Ayer, 101 U.S. 320 (1879))),
reh’g denied, 371 U.S. 873 (1962).102 Moreover, although the initial claims submitted to
the Army were certified by Ferdinand Peters, and the revised claims were signed and
certified by Iliaura Hands, successively, Saud Al Tawash also signed the cover letters
and settlement forms included in the claims earlier submitted to the Army and was
responsible for the actions of Gulf Group as the head of the organization.

        Furthermore, the case law plaintiff cites as providing a basis for seeking lost
profits on option periods, for which plaintiff sought the maximum value of all calls the
government could have issued under a BPA in its 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer,
refers to situations in which the contractor can prove that the government chose, in bad
faith, not to exercise the option periods, see Hi-Shear Tech. Corp. v. United States, 356
102
    The cases and law journal article plaintiff cites in support of its position that plaintiff
should not be held responsible for its attorneys’ actions are inapposite. See United
States ex rel. Hefner v. Hackensack Univ. Med. Ctr., 495 F.3d 103 (3d Cir. 2007);
United States ex rel. Bidani v. Lewis, 2001 WL 32868 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 12, 2001), vacated
on recons. by 2001 WL 747524 (N.D. Ill. Jun. 29, 2001); The Government’s Increasing
Use of the False Claims Act Against the Health Care Industry, 24 J. Legal Med. 457
(2003). The case United States ex rel. Hefner v. Hackensack University Medical Center
is a non-precedential decision and was ultimately decided based on a lack of evidence
of reckless disregard. The case United States ex rel. Bidani v. Lewis is an unreported,
non-precedential decision, and the Journal of Legal Medicine creates no binding
precedent.

                                              84
F.3d 1372, 1374, 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2004);
Blackstone Consulting, Inc. v. Gen. Servs. Admin., CBCA 718, 08-1 BCA ¶ 33,770;
Greenlee Constr., Inc. v. Gen. Servs. Admin., CBCA 416, 07-1 BCA ¶ 33,514. These
cases do not cover situations in which the government chooses to terminate a contract
during a base period without ever reaching or making a decision as to the option
periods. In the camp package BPA case, there is no evidence that, had the BPA call
not been terminated, the government would have issued additional calls under the BPA
or modified the value of Gulf Group’s call, or would have not issued additional calls in
bad faith. Nor is the government generally obligated to exercise an option. See Gov’t
Sys. Advisors, Inc. v. United States, 847 F.2d 811, 813 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (“An option is
normally an option, and nothing in [the provision at issue], or in any other contract
clause, limited the circumstances under which the government could decline to exercise
that bargained-for right in this case.”); see also Sundowner 102, LLC v. United States,
108 Fed. Cl. 737, 741 (2013).

        With regard to the expense table submitted with the camp package BPA claim,
Attorney Peters testified that he did not intend the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer to
include the table as support for its claims, but, rather, that the expense table was
attached to the claim to show that Gulf Group was prepared to perform. Attorney Hands
stated at closing arguments that she did not know that some of the expenses listed had
actually not been incurred. Although Attorney Peters may wish he had made clear that
the tables were submitted for the limited purpose to which he testified at trial, and
Attorney Hands may have been ignorant of whether all the expenses were incurred or
not, post-action explanations do not assist plaintiff. The 2005 and 2007 claims to the
Army, and the original complaint in this case, all list the full potential value of the camp
package BPA call as the sum to which plaintiff believed it was entitled, not the expenses
listed in the expense table, which was submitted with the certified claim, and which
amounted to 345,717.000 KD.

        At the time that Gulf Group submitted its 2005 camp package BPA Claim and
Settlement Offer, it knew which items in the expense table it had already purchased and
which items no longer would be needed because the camp package BPA call for Camp
Buehring had been terminated. Yet, it was not until Gulf Group submitted its second
revised claim to Maj. Everett in 2011 that Gulf Group adjusted the expense table to
reflect that some items had been purchased and other items had not. Indeed, Gulf
Group actually purchased only 19,255.000 KD worth of equipment, not 345,717.000 KD
worth of equipment, as reflected in the submitted expense table. The assertion of
entitlement to the full potential value of all calls issued under the camp package BPA
and the incorrect expense table, to which both attorneys contributed, and which Saud Al
Tawash, as plaintiff’s principal, failed to oversee, resulted in submission of conflicting,
incorrect, and reckless claims to the United States by plaintiff.

      Moreover, the invoices and purchase orders submitted muddle the issues. The
documentary support submitted for the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer for the camp
package BPA is little more than a perplexing disarray of documents, which serves only
to complicate an amount sought that is without legal or logical basis. Despite plaintiff’s

                                            85
after the fact argument to the contrary, it does not appear from the claim as filed that the
expense table was included to prove the preparedness to perform. Rather, the cover
page to the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer states: “we request your kind attention and
approval for our claim and [sic] submitting this claim with [sic] following documents for
reimbursement of both costs and profits....:”

       1)   Form 1438 Settlement proposal
       2)   Claim and Settlement Offer
       3)   Appendix: 1. Contract
       4)   Appendix: 2. Cancellation Documents
       5)   Appendix: 3. Expense Table
       6)   Appendix: 4. Expense Documents
       7)   Appendix: 5. Pictures of dumpsters and vehicles.

(emphasis added). The 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer certified by Attorney Peters
states, “[t]his offer includes reimbursement for both costs and lost profits.... The
contract costs, when added to the anticipated contract profit, total $10,000,000.00 the
full contract price.” This puzzling statement appears to assert that Gulf Group is entitled
to be paid either for the costs it already incurred, thus the inclusion of the expense table
and expense documents for items which, as now established, were not all purchased, or
for the costs plaintiff would have incurred had the contract been performed with all
potential calls exercised, a notion that is similarly unsupportable, as the costs of
performing the contract are the responsibility of the contractor and are deducted from
potential net profit in breach-damage computations. See Bluebonnet Sav. Bank, FSB v.
United States, 339 F.3d at 1345.

        Additionally, although the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer offered to settle for
$4,544,339.84, less than the BPA master dollar limit of $10,000,000.00, plaintiff appears
to believe that, had the camp package BPA call not been terminated, the government
would have issued calls to plaintiff up to the full master dollar limit of $10,000,000.00,
although plaintiff offers no reasonable explanation or evidence in the record for this
belief.    The camp package BPA was not a guaranteed set of calls worth
$10,000,000.00, rather, $10,000,000.00 was the maximum value of all calls which could
be issued under the camp package BPA. Furthermore, only camp package BPA call
0001, worth $1,447,457.22, was terminated, and the limit of that camp package BPA
call was only $7,000,000.00. Indeed, there were other calls issued under the camp
package BPA to Gulf Group from 2004 to 2005, for which plaintiff was paid a total of
$3,112,498.24. At trial, Attorney Peters testified that he may have been mistaken in
thinking that the entire camp package BPA had been cancelled, rather than call 0001
with its $7,000,00.00 limit. Regardless, the camp package BPA call 0001 at issue was
only worth $1,447,457.22, and was terminated only twelve days after it was awarded.

       Finally, the fact that Saud Al Tawash testified that he and Gulf Group did not
know how to compile a claim to be submitted to the United States government does not
obviate Gulf Group’s responsibilities, or Saud Al Tawash’s responsibilities as the
General Manager of Gulf Group, nor does plaintiff’s and Saud Al Tawash’s reliance on
the attorneys absolve the plaintiff of its responsibilities for submitting inflated and

                                            86
deficient claims. See Link v. Wabash R.R., 370 U.S. at 633-34. Saud Al Tawash
signed the cover letter for the 2005 camp package BPA claim, as well the settlement
offer form. He testified at trial, however, that he did not look at the claim in detail until
his deposition, despite acknowledging that it was the responsibility of everyone involved
with the claims to make sure they were accurate. Plaintiff is bound by the actions of its
attorneys and its General Manager, Saud Al Tawash. Plaintiff chose to rely on its
attorneys to prepare and submit its claims. By giving its attorneys the authority to certify
the claims on Gulf Group’s behalf, and failing to review the submissions, plaintiff cannot
now hide behind the mistakes of its attorneys to avoid liability under the False Claims
Act. It appears from the record that plaintiff, in the personages of Attorney Peters,
Attorney Hands, and Saud Al Tawash, did not conduct even a minimal inquiry into the
accuracy of the claims submitted. Had they done so, they would have seen the
inconsistency of the claims and the expense table. They also should have seen the
lack of foundation for the information included in the table. Moreover, had any one of
them carefully reviewed the various claims, they should have noticed that the claims
were for more than the BPA call amount. In addition, the attorneys should have been
more conversant with government contract law, including the legal status of options,
BPAs, and calls. According to his testimony, Saud Al Tawash was a business major
and graduate of Tulane University, who has multiple business holdings and experience
running companies, including performance of other United States government contracts.
It is hard for this court to imagine that, had Saud Al Tawash appropriately reviewed the
2005 Claim and Settlement Offer, he would not have realized that plaintiff stood to
recoup more money from its 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer than it would have made,
even had the master dollar limit of the BPA been reached and had BPA call 0001 not
been terminated. Plaintiff cannot escape the fact that it sought the BPA call dollar limit
of $7,000,000.00 in its 2007 claim on a terminated call that was worth only
$1,447,457.22.

        As noted above, a failure to make a minimal examination of records can
constitute deliberate ignorance or reckless disregard, for which a contractor may be
found liable under the False Claims Act. See Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 70,
550 F.2d at 23; United States v. TDC Mgmt. Corp., 24 F.3d at 298. The submissions
were prepared by Gulf Group in such a “sloppy or unsupervised fashion” that the
government was overbilled. See 132 Cong. Rec. H9,382-03. Plaintiff, as the claim
applicant, is responsible for the accuracy of the claims presented to the government,
regardless of who prepared them and how they were prepared. Plaintiff’s submissions
contain far more than mere math errors, innocent mistakes, or flawed reasoning. See
Wang ex rel. United States v. FMC Corp., 975 F.2d at 1420-21. The claims were false
on their face and lacked a reasonable basis. The facts as established in testimony at
trial and in the trial exhibits, including plaintiff’s written submissions to the Army, lead
the court to conclude that plaintiff’s varied, ill-considered, and jumbled camp package
BPA claims in 2005 and 2007 were submitted with reckless disregard as to their truth or
falsity, and, therefore, under the statutory definition, constitute “false claims,” pursuant
to 31 U.S.C. § 3729. Plaintiff’s 2011 submission addressed many of the deficiencies in
the previous claims and, therefore, even if considered a claim, does not serve as the
basis for additional liability under the False Claims Act.

                                             87
        Despite the established liability under the False Claims Act, based on reckless
disregard, and defendant’s correct assertion that Gulf Group submitted a claim for the
camp package BPA claim in excess of the amount of the camp package BPA call 0001,
defendant has not proven that the claims were made with intent to deceive the
government on the part of Gulf Group and Saud Al Tawash. At trial, Saud Al Tawash
testified that he believed the claim was correct when it was submitted. The court finds
the testimony of Saud Al Tawash to be sincere and credible, although he was far too
trusting of his attorneys. Plaintiff Gulf Group, through Saud Al Tawash, was relying on
the experience of Attorney Peters and of Attorney Hands in American law and
government contracts law when the claims were submitted to the United States
government.

       Attorney Peters confirmed at trial that Gulf Group did not ask for an inflated or
false claim to be submitted. Attorney Peters stated that it was his experience, as a
former military commander, that the Army would “not change horses in midstream” and
would continue the calls on BPAs. Attorney Peters also testified that the expense table
was included to show that Gulf Group was prepared to perform, not that Gulf Group was
claiming costs it had not incurred. Similarly, Attorney Hands appears to have honestly
mistaken what costs plaintiff had incurred and to have had an honest belief in plaintiff’s
flawed reasoning presented in the early claims and complaints.

       At trial Saud Al Tawash readily admitted that Gulf Group had made mistakes in
submitting the camp package BPA claims to the government. Saud Al Tawash pointed
to his unfamiliarity with how to submit claims to the United States government and lack
of understanding of the American claims process, as well as his status as a foreign
national, as having played a large role in what occurred. Saud Al Tawash conceded:

      Yes, we did have mistakes in our claims because we don’t have
      experience. But here we have contract in office from the leading military
      in the world that we have high respect for and look very high up at which
      are well-trained and well looked at and, you know, what we’ve been taught
      in school was the opposite of what’s been actually in reality. We were
      taught in school that there’s arbitration. There’s, you know, courts in
      Paris, courts in locally with the Chamber of Commerce. None of that
      happened. I mean, in Kuwait, we will never, never get to a court. They’ll
      try to resolve it even at the police station, imagine, before it even goes up
      to -- because it takes a lot of resources from both sides. I mean, this case
      has been very expensive for us and I’m sure for the government. And had
      we sat down in 2004 -- in 2005 and tried to resolve these issues, we would
      not be here, sir.

       In Daewoo, the Court of Federal Claims noted that Daewoo submitted an inflated
claim to get the government to “pay attention.” Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United
States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 585. The Court of Federal Claims stated:

                                           88
       The Project Manager testified at one point that Daewoo filed at least $50
       million of the claim to indicate “the seriousness of the situation” and to get
       the Government to “pay attention” so it would agree to a cheaper method
       of constructing embankments. If so, this is further evidence of bad faith. It
       means that Daewoo submitted a certified claim as a negotiating ploy; that
       is, for a reason other than an attempt to recover money for which Daewoo
       believed the Government is liable.

Id. (citations and footnote omitted). As noted by the Federal Circuit in affirming the trial
court’s decision in Daewoo, “[i]It is well established that a baseless certified claim is a
fraudulent claim.” Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1339.

        Attorney Peters testified he expected the 2005 camp package BPA Claim and
Settlement Offer would be a starting point for settlement negotiations. At a minimum,
counsel for plaintiff, if not Saud Al Tawash, as plaintiff’s representative, should have
known that to submit a claim that could not be substantiated as amounting to the actual
value of the claim resulted in the making of a false claim. Although Gulf Group may
now understand that some of its claims were incorrect, and this court concludes that the
2005 and 2007 camp package BPA claims were submitted with reckless disregard in
violation of the False Claims Act, there is insufficient evidence in the record to find that
Gulf Group intended to deceive or mislead the government, as required under the
Contract Disputes Act, when it submitted its camp package BPA claims.103

B.     The Latrine Contract Claims under the False Claims Act and the Contract
       Disputes Act

        In response to plaintiff’s various complaints in the latrine case, defendant alleges
that plaintiff violated the False Claims Act by submitting claims for services and supplies
under the latrine contract, which were not provided. Defendant asserts that the claimed
expenses plaintiff had not incurred included expenses for all of the potential option
periods for the latrine contract. According to defendant, the amount in plaintiff’s 2007
claim and original complaint exceeds the total possible contract price. Defendant also
alleges that “Gulf Group is liable to the United States pursuant to the Contract Disputes
Act, 41 U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2), for the unsupported claim, plus the Government’s costs
attributable to reviewing the claim,” because “Gulf Group knowingly and deliberately
certified entitlement to $4,558,428.60 for Contract 0932 [the latrine contract], despite
that: (a) the total contract award was $613,142.86; (b) the contract was terminated 25
days [sic] into the performance period; and (c) this contract was obtained through

103
   Because the court finds that plaintiff is not liable for the amount of its unsubstantiated
camp package BPA claims under the Contract Disputes Act, the court does not further
address defendant’s position that the amount of plaintiff’s settlement offer constitutes
the amount of its 2005 certified claim, rather than the amount for which plaintiff asserted
entitlement.

                                             89
bribery.”104 Defendant identifies $5,373,469.64 as the unsupported amount of plaintiff’s
2007 claim, which asserted entitlement to more than the total potential contract price,
$6,000,000.00, and attorneys’ fees, which, according to defendant, were later identified
as $13,387.50,105 even though the base period price of the latrine contract was
$613,142.86. In addition, defendant argues that plaintiff asserted entitlement to
$266,335.04106 in unsupported costs in its 2005 and 2007 submissions. Defendant
asserts that the claimed amount, including the costs not incurred, was merely a
negotiating ploy. Defendant argues, with respect to plaintiff’s 2007 latrine claim
presented to the Army for $6,000,000.00, that “the only reasonable explanation of the
latrine claim amount is that it was a negotiating ploy, and not an amount to which Gulf
Group could have honestly believed it was entitled.”

        Plaintiff argues that it sought the full contract price for the base period and the
option periods for the latrine contract because it believed that but for the terminations, it
would have performed the full potential term of the contract, and that this amount was
the sum that the government would have paid for its services. Plaintiff contends that it
sought payment for the full contract price, including all the option periods, based on
case law, which plaintiff asserts establishes that a contractor may recover for
unexercised option periods if the government made an arbitrary, capricious, or bad faith
decision not to exercise the option periods. Plaintiff also asserts that the government,
through Maj. Davis, expressly told the bidders submitting proposals on the latrine
contract to include option periods because Maj. Davis believed there was a reasonable
likelihood the option periods would be exercised. Furthermore, plaintiff argues the
option periods were in fact exercised with respect to other contractors who received
contracts for the same latrine services Gulf Group had been awarded. According to
plaintiff, Maj. Davis told Saud Al Tawash that the contracts were “long-term” and for
permanent camps, and that the Army required Gulf Group to supply brand new latrines
104
     As with the camp package BPA, defendant’s second amended answer interprets
plaintiff’s settlement offer as the amount to which plaintiff claimed entitlement in its 2005
latrine contract claim. As indicated above, plaintiff asserted entitlement to more than
the amount of its settlement offer in its 2005 claim. The allegation regarding bribery is
discussed below.
105
     Defendant inaccurately alleges that plaintiff claimed entitlement to $13,387.50 in
legal fees. A “notice of filing revised claim” that plaintiff filed in the latrine case in 2011
claimed entitlement to a total of $13,837.50, although the individual entries
corresponding to the legal fees plaintiff claims amount to $13,887.50. In addition,
although defendant includes legal fees, which should be not recoverable given the
inflated amount submitted by plaintiff with respect to the camp package BPA claim,
defendant inexplicably treats the legal fees that plaintiff incurred as recoverable with
respect to the latrine contract claim.
106
    As indicated below, in the court’s discussion of plaintiff’s claims, defendant
inexplicably indicated that plaintiff had validly incurred 68,289.630 KD of costs that
plaintiff did not claim in its 2011 notice for the latrine contract, potentially confusing
plaintiff’s identification of 68,910.000 KD of costs plaintiff claimed to have avoided.

                                              90
on the contract, although the base period of the contract was only for four months.
Plaintiff also indicates that Attorney Peters informed plaintiff it was the Army’s policy not
to interrupt service, based on his own personal experience in Bosnia.

       As with the camp package BPA claims, plaintiff contends that the expense table,
attached as an appendix to the 2005 latrine contract Claim and Settlement Offer, was
included merely to show that plaintiff was prepared to perform, and was not to be
considered part of its claim. Moreover, plaintiff states that it was reasonable to submit a
claim in excess of the total potential contract price because an additional amount for
interest and attorneys’ fees normally would be granted.

        Moreover, as with the 2005 camp package BPA Claim and Settlement Offer,
plaintiff’s 2005 latrine Claim and Settlement Offer was prepared and certified by
Attorney Peters, and the cover letter were signed by Saud Al Tawash. In the 2005
latrine Claim and Settlement Offer, plaintiff offered settlement in the amount of
$4,558,428.60, an amount less than that to which plaintiff believed it was entitled, which
plaintiff calculated to be $5,058,428.59 for the full potential contract price, including the
base period and all option periods. The 2005 latrine Claim and Settlement Offer stated
that Gulf Group “should be allowed full profit,” and “should also be compensated fully for
the costs incurred in furtherance of the contract. The contract costs, when added to the
anticipated contract profit, total $5,058,428.59, the full contract price.” Nevertheless,
Gulf Group indicated it was “willing at this time to accept $4,558,428.60 as full and final
settlement.” Neither Saud Al Tawash nor Attorney Peters gave an explanation of the
basis for the proposed settlement amount. Attorney Peters did state at trial, however, “I
admit this is pretty aggressive in what we are going for here, but I had a bad faith
situation, and a bad faith termination. So there was no reason not to be aggressive with
the military.” As noted above, plaintiff dropped any possible claims of bad faith in any of
the four above-captioned cases. Attorney Peters also indicated that the final settlement
amount was approximately five to ten percent lower than the claimed amount.

        In its 2007 claim submitted to the Army for the latrine contract, plaintiff increased
the amount sought to a sum larger than the total potential contract price, $6,000,000.00.
The 2007 claim did not deduct any costs that Gulf Group would have incurred had the
contract been fully performed. As with the initial camp package BPA claim, Gulf Group
would have been better off receiving the claimed amount than had it performed and had
the government awarded every option period of the latrine contract, a result which the
law does not allow. See White v. Delta Constr. Int’l, Inc., 285 F.3d at 1043 (“[T]he non-
breaching party is ‘not entitled to be put in a better position by the recovery than if the
[other party] had fully performed the contract.’” (second bracket in original) (quoting
Miller v. Robertson, 266 U.S. at 260)).

        Saud Al Tawash testified that he did not know why the 2005 latrine Claim and
Settlement Offer was submitted for more than the entire contract price. In a post-trial
brief, however, plaintiff argued that it sought more than the potential contract price in

                                             91
order to include interest and attorneys’ fees.107 The 2007 claim submitted to the
contracting officer states that it seeks preparatory expenses, unpaid services rendered,
lost profits, legal fees, and interest, despite the fact that in the 2006 original complaint
for the latrine case, Case No. 06-858C, which claimed $6,000,000.00, plaintiff asked for
that sum, “together with interest, costs and attorney fees.” In its first amended
complaint in the latrine case, Case No. 06-858C, plaintiff sought 1,572,967.611 KD,
which is more than the full latrine contract price, including the base and option periods,
as calculated by plaintiff in its 2005 claim. In its second amended complaint, plaintiff
now seeks $2,830.662.20 on the latrine contract.

        As with plaintiff’s 2005 camp package BPA Claim and Settlement Offer, Gulf
Group included with its latrine 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer an expense table, listing
cost items it would never incur, nor could incur, given the cancellation of the contract
twenty days after contract award. The expense table shows a total under the “Expense”
column of 171,044.970 KD. The expense table also shows an expenditure for seven
hundred fifty-six latrines. Saud Al Tawash testified the number of latrines on the
expense table was a mistake made by Gulf Group’s accounting department, given that
the latrine contract only called for four hundred latrines. The record reflects that Gulf
Group purchased six hundred latrines, of which only four hundred were intended for the
latrine contract at issue before this court. Attorney Peters and Saud Al Tawash gave
the same explanation in their trial testimony for including the expense table in the 2005
latrine Claim and Settlement Offer as had been offered regarding the 2005 camp
package BPA Claim and Settlement Offer, namely that it was only offered for proof that
plaintiff was prepared to perform. At trial, Attorney Peters acknowledged that the
terminology he used in the latrine Claim and Settlement Offer was “a little bit
misleading.” Mr. Peters also alleged that the Claim and Settlement Offers were to be a
starting point for settlement negotiations with the Army.

        Despite plaintiff’s assertions that plaintiff had case law support for including the
option periods in their contract claims, plaintiff ultimately conceded at closing argument
that no such case law exists in direct support of its position. Instead, plaintiff argued
that the principle of the law should be analogized, such that a finding of a bad faith
termination on a primary contract also would permit damages on unexercised option
periods. The case law plaintiff cites as providing a basis for seeking lost profits on
option periods refers to situations in which the wronged contractor can prove that the
government chose, in bad faith, not to exercise the option periods, see Hi-Shear Tech.
Corp. v. United States, 356 F.3d at 1374, 1375, 1380; Blackstone Consulting, Inc. v.
Gen. Servs. Admin., CBCA 718, 08-1 BCA ¶ 33,770; Greenlee Constr., Inc. v. Gen.
Servs. Admin., CBCA 416, 07-1 BCA ¶ 33,514, and not to situations in which the
government chose to terminate a contract during a base period without ever reaching or
even making a decision as to the option periods. In the latrine case currently before the
court, there is no evidence that, had the contract not been terminated, the government
107
   For much of its argument in its post-trial briefing, plaintiff combines the discussion of
the latrine and dumpster claims. It appears that when plaintiff stated that it claimed
more than the contract price because it included interest and attorneys’ fees, plaintiff
was applying the statement to both the latrine and dumpster claims.

                                            92
would have exercised the option periods, or would have not exercised option periods in
bad faith. Nor is the government generally obligated to exercise an option. See Gov’t
Sys. Advisors, Inc. v. United States, 847 F.2d at 813 (“An option is normally an option,
and nothing in [the provision at issue], or in any other contract clause, limited the
circumstances under which the government could decline to exercise that bargained-for
right in this case.”); see also Sundowner 102, LLC v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. at 741.

        As with plaintiff’s 2005 camp package BPA Claim and Settlement Offer submitted
to the Army, Saud Al Tawash admitted having failed to review the 2005 latrine Claim
and Settlement Offer before it was submitted, despite signing the cover page. Saud Al
Tawash cannot hide behind the mistakes of plaintiff’s attorneys for a claim he also
signed, and which he did not investigate before he approved it. At trial, Saud Al Tawash
testified that Mr. Peters “didn’t give me a justification [for the 2005 latrines claim
amount] but he did tell me that what is the amount of the contract.” In response to the
question, “Did you ask Mr. Peters for a justification for this claim amount?” Saud Al
Tawash responded, “No, but I think that there is a, I think he put here this number....”
When asked “[w]hat was the purpose of submitting a claim for $5 million along with a
settlement amount of $4.5 million?” Saud Al Tawash testified that “you’d have to ask
Mr. Peters.”

        In sum, the submission of both the 2005 and 2007 latrine claims, like the camp
package BPA claims, were made in reckless disregard for the truth or falsity of the
information contained therein. Plaintiff did not conduct even a minimal inquiry into the
basis for the claims, see Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at
1340; see also United States v. TDC Mgmt. Corp., 24 F.3d at 298, and prepared them
in such a “sloppy or unsupervised fashion” that the government was overbilled. See
132 Cong. Rec. H9,382-03. Plaintiff is responsible as the applicant for the claimed
amounts and for the accuracy of the claims, regardless of who prepared them. See
Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 70, 550 F.2d at 23; see also Comm. Contractors,
Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362. The numbers included in the submissions
contained more than mere math errors or flawed reasoning. See Wang ex rel. United
States v. FMC Corp., 975 F.2d at 1420-21. Had Saud Al Tawash reviewed the latrine
claims, as he should have, he would have realized they were in error. As a
businessman, Saud Al Tawash should have understood that claiming more than the
value of a contract is improper and not to undertake even a basic level of due diligence
is unacceptable. The errors were particularly egregious in that the 2007 claim was for
nearly one million dollars more than the entire contract price, even if plaintiff had not
been in error in claiming option periods. The 2005 and 2007 latrine claims were
submitted with reckless disregard as to their truth or falsity, and, therefore, under the
statutory definition, were “false claims,” pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 3729.

       As with the camp package BPA claims, despite finding a violation of the False
Claims Act, and defendant’s correct assertion that Gulf Group submitted claims in
excess of the amount of the terminated latrine contract, defendant has not proven that
the claims were made with the intent to deceive the government, as required for liability
under the Contract Disputes Act. As quoted above, at trial, Saud Al Tawash admitted to

                                           93
having made mistakes and testified that he honestly believed the 2005 latrine claim was
correct when it was submitted. The court had considerable opportunity to judge Saud Al
Tawash’s credibility during the course of his testimony and finds him sincere and
credible. Moreover, plaintiff was relying on Attorneys Peters’ and Hands’ experience in
American law and their supposed understanding of how to submit contract claims to the
United States government. Plaintiff appears to have misunderstood, and was given
improper legal advice as to how to calculate and submit a government contract claim,
as well as how to calculate the amount to which plaintiff could be entitled. Plaintiff’s
new attorney of record similarly adopted the flawed reasoning. Although the latrine
claims were submitted with a reckless disregard for their accuracy, reckless disregard
does not prove an intent to deceive under the Contract Disputes Act. Plaintiff should
not be held liable under the Contract Disputes Act for the latrine contract claims
because defendant has not proven an intent to deceive on the part of Saud Al Tawash
and Gulf Group.108

C.     The Dumpster Contract Claims under the False Claims Act and the Contract
       Disputes Act

        In response to plaintiff’s complaint in the dumpster case, Case No. 06-853C,
defendant alleges that plaintiff violated the False Claims Act in its submission of the
2005 and 2007 dumpster claims because plaintiff inflated its claims to include services
and supplies plaintiff never provided. Defendant states that plaintiff had no legal basis
for claiming the option periods in its dumpster claim; sought payment for expenses it did
not incur; and asked for a sum greater than the entire contract price, including all of the
option periods. Defendant also claims that Gulf Group “is unable to support its
[dumpster] claim, as alleged above, due to a misrepresentation of fact or fraud,” and
that “Gulf Group knowingly and deliberately certified entitlement to $999,994.67109 for
Contract 0897, despite the fact that: (a) the total contract award was for $346,998.00;
(b) the contract was terminated 33 days [sic] into the performance period; and (c) the
contract is tainted by bribery.” According to the defendant, “Gulf Group is liable to the
United States pursuant to the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2), for the
unsupported claim, plus the Government’s costs attributable to reviewing the claim.”
Defendant identifies $1,439,614.50 as the unsupported amount of plaintiff’s 2007 claim,
which asserted entitlement to more than the total potential contract price,
$1,800,000.00, and attorneys’ fees, which, according to defendant, later were identified

108
    As with the camp package BPA claims, because the court finds that plaintiff is not
liable for the amount of its unsubstantiated latrine contract claims under the Contract
Disputes Act, the court does not further address defendant’s position that the amount of
plaintiff’s settlement offer constitutes the amount of its 2005 certified claim for the latrine
contract.
109
     As with the camp package BPA and latrine contract claims, defendant’s answer
interprets plaintiff’s settlement offer as the amount to which plaintiff claimed entitlement
in its 2005 dumpster contract claim. As indicated above, plaintiff asserted entitlement to
more than the amount of its settlement offer in its 2005 claim.

                                              94
as $13,387.50,110 even though the base period price of the dumpster contract was
$346,998.00. In addition, defendant argues that plaintiff asserted entitlement to
$415,195.29111 in unsupported costs in its 2005 and 2007 submissions. Defendant also
contends that plaintiff sought costs it had not incurred and that the claimed amount was
merely a negotiating ploy.

       Plaintiff offered the same arguments regarding the dumpster claims as it did with
respect to the camp package BPA claims and the latrine claims, namely that the law
provides for lost profits on option periods when the decision not to exercise the options
was made in bad faith or as a result of an abuse of discretion. As noted above,
however, plaintiff ultimately conceded to the court at closing argument that no such
case law exists in direct support of its position, and argued the principle of the law
should be analogized, such that a finding of a bad faith termination during the base
period of a contract also would permit damages on unexercised option periods. As
noted above, the case law plaintiff cites as providing a basis for seeking lost profits on
option periods refers to situations in which the wronged contractor can prove that the
government chose, in bad faith, not to exercise the option periods, see Hi-Shear Tech.
Corp. v. United States, 356 F.3d at 1374, 1375, 1380; Blackstone Consulting, Inc. v.
Gen. Servs. Admin., CBCA 718, 08-1 BCA ¶ 33,770; Greenlee Constr., Inc. v. Gen.
Servs. Admin., CBCA 416, 07-1 BCA ¶ 33,514, and not to situations in which the
government chose to terminate a contract during the base period without ever reaching
or even making a decision as to the option periods.

        Plaintiff also argued, as it did with respect to the camp package BPA and the
latrine claims, that the expense table in the dumpster claims was included merely to
demonstrate readiness to perform the contract, that plaintiff claimed more than the
contract price because it was including interest and attorneys’ fees, and that the Army
signaled to plaintiff that the option periods were likely to be exercised. Plaintiff contends
that by requiring plaintiff to supply dumpsters with lids, which plaintiff had to special
order, the government must have intended to exercise the option periods. For the
reasons discussed above with respect to the camp package BPA claims and latrine
claims, the court finds that plaintiff also acted with reckless disregard when submitting
its dumpster claims.
110
    Similar to the latrine claim, defendant inaccurately alleges that plaintiff claimed
entitlement to $13,387.50 in legal fees with respect to the dumpster claim. Plaintiff’s
2011 notice for the dumpster contract claimed entitlement to a total of $13,837.50. The
individual entries corresponding to legal fees plaintiff claims in the 2011 notice for the
dumpster contract, however, amount to $13,887.50. Also similar to the latrine contract
claim submitted by plaintiff, although defendant includes legal fees, which should be not
recoverable given the inflated amount submitted by plaintiff with respect to the camp
package BPA claim, defendant inexplicably treats the legal fees that plaintiff incurred as
recoverable with respect to the dumpster contract claim.
111
    As indicated below, defendant inexplicably indicated that plaintiff had validly incurred
20,540.000 KD of costs that plaintiff actually claimed to have avoided in its 2011 notice
for the dumpster contract.

                                             95
        The price for the base period of the dumpster contract was $346,998.00 and the
sum of the all the option periods was $1,110,621.72. Therefore, the total potential price
of the dumpster contract, including the base period and option periods, was
$1,457,619.72.112 In its 2007 dumpster claim submitted to the Army, plaintiff nearly
doubled the amount sought, even from its 2005 settlement offer of $999,994.67 to
$1,800,000.00, although this amount exceeded the total potential contract price by
approximately $350,000.00. The $1,800,000.00 figure was the amount of damages
claimed in plaintiff’s December 19, 2006 original complaint in this court in Case No. 06-
853C, the dumpster case.113 In plaintiff’s first amended complaint, plaintiff increased its
claim for damages to $1,946,721.78, which is nearly $500,000.00 more than the total
contract price, including all option periods. In its second amended complaint, plaintiff
drastically reduced the amount it is claiming to $780,031.63, which is still $400,000.00
more than the entire base period value of $346,998.00. As with plaintiff’s other claims,
regarding its dumpster claim, plaintiff also argues that a wronged party is to be put in as
good a position as it would have been but for the breach. By claiming the amounts
plaintiff claimed, however, plaintiff has asked to be put in a better position than it was in
before the alleged breach. Moreover, plaintiff’s inflated numbers were substantially
higher than the full value of the contract, despite the fact that plaintiff’s dumpster
contract was terminated less than a month after it was awarded.

        At trial, Saud Al Tawash testified he did not know why Gulf Group had claimed
more than the full contract price for the dumpster contract. Saud Al Tawash and
plaintiff’s original attorney, Mr. Peters, offered the same explanations as he had offered
with respect to the camp package BPA claims and the latrine claims, testifying that the
expense table was included merely to show that Gulf Group was prepared to perform.
Plaintiff’s expense table for the dumpster claim shows a total under the expense column
of 200,501.200 KD, although Gulf Group later revealed it had spent only 59,927.871
KD. Although Attorney Peters testified at trial that the expense table was not included
as support for the claim, that fact was entirely unclear in the claim as submitted,
particularly given that the claim states in one section, “[t]his offer includes
reimbursement of both costs and lost profits,” which could indicate costs incurred, while
in another section, the claim suggests that costs and profits total $1,110,621.72, which
appears to encompass the unincurred costs. Furthermore, regarding the 2005

112
    At trial, it appeared from Saud Al Tawash’s testimony that he believed the base
period and the option periods for the dumpster contract together totaled $1,110,621.72.
This view is reflected in the 2005 claim to the Army, which stated, “it [Gulf Group]
plaintiff should be allowed full profit. Gulf Enterprises also should be compensated fully
for the costs incurred in furtherance of the contract. The contract costs, when added to
the anticipated contract profit, total $1,110,621.72.”
113
    Plaintiff alleged that “[a]s a result of the Government’s cancellation of the Contract
solely for the convenience of the Government, Gulf Group incurred damages in the form
of preparatory expenses, unpaid services actually rendered, lost profits, and legal fees
in the amount presently estimated to be $1,800,000.”

                                             96
dumpster Claim and Settlement Offer, Saud Al Tawash similarly admitted that he signed
the cover page of the dumpster claim without reviewing the details of the claim.

        Plaintiff’s actions with regard to the submission of the dumpster claims were in
reckless disregard for the truth or falsity of the claims. As with the camp package BPA
claims and the latrine contract claims, plaintiff did not conduct even a minimal inquiry
into the claims, see Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 70, 550 F.2d at 23; see also
United States v. Krizek, 111 F.3d at 942; United States v. TDC Mgmt. Corp., 24 F.3d at
298, and the dumpster claims were prepared in such a “sloppy or unsupervised fashion”
that the government was overbilled. See 132 Cong. Rec. H9,382-03. Plaintiff is
responsible as the applicant for the accuracy of the claims, regardless of who prepared
them. See Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1340; see also
Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362. The submissions were the
result of more than mere math errors or flawed reasoning. See Wang ex rel. United
States v. FMC Corp., 975 F.2d at 1420-21. Had Saud Al Tawash reviewed the claims
submitted under the dumpster contract, the court finds it difficult to believe that he would
not have realized that the claims were significantly inflated, particularly considering that
the 2007 claim was for a far greater amount than the total potential contract price. The
2005 and 2007 dumpster claims were submitted with reckless disregard as to their truth
or falsity, and, therefore, under the statutory definition of “false claims” pursuant to 31
U.S.C. § 3729, violated the False Claims Act.

       For the same reasons articulated above with respect to the camp package BPA
claims and the latrine contract claims, although plaintiff is liable under the False Claims
Act for submitting claims in reckless disregard of their truth or falsity, that failure does
not automatically result in a finding of plaintiff’s intent to deceive when submitting the
dumpster contract claims under the Contract Disputes Act. As noted above, the court
had considerable opportunity to observe Saud Al Tawash in the courtroom as plaintiff’s
principal representative, including during lengthy testimony, cross-examination, and
rebuttal, to reach its conclusion that, although Saud Al Tawash admitted to having made
mistakes when submitting the dumpster contract claims, Saud Al Tawash offered
sincere and credible testimony that revealed no intent to deceive. Defendant has not
proven an intent to deceive on the part of plaintiff regarding the dumpster contract
claims and, therefore, has not proven liability under the Contract Disputes Act.114

D.     The Bottled Water BPA Demurrage Claim under the False Claims Act and the
       Contract Disputes Act

      In its second amended answer to plaintiff’s complaint under the bottled water
BPA, Case No. 07-82C, defendant asserts that plaintiff’s demurrage claim arising under
the bottled water BPA was inflated because it sought reimbursement for demurrage
114
    Because the court finds that plaintiff is not liable for the amount of its unsubstantiated
dumpster contract claims under the Contract Disputes Act, the court does not further
address defendant’s position that the amount of plaintiff’s settlement offer constitutes
the amount to which plaintiff would be liable when its 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer
ripened into a claim.

                                             97
expenses that were not incurred. In its briefing to this court, defendant argues that
plaintiff submitted an 85.000 KD/day claim for demurrage for charges from its trucking
company, Expeditors, although Expeditors charged only between 50.000 and 60.000
KD/day. Defendant also contends that plaintiff’s claim was fraudulent because it did not
consider whether any of the delays were caused by entities other than the Army (citing
Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1338).

        In response, plaintiff states that the amount it claimed for demurrage has
consistently been 298,435.000 KD, and that the 85.000 KD/day rate included not only
the charges from Expeditors, but also charges for cargo insurance, administrative and
logistical expenses, staging area and warehouse rentals to store the water, local
transportation, labor, and equipment handling. Plaintiff admits, however, that its claim
was not complete when submitted, and failed to include all the documents necessary to
fully support the charges it had incurred in addition to those from Expeditors.

      Unlike plaintiff’s claims under the camp package BPA, the latrine contract, and
the dumpster contract, Gulf Group’s bottled water BPA demurrage claim remained
constant throughout the period between when the claim was filed with the Army and
when the complaint and amended complaints were filed in this court in Case No. 07-
82C. Also unlike plaintiff’s other three claims, plaintiff did not submit a revised bottled
water demurrage claim to the Army. In 2005, Gulf Group submitted a claim to the
contracting officer for 298,435.000 KD. In its first complaint filed in the United States
Court of Federal Claims, plaintiff again sought 298,435.000 KD. In its first amended
complaint, it requested the same amount, and in its second amended complaint, plaintiff
again sought 298,435.000 KD. Thus, in stark contrast to its camp package BPA, latrine
contract, and dumpster contract claims, plaintiff has presented a consistent request for
the demurrage damages it alleges it incurred performing under the bottled water BPA.

        Attorney Peters prepared plaintiff’s 2005 bottled water BPA demurrage claim and
presented it to the Army on behalf of plaintiff, as he had done for the 2005 camp
package BPA, latrine, and dumpster Claim and Settlement Offers. In the case of the
bottled water demurrage claims, however, Attorney Peters buttressed the claim with
more documentation, attempting to show the basis for the dinars charged. Although the
2005 bottled water demurrage claim was incomplete, because the 2005 claim included
only documentation showing the charges from Expeditors, the company Gulf Group
hired to transport the water, plaintiff subsequently provided the court with a chart
breaking down each demurrage expense incurred. The chart lists detailed
expenditures, often by date and name, for insurance, staff salaries, vehicles,
warehousing, staging area rent, local transportation, and loading and unloading, and it
provides a brief description of the nature of the charges. Plaintiff has admitted that its
2005 bottled water demurrage claim was incomplete. The demurrage chart and the
additional documentation attached to the demurrage chart was not included in the 2005
bottled water claim. In this instance, the court finds that plaintiff’s error was an “honest
mistake.” See Riley Constr. Corp. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. at 269; see also United
States v. Sci. Applications Int’l Corp., 626 F.3d at 1274-75. There is no indication that
plaintiff’s failure to include the demurrage chart and the additional documentation

                                            98
attached to the demurrage chart was done with a reckless disregard for the truth or
falsity of the claim. The chart submitted to the court shows the dinars claimed, which
appear to be a specific replication of the expenditures plaintiff claims it incurred as a
result of bottled water delays.

        Reviewing the invoices from Expeditors in the 2005 bottled water demurrage
claim, it is apparent that Expeditors was not charging 85.000 KD/day. For example,
Expeditors charged 720.000 KD for one truck’s delay of twelve days, a total of 60.000
KD/day, not 85.000 KD. Although this fact may have been confusing to the contracting
officer, Mr. Libbey, nowhere in the 2005 bottled water demurrage claim does plaintiff
state that its expenses arose solely from Expeditors. Rather, plaintiff’s claim states that
it is for “demurrage charges for delays,” and that Gulf Group “incurred delay
(demurrage) and damages.” Plaintiff initially should have included the invoices from the
other sources of the demurrage charges, but this absence does not indicate a reckless
disregard for the accuracy of the charges or that plaintiff’s claim was false. Plaintiff’s
claim for the bottled water BPA demurrage was far more straightforward and
transparent than plaintiff’s camp package BPA, latrine contract, and dumpster contract
claims. Although somewhat incomplete, the presentation of the demurrage claim does
not meet the reckless disregard standard regarding liability under the False Claims Act.
In the case of the demurrage claim, Saud Al Tawash and Mr. Peters presented claims
with substantiation attached, albeit, as it turned out, incomplete information. The court
cannot condone Saud Al Tawash, as the General Manager and representative of Gulf
Group, for his minimal role in preparing the demurrage certified claim, nor the apparent
blind faith he placed in his advisors to accurately present plaintiff’s claim. The testimony
Saud Al Tawash offered throughout the trial to the court, however, was sincere and
offered without reservation. With respect to the bottled water demurrage claim, there
was an attempt to document the claim and the claim numbers remained consistent, for
which reason the requisite intent under the False Claims Act is found not to have been
present regarding the bottled water demurrage claims. Although Saud Al Tawash
appears not to have reviewed this claim to any greater extent than he did the other
claims at issue in these cases, he was a fortunate beneficiary of a claim submission
which met the most minimum standards and requirements for presenting a claim. As
defendant has not proven a knowing presentation of a false claim under the False
Claims Act, defendant is likewise unable to prove an intent to deceive the government
under the Contract Disputes Act regarding the bottled water BPA demurrage claim.

II.    Special Plea in Fraud

        Defendant also argues that all plaintiff’s claims should be forfeited under the
Special Plea in Fraud statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2514, due to bribery in violation of 28 U.S.C.
§ 2514, conflict of interest in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 208(a) (2000), and the submission
of false claims. The Special Plea in Fraud statute provides:

       A claim against the United States shall be forfeited to the United States by
       any person who corruptly practices or attempts to practice any fraud

                                            99
       against the United States in the proof, statement, establishment, or
       allowance thereof.

       In such cases the United States Court of Federal Claims shall specifically
       find such fraud or attempt and render judgment of forfeiture.

28 U.S.C. § 2514; see also Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at
1341.

         Previous decisions by Judges of the United States Court of Federal Claims have
indicated that “[t]he statutory forfeiture contemplated by 28 U.S.C. § 2514 is broad. The
Court of Claims has held that, upon a finding that claims are based on ‘a contract under
which [a contractor] practiced fraud against the Government,’ as defined by this statute,
‘all of his claims under that contract will be forfeited pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2514.’ Little
v. United States, 138 Ct. Cl. 773, [778,] 152 F. Supp. 84, 88 (1957).” Veridyne Corp. v.
United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 575, 586 (2008); see also Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc.
v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 488, 496 (2011). In American Heritage Bancorp, the court
noted that: “The use of the word ‘shall’ [in 28 U.S.C. § 2514] makes the judgment of
forfeiture obligatory on the court; the court has no discretion to turn a blind eye to an
attempt, whether successful or not, to commit fraud in the statement of a claim against
the United States.” Am. Heritage Bancorp v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. 376, 385
(2004). Similarly, a Judge of the Court of Federal Claims indicated that, “Section 2514
amounts to a ‘silver bullet’ which, in the present case, would require that [plaintiff’s]
claim be forfeited if it is shown by clear and convincing evidence that [plaintiff] acted or
made false or misleading statements with the ‘intent to deceive the Government.’”
Farkas v. United States, 57 Fed. Cl. 134, 146 (2003) (quoting Miller v. United States,
213 Ct. Cl. at 68, 550 F.2d at 22), aff’d, 95 F. App’x 355 (Fed. Cir. 2004). In Glendale
Federal Bank, FSB v. United States, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit “explained that ‘[t]o prevail under [28 U.S.C. § 2514] the government is required
to establish by clear and convincing evidence115 that the contractor knew that its
submitted claims were false, and that it intended to defraud the government by
submitting those claims.’” Glendale Fed. Bank, FSB v. United States, 239 F.3d at 1379
(brackets in original) (quoting Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at
1362);116 see also Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1341 (“To

115
   The “clear and convincing” standard applies to proof under the Special Plea in Fraud
statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2514, as opposed to the preponderance of the evidence standard
applicable to the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729, and the Contract Disputes Act, 41
U.S.C. § 604. See UMC Elecs. Co. v. United States, 249 F.3d at 1338-39 (“The
government must prove a violation of the Contract Disputes Act and False Claims Act
by a preponderance of the evidence. Under the Special Plea in Fraud, the government
must prove its allegations by clear and convincing evidence.” (citing Comm.
Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362)).
116
   A Judge of the Court of Federal Claims also has indicated that, regarding 28 U.S.C.
§ 2514, “[a] predicate for forfeiture under this statute is the establishment of fraud,

                                            100
prevail under § 2514, the government must ‘establish by clear and convincing evidence
that the contractor knew that its submitted claims were false, and that it intended to
defraud the government by submitting those claims.’” (quoting Comm. Contractors, Inc.
v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362)); Young-Montenay, Inc. v. United States, 15 F.3d at
1042 (“Under 28 U.S.C. § 2514, the government bears the burden of proving that the
claimant (1) knew the claim was false and (2) intended to deceive the government by
submitting it.” (citing McCarthy v. United States, 670 F.2d 996, 1004 (Ct. Cl. 1982),
abrogated on other grounds by Slattery v. United States, 635 F.3d 1298 (Fed. Cir.
2011))); Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 808; Daewoo Eng’g & Constr.
Co. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 584 (“The contractor must knowingly present the
false claim with the intention of being paid for it.”); O’Brien Gear & Mach. Co. v. United
States, 219 Ct. Cl. 187, 199, 591 F.2d 666, 672 (1979); Miller v. United States, 213 Ct.
Cl. at 68, 550 F.2d at 22; Kamen Soap Prods. Co. v. United States, 129 Ct. Cl. 619,
641, 124 F. Supp. 608, 620 (1954).

        Mere negligence, inconsistency, or discrepancies are not actionable under the
Special Plea in Fraud statute. See Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 73
Fed. Cl. at 584; Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 801; Grand Acadian,
Inc. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 457-58 (“‘Proof of negligence or ineptitude does
not meet the standard of clear and convincing evidence; rather, “[a]n intent to deceive
the Government must be proved.”’” (bracket in original) (quoting Alcatec, LLC v. United
States, 100 Fed. Cl. at 517 (quoting Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 68, 550 F.2d
at 22))). “The court may, however, consider circumstantial evidence in making its
determination.” Alcatec, LLC v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. at 517 (citing Kamen Soap
Prods. Co. v. United States, 129 Ct. Cl. at 642, 124 F. Supp. at 620).

      As articulated by a Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims:

      In order to satisfy § 2514, however, the fraud alleged must be related to
      the contract at issue. Little v. United States, 138 Ct. Cl. 773, 152 F. Supp.
      84, 87-88 (1957). Fraud in an unrelated transaction will not lead to
      forfeiture under this statute. However, when fraud is committed in regard
      to the very contract upon which the suit is brought, the court will not divide
      the contract and allow recovery on part of it. Id.; UMC Electronics v.
      United States, 43 Fed. Cl. 776, 791 (1999), aff’d, 249 F.3d at 1340 ([Fed.
      Cir.] 2001).

      In order to prevail in its defense of fraud under 28 U.S.C. § 2514, the
      “burden is on the government to establish by clear and convincing
      evidence that the claimant has committed the fraud alleged.” Glendale,
      239 F.3d at 1379; UMC Electronics, 43 Fed. Cl. at 791 (internal citation
      omitted). This requirement has more specifically been rendered in the
      following way: “in order that a misrepresentation be fraudulent...it must be
      both consciously false and intended to mislead.” E. Allan Farnsworth,

although the statute itself does not articulate the elements of fraud.” Veridyne Corp. v.
United States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 801.

                                           101
      Farnsworth on Contracts, § 4.12 (2d Ed.1998). Thus, for the purposes of
      § 2514, the government must show: 1) that the plaintiff made a false
      statement to the government knowing that it was false; and 2) that this
      statement was intended to deceive the government. Glendale, 239 F.3d at
      1379.

Am. Heritage Bancorp v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. at 385-86.

       In Brown Construction Trades, Inc. v. United States, 23 Cl. Ct. 214 (1991), the
court explained the breadth of the statutory intent in 28 U.S.C. § 2514:

      This statute has been held to require the forfeiture of any claim affected by
      fraud, whether intrinsic to the claim or in the presentment of the claim.
      Kamen Soap Prods. Co. v. United States, 129 Ct. Cl. 619, 641, 124 F.
      Supp. 608, 620 (1954) (“this statute goes further than merely banning
      fraudulent claims. It provides for a forfeiture of the claim if any fraud is
      practiced or attempted to be practiced in proving, establishing or allowing
      a claim.”).

      The Court of Claims has ruled that where fraud is committed in the course
      of a contract to which the suit pertains, it may not isolate the affected part
      and allow suit to proceed on the remainder. The practice of a fraud on
      part of a contract condemns the whole. The rule is set out in Little v.
      United States, 138 Ct. Cl. 773, 778, 152 F. Supp. 84, 87-88 (1957):

             It is true that the forfeiture statute [28 U.S.C. § 2514] was not
             intended to forfeit an otherwise valid claim of a claimant
             merely because, in some other unrelated transaction, he had
             defrauded the Government. But where, as in the present
             case, fraud was committed in regard to the very contract
             upon which the suit is brought, this court does not have the
             right to divide the contract and allow recovery on part of it.
             Since plaintiff’s claims are based entirely upon contract
             V3020V-241, a contract under which he practiced fraud
             against the Government, all of his claims under that contract
             will be forfeited pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2514.

      Thus, 28 U.S.C. § 2514 requires the forfeiture of all claims arising under a
      contract tainted by fraud against the Government. See also New York
      Mkt. Gardeners’ Ass’n v. United States, 43 Ct. Cl. 114, 136, 1907 WL 832
      (1908).

Brown Constr. Trades, Inc. v. United States, 23 Cl. Ct. 214, 216 (1991); see also Ab-
Tech Constr., Inc. v. United States, 31 Fed. Cl. at 435-36.117 But see Ulysses, Inc. v.
117
    This court recognizes that its prior decision in Supermex, Inc. v. United States
indicated that bribery in and of itself was sufficient to invoke liability under 28 U.S.C.

                                           102
United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 649 (“[S]uch an expansive reading of the FFCA
[Forfeiture of Fraudulent Claims Act] is not warranted by the language of the statute.”).

        “The forfeiture counterclaim carries no monetary penalties other than the
forfeiture itself.” Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 584; see
also Barren Island Marina, Inc. v. United States, 44 Fed. Cl. 252, 257 (1999) (“The plain
meaning of the statute [28 U.S.C. § 2514] is that the value of the forfeiture is not
restricted or even linked to the value of the loss sustained by the government. For this
reason, the forfeiture is not, strictly speaking, a remedy. Additionally, because forfeiture
under § 2514 requires demonstration of fraud-intentional conduct-the forfeiture is more
akin to punishment.”), appeal dismissed, 54 F. App’x 329 (Fed. Cir.), vacated by 57 F.
App’x 427 (Fed. Cir.), and appeal dismissed, 66 F. App’x 878 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

        With regard to the Special Plea in Fraud, asserted in Case No. 06-835C (the
camp package BPA), Case No. 06-858C (the latrine contract), Case No. 06-853C (the
dumpster contract), and Case No. 07-82C (the bottled water BPA), the government
alleges that the contracts and BPA calls were awarded in exchange for “money, trips,
and other things of value” given by Gulf Group to Carolyn Blake, the sister of John
Cockerham, a former Army Major, contract specialist, and contracting officer at Camp
Arifjan, Kuwait. Defendant asserts that Gulf Group’s actions constituted fraud under the
Special Plea in Fraud statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2514, requiring forfeiture of plaintiff’s claims,
as Gulf Group’s actions created an unlawful conflict of interest and violated 18 U.S.C.
§ 201(b)(1), which prohibits the offering or promising of anything of value to a public
official with the intent to influence an official act. Defendant further alleges that Gulf
Group violated the Special Plea in Fraud statute by submitting false claims under each
contract and BPA to the United States government for an amount of money “to which it
knew or knows it was not entitled.”

       According to defendant:

       In approximately September 2004, plaintiff, Gulf Group General
       Enterprises, Co., W.L.L. (“Gulf Group”), began paying money to the sister
       of John Cockerham, a United States Army contracting official. In return,
       Mr. Cockerham performed contracting actions favorable to Gulf Group.
       Those favorable contracting actions taint contracts that the Army awarded

§ 2514. See Supermex, Inc. v. United States, 35 Fed. Cl. 29, 42 (1996) (“This court
believes that in the instant case, 28 U.S.C. § 2514 can be invoked without the need to
prove either justifiable reliance by the sovereign or specific evidences of injury to the
sovereign. The injury and the damages to the sovereign are presumed in the breach of
the bond of public trust. In Versaggi Shrimp Corp. v. United States, 28 Fed. Cl. 20
(1993), the court found that subversion of public officers, through acts such as bribery,
is never without harm to the state. Id. at 25.”). In Supermex, however, the president of
the company pled guilty to bribing an official during contract performance, making it
easily distinguishable from the facts presented in the record in the above-captioned
cases, with respect to the actions of Gulf Group and its General Manager, Saud Al
Tawash.

                                            103
       to Gulf Group in late 2004, and in 2005, entitling the United States to a
       refund of the money paid to Gulf Group pursuant to those contracts,118
       and warranting forfeiture of all its claims in these actions. In December
       2005, Gulf Group presented to Mr. Cockerham contract claims that were
       inflated and contained misrepresentations regarding expenses that Gulf
       Group claimed to have incurred on the contracts. In 2007, Gulf Group
       resubmitted those claims, further inflating those claims, and repeating
       those misrepresentations. Those claims are fraudulent, warranting
       forfeiture to the United States of Gulf Group’s claims in these actions, an
       award to the United States of the unsupported amounts of those claims,
       and civil penalties. In total, the Court should award to the United States
       $18,759,164.97. [sic] because the Court should order that Gulf Group’s
       claims are forfeited, the Court need not address the merits of those
       claims.

       Defendant appears to argue that plaintiff’s alleged commission of common law
fraud supports a finding that plaintiff violated the Special Plea in Fraud statute, and
requires rescission of the contracts and that plaintiff disgorge any amounts previously
paid to plaintiff. “Proof of federal common law fraud requires the Government to show:
(1) misrepresentation of a material fact; (2) intent to deceive; (3) justifiable reliance on
the misrepresentation by the deceived party; and (4) injury to the party deceived.”
Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 795 (citing Kellogg Brown & Root
Servs., Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 514–16); see also Kellogg Brown & Root
Servs., Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 514 (citing Long Island Sav. Bank, FSB v.
United States, 503 F.3d 1234, 1244 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed.
Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 812 (2008)); First Fed. Sav. Bank of Hegewisch v.
United States, 52 Fed. Cl. 774, 791 (2002) (“[T]he court concludes that the
circumstances of the existing case require defendant to prove all four elements of
common law fraud to assert its special plea in fraud claim.”).

       “‘[A] Government contract tainted by fraud or wrongdoing is void ab initio.’” Long
Island Sav. Bank, FSB v. United States, 503 F.3d at 1245 (quoting Godley v. United
States, 5 F.3d 1473, 1476 (Fed. Cir. 1993)); see also Veridyne Corp. v. United States,
105 Fed. Cl. at 795. “[F]or a government contract to be tainted by fraud or wrong doing
and thus void ab initio, the record must show some causal link between the fraud and
the contract.” Long Island Sav. Bank, FSB v. United States, 503 F.3d at 1250 (citing
Godley v. United States, 5 F.3d at 1476). “[A] conflict of interest at the formation of the
contract operates like a fraud and warrants nonenforcement.” Kellogg Brown & Root
Servs, Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 514 (citing Long Island Sav. Bank, FSB v.
United States, 503 F.3d at 1250); see also J.E.T.S., Inc. v. United States, 838 F.2d
1196, 1200 (Fed. Cir.) (“A government contract thus tainted from its inception by fraud is
void ab initio, like the government contracts held void because similarly tainted by a
prohibited conflict of interest in United States v. Mississippi Valley Generating Co., 364
118
   Defendant’s post-trial brief generally refers to disgorgement with respect to all of the
contracts and BPAs at issue, but defendant’s answers only seek disgorgement with
respect to the camp package BPA and the bottled water BPA.

                                            104
U.S. 520 (1961), and K & R Engineering Co. v. United States, 616 F.2d 469, 222 Ct. Cl.
340 (1980).”), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1057 (1988). But see United States ex. Rel.
Siewick v. Jamieson Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 214 F.3d 1372, 1377 (D.C. Cir. 2000)
(disagreeing with the Federal Circuit).

       In support of its argument that plaintiff should also disgorge money it received
under the contracts and BPAs, defendant cites to K & R Engineering Co. v. United
States, 222 Ct. Cl. 340, 616 F.2d 469 (1980), United States v. Mississippi Valley
Generating Co., 364 U.S. 520, reh’g denied, 365 U.S. 855 (1961), Haggerty v. Red
Bank Borough Zoning Board of Adjustment, 897 A.2d 1094, 1100-01 (N.J. Super. Ct.
App. Div. 2006), and 63C American Jurisprudence 2d Public Officers and Employees
§ 246 (2011), for the notion that there need be only the appearance of impropriety, or
the potential for impropriety, for a demonstration of a conflict of interest.

       In response to defendant’s allegations, plaintiff asserts that the conflict of interest
allegations are untrue and unfounded and denies all allegations of bribery. Plaintiff
maintains that Ms. Blake was not financially dependent on Mr. Cockerham, pursued
jobs in Kuwait of her own volition, and learned of certain jobs in Kuwait without her
brother’s input, including sending résumés to companies in Kuwait without her brother’s
aid. Plaintiff cites Mr. Cockerham’s testimony that he did not receive anything of value
from Saud Al Tawash or Gulf Group. Also, according to plaintiff, it was not Mr.
Cockerham’s decision to award the camp package BPA, nor did he make the decision
to award the camp package BPA call at issue before the court. In fact, Maj. Davis
awarded all the contracts at issue in this case. Plaintiff also argues that Mr. Cockerham
could have tried to stop the camp package termination and to defy the order to him to
terminate plaintiff’s latrine and dumpster contracts, but did not, indicating that he felt he
was under no obligation to plaintiff. Moreover, plaintiff notes that Mr. Cockerham
awarded some contracts on which plaintiff had submitted bids to other contractors,
which, according to plaintiff and according to Mr. Cockerham’s later convictions, appear
to have bribed Mr. Cockerham. Plaintiff also argues that Gulf Group had both a factual
and legal basis for claiming the option periods, and that the expense tables, which the
government interprets as claiming unincurred costs, were included with the claims only
to show that Gulf Group was prepared to perform.

        Section 201(b)(1) of Title 18 of the United States Code, “Bribery of Public
Officials and Witnesses,” provides:

       (b) Whoever—

              (1) directly or indirectly, corruptly gives, offers or promises
              anything of value to any public official or person who has
              been selected to be a public official, or offers or promises
              any public official or any person who has been selected to
              be a public official to give anything of value to any other
              person or entity, with intent--

                                            105
                       (A) to influence any official act; or

                       (B) to influence such public official or person
                       who has been selected to be a public official
                       to commit or aid in committing, or collude in,
                       or allow, any fraud, or make opportunity for
                       the commission of any fraud, on the United
                       States; or

                       (C) to induce such public official or such
                       person who has been selected to be a public
                       official to do or omit to do any act in violation
                       of the lawful duty of such official or person….

         shall be fined under this title or not more than three times the monetary
         equivalent of the thing of value, whichever is greater, or imprisoned for not
         more than fifteen years, or both, and may be disqualified from holding any
         office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States.

18 U.S.C. § 201(b)(1) (emphasis in original).

         The conflict of interest statute, 18 U.S.C. § 208(a), provides:

         Except as permitted by subsection (b) hereof, whoever, being an officer or
         employee of the executive branch of the United States Government, or of
         any independent agency of the United States, a Federal Reserve bank
         director, officer, or employee, or an officer or employee of the District of
         Columbia, including a special Government employee, participates
         personally and substantially as a Government officer or employee, through
         decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the rendering of advice,
         investigation, or otherwise, in a judicial or other proceeding, application,
         request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, controversy,
         charge, accusation, arrest, or other particular matter in which, to his
         knowledge, he, his spouse, minor child, general partner, organization in
         which he is serving as officer, director, trustee, general partner or
         employee, or any person or organization with whom he is negotiating or
         has any arrangement concerning prospective employment, has a financial
         interest--

         Shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 216 of this title.119

119
      18 U.S.C. § 216 provides:

         (a) The punishment for an offense under section 203, 204, 205, 207, 208,
         or 209 of this title is the following:

                                               106
18 U.S.C. § 208(a). The statute at 18 U.S.C. § 208(a) explicitly includes the wrongdoer
and “his or her spouse and minor child” as members of the family unit, which indicates
that the statute does not facially apply to relationships between siblings, such as exists
between Mr. Cockerham and Ms. Blake. See Slattery v. United States, 635 F.3d at
1324 (“[T]he express mention of one thing excludes all others.”).

      48 C.F.R. § 3.101-1 states:

      Government business shall be conducted in a manner above reproach
      and, except as authorized by statute or regulation, with complete
      impartiality and with preferential treatment for none. Transactions relating
      to the expenditure of public funds require the highest degree of public trust
      and an impeccable standard of conduct. The general rule is to avoid
      strictly any conflict of interest or even the appearance of a conflict of
      interest in Government-contractor relationships. While many Federal laws
      and regulations place restrictions on the actions of Government personnel,
      their official conduct must, in addition, be such that they would have no
      reluctance to make a full public disclosure of their actions.

48 C.F.R. § 3.101-1 (2005). Regarding conflicts of interest generally, there need not
have been any actual profit from the conflict of interest; the mere temptation of dishonor
is enough to prevent the contracting agent from acting in the government’s best
interests. See United States v. Miss. Valley Generating Co., 364 U.S. at 549-50.

             (1) Whoever engages in the conduct constituting the offense
             shall be imprisoned for not more than one year or fined in
             the amount set forth in this title, or both.

             (2) Whoever willfully engages in the conduct constituting the
             offense shall be imprisoned for not more than five years or
             fined in the amount set forth in this title, or both.

      (b) The Attorney General may bring a civil action in the appropriate United
      States district court against any person who engages in conduct
      constituting an offense under section 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, or 209 of
      this title and, upon proof of such conduct by a preponderance of the
      evidence, such person shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than
      $50,000 for each violation or the amount of compensation which the
      person received or offered for the prohibited conduct, whichever amount is
      greater. The imposition of a civil penalty under this subsection does not
      preclude any other criminal or civil statutory, common law, or
      administrative remedy, which is available by law to the United States or
      any other person.

18 U.S.C. § 216 (2000) (emphasis in original).

                                           107
       Although there is disparate testimony in the record as to how and when John
Cockerham met Saud Al Tawash, Saud Al Tawash testified that he first met Mr.
Cockerham in 2002 or 2003 in the “Diwanya” at his house. Mr. Cockerham testified that
he believed, however, he was briefly introduced to Saud Al Tawash by a “Mr. Eli or
Elias” during one of his earlier tours of Kuwait at the end of 2002 at a Ramadan “social
dinner.” John Cockerham testified that he arrived in Kuwait for the tour of duty most
relevant to the above-captioned cases on June 30, 2004, and was “acting as a contract
specialist for the first few months.” Mr. Cockerham testified he “was a contract
specialist until about the end of October, of which [sic] I was promoted to Major and
then received a warrant for a very short time until December of ‘04. I was acting as the
assistant Chief of Contracting during that time from October to December. At that point
then my warrant was relinquished and I went back to being an assistant contract
specialist until December of ’05.” According to his testimony, he and other Army officers
were responsible for soliciting and receiving bids for Department of Defense contracts in
support of Army operations in the Middle East.

        Some of the contacts between John Cockerham and members of the Al Tawash
family were clearly social. Some of the contacts involved Ms. Blake’s employment. Still
other contacts between Mr. Cockerham and Saud Al Tawash were with regard to the
contracts plaintiff had been awarded by the United States government. Mr. Cockerham
made a trip to visit Saud Al Tawash and his then-fiancé, now-wife, at their home in the
United States and Mr. Cockerham attended their wedding. Mr. Cockerham stated at
trial that he introduced Carolyn Blake to Saud Al Tawash as his sister, and indicated
that she was looking for a job in Kuwait.120 Ms. Blake was offered and accepted a job in
August 2004 with Gulf Telecom, a wholly owned subsidiary of Gulf Group, of which
Saud Al Tawash was the Managing Director. Ms. Blake’s job in Kuwait apparently
involved cold-calling members of the Kuwaiti public from a telephone book to sell water
purification systems, despite the fact that Ms. Blake did not speak Arabic. According to
the joint stipulation of facts submitted by the parties, Ms. Blake did not sell a single
system. While in Kuwait, she also worked for Saud Al Tawash’s uncle at Jireh Springs
upon the recommendation of Saud Al Tawash. When she arrived in Kuwait to begin her
employment, she was met at the airport by Mr. Cockerham, Maj. Davis, Saud Al
Tawash, and Diaa Salem. Saud Al Tawash’s brother, Megbel Al Tawash, helped Ms.
Blake find an apartment. Her monthly salary of 1,200.000 KD was delivered to her at
her apartment in cash every month. Saud Al Tawash testified that Ms. Blake was paid
in cash because she could not obtain a local bank account under the law in Kuwait, and
that cash payments were a common practice in Kuwait. In March 2005, Ms. Blake was
wired $9,478.00 to help her pay taxes on property she owned in the United States.

120
    The testimony as to when Saud Al Tawash knew Ms. Blake was Mr. Cockerham’s
sister, however, is inconsistent. While Mr. Cockerham and Ms. Blake testified that Saud
Al Tawash knew she was Mr. Cockerham’s sister during her first visit to Kuwait, and Ms.
Blake testified that her brother knew the Al Tawash family was trying to help her get a
job, Saud Al Tawash stated that he did not realize that Ms. Blake was Mr. Cockerham’s
sister until after he had hired her.

                                          108
        Mr. Cockerham is serving a sentence for conviction of conspiracy, bribery, and
money laundering in connection with his participation in bribery schemes while working
as an Army Major and staff member of the contracts office at Camp Arifjan, and for a
time as a contracting officer. Mr. Cockerham testified that he received “close to seven”
million dollars from the contractors on the “appreciation payments” list.121 Ms. Blake is
serving a sentence for conviction of money laundering, and accepting more than
$3,000,000.00 on Mr. Cockerham’s behalf. Although Mr. Cockerham listed Ms. Blake
and her then-minor son, his nephew, as contractor contacts on some bottled water
contracts Mr. Cockerham managed, he did not list them on the bottled water BPA
awarded to and performed by Gulf Group. Likewise, neither Ms. Blake nor her son was
listed on the camp package BPA, latrine or dumpster contracts awarded to Gulf Group.
The criminal convictions of both Mr. Cockerham and Ms. Blake for bribery are matters of
public record. The public record, and the record before this court, however, do not
indicate that Gulf Group, Saud Al Tawash, or members of his family were involved in the
bribery schemes that led to Mr. Cockerham’s and Ms. Blake’s convictions. At trial, Saud
Al Tawash stated that he did not give anything to anyone or hire anyone, including Ms.
Blake, in exchange for the award of any contract or BPA. Saud Al Tawash consistently
denied any intent to defraud the government. Mr. Cockerham also consistently denied
having received or having been offered money, gifts or favors from Gulf Group or Saud
Al Tawash in exchange for favors or inside information on government contracts.

        For a period of time during the history of the four above-captioned cases, this
court, at the request of the Department of Justice, stayed all four of the cases, pending
conclusion of Mr. Cockerham’s and Ms. Blake’s criminal proceedings in United States
District Court for the Western District of Texas. Although both Mr. Cockerham and Ms.
Blake pled guilty to bribery, conspiracy, and money laundering in the United States
District Court for the Western District of Texas, the issue before this court is whether
Gulf Group, Saud Al Tawash, or Al Tawash family members engaged in activities which
would trigger liability under the Special Plea in Fraud Statute or common law fraud with
respect to the relevant BPAs and contracts. Although the court concludes that false
claims were submitted to the government for work performed and/or not performed, the
submission of false claims does not establish that plaintiff or any members of the Al
Tawash family were engaged in bribery, conspiracy, money laundering, or that Gulf
Group submitted claims with the intent to defraud the government.

      The government suggests the following scenario for consideration:

      At about the same time as the payments to Ms. Blake began, Mr.
      Cockerham became involved in the process of the Army’s award to Gulf
      Group of contracts for dumpsters and latrines. He signed a memorandum
      for record memorializing that the Army would award a latrine contract to
      Gulf Group, prepared the contract folder for review by the Army’s contract
      review board, and served as the point of contact for the board’s contract
121
   As indicated above, information in the indictments against Mr. Cockerham, Ms.
Blake, and Mr. Cockerham’s wife suggests that Mr. Cockerham accepted as much as
$9.6 million in bribes.

                                          109
       award action. Indeed, in September 2004, the Army awarded to Gulf
       Group Contract No. W912D1-04-P-0932, a firm, fixed-priced contract for
       the provision and servicing of latrines.

       Mr. Cockerham also signed a memorandum for record stating that Gulf
       Group “is recommended for award of [a dumpster] contract”; in September
       2004, the Army awarded to Gulf Group Contract No. W912D1-04-P-0897,
       a firm, fixed-priced contract for the provision and servicing of dumpsters.

       Later, in December 2004, Mr. Cockerham issued two calls to Gulf Group
       for bottled water, pursuant to Blanket Purchase Agreement (“BPA”) No.
       W912D1-04-A-0052, a BPA between the Army and Gulf Group. The Army
       would pay Gulf Group over 492,000 Kuwaiti dinar (“KD”) (over $1.6
       million) for that bottled water. In addition, from December 2004 through
       December 2005, Mr. Cockerham issued several “camp set” calls to Gulf
       Group, pursuant to BPA No. W912D1-04-A-0047, another BPA between
       Gulf Group and the Army. The Army would pay Gulf Group over $2.6
       million for those camp sets.

       While he was working on Gulf Group contracts, Mr. Cockerham
       understood that Gulf Group was paying Ms. Blake. However, Mr.
       Cockerham never informed the Army of that understanding. Saud Al
       Tawash, for his part, never informed Mr. Cockerham’s superiors or
       colleagues in the contracting office of his arrangement with Mr.
       Cockerham’s sister.

(internal citations omitted; footnote omitted). Defendant also asserts that “the Army paid
Gulf Group $2,545,273.21 pursuant to camp set calls issued by Mr. Cockerham
pursuant to the camp set BPA,” and that the payments to Ms. Blake “were in exchange
for contracting actions favorable to Gulf Group.”

        Saud Al Tawash’s decision to employ Carolyn Blake concurrent with the time
Gulf Group sought, was awarded, and performed on United States government
contracts and BPA calls in Kuwait and Iraq, which were awarded by the office in which
Mr. Cockerham worked, require scrutiny. As discussed above, however, the record
before the court does not establish any payments from plaintiff, Saud Al Tawash, any
other Gulf Group employee, or member of the Al Tawash family to Mr. Cockerham,
although Mr. Cockerham received payments from contractors other than Gulf Group,
resulting in Mr. Cockerham’s and Ms. Blake’s convictions. Both Mr. Cockerham and
Ms. Blake pled guilty at their criminal proceedings, as a result of which, no transcripts of
trials with details of what occurred are available, nor do the plea transcripts offer much
factual detail. From the record before this court, it appears that Ms. Blake was hired to
work for Gulf Telecom, not Gulf Group. Mr. Cockerham also testified at trial that Ms.
Blake told him that she had worked out temporary employment with Saud Al Tawash
and that Gulf Telecom paid her a salary, but that Mr. Cockerham was not aware at the
time of Ms. Blake’s employment conditions.

                                            110
       The exhibits before this court include a note, which is addressed to no one and
appears never to have been sent, drafted by Mr. Cockerham after being questioned by
federal investigators in 2007. Based on the trial testimony, the note is a stream of
consciousness written to himself, similar to other such rambling notes in the record.
The note reads:

      1. Carolyn Get Rid of Everything
      2. Do not talk to them at All
      3. Make sure no excess money is lying around. Put it all in the bank.
      4. Make sure no keys are laying around.
      5. Tell Saud if ask to don’t confess to anything. Tell them they can talk to
      his lawyer that he never called Fernand Peters [sic] gave me a penny for a
      contract. We will do business later in trading.
      6. Tell Carolyn start business in Dubai.
      7. It’s perfect legal for Carolyn to work for him doing admin paperwork as
      long as he and I didn’t have an agreement. She never work on nor
      prepared any contracts or worked in that Department. She got the job on
      her own.

(emphasis and strike-through in original).

Mr. Cockerham testified at trial that he drafted, but never sent, the note to Ms. Blake or
anyone else. This disjointed note is consistent with other disjointed writings in the
record authored by Mr. Cockerham, also addressed to no one, and consistent with his
sometimes contradictory and rambling testimony offered at trial. Taken together with
his testimony, Mr. Cockerham’s notes appear to be stream-of-consciousness notes to
himself. At trial, Mr. Cockerham stated that these notes were “just brainstorming,” and
there were “about 70 pages of these notes, just -- I’m just on a mental rampage, just
everything I can -- that was coming to mind….” For example, another handwritten note
in the record discussed by Mr. Cockerham at trial, perhaps drafted with Ms. Blake in
mind, but also never sent, states:

      0.   Identify anyone other than me, Dia, Saud, you don’t know them.
      1.   Kids → []ist of Phone # Safe Deposit Box
      2.   Keys/D&J Get rid of it Talk is Bad
      3.   Tony: American Business / Just say he only knows
      4.   Don’t talk to them, you have no money except your business. (1.)
           $ Melissa Business Loan
      5.   Put the 1 Key inside the other box. (2.)
      6.   Get rid of all the keys / turn them in
      7.   They will show you a list / that was made reference Shirly Robinson other
           names, Do not answer. They are not your friends. They have nothing on
           you. They will use anything and twist it against you. Sade[]→Gopal →
           Disa→
      8.   He just a friend/ Tony

                                             111
       9. Marriage Kuwaiti Only / Non American
       10. Sponsor Aunt/ Legal/ work / no exchange for...for Jireah Ad[] Mission work,
           Christian counselor

(all punctuation in original).

       Defendant argued in a post-trial brief that

       the instructions contain falsehoods that demonstrate that Mr. Cockerham
       and Saud Al Tawash were engaged in bribery. The instructions state that
       Ms. Blake “got the job on her own” even though she obtained her situation
       with Saud Al Tawash only after Mr. Cockerham introduced her to Mr. Al
       Tawash as his sister and mentioned to him that she was looking for work
       in Kuwait. The instructions also state that Ms. Blake did “admin
       paperwork” for Saud Al Tawash, even though Ms. Blake never worked for
       anyone in Kuwait. The falsity of those statements demonstrates that,
       contrary to what Mr. Cockerham wrote, he and Saud Al Tawash had an
       agreement. That agreement was that Gulf Group would give Mr.
       Cockerham something of value; that is, money to a sister with whom he
       was close, in exchange for favorable contracting actions toward Gulf
       Group. Indeed, if Mr. Cockerham did not have such an agreement with
       Saud Al Tawash, there would have been no need for Mr. Cockerham to
       write down the instruction that his sister inform Saud Al Tawash of the
       absence of such an agreement, or that she “get rid of everything.”

(internal citation omitted).

        At trial, Saud Al Tawash and Megbel Al Tawash each adamantly, and
specifically, denied involvement in any fraudulent activity, including any involvement in
trading favors, money, or jobs for favorable contract treatment. Saud Al Tawash
testified at length during the trial. Despite exhibiting poor and overly trusting judgment,
poor choice of friends and advisors, and failure to conduct careful review of the claims
submitted by plaintiff to the government, Saud Al Tawash’s testimony seemed
straightforward and did not appear fallacious to the trial judge. Moreover, Saud Al
Tawash’s testimony stood up during aggressive cross-examination. Although perhaps
naïve about how to interact with the Army while seeking and performing government
contracts, and how his hospitability would be interpreted, Saud Al Tawash impressed
the court during three weeks of trial as credible, sincere, and cooperative, as well as
eager to refute any charges or implications of illicit or anti-American activity, which he
adamantly denied. There is insufficient evidence in the record to indicate that plaintiff or
any member of the Al Tawash family paid money in exchange for favors. Saud Al
Tawash also appeared to the court to be an individual who believed he could offer good
service to support the war and who was supportive of United States efforts in the region,
while at the same time operating successful businesses.

                                            112
        Saud Al Tawash testified that he hired Ms. Blake because of her English skills.122
Saud Al Tawash also explained that he hired Ms. Blake because he was looking for an
American employee to work with Gulf Telecom’s American clients. Saud Al Tawash
testified:

      She’s an American. She understands the culture very well of the military.
      She understands the American culture. She knows the holidays. She’s
      somebody who has experience with that environment…. She’s American
      citizen and clients are Americans. She’s ex-military; she has retail
      experience; she has experience in security as a guard and she has the
      personality to -- the attitude, for this particular position. She’s educated.
      She has a degree. She has also a -- quite a good knowledge of the
      different demographics and segments of the military.

        According to Saud Al Tawash, Ms. Blake was offered the same benefits that
were offered to other Americans working for Gulf Telecom. According to Ms. Blake,
Saud Al Tawash supplied her with materials to set up a small home office in her
apartment, and while Ms. Blake was supposed to work in call centers, a lack of
paperwork made it impossible for her to do so. In addition, a stand-off with AT & T
prevented Gulf Telecom from opening several of the call centers that were planned.
Despite Ms. Blake’s inability to perform the job she was hired to do, and her testimony,
“I never did work for anyone,” Gulf Telecom continued paying Ms. Blake for the
remainder of the year, pursuant to the requirements of Kuwaiti labor laws. The
evidence in the record of the pay and benefits Ms. Blake received may be troubling from
an American perspective, but alone is not sufficient to establish that plaintiff or Saud Al
Tawash engaged in bribery or attempted to gain influence with Mr. Cockerham through
Ms. Blake’s employment. Rather Kuwaiti labor law obligations and Saud Al Tawash’s
Kuwaiti sense of hospitality to foreigners, which also was testified to during the trial,
suggest a difference in culture, but not necessarily criminal, or civilly actionable,
behavior on the part of plaintiff or members of the Al Tawash family. Saud Al Tawash
also testified that he did not understand that hiring Ms. Blake would be a conflict of
interest. Saud Al Tawash stated: “As long as she doesn’t work on contracts that are --
no, I did not think of it as a conflict of interest because she was not working on any
contracts then or after.” The record does not establish that the hiring of Ms. Blake by
Saud Al Tawash was intended as a bribe or as a way to influence Mr. Cockerham in his
capacity as a member of the contract office in Kuwait. Moreover, defendant has not
provided the court with any regulation or law which would have required plaintiff to
inform the Army of the employment of Mr. Cockerham’s sibling, Ms. Blake, by Gulf
Telecom. The subsequent convictions of Mr. Cockerham and Ms. Blake, without
establishing a link to plaintiff Gulf Group, or Saud Al Tawash, also do not support that
plaintiff or Saud Al Tawash were guilty of any acts of bribery or intent to influence
government contract activity.

122
   Mr. Cockerham also testified, regarding Gulf Telecom’s hiring of his sister, “as I
mentioned earlier, one of the things that, the reason for hiring her was, one, for English
speaking liaison.”

                                           113
        Although not the most coherent or credible witnesses at trial, neither Mr.
Cockerham nor Ms. Blake implicated Gulf Group, Saud Al Tawash, or other members of
the Al Tawash family in improper or illicit activities of any kind. John Cockerham and
Carolyn Blake, although convicted of bribery with respect to other contractors, both
affirmatively and repeatedly denied any involvement by the plaintiff or the Al Tawash
family in any bribery scheme or trading Ms. Blake’s employment for government favors.
Mr. Cockerham’s scribbled, apparently free-association notes that are in the record
suggest he had a relationship with Saud Al Tawash. The Al Tawash name, however,
does not appear on the list of individuals identified as having made payments to Mr.
Cockerham, nor does Gulf Group, or Gulf Telecom, appear on the list of corporations
named, which lists “AA,” an abbreviation for Allied Arms, “Jireh,”123 a reference to Jireh
Ventures, “Jas,” a reference to Jasmine International, “Zenith,” a reference to Ghopal
Zenith, “Lee Dynamics,” “Green Valley,”124 “Falah,” a reference to the owner of Trans
Orient, “FS,” a reference to Future Services, “KMS,” a reference to Kamal Sultan, and
“Terry,” a reference to Terry Hall from Freedom Catering Company. The exhibits in the
record, including the hand-written notes authored by Mr. Cockerham, do not connect
plaintiff, Saud Al Tawash, or any member of the Al Tawash family with any illicit contract
activity involving Mr. Cockerham or any other public official in the United States Army.
Observing both Ms. Blake and Mr. Cockerham on the witness stand, when asked about
their relationships with plaintiff and Saud Al Tawash, their repeated denials of fraudulent
activity involving plaintiff or members of the Al Tawash family seemed plausible,
acknowledging, of course, their suspect credibility as convicted felons. Moreover, Mr.
Cockerham was the individual who terminated Gulf Group’s latrine and dumpster
contracts within weeks of their having been awarded to plaintiff.

123
    Mr. Cockerham stated that “Jireh” in his list of bribes referred to Jireh Ventures, not
Jireh Springs, the latter a Kuwaiti company apparently run by Jamal Al Dahma, an uncle
of Saud Al Tawash. At trial, Mr. Cockerham stated that Jamal Al Dahma was not
involved in Jireh Ventures. Mr. Cockerham also testified that he asked Mr. Cruz to start
a business in San Antonio, Texas, which was called Jireh Ventures, for the purpose of
providing supplies to entities in Kuwait from the United States. When he met with Ann
Brickley and Mark Pletcher of the Department of Justice, Mr. Cockerham told them,
however, that Jireh Ventures was a Kuwaiti company. At trial, Mr. Cockerham stated
that “the final report that was actually written up was their [the Department of Justice’s]
report. It was not really from the briefings. And so I was basically toward the end told
what I would say.”
124
    Mr. Cockerham explained that one of Green Valley’s translators falsely told his
employers that he had landed a contract for Green Valley through Mr. Cockerham, and
that Green Valley had to pay both Mr. Cockerham and the translator. Mr. Cockerham
testified that the money he received from Green Valley, a company with which Gulf
Group had a joint venture for a short period of time in 2004, was not from Saud Al
Tawash and that he had received payments from Green Valley in the summer of 2005,
after the critical dates at issue in the above-captioned cases in 2004. There is
insufficient evidence in the record that, if bribe money came from Green Valley, any
money flowed through, or was in anyway associated with, plaintiff or Saud Al Tawash.

                                           114
       Defendant also asserts that Saud Al Tawash’s reaction when he heard that
representatives of the federal investigation had contacted Mr. Cockerham and Ms.
Blake “demonstrate that Saud Al Tawash and Mr. Cockerham were engaged in bribery.”
Defendant points out that Saud Al Tawash contacted Ms. Blake and asked her what the
investigators wanted, raising Mr. Cockerham by name. This reaction, without more,
however, does not establish that Saud Al Tawash had engaged in acts of bribery and
defendant’s allegations to the contrary are merely speculation. Saud Al Tawash’s
actions just as well could have been generated by curiosity regarding several individuals
he knew and considered friends, and with whom he had been in contact in Kuwait.
Saud Al Tawash and Mr. Cockerham indeed appear to have become social friends.
According to the testimony, Mr. Cockerham developed a number of social friendships
with local citizens in Kuwait during his time in Kuwait.

      Moreover, none of the many government witnesses who served in Kuwait with
Mr. Cockerham, civilian or military, including those who worked in the contracting office,
even intimated that there was an improper relationship based on bribery between Gulf
Group or Saud Al Tawash and any employees of the United States. In fact, Gulf Group
was not treated with special handling, quite the contrary, with the latrine and dumpster
contracts terminated shortly after they were awarded by Mr. Cockerham.

        Significantly, from the record before the court, it is not clear that Mr. Cockerham
had sufficient authority to have influenced the award or management of contracts within
the structure of the Army contracting office at Camp Arifjan. Although he held a warrant
for a short period of time, many contracting decisions seem to have been directed by
officials above his pay grade. Maj. Davis awarded each of the contracts and BPAs at
issue. At the time the contracts were awarded to plaintiff, Mr. Cockerham was not a
contracting officer, but rather a contract specialist. Mr. Cockerham testified that he “was
a contract specialist until about the end of October” 2004, after the award of the BPAs
and contracts at issue in September 2004. Maj. Trimble testified that he did not believe
that a contract specialist has the ability to influence the award of a contract, although a
contract specialist could make a recommendation. Mr. Cockerham also testified that a
contract specialist cannot influence the award of a contract and that the contract
specialist merely passed on the recommendation from the Office of the Chief of
Contracting. Col. Hess, the head of contracting at Camp Arifjan, also noted that the
contract specialist assembles a package for the Contract Review Board with a
recommendation of who should receive the contract. It is clear contract specialists,
without a warrant, cannot sign awards of contracts. See Stout Road Assocs., Inc. v.
United States, 80 Fed. Cl. 754, 756 (2008) (“Only government officials who possess a
Contracting Officer's warrant are authorized to bind the United States to a contract.”
(citing 48 C.F.R. § 1.602-1)).

       In sum, defendant has not adequately connected the dots between Mr.
Cockerham and Gulf Group or Saud Al Tawash to support defendant’s allegations of
bribery with an intent to influence the award of government contracts. Regarding the
camp package BPA, the award was made by Maj. Davis on September 30, 2004. Mr.
Cockerham was on the Contract Review Board that recommended award of the camp

                                           115
package BPA to Gulf Group, but defendant has not demonstrated that Mr. Cockerham
was bribed by plaintiff or that Mr. Cockerham significantly, or improperly, influenced or
caused the award of the BPA to plaintiff. For example, there is no evidence in the
record from others on the Contract Review Board that Mr. Cockerham was particularly
insistent that the camp package BPA be awarded to plaintiff. The latrine contract was
awarded by Maj. Davis on September 28, 2004, and Mr. Cockerham was the contract
specialist assigned to the contract. The dumpster contract was awarded by Maj. Davis
on September 20, 2004. Mr. Cockerham served as the contract specialist for the latrine
and dumpster contracts. With respect to the dumpster contract, oddly, Mr. Cockerham
signed the Contract Review Board Memorandum, even though he was not a member of
the Contract Review Board that recommended the award of the dumpster contract.
Defendant, however, has not demonstrated that Mr. Cockerham used his influence to
unfairly cause awards or other favorable action on the latrine or dumpster contracts to
Gulf Group. Finally, for the bottled water BPA, the award was made by Maj. Davis on
September 28, 2004, with Mr. Cockerham as the contract specialist. Like the dumpster
contract, Mr. Cockerham signed a Contract Review Board Memorandum, but indicated
that his duty position was that of a “Contracting Officer” even though he was not a
member of the Contract Review Board for the bottled water BPA. Mr. Cockerham,
however, did terminate the latrine and dumpster contracts, shortly after the awards were
made, actions obviously unfavorable to plaintiff.

        Although there may have been numerous irregularities in how the Army
proceeded to award and manage the BPA calls and contracts at Camp Arifjan, including
incidents of bribery involving Mr. Cockerham with other contractors, defendant has not
demonstrated that plaintiff or members of the Al Tawash family were involved in any
acts of bribery. Ms. Blake was employed by Gulf Telecom at a time when Gulf Group
was awarded contracts and while Mr. Cockerham was working in the contracting office.
There is no evidence, however, that, but for the hiring of Ms. Blake, Gulf Group, a
contractor which had been awarded and held other United States contracts in support of
the activities in the Iraq war theatre, independently would not have won the contracts.
Significantly, Mr. Cockerham was the Army official who terminated the latrine and
dumpster contracts, and, as reflected in the October 20, 2004 Memorandum for Record,
purportedly recommended terminating the camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring.
The government has offered no explanation as to why Mr. Cockerham would terminate
the latrine and dumpster contracts and recommend terminating the camp package BPA
call for Camp Buehring, if he were involved in a scheme to award contracts to plaintiff
and assist Gulf Group to gain advantages in the contracting process. In fact, the record
suggests Mr. Cockerham did not take very good care of his friend, Saud Al Tawash, or
of Gulf Group.

        Although the defendant has not demonstrated an intent to defraud the
government under the Special Plea in Fraud statute, an additional question remains as
to whether Ms. Blake’s employment created a conflict of interest which allows for
rescission or disgorgement. The court finds that the evidence in the record is
insufficient to conclude that Ms. Blake’s employment relationship with Gulf Telecom and
her relationship to Mr. Cockerham tainted the award of the BPAs and contracts at issue.

                                          116
The court recognizes that Mr. Cockerham violated statutes and regulations with respect
to contractors other than plaintiff, for which he is currently serving a federal prison
sentence, but defendant has not presented the court with evidence indicating that Mr.
Cockerham’s potential violations had an impact on the award of the contracts or BPAs
to plaintiff which are at issue in the above-captioned cases, or that Gulf Telecom’s
employment of Ms. Blake created a conflict of interest. Although Mr. Cockerham should
not necessarily be considered the most reliable of witnesses, he continued to insist
throughout the proceedings before this court that he did not receive any payments from
or give special favors to Saud Al Tawash or Gulf Group. Mr. Cockerham repeatedly
insisted that Saud Al Tawash was a friend.

       That Gulf Telecom was identified as a wholly owned subsidiary of Gulf Group
that employed Ms. Blake while Mr. Cockerham was involved in discussions preceding
the award of Gulf Group’s contracts and was involved in contract management, certainly
might be considered less than wise under American standards. The court notes,
however, that 18 U.S.C § 208 does not appear to apply to conflicts of interest arising out
of the employment of a government employee’s sibling. In addition, other potentially
applicable regulations, such as 5 C.F.R. § 2635.502, which prohibits a government
employee from participating in a matter that “is likely to have a direct and predictable
effect on the financial interest of a member of his household, or knows that a person
with whom he has a covered relationship is or represents a party to such matter,” do not
clearly apply to the employment Ms. Blake, Mr. Cockerham’s sister, entered into with
Gulf Telecom. See Letter to a Designated Agency Ethics Official, OGE Informal
Advisory Letter 85 X 14, 1985 WL 57313, at *3 (Sept. 23, 1985) (indicating that “no
criminal conflict of interest statutes” applied to a government employee’s work on a
matter that may have affected the financial interest of his sibling, but recommending that
the employee “might wish to recuse himself...because of the degree of appearance of
potential partiality”). Defendant has not demonstrated that Mr. Cockerham was placed
in a position that ordinarily would lead a court to assume that his judgment was impaired
in his official capacity with respect to Gulf Group, when compared to the authorities on
which defendant relies. See, e.g., United States v. Miss. Valley Generating Co., 364
U.S. at 556 (concluding that a government advisor’s position as an officer who shared in
a company’s profits “at the very least” created an indirect financial interest in a
government contract when there was a substantial likelihood that a financing agreement
related to the contract would be awarded to the company); K & R Eng’g Co. v. United
States, 222 Ct. Cl. at 344, 616 F.2d at 470 (concluding that a government employee’s
administration of contracts in which he received a percentage of the profits realized
created a conflict of interest).

        The record before the court does not indicate that Gulf Group’s contracts were
tainted by an impermissible conflict of interest. Gulf Group appears to have been an
“innocent contractor” that entered legitimately into a government contract, despite Mr.
Cockerham’s improper and illegal conduct in other regards. See Godley v. United
States, 5 F.3d at 1475 (“Illegal acts by a Government contracting agent do not alone
taint a contract and invoke the void ab initio rule. Rather, the record must show some
causal link between the illegality and the contract provisions.”). Although the decisions

                                           117
leading to Ms. Blake’s employment by Saud Al Tawash and Gulf Telecom may have
been naïve by American standards, the record before the court does not establish that
plaintiff received special treatment from Mr. Cockerham or that Saud Al Tawash’s
relationship with Ms. Blake was such that the court can conclude that any impropriety
took place, or that Saud Al Tawash or Gulf Group engaged in actions which evidence
an intent to bribe or defraud the United States.

A.    The Camp Package BPA Claims Under the Special Plea in Fraud Statute

        In its third amended answer to plaintiff’s complaint, defendant alleges that
plaintiff’s claims must be forfeited under the Special Plea in Fraud statute and that the
calls issued under plaintiff’s camp package BPA and, as addressed below, bottled water
BPA, must be rescinded due to bribery, conflict of interest, and fraud. Defendant
asserts that Gulf Group artificially inflated its camp package BPA claim, and that,
without a plausible basis for the amount sought, the claim was fraudulent. Defendant
did not directly raise claims of rescission and disgorgement for the dumpster or latrine
contracts. Defendant contends with respect to the camp package BPA that plaintiff
sought payment for expenses it had not incurred. According to defendant, Gulf Group
represented in its 2005 claim that it had spent 345,717.000 KD, when it had spent only
19,323.000 KD. Additionally, defendant insists that the camp package BPA claims were
fraudulent because, at trial, Saud Al Tawash and Mr. Peters disagreed as to the amount
of the 2005 claim, and neither admitted devising the settlement offer amount. Finally,
defendant states, “Gulf Group fraudulently viewed the pre-2011 version of the camp set
claim [sic] an opening gambit in the negotiation of a settlement amount, rather than the
amount to which it was entitled.” (citing Daewoo Eng’g and Constr. Co. v. United
States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 596). Defendant, therefore, claims that plaintiff must disgorge the
amounts the government paid to plaintiff under the camp package BPA, and, as
discussed below, the bottled water BPA.

        Defendant argues that Ms. Blake was hired in exchange for Mr. Cockerham
taking favorable contracting actions toward plaintiff, which defendant asserts
demonstrates both a conflict of interest and bribery. According to defendant, Ms. Blake
was hired and began receiving payments shortly before plaintiff was awarded the BPA
calls and other contracts, and Ms. Blake never did any work for the payments she
received. The statutes to which defendant points in its counterclaims, violations of
which defendant claims demonstrate fraud, are 18 U.S.C. § 201(b)(1) and 18 U.S.C.
§ 208(a), both of which are criminal statutes. As noted above, although both Mr.
Cockerham and Ms. Blake have been criminally convicted of conspiracy, bribery, and
money laundering, their convictions were based on transactions involving contractors
other than plaintiff Gulf Group or members of the Al Tawash family. Defendant argues
that “[p]rotection of the integrity of the Federal procurement process from the fraudulent
activities of unscrupulous Government contractors and dishonest Government agents
requires a refund to the Government of sums already paid to such a contractor pursuant
to the contract. A contractor must disgorge the amounts received under a contract
tainted by conflict-of-interest.” (citing K & R Eng’g Co. v. United States, 222 Ct. Cl. at
354, 616 F.2d at 476). Defendant also claims that payments to Ms. Blake constituted a

                                           118
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 201(b)(1), and that these payments also created a common law
conflict of interest. Plaintiff responds that the government has not cited to any legal
basis for its rescission and disgorgement claims, and that the federal Conflict of Interest
statute, 18 U.S.C. § 208(a), is not applicable.

        The court finds it difficult to understand how plaintiff’s two attorneys, Attorney
Peters and Attorney Hands, could have thought Gulf Group was entitled to the master
BPA limit of the camp package BPA or the limit of camp package BPA call 0001 when
call 0001 was worth only $1,447,457.22, despite testimony from Attorney Peters that he
believed the claim was correct at the time it was submitted. Although the attorneys
were legally incorrect and reckless in preparing the claims, and Saud Al Tawash failed
to properly review the claims, which resulted in a violation of the False Claims Act, the
court concludes that plaintiff and Saud Al Tawash do not appear to have had the
specific intent necessary to prove fraud under the Special Plea in Fraud statute. See
Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 584 (noting that, under the
Special Plea in Fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 2514, “[m]ere negligence is not sufficient”);
see also Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 69, 550 F.2d at 22 (“[F]raud, resulting in
forfeiture, can be found only on the basis of clear and convincing evidence. An intent to
deceive the Government must be proved.”) (citations omitted). Saud Al Tawash should
not have blindly trusted his advisors before signing the documents, but the record
before the court does not demonstrate that there were intentional, corrupt, or fraudulent
practices engaged in by plaintiff or Saud Al Tawash during the course of the award or
performance under the camp package BPA.

        In addition, as discussed above, defendant has not convinced the court that there
is sufficient evidence in the record of a conflict of interest or bribery linked to the award
or management of the camp package BPA or of an intent to defraud, warranting
rescission or disgorgement. The record contains no evidence that Gulf Group had the
intent to deceive the government in obtaining its camp package BPA or camp package
BPA calls. Defendant offered, as part of its evidence, that plaintiff failed to inform the
Army of Gulf Telecom’s hiring of Ms. Blake. As noted above, however, defendant has
cited no regulation or law which would have required plaintiff to inform the Army of Ms.
Blake’s employment by Gulf Telecom and the record does not establish that the
relationship between Saud Al Tawash and Ms. Blake was such that the court must
assume an impropriety had taken place. Moreover, Mr. Cockerham’s other illegal
activities have not been linked to a taint in Gulf Group’s contracts. Defendant,
therefore, has failed to demonstrate entitlement to forfeiture under the Special Plea in
Fraud or rescission and disgorgement under common law fraud with regard to the camp
package BPA.

B.     The Latrine and Dumpster Claims Under the Special Plea in Fraud Statute

     With respect to the Special Plea in Fraud statute, defendant makes identical
arguments with regard to forfeiture of plaintiff’s claims under both the latrine and
dumpster contracts. In its filing, plaintiff also combines its responses to the latrine and
dumpster contract counterclaims. The court, therefore, addresses the Special Plea in

                                            119
Fraud issues raised by these two contracts together.125 Defendant provides the same
arguments as it does with regard to the camp package BPA, including that plaintiff
violated the Special Plea in Fraud statute by bribing Mr. Cockerham under 18 U.S.C.
§ 201(b)(1), which also created a conflict of interest, and by submitting claims for
amounts to which it knew it was not entitled. According to defendant, Saud Al Tawash
and Mr. Cockerham entered into an arrangement whereby Ms. Blake would be
employed and Mr. Cockerham would award contracts to Gulf Group. Defendant alleges
by way of example for the dumpster contract:

      Mr. Cockerham’s sister began receiving monthly payments from Gulf
      Group’s operations manager, at the behest of Gulf Group’s general
      manager, both of whom were directors of Gulf Group. Mr. Cockerham
      was aware of those payments, and understood them to be from Gulf
      Group. In September 2004, Mr. Cockerham signed a memorandum for
      record stating that Gulf Group “is recommended for award of [a dumpster]
      contract.” The Army awarded the dumpster contract, Contract No.
      W912D1-04-P-0897, to Gulf Group in September 2004. The dumpster
      contract was not terminated until October 22, 2004. Both Gulf Group and
      Mr. Cockerham understood the nature of the arrangement.

        As described above, defendant alleges that neither Mr. Cockerham nor Saud Al
Tawash told the Army about Ms. Blake’s employment, that Saud Al Tawash questioned
Ms. Blake about her meeting with the federal investigators, and that Mr. Cockerham
wrote a note indicating that Saud Al Tawash should not “confess to anything.”
Defendant further alleges that plaintiff submitted inflated claims to the government that
were unsupported and fraudulent. Finally, defendant contends that the inflated amounts
claimed were merely a negotiating ploy, as indicated by Mr. Peters’ testimony, and that
plaintiff submitted the claims to Mr. Cockerham with reason to believe he would act
favorably on them.

        Plaintiff responds using many of the same arguments that it asserted with regard
to the False Claims Act, including that it had a legal basis for claiming lost profits on
unexercised option years and that the Army indicated to plaintiff there was a reasonable
likelihood the options would be exercised. Plaintiff further argues that the expense
tables submitted were not part of the latrine and dumpster claims, but “were included
simply to demonstrate that Gulf Group was prepared to perform under the contract if it
had been given a fair opportunity to do so.” Plaintiff also denies that the claim amounts
sought were a negotiating ploy. As to defendant’s bribery and conflict of interest
allegations, plaintiff contends that Mr. Cockerham had no authority to make the award of
the contracts, and that Saud Al Tawash asked Ms. Blake about her meeting with the
federal investigators as “a conscientious individual who takes very seriously any federal
investigation involving someone with whom he had been involved.” Plaintiff further
urges that Mr. Cockerham’s hand-written notes do not prove that Gulf Group or Saud Al
Tawash were involved in bribing Mr. Cockerham. Finally, plaintiff points out that,
125
    As noted above, defendant did not directly raise claims of rescission and
disgorgement for the latrine contract and dumpster contract.

                                          120
considering all the contractors Ms. Blake and Mr. Cockerham listed and admitted had
bribed them, neither Ms. Blake nor Mr. Cockerham ever implicated plaintiff or any
members of the Al Tawash family.

       The government must prove by clear and convincing evidence that plaintiff
intended to defraud the government for the court to conclude that forfeiture is warranted
under the Special Plea in Fraud statute. See Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United
States, 557 F.3d at 1341. As discussed above in the discussion of the False Claims
and Contract Disputes Acts, the evidence offered as to Jireh Springs and Green Valley
does not conclusively implicate Gulf Group, Saud Al Tawash, or any other member of
the Al Tawash family. Regarding defendant’s allegations of fraudulent false claims with
respect to the latrine and dumpster contracts, despite the fact that much of plaintiff’s
reasoning with regard to the availability of lost profits was erroneous for option years
and unissued calls, the court finds Saud Al Tawash to have been a sincere and credible
witness. Saud Al Tawash testified that Maj. Davis told him that Camp Arifjan would be
permanent, and that if Gulf Group performed well it would have the dumpster and latrine
contracts for the full term, including all option periods. Saud Al Tawash also explained
that he expected to perform the option periods of the latrine contract, for example
because the price of the base period alone would not cover the capital expenditures
necessary to perform the latrine contract.126 Saud Al Tawash’s testimony is, in part,
corroborated by an Army memorandum of August 20, 2004, signed by Maj. Davis,
which states that the Army anticipated needing the option periods of the dumpster
contract and that there was a likelihood that the options would be exercised. The
determination of the memorandum concluded: “Based on the above information, in
accordance with FAR 17.202, I hereby determine that the Dumpster Service Contract
does require the use of options.”127 Moreover, following the terminations of the latrine
and dumpster contracts, the necessary services were carried on by other contractors,
including Green Valley and Jasmine, respectively, indicating that defendant was still in
need of, and had the ability to pay for, the latrine and dumpster services. Additionally,
both Attorney Peters and Mr. Carlson, plaintiff’s expert, stated that they believed the
option periods were recoverable.

        Defendant’s arguments implicating the Special Plea in Fraud violations regarding
the latrine and dumpster claims are substantially the same as the arguments it made on
the same issue with regard to the camp package BPA claim. With respect to all three
claims, the camp package BPA, the latrine contract, and the dumpster contract, the
court finds that defendant has failed to prove with clear and convincing evidence that
plaintiff presented a false claim with the intent to defraud the government, or that the
dumpster or latrine contracts, as a whole, were tainted by bribery or a conflict of
interest. Moreover, the fact is that Mr. Cockerham terminated both the latrine and
126
    Plaintiff’s lost profits calculation indicates that plaintiff’s costs would have exceeded
its profits for the base period of the dumpster contract, rather than the latrine contract.
127
   FAR 17.202 indicates when a contracting officer “may include options” in a contract,
but does not indicate that the government must exercise an option. See 48 C.F.R.
§ 17.202 (2005).

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dumpster contracts shortly after they were awarded to plaintiff. If the award of contracts
was the result of bribery, conflict of interest, and fraud involving Mr. Cockerham, it gives
the court pause that Mr. Cockerham also was the official who terminated the same
contracts. Because defendant has failed to prove an intent to defraud the government
with respect to its latrine and dumpster claims, forfeiture of plaintiff’s claims is
inappropriate.

C.     The Bottled Water BPA Demurrage Claim Under the Special Plea in Fraud
       Statute

        With respect to the bottled water BPA, defendant asserts that plaintiff’s claims
should be forfeited under the Special Plea in Fraud statute as a result of plaintiff’s
bribery of Mr. Cockerham in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 201(b)(1), which also created a
conflict of interest, and because plaintiff submitted the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer
for amounts to which it knew it was not entitled. Defendant also alleges that calls
issued under plaintiff’s bottled water BPA must be rescinded due to bribery, conflict of
interest, and fraud. In its post-trial brief, defendant claims that plaintiff’s 2005 bottled
water BPA demurrage claim indicates it was seeking excess payment for charges made
by Expeditors, Gulf Group’s trucking company, because the claim provided that Gulf
Group was “submitting this claim with the following documents for reimbursement of our
demurrage payments.” (emphasis added). Yet, defendant contends that Expeditors did
not charge the 85.000 KD/day as requested in the claim; rather, Expeditors charged
50.000 to 60.000 KD/day. Defendant asserts that by claiming more than Expeditors
charged, plaintiff intended to deceive the government. Additionally, defendant argues
that plaintiff fraudulently assigned all of the delays encountered to the government.

       Defendant provided the same rationale regarding the bottled water BPA as it did
for the camp package BPA regarding its request for rescission and disgorgement. By
way of example, defendant claims that Ms. Blake was paid, but never worked, that the
payments were made to her in exchange for the award of contracts to plaintiff by Mr.
Cockerham, and that Saud Al Tawash asked Ms. Blake about her conversation with
federal investigators. Defendant also relies on Mr. Cockerham’s note in the record,
albeit apparently undelivered, referring to “Saud” and instructing Ms. Blake to get rid of
everything. Defendant believes that the note contained falsehoods (i.e., that Ms. Blake
got her job on her own and Ms. Blake did paperwork for Saud Al Tawash). Defendant
claims the following with respect to the note:

       the instructions contain falsehoods that demonstrate that Mr. Cockerham
       and Saud Al Tawash were engaged in bribery. The instructions state that
       Ms. Blake ‘got the job on her own’ even though she obtained her situation
       with Saud Al Tawash only after Mr. Cockerham introduced her to Mr. Al
       Tawash as his sister and mentioned to him that she was looking for work
       in Kuwait. The instructions also state that Ms. Blake did “admin
       paperwork” for Saud Al Tawash, even though Ms. Blake never worked for
       anyone in Kuwait.

                                            122
(internal citations omitted). Finally, defendant notes that neither Mr. Cockerham nor
Saud Al Tawash told the Army about Ms. Blake’s job with Gulf Telecom, but defendant
has not identified a statute or regulation requiring Mr. Cockerham to do so. Defendant
asserts that the calls issued under plaintiff’s bottled water BPA must be rescinded due
to bribery, conflict of interest, and fraud. Defendant also claims that plaintiff must
disgorge the amounts the government paid to plaintiff under the bottled water BPA
claims.

       Plaintiff argues that Mr. Cockerham and Saud Al Tawash testified that Mr.
Cockerham did not help Saud Al Tawash obtain the bottled water BPA and that Saud Al
Tawash did not offer him anything in exchange for or to prompt the award of the bottled
water BPA. According to plaintiff, Gulf Telecom had a legitimate need for Ms. Blake’s
services and had been seeking an American employee before discovering that Ms.
Blake was inquiring about work in Kuwait. Plaintiff argues that Ms. Blake sought a job in
Kuwait independent of her brother’s influence, that she was unable to work in the end
due to issues beyond her control, that Gulf Telecom was required to pay her regardless
of her failure to provide actual services pursuant to Kuwaiti law, and that her salary and
benefits were commensurate with other local companies. Plaintiff also notes that the
amount of Gulf Group’s bottled water BPA claim has remained consistent since the
2005 claim. Plaintiff points to a chart in the record evidencing the expenses included in
the bottled water claim. Furthermore, Saud Al Tawash testified that the 85.000 KD/day
amount included expenses in addition to those charged by Expeditors.

       The court does not find clear and convincing evidence of fraudulent claims or
bribery under the bottled water BPA and, therefore, defendant has failed to prove its
Special Plea in Fraud counterclaim or that the calls issued under the bottled water BPA
should be rescinded. The government has not proven that plaintiff knowingly submitted
the bottled water BPA claim with the intent to defraud the government or that plaintiff’s
bottled water BPA was tainted by bribery. Unlike the camp package BPA, latrine, and
dumpster claims, defendant did not prove a violation of the False Claims Act with
respect to the bottled water BPA claim, which has a lower threshold of proof and intent
than the Special Plea in Fraud statute. The amount plaintiff seeks in connection with
the bottled water BPA claim has remained consistent from when the claim was first
submitted. Gulf Group initially attempted to document the expenses incurred, although,
in addition to the information plaintiff included with its bottled water BPA claim, plaintiff
also should have included information which demonstrated expenses charged other
than by Expeditors. The failure to include such information, which was produced later,
does not evidence fraud. At most, the failure to attach the documentation for expenses
other than for Expeditors demonstrates negligence and ineptitude, which do not
implicate forfeiture under the Special Plea in Fraud statute. See Miller v. United States,
213 Ct. Cl. at 69, 550 F.2d at 22; Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 73 Fed.
Cl. at 584. Despite defendant’s argument that plaintiff’s claim implies that it is seeking
only reimbursement for charges made by Expeditors, nowhere in the claim does plaintiff
actually make such a statement. Rather, the bottled water BPA demurrage claim states
that it is for “demurrage charges for delays,” and that Gulf Group “incurred delay
(demurrage) and damages.” The language of the 2005 bottled water BPA demurrage

                                            123
claim can be read to encompass all damages arising from delays, including charges
asserted by entities other than Expeditors. The bottled water BPA claim states, “in
furtherance of the contract we shipped the bottled water to Iraq. But we have incurred
delay (demurrage) and damages for delivering bottled water to Iraq. Even though we
have had [sic] taken all the necessary requirements to perform its obligations both
anticipated and ultimate as per the scope of work and were doing the services.” The
bottled water BPA claim continues: “Gulf Group followed Arcent requirements for
shipment which resulted in delays (by the US military) that resulted in extra costs to Gulf
Enterprises, and such delays resulted in the demurrage charges as provided in a
summary table and detailed line item listing at Appendix 3.” Although the only expense
documents originally included in the claim were from Expeditors and Gulf Group, the
court does not conclude from its statement that the claim was for “demurrage damages
for delay” that plaintiff only sought reimbursement for charges made by Expeditors.

       Also, as discussed above, defendant has not demonstrated a conflict of interest
involving Mr. Cockerham, with regard to Gulf Group or any member of the Al Tawash
family or that the relationship between Saud Al Tawash and Ms. Blake was such that
the court must assume that there was an impropriety which took place related to the
contract at issue. Defendant also has not proven that the hiring of, and payments to,
Ms. Blake were linked to contract awards to plaintiff or favorable contracting actions by
Mr. Cockerham. Based on the record before the court, the defendant has not met its
burden to prove a violation of the Special Plea in Fraud provisions regarding the bottled
water BPA by clear and convincing evidence, by showing that plaintiff knowingly
presented a false claim with the intent to defraud the government, or that the bottled
water BPA was tainted by bribery. Defendant also has not demonstrated the existence
of a conflict of interest or proven its counterclaim for common law fraud, including
rescission and disgorgement.

       In sum, the defendant has failed to prove that forfeiture is warranted under the
Special Plea in Fraud statute or that the commission of common law fraud related to
any of the four above-captioned cases warrants rescission and disgorgement. A finding
of False Claims Act liability without a finding of Special Plea in Fraud is not logically
inconsistent.128 As a Judge of the Court of Federal Claims has noted, “the
128
   The court in Liquidating Trustee Ester DuVal of KI Liquidation, Inc. v. United States,
noted that:

       The evidence that would negate the level of intent under the FCA, as
      opposed to the forfeiture statute, involves different findings of fact. The
      application of these facts should not be conflated, as the legal
      requirements of the statutes differ significantly: first, § 2514 requires an
      elevated burden of proof, i.e., clear and convincing evidence, Daewoo
      Eng’g, 557 F.3d at 1341, not a preponderance of the evidence standard
      as required by the FCA, see id. at 1340; second, § 2514 requires proof of
      the intent to deceive, whereas the FCA requires knowledge, a general-
      intent standard, and explicitly stipulates that proof of specific intent is not
      required.

                                           124
consequences of each—forfeiture of plaintiff’s entire claim versus comparatively
minimal penalties under the FCA—exemplify the perceived gravitas of the fraud under
each statute.” Liquidating Trustee Ester DuVal of KI Liquidation, Inc. v. United States,
89 Fed. Cl. at 41-42. Although plaintiff was found to have violated the False Claims Act
for the camp package BPA claims, latrine claims, and dumpster claims, defendant has
failed to demonstrate liability under the Contract Disputes Act or that forfeiture is
warranted under the Special Plea in Fraud statute in all four cases, and has failed to
prove the common law fraud counterclaim for rescission and disgorgement for the camp
package and bottled water BPAs. The court, therefore, turns to plaintiff’s claims.

III.   Contract Terminations and Abuse of Discretion

       Plaintiff’s camp package BPA call, latrine contract, and dumpster contract each
were terminated by the government for convenience in October 2004.129 Plaintiff claims
that the government decisions to terminate its camp package BPA call and latrine and
dumpster contracts were abuses of discretion.130 Plaintiff asserts that the terminations
for convenience by the government were not properly based on convenience131

Liquidating Trustee Ester DuVal of KI Liquidation, Inc. v. United States, 89 Fed. Cl. 29,
41-42 (2009)
129
   None of the calls issued under Gulf Group’s bottled water BPA were cancelled in
October 2004. Gulf Group continued to supply bottled water to the Army in 2005.
130
   As noted above, plaintiff had alleged bad faith on the part of the government in the
terminations of the camp package BPA call and the dumpster and latrine contracts.
Plaintiff subsequently dropped all allegations concerning bad faith in each case, and
confirmed at closing arguments, “there is no bad faith claim in any one of these four
cases, 06-835, 06-858, 06-853, and 07-082.”
131
   The standard termination for convenience clause, 38 C.F.R. § 52.212-4 (2003), was
incorporated by reference into plaintiff’s contracts. The clause states:

       Termination for the Government’s convenience.              The Government
       reserves the right to terminate this contract, or any part hereof, for its sole
       convenience. In the event of such termination, the Contractor shall
       immediately stop all work hereunder and shall immediately cause any and
       all of its suppliers and subcontractors to cease work. Subject to the terms
       of this contract, the Contractor shall be paid a percentage of the contract
       price reflecting the percentage of the work performed prior to the notice of
       termination, plus reasonable charges the Contractor can demonstrate to
       the satisfaction of the Government using its standard record keeping
       system, have resulted from the termination. The Contractor shall not be
       required to comply with the cost accounting standards or contract cost
       principles for this purpose. This paragraph does not give the Government
       any right to audit the Contractor’s records. The Contractor shall not be

                                            125
because the government continued to require the camp package, latrine, and dumpster
services, and contracted with other contractors to provide the same services after
terminating plaintiff. According to plaintiff, the terminations could not have been
properly based on default because plaintiff had not committed any error justifying
default terminations under the camp package BPA or the latrine and dumpster
contracts.

       Defendant argues that the camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring was
terminated for convenience in order to award a call for a larger camp, Camp Virginia, to
Gulf Group because the Army had determined that Gulf Group was better suited to the
larger camp. Although plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer references the
planned award of a call for Camp Virginia and there is evidence in the record that
informal discussions about offering a call for Camp Virginia to plaintiff had occurred, the
Camp Virginia call never was awarded to plaintiff. As for the latrine and dumpster
contracts, defendant argues the contracts were terminated for convenience in response
to security concerns arising from the alleged security incident involving Mohammed Al
Tawash when he sought to map the dumpster locations in order to initiate contract
performance. Defendant concedes that the security concerns later were determined to
be unfounded, but maintains that the concerns were legitimate at the time of the
terminations.

       The camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring was awarded on September 30,
2004 by Maj. Davis, but was terminated twelve days later on October 12, 2004, when
Maj. Davis issued Modification 103 on behalf of the Army. The Modification stated: “The
purpose of this modification is to cancel the BPA Call with Gulf Group. Gulf Group has
no issues with this cancellation and will accept it at no cost to the government.”
Despite terminating the camp package BPA call, the government had sufficient funds to
pay for, continued to be in need of, and contracted for the camp package services. The
contracting officer’s May 21, 2007 final decision on the camp package BPA claim,
signed by Joseph Libbey,132 stated:

      paid for any work performed or costs incurred which reasonably could
      have been avoided.

38 C.F.R. § 52.212-4.
132
   Mr. Libbey was not an ideal witness for the government. He often was defensive
and struggled to explain his final decisions, which were confusing and unsupported. At
one point during trial, he stated:

      I am not buying that there is a conspiracy to wrongfully have terminated
      Gulf Group. Makes no sense to me. You’ve certainly pointed out some
      factual errors in the letter, you’re a full time professional attorney, you
      know, you’ve done that, you certainly have made me look a fool on some
      things today. But nonetheless, no, under the context these letters were
      written under, you know, I stand by them. There are some factual errors
      that the Judge will have to take in. This idea about a conspiracy in terms

                                           126
      Gulf Group erroneously treats the BPA W912D1-04-A-0047 as a contract.
      They demand the maximum ordering limit for a BPA call as termination
      costs. They also fail to reduce the maximum call order amount demanded
      by any of the orders placed against the BPA and for which they received
      payment. Gulf Group alleges the contract/BPA was terminated, yet only
      one call was in fact terminated, not the entire BPA as alleged.

        The latrine contract was awarded on September 28, 2004 by Maj. Davis, but was
terminated pursuant to 48 C.F.R. § 52.212-4 twenty days later on October 18, 2004,
when Mr. Cockerham issued Modification P00002 on behalf of the Army. Modification
P00002 stated: “This contract is being canceled due to command directive of the ASG
commander SWA COL Brick Miller 3rd Army Arcent Kuwait. The contract is canceled
under the terms of 52.212-1, 52-212-4 [sic], 52.249-4.” The parties stipulated that: “The
Government did not terminate Gulf Group for default under Contract W912D1-04-P-
0932,” and, “[a]t the time Contract W912D1-04-P-0932 was terminated, the Government
had not issued any Cure Notices to Gulf Group regarding Gulf Group’s performance of
its contractual obligations under that contract, and none was ever issued at any time
thereafter.” Despite terminating Gulf Group’s latrine contract, the government had
sufficient funds to pay for, continued to be in need of, and continued to contract for the
latrine services.

      Sixteen days after the October 18, 2004 termination of the latrine contract, Col.
Hess, the head of contracting at Camp Arifjan, sent a letter to Mohammed Al Tawash.
The November 3, 2004 letter stated:

      Recently, a contracting officer in my office terminated a service contract
      [the latrine contract] held by Gulf Group General Enterprises, a company
      operated by the Al-Tawash family. There has been some concern
      expressed that the incident unfairly tarnished the good name of the Al-
      Tawash family, which is a highly respected, prominent Kuwaiti family.

      Please rest assured that the Gulf Group’s contract to service portable
      latrines at Army camps in Kuwait was not terminated because of security
      reasons. While it is true that some employees of the Gulf Group have
      been either barred from the installation or warned because they had not
      followed the rules for contract employees on the installation, these
      incidents did not cause the termination of the contract.

      The contracting officer terminated the contract because circumstances
      arose that caused the contracting officer to conclude that it was in the best
      interest of the Army to terminate the contract. Since the contract was
      terminated for convenience of the government, the Gulf Group should not

      of the wrongful termination and all that, I’m going to have leave that in the
      Judge’s hands. All I can offer is I don’t believe it.

                                           127
       suffer any repercussions to its reputation or competitive standing. The
       Gulf Group is fully eligible to compete for other Army contracts in Kuwait.
       I hope this clarifies this unfortunate misunderstanding.

       On May 21, 2007, Joseph Libbey issued his contracting officer’s final decision on
the latrine contract claim, which stated that “the performance failures and security
factors prompting the termination to show the decision that termination was in the best
interests of the Government was a valid decision and not an abuse of discretion and not
done in bad faith.” The same decision noted, however, “[o]n 3 November 2004, LTC
Hess sent a letter to Mohammed Abdulaziz Al Tawash responding to the apparent Gulf
Group inquiry as to whether or not the security violations had prompted the termination
[of the latrine contract]. LTC Hess stated the latrine contract services were not
terminated because of security concerns.” At trial, Col. Hess testified that he directly
ordered Mr. Cockerham to terminate Gulf Group’s latrine and dumpster contracts, and
ordered Maj. Davis to terminate Gulf Group’s camp package BPA call, likely at the
behest of Col. Miller, because “[w]e were ordered to get Gulf Group off the bases, the
camps.” At trial, Col. Miller testified that the terminations were not related to the alleged
security incident. Col. Miller also testified that, due to a separation in command, he
could not give Col. Hess orders relating to contracting and that, due to the nature of his
position, had he ordered a contracting officer to terminate a contract, he would have
been issuing an “illegal command.”

       The dumpster contract, which was awarded on September 20, 2004 by Maj.
Davis, was terminated thirty-two days later on October 22, 2004, when Mr. Cockerham
executed Modification P00005 on behalf of the Army, terminating the dumpster contract
for the convenience of the government. Despite what Col. Miller testified, Modification
0005 stated: “Contract is cancelled by order of the ASG Commander Kuwait COL Brick
Miller. Contract was canceled in accordance with FAR Part 52.212-4 Termination for
Convenience of the Government.”

       The parties stipulated that: “The Government did not terminate Gulf Group for
default under Contract W912D1-04-P-0897,” the dumpster contract, and “[a]t the time
Contract W912D1-04-P-0897 was terminated, the Government had not issued any Cure
Notices to Gulf Group regarding Gulf Group’s performance of its contractual obligations
under that contract, and none was ever issued at any time thereafter.” Despite the
termination of Gulf Group’s dumpster contract, the government had sufficient funds to
pay for, continued to be in need of, and contracted for the dumpster services. In fact,
after terminating plaintiff’s latrine contract and dumpster contract, the government
continued to place orders for dumpsters from Gulf Group for other locations.

      Joseph Libbey’s May 21, 2007 contracting officer’s decision on the dumpster
contract claim stated:

       On 7 October 2004, four Gulf Group employees were being escorted
       when one began asking suspicious questions about base personnel
       housing and base security arrangements. The four were detained and

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         released to the Kuwait Ministry of Interior. On 21 October 2004, the
         individual asking about base security was barred from Camp Arifjan by
         Col. Brick T. Miller, ASG Commander.133 The remaining individuals were
         issued letters of warning regarding compliance with base security.

         Mr. Libbey’s contracting officer’s decision on the dumpster claim continued:

         On 18 October 2004, another Gulf Group employee was barred from
         Camp Arifjan by Colonel Miller for traveling on base without his required
         escort. Colonel Miller wrote to Mr. [Saud] Al Tawash of Gulf Group on 21
         October 2004 expressing deep concern over Gulf Group and its
         employees not following and enforcing security regulations. Colonel Miller
         warned Mr. [Saud Al] Tawash that further violations might result in Mr.
         Tawash and Gulf Group being barred from all ASG Kuwait installations.

Mr. Libbey’s contracting officer’s decision on the dumpster contract claim further stated:
“On 9 October 2004, six Gulf Group employees were detained for security violations
involving traveling on Camp Arifjan without their required escort, and rummaging
through a dumpster. At least four of these individuals were barred from Camp Arifjan by
Colonel Miller on 16 and 18 October 2004.”134

         The contracting officer’s decision on the dumpster contract claim also stated:

         The Government originally contemplated terminating Gulf Group’s contract
         for failure to comply with security regulations; however, due to the global
         war on terror operational tempo in this area, and a desire to maintain a
         friendly working relationship with local contractors that often include
         prominent Kuwaiti families, the Government decided to terminate the
         contract for the convenience of the Government. The Government is not
         attempting to change the basis for contract termination; but simply notes
         that because of repeated security violations it was in the best interest of
         the Government and not an abuse of discretion or bad faith to terminate
         the [dumpster] contract for convenience.

     An unsigned letter, purportedly written by Col. Miller on October 29, 2004 to
Mohammed Al Tawash, appears to contradict Mr. Libbey’s retrospective explanation:

         Dear Mr. Al-Tawash:

         Recently I directed that a contract between the United States Army and
         Gulf Group General Enterprises be terminated for the convenience of the
         United States Government. Based upon the terms of the contract and
133
      This statement in not accurate, as the individuals were not barred from Camp Arifjan.
134
   As noted above, Mr. Libbey, the contracting officer, incorrectly identified Gulf
Company employees as Gulf Group employees.

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       lack of sufficient equipment and personnel for Gulf Group to perform the
       services, I directed the termination of the contract. My concern for the
       health of my Soldiers caused me to conclude that it was in the best
       interest of the Army to terminate the contract. Because I terminated the
       contract for the convenience of the Army, there are no repercussions upon
       the Gulf Group for failing to perform under the contract. Gulf Group is not
       barred from competing for other Army contracts and is fully eligible to
       compete for other Army contracts in Kuwait. I apologize for any
       misunderstanding and the Army looks forward to Gulf Group competing for
       future contracts.

       Respectfully,

       Brick T. Miller
       Colonel, U.S. Army
       Commanding

It is unclear, however, as to which contract Col. Miller’s letter refers. The reference to
lack of sufficient equipment and concern for the health of his soldiers could refer to any
of the contracts. Moreover, the letter in the record is unsigned. Upon being shown the
letter quoted immediately above at trial, Col. Hess, the head of contracting at Camp
Arifjan, stated, “I don’t recall seeing this letter before.”

       As noted by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, agency
personnel are presumed to act in good faith, and a claimant must present significant
proof of bad faith to overcome that presumption. See T & M Distribs., Inc. v. United
States, 185 F.3d 1279, 1285 (Fed. Cir. 1999); see also Sickels v. Shinseki, 643 F.3d
1362, 1366 (Fed. Cir.) (“‘“The presumption of regularity provides that, in the absence of
clear evidence to the contrary, the court will presume that public officers have properly
discharged their official duties.”’” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Rizzo v.
Shinseki, 580 F.3d 1288, 1292 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Miley v. Principi, 366 F.3d
1343, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2004)))), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2011). In
addition, because of the broad discretion vested in the contracting officer, plaintiff has a
high burden of proof to show that a determination was an abuse of discretion. See
Caldwell & Santmyer, Inc. v. Glickman, 55 F.3d 1578, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1995); Salsbury
Indus. v. United States, 905 F.2d 1518, 1521 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir.), and
suggestion for reh’g in banc denied (Fed. Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1024
(1991); Cont’l Bus. Enters., Inc. v. United States, 196 Ct. Cl. 627, 637, 452 F.2d 1016,
1021 (1971).

        A Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims summarized the standard
as follows:

       The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held that a
       termination for convenience will be upheld unless the contractor can
       establish bad faith or clear abuse of discretion. See T & M Distribs., Inc. v.

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       United States, 185 F.3d 1279, 1283 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (“In the absence of
       bad faith or clear abuse of discretion, the contracting officer’s election to
       terminate for the government’s convenience is conclusive.”); see also
       Krygoski Constr. Co., Inc. v. United States, 94 F.3d 1537, 1541 (Fed. Cir.
       1996) (“When tainted by bad faith or an abuse of contracting discretion, a
       termination for convenience causes a contract breach.”)[, cert. denied 520
       U.S. 1210 (1997)]. In Am–Pro Protective Agency, Inc. v. United States,
       281 F.3d 1234 (Fed. Cir. 2002), the United States Court of Appeals for the
       Federal Circuit held that the presumption that Government officials act in
       good faith may only be overcome by clear and convincing evidence. Id. at
       1239 (“[W]e believe that clear and convincing most appropriately
       describes the burden of proof applicable to the presumption of the
       governments good faith.”). In addition, the plaintiff must show “specific
       intent to injure” the plaintiff. Id. at 1241.

NCLN20, Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 734, 758-59 (2011), appeal dismissed, 462
F. App’x 966 (Fed. Cir.), and aff’d, 495 F. App’x 94 (Fed. Cir. 2012); see also Custom
Printing Co. v. United States, 51 Fed. Cl. 729, 733-34 (2002) (“This Court employs a
highly deferential standard when reviewing the Government's decision to terminate for
convenience. While the Government’s right to terminate a contract for convenience is
not unlimited, the case law clearly provides that the Government is entitled to
considerable latitude in making such a decision to terminate.” (citations omitted)).
Moreover, it has been observed that: “‘if the contract contains a termination for
convenience clause and the contracting officer could have invoked the clause instead of
terminating, rescinding or repudiating the contract on some other invalid basis, the court
will constructively invoke the clause to retroactively justify the government’s actions,
avoid breach, and limit liability.’” Praecomm, Inc. v. United States, 78 Fed. Cl. 5, 11
(2007) (quoting Best Foam Fabricators, Inc. v. United States, 38 Fed. Cl. 627, 638
(1997)), aff’d, 296 F. App’x 929 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

       The considerable latitude the government is entitled to in terminating for
convenience, however, is not unlimited. See IMS Engineers-Architects, P.C. v. United
States, 92 Fed. Cl. 52, 72 (2010) (citing Torncello v. United States, 231 Ct. Cl. 20, 47,
681 F.2d 756, 772 (1982); Nat’l Factors, Inc. v. United States, 204 Ct. Cl. 98, 103, 492
F.2d 1383, 1385 (1974)) (noting the Torncello court rejected, “in context of requirements
contract, unfettered use of termination for convenience and stating that the ‘government
may not use the standard termination for convenience clause to dishonor, with impunity,
its contractual obligations’”), aff’d, 418 F. App’x 920 (Fed. Cir.), and reh’g and reh’g en
banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2011).

        Proof that a termination for convenience was an abuse of discretion renders a
contract breached. See Krygoski Constr. Co. v. United States, 94 F.3d at 1541
(citations omitted); see also NCLN20, Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 758. To
prove an abuse of discretion, plaintiff must show that the contracting officer’s decision to
terminate was arbitrary and capricious. See U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. United States, 230
Ct. Cl. 355, 368, 676 F.2d 622, 630 (1982). The applicable burden of proof under the

                                            131
abuse of discretion standard is a clear and convincing evidence standard or “clear
abuse of discretion.” See, e.g., NCLN20, Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 758 (“The
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held that a termination for
convenience will be upheld unless the contractor can establish bad faith or clear abuse
of discretion.” (citing T & M Distribs., Inc. v. United States, 185 F.3d at 1283 (“In the
absence of bad faith or clear abuse of discretion, the contracting officer’s election to
terminate for the government’s convenience is conclusive.”))); see also Caldwell &
Santmyer, Inc. v. Glickman, 55 F.3d at 1581 (“We have stated that ‘[i]t is not the
province of the courts to decide de novo whether termination was the best course. In
the absence of bad faith or clear abuse of discretion the contracting officer’s election to
terminate is conclusive.’” (bracket in original) (quoting Salsbury Indus. v. United States,
905 F.2d at 1521 (quoting John Reiner & Co. v. United States, 163 Ct. Cl. 381, 390, 325
F.2d 438, 442 (1963)))).

       Pursuant to 48 C.F.R. § 12.403(b), the contracting officer can terminate contracts
under the following guidance:

      Policy. The contracting officer should exercise the Government’s right to
      terminate a contract for commercial items either for convenience or for
      cause only when such a termination would be in the best interests of the
      Government. The contracting officer should consult with counsel prior to
      terminating for cause.

48 C.F.R. § 12.403(b) (2005). The FAR requires only that a termination for
convenience be in the best interests of the government. See 48 C.F.R. § 49.101
(2005). Plaintiff argues that the terminations of the camp package BPA call, latrine
contract, and dumpster contract were not in the Army’s best interests, given its
continuing needs for each of those services. Plaintiff also argues that the terminations
were made in violation of 48 C.F.R. § 12.403(b). The termination for convenience
clause “‘gives the Government the broad right to terminate without cause and limits the
contractor’s recovery to costs incurred, profit on work done, and costs of preparing the
termination settlement proposal.’” Enron Fed. Solutions, Inc. v. United States, 80 Fed.
Cl. 382, 406 n.21 (2008) (quoting John Cibinic, Jr. and Ralph C. Nash, Jr.,
Administration of Government Contracts 1073 (3d ed. 1995)).

       A contracting officer, however, may not terminate a contract “simply to acquire a
better bargain from another source.” Krygoski Constr. Co. v. United States, 94 F.3d at
1541 (citing Torncello v. United States, 231 Ct. Cl. at 48, 681 F.2d at 772). Similarly,
the government is not permitted to enter into a contract without any intention of
upholding it. See Caldwell & Santmyer, Inc. v. Glickman, 55 F.3d at 1582. However,
“[t]he mere fact that a contracting officer awards a contract to another company after
terminating the plaintiff’s contract is insufficient to show bad faith.” Kalvar Corp. v.
United States, 211 Ct. Cl. 192, 199, 543 F.2d 1298, 1302 (1976), cert. denied, 434 U.S.
830 (1977).

      Regarding the termination of the camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring, the
government indicates that plaintiff agreed with the termination. Regarding the latrine

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and dumpster contracts, the phrase, “Termination for Convenience of the Government”
was used, the termination for convenience clause was specifically invoked, and a
command directive was invoked. Additionally, Col. Hess’ November 3, 2004 letter to
Mohammed Al Tawash affirmatively stated the latrine contract was “terminated for
convenience of the government.” The government also tried to hide behind security
concerns to justify not awarding the Camp Virginia call to plaintiff after terminating the
Camp Buehring call and for terminating the latrine contract and dumpster contract. The
alleged security incident involving Mohammed Al Tawash occurred on October 7, 2004
in close proximity to the contract terminations, which all occurred in close proximity to
one another. As noted above, the camp package BPA call was terminated on October
12, 2004, the latrine contract was terminated on October 18, 2004, and the dumpster
contract was terminated on October 22, 2004. At the time of the terminations, however,
the October 7, 2004 alleged security incident had not been verified as a security threat.
There are also numerous inconsistencies as to reasons for the terminations of the Gulf
Group contracts offered by Army personnel at the time and more recently.

        The alleged security incident occurred on Mohammed Al Tawash’s first and only
day working for Gulf Group. He appears to have been in college at the time and was
eager to make a good impression in his family’s business. He testified that he asked for
a map “[b]ecause we never really had a plan or say a service route or Gulf Group to
identify where their latrines were.... To make our job a lot more easier; a lot more
efficient and to be more effective with how Gulf Group performs with this company.”
Having had an opportunity to observe Mohammed Al Tawash at trial, the court found
him to be a sincere and credible witness. Although the court understands how
Mohammed Al Tawash’s questions could have sparked suspicion at the time, on a
military base in a war zone, the court finds the questions to have been innocent and
well-motivated, geared to benefiting contract performance. Apparently, the Army also
found the questions to have been innocent because the government opened no
investigation or case file, allowed Gulf Group and its employees continued access to the
base, and even wrote a letter of explanation on November 3, 2004, within a month of
the incident and within days of the terminations of the latrine and dumpster contracts.
The explanation letter, quoted above, from Col. Hess addressed to Mohammed Al
Tawash, made clear that the contract was not terminated for security reasons, although
it incorrectly indicated that certain Gulf Group employees had been barred from Camp
Arifjan, while, at the same time, indicating that Gulf Group should not suffer any
repercussions as a result of the incident.

        The government had a duty to substantiate its security concerns before using
them as a basis for termination for any of Gulf Group’s contracts. Terminating any of
Gulf Group BPAs or contracts based on security reasons, without finding a need to even
open a case or begin a formal investigation, in a situation in which the questions asked
by Mohammed Al Tawash could have been, and turned out to be, appropriate and
germane to improving contract performance, is not reasonable or best practices, and is
arbitrary and capricious. See Darwin Constr. Co. v. United States, 811 F.2d 593, 598
(Fed. Cir. 1987) (noting that the issuance of a termination without making a “‘judgment
as to the merits of the case’” is an “‘abdication of responsibility,’” which a court will not

                                            133
sanction “‘where there is administrative discretion under a contract.’” (quoting
Schlesinger v. United States, 390 F.2d 702, 709, 182 Ct. Cl. 571, 584 (1968))). That
Col. Hess was able to state, within days of the latrine contract termination, that the
security concerns were not an issue also indicates that an investigation into the incident
would have been relatively simple to conduct.

        According to Mr. Wilson, Gulf Group’s Project Manager in Kuwait, Col. Hess
stated to him that “counterintelligence on the Al Tawash family,” indicated they have ties
to “Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein,” a charge which is not substantiated anywhere in
the record and seems to have appeared from nowhere at the time of the alleged
security incident, just at the time of the terminations, and was quickly dismissed and
disavowed. The record contains no evidence whatsoever linking Gulf Group, Saud Al
Tawash, or any other member of the Al Tawash family to terrorists or to any anti-
American group. Plaintiff also offered the testimony of Col. Al Salal, who at the time of
the trial was a retired Kuwaiti Colonel and, after his retirement from the military was a
Defense Attaché at the Kuwait Embassy in Saudi Arabia. Col. Al Salal testified that Gulf
Group, Gulf Telecom, and Saud Al Tawash were all cleared by Kuwaiti security, that the
Al Tawash family is well-known in Kuwait, and that he had never heard of any ties
between the Al Tawash family and the Taliban, Saddam Hussein, or other anti-
American groups. Moreover, none of the members of the Al Tawash family who
testified at trial demonstrated any traces of anti-American sentiment. To the contrary,
each member of the Al Tawash family who testified at the trial, and especially Saud Al
Tawash, seemed to be eager to properly perform well on the contracts at issue in the
above-captioned cases, and perform properly on other contracts Gulf Group held at the
time. Moreover, Gulf Group continued to perform for the United States government in
support of the United States mission in the region, even following the terminations of the
camp package BPA call and the latrine and dumpster contracts.

A.     The Camp Package BPA Call Termination

        As noted above, the camp package BPA call 0001 was terminated on October
12, 2004 when Maj. Davis issued Modification 103 on behalf of the Army, which stated:
“The purpose of this modification is to cancel the BPA Call with Gulf Group. Gulf Group
has no issues with this cancellation and will accept it at no cost to the government.”
Plaintiff insists that Maj. Davis did not exercise her own discretion in terminating the
camp call 0001, but was acting at the direction of Col. Hess.135 The termination clauses
in the camp package BPA state:

       (l) Termination for the Government’s convenience. The Government
       reserves the right to terminate this contract, or any part hereof, for its sole
       convenience. In the event of such termination, the Contractor shall
135
    Col. Hess indicated during his testimony at trial that he may have ordered Maj. Davis
to terminate the camp package BPA call, but also indicated that he may have issued an
order to terminate the camp package BPA call at Col. Miller’s direction. Col. Hess
generally appeared eager at trial to shift the focus of the testimony from his role in any
of the contracts at issue, despite his role as head of contracting activity at Camp Arifjan.

                                            134
       immediately stop all work hereunder and shall immediately cause any and
       all of its suppliers and subcontractors to cease work. Subject to the terms
       of this contract, the Contractor shall be paid a percentage of the contract
       price reflecting the percentage of the work performed prior to the notice of
       termination, plus reasonable charges the Contractor can demonstrate to
       the satisfaction of the Government using its standard record keeping
       system, have resulted from the termination. The Contractor shall not be
       required to comply with the cost accounting standards or contract cost
       principles for this purpose. This paragraph does not give the Government
       any right to audit the Contractor’s records. The Contractor shall not be
       paid for any work performed or costs incurred which reasonably could
       have been avoided.

       (m) Termination for cause. The Government may terminate this contract,
       or any part hereof, for cause in the event of any default by the Contractor,
       or if the Contractor fails to comply with any contract terms and conditions,
       or fails to provide the Government, upon request, with adequate
       assurances of future performance. In the event of termination for cause,
       the Government shall not be liable to the Contractor for any amount for
       supplies or services not accepted, and the Contract shall be liable to the
       Government for any and all rights and remedies provided by law. If it is
       determined that the Government improperly terminated this contract for
       default, such termination shall be deemed a termination for convenience.

As indicated in plaintiff’s third amended complaint, regarding the claim associated with
the termination of the camp package BPA call:

       This claim was initially submitted for a final decision as required under 41
       U.S.C. §§ [sic] 605 to the then acting contracting officer Major John
       Cockerham on October 10, 2005, and again on December 16, 2005 in the
       form of a termination settlement proposal and claim. Gulf Group never
       received from the Army a response to the claim or a decision to the initial
       claim. The claim then was re-submitted to other Contracting Officers on
       October 22, 2006 and again by court order on March 26, 2007, with the
       most recent submission on April 12, 2011 as ordered by this honorable
       court136 clarifying Gulf Group’s claim and to expressly state that the
       termination of BPA Call No. 0001 was arbitration [sic] and capricious.

       Plaintiff’s third amended complaint for the camp package BPA case also alleges:

       The Government’s termination of the contract was not properly based on
       convenience inasmuch as the Government needed the services, had the
       requisite funding to fully pay for them at the contract price and indeed
       contracted with another contractor to provide the same services at the
136
    As discussed above, the court did not direct plaintiff to submit a new, certified claim
to defendant, but rather indicated that plaintiff could, if appropriate, revise its complaint.

                                            135
      same level of demand and for the same period of performance. Moreover,
      the termination was of no benefit to the Army.

Plaintiff also alleges in the third amended complaint in Case No. 06-835, the camp
package BPA case:

      The Government’s termination of this contract was wrongful and a breach
      of contract emanating from arbitrary and capricious conduct as well as an
      abuse of discretion inasmuch as the Government broke its promise to
      award [the contract for Camp] Virginia and the purported basis for
      termination was a supposed security risk presented by Gulf Group that did
      not in fact exist and was not documented prior to, at the time of or any
      time subsequent to termination.

       Plaintiff argues that, to the extent defendant based the termination of its camp
package BPA call on security reasons, the termination was an abuse of discretion
because the Army rapidly was able to determine that Gulf Group was not a security risk.
Similarly, plaintiff argues that defendant’s assertion that the camp package BPA call for
Camp Buehring was cancelled in order to award Gulf Group a call for Camp Virginia
does not make the termination reasonable. Although plaintiff’s 2005 camp package
BPA Claim and Settlement Offer refers to the award of Camp Virginia and there is some
indication in the record that discussions were held about awarding the larger Camp
Virginia camp package BPA call to plaintiff, the award did not occur. Plaintiff now terms
the discussions a “bait and switch.” The government, in terminating the camp package
BPA call, wrote, “Gulf Group has no issues with this cancellation and will accept it at no
cost to the government.” According to Gulf Group, however, no one on behalf of Gulf
Group agreed to the termination. Although the record is not clear as to whether an
agreement to exchange Camp Buehring for Camp Virginia was reached, none was ever
signed. Saud Al Tawash’s testimony at trial indicated that there were discussions, that
he requested that any proposed exchange of camps to Gulf Group be put in writing, but
none ever was, and that Gulf Group’s alleged oral agreement to a termination may have
been contingent in his mind upon an award of Camp Virginia.

        Defendant argues that because of the proposed future camp package BPA call
for Camp Virginia, plaintiff “does not claim” that the termination of the camp package
BPA for Camp Buehring was unreasonable. Defendant interprets plaintiff’s argument to
be that the government breached the camp package BPA call “by deciding, after having
terminated the camp package BPA [call], not to issue to Gulf Group a call for Camp
Virginia.” Defendant asserts that plaintiff’s argument fails because once the camp
package BPA call for Camp Buehring was terminated, there was no contract remaining
to be breached even when the Army decided not to award the Camp Virginia call to
plaintiff. Defendant states, “[b]ecause the decision not to award a Camp Virginia call did
not breach Call 0001, the Court should reject any claim that the termination of Call 0001
breached that contract,” and there was no formal contractual agreement to award a call
for Camp Virginia.

                                           136
       At trial, the testimony from numerous witnesses was inconsistent as to the
reason why the camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring was terminated. Saud Al
Tawash and Mr. Cockerham both testified that they had been informed by the Army that
Gulf Group’s camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring was going to be terminated in
order to award Gulf Group a larger camp, Camp Virginia. According to Saud Al
Tawash, “Major Gloria [Davis] has called us and told us that Camp Buehring was going
to be -- they were going to give us a larger camp, which was Camp Virginia, in lieu of
Camp Buehring.... They will cancel Buehring, in order to give us Camp Virginia, which
is a larger camp.” When asked, “[a]nd do you remember when she called?” Saud Al
Tawash answered: “Somewhere around that time frame, the second week of October.”
Mr. Cockerham testified that he knew of the cancellation “because of the office talk, and
my desk was like three spaces over from CPT Trimble. Just the talk between he and
MAJ Davis was that it was going to be cancelled because they were planning on giving
a larger camp to them [Gulf Group].” Mr. Cockerham also offered a rough time frame
for the cancellation discussions, stating that the decision to give Camp Virginia to Gulf
Group had been made before he became interim Chief of Contracting, which he had
previously stated occurred in late October 2004. Mr. Cockerham’s testimony also
indicated that the Army may have decided to place a hold on the award to plaintiff of the
Camp Virginia call as a result of the alleged security incident.

        The chronology of events is uncertain regarding the termination of camp package
BPA call. The camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring was awarded on September
30, 2004. The alleged security incident occurred on October 7, 2004. The camp
package BPA call for Camp Buehring was terminated on October 12, 2004. Oddly, the
Army’s second site visit to determine plaintiff’s readiness to perform the camp package
BPA and to discuss moving up the start date was conducted by Capt. Trimble, Capt.
Novak, and Lt. Rivera on October 13, 2004, the day after the camp package BPA call
for Camp Buehring was terminated. Saud Al Tawash testified that he learned in the
second week of October that the camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring would be
terminated in exchange for Camp Virginia. There is nothing in the record to clarify
whether Saud Al Tawash was informed of the Army’s decision to terminate the Camp
Buehring call before or after the alleged security incident. Mr. Cockerham’s testimony
at trial is equally unhelpful, suggesting only that the decision to terminate was made
before the end of October. Despite terminating three of plaintiff’s contracts, defendant
did not move to bar plaintiff from future contracts in the war zone and, in fact, continued
to work with plaintiff on other contracts plaintiff had been awarded, including the bottled
water BPA, also at issue in the above-captioned, consolidated cases.

      Mr. Cockerham’s testimony also was not wholly consistent. An unsigned
October 20, 2004 Memorandum for Record,137 similar to a separate memorandum
137
    As discussed above, there was no agreement as to who authored the unsigned
October 20, 2004 Memorandum for Record. At trial, Capt. Novak remembered
preparing a memorandum on this subject in a combined effort between himself, Capt.
Trimble, and Lt. Rivera. Capt. Novak remembered a document similar to the
memorandum quoted above. He testified, however, he did not believe the
memorandum in the record is the exact memorandum that he prepared because of the

                                           137
written by Capt. Trimble, Capt. Novak, and Lt. Rivera, stated that Mr. Cockerham
informed them that the termination of the camp package BPA call was due to Gulf
Group’s inexperience. The Memorandum for Record begins: “This memorandum
consists of a list of events that describes the background behind the Contracting
Officer’s decision and the direct order that was given to cancel all of Gulf Group’s
Contracts.” The Memorandum for Record also states, “Major Cockerham informed the
CO’s [Capt. Trimble, Capt. Novak, and Lt. Rivera] to cancel the BPA call to Gulf Group
due to their inexperience in building tents. Furthermore, Major Cockerham stated that it
was in the government’s best interest to place a call to British Link Kuwait, although
their prices were unreasonably high.” At trial, however, Mr. Cockerham denied having
ever made such statements. According to Mr. Cockerham, it was Tijani Saani who gave
Capt. Trimble, Capt. Novak, and Lt. Rivera the information for the October 20, 2004
Memorandum for Record. Mr. Cockerham testified he believed Tijani Saani had
indicated that the information was from Mr. Cockerham, but Mr. Cockerham believed
that the information actually was from Col. Hess.

        Additional witnesses at trial offered other reasons for the termination of the camp
package BPA call. For example, Mr. Wilson, Gulf Group’s Project Manager in Kuwait,
testified that Col. Hess told him the Camp Package BPA call and the latrine and
dumpster contracts were terminated because of terrorist links. Capt. Trimble testified
that he knew nothing about the Camp Buehring call being cancelled for a Camp Virginia
call but that the camp mayors preferred to continue with their old contractors, while the
unsigned Memorandum for Record asserted that it “was in the government’s best
interest to place a call to British Link Kuwait.” Mr. Libbey indicated in his contracting
officer’s final decisions that the contracts were terminated for dumpster diving.138 At
trial, Mr. Libbey stated:

      Q: So the lawyers didn’t tell you about that, the reasons for terminating the
      contract?

      A: No, no, I believe it was due to the going into the dumpster. I do not
      know anything about, what was it you implied?

      Q: A security risk, a security concern that the family of the company
      represented to the Army, to the government, to the United States.

phrase in the memorandum, “blessed their capabilities,” which he said “just seems out
of place to me.” Capt. Novak acknowledged, however, that this memorandum could
have been a draft of the final memorandum he prepared. Capt. Trimble did not
remember writing this memorandum or a similar memorandum, or assisting anyone in
writing such a memorandum.
138
   At trial, the testimony of Mr. Libbey addressed the camp package BPA, the latrine
contract, and the dumpster contract collectively, as he spoke generally about the
“contracts” and the “final decisions” for much of his testimony. As noted above, Mr.
Libbey’s testimony at trial was defensive and not clear as to the reasons for the
terminations or the basis for his final decisions.

                                           138
      A: Going through the dumpsters, that act in and of itself by the workers is
      a security risk.

        At trial Saud Al Tawash denied the government’s characterization and
statements regarding the termination of the camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring,
and in particular that Gulf Group had no issue with the termination and would accept the
termination at no cost to the government. Saud Al Tawash stated: “No, I asked for the
paperwork [regarding the Camp swap for Camp Virginia] to be sent over.” He also
testified that the Camp Virginia papers were never sent to him. The following exchange
between plaintiff’s attorney and Saud Al Tawash indicates that Saud Al Tawash may
have spoken to Army personnel about swapping camps:

      Q: And if you read the statement in that item, it says, “the purpose of this
      notification is to cancel the BPA call with Gulf Group. Gulf Group has no
      issue in the cancellation and will accept it at no cost to the government.”
      Did you have any issues as to the cancellation of Camp Buehring at no
      cost to the government?

      A: Yes, because what was told to me was they’re going to give me -- give
      our company, Gulf Group General Enterprises, the BPA call for Camp
      Virginia in lieu of, in exchange of Camp Buehring.

      Q: So, your agreement was conditioned upon them giving you Virginia; is
      that correct?

      A: Yes.
                                           ...

      Q: By the time the officers came to your yard, you had no idea of this
      agreement or did you, to switch Virginia for Buehring?

      A: At the time, I don’t think so. It happened right around that time, though,
      a day after, two days after, yeah.

       Saud Al Tawash testified that he had attempted to discuss the cancellations of
the Camp Buehring call with Col. Hess, but that “[h]e wouldn’t meet with me. I tried to
meet with him in the office. I came to Arifjan. He wouldn’t meet with me.” The
modification that terminated the camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring does not
mention any exchange of Camp Buehring for Camp Virginia, or any other camp
package BPA call. Moreover, it is odd that the camp package BPA call was terminated
just twelve days after it was awarded, especially because the parties have stipulated the
Army still required the Camp Buehring services and had funding available.

       Plaintiff relies on Col. Hess’ testimony for the assertion that Maj. Davis did not
exercise her own discretion in the termination of the Camp Buehring call, but, rather,

                                          139
followed an order from a superior. During his testimony to the court, Col. Hess
confirmed that he was the person who had ordered Maj. Davis to terminate the camp
package BPA call:

       Q: When Gloria Davis terminated the BPA Call for the camp package on
       Camp Buehring, was she exercising her discretion?

       A: No.

       Q: Was she following a direct order?

       A: Yes.
                                             …

       Q: When you ordered Gloria Davis to terminate the BPA camp package
       for Camp Buehring, did she ask you for a security report or some type of
       document to back up and document the file?

       A: No.

       When she terminated the Camp Buehring call, BPA call 0001, Maj. Davis may
have been acting at the direction of Col. Hess, who, although he was not the assigned
contracting officer on the Camp Buehring camp package BPA call, was the Director of
Contracting at Camp Arifjan. Maj. Davis, a warranted contracting officer, was directly
below Col. Hess in the chain of command within the contracting office. Col. Hess did
not explicitly testify that Col. Miller directed him to have the BPA call terminated, but he
did state “that we were told, directed either directly by Colonel Miller or through his staff
sections, to get that contractor [Gulf Group] off the installation.” At trial, Col. Miller
denied having given such a direction.

       Maj. Davis, however, was unavailable to testify, having committed suicide after
being questioned by Army CID about funds in offshore accounts. Neither Col. Miller nor
Col. Hess offered explanations for the termination of the Camp Buehring call, although
Col. Hess indicated he had ordered the termination, possibly at the behest of Col. Miller.
The most coherent explanation of the decision to terminate the Camp Buehring call and
the decision not to award Camp Virginia to Gulf Group may come from Mr. Cockerham’s
testimony at trial.

       As indicated above, Mr. Cockerham sent the following note to Saud Al Tawash
regarding the termination of the Camp Buehring call:

       Here is a copy of the cancellation to Camp Buehring. This cancellation
       was made because we were giving you a larger camp call Virginia.
       Virginia award was verbal with the agreement to cancel Buehring. Virginia
       was not awarded on paper as a command directive. The original

                                            140
      cancellation was sent out 13 Oct 04.         But here is another copy as
      requested. Thank you.

Although Saud Al Tawash testified that he interpreted Mr. Cockerham’s note to be a
notice that Gulf Group would not receive the award of a Camp Virginia call, Mr.
Cockerham testified that the note may have served as a “reassurance” to Gulf Group,
explaining that he intended to convey that, although Army personnel had verbally
indicated that Gulf Group would receive the award of a Camp Virginia call, the formal
award had been placed on hold at the direction of Col. Hess. Mr. Cockerham stated
that Col. Hess may have been considering another contractor for the Camp Virginia call
and that Col. Hess “was checking on…some other issues from perhaps a security
report.” Mr. Cockerham estimated that the direction not to award a Camp Virginia call to
Gulf Group and the cancellation of Gulf Group’s latrine contract and dumpster contract
occurred “within a week period of that whole time.” From Mr. Cockerham’s testimony,
therefore, it appears that Army personnel may have been directed to place the award of
the Camp Virginia call on hold as a result of what appears to be the same alleged
security incident that led to the terminations of the latrine contract and dumpster
contract.

        “‘In the absence of bad faith or a clear abuse of discretion the contracting
officer’s election to terminate is conclusive.’” See Caldwell & Santmyer, Inc. v.
Glickman, 55 F.3d at 1581 (quoting Salsbury Indus. v. United States, 905 F.2d at 1521).
Plaintiff must present clear and convincing evidence to rebut the presumption that
government agents act in good faith. See Am-Pro Protective Agency, Inc. v. United
States, 281 F.3d at 1239–40. Plaintiff argues that “[t]he Government’s termination of
the contract was not properly based on convenience inasmuch as the Government
needed the services, had the requisite funding to fully pay for them at the contract price
and indeed contracted with another contractor to provide the same services at the same
level of demand and for the same period of performance.” A demonstration that the
government entered into a contract with no intention of honoring it may be sufficient to
show bad faith or an abuse of discretion. See TigerSwan, Inc. v. United States, 110
Fed. Cl. 336, 345 (2013) (citing Krygoski Constr. Co. v. United States, 94 F.3d at 1543–
44). However, “[t]he mere fact that a contracting officer awards a contract to another
company after terminating the plaintiff’s contract is insufficient to show bad faith.” See
Kalvar Corp. v. United States, 211 Ct. Cl. at 199, 543 F.2d at 1302. At least one judge
of the Court of Federal Claims has indicated that an offer of additional work that is never
delivered may be evidence of a pretextual termination. See IMS Engineers-Architects,
P.C. v. United States, 87 Fed. Cl. 541, 553 (2009).

      The record before the court does not conclusively demonstrate that defendant
abused its discretion by intending to benefit another contractor. The record, however,
also does not support a performance-based reason to have terminated plaintiff’s camp
package BPA call.139 Defendant has consistently maintained that the Army terminated
139
    The unsigned October 20, 2004 Memorandum for Record and the October 29, 2004
letter purportedly written by Col. Miller refer to performance-related issues, but the
unsigned Memorandum for Record was renounced by various witnesses at trial and the

                                           141
the Camp Buehring call in order to award Gulf Group a call for Camp Virginia.
Defendant alleges that the security concerns only factored into the Army’s decision not
to award Gulf Group a call for Camp Virginia. Plaintiff’s counsel argued, however, that
the decision to terminate the Camp Buehring call and the subsequent decision not to
award a Camp Virginia call cannot be considered separately because they were part of
a “single but two-prong transaction.” Although Saud Al Tawash was not able to identify
the exact date on which Maj. Davis had proposed swapping Camp Buehring for Camp
Virginia, it appears from the record that Saud Al Tawash had indicated he was
amenable to the swap, and that he may even have agreed to the termination of the
Camp Buehring call on the condition that Gulf Group be awarded a Camp Virginia call.
Consistent with this understanding, the Army appears to have prepared a call for Camp
Virginia, although it never issued the call to Gulf Group.

       The timeline of events indicates that the alleged security incident may have
factored into the Army’s decision not to award a Camp Virginia call to Gulf Group, but
does not necessarily demonstrate that the alleged security incident motivated the
Army’s decision to terminate the Camp Buehring call. The alleged security incident
occurred on Thursday, October 7, 2004, and the Camp Buehring call was terminated on
Tuesday, October 12, 2004. The latrine and dumpster contracts were not terminated
until Monday, October 18, 2004 and Friday, October 22, 2004, respectively. Although
the alleged security incident occurred before the termination of the camp package call
for Camp Buehring, Mr. Cockerham’s testimony regarding the hand-written note that he
sent to Saud Al Tawash indicates that the termination of the Camp Buehring call also
may have resulted from discussions that preceded the October 7, 2004 alleged security
incident, even though, at one point during his testimony, Saud Al Tawash indicated that
an actual agreement to swap camps may have been formed after October 7, 2004.
According to Mr. Cockerham, the alleged security incident did not impact Gulf Group’s
performance under the camp package BPA until Col. Hess put the formal award of a
Camp Virginia call on hold pending a review of a “security report.” Mr. Cockerham’s
explanation that the Camp Buehring call was terminated by agreement also is
consistent with the different language used in the camp package BPA call termination,
versus the latrine contract and dumpster contract terminations. The termination of the
camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring indicated that Gulf Group was aware of,
and had even agreed to the termination, while the latrine and dumpster contract
terminations indicated that they were issued “by order of the ASG Commander Kuwait
COL Brick Miller” and cited provisions of the FAR relating to terminations for
convenience.

       Moreover, numerous Army personnel testified that defendant believed that Gulf
Group was fully capable of performing under the camp package BPA, despite the
October 29, 2004 unsigned letter purportedly from Col. Miller. The Army continued to
issue calls to Gulf Group under the camp package BPA after the alleged security
incident was resolved. Approximately two months after the termination of the Camp
Buehring call, for example, Army personnel awarded Gulf Group a call for Camp Victory

unsigned letter purportedly written by Col. Miller was contradictory to the conclusions of
the officers who conducted the second site visit.

                                           142
and a call for a naval base in Kuwait, as well as for the Ash Shuaybah Sea Port of
Debarkation. In fact, the Army continued to issue camp package BPA calls to Gulf
Group through 2005 and 2006.

        Although the timeline of events is far from clear, the record reflects a sufficient
and possible good faith explanation for the termination of the Camp Buehring call.
Plaintiff recognizes in its post-trial briefing, Maj. Davis’ death makes the details of the
termination of the Camp Buehring call “less apparent” than the details of the latrine
contract and dumpster contract terminations. Although Maj. Davis was unavailable to
testify as to her reasons for terminating the Camp Buehring call, both Saud Al Tawash
and Mr. Cockerham confirmed that, at some point, the Army had decided to cancel the
Camp Buehring call in order to award a Camp Virginia call to Gulf Group. Although the
alleged security incident may have caused Col. Hess not to implement the decision to
award Camp Virginia to plaintiff, the record suggests that Col. Hess may have
countermanded the decision to award Gulf Group a Camp Virginia call after the
termination of the Camp Buehring call, and after the alleged security incident had
occurred. Given the timing of events and the testimony of Saud Al Tawash and Mr.
Cockerham, the court does not agree with plaintiff that the termination of the Camp
Buehring call and the decision not to award a Camp Virginia call to Gulf Group are
necessarily part of the same transaction. Although the court recognizes that the record
reflects unanswered questions with regard to the termination of the Camp Buehring call,
plaintiff has failed to present the court with clear and convincing evidence to rebut the
presumption that Army personnel terminated the Camp Buehring call in order to award
a Camp Virginia call in good faith. See Am–Pro Protective Agency, Inc. v. United
States, 281 F.3d at 1240–41. Although the government officials may have indicated a
willingness to award a Camp Virginia call to plaintiff in exchange for the Camp Buehring
call, there was no contractual obligation on the part of the government to award the
Camp Virginia call to Gulf Group. Considering the high burden that plaintiff must
overcome to show that Maj. Davis abused her discretion when she terminated the
Camp Buehring call, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that defendant abused its
discretion in terminating plaintiff’s Camp Buehring call for the convenience of the
government.

        Although proof that a termination for convenience was an abuse of discretion
renders the terminated contract breached, Krygoski Constr. Co. v. United States, 94
F.3d at 1541, “[i]n the absence of bad faith or clear abuse of discretion, the contracting
officer’s election to terminate for the government’s convenience is conclusive.” T & M
Distribs., Inc. v. United States, 185 F.3d at 1283. The termination for convenience of
the camp package BPA was within the contracting officer’s discretion and, therefore, the
termination of the camp package BPA call was not a breach of contract. The plaintiff’s
third amended complaint in Case No. 06-835C, the camp package BPA claim, alleges
that:

      The Government, by virtue of its arbitrary decision to cancel the contract
      without just cause, diverted business away from Gulf Group and thereby
      caused Gulf Group to sustain substantial damages. The Government is

                                           143
      required to fully compensate Gulf Group for those damages and to put
      Gulf Group in as good a position as it would have been had the
      Government not cancelled the contract, including fair compensation for the
      preparatory expenses incurred in furtherance of the contract and in
      pursuing the claim submitted to the Contracting Officers, as well as profits
      Gulf Group would have generated under the BPA Call and Master BPA
      upon which Gulf Group fully relied, interest, legal fees and costs of
      litigation.

      As a result of the Government’s arbitrary and wrongful termination of the
      contract, Gulf Group is entitled to damages in the form of preparatory
      expenses of KWD 19,323.000 equivalent to U.S. $69,002.43 calculated at
      the exchange rate of 1 KWD @ U.S. $3.571; fees and costs incurred in
      the preparation and presentation of a termination claim and settlement
      proposal that was presented to the Contracting Officers in Kuwait in the
      sum of U.S. $7,037.50; in addition to lost profits of KWD 237,135.791
      equivalent to U.S. $846,811.91 calculated at the exchange rate of 1 KWD
      @ 3.571 representing the lost profits for the entire 6 months duration of
      the BPA Call that was awarded. Gulf Group also is entitled to prejudgment
      interest under the Contract Dispute [sic] Act, the specific sum of which will
      be proven at the time of trial.

(internal citations omitted; emphasis in original). As there was no “arbitrary and
wrongful termination of the contract” with respect to the camp package BPA call, plaintiff
cannot recover on the camp package BPA call on the basis of a breach. Moreover, as
noted above, plaintiff’s argument by analogy that lost profits could be included for other
calls issued under the BPA relies on situations in which the wronged contractor can
prove that the government chose, in bad faith, not to exercise the option periods.140
See, e.g., Hi-Shear Tech. Corp. v. United States, 356 F.3d at 1374, 1375, 1380;
Blackstone Consulting, Inc. v. Gen. Servs. Admin., CBCA 718, 08-1 BCA ¶ 33,770;
Greenlee Constr., Inc. v. Gen. Servs. Admin., CBCA 416, 07-1 BCA ¶ 33,514. As the
court also determined above, there is no evidence that, had the camp package BPA call
not been terminated, the government would have continued placing orders under the
camp package BPA or would have abused its discretion in not placing orders under the
BPA. The government is not obligated to issue orders under a BPA or exercise an
option that is not otherwise restricted. See, e.g., Gov’t Sys. Advisors, Inc. v. United
States, 847 F.2d at 813 (“An option is normally an option, and nothing in [the provision
at issue], or in any other contract clause, limited the circumstances under which the
government could decline to exercise that bargained-for right in this case.”).
Furthermore, anticipatory profits are generally not an available remedy when the
government terminates a contract for convenience. See AR Sales Co., Inc. v. United
States, 49 Fed. Cl. 621, 630 (2001); Mega Constr. Co. v. United States, 29 Fed. Cl.
396, 473 (1993); Dairy Sales Corp. v. United States, 219 Ct. Cl. 431, 436–37, 593 F.2d
140
   As noted above, plaintiff specifically dropped any earlier allegations of bad faith
against the government in its third amended complaint in Case No. 06-835C, the camp
package BPA case.

                                           144
1002, 1005 (1979); William Green Constr. v. United States, 201 Ct. Cl. 616, 626–27,
477 F.2d 930, 936-37 (1973), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 909 (1974).

     In addition to its breach claims, however, plaintiff also alleges in its third
amended complaint:

       On May 21, 2007 the Contracting Officer Joe L. Libbey of the U.S. Army
       Contracting Agency for Southwest Asia - Kuwait, issued a final decision on
       the camp package BPA granting in part and denying in part Gulf Group’s
       claim for damages, awarding compensation in the amount of $33,053.57
       plus interest. Gulf Group seeks additional compensation be awarded by
       this Court for its damages that were denied all as it will be shown at the
       time of trial.

(internal citation omitted). The majority of the testimony at trial addressed the award of
the contracts and BPAs, the alleged security incident and the government’s reaction to
the incident, the hiring of Ms. Blake, Saud Al Tawash’s relationship with Mr. Cockerham,
and the inflated claims. Little testimony at trial specifically addressed the denied
elements of Gulf Group’s 2007 claim on the camp package BPA before Mr. Libbey.

        The task before the court to determine if plaintiff is entitled to additional
compensation under the existing termination for convenience of the camp package BPA
call also is made more difficult by the numerous and different claim amounts submitted
to Mr. Libbey in the form of certified claims, and to this court in the form of complaints
and amended complaints. Plaintiff has sought various amounts for recovery on the
camp package BPA claim, including $10,000,000.00 in its 2005 Claim and Settlement
Offer to Mr. Cockerham, which also proposed a $4,544,339.84 “settlement offer,” and
$7,000,000.00 in its 2007 claim to Mr. Libbey. In its original complaint in Case No. 06-
835C, the camp package BPA case, plaintiff sought $7,000,000.00. In its first amended
complaint in the camp package BPA case, plaintiff sought $2,682,160.86.141 In its
second amended complaint in the camp package BPA case, plaintiff sought
$3,463,287.57.142 Subsequently, in its third amended complaint in the camp package
case, plaintiff now seeks $922,851.84.143

      Few exhibits introduced at trial offer any support for plaintiff’s specific claims after
the contracting officer’s final decision. The most specific information may come from
141
   Plaintiff sought $1,447,457.22 in lost profits, $1,234,703.64 in preparatory expenses,
legal fees, costs incurred in preparing a settlement of plaintiff’s claims, and interest.
142
   Plaintiff sought $3,387,247.64 in lost profits, $69,002.43 in preparatory expenses,
$7,037.50 in fees and costs incurred in preparing the settlement for plaintiff’s claims,
prejudgment interest, cost of litigation, and attorneys’ fees.
143
    Plaintiff now seeks $846,811.91 in lost profits, $69,002.43 in preparatory expenses,
$7,037.50 in fees and other costs, prejudgment interest, costs of litigation, and
attorneys’ fees.

                                            145
the 2011 “notice of filing revised claim,” in which plaintiff indicated: “Group General
Enterprises, Co. W.L.L. (hereinafter ‘Gulf Group’), hereby submits its revised claim
together with supporting documents and an explanation of the reasons for the
revisions.” The 2011 notice for the camp package BPA, included as a joint exhibit at
trial, contained a chart which set forth the claims in Kuwaiti dinars:

ITEM            INITIAL CLAIM     REVISED CLAIM       REASON FOR REVISION

13 - Tower      22,945.000        1,765.000           REDUCED to claim for only one
Lights                                                tower light actually purchased
                                                      from Kuwait Leaders. Gulf
                                                      Group is still in possession of
                                                      tower lights, however upon
                                                      further investigation Gulf Group
                                                      believes that the purchase order
                                                      for    the    remaining     lights
                                                      requested under this contract
                                                      was cancelled in mitigation
                                                      efforts after the contract was
                                                      terminated.
39              241,962.000       4,000.000           REDUCED to claim for only on
9x32 Fest                                             9x32 tent actually purchased
                                                      from Mr. Sayed Ejaz Ali Shah
                                                      Saye Sultan. Gulf Group is still
                                                      in possession of tents, however
                                                      upon further investigation Gulf
                                                      Group     believes    that   the
                                                      purchase order for the remaining
                                                      tents requested under this
                                                      contract was cancelled in
                                                      mitigation efforts after the
                                                      contract was terminated
7 Diesel        24,430.000        3,490.000           REDUCED to claim for only on
Generator                                             generator actually purchased
                                                      from Mohamed Abdulrahman Al-
                                                      Bahar Gulf Group is still in
                                                      possession      of     generators,
                                                      however         upon       further
                                                      investigation      Gulf    Group
                                                      believes that the purchase order
                                                      for the remaining generators
                                                      requested under this contract
                                                      was cancelled in mitigation
                                                      efforts after the contract was
                                                      terminated

                                         146
61 Dumpsters      12,200.000        10,000.000          REDUCED to remove charges
(6cm)                                                   for 11 dumpsters that were not
                                                        delivered by the factory and
                                                        therefore no expense was
                                                        incurred for that concept.
                                                        Therefore, claim is for 50
                                                        dumpsters, each at a cost of
                                                        KWD 200.
158               22,120.000                            REMOVED. The purchase order
Latrines                                                for these latrines was cancelled
                                                        in mitigation efforts after the
                                                        contract was terminated.
1 Portable        15,000.000                            REMOVED. The purchase order
[sic] Water                                             for the potable water tanker was
Tanker                                                  cancelled in mitigation efforts
                                                        after    the     contract    was
                                                        terminated.
Compensation                        68.000              ADDED to account for job duties
for services by                                         performed in connection with
Mr. Biju                                                this contract. Job duties were
Mathew -                                                split between 5 services:
accountant                                              (1) dumpsters     contract, (2)
                                                        latrines contract, (3) Camp
                                                        Package, (4) bottled water
                                                        contract, and (5) other general
                                                        company matters. Therefore,
                                                        charge is for 1/5 of the total
                                                        monthly salary of KWD 340.

(emphasis in original) (footnote omitted).

       At trial, Saud Al Tawash used this 2011 filing and the attachments to the notice to
explain why the reductions were made. For example, Saud Al Tawash tried to explain
the reduction in the number of tower lights as follows:

       Q: And did you, in fact, obtain or purchase from Kuwait Leaders 13
       magnum tower lights?

       A: We only purchased one from them.

       Q: Why?

       A: They had one that was available to us. The rest was not available. And
       so, we purchased what they have, so we can bring it in, into the yard and
       spec it out.

                                             147
       Q: Show it to the Army, is that –

       A: We had -- we brought it into our yard, yeah, and our project manager at
       that time, Mr. Bobby Wilson, he wanted to see the equipment and make
       sure that this is the right specs to the Army. So, they had one delivered to
       us prior to ordering the rest of the 13, because they’re expensive.

        Plaintiff included in its 2011 notice and 2011 submission to Maj. Everett the
identical forms, purchase orders, checks, and hand-written notes included in the original
2005 Claim and Settlement Offer to Mr. Cockerham. Plaintiff did not, however, identify
the differences in its costs in the 2011 notice and the third amended complaint from the
amounts awarded by Mr. Libbey in his May 21, 2007 contracting officer’s final decision
on the camp package BPA claim. In his final decision, Mr. Libbey wrote:

       I determine Gulf Group is entitled to KD 1,765 for lights, KD 4,000 for
       tents, and KD 3,490 for generators. This represents the percentage of
       contract performance of the contract performed before contract
       termination for which Gulf Group has not been compensated. Gulf Group
       has not shown they incurred costs for water, and the only loss Gulf Group
       incurred for dumpsters and latrines is anticipatory profit, which is not
       allowable in this case. Gulf Group has failed to provide information
       regarding settlement proposal preparation costs, and has failed to provide
       information regarding legal costs incurred from perusing this matter before
       the Court of Federal Claims. Therefore, no costs have been established
       for submittal and pursuit of the termination settlement proposal. Gulf
       Group is entitled to $33,053.57, plus interest. I believe this [sic] a fair and
       reasonable settlement.

        Notably, Mr. Libbey determined that Gulf Group was entitled to the same amount
for the tower lights, tents, and generators as plaintiff claims in its revised settlement. No
support was given at trial for the added claim of Mr. Biju Mathew, and the testimony by
Saud Al Tawash in support of the fifty dumpsters was confused and unsupported. At
trial, Saud Al Tawash provided the following testimony:

       Q: What is the document at page 263?

       A: This is a PO [Purchase Order] to Malika factory for steel works. They’re
       the steel fabricator for the dumpsters.

       Q: And are these the dumpsters that were required under BPA call
       number one, Mr. Al Tawash?

       A: Yeah, 61 pieces.

                                            148
       Q: And the size of the dumpsters, is that the correct size that was required
       under the BPA?

       A: This is the right size, six cubic feet

       Q: So is this -- what is this?

       A: This is dumpsters and it was ordered by Gulf Group.

       Q: So is this for the 61 dumpsters that you had placed the purchase order
       for with the Malika factory?

       A: Yeah.

       Q: And I see quantity 50, not 61. Do you know why?

       A: As I said earlier, we may have had the inventory for the product, so
       whatever the balance that we’re not having in the inventory, we would go
       out on the market and purchase it, to have -- be prepared and readiness
       for the contract.

        The balance of the testimony did not clarify the discrepancies between the
number of dumpsters, nor was there a demonstration that Gulf Group had actually paid
for the balance of the fifty dumpsters. Plaintiff only submitted an invoice for the
dumpsters in its 2011 notice for the camp package BPA, without explaining whether the
purchase of the dumpsters was attributable to Gulf Group’s performance of the camp
package BPA. In addition, plaintiff did not substantiate that it incurred additional costs
for the services of an accountant.144

        Notwithstanding plaintiff’s minimal effort to demonstrate that it should be
compensated for the costs attributable to the purchase of dumpsters and Mr. Mathew’s
accounting services, defendant has conceded that these costs were incurred in
plaintiff’s performance of the contract. The parties stipulated that “Gulf Group ordered
61 (6cm) dumpsters for use in the performance of BPA Call 0001 pursuant to BPA
W912D1-04-A-0047, only [sic] 50 were delivered at a cost of 10,000 kd.” Defendant
also conceded in its post-trial brief that Gulf Group “actually spent only 19,323
KD…preparing to perform Call 0001,” citing to the amount claimed in plaintiff’s 2011
notice. Defendant did not argue that costs associated with the dumpsters and Mr.
Mathew’s services could have been mitigated or avoided, or are otherwise not
recoverable. Instead, defendant treated the costs as validly incurred in plaintiff’s
preparation to perform the Camp Buehring call. The court concludes, therefore, that
defendant has conceded that plaintiff incurred costs, both in purchasing the fifty
144
   The amount that plaintiff claims that it incurred for accounting services appears to be
consistent with the amount that plaintiff attributes to accounting services in its lost profit
calculations with respect to the camp package BPA, the latrine contract, and the
dumpster contract.

                                              149
dumpsters and in utilizing Mr. Mathew’s services, in preparation of performing the camp
package BPA call. Plaintiff is entitled to 19,323.000 KD, plus interest, which is the full
amount of costs claimed in plaintiff’s 2011 notice, less attorneys’ fees.

         In plaintiff’s 2011 notice for the camp package BPA, plaintiff also seeks “legal
expenses incurred in preparation of the claim” as a result of Ferdinand Peters’ work on
plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer. The FAR provides that settlement
expenses, including “[a]ccounting, legal, clerical, and similar costs reasonably
necessary for...[t]he preparation and presentation, including supporting data, of
settlement claims to the contracting officer,” may be recoverable in the event of a
contract termination. See 48 C.F.R. § 31.205–42 (2005). Attorney Peters provided, at
best, incorrect information during the preparation of the 2005 camp package BPA Claim
and Settlement Offer. Attorney Peters, in part, is why defendant has alleged that Gulf
Group submitted false claims relating to the termination of the camp package BPA call.
Attorneys’ fees incurred in the submission of a “meritless” settlement proposal, which
results in a “legally insufficient and factually unsupportable” claim, are not recoverable.
See OK’s Cascade Co. v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 635, 649–50 (2011), aff’d, 467 F.
App’x 888 (Fed. Cir. 2012); see also Sensorcom, Inc. v. Scitor, Inc., No. JFM–09–3143,
2011 WL 1897521, at *2–3 (D. Md. May 18, 2011). In its 2005 camp package BPA
Claim and Settlement Offer, Gulf Group followed required procedures in proposing a
settlement to the contracting officer following a termination for convenience. See 48
C.F.R. § 49.602–1(b) (“Standard Form 1436, Settlement Proposal (Total Cost Basis),
shall be used to submit settlement proposals resulting from the termination of fixed-price
contracts....”). Gulf Group, however, did not engage in typical settlement negotiations
as it asserted entitlement to a fixed amount in addition to making a settlement proposal.
As indicated above, Gulf Group’s 2005 camp package BPA Claim and Settlement Offer
was unsupported and without a legal or factual basis. Although Gulf Group’s 2011
submission to Maj. Everett may have included some additional factual information and
tried to correct legal errors in its 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer, Gulf Group cannot
recover attorneys’ fees for claims submitted to the contracting officer after litigation has
commenced. See OK’s Cascade Co. v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. at 649 (“[T]o the
extent settlement proposal costs were incurred after the commencement of this
litigation, the costs are improper because the FAR provides for settlement costs
submitted to the contracting officer as a result of the termination.”). Moreover, costs
incurred in submitting a claim to a contracting officer are not otherwise generally
recoverable. See Scott Timber Co. v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 685, 707 (2011), rev’d
on other grounds, 692 F.3d 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2012), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied, 499
F. App’x 973 (Fed. Cir. 2013); see also Envtl. Tectonics Corp. v. United States, 72 Fed.
Cl. 290, 298 (2006) (quoting 48 C.F.R. § 31.205–47(f) (“‘Costs not covered elsewhere in
this subsection are unallowable if incurred in connection with...prosecution of claims or
appeals against the Federal Government....’”) (emphasis in original)); cf. Levernier
Constr., Inc. v. United States, 947 F.2d 497, 500 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (“[A]t its earliest, EAJA
[Equal Access to Justice Act] coverage may begin after the decision of and in pursuit of
an appeal from the decision of a contracting officer.”). The court, therefore, denies
plaintiff’s request for additional compensation arising from Attorney Peters’ services in

                                            150
the preparation of plaintiff’s 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer for the camp package
BPA.

       In sum, the court finds that camp package BPA call No. 0001 was not breached
by the government’s termination on October 12, 2004. Because defendant conceded
that plaintiff is entitled to costs incurred in preparing to perform the contract, the court
awards plaintiff 19,323.000 KD, plus interest, under the camp package BPA.

B.     The Latrine and Dumpster Contract Terminations

        In plaintiff’s second amended complaints in both Case No. 06-858C, the latrine
case, and Case No. 06-853C, the dumpster case, plaintiff alleges “[t]he Government’s
termination of the contract was not properly based on convenience inasmuch as the
Government needed the services, had the requisite funding to fully pay for them at the
contract price and contracted with one or more other contractors to provide the same
services at the same level of demand.” Plaintiff further claims that Gulf Group had done
nothing to merit terminations for default for either the latrine or dumpster contracts,
using the exact same language in each of the second amended complaints: “Gulf Group
had not committed any default or breach justifying termination nor done or failed to do
anything that would be a justifiable cause for termination.” Defendant similarly provided
the same responses in its answers to plaintiff’s second amended complaints in the
latrine and dumpster cases, denying plaintiff’s allegations. Because the language of
plaintiff’s allegations and defendant’s responses, are virtually identical in both cases, the
court analyzes the terminations of the latrine and dumpster contracts together.

       The latrine contract, W912D1-04-P-0932, was terminated pursuant to 48 C.F.R.
§ 52.212-4, on October 18, 2004, when Mr. Cockerham issued Modification P00002 on
behalf of the Army. Modification P00002 stated: “This contract is being canceled due to
command directive of the ASG commander SWA COL Brick Miller 3rd Army Arcent
Kuwait. The contract is canceled under the terms of 52.212-1, 52-212-4 [sic], 52.249-
4.” The parties stipulated that: “The Government did not terminate Gulf Group for
default under Contract W912D1-04-P-0932 [the latrine contract]. At the time Contract
W912D1-04-P-0932 was terminated, the Government had not issued any cure notices
to Gulf Group regarding Gulf Group’s performance of its contractual obligations under
that contract, and none was ever issued at any time thereafter.” Despite terminating
Gulf Group’s latrine contract, the government had sufficient funds to pay for, and
continued to be in need of, the latrine services.

        The dumpster contract, W912D1-04-P-0897, was terminated pursuant to 48
C.F.R. § 52.212-4, on October 22, 2004, when Mr. Cockerham issued Modification
P00005 on behalf of the Army, which terminated the dumpster contract for the
convenience of the government. Like the latrine contract termination, the modification
issued to cancel the dumpster contract stated: “Contract is canceled by order of the
ASG Commander Kuwait COL Brick Miller. Contract was canceled in accordance with
FAR Part 52-212-4 Termination for Convenience of the Government,” which, as with the
latrine contract, was incorporated by reference into the dumpster contract. The parties

                                            151
stipulated that: “The Government did not terminate Gulf Group for default under
Contract W912D1-04-P-0897,” and “[a]t the time Contract W912D1-04-P-0897 was
terminated, the Government had not issued any Cure Notices to Gulf Group regarding
Gulf Group’s performance of its contractual obligations under that contract, and none
was ever issued at any time thereafter.” Despite the termination of Gulf Group’s
dumpster contract, the government had sufficient funds to pay for, and continued to be
in need of, the dumpster services.

       The latrine and dumpster contracts incorporated by reference the standard
termination for convenience and the termination for cause clauses, identical to the
clauses in the camp package BPA quoted above. The latrine contract also incorporated
by reference 48 C.F.R. § 52.249–1 (1984), Termination for Convenience of the
Government (Fixed–Price) (Short Form), which states: “The Contracting Officer, by
written notice, may terminate this contract, in whole or in part, when it is in the
Government’s interest. If this contract is terminated, the rights, duties, and obligations of
the parties, including compensation to the Contractor, shall be in accordance with Part
49 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation in effect on the date of this contract.” In
addition, the latrine contract incorporated by reference 48 C.F.R § 52.249–4 (1984),
Termination for Convenience of the Government (Services) (Short Form), which states:
“The Contracting Officer, by written notice, may terminate this contract, in whole or in
part, when it is in the Government’s interest. If this contract is terminated, the
Government shall be liable only for payment under the payment provisions of this
contract for services rendered before the effective date of termination.”145

        In defendant’s second post-trial brief, defendant states that “Mr. Cockerham
issued a contract modification terminating the latrine contract for the convenience of the
Government, effective October 18, 2004,” and “Mr. Cockerham issued a contract
modification terminating the dumpster contract for the convenience of the Government,
effective October 22, 2004.” Defendant asserts that either Mr. Cockerham exercised his
own discretion by agreeing with the directions from Col. Miller to terminate the
contracts, or implemented the terminations at the direction of Col. Hess, Director of
Contracting at Camp Arifjan. At trial, it remained unclear as to who was responsible for
the order to terminate the latrine contract and the dumpster contract, with conflicting
testimony offered, including from Col. Hess and Col. Miller. Col. Hess testified that Col.
Miller ordered that Gulf Group’s latrine and dumpster contracts be terminated, and Col.
Miller denied that he had ordered the terminations.

      In the same post-trial brief, however, defendant insists that the latrine contract
was terminated for the convenience of the government due to force protection and
145
   The preamble to the 48 C.F.R. § 52.249–4 states: “As prescribed in 49.502(c), insert
the following clause in solicitations and contracts for services, regardless of value, when
a fixed-price contract is contemplated and the Contracting Officer determines that
because of the kind of services required, the successful offeror will not incur substantial
charges in preparation for and in carrying out the contract, and would, if terminated for
the convenience of the Government, limit termination settlement charges to services
rendered before the date of termination.” See 48 C.F.R. § 52.249–4.

                                            152
security issues, and that the Army did not breach the contracts. Defendant argues that
“the latrine contract was terminated for the convenience of the Government for security
reasons.” In the same brief regarding the dumpster contract, defendant also asserts,
“[d]espite what Col. Miller and Col. Hess may believe, the October 7, 2004 security
incident is almost certainly what set in motion the termination of the dumpster contract.”
(internal citation omitted). Mr. Cockerham testified that he requested a meeting to
document the security issues before terminating the latrine and dumpster contracts, but
could not get one with Col. Hess. In the answer to the third amended complaint in the
camp package BPA case, Case No. 06-835C, and in the answer to the second
amended complaint in both the latrine case, Case No. 06-858C, and the dumpster case,
Case No. 06-853C, defendant admitted “that Lieutentant [sic] Colonel Hess did not
provide former Major Cockerham with a security report.”

        Defendant argues that the alleged security incident, in which Mohammed Al
Tawash was detained after asking questions, taking notes, and making drawings of
locations of buildings on the military base in order to assist in determining placement
locations for dumpsters under the plaintiff’s contract with the government, including the
locations for where the general officer lived and whether the water and communications
towers were the highest points on base, was initially reported as a potential criminal or
terrorist incident. At trial, during direct examination of Col. Hess, plaintiff’s counsel read
back Col. Hess’ deposition testimony to him, in which he stated

       there was concern raised by the security and intel community on [Camp]
       Arifjan that the company or owners of the company were involved, and I
       don’t recall even with whom, but they were involved with people of
       interest, be it, I’m not sure if it was Taliban, I’m not sure if it was Saddam
       Hussein’s outfit, any of that, but they were concerned about the
       involvement of the owners of this company being involved with enemies of
       America.

       Although defendant continued to assert that at the time of the terminations the
Army believed there were security concerns, on November 3, 2004, just sixteen days
after plaintiff’s latrine contract was terminated, and just twelve days after plaintiff’s
dumpster contract was terminated, defendant wrote the apology letter signed by Col.
Hess, indicating that the Army had determined that Gulf Group, in fact, did not pose a
security threat. Defendant, however, adds a curious aside in its second post-trial brief:
“Although the contract had been terminated because of security concerns, the
contracting command acceded to the congressman’s specific request, and wrote that
the latrine contract ‘was not terminated because of security reasons.’” Presumably, if
the security concerns were real, the senior officers responsible would have investigated
the relevant facts before quickly issuing a letter denying any official security concerns.
As noted above, courts assume government officials act in good faith. The Army acting
on or acceding to the request of a United States Congressman, if a real security threat
existed, would undermine that assumption.

                                            153
       The government did not even open a case or launch an investigation into the
alleged security incident before terminating the latrine or dumpster contracts,
suggesting that terminations may already have been part of the government’s plan prior
to the alleged security incident. For example, the parties have stipulated that “[a]ll or
part of the service that was initially awarded to Gulf Group under the latrine contract
was awarded to Jasmine.” Col. Hess testified at trial, after reviewing the joint exhibits,
that Jasmine was awarded a latrine contract on October 18, 2004, the same day Gulf
Group’s latrine contract was cancelled. At trial, Saud Al Tawash testified that “Jasmine
picked up where I left. Jasmine is a competitor, and they absorbed -- when we were
canceled, Jasmine took over our portion of the contract from Camp Arifjan.” In addition,
before the Army terminated Gulf Group’s dumpster contract, it sent out a request to
another contractor, Fouad Salem of Abdul Hameed Salem, seeking a quote for
dumpster services at Camp Arifjan. The request was sent out on October 14, 2004, but
the cancellation of Gulf Group’s dumpster contract was not signed until October 21,
2004. Also, before the Army terminated the dumpster contract, it awarded a dumpster
contract to another contractor, Green Valley, on October 18, 2004. The government
continued to require, and had available funds to pay for the dumpster services.

      The record, including the trial testimony, reveals varied and inconsistent
explanations by defendant’s witnesses concerning the reasons for the terminations of
Gulf Group’s contracts. On November 3, 2004, Col. Hess sent the letter to Mohammed
Al Tawash regarding cancellation of Gulf Group’s latrine contract, which stated in part:

      Please rest assured that the Gulf Group’s contract to service portable
      latrines at Army camps in Kuwait was not terminated because of security
      reasons. While it is true that some employees of the Gulf Group have
      been either barred from the installation or warned because they had not
      followed the rules for contract employees on the installation, these
      incidents did not cause the termination of the contract.

      The contracting officer terminated the contract because circumstances
      arose that caused the contracting officer to conclude that it was in the best
      interest of the Army to terminate the contract. Since the contract was
      terminated for convenience of the government, the Gulf Group should not
      suffer any repercussions to its reputation or competitive standing. The
      Gulf Group is fully eligible to compete for other Army contracts in Kuwait.
      I hope this clarifies this unfortunate misunderstanding.146
146
    At trial, among other evasive and contradictory statements he made, Col. Hess
attempted to distance himself from the November 3, 2004 apology letter, when he
testified:

      Q: The first sentence in the third paragraph [of the November 3, 2004,
      apology letter, quoted above,] recites, and I quote, “the contracting officer
      terminated the contract because circumstances arose that caused the
      contracting officer to conclude that it was in the best interest of the Army
      to terminate the contract.” In the previous paragraph we said that security

                                           154
        According to Col. Hess’ recollection at trial regarding the November 3, 2004 letter
to Mohammed Al Tawash, the security and espionage concerns about Gulf Group
“turned out to be unfounded,” and the statement that some Gulf Group employees had
been barred was, likewise, untrue and inaccurate. Col. Hess indicated he had obtained
that information to insert into the letter from Col. Miller. At trial, Col. Hess elaborated:

       My recollection of the letter was we went through all the security stuff, all
       the concerns about espionage in the previous few exhibits we went
       through, and it turned out to be unfounded. This is my recollection. As
       such, we still had a viable contractor that we could do business with. The
       purpose of this letter was to put Gulf Group on notice that we still would
       like to consider them to do Army contracting, to engage, to bid on Army
       requirements in the future.

Col. Hess further indicated at trial that the contracts were terminated for convenience,
rather than for default, because the government did not “want to cause any undue
hardship” for Gulf Group. At trial, however, Col. Hess testified that he believed Gulf
Group’s latrine and dumpster contracts were terminated for security reasons by the
contracting officer at Col. Miller’s request. Col. Hess stated, “[w]e were ordered to get
Gulf Group off the bases, the camps,” and that “[m]y concern was to get the contractor
off Brick Miller’s installations.…”

       Col. Miller, however, denied directing the termination of the contracts and stated
that he did not have the authority to order the terminations. Adding to the confusion
surrounding the termination of the latrine and dumpster contracts, and, despite noting
that his command was completely separate from contracting, Col. Miller, nonetheless,
stated that the terminations were not related to the alleged security incident, suggesting
that he had personal knowledge about the basis for the terminations, although he did
not elaborate.

       According to Maj. Petty’s recollection, some or all of Gulf Group’s contracts were
terminated because of the alleged security incident. Capt. Novak testified that one of
Gulf Group’s contracts was terminated because of a security incident, but he did not
know which one. Col. Portouw thought the cancellations were related to poor latrine
performance. Mr. Cockerham testified that Col. Hess directed him to cancel Gulf
Group’s contracts for national security reasons. Col. Hess testified that Mr. Cockerham
was following a command directive when he terminated the dumpster contract and was
not exercising his own discretion. Mr. Cockerham confirmed that Col. Hess had
directed him to cancel the dumpster contract. Mr. Cockerham also testified:

       reasons were not the basis for the termination. What did you have in mind
       in writing this third sentence as the circumstances that were in the best
       interest of the Army?

       A: I’m not sure what I meant by that sentence.

                                            155
         Q: Did I understand your testimony correctly that you supported Colonel
         Miller’s and Colonel’s Hess’ decision to terminate Gulf Group’s contracts
         in the name of national security, but not for any other reason?

         A: Correct.

         Q: So if the reason for terminating Gulf Group’s contracts was not a
         national security, you would have not supported that decision, would you?

         A: No.

       Clea Efthimiadis, a civilian Army lawyer assigned to Camp Arifjan, testified that
Col. Miller told her that plaintiff’s latrine contract “was terminated because they couldn’t
do the job,” and that the contract was terminated for default based on a “repeated failure
to perform to the statement of work.” Gulf Group’s latrine contract, however, was not
terminated for default, which conflicts with Ms. Efthimiadis’ alleged conversation with
Col. Miller.

       Mr. Libbey, the contracting officer who supposedly reviewed all contract files
before issuing his final decision, testified he thought the terminations were due to the
overflowing latrine incident, dumpster diving, and security concerns. Mr. Libbey’s
contracting officer’s final decision for the latrine contract stated:

         The latrine inspection revealed that the vast majority of latrines were in a
         deplorable state of disrepair and the contractor was unsatisfactorily
         performing the terms and conditions of the contract. Gulf Group was
         advised of their poor performance and given an opportunity to remedy the
         situation,147 but apparently their equipment capabilities (two waste tankers
         with two drivers) and staff were incapable of meeting the terms of the
         contract. At this same time, a substantial number of Gulf Group
         employees were being barred from the base for installation security
         infractions, which might have had a contributing affect [sic] on Gulf
         Group’s inability to perform in an acceptable manner. Barely a week had
         passed from the first latrine inspection when the General again summoned
         Colonel Miller and LTC Hess to again observe the deplorable conditions of
         the latrines.

       A report prepared by counterintelligence at Camp Arifjan detailed the alleged
security incident, but at the end stated: “On 14 October, the Gulf Group General
Enterprise [latrine] contract on Camp Arifjan was terminated by the Director of
Contracting at the request of the ASG-KU Commander, for not meeting the contractual
obligation to clean the port-a-johns on Camp Arifjan twice per day.” As discussed
below, however, the requirements of the latrine contract are conflicting with regard to
the cleaning requirements.

147
      There is no indication in the record that plaintiff was given any cure notices.

                                              156
        Mr. Libbey’s contracting officer’s final decision for the dumpster contract stated:
“On 9 October 2004, six Gulf Group employees were detained for security violations
involving traveling on Camp Arifjan without their required escort, and rummaging
through a dumpster. At least four of these individuals were barred from Camp Arifjan by
Col. Miller on 16 and 18 October 2004.” Plaintiff and its employees, however, were not
barred from Camp Arifjan. It was employees of Gulf Company, not Gulf Group, who
had been caught dumpster diving, and there was no relationship between these two
distinct companies. In addition, it appears that Mr. Libbey was confused about which
Gulf Group employees were issued letters of warning from the Army as a result of the
alleged security incident involving Mohammed Al Tawash.

        Mr. Peters, plaintiff’s first attorney, testified at trial that, after the terminations, he
met with Col. Hess, Col. Miller, Mr. Cockerham, and Tijani Saani in Kuwait and was
given multiple reasons for the terminations. Mr. Peters testified that, after conversations
with various individuals, “[i]t was apparent to me that there were different reasons being
given in meetings and/or in discussions with various people, like Colonel Brick Miller.”
Attorney Peters further testified that Mr. Cockerham “told me a variety of things,”
including that a general, whose name Mr. Peters did not recall, “had used a satellite
latrine portable, or attempted to use it, and it was not cleaned up. And for some reason,
on a brand new contract that had been awarded, my client was blamed for it. That was
one thing I was told. I was told other things, too.” Mr. Peters also testified that during
his meeting with Col. Miller, Col. Miller “mentioned” a latrine incident to Mr. Peters and
made statements that the plaintiff may have been allied with anti-Americans. Reflecting
on his meetings with the Army officials in Kuwait, Mr. Peters testified that:

       I can only say that there were multiple reasons given [for the contract
       terminations]. I do remember that Colonel Hess wrote a letter to the Al
       Tawash family, not completely satisfactory, but saying that they were not a
       problem, but it was not clear exactly what he was saying in the letter. I
       remember that he was the contracting officer, and I wanted a General
       grade office to write a letter so that it would have more impact, and that
       was not forthcoming, and so I found that very questionable.

        Saud Al Tawash stated he first learned about the impending terminations of the
latrine and dumpster contracts from competitors, including Jasmine, which indicated to
Saud Al Tawash that the contracts would be cancelled because Gulf Group was
allegedly anti-American and had ties to terrorist groups. According to Saud Al Tawash,
Capt. Trimble, Capt. Novak, Lt. Rivera, and Tijani Saani all told him that there was a
security concern with Gulf Group. According to Mr. Wilson, Col. Hess told him that the
cancellations had to do with security and counterintelligence and that the ASG
commander made the decision to cancel. Mr. Wilson also testified that he tried to speak
to Col. Hess over the phone, but Col. Hess did not want to talk to him and was “really
nervous, talking in circles.” Mr. Wilson further testified that Col. Hess stated during this
phone call that Gulf Group’s contracts were terminated due to “counterintelligence on
the Al Tawash family, and they have ties [to] Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein.”

                                               157
According to notes summarizing the cancellation of Gulf Group’s contracts,148 Mr.
Wilson also heard someone comment that Gulf Group was “nothing but a bunch of kids
and they [the Army] were going to get them out,” although he could not remember if he
heard this from an Army officer or from one of Gulf Group’s competitors. Despite telling
Mr. Wilson, plaintiff’s Project Manager, that the Army was terminating Gulf Group’s
contracts for the alleged security risk, Tijani Saani, who worked in the contract office at
Camp Arifjan, reportedly told Mr. Wilson that “we’ll try to get you guys some work....”
Mr. Wilson also stated that Col. Hess had said the Army was going to give plaintiff
further work, and that either Mr. Cockerham or Capt. Novak said the same.149

       It is odd that if the Army had truly considered Gulf Group a security threat,
defendant would have terminated plaintiff’s latrine and dumpster contracts for
convenience, rather than for cause, thereby allowing Gulf Group potentially to obtain
damages for the termination, and not barring Gulf Group from obtaining future contracts.
Nor is it likely that senior Army officials like Col. Hess would write letters to members of
the Al Tawash family stating, in part, “[p]lease rest assured that the Gulf Group’s
contract to service portable latrines at Army camps in Kuwait was not terminated
because of security reasons,” if security concerns remained or were the justification for
the terminations.

        Despite the varied reasons witnesses offered at trial for the terminations,
defendant would have this court believe that the Army terminated Gulf Group’s latrine
and dumpster contracts due to the alleged security incident, which appears to have
been innocent in origin, for which only a few Gulf Group employees received warning
letters, and regarding which an investigation was never opened. Moreover, after the
incident occurred, the Army continued to allow Gulf Group and its employees, including
those involved in the incident, to carry out their operations in the camp. The employees
who were detained for questioning were quickly released and no charges were filed
against any individual or plaintiff. The individuals involved were not even asked to
return for a hearing. Saud Al Tawash confirmed that neither Gulf Group nor any of Gulf
Group’s employees were barred from the camp because of the October 7, 2004 alleged
security incident or any other security concerns, and Gulf Group continued to perform
work for the United States government in the war theatre. The only consequence to
plaintiff for the alleged security incident was that warning letters were sent to several
Gulf Group personnel on October 21, 2004. As indicated by Saud Al Tawash in his trial
148
    At trial, Mr. Wilson indicated that he did not prepare the summary of the notes,
included as a plaintiff’s exhibit. When asked who prepared the summary he stated: “I’m
assuming Mr. Peters.”
149
    It is difficult to tell from Mr. Wilson’s testimony which individual indicated the
government would provide more work for the plaintiff. Mr. Wilson stated: “Major
Cockerham was the same with me throughout the whole time. His basic stance was
what happened and how this was handled was not right and that you know, they had –
Captain Novak had done a very good report on the company. A very nice PowerPoint
presentation, come out, put his hands on everything and he said, we’re going to try to
get you guys work.”

                                            158
testimony, moreover, only some of the recipients of the warning letters were even
involved in the alleged security incident.

       Col. Portouw testified that no case was opened on the incident because “there
was no substance to it” and the questions of the Gulf Group employees were “innocent.”
Col. Portouw also testified that, while incidents like this were not frequent, they were not
uncommon, and “invariably we found that they were curiosity-generated reports and
simply required explaining to the employee why they shouldn’t do that.” Even Col. Hess
and Maj. Petty testified that a map of the camp, as requested by Mohammed Al
Tawash, had it been provided at the start of performance, would have been useful. As
to the warning letters sent to Gulf Group and the employees involved in the incident,
Col. Miller also indicated that “[t]housands” of such letters were sent out at that point in
time in Kuwait and that the incident had “[n]othing to do with” the termination of plaintiff’s
contracts.

        The incident involving Mohammed Al Tawash did not merit or receive great
attention from the Army and was hardly substantial enough to warrant contract
termination actions. Moreover, Mohammed Al Tawash’s questions to determine
locations for the latrines appear to have been innocent and in furtherance of a legitimate
contract purpose. Indeed, on November 3, 2004, just sixteen days after terminating the
contract and less than four weeks after the alleged security incident, the Army issued a
letter of apology, stating that Gulf Group’s latrine contract was not terminated for
security concerns. The court finds that there is no evidence in the record that Gulf
Group, Saud Al Tawash, or any member of the Al Tawash family had any terrorist ties
or posed a security threat. Gulf Group has continued to do business with the United
States government. The alleged security incident, therefore, was an insufficient and
disingenuous basis for the terminations of plaintiff’s latrine and dumpster contracts.

        Evidence as to a legitimate basis for terminating the latrine and dumpster
contracts, besides security reasons, also is lacking in the record. According to M. Sgt.
Sivert, Gulf Group did not have enough dumpsters to replace its predecessor, Future
Services, resulting in trash appearing on the ground. At trial, M. Sgt. Sivert testified that
“Gulf Group did not have all their dumpsters to replace the ones that Future Services
was taking away, and so there was a short time span that when the Future Service’s
[sic] contract ran out, they came and got their dumpsters, and then because there was
no dumpsters to replace them with, Food Services [sic] was actually putting some of the
trash and stuff on the ground, and we had to go back there and get it cleaned up after
they had put it on the ground.” After terminating Gulf Group’s dumpster contract, the
government awarded the services to another contractor, but required thirty-two more
dumpsters than had been required from plaintiff. M. Sgt. Sivert explained that not all of
the other dumpster contracts had run out by September 30, 2004, and that both Future
Services and Gulf Group had dumpsters on the base at Camp Arifjan. M. Sgt. Sivert
remembered Gulf Group’s dumpsters being blue and Future Services’ dumpsters being
goldish brown. Saud Al Tawash, however, testified that Gulf Group’s dumpsters were
red. Therefore, there is an additional issue as to the color of Gulf Group’s dumpsters,
and there is testimony indicating that Gulf Group may not have been the lone contractor

                                            159
with dumpsters in place at the time, calling into question whether Gulf Group’s
dumpsters or another contractor’s dumpsters were overflowing. Saud Al Tawash also
testified that the trash may have been caused by competitors flipping over their own
dumpsters, although there is no independent evidence in the record of other contractors
doing so. Megbel Al Tawash testified that, during the entire period of performance for
the dumpster contract, there were no complaints regarding plaintiff’s dumpster service
at Camp Arifjan, nor did Gulf Group receive any nonconformance reports or any cure
notices from the government. In sum, there is in the record before the court insufficient
evidence to prove that the trash on the ground or any other deficiencies in performance
prompted or offered support for the terminations.

        As to the allegations regarding any dirty latrines, there is conflicting evidence in
the record as to how many latrines were affected, the condition of the implicated
latrines, how often they were to be maintained, which latrines were involved, and who
was instructed by which employee of defendant to remedy the issue. Col. Miller
testified that about twenty latrines were overflowing onto the floor. Col. Miller stated that
either Col. Hess or Col. Fugate was with him when he viewed the latrines. Col. Hess
did not remember any dirty latrine incident and did not recall seeing any overflowing,
unplumbed latrines. Col. Hess testified that no one directed him to fix any dirty latrines.
Col. Hess stated that Gulf Group was not terminated for poor performance under the
latrine contract.

        Mr. Cockerham stated that only one latrine was not cleaned. Maj. Petty testified
that he inspected a group of eight to ten latrines which had “feces above the rim.” He
stated that only one was extremely bad and unusable; the others were merely unkept.
In addition to Saud Al Tawash trying to explain that the latrines he provided were
unplumbed and could not have overflowed, Megbel Al Tawash testified that Gulf
Group’s office received a phone call that one latrine had feces up to the brim, but it was
cleaned that same day. Megbel Al Tawash also stated that Future Services had eight to
ten latrines in the same area near the mess hall, and Mr. Wilson stated that latrines
from various companies looked the same. Maj. Petty also testified that Future Services
still had latrines in place when contractors Jasmine and Gulf Group first arrived.

        Plaintiff argues that the contract only called for once-per-day cleaning of the
latrines. Indeed, the statement of work for the latrine contract states:

       4.2 Cleaning. The Contractor will empty and clean each latrine daily by
       wiping down interior walls and seat with mild disinfectant water or solution
       (that is nonharmful to the skin and eyes) and will provide steam cleaning
       reconditioning services once a month. The Contractor will provide all
       materials, equipment, personnel, chemicals, and cleaning supplies to
       include using an approved disinfectant. The Contractor will provide a
       Material Safe Data Sheet to the COR [contracting officer’s representative]
       for any chemicals used in this contract. The cleaning services will include
       the following:

                                            160
       4.2.1 Daily. The Contractor will vacuum sewage from the basin. Debris
       such as cans, bottles, rags, sticks, etc. will be removed from the waste
       tank, collected and hauled away for proper disposal. No debris will be
       allowed to contaminate the outside area around the chemical latrine. The
       Contractor will be responsible for cleanup of any spills. After all sewage
       and debris have been removed the Contractor will wash the toilet seat,
       urinal, and adjacent area around the toilet seat with the approved cleaning
       solution and remove all built up dirt and waste by scrubbing with a nylon
       hand brush. The Contractor will fill the empty basin with a mixture of two
       (2) cups disinfectant solution and ten (10) gallons fresh water. The
       Contractor will refill toilet paper dispensers and hand sanitation gel
       dispensers. The Contractor will leave the area in and around the latrines
       in a sanitary state.

(emphasis in original). At the end of the same section, however, the contract states,
“[t]he vendor must use NEW Latrines and must take into consideration that they are
bidding on the daily servicing of the latrines also latrines must be checked and cleaned
twice a day.” (emphasis in original).

        According to Maj. Petty, servicing latrines once a day would have been sufficient.
Col. Hess, however, stated that where latrines are located in high-traffic areas, like the
mess hall or headquarters, a once-a-day service requirement may set a contractor up
for failure as these latrines need to be serviced twice per day. Steven Perry, a former
Army Colonel, and plaintiff’s expert on the issue of Army contracting and standard
practices and procedures for Army contracting, testified that faulty specifications may
have been the cause of unclean latrines if the government had not anticipated the
extent of usage. Mr. Perry also stated that, if bottles of water were found in a latrine, as
suggested in some of the testimony to the court, it would be the end user’s fault, not the
contractor’s. Mr. Perry indicated that latrine contracts can be difficult to manage,
although Col. Hess and Maj. Petty disagreed.

        Therefore, if the latrine incident was the only basis for the termination of the
latrine contract, especially without issuance of a cure notice, it appears to have been an
insufficient basis for termination of the latrine contract. There is conflicting evidence as
to how many latrines were dirty, the extent of the uncleanliness, whether Gulf Group’s
latrines were the ones at issue, and whether Gulf Group was informed of any problems.
Moreover, if, as suggested, plaintiff was responsive to a request to clean, there was an
insufficient basis to terminate the plaintiff’s latrine contract, particularly given that the
specifications were conflicting. Moreover, Col. Hess testified that a contractor missing a
group of latrines during servicing was not uncommon and did not warrant termination for
default. Col. Hess further stated that his contracting office did not have performance
problems with Gulf Group, and its latrine contract was not terminated for failure to meet
its contractual obligations on the latrine contract. At the time the government terminated
the latrine contract, the Army continued to need the services and had the funds to pay.
In fact, the joint stipulation of facts submitted to the court by both parties states that,“[a]ll
or part of the services that were initially awarded to Gulf Group under [the latrine

                                              161
contract] was awarded to another Government contractor, Jasmine International
Trading & Service Company.” Following termination of plaintiff’s latrine contract, the
government placed orders with Gulf Group for latrines at other locations, indicating that
the Army believed in Gulf Group’s ability to supply latrines and to service them.

        In plaintiff’s second amended complaint for the latrine case, plaintiff alleges:

        As a result of the Government’s arbitrary and wrongful termination of the
        contract, Gulf Group is entitled to damages in the form of preparatory
        expenses of KWD 25,757.137, equivalent to $91,978.74 calculated at the
        exchange rate of 1 KWD @ U.S. $3.571, fees and costs incurred in the
        preparation and presentation of a termination claim and settlement
        proposal that was presented to the Contracting Officer in the sum of
        $13,887.50, in addition to lost profits of KWD 763,034.432 equivalent to
        $2,724,795.96 calculated at the exchange rate of 1 KWD @ U.S. $3.571,
        for a grand total of $2,830,662.20 in damages plus prejudgment interest
        under the Contract Dispute [sic] Act, 41 U.S.C. §611, the specific sum of
        which will be proven at the time of trial.150

(emphasis in original) (internal citations omitted). Plaintiff further alleges that “[o]n May
21, 2007 the Contracting Officer Joe L. Libbey of the U.S. Army Contracting Agency for
Southwest Asia - Kuwait issued a final decision in which it granted in part and denied in
part Gulf Group’s claim for damages, awarding compensation in the amount of
$149,285.71 plus interest. Gulf Group disputes the computation of the award made by
the Contracting Officer seeks additional compensation be awarded by this Court for its
damages that were denied all as it will be shown at the time of trial.” (emphasis in
original) (internal citation omitted).

        In plaintiff’s second amended complaint for the dumpster case, plaintiff alleges
that:

        As a result of the Government’s arbitrary and wrongful termination of the
        contract, Gulf Group is entitled to damages in the form of preparatory
        expenses of KWD 79,213.585,151 equivalent to $282,871.71 calculated at
        the exchange rate of 1 KWD @ U.S. $3.571, fees and costs incurred in
        the preparation and presentation of a termination claim and settlement
        proposal that was presented to the Contracting Officer in the sum of
150
    Plaintiff also alleges that, “[t]he Government’s termination of this [latrine] contract
was arbitrary, capricious and an abuse of discretion. Indeed, termination was in bad
faith inasmuch as the purported basis for termination was a supposed security risk
presented by Gulf Group that was not documented prior to, at the time of or any time
subsequent to termination.” As indicated above, plaintiff has abandoned any allegations
of bad faith.
151
   Plaintiff’s 2011 notice subsequently reduced the amount of costs plaintiff claimed to
have incurred to 59,927.871 KD.

                                             162
       $13,837.50, in addition to lost profits of KWD 135,346.518 equivalent to
       $483,322.42 calculated at the exchange rate of 1 KWD @ U.S. $3.571, for
       a grand total of $780,131.63 in damages plus prejudgment interest under
       the Contract Dispute [sic] Act, 41 U.S.C. §611, the specific sum of which
       will be proven at the time of trial.152

(internal citations omitted; emphasis in original). Plaintiff further alleges that “[o]n May
21, 2007 the Contracting Officer Joe L. Libbey of the U.S. Army Contracting Agency for
Southwest Asia – Kuwait, issued a final decision in which he granted in part and denied
in part Gulf Group’s claim for damages, awarding compensation in the amount of
$57,833.00 plus interest. Gulf Group seeks additional compensation be awarded by this
Court for its damages that were denied all as it will be shown at the time of trial.”
(emphasis in original) (internal citation omitted).

      Proof that a contract terminated for convenience was an abuse of discretion
renders that contract breached. See Krygoski Constr. Co. v. United States, 94 F.3d at
1541; see also NCLN20, Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 758. Therefore, the Army
breached the latrine and dumpster contracts by improperly terminating them. The
Restatement (Second) of Contracts provides, with respect to plaintiff’s burden to prove
damages:

       A party cannot recover damages for breach of a contract for loss beyond
       the amount that the evidence permits to be established with reasonable
       certainty.... Courts have traditionally required greater certainty in the proof
       of damages for a breach of a contract than in the proof of damages for a
       tort. The requirement does not mean, however, that the injured party is
       barred from recovery unless he establishes the total amount of his [or her]
       loss. It merely excludes those elements of loss that cannot be proved with
       reasonable certainty.

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 352 cmt. a (1981). Although there may be
uncertainty “‘as to the extent of the damage,’” a court cannot avoid its obligation to
provide relief when there is no uncertainty “‘as to the fact of damage.’” See S.W. Elecs.
& Mfg. Corp. v. United States, 228 Ct. Cl. 333, 351, 655 F.2d 1078, 1088 (1981)
(quoting Joseph Pickard’s Sons Co. v. United States, 209 Ct. Cl. 643, 650, 532 F.2d
739, 743 (1976)). “In cases where the responsibility for damage is clear…‘it is enough if
the evidence adduced is sufficient to enable a court or jury to make a fair and
reasonable approximation.’” See Hughes Commc’ns Galaxy, Inc. v. United States, 47
Fed. Cl. 236, 239 (2000) (quoting S.W. Elecs. & Mfg. Corp. v. United States, 228 Ct. Cl.
at 351, 655 F.2d at 1088 (citation omitted)); see also Bluebonnet Sav. Bank, F.S.B. v.
152
    Plaintiff also alleges that “[t]he Government’s termination of this [dumpster] contract
was arbitrary, capricious and an abuse of discretion. Indeed, termination was in bad
faith inasmuch as the purported basis for termination was a supposed security risk
presented by Gulf Group that was not documented prior to, at the time of or any time
subsequent to termination.” As indicated above, plaintiff has abandoned any allegations
of bad faith.

                                            163
United States, 266 F.3d 1348, 1355 (Fed. Cir.) (“The ascertainment of damages is not
an exact science, and where responsibility for damage is clear, it is not essential that
the amount thereof be ascertainable with absolute exactness or mathematical precision:
‘“It is enough if the evidence adduced is sufficient to enable a court or jury to make a fair
and reasonable approximation.”’” (quoting Elec. & Missile Facilities, Inc. v. United
States, 189 Ct. Cl. 237, 257, 416 F.2d 1345, 1358 (1969) (quoting Specialty Assembling
& Packing Co. v. United States, 174 Ct. Cl. 153, 183, 355 F.2d 554, 572 (1966)))), reh’g
denied (Fed. Cir. 2001). In addition, “‘[i]f a reasonable probability of damage can be
clearly established, uncertainty as to the amount will not preclude recovery,’ and the
court’s duty is to ‘make a fair and reasonable approximation of the damages.’” Id.
(quoting Ace–Federal Reporters, Inc. v. Barram, 226 F.3d 1329, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2000)
(citation omitted)); see also Marquardt Co. v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 265, 269
(2011). In situations in which the plaintiff seeks to recover costs that have been
incurred, the plaintiff must demonstrate with reasonable certainty that the costs are
recoverable. See Ariz. Pub. Serv. Co. v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. 384, 390 (2010)
(“Plaintiff alleges overhead of $577,934 in connection with its efforts to mitigate
damages, and $357,013 for its cost of funds used…. These costs of funds and
overhead are real, and we have no doubt that plaintiff spent the amounts claimed for the
purposes stated. However, such costs must be established according to the standards
and burdens described in this Opinion. Plaintiff did not show to a degree of reasonable
certainty that those costs could be tied directly to its mitigation efforts.”).

        Plaintiff’s citations to cases supporting that lost profits could have included the
option periods rely on situations in which the wronged contractor can prove that the
government chose, in bad faith, not to exercise the option periods. See Hi-Shear Tech.
Corp. v. United States, 356 F.3d at 1374, 1375, 1380; Blackstone Consulting, Inc. v.
Gen. Servs. Admin., CBCA 718, 08-1 BCA ¶ 33,770; Greenlee Constr., Inc. v. Gen.
Servs. Admin., CBCA 416, 07-1 BCA ¶ 33,514. As the court determined above,
however, there is no evidence that, had the latrine and dumpster contracts not been
terminated, the government would have exercised the option periods, or would have not
exercised them in bad faith or as a result of an abuse of discretion. Given that the
latrine and dumpster contracts were terminated in the course of performance of the
base period, and that the government is not obligated to exercise an option that is not
otherwise restricted, plaintiff cannot claim entitlement to compensation for unexercised
option periods. See Gov’t Sys. Advisors, Inc. v. United States, 847 F.2d at 813 (“An
option is normally an option, and nothing in [the provision at issue], or in any other
contract clause, limited the circumstances under which the government could decline to
exercise that bargained-for right in this case.”).          In Marketing & Management
Information, Inc. v. United States, the plaintiff argued that it was entitled to damages
relating to two, one-year option periods because, according to the plaintiff, it was
foreseeable that the options would have been exercised had the underlying contract not
been breached. See Mktg. & Mgmt. Info., Inc. v. United States, 62 Fed. Cl. 126, 130
(2004). Noting that, “where a contract is renewable solely at the option of the
government, the government is under no obligation to exercise the option,” the court
concluded that “breach damages for the two option years would be inherently
speculative.” See id. (citing Gov’t Sys. Advisors, Inc. v. United States, 847 F.2d at 813).

                                            164
The court reasoned that an award of damages for lost profits relating to two option
years that the government was free to exercise would put the plaintiff in a better position
than had the breach never occurred. See Mktg. & Mgmt. Info., Inc. v. United States, 62
Fed. Cl. at 131. Although a claim that the government failed to exercise an option in
bad faith, or as the result of an abuse of discretion, may entitle a plaintiff to relief, the
abuse of discretion in the latrine and dumpster cases is linked to the underlying
contracts at issue, not the government’s option to extend those contracts. In
circumstances where the government breaches an underlying contract, especially when
the breach occurs early in the performance of the contract, an abuse of discretion giving
rise to that breach generally only entitles a plaintiff to damages relating to the base year
of the contract. See Sci. & Comm. Sys. Corp. v. Tessada Assocs., Inc., No. 1:11–cv–
1278, 2012 WL 3866497, at *2 (E.D. Va. Aug. 30, 2012); E. Coast Res., LLC v. Town of
Hempstead, 707 F. Supp. 2d 401, 409–10 (E.D.N.Y.), recons. denied (E.D.N.Y. 2010).

        As with the camp package BPA claim, the task before the court of determining to
what, if any, additional compensation plaintiff is entitled for the latrine and dumpster
claims, lost profits notwithstanding, is made more difficult by the numerous and varying
claim amounts submitted to Mr. Libbey in the form of certified claims, and to this court in
the form of the complaints and the amended complaints. As noted above, plaintiff has
sought various amounts for recovery on the latrine and dumpster contract claims. In its
2005 Claim and Settlement Offer to Mr. Cockerham for the latrine contract, plaintiff
claimed entitlement to $5,058,428.59, and submitted a “settlement offer of
$4,558,428.60.” In its 2007 certified claim for the latrine contract, plaintiff claimed
$6,000,000.00. Likewise in its original complaint in Case No. 06-858C, the latrine case,
plaintiff sought $6,000,000.00. In its first amended complaint in the latrine case, plaintiff
sought 1,572,967.611 KD.153 In its second amended complaint in the latrine case,
plaintiff now seeks $2,830,662.20.154 In its 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer to Mr.
Cockerham for the dumpster contract, plaintiff claimed entitlement to $1,110,621.72,
and submitted a “settlement offer of $999,994.67.” In its 2007 certified claim for the
dumpster contract, plaintiff claimed $1,800,000.00. In its original complaint in Case No.
06-853C, the dumpster case, plaintiff also sought $1,800,000.00. In its first amended
complaint in the dumpster case, plaintiff sought $1,946,721.78.155 In its second
amended complaint in the dumpster case, plaintiff now seeks $780,031.63.156
153
    Plaintiff sought 1,416,360.000 KD in lost profits, 156,607.611 KD in preparatory
expenses, legal fees, costs incurred in preparing a settlement of plaintiff’s claims, and
interest. Plaintiff did not convert the amounts to USD.
154
      Plaintiff now seeks $2,724,795.96 in lost profits, $91,978.74 in preparatory
expenses, $13,887.50 in fees and other costs, plus prejudgment interest, costs of
litigation and attorneys’ fees.
155
   Plaintiff sought $1,457,619.72 in lost profits, $489,102.06 in preparatory expenses,
legal fees, costs incurred in preparing the settlement of the claims, and interest.
156
   Plaintiff asserts in its second amended complaint in the dumpster case that it seeks
$780,131.63, but the total of the various amounts listed by plaintiff is only $780,031.63.

                                            165
         As indicated above, the majority of the testimony at trial addressed the award of
the contracts, the alleged security incident, the hiring of Ms. Blake, Saud Al Tawash’s
relationship with Mr. Cockerham, and the inflated claims. Little testimony at trial
specifically addressed the denied elements of Gulf Group’s 2007 latrine contract and
dumpster contract claims before Mr. Libbey. Moreover, plaintiff’s exhibits at trial on the
costs Gulf Group incurred in performing the latrine contract for a brief period of time
included only a handful of unclear charts, spreadsheets, and a handful of invoices or
records. In addition, only a small number of the joint exhibits offer any support for the
specific claims after the contracting officer’s final decision on the latrine contract claim.
The most specific information is included in the 2011 notice for the latrine case, in which
plaintiff indicates: “Pursuant to the Court’s Order dated December 9, 2010, Gulf Group
General Enterprises, Co. W.L.L. hereby submits its revised claim together with
supporting documents and an explanation of the reasons for the revisions.” The 2011
notice for the latrine claim, included as a joint exhibit at trial, included a chart similar to
the one included for the 2011 notice for the camp package BPA claim. The chart for the
latrine contract claim listed thirty-three individual claims, reducing the revised amount
for thirteen claims, removing eight individual claims, listing no change for nine individual
claims, and submitting three entirely new claims. Plaintiff included the identical forms,
purchase orders, checks, and invoices included in the original 2005 Claim and
Settlement Offer to Mr. Cockerham with the 2011 notice.

        Plaintiff also did not identify the differences in its costs in the 2011 notice for the
latrine claim and the second amended complaint on the latrine contract from the
amounts awarded by Mr. Libbey in his May 21, 2007 contracting officer’s final decision.
In his contracting officer’s final decision on the latrine contract claim, Mr. Libbey wrote:

       I determine Gulf Group is entitled to one month of contract performance.
       Actual performance was less than one month, but I believe Gulf Group
       incurred costs on at least a monthly basis; therefore, a full month of
       contract performance represents the percentage of the contract performed
       before contract termination. Gulf Group is entitled to $149,285.71, for one
       month’s performance plus interest. I believe this [sic] a fair and
       reasonable settlement.

In a footnote, Mr. Libbey stated: “This amount is one month of service for 400 latrines as
proposed by Gulf Group and is not the erroneous amount noted in footnote 1 above.”
Mr. Libbey appears to have misinterpreted the price of the contract by not relying on the
price as it appears in the contract in reaching his decision on the latrine contract.
Plaintiff did not make an effort to segregate what, according to Mr. Libbey, would have
been covered by one month’s worth of performance, $149,285.71, instead claiming

Plaintiff seeks $483,322.42 in lost profits, $282,871.71 for preparatory expenses,
$13,837.50 for fees and other costs, prejudgment interest, costs of litigation and
attorneys’ fees.

                                             166
$91,978.736.157 Moreover, plaintiff did not draw a nexus between each of the revised
claim amounts and the supporting documentation attached to the claim.

       The testimony at trial by Saud Al Tawash also did not specifically link any of the
claimed amounts to actual, documented expenditures by Gulf Group made in
connection with preparing to perform the latrine contract. For example, on cross
examination, regarding the purchase of latrines referred to in the 2011 second revised
claim, and included as supporting documentation attached to that claim, Saud Al
Tawash testified:

      Q: This is the Joint Exhibit 85 which is the revised claim with regard to the
      latrines which was filed with the court in January of this year?

      A: Yes. sir.

      Q: This reduces the amount of latrines purchased?

      A: Yes, fir [sic]. From 600 to 400 latrines.

      Q: Reducing the amount from the initial claim column from 52,000 dinars
      to 37,000 dinars?

      A: Reducing the preparatory expenses from the summary of the initial-
      claim to this revision.

      Q: On the second page, page 1878, you also reduced the –

      A: The adjustment like air freight, custom duty, freight forwarding charges.
      Based on a pro rata. They took the amount of the invoice of 600, they
      prorated it on 400 and they submitted those bills in here, sir.

      Q: At the bottom of this the amount is reduced from – There’s mitigation
      again?

      A: Yes. We were able to sell a lot of these latrines, not all of them, we still
      have some stuck in Kuwait, but we sold a lot of them and we almost got
      the full value, remarkably, from the sale of them. And this, I think if I add it
      up I think we got close to 78,000 KD. That’s quarter million dollars worth
      of mitigation efforts. We put ads in paper and sold them. These latrines
      are very hard to sell in Kuwait because they’re spec’d out for military in
      that region of the world. We had issues trying to sell them, but we were
      lucky that we have been able to get this in the mitigation effort.

157
   Plaintiff’s 2011 notice for the latrine claim rounded to three decimal places in
converting between Kuwaiti dinars and United States dollars.

                                            167
       This testimony was representative of Saud Al Tawash’s testimony on the specific
claims on the latrine contract. As noted above, Saud Al Tawash was able to note the
difference in the amount of certain items from the original claims and the 2011 notices,
but was not able to offer support for the costs alleged. Instead, the testimony was often
a recitation of the items listed in the 2011 notice for the latrine claim, rather than a
substantiation of the supporting documents. Moreover, a large portion of Saud Al
Tawash’s testimony regarding the specific claims on the latrine and dumpster contracts
was driven by explaining why Gulf Group, Saud Al Tawash as the General Manager of
Gulf Group, and Gulf Group’s attorneys submitted the particular claims filed and
complaints filed.

        Like the camp package BPA claim, however, defendant appears to have
conceded that plaintiff incurred all of the costs that plaintiff identified in its 2011 notice in
its performance for the latrine contract. Defendant stipulated that “Gulf Group
purchased a total of 600 latrines, 400 of which were for use in the performance of
Contract No. W912-D1-04-P-0932.” Defendant also stated in post-trial brief that Gulf
Group actually incurred costs in the amount of 94,047.000 KD in its performance of the
latrine contract, which was well above the 25,757.137 KD that plaintiff claimed to have
incurred in its 2011 notice. Defendant apparently treated the approximate costs that
plaintiff deducted as a result of its mitigation efforts as costs that plaintiff incurred in its
performance of the contract. Defendant also did not demonstrate that plaintiff failed to
adequately mitigate its costs. See Koby v. United States, 53 Fed. Cl. 493, 497 (2002)
(citations omitted). In fact, the record indicates that plaintiff made efforts to mitigate its
costs. Defendant’s failure to rebut plaintiff’s claims with respect to the costs plaintiff
incurred in its performance of the latrine contract is problematic.

        Similarly, because little testimony at trial specifically addressed the denied
elements of Gulf Group’s 2007 dumpster claim, and because plaintiff’s trial exhibits on
the costs it incurred in performing the dumpster contract for a brief period of time
included only a small number of unclear charts, spreadsheets, and a handful of invoices
or records, and only one or two of the joint exhibits offer any support for the specific
claims after the contracting officer’s final decision on the dumpster contract claim, the
most specific, relevant information may come from the 2011 notice on the dumpster
claim. In the 2011 notice of filing of revised claims, plaintiff indicates: “Gulf Group
General Enterprises, Co. W.L.L. hereby submits its revised claim together with
supporting documents and an explanation of the reasons for the revisions.” The 2011
notice for the dumpster contract, included as a joint exhibit at trial, contained a chart
similar to the 2011 notices for the camp package BPA and latrine claims. The chart for
the dumpster claim listed nineteen individual claims, removing one claim, reducing the
revised amount for five claims, listing no change for four individual claims, and
submitting nine entirely new individual claims. Plaintiff included the identical forms,
purchase orders, checks, and invoices included in the original 2005 Claim and
Settlement Offer to Mr. Cockerham with the 2011 notice.158 Plaintiff also did not identify
the differences in its costs in the 2011 notice and the second amended complaint for the
158
   Plaintiff’s 2011 notice also included summaries of payments to various employees
not included in the original claim.

                                              168
dumpster contract from the amounts awarded by Mr. Libbey in its May 21, 2007
contracting officer’s final decision.

      In his contracting officer’s final decision on the dumpster contract claims, Mr.
Libbey wrote:

      I determine Gulf Group is entitled to one month of contract performance.
      Actual performance was less than one month, but I believe Gulf Group
      incurred costs on at least a monthly basis; therefore, a full month of
      contract performance represents the percentage of the contract performed
      before contract termination. Gulf Group is entitled to $57,833.00, for one
      month’s performance plus interest. I believe this [sic] a fair and
      reasonable settlement.

Plaintiff did not make an effort to segregate what, according to Mr. Libbey, would have
been covered by one month’s worth of performance, the $57,833.00, instead claiming
$214,002.427.159 Moreover, as with the latrine contract claim, plaintiff was unable to
draw a nexus between each of the revised claim amounts and the supporting
documentation attached to the claim. Testimony at trial by Saud Al Tawash also did not
specifically link any of the claimed amounts to actual, documented expenditures by Gulf
Group. For example, on direct examination regarding the purchase of compactors
referred to in the 2011 notice, and included as supporting documentation attached to
that notice, Saud Al Tawash testified:

      Q: What is this document that we see on page 1116 [an exhibit attached
      to plaintiff’s 2011 notice on the dumpster contract claim]?

      A: This is the company that does the steel fabrications called Malika
      Factory Steel Works. They manufacture dumpsters, and they’re what we
      call in the industry body builder.

      Q: Okay. And are they invoicing you for any particular equipment,
      service? What is this for?

      A: Yeah, this is the garbage compactor maintenance. The referred the
      hydraulics, change hoses oil seals, jacks. This is just an invoice for the
      garbage compactor to be installed on the trucks.

      Q: And was this a used compactor or a new compactor? Why did it need
      service?

      A: Because we bought used compactors. They’re international trucks, and
      they were the type of trucks that were approved to be used for this

159
    Plaintiff’s 2011 notice for the dumpster contract claim rounded to three decimal
places in converting between Kuwaiti dinars and United States dollars.

                                         169
       contract. They’re American trucks, and they had American compactors
       manufactured by Hill Industries.

This was the sum-total of the testimony on the compactors by Saud Al Tawash, who
offered the most in-depth testimony on the specific dumpster claims. For the next item
on the 2011 notice, the red 20-cubic meter dumpsters, the entirety of Saud Al Tawash’s
testimony was:

       Q: All right, so turn to the next page 1118 [an exhibit attached to plaintiff’s
       2011 notice on the dumpster contract claim]. If you can tell us, what is
       this?

       A: This is an invoice for the 20-cubic meter dumpsters painted in red
       which is the Gulf Group identity. Every contractor had a different color like
       some of them are blue. Some of the other contractors have yellow. Our
       color was red for Gulf Group, and the Malika that has manufactured the
       dumpsters for us and painted them in the red color. And the first line item
       is for the dumpsters. The second line item is for six-cubic meter
       dumpsters, 230. And the third line item is the hooks for the trucks for roll
       on, roll off. These are the mechanical mechanism that we installed on the
       chassis truck to haul away the 20-cubic meter dumpster.

       Q: And is this an invoice for the purchase of these items that Gulf Group
       made?

       A: Yes ma’am.

       Q: All right.

        As with the camp package BPA claim and the latrine claim, however, the
government appears to have conceded that plaintiff incurred all of the costs that plaintiff
identified in its 2011 notice regarding its performance of the dumpster contract.
Defendant stipulated, for example, that “Gulf Group paid Abdul Hameed Salem (‘AHS’)
12,000 kd for the service to the 6cm dumpsters and 990 kd for the service to the 20 cm
dumpsters by its subcontractor in the performance of Contract No. W912DI-04-P-0897.”
Defendant also stated in its post-trial brief that Gulf Group actually incurred costs in the
amount of 80,467.871 KD in its performance of the dumpster contract, which was well
above the 59,927.871 KD that plaintiff claimed to have incurred in its 2011 notice.
Defendant apparently treated 68,910.000 KD of costs that plaintiff deducted as a result
of its mitigation efforts as costs that plaintiff incurred in its performance of the contract.
Defendant also did not demonstrate that plaintiff failed to adequately mitigate its costs.
See Koby v. United States, 53 Fed. Cl. at 497 (citations omitted).

       In contrast to Gulf Group’s minimal effort to prove the amount of costs it incurred
in performance of the latrine and dumpster contracts, Gulf Group has presented the
court with a more understandable and complete explanation of its lost profits claims with

                                            170
respect to the latrine and dumpster contracts. As noted above, it is the obligation of the
court to find recovery for a party who has suffered a breach if the measure of damages
can be reasonably certain. See AmBase Corp. v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 548, 572
(2011). When a plaintiff seeks expectancy damages, like lost profits, the plaintiff must
present the court with sufficient “record evidence” to “perform the necessary comparison
between the breach and non-breach worlds.” See Yankee Atomic Elec. Co. v. United
States, 536 F.3d 1268, 1273 (Fed. Cir. 2008); see also Stockton E. Water Dist. v.
United States, 109 Fed. Cl. 760, 785 (2013); Stockton E. Water Dist. v. United States,
109 Fed. Cl. 460, 485 (2013). “To recover lost profits for breach of contract, the plaintiff
must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the lost profits were
reasonably foreseeable or actually foreseen by the breaching party at the time of
contracting; (2) the loss of profits was caused by the breach; and (3) the amount of the
lost profits has been established with reasonable certainty.” Anchor Sav. Bank, FSB v.
United States, 597 F.3d 1356, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citations omitted).

       Lost profits are legally foreseeable only if, at the time that the contract was
       entered into, (1) the loss was natural and inevitable upon the breach so
       that the defaulting party may be presumed from all the circumstances to
       have foreseen it; or (2) if the breach resulted in lost profits because of
       some special circumstances, those circumstances must have been known
       to the defaulting party at the time the contract was entered into.

See Precision Pine & Timber, Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 460, 480 (2006) (citing
Chain Belt Co. v. United States, 127 Ct. Cl. 38, 58, 115 F. Supp. 701, 714 (1953)),
recons., 81 Fed. Cl. 235 (2007), and recons. in part, 81 Fed. Cl. 733 (2008), aff’d in
part, rev’d in part, 596 F.3d 817 (Fed. Cir.), and reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed.
Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 997 (2011). The breaching party is not required to
be absolutely certain that the non-breaching party would suffer the damages at issue as
a result of the breach. See Restatement (Second) Contracts § 351 cmt. a (“It is
enough, however, that the loss was foreseeable as a probable, as distinguished from a
necessary, result of his [or her] breach.”). In contrast, “the causal connection between
the breach and the loss of profits must be ‘definitely established.’” See Cal. Fed. Bank
v. United States, 395 F.3d 1263, 1268 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). When
analyzing anticipatory profit, however, “it must be ‘definitely established’ that without the
government’s breach there would have been a profit.” See Hi-Shear Tech. Corp. v.
United States, 356 F.3d at 1379 (quoting Cal. Fed. Bank, FSB v. United States, 245
F.3d 1342, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1113 (2002)). “‘Certainty [of
damages] is sufficient if the evidence adduced enables the court to make a fair and
reasonable approximation of the damages,’” which permits the court to examine
“‘probable and inferential as well as direct and positive proof.’” Energy Capital Corp. v.
United States, 302 F.3d 1314, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (quoting Locke v. United States,
141 Ct. Cl. 262, 267–68, 283 F.2d 521, 524 (1960)), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 2002)
(alteration in original). If a plaintiff presents enough proof to allow a court to make a fair
and reasonable approximation of damages, a defendant’s reliance on cross-
examination to attack the credibility of witnesses while offering “no evidence to counter
Plaintiff’s testimony and exhibits” may not be sufficient to rebut the plaintiff’s

                                            171
demonstration of an entitlement to expectancy damages. See Richmond Am. Homes of
Colo., Inc. v. United States, 80 Fed. Cl. 656, 662 (2008), appeal dismissed, 352 F.
App’x 421 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Expert testimony cannot demonstrate reasonable certainty
of damages without “‘an adequate foundation in the facts of the case.’” See First Fed.
Lincoln Bank v. United States, 518 F.3d 1308, 1320 (Fed. Cir.) (quoting Genmoora
Corp. v. Moore Bus. Forms, Inc., 939 F.2d 1149, 1157 (5th Cir.), reh’g (5th Cir.), and
mandate clarified (5th Cir. 1991)), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2008).
Expert testimony, however, is a viable means of establishing lost profits with reasonable
certainty if supported by the evidence. See Energy Capital Corp. v. United States, 302
F.3d at 1327 (citations omitted) (citing decisions that affirmed the award of lost profits
for new ventures based on expert testimony). With respect to anticipatory lost profits,
judges have “considerable leeway” in determining the reliability of an expert’s testimony.
See Loeffel Steel Prods., Inc. v. Delta Brands, Inc., 387 F. Supp. 2d 794, 803 n.7 (N.D.
Ill. 2005) (citation omitted).

         Although a termination for convenience generally does not entitle a contractor to
anticipatory profits, a termination for convenience “tainted by bad faith or an abuse of
contracting discretion,” Krygoski Constr. Co. v. United States, 94 F.3d at 1541, which
amounts to a breach of contract, may entitle a plaintiff to expectancy damages. Id. at
1545. In support of its claims for lost profits, plaintiff offered the testimony of Terry
Carlson, qualified as an expert in government contract accounting, with experience
working for the Defense Contract Audit Agency, as well as for private companies. Mr.
Carlson testified that he had reviewed a spreadsheet prepared by Gulf Group’s
accounting department, which delineated the amount Gulf Group was to receive under
the latrine and dumpster contracts, line items for each cost that Gulf Group expected to
incur in performing the latrine and dumpster contracts, as well as Gulf Group’s expected
profit over the base periods and each option period for the latrine and dumpster
contracts. Mr. Carlson also reviewed the latrine and dumpster contracts, schedules
prepared by Gulf Group, depositions that were taken in the above-captioned cases, Gulf
Group’s claims to the contracting officer, as well as its complaints, and the contracting
officer’s findings with respect to the termination of the latrine and dumpster contracts.
Plaintiff’s expert testified that he suggested changes to Gulf Group’s lost profits
calculation, including the correction of errors in plaintiff’s initial calculation of its
expenses. In helping plaintiff to revise its initial calculation of lost profits, plaintiff’s
expert testified that he also reviewed available documentation of projected expenses.
Mr. Carlson testified that he accounted for deficiencies in plaintiff’s accounting system
by individually reviewing invoices in support of each cost listed by plaintiff. Plaintiff’s
expert also testified that plaintiff had properly calculated the depreciation of plaintiff’s
assets. Although plaintiff’s expert testified that business practices in Kuwait prevented
him from calculating depreciation in a traditional manner, he counseled plaintiff and
Saud Al Tawash on calculating depreciation of assets based on “a reasonable useful
life” of the assets at issue. After reviewing plaintiff’s documentation, and accounting for
deficiencies in plaintiff’s accounting system, plaintiff’s expert testified that he was
reasonably certain that plaintiff’s final lost profits calculation was accurate. Plaintiff’s
expert ultimately concluded that the spreadsheet prepared by Gulf Group reflected “the
difference between the revenue that they expected and the expected costs to perform,”

                                            172
which amounted to “the profit that they would have incurred had they been allowed to
perform the contract as they had planned.”160

        On cross-examination, defendant primarily highlighted that Mr. Carlson had relied
on discussions with Saud Al Tawash and an individual from Gulf Group’s accounting
department to determine a reasonable approximation for the useful life of Gulf Group’s
assets, that plaintiff’s expert mostly reviewed invoices, rather than cancelled checks to
determine plaintiff’s projected costs, and plaintiff’s asserted entitlement to compensation
relating to option periods not exercised by the government. Although defendant had
indicated to the court that it intended to call a certified public accountant in response to
plaintiff’s expert, after hearing the testimony presented by plaintiff’s expert, Mr. Carlson,
defendant informed the court that it did not “need” to present expert testimony related to
plaintiff’s lost profits calculation.

        As indicated above, the court disagrees with plaintiff’s expert, Mr. Carlson, that
plaintiff is entitled to lost profits for each unexercised option period, but plaintiff has
established that defendant is liable for damages arising out of its breach of contract
during the base period of the latrine and dumpster contracts. See Krygoski Constr. Co.
v. United States, 94 F.3d at 1541, 1545. “In cases where the responsibility for damage
is clear…‘it is enough if the evidence adduced is sufficient to enable a court or jury to
make a fair and reasonable approximation.’” See Hughes Commc’ns Galaxy, Inc. v.
United States, 47 Fed. Cl. at 239 (quoting S.W. Elecs. & Mfg. Corp. v. United States,
228 Ct. Cl. at 351, 655 F.2d at 1088 (citation omitted)). Plaintiff calculated its lost profits
directly from the subject matter of the contract, which plaintiff presumably entered into
for the purpose of making a profit, establishing a link between plaintiff’s losses and
defendant’s breach, and indicating that it was foreseeable that lost profits would be a
probable result of defendant’s breach. See Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. United States, 88
F.3d 1012, 1023 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied, in banc suggestion declined (Fed. Cir. 1996),
cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1116 (1997). Moreover, the testimony of plaintiff’s expert and his
supporting documentation, as well as plaintiff’s documentation of costs, indicate that the
final calculation of lost profits that plaintiff presented to the court constitutes a projection
of the “‘fair and reasonable approximation of the damages’” plaintiff suffered, which
satisfies the requirement that plaintiff prove its lost profits with reasonable certainty.
See Energy Capital Corp. v. United States, 302 F.3d at 1329 (quoting Locke v. United
States, 141 Ct. Cl. at 267–68, 283 F.2d at 524).

160
    The spreadsheet prepared by Gulf Group inaccurately indicates that the base period
of the latrine contract was from September 2, 2004 to January 1, 2005. The base
period of the latrine contract, which was awarded on September 28, 2004, actually was
from September 28, 2004 to January 21, 2005. Mr. Carlson confirmed at trial that the
lost profits associated with the inaccurate time period reflected in the spreadsheet
prepared by Gulf Group correspond to the base period of the latrine contract.
Defendant did not challenge the inaccurate time period listed in the spreadsheet and the
time periods listed in plaintiff’s calculation of lost profits for the latrine contract. The
spreadsheet accurately reflects the base period of the dumpster contract and the period
of performance for the camp package BPA call for Camp Buehring.

                                             173
       Although plaintiff claims lost profits for both the latrine and dumpster contracts,
and the evidence plaintiff presented allows the court to make a fair and reasonable
approximation of the plaintiff’s profit and losses, the evidence before the court indicates
that plaintiff would have made a profit on the dumpster contract only if defendant had
exercised the option periods to the dumpster contract. The testimony of plaintiff’s
expert and supporting documentation indicate that plaintiff would have obtained profits
during the base period of the latrine contract, but that plaintiff would have suffered a
loss during the base period of the dumpster contract. Plaintiff, therefore, is entitled to
lost profits as a result of defendant’s termination of the latrine contract only in the
amount of 92,443.724 KD, which is the amount endorsed by plaintiff’s expert, Mr.
Carlson, as well as interest on that amount.

        That plaintiff would not have made a profit on the dumpster contract, however,
does not preclude plaintiff from recovering the costs it incurred in preparing to perform
the contract as a result of defendant’s breach. A measure of damages that allows a
non-breaching party to incur the full amount of costs incurred in preparing to perform a
contract “‘rests on the premise that the injured party’s reliance interest is no greater than
the party’s expectation interest.’” See Bausch & Lomb Inc. v. Bressler, 977 F.2d 720,
729 (2d Cir. 1992) (quoting 3 Farnsworth, Farnsworth on Contracts § 12.16, at 265 (2d
ed. 1990)) (applying New York law). It is “generally recognized that reliance damages
should not exceed plaintiff’s expectancy interest.” See Citizens Fin. Servs., FSB v.
United States, 57 Fed. Cl. 64, 70 n.5, clarified on denial of recons., 59 Fed. Cl. 27
(2003). When a non-breaching party seeks to recover costs incurred in preparing to
perform a contract, and the non-breaching party would have ultimately incurred a loss in
performing the contract, “it is open to the party in breach to prove the amount of the
loss, to the extent that he [or she] can do so with reasonably certainty[,]…and have it
subtracted from the injured party’s damages.” Restatement (Second) Contracts § 349
cmt. a. Accordingly, “[i]f the breaching party establishes that the plaintiff’s losses upon
full performance would have equaled or exceeded its reliance expenditures, the plaintiff
will recover nothing under a reliance theory.” See Bausch & Lomb Inc. v. Bressler, 977
F.2d at 729; see also Westfed Holdings, Inc. v. United States, 52 Fed. Cl. 135, 155
(2002) (noting that the Restatement (Second) of Contracts “permits a reliance recovery
to be offset by losses that would have been sustained had the contract been fully
performed….” (citing L. Albert & Son v. Armstrong Rubber Co., 178 F.2d 182, 189 (2d
Cir. 1949) (“[O]n those occasions in which the performance would not have covered the
promisee’s outlay, such a result [the recovery of expenses] imposes the risk of the
promisee’s contract upon the promisor…. On principle therefore the proper solution
would seem to be that the promise may recover his outlay in preparation for the
performance, subject to the privilege of the promisor to reduce it by as much as he can
show that the promise would have lost, if the contract had been performed.”))); see
generally Am. Capital Corp. v. United States, 63 Fed. Cl. 637 (taking into account the
plaintiff’s expected net losses in calculating the plaintiff’s reliance interest), recons. in
unrelated part, 65 Fed. Cl. 241 (2005).161 Here, the record demonstrates that plaintiff
161
     The court notes that, although established by case law and recognized by the
Restatement (Second) of Contracts, the principle that the court should deduct from
reliance damages any loss that the non-breaching party would have incurred had the

                                            174
expected to incur a loss in performing the dumpster contract. The court, therefore,
applies the generally accepted principle of reducing plaintiff’s reliance damages
resulting from defendant’s breach of contract by the value of the loss that plaintiff
expected to incur in performing the contract, entitling plaintiff to 47,881.664 KD, plus
interest.162

        Although plaintiff seeks lost profits in addition to preparatory expenses, plaintiff
has not demonstrated that it is entitled to costs in addition to lost profits on its latrine
contract claims. Plaintiff cites United States v. Behan for the proposition that it can
recover costs it incurred in performing the latrine and dumpster contracts, as well as lost
profits. See United States v. Behan, 110 U.S. 338 (1884). In United States v. Behan,
the United States Supreme Court stated while discussing lost profits that “it would seem
to be quite clear that the claimant ought at least to be made whole for his [or her] losses
and expenditures.” See id. at 344. Even Gulf Group recognizes, however, the plaintiff
in United States v. Behan failed to prove entitlement to lost profits, and therefore,
pursued its costs as an alternative measure of damages. See id. at 342–43. The
Supreme Court recognized that “losses...may consist of two heads of classes of
damage—actual outlay and anticipated profits.” Id. at 345. The Supreme Court also
recognized, however, that these classes of damages are generally pursued in the
alternative. See id. If a plaintiff chooses to pursue lost profits, then the ordinary rule of
damages being measured by “‘the difference between the cost of doing the work and
what he has to receive for it’” applies. Id. The Supreme Court’s holding in United
States v. Behan, therefore, applied the established principle that recovery of a form of
expectancy damages generally precludes recovery of reliance damages. See
Restatement (Second) Contracts § 349 (noting that “[a]s an alternative” to expectation
damages, “the injured party has a right to damages based on his reliance interest,
including expenditures made in preparation for performance or in performance, less any
loss that the party in breach can prove with reasonable certainty the injured party would
have suffered had the contract been performed.”); see also Stovall v. United States, 94

contract been fully performed is “unrelated to putting the plaintiff back in the position he
or she would have occupied if the contract had not been made.” See Westfed Holdings,
Inc. v. United States, 52 Fed. Cl. at 155 (citing L. Albert & Son v. Armstrong Rubber
Co., 178 F.2d at 189); Christopher T. Wonnell, 38 San Diego L. Rev. 53, 114 (2001),
Expectation, Reliance, and the Two Contractual Wrongs (noting that the reduction of a
non-breaching party’s expected loss in performing a contract from the expenditures that
the non-breaching party made in preparing to perform the contract is a “hybrid remedy
of ‘reliance limited by expectation’ which seems to be justifiable neither by reliance nor
expectation theory.”).
162
    The court would likely reach the same result if it were to determine Gulf Group’s
recovery arose from defendant’s termination of the dumpster contract for convenience,
rather than from defendant’s breach of the dumpster contract. The FAR permits Gulf
Group to recover expenses it incurred in preparing to perform the dumpster contract.
See 48 C.F.R. § 52.249–2(g)(2)(i) (2005). The FAR also accounts for losses, see, e.g.,
48 C.F.R. § 49.203 (2005), and recovery in such situations is a form of reliance
damages. See Hi-Shear Tech. Corp. v. United States, 356 F.3d at 1383.

                                            175
Fed. Cl. 336, 354 n.20 (2010) (noting that the recovery of both measures of damage is
theoretically possible, but that the “plaintiff must demonstrate that there is no double-
counting in his [or her] pursuit of expectation and reliance damages”); Dolmatch Grp.,
Ltd. v. United States, 40 Fed. Cl. 431, 440 (1998) (“Plaintiff cannot recover both
expectancy and reliance damages on the same transaction.” (citation omitted)). Plaintiff
is precluded from recovering expenditures that would likely factor into the calculation of
plaintiff’s lost profits. In addition, as indicated above with respect to Gulf Group’s claim
for attorneys’ fees in connection with defendant’s termination of the camp package BPA,
plaintiff is similarly precluded from recovering costs incurred in preparation of its 2005
Claim and Settlement Offers for the latrine and dumpster contracts because the 2005
submissions to the contracting officer were without factual or legal basis.

       In sum, the court finds that defendant breached both plaintiff’s latrine contract
and dumpster contract in terminating both contracts without establishing a legitimate
basis for doing so. The court finds that plaintiff is entitled to lost profits as a result of
defendant’s breach of the latrine contract, in the amount of 92,443.724 KD, plus
interest. In addition, due to defendant’s concession that plaintiff incurred costs in
preparing to perform the dumpster contract, plaintiff is entitled to the amount claimed in
its 2011 notice in the dumpster claim, less the loss that plaintiff expected to incur in
performing the base period of the contract, or 47,881.664 KD, plus interest.

IV.    The Bottled Water BPA Demurrage Claim

       On September 28, 2004, Maj. Davis awarded the bottled water BPA to Gulf
Group for the provision of bottled water to the Army. Although Mr. Cockerham was the
contract specialist, he was not a warranted contracting officer at the time the bottled
water BPA was awarded. He also was not a member of the Contract Review Board that
reviewed the offers for the bottled water BPA. Nonetheless, Mr. Cockerham is listed as
the contracting officer in the Contract Review Board Memorandum. The base period of
performance for the bottled water BPA was September 28, 2004 through September 28,
2006. The bottled water BPA called for the supply and delivery of bottled water to
locations in Kuwait and Iraq. The BPA master dollar limit on the contract was
$10,000,000.00, and the BPA call limit was $7,000,000.00.

        Modification P00001 to the bottled water BPA, signed on December 20, 2005 by
Mr. Cockerham, deleted the original $10,000,000.00 BPA limit and extended the period
of performance end date from September 28, 2006 to September 7, 2008. The final
bottled water BPA call in the record is call No. 0011, dated July 31, 2005. The period of
performance for call No. 0011 was July 31, 2005 to September 2005. The parties
stipulated that the Army made nine payments to Gulf Group under nine different BPA
calls, the final payment pursuant to call No. 0011. The parties also have stipulated that
the nine payments totaled 2,762,543.767 KD, or $9,865,043.79, using a 1.000 KD to
3.571 USD conversion rate. Each BPA call and call modification included in the Joint
Exhibits provides for a delivery time. For example, call No. 0002 had calls for
“approximately 40,920 cases per week for 4 weeks,” and call No. 00202 had calls for
“approximately 18,750 cases per week for 4 weeks.”

                                            176
        In its second amended complaint in the bottled water BPA case, plaintiff refers to
the following language incorporated by reference into the bottled water BPA: “The
Government shall not be liable for any delivery, storage, demurrage, accessorial, or
other charges involved before the actual delivery (or ‘constructive placement’ as defined
in carrier tariffs) of the supplies to the destination, unless such charges are caused by
an act or order of the Government acting in its contractual capacity.” Plaintiff claims that
this language renders the “Government liable for reimbursement of extra expenses
incurred for delays when the delay is attributable or caused by an act or order of the
Government in its contractual capacity.”

      Plaintiff also alleges that, under § 205 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts:
“Every contract imposes upon each party a duty of good faith and fair dealing in its
performance and its enforcement.” Plaintiff continues:

       Accordingly, by virtue of its decision to delay the convoys and the return of
       Gulf Group’s trucks, in accordance with the principle articulated in §205 of
       the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, the Government is required to
       compensate Gulf Group fully and place Gulf Group in the same position it
       would have been, had there been no delays by the convoys, including
       reimbursement for the demurrage incurred by Gulf Group which is the
       subject of this litigation, plus interest.

       Plaintiff’s second amended complaint in the bottled water BPA case, Case No.
07-82C, further alleges “[t]he delays experienced by the Army convoys for Gulf Group’s
trucks were not attributable to Gulf Group but were entirely attributable to the U.S.
Government.” In the joint stipulation of facts, however, the parties agree that some of
the delays were caused by religious holidays and IEDs, in addition to those that may
have been caused by the government. The parties, however, do not agree on the
cause of all the delay claims filed by plaintiff or as to which delays should have been
anticipated by plaintiff under the terms of the contract.

       The parties stipulated that:

       The convoy requirement was necessary for security purposes, i.e., to
       protect people and supplies because of hostilities in Iraq which resulted in
       people being killed or injured and supplies and equipment being lost. The
       convoy was also necessary to ensure the actual and prompt delivery of
       supplies by Government contractors. Delivery trucks traveling in military
       convoys were delayed at various times because of a variety of reasons
       including improvised explosive devices and observance of religious
       holidays by Iraqi nationals. Additionally, the delays occasionally were
       caused by the Government not having sufficient escorts. There was no
       agreement between Gulf Group and the Government to use some or all of
       Gulf Group’s trucks that delivered bottled water to camps in Iraq, to
       transport military equipment back to Kuwait on their return trips from Iraq.

                                            177
(emphasis in original; internal citations and stipulation numbers removed).

      The bottled water BPA included the following “Special Instructions:”

      Purchased For: US Army Various Locations in Kuwait and Iraq. Surface to
      some of the locations are unimproved which could cause delays in
      deliveries. Contractor shall do everything possible to ensure deliveries are
      made on time. The contractor is liable for all equipment and personnel
      necessary to deliver to the proper quantities. The US Military is not liable
      for damages caused to transportation assets or equipment necessary to
      deliver the items.

      Personnel to contact for directions and access to various locations are as
      follows:

      MAJ Banks:163 968-4819
      CPT Sharp:164 970-5952

       The bottled water BPA also incorporated by reference 48 C.F.R. § 52.247-34,
“F.o.b. Destination,” which states, in part:

      (a) The term f.o.b. destination, as used in this clause, means--

      (1) Free of expense to the Government, on board the carrier’s
      conveyance, at a specified delivery point where the consignee’s facility
      (plant, warehouse, store, lot, or other location to which shipment can be
      made) is located; and

      (2) Supplies shall be delivered to the destination consignee’s wharf (if
      destination is a port city and supplies are for export), warehouse unloading
      platform, or receiving dock, at the expense of the Contractor. The
      Government shall not be liable for any delivery, storage, demurrage,
      accessorial, or other charges involved before the actual delivery (or
      “constructive placement” as defined in carrier tariffs) or the supplies to the
      destination, unless such charges are caused by an act or order of the
      Government acting in its contractual capacity. If rail carrier is used,
      supplies shall be delivered to the specified unloading platform of the
163
   As noted above, according to the parties’ joint stipulation of facts, “Major Banks was
the chief of the bottled water branch until October 2004, when she was replaced by LTC
Derrick Shoemake,” who was the chief of the bottled water branch at Camp Arifjan
during April 2005. Mr. Shoemake pled guilty in June 2011 to two counts of bribery, and
was subsequently sentenced to forty-one months in prison.
164
    As noted above, Capt. Sharp was Maj. Banks’ deputy at the time the “Special
Instructions” were issued.

                                           178
       consignee. If motor carrier (including “piggyback”) is used, supplies shall
       be delivered to truck tailgate at the unloading platform of the consignee,
       except when the supplies delivered meet the requirements of Item 568 of
       the National Motor Freight Classification for “heavy or bulky freight.” When
       supplies meeting the requirements of the referenced Item 568 are
       delivered, unloading (including movement to the tailgate) shall be
       performed by the consignee, with assistance from the truck driver, if
       requested. If the contractor uses rail carrier or freight forwarder for less
       than carload shipments, the contractor shall ensure that the carrier will
       furnish tailgate delivery, when required, if transfer to truck is required to
       complete delivery to consignee.

48 C.F.R. § 52.247-34(a) (1991).

        Defendant contends that the military convoy requirement was not contractual
because the clause merely provided contact information for Army officers as to “whom a
contractor may contact for information.” According to Saud Al Tawash, the Army
officers Gulf Group contacted gave them convoy numbers, and he understood from the
Army officers’ direction that it was a requirement to travel in convoys.165 Megbel Al
Tawash also understood that there was a military convoy requirement and testified, in
response to the question, “[a]nd how did you know that you [Gulf Group] were required
to move in military convoys?” “Because I had spoken to Major, well he’s Lieutenant
Colonel now, Major Shoemake. He said it was the vitality of the water as a sent com166
via item it had to be escorted in, so nobody should tamper with it or, God knows you
shouldn’t play with it, you know?” According to Megbel Al Tawash, Gulf Group obtained
the convoy information from Mr. Shoemake, Sgt. Mentor, or Sgt. Brooks via email or,
most often, by telephone. Megbel Al Tawash also stated that Gulf Group could not
have moved without convoys.

       When asked, “[c]ould Gulf Group have gone into Iraq with the bottled water
trucks on its own without the military convoys?” Bobby Wilson, Gulf Group’s Project
Manager in Kuwait, similarly testified, “[n]o,” and in response to the question “[a]nd why
do you say that,” Mr. Wilson replied “Because water is a sensitive item. It’s a food item
and that has to be under military control and at that time too, there were still a lot of the
scare and whatnot over biological weapons, chemical warfare and whatnot and if you
showed up at a front gate of an army base unescorted with truck loads of water, you’re
probably going to be shot.” Mr. Wilson also stated that all of the bottled water
165
   Saud Al Tawash also testified, however, that he had traveled without a military escort
for another company, which managed the United States Program for Iraqi
Reconstruction in 2003-2004. It is not clear whether the alleged requirement to travel in
convoys had been imposed at that time and there is no indication that the merchandise
which was being transported was water or food, for which there were additional security
concerns.
166
   The phrase “sent com” appears in the trial transcript, which is probably a reference
to CENTCOM (United States Central Command).

                                            179
contractors were told at a vendor meeting that they had to travel in military convoys.
Mr. Wilson testified that, although Gulf Group could have used private security, he
would not have done so without written approval from the Army. According to Mr.
Wilson, regulations posted on the wall at NAVSTAR, a border crossing at the Kuwait-
Iraq northern border, provided that “the trucks must stay in convoy, they must be
escorted at all times and so on and so forth, I don’t remember exactly how it was
worded but those rules and regulations and requirements were posted there on the
bulletin board inside the movement controls office.” Mr. Wilson testified that the
requirements and rules were posted so everyone could read them.

        Plaintiff has not alleged improper termination of any calls issued under the
bottled water BPA. The only time period at issue in plaintiff’s bottled water BPA
demurrage claim is between November 1, 2004 and March 31, 2005, as indicated in
plaintiff’s claim and second amended complaint. Defendant has not questioned the
timeframe claimed by plaintiff. In the claim submitted to Mr. Cockerham on December
1, 2005, plaintiff stated: “This is an offer for settlement under FAR Part 49 with regard to
contract #912D1-04-A-0052 which is between US Army Contracting Command SWA-
Kuwait (‘Arcent’), and Gulf Group General Enterprises Co. W.L.L., (‘Gulf Enterprises’)
awarded in 2004, with the period of performance being November 01, 2004, and March
31, 2005.”

        Plaintiff argues that its bottled water trucks were required to travel in convoys
pursuant to the bottled water BPA. The parties stipulated that “[b]etween November 1,
2004 and March 31, 2005, all of Gulf Group’s deliveries of bottled water to camps in Iraq
were made by trucks traveling to and from Iraq and Kuwait with Army Convoys.”
Plaintiff asserts that, as a result of the convoy requirement and insufficient military
escorts, its bottled water trucks were delayed and, therefore, that the government
should be held liable for delay damages. Plaintiff also asserts that the government-
caused delays made its performance more onerous than it had expected, and that the
delays frustrated its expectations under the bottled water BPA. Plaintiff, therefore,
seeks demurrage for the delays caused by the government.

       According to plaintiff, “Gulf Group and its transportation contractor Expeditor’s
tracked the delays of the trucks and determined that between November 2004 and
March 2005 there were a total of 3511 days of delays,”167 which is an average of 702.2
days of delay per month. (internal citation and footnote omitted). Plaintiff has submitted
a Gantt chart,168 detailing how many days of delay each of its trucks incurred. The chart
assumes that the trips were anticipated to take five days and demonstrates that the
167
   In its post-trial briefing, the defendant calculated that there were 3,513 demurrage
days.
168
   Saud Al Tawash described plaintiff’s Gantt chart as “basically data derived from the
operation. And what we do with this data, this is a document that we and Expeditors
work on to make sure that there is no, that the actual data that’s shared between the
two offices are correct and accurate and we need to analyze them so that we can
problem solve.”

                                            180
delay days were incurred in three hundred seventy-four trips, with an average of 9.387
days of delay per trip.169 The chart was included in plaintiff’s claim for demurrage
submitted to Mr. Cockerham at Camp Arifjan as an appendix, and labeled: “Gant [sic]
Chart with Tables.” Plaintiff insists that the trial testimony offered by Megbel Al Tawash
and Mr. Wilson establishes that there were delays attributable to delivering the bottled
water and attributable to the return trips, as the result of transporting United States
government property on return trips. Plaintiff indicates that five “free” days comprise the
standard round-trip trucking distance pre-delays, and that these days are not included in
the delay days shown on plaintiff’s Gantt chart.

        Defendant argues both that the bottled water BPA did not require contractors to
travel in military convoys and that the requirement to travel in military convoys applied to
all contractors, and even to the movement of military equipment on military trucks which
transported food (which included water), fuel, ammunition, maintenance parts, and
military equipment such as tents and generators. In a post-trial brief, defendant
attempted to explain why Gulf Group only should be awarded demurrage, if at all, for
delays on the return trips, and that the return trip delays estimated on plaintiff’s Gantt
chart should be reduced by the five “free” days allowed by Expeditors before demurrage
was to be charged.

         As noted above, the parties stipulated that the convoy requirement was issued
for security purposes to protect people and secure the safety of supplies during
hostilities in Iraq, and to ensure the prompt delivery of bottled water. The parties also
stipulated that some delays were caused by IEDs, observance of religious holidays by
Iraqi nationals, and by the government not having sufficient escorts. In a footnote to a
post-trial brief, however, plaintiff argues that the stipulation merely refers to general
convoy delays, not necessarily to delays relative to the bottled water convoys. Plaintiff
argues that the government breached its duty of good faith and fair dealing in delaying
plaintiff’s delivery of bottled water, and that, because of the breach, the government is
responsible for demurrage expenses.

       In general, “[e]very contract, as an aspect of the duty of good faith and fair
dealing, imposes an implied obligation ‘that neither party will do anything that will hinder
or delay the other party in performance of the contract.’” Essex Electro Eng’rs, Inc. v.
Danzig, 224 F.3d 1283, 1291 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (quoting Luria Bros. & Co. v. United
States, 177 Ct. Cl. 676, 688, 369 F.2d 701, 708 (1966) (other citations omitted)); see
also Metric Constr. Co. v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 804, 817 (2008). Moreover, the
duty of good faith applies to the government just as it applies to private parties. See
Centex Corp. v. United States, 395 F.3d 1283, 1304 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citations omitted),
reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2005); see also Precision Pine & Timber, Inc.
v. United States, 596 F.3d 817, 828 (Fed. Cir.) (“The duty of good faith and fair dealing
is inherent in every contract. Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 205. In essence,
169
    Saud Al Tawash testified that the round-trip travel time from Kuwait to Baghdad
would take four days. Lt. Col. O’Connor, however, testified that the round-trip travel
time from Kuwait to Taji, Iraq would take two days, although, as indicated above, her
testimony is confused.

                                            181
this duty requires a party to not interfere with another party’s rights under the contract.
Id. at cmt. d. The United States, no less than any other party, is subject to this
covenant.”), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct.
997 (2011); Bell/Heery v. United States, 106 Fed. Cl. 300, 312 (2012) (“Implied in every
contract is a duty of good faith and fair dealing that requires a party to refrain from
interfering with another party’s performance or from acting to destroy another party’s
reasonable expectations regarding the fruits of the contract.”). “When the government
does delay a contractor’s performance, however, liability attaches only when the actions
causing the delay are unreasonable.” Redland Co. v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 736,
754 (2011). “The government must avoid actions that unreasonably cause delay or
hindrance to contract performance.” C. Sanchez & Son, Inc. v. United States, 6 F.3d
1539, 1542 (Fed. Cir. 1993); see also Timber Prods. Co. v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl.
225, 244 (2011); Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 598, 675-76
(2010).

        One of the arguments defendant raises against plaintiff’s demurrage claims is
that defendant is not liable for delays caused by the requirement issued to plaintiff to
travel in military convoys based on the Sovereign Acts Doctrine.170 According to
defendant, it is not liable for demurrage claims arising under the bottled water BPA
because the order to travel in military convoys was a sovereign, public and general act,
not a contractual action, and all trucks in the Iraq conflict zone carrying bottled water to
camps in Iraq were required to travel in these convoys. Moreover, defendant argues,
the requirement that trucks move in military protected convoys was imposed by Multi-
National Force Iraq,171 not by Army Contracting Command. Consequently, according to
defendant, the convoy requirement was a sovereign act, and any effects upon Gulf
Group from the convoy requirement do not give rise to government liability. Defendant
points to the trial testimony of Lt. Col. Mary O’Connor, who, as noted above, was a
battalion commander and chief of transportation at Balad Air Base in Iraq between
October 2004 and November 2005. Lt. Col. O’Connor testified that she was responsible
for setting up convoys in Iraq, and that the number of military escorts available was a
decision made by the President of the United States. Defendant also argues that “any
delays that follows [sic] from that, [the requirement to travel in convoys] that any delays
that were experienced on the return trip also are precluded because, once the water is
delivered in Iraq, performance is complete and there’s no reason that the government
should be responsible for any delays on the return.” Therefore, defendant argues, “[t]he
Government is not responsible for any costs arising from bottled water trucks being
required to travel in military-protected convoys, because that requirement was a
sovereign act.”

170
   In the court’s February 23, 2010 Order, the court denied defendant’s motion for
summary judgment on the issue of the Sovereign Acts Doctrine before trial for “failure of
proof in the record.”
171
  At the time of the convoys, Multi-National Force Iraq was the headquarters for all the
Army units in Iraq.

                                            182
       Defendant claims that under the bottled water BPA, Gulf Group assumed
responsibility for delivery of any merchandise. As indicated above, 48 C.F.R. § 52.247-
34, “F.o.b. Destination,” was incorporated into Gulf Group’s bottled water BPA, and
states, “[t]he Government shall not be liable for any delivery, storage, demurrage,
accessorial, or other charges involved before the actual delivery (or ‘constructive
placement’ as defined in carrier tariffs) or the supplies to the destination, unless such
charges are caused by an act or order of the Government acting in its contractual
capacity.”172 At the same time, defendant argues, perhaps in the alternative, that the
contract clause, which plaintiff cites, titled “Special Instructions,” simply provided contact
information for Army officers for “directions and acess [sic] to various locations,” and
stated, “the contractor is liable for all equipment and personnel necessary to deliver the
proper quantities.” Therefore, defendant states, “[a]ny effects upon contract rights were
incidental to the achievement of the broader governmental objective, related to national
security, of protecting convoy movements in Iraq.”

        Plaintiff insists that the Sovereign Acts Doctrine does not apply because the
orders issued by the Army were not “public and general,” but rather “limited and
specific, and tailored especially to vital commodities like water, food and ammunition.”
Plaintiff argues that the specific FRAGO introduced into the record, and discussed
below, is advisory in nature and did not require all contractors to travel in convoys.
Specifically, plaintiff maintains that “[t]he Government...has not produced sufficient
credible evidence in support [of the Sovereign Acts Doctrine], failing inclusive to
produce the alleged written order that the Government claims was issued requiring that
everything and everyone moving in Iraq must follow the military convoys.” Plaintiff
views the convoy requirement as arising out of the “Special Instructions” provision of the
bottled water BPA. As a result, plaintiff argues that the convoy requirement cannot be
considered a “sovereign act” because it had the substantial effect of hindering plaintiff’s
performance, which released the government from its obligation to follow the covenant
of good faith and fair dealing implied in the parties’ contract. Plaintiff also highlights that
the government obtained an economic advantage from the convoy requirement
because defendant used plaintiff’s bottled water trucks to transport military equipment
on return trips for free.

       According to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit:

       The sovereign acts defense was born of a trio of cases decided by the
       Court of Claims in the nineteenth century. See Conner Bros. Constr. Co.
       v. Geren, 550 F.3d 1368, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (discussing Deming v.
       United States, 1 Ct. Cl. 190 (1865), Jones v. United States, 1 Ct. Cl. 383
       (1865), and Wilson v. United States, 11 Ct. Cl. 513 (1875)). The definitive
       statement of the doctrine is credited to the Supreme Court’s opinion in
       Horowitz v. United States, 267 U.S. 458, 461 [(1925)], in which the Court,
172
    Although 48 C.F.R. § 52.247-34 only refers to “charges involved before the actual
delivery,” neither party argues that the issue here applies solely to demurrage incurred
for delivery trips, rather than also to the return trips, nor that the alleged contractual
requirement via 48 C.F.R. § 52.247-34 concerns only the delivery trips.

                                             183
      citing those Court of Claims cases, said, “the United States when sued as
      a contractor cannot be held liable for an obstruction to the performance of
      the particular contract resulting from its public and general acts as a
      sovereign.”

Stockton E. Water Dist. v. United States, 583 F.3d 1344, 1365-66 (Fed. Cir. 2009), reh’g
in part, 638 F.3d 781 (Fed. Cir. 2011); see also Horowitz v. United States, 267 U.S. 458,
461 (1925) (citing Deming v. United States, 1 Ct. Cl. at 191; Jones v. United States, 1
Ct. Cl. at 384; Wilson v. United States, 11 Ct. Cl. at 520) (finding the government not
liable for the damages resulting from the delay of a silk shipment due to a government
embargo on all silk shipments, despite the fact that the embargo caused a breach of the
contract with plaintiff).

       As explained by the Federal Circuit in Klamath Irrigation District v. United States,
“[t]he sovereign acts doctrine is designed to balance ‘the government’s need for
freedom to legislate [or in the instant case act through the Executive Branch] with its
obligation to honor its contracts.’” Klamath Irrigation Dist. v. United States, 635 F.3d
505, 520–21 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v. Winstar Corp., 518 U.S. 839,
895–96 (1996)). The Federal Circuit in Klamath continued:

      Under the doctrine, “the United States when sued as a contractor cannot
      be held liable for an obstruction to the performance of the particular
      contract resulting from its public and general acts as a sovereign.”
      Yankee Atomic Elec. Co. v. United States, 112 F.3d 1569, 1574 (Fed. Cir.
      1997) (quoting Horowitz v. United States, 267 U.S. 458, 461 (1925))[,
      reh’g denied, in banc suggestion declined (Fed. Cir. 1997), cert. denied,
      524 U.S. 951 (1998)]. The government is not liable for breach of contract
      whenever it takes any generally applicable action in its sovereign capacity
      that incidentally frustrates performance of a contract to which it is a party.
      Horowitz [v. United States], 267 U.S. at 461. Discussing the sovereign
      acts doctrine in Winstar, Justice Souter, joined by Justices Stevens,
      O’Connor, and Breyer, stated:

             As Horowitz makes clear, that defense simply relieves the
             Government as contractor from the traditional blanket rule
             that a contracting party may not obtain discharge if its own
             act rendered performance impossible. But even if the
             Government stands in the place of a private party with
             respect to “public and general” sovereign acts, it does not
             follow that discharge will always be available, for the
             common-law doctrine of impossibility imposes additional
             requirements before a party may avoid liability for breach.
             [United States v. Winstar Corp.,] 518 U.S. at 904.

      We have stated that “[a]lthough the portion of the principal [Winstar]
      opinion addressed to the sovereign acts doctrine had the support of only

                                           184
      four (and as to some portions, only three) justices, this court has treated
      that opinion as setting forth the core principles underlying the sovereign
      acts doctrine.” Conner Bros. Const. Co., Inc. v. Geren, 550 F.3d 1368,
      1374 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Carabetta [Enters., Inc. v. United States], 482
      F.3d [1360,] 1365 [(Fed. Cir. 2007)]; Yankee Atomic, 112 F.3d at 1574–
      77). Relevant to this case, in Carabetta, we stated that even if the
      sovereign acts defense applies, “it does not follow that discharge will
      always be available, for the common-law doctrine of impossibility imposes
      additional requirements before a party may avoid liability for breach.” 482
      F.3d at 1365 (quoting Winstar, 518 U.S. at 904). See also, Seaboard
      Lumber Co. v. United States, 308 F.3d 1283, 1294 (Fed. Cir. 2002)
      (stating that contract performance by the government is excused under
      the sovereign acts defense when “it is objectively impossible”). We
      reaffirmed this requirement in Casitas Municipal Water District v. United
      States, 543 F.3d 1276, 1287 (Fed. Cir. 2008)[, reh’g and reh’g en banc
      denied, 556 F.3d 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2009)], stating that “performance by the
      government is excused under the sovereign acts defense only when the
      sovereign act renders the government's performance impossible.”

Klamath Irrigation Dist. v. United States, 635 F.3d at 520-21; see also Carabetta
Enters., Inc. v. United States, 482 F.3d at 1365. “‘In this court the United States appear
simply as contractors; and they are to be held liable only within the same limits that any
other defendant would be in any other court. Though their sovereign acts performed for
the general good may work injury to some private contractors, such parties gain nothing
by having the United States as their defendants.’” Horowitz v. United States, 267 U.S.
at 461 (quoting Jones v. United States, 1 Ct. Cl. at 384); see also Yankee Atomic
Electric Co. v. United States, 112 F.3d 1569, 1574 (quoting Horowitz v. United States,
267 U.S. at 461 (quoting Jones v. United States, 1 Ct. Cl. at 384)).

        In Klamath Irrigation District, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit set out a two part test for application of the Sovereign Acts defense:

      [F]irst [we ask] whether the sovereign act is properly attributable to the
      Government as contractor. That is, is the act simply one designed to
      relieve the Government of its contract duties, or is it a genuinely public
      and general act that only incidentally falls upon the contract? If the
      answer is that the act is a genuine public and general act, the second part
      of the test asks whether that act would otherwise release the Government
      from liability under ordinary principles of contract law. This second
      question turns on what is known in contract law as the impossibility
      (sometimes impracticability) defense. Stockton East Water Dist. v. United
      States, 583 F.3d 1344, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (internal quotations and
      citations omitted).

Klamath Irrigation Dist. v. United States, 635 F.3d at 521.

                                           185
        In Conner Brothers Construction Co. v. Geren, the plaintiff had a contract with
the Army to construct a facility on an Army base, but was denied access to the base
following a September 11, 2001 terrorist act, when the base was placed at force
protection Delta condition and closed to all but essential personnel, resulting in a halt to
work and delay. The court wrote “[t]he government will not be held liable…‘so long as
the action’s impact upon public contracts is, as in Horowitz, merely incidental to the
accomplishment of a broader governmental objective.’” Conner Bros. Constr. Co. v.
Geren, 550 F.3d 1368, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Winstar Corp.,
518 U.S. at 898). “Courts should consider whether the governmental action is
specifically directed at nullifying contract rights.” Conner Bros. Constr. Co. v. Geren,
550 F.3d at 1374. Other relevant factors include whether the United States benefited
economically from the act and whether the act applied to parties not in a contractual
relationship with the government. Id. at 1375. “‘The greater the Government’s self-
interest,...the more suspect becomes the claim that its private contracting partners
ought to bear the financial burden of the Government’s own improvidence....’” Id.
(quoting United States v. Winstar Corp., 518 U.S. at 898).

        In support of its position that the requirement to travel in military convoys was a
public and general order that qualifies as a sovereign act, defendant points to a specific
Army FRAGO and to the testimony of Lt. Col. Mary O’Connor. According to the
testimony of Lt. Col. O’Connor, the FRAGO required all vehicles used in support of the
military to travel in convoys. The FRAGO stated:

       The purpose of this FRAGO is to enhance and convoy [sic] security
       measures to protect the force by providing convoy commanders and unit
       commanders tools to ensure that all measures have been properly taken
       to safeguard personnel and equipment. Unit/convoy commanders are
       personally responsible for the conduct and protection of convoy
       operations. MNF-I units will monitor their convoys, and exercises control
       measures implemented by unit commanders.

       3.C. (U) Tasks to Subordinate Unites. [sic]

       3.C.1. MNC-I

       3.C.1.A. Continue to produce internet status updates, and maintain the
       information on the MNCI webpage. Convene emergency status board
       update when the situation warrants.

       3.D. (U) Coordinating Instructions.

       3.D.1. There will be two vehicles minimum during daylight hours, and
       three vehicles minimum during the hours of darkness. There will be at
       least two soldiers per vehicle and three in the trail vehicle to provide a
       turret or rear gunner for tactical vehicle movements.

                                             186
3.D.2. Non-tactical vehicle (NTV) movements used to transport
military members, DOD civilians, and DOD contractors are cautioned
not to move outside secure zones without security as set forth by
MSC commanders. As far as practical use armored/add on armored
commercial vehicles to move off FOBS. The use and number of NTVS to
support movement requirements is delegated to the MS[] commanders.
However, the number of NTVs used should consider current AIF TTPS,
emergency cross loading of personnel requirements and safety. NTVs will
posses [sic] communication IAW Para 5.A.2. below, and have
communication with the security escort.

3.D.3. Convoy commanders are responsible for the self-protection
capability within their convoy. There will be at least one rifle in each
vehicle for all movements. Tactical vehicle movements must have 360
degree security consisting of an M249 or above from the turret or out the
back with the “canvas” removed. All military personnel will carry personal
weapons, wear fragmentation protective vest, ballistic eye protection, and
combat helmet. A minimum of one vehicle will maintain communications
contact with coalition forces. Convoys will not have lights on during
daylight operations. During night operations white lights will be used, and
they will have NVDS in each vehicle.

3.D.4. Prior to all movements, convoy commanders will conduct
coordination and include communications equipment sufficient to
communicate with other MSCS when traveling through their AOR.
Advanced notification to other MSCS will minimize potential fratricide of
blue on blue forces. All vehicles must log out with parent unit and provide
ETA to destination. All vehicles must report at destination to their parent
unit.

3.D.5. Breakdown procedures, convoy commanders are responsible for
self-recovery capability within each convoy. Recovery equipment will be
available to each convoy. Commanders will take all reasonable measures
to recover vehicles and will abandon vehicles as last resort only. They will
recover the vehicle to the nearest CSO or LSA if possible. If not, leave
appropriate security personnel and an operational vehicle with it until it
can be recovered.

3.D.6. All MSCS will report deteriorating road conditions to MNCI, upon
reporting to convoy support center operations cell(s), convoy commanders
will report locations where maintenance is required and where engineer
work could mitigate areas of vulnerability.

3.D.7. In the greater Baghdad area defined by the MND Baghdad area
there will cautinue [sic] to be mission critical movements only. Units will
verify route status with 1 CD website or Iraqna or prior to any movement.

                                    187
       3.D.8. There will be a minimum ratio of one tactical security vehicle for
       every ten military cargo vehicles, and a minimum ratio or [sic] one tactical
       security vehicle for every 5 KBR cargo vehicles. There will be no less
       than two security vehicles for every convoy (Para. 3.D.1.).
                                            …

       4.B. (U) All units will conduct risk assessments using mission, enemy,
       terrain, troops, time available, and civilian demonstrations (METT-TC) to
       identify and assess hazards. Ensure that seatbelts are properly used.
       Gunners in turrets and rear facing security will ensure other safety
       measures are used due to the inability to wear seat belts. All soldiers
       operating or riding in tactical and NTV vehicles must wear regulation gear
       as stated in paragraph 3.D.3. above.

(emphasis in original).

         At trial Lt. Col. O’Connor testified that the Multi-National Force-Iraq order
“provided the general orders for all operations and our order was to protect -- was to
move sustainment and logistics and to protect that.” She testified that her commander
authorized more stringent measures than those provided in the order and increased the
number of gun trucks to supply trucks in order to increase the “number of security
elements that had to travel per truck.” Lt. Col. O’Connor further stated that contractors
would be made aware of the daily orders from Multi-National Force-Iraq prior to
embarking on their trips. Lt. Col. O’Connor testified that the FRAGO was the order
which provided for the convoy requirement, contrary to plaintiff’s position that the
“Special Instructions” provision of the bottled water BPA contained the convoy
requirement. She also stated that the introductory phrase, “[t]he purposes of the
FRAGO is to enhance convoy security measures to protect the force,” required
movement in convoys in “militarease.” Regarding the language of the FRAGO, Lt. Col.
O’Connor also indicated, “I guess it would be an [sic] assumed in the order that they
[civilian contractors] would - that we would protect them. And further in the order, it
does talk about - it talks about non-tactical vehicles, which would be contract trucks.”
She stated she was referring to the phrase in the FRAGO, “cautioned not to move
outside secured zones without security as set forth by MSC commanders.” (emphasis
removed). Lt. Col. O’Connor continued that if a commander suggested that she do
something she would consider it an order. Immediately thereafter, however, she
responded on cross-examination that she would have discretion in implementing an
order, and the ultimate decision would lie with her. The following exchange took place
at trial:

       Q: Would your discretion have any play into the determination of whether-

       A: Yes

       Q: - to follow –

                                           188
         A: Yes.

         Q: - the commanders recommendations or suggestions?

         A: Ethics and morales173 [sic].

         Q: So if you think it’s ethical and morally advisable, the suggestion then by
         your commander, you followed?

         A: Yes, ma’am.

         Q: The ultimate decision is yours, not the commanders; correct?

         A: Yes, ma’am.

         Q: So, in the military world, when a commander gives you an order, you
         have no discretion?

         A: I’ll do that.

         Q: You must comply?

         A: I’ll do that.

In response to the next question, with specific reference to the FRAGO, Lt. Col.
O’Connor admitted that a suggestion is not an order. She testified:

         Q: Now this language you just read at Section 3.D.2., I believe, says,
         “non-tactical vehicles movements used to transport military members,
         DOD civilians, and DOD contractors are cautioned not to move outside
         secured zones without security.” The word “caution,” isn’t that a
         suggestion, a recommendation, an advice?

         A: Yes.

         Q: So that’s not an order, is it?

         A: No, at this point, I would say it’s not.

        As indicated above, Lt. Col. O’Connor’s testimony was, at times, contradictory.
She offered confusing testimony on whether the FRAGO was an order, or left discretion
to officers to decide whether a convoy was required. She responded to a question on
cross-examination as to whether the language of the FRAGO indicated “that there is an
obligation to provide convoys for the military?” by stating, “[t]o us, yes, ma’am.” Lt. Col.
173
      The word “morales” appears in the trial transcript.

                                                189
O’Connor attempted to explain her vacillation, by stating that “more stringent
restrictions” were placed on the FRAGO by lower-level commanding officers, who were
apparently authorized to make the FRAGO “more stringent and more plain to the people
that have to execute it.” Although Lt. Col. O’Connor testified that she was aware that
private security firms may have been moving without convoys, and although more
stringent orders were not introduced into evidence, Lt. Col. O’Connor also stated that
she knew “that every night a movement order was published and executed and no
trucks moved in that country that supported the United States Army, Air Force, or
Marine Corps without a military convoy that was protected and executed by [sic] section
and the infantry brigade that protected my section.”

       Although defendant relies on Lt. Col. O’Connor’s testimony, including her
statement that the number of military escorts available was a decision made by the
President of the United States, to support defendant’s argument that the FRAGO was a
requirement for Gulf Group to move in military convoys in support of the Army, and
highlights that Lt. Col. O’Connor “was responsible for all the movement control teams at
multiple convoy support centers throughout Iraq, as well as for setting up the convoys
that moved support into Iraq,” defendant also appears to attempt to distance itself from
the inconsistencies in Lt. Col. O’Connor’s testimony. According to defendant,
“regardless of whether Lt. Col. O’Connor correctly interpreted whatever order she
understood imposed the requirement that trucks move in military-protected convoys, her
implementation of that requirement constitutes a sovereign act.”

        Plaintiff insists that the orders to travel in military convoys were contractual
because the “Special Instructions” in the bottled water BPA instructed Gulf Group to
contact two certain Army officers for “directions and access to various locations.” Even
if plaintiff was contractually bound to contact two particular Army officials, prior to
moving merchandise, however, the requirement to travel in convoys was a sovereign
act if Army personnel were generally directed to require contractors to travel in convoys.
Plaintiff argues that the first sentence of ¶ 3.D.2 of the relevant FRAGO, which states
that “[n]on-tactical vehicle (NTV) movements used to transport military members,
DOD civilians, and DOD contractors are cautioned not to move outside secure
zones without security as set forth by MSC commanders,” uses discretionary,
rather than mandatory language. (emphasis in original). Throughout the FRAGO,
however, there are mandatory descriptions of how protective measures were to be
implemented, such as “convoys will not have lights on,” and “there will be two vehicles
minimum during daylight hours.” (emphasis added). In addition, although plaintiff
identifies the term “cautioned” as a non-mandatory phrase, the word “cautioned” must
be read in the context of the sentence in which it is contained: “[n]on-tactical vehicle
(NTV) movements used to transport military members, DOD civilians, and DOD
contractors are cautioned not to move outside secure zones without security as set forth
by MSC commanders.” (underlining added; bolding removed). The word “cautioned” is
used in the sense of told, but the directive “not to move” is explicit. Moreover, the whole
sentence leaves the discretion of how to move contractors in the military zone to “MSC
commanders,” which Lt. Col. O’Connor exercised by requiring military convoys.

                                           190
       Notwithstanding the government’s position that the requirement to travel in
convoys was a sovereign act, during performance of plaintiff’s bottled water BPA, the
government acknowledged some demurrage responsibility for delays caused by, among
other reasons, insufficient number of military convoys. For example, on April 5, 2005,
the government increased the price it was paying for bottled water in exchange for
contractors not filing further demurrage claims. The following email was sent by Mr.
Cockerham to bottled water contractors:

      Dear Vendors we have constantly been bombarded with Demurge [sic]
      charges and claims from trucks being tied up over 7 days or water held up
      at the border [sic] Vehicles shot up or vehicles having to bring equipment
      back on the return trip. Therefore to elimate [sic] all the paperwork and
      cliams [sic]. The C-4 and I have sit [sic] down and calculated the average
      claims and came up with an average number of 2.578 KWD to cover the
      case of water, the delivery plus the demurge [sic] charges. This will make
      business easier for us and it will get your money quicker rather than the
      claims process. All previous claims prior to APR 05 will continue to be
      processed. We hope that you will find our 1 [sic] offer more than accepted
      [sic] with the increase in your quote. Some will gain more other,
      sometimes this will be to the government [sic] economic advantage and
      other times it will be to the vendors advantage so it will balance out at the
      end. Thank you all.

The parties stipulated that, “[o]n April 6, 2005, Gulf Group confirmed to the current
contracting officer, John Cockerham, that Gulf Group had received the proposed
revised price of 2.578 KD per case of bottled water and had accepted the newly
adjusted rate per case in exchange for not making any more demurrage claims past
April 1, 2005.”

       On September 12, 2005, Derrick Shoemake and Mr. Cockerham jointly signed a
Memorandum for Record containing information similar to Mr. Cockerham’s earlier
email. The September 12, 2005 Memorandum stated:

      The average price of a case of bottle water for delivery to Northern or
      Western Iraq is 2.0 KD/case. This price includes direct delivery of a case
      of water to Iraq under hostile conditions, however, this price does not
      include demurge [sic] charges, storage fees, a guaranteed minimal
      delivery, back-haul reinburstment [sic] in support of Heavy Lift VI or
      frivolous claims for trucks that are attacked or damaged due to an IED
      (unless completely destroyed). These claims were totaling in the
      millions.... This counter offer [of 2.578 KD/case] allows the vendor to have
      trucks delayed from returning indefinitely rather than paying delay charges
      after seven (7) days without demurge [sic] charges (the average delay is
      19 days before all trucks are return [sic] from delivery). This system
      allows the vendor to store water for emergency pushes and timely pushes
      during normal request without storage fees.

                                          191
(emphasis in original).

      At trial, Mr. Cockerham offered further information about the price increases in
the September 12, 2005 Memorandum. Mr. Cockerham explained that the purpose of
the Memorandum was to reduce the costs to the government of processing the claims
“because it was consuming the time of a couple officers constantly having to make
adjustment payments and it was with finance and also having to request additional
funds to cover the demurrage charges.” Mr. Cockerham stated that the demurrage
charges

       were encountered a couple ways, one being trucks held up for return, also
       trucks who had claims against the government that were either destroyed
       from IEDs or so forth, things of that nature.... And also for paying for
       storage, additional storage when the trucks couldn’t move. Several of the
       companies had set up warehouses on the border to offload the trucks and
       then reload them because of the long delays.

With regard to including the storage expenses in the delay charges, Mr. Cockerham
stated: “We just kind of put it all under that because any delays we were putting them
basically under demurrage claims,” and, “[w]e ended up with a small room full of boxes
of claims of demurrage charges.” When questioned, Mr. Cockerham agreed that there
were hundreds of claims. As to how many demurrage claims the government received,
Mr. Cockerham testified: “I can’t say how many.... I’ll say the average was about two a
week.”

       The record reflects that the Army had entered into numerous agreements to
deliver bottled water, including the bottled water BPA with Gulf Group. Mr. Cockerham
did not remember all the companies specifically, but the parties stipulated that, for
example, in 2004, StarCon, another contractor supplying bottled water to the
government in Iraq, “submitted a claim for demurrage expenses incurred from delays of
the convoys,” and “[o]n December 4, 2004 StarCon’s claim for demurrage expenses
was approved by the issuance of a BPA Call.” Mr. Cockerham also stated, although
giving conflicting testimony, that he remembered a demurrage claim from IAP, a bottled
water contractor, being paid. He also testified that, “[t]here was one in-house policy,
and I forget the exact days on it, but I believe it was just standard if a truck was held
seven days past the required time given for delivery they were paid.”

        Defendant notes with respect to the government’s interaction with other
contractors, “the sovereign acts inquiry does not rest upon a mechanical determination
of how many contractors are affected, but rather focuses upon the nature and scope of
the governmental action.” Conner Bros. Constr. Co. v. Geren, 550 F.3d at 1378. The
evidence in the record suggests that the Army may have required substantially all Army
contractors, and of particular relevance here, all bottled water contractors, to travel in
military convoys. Although she was, at times, nervous and slightly confused on how to
interpret the precise language of the FRAGO, Lt. Col. O’Connor testified that she
uniformly enforced the requirement to travel in military convoys, regardless of the

                                           192
various interpretations of the FRAGO. Moreover, the requirement for bottled water
contractors in the war theatre, to carry an essential commodity for the troops in safety,
in order to ensure uncontaminated arrival, combined with the desire to secure the safety
of contractor and military personnel in the war zone, leads the court to conclude that,
when directing that the water had to be transported in military convoys, the government
was acting in its sovereign capacity, rather than in its contracting capacity, even though
the government appears to have paid a number of demurrage claims. It would be
unreasonable to conclude that any contractor could move freely without supervision or
protection to deliver water to the troops in the war zone. The water and the personnel
had to be secured and delivered safely with no possibility of harm or contamination.

        As argued by defendant, “[t]he requirement that trucks move in military-protected
convoys was not directed at nullifying contractor rights or relieving the Government of its
contract obligations; rather, the purpose of that requirement was to protect convoy
movements, both ‘unit moves’ of soldiers and equipment, and ‘logistics sustainment’
moves that included contractors,” and to keep safe the essential commodity
transported. The effect of the requirement to travel in military convoys on Gulf Group’s
“contract rights was incidental to the achievement of a broader governmental objective
relating to national security and therefore did not give rise to governmental liability.”
Conner Bros. Constr. Co. v. Geren, 550 F.3d at 1379. As the Federal Circuit noted in
Conner Brothers, “[t]he key issue here—as in all sovereign act cases—is not whether
the government had the authority to exclude Conner for national security purposes, but
rather who should bear the cost of an action that was admittedly in the public interest: a
single contractor or the taxpayers at large. The answer to that question turns on
whether the governmental action was public and general, not whether it served the
public interest.” Id. at 1378 n.1.

       In an order issued by the court prior to trial, the court denied the defendant’s
motion for summary judgment to invoke the Sovereign Acts Doctrine “based on a failure
of proof in the record before the court” at that time before trial. This current opinion is
issued following a lengthy trial, after review of all the information now in the record
regarding the period during which Gulf Group was performing under the bottled water
BPA, including the testimony of numerous witnesses and the documentation introduced
into the record. Based on the record before the court, and particularly in the bottled
water BPA case, Case No. 07-82C, the court finds that under the facts presented, the
requirement for Gulf Group to travel in convoys was a sovereign act.

        Even if the requirement to travel in convoys was a sovereign act, “‘it does not
follow that discharge will always be available, for the common-law doctrine of
impossibility imposes additional requirements before a party may avoid liability for
breach.’” Carabetta Enters., Inc. v. United States, 482 F.3d at 1365. Thus, under “the
second part of the sovereign acts doctrine analysis, which addresses whether the
sovereign act would otherwise release the Government from liability under ordinary
principles of contract law,” Klamath Irrigation Dist. v. United States, 635 F.3d at 522
(citing Stockton E. Water Dist. v. United States, 583 F.3d at 1366), the issue is whether
the government has shown that, “‘the...actions made it impossible for’” the Army to fulfill

                                           193
its obligations under the bottled water BPA. Id. (quoting Stockton E. Water Dist. v.
United States, 583 F.3d at 1367). “[T]he doctrine of impossibility of performance
‘excuses delay or non-performance of a contract where the agreed upon performance
has been rendered ‘commercially impracticable’ by an unforeseen supervening event
not within the contemplation of the parties at the time the contract was formed.’”
Seaboard Lumber Co. v. United States, 308 F.3d at 1294 (quoting Hercules Inc. v.
United States, 24 F.3d 188, 204 (Fed. Cir. 1994), cert. granted, 514 U.S. 1049 (1995),
and aff’d, 516 U.S. 417 (1996)). “‘[T]he doctrine of impossibility does not require a
showing of actual or literal impossibility of performance but only a showing of
commercial impracticability.’” Klamath Irrigation Dist. v. United States, 635 F.3d at 522
(quoting Seaboard Lumber Co. v. United States, 308 F.3d at 1294). “[T]he
nonoccurrence of the act in question must have been a basic assumption of the
contract, and the government must not have assumed the risk that such an act would
occur.” Conner Bros. Constr. Co. v. Geren, 550 F.3d at 1379 (citing United States v.
Winstar Corp., 518 U.S. at 905; Seaboard Lumber Co. v. United States, 308 F.3d at
1294).

       The court concludes that the agreed-upon performance of timely deliveries was
made impossible by the necessity of traveling in convoys and unforeseen delays in a
war zone. Moreover, regarding the second prong of the Sovereign Acts Doctrine test,
the “Special Instructions” as part of the bottled water BPA, quoted above, demonstrates
that the government did not assume the risk of delays in getting the bottled water into
Iraq. The second prong of the Sovereign Acts Doctrine test, is therefore, satisfied.
There is no allegation here that the Army refused to pay Gulf Group for the deliveries of
bottled water.

        Left unresolved, however, is whether the government should be held liable for
plaintiff’s transporting government equipment on return trips, including for delays
caused by the convoy escort requirement, although plaintiff had no obligation to do so
under the bottled water BPA. Both the trial testimony and the post-trial briefings did not
fully address the return trips. With regard to the hauling of equipment, Mr. Cockerham
explained that the government had a Heavy Lift contract in place at a cost of $37 billion
for the purpose of returning equipment from Iraq to Kuwait, which was not being used
because the government, instead, was loading the equipment on incoming bottled water
trucks for the return trip. The Army benefited economically from the convoy requirement
applied to Gulf Group’s bottled water trucks by having the military equipment
transported on the return trips for free and by not having to use and pay other
contractors to transport the equipment. According to Mr. Cockerham, the government
also benefited because the bottled water trucks were used to store the equipment to be
transported back to Kuwait “until such time as the government can make arrangement
to get it back or get it to the right unit.” Because of the convoy escort requirement, the
Army was able to more closely control the departure time of Gulf Group’s trucks from
Iraq. Saud Al Tawash testified that insufficient military convoys on the return trips to
Kuwait caused further delays for Gulf Group.

                                           194
        Defendant makes two arguments against defendant’s obligation to pay plaintiff
for any return trips. Defendant argues that plaintiff’s allegedly inflated claim and
violation of the False Claims Act with regard to the bottled water BPA claims, precludes
any award to Gulf Group. The court has concluded, however, that there was no
violation of the False Claims Act regarding the bottled water BPA. Defendant further
argues that, if there were an insufficient number of convoys on the return trips, that too
was a sovereign act. Defendant argues: “The number of military escorts for convoys
was a function of the decision making of the President of the United States. That too
was a sovereign act; it was not directed at nullifying contractor rights or relieving the
Government of its contractual obligations, but directed at the broader governmental
objective of national security.” Defendant, however, fails to address the fact that some
of the delays were also caused by the hauling of equipment on the return trips.

       Defendant’s second argument takes the Sovereign Acts Doctrine to the extreme.
Under defendant’s interpretation, any decision made by Army personnel in the war
theatre ultimately would have been a function of the decision making of the President of
the United States in furtherance of national security, and potentially could render any
claims by a contractor null. Unlike the trips to Iraq, the claims for return trips are not
covered by the Sovereign Acts Doctrine. It does not appear that the government
generally ordered Gulf Group or any other contractor to transport equipment back from
Iraq.

        But, regardless of whether the decision to use bottled water trucks to carry other
equipment was a sovereign act, and regardless of whether any delays caused by the
convoy requirement are excused by the doctrine of impossibility, plaintiff has not met its
burden of proof with respect to its claims for demurrage monies owed for the return
trips.174 As noted above, neither the trial testimony nor the post-trial briefings fully
addressed the return trips and whether the government had an obligation to
compensate Gulf Group for these trips. In a supplemental brief, defendant notes
plaintiff stated that, “there is not actual evidence in the record of this case regarding the
exact number of days the roads were closed due to religious holidays or road side
bombing,” to which defendant does not disagree. Defendant also takes issue with the
chart prepared by plaintiff in response to the court’s order, arguing the Gantt chart does
not identify the days of delay that, allegedly, were government-caused, versus which
days were caused by factors outside the government’s control. Unfortunately for
plaintiff, the evidence in the record currently before the court does not segregate return-
trip delay days that were caused by the government from return-trip delay days that
were caused by factors outside the government’s control. Although plaintiff alleged that,
between November 2004 and March 2005, there were a total of 3,511 days of delay,
compared to defendant’s calculation of 3,513 days of delay, Gulf Group fails to account
separately for delays that were caused by the convoy requirement or the hauling of
equipment. Defendant notes, “[d]elivery trucks traveling in military convoys were
174
   Similar to the camp package BPA, latrine, and dumper claims, defendant concedes
that Gulf Group incurred demurrage expenses. Unlike the camp package BPA, latrine,
and dumpster claims, however, it is not clear that defendant is responsible for the
expenses that plaintiff incurred.

                                            195
delayed at various times because of IEDs and observance of religious holidays by Iraqi
nationals.” Saud Al Tawash testified generally, but without specifics:

      Because the operation didn’t become efficient, we didn’t have the trucks
      back from Iraq, we had to store the water and we had to incur expenses
      both local transportation and the warehousing. We warehoused, we
      couldn’t warehouse this water anywhere. Because of the issues with the
      climate and the issues of security. This bottled water is again going for
      the troops. We had to put this in a climate controlled warehouse and
      secured. So we chose the warehouse in the Free Trade Zone because
      it’s inside a militarized, it’s operated by the military of Kuwait. And this
      particular facility was Gulf Telecom's facility. So Gulf Telecom leased it to
      Gulf Group during this time.

       As noted by defendant, “Gulf Group provides no objective evidence, such as a
pick-up schedule from the factory [sic] or testimony from factory personnel, that
demonstrates the existence of a pick-up schedule or a requirement to pick up water
according to a particular schedule.” Without more than Saud Al Tawash’s general
testimony, the plaintiff has not demonstrated the specific return trip delay days that were
government-caused. Plaintiff, thus, has failed to meet its burden to prove the costs
associated with the government-caused delays resulting from return trips.175 Due to the
175
    Gulf Group argues that it requested that the government produce data from “the
Combat Logistics Patrols (CLP) Tracker,” to allow plaintiff to differentiate between
government-caused delays and non-government-caused delays, but that the
government was not able to locate the requested data. According to plaintiff, the
government’s failure to provide this data “should be grounds for the formulation of an
adverse inference preventing the Government from arguing as it does here, that Gulf
Group cannot carry its burden of proof, and that the documents in question would show
that the delays were all related to the convoy requirement.” The Federal Circuit has
recognized:

      The general rules of evidence law create an adverse inference when
      evidence has been destroyed and “(1)...the party having control over the
      evidence had an obligation to preserve it at the time it was destroyed;
      (2)...the records were destroyed with a culpable state of mind; and
      (3)...the destroyed evidence was relevant to the party’s claim or defense
      such that a reasonable trier of fact could find that it would support that
      claim or defense.”

See Jandreau v. Nicholson, 492 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (alterations in
original) (quoting Residential Funding Corp. v. DeGeorge Fin. Corp., 306 F.3d 99, 107
(2d Cir. 2002)). Although a finding of spoliation would permit the court to assume that
the records at issue were favorable to Gulf Group’s position, see Lab. Corp. of Am. v.
United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 549, 557 (2012), Gulf Group has the burden of proving the
necessary elements for the court to find that the application of an adverse inference is
warranted. See Jandreau v. Nicholson, 492 F.3d at 1375; K-Con Bldg. Sys., Inc. v.

                                           196
application of the Sovereign Acts Doctrine and plaintiff’s unfortunate failure to carry its
burden for proving responsibility for the costs of the return trips, plaintiff is not entitled to
recover for its bottled water BPA demurrage claims.

                                        CONCLUSION

        The court’s conclusion in the above-captioned cases is based on an unusual set
of circumstances. Although Gulf Group and Saud Al Tawash relied on their advisors as
to how to submit claims to the United States government and how to file complaints in
this court, the failure of those advisors to provide competent advice and Gulf Group’s
and Saud Al Tawash’s reckless disregard for the accuracy of Gulf Group’s camp
package BPA, latrine contract, and dumpster contract claims leads the court to
conclude that Gulf Group violated the False Claims Act when it submitted inflated and
baseless claims to the contracting officer in 2005 and 2007. Because defendant has
not demonstrated that it suffered damages as a result of plaintiff’s submission of its
claims, plaintiff is liable only for the maximum statutory penalty of $11,000.00 per claim,
for a total amount of $66,000.00 for six violations of the False Claims Act. Although
Gulf Group’s failure to understand the basic requirements for submitting a claim to the
government leads the court to conclude that Gulf Group violated the False Claims Act,
the deficiencies in Gulf Group’s camp package BPA, latrine contract, and dumpster
contract claims also lead the court to conclude that Gulf Group did not intend to deceive
the government, which is required to establish liability under the Contract Disputes Act
or to warrant forfeiture under the Special Plea in Fraud statute. In addition, defendant’s
failure to establish that plaintiff intended to deceive the government or that plaintiff’s
contracts were tainted by a conflict of interest leads the court to conclude that the
rescission or disgorgement of the camp package or bottled water BPA calls is not
warranted.

        Although the court does not condone the manner in which Gulf Group submitted
its claims to the contracting officer, defendant’s behavior in this case was equally
problematic with regard to its termination of the latrine and dumpster contracts.
Although the record reflects a number of purported, and shifting, justifications offered by
defendant’s personnel for terminating Gulf Group’s latrine and dumpster contracts for
convenience, none of the justifications presented to the court were reasonable or
consistent with the government’s obligation to act in good faith. The government’s

United States, 106 Fed. Cl. 652, 664 (2012) (citation omitted); Morse Diesel Int’l, Inc. v.
United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 220, 222 (2008) (citation omitted). Gulf Group did not move
for a finding of spoliation and did not attempt to prove the elements of spoliation that
would justify an application of an adverse inference in the bottled water BPA case. Gulf
Group has, therefore, failed to meet its burden of proof with respect to the bottled water
BPA claims in a variety of ways. See Precision Pine & Timber, Inc. v. United States,
596 F.3d at 833 (“[T]he party seeking damages has the burden of proving them with
‘reasonable certainty.’”); see also Ariz. Pub. Serv. Co. v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. at
390 (noting that, although there was “no doubt” that the plaintiff incurred costs, the
plaintiff “did not show to a degree of reasonable certainty that the costs could be tied
directly to its mitigation efforts”).

                                              197
allegations with respect to the alleged security incident and Gulf Group’s performance
under the latrine and dumpster contracts were without basis. The record before the
court indicates that government personnel were simply motivated, as Col. Hess
described, “to get Gulf Group off the bases,” while at the same time contracting with
Gulf Group for other services, including continuation of calls under the bottled water
BPA.

        The court concludes, therefore, that the government abused its discretion in
terminating Gulf Group’s latrine and dumpster contracts, thereby entitling Gulf Group to
lost profits for the base period of the latrine contract in the amount of 92,443.724 KD,
plus interest. The record establishes that plaintiff would not have made a profit during
the base period of the dumpster contract. Given defendant’s concession of the costs
plaintiff incurred in preparing to perform the dumpster contract, therefore, Gulf Group is
entitled to 47,881.664 KD, plus interest, which amounts to the costs Gulf Group incurred
in preparing to perform the dumpster contract, less the value of the loss Gulf Group
would have incurred in performing during the base period of the dumpster contract.

        In contrast to the latrine and dumpster contracts, Gulf Group did not establish
that defendant abused its discretion in terminating the camp package BPA call for Camp
Buehring. Defendant has advanced a good faith, reasonable explanation for its
termination of the call for Camp Buehring. The record before the court indicates that
defendant terminated the call for Camp Buehring for reasons primarily unrelated to its
termination of the latrine and dumpster contracts. Although Saud Al Tawash and Gulf
Group may have anticipated receiving an award of a call for Camp Virginia, defendant
was not contractually obligated to make such an award. Gulf Group is, therefore, only
entitled to recover the costs it incurred in preparing to perform the call for Camp
Buehring, which amounts to 19,323.000 KD, plus interest, as a result of the
government’s termination for convenience.

       Gulf Group advanced a consistent and understandable claim under the bottled
water BPA for demurrage costs associated with what plaintiff alleges were government-
caused delays. To the extent that any delays were caused by the government’s
requirement that Gulf Group deliver bottled water into Iraq in military convoys, the court
concludes that Gulf Group may not recover for the additional costs it incurred by these
delays because the requirement to travel in military convoys was a sovereign act.
Moreover, the court concludes that it would have been commercially and otherwise
impossible for the government to have avoided causing delays by not requiring Gulf
Group to deliver bottled water in military convoys, that the parties did not foresee that
the requirement to travel in military convoys would cause delays, and that the
government did not assume the risk of any delays caused in the delivery of bottled
water into Iraq. The Sovereign Acts Doctrine, therefore, precludes Gulf Group from
recovering for the delays caused by the requirement to travel in military convoys when
delivering bottled water into Iraq. With respect to the return-trip delays, although plaintiff
clearly provided a service to the defendant, the court concludes that, given the nature of
transportation conditions in the theatre at the time, including numerous possible delay

                                            198
factors, Gulf Group did not present the court with sufficient evidence to determine that
the government is responsible for any return-trip delays.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                      s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                      MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                               Judge

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