Court Opinion

ID: 3655547
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 06:08:49.126705+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:25:28.616322
License: Public Domain

The facts are sufficiently stated in the opinion of the Court by MR. JUSTICE WALKER.
This is an action for the recovery of land. Plaintiff claimed title under a grant (No. 2596) issued to Jacob Shope in 1862, upon an entry made by him in 1859, and the will of Jacob Shope (406) devising the land to her. Defendants claimed under a purchase made by Clark Byrd from the State, under the act of 1819, providing for the sale of the lands acquired by treaties with the Cherokee Indians of 1817 and 1819. They connected themselves with Byrd by mesne conveyances. A grant was issued by the State to Clark Byrd, as purchaser, in 1864, and recites the fact that the tract is a part of the land acquired by treaty from the Cherokee Indians and sold under the provisions of the act of the General Assembly to Clark Byrd, who had paid the purchase money. The grant of Jacob Shope recites the fact that the tract therein described is a part of the land acquired by treaty from the Cherokee Indians and sold under the act of General Assembly aforesaid, but it does not state that it was bought by Jacob Shope, but that he entered it. Both grants were duty registered, and it was admitted that they covered the land in dispute. It was also admitted that the land described in the grant to Clark Byrd, No. 2934, was Section No. *Page 329 
11, District No. 17, in Macon County, acquired by treaty from the Cherokee Indians, surveyed by the State in 1820 and bought at a sale made by the commissioner for the State, by Clark Byrd, to whom the said grant issued in accordance with the statute concerning the sale of Cherokee lands. And the grant which was issued to Jacob Shope in 1859 upon his entry was for the same land as that described in the grant issued to Clark Byrd.
The court charged the jury that if they found as a fact that the plaintiff, Mrs. Anderson, is the same person to whom the land was devised by Jacob Shope, the plaintiff would be entitled to recover the locusin quo, as the grant to Jacob Shope was issued more than two years before the grant was issued to Clark Byrd, under whom the defendants claim. The court, therefore, made the plaintiff's right to recover depend solely upon the seniority of the grant to her father, who devised it to her. All of the charge is not set out, but whatever else the judge may have said to the jury, and however correct it may have been, if there was error in the instruction as to the grants, there must be a new trial, as the instructions were so blended that we cannot tell which one influenced the jury to give their verdict for the plaintiff. Tillett v.R. R., 115 N.C. 663; Edwards v. R. R., 129 N.C. 80.  (407) The instruction as to the grants was erroneous. It appeared upon the face of both that the land which plaintiff's father had entered, and upon which his grant was issued, was not the subject of entry, as the act of 1852 only authorized entry of those Cherokee lands which were then vacant, and lands which had been sold by the State no longer belonged to it, and were not, therefore, vacant and subject to entry. By his purchase at the sale which was made pursuant to the statute, the grantee, Clark Byrd, acquired, not a mere option, such as an enterer under the general law would get by his entry, but the right or interest of a purchaser, the relation being that of vendor and vendee. The act of 1852, under which Jacob Shope made his entry, permitted an entry only of those lands when vacant or which had not been previously sold under the Cherokee land statutes. Frasier v. Gibson, 140 N.C. 275; Laws of 1852, chap. 119; Code, chap. 11. As it appears that the land in dispute had already been sold, it was not the subject of entry, and any grant issuing upon such an entry is void. The case cannot be distinguished from Harshaw v. Taylor, 48 N.C. 513. In that case the facts were that plaintiff made an entry of the locusin quo in 1852. The defendant purchased the same from the Indian land commissioners, under Laws 1836-7, it being Cherokee land.
Referring to the right to attack a grant collaterally, and stating that it depends upon whether the jurisdiction of the officer to issue it is *Page 330 
general or special, Judge Pearson said: "Upon these two distinctions our case is easily disposed of. The act of 1852 confers a general authority. It extends to all unsold land at a fixed price per acre. But it was properly admitted by the plaintiff's counsel that the grant to him could not be supported by the aid of that statute (act of 1852); (because) the statute only authorizes the entry and grant of vacant and unsold
land, whereas the land in controversy had been previously surveyed and sold according to the provisions of the statutes in reference to land lying in the county of Cherokee." Speaking to a like question, JusticeConnor said in Janney v. Blackwell, 138 N.C. 437: "The statutes in force in this State for more than a century have permitted `all (408) vacant and unappropriated lands belonging to the State,' with certain well-defined exceptions, to be entered and grants taken therefor. Code, sec. 2751. `To be subject to entry under the statute, lands must be such as belong to the State and such as are vacant and unappropriated.' Hall v. Hollifield, 76 N.C. 476; S. v. Bevers, 86 N.C. 588. By making the entry as prescribed by law, the enterer does not acquire any title to the land, but only a `preemption right,' or, as it is sometimes called, an `inchoate equity' or right to call for a grant upon compliance with the statute. The grant, when issued, relates to the entry and vests the title in the grantee. The land when granted is no longer subject to entry as `vacant and unappropriated lands.' Featherstone v.Mills, 15 N.C. 596; Hoover v. Thomas, 61 N.C. 184; S. v. Bevers, supra;Newton v. Brown, 134 N.C. 439. It follows, therefore, that if one lay an entry upon and procure a grant for land covered by a grant, he acquires no title thereto, for the reason that the State has by the senior grant parted with its title. Stanmire v. Powell, 35 N.C. 312. If the land be open to entry, and a grant be issued therefor, such grant may not be attacked collaterally for fraud, irregularity, or other cause. This can be done only by the State or by pursuing the provisions of section 2786 of The Code. But if the land be not subject to entry, the grant is void, and may be attacked collaterally."
We think, therefore, that the instruction of the court was erroneous.
There were questions discussed as to the statute of limitations, with special reference to the bearing of Ritchie v. Fowler, 132 N.C. 788;Frasier v. Gibson, supra, upon the case; but the facts of those cases and this one are not alike. In the two former cases there was a conflict between entries made under the act of 1852 and subsequent modifying statutes, while in this case the land had been sold under the act of 1819 and subsequent enabling statutes, and was, therefore, not the subject of entry under the other acts mentioned. Whether Clark Byrd complied with the statute is a question not presented. He paid the *Page 331 
purchase money, though it does not appear when it was paid, (409) if that be material. Kimsey v. Munday, 112 N.C. at p. 830, citing Gilchrist v. Middleton, 108 N.C. 705.
With the facts now before us, we are of the opinion that there was error in the instruction given to the jury.
New trial.
Cited: Smathers v. Hotel Co., Ib. 349; s. c., 162 N.C. 402; Tilghmanv. R. R., 167 N.C. 173.