Court Opinion

ID: 4653997
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-22 22:12:50.137106+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:57:52.366009
License: Public Domain

01/22/2021
                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                           Assigned on Briefs May 28, 2020

            IN RE: WINSTON BRADSHAW SITTON, BPR#018440

                       ___________________________________

                             No. M2020-00401-SC-BAR-BP

                       ___________________________________

This case is a cautionary tale on the ethical problems that can befall lawyers on social
media. The attorney had a Facebook page that described him as a lawyer. A Facebook
“friend” involved in a tumultuous relationship posted a public inquiry about carrying a gun
in her car. In response to her post, the attorney posted comments on the escalating use of
force. He then posted that, if the Facebook friend wanted “to kill” her ex-boyfriend, she
should “lure” him into her home, “claim” he broke in with intent to do her harm, and
“claim” she feared for her life. The attorney emphasized in his post that his advice was
given “as a lawyer,” and if she was “remotely serious,” she should “keep mum” and delete
the entire comment thread because premeditation could be used against her “at trial.” In
the ensuing disciplinary proceedings, a Board of Professional Responsibility hearing panel
found that the attorney’s conduct was prejudicial to the administration of justice in
violation of Rules of Professional Conduct 8.4(a) and (d). It recommended suspension of
his law license for sixty days. Under Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 9, § 15.4, this Court
determined that the punishment imposed by the hearing panel appeared inadequate and,
after briefing, took the matter under advisement. We now hold that the sanction must be
increased. The attorney’s advice, in and of itself, was clearly prejudicial to the
administration of justice and violated the Rules of Professional Conduct. In addition, his
choice to post the remarks on a public platform amplified their deleterious effect. The
social media posts fostered a public perception that a lawyer’s role is to manufacture false
defenses. They projected a public image of corruption of the judicial process. Under these
circumstances, the act of posting the comments on social media should be deemed an
aggravating factor that justifies an increase in discipline. Accordingly, we modify the
hearing panel’s judgment to impose a four-year suspension from the practice of law, with
one year to be served on active suspension and the remainder on probation.
            Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 15.4; Judgment of the Hearing Panel Modified

HOLLY KIRBY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JEFFREY S. BIVINS, C.J., and
CORNELIA A. CLARK and ROGER A. PAGE, JJ., joined. SHARON G. LEE, J., filed a partial
dissenting opinion.

Sandy Garrett and A Russell Willis, Brentwood, Tennessee, for the Petitioner, Board of
Professional Responsibility.

Winston Bradshaw Sitton, Nashville, Tennessee, Respondent, pro se.

                                              OPINION
                          FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       This matter arises out of a series of social media posts by the respondent attorney,
Winston Bradshaw Sitton. Mr. Sitton has been licensed to practice law in Tennessee since
1997.1

      Mr. Sitton maintained a Facebook page. His Facebook profile identified him as a
lawyer.

       For roughly a year, Mr. Sitton was a “Facebook friend” of Lauren Houston but
evidently had not met her in person. Around December 2017, Ms. Houston was in the
midst of a tumultuous break-up with Jason Henderson, the father of her child. Through his
Facebook connection with Ms. Houston, Mr. Sitton became aware of allegations of abuse,
harassment, violations of child custody arrangement, and requests for orders of protection.

       Against that backdrop, Ms. Houston wrote the following post on her Facebook page:
“I need to always carry my gun with me now, don’t I? Is it legal to carry in TN in your car
without paying the damn state?” The post was not directed to anyone specifically but rather
was aimed at Ms. Houston’s Facebook audience.

        Responding to Ms. Houston’s post, Mr. Sitton commented:

        1
           On August 23, 2018, Mr. Sitton was administratively suspended from the practice of law for
failure to pay the professional privilege tax. For reasons not explained in the record, he has not sought
reinstatement.
                                                 -2-
               I have a carry permit Lauren. The problem is that if you pull your
       gun, you must use it. I am afraid that, with your volatile relationship with
       your baby’s daddy, you will kill your ex _ your son’s father. Better to get a
       taser or a canister of tear gas. Effective but not deadly. If you get a shot gun,
       fill the first couple rounds with rock salt, the second couple with bird shot,
       then load for bear.

              If you want to kill him, then lure him into your house and claim he
       broke in with intent to do you bodily harm and that you feared for your life.
       Even with the new stand your ground law, the castle doctrine is a far safer
       basis for use of deadly force.

Replying to Mr. Sitton’s post, Ms. Houston commented, “I wish he would try.” In
response, Mr. Sitton posted further on Ms. Houston’s Facebook page:

                As a lawyer, I advise you to keep mum about this if you are remotely
       serious. Delete this thread and keep quiet. Your defense is that you are afraid
       for your life _ revenge or premeditation of any sort will be used against you
       at trial.

Presciently, another Facebook user posted: “He’s likely already seen th[is] thread!”

       Consistent with Mr. Sitton’s advice, Ms. Houston deleted her Facebook post. This
had the effect of deleting all of the comments to her Facebook post, including her exchange
with Mr. Sitton.

       Sure enough, Mr. Henderson soon became aware of the Facebook exchange
between Ms. Houston and Mr. Sitton. He brought screenshots of Ms. Houston’s public
Facebook post and the comments, including those by Mr. Sitton, to the attention of Shelby
County District Attorney General Amy Weirich. General Weirich in turn passed the
screenshots along to Tennessee’s Board of Professional Responsibility (“Board”).

       The Board investigated the matter and received Mr. Sitton’s explanation. In August
2018, it filed a petition for discipline against him. The petition alleged Mr. Sitton violated

                                             -3-
Rule of Professional Conduct2 8.4(a)–(d)3 by “counsel[ing] Ms. Houston about how to
engage in criminal conduct in a manner that would minimize the likelihood of arrest or
conviction.”

      Mr. Sitton admitted most of the basic facts alleged by the Board in its petition. He
contended, however, that his Facebook comments were taken out of context. Mr. Sitton
argued his comments could not be considered as counseling Ms. Houston on how to get
away with criminal conduct and denied he had violated the Rules of Professional Conduct.4
The hearing on the Board’s petition was scheduled for November 8, 2019.

       In advance of the hearing, Mr. Sitton filed a motion in limine to exclude the
Facebook posts from evidence. Immediately before the hearing began, the hearing panel
denied the motion on the basis that evidentiary objections were more appropriately raised
in the course of the hearing. During the hearing, the Facebook posts were offered into
evidence. Mr. Sitton raised no objection to their admission. Consequently, the hearing
panel admitted the Facebook posts into evidence.

        2
          Throughout this opinion, we interchangeably use Rule(s) of Professional Conduct with the
abbreviated “RPC.”
        3
            In the relevant part, this Rule provides:

                   It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to:

        (a) violate or attempt to violate the Rules of Professional Conduct, knowingly assist or
        induce another to do so, or do so through the acts of another;

        (b) commit a criminal act that reflects adversely on the lawyer’s honesty, trustworthiness,
        or fitness as a lawyer in other respects;

        (c) engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation; [or]

       (d) engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice[.]
Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 8.4.
        4
          Mr. Sitton offered the Board a conditional guilty plea. After conducting a hearing on Mr. Sitton’s
plea, the hearing panel issued an order rejecting it. Mr. Sitton then filed a motion to recuse the hearing
panel, which was denied.

         Mr. Sitton attached documents to his brief with additional information about the proffered
conditional guilty plea. He did not, however, seek to make the documents attached to his brief part of the
record, so we do not consider them.
                                                        -4-
       The only testimony at the hearing was that of Mr. Sitton. The record does not
include a transcript of his testimony, only the hearing panel’s description and findings
based on his testimony.5 In his brief to this Court, Mr. Sitton does not dispute the hearing
panel’s description of his testimony; rather, he disputes its inferences and conclusions.

       At the time of the hearing, Mr. Sitton had not met Ms. Houston in person.
Nevertheless, in his testimony, he “was able to describe her life, including her child,
medical conditions, her [alleged] illegal drug use, her problems with her son’s father, and
other parts of her life in great detail.”6 He said he was aware of Ms. Houston’s allegations
that Mr. Henderson engaged in abuse and harassment and violated their child custody
arrangements. Mr. Sitton understood Ms. Houston had sought orders of protection against
Mr. Henderson and had brought his actions to the attention of law enforcement. At the
time of their Facebook exchange, Mr. Sitton believed Mr. Henderson had recently broken
into Ms. Houston’s car and a judge had advised her to get a gun for personal protection.
Mr. Sitton described Ms. Houston as a “troubled woman.”

       Mr. Sitton testified he was concerned Ms. Houston would shoot and kill Mr.
Henderson and find herself in legal trouble. He acknowledged that he identified himself
as a lawyer in his Facebook posts and intended to give Ms. Houston legal advice and
information. He noted Ms. Houston engaged with him on Facebook about his legal advice,
and he felt she “appreciated that he was helping her understand the laws of the State of
Tennessee.”

      Mr. Sitton claimed his only intent in posting the Facebook comments was to
convince Ms. Houston not to carry a gun in her car. He maintained that his Facebook posts
about using the protection of the “castle doctrine” to lure Mr. Henderson into Ms.
Houston’s home to kill him were “sarcasm” or “dark humor.”

        After hearing the testimony and reviewing the Facebook posts, the hearing panel
observed that Mr. Sitton felt a personal connection with Ms. Houston and empathized with
her situation. It believed he “wanted to help her.”

        5
          The hearing panel described Mr. Sitton’s testimony as “erratic and contradictory,” but the panel
said it “was able to discern what took place.”
        6
          The hearing panel noted that Mr. Sitton’s testimony about Ms. Houston’s life circumstances “was
clearly hearsay,” so the panel did not accept any of the alleged details of Ms. Houston’s life as necessarily
true.
                                                   -5-
        The hearing panel, however, found not credible Mr. Sitton’s assertion that he
intended only to dissuade Ms. Houston from carrying a gun in her car. The panel recounted
Mr. Sitton’s advice to Ms. Houston “on the escalating use of force—beginning with the
advice not to carry a gun in [her] car, but Taser o[r] tear gas would be ok.” If Ms. Houston
felt she needed more force, Mr. Sitton counseled, “then a shotgun loaded with rock salt,
followed by bird shot.” The hearing panel said Mr. Sitton’s next remarks to Ms. Houston
“included his legal advice . . . about how to plan an effective defense to murder, if she came
to need lethal force.” Referencing Mr. Sitton’s comments on the “castle doctrine,” the
hearing panel emphasized that he explicitly told Ms. Houston that “if she wanted ‘to kill
him,’ then the ‘far safer basis for use of deadly force’ would be to ‘lure him into your house
and claim that he broke in with the intent to do you bodily harm.’”

       The hearing panel found unpersuasive Mr. Sitton’s assertion that his “castle
doctrine” comments were “sarcasm” or “dark humor,” noting that this characterization was
contradicted by his own testimony and Ms. Houston’s posts. The hearing panel found
instead that Mr. Sitton intended to give Ms. Houston legal advice about a legally “safer
basis for use of deadly force.” Pointing out that the Facebook comments were made in a
“publicly posted conversation,” the hearing panel found that “a reasonable person reading
these comments certainly would not and could not perceive them to be ‘sarcasm’ or ‘dark
humor.’”7

        The hearing panel found Mr. Sitton lacked any remorse for his actions. It
acknowledged that he conceded his Facebook posts were “intemperate” and “foolish,” but
it also pointed out that he maintained, “I don’t think what I told her was wrong.”

       The hearing panel gave the “most weight” to Mr. Sitton’s advice that Ms. Houston
delete all of the relevant Facebook posts:

        [A]fter Sitton gave Ms. Houston the advice about how to kill someone and
        still being [sic] able to claim a defense, Ms. Houston responded, “I wish he
        would try.” Sitton engaged further in his discussion with Ms. Houston and
        replied, “As a lawyer, I advise you to keep mum about this if you are

        7
         The hearing panel brushed aside Mr. Sitton’s assertion that the exhibits presented at the hearing
“provide an incomplete view of the totality of Facebook posts related to his matter.” It responded that the
hearing panel provided Mr. Sitton “wide and extensive latitude to fully describe the entire context of his
posts that day and his overall online relationship with Ms. Houston” and pointed out Mr. Sitton’s
acknowledgement at the hearing that he had been given such opportunity.
                                                  -6-
        remotely serious. Delete this thread and keep quiet. Your defense is that you
        are afraid for your life. . . [.]” The Panel finds that this further advice about
        deleting the Facebook posts confirms that this was no joke to Sitton. He
        intended this as legal advice about how to best plan a defense if she was
        “remotely serious” about killing Mr. Henderson.

The hearing panel found this to be an aggravating factor “which justifies an increase in
discipline.” The hearing panel also noted aggravating factors for Mr. Sitton’s substantial
experience in the practice of law and his prior disciplinary history, namely, an informal
admonition in 2005 and a private reprimand in 2015. Consistent with Mr. Sitton’s
approach to the current petition, the hearing panel noted he contested the basis for the prior
discipline and took “no responsibility” for the conduct that was the reason for it.

        The hearing panel observed that Mr. Sitton put on no proof of any mitigating factors,
and it found none.

       Based on these findings, the hearing panel concluded Mr. Sitton’s act of “[g]iving
advice as a lawyer about planning in advance how to claim a defense to killing someone”
was “conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice” under RPC 8.4(d). This
conduct, it found, also violated RPC 8.4(a).8

       Based on these rule violations, the applicable aggravating factors, and no mitigating
factors, the hearing panel imposed a sixty-day suspension of Mr. Sitton’s license to practice
law.

        Neither Mr. Sitton nor the Board appealed the judgment of the hearing panel.
Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 9, § 15.4(b), once the time for appeal expired, the Board
submitted to this Court a proposed order of enforcement to suspend Mr. Sitton’s law license
for sixty days.

       In accordance with the same rule, the Court reviewed the proposed order “with a
view to attaining uniformity of punishment throughout the State and appropriateness of
punishment under the circumstances of each particular case.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, §
15.4(b). The Court rejected the proposed order on the basis that the proposed sixty-day
suspension of Mr. Sitton’s law license seemed inadequate. Pursuant to Rule 9, § 15.4(c),

        8
         RPC 8.4(a) states that it is professional misconduct for a lawyer to “violate or attempt to violate
the Rules of Professional Conduct.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 8.4(a).
                                                   -7-
both Mr. Sitton and the Board were given the opportunity to brief this issue. We took the
matter under advisement.

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This Court is charged with responsibility for “promulgating and enforcing the rules
that govern the legal profession as part of [our] duty to regulate the practice of law in this
state.” Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility v. MacDonald, 595 S.W.3d 170, 181 (Tenn. 2020)
(citing Walwyn v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 481 S.W.3d 151, 162 (Tenn. 2015); Bd. of
Prof’l Responsibility v. Cowan, 388 S.W.3d 264, 267 (Tenn. 2012)). Under our inherent
authority in the Tennessee Constitution, we review all attorney disciplinary judgments. See
In re Cope, 549 S.W.3d 71, 73 (Tenn. 2018) (quoting In re Vogel, 482 S.W.3d 520, 530
(Tenn. 2016)).

        Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 9, section 15 governs the Board’s procedures in
disciplinary matters. If the Board’s disciplinary counsel decides to bring formal charges
against an attorney, the matter is decided by a hearing panel. See Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, §
15.2(a). At the hearing, “Disciplinary Counsel must prove the case by a preponderance of
the evidence.” Id. § 15.2(h). After the hearing is conducted, the hearing panel submits “its
findings and judgment, in the form of a final decree of a trial court, to the Board within
thirty days after the conclusion of the hearing.” See id. § 15.3(a). Once the hearing panel
enters a judgment recommending discipline, the attorney can either appeal the decision or
accept the judgment. See id. § 33. If the punishment is disbarment, suspension, or public
censure, and there is no appeal from the hearing panel’s decision, the Board files with this
Court a notice of submission, the judgment, a proposed order of enforcement, and a
protocol memorandum. Id. § 15.4(b); In re Walwyn, 531 S.W.3d 131, 137 (Tenn. 2017).

       Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 9, section 15.4 requires this Court to review any
hearing panel judgment that imposes disbarment or suspension if no appeal is perfected.
We review the hearing panel's judgment “with a view to attaining uniformity of punishment
throughout the State and appropriateness of punishment under the circumstances of each
particular case.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 15.4(b). If the Court determines that the
punishment appears inadequate or excessive, it must “issue an order advising the Board
and the respondent attorney that it proposes to increase or to decrease the punishment.” Id.
§ 15.4(c). If the Court proposes to increase the punishment, the respondent attorney is
given twenty days from the date of the order to file a brief, and reply briefs are due within

                                            -8-
twenty days of the filing of the brief of the party who bears the burden of persuasion.9 Id.;
In re Vogel, 482 S.W.3d at 531 (quoting a previous version of the rules).

        The Court ultimately “may modify the judgment of the hearing panel . . . in such
manner as it deems appropriate.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 15.4(c). “[O]ur standard of review
as to the recommended punishment is de novo.” In re Walwyn, 531 S.W.3d at 137 (citing
Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 15.4(b)–(c); Hughes v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 259 S.W.3d 631,
640 (Tenn. 2008)).

                                               ANALYSIS

    The issue before the Court is whether the sanction imposed by the hearing panel is
appropriate under the circumstances of this case and in uniformity with prior disciplinary
decisions involving similar circumstances. We first consider some preliminary matters
raised by Mr. Sitton, then review the rule violations and attorney misconduct, and then
discuss the sanction.

                                          I.      Preliminary

       As a preliminary matter, Mr. Sitton raises several issues related to his hearing. The
Board contends we should consider those issues waived because Mr. Sitton chose not to
appeal the order of the hearing panel and limit our discussion to the appropriate sanction.

       We exercise our discretion to briefly consider the issues raised by Mr. Sitton. He
argues that the hearing panel failed to consider the full context of his Facebook posts.10
From our review, it is clear the hearing panel did not hamper Mr. Sitton’s ability to
introduce evidence. His contention is actually that the hearing panel weighed the evidence
incorrectly and drew erroneous conclusions. On appeal, we do not substitute our judgment
for that of a hearing panel as to the weight of the evidence on questions of fact. Green v.
Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 567 S.W.3d 700, 712 (Tenn. 2019) (citing Bd. of Prof’l
Responsibility v. Daniel, 549 S.W.3d 90, 100 (Tenn. 2018)). This argument is without
merit.

        9
         Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 9, section 15.4(c) also provides that the respondent attorney may
request oral argument, which Mr. Sitton did. However, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Court
considered the case on briefs without oral argument.
        10
          Mr. Sitton argues that the hearing panel looked at his Facebook posts in isolation, contrary to
Rule 106 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence.
                                                 -9-
       Mr. Sitton also maintains the hearing panel did not give him a “presumption of
innocence.”11 Attorney disciplinary proceedings are not criminal proceedings in which
there is a presumption of innocence. See Walwyn, 481 S.W.3d at 171 (“[A]ttorney
disciplinary proceedings are not criminal proceedings.” (quoting Long v. Bd. of Prof’l
Responsibility, 435 S.W.3d 174, 186 (Tenn. 2014))); Mabry v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility,
458 S.W.3d 900, 907–08 (Tenn. 2014) (also citing Long, 435 S.W.3d at 186). Rather, the
burden is on the Board to establish rule violations by a preponderance of the evidence.
Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 15.2(h). This argument is also without merit.12

                                         II.     Rule Violations

       We now consider the attorney misconduct and the rule violations at issue. The
hearing panel in this case found Mr. Sitton’s Facebook comments violated subdivisions (a)
and (d) of Rule of Professional Conduct 8.4. That rule, in the relevant part, states:

                It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to:

        (a) violate or attempt to violate the Rules of Professional Conduct, knowingly
        assist or induce another to do so, or do so through the acts of another; [and]
        ...
        (d) engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice[.]

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 8.4.

      The Board accurately describes this case as presenting “unique factual
circumstances.” In our analysis, we focus on the actual words used by Mr. Sitton in the
Facebook exchange.

        11
           In a related argument, Mr. Sitton argues the Board’s investigation was incomplete because it did
not speak to Ms. Houston or retrieve evidence of his further exchanges with her. Again, the record shows
Mr. Sitton was free to call Ms. Houston to testify and free to introduce additional relevant evidence. He
failed to do so.
        12
           Mr. Sitton also argues that RPC 8.4, a rule adopted in some form by virtually every state in the
nation, amounts to an ex post facto, vague regulation that violates the U.S. Constitution, the Tennessee
Constitution, and state and federal laws. While Mr. Sitton quotes from various constitutional and statutory
provisions for support, he does so without any clear relevance and he cites no authority supporting his
assertions. This argument is without merit.
                                                  - 10 -
       As the hearing panel observed, Mr. Sitton’s initial comments were on “the
escalating use of force.” In response to Ms. Houston’s public post about whether to carry
a gun in her car, he advised:

       The problem is that if you pull your gun, you must use it. I am afraid that,
       with your volatile relationship with your baby’s daddy, you will kill your ex
       _ your son’s father. Better to get a taser or a canister of tear gas. Effective
       but not deadly. If you get a shot gun, fill the first couple rounds with rock
       salt, the second couple with bird shot, then load for bear.

Mr. Sitton’s next comment was more troubling:

       If you want to kill him, then lure him into your house and claim he broke in
       with intent to do you bodily harm and that you feared for your life. Even
       with the new stand your ground law, the castle doctrine is a far safer basis
       for use of deadly force.

In these comments, Mr. Sitton gives specific advice on how to plan in advance to use
“deadly force” and make it look like self-defense. He counsels that, if Ms. Houston wants
“to kill” Mr. Henderson, she should “lure” him into her home, “claim” he broke in with
bad intent, and “claim” she feared for her life.

       Making matters worse, after Ms. Houston responded “I wish he would try,” Mr.
Sitton added the following:

       As a lawyer, I advise you to keep mum about this if you are remotely serious.
       Delete this thread and keep quiet. Your defense is that you are afraid for
       your life _ revenge or premeditation of any sort will be used against you at
       trial.

In these follow-up comments, Mr. Sitton advises Ms. Houston—“as a lawyer”—that if she
is “remotely serious” about wanting to kill Mr. Henderson, she should “keep mum,” delete
the comment thread, and “keep quiet.” He cautions her that premeditation can be used
against her “at trial,” so she should hide the fact that there was a plan in advance to make
her use of deadly force appear as self-defense.

                                           - 11 -
        The hearing panel did not make a finding about whether Ms. Houston should be
considered to have been a “client” of Mr. Sitton at the time of the Facebook posts.13
Nevertheless, the hearing panel rightly characterized Mr. Sitton’s statements as gratuitous
legal advice. Mr. Sitton emphasized his status “as a lawyer” in the exchange, his Facebook
profile likewise identified him as a lawyer, and his comments discuss her legal defense “at
trial.” Mr. Sitton does not dispute the fact that Ms. Houston perceived his comments as
legal advice. Importantly, others reading Mr. Sitton’s public comments could reasonably
have had that same perception.

        Perhaps most surprising, Mr. Sitton’s injudicious advice was virtually unprompted.
As the Board observes: “What began as a question by Ms. Houston regarding the legality
of carrying a gun for defensive purposes morphed into Mr. Sitton providing advice on how
to ‘lure’ Mr. Henderson into her home in order to kill him.”

       Lawyers may of course offer advice on the legal consequences of a proposed course
of conduct and may offer counsel on the meaning or application of the law. See Tenn. Sup.
Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.2(d). That is not what Mr. Sitton did here. In his capacity as a lawyer, Mr.
Sitton offered specific legal advice on how to orchestrate a killing in a way calculated to
provide the perpetrator a fabricated defense to criminal charges. Then, in an ultimately
unsuccessful effort to conceal the conversation, he directed Ms. Houston to delete the
comment thread. Our rules do not permit lawyers to offer advice on how to commit crime
with impunity.

        The hearing panel interpreted Mr. Sitton’s comments similarly. It said that Mr.
Sitton gave “legal advice to Ms. Houston about how to plan an effective defense to murder,
if she came to need lethal force. This sounds harsh—but that is what happened here. . . .
Fortunately for everyone involved, it never came to that.” In his brief, Mr. Sitton protests

        13
          In its conclusion that Mr. Sitton’s social media posts violated Ruel 8.4(d), the hearing panel
referenced RPC 1.2(d) in a footnote. This provision states:

                A lawyer shall not counsel a client to engage, or assist a client, in conduct that the
        lawyer knows or reasonably should know is criminal or fraudulent, but a lawyer may
        discuss the legal consequences of any proposed course of conduct with a client and may
        counsel or assist a client to make a good faith effort to determine the validity, scope,
        meaning, or application of the law.

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.2(d).
                                                   - 12 -
repeatedly that he did not have the requisite “mens rea”14 or intent to support a finding that
he violated the rules governing lawyers. He argues he never intended for Ms. Houston to
take his words literally; rather, he meant them as a caution, “hyperbolic, dark sarcasm”
intended to persuade Ms. Houston to use non-lethal force and prevent her from
inadvertently killing Mr. Henderson. He explains his words were “written in haste” and
characterizes them as perhaps “harsh or intemperate or offensive.” He insists he was using
“sarcastic black humor” to “emphasize the gravity” of Ms. Houston’s Facebook comments
and “shock [her] out of her delusion that an extended discussion of the murder of her abuser
. . . was acceptable.” (Emphasis omitted). In Mr. Sitton’s view, the hearing panel’s
conclusion that he was instructing Ms. Houston on “how to commit murder” is “wild
speculative theory.” In support, he points to the fact that his comments were in a public
forum:

        [T]he Panel’s speculative theory cannot . . . be reconciled with the fact that
        the correspondence was in public _ in plain view. There is no conceivable
        reason that Petitioner, a lawyer with nearly 30-years of experience in New
        York and Tennessee, would have been stupid enough to publish such words
        openly in public view had there been any sinister intent or were this
        instruction to be taken literally.

We agree with Mr. Sitton that it is hard to conceive of any reason why a lawyer, any lawyer,
would offer instructions on how to commit murder and stage a concocted defense. But we
disagree with Mr. Sitton that his publication of the advice on a public platform such as
Facebook cuts in favor of his position. To the contrary, as discussed in detail below in our
analysis of the aggravating and mitigating factors, Mr. Sitton’s decision to publish these
comments on a public forum made his situation exponentially worse.

       For now, it suffices to say that the hearing panel rejected Mr. Sitton’s assertion that
his Facebook comments were “sarcasm” or “dark humor,” intended only to convince Ms.
Houston not to carry a gun in her car. This finding hinged in part on the hearing panel’s

        14
           Mr. Sitton acknowledges that “mens rea” relates to criminal proceedings. As we have pointed
out, attorney disciplinary proceedings are not criminal proceedings. Long, 435 S.W.3d at 186.

        Moreover, as noted in the Preface to the ABA Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions, the ABA
specifically rejected an approach to lawyer sanctions based primarily on the lawyer’s “intent” in favor of
an approach that considers (1) the lawyer’s ethical duty to the client, the public, the legal system and the
profession; (2) the lawyer’s “mental state”; and (3) “the amount of injury caused by the lawyer's
misconduct.” ABA Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions, Preface (amended 1992); see Cowan, 388
S.W.3d at 268.
                                                  - 13 -
assessment of Mr. Sitton’s credibility, as well as the plain meaning of the words used in
his social media posts. Credibility and the weight given to evidence are questions of fact;
our standard of review requires us to give deference to the findings made by the hearing
panel. Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 33.1(b) (“[T]he court shall not substitute its judgment for that
of the hearing panel as to the weight of the evidence on questions of fact.”); Lockett v. Bd.
of Prof’l Responsibility, 380 S.W.3d 19, 24 (Tenn. 2012) (citing an older version of this
Court’s rules). The evidence and the plain meaning of the language used by Mr. Sitton
support the hearing panel’s finding.

       As to the rule violations, the hearing panel concluded: “Giving advice as a lawyer
about planning in advance how to claim a defense to killing someone is conduct that is
prejudicial to the administration of justice in violation of Rule 8.4(d).” It found that this
violation “also constitutes a violation of Rule 8.4(a).”

      We agree. We hold there is ample evidence to support the hearing panel’s
conclusion that Mr. Sitton violated RPC 8.4(a) and (d) and that he is subject to discipline.

                           III.   Appropriateness of Punishment

       We next address whether the punishment imposed by the hearing panel is
appropriate under the circumstances of Mr. Sitton’s case. See Tenn. Sup.Ct. R. 9, § 15.4(b).
To determine the appropriate punishment, the Court looks first to the American Bar
Association’s Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions (“ABA Standards”). See In re
Vogel, 482 S.W.3d at 533; see also Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 15.4(a) (“In determining the
appropriate type of discipline, the hearing panel shall consider the applicable provisions of
the ABA Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions.”).

      The ABA Standards serve as “guideposts” for determining the appropriate
punishment rather than “rigid rules” that would dictate any particular outcome. In re Vogel,
482 S.W.3d at 533–34 (quoting Hyman v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 437 S.W.3d 435,
447 (Tenn. 2014)). As this Court has explained:

       The Standards recommend the type of sanction—such as disbarment or
       suspension—that the ABA Sanctions Committee deems generally
       appropriate for various kinds of misconduct. As the Preface explains, the
       ABA model does not consider the intent of the attorney but looks instead to
       the duty violated, the attorney’s mental state, and any actual or potential
       injury. Standards 4, 5, and 6 classify conduct according to whom a duty is
                                           - 14 -
      owed—whether clients, the public, or the legal system—while Standard 7
      addresses violations of other duties owed as a professional.

Cowan, 388 S.W.3d at 268 (emphasis omitted); see also ABA Standards for Imposing
Lawyer Sanctions, Preface, 3.0 (amended 1992) [hereinafter “ABA Standard __”]; Green,
567 S.W.3d at 715. This process results in a presumptive or “baseline” sanction.

        Once the presumptive sanction is identified, aggravating or mitigating factors may
indicate that a greater or lesser sanction is appropriate. Cowan, 388 S.W.3d at 268; see
ABA Standards 9.1, 9.21, 9.31. The factors listed in Standards 9.22 and 9.32 are
“illustrative rather than exclusive.” Cowan, 388 S.W.3d at 268 (quoting Lockett, 380
S.W.3d at 28). “Other factors may also be considered.” Id.

                                   A. Presumptive Sanction

       Once a hearing panel establishes that an attorney violated the Rules of Professional
Conduct, our rules require the hearing panel to ascertain the presumptively appropriate
sanction by “consider[ing] the applicable provisions of the ABA Standards for Imposing
Lawyer Sanctions.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 15.4(a); see Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility v.
Justice, 577 S.W.3d 908, 933 (Tenn. 2019) (citing Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility v. Barry,
545 S.W.3d 408, 420 (Tenn. 2018)), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 1212 (2020). In this case, the
hearing panel determined the recommended sanction without identifying the ABA
Standards on which it relied.

        In its brief to this Court, the Board notes that the ABA Standards do not expressly
describe the fact pattern in this case. We agree. However, even in cases where the facts
do not fit neatly within the ABA Standards, it is necessary for hearing panels in attorney
disciplinary matters to follow the procedural steps and ascertain the presumptive sanction
under the ABA Standards before deciding the appropriate sanction for the violation at
issue. Following this established process is imperative to ensure that lawyer discipline is
fairly and consistently administered.

       In the absence of a finding by the hearing panel on the appropriate ABA Standard,
we will make that determination. For the rule violations found by the hearing panel, the
Board suggests an array of ABA Standards. It first references the ABA Standards grouped
under Section 5.0 on violation of duties owed to the public, specifically noting Standards
5.11 and 5.12:

                                          - 15 -
             5.0 Violations of Duties Owed to the Public

             5.1 Failure to Maintain Personal Integrity

             Absent aggravating or mitigating circumstances, upon application of
      the factors set out in Standard 3.0, the following sanctions are generally
      appropriate in cases involving commission of a criminal act that reflects
      adversely on the lawyer’s honesty, trustworthiness, or fitness as a lawyer in
      other respects, or in cases with conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit,
      or misrepresentation:

                    5.11 Disbarment is generally appropriate when:

                    (a) a lawyer engages in serious criminal conduct a necessary
             element of which includes intentional interference with the
             administration of justice, false swearing, misrepresentation, fraud,
             extortion, misappropriation, or theft; or the sale, distribution or
             importation of controlled substances; or the intentional killing of
             another; or an attempt or conspiracy or solicitation of another to
             commit any of these offenses; or
                    (b) a lawyer engages in any other intentional conduct involving
             dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation that seriously
             adversely reflects on the lawyer’s fitness to practice.

                    5.12 Suspension is generally appropriate when a lawyer
             knowingly engages in criminal conduct which does not contain the
             elements listed in Standard 5.11 and that seriously adversely reflects
             on the lawyer’s fitness to practice.

ABA Standards 5.0–5.12. As can be seen, these standards reference both suspension and
disbarment as appropriate presumptive sanctions. The Board asserts Standards 5.11 and
5.12 are applicable because Mr. Sitton “advised Ms. Houston about how to commit a
serious crime, as well as how to prepare—ahead of time—a potential defense to the same.”
It argues his comments could be considered dishonest conduct that seriously adversely
reflects on his fitness to practice law, “if not an attempt to conspire with Ms. Houston
within 5.11(a).”

       The Board next cites several ABA Standards grouped in Section 6.0 on the violation
of duties owed to the legal system. It first specifies Standards 6.11 and 6.12:
                                         - 16 -
              6.0 Violations of Duties Owed to the Legal System

              6.1 False Statements, Fraud, and Misrepresentation

              Absent aggravating or mitigating circumstances, upon application of
       the factors set out in Standard 3.0, the following sanctions are generally
       appropriate in cases involving conduct that is prejudicial to the
       administration of justice or that involves dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or
       misrepresentation to a court:

                      6.11 Disbarment is generally appropriate when a lawyer, with
              the intent to deceive the court, makes a false statement, submits a false
              document, or improperly withholds material information, and causes
              serious or potentially serious injury to a party, or causes a significant
              or potentially significant adverse effect on the legal proceeding.

                      6.12 Suspension is generally appropriate when a lawyer knows
              that false statements or documents are being submitted to the court or
              that material information is improperly being withheld, and takes no
              remedial action, and causes injury or potential injury to a party to the
              legal proceeding, or causes an adverse or potentially adverse effect on
              the legal proceeding.

ABA Standards 6.0–6.12. These standards likewise identify both suspension and
disbarment as appropriate presumptive sanctions. As to Standards 6.11 and 6.12, the Board
argues that, had Ms. Houston followed Mr. Sitton’s advice, it could have caused serious
injury to Mr. Henderson and a significant adverse effect on the criminal proceedings
against Ms. Houston.

       Finally, the Board contends that ABA Standards 6.21 and 6.22, under Section 6.2,
are applicable:

              6.0 Violations of Duties Owed to the Legal System
              ....
              6.2 Abuse of the Legal Process

              Absent aggravating or mitigating circumstances, upon application of
       the factors set out in Standard 3.0, the following sanctions are generally
                                           - 17 -
       appropriate in cases involving failure to expedite litigation or bring a
       meritorious claim, or failure to obey any obligation under the rules of a
       tribunal except for an open refusal based on an assertion that no valid
       obligation exists:

                     6.21 Disbarment is generally appropriate when a lawyer
              knowingly violates a court order or rule with the intent to obtain a
              benefit for the lawyer or another, and causes serious injury or
              potentially serious injury to a party, or causes serious or potentially
              serious interference with a legal proceeding.

                     6.22 Suspension is generally appropriate when a lawyer knows
              that he or she is violating a court order or rule, and causes injury or
              potential injury to a client or a party, or causes interference or
              potential interference with a legal proceeding.

ABA Standards 6.0, 6.21–6.22. The Board contends Mr. Sitton recognized the Facebook
exchange was improper, and that is why he advised Mr. Houston to delete the comment
thread. This, the Board argues, was preemptively interfering with a legal proceeding, so
Standards 6.21 and 6.22 are applicable.

       Mr. Sitton argues none of these ABA Standards are applicable. He insists he did
not engage in criminal conduct, did not incite murder, and did not submit false or
inappropriate statements in any legal proceeding. He characterizes the Board’s narrative
as false and intentionally defamatory, maintaining there is no basis for suspension of his
law license.

        We agree with Mr. Sitton that none of these standards are exactly on point. That
alone, however, does not render them inapplicable. A rule violation need not be hand in
glove with an ABA Standard in order to consider that standard applicable. As noted above,
the Standards are “guideposts” to be considered when they bear some relevance to the
misconduct at issue. In re Vogel, 482 S.W.3d at 533; see also Daniel, 549 S.W.3d at 102
(We “may consider the full panoply of sanctions applicable to lawyer misconduct . . . ,
even if a particular ABA Standard does not explicitly describe the fact pattern in question.”
(citing Cowan, 388 S.W.3d at 270)); Green, 567 S.W.3d at 715–16 (agreeing with hearing
panel’s consideration of multiple presumptive sanctions).

       We consider Standards 6.21 and 6.22 first. At first blush, these standards, when
read in isolation, may appear applicable. As this Court has explained, however, the
                                           - 18 -
standards must be read in their entirety, including any prefatory provisions. Hyman, 437
S.W.3d at 448. Here, Standards 6.21 and 6.22 are preceded by Section 6.2, which indicates
that the standards that follow apply in cases involving matters such as failure to “expedite
litigation,” “bring a meritorious claim,” or “obey any obligation under the rules of a
tribunal.” As in Hyman, 437 S.W.3d at 448, the “conduct that triggers” ABA Standards
6.21 and 6.22 is not alleged in Mr. Sitton’s case, so those standards are inapplicable.

       With regard to ABA Standards 5.11 and 5.12, Mr. Sitton’s conduct was not found
by the hearing panel to be criminal as such, so they are not directly applicable. But he in
fact offered advice on how to use deadly force and concoct a false defense; the potential
criminal consequences of this conduct, we believe, are enough to consider Standards 5.11
and 5.12 potentially applicable. These standards reflect presumptive sanctions of
suspension and disbarment.

        Standards 6.11 and 6.12 are the most clearly applicable standards. Section 6.1
groups standards applicable to “conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice.”
Under Standard 6.11, disbarment is appropriate for an attorney “with the intent to deceive
the court, ma[de] a false statement, submit[ted] a false document, or improperly with[eld]
material information, and . . . cause[d] a significant or potentially significant adverse effect
on the legal proceeding.” ABA Standard 6.11. Although Mr. Sitton did not himself make
a false statement, he offered Ms. Houston counseling on how to do so by falsely claiming
self-defense. Standard 6.12 provides that suspension is appropriate where the attorney
“knows that false statements or documents are being submitted or that material information
is improperly . . . withheld . . . and . . . causes an adverse or potentially adverse effect on
the legal proceeding.” ABA Standard 6.12. In this case, we are dealing with a scenario
spun by Mr. Sitton to Ms. Houston, rather than false statements made in an actual
proceeding. Had Mr. Sitton’s advice been acted upon, however, it would have resulted in
Ms. Houston falsely claiming a fabricated defense to murder or attempted murder. This
certainly would qualify as a “significant adverse effect” on a legal proceeding.

        Thus, either disbarment or suspension would be a reasonable presumptive sanction.
In this case, Mr. Sitton did not make any false statements himself, and did not necessarily
urge Ms. Houston to commit a crime and falsify a defense. Rather, he gave Ms. Houston
the tools to use deadly force against Mr. Henderson if she chose to, in a way calculated to
make it appear to be self-defense. The question is close, but on balance, the facts here
more closely fit ABA Standards 5.12 and 6.12. This makes suspension rather than
disbarment the appropriate presumptive sanction in this case.

                                            - 19 -
                            B. Aggravating and Mitigating Factors

      “Next, aggravating and mitigating factors are considered to determine whether the
presumptive sanction should be increased or decreased.” Green, 567 S.W.3d at 715 (citing
Cowan, 388 S.W.3d at 268).

       In determining the aggravating factors in this case, the hearing panel noted that Mr.
Sitton has substantial experience in the practice of law; he has been licensed to practice
law in Tennessee since 1997. He has a prior history of discipline, an informal admonition
in 2005 and a private reprimand in 2015 for conduct not similar to the conduct presently at
issue. Both of these circumstances point to an increase in discipline.

       As a further aggravating factor, the hearing panel placed significant emphasis on
Mr. Sitton’s direction to Ms. Houston that she delete the Facebook comment thread to
avoid leaving a trail that would reveal his advice to her. The hearing panel said this
instruction confirmed that the comment thread was “no joke to [Mr.] Sitton” and justified
an increase in discipline. We agree.

       The hearing panel also found that Mr. Sitton had “no remorse” for his actions and
did not think what he told Ms. Houston “was wrong.” In his brief to this Court, Mr. Sitton
disputes this finding:

       Petitioner does not deny any culpability in this matter. He admitted . . . that
       his language, written in haste and then, after deleted by Ms. Houston,
       completely forgotten, was indeed intemperate, intentionally so in order to get
       Ms. Houston’s attention, and, to the extent viewed by third parties subject to
       the misunderstanding and confusion as evident in the extreme reaction by
       both the Board and the Panel.

              Petitioner humbly, sincerely and with the strongest feeling of regret,
       accepts responsibility for any negligence in the use of language and has,
       contrary to the Board’s assertions, expressed remorse from the onset.

As with the finding on whether Mr. Sitton intended for his advice to be taken seriously, the
hearing panel’s finding on whether Mr. Sitton had remorse for his misconduct hinges on
an assessment of his credibility. Our standard of review requires us to give deference to
the credibility determinations made by the hearing panel. Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 9, § 33.1(b);
Lockett, 380 S.W.3d at 23–24 (citation omitted).

                                           - 20 -
        Mr. Sitton’s brief to this Court supports the hearing panel’s finding. Remorse in
this context means more than mere regret at having engaged in conduct that resulted in
disastrous consequences to the offending attorney. It must include taking responsibility by
appreciating and acknowledging the seriousness of the attorney’s misconduct. In his brief
to this Court, Mr. Sitton continues to claim this is all just a gross misunderstanding. This
is not taking responsibility.

       There can be no mistaking the meaning of the words used by Mr. Sitton in his
Facebook posts. “If you want to kill [Mr. Henderson], then lure him into your house and
claim that he broke in with intent to do you bodily harm and that you feared for your life.”
Without question these are instructions on how to kill Mr. Henderson and manufacture a
claim of self-defense. “As a lawyer, I advise you to keep mum about this if you are
remotely serious. Delete this thread and keep quiet. Your defense is that you are afraid
for your life . . . .” Undeniably, these are directions for concealing the plan to fabricate a
defense to criminal charges for killing Mr. Henderson. While Mr. Sitton may genuinely
regret having posted the social media comments, his consistent minimizing of them shows
he has yet to appreciate the plain meaning of the words he posted and their potential serious
consequences. See ABA Standard 9.22(g) (listing attorney’s refusal to acknowledge the
wrongful nature of his conduct as an aggravating factor). This aggravating factor justifies
an increase in discipline.

       The hearing panel found no mitigating factors. Apart from his claimed remorse, Mr.
Sitton’s brief does not point to any mitigating circumstances.

      In addition to the hearing panel’s findings on aggravating and mitigating factors, we
must consider an additional circumstance. As we have already noted, the factors listed in
ABA Section 9 are illustrative, not exclusive, and other factors may be considered. Cowan,
388 S.W.3d at 268 (citing Lockett, 380 S.W.3d at 28). In this case, it is appropriate to
consider—as an aggravating factor—the fact that Mr. Sitton’s comments were made in a
very public setting, on social media.

       Mr Sitton’s statements to Ms. Houston would have constituted a violation of our
ethics rules had they been made in private or in public, for the reasons we have already
explained. Here, however, in contemplating the appropriate discipline, the Court must also
consider the fact that Mr. Sitton chose to give Ms. Houston his fateful advice on Facebook,
a public platform.15 The larger Facebook audience for the exchange would have come

       15
          The record does not indicate whether Ms. Houston’s Facebook page was public or private. This
does not make a difference in our analysis. See infra note 16.
                                               - 21 -
away thinking: this is what lawyers do; they give advice on how to commit crimes and get
away with it. Publicly fostering such a distorted image of the role of lawyers does grave
damage to the administration of justice in our State.

       We acknowledge Mr. Sitton’s apologia that his comments were “intemperate” and
“written in haste.” Certainly, spur-of-the-moment posts on social media may feel almost
like private text messages to a friend made on a cell phone alone in one’s home.
Unfortunately, that perception is far from the reality.

       Of course, there is nothing wrong with lawyers participating in social media.
Indeed, much good can come of it. Lawyers can establish an online presence, engage in
their communities, show their personalities and interests outside the law, develop
relationships on social-media platforms, and market their legal services. Lawyers
participating in social media can do much to de-mystify the legal system.

       Nevertheless, attorneys in any setting—including on social media platforms—
remain bound by our Rules of Professional Conduct. See In re Vogel, 482 S.W.3d at 545
(All attorneys licensed to practice law in this state have a duty to “act at all times, both
professionally and personally, in conformity with the standards imposed upon members of
the bar as conditions for the privilege to practice law.”).16 Lawyers who choose to post on
social media must realize they are handling live ammunition; doing so requires care and
judgment. Social media posts are widely disseminated, and the damage from a single ill-
advised comment is compounded and magnified.17

       The fact that ethically problematic conduct occurs on a social media platform need
not always be an aggravating circumstance. However, if the use of social media
exacerbates the problem the ethics rule seeks to address, we hold that it may be considered
an aggravating factor for purposes of lawyer discipline. Here, Mr. Sitton’s choice to post
his comments on a public platform amplified their deleterious effect. We can think of few

        16
             This quoted language now appears in Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 9, § 1 as part of the
Preamble.
        17
           Attorneys who participate on so-called “private” social media groupings, as for example an
invitation-only Facebook group or a personal Twitter account set to “private,” are not immune to ethics
charges. Posts on such sites are often seen by hundreds or even thousands. Otherwise innocuous behavior,
such as grousing about a difficult client, can result in ethical issues when done on even a “private” social
media platform, as where the lawyer’s kvetch inadvertently reveals client confidences. “[P]osting
information to Facebook is the very definition of making it public.” State v. Madden, No. M2012-02473-
CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 931031, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 11, 2014).
                                                  - 22 -
things more prejudicial to the administration of justice than publicly fostering a view of
lawyers as co-conspirators whose role is to manufacture plausible but untrue defenses
against criminal charges for the premeditated use of deadly force. It promotes a cynical
view of the justice system as something to be manipulated instead of respected. Moreover,
while the danger to Mr. Henderson is obvious (had Ms. Houston followed Mr. Sitton’s
instructions), the public venue for Mr. Sitton’s bad advice created a risk that others would
use it as well.

      We deem it appropriate to view Mr. Sitton’s choice to post his comments in a public
forum as an aggravating factor that justifies an increase in discipline.

                          C. Uniformity and Appropriateness of Punishment

       Having considered the aggravating and mitigating factors in this case, we are now
“required to review all of the circumstances of the particular case and also, for the sake of
uniformity, sanctions imposed in other cases presenting similar circumstances.” In re
Cope, 549 S.W.3d at 74 (quoting Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility v. Allison, 284 S.W.3d 316,
327 (Tenn. 2009)).
       In his brief to this Court, Mr. Sitton primarily argues that the hearing panel erred in
finding that he violated the Rules of Professional Conduct. He does not point to cases with
similar circumstances for purpose of comparison.18

       Noting the unique factual circumstances in this case, the Board’s brief to this Court
cites no similar Tennessee cases to compare for uniformity of punishment. We likewise
have found none.

        The Board points to three cases in other jurisdictions that involve lawyers who
wrongfully advised clients to engage in criminal conduct. The first is In re Anderson, 791
S.E.2d 285 (S.C. 2016). In Anderson, the respondent attorney “made one or more false,
fictitious and fraudulent statements and representations in an ongoing investigation by
agents of the Drug Enforcement Agency and Homeland Security of a large-scale cocaine
conspiracy that led to federal charges against multiple individuals, including a client of
respondent.” Id. at 285. The attorney admitted his conduct violated several South Carolina
Rules of Professional Conduct, including one stating that “a lawyer shall not counsel a
client to engage, or assist a client, in conduct that the lawyer knows is criminal or
fraudulent” and another providing that “it is professional misconduct for a lawyer to engage

        18
           Mr. Sitton does seek to distinguish cases cited by the Board to the hearing panel, but those cases
are not cited in the Board’s brief to this Court.
                                                  - 23 -
in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice.” Id. at 285–86. In a separate
matter, the attorney violated other rules by mishandling client funds. See id. at 286. In a
brief opinion, the Supreme Court of South Carolina approved discipline that suspended the
attorney from the practice of law for two years. Id. at 285–86.

       The Board next references People v. Gifford, 76 P.3d 519 (Colo. O.P.D.J. 2003).
That case involved three matters. In the first matter, the respondent attorney
misappropriated funds and made false statements, and in the second matter, the attorney
knowingly converted her client’s retainer. Pertinent to this case, in the third matter, the
attorney counseled her client to engage in criminal conduct. Id. at 519–20. Specifically,
the attorney advised her client to offer real estate in order to secure the “recantation of
testimony by his ex-wife and another witness in a pending criminal matter.” Id. at 522.
The Colorado court determined that this conduct violated a Colorado Rule of Professional
Conduct providing inter alia that “a lawyer shall not counsel a client to engage in conduct
that the lawyer knows is criminal” and “a lawyer shall not engage in conduct that is
prejudicial to administration of justice.” Id. at 521. This incident formed part of the basis
for disbarment of the attorney. Id. at 523.

       The Board also cites In re Edson, 530 A.2d 1246 (N.J. 1987). Edson involved two
instances in which the respondent attorney advised his client to fabricate evidence for a
defense to a charge of driving while intoxicated. Id. at 1246.

        In the first matter, the attorney advised a client to “manufacture a story . . . to form
the basis for an extrapolation defense, that is, to demonstrate that the .14% reading
overstated the actual blood-alcohol level at the time of the arrest.” Id. at 1246–47.19 When
the first incident came to light, the local prosecutor set up an undercover operation in which
a detective, posing as a prospective client, visited the attorney’s office purportedly to seek
representation on a charge of driving while intoxicated. Id. at 1247.

        Advising the detective (posing as a prospective client), the attorney

        concoct[ed] a series of facts included in which were a recent marital dispute
        and some drinks called Long Island Iced Tea (each containing three shots of
        liquor), which, according to respondent’s proposal, were consumed hastily
        just before [the client] left the tavern. To fix this imaginative scenario in [the

        19
           When the client protested that he wanted to mount a defense based on the truth, the attorney told
him, “The way the real world is, is that [the police] lie and you lie back.” Edson, 530 A.2d at 1246
(alteration in original).
                                                  - 24 -
       client]’s memory [the attorney] gave his client a written memorandum of the
       revised facts.

Id. at 1248 (internal quotation marks omitted). In its opinion, the Supreme Court of New
Jersey said:

       The members of this Court are not babes in the woods. We are invested with
       at least minimally acceptable levels of sophistication, of worldliness. Our
       professional backgrounds have exposed us, in varying degrees, to some of
       life’s seamier aspects. We have travelled different roads in our professional
       careers. We practiced in different fields and encountered, collectively, all
       kinds of lawyers—most very good, some perhaps indifferent, and a mere
       handful bad. In short, we have been around enough that not much surprises
       us. But rarely have we encountered in our colleagues at the bar the kind of
       shocking disregard of professional standards, the kind of amoral arrogance,
       that is illustrated by this record. There could hardly be a plainer case of
       dishonesty touching the administration of justice and arising out of the
       practice of law.

Id. at 1250. The Edson Court commented that “members of the bar ‘must possess a certain
set of traits—honesty and truthfulness, trustworthiness and reliability, and a professional
commitment to the judicial process and the administration of justice.’” Id. (quoting
Application of Matthews, 462 A.2d 165 (N.J. 1983)). These personal characteristics, it said,
“are required to ensure that lawyers will serve both their clients and the administration of
justice honorably and responsibly.” Id. Describing the attorney’s actions as a “calculated
course of reprehensible conduct,” the Court concluded: “No judicial response short of
disbarment can be considered acceptable.” Id. at 1246.

        Lastly, the Board cites a fourth case; in this one, a lawyer was disciplined for
providing advice prejudicial to the administration of justice to a non-client. In People v.
Ritland, 327 P.3d 914, 914 (Colo. O.P.D.J. 2014), in an effort to adopt her second cousin’s
baby, the attorney falsely portrayed her husband as the birth father of the child. In a related
filing, the attorney counseled her husband to falsely represent himself as the birth father.
Id.

        By submitting false evidence that eventually necessitated vacation of her adoption
decree, the Ritland court held, the attorney violated inter alia Colorado’s ethical rule
against engaging in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice. Id. at 921. It found
that the presumptive ABA sanction was disbarment. Id. at 925. It observed, however, that
                                            - 25 -
the attorney engaged in the misconduct in furtherance of the personal interests of herself
and her husband while filing paperwork any prospective adoptive parent would file, “rather
than while representing a client in the traditional sense.” Id. at 927. It found that the
chances the attorney would engage in future professional misconduct were “slight” because
the misconduct “did not take place in the context of a traditional client representation” and
because it was “a deviation from her otherwise good character.” Id. The court also noted
that the hearing board “was struck by the almost perfect storm” of circumstances in the
attorney’s personal life that culminated in the misconduct. Id. Taking these factors into
account, the court concluded that a three-year suspension was appropriate. Id. at 929.

       In this case, the Board advocates a lengthy suspension or disbarment. As explained
above, we have determined that suspension is the appropriate presumptive sanction for Mr.
Sitton’s misconduct. We agree with the Board that the misconduct in this case warrants far
greater suspension than that imposed by the hearing panel.

        First, Mr. Sitton’s advice could have led to a disastrous outcome. In response to
Ms. Houston’s public inquiry about carrying a gun in her vehicle for defensive purposes,
Mr. Sitton suggested she could “lure” Mr. Henderson into a situation in which she
purportedly could use deadly force against him with no legal consequence. Had Ms.
Houston followed Mr. Sitton’s advice, Mr. Henderson could have ended up maimed or
killed.

       Second, Mr. Sitton’s comments encouraged Ms. Houston to deliberately orchestrate
a situation designed to support a defense for using her gun on Mr. Henderson, including
deleting the Facebook thread so it could not be used as evidence against her. This is grave
misconduct that goes to the heart of the administration of justice. His comments “detracted
materially from the honesty, integrity, and dignity that are the hallmarks of the legal
profession.” Edson, 530 A.2d at 1249 (quoting In re Mintz, 503 A.2d 290 (1986)).

        Third, Mr. Sitton’s choice to post his remarks in a public venue “project[s] a public
image of corruption of the judicial process.” In re Rosen, 438 A.2d 316, 317 (N.J. 1981)
(citing In re La Duca, 299 A.2d 405 (N.J. 1973)). His comments, posted for all the world
to see, depict lawyers as fixers who manufacture fake defenses to evade criminal
conviction. Mr. Sitton’s public misconduct “tears the very delicate threads of our legal
system. Our system is not based on lies and deception but on truth and honor.” Edson,
530 A.2d at 1249.

      We consider the totality of the circumstances in light of the comparative cases.
Here, Mr. Sitton’s disciplinary history is minimal and this incident appears to be isolated.
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In contrast, in Gifford, the attorney counseled a client to engage in criminal conduct and
was disbarred, but that attorney had engaged in other egregious conduct as well. Gifford,
76 P.3d at 521. In this case, Mr. Sitton’s misconduct appears to be an aberration—albeit a
serious one. We also note that, as in Ritland, Mr. Sitton’s misconduct “did not take place
in the context of a traditional client representation.” Ritland, 327 P.3d at 927. None of the
evidence indicates that Mr. Sitton had anything to gain from giving such misguided advice.
This is in contrast with the misconduct in Edson, in which the attorney engaged in a pattern
of misconduct and had essentially cultivated a business model as a “liar for hire.” Edson,
530 A.2d at 1249. In this case, Mr. Sitton’s Facebook comments appear instead to have
been the result of a foolish, impulsive decision.

        It is noteworthy, however, that Mr. Sitton failed to establish any mitigating factors
in this case. No testimony was offered as to his good character. To this Court, instead of
taking responsibility, Mr. Sitton minimized his actions and accused the Board of defaming
him.

       On balance, the appropriate discipline in this case appears to be a lengthy
suspension. We find appropriate a suspension of four years, with one year served as active
suspension and the remaining three years on probation. Before reinstatement to active
practice, in addition to the usual CLE requirements, Mr. Sitton must complete nine hours
of CLE focused on the ethical use of social media by attorneys.

       “[T]his Court takes seriously its obligation to supervise and regulate the practice of
law.” In re Vogel, 482 S.W.3d at 545 (quoting Sneed v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 301
S.W.3d 603, 618 (Tenn. 2010)). We believe that a four-year suspension, with one year to
be served on active suspension and the rest on probation, plus appropriate CLE instruction,
is the minimum punishment that fulfills our duty in this case.

                                       CONCLUSION

       Accordingly, based on our consideration of the record “with a view to attaining
uniformity of punishment throughout the state and appropriateness of punishment under
the circumstances of [this] case,” Tenn. Sup.Ct. R. 9, § 15.4(b), we modify the judgment
of the hearing panel to impose a four-year suspension from the practice of law, with one
year to be served on active suspension and the remainder on probation. Additionally, prior
to reinstatement to the active practice of law, Mr. Sitton shall complete nine CLE hours
(online or in-person), in addition to the annual CLE requirement, pertaining to ethical use
of social media by attorneys. Mr. Sitton must comply in all respects with Tennessee
Supreme Court Rule 9, specifically with regard to the obligations and responsibilities of
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suspended attorneys. Costs of these proceedings are taxed to Mr. Sitton, for which
execution may issue if necessary.

                               __________________________________________
                               HOLLY KIRBY, JUSTICE

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