Court Opinion

ID: 2810200
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-19 19:23:34.388206+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:14:15.623632
License: Public Domain

[J-105A-D-2014]
              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                          MIDDLE DISTRICT

        CASTILLE, C.J., SAYLOR, EAKIN, BAER, TODD, STEVENS, JJ.

SHERYL SEARS; RONALD J. GUINEY;     :   No. 22 MAP 2013
FLORENCE SPANOS; BARBARA L.         :
MILLER; RANDELL DEVLIN; KATHLEEN    :   Appeal from the Order of the
DEVLIN; SALLYE FISCUS; NICHOLAS     :   Commonwealth Court at No. 121 MD
BALANDIAT; LORETTA E.               :   2011 (consolidated with No. 157 MD
MAIERHOFER; MARY GALLAGHER;         :   2011) dated 3/4/13 exited 3/5/13
DANIEL CECCHETTI; MICHELE           :
YAMSHON; VICKI L. MAZZAFERRO;       :
MADELINE MARTUCCI; GARY             :
CARPINELLO; KAREN CARPINELLO;       :
DIANE HOLBERT; ARTHUR W.            :
CUNNINGHAM, JR.; DANA               :
CUNNINGHAM; DOLORES LOBIONDO;       :
MICHAEL LOBIONDO; CAROL KUHNS;      :
TAMMY BEVAN; ALICIA RAGER;          :
TERESA LIBERATO; VALERIE BENKO;     :
JOHN C. EGAN; TAMMY GROSS;          :
BLANCHE HOOVER; JOSEPH D.           :
STEINER; CYNTHIA BRAZEN; SUSAN      :
ANTOSZEWSKI; ANGELA STETZ;          :
BONNIE ZUZO; CAROL WEISS; LINDA     :
SAUNDERS; LOUISE SCHNEIDER;         :
LINDA GORSUCH; ALEX J. DERITIS,     :
SR.; SHARON THIR; BECKY THIR;       :
BARBARA SIMS; FRANK SIMS; CAROL     :
L. DEVERS; DEBBIE A. KRAFT;         :
DEBORAH A. MCGRADY; JEFF C.         :
MILLER; DAVID LIPSTEIN; BONNIE      :
LIPSTEIN; THOMAS R. HABERMAN;       :
WILLIAM A. ROTH; DAVID DAWSON;      :
VICTORIA D. HARTSEK; JEANINE        :
RICHARDS; KELLY RICHARDS;           :
WILLIAM AINSWORTH; WILLIAM          :
BRIGGS; LORRAINE CAPALBO; CHRIS     :
IAMS; RONALD KAPLAN; JOAN O'SHEA;   :
KIMBERLY THOMAS; BIANCA WILLIS;     :
SHAWN WILLIS; PAMELA R. ALWINE;     :
BARBARA A. BEAM; BEVERLY A.         :
CORCORAN; JAMES J. CORCORAN;        :
KRISTYN L. CORCORAN; BILLYE         :
GLENN; DAVID MCKEE; CHRISTINA A.    :
MILLER; PARTICIA VARGULISH; DORA    :
M. ALEXANDER; AND JODA L. SCHENA,   :
ON BEHALF OF THEMSELVES AND ALL     :
OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED           :
                                    :
          v.                        :
                                    :
TOM WOLF AS GOVERNOR OF THE         :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA;       :
RANDY ALBRIGHT AS SECRETARY OF      :
BUDGET OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF       :
PENNSYLVANIA; HOUSE OF              :
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE              :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA;       :
MIKE TURZAI AS SPEAKER OF THE       :
HOUSE; SENATE OF THE                :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA;       :
JOSEPH B. SCARNATI, III, AS         :
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE        :
SENATE; AND DEPARTMENT OF           :
TREASURY OF THE COMMONWEALTH        :
OF PENNSYLVANIA                     :
                                    :
APPEAL OF: MIKE TURZAI AS           :
SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE; SENATE OF     :
THE COMMONWEALTH OF                 :
PENNSYLVANIA; JOSEPH B.             :
SCARNATI, III, AS PRESIDENT PRO     :
TEMPORE OF THE SENATE               :
                                    :
SHERYL SEARS; RONALD J. GUINEY;     :   No. 23 MAP 2013
FLORENCE SPANOS; BARBARA L.         :
MILLER; RANDELL DEVLIN; KATHLEEN    :   Appeal from the Order of the
DEVLIN; SALLYE FISCUS; NICHOLAS     :   Commonwealth Court at No. 121 MD
BALANDIAT; LORETTA E.               :   2011 dated 3/4/13, exited 3/5/13
MAIERHOFER; MARY GALLAGHER;         :
DANIEL CECCHETTI; MICHELE           :
YAMSHON; VICKI L. MAZZAFERRO;       :
MADELINE MARTUCCI; GARY             :
CARPINELLO; KAREN CARPINELLO;       :
DIANE HOLBERT; ARTHUR W.            :
CUNNINGHAM, JR.; DANA               :
CUNNINGHAM; DOLORES LOBIONDO;       :
MICHAEL LOBIONDO; CAROL KUHNS;      :
TAMMY BEVAN; ALICIA RAGER;          :

                          [J-105A-D-2014] - 2
TERESA LIBERATO; VALERIE BENKO;     :
JOHN C. EGAN; TAMMY GROSS;          :
BLANCHE HOOVER; JOSEPH D.           :
STEINER; CYNTHIA BRAZEN; SUSAN      :
ANTOSZEWSKI; ANGELA STETZ;          :
BONNIE ZUZO; CAROL WEISS; LINDA     :
SAUNDERS; LOUISE SCHNEIDER;         :
LINDA GORSUCH; ALEX J. DERITIS,     :
SR.; SHARON THIR; BECKY THIR;       :
BARBARA SIMS; FRANK SIMS; CAROL     :
L. DEVERS; DEBBIE A. KRAFT;         :
DEBORAH A. MCGRADY; JEFF C.         :
MILLER; DAVID LIPSTEIN; BONNIE      :
LIPSTEIN; THOMAS R. HABERMAN;       :
WILLIAM A. ROTH; DAVID DAWSON;      :
VICTORIA D. HARTSEK; JEANINE        :
RICHARDS; KELLY RICHARDS;           :
WILLIAM AINSWORTH; WILLIAM          :
BRIGGS; LORRAINE CAPALBO; CHRIS     :
IAMS; RONALD KAPLAN; JOAN O'SHEA;   :
KIMBERLY THOMAS; BIANCA WILLIS;     :
SHAWN WILLIS; PAMELA R. ALWINE;     :
BARBARA A. BEAM; BEVERLY A.         :
CORCORAN; JAMES J. CORCORAN;        :
KRISTYN L. CORCORAN; BILLYE         :
GLENN; DAVID MCKEE; CHRISTINA A.    :
MILLER; PARTICIA VARGULISH; DORA    :
M. ALEXANDER; AND JODA L. SCHENA,   :
ON BEHALF OF THEMSELVES AND ALL     :
OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED           :
                                    :
          v.                        :
                                    :
TOM WOLF AS GOVERNOR OF THE         :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA;       :
RANDY ALBRIGHT AS SECRETARY OF      :
BUDGET OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF       :
PENNSYLVANIA; HOUSE OF              :
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE              :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA;       :
MIKE TURZAI AS SPEAKER OF THE       :
HOUSE; SENATE OF THE                :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA;       :
JOSEPH B. SCARNATI, III, AS         :
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE        :
SENATE; AND DEPARTMENT OF           :

                          [J-105A-D-2014] - 3
TREASURY OF THE COMMONWEALTH     :
OF PENNSYLVANIA                  :
                                 :
APPEAL OF: TOM WOLF AS           :
GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH :
OF PENNSYLVANIA; RANDY ALBRIGHT :
AS SECRETARY OF BUDGET OF THE    :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA :
                                 :
                                 :
ERIC WEISBLATT, INDIVIDUALLY AND :    No. 24 MAP 2013
ON BEHALF OF ALL OTHERS          :
SIMILARLY SITUATED               :    Appeal from the Order of the
                                 :    Commonwealth Court at No. 157 MD
          v.                     :    2011 dated 3/4/13, exited 3/5/13
                                 :
HONORABLE TOM WOLF, AS           :
GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH :
OF PENNSYLVANIA; HONORABLE       :
RANDY ALBRIGHT, AS SECRETARY OF :
BUDGET OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF :
PENNSYLVANIA; HONORABLE          :
CHRISTOPHER CRAIG, AS ACTING     :
TREASURER OF THE                 :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA; :
AND DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY :
OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF           :
PENNSYLVANIA                     :
                                 :
APPEAL OF: HONORABLE TOM WOLF, :
AS GOVERNOR OF THE               :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA; :
HONORABLE RANDY ALBRIGHT, AS     :
SECRETARY OF BUDGET OF THE       :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA :
                                 :
                                 :    No. 31 MAP 2013
ERIC WEISBLATT, INDIVIDUALLY AND :
ON BEHALF OF ALL OTHERS          :    Appeal from the Order of the
SIMILARLY SITUATED,              :    Commonwealth Court at No. 157 MD
                                 :    2011 dated 3/4/13, exited 3/5/13
                Cross Appellant  :
                                 :
          v.                     :
                                 :
HONORABLE TOM WOLF, AS           :

                         [J-105A-D-2014] - 4
GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH                  :
OF PENNSYLVANIA; HONORABLE                    :
RANDY ALBRIGHT, AS SECRETARY OF               :
BUDGET OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF                 :
PENNSYLVANIA; HONORABLE                       :
CHRISTOPHER CRAIG, AS ACTING                  :
TREASURER OF THE                              :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA;                 :
AND DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY                :
OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF                        :
PENNSYLVANIA,                                 : ARGUED: November 19, 2014

                      Cross Appellees

                                         OPINION

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE SAYLOR                                      DECIDED: June 19, 2015

         These consolidated direct appeals concern Appellees’ efforts to resurrect a

defunct state-run health insurance program.

         By way of essential background, this case involves challenges to amendments to

the Fiscal Code,1 which, inter alia, defines the powers and duties of the Department of

Revenue and the Treasury Department relative to the disbursement or disposition of

Commonwealth funds.        See 72 P.S. §2.    In conjunction with annual appropriations

processes, the General Assembly has employed omnibus amendments to the Fiscal

Code, for many years, as the enabling mechanism for financing state government

operations and various programs. See, e.g., Act of July 6, 2010, P.L. 279, No. 46

(encaptioned “Fiscal Code - Omnibus Amendments” and providing, inter alia, for the

implementation of the operating budget of the Commonwealth for the fiscal year 2010-

2011).

1
    Act of April 9, 1929, P.L. 343, No. 176 (as amended 72 P.S. §§1-1804).

                                    [J-105A-D-2014] - 5
       Appellees were recipients of state-subsidized, low-cost health insurance via the

adultBasic program, which was previously administered by the Department of Insurance

and made available to certain qualifying adults in Pennsylvania.             The program

historically received the bulk of its funding from the proceeds of a 1998 multi-state

master     settlement   agreement    between     forty-seven   states   –   including   the

Commonwealth – and several major tobacco product manufacturers in the United

States.2

       The allocation and distribution of funds received annually by the Commonwealth

under this accord was initially administered outside of the Fiscal Code, via the Tobacco

Settlement Act.3 Per this enactment, such monies were deposited into a special fund

denominated the Tobacco Settlement Fund (the “Fund”), see 35 P.S. §5701.303(a)

(repealed). The TSA also provided for appropriations calculated annually using defined

formulas. See 35 P.S. §5701.306(b) (repealed). As relevant here, thirty percent of the

funds were allocated, collectively, to adultBasic and another health-related program

which provides medical assistance benefits for workers with disabilities, known as

“MAWD.” See 35 P.S. §5701.306(b)(1)(vi) (repealed).

       Of particular significance to the present appeals, the TSA’s adultBasic provisions

also specified:

              Subsidization of the benefit package [of adultBasic] is
              contingent upon the amount of the appropriations to the
              program and limited to eligible adults . . .. Nothing under this
              section shall constitute an entitlement derived from the

2
 See generally Act of June 22, 2000, P.L. 394, No. 54 (as amended 35 P.S. §§5671 –
5675) (the “Tobacco Settlement Agreement Act”).

3
  Act of June 26, 2001, P.L. 755, No. 77 (as amended 35 P.S. §§5701.101 –
5701.5103) (the “TSA”).

                                    [J-105A-D-2014] - 6
             Commonwealth or        a   claim   on   any   funds   of   the
             Commonwealth.
35 P.S. §5701.1303(c) (emphasis added).4

      In the years after the passage of the TSA, in conjunction with the annual budget

process and through the vehicle of the omnibus amendments to the Fiscal Code, the

Legislature directed a series of one-time transfers of tobacco settlement monies from

the Fund.5 Such redirection was initially undertaken primarily in furtherance of health-

related purposes, albeit ones outside the purview of the TSA. See supra note 5.6 As

relevant to the present litigation, for purposes of fiscal years 2010-2011 and 2011-2012,

the General Assembly again used modifications to the Fiscal Code to override the

TSA’s requirements for tobacco settlement monies. The amendments in question were

4
  MAWD apparently received priority over adultBasic relative to tobacco settlement
funds, as no particular formula was provided in the TSA for division between these two
programs, but MAWD benefits are in the nature of an entitlement. See 35 P.S.
§5701.1503(c) (providing, upon the satisfaction of certain conditions specified in
MAWD, that the department or its designee “shall provide to the worker medical
assistance benefits” (emphasis added)).

5
  See Act of June 29, 2002, P.L. 614, No. 91, §18 (adding Section 1721-A to the Fiscal
Code, 72 P.S. §1721-A (expired)); Act of July 7, 2005, P.L. 174, No. 41, §2 (reenacting
amended Section 1721-A, 72 P.S. §1721-A (expired)); Act of July 5, 2006, P.L. 296, No.
66, §2 (adding Section 1715-C of the Fiscal Code, 72 P.S. §1715-C); Act of July 17,
2007, P.L. 141, No. 42, §4 (adding Section 1715-G of the Fiscal Code, 72 P.S. §1715-
G); Act of July 4, 2008, P.L. 629, No. 53, §8 (adding Section 1715-I of the Fiscal Code,
72 P.S. §1715-I); Act of October 9, 2009, P.L. 537, No. 50, §5 (adding Section 1715-K
of the Fiscal Code, 72 P.S. §1715-K).

6
 For a period of time beginning in 2005, some of the dissipation of funding to adultBasic
was offset by subsidization from Pennsylvania’s Blue Cross and Blue Shield Plans as
part of their non-profit missions pursuant to the Community Health Reinvestment
Agreement. See generally Act of July 5, 2006, P.L. 296, No. 66 (containing, inter alia, a
superseded version of Section 1715-C(b) of the Fiscal Code); accord H.R. 500, 195th
Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. (Pa. 2011). Such agreement, however, expired in 2010.
See id.

                                  [J-105A-D-2014] - 7
contained in the Act of July 6, 2010, P.L. 279, No. 46 (“Act 46”) (adding Sections 1715-

M of the Fiscal Code, 72 P.S. §1715-M), and the Act of June 30, 2011, P.L. 159, No. 26

(“Act 26”) (adding Section 1715-C of the Fiscal Code, 72 P.S. §1715-C). One effect of

the amendments was to divert tobacco settlement funds more generally to other fiscal

priorities of the Commonwealth.        For example, Act 46 required a transfer of

$250,000,000 to the Commonwealth’s General Fund. See 72 P.S. §1715-M(b)(5).7 At

least partially on account of the loss of essential funding, adultBasic ceased operations

in February 2011. See N.T., Apr. 12, 2011, at Exh. P-5 (reflecting a termination notice

provided to a previous adultBasic subscriber).8

      In March 2011, Appellees Cheryl Sears and seventy-four other former recipients

of adultBasic (the “Sears Appellees”) filed an original-jurisdiction petition for review in

the Commonwealth Court, styled as a class action.         The petition and amendments

designated as respondents: the Governor of Pennsylvania and the Secretary of Budget

(collectively, the “Executive Appellants”); the Senate, the House of Representatives,

7
  See generally 72 P.S. §302 (defining the “General Fund” as “[a]ll monies received by
the Treasury Department from the Department of Revenue, or from any other source,
which are not by this act required to be credited to any other fund”).

Notably, the Legislature has continued, in subsequent years, to apply similar practices
of redirecting tobacco settlement monies away from the Tobacco Settlement Fund
through the vehicle of omnibus amendments to the Fiscal Code. See Act of July 2,
2012, P.L. 823, No. 87, §14 (adding Section 1715-G of the Fiscal Code, 72 P.S. §1715-
G), Act of July 18, 2013, P.L. 574, No. 71, §§14-15 (adding Sections 1711-A.1 through
1713-A.1 of the Fiscal Code and repealing Sections 303, 306, and 307 of the TSA, 35
P.S. §§5701.303, 5701.306 – 5701.307).

8
  The Commonwealth Court has found that the adultBasic program also terminated
because MAWD had been consuming an increasing portion of the tobacco settlement
funds dedicated to it and adultBasic collectively, and on account of the expiration of the
subsidization stream under the Community Health Reinvestment Agreement. See
Sears v. Corbett, 121 & 157 M.D. 2011, slip op. at 13-14 (Pa. Cmwlth. Apr. 20, 2011)
(single judge memorandum).

                                   [J-105A-D-2014] - 8
and various legislative leaders (the “Legislative Appellants”), and the Department of

Treasury. As amended, the petition contended, inter alia, that the redirection of tobacco

settlement monies under Acts 46 and 26 violated the TSA’s requirements for

appropriation and allocation of tobacco settlement funds. See 35 P.S. §5701.306. The

petition also asserted that these enactments offended various provisions of the

Pennsylvania Constitution governing legislative processes, including the general

requirement that no bill shall be passed containing more than a single subject. See PA.

CONST. art. III, §3.   Appellees sought declaratory, mandamus, and injunctive relief

retroactively reestablishing the adultBasic program and reimbursing the program over

two hundred million dollars.

      In April 2011, Appellee Eric Weisblatt commenced a separate original-jurisdiction

proceeding in the Commonwealth Court, also styled as a class action, proffering

materially similar allegations and claims for relief, in the relevant respects. Appellee

Weisblatt, however, named only executive-branch officials and agencies as defendants.

      Appellees in both proceedings moved for a preliminary injunction to preclude the

Treasury from disbursing the tobacco settlement monies which were due to be received

that month as appropriated per Act 46. Relief was denied by the court, however, upon

its finding that the harm asserted by Appellees was neither immediate nor irreparable.9

See Sears v. Corbett, Nos. 121 & 157 M.D. 2011, slip op. at 11 (Pa. Cmwlth. Apr. 20,

2011) (single-judge memorandum). The court reasoned that the harm had already

occurred, given the termination of the adultBasic program several months earlier, and

9
  See generally Warehime v. Warehime, 580 Pa. 201, 209-10, 860 A.2d 41, 46-47
(2004) (discussing the requirements for preliminary injunctive relief, including the
requirements that relief is necessary to prevent immediate and irreparable harm that
cannot be compensated by damages).

                                  [J-105A-D-2014] - 9
moreover, the requested relief would not restore Appellees’ insurance or resurrect

adultBasic. See Sears, Nos. 121 & 157 M.D. 2011, slip op. at 11-12.10 Finally, the

court determined that greater harm would inure to the Commonwealth were relief to be

afforded, since the General Assembly had redirected monies, per Act 46, in order to

balance the budget as required by the Pennsylvania Constitution. See id. at 12 & n.12

(citing PA. CONST. art. VIII, §12). According to the court, judicial interference with this

regime would adversely affect the operation of government, services, and programs.

See id. at 13.

       Subsequently, Appellants filed preliminary objections. In particular, they relied on

the TSA’s prescription that “[n]othing under this section [pertaining to adultBasic

benefits] shall constitute an entitlement derived from the Commonwealth or a claim on

any funds of the Commonwealth.” 35 P.S. §5701.1303(c). Furthermore, several of the

appellants invoked sovereign immunity to the extent that Appellees sought to compel

the restoration of adultBasic in the absence of legislative appropriations or to hold them

responsible for any effects of its termination.

       On June 27, 2012, the Commonwealth Court issued a divided, en banc opinion in

the Sears case, which sustained the preliminary objections pertaining to several of the

Sears Appellees’ claims, while deeming others meritorious and/or subject to further

consideration. See Sears v. Corbett, 49 A.3d 463 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012). In terms of

sovereign immunity, the majority distinguished between those suits seeking to compel

affirmative action on the part of state officials or to recover money or property, and

those asking to restrain state officials from performing affirmative acts. See id. at 471

(citing Phila. Life Ins. Co. v. Commonwealth, 410 Pa. 571, 576, 190 A.2d 111, 114

10
  The court also observed that the executive branch had advised subscribers of other
available healthcare insurance alternatives. See id. at 10.

                                   [J-105A-D-2014] - 10
(1963)). Only the latter, the majority explained, was excepted from the application of

sovereign immunity. See id.

       The Commonwealth Court majority next applied this distinction to the Sears

Appellees’ request for an order mandating that all future tobacco settlement monies be

deposited in accordance with the TSA, the Fund be reimbursed these monies, and the

adultBasic program be reinstated retroactively. Given that the Legislature already had

provided for redirection of the relevant funds, the majority reasoned, the Legislative

Appellants would be required to take affirmative action to effectuate a remedy. See id.

at 472-73. Accordingly, the majority concluded that the doctrine of sovereign immunity

barred relief as against the legislative respondents and sustained the preliminary

objections in this regard. See id. at 473.11

       The majority, however, regarded the relief requested relative to the Executive

Appellants as in the nature of a restraint from carrying out the dictates of the Acts 46

and 26 amendments.         See id. (“Should this Court ultimately conclude that the

aforementioned Acts were unconstitutional, we could certainly direct Respondents

Corbett and Zogby to refrain from enforcing this legislation.”). Given the permissibility of

a prohibitory injunction impacting the sovereign, the majority overruled the Executive

Appellants’ preliminary objections in such regards.

       In response to the argument that the Sears Appellees lacked any entitlement to

adultBasic benefits, the majority credited their position that the non-entitlement

language in Section 1303 of the TSA had a limited and directed purpose, in that it “was

meant [only] to address the expiration of the annual [tobacco settlement fund] payments

11
   The Commonwealth Court majority also found that the Speech and Debate Clause
found in Article II, Section 15 of the Pennsylvania Constitution foreclosed any type of
judicial order directing the General Assembly to enact new legislation. See Sears, 49
A.3d at 481-82.

                                   [J-105A-D-2014] - 11
in 2025 or a substantial decrease in [such payments].” Id. at 474. Viewed as such, the

majority reasoned, the TSA did not preclude the Sears Appellees from challenging the

diversion of tobacco settlement monies from adultBasic. See id. Conceptually, the

majority also perceived a material difference between claiming entitlement to monies

and challenging redirection of such funds away from a particular program. See id.

(“[The Sears Appelllees] are not alleging an entitlement, nor are they asserting a claim

to Commonwealth Funds. Rather, [they] are challenging the redirection of [tobacco

settlement] monies away from the Fund.”).

       The majority proceeded to determine that Acts 46 and 26 were inconsistent with

the Pennsylvania Constitution’s single-subject provision. See PA. CONST. art. III, §3.

Initially, the majority mentioned the salient purpose of Article III, Section 3 -- which is to

prevent what were considered by early framers to be pernicious practices of the past --

as encapsulated within the following passage from this Court’s decision in City of

Philadelphia v. Commonwealth, 575 Pa. 542, 838 A.2d 566 (2003):

              [O]mnibus bills . . . permitted the passage of hidden
              legislation and allowed “logrolling” -- that is, “embracing in
              one bill several distinct matters, none of which could singly
              obtain the assent of the legislature, and procuring its
              passage by combining the minorities who favored the
              individual matters to form a majority that would adopt them
              all.” As a corollary, the single-subject requirement prevents
              the attachment of riders which could not become law on their
              own to popular bills that are certain to pass. Also, a bill
              addressing a single topic is more likely to obtain a
              considered review than one addressing many subjects.
Id. at 574-75, 838 A.2d at 586 (citations omitted). See generally id. at 573, 838 A.2d at

585 (“Article III’s general purpose is ‘to place restraints on the legislative process and

encourage an open, deliberative and accountable government.’” (quoting Pa. AFL-CIO

ex rel. George v. Commonwealth, 563 Pa. 108, 119, 757 A.2d 917, 923 (2000))).

                                   [J-105A-D-2014] - 12
Further, the majority recognized that, in giving effect to the above aims while also

extending appropriate deference to the legislative branch, this Court had devised a

“practical germaneness test” as the litmus for constitutional compliance with the single-

subject requirement. Sears, 49 A.3d at 475 (citing City of Phila., 575 Pa. at 579, 838

A.2d at 589 (reflecting that Article III, Section 3 requires that legislation possess some

“single unifying subject to which all of the provisions of the act are germane”)).

       Applying this test, the Commonwealth Court majority found that both Acts 46 and

26 encompassed multiple diverse subjects, including ones unrelated to the

Commonwealth’s operating budget. For example, the majority explained that Act 46

contains various sections pertaining to “building/construction permits, heritage areas

and the establishment of a heritage area program within the Department of

Conservation and Natural Resources, victims of crime and the establishment of a

Special Juvenile Compensation Fund, and semi-annual reports of the Pennsylvania

Emergency Management Agency.” Sears, 49 A.3d at 478.12

       Judge Simpson authored the dissent, which Judge McGinley joined. Relying on

Section 1303(c) of the TSA, the dissent found that “the TSA established the adultBasic

program, but it placed express limits on privileges of eligible adults.” Sears, 49 A.3d at

487 (Simpson, J., dissenting). In particular, the dissent stressed the statutory non-

entitlement language. See id. (quoting 35 P.S. §5701.1303(c)).

       Judge Simpson acknowledged the Sears Appellees’ suggestion that they were

not alleging an entitlement or making a claim to Commonwealth funds, as well as their

argument that the non-entitlement language was merely intended to address a financial

12
   The majority opinion also disposed of various other claims advanced by Appellants.
We have chosen to focus on the single-subject aspect to streamline the discussion,
particularly since our disposition, below, centers on the threshold question of the impact
of the TSA’s prescription that the statute simply does not form the basis for a claim.

                                   [J-105A-D-2014] - 13
shortfall expected around 2025, when the tobacco settlement payments were expected

to subside. The dissent replied, however:

              By whatever name, [the Sears Appellees] seek return of
              funds from the Commonwealth’s General Fund back to an
              account where it will be available for the adultBasic program.
              The plain language of Section 1303 does not enable them to
              do so. Nor does the plain language even hint that non-
              entitlement begins in 2025. To the extent that the majority
              reaches a different conclusion, I respectfully part company.
Id. at 488.

       Several weeks after the Commonwealth Court’s issuance of its opinion in Sears,

the court issued a divided decision in the companion case of Weisblatt. See Weisblatt

v. Corbett, 53 A.3d 91 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012) (en banc). Countervailing expressions were

presented incorporating the reasoning and conclusions set forth in the Sears majority

and dissenting opinions. See id. at 92-93.

       Subsequently, the parties filed cross-motions for summary relief, and the Sears

and Weisblatt cases were consolidated. In March 2013, the Commonwealth Court, by

way of an unpublished single-judge opinion, denied class certification but awarded

partial summary relief in Appellees’ favor. See Sears v. Corbett, 121 & 157 M.D. 2011,

slip op. (Pa. Cmwlth. Mar. 4, 2013).13 As to Appellees’ requests for declaratory and

injunctive relief, the court considered itself bound by the previous decision on

preliminary objections discerning violations of Article III, Section 3 of the Pennsylvania

Constitution and other prescriptions of such charter. In this regard, the court referenced

the “law of the case” doctrine. See Sears, 121 & 157 M.D. 2011, slip op. at 23 (“Law of

the case means that whatever is once irrevocably established as the controlling legal

13
  The class certification aspect is not directly relevant to the present appeals and will
not be discussed further.

                                  [J-105A-D-2014] - 14
rule of the decision between the same parties in the same case continues to be the law

of the case.” (quoting In re Pa. Turnpike Comm’n, 715 A.2d 1219, 1223 n.10 (Pa.

Cmwlth. 1998))).       Based upon this principle as applied to the previous decision on

preliminary objections, the court declared Acts 46 and 26 to be unconstitutional and

permanently enjoined the Executive Appellants and the Treasury from enforcing the

provisions of these enactments on a prospective basis. See id.

       The Commonwealth Court also found the prior decision controlling relative to

Appellees’ request for mandamus relief to compensate for the lapse of funding in

previous years.    In this regard, the court highlighted that such relief would require

legislative action, which, by virtue of sovereign immunity, was beyond the court’s

authority to direct.    See id. at 28.   Thus, the court denied the salient requests for

mandamus relief.

       The Commonwealth Court further directed that the Executive Appellants and

Treasury were to appropriate “30% of the Fund to ‘health investment insurance

pursuant to Chapter 13 and for the purchase of Medicaid benefits for workers with

disabilities pursuant to Chapter 15,’ i.e., the MAWD and adultBasic Program, as

required by Section 306(b)(1)(vi) of the TSA.” Sears, 121 & 157 M.D. 2011, slip op. at

28. The court issued this directive because the Executive Appellants had submitted an

uncontradicted affidavit indicating that the entire thirty percent of the TSA funds were to

be allocated to MAWD for the 2013-2014 fiscal year.           The court ruled that such

allocation was impermissible, however, given that the TSA required a division of funds

between the two programs. See id. at 28-29.

       The Legislative and Executive Appellants lodged appeals, and Appellee

Weisblatt filed a cross-appeal to challenge the denial of retrospective relief. Per Rule of

Appellate Procedure 1736(b), an automatic supersedeas prevented immediate

                                    [J-105A-D-2014] - 15
operation of the Commonwealth Court’s order.       See Pa.R.A.P. 1736(b).     Appellees

asked this Court to vacate the supersedeas, but their request was denied.

      During the pendency of the appeals, additional omnibus amendments to the

Fiscal Code were enacted into law, which, inter alia, effectuated a repeal of the

allocation formula provided in the TSA, replacing it with a funding stream dedicated

solely to MAWD. See Act of July 18, 2013, P.L. 574, No. 71, §§14, 20(5) (“Act 71”)

(adding Sections 1711-A.1 through 1713-A.1 of the Fiscal Code, 72 P.S. §§1711-A.1 -

1713-A.1, and repealing Sections 303, 306, and 307 of the TSA, 35 P.S. §§5701.303,

5701.306 – 5701.307). The result is to formally displace adultBasic funding within the

terms of the TSA itself. See id. In light of these amendments, Appellees renewed their

request for relief from the supersedeas, which was again denied.

      Presently, Appellants’ lead argument remains that specific admonitions by the

Legislature within the terms of the TSA itself -- namely, that funding to adultBasic was

conditional and nothing in the TSA provisions establishing the program was intended to

establish an entitlement or support a claim against the Commonwealth -- foreclose

Appellees’ challenges in their entirety.14 Appellants dismiss the Commonwealth Court

majority’s explanation for the non-entitlement language, in which the majority posited

that the provision was intended to address the program’s sunset upon the full

14
   See, e.g., Brief for the Legislative Appellants at 28 (“The Tobacco Settlement Act is
crystal clear: the continuation of benefits under the adultBasic program is statutorily
conditioned upon subsequent decisions to be made by the General Assembly and the
Governor as to whether and how much to appropriate to that program.”); id. at 34 (“The
only interpretation that gives full meaning to this statutory non-entitlement language is
one that construes the language just as it reads: the General Assembly did not, by
establishing adultBasic to provide a non-mandated and gratuitous benefit to eligible
adults, create in [Appellees] any claim to adultBasic benefits or any claim to
Commonwealth funds.”); Brief for the Executive Appellants at 55 (“Section 1303(c)
specifically provides that no individual in the adultBasic program has an entitlement to
benefits or permits any claim to a fund of the Commonwealth.”).

                                 [J-105A-D-2014] - 16
consummation of the tobacco settlement arrangement, as being entirely extra-statutory.

See Brief for the Legislative Appellants at 33 (“As Judge Simpson correctly observed,

the statutory text does not even ‘hint that non-entitlement begins in 2025.’” (quoting

Sears, 49 A.3d at 488 (Simpson, J., dissenting))). Rather, it is Appellants’ position that

the plain language of the TSA conveys the General Assembly’s anticipation of, and

accounting for, the possibility for future shifts among fiscal priorities. Furthermore, like

Judge Simpson, Appellants regard the majority’s distinction between challenging a

redirection of funds and laying a claim to the same funds as illusory.

       Even if this were not the case, Appellants observe, Appellees’ action cannot

possibly result either in the reestablishment of the adultBasic program or the

reinstatement of the funding stream for the program contained in the original 2001

enactment, since adultBasic ceased operations four years ago. Moreover, they stress,

the TSA’s original funding formula has since been repealed by the General Assembly,

and any sought-after relief in the form of reimbursement is barred by the doctrines of

Sovereign Immunity and Speech or Debate Immunity. Accord Brief for the Legislative

Appellants at 14 (referencing the passage of Act 71 in 2013, after which “there is no

longer any statutory mechanism for funding of adultBasic”); Brief for the Executive

Appellants at 47 (“Enjoining the enforcement of the adultBasic provisions today has no

practical meaning or effect, as there is nothing left to enforce.”). For the above reasons,

the Legislative Appellants couch Appellees’ action as both “meritless and pointless.”

Brief for the Legislative Appellants at 8.

       The Legislative Appellants also urge this Court to resolve the case on such basis

as to avoid “plung[ing] into the thorny bramble of constitutional procedure otherwise

presented here.” Brief for the Legislative Appellants at 25; accord id. at 35 (“Because

[Appellees] have no entitlement to adultBasic benefits or Commonwealth funds, the

                                   [J-105A-D-2014] - 17
Court should exercise judicial restraint and decline to opine on the academic

constitutional questions regarding Acts 46 and 26.”). In this regard, the Legislative

Appellants invoke the maxim that difficult constitutional questions should be avoided if

another avenue for disposition is present. See, e.g., MCI WorldCom, Inc v. PUC, 577

Pa. 294, 311, 844 A.2d 1239, 1249 (2004) (“The ‘canon of constitutional avoidance’

provides that when a statute is susceptible of two constructions, by one of which grave

and doubtful constitutional questions arise and by the other of which such questions are

avoided, our duty is to adopt the latter.” (citations omitted)). Additionally, they highlight

the Commonwealth Court’s determinations applying the doctrine of sovereign immunity

and the Speech and Debate Clause. According to the Legislative Appellants, havoc

would result were this Court to disturb the practice of employing omnibus-style

amendments to the Fiscal Code to implement the Commonwealth’s budget. They relate

that “[t]his is a matter of deep concern not only to the General Assembly, but also to the

People of the Commonwealth, who rely on a government funded by these laws

amending the Fiscal Code each and every day.” Brief for the Legislative Appellants at

27.

       Along these lines, the Legislative Appellants explain that Acts 46 and 26 did

much more than simply allocate tobacco settlement monies, in that such enactments

implemented the Commonwealth budgets for the applicable fiscal years and provided

for a host of other fiscal matters.15 Given such breadth of applicability, the Legislative

15
   As examples, the Legislative Appellants reference: funding for public health and
welfare, including autism services, lupus programs, breast cancer screening, arthritis
outreach, children and youth programs, and county human services, see 72 P.S.
§§1725-L, 1729-B, 1729-L; funding for volunteer fire companies and ambulance
services, and for the Pennsylvania State Police, see 72 P.S. §§1733-B, 1733-L, 1799-E;
requisitions for funding of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, 72 P.S.
§1501; grants provided by the Juvenile Court Judges Commission, see 72 P.S. §1712-
E; funding for public school education, higher education, and education for blind and
(continuedS)
                                   [J-105A-D-2014] - 18
Appellants reiterate that “budgetary chaos could erupt throughout the Commonwealth,”

should Appellees’ position be sustained. See id. at 39. According to the Legislative

Appellants:

              Such potential unintended consequences only reinforce the
              public policies that underlie the Legislative Immunity and
              Sovereign Immunity doctrines, all of which require that the
              Court exercise restraint from interfering with the legislative,
              budgetary, and policy decisions and activities of the
              coordinate Branches of government.

              The overwhelming gravity of these weighty constitutional
              issues, along with the potential for disastrous, unintended
              consequences, should give this Court great pause before
              delving into the domains of the Legislative and Executive
              branches that have been entrusted to them by the People,
              through the Constitution.
Brief for the Legislative Appellants at 39; cf. Brief for the Executive Appellants at 31

(“Taking the omnibus bill and dividing it into a vast sea of smaller bills, all of which

would need to be passed at the same time, would likely increase the chance of

(Scontinued)
deaf students, see 72 P.S. §1722-B, 1722-L, 1738-L, 1738-E; funding for services for
the blind to be administered by the Department of Labor and Industry, see 72 P.S.
§1727-L; educational tax credits for small businesses, see 72 P.S. §§1601-H, 1602-H
(repealed); economic development, including the Neighborhood Improvement Zone
Fund, Keystone Opportunity Zone, Keystone Special Development Zone, and Gaming
Economic Development and Tourism Fund, see 72 P.S. §§1604-B (repealed), 1601-F
(repealed), 1604-F (repealed), 1605-B (repealed), 1719.1-E; audits of disbursed
funding, see 72 P.S. §§1502, 1701-O; the investment of Commonwealth monies, see 72
P.S. §§301.1, 505; issuance of bonds to refinance debt, see 72 P.S. §1601-G; and
creation of restricted receipt accounts for the purpose of administering federal grants,
impacting justice assistance, aid to volunteer fire companies, land and water
conservation, education of the disabled, library grants, homeless adult assistance,
assistance to severely disabled persons, transportation for the elderly and disabled,
disaster relief, and historic preservation, see 72 P.S. §§1716-C, 1719-M. See Brief for
the Legislative Appellants at 37-38 & n.23.

                                  [J-105A-D-2014] - 19
confusion and obfuscation by scattering the amendments across multiple pieces of

legislation.”). In a similar vein, the Executive Appellants also raise justiciability concerns

under the political-question doctrine.     See Brief for the Executive Appellants at 54

(“[T]he appropriation of Commonwealth funds is vested in the legislature and any

challenges to its decisions in that regard are non-justiciable political questions based on

the separation of powers.” (footnote and citations omitted)).16

       Should this Court reach the merits, it is Appellants’ position that Acts 46 and 26

each had a unifying subject, namely, implementation of the Commonwealth’s operating

budget.     According to the Legislative Appellants, “[b]ecause the Commonwealth’s

budget touches all corners of the Commonwealth, impacting virtually every aspect of

governmental, commercial, and day-to-day life in Pennsylvania, it is of course

necessary for the Fiscal Code enactments to address a multitude of different programs,

initiatives, objectives, special funds, agencies, and other matters.”          Brief for the

Legislative Appellants at 45.

       Appellees, on the other hand, contend that the “entitlement” language of Section

1303(a) has no bearing on their standing to pursue judicial redress. In this respect,

Appellees emphasize that the primary source of funds for adultBasic was tobacco

settlement monies, which Appellees appear to distinguish from “funds of the

Commonwealth,” as to which the TSA indicated they have no claim. See Brief for

16
   The Legislative Appellants also take issue with Judge Pellegrini’s application of the
law-of-the-case doctrine, noting, inter alia, that the principle does not operate as an
inflexible command relative to decisions made at different stages of a proceeding. See
Brief for the Legislative Appellants at 30 (citing Riccio v. Am. Rep. Ins. Co., 550 Pa.
254, 261, 705 A.2d 422, 425 (1997)). In any event, presumably Judge Pellegrini
continued to support the substantive merits of the decision on preliminary objections,
since he was a member of the en banc panel and joined the majority decision. See
Sears, 49 A.3d at 468.

                                   [J-105A-D-2014] - 20
Appellees at 35 (“[T]he subsidy is to be obtained from Tobacco Settlement proceeds,

not ‘from the Commonwealth.’”).

      Appellees also maintain the distinction, adopted by the Commonwealth Court

majority, between challenging a redirection of monies and laying a claim to the same

funds. See, e.g., id. at 37-38 (“[A]ppellees are not claiming that the benefits provided by

the adultBasic program were an unconditional entitlement from the Commonwealth.

Rather, they are challenging how the General Assembly took away funding for a

program that the Tobacco Act mandated was to be funded by Tobacco Settlement

money.”). On this subject, Appellees also fault Appellants for “conflat[ing] specific laws

relating to entitlement programs with the more fundamental question of legal standing.”

Brief for Appellees at 36-37; see also id. at 37 (“For the [Appellants], the words of

Section 5701.1303(c), to the effect that adultBasic is not an entitlement program, have a

talismanic power that immunizes the General Assembly’s actions relating to the

administration of the Tobacco Settlement Fund from judicial oversight.”).

      In terms of standing, Appellees observe that, in William Penn Parking Garage,

Inc. v. City of Pittsburgh, 464 Pa. 168, 346 A.2d 269 (1975), the Court explained that,

while there have been iterations of the litmus suggesting the requirement of a legal

right, “this test proved unsatisfactory, and has now been generally discarded.” See id.

at 200, 346 A.2d at 285 (footnotes and citations omitted).          Under the prevailing

standard, Appellees explain, a party is aggrieved when his interest is direct, substantial

and immediate, with the Court defining these terms as follows:

             A party has a substantial interest in the outcome of litigation
             if his interest exceeds that of all citizens in procuring
             obedience to the law. The interest is direct if there is a
             causal connection between the asserted violation and the
             harm complained of; it is immediate if that causal connection
             is not remote or speculative.

                                  [J-105A-D-2014] - 21
City of Phila., 575 Pa. at 560, 838 A.2d at 577 (footnotes and citations omitted). Here,

Appellees contend that their interest is substantial because their health insurance was

lost; the interest is direct since, in absence of the challenged Fiscal Code amendments,

they believe the adultBasic program would have retained funding; and it is immediate in

light of the direct pecuniary harm they suffered.

       Appellees’ central position is that Acts 46 and 26 reflect “the precise type of

legislation that Article III, §3 of the Pennsylvania Constitution was intended to prevent --

omnibus bills containing a mixture of distinct and independent subjects which will not be

subject to the enhanced scrutiny a single-topic bill would undergo.” Brief for Appellees

at 20. Appellees’ contention, on this point, is that Acts 46 and 26 “deal with virtually

every aspect of life in Pennsylvania, certainly encompassing all levels of state and local

government and all who interact with or are governed by them.” Id. at 24; cf. supra note

15. Furthermore, Appellees highlight the understanding, on the part of this Court, that

“it would be a serious dereliction on our part to deliberately ignore a clear constitutional

violation.” Consumer Party of Pa. v. Commonwealth, 510 Pa. 158, 178, 507 A.2d 323,

333 (1986).

       Appellee Weisblatt, in his capacity as the cross-appellant, has filed a separate

set of briefs arguing in favor of retrospective monetary relief.17

17
   Appellees also challenge the Legislative Appellants’ standing to appeal, since the
Commonwealth Court held that no relief could be awarded against them. We decline,
however, to credit this position. The Sears Appellees named the houses of the General
Assembly and legislative leaders as respondents in their lawsuit, and Appellees secured
a judicial determination that several of the Assembly’s enactments were
unconstitutional. Thus, the Legislature is a party litigant with a manifest interest in the
outcome of the appeals, and we will entertain its arguments which, in any event, overlap
substantially with those advanced by the Executive Appellants. As to the Executive
Appellants, whose standing is challenged by the Appellee Weisblatt, they are subject to
an explicit order of the Commonwealth Court requiring them to refrain from enforcing
the provisions of Acts 46 and 26 and, thus, plainly are aggrieved.

                                   [J-105A-D-2014] - 22
      At the outset, we observe that these appeals raise substantial justiciability

concerns. Under Article VIII, Section 13 of the Pennsylvania Constitution, the General

Assembly is charged with the obligation to adopt a capital budget for each fiscal year.

See PA. CONST. art. VIII, §13. The process obviously entails a myriad of difficult policy

decisions, among competing interests, in determining fiscal priorities and attendant

allocations. Adoption of a budget, of course, would be a hollow act in the absence of an

implementing mechanism, here, the Fiscal Code. Accordingly, the Legislature urges

that it is a matter of necessity that it proceed via omnibus-style amendments to amend

the Fiscal Code, as part of the annual budget process.

      Given the impact on many and varied interests, see, e.g., supra note 15, the

omnibus approach facially appears to test the limits of the practical germaneness litmus

which this Court conventionally applies to assess single-subject challenges. Moreover,

without any limitations whatsoever, the practice would seem to be susceptible to the

“logrolling” concern underlying Article III, Section 3’s single-subject requirement.

Accordingly, in an appropriate case, we may be required to determine whether judicial

intervention is possible and/or appropriate and, if so, what may be the appropriate

standards.

      Nevertheless, we agree with Appellants and Judge Simpson that the appeals

presently before us are not such cases. In the absence of a constitutionally-recognized,

individual interest, the Legislature may sanction judicial redress or foreclose it.     Cf.

Weaver v. Harpster, 601 Pa. 488, 517, 975 A.2d 555, 572 (2009) (“[I]t is not the role of

this Court to create a private cause of action where the General Assembly has decided

not to create a right or a remedy[.]”); Estate of Witthoeft v. Kiskaddon, 557 Pa. 340, 348,

733 A.2d 623, 627 (1999) (“This court will not engraft a private cause of action onto the

statute without further guidance from the General Assembly.”). In terms of adultBasic,

                                  [J-105A-D-2014] - 23
from the outset, the Legislature expressed the manifest intention that subscribers

should have no claim against Commonwealth funds. See 35 P.S. §5701.1303(c). The

Commonwealth Court, then, should not have permitted the legislative and executive

branches to be haled into court based upon such prohibited claims.               Cf. Jerry L.

Mashaw & Dylan S. Calsyn, Block Grants, Entitlements, and Federalism: A Conceptual

Map of Contested Terrain, 14 YALE J.     ON   REG. 297, 303 (1996) (“[E]ntitlements versus

non-entitlements programs are distinguished in terms of beneficiaries’ capacity to

enforce their interest in the states’ fulfillment of programmatic promises.”).

       The Commonwealth Court majority’s dilutions of the operative non-entitlement

language -- e.g., “[n]othing under this section shall constitute an entitlement derived

from the Commonwealth or a claim on any funds of the Commonwealth,” 35 P.S.

§5701.1303(c) -- are unpersuasive. As Judge Simpson explained, there simply is no

sunset-based qualification upon these proscriptions, and it exceeds the judicial role to

inject such a limitation. See, e.g., Frazier v. WCAB (Bayada Nurses, Inc.), 616 Pa. 592,

599, 52 A.3d 241, 245 (2012) (“When examining a statute, we are bound by its plain

language; accordingly, we should not insert words into the [a]ct that are plainly not

there.”).   Moreover, funds “of the Commonwealth” plainly are at the forefront of

Appellees’ claims, since the monies in issue derived from the master settlement

agreement with tobacco product manufacturers, and the Commonwealth is the party-in-

interest to such accord.       See 35 P.S. §5673 (defining the “Master Settlement

Agreement” as an agreement between “the Commonwealth” and leading tobacco

product manufacturers).     Furthermore, it is the Commonwealth which received the

funds, as recognized in the TSA itself. See id. §5701.303(a) (repealed) (providing for

the depositing in the Tobacco Settlement Fund of “all payments received by the

Commonwealth pursuant to the Master Settlement Agreement”). Finally, like Judge

                                   [J-105A-D-2014] - 24
Simpson, we see no material difference between making a claim on funds of the

Commonwealth and challenging the redirection of such monies to other fiscal priorities.

See Sears, 49 A.3d at 488 (Simpson, J., dissenting) (“By whatever name, [Appellees]

seek return of funds from the Commonwealth’s General Fund back to an account where

it will be available for the adultBasic program.”).

       As to the underlying legislative intent, when the General Assembly pronounced

that the TSA’s adultBasic provisions did not furnish a basis for a claim against

Commonwealth funds, we believe that it expected that the Commonwealth should not

be sued by subscribers relative to the program’s receipt of such funds. In our view, the

Legislature particularly would not have thought that persons with no entitlement to make

a claim on Commonwealth funds could pursue an action in a court of law bringing the

entire scheme for implementing the Commonwealth budget into question. Moreover,

were we to ignore the statute’s plain direction in this regard, the specter of litigation

would serve as a substantial deterrent to the allocation of funding to non-entitlement

programs.

       Finally, we recognize that Appellees might qualify to seek judicial redress under

the general principles of standing reflected in the William Penn Parking Garage

decision, which recognizes as sufficient interests short of the possession of a legal

claim. See William Penn Parking Garage, 464 Pa. at 202, 346 A.2d at 286. That

decision, however, did not involve a scenario in which claims were explicitly prohibited

by the Legislature.18

18
  In this regard, our present opinion is consistent with the decision in Commonwealth v.
Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc., 607 Pa. 406, 8 A.3d 267 (2010). In that case, this Court
recognized that the general standing principles fashioned by the judiciary may yield to
the will of the General Assembly when the question is one of standing under a specific
statutory regime. See Janssen, 607 Pa. at 420, 8 A.3d at 275.

                                    [J-105A-D-2014] - 25
       In light of the absence, on Appellees part, of any entitlement to adultBasic

benefits and the related statutory prohibition against the assertions of claims on funds of

the Commonwealth, we hold that Appellees lacked standing to pursue the relief

requested in their petitions for review.

       The order of the Commonwealth Court is reversed and its opinions on

preliminary objections and summary relief are vacated.

       Former Chief Justice Castille did not participate in the decision of this case.

       Messrs. Justice Eakin and Baer, Madame Justice Todd and Mr. Justice Stevens

join the opinion.

                                   [J-105A-D-2014] - 26