Court Opinion

ID: 9471306
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 03:28:52.772936+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:42:20.817484
License: Public Domain

OAKES, Circuit Judge
(concurring):
The question presented by this appeal is whether a defendant in a federal criminal trial can waive his right to a unanimous jury verdict. This very term, a panel of this circuit considered and resolved this issue, holding in United States v. Pachay, 711 F.2d 488, 491 (2d Cir.1983), that Rule 31 “does not permit waiver of the unanimity requirement, a conclusion reached by the three other circuits that have confronted the issue.” Because the holding in Pachay is not only clear and correct, but also controlling on the facts on the record before us, my concurrence today is in the result only. I write only to emphasize that Pachay states good law, and to explain why I believe that the majority’s use of note 4 to Pachay contradicts not only the letter, but also the logic of that case.
Early drafts of Rule 31 expressly permitted the parties to a criminal trial to accept a verdict of a majority of the jurors. See Pachay, 711 F.2d at 490. The provision was, however, ultimately deleted, after the drafters received numerous comments opposing it. Id.
As Judge Newman observed in Pachay, one of the more powerful and persuasive arguments opposing waiver was made by Judge Merrill Otis of the Western District of Missouri, who stressed that “the character of the tribunal by which a man may be *49imprisoned and how the tribunal functions are things so fundamental that they should be determined by law and should be the same for all men.” 1 Comments, Recommendations and Suggestions Received Concerning the Preliminary Draft of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 139 (Sept. 25,1943) (on file in the Harvard Law School Library), cited at 711 F.2d at 491 n. 1. Additionally, Judge Otis expressed concern that a criminal defendant might feel coerced to agree to a judge’s suggestion of a non-unanimous verdict, apparently fearing that a defendant who refused to consent might incur the “displeasure,” if not the wrath and retribution, of the judge. 711 F.2d at 490-91.
Thus the drafters of Rule 31 were convinced that a defendant should not be allowed to waive the requirement of a unanimous verdict. Every circuit which has considered the question — and it is worth noting that the legislative history was not examined closely by any panel prior to Pachay —has been similarly and independently convinced. Thus, I am somewhat surprised that the majority here leaps at the opportunity to deny the force of Pachay by pointing to note 4 and suggesting that it may be significant that the possibility of waiver in this case was first raised by Chavis’s appointed counsel — a “fact” which is, to my mind, unsupported by the record.1 But moving beyond a factual dispute, I believe the majority’s approach does an injustice to Rule 31, to Pachay, and even to note 4 itself.
At the outset, note 4 at most leaves open the question whether a waiver of Rule 31 may “ever” be given effect, “as, for example, if the idea of accepting a non-unanimous verdict originated with a defendant.” Assuming, for argument, that the question really is “open,” this possibility of a narrow exception must be read in light of the emphatic language of Pachay that Rule 31 “prohibits waiver,” 711 F.2d at 492.
Thus, I would assume that the Pachay panel meant what it said, i.e., that if the defendant himself (as opposed to his counsel) originates the idea of accepting the non-unanimous verdict, the effect to be given the resulting waiver may be an open question. The distinction between defendant and defendant’s counsel, while sometimes of no consequence, would clearly be of the utmost significance in the area of waiver. For all the reliance we, as a society, place on legal representation, counsel may not waive, on behalf of his client, his right to a trial, for example, or his right to a jury trial.
There is an even more fundamental reason which compels me to reject the majority’s apparent attempt to breathe life into note 4. A “waiver,” as defined by Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938), is “ordinarily an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege.” As such, it is possible that there might be some case where the proposal to dispense with the requirement of unanimity would actually originate with a defendant, who presumably does not have the court room know-how that would tell him that the chances are strong that a criminal jury divided 11 to 1 has 11 people voting to convict and only one to acquit. But the rule of Pachay is that waivers are not permitted. To even suggest, as I fear the majority seems to, that despite the “no waiver rule” waivers which originate with the accused may be given effect, without more, is to allow for the possibility that the “no waiver rule” will become the waiver rule. This is hardly consistent with Pachay.
By definition, an anti-waiver rule represents a determination by a third party— here, the drafters of Rule 31 — that the unanimity requirement is so basic or fundamental to the right of trial by jury that a defendant may not be trusted to choose for himself to discard it. It is, therefore, clear*50ly turning the rule on its head to allow the very defendant who would choose to discard it — who is, therefore, the intended beneficiary of the rule and who most needs the protection of the rule — to shed himself of its protection.
What then does Pachay’s note 4 mean? Is it a meaningless gesture of conciliation to a dissent? My own view is that we should, here and now, answer the question left open in Pachay and declare that Rule 31 allows for no waiver of unanimity. Short of that, I would suggest that, at most, an exception to the no-waiver rule might be made only in those rare cases where it is crystal clear that a defendant himself has not only originated the idea of a waiver, but insisted upon it, after having been carefully advised by the trial court of the unanimous verdict policy behind Rule 31.
The majority holds that as a matter of law there was no waiver; if I were confronted with that question, I would want to know more facts than I do. But of course on the basis of Pachay I feel that I am not so confronted, and do, therefore, concur in the result reached by the majority.

. Seeking to place the present case within note 4, the Government claims and the majority appears to accept that it was Chavis who initiated the proposal of taking a verdict of eleven, and refers us to the portion of the transcript quoted in the majority opinion at page 47. I totally disagree with the contention that the quoted exchange demonstrates that Chavis originated the idea of accepting a nonunanimous verdict. All it shows is that counsel “discussed” the matter with the Government and that his client “agreed” to “take it.”