Court Opinion

ID: 9352981
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-10 17:07:27.579251+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:06:18.098389
License: Public Domain

J-S38027-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    DEVON HILL                                 :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1267 EDA 2022

                  Appeal from the Order Entered April 25, 2022
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
                Criminal Division at No. CP-51-CR-0000968-2020

BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., MURRAY, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.:                             FILED JANUARY 10, 2023

       Devon Hill (Appellant) appeals from the order denying his motion to

dismiss on double jeopardy grounds.1 After careful review, we affirm.

       On February 7, 2020, the Commonwealth charged Appellant with

attempted murder, aggravated assault, and other crimes2 arising from the

October 5, 2018, shooting of Abdullah Thomas (Thomas).              See Criminal

Information, 2/7/20, at 1-2.

____________________________________________

1 This appeal is properly before us pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 587(b)(6) (“If the
judge denies the motion [to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds,] but does
not find it frivolous, the judge shall advise the defendant on the record that
the denial is immediately appealable as a collateral order.”). See also N.T.,
4/25/22, at 30 (trial court stating it did “not find this to be a frivolous motion.
So [Appellant has] the right to an interlocutory appeal[.])”; Order, 4/25/22
(Appellant’s motion “was not frivolous.”).

218 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 901(a), 2702(a), 6105(a)(1), 6106(a)(1), 6108, 907(a),
2701(a), and 2705.
J-S38027-22

      Thomas testified at trial that he had little memory of the incident, and

recalled only that his assailant shot him with a black gun. N.T., 2/3/22, at

89-93, 106-11. Thomas escaped to a nearby park and collapsed. Id. at 68-

79, 89-99. There were no eyewitnesses to the shooting; however, Rhonda

Cherry heard a gunshot, saw Thomas collapse in the park, and observed a

man wearing a white t-shirt and holding a black object she believed to be a

gun, running from the scene. N.T. (Morning Session), 2/4/22, 12-18, 43-45.

      Police recovered surveillance footage from several cameras in the area

of the shooting. The footage recorded events before and after the shooting.

It showed a person wearing a white t-shirt and a gold chain, with a tattoo on

his face, walking near Thomas immediately prior to the shooting.          N.T.

(Afternoon Session), 2/3/22, 118-19; 2/4/22, 21-23. Police officers at the

local precinct viewed the footage and identified the man as Appellant. N.T.,

2/2/22, at 9-12.

      Prior to trial, Appellant filed a motion in limine seeking to exclude the

officers’ identification of him as the man in the footage because the officers

had not witnessed the shooting. Id. at 2-4. The trial court heard argument

and granted the motion. The court ruled the officers were “prohibited from

testifying that the person in the video is [Appellant] unless they had personal

knowledge of that event, like they were eyewitnesses to the event.” Id. at

20.

                                     -2-
J-S38027-22

      The Commonwealth played the footage at trial. The prosecutor asked

the investigating detective, Michael Repici:

      [Q.] Okay, Detective what did you do after that, how did you
      come to develop [Appellant] in this case as a suspect?

      [A.] From the video recovered, which is Double Star, some of the
      really good video that I’ve – in my experience in my work, it’s a
      good camera, [Appellant’s] face we facial rec’d him and I got a
      name –

N.T. (Afternoon Session), 2/4/22, at 33.

      Appellant objected and moved for a mistrial on the basis that the

detective’s testimony violated the court’s ruling on the motion in limine. Id.

at 33-38. The trial court agreed, stating:

      Okay. So, I am going to grant the defense’s motion for a mistrial.
      After some consideration, I think that the testimony of the witness
      is clearly barred from my previous Order with regard to the Motion
      in Limine. And that given the additional reference to software
      technology I think that it would be near impossible to charge the
      jury in any way that would lead to a fair result, so that this trial
      could go forward; and, therefore, I’m going to release the jury.

Id. at 39. The court directed the parties to submit briefs addressing whether

double jeopardy barred retrial. Id. at 40.

      On April 25, 2022, the trial court conducted a hearing and concluded

that double jeopardy did not bar retrial.      See N.T., 4/25/22, at 26-29.

Appellant timely appealed the court’s ruling. Both Appellant and the trial court

have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      Appellant presents three issues for review:

      1. Whether the [trial] court erred in the denial of [Appellant’s]
         Motion to Dismiss for a Violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause

                                     -3-
J-S38027-22

          of the 5th and        14th Amendments of the United States
          Constitution and     Article 1, Section 10 of the Pennsylvania
          Constitution, and    Argument Pursuant to Rule 587 by collateral
          Order dated April    25, 2022?

       2. [Whether] [t]he Commonwealth intentionally prejudiced
          [Appellant] to the point of an unfair trial and overreached for a
          conviction by goading [Appellant] into requesting a mistrial[?]

       3. [Whether Appellant] had to motion [for a mistrial which]
          disposed of a jury which was very likely favorable [to him?]

Appellant’s Brief at 6-8 (subparts omitted).3

       We begin by recognizing:

       An appeal grounded in double jeopardy raises a question of
       constitutional law. This [C]ourt’s scope of review in making a
       determination on a question of law is, as always, plenary. As with
       all questions of law, the appellate standard of review is de novo.
       To the extent that the factual findings of the trial court impact its
       double jeopardy ruling, we apply a more deferential standard of
       review to those findings.

       Where issues of credibility and weight of the evidence are
       concerned, it is not the function of the appellate court to substitute
       its judgment based on a cold record for that of the trial court. The
       weight to be accorded conflicting evidence is exclusively for the
       fact finder, whose findings will not be disturbed on appeal if they
       are supported by the record.

Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 262 A.3d 1283, 1288-89 (Pa. Super.

2021) (citations omitted).

____________________________________________

3 Although he raises three issues, Appellant fails to divide his argument as
required by Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (“The argument shall be divided into as many
parts as there are questions to be argued.”). See Appellant’s Brief at 6-8;
15-18. As Appellant’s issues are related, we address them together.

                                           -4-
J-S38027-22

      Although our review is not “blindly deferential” to the trial court’s

credibility determinations, we recognize that a “fact-finder who hears witness

testimony first-hand is able to take into account not only the words that are

spoken and transcribed, but the witnesses’ demeanor, tone of voice,

mannerisms, and the like.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 231 A.3d 807, 818

(Pa. 2020) (citations omitted).

      Recently, this Court addressed retrial following the grant of a mistrial

due to prosecutorial misconduct. We explained:

      It has long been the case under both state and federal law that a
      subsequent trial is prohibited when a mistrial resulted from
      prosecutorial overreaching in the form of intentional misconduct
      designed to provoke a mistrial. In Commonwealth v. Smith, []
      615 A.2d 321 ([Pa.] 1992), our Supreme Court ruled that
      Pennsylvania’s constitution provides more extensive double
      jeopardy protections than its federal counterpart, holding that a
      retrial is impermissible “not only when prosecutorial misconduct
      is intended to provoke the defendant into moving for a mistrial,
      but also when the conduct of the prosecutor is intentionally
      undertaken to prejudice the defendant to the point of the denial
      of a fair trial.” Id. at 325. Nonetheless, “Smith did not create
      a per se bar to retrial in all cases of intentional prosecutorial
      overreaching. Rather, the Smith court primarily was concerned
      with prosecution tactics, which actually were designed to demean
      or subvert the truth seeking process.” Commonwealth v.
      Lambert, 765 A.2d 306, 327 (Pa. [ ] Super. 2000) (cleaned up).
      Our High Court in Johnson again augmented the prevailing law,
      ruling that the Pennsylvania constitution’s double jeopardy
      protections also prohibit retrial if the prosecution acted
      recklessly. Specifically, the Johnson Court held:

            Under Article I, Section 10 of the Pennsylvania
            Constitution, prosecutorial overreaching sufficient to
            invoke    double     jeopardy     protections  includes
            misconduct which not only deprives the defendant of
            his right to a fair trial, but is undertaken recklessly,
            that is, with a conscious disregard for a substantial

                                     -5-
J-S38027-22

           risk that such will be the result. This, of course, is in
           addition to the behavior described in Smith, relating
           to tactics specifically designed to provoke a mistrial or
           deny the defendant a fair trial.

     Johnson, supra at 826 (citation and emphasis omitted).
     However, the Court made it clear that … not every instance of
     error by the Commonwealth requires a finding that retrial is
     barred:

           In reaching our present holding, we do not suggest
           that all situations involving serious prosecutorial error
           implicate double jeopardy under the state Charter. To
           the contrary, we bear in mind the countervailing
           societal interests ... regarding the need for effective
           law enforcement, and highlight again that, in
           accordance with long-established double-jeopardy
           precepts, retrial is only precluded where there is
           prosecutorial overreaching – which, in turn, implies
           some sort of conscious act or omission.

     Id. at 826 (citation omitted, emphasis in original).

     The Court explained that prosecutorial overreaching is conduct
     that reflects a fundamental breakdown in the judicial process
     where “the prosecutor, as representative of an impartial
     sovereign, is seeking conviction at the expense of justice.” Id.
     While the “overreaching prerequisite” was abandoned in federal
     jurisprudence, it remains “firmly entrenched” in Pennsylvania’s
     double jeopardy law.

Commonwealth v. Krista, 271 A.3d 465, 469–70 (Pa. Super. 2022), appeal

denied, 2022 WL 4479833 (Pa. Sep. 27, 2022) (some citations omitted,

emphasis in original).   For prosecutorial misconduct to prohibit retrial on

double jeopardy grounds, the prosecutor’s misconduct must be “an act of

deliberate or reckless overreaching and not an isolated incident.” Id. at 474.

                                     -6-
J-S38027-22

       Appellant argues that prosecutorial conduct bars a retrial because (1)

the Commonwealth acted intentionally to prejudice him and deprive him of a

fair trial; (2) he was “goaded into requesting a mistrial” when “the jury panel

was   favorable     to”   Appellant;    and    (3)    the   Commonwealth        “blatantly

disregard[ed]” the trial court’s evidentiary rulings and “disparaged the

integrity of the trial court in front of the jury[.]” 4          Appellant’s Brief at 15.

Notably, Appellant does not cite to the record or applicable law. “[I]t is an

appellant’s duty to present arguments that are sufficiently developed for our

review.     The brief must support the claims with pertinent discussion, with

references     to   the   record    and    with      citations   to   legal   authorities.”

Commonwealth v. Hardy, 918 A.2d 766, 771 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations

omitted).

       In addition, Appellant equates the Commonwealth’s unsuccessful

requests to admit evidence with prosecutorial misconduct. See Appellant’s

Brief at 17-18 (“The Commonwealth intentionally prejudiced [Appellant] … and

overreached … [by its] attempt to use a picture of a black gun as only

‘demonstrative’ evidence, which was denied as prejudicial.”).                    Appellant

impugns the Commonwealth for seeking to admit, outside the presence of

the jury, a photo of a black gun. See id. at 17; N.T., 2/4/22, at 3-6. The

____________________________________________

4 Appellant does not expand on his assertion that the Commonwealth
“disparaged the integrity of the trial court,” and we have not identified
anything in the record to support the assertion.

                                           -7-
J-S38027-22

court ruled the photo was inadmissible, and the Commonwealth did not

mention the photo again.

       Appellant     also    references        his   successful   objection   to   “the

Commonwealth’s opening wherein it stated that the [victim’s] interview [with

police] implicat[ed]” Appellant. See N.T., 2/3/22, at 38; see also Appellant’s

Brief at 17.5 The record indicates a sidebar discussion occurred immediately

after Appellant objected, and the parties agreed to the trial court issuing a

jury instruction; in fact, Appellant approved the wording of the instruction.

Id. at 38-49. Appellant does not cite any legal authority or otherwise explain

how this incident constituted prosecutorial misconduct barring retrial. See

Appellant’s Brief at 17-18.

       Appellant also claims the jury was “very likely favorable” to him, based

on alleged communications that occurred between defense counsel and jurors

after the jurors had been dismissed.                  Id. at 18.      As the alleged

communications are not part of the certified record, they are deemed not to

exist for purposes of appeal. Commonwealth v. Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 6 (Pa.

Super. 2006).

____________________________________________

5 Appellant does not cite the record or quote the statement. See Appellant’s
Brief at 17. While Appellant cites the record in his “Relevant Factual History,”
he references the trial court’s remarks but not remarks by the Commonwealth.
We remind Appellant it is not this Court’s responsibility “to comb through the
record seeking the factual underpinnings of Appellant’s claim.”
Commonwealth v. Mulholland, 702 A.2d 1027, 1034 n.5 (Pa. Super. 1997).

                                           -8-
J-S38027-22

      In denying Appellant’s motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds,

the trial court made findings contrary to Appellant’s claims. See, e.g., N.T.,

4/25/22 at 27-28 (trial court stating it “find[s … the prosecutor] did not

undertake actions with the intentions of provoking a mistrial. … I think these

acts were not done with the desire to violate the [c]ourt’s ruling.”). The court

explained:

      I am denying the defense’s motion regarding dismissal on the
      basis of a request for retrial bar. [O]ne of the cases the [c]ourt is
      relying upon [is] Commonwealth v. Krista, [supra]. It has an
      incredibly thorough explanation of the case doctrines around
      retrial bar and improper prosecutorial conduct. And there are two
      different legal standards the [c]ourt has evaluated. There’s the
      federal standard, which articulates prosecutorial overreach in the
      form of intentional misconduct designed to provoke a mistrial.
      And then there’s the Pennsylvania standard, which is established
      in part in Smith and then expanded in Johnson, which the
      Commonwealth cited to, “retrial is impermissible not only when
      prosecutorial misconduct is intended to provoke the defendant
      into moving for mistrial, but also when the conduct of the
      prosecutor is intentionally undertaken to prejudice the defendant
      to the point of the denial of a fair trial.” So those are the legal
      standards the [c]ourt will be applying in this analysis.

      In terms of my findings of fact[,] I do find that [the
      prosecutor] did not undertake actions with the intentions
      of provoking a mistrial. So from the federal standard, [the
      prosecutor’s] conduct didn’t rise to the standard that would
      require retrial bar under the federal constitutional standard.

      … I find [the prosecutor] knew what the detective was going to
      say. I understand that the question itself did not seem to be
      eliciting a particular response, but [the prosecutor] did not seem
      surprised by the information that was revealed by the detective.
      [The prosecutor] seemed very prepared to argue the admissibility
      or the fact that it was permissible and [he] continued to undertake
      that argument for a lengthy period of time once the objection was
      raised by [the] defense. I think all of that is very informative …
      and I think that [the prosecutor] was trying to get that information

                                      -9-
J-S38027-22

      out there. I think that [the prosecutor] did know that information
      was going to be revealed. And certainly my ruling … makes it
      obvious that it should not have come in under my ruling and I’ll
      state my rule again from the motion in limine: “Commonwealth is
      precluded from having police officers identify defendant on the
      video.” And it’s clear to me it’s a violation of that order.

      However, I think [the prosecutor], in an attempt to be a
      zealous advocate, believed that he had not violated that
      ruling and believed there was argument that would permit
      that to come in. I think these acts were not done with the
      desire to violate the [c]ourt’s ruling. Although, I think he got
      it very wrong.

      So moving back to what this means for retrial bar. In Krista, they
      spend a lot of time discussing the Johnson standard and the
      concept of what overreaching is. … [B]ecause [in] Johnson, the
      Supreme Court creates this overreaching prerequisite. Retrial is
      only precluded when there’s prosecutorial overreaching. And
      overreaching is conduct that reveals a fundamental
      breakdown in the judicial process where the prosecutor is
      seeking a conviction at the expense of justice. An example
      in Johnson, the prosecution consistently made reference to
      evidence the trial court had ruled inadmissible and continually
      defied the trial court’s ruling. And Krista then specifically says
      that an act of deliberate overreaching is not an isolated incident.
      Then goes further to explain that not even all intentional, willful
      misconduct is sufficiently egregious to constitute the overreaching
      that precludes further prosecution. I think following this analysis
      of Krista, and then to reemphasize what the Commonwealth
      cited, retrial remains the general rule and double jeopardy
      dismissal is the exception.

N.T., 4/25/22, at 26-29 (emphasis and footnote added).

      The trial court concluded that while the prosecutor “did overreach, he

did not do so in a way that would reach the constitutional violations that

require a bar of retrial.” Id. at 29. However, the court subsequently issued

“clarifications,” and regarding its use of the word “overreach,” specified:

                                     - 10 -
J-S38027-22

      In my ruling from the bench, I inarticulately stated that “…[the
      prosecutor] did overreach…”      My statement there was not
      intended to be a finding under the constitutional standard of the
      term “overreach.” A more appropriate thing to say would be that
      [the prosecutor] exceeded the boundaries of the [c]ourt’s ruling
      on the Motion in Limine.

Statement in Lieu of an Opinion, 7/21/22, at 1 (record citation omitted).

      The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that the prosecutor did

not engage in the type of “reckless overreaching” which bars retrial.       See

Krista, 271 A.3d at 473-75. Consistent with the trial court’s findings and our

review of prevailing law, we are not persuaded by Appellant’s argument that

the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss on double jeopardy

grounds.

      Order affirmed. Case remanded for retrial. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/10/2023

                                    - 11 -