Court Opinion

ID: 1046889
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 02:40:28.226351+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:53:23.693643
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                                 January 17, 2012 Session

      LAUREN EPHGRAVE JARRELL v. EMMETT BLAKE JARRELL

               Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                    No. CT-005545-09      Gina C. Higgins, Judge

                No. W2011-00578-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 28, 2012

The parties’ Parenting Plan required that major decisions regarding religious upbringing be
made jointly, and if no consensus could be reached, that the dispute be submitted to a
mediator. Mother had the parties’ children baptized without Father’s knowledge or consent,
and Father filed a petition for civil and criminal contempt against Mother. The trial court
found Mother in civil contempt, but it dismissed the criminal contempt petition, apparently
for insufficient notice. We reverse the trial court’s finding that Mother was in civil contempt,
and its award of attorney fees to Father based upon the civil contempt finding. We also
reverse the trial court’s dismissal of Father’s criminal contempt petition, and we remand for
further criminal contempt proceedings.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                              Reversed and Remanded

A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER,
J., and J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.

Loys A. “Trey” Jordan, Joseph B. Baker, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Emmett
Blake Jarrell

Mitchel D. Moskovitz, Mary Morgan Whitfield, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Lauren Ephgrave Jarrell
                                                OPINION

                                I.   F ACTS & P ROCEDURAL H ISTORY

       Emmett Blake Jarrell (“Father”) and Lauren Ephgrave Jarrell (“Mother”) were
married in March 2003, and a daughter and a son were born to the marriage in April 2005
and April 2007, respectively. Mother filed a complaint for divorce in November 2009. On
June 30, 2010, the trial court entered a Final Decree of Divorce, which incorporated both a
Marital Dissolution Agreement (“MDA”) and a Permanent Parenting Plan (“Parenting
Plan”).

          As relevant to this appeal, the Parenting Plan provided that “major decisions”
regarding “religious upbringing” should be made jointly. However, “[i]n the event of a
dispute” concerning such decisions, the parties agreed to submit the dispute “to a mutually
agreed upon parenting mediator.” The parties’ MDA, which incorporated the Parenting Plan,
further provided for the recovery of “reasonable attorney fees, costs, and expenses incurred
. . . in securing performance.”

        During their marriage, the parties attended Christ United Methodist Church.1 The
parties disagreed as to the age at which their children should be baptized; Mother believed
baptism should occur at an early age, but Husband did not. The disagreement led the parties
to consult with their minister, who suggested that the parties “look to prayer for guidance on
the issue[.]” According to Mother, however, no consensus regarding the appropriate
baptismal age was reached, and the parties’ “disagreement on the baptism issue” continued.

        Following the parties’ divorce, Mother began attending Independent Presbyterian
Church, where, according to Mother, infant baptism is required. In October 2010, Mother
had the parties’ children baptized without Father’s knowledge or consent. As a result, Father
filed a “Petition for Scire Facias and Citation for both Civil and Criminal Contempt and to
Amend/Modify Permanent Parenting Plan.” Following a hearing on Father’s petition, the
trial court dismissed the criminal contempt charge against Mother apparently based upon its
conclusion that the requisite notice was not provided, but it held Mother in civil contempt,
finding that she had “willfully and ‘with spite’” violated the Parenting Plan and that she
“knowingly, willfully, and with knowledge that Father might disagree with her unilateral
decision, concealed from Father and failed to notify Father of her intent to have the children
baptized and failed to provide any notification of the Baptism Ceremony.” The trial court
ordered Mother to attend parenting classes and it awarded Father $10,000.00 in attorney fees
incurred in bringing the petition.

       1
           Mother contends that Father did not attend services regularly.

                                                     -2-
        Both parties appealed to this Court, but an order was entered directing Father to obtain
a final judgment.2 A second order3 was subsequently entered by the trial court, and this
appeal ensued.

                                         II.     I SSUES P RESENTED

        Father presents the following issue, as summarized, for our review:

1.      Whether the trial court erred in dismissing the criminal contempt petition.

Additionally, Mother presents the following issues, as summarized:

2.      Whether the trial court erred in finding Mother in civil contempt; and

3.      Whether the trial court erred in awarding Father his attorney fees.

For the following reasons, we reverse the trial court’s finding that Mother was in civil
contempt, and its award of attorney fees to Father based upon the civil contempt finding. We
also reverse the trial court’s dismissal of Father’s criminal contempt petition, and we remand
for further criminal contempt proceedings.

                                               III.   D ISCUSSION

                             A. The Courts’ Involvement in the Matter

        As set out above, the trial court held Mother in civil contempt based upon its finding
that she willfully violated the Parenting Plan by having the children baptized without Father’s
knowledge or consent. On appeal, Mother claims that the trial court lacked authority to do
so without a showing by Father that the baptisms substantially harmed the children. Mother
asserts that harm could not be shown because Father acknowledged that the Methodist
Church “may” also believe in infant baptism, that the children did not fully comprehend the

        2
          Specifically, the trial court’s initial order did not fully adjudicate Father’s request for attorney fees
and it failed to adjudicate Father’s requests to amend the Parenting Plan, to set child support, and to award
discretionary costs.
        3
         The subsequent order voluntarily dismissed, without prejudice, Father’s requests for a modification
of the Parenting Plan and an award of child support upon modification of such.

                                                       -3-
baptisms, that he had not contacted anyone in the Methodist Church to confirm his belief that
the children could not be re-baptized, and that he believed infant baptism merely symbolized
a parent’s commitment to raise a child in the church. She also points out that Father admitted
that the parties’ children are reasonably well-adjusted, excellent children, and that both
Mother and Father had raised them properly. Mother contends that in finding her in civil
contempt, in awarding Father his attorney’s fees, and in ordering Mother to attend parenting
classes, the trial court “preferred Father’s religious views about infant baptism over Mother’s
decision to influence the children with Mother’s religious beliefs.”

        Mother is correct that courts “must maintain strict neutrality in cases involving
religious disputes between divorced parents[,]” and they may not “prefer the religious views
of one parent over another unless one parent’s religious beliefs and practices threaten the
health and well-being of the child.” Neely v. Neely, 737 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1987) (citations omitted). However, simply put, this is not a “religious dispute.” In this case,
the trial court was asked only to determine whether Mother’s conduct in failing to abide by
the terms of the Parenting Plan warranted a finding of contempt; it was not called upon to
resolve a religious dispute between the parties. Accordingly, we find that Mother’s argument
that the trial court lacked the authority to find her in contempt is without merit.

                                     B. Civil Contempt

      Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-9-102(3) authorizes a court to exercise its
contempt powers for, among other things, the “willful disobedience” of a court order.
Contempt may be either criminal or civil in nature. State ex rel. Flowers v. Tenn. Trucking
Ass’n Self Ins. Group Trust, 209 S.W.3d 602, 613 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).

       Criminal contempt is designed to “‘preserve the power and vindicate the dignity and
authority of the law’” and to “preserve the court ‘as an organ of society.’” Id. (quoting Black
v. Blount, 938 S.W.2d 394, 398 (Tenn. 1996)). “Generally, sanctions for criminal contempt
are designed to punish the contemnor and are unconditional in nature.” Id. (citing Black, 938
S.W.2d at 398); see also Ahern v. Ahern, 15 S.W.3d 73, 79 (Tenn. 2000) (“A party who is
in criminal contempt cannot be freed by eventual compliance.” (citing Shiflet v. State, 400
S.W.2d 542, 543 (Tenn. 1966). “‘[Criminal contempt] is a punitive proceeding intended to
impose a fixed punishment for past actions.’” State ex rel. Farris v. Bryant, No. E2008-
02597-COA-R3, 2011 WL 676162, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 24, 2011) (quoting McLean
v. McLean, No. E2008-02796-COA-R3-CV, 2010 210752, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 28,
2010)).

                                              -4-
       “‘Civil contempt occurs when a person refuses or fails to comply with a court order
and a contempt action is brought to enforce private rights.’” State v. Smith, No. E2009-
00202-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 5276902, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 17, 2010) perm. app.
denied (Tenn. May 27, 2011) (emphasis added) (quoting Black v. Blount 938 S.W.2d 394,
398 (Tenn. 1996)); see also Foster v. Foster No. M2006–01277-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL
4530813, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 20, 2007) (“A court imposes civil contempt against one
party for the benefit of the other party litigant.”). “A civil contempt order is ‘designed to
compel the contemnor to comply with the court’s order.’” Id. (citing Black, 938 S.W.2d at
398). Thus, a civil contempt order is “‘available only when the individual has the ability to
comply with the order at the time of the contempt hearing.’” Id. (quoting Ahern, 15 S.W.3d
at 79); see also Flowers, 209 S.W.3d at 613 (“Unlike criminal contempt, the [civil]
contemnor can purge the contempt by complying with the court’s order.”) (citing Ahern, 15
S.W.3d at 79). Imprisonment may be ordered when civil contempt is found, but “the one in
contempt has the ‘keys to the jail’ and can purge the contempt by complying with the court’s
order.” Ahern, 15 S.W.3d at 79 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-9-104; Garrett v. Forest Lawn
Memorial Gardens, Inc., 588 S.W.2d 309, 315 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1979)).

       “Civil contempt claims based upon an alleged disobedience of a court order have four
essential elements.” Konvalinka v. Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hosp. Authority, 249
S.W.3d 346, 354 (Tenn. 2008).

       First, the order alleged to have been violated must be “lawful.” Second, the
       order alleged to have been violated must be clear, specific, and unambiguous.
       Third, the person alleged to have violated the order must have actually
       disobeyed or otherwise resisted the order. Fourth, the person’s violation of the
       order must be “willful.”

Id. at 354-55 (internal footnotes omitted).

       On appeal, Mother contends that the trial court’s civil contempt finding is erroneous
because her act of having the children baptized is a single occurrence which cannot be cured,
and because, she claims, the Parenting Plan provision at issue is not clear, specific, and
unambiguous. As stated above, the parties’ Parenting Plan provides that “major decisions”
regarding “religious upbringing” must be made jointly, and if no consensus can be reached,
the dispute must be submitted to mediation. Mother contends that the provision is ambiguous
because “[t]here were no specifications about actions that are required or forbidden relating
to major religious decisions[,]” and because the provision “gave no direction or insight as to
what each parent was required to consult with the other parent about, as it related to
religion.”

                                              -5-
       “Vague or ambiguous orders that are susceptible to more than one reasonable
interpretation cannot support a finding of civil contempt.” Id. at 356 (citing City of Gary v.
Major, 822 N.E.2d 165, 170 (Ind. 2005); Judge Rotenberg Educ. Ctr., Inc. v. Comm’r of
Dep’t of Mental Retardation, 424 Mass. 430, 677 N.E.2d 127, 137 (1997); Ex parte Slavin,
412 S.W.2d 43, 45 (Tex. 1967)). A court order need not be “‘full of superfluous terms and
specifications adequate to counter any flight of fancy a contemnor may imagine in order to
declare it vague,’” id. (quoting Ex parte McManus, 589 S.W.2d 790, 793 (Tex. Civ.
App.–Dallas 1979), but it must “leave no reasonable basis for doubt regarding [its] meaning.”
Id. We review an order’s alleged ambiguity de novo, resolving ambiguities in favor of the
party facing the contempt charge. Id. (citations omitted).

       We find Mother’s argument related to ambiguity disingenuous, at best. In her
deposition, Mother acknowledged that the parties “have always had a disagreement on the
baptism issue” and she conceded that baptism is a “major religious decision[.]” Under the
circumstances of this case, we find the Parenting Plan provision outlining the procedure for
making “major decisions” regarding “religious upbringing” was sufficiently clear, specific
and unambiguous to alert Mother that her unilateral action was proscribed.

        However, we must agree with Mother’s assertion that a civil contempt finding was
inappropriate in this case because the trial court sought to punish Mother for her past
violation of the Parenting Plan, rather than to compel her compliance with such. Because
civil contempt is “‘available only when the individual has the ability to comply with the order
at the time of the contempt hearing[,]’” Smith, 2010 WL 5276902, at *2 (citing Black, 938
S.W.2d at 398), the trial court’s civil contempt finding was error, and must be reversed.
Consequently, the award of attorney fees to Father stemming from the civil contempt finding
is likewise reversed.

                       B. Dismissal of Criminal Contempt Petition

        In its order, the trial court dismissed Father’s criminal contempt petition without
explanation. However, orally, the trial court suggested that the contempt fiat lacked
sufficient notice of the specific Parenting Plan provision allegedly violated. Father contends,
on appeal, that this dismissal was error.

       When contemptuous acts are committed outside of the presence of the court, criminal
contempt proceedings must comply with Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 42(b). A
criminal contempt defendant must be given notice that he is charged with criminal contempt,
notice of the time and place of the contempt hearing, notice of the “essential facts”
constituting the criminal contempt charge, and he must be allowed a reasonable time to

                                              -6-
prepare a defense. Tenn. R. Crim. P. 42(b); Long v. McAllister-Long, 221 S.W.3d 1, 13
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (citing Jones, 1997 WL 80029, at *2-3).

       Essential facts are those which, at a minimum, (1) allow the accused to glean
       that he or she is being charged with a crime, rather than being sued by an
       individual, (2) enable the accused to understand that the object of the charge
       is punishment–not merely to secure compliance with a previously existing
       order, and (3) sufficiently aid the accused to determine the nature of the
       accusation, which encompasses the requirement that the underlying court order
       allegedly violated by the accused is itself clear and unambiguous.

Id. (citing Gompers v. Buck’s Stove & Range Co., 221 U.S. 418, 446, 31 S. Ct. 492, 500; Doe
v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 104 S.W.3d 465, 471 (Tenn. 2003); McPherson v.
McPherson, No. M2003-02677-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 3479630, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec.
19, 2005); Jones, 1997 WL 80029, at *3). In criminal contempt proceedings, the
presumption of innocence applies, and willful failure to comply with a court order must be
proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. (citing Black, 938 S.W.2d at 398; Thigpen v. Thigpen,
874 S.W.2d 51, 53 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)).

       To determine whether the requisite notice was given to Mother, we turn to Father’s
petition styled “Petition for Scire Facias and Citation for Both Civil and Criminal Contempt
and to Amend/Modify Permanent Parenting Plan” and accompanying fiat filed in this case.
The petition states, in relevant part:

               COMES NOW, [Father] . . . and brings this Petition for Scire Facias
       and requesting this Court issue citations for both civil and criminal contempt
       against [Mother.] In support of this Petition, Father would respectfully assert
       to this Honorable Court the following facts and allegations:

              The parties were divorced by this Honorable Court with the divorce
       decree entered on or about June 30, 2010.

              Contemporaneously with the entry of the Final Decree of Divorce, this
       Court also entered a Permanent Parenting Plan on June 30, 2010.

              ....

             Prior to the divorce of the parties, the family attended church at Christ
       United Methodist Church.

                                             -7-
       Incident to their attendance at Christ United Methodist Church, Mother
and Father engaged in discussions regarding certain religious issues that were
important to the parties including but not limited to the manner and age in
which the parties’ children would be baptized.

       In discussing issues as to when the parties’ children would be baptized,
there was initially a disagreement between Mother and Father as to the
appropriate age for the children to be baptized, with Mother believing baptism
should occur earlier in the children’s lives and Father believing that the parties
should wait until the children were older and better able to understand the
religious significance of baptism.

       Prior the parties divorce, they met with the Church’s minister to discuss
the baptism issue and whether or not the minister had any suggestions as to the
appropriate age for the children to be baptized.

       ....

        On October 10, 2010, Mother engaged in conduct which has irreparably
changed the circumstances of the relationship between Mother and Father as
it relates to the parties’ minor children with the action of Mother more
specifically stated below.

       Pursuant to the Permanent Parenting Plan entered by this Honorable
Court, which is an Order of this Court, the Plan specifically provides that for
“major decisions regarding each child” the parties shall make joint decisions
with regard to religious upbringing.

        If a joint decision is not reached between Mother and Father, pursuant
to the Permanent Parenting Plan, the parties agreed to submit the dispute to a
mutually agreed upon parenting mediator.

       Following discussions between Mother and Father during their
marriage, Father did not have any further communication with Mother relative
to baptism of the children and believed that the parties had reached a
consensus that they would wait until the children were older before having the
children baptized into the Church.

      Following the divorce of the parties, Father continued to attend Christ
United Methodist Church.

                                       -8-
      Following the divorce, Mother began to attend Independent
Presbyterian Church.

       On or about the afternoon of Sunday, October 10, 2010, Father was
contacted by an individual who had attended the church service that prior
morning at Independent Presbyterian Church.

      Father learned, for the first time, that Mother, without providing him
any notification or any consultation, had had the children baptized into the
Church at Independent Presbyterian Church.

       The baptism of the parties’ children was referenced in the Church
bulletin noted as “the Sacrament of Baptism” referencing a baptismal time of
11:00 a.m., October 10, 2010.

       At no time prior to this baptism ceremony nor at any time up to and
through Father’s execution of this Petition did Mother ever consult with Father
regarding this baptism or provide Father with any notification that this baptism
was to occur or had occurred.

      The actions of Mother in willfully and maliciously excluding Father
from such an important event are inexplicable and should be subject to the
most severe and harsh sanctions that this Court can levy.

       Father asserts that the baptismal event is a singular occurrence in the
lives of his children and cannot again be experienced in either his life or the
lives of his children.

       Upon information and belief, Mother had planned this baptism of the
children with sufficient notification as to have members of her family attend
the baptism.

       The baptism of the children was so important to Father that he, with
Mother, had consulted with a minister of the Church previously attended by
the parties during the time the parties were married.

        Mother knew the importance of the baptismal event to the Father and
even with this knowledge, maliciously and surreptitiously scheduled the
baptism, proceeded with the baptism, and even as of the date of the execution
of this Petition by Father, has concealed the occurrence of this event from

                                      -9-
Father

         ....

       Had Father known that Mother was intending to have the children
baptized, again at an age he believed was too young for the children to fully
understand the importance and religious significance of the event, at most, any
disagreement on such an important issue would have triggered that provision
of the Permanent Parenting Plan which required that the parties submit any
dispute to a mutually agreed upon parenting mediator.

       Even if the parenting mediator had determined that it was appropriate
to proceed with the baptism, Father would have at least had the opportunity to
participate in the event.

         ....

       Mother simply chose to violate this Court’s Order, blatantly proceeding
with a baptism rather than follow the Court’s specific and unequivocal Order
requiring that the parties submit to mediation if a consensus was not reached
on such a significant religious event.

      Mother’s violation of this Court’s Order was knowing, malicious,
planned well in advance of the event, and is irreversible.

       Mother’s flagrant disregard and willful violation of this Court’s Order
on such a significant event, in and of itself, provides an unequivocal basis for
this Honorable Court to not only sanction and hold Mother in both civil and
criminal contempt, but also provides an unequivocal basis to modify the
Permanent Parenting Plan so as to designate Father as primary residential
parent, restructure the parenting schedule, and immediately change all
previously joint decision making to the sole decision making of Father with
regard to educational decisions, non-emergency health care, religious
upbringing, and extracurricular activities.

        The surreptitious nature in which Mother perpetrated, apparently
without remorse, such a malicious act upon Father, and upon the children by
excluding Father from such an important event, demonstrates that not only
does she have contempt for this Court but also contempt for the very welfare
of the children and therefore should no longer be entrusted to make decision[s]

                                      -10-
       on behalf of the children or be designated as primary residential parent.

              ....

              WHEREFORE PREMISES CONSIDERED, Father respectfully
       requests the following relief from this Honorable Court:

              ....

             That upon service of process, [Mother] be required to show this
       Honorable Court why she should not be held in both Civil and Criminal
       Contempt for her willful violation of this Court’s order.

              That this Honorable Court find [Mother] in Criminal Contempt of this
       Court’s Order and punish her in accordance with the Laws of the State of
       Tennessee, including b[ut] not limited to confinement in jail, for her willful
       violation of the Permanent Parenting Plan that is an Order of this Court.

Additionally, the Fiat provides:

       TO THE CLERK OF THE COURT:

              Set the foregoing Petition for Scire Facias and Citation for Civil and
       Criminal Contempt and Petition Seeking Modification of the Permanent
       Parenting Plan, for a hearing on the 7th day of Jan[uary], 2011, at 10:00 a.m.,
       in Division IV in the Circuit Court of Shelby County, Tennessee, and have
       notice of same served on the Respondent [Mother], to appear and defend the
       charge of Criminal Contempt of Court for willfully failing to comply with the
       Permanent Parenting Plan that is an Order of this Court, and to show cause, if
       any she has, why she should not be held in Criminal and/or Civil Contempt of
       the Orders of this Court.

              Have further notice given to the Respondent, [Mother] that [Father] has
       alleged that [Mother] is in Criminal Contempt of the prior Orders of this Court,
       pursuant to the Permanent Parenting Plan entered by this Court. [Father]
       intends to meet his burden of proof by showing beyond a reasonable doubt that
       [Mother] is in Criminal Contempt of Court by willfully failing to comply with
       and abide by the Permanent Parenting Plan. When charged with Criminal
       Contempt, the Respondent is not required to give evidence against herself and

                                             -11-
       is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Upon
       conviction of Criminal Contempt you may be imprisoned. Upon conviction
       of Criminal Contempt you may also be fined.

               ....

                                         WARNING

       THIS PETITION PLACES YOU IN JEOPARDY OF BEING FOUND IN
       CRIMINAL CONTEMPT OF THIS COURT’S ORDER. EACH
       INCIDENT OF CRIMINAL CONTEMPT CAN RESULT IN YOUR
       INCARCERATION IN JAIL ON CONTEMPT CHARGES. EACH
       INCIDENT OF CRIMINAL CONTEMPT CAN RESULT IN FINES.
       YOU HAVE THE RIGHTS OF A CRIMINALLY ACCUSED PERSON.
       YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL. YOU ARE PRESUMED
       INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY BEYOND A REASONABLE
       DOUBT.    YOU ARE NOT REQUIRED TO GIVE EVIDENCE
       AGAINST YOURSELF.

        Clearly, both Father’s petition and the accompanying fiat alerted Mother that she was
charged with criminal contempt for which Father sought punishment, including possible
incarceration. The petition, in great detail, set out the essential facts of the charge,
specifically claiming that Mother’s actions in having the children baptized without Father’s
knowledge or consent violated the provision of the Parenting Plan requiring that major
religious decisions be made jointly or referred to a mediator. The fiat identified the time and
place of the contempt hearing and both the petition and fiat were served upon Mother’s
counsel more than two months prior to the hearing. We find no support for the trial court’s
apparent conclusion, and Mother’s argument on appeal, that the fiat, itself, was required to
state the specific provision of the Parenting Plan allegedly violated giving rise to the criminal
contempt charge. Ample notice was given in this case to comply with the requirements of
Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 42(b). Accordingly, we find that the trial court erred
in dismissing Father’s petition for criminal contempt for lack of notice, and we remand for
further criminal contempt proceedings.

                                              -12-
                                   IV.    C ONCLUSION

        For the aforementioned reasons, we reverse the trial court’s finding that Mother was
in civil contempt, and its award of attorney fees to Father based upon the civil contempt
finding. We also reverse the trial court’s dismissal of Father’s criminal contempt petition,
and we remand for further criminal contempt proceedings. Costs of this appeal are taxed
equally to Appellee, Lauren Ephgrave Jarrell, and Appellant, Emmett Blake Jarrell, and his
surety, for which execution may issue if necessary.

                                                   _________________________________
                                                   ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S.

                                            -13-