Court Opinion

ID: 9369156
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-07 22:01:06.99676+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:13.354074
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit

No. 18-1590

                       IRMA AGUILAR-ESCOTO,

                           Petitioner,

                                v.

                       MERRICK B. GARLAND,
                 UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                           Respondent.

               PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER OF
                THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

                              Before

                       Barron, Chief Judge,
               Howard and Kayatta, Circuit Judges.

     Kenyon C. Hall, with whom Jack W. Pirozzolo, Sidley Austin,
LLP, Charles G. Roth, National Immigrant Justice Center, and Carlos
E. Estrada were on brief, for petitioner.
     Yanal H. Yousef, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration
Litigation, with whom Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General,
Civil Division, and Anthony P. Nicastro, Assistant Director,
Office of Immigration Litigation, were on brief, for respondent.

                         February 7, 2023
           HOWARD, Circuit Judge.      For the second time, petitioner

Irma Aguilar-Escoto, a native and citizen of Honduras, asks us to

vacate the Board of Immigration Appeals' ("BIA" or the "Board")

rejection of her claim for withholding of removal.      When this case

was last before us, we vacated the BIA's prior order and instructed

the Board to consider the potentially significant documentary

evidence submitted in support of Aguilar's claim.        See Aguilar-

Escoto v. Sessions, 874 F.3d 334, 335 (1st Cir. 2017).      Today, we

conclude that the BIA again failed to properly consider significant

documentary evidence.    Consequently, we vacate the Board's removal

order and remand for further proceedings.

                                  I.

           Aguilar first entered the United States in 2005.        She

was apprehended and removed soon thereafter, but she reentered the

United States in 2009.     When Aguilar was again apprehended, the

Department of Homeland Security ("DHS") filed a notice of intent

to reinstate her prior removal order.      She applied for withholding

of removal.    At her merits hearing before an Immigration Judge

("IJ") in 2013, Aguilar described pervasive abuse that she endured

at the hands of her ex-husband, Victor Gonzales.      Aguilar alleged

that this abuse occurred both during and after their marriage of

several years.   She testified that she fled Honduras to escape the

abuse.   Aguilar also submitted documentary evidence related to the

abuse, including:

                                - 2 -
•   A 2013 psychological evaluation report by Dr. Sarah LeVine,

    a United States-based clinician, that diagnosed Aguilar with

    Major Depressive Disorder in partial remission and Post-

    Traumatic Stress Disorder in remission.

•   A record from the Medical Association of Honduras regarding

    treatment   that   Aguilar     received   from   a   psychiatrist   in

    Honduras    for   emotional    symptoms   stemming    from   domestic

    violence.

•   A family court order from Honduras that detailed some of the

    mistreatment, ordered Gonzales to stay away from Aguilar,

    and gave Aguilar custody of their daughters.

•   Copies of three formal complaints filed with the police:

    One from July 13, 2004, detailing threats and harassment by

    Gonzales against Aguilar after the two had separated; one

    describing a June 14, 2008, incident in which Gonzales struck

    Aguilar while she was pregnant; and another from August 8,

    2008, accusing Gonzales of striking Aguilar and threatening

    to kill her.

•   A personal declaration in which Aguilar attested to long-

    term physical and verbal abuse.

•   Two affidavits, one from Aguilar's brother and another from

    the brother of her then-current partner, attesting to the

    abuse she endured from Gonzales.

                                  - 3 -
            In a written decision in 2014, the IJ denied Aguilar's

application for withholding of removal.            The IJ found Aguilar to

be not credible, citing inconsistencies between her testimony,

prior    interviews   with     immigration    officials,      and   documentary

evidence.    The IJ also found that Aguilar could not overcome her

lack of credibility with enough objective evidence to establish

past persecution.

            Aguilar appealed the IJ's decision.              In January 2016,

the BIA dismissed the appeal.        In doing so, however, the BIA solely

considered the IJ's adverse credibility ruling and failed to

mention    the   documentary    evidence     related    to   Aguilar's    abuse.

Ruling that the IJ did not clearly err in its adverse credibility

determination, the BIA concluded that Aguilar had failed to meet

the requirements for asylum (though she was not applying for

asylum).    The BIA then concluded that she had similarly failed to

establish    eligibility       for   withholding       of    removal,    because

withholding of removal "has a higher burden of proof" than asylum.1

             On appeal, this Court vacated the BIA's 2016 decision

because the Board had failed to consider the documentary evidence

and whether that evidence, standing on its own, was sufficient to

     1Aguilar had also applied for protection under the Convention
Against Torture, which was similarly denied by the IJ and BIA.
She did not challenge the denial of her CAT claim in her previous
appeal or this one, and we deemed it waived. Aguilar-Escoto, 874
F.3d at 336 n.1.

                                     - 4 -
support Aguilar's claim of past persecution.           See Aguilar-Escoto,

874 F.3d at 337-38.         We reasoned that, because withholding of

removal requires only an objective showing rather than a subjective

one, a lack of credibility is not fatal to the claim.                   Id.     We

therefore remanded to the BIA to consider whether the objective

evidence   --   absent     Aguilar's     discredited    testimony       --     was

sufficient to support Aguilar's withholding petition.              Id.

           In May 2018, the BIA issued a new decision in which it

once again affirmed the ruling of the IJ.              This time, the BIA

mentioned some of the objective evidence in its analysis, including

the July 2004 and June 2008 police reports, the July 2004 family

court order, the affidavits of Aguilar's brother and her partner's

brother, and the letter from the Medical Association of Honduras.

The BIA did not mention the August 2008 complaint, instead stating

that Aguilar "provided only two complaints."           The BIA also did not

mention Dr. LeVine's report and diagnosis or Aguilar's personal

declaration.      After     comparing     the   objective    evidence         with

Aguilar's testimony, the BIA concluded that "[o]n this record"

there was no "clear error in the Immigration Judge's determination

that the applicant did not establish harm sufficiently severe to

amount to past persecution."        The BIA also held that the IJ did

not   clearly   err   in   determining   that   Aguilar     did   not    show    a

likelihood of future persecution, including finding that she had

not shown that the Honduran government is unwilling or unable to

                                   - 5 -
protect her or that she would not be able to avoid harm by

relocating within Honduras.              Lastly, the BIA again upheld the IJ's

adverse credibility determination, finding the IJ did not clearly

err in that determination.               This appeal followed.

                                           II.

            "Where the BIA does not adopt the IJ's findings, we

review the BIA's decision rather than the IJ's."                  Lin v. Mukasey,

521 F.3d 22, 26 (1st Cir. 2008) (citing Georcely v. Ashcroft, 375

F.3d 45, 49 (1st Cir. 2004)).               Here, the BIA did not say that it

was adopting the IJ's decision, only that the IJ's findings were

not clearly erroneous. Therefore, we focus our review on the BIA's

decision.    See Lin, 521 F.3d at 26 (reviewing only BIA decision

when BIA did not expressly adopt IJ's decision and merely said

that IJ's findings were not clearly erroneous).

            We review the BIA's legal conclusions de novo, "but with

some   deference       to    the    agency's       reasonable   interpretation     of

statutes and regulations that fall within its sphere of authority."

Jianli Chen v. Holder, 703 F.3d 17, 21 (1st Cir. 2012).                    We review

findings    of    fact      under    the    "substantial     evidence"     standard,

meaning    that   we     will      not   disturb    such   findings   if   they   are

"supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on

the record considered as a whole."                  Xin Qiang Liu v. Lynch, 802

F.3d 69, 74 (1st Cir. 2015) (quoting Hasan v. Holder, 673 F.3d 26,

33 (1st Cir. 2012)).

                                           - 6 -
              Aguilar argues that the BIA erred by failing to follow

this Court's instruction to independently consider on remand the

documentary     evidence    and   to    determine      whether   that   evidence

sufficed to establish past persecution.             We review de novo whether

the   BIA's    decision    comports    with     this   Court's   remand   order.

Sullivan v. Hudson, 490 U.S. 877, 886 (1989) ("Deviation from the

court's remand order in the subsequent administrative proceedings

is itself legal error . . . .").               Under this standard, we agree

with Aguilar that the BIA failed to comply with our order to

"address whether, setting Aguilar's testimony to one side, the

documentary evidence entitled her to relief." Aguilar-Escoto, 874

F.3d at 337.

              As we noted in our prior decision in this case, "while

the BIA need not 'discuss every piece of evidence offered,' it is

'required to consider all relevant evidence in the record.'"

Aguilar-Escoto, 874 F.3d at 337 (emphasis in original) (quoting

Lin, 521 F.3d at 28).             "When the BIA's decision is neither

inconsistent with [the evidence at issue] nor gives reason to

believe the BIA was unaware of it, we have no reason to doubt that

the agency considered the evidence."              Domingo-Mendez v. Garland,

47 F.4th 51, 58 (1st Cir. 2022) (alteration in original) (quoting

Lin, 521 F.3d at 28).         However, "it cannot turn a blind eye to

salient facts" and "must fairly appraise the record."              Sihotang v.

Sessions, 900 F.3d 46, 51 (1st Cir. 2018).

                                       - 7 -
           Here, the BIA's decision gives strong reason to believe

the BIA turned a blind eye to key relevant evidence.                        In its

decision, the BIA wrote that "the applicant provided only two

complaints, one dated July 13, 2004, and the other, June 14, 2008"

(emphasis added).       The record, however, contains a third complaint

from   August    8,   2008,    which   details    that    Gonzales   was     being

investigated because there was evidence that he had struck Aguilar

and threatened to kill her.             The BIA's reference to "only two

complaints" strongly suggests it overlooked this third complaint,

and the government itself concedes the BIA "erred" in its statement

that there were only two complaints and "failed to address" the

August 2008 complaint.

           This third complaint -- containing evidence of death

threats and physical violence -- is highly relevant to the inquiry

of whether Aguilar experienced past persecution.                We have long

held that "credible, specific threats can amount to persecution if

they are severe enough" -- particularly if they are death threats.

Javed v. Holder, 715 F.3d 391, 395-96 (1st Cir. 2013); see also

Amouri v. Holder, 572 F.3d 29, 33 (1st Cir. 2009) ("[T]hreats of

murder easily qualify as sufficiently severe harm."); Sok v.

Mukasey,   526   F.3d    48,   54   (1st   Cir.   2008)    ("[W]e    have    often

acknowledged     that    credible      threats    can,    depending     on     the

circumstances, amount to persecution . . . ."); Un v. Gonzales,

415 F.3d 205, 210 (1st Cir. 2005) ("[C]redible verbal death threats

                                       - 8 -
may fall within the meaning of 'persecution.'"); Aguilar-Solis v.

INS, 168 F.3d 565, 570 (1st Cir. 1999) ("[P]ersecution encompasses

more than threats to life or freedom, but less than mere harassment

or annoyance." (citations omitted)).        Moreover, we have recognized

that "the addition of physical violence, although not required,

makes a threat more likely to constitute persecution."            Javed, 715

F.3d at 396.    The August 2008 complaint overlooked by the Board

contained additional evidence of Gonzales both physically harming

Aguilar and threatening to kill her.        It was thus highly relevant

to the issue the BIA was confronting: whether Aguilar had suffered

past persecution.

          The BIA's lack of meaningful analysis on this issue

provides further grounds for believing it did not consider the

August 2008 complaint.    The BIA never mentioned that Gonzales had

threatened   Aguilar   with   death,    mentioning     only   that   he   had

"threatened the applicant and her family" without discussing the

content of those threats.          Nor did it engage with our case law

regarding the ability of credible death threats to amount to past

persecution,   other   than   by    attempting   to   undermine   Aguilar's

argument by citing to a case that actually supports it.              The BIA

cited to Lopez de Hincapie v. Gonzales, 494 F.3d 213 (1st Cir.

2007), for the proposition that "one element in the decisional

calculus as to whether an asylum applicant has been persecuted

involves the degree of the harm inflicted or threatened.             To rise

                                    - 9 -
to the level of persecution, the sum of an asylum applicant's

experiences          must    add    up    to     more    than   ordinary     harassment,

mistreatment, or suffering."                Yet the BIA overlooked the very next

sentence in Lopez de Hincapie, which continued: "Because threats

of   murder       would     fit    neatly      under     this   carapace,    we     assume,

favorably to the petitioner, that she has met this prong of the

test       for   persecution."           Lopez    de    Hincapie,    494    F.3d    at    217

(emphasis added) (citations omitted).                       Notably, the other two

complaints the BIA did discuss do not explicitly include threats

of   death       toward     Aguilar.        The    July    2004     complaint      says   he

"threatened" her and threatened to kill her current partner if she

didn't       leave    him,    but    it     did    not    specify    whether       Gonzales

threatened Aguilar with death.                   The June 2008 complaint meanwhile

includes insults and physical violence but no mention of death

threats.         Thus, the August 2008 complaint would have significant

bearing on whether the objective evidence in the record included

threats of death.2           The BIA's failure to mention it -- or to even

mention that Aguilar had been threatened with death -- strongly

      The BIA similarly did not discuss Dr. LeVine's report, which
       2

also included discussion of death threats.         Given that the
narrative elements of this report were based primarily on Aguilar's
statements and the IJ found she was not credible, we defer to the
BIA to determine how much weight to give the events outlined in
this report. However, in addition to the narrative contents, the
evaluation is certainly probative for its determination that
Aguilar suffered from symptoms consistent with Major Depressive
Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in remission.

                                            - 10 -
suggests it "completely overlooked critical evidence."        Sihotang,

900 F.3d at 51; cf. Domingo-Mendez, 47 F.4th at 58 (noting that,

despite the BIA's failure to mention specific facts, it did

acknowledge possible effects consistent with those facts); Lin,

521 F.3d at 28 (finding "no reason to surmise that the BIA

overlooked   the   background   information   in   the   record"   where

"nothing in the BIA's decision . . . is inconsistent with" that

information).

            Although the government concedes the BIA's mistake in

stating that there were only two complaints, it urges that this

"oversight . . . is mitigated by the fact that the immigration

judge did in fact reference the document . . . and considered it

in finding that [Aguilar] did not establish past persecution."

But the BIA cannot here rely on the IJ's decision to fill holes in

its own reasoning, for the following three reasons.

            First, as discussed above, where the BIA does not adopt

the IJ's findings but only states that they were not clearly

erroneous, we review the BIA's decision alone rather than the IJ's

decision.    Lin, 521 F.3d at 26 (citing Georcely, 375 F.3d at 49).

            Second, in determining whether the IJ's finding of no

past persecution was clearly erroneous, the Board itself was

required to consider all evidence relevant to that analysis.       This

it did not do.     As the petitioner argues, the Board primarily

discussed the documentary evidence in comparison with Aguilar's

                                - 11 -
testimony and did not provide a thorough analysis of whether the

harm outlined in the documentary evidence compelled a finding that

it rose to the level of past persecution.             Indeed, the BIA never

even mentioned that Gonzales had threatened Aguilar with death,

instead merely mentioning that he had "threatened the applicant

and her family." The contents of a threat have significant bearing

on whether it would rise to the level of persecution.             See, e.g.,

Sok, 526 F.3d at 54 ("[W]e have often acknowledged that credible

threats      can,    depending    on     the    circumstances,   amount   to

persecution,        especially    when    the    assailant   threatens    the

petitioner with death . . . ." (emphasis added)).                "The agency

need not spell out every last detail of its reasoning where the

logical underpinnings are clear from the record."                Enwonwu v.

Gonzales, 438 F.3d 22, 35 (1st Cir. 2006).             "However, the agency

'is obligated to offer more explanation when the record suggests

strong arguments for the petitioner that the [agency] has not

considered.'"       Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Sulaiman v.

Gonzales, 429 F.3d 347, 350 (1st Cir. 2005)).            The BIA failed to

meet this standard given its total lack of analysis -- or, indeed,

mention -- of whether the death threats Aguilar experienced coupled

with physical violence rose to the level of persecution.                  Cf.

Sihotang, 900 F.3d at 51 (finding the BIA abused its discretion

where   it    "appear[ed]    to   have   completely    overlooked   critical

evidence").

                                    - 12 -
            Lastly, although the issue is not raised by the parties,

the BIA should have applied de novo review rather than clear error

review in determining whether the past threats and harm Aguilar

experienced rose to the level of past persecution.     See Matter of

Z-Z-O-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 586, 590-91 (B.I.A. 2015); Matter of A-S-

B-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 493, 496 (B.I.A. 2008), overruled in part on

other grounds by Matter of Z-Z-O-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 589-91.    The

Board reviews an IJ's findings of fact, including determinations

as to credibility and the likelihood of future events, under a

"clearly erroneous" standard. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(i); Matter

of Z-Z-O-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 590.      It reviews all other issues,

including issues of law, judgment, or discretion, under a de novo

standard.    8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(ii).   The Board has held that

an IJ's findings regarding the facts underlying a hardship claim

are reviewed for clear error, while the determination of whether

those facts meet the legal definition of "past persecution" is

reviewed de novo.    Matter of A-S-B-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 496; see

also DeCarvalho v. Garland, 18 F.4th 66, 73 (1st Cir. 2021) (noting

the BIA reviews de novo an IJ's determinations of how the law

applies to facts, "e.g., whether [a particular] harm rises to the

level of torture").    In applying de novo review, the BIA should

have completed its own assessment of whether the documentary

evidence provided rose to the level of past persecution.      It is

impossible to see how the BIA could adequately complete such an

                               - 13 -
analysis without mentioning the death threat and physical violence

outlined in the August 2008 complaint.

           Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the BIA failed

to comply with this Court's remand order.3

                                 III.

           Having determined that the BIA failed to follow our

remand order, we now turn to the government's argument that we

should nevertheless affirm based on the IJ's and BIA's findings

that Aguilar failed to show that the Honduran government is not

"unwilling or unable" to protect her from harm.            We find this

argument unavailing for the simple reason that neither the IJ nor

the BIA addressed this issue as it regarded past persecution and

therefore cannot be relied on here to invalidate Aguilar's claim

for relief.

           In order to constitute "persecution" for purposes of

asylum and withholding of removal, harm must either be perpetrated

by the government itself or by a private actor that the government

is unwilling or unable to control.      See Rosales Justo v. Sessions,

895 F.3d 154, 162 (1st Cir. 2018).       If an individual establishes

that they were subject to past persecution -- including meeting

the   requirement   of   government   unwillingness   or   inability   to

      3We need not address Aguilar's other arguments for remand,
as we find the BIA's failure to comply with our prior remand order
sufficient to vacate the BIA's order and remand the case.

                                - 14 -
protect them -- they are entitled to a presumption that they will

face persecution in the future on the basis of the original claim.

See 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(1)(i).        The burden then shifts to the

government   to   rebut   this   presumption   by   showing   either   a

fundamental change in circumstances or the possibility of internal

relocation to avoid persecution if relocation would be reasonable

under all the circumstances.     Id.

          In Aguilar's case, the IJ never addressed whether she

had shown that the Honduran government was unwilling or unable to

protect her from the past harm perpetrated by Gonzales.         The IJ

cut off the inquiry into past persecution upon determining that

the harm detailed in the documentary evidence Aguilar presented

was insufficient to rise to the level of persecution.          Instead,

the IJ's sole discussion of government involvement took place under

the heading "Future Persecution."         The Board then affirmed the

IJ's findings regarding future persecution, including that "the

applicant did not show that the government of Honduras is unable

or unwilling to protect her from Mr. Gonzales" (emphasis added).

The determination of future unwillingness or inability to act is

a different inquiry than that of past unwillingness or inability.

And, importantly, if Aguilar succeeds in establishing that she

experienced past persecution at the hands of a private actor that

the Honduran government was unwilling or unable to control, she is

entitled to a presumption of future persecution that DHS bears the

                                 - 15 -
burden of rebutting.4   Therefore, the BIA's and IJ's findings on

this point cannot dispose of Aguilar's claims for relief.

                                 IV.

          Lastly, we contend with Aguilar's request for us to find

that substantial evidence compels a finding of past persecution.

In line with our earlier decision regarding this same case, "[w]e

take no position on the merits of the IJ's holding that the abuse

reflected in the documentary evidence was not sufficiently severe

to warrant relief.   This issue is best left to be addressed by the

BIA in the first instance." Aguilar-Escoto, 874 F.3d at 337.

Despite our remand, the BIA has yet to properly address this issue.

We therefore defer to the Board to review this issue de novo on

remand.   See Matter of Z-Z-O-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 590-91; Matter

of A-S-B-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 496.

          We do, however, take this opportunity to acknowledge the

tension between the standards of review applied to past persecution

by the BIA and circuit courts.   As the Tenth Circuit has written,

"there is serious reason to question whether this court should

     4 Similarly, if Aguilar establishes past persecution, DHS
bears the burden of showing she "could avoid a future threat
to . . . her life or freedom by relocating to another part of the
proposed country of removal and, under all the circumstances, it
would be reasonable to expect [her] to do so."         8 C.F.R. §
208.16(b)(1)(i). The Board's finding that "the record does not
indicate that [Aguilar] would not be able to relocate in Honduras"
is therefore similarly of no value in resolving her claim here.
It also does not appear the IJ ever addressed this issue in the
first instance.

                              - 16 -
treat the BIA's ultimate determination as to the existence of

persecution      (i.e.,      whether    a   given    set    of   facts    amounts     to

persecution) as factual in nature."               Xue v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 1099,

1104 (10th Cir. 2017). The BIA itself is prohibited from reviewing

an IJ's factual determinations de novo and has "specifically

determined that the ultimate resolution whether a given set of

facts amount to persecution is a question of law reviewed de novo."

Id. (citing Matter of A-S-B-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 496-97).                        Yet we

and    many   of     our   sister      circuits     have    largely      applied    the

"substantial evidence" standard reserved for factual findings to

the determination of whether a given set of facts meets the

standard of persecution.             See, e.g., Yong Gao v. Barr, 950 F.3d

147,    152   (1st    Cir.    2020)    (applying      the   substantial     evidence

standard); Martínez-Pérez v. Sessions, 897 F.3d 33, 40 (1st Cir.

2018) (same); Vicente–Elias v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1086, 1091 (10th

Cir. 2008) ("In this circuit, the ultimate determination whether

an alien has demonstrated persecution is a question of fact, even

if the underlying factual circumstances are not in dispute and the

only     issue       is    whether      those       circumstances        qualify     as

persecution."); Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1060 (9th Cir.

2021)    ("We      also    review     for   substantial      evidence      the     BIA's

particular determination that a petitioner's past harm 'do[es] not

amount to past persecution.'" (alteration in original) (quoting

Villegas Sanchez v. Garland, 990 F.3d 1173, 1179 (9th Cir. 2021)));

                                        - 17 -
Thayalan v. Att'y Gen., 997 F.3d 132, 137 (3d Cir. 2021) ("Whether

an asylum applicant has demonstrated past persecution . . . is a

factual determination reviewed under the substantial evidence

standard." (quoting Voci v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607, 613 (3d Cir.

2005))).   But see Huo Qiang Chen v. Holder, 773 F.3d 396, 403 (2d

Cir. 2014) (“[W]hether certain events, if they occurred, would

constitute persecution as defined by the INA is a question of

law.”); Alavez–Hernandez v. Holder, 714 F.3d 1063, 1066 (8th Cir.

2013) (noting the question of whether conditions were "severe

enough to constitute past persecution . . . is a question of law

we review de novo").   As the Tenth Circuit observed, "[u]nless the

BIA's decision in In re A–S–B– is wrong, it appears entirely likely

this court should be treating BIA decisions on the ultimate

question of the existence of persecution as legal in nature." Xue,

846 F.3d at 1106; see also Liang v. Att'y Gen., 15 F.4th 623, 627

(3d Cir. 2021) (Jordan, J., concurring) ("The question of what

events occurred or may occur 'is factual in nature and is subject

to clearly erroneous review by the BIA' and substantial evidence

review by this Court; while the question of 'whether those events

meet the legal definition of persecution [ ] is reviewed de novo

because it is plainly an issue of law.'" (alteration in original)

(quoting Huang v. Att'y Gen., 620 F.3d 372, 379, 383 (3d Cir.

2010))).   As in Xue, this issue was not raised by the parties here

on appeal, and our own precedent has made clear that we apply the

                               - 18 -
substantial evidence standard to such determinations (even though

we have never questioned the correctness of the review structure

outlined by Matter of A-S-B- and Matter of Z-Z-O-).             See e.g.,

Yong Gao, 950 F.3d at 152; Martínez-Pérez, 897 F.3d at 40; Topalli

v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 128, 131 (1st Cir. 2005) ("We review the

BIA's determination that Topalli failed to show past persecution

under the deferential substantial evidence standard.").           But cf.

DeCarvalho, 18 F.4th at 73 (noting in the Convention Against

Torture context that "whether a person is likely to suffer a

particular harm" is a finding of fact the BIA reviews for clear

error whereas "whether such harm rises to the level of torture"

requires applying the law to those facts and is reviewed de novo

by the BIA).   We therefore leave this issue to another day.

                                     V.

            Given    the   BIA's   failure   to   properly   consider   the

documentary evidence in accordance with this Court's prior remand

order, we    grant    the petition for review,       vacate the Board's

decision in its entirety, and remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                                   - 19 -