Court Opinion

ID: 9392599
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-05 16:08:35.811485+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:46.832331
License: Public Domain

J-S04029-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellee                :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
    IVAN GUADALUPE NUNEZ-HURTADO               :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :      No. 1071 EDA 2022

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered March 17, 2022
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-15-CR-0002568-2020

BEFORE:      MURRAY, J., KING, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                                     FILED MAY 5, 2023

        Appellant, Ivan Guadalupe Nunez-Hurtado, appeals from the judgment

of sentence entered in the Chester County Court of Common Pleas, following

his jury trial convictions for theft by unlawful taking, receiving stolen property,

two counts of conspiracy, and corruption of minors.1 We affirm.

        The trial court set forth the relevant facts and procedural history of this

case as follows.

           On May 19, 2020, during the height of the Coronavirus
           pandemic, Appellant…and his co-defendant, Darius Bolden,
           entered the City of Coatesville Police impound lot and
           committed the theft of an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV). Police
           located the abandoned ATV and apprehended Appellant on
           the stairs to the roof of the building where Appellant

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1   18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3921(a); 3925; 903; and 6301(a)(1)(i), respectively.
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          abandoned the ATV.[2] The Formal Information, filed on
          September 30, 2020, charge[d Appellant] with[:] one (1)
          count of theft by unlawful taking or disposition, one (1)
          count [of] receiving stolen property, one (1) count [of]
          criminal trespass, three (3) counts [of] criminal conspiracy,
          one (1) count [of] corruption of minors, and one (1) count
          [of] disorderly conduct.[3]

          A two (2) day jury trial commenced on October 27, 2021
          before the Honorable Judge Jacqueline C. Cody. The trial
          concluded on October 28, 2021 and the jury found
          [Appellant] guilty of[:] one (1) count [of] theft by unlawful
          taking or disposition, one (1) count [of] receiving stolen
          property, one (1) count [of] criminal conspiracy to commit
          theft by unlawful taking or disposition, one (1) count [of]
          criminal conspiracy to commit receiving stolen property, and
          one (1) count [of] corruption of minors. On December 20,
          2021, one of the Honorable Judge Jacqueline C. Cody’s
          criminal trial lists was reassigned to the Honorable Judge
          Alita A. Rovito due to Judge Cody’s retirement on January
          3, 2022. Prior to [Appellant’s] sentencing, before Judge
          Rovito on March 17, 2022, [Appellant] raised a claim, in his
          sentencing memorandum for the first time, regarding the
          proper grading of his convictions. The Commonwealth
          requested the matter to be addressed by Judge Cody, as the
          trial judge.

          On February 15, 2022, the parties appeared before Judge
          Cody to address the issue of grading. On February 16,
          2022, Judge Cody entered an Order grading [Appellant’s]
          convictions on the charges of theft by unlawful taking,
          receiving stolen property, conspiracy to [commit] theft by
____________________________________________

2 The trial court opinion provides a more detailed recitation of the underlying
facts later in its opinion. (See Trial Court Opinion, filed 8/5/22, at 3-8). Those
facts are not germane to our resolution of the issues on appeal.

3 On September 29, 2021, the parties stipulated to amending the criminal
information to the following charges: (1) theft by unlawful taking; (2)
receiving stolen property; (3) conspiracy to commit theft by unlawful taking;
(4) conspiracy to commit receiving stolen property; (5) corruption of minors;
and (6) disorderly conduct. The Commonwealth later withdrew the disorderly
conduct charge.

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          unlaw[ful] taking, and conspiracy to [commit] receiving
          stolen property as felonies of the first degree. On February
          23, 2022, Judge Cody entered an Amended Order, again,
          grading the above convictions as felonies of the first degree.
          Judge Cody entered a Second Amended Order on March 17,
          2022 due to a mistake in the grading in the first two (2)
          orders. The final Order graded [the theft and conspiracy
          related] convictions as felonies of the third degree. [The
          court imposed an aggregate sentence that day of three
          years’ probation4].

          Appellant…filed [a timely] Notice of Appeal to the Superior
          Court on April 15, 2022 in the above-captioned matter. …
          The trial court ordered Appellant to file a Concise Statement
          of Errors Complained of on Appeal on April [2]6, 2022.
          Appellant filed a Concise Statement on July 13, 2022
          [following receipt of the transcripts]. …

(Trial Court Opinion, filed 8/5/22, at 1-3) (internal footnotes omitted).

       Appellant raises two issues for our review:

          Did the trial court improperly grade Theft by Unlawful
          Taking, Receiving Stolen Property, Criminal Conspiracy to
          commit Theft by Unlawful Taking and Criminal Conspiracy
          to commit Receiving Stolen Property? In light of Apprendi
          v. New Jersey[5], did the jury’s verdict slip authorize the
          court to sentence Appellant on the above-mentioned
          offenses graded as felonies of the third degree?

          Was the evidence insufficient as a matter of law for a
          conviction on the offense of Corruption of Minors, 18
          Pa.C.S.A. § 6301 (a)(1)(i)?       Specifically, was there
          insufficient evidence produced to show that the person
          whose morals would tend to be corrupted was under the age
____________________________________________

4 Specifically, the court imposed consecutive terms of 12 months’ probation
for theft by unlawful taking, conspiracy to commit theft by unlawful taking,
and corruption of minors. The receiving stolen property and conspiracy to
commit receiving stolen property convictions merged for sentencing purposes.

5 Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435
(2000).

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         of 18?

(Appellant’s Brief at 5).

      In his first issue, Appellant argues that there was no finding by the jury

as to the value of the item stolen or the type of item stolen. Specifically,

Appellant avers the verdict slip did not contain a finding that the amount of

the theft exceeded $2,000.00.     Further, Appellant complains there was no

finding by the jury that the property stolen was an automobile, airplane,

motorcycle, motorboat or other motor-propelled vehicle.       Lastly, Appellant

contends there was no finding by the jury that Appellant was in the business

of buying or selling stolen property. Appellant maintains that at least one of

these findings was required to grade Appellant’s theft offenses as felonies of

the third degree.    In sum, Appellant insists the Commonwealth failed to

present the jury with the essential questions necessary to elevate the grading

of the offenses from misdemeanors of the third degree to felonies of the third

degree, namely (1) whether the amount exceeded $2,000.00; or (2) whether

the item stolen was a motor-propelled vehicle; or (3) whether Appellant was

in the business of buying or selling stolen property. Appellant concludes the

court imposed an illegal sentence, and this Court must vacate and remand for

the re-grading of the offenses at issue. We disagree.

      In general, a defendant’s “failure to contemporaneously object to the

jury instructions or the verdict slip…operates as a waiver.” Commonwealth

v. Matty, 619 A.2d 1383, 1387 (Pa.Super. 1993). Nevertheless, “[a] claim

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that the court improperly graded an offense for sentencing purposes

implicates the legality of a sentence” and is not waivable, assuming

jurisdiction is proper. Commonwealth v. Mendozajr, 71 A.3d 1023, 1027

(Pa.Super. 2013).6 “When the legality of a sentence is at issue on appeal, our

standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.”

Commonwealth v. Catt, 994 A.2d 1158, 1160 (Pa.Super. 2010) (en banc).

       In Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court held: “Other than the

fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime

beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and

proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Apprendi, supra at 490, 120 S.Ct. at

2363. See also Commonwealth v. Panko, 975 A.2d 1189, 1191 (Pa.Super.

2009), appeal denied, 618 Pa. 686, 57 A.3d 69 (2012) (citing Apprendi and

noting that “a fact that increases the maximum penalty or changes the grade

of an offense must be submitted to a jury and proven beyond a reasonable

doubt”).

       The Crimes Code provides for the grading of theft offenses, in relevant

part, as follows:

           § 3903. Grading of theft offenses

                                       *       *   *

           (a.1) Felony of the third degree.—Except as provided in
____________________________________________

6 Appellant did not object to the verdict slip in this case. Nevertheless,
because Appellant’s grading challenge implicates the legality of his sentence,
we will review the merits of his issue on appeal. See id.

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         subsection (a) or (a.2), theft constitutes a felony of the third
         degree if the amount involved exceeds $2,000, or the
         property      stolen     is  an    automobile,       airplane,
         motorcycle, motorboat or other motor-propelled
         vehicle, or in the case of theft by receiving stolen property,
         if the receiver is in the business of buying or selling stolen
         property.

                                   *    *    *

         (b) Other grades.—Theft not within (a), (a.1), or (a.2),
         constitutes a misdemeanor of the first degree, except that
         if the property was not taken from the person or by threat,
         or in breach of fiduciary obligation, and:

            (1) the amount involved was $50 or more but less than
            $200 the offense constitutes a misdemeanor of the
            second degree; or

            (2) the amount involved was less than $50 the offense
            constitutes a misdemeanor of the third degree.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3903(a.1), (b) (emphasis added). See also 18 Pa.C.S.A. §

905 (stating: “Except as otherwise provided in this title, attempt, solicitation

and conspiracy are crimes of the same grade and degree as the most serious

offense which is attempted or solicited or is an object of the conspiracy”).

      The Vehicle Code defines a “motor vehicle” as “[a] vehicle which is self-

propelled except an electric personal assistive mobility device or a vehicle

which is propelled solely by human power.” 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 102. This Court

has held that an ATV “is clearly a motor vehicle.”          Commonwealth v.

Predmore, 500 A.2d 474, 475 (Pa.Super. 1985). See also Commonwealth

v. Eliason, 509 A.2d 1296 (Pa.Super. 1986), appeal denied, 517 Pa. 592, 535

A.2d 81 (1987) (holding three-wheeler vehicle falls within definition of “motor

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vehicle” for purposes of Vehicle Code).

      In Commonwealth v. Nellom, 234 A.3d 695 (Pa.Super. 2020), appeal

denied, ___ Pa. ___, 252 A.3d 593 (2021), on which Appellant heavily relies,

a jury convicted the appellant of theft of services. On appeal, the appellant

claimed the verdict was incomplete because it did not require the jury to find

that the value of the stolen services exceeded $2,000.00, and that such

deficiency resulted in an illegal sentence.   Although the appellant did not

object to the verdict slip, rendering any challenge to the language of the

verdict slip waived, this Court considered the challenge to the improper

grading of his offense a non-waivable challenge to the legality of his sentence.

See id. at 704.

      This Court explained that the theft of services statute provides that an

offense constitutes a summary offense when the value of the services obtained

or diverted is less than $50.00; when the value of the services obtained or

diverted is $50.00 or more, the grading of the offense shall be established as

set forth in Section 3903 (relating to grading of theft offenses). See id. at

704-05; 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3926(c)(1-2). While the Commonwealth presented

uncontradicted evidence that the total value of services obtained was

$3,658.00, the only question posed to the jury on the verdict slip was whether

the value of services obtained exceeded $50.00, to which the jury answered

“yes.” Consequently, this Court held:

         The effect of this verdict merely established that the offense
         was greater than a summary offense. See 18 Pa.C.S. §

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          3926(c)(1) (theft of services is a summary offense if the
          value of the services taken is fifty dollars or less). However,
          the trial court, without objection by the Commonwealth,
          failed to present the jury with the essential questions
          necessary to elevate the grade of the offense from a
          misdemeanor of the second degree to either a misdemeanor
          of the first degree, or a felony of the third degree — namely,
          (1) whether the amount involved was between $200.00 and
          $2,000.00, or (2) whether the amount involved exceeded
          $2,000.00, respectively. 18 Pa.C.S. § 3903(b), (a.1).
          Therefore, in light of Apprendi, we are obligated to
          conclude that the verdict on this count only authorized the
          trial court to sentence Appellant for theft of services graded
          as a misdemeanor of the second degree, the maximum
          sentence for which is two years. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 1104(2).

Nellom, supra at 705 (internal footnote omitted).

       Instantly, the trial court explained:

          As a matter of law, an ATV is a vehicle. Theft of an ATV is
          theft of a vehicle, graded as a felony of the third degree.
          The trial court properly graded theft by unlawful taking,
          receiving stolen property, conspiracy to commit theft by
          unlawful taking, and conspiracy to commit receiving stolen
          property as felonies of the third degree for sentencing
          purposes. …

(Trial Court Opinion at 11).7

____________________________________________

7 We observe that the trial court and the Commonwealth also claim Appellant
stipulated to the offenses being graded as third-degree felonies. Upon our
review of the record, however, we agree with Appellant that he stipulated only
to amending the criminal information to charging him with those offenses as
third-degree felonies. (See Appellant’s Brief at 20) (arguing that defense
counsel agreed only that Commonwealth was withdrawing certain charges and
going forth with others graded as third-degree felonies; “Just because the
Commonwealth is attempting to prove a certain grading and the defense
understands that the Commonwealth’s intent pre-trial does not mean defense
counsel stipulates pre-trial that the Commonwealth will meet its burden”).
Appellant’s stipulation to amending the charges did not alleviate the
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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       We agree with the trial court that Appellant’s theft offenses were

properly graded as third-degree felonies for sentencing. While in Nellom the

jury failed to specify a finding for the value of the theft of services obtained,

there was no question in this case that the stolen property at issue was an

ATV. (See N.T. Trial, 10/28/21, at 56) (where court is instructing jury on

elements of offenses and makes clear that stolen property at issue is ATV).

As the trial court correctly observed, an ATV is considered a motor vehicle as

a matter of law. See Predmore, supra. Under these circumstances, Nellom

is distinguishable from the facts of this case, and we see no violation of the

principles espoused in Apprendi here. Therefore, Appellant’s first issue on

appeal merits no relief.

       In his second issue, Appellant argues the Commonwealth presented

insufficient evidence to demonstrate that Mr. Bolden was under the age of 18.

Appellant claims the Commonwealth could have, but did not, introduce Mr.

Bolden’s driver’s license, birth certificate, or an arrest record to show his age.

Instead, Appellant contends the Commonwealth merely introduced testimony

from Officer Himmel, during which the officer said that Mr. Bolden was 17

years old.     Appellant maintains that Officer Himmel did not provide Mr.

Bolden’s birthdate or other evidence to confirm his statement that he was a

minor. Appellant emphasizes that Mr. Bolden was not in the courtroom, so

____________________________________________

Commonwealth’s burden to prove that Appellant’s offenses should be graded
as third-degree felonies.

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the jury could not assess his physical appearance to confirm his age.

Appellant concludes the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction for

corruption of minors, and this Court must grant relief. We disagree.

      In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, our standard

of review is as follows:

          As a general matter, our standard of review of sufficiency
          claims requires that we evaluate the record in the light most
          favorable to the verdict winner giving the prosecution the
          benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the
          evidence. Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the
          verdict when it establishes each material element of the
          crime charged and the commission thereof by the accused,
          beyond a reasonable doubt.              Nevertheless, the
          Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a mathematical
          certainty. Any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be
          resolved by the fact finder unless the evidence is so weak
          and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of
          fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances.

          The Commonwealth may sustain its burden by means of
          wholly circumstantial evidence. Accordingly, [t]he fact that
          the evidence establishing a defendant’s participation in a
          crime is circumstantial does not preclude a conviction where
          the evidence coupled with the reasonable inferences drawn
          therefrom overcomes the presumption of innocence.
          Significantly, we may not substitute our judgment for that
          of the fact finder; thus, so long as the evidence adduced,
          accepted in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
          demonstrates the respective elements of a defendant’s
          crimes beyond a reasonable doubt, the appellant’s
          convictions will be upheld.

Commonwealth v. Sebolka, 205 A.3d 329, 336-37 (Pa.Super. 2019)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Franklin, 69 A.3d 719, 722-23 (Pa.Super.

2013)).

      The Crimes Code defines the offense of corruption of minors, in relevant

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part, as follows:

         § 6301. Corruption of minors

         (a) Offense defined.—

         (1)(i) Except as provided in subparagraph (ii), whoever,
         being of the age of 18 years and upwards, by any act
         corrupts or tends to corrupt the morals of any minor less
         than 18 years of age, or who aids, abets, entices or
         encourages any such minor in the commission of any crime,
         or who knowingly assists or encourages such minor in
         violating his or her parole or any order of court, commits a
         misdemeanor of the first degree.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6301(a)(1)(i). For purposes of the statute, “[a] person’s age

need not be proved only by direct testimony, but may also be proved by

circumstantial evidence.” Commonwealth v. Nelson, 467 A.2d 638, 640

(Pa.Super. 1983) (holding factfinder could reasonably infer that appellant was

at least 21 years old based on evidence that appellant worked in bar, was

drinking alcohol, and had lived in college dorm).

      Instantly, the trial court reasoned:

         The trial court correctly found there was sufficient evidence
         presented to enable the jury to find every element of the
         offenses charged, particularly the age required by the crime
         of corruption of minors, when reviewed in a light favorable
         to the Commonwealth. Review of the trial testimony and
         exhibits entered reveals ample evidence sufficient for the
         jury to find Appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The
         record is unambiguous regarding the age of [Mr.] Bolden.

         Officer Himmel credibly testified as to his previous
         encounters with Mr. Bolden, his interactions with Mr. Bolden
         on the day in question, and the steps he took after taking
         [Appellant] and Mr. Bolden into custody, as the affiant.
         Officer Himmel testified to numerous encounters with Mr.
         Bolden while acting in his official capacity as a law

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          enforcement officer, both positive and negative in outcome,
          leading him to know Mr. Bolden as a minor on the day in
          question. Over the defense’s objection, Officer Himmel
          specifically testified [Mr.] Bolden, “... was a juvenile. He
          was 17 years old.”        Officer Himmel also testified he
          “Mirandized [Mr. Bolden] with his parent or guardian
          present.” While the trial court acknowledges there are
          numerous situations that require a third-party to be present
          for Miranda purposes, the most common situation
          necessitating a parent or guardian to be present when given
          “Miranda rights” involves minors.[8]

          Of greater significance, Officer Himmel unambiguously
          identified Mr. Bolden, in Commonwealth Exhibit 3G, in a
          juvenile detention facility.   Appellant’s counsel did not
          question Officer Himmel regarding the steps taken after Mr.
          Bolden was taken into custody. Furthermore, Defense
          counsel did not object to the introduction or description
          given regarding Commonwealth Exhibit 3G, nor did
          Appellant ask questions pertaining to Commonwealth
          Exhibit 3G. The trial court and the jury are permitted to
          [draw] inferences from the picture of Mr. Bolden itself in
          determining his age. The only reasonable inference drawn
          from Officer Himmel’s statement and the picture of Mr.
          Bolden in a juvenile detention facility is that Mr. Bolden is a
          minor under 18 years of age necessitating his confinement
          to a juvenile facility.

(Trial Court Opinion at 14-16) (internal citations and emphasis omitted).

        We agree with the court’s analysis. Viewed in the light most favorable

to the Commonwealth as verdict-winner, the evidence was sufficient to prove

Mr. Bolden was a minor at the time of the offenses. See Sebolka, supra;

Nelson, supra. Therefore, the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence

to convict Appellant of corruption of minors.             See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §

____________________________________________

8   Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).

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6301(a)(1)(i). Accordingly, we affirm.

     Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 5/05/2023

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