Court Opinion

ID: 9399251
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-02 16:05:33.093014+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:51.817258
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (1st) 220296
                                             No. 1-22-0296
                                        Opinion filed June 2, 2023

                                                                               SIXTH DIVISION

                                                  IN THE

                                  APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                            FIRST DISTRICT

     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                        )      Appeal from the Circuit Court
     ILLINOIS,                                         )      of Cook County.
                                                       )
           Plaintiff-Appellee,                         )
                                                       )
           v.                                          )      No. 17 CR 00867
                                                       )
     VICTOR HAYNES,                                    )      The Honorable
                                                       )      Michael J. Hood,
           Defendant-Appellant.                        )      Judge, presiding.

                    JUSTICE ODEN JOHNSON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                    Justice C.A. Walker concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                    Justice Tailor concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1              Defendant Victor Haynes was convicted after a bench trial of the attempted first degree

      murder of Jerome White (hereinafter, White). The trial court sentenced defendant to the

      minimum sentence, which was 31 years with the Illinois Department of Corrections. The 31-

      year sentence included a 25-year mandatory sentencing enhancement for personally

      discharging a firearm. See 720 ILCS 5/8-4(c)(1)(D) (West 2016) (sentencing enhancement).

¶2              On this direct appeal, defendant first challenges his conviction, by claiming that the

      State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he had an intent to kill. Second,
     No. 1-22-0296

         defendant challenges his sentence, by claiming that his counsel was ineffective for failing to

         seek a sentence reduction pursuant to section 8-4(c)(1)(E) of the Criminal Code of 2012

         (Code) (720 ILCS 5/8-4(c)(1)(E) (West 2016)). This subsection permits a sentence reduction

         if the defendant proves by a preponderance of the evidence at sentencing that he “was acting

         under a sudden and intense passion resulting from serious provocation” and, that, if “the

         individual the defendant endeavored to kill [had] died, the defendant would have negligently

         or accidentally caused that death.” 720 ILCS 5/8-4(c)(1)(E) (West 2016). Third, defendant

         seeks a remand for a Krankel hearing (People v. Krankel, 102 Ill.2d 181 (1984)), on the

         ground that the trial court failed to inquire regarding his allegation at sentencing that his

         counsel had failed to pursue a possible line of investigation. For the following reasons, we

         affirm his conviction but vacate his sentence and remand for resentencing.

¶3                                           I. BACKGROUND

¶4               The relevant events occurred on a party bus rented to celebrate the birthday of Virgetta

         White (hereinafter, Virgetta). The bus was rented by Virgetta’s uncle, Jerome White, and by

         Virgetta’s cousin, Nathal Williams (hereinafter, Williams). At trial, defendant was charged

         with the attempted murder of both men. While the trial court found defendant guilty of the

         attempted murder of White, the court acquitted defendant of the attempted murder of Williams.

         The witnesses at trial included event witnesses White, Virgetta, and Crystal Massey, who were

         all on the bus.

¶5               The evidence at trial established that the bus departed on December 17, 2016, from

         West 13th Street and South Karlov Avenue at 8 p.m. with Virgetta 1 and approximately two

            Since Virgetta and her uncle Jerome share the same last name, we will refer to Jerome by his last
             1

     name and Virgetta by her first name.
                                                        2
     No. 1-22-0296

        dozen of her friends and family members. They brought alcohol on the bus, but no food. After

        driving to a nearby train station to pick up a cousin, they drove back to 13th Street and Karlov

        Avenue, where defendant and James Staples (hereinafter Staples) boarded the bus. Virgetta

        did not know defendant but JK, whom Virgetta had previously dated, and Staples, JK’s cousin,

        asked if defendant could come. Virgetta said yes.

¶6             At some point in the evening, JK and defendant began arguing on the bus. Virgetta got

        in between them, and Virgetta and defendant began physically fighting. After hearing that

        Virgetta had been punched, White ran from the front of the bus to the back, moved Virgetta

        out of the way, and punched defendant in the face. White and defendant began fighting, with

        White on top of defendant. White smelled gunpowder, stood up, realized he had been shot, and

        then fell down with blood on his shirt. White testified that he did not bring a gun on the bus.

        After White fell, Williams began fighting with defendant. White testified that, as Williams and

        defendant fought, White observed that Williams and defendant were fighting over something

        black in defendant’s hand. Two more shots were fired, and Williams fell down. As defendant

        climbed over people on the bus to escape, Virgetta saw a black gun in his hand. Crystal Massey,

        a friend of Virgetta and a cousin of Williams, also observed a black gun in defendant’s hand.

        Both defendant and Stapes ran off the bus.

¶7             After receiving a report of shots fired and a description of the offenders, two officers

        on patrol observed two men matching the offenders’ description and followed them. At

        approximately 2 a.m. on December 18, 2016, Officer Gilberto Nieto and his partner followed

        defendant and Staples to the foyer of a residential building on Lake Shore Drive, where the

        officers recovered a small black gun from under a bench in the foyer. Defendant had a gunshot

        wound to his left hand.

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       No. 1-22-0296

¶8               A firearms expert, Mark Pomerance, testified that two fired cartridge cases recovered

          from the bus were fired by the gun recovered from the foyer, but he was unable to determine

          if a live round found on the bus had also been ejected from the same gun. Pomerance testified

          that if one person was gripping the gun in a firing position, another person could hit the gun’s

          slide during a struggle and discharge the gun. The gun was a semiautomatic pistol, with a slide

          on top. At the time that the gun was recovered, it contained two more bullets.

¶9               As a result of the shooting, White had several surgeries. On the date of trial, he still had

          a bullet lodged under his heart. Williams, the other victim, remained in a hospital bed on life

          support, in a vegetative state, and unable to communicate.

¶ 10             During closing, the State argued to the court that “defendant was the initial aggressor

          here.” Defense counsel responded: “It’s not self-defense, Judge.” Counsel argued that the

          shooting was not in self-defense but rather an accident that occurred during a struggle:

                       “Now, I think—I don’t know if I’m going to shorten [the State’s rebuttal] closing

                 or not—but I received some case law yesterday, which I reviewed, all having to do with

                 self-defense. And I listened to [the State’s] argument here, and they talked about self-

                 defense. It’s not self-defense, Judge.

                       And they talk about initial aggressor. And I’m going to put this aside. *** [I]n

                 relation to [Virgetta] okay, where he may or may not be the initial aggressor, okay, and

                 had he shot [Virgetta]—[but] he’s not charged with anything against [Virgetta]. *** So

                 now when [White] comes charging across the bus *** [defendant] is no longer the

                 aggressor. Okay? But let’s put that aside because I’m not even going to argue self-

                 defense.

                                                          4
       No. 1-22-0296

                       And the reason being, Judge, self-defense, the theory of self-defense is you do it,

                  you take this action not accidentally, not negligently, not recklessly, you take these

                  actions purposefully. There’s a purpose in your mind. The purpose is to defend yourself

                  against imminent death or great bodily harm. You’re defending yourself against

                  imminent death or great bodily harm. And though [defendant] may have thought at that

                  moment by [White] charging at him, [defendant] doesn’t at that point, at any point—

                  no witness ever testifies that [defendant] aims, points, raises in any way, shape, or form

                  that gun in the direction of anybody.”

          Defense counsel argued that defendant and White, and subsequently Williams, were “tussling”

          over the gun when the gun fired. Counsel argued that this “tussling” was inconsistent with

          defendant’s cocking and shooting a gun but was consistent with somebody touching the slide

          and thereby causing a bullet to discharge.

¶ 11              At the end of the bench trial, the trial court found defendant not guilty of the charges

          related to Williams. The court found, based on White’s testimony, that Williams and defendant

          were struggling over the gun when it went off and struck Williams. As a result, the court stated

          that it could not find defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the charges related to

          Williams. However, it found defendant guilty of the attempted murder of White, the aggravated

          battery of White, and unlawful use of a weapon by a felon. The other charges later merged into

          the attempted murder conviction.

¶ 12              Prior to sentencing, the trial court stated that it wanted to make “an additional record

          on the case” in order to “clarify” its findings. The trial court stated:

                       “With regard to Jerome White, I made a finding that the defendant knowingly

                  discharged a firearm causing injury to Jerome White. I also found beyond a reasonable

                                                         5
       No. 1-22-0296

                 doubt his intent was to kill Jerome White. To that, the Court looks to the nature and

                 circumstances of the event. I don’t know if I was clear on the record, so I’ll state it now

                 ***.

                       The defendant boarded the bus with a deadly weapon; a weapon he could not legally

                 carry. He was involved in a fist fight with the victim White. He was able to pull a deadly

                 weapon, handgun somewhere—from somewhere secreted on his person and shoot him

                 in the chest. He didn’t shoot to maim or injure. He shot to kill. Based on the location

                 of the gunshot wound, the location of the injuries is indicia of the intent. The nature

                 and circumstances of the injury are indicia of intent. The evidence is that he voluntarily

                 and willfully committed an act. His natural tendency was to destroy another’s life with

                 regard to Mr. Jerome White. He then fled the scene, also indicia of guilt.”

¶ 13             Defense counsel asked the court to reconsider its findings. In making this argument,

          counsel discussed intent:

                 “I indicated [in defendant’s answer] that I may or may not assert the defense of self-

                 defense but did not argue it. And the reason I didn’t argue it is because in order for it

                 to be *** self-defense *** it has to be an act that he’s taking for a purpose ***. When

                 it’s an accident, it’s not self-defense.”

          Counsel argued that “the court has to find the specific intent and the nature of the injuries in

          and of themselves aren’t sufficient to show the intent” in the case at bar.

¶ 14             In response, the trial court further found:

                       “With regard to Jerome White, this was not an accident. Now, I based my finding

                 on a totality of the circumstances; certainly location of the wound, gravity of the

                 wound, all of those factors I considered. ***

                                                        6
       No. 1-22-0296

                       There was no tussle over—there’s no testimony that there was a struggle over a gun

                   with regard to Jerome White. A struggle over the gun involved Nathall Williams and

                   [defendant], that’s what the testimony of Jerome White, one of the most compelling

                   witnesses I have ever seen, that was the testimony. And that’s exactly why—and you’re

                   right on this, [counsel], and you did a good job pointing it out. That’s exactly why he

                   was not guilty as to the Nathal Williams [charges] ***

                       But there was—in the case of Jerome White, the man goes back to the back of the

                   bus. There’s no struggle over a gun, there’s no evidence that there’s a struggle over a

                   gun, there’s no accident. It’s a fist fight and your client shoots him in the chest.”

           The trial court denied defendant’s posttrial motion for a new trial and proceeded to sentencing.

¶ 15               The parties agreed that the minimum was 31 years and that defendant was required to

           serve 85 percent of his sentence. 2 The trial court then gave defendant the opportunity to make

           a statement, which defendant did. One of the issues on appeal is whether the trial court should

           have made further inquiry into assertions that defendant made at sentencing about his counsel,

           so we provide his statement in detail below.

                       “DEFENDANT: Your Honor, I feel through this trial I got an unfair trial. *** Due

                   to certain issues I would like to bring to your attention. One was, every witness that got

                   on the stand they said something different than what they said in the police station.

                   They told me they did not say what they said in [sic] the police, and I feel that they

                   truly changed their story to make their story sound way more believable.

               2
                Eighty-five percent of 31 is 26.35. Defendant was 32 years old on the date of the offense and
       turned 37 the week following sentencing.
                                                           7
No. 1-22-0296

                Second, it was the State before evidence—it got pictures of the party bus where I

         was knocked unconscious and the pictures are proved I was unconscious because

         there’s a big puddle of my blood. And I know when they take DNA of each blood, they

         know who blood is whose. So this blood on the rear of the party bus on the back seat

         where I was proved that it was me. For me to be there that long, that lets you know I

         was there unconscious for a long period of time because when you see when I was in a

         hotel lobby it was just streaks of blood but that right there is a big puddle of my blood.

         And for there to be that much of my blood that would prove to you that I was knocked

         unconscious.

                Another issue was, I wind up being locked up with Crissy Massey’s fiancé, and he

         came and post to me the true story of what happened on the party bus. And I asked him,

         hey, how do you know that? He said Crissy, my fiancé. His name is Ronald Williams.

         So I’m like, she said all of that on the phone, and he said, yes. I brought it to my

         lawyer’s attention. This was the first day of trial when I came back and he was on the

         phone when he told everything. He told her how they was on the party bus jumping on

         me. She also stated that on the recording one of the phones, that the State told her if she

         don’t—if she don’t testify, she could lose her job and her Section 8 [housing]. She also

         said she stated that she told the State she didn’t—if they put her on the stand, she was

         going to regret it[. T]hat’s why she didn’t get on the stand the first day. And she’s also

         going around she say she dislike when her family comes around because every time

         they comes around they start stuff. She also stated to him that the boy [defendant] was

         not doing nothing; my cousin was jumping on him for no reason. So, I told my attorney

         that I would like to bring issue to you even try to get the phone records; like I know

                                                8
No. 1-22-0296

         exact time it was and exact date and the phone record it would have proved he could

         have cross-examined her on it but he did nothing. So, I feel like that phone record—

         would have proved to you that I was innocent. Like, that phone record was everything,

         and it’s like a lot of issues. It just like got back in, like all them issues that could help

         me be home with my family today, and I am truly innocent. I truly so sorry for what

         happened on the party bas. I was wrong for having a gun on the party bus, but my

         intention was not to hurt nobody, not to kill nobody but the gun went off when I was

         unconscious. (Emphasis added.)

                THE COURT: Did you just say the gun went off when you were unconscious?

                DEFENDANT: Yes.

                THE COURT: Okay.

                DEFENDANT: I was unconscious. And like I say, that picture will prove that I was

         unconscious for it to be that much of my blood, and [Staples]’ statement, the guy I was

         with, he’s the one who woke me up. Like I wanted to get on the stand, but I listened to

         my attorney; he told me don’t do it. I’m like I want to tell my side of the story; I want

         to defend myself. And I figured all that would of helped me come home.

                And on top of that when I was Grand Jury indicted, I was Grand Jury indicted on

         aggravated battery unlawful use of a weapon, great bodily harm; I was never charged

         with attempt murder.

                THE COURT: You’re wrong about that.

                DEFENDANT: If you look it up, Google me right now and look it up, it’s going to

         pop up aggravated battery unlawful use of a weapon.

                                                9
       No. 1-22-0296

                       THE COURT: Okay. I have the indictment in front of me. I actually asked for the

                 front page but go ahead.

                       DEFENDANT: That’s all the issue I want to bring to Your Honor. I truly am sorry

                 for what happened to [White and Williams], like, I pray for them every day. I don’t

                 want nothing to happen to them. Like, I truly am sorry for their pain and like I’m sorry

                 for bringing a gun on the party bus. I would’ve had a better outcome is my trial. That’s

                 all I have to say.”

¶ 16             The trial judge responded that defendant’s counsel was “one of the best lawyers” he

          had “ever known with regard to defending criminal cases.” The court found defendant’s

          statement that defendant was “unconscious and the gun went off” to be “ridiculous.” The State

          then requested a conference with both defense counsel and the court, and they went off the

          record. Back on the record, the court stated that “[w]e broke because based on what the

          defendant said, there was a question whether we should move forward. Move forward we will.”

          The court found: “You weren’t unconscious. I’ve never heard anything so ridiculous to sit

          there and throw your lawyer under the bus.” After stating that it would not hold these remarks

          against defendant, the trial court sentenced defendant to the minimum of 31 years.

¶ 17             On March 1, 2022, which was the same day as the sentencing, defendant filed a notice

          of appeal, and this timely appeal followed.

¶ 18                                           II. ANALYSIS

¶ 19                                            A. Conviction

¶ 20             Defendant’s first claim regarding sufficiency of the evidence challenges his conviction

          by arguing that the State failed to prove that he had a specific intent to kill. Defendant argues

          that the record contains no evidence that defendant threatened to kill White and the record

                                                        10
       No. 1-22-0296

          shows that there were several bullets still remaining in the gun. In other words, if he had wanted

          to kill White, he could have fired more shots.

¶ 21              When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence at trial, the question is

          whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

          trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

          People v. Aljohani, 2022 IL 127037, ¶ 66. It is the factfinder’s responsibility to resolve

          conflicts in testimony, weigh the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences. Aljohani, 2022 IL

          127037, ¶ 66. This standard applies whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial, and

          circumstantial evidence is sufficient to sustain a conviction. Aljohani, 2022 IL 127037, ¶ 66.

¶ 22              When reviewing a sufficiency challenge, we will not retry the defendant or substitute

          our judgment for the trier of fact. Aljohani, 2022 IL 127037, ¶ 67. A conviction will be reversed

          only where the evidence is so unreasonable or improbable that it creates a reasonable doubt of

          the defendant’s guilt. Aljohani, 2022 IL 127037, ¶ 67. “This standard of review applies

          regardless of whether the defendant received a bench or jury trial.” Aljohani, 2022 IL 127037,

          ¶ 67.

¶ 23              To prove a defendant guilty of attempted murder, the State must prove (1) that

          defendant performed an act that constituted a substantial step toward committing a murder and

          (2) that he had the criminal intent to kill the victim. People v. Teague, 2013 IL App (1st)

          110349, ¶ 22. On this appeal, defendant contests only the second element, claiming that he had

          no intent to kill White.

¶ 24              In the case at bar, the trial court stated that it found White to be a particularly credible

          witness, and White testified that he had no gun. “It is the responsibility of the fact finder, not

                                                        11
       No. 1-22-0296

          the reviewing court, to determine the credibility of witnesses.” Teague, 2013 IL App (1st)

          110349, ¶ 26 (citing People v. Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d 246, 280-81 (2009)).

¶ 25             The trial court found that this was a fist fight, until defendant pulled out a deadly

          weapon and fired at White. As this court has repeatedly held, the very fact of firing a gun at a

          person supports the conclusion that the person doing so acted with the intent to kill. Teague,

          2013 IL App (1st) 110349, ¶ 26 (see list of cases cited therein); People v. Thompson, 2020 IL

          App (1st) 171265, ¶ 76; People v. Carlisle, 2015 IL App (1st) 131144, ¶ 77.

¶ 26             Also, this court has repeatedly held that “frustrated marksmanship is not a defense to

          attempted murder.” Thompson, 2020 IL App (1st) 171265, ¶ 75; Teague, 2013 IL App (1st)

          110349, ¶ 27 (see cases cited therein). Rather, “it is a question of fact” for the factfinder “to

          determine whether defendant lacked the intent to kill or whether defendant was simply

          unskilled with his weapon.” Teague, 2013 IL App (1st) 110349, ¶ 27. Similarly, misjudging

          how many shots to the chest are necessary to ensure death is not a defense to attempted murder.

¶ 27             Since intent to kill is a state of mind, it is usually difficult to establish by direct evidence

          and, thus, it is usually inferred from the surrounding circumstances. Teague, 2013 IL App (1st)

          110349, ¶ 24. Defendant’s intent, as gleaned from the circumstances, was a question for the

          court as factfinder, since this case involved a bench trial. Circumstances that may establish

          intent include the character of the assault, the use of a deadly weapon, and the nature and extent

          of the victim’s injuries. Teague, 2013 IL App (1st) 110349, ¶ 24. In the case at bar, defendant

          and White were involved in a fist fight, until defendant pulled out a deadly weapon and fired

          at White’s chest, at almost point-blank range, causing a bullet to lodge just below White’s

          heart. A person could have easily believed that one shot would kill White, given that White

          was slumped on the floor of the bus with a blood-soaked shirt and a gunshot wound to his chest

                                                         12
       No. 1-22-0296

          from a gun fired at close range. Reviewing these circumstances, we cannot conclude that the

          trial court’s finding of an intent to kill was irrational. See Aljohani, 2022 IL 127037, ¶ 66 (the

          issue is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any

          rational trier of fact could have found the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt).

          Thus defendant’s sufficiency claim must fail.

¶ 28                                             B. Sentencing

¶ 29             Defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to argue for a sentence

          reduction pursuant to section 8-4(c)(1)(E) of the Code. 720 ILCS 5/8-4(c)(1)(E) (West 2016).

          Section 8-4, entitled “Attempt,” sets forth the law regarding attempt offenses, including

          attempted murder. 720 ILCS 5/8-4 (West 2016). The particular subsection at issue on this

          appeal provides in full:

                       “(E) if the defendant proves by a preponderance of the evidence at sentencing that,

                 at the time of the attempted murder, [1] he or she was acting under a sudden and intense

                 passion resulting from serious provocation by the individual whom the defendant

                 endeavored to kill, or another, and, [2] had the individual the defendant endeavored to

                 kill died, the defendant would have negligently or accidentally caused that death, then

                 the sentence for the attempted murder is the sentence for a Class 1 felony.” (Emphasis

                 added.) 720 ILCS 5/8-4(c)(1)(E) (West 2016).

          In short, a defendant must show both (1) serious provocation and (2) negligence or accident.

¶ 30             In his closing argument, counsel discussed both (1) provocation and (2) accident.

          However, counsel said he was dropping provocation because it would be relevant only to self-

          defense and he was arguing accident instead of self-defense. Nonetheless, counsel stressed that

                                                       13
       No. 1-22-0296

          there was serious provocation. Although counsel discussed both factors during closing, he did

          not later move for a sentence reduction based on them.

¶ 31             To determine whether defendant was denied his right to effective assistance of counsel,

          we apply the two-prong test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). People

          v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504, 526 (1984) (adopting Strickland). Under Strickland, a defendant

          must prove both (1) that his attorney’s actions constituted errors so serious as to fall below an

          objective standard of reasonableness and (2) that, absent these errors, there was a reasonable

          probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. Carlisle, 2015 IL

          App (1st) 131144, ¶ 71.

¶ 32             Under the first prong of the Strickland test, the defendant must prove that his counsel’s

          performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, as measured against

          prevailing professional norms. Carlisle, 2015 IL App (1st) 131144, ¶ 72. Under the second

          prong, the defendant must show that, “ ‘but for’ ” counsel’s deficient performance, there is a

          reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different. Carlisle,

          2015 IL App (1st) 131144, ¶ 72. “[A] reasonable probability that the result would have been

          different is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome—or put another

          way, that counsel’s deficient performance rendered the result of the trial unreliable or

          fundamentally unfair.” People v. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d 194, 220 (2004).

¶ 33             To prevail, the defendant must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test. Carlisle, 2015

          IL App (1st) 131144, ¶ 73. Thus, if one of the two prongs is missing, we need not consider the

          other one. Our analysis does not have to proceed in a particular order. Carlisle, 2015 IL App

          (1st) 131144, ¶ 73.

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       No. 1-22-0296

¶ 34             First, we examine whether counsel erred by failing to seek the sentence reduction. To

          the extent that defendant’s claim requires us to interpret the statute, we observe that the oft-

          quoted rules of statutory interpretation require us to look, first and foremost, to the plain

          language of the statute itself. VC&M, Ltd. v. Andrews, 2013 IL 114445, ¶ 30. With statutory

          interpretation, our primary goal is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the statute’s

          drafters. The most reliable indicator of their intent is the language they chose to use. VC&M,

          Ltd., 2013 IL 114445, ¶ 30.

¶ 35             Both defendant and the State observe that prior first district appellate panels have

          interpreted the term “serious provocation” in the attempt statute (720 ILCS 5/8-4(c)(1)(E)

          (West 2016)) as having the same meaning as “serious provocation” in the second degree

          murder statute (720 ILCS 5/9-2 (West 2016)). Both cite People v. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App

          (1st) 100939, ¶ 23, in support of this observation. See People v. Harris, 2013 IL App (1st)

          110309, ¶ 13. While we may find the logic and reasoning of an appellate court opinion

          persuasive, “the opinion of one district, division, or panel of the appellate court is not binding

          on other districts, divisions, or panels.” O’Casek v. Children’s Home & Aid Society of Illinois,

          229 Ill. 2d 421, 440 (2008). An appellate court is “not bound” by an earlier appellate-court

          opinion and may “part company with that decision without offending the doctrine of

          stare decisis.” O’Casek, 229 Ill. 2d at 440. Neither party cites a supreme court case on point,

          nor can we find one.

¶ 36             Subsection (E) became effective on January 1, 2010, and the Lauderdale case was

          decided two years later, in early 2012. The Lauderdale court stated that, since no opinions had

          yet interpreted this subsection, the court would turn for guidance to cases interpreting the term

          “ ‘serious provocation’ ” in the second degree murder statute. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App (1st)

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       No. 1-22-0296

           100939, ¶ 23. As further support for looking to the second degree murder statute, the court

           noted that the language in subsection (E) was substantially similar to the language used in one

           of the grounds for second degree murder. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App (1st) 100939, ¶ 23.

¶ 37               The Lauderdale court observed that, although the criminal code did not contain any

           categories or examples of serious provocation, the supreme court had recognized four distinct

           categories in connection with the second degree murder statute: (1) substantial physical injury

           to or assault of the defendant, (2) mutual quarrel or combat, (3) illegal arrest, and (4) adultery

           with the defendant’s spouse. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App (1st) 100939, ¶ 24 (applying these four

           categories to the sentence reduction provision); Harris, 2013 IL App (1st) 110309, ¶ 13

           (applying these four categories to the sentence reduction provision). But see People v. Taylor,

           2016 IL App (1st) 141251, ¶¶ 5, 26 (with no mention of the four categories, the appellate court

           found that the defendant had acted out of a sudden and intense passion, after he witnessed the

           victim deliberately sideswipe the driver’s side of a parked vehicle in which his daughter was a

           passenger); People v. Guyton, 2014 IL App (1st) 110450, ¶ 88 (with no mention of the four

           categories, the appellate court found no provocation). Of the four categories, only mutual

           combat was discussed in Lauderdale because it was the only one at issue on the facts of that

           case. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App (1st) 100939, ¶ 26. The court defined mutual combat as a fight

           where two people, upon a sudden quarrel and in hot blood, fight upon equal terms and death

           results. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App (1st) 100939, ¶ 26. However, the court stated that there is no

           mutual combat if the manner in which the defendant retaliated was out of all proportion to the

           provocation. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App (1st) 100939, ¶ 26. 3

               3
                 Unlike Lauderdale, Harris did not discuss whether an out-of-proportion response disqualified an
       action as mutual combat under the sentence reduction provision, since there was no mutual combat or
       injury to the defendant in that case. Harris, 2013 IL App (1st) 110309, ¶ 14.
                                                          16
       No. 1-22-0296

¶ 38              In Lauderdale, even though the defendant argued that the victim was much larger, the

          court found that his reaction was out of all proportion, where he pulled out a gun and pulled

          the trigger five times. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App (1st) 100939, ¶¶ 27-28. The gun failed to fire

          the first two times. The third and fourth times, the defendant fired at the victim’s left leg and

          then at his right leg. The fifth time, he aimed at the victim’s chest, but the victim turned and

          was shot in the shoulder, and the defendant fled. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App (1st) 100939, ¶ 28.

          The court found that defendant’s response was out of proportion and “[t]here was no mutual

          combat as the fight was not on equal terms,” where the victim punched the defendant once and

          the defendant’s response was to pull out a gun and fire multiple times. Lauderdale, 2012 IL

          App (1st) 100939, ¶ 29.

¶ 39              On this appeal, we do not have to decide whether, as compared to the facts of

          Lauderdale, defendant’s response was, or was not, out of proportion because defendant

          conceded that he would not have been found guilty of attempt had his response not been out

          of proportion. Defendant argues that “the whole point of the attempt murder conviction is that

          [defendant’s] response was out of proportion. Had it not been out of proportion—if he had a

          legal justification—he likely would have been found not guilty of attempt[ed] murder.” See,

          e.g., People v. Reagan, 99 Ill. 2d 238, 240 (1983) (“The requirement of the attempt statute is

          not that there be an intent to kill, but that there be an intent to kill without lawful justification.”).

          Defendant observes that, since every defendant eligible for this sentence reduction has already

          been found guilty of attempted murder, the issue at this stage is not the sufficiency of the

          evidence supporting the conviction, but rather whether there is evidence of serious provocation

          that would reduce the possible sentencing range.

                                                           17
       No. 1-22-0296

¶ 40             Defendant thus presents us, as an initial matter, with a straightforward, purely legal

          question—namely, whether, as Lauderdale found, the statute bars eligibility to a defendant

          who engaged in mutual combat but responded out of proportion. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App

          (1st) 100939, ¶ 34.

¶ 41             Without offense to stare decisis or our fellow jurists of the first district appellate court,

          we decline to follow Lauderdale. Certainly, the words of the attempt statute, quoted above, say

          nothing about mutual combat, much less a need for proportionality. Although there is similar

          language in both the second degree murder and the attempt statutes, they serve different

          functions. Before the application of the second degree murder statute, the defendant must first

          be found guilty of first degree murder. 720 ILCS 5/9-2(a) (West 2016). However, first degree

          murder does not necessarily require an intent to kill. 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a) (West 2016). A person

          may be found guilty if he or she has an intent to do great bodily harm or if he or she knows

          that his or her actions create a probability of great bodily harm. 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (2) (West

          2016). By contrast, the attempt statute specifically requires an intent to kill. Thus, before the

          sentence reduction provision at issue here can be applied, the defendant must have already

          been found, beyond a reasonable doubt, to have had an intent to kill. Teague, 2013 IL App

          (1st) 110349, ¶ 22; 720 ILCS 5/8-4(a) (West 2016). Hence, once a party is found guilty of

          attempt—and, thus, of having the specific intent to kill—disproportionality has essentially

          already been decided. Based thereon, we decline to find that disproportionality is an absolute

          bar to the sentence reduction set forth in the attempt statute.

¶ 42             An argument made by the State on appeal illustrates just how differently the sections

          function. The State argues, among other things, that it was the defense counsel’s strategy to

          argue accident rather than provocation. In so arguing, the State raises an interesting question:

                                                        18
       No. 1-22-0296

          how is it possible for a defendant to prove accident, by a preponderance, after the State has

          already proven, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he had a specific intent to kill?

¶ 43              In order to be proven guilty of attempted murder, the State must prove that the

          defendant had a specific intent to kill. See 720 ILCS 5/8-4(a) (West 2016). In fact, in the case

          at bar, the defense counsel argued accident as a complete defense to the State’s argument of

          specific intent, and the trial court acquitted him of the State’s charges with respect to one of

          the victims. If accident is a complete defense to the specific intent required for the offense, and

          a finding of “no accident” results in a guilty finding, then there would be no circumstance

          where a sentence reduction based on accident could ever take effect.

¶ 44              The State also argues a lack of prejudice, in that the argument for a sentence reduction

          would have failed, since accident and provocation are inapposite and his counsel chose to argue

          the former. We find that argument unpersuasive because, as we noted above, rather than

          treating them as inapposite, the statute requires both.

¶ 45              As noted above, the provision at issue requires defendant to prove by a preponderance

          that, “had the individual the defendant endeavored to kill died, the defendant would have

          negligently or accidentally caused that death.” 720 ILCS 5/8-4(c)(1)(E) (West 2016). The only

          way that we can interpret the words of this provision to make sense, in light of an already

          proven intent to kill, is to find that, although the defendant intended to kill the victim, his acts

          were sufficiently at the minimum, such that if the victim had actually died, the death could still

          be considered negligently or accidentally caused. In the case at bar, where defendant fired one

          shot at the victim during the midst of a physical fight, we find that the trial court, acting as

          factfinder at sentencing, may have found this part of the provision satisfied. We cannot say

          definitively because defendant in the case at bar never even tried to satisfy his preponderance

                                                        19
       No. 1-22-0296

          burden, since his counsel never raised the issue. However, as much as it is possible to say, with

          no attempt yet having been made to satisfy the burden, we find that defendant has shown a

          reasonable possibility of success with respect to the accident or negligence requirement.

¶ 46             We are not the first court to struggle with the accident or negligence requirement. In

          Taylor, 2016 IL App (1st) 141251, ¶ 23, the appellate court found that a specific intent to kill

          is “fundamentally incompatible with the statutory language providing that if the defendant’s

          victim died, the death would have been deemed negligent or accidental.” The Taylor court

          solved the problem by reading the word “and” in the provision as an “or” (720 ILCS 5/8-

          4(c)(1)(E) (West 2016)). Taylor, 2016 IL App (1st) 141251, ¶ 22 (“the statutory language

          clearly addresses two separate scenarios”). The Taylor court postulated that the provision

          contained two different and separate scenarios and that the accident or negligence requirement

          must be assumed to be addressing “the ‘transferred intent’ scenario,” where one accidentally

          kills someone other than the intended victim. Taylor, 2016 IL App (1st) 141251, ¶ 22. We do

          not find this interpretation persuasive, because we presume that legislators know the difference

          between “or” and “and.”

¶ 47             As for the serious provocation requirement, we note that White, the victim in this case,

          ran from the front of the bus to the back of it, for the express purpose of assaulting defendant

          and engaging in mutual combat with him. We find compelling defendant’s argument that, if

          defendants whose reactions were out of proportion were barred from this section, then no

          defendant would be eligible for the reduction because the State would have already proven

          beyond a reasonable doubt that they had a specific intent to kill, without any legal justification.

          Thus, since this language requiring proportionality cannot be found in the plain language of

          the statute, we decline to apply it. Based on White’s decision to run to the back of the bus in

                                                        20
       No. 1-22-0296

          order to assault defendant and engage in mutual combat, we find that there was a reasonable

          probability that the trial court could have found, depending on the preponderance of evidence

          presented by counsel, that defendant “was acting under a sudden and intense passion resulting

          from serious provocation by the individual whom the defendant endeavored to kill.” 720 ILCS

          5/8-4(c)(1)(E) (West 2016). Accordingly, counsel’s failure to ask the court to consider a

          sentence reduction under the attempt statute resulted in prejudice to defendant.

¶ 48             Having found the prejudice prong of Strickland, we turn to the performance prong.

          Given that counsel had already argued both provocation and accident at trial, we find that

          counsel’s performance at sentencing fell below an objective standard of reasonableness by not

          seeking the sentence reduction. Carlisle, 2015 IL App (1st) 131144, ¶ 72. Defendant had

          nothing to lose at this point by arguing for the reduction and could only gain. He had already

          been found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the offense, and the offense mandated a Class

          X sentence. There was simply no downside to seeking a sentence reduction. For these reasons,

          we vacate defendant’s sentence and remand for resentencing.

¶ 49             To recap, there have been four opinions citing subsection (E): two cited the four

          categories, two did not. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App (1st) 100939, ¶ 24 (citing the four

          categories); Harris, 2013 IL App (1st) 110309, ¶ 13 (citing the four categories). But see Taylor,

          2016 IL App (1st) 141251, ¶ 26 (no mention of the four categories); Guyton, 2014 IL App (1st)

          110450, ¶ 88 (no mention of the four categories). We take no position on whether provocation

          for subsection (E) is limited to these four categories. We do not have to decide this question in

          order to resolve the case before us because two of the categories are present here—namely,

          mutual combat and substantial physical assault. As discussed, we find that an “out of

          proportion” response is not an absolute bar to application of this section because it is

                                                       21
       No. 1-22-0296

          inconsistent where a specific intent to kill and a lack of legal justification have already been

          proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Only one of the four opinions found that an out-of-

          proportion response disqualified a defendant from the sentence reduction provision, and that

          was Lauderdale. Lauderdale, 2012 IL App (1st) 100939, ¶ 34. For the reasons already

          discussed, we did not find this part of Lauderdale persuasive. Of the four opinions, only one

          mentioned the issue of whether the firearm enhancement applies to subsection (E). The

          Lauderdale court noted the issue without deciding it, and we do the same. Lauderdale, 2012

          IL App (1st) 100939, ¶ 35. In the case below, that question failed to become an issue when

          counsel failed to invoke the section at all. We take no position on that question unless and until

          it becomes ripe for our decision.

¶ 50             Since we are remanding for resentencing, there is also no need for us to address

          defendant’s Krankel claims at this time. If defendant chooses to reassert his allegations at

          resentencing, we presume that the court will take whatever actions are required on the record.

          In the sentencing transcript before us, it appears as though any relevant discussions about

          defendant’s remarks regarding ineffective counsel occurred off the record and, hence, were

          hidden from us.

¶ 51                                          III. CONCLUSION

¶ 52             Due to counsel’s ineffectiveness in not seeking a sentence reduction, we vacate the

          sentence and remand for resentencing. Defendant has demonstrated that counsel’s failure to

          advocate for the reduction was not reasonable, where there was no downside to asking, the

          court was adhering to the minimum, and defendant has demonstrated a reasonable probability

          that the outcome of the sentencing may have been different, given that White ran to the back

          of the bus in order to assault defendant and engage in mutual combat.

                                                       22
       No. 1-22-0296

¶ 53             Sentence vacated; cause remanded.

¶ 54             JUSTICE TAILOR, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

¶ 55             I concur in the majority’s decision to affirm Haynes’ conviction for attempted murder,

          but dissent from its decision to vacate his sentence and remand for a new sentencing hearing.

          Haynes raises a simple issue relating to his sentence: Was counsel ineffective for failing to

          argue that Haynes should have received a Class 1 sentence under section 8-4(c)(1)(E), based

          upon the fact that he acted under a sudden and intense passion resulting from serious

          provocation? The majority, however, analyzes whether section 8-4(c)(1)(E) “bars eligibility to

          a defendant who engaged in mutual combat but responded out of proportion.” The resolution

          of Hayne’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim is much less complicated.

¶ 56             Section 8-4(c)(1)(E) states in pertinent part:

                       “(E) if the defendant proves by a preponderance of the evidence at sentencing that,

                 at the time of the attempted murder, [1] he or she was acting under a sudden and intense

                 passion resulting from serious provocation by the individual whom the defendant

                 endeavored to kill, or another, and, [2] had the individual the defendant endeavored to

                 kill died, the defendant would have negligently or accidentally caused that death, then

                 the sentence for the attempted murder is the sentence for a Class 1 felony.” (Emphasis

                 added.) 720 ILCS 5/8-4(c)(1)(E) (West 2016).

¶ 57             In finding that Haynes established the necessary prejudice under Strickland, the

          majority concludes:

                 “Based on White’s decision to run to the back of the bus in order to assault [Haynes]

                 and engage in mutual combat, we find that there was a reasonable probability that the

                 trial court could have found, depending on the preponderance of evidence presented by

                                                       23
       No. 1-22-0296

                 counsel, that [Haynes] ‘was acting under a sudden and intense passion resulting from

                 serious provocation by the individual whom [Haynes] endeavored to kill.’ 720 ILCS

                 5/8-4(c)(1)(E) (West 2016). Accordingly, counsel’s failure to ask the court to consider

                 a sentence reduction under the attempt statute resulted in prejudice to [Haynes].” Supra

                 ¶ 47.

¶ 58             As difficult as it is to make sense of section 8-4(c)(1)(E), it is clear that for Haynes to

          be sentenced as a Class 1 offender under section 8-4(c)(1)(E), he would have to show by

          preponderance of the evidence that he was acting under a sudden and intense passion, resulting

          from serious provocation, and that had White died, his death would have been negligent or

          accidental. 720 ILCS 5/8-4(c)(1)(E) (West 2016). Our supreme court long ago observed that,

          “[t]he conjunction ‘and’ ” signifies and expresses the relation of addition.” City of La Salle v.

          Kostka, 190 Ill. 130, 137 (1901). “ ‘ “As a general rule, the use of the conjunctive, as in the

          word ‘and,’ indicates that the legislature intended for all of the listed requirements to be met.

          [Citations.]” ’ ” (Emphasis in original and added.) People v. A Parcel of Property Commonly

          Known as 1945 North 31st Street, Decatur, Macon County, Illinois, 217 Ill. 2d 481, 500-01

          (2005) (quoting Byung Moo Soh v. Target Marketing Systems, Inc., 353 Ill. App. 3d 126, 131

          (2004), quoting Gilchrist v. Human Rights Comm’n, 312 Ill. App. 3d 597, 602 (2000)).

¶ 59             Although Haynes now argues that he was acting as a result of serious provocation when

          he shot White under the first prong, Haynes has failed to offer any argument on appeal as to

          negligence or accident as required by the second prong of section 8-4(c)(1)(E)—that is, had

          White died, his death would have been negligent or accidental. The majority has ignored

          Haynes’s failure in this respect, finding “that [Haynes] has shown a reasonable possibility of

          success with respect to the accident or negligence requirement” because the “trial court, acting

                                                       24
       No. 1-22-0296

          as factfinder at sentencing, may have found this part of the provision satisfied” where

          “[Haynes] fired one shot at the victim during the midst of a physical fight.” Supra ¶ 45. My

          search found that Haynes did not mention the word accident, negligence, or any variation of

          either word even once as part of his ineffective assistance argument on appeal. Accordingly, I

          would find that Haynes has failed to establish the prejudice necessary for an ineffective

          assistance of counsel finding. People v. Graham, 206 Ill. 2d 465, 476 (2003) (“[I]f an

          ineffective-assistance claim can be disposed of because the defendant suffered no prejudice,

          we need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient.”).

¶ 60             In addition to my finding with regard to prejudice, I also take issue with the majority’s

          finding that defense counsel’s performance was unreasonable under the first prong of

          Strickland. Despite previously acknowledging that defense counsel made a strategic decision

          not to pursue provocation “because it would be relevant only to self-defense and he was

          arguing accident instead of self-defense,” the majority nonetheless finds that counsel should

          have argued for Class 1 sentencing “[g]iven that counsel had already argued both provocation

          and accident at trial.” Supra ¶¶ 30, 48. Contrary to the majority’s finding, defense counsel did

          not argue provocation. With respect to provocation and self-defense, defense counsel stated he

          was not arguing self-defense because

                 “the theory of self-defense is you do it, you take this action not accidently, not

                 negligently, not recklessly, you take these actions purposefully. There’s a purpose in

                 your mind. The purpose is to defend yourself against imminent death or great bodily

                 harm. You’re defending yourself against imminent death or great bodily harm. And

                 though [Haynes] may have thought that at that moment by [White] charging at him,

                                                      25
       No. 1-22-0296

                 [Haynes] doesn’t at that point, at any point -- no witness ever testifies that [Haynes]

                 aims, points, raises in any way, shape, or form that gun in the direction of anybody.”

          Later, defense counsel stated with respect to self-defense:

                       “[I]t wouldn’t have worked here, Judge. If I asserted that Victor Haynes did this for

                 a purp -- Self-defense you do for a purpose. You do it because you want to shoot that

                 person because at the time you have an imminent fear of death or great bodily harm at

                 that moment, and therefore, you’re doing it for a reason. Self-defense is never an

                 accident.

                       Okay. And in this case, Judge, the reason that we didn’t go forward with self-

                 defense is because this was an accident. Victor Haynes had no -- had no intention, had

                 no reason, had no purpose at that point to shoot any of these people. This was during a

                 struggle, this was during a tussle.”

¶ 61             Defense counsel clearly made a strategic decision not to pursue self-defense based on

          provocation. It would be illogical for defense counsel to argue that Haynes should be sentenced

          as a Class 1 offender because he was provoked, when this theory was clearly abandoned at

          trial. Furthermore, at the hearing on Haynes’s motion for a new trial, the court specifically

          stated, “With regard to Jerome White, this was not an accident. Now, I based my finding on

          the totality of the circumstances; certainly location of the wound, gravity of the wound, all of

          those factors I considered. With regard to Jerome White, this wasn’t an accident.” As the trial

          court had already determined that Haynes’s actions with respect to White were not accidental,

          it would be equally illogical for defense counsel to argue that Haynes should be sentenced as

          a Class 1 offender because had Haynes killed White, his death would be negligent or

                                                        26
       No. 1-22-0296

          accidental. I therefore disagree with the majority’s finding that defense counsel’s failure to

          pursue Class 1 sentencing was unreasonable.

¶ 62             As an aside, I find it important to note that, at sentencing, Haynes acknowledged that

          he should not have brought a gun on the party bus but claimed that he was unconscious when

          the gun when off. Seeking clarification, the court asked. “Did you just say the gun went off

          when you were unconscious?” Haynes replied, “Yes.” Haynes then explained, “I was

          unconscious. And like I say, that picture will prove that I was unconscious for it to be that

          much of my blood, and James’ statement, the guy I was with, he’s the one who woke me up.”

¶ 63             If Haynes was truly unconscious at the time the gun went off, as he claimed, he was

          not “acting” at all, let alone acting as a result of serious provocation. According to him, he was

          lying on the floor of the bus in a pool of blood. It would therefore be impossible for him to

          prove by preponderance of the evidence that he committed the attempted murder while acting

          under the sudden and intense passion, resulting from serious provocation, necessary for him to

          be sentenced as a Class 1 offender. Accordingly, Haynes could not establish prejudice under

          Strickland for counsel’s failure to request a Class 1 sentence for attempt murder.

¶ 64             I concur in the majority’s decision to affirm Haynes’ conviction for attempted murder,

          but respectfully dissent in its decision to vacate his sentence and remand for a new sentencing

          hearing.

                                                       27
No. 1-22-0296

                     People v. Haynes, 2023 IL App (1st) 220296

Decision Under Review:     Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 17-CR-
                           00867; the Hon. Michael J. Hood, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                  James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Sarah Curry, of State
for                        Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys                  Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Enrique
for                        Abraham, Brian A. Levitsky, and Sharon Kim, Assistant State’s
Appellee:                  Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

                                         28