Court Opinion

ID: 4154987
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-23 15:06:34.760076+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:50.857235
License: Public Domain

2017 IL 120205

                                         IN THE

                                SUPREME COURT

                                            OF

                          THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                    (Docket No. 120205)

          In re MARRIAGE OF DONNA TUKE HEROY, n/k/a Donna M. Tuke,
                    Appellant, and DAVID F. HEROY, Appellee.

                               Opinion filed March 23, 2017.

        JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Kilbride, Burke, and
     Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                         OPINION

¶1       David Heroy filed a petition to modify or terminate his monthly maintenance
     payment to his former spouse, Donna Tuke. The circuit court granted the award in
     part, reducing the payment from $35,000 per month to $27,500 per month. Tuke
     filed a petition for attorney fees, which was granted in part. Heroy appealed both
     judgments. Tuke filed a petition for prospective attorney fees to defend against the
     appeal, which was also granted in part. Heroy appealed, and the appeals were
     consolidated. The appellate court reversed the awards for attorney fees and
     modified the maintenance award after finding the circuit court had committed a
     calculation error. Tuke appealed to this court, pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court
     Rule 315 (eff. Mar. 15, 2016), and Heroy requested cross-relief, pursuant to Illinois
     Supreme Court Rule 318 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994).

¶2                                    BACKGROUND

¶3       Donna Tuke and David Heroy were married in 1980. By an order of the circuit
     court of Cook County, their marriage was dissolved in 2006. As part of the
     dissolution order, the court ordered Heroy to pay to Tuke $35,000 per month in
     permanent maintenance. The court based the award on its finding that the couple
     had enjoyed a lavish standard of living while married and that Tuke could not
     reasonably be expected to be able to maintain that lifestyle on her own. The court
     did find, however, that Tuke could reasonably be expected to earn $40,000 to
     $50,000 per year, based on her prior experience as a law librarian and publisher of a
     law bulletin. The dissolution order instructed both parties to pay their own attorney
     fees. The circuit court denied Heroy’s petition for reconsideration, the appellate
     court affirmed the judgment (In re Marriage of Heroy, 385 Ill. App. 3d 640
     (2008)), and this court denied Heroy’s petition for leave to appeal (Heroy v. Heroy,
     231 Ill. 2d 632 (2009) (table)).

¶4       Less than one year later, Heroy filed a petition to terminate or modify the
     maintenance award. While this litigation was ongoing, Tuke filed a petition for
     contribution to her attorney fees. On January 23, 2012, the circuit court issued a
     memorandum opinion and order in which it concluded that Heroy had proven that
     his income had decreased, justifying a modification of the maintenance award from
     $35,000 per month to $27,500 per month. The court found no reason to further
     reduce the amount based on Heroy’s complaint that Tuke had failed to make
     adequate efforts to support herself.

¶5       The court also granted in part Tuke’s petition for contribution to her attorney
     fees. During oral arguments, the court acknowledged a tension between this court’s
     statement in In re Marriage of Schneider, 214 Ill. 2d 152 (2005), and section 508 of
     the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (the Act) regarding the
     standard for awarding attorney fees. In Schneider, this court stated that an award of

                                             -2­
     contribution is appropriate when the petitioning party is unable to pay his or her
     attorney fees and the other party has an ability to do so. Id. at 174. On the other
     hand, section 508 instructs the court to apply a list of factors to determine whether
     one party should be required to contribute to the attorney fees of the other,
     including the criteria used to divide marital property and award maintenance. 750
     ILCS 5/508 (West 2014). The court noted that it would apply the standard from
     Schneider and, in its written opinion, concluded that Tuke had some ability to pay
     the fees but that if she were required to pay all of the fees, her financial stability
     would be undermined. The court also found that Heroy was able to pay Tuke’s fees.
     The parties stipulated that $345,000 was a reasonable amount for attorney fees
     related to the petition to modify maintenance. In her petition, Tuke stated that her
     fees at that point exceeded $1 million. The court instructed Heroy to pay $125,000
     of Tuke’s attorney fees.

¶6       Heroy filed a petition for reconsideration, and after limited oral argument, the
     court denied the motion and issued a second memorandum opinion and order. In
     this second opinion, the court reiterated its conclusions that the maintenance
     payment should not be reduced based on Tuke’s efforts at rehabilitation and that
     Tuke could not pay the entirety of her attorney fees without risking financial
     instability. Heroy appealed, and Tuke filed a petition seeking $100,000 in
     prospective attorney fees to defend against the appeal. The circuit court granted the
     petition in part and ordered Heroy to pay $35,000 in prospective attorney fees.
     Heroy again appealed.

¶7       The appellate court consolidated Heroy’s appeals and reversed the judgment of
     the circuit court in part. 2015 IL App (1st) 130290-U. First, the appellate court
     considered the propriety of the circuit court’s decision to reduce Heroy’s
     maintenance payment. Though the court found no error in the conclusion that the
     payment should be reduced, it determined that the circuit court made an error when
     calculating the amount of the modified payment. The court focused on the language
     used in the conclusion paragraph of the circuit court’s second order: “the Court
     approximates an award of about 25% of David’s cash flow.” The court noted that
     $27,500 was closer to 28.5% of Heroy’s cash flow and thus determined the
     maintenance award should be $25,745 per month. The court then concluded that
     the circuit court had not erred when it declined to reduce the maintenance payment
     based on Tuke’s efforts (or lack thereof) at supporting herself.

                                             -3­
¶8         Finally, the appellate court reversed the circuit court’s awards for attorney fees.
       In doing so, the court concluded there was no evidence in the record supporting
       Tuke’s claim that she was unable to pay the fees. The court therefore vacated the
       awards of attorney fees and remanded the case to the circuit court with instructions
       to enter a maintenance award of $25,745 per month. This court allowed Tuke’s
       petition for leave to appeal, and Heroy requested cross-relief. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff.
       Mar. 15, 2016); R. 318 (a) (eff. Feb. 1, 1994).

¶9                                          ANALYSIS

¶ 10       Tuke asserts that the appellate court failed to comply with the requirements of
       section 508 of the Act (750 ILCS 5/508 (West 2014)) when it reversed the circuit
       court’s judgments regarding attorney fees. Tuke also challenges the appellate
       court’s conclusion that the circuit court made a calculation error and asks this court
       to reinstate the $27,500 per month maintenance award. Alternatively, she contends
       that the appellate court lacked the authority to modify the award and should have
       remanded the case to the circuit court to recalculate the amount. Finally, Heroy
       argues, in his request for cross-relief, that the circuit court should have further
       reduced his monthly maintenance payment based on Tuke’s failure to take
       adequate steps to support herself. Each of these issues is reviewed in turn.

¶ 11                       Contribution Toward Tuke’s Attorney Fees

¶ 12       Two awards for attorney fees are at issue before this court. The first was granted
       by the circuit court for fees already incurred and, at least in part, already paid by
       Tuke. She filed the petition after Heroy filed his petition to modify the maintenance
       award. The second is an award for prospective attorney fees; it was granted after
       Heroy filed his notice of appeal. Heroy’s appeals from both awards have been
       consolidated.

¶ 13        The circuit court’s decision to award attorney fees will not be disturbed absent
       an abuse of discretion. Schneider, 214 Ill. 2d at 174; In re Marriage of Bussey, 108
Ill. 2d 286, 299 (1985). However, determining whether the circuit court applied the
       correct standard when it awarded the fees requires interpretation of section 508 of
       the Act, which is a legal question that the court reviews de novo. In re Marriage of

                                                -4­
       Murphy, 203 Ill. 2d 212, 219 (2003). When interpreting a statute, “the court must
       ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature.” In re Marriage of King,
       208 Ill. 2d 332, 340 (2003). To do so, the court looks first to the plain language of
       the statute. Id. Where the language is clear and unambiguous, the court applies the
       statute without resort to further aids of construction. Id. Where the language is
       ambiguous, the court may look to other sources to ascertain the legislature’s intent.
       Id.

¶ 14      Section 508 of the Act provides:

              “(a) The court from time to time, after due notice and hearing, and after
          considering the financial resources of the parties, may order any party to pay a
          reasonable amount for his own or the other party’s costs and attorney’s fees.
          Interim attorney’s fees and costs may be awarded from the opposing party, in a
          pre-judgment dissolution proceeding in accordance with subsection (c-1) of
          Section 501 and in any other proceeding under this subsection. At the
          conclusion of any pre-judgment dissolution proceeding under this subsection,
          contribution to attorney’s fees and costs may be awarded from the opposing
          party in accordance with subsection (j) of Section 503 and in any other
          proceeding under this subsection.” 750 ILCS 5/508(a) (West 2014).

       In turn, subsection 503(j) provides:

             “(j) After proofs have closed in the final hearing on all other issues between
          the parties *** and before judgment is entered, a party’s petition for
          contribution to fees and costs incurred in the proceeding shall be heard and
          decided, in accordance with the following provisions:

              ***

              (2) Any award of contribution to one party from the other party shall be
          based on the criteria for division of marital property under this Section 503 and,
          if maintenance has been awarded, on the criteria for an award of maintenance
          under Section 504.” 750 ILCS 5/503(j) (West 2014).

¶ 15       Heroy argues that section 508 should be interpreted to mean that an award for
       attorney fees is appropriate only when the party seeking the award is entirely
       unable to pay and the opposing party has the ability to do so. This argument is

                                               -5­
       based on this court’s statement in Schneider (214 Ill. 2d at 174). In Schneider, the
       court focused primarily on whether personal goodwill and accounts receivable are
       properly included when valuing a business for the purpose of dividing marital
       assets. Id. at 162, 168. The court also addressed a petition for attorney fees. The
       court stated that the party seeking attorney fees must “establish her inability to pay
       and the other spouse’s ability to do so.” Id. at 174. Because the parties did not
       dispute what standard ought to apply when making such determinations, the court
       did not discuss the basis for this standard. The “inability to pay” standard had
       previously been applied in supreme court decisions, including In re Marriage of
       Cotton, 103 Ill. 2d 346, 361 (1984), and In re Marriage of Bussey, 108 Ill. 2d 286,
       299-300 (1985). Heroy further notes that the relevant language of section 508
       (“after considering the financial resources of the parties” 750 ILCS 5/508 (West
       2014)) has not been amended over time, despite the court’s repeated application of
       the inability to pay standard, and thus, he contends, there is no reason to deviate
       from the standard. See In re Marriage of Mathis, 2012 IL 113496, ¶ 25 (“We
       assume not only that the General Assembly acts with full knowledge of previous
       judicial decisions, but also that its silence on [an] issue in the face of decisions
       consistent with those previous decisions indicates its acquiescence to them.” (citing
       People v. Villa, 2011 IL 110777, ¶ 36 (“[T]he judicial construction of the statute
       becomes a part of the law, and the legislature is presumed to act with full
       knowledge of the prevailing case law and the judicial construction of the words in
       the prior enactment.”))). Tuke argues the inability to pay standard conflicts with the
       requirement in section 508 that the decision to award attorney fees be made in
       accordance with subsection 503(j).

¶ 16        Several panels of our appellate court have reached different conclusions when
       considering whether the inability to pay standard, derived from Cotton, Bussey, and
       Schneider, contradicts the statutory language of section 508. In In re Marriage of
       Haken, the party opposing the award of attorney fees argued that the trial court
       must find, as a prerequisite, that the party seeking the award was unable to pay. 394
Ill. App. 3d 155, 161 (2009). The court rejected this argument and held that “[s]uch
       a reading of [section 508] eviscerates the statutory directive in section 503(j)(2) to
       consider the criteria for the division of marital property under section 503(d) in
       making contribution awards.” Id.; see also In re Marriage of Anderson, 2015 IL
       App (3d) 140257, ¶¶ 19-20 (adopting Haken and rejecting the inability to pay

                                               -6­
       standard); In re Marriage of Price, 2013 IL App (4th) 120155, ¶ 39 (reaffirming
       Haken principle).

¶ 17       The Haken court relied in part on the passage of the Leveling of the Playing
       Field in Divorce Litigation Amendments (Leveling Amendments) to the Act as
       evidence that the legislature intended to move away from the general rule that each
       party pay his or her own attorney fees in divorce proceedings. Haken, 394 Ill. App.
3d at 162 (noting that the trial court stated in its decision that “[t]he entire ‘inability
       to pay/ability to pay’ mantra has been carried over from prior case law established
       before the substantial amendments to the attorney[ ] fees provisions of the
       Dissolution Act over the years, including the ‘Leveling the Playing Field’
       provisions in 1997” (internal quotation marks omitted)). The Leveling
       Amendments added to section 508 the following provision: “At the conclusion of
       the case, contribution to attorney’s fees and costs may be awarded from the
       opposing party in accordance with subsection (j) of Section 503.” Pub. Act 89-712
       (eff. June 1, 1997). The Leveling Amendments added subsection 503(j) in its
       entirety. Id. The legislative debates regarding the Leveling Amendments indicate
       that the drafters were concerned that one party could use his or her superior assets
       to force the other to settle or not contest various issues in dissolution proceedings.
       89th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, Dec. 5, 1996, at 24 (statements of
       Senator Parker) (“It creates a new summary interim fee system, designed to address
       the plight of the economically disadvantaged spouse and to eliminate inequality in
       access of funds being used as a litigation tool.”); id. at 25-26 (“What we have heard
       in our hearings is that, very often in the divorce process, you will have one spouse
       that is empowered because they have a lot of money and the other disadvantaged
       spouse does not have funds to obtain an attorney and proper representation. What
       this allows is for the—both spouses to go in to a hearing *** and then there can be
       fees taken from the assets to be given to the disadvantaged spouse so that they can
       have proper representation. And that levels the playing field and makes it easier and
       simpler for everybody.”). The Haken court relied on these amendments as evidence
       that the legislature intended to do away with the inability to pay standard. 394 Ill.
       App. 3d at 162 (“Some courts have repeated language from older cases to the effect
       that a party seeking fees must establish his or her inability to pay and the other
       spouse’s ability to do so. [Citations.] They fail to note the language added to section
       508(a) in 1996 ***. *** The requirement that a person seeking contribution show
       an inability to pay appears nowhere in the statute.” (Emphasis in original.)); see

                                                  -7­
       also Anderson, 2015 IL App (3d) 140257, ¶ 20 (“We find the analysis offered by
       [the] Haken court persuasive and adopt its rationale. Haken incorporates the
       statutory amendments designed to ‘level the playing field’ in dissolution
       proceedings.”).

¶ 18        Other panels have rejected the notion that the 1996 amendments did away with
       the inability to pay standard and interpret the standard as encompassing the
       statutory factors. In In re Marriage of Sobieski, the court concluded that the factors
       “are the means by which a trial court can determine whether a spouse has an
       inability to pay.” 2013 IL App (2d) 111146, ¶ 49. Similarly, in In re Marriage of
       Keip, the court described section 503(j) as “set[ting] forth the procedures to be
       followed in presenting and hearing issues of attorney fees in dissolution cases,
       [and] codif[ying] the standard criteria courts had traditionally applied in
       determining whether to award attorney fees and in what proportion.” 332 Ill. App.
3d 876, 884 (2002). The court then held that the petitioner “did not meet her burden
       to show that she was unable to pay her attorney fees or that [the respondent] was
       able to pay.” Id. See also In re Marriage of Johnson, 2016 IL App (5th) 140479,
       ¶ 112 (citing Schneider, 214 Ill. 2d at 174, for the rule that the party seeking
       contribution must show an inability to pay and section 503 for the rule that the court
       “must base the award [for contribution to attorney fees] on the criteria for the
       division of marital property”); In re Marriage of Patel, 2013 IL App (1st) 112571,
       ¶ 113 (“A contribution award is based on the criteria for the division of marital
       property and where maintenance has been awarded, the criteria for an award of
       maintenance. *** The spouse seeking the contribution must establish his or her
       inability to pay and the other spouse’s ability to pay.”). In In re Marriage of Shen,
       the appellate court addressed the different approaches directly. 2015 IL App (1st)
130733, ¶¶ 99-107. The court rejected the analysis in Haken because the Haken
       court failed to address the phrase “after considering the financial resources of the
       parties” in section 508 and because the Haken decision conflicted with Schneider, a
       supreme court decision published “well after the 1996 amendment to the Act.”
       (Emphasis omitted.) Id. ¶¶ 100-03. The court then recited the relevant provisions of
       sections 508(a) and 503(j) and determined that, based on the statutory criteria, the
       trial court had not abused its discretion when it found that neither party had the
       ability to pay the fees and denied the contribution petition. Id. ¶ 107.

                                               -8­
¶ 19        The language in section 508 is clear and unambiguous. The trial court must
       (1) “consider[ ] the financial resources of the parties” and (2) make its decision on a
       petition for contribution “in accordance with subsection (j) of Section 503.” 750
       ILCS 5/508(a) (West 2014). To say that the court should not consider the statutory
       factors is clearly contrary to the plain language of the statute. Nor are we
       convinced, however, that Schneider, Bussey, and Cotton must be overturned. In
       Schneider, the court stated that “[f]inancial inability exists where requiring
       payment of fees would strip that party of her means of support or undermine her
       financial stability.” 214 Ill. 2d at 174 (citing In re Marriage of Puls, 268 Ill. App.
3d 882, 889 (1994)). The court further noted that it considered the parties’ relative
       earning capacities, the parties’ shares of the marital assets, and the child support
       order before concluding that the circuit court had not erred when it ordered each
       party to pay their own fees. Id. at 174-75. In Bussey, the court considered the
       respondent’s net income, excluding child-support payments and social security
       benefits for her children; her monthly expenses; the fact that she owned no real
       estate; and the fact that she was returning to college to improve her employment
       opportunities. 108 Ill. 2d at 300. The court compared this information to the
       petitioner’s successful career, net income, real estate ownership, and investments.
       Id. In Cotton, the court considered the parties’ incomes but also considered the fact
       that the petitioner precipitated the need for the legal fees. 103 Ill. 2d at 361. The
       court concluded that it would be inequitable to require the respondent to pay the
       fees in light of these circumstances and not just on the basis of the parties’
       respective incomes. Id. at 362. Finally, in In re Marriage of Pagano, the court
       found that the petitioner had some ability to pay her fees but that the trial court did
       not abuse its discretion when it found the petitioner’s financial stability would be
       undermined if she were required to pay the total amount of her fees. 154 Ill. 2d 174,
       191 (1992). The court upheld an award for 60% of the petitioner’s attorney fees. Id.
       Thus, it is clear the inability to pay standard was never intended to limit awards of
       attorney fees to those situations in which a party could show a $0 bank balance. See
       Kaufman v. Kaufman, 22 Ill. App. 3d 1045, 1050 (1974) (“However, in this
       context, financial inability does not mean destitution.”); In re Marriage of
       Weinberg, 125 Ill. App. 3d 904, 919 (1984) (“[I]t is not necessary for the spouse
       seeking the fees to divest her capital assets [citation], deplete her means of support,
       or undermine her economic stability [citations] in order to pay [the attorney
       fees].”). Rather, a party is unable to pay if, after consideration of all the relevant

                                                -9­
       statutory factors, the court finds that requiring the party to pay the entirety of the
       fees would undermine his or her financial stability. This conclusion is consistent
       with the statutory language of section 508 and with this court’s precedent.

¶ 20       A review of the record indicates that the circuit court properly considered the
       statutory factors to conclude that Tuke was not able to pay the entirety of her fees.
       As instructed by section 508, we turn to subsection 503(j) to determine whether an
       award of attorney fees was proper. Subsection 503(j) instructs the court to consider
       the criteria for dividing marital property in subsection 503(d), including:

             “(1) each party’s contribution to the acquisition, preservation, or increase or
          decrease in value of the marital or non-marital property, including *** the
          contribution of a spouse as a homemaker or to the family unit ***;

              (2) the dissipation by each party of the marital property ***;

              (3) the value of the property assigned to each spouse;

              (4) the duration of the marriage;

              (5) the relevant economic circumstances of each spouse when the division
          of property is to become effective ***;

              (6) any obligations and rights arising from a prior marriage of either party;

              (7) any prenuptial or postnuptial agreement of the parties;

              (8) the age, health, station, occupation, amount and sources of income,
          vocational skills, employability, estate, liabilities, and needs of each of the
          parties;

              (9) the custodial provisions for any children;

              (10) whether the apportionment is in lieu of or in addition to maintenance;

             (11) the reasonable opportunity of each spouse for future acquisition of
          capital assets and income; and

             (12) the tax consequences of the property division upon the respective
          economic circumstances of the parties.” 750 ILCS 5/503(d) (West Supp. 2015).

                                               - 10 ­
Because maintenance was awarded in this case, subsection 503(j) also instructs the
court to consider the criteria for an award of maintenance under section 504,
including:

       “(1) the income and property of each party ***;

       (2) the needs of each party;

       (3) the realistic present and future earning capacity of each party;

      (4) any impairment to the present and future earning capacity of the party
   seeking maintenance due to that party devoting time to domestic duties or
   having forgone or delayed education, training, employment, or career
   opportunities due to the marriage;

       (5) any impairment to the realistic present and future earning capacity of the
   party against whom maintenance is sought;

      (6) the time necessary to enable the party *** to acquire appropriate
   education, training, and employment, and whether that party is able to support
   himself or herself through appropriate employment ***;

       (7) the standard of living established during the marriage;

       (8) the duration of the marriage;

       (9) the age, health, station, occupation, amount and sources of income,
   vocational skills, employability, estate, liabilities, and the needs of each of the
   parties;

       (10) all sources of public and private income ***;

      (11) the tax consequences of the property division upon the respective
   economic circumstances of the parties;

      (12) contributions and services by the party seeking maintenance to the
   education, training, career or career potential, or license of the other spouse;

       (13) any valid agreement of the parties; and

                                       - 11 ­
             (14) and any other factor that the court expressly finds to be just and
          equitable.” 750 ILCS 5/504(a)(1)-(14) (West Supp. 2015).

¶ 21        The circuit court found that Tuke received assets valued at $4,785,000 and debt
       in the sum of $636,847 at the time of the divorce. At the time of the trial on the
       petition to modify or terminate maintenance, Tuke’s assets were valued at
       $2,354,296, including her interest in her home. The depletion of Tuke’s assets was
       largely due to her payment of attorney fees. The circuit court also found that Tuke
       had “minimal prospects in substantially increasing her retirement account” and that
       she had minimal capacity for employment. Though the circuit court did not
       expressly rely on these factors, the record also makes clear that Tuke enjoyed a
       lavish standard of living during the marriage, she had forgone her career to raise the
       couple’s children during the marriage, and because of changes to the industry, she
       was unlikely to be able to resume her career as a law librarian. The parties
       stipulated that $345,000 would be considered reasonable attorney fees for the
       litigation related to the petition to modify the maintenance payment. In her initial
       petition, Tuke stated that her attorney fees at that point exceeded $1 million. She
       requested another $100,000 in her petition for prospective fees. The circuit court, in
       each instance, found that if Tuke were required to pay the entirety of her fees, her
       retirement account, which the court determined could probably not be increased,
       would be threatened. These findings are well established in the record and support
       the conclusion that Tuke’s financial stability would be undermined if she were
       required to pay the entirety of her attorney fees.

¶ 22       The circuit court also found that Heroy received marital assets valued at
       $3,915,000 and debt in the sum of $778,368 at the time of the divorce. At the time
       of the trial on the petition to modify or terminate maintenance, Heroy’s assets were
       valued at almost $5 million, in addition to his nonmarital interest in his family’s
       business, the real estate held by that business, and his nonmarital fine art collection.
       Heroy also had an investment account valued at $932,175. Heroy’s retirement
       account was valued at $1,435,470 and was expected to increase. These findings are
       also well established in the record and support the conclusion that Heroy has the
       ability to pay at least some of Tuke’s attorney fees. Thus, the circuit court did not

                                                - 12 ­
       abuse its discretion when it ordered Heroy to pay a total of $160,000 1 of Tuke’s
       attorney fees.

¶ 23                           Modification of Maintenance Award

¶ 24       In support of his petition to modify or terminate the maintenance award, Heroy
       presented evidence that his income had significantly decreased since the 2006
       dissolution order was entered. Based on this change of circumstances, the circuit
       court reduced the monthly maintenance payment from $35,000 per month to
       $27,500 per month. “[T]he propriety of a maintenance award” and the decision to
       modify such an award are “within the discretion of the trial court and the court’s
       decision will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.” Schneider, 214 Ill. 2d
       at 173; Blum v. Koster, 235 Ill. 2d 21, 36 (2009). An abuse of discretion occurs
       when “ ‘the trial court’s ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, unreasonable, or where no
       reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court.’ ” Blum, 235 Ill.
2d at 36 (quoting People v. Hall, 195 Ill. 2d 1, 20 (2000)). Furthermore, this court
       may affirm the judgment of the circuit court on any basis contained in the record.
       Lake Environmental, Inc. v. Arnold, 2015 IL 118110, ¶ 16.

¶ 25       Subsection 510(a-5) of the Act provides that “[a]n order for maintenance may
       be modified or terminated only upon a showing of a substantial change in
       circumstances.” 750 ILCS 5/510(a-5) (West 2014). That section then provides a list
       of factors for the court to consider in maintenance modification proceedings,
       including the factors set forth in subsection 504(a). Id. Both parties presented
       extensive evidence regarding Heroy’s income, and Tuke conceded that Heroy’s
       income had decreased. Although the experts disagreed about the extent of the
       income reduction, the circuit court found that, even according to Tuke’s expert’s
       calculations, Heroy’s cash flow declined significantly between 2006 and 2009.
       This finding is well supported by the record and is not challenged by Tuke in her
       appeal.

          1
           Of this amount, $125,000 was awarded based on the initial petition, and $35,000 was
       awarded as prospective fees based on the second petition.

                                               - 13 ­
¶ 26       Based on this change in circumstances, the circuit court decreased Heroy’s
       monthly maintenance payment from $35,000 per month to $27,500 per month. On
       appeal, Heroy argued that the circuit court made a calculation error and thus that the
       maintenance award should be reduced further. In its opinion upon denial of Heroy’s
       motion for reconsideration, the circuit court noted it was “approximat[ing] an
       award of about 25% of David’s cash flow.” Unlike the appellate court, we are not
       convinced, based on our reading of the entirety of the opinion, that this statement
       indicates the circuit court intended to award exactly 25% of Heroy’s cash flow as
       maintenance. Throughout the opinion the court addressed the various factors used
       for determining maintenance payments under section 510. It reviewed Tuke’s
       employment efforts, her expenses, the amount she would be required to pay
       retroactively, and the tax implications for both parties. The only mention of the
       maintenance amount relative to cash flow appears in the concluding paragraph in
       response to Heroy’s statement that the award was 33% of his income. Furthermore,
       the use of the terms “approximates” and “about” indicates that the court did not
       intend to set the award at exactly 25% of cash flow. Thus, we conclude the circuit
       court did not make a calculation error, and for that reason, we do not need to
       address what remedy is proper when a reviewing court determines that a
       calculation error occurred.

¶ 27       Heroy further contends, in his request for cross-relief, that the circuit court’s
       maintenance decision should be vacated because the court failed to properly
       consider Tuke’s insufficient efforts to secure adequate employment. Section 510
       includes among the factors to be considered when reviewing a petition to modify
       maintenance, “the efforts, if any, made by the party receiving maintenance to
       become self-supporting, and the reasonableness of the efforts where they are
       appropriate.” 750 ILCS 5/510(a-5)(2) (West 2016). Tuke contends that this factor
       should not be considered in permanent maintenance cases because the court has
       already concluded that the recipient cannot become entirely self-supporting and
       therefore the issue is res judicata. In this case, the circuit court noted that the
       original dissolution order included a finding that Tuke could not expect, based on
       her skills and experiences, to make enough money to support herself in the standard
       of living to which she had become accustomed. Heroy insists that all maintenance
       recipients have a duty to try to become self-supporting and that res judicata cannot
       bar the court from considering Tuke’s actions after the dissolution judgment was
       entered.

                                               - 14 ­
¶ 28       We need not address the duty, if any, of permanent maintenance recipients to
       seek to become self-supporting because the circuit court in this case reviewed
       Tuke’s efforts and found them to be sufficient. The record indicates that she
       investigated selling her business, that she made an inquiry with a hiring agency
       regarding librarian positions and was told that she was not qualified, and that she
       received training to work as tax preparer. While these efforts may be minimal, the
       circuit court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the efforts were
       reasonable in light of the circumstances. Furthermore, the self-support factor is just
       one of several factors that the circuit court considers when deciding whether to
       modify a maintenance award, and the court already considered Tuke’s ability to
       earn $40,000 to $50,000 when calculating the maintenance amount. Because the
       circuit court thoroughly examined each of the applicable statutory factors for
       modifying a maintenance award, because there is no evidence that the circuit court
       made a calculation error, and because the reduction in maintenance to $27,500 per
       month is well supported by the record, we conclude that the circuit court’s
       judgment was not an abuse of discretion.

¶ 29                                     CONCLUSION

¶ 30       Several panels of our appellate court have addressed the perceived tension
       between this court’s holding in Schneider and section 508 of the Illinois Marriage
       and Dissolution of Marriage Act. Schneider states that a party seeking contribution
       must establish that he or she is unable to pay his or her attorney fees and that the
       other party is able to do so. Section 508 directs the court to consider a number of
       factors when deciding whether and in what proportion to award attorney fees. We
       find these two requirements complement, rather than contradict, each other. The
       statutory factors are the tools used by the court to decide whether a party is unable
       to pay and whether the other party is able to do so. The circuit court properly
       considered these factors, and the record supports the findings that Donna Tuke’s
       financial stability would be undermined if she were required to pay all of her
       attorney fees and that David Heroy has the ability to pay the fees. Thus, the circuit
       court did not abuse its discretion when it ordered Heroy to pay a total of $160,000
       toward Tuke’s fees.

                                               - 15 ­
¶ 31       The circuit court’s judgment regarding Heroy’s petition to modify the
       maintenance award is also affirmed. The court carefully considered the factors set
       forth in section 510(a-5), including Tuke’s efforts at supporting herself.
       Furthermore, there is no reason to conclude the circuit court made a calculation
       error. The modified maintenance award was based on consideration of a number of
       factors, not a strict percentage of Heroy’s cash flow. Regardless, the circuit court
       judgment is supported by the record, and thus we conclude the circuit court did not
       abuse its discretion when it reduced the maintenance payment to $27,500 per
       month.

¶ 32       The judgment of the appellate court is reversed in part, the judgment of the
       circuit court is affirmed, and this cause is remanded to the circuit court for further
       proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 33      Appellate court judgment reversed in part, affirmed in part.

¶ 34      Circuit court judgment affirmed.

¶ 35      Cause remanded.

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