Court Opinion

ID: 59242
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 03:13:53+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:57:25.537260
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
                                                   Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                                                         February 19, 2008

                                       No. 07-60377                   Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                              Clerk
                                   Summary Calendar

OLIVIA HARDEN

                                                  Plaintiff - Appellant
v.

FIELD MEMORIAL COMMUNITY HOSPITAL; QUORUM HEALTH
RESOURCES, LLC; JOHN DOES

                                                  Defendants - Appellees

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
             for the Southern District of Mississippi, Western Division
                              USDC No. 5:06-CV-158

Before WIENER, GARZA, and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       This appeal challenges the district court’s exercise of diversity
jurisdiction.    Olivia Harden (“Harden”) filed suit against Quorum Health
Resources LLC (“Quorum”) and Field Memorial Community Hospital (“FMCH”)
in Mississippi state court, asserting various causes of actions stemming from
injuries she suffered while she was a patient at FMCH. After Quorum removed

       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
                                       No. 07-60377

this case on the basis that Harden had fraudulently joined FMCH, Harden filed
a motion to remand, asserting: (1) that Quorum’s removal of the case was
untimely; and (2) that Harden did not fraudulently join FMCH. Harden also
moved to dismiss Quorum under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2) (“Rule
41(a)(2)”). The district court denied Harden’s motion to remand but granted
Harden’s motion to dismiss. In this appeal, Harden asserts that the district
court erred in denying her motion to remand. Moreover, Harden contends that
the district court erred when it decided her motion to remand before granting
her motion to dismiss Quorum.1 For the reasons below, we find that Harden’s
arguments lack merit and AFFIRM the district court’s order.2
                                               I.
       In June 2005, Harden fainted while sitting on a hospital gurney and
sustained serious injuries. Seven months later, on January 19, 2006, Harden
sent FMCH a letter notifying FMCH that she intended to seek compensation
for her injuries. In August 2006, after Harden and FMCH failed to come to a
settlement, Harden filed suit against FMCH in Mississippi state court. Later
that month, Harden amended her complaint to add Quorum, FMCH’s

       1
         Harden also raises various state and federal constitutional arguments, challenging the
district court’s finding that she did not have a cognizable claim against FMCH under
Mississippi law. To the extent that Harden asserts that the notice requirement of the
Mississippi Torts Claims Act (“MTCA”) is unconstitutional, we find that her arguments are
waived because she did not first raise them before the district court, and our refusal to review
them will not result in a miscarriage of justice. See N. Alamo Water Supply Corp. v. City of
San Juan, 90 F.3d 910, 916 (5th Cir. 1996). To the extent that Harden argues that the district
court incorrectly applied Mississippi law so as to violate due process, we find this argument
unconvincing. As discussed below, we find that the district court did not err in its
interpretation of Mississippi law.
       2
         Courts of appeals cannot review a district court’s denial of a motion to remand unless
there is a final judgment. Burden v. General Dynamics Corp., 60 F.3d 213, 216 (5th Cir.
1995). In this case, the district court dismissed all of Harden’s claims against Quorum and
found that she had fraudulently joined FMCH. Because the district court’s order effectively
ends all litigation on the merits, the district court has entered final judgment. See
Cunningham v. Hamilton County, 527 U.S. 198, 204 (1999). Therefore, we have jurisdiction
here.

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                                 No. 07-60377

management consulting service, as a defendant. Harden did not state in
either complaint the amount of damages that she was seeking. Harden is a
Mississippi citizen. FMCH is a community hospital owned by Wilkinson
County, Mississippi. Quorum is a Tennessee limited liability company with
its principal place of business in Texas.
      During discovery, Quorum served Harden with a request for admission
that asked Harden to stipulate that damages did not exceed $75,000. Harden
filed her response on November 3, 2006, refusing to so stipulate. Less than
three weeks later, on November 21, 2006, Quorum removed the case to
federal court, asserting diversity jurisdiction on the basis that damages
exceeded $75,000 and that Harden had fraudulently joined FMCH because
she had no cognizable cause of action against FMCH under Mississippi law.
Harden moved to remand.
      After reviewing both parties’ briefing, the district court issued an order
to show cause, requesting that Harden rebut Quorum’s contention that
Harden fraudulently joined FMCH on the basis that she had no cause of
action against FMCH. FMCH subsequently filed a motion to dismiss. In
March 2007, Harden moved to dismiss Quorum with prejudice under Rule
41(a)(2), claiming that she had determined during discovery that she had no
claims against Quorum.
      The district court issued its order in April 2007. First, the district court
denied Harden’s motion to remand and found that Harden had fraudulently
joined FMCH. Having found that Harden had fraudulently joined FMCH, the
district court then concluded that FMCH’s motion to dismiss was moot.
Finally, the district court granted Harden’s motion to dismiss Quorum with
prejudice.

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                                  No. 07-60377

                                        II.
      This case presents two issues before this court: (1) whether the district
court erred by considering Harden’s motion to remand before her motion to
dismiss Quorum under Rule 41(a)(2); and (2) whether the district court erred
when it denied Harden’s motion to remand. Because both issues involve
questions of law, we review the district court’s order de novo. Urban
Developers, LLC v. City of Jackson, 468 F.3d 281, 297 (5th Cir. 2006).
                                        III.
      Harden argues that the district court erred by refusing to first dismiss
Quorum as a defendant under Rule 41(a)(2), which would then have mooted
the issue of fraudulent joinder. This argument lacks merit.
      Rule 41(a)(2) allows a district court, “at the plaintiff’s instance,” to
dismiss an action “upon such terms and conditions as the court deems
proper.” Therefore, to grant a dismissal under Rule 41(a)(2), the court must
consider the plaintiff’s arguments for dismissal. But when a federal court
lacks subject matter jurisdiction, it can only dismiss or remand the case.
Shirley v. Maxicare Tex., Inc., 921 F.2d 565, 568 (5th Cir. 1991) (“Unless a
federal court possesses subject matter jurisdiction over a dispute, therefore,
any order it makes (other than an order of dismissal or remand) is void.”)
Therefore, as the Fourth Circuit observed in an unpublished opinion, the
court cannot consider the plaintiff’s Rule 41(a)(2) arguments unless it has
subject matter jurisdiction. Shortt v. Richlands Mall Assoc., Inc., 922 F.2d
836 (Table), 1990 WL 207354, at *4 (4th Cir. 1990).
      Here, the district court had good reason to be concerned about its
subject matter jurisdiction. Harden disputed the court’s jurisdiction by
moving to remand. Consequently, if the district court had considered
Harden’s motion to dismiss Quorum under Rule 41(a)(2) before deciding
Harden’s remand motion, it would have run the risk of acting without

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                                  No. 07-60377

jurisdiction. Given these circumstances, we find that the district court did
not err by first resolving its jurisdictional concerns by ruling on Harden’s
motion to remand before ruling on her Rule 41(a)(2) motion. See Walter
Kidde Portable Equip., Inc. v. Universal Sec. Instruments, Inc., 479 F.3d
1330, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (finding that the district court erred when it
granted the plaintiff’s motion to dismiss under Rule 41(a)(2) without first
resolving its subject matter jurisdiction concerns).
                                        IV.
      Harden also argues that the district court erred by denying her motion
to remand. Harden contends that the district court did not have subject
matter jurisdiction because: (1) Quorum’s removal was untimely; and (2)
complete diversity was absent because both she and FMCH are Mississippi
citizens, and she did not fraudulently join FMCH as a defendant. We find
Harden’s arguments unavailing.
      The procedure of removal is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 1446. Under the
first paragraph of § 1446(b), defendants must file a notice of removal within
thirty days of receiving a copy of the initial pleading. But if the initial
pleading is not removable, the second paragraph of § 1446(b) provides that
defendants must file a notice of removal within thirty days of receiving “a
copy of an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper from which it may
first be ascertained that the case is one which is or has become removable.”
28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). In Bosky v. Kroger Texas, LP, we found that “the
information supporting removal in a copy of an amended pleading, motion,
order or other paper must be ‘unequivocally clear and certain’ to start the
time limit running for a notice of removal under the second paragraph of
section 1446(b).” 288 F.3d 208, 211 (5th Cir. 2002).
      Here, it is undisputed that the initial pleading–the first complaint–was
not removable because it did not include Quorum as a defendant. Harden

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                                     No. 07-60377

argues that the thirty-day limitations period commenced upon Quorum’s
receipt of the amended complaint on August 29, 2006. In her amended
complaint, Harden detailed the extent of her injuries, claiming that her fall at
FMCH resulted in “a fractured nose, fractured jaw, lacerations to her face
and gums, broken dentures, and contusions to her face and other parts of her
body.” Moreover, Harden asserted that she was seeking damages for “past,
present, and future” harm ensuing from her injuries. Harden contends that
these allegations sufficiently placed Quorum on notice that damages exceeded
$75,000.
      We disagree. While the amended complaint suggests that Harden
suffered significant injury, we cannot conclude that it was “unequivocally
clear and certain” that damages exceeded $75,000. Therefore, § 1446(b)’s
thirty-day limitations period did not commence after Quorum’s receipt of the
amended complaint, and removal was timely.3
      Finally, Harden contends that the district court did not have subject
matter jurisdiction because both she and FMCH are citizens of Mississippi,
and her joinder of FMCH was not fraudulent. This argument is also
unpersuasive.
      Defendants can establish fraudulent joinder by demonstrating either
“(1) actual fraud in the pleading of jurisdictional facts, or (2) inability of the
plaintiff to establish a cause of action against the non-diverse party in state
court.” Travis v. Irby, 326 F.3d 644, 647 (5th Cir. 2006). In its notice of
removal, Quorum contends that Harden fraudulently joined FMCH because
Harden has no claim against FMCH under Mississippi law.

      3
         Here, Quorum and Harden both agree that removal was untimely only if the
limitations period began to run after Quorum received the amended complaint. Therefore, our
finding that it did not resolves the issue of timeliness in this case.

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                                   No. 07-60377

      Plaintiffs suing state officials or entities in Mississippi must abide by
the Mississippi Tort Claims Act (“MTCA”). City of Jackson v. Brister, 838
So.2d 274, 278 (“The MTCA is the exclusive remedy for filing a lawsuit
against governmental entities and its employees.”) Under the MTCA,
plaintiffs must provide written notice to state defendants before filing suit.
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(1). This notice must contain the facts underlying
their claims, which necessarily include: (1) the circumstances which brought
about the injury, (2) the extent of the injury, (3) the time and place the injury
occurred, (4) the names of all persons known to be involved, (5) the amount of
money damages sought, (6) plaintiff’s residence at the time of the injury, and
(7) plaintiff’s residence at the time of filing the notice. Id. § 11-46-11(2).
      Harden does not dispute that the MTCA’s notice requirement applies
here. Instead, she contends that her January 19, 2006 letter to FMCH
complied with the MTCA’s notice requirement. Harden acknowledges that
the letter provided no information as to two of the seven categories of
information required under § 11-46-11(2): (1) the amount of money damages
sought, and (2) her residence at the time of the injury. But she argues that
the letter arguably puts FMCH on notice to start investigating her claims
through which it could have discovered the missing information, and this
“substantial compliance” is enough to satisfy the MTCA’s notice requirement.
      Harden’s argument lacks force. In South Central Regional Medical
Center v. Guffy, the Mississippi Supreme Court made clear that “the failure
to provide any one of the seven categories is failure to comply.” 930 So. 2d
1252, 1258 (Miss. 2006). When plaintiffs have provided some information as
to all seven categories, courts may inquire as to “whether [this] information is
‘substantial’ enough to be in compliance with the statute.” Id. “But, the
failure to provide any of the seven statutorily required categories of
information falls short of the statutory requirement and amounts to non-

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                                        No. 07-60377

compliance with [the MTCA].” Id. Because Harden provided no facts as to
two of the seven categories of information, Harden has failed to satisfy the
MTCA’s notice requirement. Therefore, we agree with the district court that
Harden has no cognizable claim against FMCH under Mississippi law and
that her joinder of FMCH was fraudulent.4
                                               V.
       For the reasons above, we AFFIRM the district court’s order.

       4
          Harden also argues that the court cannot apply Guffy retroactively to this case
because the Mississippi Supreme Court did not decide Guffy until June 1, 2006, well after the
time she suffered her injury and the time she sent her January 2006 letter to FMCH. Upon
reviewing the record, we find that Harden, as with her state and constitutional arguments,
failed to raise this contention before the district court. Therefore, we also decline to consider
this argument here. See N. Alamo Water Supply Corp., 90 F.3d at 916.

                                               8