Court Opinion

ID: 9897314
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:10:02.805729+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:05.657365
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                        Aug 14 2023, 8:55 am

                                                                             CLERK
                                                                        Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                           Court of Appeals
                                                                             and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                     ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Michael J. Bruzzeese                                       Kelly K. McFadden
SMID Law, LLC                                              Michael E. O’Neill
Fishers, Indiana                                           Daniel F. Ford
                                                           O’Neill McFadden & Willett LLP
                                                           Schererville, Indiana

                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Shane Willingham,                                          August 14, 2023
Appellant,                                                 Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                           23A-CT-459
        v.                                                 Appeal from the Madison Circuit
                                                           Court
Anderson Center,                                           The Honorable Mark K. Dudley,
Appellee.                                                  Judge
                                                           Trial Court Cause No.
                                                           48C06-2207-CT-91

                                  Opinion by Judge Brown
                                Judges Crone and Felix concur.

Brown, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023                              Page 1 of 12
[1]   Shane Willingham appeals the dismissal of his complaint and asserts his claim

      was not governed by the Indiana Medical Malpractice Act. We affirm.

      Facts and Procedural History

[2]   On July 24, 2022, Willingham filed a Complaint for Damages against

      Anderson Center – St. Vincent Anderson Regional Hospital (“Anderson

      Center”). The complaint alleged:

              2.       The Anderson Center is a treatment facility for persons with
                       addictions and mental illnesses. It offers outpatient services as
                       well as residential treatment programs.

              3.       In July of 2020, Plaintiff, then a minor child, was a resident of
                       The Anderson Center.[1] Plaintiff had checked in for
                       psychological treatment following his most recent suicide
                       attempt.

              4.       Plaintiff had brought with him to The Anderson Center a
                       history of mental and emotional issues and previous suicide
                       attempts.

              5.       Plaintiff was in need of The Anderson Center’s psychological
                       services as a result of suffering a sexual assault at the hands of
                       his step-father as a young boy. The trauma Plaintiff suffered
                       plagued him throughout his young life and contributed to his
                       history of depression, pornography addiction, and suicidal
                       thoughts and attempts.

              6.       The Anderson Center holds itself out as being equipped to
                       provide “hope, health and strength” to individuals just like

      1
        The complaint did not provide Willingham’s age. Willingham asserts on appeal that he is “a proverbial
      ‘eggshell plaintiff,’ more susceptible to damage due to an inappropriate sexual contact than would be a
      typical sixteen year old child.” Appellant’s Brief at 8.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023                             Page 2 of 12
                 Plaintiff who suffer from addiction and mental illness, and it
                 was this hope, health, and strength Plaintiff sought in taking
                 up residency to receive treatment.

        7.       Instead, Plaintiff received further emotional damage as a result
                 of The Anderson Center’s negligence.

        8.       The Anderson Center was well aware of Plaintiff’s
                 psychological history and owed him a duty of care in his
                 treatment. It failed in that duty.

        9.       In the early morning of July 25, 2020, an Anderson Center
                 employee located Plaintiff in the room of a female resident.
                 On this and prior occasions the two had had sex.

        10.      Their relationship should have been impossible had The
                 Anderson Center followed its policies and procedures which
                 include mandatory resident room checks in fifteen-minute
                 intervals and the locking of the doors between the boys’ and
                 girls’ units. These procedures are designed specifically to
                 prevent unsupervised co-mingling between the residents each
                 of whom, presumably, like Plaintiff, suffer from varying
                 degrees of psychological trauma and mental illness.

        11.      On information and belief, the motion activated cameras at
                 The Anderson Center were fully functioning the morning of
                 July 25, 2020 and yet detected exactly zero movement
                 indicating that The Anderson Center neglected to perform
                 even a single one of its mandatory resident room checks.

        12.      On information and belief, after the sexual relationship
                 between the two vulnerable patients was discovered,
                 employees of The Anderson Center attempted to cover up
                 their grossly negligent conduct by falsifying documentation of
                 the room checks.

        13.      Plaintiff was already in a fragile place mentally and
                 emotionally, hence his seeking help from The Anderson
                 Center. As a result of its negligence, Plaintiff has suffered and

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023           Page 3 of 12
                       continues to suffer from permanent and irrevocable mental
                       anguish and emotional trauma.

      Appellant’s Appendix Volume II at 12-14.

[3]   In August 2022, Anderson Center filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Ind.

      Trial Rule 12(B)(1) arguing that Willingham alleged “what amount[ed] to a

      breach in the standard of care in a medical setting” and the alleged actions were

      covered by Indiana’s Medical Malpractice Act (the “MMA”). Appellee’s

      Appendix Volume II at 3. It argued Willingham had not convened a medical

      review panel as required by the MMA and requested the dismissal of the

      complaint. In a supporting memorandum, Anderson Center argued “[t]here is

      a clear connection between the alleged negligent conduct and the healthcare

      relationship” between it and Willingham. Id. at 14. In September 2022,

      Willingham filed a response arguing that his allegations “focused on [Anderson

      Center’s] negligence in the supervision and security of its minor residents not on

      any particular medical treatment or procedure.” Id. at 18. On January 26,

      2023, the court held a hearing at which it heard argument.

[4]   On February 1, 2023, the court issued an order which provided:

                          Order Granting the Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss

                     The court, after reviewing the party’s briefing and argument
              grants [Anderson Center’s] Motion to Dismiss because
              [Willingham’s] complaint falls within the [MMA]. The complaint
              alleges a breach of medical care that resulted in damage to
              Willingham.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023       Page 4 of 12
               The evidence before the court is limited to the parties’
        pleadings. . . . The complaint alleges that Willingham was an
        inpatient psychological patient at a facility operated by the Anderson
        Center. Willingham alleges he was damaged when he was able to
        leave his room, enter the room of another patient and engage in
        intercourse with that other patient in contravention of the Anderson
        Center’s policies and procedures. Willingham specifically alleged
        “The Anderson Center was well aware of Plaintiff’s psychological
        history and owed him a duty of care in his treatment. It failed in that
        duty.” Complaint paragraph 8.

               An analogous case is Anonymous Hospital Inc v. Doe, 996
        N.E.2d 329 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013)[, trans. denied]. In Doe, the plaintiff
        was a psychiatric patient at the defendant’s facility. While receiving
        treatment[,] [s]he engaged in sexual activities with another patient.
        She alleged that she was damaged as a result of these interactions
        with the other patient. The Court of Appeals ruled that her claim
        sounded in medical negligence. The Court concluded:

                 To prevail upon her claim, Doe must show that employees of
                 Anonymous Hospital deviated from the applicable standard of
                 medical care as to her. The fact-finder should be presented
                 with evidence on the applicable standard of care for a
                 physician prescribing psychotropic drugs in a confined setting.
                 Accordingly, the Complaint falls within the purview of the
                 MMA. Partial summary judgment was improvidently granted
                 to Doe on this issue.

        Id. at 336.

              As in Doe, Willingham here is alleging that the Anderson
        Center failed to adhere to the applicable standard of care in treating
        him as a patient. An analysis of Willingham’s complaint requires
        inquiry into what medication he was taking or not taking, the level of
        appropriate supervision for a patient with his presenting symptoms,
        and whether the policies and procedures regarding room checks and
        locked doors were appropriate for a patient presenting with
        Willingham’s condition. These all involve medical decision-making

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023         Page 5 of 12
                 specific to Willingham and as a result, his complaint alleges a claim
                 sounding in medical negligence. The court dismisses Willingham’s
                 complaint without prejudice.

      Appellant’s Appendix Volume II at 2-3.

      Discussion

[5]   The issue is whether the trial court erred in dismissing Willingham’s complaint.

      Where a trial court rules on a Trial Rule 12(B)(1) motion to dismiss based on a

      paper record and oral argument, our review is de novo. GKN Co. v. Magness, 744

      N.E.2d 397, 401 (Ind. 2001). The MMA requires the presentation of the

      proposed complaint to a medical review panel before an action may be

      commenced in a court in Indiana. Cortez v. Ind. Univ. Health Inc., 151 N.E.3d

      332, 338 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020) (citing Metz as Next Friend of Metz v. Saint Joseph

      Reg’l Med. Ctr.-Plymouth Campus, Inc., 115 N.E.3d 489, 494 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018)

      (citing Ind. Code § 34-18-8-4)), trans. denied. 2 “Essentially, the [MMA] grants

      subject matter jurisdiction over medical malpractice actions first to the medical

      review panel, and then to the trial court.” Id. (citing Metz, 115 N.E.3d at 494

      (citations omitted)). The MMA defines “malpractice” as “a tort or breach of

      contract based on health care or professional services that were provided, or

      2
          Ind. Code § 34-18-8-4 provides:

                 Notwithstanding section 1 of this chapter, and except as provided in sections 5 and 6 of this chapter,
                 an action against a health care provider may not be commenced in a court in Indiana before:
                          (1) the claimant’s proposed complaint has been presented to a medical review panel
                          established under IC 34-18-10 (or IC 27-12-10 before its repeal); and
                          (2) an opinion is given by the panel.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023                                   Page 6 of 12
      that should have been provided, by a health care provider, to a patient.” Ind.

      Code § 34-18-2-18. A patient is “an individual who receives or should have

      received health care from a health care provider, under a contract, express or

      implied, and includes a person having a claim of any kind, whether derivative

      or otherwise, as a result of alleged malpractice on the part of a health care

      provider.” Ind. Code § 34-18-2-22. Health care is “an act or treatment

      performed or furnished, or that should have been performed or furnished, by a

      health care provider for, to, or on behalf of a patient during the patient’s

      medical care, treatment, or confinement.” Ind. Code § 34-18-2-13.

[6]   In Howard Reg’l Health Sys. v. Gordon, the Indiana Supreme Court held:

              Indiana courts understand the [MMA] to cover “curative or salutary
              conduct of a health care provider acting within his or her professional
              capacity,” Murphy v. Mortell, 684 N.E.2d 1185, 1188 (Ind. Ct. App.
              1997), but not conduct “unrelated to the promotion of a patient’s
              health or the provider’s exercise of professional expertise, skill, or
              judgment.” Collins v. Thakkar, 552 N.E.2d 507, 510 (Ind. Ct. App.
              1990). To determine whether the Act is applicable, the court looks to
              the substance of a claim. Van Sice v. Sentany, 595 N.E.2d 264 (Ind.
              Ct. App. 1992).

              Thus, regardless of what label a plaintiff uses, claims that boil down
              to a “question of whether a given course of treatment was medically
              proper and within the appropriate standard” are the “quintessence of
              a malpractice case.” Id. at 267 (plaintiff’s claims of fraud and battery
              fell within the [MMA] because the first was essentially a claim that
              the defendant failed to adhere to a standard of care and the second
              was a claim that the defendant did not obtain informed consent for a
              procedure); Popovich v. Danielson, 896 N.E.2d 1196, 1202-1204 (Ind.
              Ct. App. 2008) (though styled as assault and battery, fraud, breach of
              contract, and defamation, all plaintiff’s claims involved defendant’s

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023         Page 7 of 12
              exercise of professional judgment and involved actions taken while
              providing medical care and thus the requirements of the [MMA]
              applied).

              By contrast, to fall outside the [MMA] a health care provider’s
              actions must be demonstrably unrelated to the promotion of the
              plaintiff’s health or an exercise of the provider’s professional
              expertise, skill, or judgment. Kuester v. Inman, 758 N.E.2d 96 (Ind.
              Ct. App. 2001); Collins, 552 N.E.2d at 510 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990)
              ([MMA] held inapplicable in cases where the conduct involved was
              “unrelated to the promotion of a patient’s health or the provider’s
              exercise of professional expertise, skill or judgment”).

      952 N.E.2d 182, 185-186 (Ind. 2011).

[7]   In Metz, this Court held:

              To be outside the MMA, “a health care provider’s actions must be
              demonstrably unrelated to the promotion of the plaintiff’s health or
              an exercise of the provider’s professional expertise, skill, or
              judgment.” [Howard, 952 N.E.2d] at 186. “‘[T]he test is whether the
              claim is based on the provider’s behavior or practices while acting in
              his professional capacity as a provider of medical services.’”
              Robertson [v. Anonymous Clinic], 63 N.E.3d [349,] 358 [(Ind. Ct. App.
              2016)] (quoting Madison Ctr., Inc. v. R.R.K., 853 N.E.2d 1286, 1288
              (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied)[, trans. denied]. We have also
              noted that:

                       A case sounds in ordinary negligence [rather than medical
                       negligence] where the factual issues are capable of
                       resolution by a jury without application of the standard of
                       care prevalent in the local medical community. By
                       contrast, a claim falls under the [MMA] where there is a
                       causal connection between the conduct complained of and
                       the nature of the patient-health care provider relationship.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023          Page 8 of 12
              Id. (quoting Terry v. Cmty. Health Network, Inc., 17 N.E.3d 389, 393
              (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (internal citations omitted).

      Metz, 115 N.E.3d at 495. We have also stated “the current test under Trial Rule

      12(B)(1) as to whether the [MMA] applies to specific misconduct is to

      determine whether that misconduct arises naturally or predictably from the

      relationship between the health care provider and patient or from an

      opportunity provided by that relationship.” Martinez v. Oaklawn Psychiatric Ctr.,

      Inc., 128 N.E.3d 549, 558 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), clarified on reh’g, trans. denied.

[8]   Willingham contends that his claim is not governed by the MMA. He argues

      “[t]he operative facts center on negligence in the Anderson Center’s security

      and supervision duties, duties willfully undertaken by Anderson Center, duties

      unrelated to any medical care, and duties not specifically ‘prescribed’ for [his]

      treatment.” Appellant’s Brief at 10. He argues his allegations that Anderson

      Center failed to adhere to its procedures with respect to resident room checks

      and keeping the doors between male and female units locked “do not center on

      ‘Health care’ as defined by Indiana Code 34-18-2-13.” Id. at 12. He argues the

      allegations are not within the expertise of a medical review panel and do not

      center on whether his particular diagnosis required the security protocols. He

      asserts the standard of care at issue “is not a medical standard of care, but a

      standard related to an entity’s performance of security protocols it had

      adopted.” Id. at 24.

[9]   Anderson Center maintains the trial court correctly determined that

      Willingham’s claim is governed by the MMA. It argues his allegations were
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023          Page 9 of 12
       based on the behavior and practices of its employees while acting in their

       professional capacity as providers of medical services to promote the patient’s

       health. It maintains his claim was based on the failure of its employees “to

       provide the services and procedures put in place as part of his medical

       treatment.” Appellee’s Brief at 17. It argues “[t]he fifteen-minute checks are

       not ‘security’ checks done just to ensure a patient is in his or her room” but to

       “make sure the patient is well, has not self-harmed, [and] is not in crisis . . . .”

       Id. It further contends there was a causal connection between the conduct

       complained of and the nature of the patient-health care provider relationship,

       “it is clear Willingham is making a claim that Anderson Center had a duty to

       provide psychological and mental health treatment to him, and that it failed to

       perform that duty,” and “[t]he alleged breach of duty is directly related to the

       curative conduct of a health care provider . . . .” Id. at 20. It notes that

       Willingham “specifically alleges [it] violated its duty of care in treatment to

       him.” Id. at 23 (citing Appellant’s Appendix Volume II at 13).

[10]   The record reveals that Willingham’s complaint alleged that Anderson Center is

       a treatment facility for persons with addictions and mental illnesses and offers

       residential treatment programs. Willingham alleged that he “checked in for

       psychological treatment following his most recent suicide attempt,” he “had

       brought with him . . . a history of mental and emotional issues and previous

       suicide attempts,” he “was in need of The Anderson Center’s psychological

       services,” and the “trauma [he] suffered plagued him throughout his young life

       and contributed to his history of depression, pornography addiction, and

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023          Page 10 of 12
       suicidal thoughts and attempts.” Appellant’s Appendix Volume II at 12-13.

       Willingham essentially asserted that he was placed in a position of undue

       vulnerability due to the decisions and actions of Anderson Center employees in

       light of his mental and emotional issues, suicide attempts, psychological

       trauma, pornography addiction, and need for psychological services. In his

       complaint, Willingham alleged that he was damaged by Anderson Center’s

       negligence and claimed: “Anderson Center was well aware of [his]

       psychological history and owed him a duty of care in his treatment. It failed in

       that duty.” Id. at 13.

[11]   In light of the allegations, we cannot say that the alleged actions by Anderson

       Center and its employees were demonstrably unrelated to the promotion of

       Willingham’s health or that there is not a causal connection between the alleged

       actions and the nature of the patient-health care provider relationship.

       Willingham’s breach of duty claim is, in substance, a medical malpractice

       claim, and accordingly the trial court did not err in granting Anderson Center’s

       motion to dismiss and dismissing the claim without prejudice. See Anonymous

       Hosp., 996 N.E.2d at 331-336 (observing the plaintiff was admitted to a

       hospital’s psychiatric ward for in-patient psychiatric care, at some point she was

       placed on monitoring where staff were to check on her every fifteen minutes,

       and she engaged in sexual activity with another patient; noting the plaintiff’s

       “participation in sexual acts . . . was not accomplished by force or threat of

       force,” “the gravamen of [her] complaint is that she was rendered incompetent

       to make an informed decision regarding sexual conduct because of psychotropic

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023         Page 11 of 12
       drugs prescribed for her,” and “[i]n other words, she was allegedly placed in a

       position of undue vulnerability because of decisions made by her treating

       physician, that is, which medications and what dosage were appropriate for her

       care while she was confined in close proximity to other patients”; and

       concluding the complaint fell within the purview of the MMA).

[12]   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court.

[13]   Affirmed.

       Crone, J., and Felix, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-459 | August 14, 2023       Page 12 of 12