Court Opinion

ID: 9925382
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-19 16:16:58.399134+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:20:05.711969
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

                                              2024 WY 7

                                                                  OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2023

                                                                           January 19, 2024

 RACHEL E. BENNETT,

 Appellant
 (Defendant),

 v.                                                                    S-23-0115

 MATTHEW J. BENNETT,

 Appellee
 (Plaintiff).

                      Appeal from the District Court of Laramie County
                          The Honorable Steven K. Sharpe, Judge

Representing Appellant:
      Cassie Craven, Longhorn Law Limited Liability Company, Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Representing Appellee:
      Toni E. Hartzel, Lance & Hall LLP, Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Before FOX, C.J., and KAUTZ, BOOMGAARDEN, GRAY, and FENN, JJ.

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. Readers are
requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of
any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be made before final publication in the
permanent volume.
FOX, Chief Justice.

[¶1] The district court found Rachel E. Bennett (Mother) in contempt for failing to follow
the terms of its Order Modifying Decree of Divorce and entered judgment against her. She
appeals, and we affirm.

                                                    ISSUE

[¶2]    Mother presented two issues on appeal, which we consolidate as one:

                 1. Did the district court err when it found Mother in contempt?

                                                    FACTS

[¶3] Matthew J. (Father) and Rachel E. (Mother) Bennett divorced in 2013. The 2018
Stipulated Order Modifying Stipulated Decree of Divorce (Decree) awarded Father
primary physical custody of their two minor children, and the parties were to share joint
legal custody. The Decree contained other provisions relevant to this appeal. First, the
parents were required to split the payments evenly for any uninsured medical expenses.
Second, the parents were to follow all medical directives pertaining to the children. Third,
the parents were to seek each other’s advice and consent prior to any non-emergency
decision regarding the children’s health, education, or welfare.

[¶4] In 2022, Father filed a motion for order to show cause, asking the district court to
order Mother to appear and show cause why the court should not hold her in contempt for
failing to comply with the three Decree provisions listed above, among others. 1 At the order
to show cause hearing, the district court issued an oral ruling finding Mother in contempt,
which was followed by a written order. The district court entered judgment for the unpaid
medical bills of $4,652.07 and awarded Father attorney fees. Mother appeals the district
court’s judgment and order finding her in contempt for failing to pay her share of uninsured
medical bills; to follow medical directives; and to seek Father’s advice and consent before
reengaging the children in counseling. 2

1
  Father also claimed Mother: (1) failed to nurture love and respect for him; (2) disparaged him to the
children; (3) failed to train the children to obey and respect their teachers and the law; (4) failed to personally
supervise one of the children; (5) engaged in obscenities in front of the children; (6) intruded upon his
privacy and falsely made or implied mean statements about him; and (7) vilified him, all in violation of the
Decree.
2
  The district court also found Mother in contempt of the Decree’s civility provisions because she sent
Father inappropriate text messages, she accused Father of poaching in front of one of the children, and she
made derogatory statements about him to a third party. Mother does not appeal those contempt findings.
The district court did not find her in contempt for lack of supervision or for failing to train the children to
obey and respect their teachers and the law.

                                                        1
                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶5] “District courts have the inherent power to punish contempt, and we will not disturb
a contempt order in a domestic relations case absent a ‘serious procedural error, a violation
of a principle of law, or a clear and grave abuse of discretion.’” Heimer v. Heimer, 2021
WY 97, ¶ 31, 494 P.3d 472, 481 (Wyo. 2021) (quoting Breen v. Black, 2020 WY 94, ¶ 8,
467 P.3d 1023, 1026 (Wyo. 2020)); Jenkins v. Jenkins, 2020 WY 120, ¶ 5, 472 P.3d 370,
372 (Wyo. 2020). “In reviewing how the district court exercised its broad discretion under
its contempt power, our task is to determine whether the court could reasonably conclude
as it did.” Burrow v. Sieler, 2021 WY 120, ¶ 14, 497 P.3d 921, 925 (Wyo. 2021) (citing
Heimer, 2021 WY 97, ¶ 31, 494 P.3d at 481).

[¶6] We give deference to the district court’s factual findings and “will overturn them
only upon a finding that they are clearly erroneous.” Lew v. Lew, 2019 WY 99, ¶ 8, 449
P.3d 683, 686 (Wyo. 2019) (citing Walters v. Walters, 2011 WY 41, ¶ 18, 249 P.3d 214,
227 (Wyo. 2011)). “Factual findings are clearly erroneous when, although they have
evidentiary support, we are left with the definite and firm conviction upon review of the
entire evidence that the district court made a mistake.” Id. (quoting Walters, 2011 WY 41,
¶ 18, 249 P.3d at 227.)

                                      DISCUSSION

[¶7]   In Heimer, we said:

                     To establish civil contempt, the plaintiff must show by
              clear and convincing evidence that: 1) there was an effective
              court order requiring certain conduct by the alleged contemnor;
              2) the contemnor had knowledge of the order; and 3) the
              alleged contemnor willfully disobeyed the order. In order to
              find a willful violation, the order violated must be clear,
              specific and unambiguous.

                    A civil contempt order must be supported by clear and
              convincing evidence. Clear and convincing evidence is
              evidence that would persuade a finder of fact that the truth of
              the contention is highly probable. Once the elements of
              contempt are proven, the burden then shifts to the person
              charged with contempt to show he or she was unable to
              comply.

Heimer, 2021 WY 97, ¶ 15, 494 P.3d at 477 (quoting Breen, 2020 WY 94, ¶¶ 11-12, 467
P.3d at 1027). “Using this framework, we consider the district court’s contempt findings.”
JLK v. MAB, 2016 WY 73, ¶ 22, 375 P.3d 1108, 1113 (Wyo. 2016).

                                             2
I.     The district court did not err when it found Mother in contempt.

A.     The district court did not err in finding Mother failed to pay her share of the
       uninsured medical expenses.

[¶8] Mother contends the district court erred when it found her in contempt for failing to
pay her share of the uninsured medical expenses. We disagree. The Decree lists the relevant
requirements for the parents; Father and Mother “shall share the responsibility equally for
paying any uninsured medical, dental, orthodontic, optometric, ophthalmologic, mental
health and all similar or related expenses incurred by the minor child.” Additionally, “[t]he
parent incurring uninsured medical expenses for the minor child shall submit the bills for
said expenses . . . to the other parent no later than thirty (30) days of receiving such bills[,]”
and “[t]he other parent shall promptly remit payment for such expenses no later than thirty
(30) days after being presented with a bill for such services[.]”

[¶9] Father and Mother both testified at the order to show cause hearing. Mother claimed
she did not have enough information to comply with the Decree. She testified she had seen
and opened the bills from Father, had the funds and resources available to make payments,
but she did not because she did not know the terms of Father’s health insurance policy and
the amounts not covered by insurance. Father’s Exhibit 1, admitted into evidence without
objection, contained his spreadsheet tracking the total amount of uninsured medical
expenses for the children and the half Mother owed. Exhibit 1 also contained copies of the
bills and evidence Father had sent the bills to Mother. He testified a copy of his insurance
policy was on file with the court, he had given the Explanation of Benefits to Mother
directly five times, and he had not received a payment for two and a half years.

[¶10] The district court found:

               I think that [Father] has clearly established that the mother has
               not paid her half share of the unpaid medical expenses. There
               is a clear provision . . . that puts the burden on [Mother] to pay
               one-half of all uncovered medical expenses of the children
               once she has been provided with the evidence, the bills and the
               expenses.

                       I do find that [Father] did establish that he provided the
               medical bills and expenses to his ex-wife. Exhibit 1 is very
               complete. And there is certainly evidence that [Mother] was
               provided with the medical bills and records showing she did
               have an obligation to pay half of those bills. I do find that her
               failure to pay was willful.

                                                3
                                              ...

                     I don’t buy her explanation that she did not have enough
              information under the policy to pay the bills. I find [Father’s]
              testimony more credible, that he had provided her with
              explanations and information, and that she just willfully
              refused to pay her share of those bills.

[¶11] Upon review, we find the district court did not err. Mother did not argue below the
order was ambiguous and the conduct required of her was uncertain, so those arguments
are waived. Fowles v. Fowles, 2017 WY 112, ¶ 28, 402 P.3d 405, 411 (Wyo. 2017) (“We
generally do not consider arguments on appeal that were not presented to the district
court.”) (citing Crofts v. State ex rel. Dep’t of Game & Fish, 2016 WY 4, ¶ 19, 367 P.3d
619, 624 (Wyo. 2016)). We also reject Mother’s argument the district court improperly
shifted the burden to her under Breen v. Black. In its oral ruling, the district court
acknowledged Breen:

                     The Breen v. Black case that I’ve cited is an interesting
              case, somewhat similar set of facts where a father was alleging
              that the mother had not paid her half share of the medical
              expenses. The court in that particular case found that the father
              had failed to meet his burden because he hadn’t brought forth
              the medical bills and hadn’t sufficiently explained by clear and
              convincing evidence that he had paid those bills.

                     Here, in contrast, I think the Plaintiff, the father, has met
              that burden. He has shown that he paid those bills and did
              provide the bills to [Mother] to pay. She did not pay those bills.

[¶12] The district court correctly interpreted and applied Breen. Father submitted evidence
showing he provided the bills to Mother and she had not paid her portion. The district court
properly shifted the burden to Mother to prove payment, and she did not. Further, the
district court found Father’s testimony more credible, and “[o]ur rule is that the credibility
of witnesses, the weight of the evidence, and conflicts in the evidence must be resolved by
the finder of fact.” JLK, 2016 WY 73, ¶ 28, 375 P.3d at 1114 (quoting McAdam v. McAdam,
2014 WY 123, ¶ 26, 335 P.3d 466, 472 (Wyo. 2014)). “Giving these weight and credibility
determinations their due deference, we can find no abuse of discretion[.]” Id. The district
court did not err.

                                               4
B.     The district court did not err in finding Mother failed to follow medical
       directives regarding their oldest child.

[¶13] Next, Mother contends the district court erred when it held Mother in contempt for
failing to follow medical directives for the parents’ oldest child. The Decree provided: “all
medical directives pertaining to the minor children must be followed th[r]ough.”

[¶14] At the order to show cause hearing, Father testified their oldest son was diagnosed
with constipation. Two doctors gave directives for a treatment plan that called for the child
to take MiraLAX and Ex-Lax daily. Mother did not follow through on this directive
regularly, which required the regimen to be “reset” instead of keeping it at the daily
maintenance phase. Mother presented conflicting testimony, claiming she always followed
the doctors’ recommendations; however, she also stated: “I won’t give my son Ex-Lax
every day.”

[¶15] In its oral ruling, the district court stated:

                      I also find that she is in contempt for failing to follow
               medical directives that have been provided to her by the
               doctors with respect to having her oldest child, who suffers
               from a constipation issue, take the medication that is required
               to take, the MiraLAX and the Ex-Lax. Medical records have
               established that they – that the son had a daily regimen which
               required him to take that.

                       And by her own testimony, [Mother] does not believe
               that the Ex-Lax should be given, and where the doctors have
               stated that it should be given to the child. So I find that she is
               in contempt for failing to follow the medical directives.

[¶16] On appeal, Mother claims the order and medical directives were unclear and the
district court violated her rights to parent and make health care decisions for her child under
the Wyoming Constitution. Mother did not raise these arguments below, and although this
Court can consider jurisdictional or issues of a fundamental nature for the first time on
appeal, “[t]he fact that an issue touches on constitutional principles does not necessarily
make it so fundamental the waiver rule does not apply.” Snyder v. Snyder, 2021 WY 115,
¶ 26, 496 P.3d 1255, 1261 (Wyo. 2021) (citing Gjertsen v. Haar, 2015 WY 56, ¶ 15, 347
P.3d 1117, 1123 (Wyo. 2015)) (finding appellant’s constitutional claims waived as he made
“no effort to demonstrate why his argument was not waived and deserves consideration on
appeal even though he did not raise it below”). Further, Mother did not demonstrate why
her arguments are not waived or merit consideration on appeal. Therefore this Court will
not address these arguments.

                                                5
[¶17] Based on the testimony presented by the parties at the order to show cause hearing,
the district court could reasonably conclude as it did. We therefore find no abuse of
discretion.

C.     The district court did not err in finding Mother failed to seek Father’s advice
       and consent before reengaging the children in counseling.

[¶18] Mother argues the district court erred when it found her in contempt for failing to
consult Father before reengaging the children in counseling. The Decree provided:

               c. The parties shall consult with each other with respect to
                  necessary and/or elective medical procedures, whenever
                  possible and shall advise each other at all times of any
                  issues affecting the welfare of the children[.]

               d. The parties shall, to the extent possible or practicable, seek
                  each other’s advice and consent prior to any non-emergency
                  decision concerning the minor children’s health, education
                  or welfare[.]

[¶19] Father testified both children had seen a licensed professional counselor in the past,
but he thought counseling had ended when the counselor retired. Father later learned
Mother had retained the same counselor to make home visits while the children visited
Mother. Father testified he was not consulted about their children reengaging in counseling.
Mother testified she reengaged the counselor for the children and stated: “I didn’t tell
[Father] specifically, but I didn’t tell the boys it was a secret. . . . I thought if I was paying
for it, I could do that.”

[¶20] The district court found Mother violated the consultation provisions:

                      It is concerning to the court that in October of 2021 the
               evidence shows that [Mother] did decide on her own that she
               wanted to reengage the services of [counselor]. She did not
               discuss that decision or did not discuss that decision with
               [Father] before she did it.

                       [Father], the court notes, is the final decision-maker
               with respect to medical decisions for the children and was
               entitled to be advised and consulted before [Mother]
               unilaterally decided on her own to reengage the services of
               [counselor]. So I find her in contempt[.]

                                                6
[¶21] The Decree did not make the consultation requirement contingent on who paid for
the children’s treatment or services, so Mother was not excused from the requirement
because she paid the counselor directly. The testimony of both parties showed Mother did
not seek Father’s advice and consent before reengaging the boys in counseling, and the
district court did not abuse its discretion in holding Mother in contempt for that violation.
Like her constitutional claims described above, Mother’s additional argument that this
contempt finding violates her constitutional right to parent and make medical decisions for
her children is waived because she did not raise it below.

                                      CONCLUSION

[¶22] The district court did not err when it held Mother in contempt, and we affirm the
district court’s judgment and order.

                                             7