Court Opinion

ID: 4040083
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-28 22:24:39.080397+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:28:10.169742
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                            05-14-01223-CV
                                                                  FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                            DALLAS, TEXAS
                                                                      1/20/2015 11:55:22 PM
                                                                                 LISA MATZ
                                                                                     CLERK

                                                                                5th Court of Appeals
                                                                                 FILED: 01/21/2015
                                                                                   Lisa Matz, Clerk
                     NO. 05-14-01223-CV

                                                                                      13:28:53
                                                         RECEIVED IN
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS    5th COURT OF APPEALS
                                               DALLAS, TEXAS
      FOR THE FIFTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT DALLAS
                                          1/20/2015 11:55:22 PM
                                                          LISA MATZ
                                                            Clerk
 MICHAEL MORFORD D/B/A NEMAHA WATER SERVICES,
 GEOFFREY ARNOLD MCFALLS D/B/A NEMAHA WATER
 SERVICES, NEMAHA WATER SERVICES, L.P., NEMAHA
 WATER SERVICES GP, LLC, NEMAHA WATER SERVICES
OK-1702, LLC, AND NEMAHA WATER SERVICES HOLDING
                   COMPANY, LLC,

                              APPELLANTS,

                               V.

               ESPOSITO SECURITIES, LLC,

                              APPELLEES,

         APPEAL FROM 44TH DISTRICT COURT
              DALLAS COUNTY, TEXAS

           APPELLEE’S BRIEF ON THE MERIT

  Sean Modjarrad                    David Jefrie Mizgala
  State Bar No. 24027398            State Bar No. 24031594
  smodjarrad@modjarrad.com          david@mizgalalaw.com
  Rhiannon Kelso                    MIZGALA LAW PLLC
  State Bar No: 24080636            Rosewood Court
  rkelso@modjarrad.com              2101 Cedar Springs Road, Suite 1050
  M|A|S LAW FIRM                    Dallas, Texas 75201
  212 W. Spring Valley Road         Tel: 214-238-4800
  Richardson, Texas 75081           Fax: 214-238-4801
  Tel: 972-789-1664
  Fax: 972-789-1665
            COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE-PLAINTIFF

      ORAL ARGUMENT CONDITIONALLY REQUESTED
                S TATEM ENT R EGARDING O RAL A RGUM ENT

      Appellee does not believe oral argument will significantly aid the Court’s

decisional process. Besides being wholly unsupported by competent evidence or

controlling legal authority, Appellants’ Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay

Proceedings is fatally undermined by the open-court admissions Appellants made

throughout the underlying proceedings.

      However, to the extent the Court grants Appellants’ request for oral

argument, Appellee requests an opportunity to present argument also. TEX. R.

APP. P. 38.1(e), 39.7.

                                         i
                                                                                   T ABLE              OF       C ONTENTS

     A.	
   The	
  Parties’	
  Pre-­‐Dispute	
  Arbitration	
  Agreement.	
  .......................................................................	
  1	
  
                          (1)	
   For	
  an	
  initial	
  6-­‐month	
  term,	
  and	
  thereafter	
  until	
  terminated	
  by	
  either	
  party	
  with	
  30	
  days	
  
                          prior	
  written	
  notice;	
  ........................................................................................................................................................	
  1	
  
                          (2)	
   Appellee-­‐Plaintiff	
  would,	
  if	
  requested	
  by	
  Appellants-­‐Defendants,	
  provide	
  Appellants-­‐
                          Defendants	
  certain	
  enumerated	
  services;	
  and	
  ....................................................................................................	
  1	
  
                          (3)	
   Appellants-­‐Defendants	
  would	
  compensate	
  Appellee-­‐Plaintiff	
  for	
  any	
  requested	
  services	
  in	
  
                          accordance	
  with	
  the	
  Agreement’s	
  “Fees	
  and	
  Expenses”	
  provision.	
  ............................................................	
  1	
  
     B.	
   The	
  Disputed	
  Transaction.	
  ..................................................................................................................	
  2	
  
     C.	
   Appellants’	
  Post-­‐Dispute	
  Attempt	
  to	
  Squirm	
  Out	
  of	
  Their	
  Pre-­‐Dispute	
  Arbitration	
  
     Agreement.	
  ........................................................................................................................................................	
  3	
  
                          (1)	
   first,	
  filed	
  a	
  “Statement	
  of	
  Claim”	
  with	
  the	
  Financial	
  Industry	
  Regulatory	
  Authority	
  (“FINRA”),	
  a	
  self-­‐
                          described	
  “forum	
  for	
  securities	
  dispute	
  resolution	
  …	
  involving	
  customers	
  of	
  brokerage	
  firms	
  and	
  disputes	
  
                          between	
  brokerage	
  firms	
  and	
  their	
  employees[,]”	
  1	
  CR	
  at	
  230;	
  .................................................................................	
  3	
  
                          (2)	
   then,	
  more	
  than	
  a	
  month	
  later,	
  moved	
  the	
  trial	
  court	
  to	
  compel	
  Appellee-­‐Plaintiff	
  to	
  abandon	
  the	
  AAA	
  
                          arbitration	
  in	
  favor	
  of	
  Appellants-­‐Defendants’	
  later-­‐filed	
  FINRA	
  action,	
  1	
  CR	
  at	
  131-­‐35	
  (“Defendants’	
  
                          Response	
  to	
  Plaintiff’s	
  Motion	
  to	
  Compel	
  Arbitration	
  and	
  Stay	
  Proceedings”),	
  at	
  136-­‐41(“Defendants’	
  Motion	
  
                          to	
  Compel	
  Arbitration	
  and	
  Stay	
  Proceedings”);	
  see	
  also	
  Appellant’s	
  Brief	
  at	
  5	
  (“In	
  response	
  to	
  [Appellee-­‐
                          Plaintiff’s]	
  suit,”	
  [Appellants-­‐Defendants]	
  “filed	
  a	
  declaratory	
  judgment	
  action	
  before	
  FINRA”	
  and	
  “moved	
  for	
  
                          arbitration	
  before	
  []	
  FINRA.”).	
  ............................................................................................................................................	
  3	
  
                          (1)	
   contracting	
  parties	
  may	
  effectively	
  agree	
  to	
  “opt	
  out”	
  of	
  Rule	
  12200’s	
  mandatory	
  FINRA	
  
                          arbitration	
  provision,	
  2	
  RR	
  at	
  20:3-­‐16;	
  ...................................................................................................................	
  4	
  
                          (2)	
   they	
  signed	
  the	
  Agreement	
  containing	
  the	
  pre-­‐dispute	
  arbitration	
  clause	
  without	
  
                          objection,	
  2	
  RR	
  at	
  11:23-­‐25;	
  .........................................................................................................................................	
  4	
  
                          (3)	
   to	
  invoke	
  Rule	
  12200’s	
  mandatory	
  arbitration	
  provision,	
  claimants	
  must	
  be	
  “customers”	
  
                          complaining	
  of	
  a	
  dispute	
  arising	
  from	
  the	
  business	
  activities	
  the	
  named	
  FINRA	
  member(s),	
  4	
  RR	
  
                          at	
  19:2	
  –	
  20:17;	
  ..................................................................................................................................................................	
  5	
  
                          (4)	
   persons	
  who	
  do	
  not	
  purchase	
  goods	
  or	
  services	
  from,	
  and	
  do	
  not	
  have	
  a	
  brokerage	
  
                          account	
  with,	
  a	
  FINRA	
  member	
  does	
  not	
  qualify	
  as	
  that	
  member’s	
  “customers,”	
  as	
  that	
  term	
  is	
  
                          contemplated	
  by	
  FINRA’s	
  Rules,	
  3	
  RR	
  at	
  21:18-­‐23;	
  4	
  RR	
  at	
  24:14-­‐16;	
  and	
  ............................................	
  5	
  
                          (5)	
   the	
  Statement	
  of	
  Claim	
  Appellants-­‐Defendants	
  filed	
  with	
  FINRA	
  avows	
  the	
  disputed	
  
                          Transaction	
  did	
  not	
  involve	
  the	
  purchase	
  of	
  any	
  goods	
  or	
  services	
  from	
  Appellee-­‐Plaintiff	
  or	
  a	
  
                          brokerage	
  account,	
  as	
  Appellants-­‐Defendants	
  never	
  opened	
  such	
  an	
  account,	
  3	
  RR	
  20:22	
  -­‐	
  21:	
  
                          23;	
  4	
  RR	
  25:6	
  -­‐	
  33:	
  18.	
  .....................................................................................................................................................	
  5	
  
     A.	
   Settled	
  Texas	
  Law	
  Establishes	
  This	
  Court’s	
  Review	
  of	
  the	
  Trial	
  Court’s	
  Order	
  Is	
  
     Governed	
  By	
  the	
  No-­‐Evidence	
  Standard	
  of	
  Review.	
  ............................................................................	
  6	
  
     B.	
   Appellants’	
  Argued-­‐For	
  Application	
  of	
  the	
  De	
  Novo	
  Standard	
  of	
  Review	
  Is	
  Contrary	
  to	
  
     Texas	
  Law.	
  .........................................................................................................................................................	
  7	
  
I.	
  The	
  Trial	
  Court	
  Properly	
  Refused	
  to	
  Grant	
  Appellants’	
  Factually	
  Deficient	
  and	
  
Legally	
  Unsupported	
  Motion	
  to	
  Compel	
  Arbitration	
  .............................................................	
  10	
  
      A.	
   Appellants’	
  Motion	
  to	
  Compel	
  Arbitration	
  Is	
  Completely	
  Devoid	
  of	
  Evidentiary	
  
      Support	
  and	
  Thus	
  Fails	
  On	
  Its	
  Face.	
  ........................................................................................................	
  10	
  
      B.	
   Appellants’	
  Motion	
  to	
  Compel	
  Grossly	
  Misconstrues	
  FINRA	
  Rules.	
  .....................................	
  11	
  
           1.	
   Appellants’	
  Argued-­‐For	
  Interpretation	
  of	
  “Customer”	
  Belies	
  Their	
  Result-­‐Oriented	
  
           Analysis.	
  ...........................................................................................................................................................................	
  12	
  
           2.	
   More	
  than	
  a	
  scintilla	
  of	
  record	
  evidence	
  supports	
  the	
  trial	
  court’s	
  determination	
  
           Appellants	
  are	
  not	
  “customers,”	
  as	
  defined	
  by	
  FINRA’s	
  Rules.	
  ................................................................	
  14	
  
                    (1)	
   the	
  disputed	
  Transaction	
  that	
  is	
  the	
  subject	
  of	
  Appellants-­‐Defendants’	
  FINRA	
  statement	
  
                          of	
  claim	
  does	
  not	
  involve	
  the	
  purchase	
  of	
  any	
  goods	
  or	
  services	
  from	
  Appellee-­‐Plaintiff,	
  4	
  RR	
  at	
  
                          17:4-­‐7;	
  and	
  .........................................................................................................................................................................	
  14	
  

                                                                                                               ii
                        (2)	
   Appellants-­‐Defendants	
  do	
  not	
  know	
  of	
  a	
  single	
  case	
  in	
  which	
  a	
  person	
  was	
  determined	
  to	
  
                        be	
  a	
  “customer”	
  without	
  actually	
  purchasing	
  goods	
  and	
  services	
  from	
  the	
  FINRA	
  member,	
  3	
  RR	
  
                        at	
  20:9-­‐17.	
  ..........................................................................................................................................................................	
  14	
  
   C.	
   Appellee’s	
  Argument	
  before	
  the	
  trial	
  court:	
  A	
  Rule	
  12200	
  “customer”	
  of	
  a	
  FINRA	
  
   member	
  can	
  only	
  demand	
  arbitration	
  before	
  FINRA	
  absent	
  a	
  separate	
  arbitration	
  
   agreement.	
  ......................................................................................................................................................	
  15	
  
   D.	
   RECENT	
  (AUGUST	
  21,	
  2014)	
  SECOND	
  CIRCUIT	
  DECISIONS	
  HOLD	
  FORUM	
  SELECTION	
  
   CLAUSES	
  SUPERSEDE	
  ANY	
  ARBITRATION	
  AGREEMENT	
  CREATED	
  BY	
  FINRA	
  RULE	
  12200.	
  18	
  
         1.	
   Goldman,	
  Sachs	
  &	
  Co.	
  v.	
  Golden	
  Empire	
  Schs.	
  Fin.	
  Auth.,	
  764	
  F.3d	
  210,	
  2014	
  U.S.	
  App.	
  
         LEXIS	
  16155	
  (2d	
  Cir.	
  2014):	
  An	
  Agreement	
  to	
  Arbitrate	
  Under	
  FINRA	
  may	
  be	
  declared	
  
         unenforceable	
  upon	
  such	
  grounds	
  as	
  exist	
  at	
  law	
  or	
  in	
  equity	
  for	
  the	
  revocation	
  of	
  any	
  
         contract.	
  ............................................................................................................................................................................	
  18	
  
         2.	
   Goldman,	
  Sachs	
  &	
  Co.	
  v.	
  Golden	
  Empire	
  Schs.	
  Fin.	
  Auth.,	
  764	
  F.3d	
  210,	
  2014	
  U.S.	
  App.	
  
         LEXIS	
  16155	
  (2d	
  Cir.	
  2014):	
  An	
  “all	
  inclusive”	
  and	
  “mandatory”	
  superseding	
  arbitration	
  clause	
  
         is	
  grounds	
  for	
  revocation	
  of	
  the	
  contractual	
  agreement	
  to	
  arbitrate	
  created	
  by	
  FINRA	
  Rule	
  
         12200.	
  ...............................................................................................................................................................................	
  20	
  
   E.	
   Status	
  as	
  a	
  “customer”	
  for	
  purposes	
  of	
  FINRA	
  Rule	
  12200	
  has	
  never	
  been	
  determined	
  
   by	
  merely	
  examining	
  “the	
  face	
  of	
  the	
  Agreement.”.	
  ..........................................................................	
  23	
  
   F.	
   Federal	
  Appellate	
  Courts	
  Have	
  Rejected	
  Appellants’	
  Contention	
  that	
  there	
  is	
  a	
  
   presumption	
  favoring	
  FINRA	
  Arbitration.	
  ............................................................................................	
  24	
  
   G.	
   General	
  Rules	
  of	
  Contract	
  Interpretation	
  Favor	
  Arbitration	
  Before	
  the	
  American	
  
   Arbitration	
  Association	
  (AAA)..	
  ................................................................................................................	
  26	
  
   H.	
   Precedent	
  does	
  not	
  exist	
  requiring	
  construing	
  facts	
  in	
  favor	
  of	
  finding	
  a	
  party	
  is	
  a	
  
   “customer”	
  for	
  purposes	
  of	
  FINRA	
  Rule	
  12200	
  ...................................................................................	
  28	
  
   I.	
   APPELLANTS	
  DO	
  NOT	
  PRESENT	
  A	
  VIABLE	
  ARGUMENT	
  THAT	
  APPELLANTS	
  ARE	
  
   CUSTOMERS	
  FOR	
  PURPOSES	
  OF	
  FINRA	
  RULE	
  12200	
  AND	
  APPLICABLE	
  CASE	
  PRECEDENTS
   	
   29	
  
         1.	
   The	
  unexplained	
  “disjunctive”	
  between	
  account	
  holders	
  and	
  purchases	
  of	
  goods	
  and	
  
         services	
  .............................................................................................................................................................................	
  30	
  
         2.	
   Appellants	
  state,	
  but	
  do	
  not	
  support,	
  the	
  contention	
  that	
  the	
  contingent	
  nature	
  of	
  the	
  
         parties	
  payment	
  agreement	
  is	
  irrelevant	
  for	
  purposes	
  of	
  determining	
  whether	
  Appellants	
  are	
  
         Rule	
  12200	
  “customers.”	
  ..........................................................................................................................................	
  31	
  
         3.	
   There	
  is	
  no	
  case	
  law,	
  much	
  less	
  a	
  “superabundance	
  of	
  case	
  law”	
  holding	
  financial	
  
         agreements	
  similar	
  to	
  that	
  between	
  Appellants	
  and	
  Appellee	
  are	
  sufficient	
  to	
  create	
  a	
  
         customer-­‐member	
  relationship	
  for	
  FINR	
  Arbitration	
  purposes	
  .............................................................	
  32	
  
         4.	
   Cases	
  cited	
  by	
  Appellants	
  involve	
  Financial	
  Agreements	
  for	
  the	
  issuance	
  and	
  underwriting	
  
         of	
  Auction	
  Rate	
  Securities	
  (ARS)	
  ...........................................................................................................................	
  33	
  
II.	
  Sun	
  Capital’s	
  Purposeful	
  Contacts	
  with	
  Texas	
  Gave	
  Rise	
  to	
  Appellees’	
  Asserted	
  
Claims	
  and	
  Thus	
  Support	
  the	
  District	
  Court’s	
  Exercise	
  of	
  Specific	
  In	
  Personum	
  
Jurisdiction	
  Over	
  Appellants.	
  .......................................................	
  Error!	
  Bookmark	
  not	
  defined.	
  

                                                                                                          iii
I NDEX   OF   A UTHORITIES

              iv
                A BBREVIATIONS      AND   R ECORD R EFERENCES

Abbreviations
“Appellants-          “Appellants-Defendants” refers collectively to MICHAEL
Defendants”           MORFORD d/b/a NEMAHA WATER SERVICES,
                      GEOFFREY ARNOLD MCFALLS d/b/a NEMAHA
                      WATER SERVICES, NEMAHA WATER SERVICES, L.P.,
                      NEMAHA WATER SERVICES GP, LLC, NEMAHA
                      WATER SERVICES OK-1702, LLC, and NEMAHA
                      WATER SERVICES HOLDING COMPANY, LLC
“Appellee-            “Appellee=Plaintiff” refers to ESPOSITO SECURITIES,
Plaintiff”            LLC.
“Agreement”           “Agreement” refers to the May 1, 2013 engagement letter
                      between Nemaha Water Services and Esposito Securities,
                      LLC.

Record References

References to the reporter’s record in the form: [Vol] RR at [page #].

References to the clerk’s record are in the form: 1 CR at [page #]

                                          v
                      R ESTATEMENT     OF THE   C ASE

Nature of the Case:   Appellee-Plaintiff initiated the underlying action,
                      Esposito Securities, LLC v. Michael Morford d/b/a
                      Nemaha Water Services et al., Cause No. DC-14-
                      05795, In the 44th District Court, Dallas County,
                      Texas, to enforce a pre-dispute arbitration agreement.
                      1 CR at 27-108; 2 RR at 20:11-16; 3 R at 19:7-10.
                      Appellants-Defendants conceded the underlying
                      dispute must be arbitrated; however, they resisted the
                      contractually specified arbitration forum (the
                      American Arbitration Association). 2 RR at 7:10-19.
                      In response to Appellee-Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel
                      Arbitration before the AAA, Appellants-Defendants
                      filed a separate cross-motion to compel arbitration
                      before Financial Regulatory Authority (FINRA). 1 CR
                      at 136-41.

Course of Prior       The trial court presided over three different open-court
Proceedings:          hearings on the issues raised in the parties’ competing
                      motions to compel. See generally RR Vols. 1-3. The
                      court conducted a fourth hearing on Appellants-
                      Defendants’ Motion to Reconsider Order Grating
                      Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel Arbitration to AAA. 1
                      CR at 298-301; see also generally RR Vol. 4.

District    Court’s   The trial court granted Appellee-Plaintiff’s Motion to
Disposition           Compel Arbitration before the AAA, 1 CR at 292-94,
                      and denied Appellants-Defendants’ motion to
                      reconsider that order, 1 CR at 362.

                                  vi
                   R ESTATEM ENT      OF    I SSUES P RESENTED

       Appellants-Defendants admit below and on appeal: (1) only a FINRA
member’s “customers” may invoke FINRA Rule 12200’s mandatory arbitration
procedures; (2) a FINRA member’s “customers” are “persons” who purchase
FINRA-regulated goods or services from a FINRA member; but in this case, (3)
the lone claim they seek to compel Appellee-Defendant to arbitrate before FINRA
does not concern goods or service purchased from a FINRA member.
      On this state of the appellate record, did Appellants satisfy their burden on
      appeal to prove there is no evidence to support the trial court’s determination
      that Appellants-Defendants failed to prove the disputed transaction is subject
      to FINRA’s mandatory arbitration procedures?

                                           vii
                            R ESTATEM ENT       OF   F ACTS 1

      This case is about Appellants’ discontent with the trial court’s order

enforcing their pre-dispute arbitration agreement to resolve “[a]ny claim or

controversy arising out of or relating to” their contract with Appellee-Plaintiff by

binding arbitration before the American Arbitration Association.

A.    The Parties’ Pre-Dispute Arbitration Agreement.

      Appellants-Defendants and Appellee-Plaintiff executed the letter agreement

(the “Agreement”) from which the underlying dispute arises on May 1, 2013. 1

CR at 32-38. Pursuant to that Agreement, Appellants-Defendants and Appellee-

Plaintiff provisionally agreed:

      (1)    For an initial 6-month term, and thereafter until terminated by either
             party with 30 days prior written notice;

      (2)    Appellee-Plaintiff would, if requested by Appellants-Defendants,
             provide Appellants-Defendants certain enumerated services; and

      (3)    Appellants-Defendants would compensate Appellee-Plaintiff for any
             requested services in accordance with the Agreement’s “Fees and
             Expenses” provision.

1 CR at 32-33, ¶¶ A-B, D.

      The parties unconditionally agreed, however, that “any claim or controversy

arising out of or relating to th[e] Agreement, or the breach thereof, shall be settled

      1
          Because Appellants “Statement of Facts” fails to include pertinent facts
necessary to a full and fair consideration of the issue they present in Appellant’s Brief,
Appellees present the following Statement of Facts. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.2(a)(1)(B).

                                            1
by binding arbitration in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the

American Arbitration Association[.]” 1 CR at 35, ¶ K.

B.      The Disputed Transaction.

        In mid-to-late February 2014, Appellants-Defendants revealed to Appellee-

Plaintiff, for the first time, that they (Appellants-Defendants) had secretly been

working with a third party to secure approximately $8,100,000.00 financing to

purchase a substantial portion of another company’s assets (the “Transaction”).2

1 CR at 100-01, ¶ 19 (Affidavit of Jared Behnke); 1 CR at 115, ¶¶ 4-6

(Defendants’ Original Counterclaim).

        After learning about the Transaction, Appellee-Plaintiff notified Appellants-

Defendants that, because it occurred within the contract term,3 the Transaction

entitled Appellee-Plaintiff to “a Transaction fee [] equal to five percent (5%) of the
        2
            By the Agreement’s express terms, Appellants-Defendants agreed Appellee-Plaintiff would
“serve as the exclusive financial advisor of the Company with respect to a possible sale or recapitalization of
the Company that is accomplished in one or a series of transactions involving … “any exchange or tender
offer, merger, consolidation or other business combination involving the Company; or any recapitalization,
reorganization, restructuring or other similar transaction involving the Company.” 1 CR at 32.
        3
            Paragraph D of the Agreement provides, in relevant part:
        [Appellee-Plaintiff] shall be entitled to the full amount of the Transaction Fee in the
event an agreement is entered into with respect to a Transaction at any time within one year
from the date of any such expiration or termination with any party (i) identified in writing by
[Appellee-Plaintiff] as a potential party to a Transaction during Esposito Securities' engagement
hereunder, (ii) with whom the [Appellants-Defendants] had any discussions regarding a
potential Transaction during [Appellee-Plaintiff’s] engagement hereunder regardless of
whether such discussions were initiated by [Appellee-Plaintiff], or (iii) who proposed or to
whom the Company proposed a Transaction during Esposito Securities' engagement
hereunder.
        1 CR at 33, ¶ D.

                                                      2
[Transaction’s] total consideration[.]” 1 CR at 33, ¶¶ B, D; 1 CR at 100-01, ¶¶

19-22; see also Appellant’s Brief at 4 (“After learning of this deal, Esposito sent

Nemaha a demand for $405,000, claiming it was entitled to such fee under the

Agreement ….”).

C.      Appellants’ Post-Dispute Attempt to Squirm Out of Their Pre-Dispute
        Arbitration Agreement.

        When Appellants-Defendants balked on their contractual payment

obligation, Appellee-Plaintiff initiated the underlying trial court proceedings to

enforce the Agreement’s pre-dispute arbitration clause. 1 CR at 6, ¶ 1 (“Plaintiff

submits this action for the purpose of compelling arbitration[.]”); 1 CR at 27-108

(“Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay Proceedings”).

        Appellants-Defendants refused to abide by their pre-dispute commitment to

resolve the disputed Transaction in binding arbitration before the AAA; instead,

they:

        (1)   first, filed a “Statement of Claim” with the Financial Industry Regulatory
              Authority (“FINRA”), a self-described “forum for securities dispute
              resolution … involving customers of brokerage firms and disputes between
              brokerage firms and their employees[,]” 1 CR at 230;

        (2)   then, more than a month later, moved the trial court to compel Appellee-
              Plaintiff to abandon the AAA arbitration in favor of Appellants-Defendants’
              later-filed FINRA action, 1 CR at 131-35 (“Defendants’ Response to
              Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay Proceedings”), at 136-
              41(“Defendants’ Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay Proceedings”); see
              also Appellant’s Brief at 5 (“In response to [Appellee-Plaintiff’s] suit,”
              [Appellants-Defendants] “filed a declaratory judgment action before
              FINRA” and “moved for arbitration before [] FINRA.”).

                                            3
      In alleged support of the foregoing filings, Appellants-Defendants generally

cite FINRA Rule 122004 as the source of their purported right: (1) unilaterally to

vitiate their pre-dispute commitment to arbitrate before the AAA; and (2) judicially

force Appellee-Plaintiff to: (a) abandon its earlier-filed AAA action, and (b) settle

the underlying dispute in an entirely different arbitral forum, governed by entirely

different rules, than the parties’ Agreement requires. 1 CR at 132-33, 137-39,

226, 243.

      During the three hearings before the trial court, however, Appellees-

Defendants conceded:

      (1)      contracting parties may effectively agree to “opt out” of Rule 12200’s
               mandatory FINRA arbitration provision, 2 RR at 20:3-16;

      (2)      they signed the Agreement containing the pre-dispute arbitration
               clause without objection, 2 RR at 11:23-25;

      4
          In its entirety, Rule 12200 states:
      12200. Arbitration Under an Arbitration Agreement or the Rules of FINRA
      Parties must arbitrate a dispute under the Code if:
      •        Arbitration under the Code is either:
      (1) Required by a written agreement, or
      (2) Requested by the customer;
      •      The dispute is between a customer and a member or associated
person of a member; and
        •       The dispute arises in connection with the business activities of the
member or the associated person, except disputes involving the insurance business
activities of a member that is also an insurance company.
      FINRA Rule 12200.

                                                4
      (3)   to invoke Rule 12200’s mandatory arbitration provision, claimants
            must be “customers” complaining of a dispute arising from the
            business activities the named FINRA member(s), 4 RR at 19:2 –
            20:17;

      (4)   persons who do not purchase goods or services from, and do not have
            a brokerage account with, a FINRA member does not qualify as that
            member’s “customers,” as that term is contemplated by FINRA’s
            Rules, 3 RR at 21:18-23; 4 RR at 24:14-16; and

      (5)   the Statement of Claim Appellants-Defendants filed with FINRA
            avows the disputed Transaction did not involve the purchase of any
            goods or services from Appellee-Plaintiff or a brokerage account, as
            Appellants-Defendants never opened such an account, 3 RR 20:22 -
            21: 23; 4 RR 25:6 - 33: 18.

      After considering the parties’ cross-motions, responses, pleadings on file,

and arguments of counsel, the trial court granted Appellee-Plaintiff’s Motion to

Compel Arbitration, and order the parties’ dispute to be determined by arbitration

before the AAA. 1 CR at 292-94. Appellants-Defendants did not request, and the

trial court did not make or enter Findings of Facts and Conclusions of Law in

support of its arbitration order. See generally 1 CR at 2-4 (Index of Clerk’s

Record).

      This appeal/alternative mandamus action followed.

                                        5
                             S TANDARD    OF   R EVIEW

A.    Settled Texas Law Establishes This Court’s Review of the Trial Court’s
      Order Is Governed By the No-Evidence Standard of Review.

      This Court reviews trial-court orders denying motions to stay litigation and

compel arbitration under the “no evidence” standard.        Phillips v. ACS Mun.

Brokers, Inc., 888 S.W.2d 872, 874 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1994, no writ) (citing

Hearthshire Braeswood Plaza Ltd. P’Ship v. Bill Kelly Co., 849 S.W.2d 380, 384

(Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, writ denied)).

      Under that standard, this Court must credit the favorable evidence if a

reasonable fact-finder could and disregard the contrary evidence unless a

reasonable fact-finder could not. In re Trammell, 246 S.W.3d 815, 820 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (citing Kroger Tex. Ltd. v. Suberu, 216 S.W.3d 788,

793 (Tex. 2006) (legal sufficiency review of jury verdict); City of Keller v. Wilson,

168 S.W.3d 802, 807 (Tex. 2005) (legal sufficiency review of summary

judgment)).

      Appellants-Defendants’ no-evidence point of error must be overruled unless

they demonstrate: (1) there is a complete absence in the record of evidence of a

vital fact; (2) the rules of law or of evidence bar the Court from giving weight to

the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a

vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence conclusively

                                         6
establishes the opposite of the vital fact. Id. (citing Marathon Corp. v. Pitzner,

106 S.W.3d 724, 727 (Tex. 2003); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 809).5

        When, as here, the record contains no findings of fact and conclusions of

law, the Court may affirm the trial court’s judgment on any legal theory the

evidence supports. Phillips v. ACS Mun. Brokers, Inc., 888 S.W.2d at 874 (citing

Lute Riley Motors, Inc. v. T.C. Crist, Inc., 767 S.W.2d439, 440 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 1988, writ denied); Hearthshire Braeswood, 849 S.W.2d at 384).

B.      Appellants’ Argued-For Application of the De Novo Standard of Review
        Is Contrary to Texas Law.

        Appellants-Defendants expressly acknowledge the foregoing deferential

standard of review generally governs appellate courts’ review of trial-court orders

denying motions to compel arbitration.           See Appellants’ Brief at 9 (citing

Schlumberger Technology Corp. v. Baker Hughes Inc., 355 S.W.3d 791, 800

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011,no pet.)). Nonetheless, they urge this

Court to review the trial court’s complained-of order de novo. Appellants’ Brief

at 9.

        5
          However, when the facts relevant to the arbitration issue are not disputed, an
appellate court is presented only with issues of law and reviews the trial court’s order de
novo. In re Trammell, 246 S.W.3d 815, 820 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (citing
Dewey v. Wegner, 138 S.W.3d 591, 597 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no
pet.)).

                                            7
      Appellants-Defendants ass the for argued-for application of the de novo

standard of review is that “facts surrounding the determination of whether” they

proved themselves to be “customers,” FINRA Rules—“are undisputed”; thus,

contend Appellants-Defendants, “the only disputed question before this [C]ourt is

purely legal in nature.” Appellants’ Brief at 9.

      Tellingly, but problematically, Appellants-Defendants make no attempt to

support their bald proposition with record references or citations to legal authority.

See Appellants’ Brief at 9. What’s more, they conceal from the Court the fact that

their counsel’s expressly acknowledged in open court: (1) there is no “overriding

law of the land” for determining whether someone qualifies as a “customer,” 2 RR

at 35:11 – 36:7; (2) such determinations have been historically resolved on an ad

hoc, case-by-case basis, 2 RR at 36:5-78; (3) precedent exists which limits the

meaning of “customer” to instances in which the would-be customer actually

purchases FINRA-regulated goods or services from, or opens a brokerage account

with, a FINRA member, 3 RR at 10:18 – 11:6; and (4) the Statement of Claim

Appellants-Defendants filed with FINRA Appellants-Defendants’ Statement of

Claim wFINRA action contention that the disputed Transaction is

                                          8
                        S UM M ARY   OF THE   A RGUM ENT

      Appellants-Defendants attack the trial court’s August 24, 2014 Order

Granting Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel Arbitration (the “Arbitration Order”) on one

limited ground: “[T]he trial court erred in finding Appellants were not ‘customers’

of Appellee under the Rules of the Financial Industry National Regulatory

Authority (FINRA), and erred in denying Appellants’ motion to compel arbitration

on that basis[.]” Appellants’ Brief at xii; see also Appellant’s Brief at 9 (“The

dispositive question before this Court is whether the trial court erred in denying

Appellants’ motion to compel arbitration based on a finding that [they were] not []

‘customer[s].’”).

      Not only does the record support the trial court’s conclusion about

Appellants-Defendants’ lack of competent evidence and controlling legal authority

to support their bald assurances about their FINRA “customer” status, it reveals the

trial court’s judgment is sustainable on numerous grounds Appellants-Defendants

do not challenge.    Accordingly, as explained more fully below, Appellants-

Defendants’ appeal/alternative mandamus petition must fail.

                                         9
                                   A RGUM ENT

                                         I.
 THE TRIAL COURT PROPERLY REFUSED TO GRANT APPELLANTS’ FACTUALLY
 DEFICIENT AND LEGALLY UNSUPPORTED MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION

A.    Appellants’ Motion to Compel Arbitration Is Completely Devoid of
      Evidentiary Support and Thus Fails On Its Face.

      Texas law is well settled: “To compel arbitration, a party must establish: (1)

the existence of a valid agreement to arbitrate and (2) the claims asserted [] are

within the scope of the arbitration agreement.” Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner &

Smith, Inc. v. Williams, No. 05-97-01481-CV, 1998 WL 155454 (Tex. App.—

Dallas Apr. 6, 1998, no pet.) (not designated for publication).

      In this case, Appellants-Defendants moved to compel arbitration with

FINRA in response to, and as an attempt to defeat, Appellee-Plaintiff’s Motion to

Compel Arbitration before the AAA. See Appellants’ Brief at 5 (“In response to

Esposito’s suit, Nemaha move for arbitration before [] FINRA.”). Thus, to prevail

in the trial court proceedings, Appellants-Defendants bore the burden to

“controvert the [Appellee-Plaintiff’s] claims by presenting affidavits or other such

evidence as would generally be admissible in a summary proceeding.” See Tex.

Capital Bank, N.A. v. Automaker, Inc., No. 14-94-0069-CV, 1995 WL 472346,

at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 10, 1995, no writ) (not designated

for publication) (citing Prudential Securities Inc. v. Banales, 860 S.W.2d 594,

597 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1993, orig. proceeding)).

                                        10
      Nowhere in Appellants-Defendants’ Motion to Compel do they cite or

otherwise attempt to incorporate any evidence of an agreement between the parties

to arbitrate any dispute with FINRA. 1 CR at 136-41. Instead, Appellants-

Defendants merely point to FINRA Rule 12200 and contend:

      As Plaintiff is a members of FINRA and/or associated persons of a
      member at the time of the issues that are the subject of this claim, the
      Defendants are customers, the dispute is in connection with the
      business activities of the member and associated persons that does not
      involve insurance and the customer is requesting arbitration under the
      Code, the parties must arbitrate under the Code.

1 CR at 137-38, ¶ 4 (emphasis in orig.).

      This Court’s precedent makes plain, however, that Appellee-Plaintiff’s

obligation to arbitrate with a customer in accordance with FINRA Rule 12200 is

not a proxy for, and thus does not establish, the existence of an independent and

valid written agreement between Appellee-Plaintiff and Appellants-Defendants to

arbitrate before FINRA. See Phillips v. ACS Mun. Brokers, Inc., 888 S.W.2d
872, 875-76 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1994, no writ).

      Because Appellants-Defendants fail to allege the existence of any other

agreement to arbitrate before FINRA, it is axiomatic that their motion to compel

fails on its face. See generally discussion supra.

B.    Appellants’ Motion to Compel Grossly Misconstrues FINRA Rules.

      But even supposing, for argument’s sake alone, FINRA Rule 12200 could

serve as a surrogate arbitration agreement, Appellants-Defendants readily admit

                                           11
that Rule only applies to disputes:      (1) between a FINRA member and its

customers; and (2) which arise “in connection with the business activities of the

member[.]” Appellants’ Brief at 10 (quoting FINRA Rule 12200). Accordingly,

insofar as FINRA Rule 12200 applies, Appellants-Defendants could not prevail on

their motion to compel without first establishing: (1) they are Appellee-Plaintiff’s

“customers”; and (2) the disputed Transaction “arises in connection with

[Appellee-Plaintiff’s] business activities.” See id. They failed conclusively to

establish either.

      1.     Appellants’ Argued-For Interpretation of “Customer” Belies Their
             Result-Oriented Analysis.

      Appellants-Defendants purportedly recognize that arbitration rules are

interpreted according to ordinary contract construction principles. Appellants’

Brief at 11. In seeking to ascertain whether they qualify as “customers” under

FINRA’s Rules, however, Appellants-Defendants do not begin their analysis by

examining FINRA’s Rules’ actual text. Appellants’ Brief at 12. Instead, they

begin with the wholly unsupported assumption that their “customer” status must be

ascertained from “the face of the Agreement.” Appellants’ Brief at 12 (citing

nothing).

      With those parameters set, Appellants-Defendants next disavow the Rules’

text for being insufficiently explicit before finally settling on a recent Second

Circuit decision that “broadly define[s] ‘customer’ [a]s ‘one who, while not a

                                        12
broker or dealer, either (1) purchases a good or service from a FINRA member, or

(2) has an account with a FINRA member.” Appellants’ Brief at 12 (emphasis by

Appellants) (quoting Citigroup Global Markets Inc. v. Abbar, 761 F.3d 268, 275

(2d Cir. 2014)).

      Without further analysis or authority, Appellants declare that the

“disjunctive” word “or” is somehow “instructive and leaves no doubt that [they]

w[ere] [] customer[s] because, under the Agreement[, they were] purchasing a

service from [Appellee-Plaintiff], even though [they] did not have an investment or

trading account there.” Appellants’ Brief at 13 (citing nothing).

      In an apparent attempt to prove to this Court they did, in fact, make

purchases under the Agreement, Appellants-Defendants recite the services they

could have, but did not, request Appellee-Plaintiff to perform.          Compare

Appellant’s Brief at 13 (listing services), with 4 RR at 17:4-7 (responding to the

trial court’s question about services purchased from Appellee-Defendant relating to

the disputed Transaction, Appellants-Defendants stated: “Nothing.”).

      Besides constituting little more than Appellants-Defendants’ ipse dixit, the

foregoing analysis completely disregards the applicable standard of review.

                                        13
      2.    More than a scintilla of record evidence supports the trial court’s
            determination Appellants are not “customers,” as defined by
            FINRA’s Rules.

      When, as here, the trial court conducted evidentiary hearings on a disputed

issue of fact, the question on appeal is whether—viewed in the light most favorable

to the judgment—there is more than a scintilla of evidence to support the trial

court’s judgment. In re Trammell, 246 S.W.3d 815, 820 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2008, no pet.) (citing Kroger Tex. Ltd. v. Suberu, 216 S.W.3d 788, 793 (Tex.

2006) (legal sufficiency review of jury verdict); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168
S.W.3d 802, 807 (Tex. 2005) (legal sufficiency review of summary judgment)).

      In the proceedings below, in response to the trial court’s questioning,

Appellants-Defendants expressly admitted:

      (1)   the disputed Transaction that is the subject of Appellants-Defendants’
            FINRA statement of claim does not involve the purchase of any goods
            or services from Appellee-Plaintiff, 4 RR at 17:4-7; and

      (2)   Appellants-Defendants do not know of a single case in which a person
            was determined to be a “customer” without actually purchasing goods
            and services from the FINRA member, 3 RR at 20:9-17.

      Because these admissions are some evidence that Appellants-Defendants do

not satisfy FINRA Rule 12200’s definition of customer, the trial court’s judgment

must be sustained.

                                        14
C.    Appellee’s Argument before the trial court: A Rule 12200 “customer” of
      a FINRA member can only demand arbitration before FINRA absent a
      separate arbitration agreement.

      Essentially,     The    Code     of   Arbitration   Procedure     contained   in

the FINRA Rules (the Code) provides in Rule 12200 that parties must arbitrate a

dispute if certain conditions are met. However, in addition, the United States

Courts of Appeals for the Second and Fourth Circuits further expanded said

conditions.     In February of 2013, the Second Circuit held that a party can only

compel a FINRA member to FINRA arbitration under Rule 12200, absent a

separate arbitration agreement.6

      First, Appellants’ brief conveniently leaves out the 4th Circuit’s opinion,

which was issued nearly two years ago, has no negative analysis, and has been

cited by Federal district courts and appellate courts across the country.7 Second,

Appellants make a patently false statement in their Brief that “it has been long

established that under FINRA Rule 12200, a dispute between a FINRA member

and a customer grants the customer, as a matter of contract, the option to select

      6
          Morgan Keegan & Co. v. Silverman, 706 F.3d 562, 565 (4th Cir. 2013).
      7
        See Raymond James Fin. Servs. v. Cary, 709 F.3d 382 (4th Cir. Va. 2013);
Credit Suisse Sec. (USA) LLC v. Sims, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 143712 (S.D. Tex. Oct. 4,
2013); Citigroup Global Mkts. Inc. v. Abbar , 943 F. Supp. 2d 404 (S.D.N.Y. 2013);
Tradestation Secs., Inc. v. Capone, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 51876 (W.D.N.C. Apr. 10,
2014)

                                            15
FINRA as an arbitral forum regardless of whatever might be provided in the

agreement.”8

      Third, Appellants actually go on to claim, “[t]his matter of law was not

contested below.”9 This matter of law was brought to Appellant’s attention at the

initial hearing on August 22, 2014 and at the Re-hearing on August 26, 2014.

      In Appellee’s Brief in Support of Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s

Motion to Compel, Appellee submitted the following argument to the 44th District

Court on August 26, 2014 prior to the re-hearing, “[i]n Morgan Keegan & Co. v.

Silverman, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, stated that:

      ‘in the absence of a separate arbitration agreement, a party can compel

a Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) member to participate

in FINRA arbitration if: (1) the party is a “Customer” of the FINRA member;

and (2) there is a dispute between the “Customer” and the FINRA member, or

the member's associated person, arising in connection with the business activities

of the FINRA member or a member's associated person.’”10

      In this cause, Appellants have stipulated on the record that they signed and

entered into the May 1, 2013 contractual Agreement.11 Said Agreement, and the

      8
          See Appellant Brief, Page 11, Par. 2
      9
          See Appellant Brief, Page 11, Par. 2
      10
           Morgan Keegan & Co., 706 F.3d at 563.
      11
           See generally RR Vol. 2.

                                             16
arbitration agreement therein, constitutes a separate arbitration agreement.12 The

FINRA Office of Hearing Officers has expressly recognized that FINRA's

arbitration rules "themselves constitute an agreement to arbitrate that is covered by

the FAA, even separate from a customer-member agreement," essentially

recognizing that such an agreement can exist.13

      The Court in Morgan Keegan, expressly recognized that a party, specifically

a party that qualifies as a “customer” under FINRA Rule 12200, may only compel

a FINRA Member to FINRA Arbitration, absent an arbitration agreement separate

from the arbitration agreement automatically created by FINRA’s arbitration rules.

Here, the parties are not absent a separate agreement,14 and as per the ruling of the

Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, Nemaha Defendants cannot compel FINRA

Member Esposito to FINRA Arbitration.15

      12
           See Exhibit B, para.K.
      13
          Teresa J. Verges, Opening the Floodgates of Small Customer Claims in FINRA
Arbtiration: FINRA v. Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., 15 CARDOZO J. CONFLICT RESOL.
623 (2014) (citing Complaint and Request for expedited Hearing 12-14, FINRA Office of
Hearing Officers, Dep’t of Enforcement v. Charles Schwab & Co., Disciplinary
Proceeding       No.      2011029760201      (Feb.     1,   2012),    available   at,
http://disciplinaryactions.finra.org/viewdocument.aspx?DocNB=29288).
      14
           See Exhibit B, para. K.
      15
           Morgan Keegan & Co., 706 F.3d at 563.

                                          17
D.    RECENT (AUGUST 21, 2014) SECOND CIRCUIT DECISIONS
      HOLD FORUM SELECTION CLAUSES SUPERSEDE ANY
      ARBITRATION AGREEMENT CREATED BY FINRA RULE 12200.

      The initial hearing on the parties’ cross-Motions to Compel Arbitration was

held before the 44th District Court on August 22, 2014, the re-hearing was held on

August 26, 2014 and the Appellant-Defendant’s Motion to Reconsider the Order

Compelling the parties to Arbitration before the A.A.A., was held on September 9,

2014. The below cases were decided on August 21, 2014, prior to the initial

hearing, but the decision was not published until (waiting on lexis to advise date).

      1.     Goldman, Sachs & Co. v. Golden Empire Schs. Fin. Auth., 764 F.3d
210, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 16155 (2d Cir. 2014): An Agreement to
             Arbitrate Under FINRA may be declared unenforceable upon such
             grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any
             contract.

      The Second Circuit’s single opinion (disposing of two cases on August 21,

2014) on the issue of separate forum selection agreements in cases involving

FINRA arbitration demanded by Rule 12200 “customers,” held that FINRA

arbitration rules may be superseded by forum selection clauses.16 In both district

court cases, the status of the non-FINRA member party as a Rule 12200

“customer” was undisputed. Where the FINRA members had been retained to (and

in fact did) issue millions of dollars in Auction Rate Securities (“ARS”), the parties

were indeed deemed Rule 12200 “customers.” Issuance and underwriting of ARS

      16
        See, Goldman, Sachs & Co. v. Golden Empire Schs. Fin. Auth., 764 F.3d 210,
2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 16155 (2d Cir. 2014) (Hereafter “Golden Empire Schools”).

                                         18
has long been held to establish a member-customer relationship for purposes of

12200.17

      The Second Circuit examined both forum selection clauses in the two

separate contractual agreements existing between FINRA Member Goldman Sachs

and its undisputed Rule 12200 “customer,” Golden Empire, and FINRA Member

Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., and its undisputed Rule 12200 “customer,” North

Carolina Eastern.

      Both forum selection clauses stated, “all actions and proceedings… shall be

brought in the United States District Court…”18 After Golden Empire and North

Carolina Eastern commenced separate actions before FINRA alleging their

respective FINRA members had fraudulently induced them to issue the ARS, the

FINRA members separately sought declaratory and injunctive relief against

FINRA arbitration in federal district court. Neither FINRA member disputed that

for purposes of general contract interpretation, FINRA Rule 12200 creates a

written agreement to arbitrate with their “customers” that is “enforceable, save

upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.”19

      17
         See, Patten Securities Corp. v. Diamond Greyhound & Genetics, Inc., 819 F.2d
400, 402 (3d Cir. 1987); UBS Fin. Servs., Inc. v. W. Va. Univ. Hosps., Inc., 660 F.3d 643,
652 (2d Cir. 2011); and, J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. v. Louisiana Citizens Property
Insurance Corp., 712 F. Supp. 2d 70 (S.D.N.Y 2010).
      18
           Golden Empire Schs. Fin. Auth., 764 F.3d 210, at 212 (2d Cir. 2014)
      19
           Id., at 214, citing, 9 U.S.C. § 2; see, UBS Fin. Servs., 660 F.3d at 648-49.

                                              19
      Indeed this is a long settled principle of contract interpretation and the

Supreme Court of the United States recently re-asserted the use of same, citing

“[t]he final phrase of 9 U.S.C.S. § 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act,” and holding:

      “A written provision in… a contract evidencing a transaction involving

commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such

contract or transaction . . . shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon

such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.”20

      The contract interpretation principal relied upon by the Second Circuit in

interpreting the enforceability and revocability of an agreement to arbitrate arising

out of FINRA Rule 12200, is thus applicable to the same matter when raised before

this Honorable Court in the state of Texas.

      Challenges to the validity of arbitration agreements "upon such grounds

as exist at law orin equity for the revocation of any contract" can be divided

into two types. One type challenges specifically the validity of the agreement to

arbitrate. Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna, 546 U.S. 440 (U.S. 2006) –

Goldman, Sachs & Co. v. Golden Empire Schs. Fin. Auth., 764 F.3d 210, 2014
U.S. App. LEXIS 16155 (2d Cir. 2014): An “all inclusive” and “mandatory”

superseding arbitration clause is grounds for revocation of the contractual

agreement to arbitrate created by FINRA Rule 12200.

      20
           Id., at 1745.

                                          20
      An agreement to arbitrate is superseded by a later-executed agreement

containing a forum selection clause if the clause “specifically precludes”

arbitration. While there is no requirement that the later forum selection clause

mention the prior arbitration, the forum-selection clause must be “all-inclusive”

and “mandatory.”21 To be found “all-inclusive” and “mandatory,” later forum-

selection clauses “need only be sufficiently specific to impute to the contracting

parties the reasonable expectation that they would litigate any disputes in federal

court, thereby superseding the default obligation to arbitrate under FINRA Rule

12200.”22

      Second, the Court, which had previously addressed this issue in Applied

Energetics, compared the forum-selection clause between the parties in that case,

versus the forum selection clause before it in the Golden Empire Schools cases,

thoroughly analyzed the use of the terms “all actions and proceedings.” The

Court specifically pointed out that although the terms used in Golden Empire

Schools, “all actions and proceedings” was narrower than the terms “any dispute”

used in Applied Energetics, it held that the “forum selection clause at issue is

plainly sufficient to supersede FINRA Rule 12200.”23 The forum selection

clause between Appellants and Appellee uses the terms “any claim or

      21
           Id., at 215, citing Applied Energetics, 645 F.3d at 525 (2d Cir. 2011).
      22
           Id., at 216, citing Applied Energetics, 645 F.3d at 525-526 (2d Cir. 2011).
      23
           Id., at 217.

                                              21
controversy,” which under the broader standard in Applied Energetics and the

narrower standard in Golden Empire Schools, is plainly sufficient to supersede

FINRA Rule 12200.

      Finally, in 2002, the Supreme Court of the United States described a

mandatory arbitration clause as one using the terms “any dispute or claim”

followed by “shall be settled by binding arbitration.”24 Thus by the Second

Circuit’s standard and the standard outlined by the United States Supreme Court,

the arbitration clause between the parties at bar qualifies as a ‘mandatory’

arbitration clause, and same reads, as follows:

      “K. Arbitration of Disputes. Any claim or controversy arising out of or

relating to this Agreement, or the breach thereof, shall be settled by binding

arbitration in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American

Arbitration Association.”25

      Thus, Appellants’ conclusion, after their gross mischaracterization of both

existing precedent and the record in this cause, that it is an “undisputable fact” that

“[a]s a matter of federal law and regulation, a FINRA customer’s Rule 12200 right

      24
           EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. 279, at 282-3 (U.S. 2002).
      25
           See Appellants Brief, Tab 2, the Agreement, Paragraph 2

                                            22
to arbitrate before FINRA cannot be waived or abrogated by contract,” is patently

false.26

E.     Status as a “customer” for purposes of FINRA Rule 12200 has never
       been determined by merely examining “the face of the Agreement.”.

       Appellants’ unsupported and conclusory statement that, “the only issue to be

determined is whether, on the face of the Agreement, Nemaha can be deemed a

“customer” of Esposito for FINRA purposes,” is incorrect.27 Appellants have not

cited a single provision or precedent (nor has Appellee found one for that matter)

wherein a court determined whether a party is a FINRA member’s “customer” for

purposes of Rule 12200 by examining “the face of the agreement,” as Appellant

has insinuated is the only proper path here.

       Rather, as Appellee presents in detail to the Court below, federal appellate

courts examine the fact pattern in each case, with particular attention to the nature

of the relationship between the parties, which always includes either 1) an account,

or 2) a purchased good or service, and a sustained financial loss to the non-FINRA

member (see subsection X, page X of Appellee’s brief below).

       26
            See Appellant Brief, page 7, no. 4 (see also Morgan Keegan)
       27
            See Appellant Brief, page 12

                                             23
F.    Federal Appellate Courts Have Rejected Appellants’ Contention that
      there is a presumption favoring FINRA Arbitration.

      Appellants claim that interpretation of FINRA’s arbitration rules is similar to

contract interpretation and that in accordance with long-standing federal policy,

any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of

arbitration (Appellee can only assume Appellants mean in favor of FINRA

Arbitration as opposed to arbitration under the parties’ written agreement).28

      First, Appellee notes the multiple cases rejecting this contention.29 In the

case cited by Appellants to rely on the presumption in favor of resolving the

present dispute in favor of FINRA arbitration, that very court explicitly rejected

that very contention. In Abbar, the Court found that where “the parties are

disputing the existence of an obligation to arbitrate, not the scope of the arbitration

clause, the general presumption in favor of arbitration does not apply.”30 In Abbar,

      28
        See Appellant Brief, Page 11, citing, Wachovia Bank, Nat. Ass’n v. VCG Special
Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd., 661 F.3d 164, 171 (2d Cir. 2011), also citing,
Bensadoun v. Jobe-Riat, 316 F.3d 171, 176 (2d Cir. 2003).
      29
         See Wachovia, 661 F.3d at 170-71; Citigroup Global Mkts., Inc. v. VCG Special
Opportunities Master Fund Ltd., 598 F.3d 30, 39 (2d Cir. 2010) cf. Bensadoun, 316 F.3d
at 176 (classifying John Hancock's suggestion that presumption in favor of arbitration
applies as "dicta").
      30
          Citigroup Global Mkts. v. Abbar, 761 F.3d 268, 273 (2d Cir. N.Y. 2014)
(affirmed district court decision that where Abbar held investments with foreign entity,
Abbar was not a “customer” of N.Y. based FINRA member and could not compel
FINRA arbitration), citing Applied Energetics, Inc. v. NewOak Capital Mkts., LLC, 645
F.3d 522, 526 (2d Cir. 2011) (("While doubts concerning the scope of an arbitration
clause should be resolved in favor of arbitration, the presumption does not apply to
disputes concerning whether an agreement to arbitrate has been made.")

                                          24
at issue was whether Abbar was a Rule 12200 “customer” having the right to

request FINRA arbitration, and thus the ultimate issue of “the existence of an

agreement to arbitrate, not the scope of the arbitration clause.”31 Here, and at the

trial court level, Appellee has disputed Appellants’ claims that they are a

“customer” for purposes of FINRA Rule 12200. Appellee thus disputes whether an

obligation to arbitrate ever arose out of FINRA Rule 12200.

      As per the Abbar and other decisions cited herein by Appellee, Appellants’

suggestion that the presumption in favor of arbitration results in a presumption in

favor of arbitration before FINRA is completely misapplied. Appellants have

failed to identify a single case where the existence of a “customer,” and thus

whether an agreement to arbitrate before FINRA existed at all, was in dispute,

wherein the Court cited the presumption in favor of arbitration as grounds for

requiring the parties to arbitrate before FINRA. In the present matter, there is no

presumption in favor of arbitration before FINRA, the presumption in favor of

arbitration does not apply to the questions of arbitrability that was presented to the

trial court and is before this Honorable Court now.

      Finally, it would appear Appellants’ argument suggests this Court should

only apply principles of contract interpretation to FINRA’s arbitration rules but not

to the actual contractual agreement expressly entered into between the parties.

      31
           Id.

                                         25
Given the rulings in Abbar and Applied Energetics, it would appear that not only is

that incorrect, but in fact the Second District has expressly stated that the

presumption in favor of arbitration applies to the scope of the arbitration clause in

the Agreement between the parties.32

G.    General Rules of Contract Interpretation Favor Arbitration Before the
      American Arbitration Association (AAA)..

      The Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code provides, “[a] written agreement

to arbitrate is valid and enforceable if the agreement is to arbitrate a controversy

that: . . . arises between the parties after the date of the agreement.”33 Similarly,

the Federal Arbitration Act provides that a written arbitration provision is valid,

irrevocable, and enforceable.34

      Appellee would note that Supreme Court precedent holds that the question

of arbitrability is for a court to determine. In Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds,

Inc., the Supreme Court’s holding was unambiguous: “[t]he question of whether

the parties have submitted a particular dispute to arbitration, i.e., the ‘question of

arbitrability,’ is ‘an issue for judicial determination [u]nless the parties clearly and

unmistakably provide otherwise.’”35

      32
           Id. As to Abbar and Energetics, see also Agreement
      33
         TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 171.001(a).
      34
         9 U.S.C. § 2 (2006).
      35
         Id. at 83 (quoting AT&T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers, 475
U.S. 643, 649 (1986)); see also First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938,
943 (1995) (“If, on the other hand, the parties did not agree to submit the arbitrability

                                            26
       Proceedings to compel arbitration must be conducted in accordance with the

procedure outlined in § 171.021 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.36

Under this provision, a court must order arbitration on application of a party

showing: (1) an agreement to arbitrate; and (2) the opposing party’s refusal to

arbitrate.37     The arbitration agreement provides the AAA with authority to

administer the arbitration. Importantly, once a court determines that a matter is

subject to arbitration, it has no discretion to modify the parties’ agreement.38

Indeed, it is an abuse of discretion to order parties to an arbitration not

administered by the AAA when they have agreed to arbitrate under the AAA

rules.39

       Appellee would point to a 2008 ruling by this Honorable Court, wherein the

Court of Appeals, Fifth District, Dallas, stated “[a]rbitration agreements are

question itself to arbitration, then the court should decide that question just as it would
decide any other question that the parties did not submit to arbitration, namely,
independently.”); Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler–Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S.
614, 626 (1985) (“[T]he first task of a court asked to compel arbitration of a dispute is to
determine whether the parties agreed to arbitrate that dispute.”).
       36
            TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 171.021(a)(1)-(2).
       37
           Id.
       38
           See In re Nat’l Health Ins. Co., 109 S.W.3d 552, 556 (2002) (holding that a
court cannot change an arbitration agreement because it or one of the parties comes to
dislike its provisions or thinks that something else is needed in it).
       39
          See In re Crosstex CCNG Processing Ltd, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 8391, *6
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2008) (mem. op.) (“[the] trial court failed to correctly analyze and
apply the law when it altered the agreement [calling for arbitration in accordance with the
Patent Arbitration Rules of the AAA] by ordering the parties to submit to an
arbitration not administered by the AAA. The trial court’s failure to analyze and
apply the law constitutes an abuse of discretion”).

                                            27
interpreted by applying contract principles[,]” and “a court cannot change an

arbitration agreement because it or one of the parties comes to dislike the

provisions of the arbitration agreement or thinks that something else is needed.”40

The Court further stated that “the trial court failed to correctly analyze and apply

the law when it altered the agreement by ordering the parties to submit to an

arbitration not administered by the AAA[,]” and that “[t]he trial court’s failure to

analyze and apply the law constitutes an abuse of discretion.”41

      Thus, the 44th District Court of Dallas County would have in fact abused its

discretion had that court changed the parties’ expressly entered into pre-dispute

arbitration agreement because Appellants came to dislike the provision or thought

something else was needed.

H.    Precedent does not exist requiring construing facts in favor of finding a
      party is a “customer” for purposes of FINRA Rule 12200

      Citing a single case, LA Citizens,42 Appellants contend that “courts” (as in

plural) have advised that any question as to whether a party is a “customer” for

purposes of FINRA Rule 12200 should be construed in favor of finding that the

party is a “customer.”43 The LA Citizens decision came out of the United States

      40
           Id.
      41
           Id.
      42
         JP Morgan Sec. v. La. Citizens Prop. Ins. Corp., 712 F. Supp. 2d 70 (S.D.N.Y.
2010), see Appellant Brief, page 12
      43
           Id., at 77

                                         28
District Court for the Southern District of New York in 2010. However, later, in

2011, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals held in VCG Special Opportunities that

“terms such as ‘customer’ should be construed in a manner consistent with the

‘reasonable expectations’ of FINRA members,” making no mention of a

presumption in favor of finding a party is a “customer” for purposes of FINRA

Rule 12200.44

I.     APPELLANTS DO NOT PRESENT A VIABLE ARGUMENT THAT
       APPELLANTS ARE CUSTOMERS FOR PURPOSES OF FINRA
       RULE 12200 AND APPLICABLE CASE PRECEDENTS

       Federal circuit courts across the nation, and even the United States District

Court for the Southern District of Texas, have rejected the argument that everyone

is a “customer” except a broker or a dealer.45 The term “customer” in FINRA Rule

12200 refers to “an entity that is not a broker or dealer, who purchases

commodities or services from a FINRA member in the course of the member's

business activities, namely, the activities of investment banking and the securities

       44
         Wachovia Bank, N.A. v. VCG Special Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd., 661 F.
3d 164, at 171 (2d Cir. 2011), citing, Wheat, First Securities, Inc. v. Green, 993 F.2d 814,
820 (11th Cir. 1993).
       45
        Credit Suisse Sec. (USA) LLC v. Sims, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 143712, *4 (S.D.
Tex. Oct. 4, 2013) (citing Berthel Fisher & Co. Fin. Servs., Inc., 695 F.3d at
752); Morgan Keegan & Co., 706 F.3d at 565-66.

                                            29
business.”46 The plain meaning of the word “purchase,” is to “to buy (property,

goods, etc.)” or “to get (something) by paying money for it.”47

      All relevant case law, found by Appellee to date, wherein the issue before a

district court of competent jurisdiction is whether a party wishing to compel a

FINRA Member to FINRA Arbitration qualifies as a “customer” for purposes of

Rule 12200, the party moving to compel arbitration has, at a minimum, held an

account with or purchased commodities or services from a FINRA member.

Appellants have never held an account with or purchased commodities or services

from FINRA Member Esposito (Appellee).48

      Nevertheless, Appellants make several unsupported, uncited, and fairly

indecipherable claims as to why Appellants should be found to be “customers” for

purposes of FINRA Rule 12200, Appellee shall address these in turn.

      1.       The unexplained “disjunctive” between account holders and
               purchases of goods and services

      Citing Abbar, Appellants allege that because parties are found to be a

“customer” for purposes of FINRA Rule 12200, either because the party is an

account holder, or because the party has purchased goods and services, same

creates an “instructive” “disjunctive” that leaves “no doubt” that Appellants were

      46
         Morgan Keegan & Co., 706 F.3d at 565-66, see also, UBS Fin. Services, Inc. v.
Carilion Clinic, 706 F.3d 319, 328-29 (4th Cir. 2013).
      47
           Morgan Keegan & Co., 706 F.3d at 565-66
      48
           CITE ALL CASES USED IN TRIAL COURT ARGUMENTS

                                          30
Rule 12200 “customers.”49 Appellants’ proffered rationale is seemingly that

Appellants must have been purchasing a service because they did not have an

investment or trading account there, and evidently, a party interacting with a

FINRA member at all, must be doing one or the other.50

      First, and plainly, Appellee finds this reasoning difficult to follow as written.

Second, as Appellants have not cited a single case wherein the supposed

disjunctive between the only two bases for identifying a party as a Rule 12200

“customer” was in fact the reason for finding the party was a Rule 12200

“customer,” Appellee will not address this contention further.

      2.       Appellants state, but do not support, the contention that the
               contingent nature of the parties payment agreement is irrelevant for
               purposes of determining whether Appellants are Rule 12200
               “customers.”

      Appellants state that the “contingent nature of payment does not negate the

fact that Esposito obtained a 5% interest in exchange for the provision of

services.”51 However, Appellants do not cite a single case wherein, a party who

had a contingent payment agreement, or wherein a FINRA member’s obtained

interest in exchange for provision of services, was the basis for finding that the

      49
           See Appellants’ Brief, page 12
      50
           See Appellants’ Brief, page 12
      51
           See Appellants’ Brief, page 12

                                            31
party was a Rule 12200 “customer.” Accordingly, Appellee will not address this

matter further

      3.       There is no case law, much less a “superabundance of case law”
               holding financial agreements similar to that between Appellants and
               Appellee are sufficient to create a customer-member relationship for
               FINR Arbitration purposes

      Appellants have cited federal appellate court decisions holding that a party

who purchased goods or services from a FINRA member, in a context beyond a

classic investor-broker relationship, were “customers” for purposes of FINRA Rule

12200. Appellee does not dispute the existence of these cases. Further, Appellee

does not dispute that in general, where a dispute arose over whether a party was a

“customer” for purposes of FINRA 12200, courts have found parties to be

customers and forced FINRA members to FINRA Arbitration.

      However, Appellee would point out, that Appellants non-cited general

summary that “similar financial services agreements as involved here – be it for

raising money, identifying transactions such as mergers and acquisitions, or other

financial service[sic] that are clearly within the ‘business activities’ of a FINRA

member – are sufficient to create a customer-member relationship for FINRA

Arbitration purposes,”52 is a blatantly unsupported misstatement of the law, and yet

another attempt to mislead this Honorable Court.

      52
           See Appellant Brief, page 14

                                          32
      4.       Cases cited by Appellants involve Financial Agreements for the
               issuance and underwriting of Auction Rate Securities (ARS)

      The “superabundance” of case law cited includes three cases wherein the

FINRA Member acted as an issuer of auction rate securities (“ARS”).53

Additionally, in each case, the party ultimately found to be a “customer,” alleged

an actual financial loss as a result of the FINRA Member’s business activities, and

thus was the party bringing the action, not the FINRA member. In the present

matter, the FINRA Member (Appellee Esposito) did not underwrite ARS for the

other party (Appellants Nemaha) and the other party has not alleged, nor is there a

record of, a financial loss at the hands of FINRA member Esposito. Finally,

FINRA Member Esposito initially brought this action against Nemaha, not vice

versa. The facts at bar are wholly distinguishable from the facts presented in the

three ARS cases cited by Appellants. Herein, Appellee addresses the three ARS

cases by Appellants in support of this similar financial service agreements

contention.

               a.     Patten Securities Corp. v. Diamond Greyhound & Genetics,
                      Inc., 819 F.2d 400 (3d Cir. 1987).

      First, Appellants cite Patten Securities, a case wherein a corporation

contracted a FINRA member to serve as underwriter for the sale of the

      53
           See Appellant Brief, page 14, citing

                                             33
corporation’s shares and warrants.54              When the proposed deal was not

consummated, the non-FINRA member corporation demanded arbitration before

FINRA, for damages it sustained as a result of the FINRA Member’s refusal to

purchase the securities and damages arising from same.55 The Third Circuit, held

the corporation was the FINRA member’s Rule 12200 “customer,” relying on an

interpretive statement from the NASD’s National Arbitration Committee that

stated, “an issuer of securities should be considered a public customer of a member

firm where a dispute arises over a proposed underwriting.”56 In the present matter,

Appellee Esposito was never contracted to serve as underwriter for Appellants’

shares and warrants and Appellants only brought an action before FINRA (seeking

declatory judgment that it was either not liable to Esposito under the Agreement, or

that the Agreement was fraudulently induced) until after Appellee FINRA Member

brought an action for damages before the A.A.A under the arbitration clause in the

parties’ agreement.57 Appellants do not dispute the validity of these facts.

               b.        UBS Fin. Servs., Inc. v. W. Va. Univ. Hosps., Inc., 660 F.3d
643, 652 (2d Cir. 2011) and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. v.
                         Louisiana Citizens Property Insurance Corp., 712 F. Supp. 2d
70 (S.D.N.Y 2010).

      54
         Patten Securities Corp. v. Diamond Greyhound & Genetics, Inc., 819 F.2d 400,
402 (3d Cir. 1987).
      55
           Id., at 402-403.
      56
           Id. At 406.
      57
          See Appellant Brief Tab B, the Agreement, Paragraph K, see also Appellants’
Brief, page 5, citing CR 245

                                             34
        Next, Appellants cite West Virginia University Hospitals58 and Louisiana

Citizens,59 two cases which present largely identical facts. In both cases, the

FINRA Member had served as a broker-dealer to the other party at some point, and

the relevant dispute arose out of the issuance of ARS.

        In Louisiana Citizens, the FINRA member served both as underwriter and

remarketer of the bonds, in said capacity, Citizens contended they suffered

economic loss as a result of J.P. Morgan’s (the FINRA member) manipulation of

the relevant market.60 Citizens then sought to arbitrate the dispute before FINRA.

The Southern District of New York cited the Third District’s decision in Patten,

noting, “although the relationship [in Patten] was not a broker/investor

relationship, [the issuer/underwriter relationship] still related directly to the

issuance of securities, rather than banking advice.”61 The court concluded that

issuers are Rule 12200 “customers” of underwriters and could demand arbitration

before FINRA of their disputes.62 Appellants were never issuers for Appellee

        58
             UBS Fin. Servs., Inc. v. W. Va. Univ. Hosps., Inc., 660 F.3d 643, 652 (2d Cir.
2011)
        59
         J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. v. Louisiana Citizens Property Insurance Corp., 712
F. Supp. 2d 70 (S.D.N.Y 2010).
        60
             Id., at 74-79
        61
         Id., (alteration in the original, emphasis added) (quoting Fleet Boston Robertson
Stephens, Inc. v. Innovex, Inc. 264 F.3d 770, 773 n.3 (8th Cir. 2001)).
        62
             Id., at 74-79

                                              35
Esposito, and Appellee Esposito never provided underwriting services for

Appellants.63

      Appellants do not dispute the validity of these facts. The circumstances

surrounding the parties’ relationship in LA Citizens is wholly distinguishable than

that between Appellants and Appellee here.

      In West Virginia University Hospitals, the Second Circuit limited its finding

that WVUH was a “customer” under FINRA 12200 to the fact that WVUH had

paid for UBS to perform broker-dealer services.64 It is not contested, and indeed

Appellants have conceded the fact that Appellee Esposito was not performing

broker-dealer services for Appellants, nor had Appellants paid any monies to

Appellee Esposito. ** CITE RECORD

      i.       Other cases cited by Appellants present factual circumstances
               wholly distinguishable from the case at bar.

               a.     Morgan Keegan & Co., Inc. v. Garrett, 816 F. Supp. 2d 439
                      (S.D. Tex. 2011).

      Appellants cite Garret as an alleged member of the “superabundance” of

case law establishing that the Agreement between the parties at bar establishes that

Appellants are Rule 12200 “customers.”65 Appellants do not include an in-text

      63
           See Appellants’ Brief, Tab B, the Agreement
      64
           See, 660 F.3d 643 at 648 (2d Cir. 2011).
      65
           See Appellant Brief, page 14

                                             36
citation to the case, but merely list the case in a footnote with no parenthetical

explanation as to its analysis or holding.66            Appellee has examined this

approximately two page case in detail and can find no reference to a financial

services agreement.             However the court does specifically point out that,

“[c]laimants and Morgan Keegan agreed to arbitrate before the National

Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., or the New York Stock Exchange, Inc. –

both follow Financial Industry Regulatory Authority rules.”67           As to those

claimants, they had an agreement to arbitrate using FINRA arbitration rules, and

therefore, as per the text of FINRA Rule 12200, their status as a Rule 12200

“customer” was irrelevant, their right to a FINRA arbitration arose out of their

written agreement to do so.68

         Two Claimants did not have a written agreement to arbitrate with Morgan

Keegan, and when the Court found that these two claimants “bought shares in the

fund from third-party brokers on the secondary market” and that these two

claimants “never gave money to Morgan Keegan,” the Court found that these two

         66
              Id., footnote citation no. 34.
         67
              Morgan Keegan & Co., Inc. v. Garrett, 816 F. Supp. 2d 439, 441 (S.D. Tex.
2011).
         68
           FINRA Rule 12200 (Parties must arbitrate a dispute under the Code if
arbitration under the Code is either required by a written agreement, or requested by
the customer…)

                                               37
Claimants were not Rule 12200 “customers” and “could not compel Morgan

Keegan to arbitrate.”69

         Appellants cited a case that fails on its face to support Appellants’ generally

cited summary regarding alleged financial service agreements underlying other

cases.        Further, Appellants actually cited a case which furthers Appellee’s

argument that absent a written agreement to arbitrate with FINRA, one must be a

“customer,” to demand arbitration before FINRA, and one is a Rule 12200

“customer” if they hold an account and / or have “purchased goods or services

from the FINRA member relating to banking and securities activities.”

                   b.     Zarecor v. Morgan Keegan & Co., Inc., No. 4:10-cv-01643
                          (SWW), 2011 WL 5592861 (E.D. Ark. July 29, 2011);

         Appellants cite Zarecor as an alleged member of the “superabundance” of

case law establishing that the nature of the Agreement between the parties at bar

establishes that Appellants are Rule 12200 “customers.”70             Appellants do not

include an in-text citation to the case, but merely list the case in a footnote with no

parenthetical explanation as to its analysis or holding.71

         Appellee has examined this case in detail and does not find a single

reference to an underlying financial services agreement. Further, Appellee does

         69
              . Garrett, 816 F. Supp. 2d 439, at 441 (S.D. Tex. 2011)
         70
              See Appellant Brief, page 14
         71
              Id., footnote citation no. 34.

                                                38
not find reference to any of the following terms; FINRA, customer, or arbitration.

It appears the suit in Zarecor, brought before federal district court in Tennessee,

involves a decision from a “Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation” and is

wholly unrelated, incomparable, and irrelevant to matters raised to this Honorable

Court by virtue of Appellants’ appeal. Accordingly, Appellee will not address this

case further.

   A. APPELLANTS CITE IRRELEVANT FINRA RULES AND
      IRRELEVANT FACTS THAT FAIL TO SAVE APPELLANTS
      ARGUMENT THAT THEY ARE “CUSTOMERS” FOR PURPOSES
      OF FINRA RULE 12200

      i.        FINRA Rule 4530 – Not a Provision of the FINRA Code of
                Arbitration Procedure for Customer Disputes (FINRA Rule
                12000, et al).

      Appellants have cited FINA Rule 4530,72 which is not a provision of the

FINRA Code of Arbitration Procedure for Customer Disputes (FINRA Rule

12000, et al).     Specifically, Rule 4530 falls under FINRA Rule 4000, et al.,

regarding “Financial and Operational Rules” and relates to reporting requirements

and customer complaints involving investments.73 First, the predicate to Rule

12100’s definitions states, unless otherwise defined in the Code, terms used in the

Rule and interpretive material, if defined in the FINRA By-Laws, shall have the

meaning as defined in the FINRA By-Laws. FINRA Rule 4530 is not a part of the
      72
           See Appellants’ Brief, page 19
      73
           See FINRA Rule 4000, et al.

                                            39
FINRA By-Laws.           Second, the case at bar does not involve a reporting

requirement, nor a complaint involving an investment. The term “customer” is

defined in the Code.74 FINRA Rule 4530 is wholly inapplicable here and should

be disregarded by this Honorable Court.

      ii.       Appellant again misstates the contents of the Second Circuit’s
                decision in Abbar, which held that a party who received services
                from a FINRA member, but that had not paid any fees to said
                FINRA member, had not purchased a good or service, and was
                thus not a FINRA Rule 12200 “customer.”

      Appellants have cited text from Abbar as follows:

      “By agreeing to accept “[sic]a fee for its services” or by selling securities

to an entity, a FINRA member understands that it may be compelled to arbitrate if

a dispute arises with that entity. This may not be a “comprehensive definition of

the term,” but it captures virtually all customer relationships.[sic]

      Appellants suggest same establishes that a mere agreement to accept

services, which the court recognizes as “captur[ing] virtually all customer

relationships,” makes a party who enters an agreement with a FINRA member a

“customer” for purposes of FINRA Rule 12200. Appellants have conveniently left

out the later text from the same case, which unequivocally establishes that the

party in that case that did not pay the FINRA member actual fees was found NOT

to be a “customer” for purposes of FINRA 12200.

      74
            FINRA Rule 12100(i).

                                          40
      In Abbar, the Second Circuit’s analysis is as follows:

      “Citi NY employees certainly provided services to Abbar: they helped

structure and manage the option transactions. However, Abbar did not purchase

those services from Citi NY. His investment agreements were with Citi UK, and

the fee for all services rendered by Citigroup personnel and offices was paid

to Citi UK. While Abbar was certainly a "customer" of Citi UK, that relationship

does not allow Abbar to compel arbitration against its corporate affiliate [Citi

NY].”75

      “In most cases, this definition of "customer" can be readily applied to

undisputed facts. That is so in this case: Abbar never held an account with the

FINRA member [Citi NY] and (notwithstanding his argument to the contrary)

never purchased any goods or services from it.”76

      “The only relevant inquiry in assessing the existence of a customer

relationship is whether an account was opened or a purchase made; parties and

courts need not wonder whether myriad facts will ‘coalesce into a functional

concept of the customer relationship.’"77

      Similar to the situation between the parties in the present matter, the FINRA

member in Abbar agreed to provide services, however, the FINRA was never paid

      75
           Abbar, 761 F.3d at 275
      76
           Id., at 276.
      77
           Id., at 276, citing, CGMI v. Abbar, 943 F. Supp. 2d at 407.

                                             41
any fees. The Second Circuit held that Abbar was not a “customer” for purposes

of Rule 12200. For the same reasons, Appellants here are not “customers” for

purposes of Rule 12200.

      iii.     Appellants attempt to analogize legal contingency fee agreement.78

      Appellants state that when a person employs an attorney on a contingent fee

basis the person becomes a client (for assumingly the purpose of having standing

to bring an action against the attorney, but Appellants do not elaborate).

Appellants then conclude that said analogy establishes that the Agreement between

the parties here makes Appellants a client of Esposito. Appellees would merely

point out that shall the issue before this Honorable Court come down to whether or

not Appellants are “customers” of Appellee for purposes of FINRA Rule 12200,

the only scenarios that should be considered are those involving FINRA members,

and the rules and legal precedent surrounding same. Given Appellants have not

provided any legal citations as to this analogous suggestion, Appellee will not

address same further.

      iv.      Appellants raise direct privity by contract, note that under
               Appellee’s scenario, FINRA member could not bring action
               before FINRA.

      Appellants find it worth noting that direct privity of contract upholds

Appellants as a customer (Appellants have yet to establish Appellants are

      78
           See Appellants’ Brief, page 20

                                            42
“customers” for purposes of FINRA Rule 12200) despite fraudulent inducement or

non-performance under a contract. Appellants then suggest that if direct privity of

contract does not accomplish same, “then it is difficult to imagine any breach of

contract or fraud claim that could be brought before FINRA because a member

could never bring a FINRA claim against a client for failure to pay.”79

      Appellees would politely point out, that a FINRA member can never bring a

FINRA claim against a customer, client, or otherwise, ever, because Rule 12200

only allows a Rule 12200 “customer” to request FINRA arbitration under Rule

12200. “It is important to note that only the customer can compel arbitration under

12200, the option is unavailable to the member firm.”80

      In consideration of the following: 1) privity of contract was not discussed

before the trial court, 2) privity of contract has no effect on a FINRA member’s

ability to bring a claim before FINRA because the member does not have, and has

never had that option, and 3) Appellants have utterly failed to explain the

relevancy of these statements to the matters pending before this Honorable Court,

Appellee will not address this further.

      79
           See Appellants’ Brief, page 20
      80
          See Catherine Moore, The Effect of the Dodd-Frank Act on Arbitration
Agreements: A Proposal for Consumer Choice, 12 PEPP. DISP. RESOL. L. J. 503, 511
(2012), note 5, at 508-509.

                                            43
      v.       FINRA Rule 2268 Applies to Agreements with Account Holders
               (ONLY) not the Relevant Dispute OR the Relevant Pre-Dispute
               Arbitration Agreement

      Appellants raise FINRA Rule 2268, which is not part of the FINRA Code of

Arbitration for Resolving Customer Disputes (Rule 12200, et al.).81 Appellee

would note that the title of FINRA Rule 2268 is as follows: “Requirements When

Using Predispute Arbitration Agreements for Customer Accounts.” Appellants

have admitted, and do not dispute, that they have never held a customer account, or

any account with Appellee. Appellee will nevertheless address the other glaring

problems with attempting to raise this rule in the manner in which Appellants have

raised same.

      Appellants begin by citing subsection (d)(1), which they apparently have not

realized is part of the form language that is to be included in any pre-dispute

arbitration agreement with a holder of an account.            Rule 2268 begins with

subsection (a), which says “[a]ny predispute arbitration clause shall be highlighted

and shall be immediately preceded by the following language in outline form.”

Rule 2268, regarding customer accounts, then goes on to provide seven hundred

and eighty three (783) words of text, including the eleven (11) words which

Appellants have completely taken out of context and cited in their Brief, to wit

“Rule 2268(d)(1) expressly prohibits member firms from placing ‘any condition’

      81
           See FINRA Rule 2268 and FINRA Rule 12000, et al.

                                          44
in a pre-dispute arbitration agreement that ‘limits or contradicts the rules of any

self-regulatory organization.’”82

      In addition, Appellant claims that Rule 2228 requires that any pre-dispute

arbitration clause be preceded by the highlighted text found therein. In Appellee’s

pleading to the trial court, to wit: Plaintiff’s Brief in Support of Plaintiff’s Reply to

Defendant’s Amended Response to Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel Arbitration,”

Appellee specifically eliminated any shred of applicability this Rule could have to

the pre-dispute arbitration agreement between the parties at bar.83

      i.       The definition of “Customer Account,” is provided by the SEC
               which regulates FINRA Rules. Nemaha Appellants do not hold a
               “Customer Account” with FINRA Member Esposito.

      “Customer Account” is not given a definition in the FINRA Rules. As

Plaintiff previously stated, “customer account” is defined by the SEC as accounts

held by retail and institutional customers.84 This SEC definition can be found on

FINRA’s official website at:

      http://www.finra.org/Industry/Compliance/MarketTransparency/INSITE/FA

Q/P005933.

      FINRA has regulatory power, delegated from Congress through the SEC in

the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act"), over broker-dealer firms

      82
           See Appellants’ Brief page 22, citing FINRA Rule 2268(d)(1).
      83
           Cite to the CR and Pleading
      84
           SEC Rule, 16 C.F.R. § 240.15C3-3(a)(1) (emphasis added).

                                            45
registered pursuant to Section 15 of the Exchange Act and their registered

associated persons.85 The Exchange Act gives FINRA the power to propose rules

for the conduct and governance of its regulatory functions, and the Exchange Act

also regulates those rules.86

      As per the SEC definition of “customer account,” cited on FINRA’s official

web site, Nemaha Appellants do not currently, nor have they ever, related to the

contractual Agreement between the parties or otherwise, held any kind of an

account, be it as a retail or as an institutional customer.

      ii.       Appellee Esposito maintains a form for opening customer
                accounts which complies with Rule 2268, this form was never
                provided to Nemaha Appellants because they never opened an
                “Customer Account.”

      FINRA Rule 2268, went into effect on December 1, 2011. Since that time,

Esposito has maintained a document, which Esposito has used in the regular course

of business, entitled “New Account Form (instructions).” At the trial court level,

William D. Martin, Chief Compliance Officer of Esposito Securities, LLC

(Appellee) executed a Business Records Affidavit regarding this document,

verifying that Esposito is not only aware of Rule 2268, but fully complies with the

Rule when necessary.87

      85
            Charles Schwab & Co., 861 F. Supp. 2d at 1065.
      86
            Charles Schwab & Co., 861 F. Supp. 2d at 1065.
      87
            Cite to CR and pleading

                                            46
                                      CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Appellee respectfully request the court overrule

Appellants’ issue in its entirety and affirm the trial court’s judgment. Appellee

further requests all other relief to which it is entitled.88

                                          Respectfully submitted,

                                          Mizgala Law PLLC

                                          /s/ David J. Mizgala
                                          David Jefrie Mizgala
                                          State Bar No. 24031594
                                          david@mizgalalaw.com
                                          Rosewood Court
                                          2101 Cedar Springs Road, Suite 1050
                                          Dallas, Texas 75201
                                          (214) 238-4800 (direct dial)
                                          (214) 238-4801 (direct fax)
                                          —and—

                                          MODJARRAD | ABUSAAD | SAID LAW
                                          FIRM

                                          RHIANNON KELSO
                                          Texas Bar No. 24080636
                                          rkelso@modjarrad.com
                                          SEAN S. MODJARRAD
                                          Texas Bar No. 24027398
                                          smodjarrad@modjarrad.com

                                          212 W. Spring Valley Road
                                          Richardson, Texas 75081
                                          Tel. (972) 789-1664
                                          Fax. (972) 789-1665

       88
            Cite to CR and pleading

                                            47
                                        Counsel for Appellee-Plaintiff

                        CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

       In accordance with the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, I certify that a
true and correct copy of this APPELLEE’s BRIEF ON THE MERITS was served
upon the following counsel of record on January 16, 2015, by the undersigned
counsel’s e-filing provider and the Court’s e-filing system:

      Mazin Sbaiti                         Richard A. Lewins
      State Bar No. 24058096               State Bar No. 0079416
      Sean R. Cox                          LEWINS LAW
      State Bar No. 24031980               7920 Belt Line Road, Ste. 650
      S TECKLER , LLP                      Dallas, Texas 75248
      12720 Hillcrest Road, Ste. 1045      Telephone: (972) 934-1313
      Dallas, TX 75230                     Facsimile: (972) 231-3983
      Telephone: (972) 387-4040            rlewins@lewinslaw.com
      Fax: (972) 387-4041
      mazin@stecklerlaw.com
      sean@stecklerlaw.com

                                        /s/ David J. Mizgala
                                        David Jefrie Mizgala

                                          48