Court Opinion

ID: 9493739
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 15:17:40.98001+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:56:00.548858
License: Public Domain

OPINION
PER CURIAM.
On April 1, 1996, Gary Harris and Anthony Gaines were planning to rob a convenience store located on the grounds of the U.S. Army base at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. As they waited for an opportune moment to enter the store, two soldiers, Michael Alonso and Gorge Lopez, walked toward the store. Harris and Gaines pulled bandanas over their faces and confronted the soldiers. Gaines told them to “Back up” and brandished a revolver, which discharged, hitting Alonso in the neck. Harris and Gaines ran away; Alonso eventually died from his wounds.
Following their arrest, the Government charged the two defendants with one count of unlawfully killing another human being within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 1111; one count of attempted robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 2111; and one count of using and carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 924(c). The defendants originally appealed the district court’s decision to sentence them as adults (they were both under eighteen at the time of the original proceeding), but they waived those claims at oral argument before this court. As a result, we have only one issue to decide: whether the district court was correct in sentencing the two defendants using a base offense level of 43.
This appeal stems from the fact that when the government indicted the defendants, it did not specify whether the indict*779ments were for first or second degree murder. As a result, the district court ruled that the defendants were only charged with murder in the second degree, even though the defendants’ conduct could plausibly have led to their being charged with murder in the first degree. In order to take advantage of this unexpected good fortune, the defendants pled guilty to the second degree murder charge. Notwithstanding the indictment and plea, however, the district court assigned the defendants a base offense level of 43, which is consistent with the more severe first degree murder charge. Therefore, the defendants were indicted for and pled guilty to only second degree murder but received a first degree murder sentence of 480 months of imprisonment. Had the district court not applied U.S. Sentencing Guidelines § 2A1.1, the defendants would have been sentenced using a base offense level of only 33 and received only 168 and 210 months of imprisonment (using criminal history category III). The decision to use the higher offense level was based on the cross-reference found in the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines § 2B3.1(c)(l), which states that: “If a victim was killed under circumstances that would constitute murder under 18 U.S.C. § 1111 had such killing taken place within the territorial or maritime jurisdiction of the United States, apply [U.S. Sentencing Guidelines] § 2A1.1 (First Degree Murder).” U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1.
The district court’s application of the § 2B3.1 cross-reference was specifically mandated by our decision in United States v. Poindexter, 44 F.3d 406, 410 (6th Cir.1995), which affirmed the use of the higher offense level in a case where “death results from the commission of certain felonies.” U.S.S.G. § 2A1.1, cmt. n. 1. In Harris and Gaines’ case, there is no question that death resulted from the defendants’ commission of robbery, which is one of the felonies specifically delineated in the federal murder statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1111. As a result, the district court was required by our previous decision to apply the cross reference found in U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1. Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), does not alter our holding Poindexter because the sentence imposed does not exceed the statutory maximum for the crime charged in the indictment. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s decision to use a base offense level of 43 and to sentence each of the defendants to 480 months of imprisonment.