Court Opinion

ID: 4465212
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-12-18 15:06:21.715502+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:53:33.205637
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-5325-16T2

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

                    Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

LAVARR NOWELL, a/k/a
LAVAR NOWELL, LAVARR
DAMON and LAVARR DAMONS,

          Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________

                    Submitted December 11, 2019 – Decided December 18, 2019

                    Before Judges Haas and Mayer.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Union County, Indictment No. 15-12-0774.

                    Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
                    appellant (John Andrew Albright, Designated Counsel,
                    on the brief).

                    Lyndsay V. Ruotolo, Acting Union County Prosecutor,
                    attorney for respondent (Milton Samuel Leibowitz,
                    Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant
                    Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM

      A Union County grand jury returned an indictment charging defendant

Lavarr Nowell with first-degree murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1) and/or N.J.S.A.

2C:11-3(a)(2) (count one); second-degree possession of a handgun, N.J.S.A.

2C:39-5(b) (count two); and second-degree possession of a handgun for an

unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a) (count four). The indictment charged

co-defendant Julian Robinson with these same offenses in counts one, two, and

four, and with third-degree unlawful possession of a shotgun, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-

5(c), in count three.

      Defendant and Robinson were tried together. Following a multi-day trial,

the jury convicted defendant of both weapons offenses, but was unable to reach

a verdict on the murder charge. The jury acquitted Robinson of all of the

charges.

      Pursuant to the parties' subsequent plea agreement, the State amended

count one to first-degree aggravated manslaughter, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a)(1), and

defendant pled guilty to this charge 1 in return for the State's agreement to

1
   In his plea colloquy, defendant admitted intentionally shooting a handgun
multiple times at the victim with reckless disregard for the victim's life and that
the victim died as the result of his conduct.
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recommend that the judge sentence defendant to a twenty-year term for this

offense.

      At sentencing, the judge merged count four into count one and imposed a

twenty-year term, subject to an eighty-five percent period of parole ineligibility,

and five years of parole supervision pursuant to the No Early Release Act,

N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. The judge sentenced defendant to a seven-year concurrent

term on count two, with forty-two months of parole ineligibility.            Thus,

defendant received a twenty-year aggregate term. This appeal followed.

      On appeal, defendant raises the following contentions:

            POINT I

            JADE   GREENE'S      AND     OMAR   HOLMES'
            RECITATION OF [ROBINSON'S] CONFESSIONS
            WERE INADMISSIBLE AGAINST DEFENDANT
            UNDER N.J.R.E. 803(b)(1). CONSEQUENTLY, THE
            JUDGE   SHOULD        HAVE    BARRED    THE
            TESTIMONY OF GREEN AND HOLMES; THEIR
            TESTIMONY        AS       TO    [ROBINSON'S]
            INCRIMINATING STATEMENTS COULD NOT BE
            USED   AGAINST        DEFENDANT    BECAUSE
            DEFENDANT COULD NOT CROSS-EXAMINE
            [ROBINSON].

            POINT II

            THE TRIAL COURT'S FAILURE TO INSTRUCT
            THE JURY THAT JADE GREENE'S AND OMAR
            HOLMES' RECITATION OF [ROBINSON'S]
            CONFESSIONS COULD NOT BE USED AGAINST

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                                        3
             DEFENDANT WAS PLAIN ERROR.                 (Not Raised
             Below).

             POINT III

             THE TWENTY-YEAR SENTENCE IMPOSED WAS
             MANIFESTLY EXCESSIVE AND AN ABUSE OF
             THE [TRIAL] COURT'S DISCRETION.

       After reviewing the record in light of these contentions, we affirm.

                                        I.

       The parties are fully familiar with the evidence presented at trial.

Therefore, we need only recite the most salient facts related to the issues raised

on appeal.

       On December 3, 2013, two police officers responded to the scene of a

reported shooting, and found the victim, Dawud Hicks, lying on the ground, and

bleeding from his face, chest, and mouth. The medical examiner testified that

Hicks died from multiple gunshot wounds to his body and a shotgun wound to

his face. The police recovered shell casings near the body.

       Two days later, a citizen found a handgun close to the scene. The gun was

hidden inside a pair of gloves that had been balled up like a pair of socks. A

ballistic expert testified that the shell casings found at the scene came from the

gun.

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      A forensic DNA expert analyzed the gun, the gloves, and a swab taken

near the shell casings. The expert could not make any specific conclusions

concerning the gun because it contained DNA from at least two individuals.

However, the expert testified that the DNA recovered from one of the gloves

matched defendant's DNA profile. The expert also determined that the swab

contained saliva, which also matched defendant's DNA profile.

      During the trial, the State presented the testimony of two witnesses

concerning statements Robinson made to them about his involvement in the

murder. Jade Greene, who was with the victim at the time of the shooting,

testified that a few weeks before the incident, Robinson told her, "I'm going to

get [Dawud Hicks] before he gets me." Another witness, Omar Holmes, testified

he told a detective that "Robinson told [him] that he shot Dawud Hicks."

                                       II.

      In Points I and II of his brief, defendant argues that the judge erred in

permitting the State to introduce the two statements proffered by Greene and

Holmes implicating Robinson, but not defendant, in the shooting. Defendant

also asserts for the first time on appeal that the judge mistakenly failed to

instruct the jury that it could not consider these statements against defendant .

These contentions lack merit.

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      Contrary to defendant's assertions, neither of the statements constituted

impermissible hearsay.      The judge correctly concluded that because the

statements were offered by the State against Robinson, an opposing party in this

joint trial, and were made by Robinson in his individual capacity, they were

admissible under the exception to the hearsay rule set forth in N.J.R.E.

803(b)(1).

      Defendant next argues that even if the statements fell within this

recognized hearsay exception, the introduction of this evidence violated the

Confrontation Clause. We disagree.

      It is fundamental that if a co-defendant does not testify at joint trial, those

portions of the co-defendant's admissions that implicate a defendant are not

admissible. Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 132 (1968); State v. Weaver,

219 N.J. 131, 153 (2014). This is so because there is an unacceptably high risk

of prejudice to a defendant "where the powerfully incriminating extrajudicial

statements of a codefendant, who stands accused side-by-side with the

defendant, are deliberately spread before the jury in a joint trial." Bruton, 391
U.S. at 135-36. Thus, if a co-defendant's incriminatory statement directly refers

to the defendant, the statement is inadmissible under Bruton. Weaver, 219 N.J.

at 154 (citing Gray v. Maryland, 523 U.S. 185, 196 (1998)).

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      However, our Supreme Court has recognized that a defendant's right to

confrontation is not violated if the statement concerning the co-defendant is "not

incriminating on its face" to the defendant. Id. at 153 (quoting Richardson v.

Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 208 (1987)). That was the case here. Greene testified that

Robinson told her, "I'm going to get [Dawud Hicks] before he gets me," and

Holmes acknowledged making a statement to detectives that "[Robinson] told

[him] that he shot Dawud Hicks." Neither witness mentioned defendant in

recounting these statements and, indeed, the judge made sure there were no

references to defendant by conducting hearings to ascertain the nature of the

testimony the State planned to elicit from the witnesses before they testified to

the jury.

      Thus, the judge properly admitted the two statements under Weaver.

Because the statements did not relate at all to defendant, the judge also did not

err by failing to sua sponte instruct the jurors that they should not consid er this

testimony against defendant. As noted, defendant did not object to the jury

charge. It is well established that "[i]f the defendant does not object to the

charge at the time it is given, there is a presumption that the charge was not error

and was unlikely to prejudice the defendant's case." State v. Singleton, 211 N.J.

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157, 182 (2012). Because the testimony did not implicate defendant in any way,

there was no need for the judge to instruct the jury on that fact.

      However, even if the judge should have given a special instruction as

defendant now belatedly insists, there would be no basis for reversing

defendant's convictions on the two weapons offenses. 2          It has been long

recognized that a Bruton violation can be harmless if there is overwhelming

evidence of guilt. See Schneble v. Florida, 405 U.S. 427, 430 (1972) (observing

that "[t]he mere finding of a violation of the Bruton rule . . . does not

automatically require reversal of the ensuing criminal conviction," where "the

properly admitted evidence of guilt is so overwhelming, and the prejudicial

effect of the codefendant's admission is so insignificant by comparison.").

      Here, the DNA evidence from the gloves and saliva found at the scene

clearly tied defendant to the handgun used to kill the victim. Thus, even without

the testimony concerning Robinson's participation in the offense, there was

ample evidence in the record for the jury to convict defendant of the weapons

offenses. Therefore, we affirm defendant's convictions.

2
   The jury only found defendant guilty of the weapons charges. It failed to
reach a verdict on the murder charge. Therefore, defendant had the right to a
new trial concerning that offense. However, he waived this right by admitting
his guilt in return for the State's recommendation to seek a twenty-year term of
imprisonment.
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                                       III.

      In Point III of his brief, defendant asserts that his sentence was excessive.

We disagree.

      Trial judges have broad sentencing discretion as long as the sentence is

based on competent credible evidence and fits within the statutory framework.

State v. Dalziel, 182 N.J. 494, 500 (2005). Judges must identify and consider

"any relevant aggravating and mitigating factors" that "are called to the court's

attention" and "explain how they arrived at a particular sentence." State v. Case,

220 N.J. 49, 64-65 (2014) (quoting State v. Blackmon, 202 N.J. 283, 297

(2010)). "Appellate review of sentencing is deferential," and we therefore avoid

substituting our judgment for the judgment of the trial court. Id. at 65; State v.

O'Donnell, 117 N.J. 210, 215 (1989); State v. Roth, 95 N.J. 334, 365 (1984).

      We are satisfied the judge made findings of fact concerning aggravating

and mitigating factors that were based on competent and reasonably credible

evidence in the record, and applied the correct sentencing guidelines enunciated

in the Code. Accordingly, we discern no basis to second-guess the sentence.

      Affirmed.

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