Court Opinion

ID: 9402894
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-18 14:12:25.346576+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:03.270540
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court of Texas
                            ══════════
                             No. 21-0135
                            ══════════

    In re Rudolph Automotive, LLC d/b/a Rudolph Mazda and
                   Rudolph Chevrolet, LLC,
                                Relators

   ═══════════════════════════════════════
           On Petition for Writ of Mandamus
   ═══════════════════════════════════════

                      Argued December 1, 2022

      JUSTICE YOUNG delivered the opinion of the Court.

      After the jury returned its verdict in the underlying negligence
and premises-liability suit, the district court granted a motion for new
trial. This mandamus action challenges that order. When a trial court
perceives a problem to be so serious that only the strong medicine of a
new trial can cure it, the court may order a new trial if it provides an
adequate explanation that the appellate courts can review. In this case,
the district court gave four reasons. We conclude that, taken individually
or collectively, those reasons do not justify setting aside the results of
the three-week trial. The record does not show that the jury was impaired
in fulfilling its constitutional function or that any error in the conduct
of the trial warrants retrying the case rather than proceeding in the
ordinary course with the remaining post-trial stages of litigation. We
therefore conditionally grant mandamus relief and direct the district
court to withdraw its new-trial order.

                                    I

      As 2013 approached its close, Rudolph Mazda’s sales team was
working eleven-hour shifts (or longer, if closing a sale required it), six
days a week, in pursuit of strong year-end results. Irma Villegas and
Christian Ruiz, two of the sales employees, finally completed their work
and clocked out shortly after 8:00 p.m. on December 27. Their sales
manager, Marcelo Flores, sought to encourage morale by sending Ruiz
to buy beer, at Flores’s expense, and bring it back for the remaining
employees to enjoy together after customers had departed. Both Ruiz
and Villegas, among others, consumed beer on Rudolph’s premises. At
the conclusion of their short end-of-day celebration, Flores sent Villegas
and Ruiz home.
      The festive atmosphere, however, ended in tragedy.         Villegas
initially walked toward her car but changed course and walked over to
a different area of the dealership. At the same time, Ruiz got into his
truck and headed for the exit. But in doing so, he accidentally struck
Villegas in the parking lot. Villegas sustained serious physical harm,
including a traumatic brain injury.       The effects were permanent.
Villegas was paralyzed on one side and left with a severe facial
deformity. She was confined to a nursing home for seven years before
passing away in 2020 at the age of 64.

                                    2
       Real party in interest Andrea Juarez, Villegas’s daughter,1 sued
Rudolph (and related entities) and several of Rudolph’s employees.
Juarez’s claims included negligence, failure to train, and premises
liability. The case proceeded to a jury trial, which lasted three weeks.
       Because of the nature of the case, the district court granted a
motion in limine that prohibited references to Villegas’s drinking habits
aside from the day of the accident.2 Near the end of the trial, Rudolph
called Dr. Gary Wimbish, a toxicologist, as an expert witness—the last
one to testify at trial. During cross-examination, Wimbish responded to
a question from plaintiffs’ counsel regarding Rudolph’s allowance of
alcohol on its premises and the source of the alcohol on the day of the
tragedy.     Counsel asked Wimbish if “the information that [he had]
includes that the alcohol was allowed by Rudolph’s head person in charge
on that night[.]” Wimbish responded: “My information is a bit different
from that.” Counsel then asked, “What information do you have that’s
different from that?” Wimbish replied that “in the information that I
have received, she brings alcohol with her to work, and . . . had been
drinking out of her cup on her own supply of alcohol that day.” He
admitted that he “d[id]n’t remember the exact person” who told him
that. At that point, counsel asked to approach the bench.
       The district judge was understandably frustrated by what he

       1   Juarez sued individually and on behalf of her mother.
       2 The order in limine, for example, barred “[a]ny testimony, evidence,
argument or suggestion as to Irma Vanessa Villegas’[s] drinking alcohol on any
occasion other than the date of this incident, nor any conduct or behavior when
drinking alcohol.” The court also barred evidence that Villegas consumed
alcohol other than beer on that date.

                                        3
perceived as a serious threat to the integrity of the trial just as it was
coming to an end. His order in limine had sought to eliminate prejudicial
and unreliable hearsay about the sensitive topic of Villegas’s drinking
habits. The judge considered granting a mistrial. But after substantial
discussion with counsel, he ultimately made what he described as a
“tough decision” and instead issued an instruction to the jury. That
instruction castigated Wimbish, declaring that his testimony “is not
credible, is unreliable, and not evidence in this case.”       The judge
continued: “You are instructed to disregard the witness’s testimony” as to
the topics at issue. He polled the jurors, who each individually confirmed
that they understood and would follow the instruction. The trial resumed
and the court submitted the case to the jury.
      The jury ultimately returned a substantial verdict that awarded
plaintiffs over $4 million in damages. Several features of the verdict are
relevant to our resolution of the case. First, with respect to the event
leading to the injury, the jury found that Flores (the manager who paid
for the beer and allowed the employees to drink it at the end of the day)
was acting in the scope of his employment with Rudolph, but Villegas
and Ruiz were not. Second, the jury found that the negligence of Flores,
Ruiz, and Villegas—but not Rudolph—was “a proximate cause of the
occurrence in question.” Indeed, it twice answered “no” to Rudolph’s
negligence—first generally and then specifically as to Rudolph’s status
“as an owner or occupier of the premises.”3 Third, the jury was asked to
“find the percentage of responsibility attributable” to “each person you

      3 The jury also answered “no” to this question: “Was alcohol consumed
at a function, if any, of Rudolph Mazda on the occasion in question?”
(Capitalization deleted.)

                                    4
found caused or contributed to cause the occurrence,” and it allocated
that responsibility as follows: Rudolph (10%); Flores (25%); Ruiz (35%);
Villegas (30%). That is, despite twice having failed to find Rudolph
negligent, it nevertheless assigned Rudolph 10% responsibility. Fourth,
the jury awarded the following damages for Villegas:
          •   $630,000 for past medical expenses;
          •   $2,500,000 for future medical expenses;
          •   $25,000 for past physical pain and suffering;
          •   $25,000 for future pain and suffering;
          •   $25,000 for past physical impairment;
          •   $25,000 for future physical impairment;
          •   $0 for past disfigurement;
          •   $200,000 for future disfigurement;
          •   $150,000 for past lost earning capacity;
          •   $240,000 for future lost earning capacity;
          •   $25,000 for past mental anguish; and
          •   $25,000 for future mental anguish.
Finally, the jury awarded the following amounts to Juarez for her own
losses attributable to Villegas’s injuries:
          •   $0 for past household services and personal care provided
              by Juarez for Villegas’s benefit;
          •   $150,000 for future household services and personal care
              to be provided by Juarez for Villegas’s benefit;
          •   $0 for past lost parental consortium; and
          •   $0 for future lost parental consortium.
      The court discharged the jury without objection from either party.
A few weeks later, Rudolph filed a motion to disregard the jury’s findings
as to the apportioned-responsibility question. Several weeks after that,

                                     5
Juarez filed motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and, on
grounds of mistrial, for a new trial.
       The district court granted Juarez’s motion and signed an order,
drafted by Juarez’s counsel, which identified four reasons that it thought
“[c]ollectively or individually . . . warrant a new trial”:
       1. “[T]he jury determination of comparative responsibility of
          Rudolph Mazda . . . is error that cannot be reconciled nor
          disregarded, and prevents the 100% total comparative
          responsibility required by law. . . .”
       2. “[T]he determination of Zero (-0-) Damages for past
          disfigurement of Irma Vanessa Villegas . . . as well as Zero
          (-0-) Damages for daughter Andrea Juarez for Past household
          services . . . and for Past and future loss of parental
          consortium . . . completely ignore the undisputed facts, and
          the other damages” for Villegas’s past and future pain and
          suffering and past and future physical impairment “fix an
          amount neither authorized nor supported by the evidence and
          is contrary to the great weight of the evidence. . . .”
       3. This Court’s “decision in [Painter v. Amerimex Drilling I, Ltd.,
          561 S.W.3d 125 (Tex. 2018)] rendered . . . the day of this Jury
          Verdict, was important law that affected [the court’s rulings
          and the parties’ positions]. . . .       Based on the Painter
          opinion . . . it appears to this Court that it needs to reconsider
          whether [Villegas and Ruiz] were injured in the course of
          employment as a matter of law . . . .”
       4. “[D]efense expert Gary Wimbish intentionally injected
          unreliable double hearsay . . . in an attempt to inject an
          improper inference before the jury.” Despite the court’s best
          attempts to eliminate the harm, “it is obvious to this Court
          that the harm done could not be eliminated or removed. The
          Court finds this improper evidence and behavior to impugn
          the character of Irma Vanessa Villegas [caused] the rendition
          of an incorrect verdict by the Jury as the evidence showed
          Irma Vanessa Villegas was a hardworking dependable and
          responsible mother, grandmother and sister; there was no
          negative evidence or detracting evidence other than expert

                                        6
             Wimbish’s testimony.”4
       Rudolph petitioned the court of appeals for a writ of mandamus.
In a divided ruling, that court denied relief, holding that the district
court had not abused its discretion in granting a new trial. 616 S.W.3d
171 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2020, orig. proceeding).
       Rudolph then filed a mandamus petition in this Court. We set
the case for oral argument and now conditionally grant the writ.5 We
conclude that, individually or collectively, none of the articulated errors
presents a proper basis for a new trial. Granting a new trial for those
reasons, therefore, constitutes a clear abuse of discretion.

                                        II

       The first of our cases to systematically analyze both why and how
Texas courts should review new-trial orders was In re Columbia Medical
Center of Las Colinas, Subsidiary, L.P., 290 S.W.3d 204 (Tex. 2009).
From its very first sentence, Columbia addressed why such an endeavor
is necessary: because “[t]he Texas Constitution provides that the right
of trial by jury ‘shall remain inviolate.’ ” Id. at 206 (quoting Tex. Const.
art. I, § 15). Each of our cases following Columbia has echoed this
fundamental constitutional premise.6

       4The district court’s order listed the Painter issue fourth and the expert-
witness issue third. We invert the order solely to facilitate our analysis below.
       5This Court has recognized that there is no adequate remedy by appeal
when a district court issues an erroneous new-trial order. See In re Columbia
Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, Subsidiary, L.P., 290 S.W.3d 204, 209–10 (Tex. 2009).
Accordingly, the only question here is whether the challenged new-trial order
was an abuse of discretion. See In re Bent, 487 S.W.3d 170, 177–78 (Tex. 2016).
       6   See, e.g., In re Davenport, 522 S.W.3d 452, 455 (Tex. 2017); Bent, 487

                                         7
       Columbia also addressed how trial and appellate courts work
together in the context of reviewing new-trial orders. Before Columbia,
there was little formal role for either level of the judiciary. Trial courts
could order a new trial without any realistic chance of review. No
explanation was required beyond stating that a new trial was “in the
interest of justice and fairness.” See, e.g., Johnson v. Fourth Court of
Appeals, 700 S.W.2d 916, 918 (Tex. 1985). Appellate courts almost never
assessed new-trial orders and generally would not see a case until it came
up after a second trial, if it ever came up at all.
       Columbia’s core holding seemed revolutionary but was actually
modest: simply requiring a meaningful articulation of the reasons for a
new-trial order. We rejected as quite immodest the idea that a court
could wipe away the work of a duly empaneled jury by merely intoning
with formulaic insouciance that “the interests of justice and fairness” so
demand. Columbia, 290 S.W.3d at 213. We held that “such a vague
explanation in setting aside a jury verdict” amounted to no real
explanation at all. Id.
       Accordingly, Columbia stands initially for the principle that it is
an abuse of discretion to grant a new trial if the order is not accompanied
by meaningful reasons. Such an order, we held, must clearly identify “an
understandable, reasonably specific explanation” for why a new trial is
warranted. Id.
       But Columbia did not require trial courts to provide reasons as a

S.W.3d at 172–73, 175–76; In re Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 407 S.W.3d
746, 756, 759 (Tex. 2013); id. at 762 (Lehrmann, J., concurring); In re United
Scaffolding, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 685, 688 (Tex. 2012); id. at 692 (Wainwright, J.,
concurring in judgment).

                                      8
mere formality. The requirement was not a formality at all, in fact. To
the contrary, an explanation is the essential prerequisite for verifying
that a new-trial order does not contravene the constitutional principle
that judges may not “substitute [their] own views for that of the jury
without a valid basis.” Id. at 212. No level of the judiciary has the
authority to repudiate a determination, predicated on the presence of
probative evidence, made by a properly constituted and instructed jury
in response to a properly submitted question. See, e.g., City of Keller v.
Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005); Lloyd v. Brinck, 35 Tex. 1, 1
(1872).
       Ordering a new trial, therefore, reflects either (1) a recognition
that something has prevented the jury from discharging its role, thus
requiring a new jury to do so, which protects the right to a jury trial; or
(2) a constitutionally intolerable substitution of judicial will for that of the
jury, which undermines the right to a jury trial. To maintain confidence
that the judiciary is confining itself to the first option, the parties, the
public, and indeed the members of the first jury are entitled to a clear
and “plausible” explanation. Columbia, 290 S.W.3d at 214. Requiring
that judges reduce their rationales to writing also gives judges a further
chance to confirm that truly proper and sufficiently weighty reasons
underlie the new-trial order—a confirmation that is particularly
important when identifying the reason seems especially difficult. Id. at
212. Columbia therefore requires not just that an explanation be made
but that it reflect “a valid basis” to disregard a verdict. Id.
       Our respect for the integrity of the jury system, in short, imposes
demands on every level of the judiciary. True, Columbia obligates trial

                                       9
courts to provide reasons that were not previously required.           But
Columbia likewise entails a duty on the appellate courts that they did not
previously bear: the responsibility to assess a new-trial order’s stated
reasons. Our cases following Columbia illustrate these principles.
      For example, in our first case following Columbia, we took the
next step and clarified when a stated reason is adequate. In In re United
Scaffolding, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 685, 687–88 (Tex. 2012), we confirmed that
the “reasons” provided in a trial court’s new-trial order do not have to
duplicate the rigid requirements that we imposed on appellate courts in
Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986), in the context
of factual-sufficiency reviews. When a judgment is based on a verdict,
appellate courts cannot reverse for factual insufficiency without
laboriously detailing all the relevant record evidence, both for and against
the verdict. Id. Such an obligation sometimes would be impossible for
trial courts, which may not have a formal record when they must decide
whether to grant a new trial. United Scaffolding, 377 S.W.3d at 688.
      At the same time, however, we made clear that, to avoid
constituting an abuse of discretion, a new-trial order’s explanation must
at minimum contain reasons that the record will support. “The order
must,” for example, “explain how the evidence (or lack of evidence)
undermines the jury’s findings.” Id. at 689 (emphasis added). We held
that a reason would be sufficient only if it is one “for which a new trial
is legally appropriate” and “is specific enough to indicate that the trial
court . . . derived the articulated reasons from the particular facts and
circumstances of the case at hand.” Id. at 688–89 (emphasis added).
      A legally invalid rationale cannot be “legally appropriate,” of

                                    10
course. And a reason that is untethered from the record would, by
definition, not be one “derived . . . from the particular facts and
circumstances” that a given case presents. Id. at 689. Likewise, a
meritless reason—one that could not survive legal scrutiny—could not
be “valid,” “legally appropriate,” or founded on a given case’s “facts and
circumstances.” Thus, as we held in our third case examining new-trial
orders, “the correctness or validity of the orders’ articulated reasons” is
subject to appellate “evaluat[ion].” In re Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A.,
Inc., 407 S.W.3d 746, 758 (Tex. 2013). “Appellate courts must be able to
conduct merits-based review of new trial orders. If, despite conformity
with the procedural requirements of our precedent, a trial court’s
articulated reasons are not supported by the underlying record, the new
trial order cannot stand.” Id. (emphasis added).
       We have applied these principles in two further cases. In In re Bent,
487 S.W.3d 170 (Tex. 2016), the trial court’s explanations were either
insufficient on their face or, despite being facially sufficient, could not
survive merits review. We reiterated several times that, when conducting
a merits review of a facially sufficient reason for a new trial, the stated
reason must have record support.           Id. at 176–77.    To be clear, we
reaffirmed in Bent (and do so again today) that “a Pool-like standard of
review” is not required. Id. at 176. But we immediately added that, “[i]n
urging quality over quantity . . . we did not relieve any trial court of its
responsibility to point to evidence that played a pivotal role in its decision.”
Id. (emphasis added); see also id. at 177, 180, 183, 184 (confirming the
requirement of record support for stated new-trial reasons).
       Bent provided an illustration of how the kinds of inadequacies

                                      11
that may require an appellate court to disregard a new-trial order can
be distinct yet closely related. A reason might be theoretically plausible,
but if it is devoid of reference to the evidence, it will be facially
insufficient; orders that provide no basis for the parties and appellate
courts to confirm that the court’s determination was the result of careful
assessment of the actual evidence in the case are conclusory. If the failure
to invoke sufficient record support is because there is none, or because (as
in Toyota) the evidence in fact rebuts the stated reason, the deficiency is
not merely facially insufficient but also relates to the merits. Such a
merits-based deficiency suggests that the proffered reason is simply an
error. And when a reason for a new trial appears to conflate a legal
problem with an evidentiary one, the appellate court will likewise deem
that reason inadequate because it fails on the merits. In Bent, for
example, one of the new-trial order’s reasons was inadequate because
“the trial court never pinpoints the events or dates it believed triggered
USAA’s prompt-payment obligation.” Id. at 179. The court’s explanation,
we also said, “suggests a muddled legal- and factual-sufficiency evaluation
of the evidence.” Id.
      While the grounds for deeming a reason to be inadequate are
therefore distinct, they can also overlap. The underlying concern, after
all, is always the same: whether the new-trial order is predicated on
clear and valid grounds.
      Finally, in In re Davenport, we concluded as a matter of law that
the trial court’s rationale could not support a new trial because the record
reflected that the underlying fee agreement unambiguously precluded
recovery of the business interests claimed by the attorneys who had sued

                                    12
their former clients. 522 S.W.3d 452, 457–59 (Tex. 2017). Accordingly,
we directed the trial court not only to withdraw its new-trial order but
also to render judgment for the relator, id. at 459, which, happily, was
the same result the jury had reached, see id. at 461 (Boyd, J., concurring
in judgment) (disagreeing that the Court should have resolved the
question as a matter of law but agreeing that the outcome coincided with
the jury verdict).
      None of these five cases casts doubt on the authority of this State’s
trial courts to order a new trial. To the contrary, when a verdict is
irredeemably tainted, a court’s willingness to subject itself to the burdens
of a retrial is commendable. Each of our cases, from Columbia onward,
has emphasized our recognition of and respect for trial courts’ broad
discretion.7 As we said in United Scaffolding, “trial judges actually
attend the trial and are best suited to evaluate its deficiencies.” 377
S.W.3d at 687. But as we also said, there is no true conflict: “[W]e must
both afford jury verdicts appropriate regard and respect trial courts’
significant discretion in these matters.” Id. (emphases added).
      The following, therefore, summarizes our line of new-trial-order
cases. First, trial courts retain considerable authority to grant new trials.
Indeed, their special vantage point makes it essential that they be willing
to do so when they observe problems that threaten the integrity of the
process and, therefore, the reliability of the verdict. Second, however,
disregarding a jury’s verdict is an unusually serious act that imperils a
constitutional value of immense importance—the authority of a jury.

      7 See, e.g., Columbia, 290 S.W.3d at 210, 212; United Scaffolding, 377
S.W.3d at 687; Toyota, 407 S.W.3d at 758; Bent, 487 S.W.3d at 175; Davenport,
522 S.W.3d at 456.

                                     13
Such a step may be taken only when clearly supported by sound reasons.
Third, while it is unlikely that a judge would ever order a new trial for a
constitutionally suspect purpose, an explanation is necessary to ensure
that only valid reasons supported by the record underlie the new-trial
order and that all parties and the public understand what those reasons
are. Finally, the appellate courts’ mandamus review is not limited to
assessing the facial validity of the new-trial order but necessarily extends
to the underlying merits—including the conclusion that the reason
provided is a mistake of law or unsupported by the record. Because trial
courts have no authority to grant a new trial without a valid reason, if
the order is predicated on legal error or lacks record support, mandamus
should issue to require the withdrawal of the new-trial order.
         These principles work together, with all levels of the judiciary
performing distinct tasks in service of a common goal: ensuring that our
civil-justice system honors the jury-trial right by requiring new trials
when, and only when, the law authorizes that result.

                                    III

         After conducting the evaluation that our precedents prescribe, we
conclude that the district court abused its discretion in granting a new
trial.

                                     A

         The district court’s first three stated reasons—the apportionment
of responsibility to Rudolph in the verdict, the jury’s findings on
noneconomic damages, and this Court’s decision in Painter—involve
purely legal analysis. “A district court by definition abuses its discretion

                                     14
when it makes an error of law.” Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 100
(1996). More to the point, an action that a court takes because of that
court’s error of law is inherently an abuse of discretion. See In re Abbott,
645 S.W.3d 276, 282–83 (Tex. 2022). Accordingly, we must disregard a
new-trial order if we determine, as we do here, that its reasons are wrong
as a matter of law.

                                        1

       The first reason, reproduced here, relies on the verdict’s
apportioning Rudolph a percentage of responsibility after failing to find
the dealership negligent:
       The Court finds that the jury determination of comparative
       responsibility of Rudolph Mazda in Question 4 is error that
       cannot be reconciled nor disregarded, and prevents the
       100% total comparative responsibility required by law.
       Without 100%, the comparative responsibility finding is
       fundamentally defective.
The inconsistency in the verdict, however, does not constitute a valid
ground for a new trial.
       The proper time for a party to raise an allegedly insoluble conflict
in the verdict’s treatment of comparative responsibility is before the court
discharges the jury.8 This timeliness standard is no mere technicality. A
timely objection is what allows a “court [to] correct the error by providing
additional instructions and retiring the jury for further deliberations.”
Los Compadres Pescadores L.L.C. v. Valdez, 622 S.W.3d 771, 787 (Tex.
2021). A party who waits until the jury is discharged has forfeited the

       8  Both parties argue that there is inconsistency in the jury’s two answers;
it is in neither side’s interest to argue otherwise. For purposes of our decision,
we may assume without deciding that they are correct.

                                        15
opportunity to obtain greater clarity from the jury.9 Having had the
chance to eliminate the irreconcilability, such a party generally cannot
later invoke the conflict in the jury’s answers to win a new trial on appeal;
that party cannot “complain that the conflicting answers undermine the
judgment based on the jury’s verdict.” Id. at 787–88. In other words,
appellate courts ordinarily may not force a trial court to hold a new trial
on the ground of an irreconcilable verdict when a timely identification of
the alleged irreconcilability could have quickly resolved the matter and
eliminated the need for a complete redo.
       But here, of course, the trial court willingly accepted the burden
of a new trial despite plaintiffs’ failure to timely identify the alleged
irreconcilability. The lack of a timely objection to a jury’s discharge may
deprive a party of an appellate point, but it does not deprive the trial
court of the authority to grant a new trial if the court concludes that the
irreconcilability of a verdict prevents the rendition of a reliable judgment.
Indeed, a trial court could come to that conclusion on its own, regardless
of what the parties think. If a trial court grants a new trial on the ground
of irreconcilability, the appellate courts will be able to review that order
under the standards in this Court’s precedents.
       It is on this understanding that we review the new-trial order
here. Plaintiffs’ failure to timely invoke irreconcilability, in other words,

       9A court is, of course, not always obligated to resubmit the case to the
jury whenever a party alleges the irreconcilability of the jury’s answers before
the jury’s discharge. If the court finds no inconsistency, or that any
inconsistency is reconcilable as a matter of law, the court need not impose
further deliberations on the jury. The point is that the timely objection is
essential to alert the court to its duty to determine whether such further
deliberations are necessary or helpful.

                                      16
is not the concern; we instead focus on whether deeming the verdict
irreconcilable constituted legal error. We find that it was error, and thus
incapable of supporting a new-trial order, because the law already
provides for harmonizing the verdict.
       A legally sound reconciliation is the duty of the court, which must
“reconcile . . . jury findings if at all possible.” Huber v. Ryan, 627 S.W.2d
145, 145 (Tex. 1981). Although a party must object to discharging the
jury to preserve its right to demand a new trial on this ground on appeal,
no such objection is required for a party to insist that, when it renders a
judgment, the court perform the legal duty of reconciling a verdict.
       Reconciliation of the verdict is not challenging in this context. The
jury’s failure to find Rudolph negligent is paramount because it allows
a simple arithmetical reallocation of the percentages of fault among the
remaining parties who were found to be at fault. “Issues establishing or
negating liability control over the issue which apportions, rather than
establishes, negligence.” Beltran v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 358 S.W.3d
263, 269 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied).10            The allocation to
Rudolph is therefore immaterial and can be disregarded.              See, e.g.,
Spencer v. Eagle Star Ins. Co. of Am., 876 S.W.2d 154, 157 (Tex. 1994) (“A
trial court may disregard a jury finding only if . . . the issue is immaterial.
A question is immaterial when it . . . was properly submitted but has been
rendered immaterial by other findings.” (citation omitted)).
       The parties remain free in post-trial proceedings to contest the

       10 This Court’s citation of cases from other courts is typically for
purposes of illustration without implying approval or disapproval of the cited
case (or cases that it cites) absent a statement to the contrary. Here, we agree
with the cited legal proposition but express no further view of Beltran.

                                      17
effect of this legal rule on this case or even to dispute whether some other
rule requires harmonizing the verdict in a different way. We do not
purport to resolve the merits; we hold only that the question is one of law
for the court and not for a new jury. If either party remains dissatisfied
with how the court reconciles the verdict and reduces it to judgment, that
party may also pursue an appeal. The one thing that is not necessary,
required, or permissible is a new trial.

                                     2

      The second reason, reproduced here, is also not a valid ground for
a new trial:
      As an additional and independent basis for new trial, the
      Court finds that the determination of Zero (-0-) Damages
      for past disfigurement of Irma Vanessa Villegas . . . as well
      as Zero (-0-) Damages for daughter Andrea Juarez for Past
      household services . . . and for Past and future loss of
      parental consortium . . . completely ignore the undisputed
      facts, and the other damages [for Villegas’s past and future
      pain and suffering and past and future physical
      impairment] fix an amount neither authorized nor
      supported by the evidence and is contrary to the great
      weight of the evidence. The undisputed evidence proved
      that Irma Vanessa Villegas suffered permanent
      irreversible traumatic brain injury and was paralyzed on
      one side of her body, with controverted evidence of constant
      daily pain, impairment in virtually every movement
      confined to a bed and wheelchair needing round the clock
      assistance, and permanent damage to her mental faculties
      even to the event of being unable at times to know her
      daughter, her grandchildren and her sisters.
      We begin our review with the noneconomic damages awarded to
Villegas. The charge asked the jury to assess both past and future
damages for four categories: physical impairment, physical pain and

                                    18
suffering, disfigurement, and mental anguish. The jury not only awarded
damages in every category but, with one exception, awarded both past
and future damages in each. The exception was disfigurement, in which
the jury awarded only future damages. See supra Part I.
      Two aspects of the instructions to the jury are significant to our
understanding of the verdict and of the new-trial order purporting to
overturn it on this ground. First, aside from an instruction defining
“mental anguish” as requiring a heightened showing in accord with our
precedents, see, e.g., Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434, 444–45
(Tex. 1995),11 the instructions included no definition for any of the various
forms of Villegas’s noneconomic damages.
      Second, and relatedly, the instructions did not say or suggest that
there was no overlap among the undefined categories of noneconomic
damages. As we have held, it is commonplace (and common sense) that
many forms of noneconomic damages can overlap with each other.
Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 770, 773–74 (Tex.
2003). Consistent with that guidance, the instructions made clear that
overlap was possible and provided a plain warning to curtail the resulting
risk of double-counting: “Do not award any sum of money on any element
if you have otherwise, under some other element, awarded a sum of
money for the same loss.”
      Taken together, the lack of definitions to distinguish among
noneconomic-damages categories and the warning not to double-count

      11 The only other definition was of “parental consortium,” which is
relevant only to Juarez’s damages: “ ‘Parental consortium’ means the positive
benefits flowing from the parent’s love, affection, protection, emotional
support, services, companionship, care, and society.”

                                     19
necessarily gave the jury substantial discretion with respect to how it
allocated the award. Id. at 775. The instruction was thus similar to the
one examined in Golden Eagle Archery, see id. at 762, in which “[t]he
jury charge permitted the jury to make its own determination of how to
categorize and compensate the losses suffered[.]” Id. at 770.
       Given this understanding, nothing in the new-trial order provides
a proper ground to overturn the verdict, which awarded a substantial
total amount of noneconomic damages. The order did not suggest—much
less show—that, in so doing, the jury failed to account for or adhere to the
instruction to avoid double-counting when it placed a zero in the category
of past disfigurement. Nothing in the order explains why, for example,
the jury could not have followed both the instructions and the evidence
by linking two difficult-to-divide categories—past disfigurement and past
pain and suffering—rather than disaggregating them.
       A district court certainly may grant a new trial “when the damages
are manifestly too small or too large,” Tex. R. Civ. P. 320, but this order
and this record do not implicate that principle. When the rule applies, it
means that a court may require a new trial when a record cannot sustain
damages that are either too large or too meager.12 But Rule 320 is not an
invitation for a court to disagree with the jury—not even close. Rather,
it authorizes the court, as a last resort, to take action if a jury has clearly
departed from its function as a rational factfinder. And from Columbia
onward, our new-trial precedents make clear that the explanation
accompanying a new-trial order on this ground must show, based on the

       12Another option available to the court when the damages awarded are
manifestly “too large” is to suggest a remittitur. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 315.

                                      20
evidence and consistent with the record, why no rational jury could have
exercised its discretion as this jury did.
      Nothing in the new-trial order here, however, explained why the
jury could not have rationally divided damages among the overlapping
categories as this jury did, how that division was a departure from the
instructions that bound the jury, or how the total amounts awarded
remotely fail the requisite legal standard. Particularly with respect to
noneconomic damages, which are less susceptible to precise measurement
or even distinction from each other, the fact that a verdict awards zero
damages for some categories (or here, just one) cannot provide a valid
basis for a new trial when the jury has compensated the plaintiff through
other, related categories, unless the noneconomic damages for all related
categories are manifestly too small. See, e.g., Golden Eagle Archery, 116
S.W.3d at 771–74. Particularly given the total award, the new-trial
order’s attacks on specific findings do not approach the level that is
required for the solemn act of displacing a jury’s considered decision.
      This insufficiency of the explanation brings us to our final point
with respect to the damages for Villegas. Specifically, aside from its
inability to satisfy merits review, the new-trial order would still be
insufficient because it does barely more than make “reference to the
evidence,” Bent, 487 S.W.3d at 183, without explaining how any evidence
shows the jury’s answers were so far astray that the verdict could not be
regarded as anything but manifestly unreasonable.          Forceful and
principled disagreement with a jury does not equate to showing that the
verdict was untethered from the evidence. When an order cannot make
that showing, it amounts to mere disagreement, which under our system

                                     21
is one basis on which judges may never rely to overturn a verdict. See,
e.g., Columbia, 290 S.W.3d at 210.
       Said more simply, in United Scaffolding, we held that the new-
trial order must “elaborate, with reference to the evidence adduced at
trial, how the jury’s answers are contrary to the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence.” 377 S.W.3d at 690 (emphasis added).
Much like several of the purported reasons for a new trial there and in
Bent, 487 S.W.3d at 178–84, the new-trial order did not do so here. As
a matter of law, this principle would alone require us to disregard this
ground for a new trial with respect to Villegas’s damages.
       We finally turn to Juarez’s damages. The jury compensated Juarez
$150,000 for the “[r]easonable value of household services and personal
care that, in reasonable probability will be provided by Andrea Juarez for
the benefit of Irma Vanessa Villegas in the future.”13 The jury did not
compensate Juarez for that category in the past, and it declined to award
her damages for the loss of past or future parental consortium. See supra
Part I.
       The new-trial order, however, says nothing at all that links the
purported insufficiency of any of these damages to the evidence. Again,
when supported by the evidence, awarding (or not awarding) damages
is a classic question well within the jury’s discretion, as the jurors alone

       13 Notably, the “household services and personal care” category of
damages typically measures the lost services that, but for the injury, the injured
party would have provided to the plaintiff. The charge in this case, however,
asked the jury to measure the “[r]easonable value of household services and
personal care . . . provided by Andrea Juarez for the benefit of Irma Vanessa
Villegas.” In other words, the jury had to assess the value of the services Juarez
would have provided to her mother, not the amount that her mother (but for
the injury) would have provided to her.

                                       22
must assess the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to afford
their testimony. Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. Garza, 164 S.W.3d 607, 625 (Tex.
2004).14 The record’s reflection of credibility problems for Juarez (such
as her disproven contentions regarding Rudolph’s termination of her
mother’s insurance) would allow a reasonable jury to doubt her credibility
with respect to damages that relied upon her testimony. It is simply
impermissible for the district court, no matter how strongly it disagrees,
to substitute its own judgment for the jury’s as a basis for a new trial.
See Toyota, 407 S.W.3d at 756 n.6. A valid ground for a new trial
requires far more than has been presented here.
                                    *   *    *
       Subject to the presence of sufficient evidence, a jury always has
significant authority to award or deny damages. See, e.g., Golden Eagle
Archery, 116 S.W.3d at 772 (“[W]hether to award damages and how much
is uniquely within the factfinder’s discretion.”). Combining that authority
with the express direction here to avoid double-counting makes mere
disagreement with the jury’s verdict even more clearly insufficient as a
basis to overturn it. As a matter of law, the jury’s choice (among others
it could have made regarding how to award and allocate the damages)
was within its discretion because it was supported by the evidence and
consistent with the instructions. At the very least, a new trial could not

       14The injury to Villegas, and derivatively to Juarez, was clear and
tragic. But “[i]n keeping with the principles that a court may not substitute
its judgment for that of the jury and that the jury is the sole judge of the weight
and credibility of testimony, courts should not conclude that a jury’s failure to
award any damages . . . is against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence simply because there is objective evidence of an injury.” Golden Eagle
Archery, 116 S.W.3d at 774.

                                        23
be ordered for the stated reasons without transgressing the line
separating the authority of the court from that of the jury.

                                     3

       The third reason, reproduced here, is likewise not a proper ground
for a new trial:
       As an additional and independent basis for new trial, the
       Court finds that the Texas Supreme Court decision in
       [Painter] rendered . . . the day of this Jury Verdict, was
       important law that affected the earlier decision s [sic] of
       this Court on motions filed by the parties, the evidence
       presented at trial and the charge given to the Jury. Based
       on the Painter opinion . . . it appears to this Court that it
       needs to reconsider whether Irma Vanessa Villegas and
       Christian Ruiz were injured in the course of employment
       as a matter of law which would make Plaintiff ’s claim a
       non-subscriber negligence case under 406.33 of the Texas
       Labor Code, and combined with the evidence admitted at
       trial, find negligence as a matter of law, thereby leaving
       only the issue of damages for determination.
       It is true that this Court issued its opinion in Painter on the same
day the verdict in this case was reached. But we cannot see, and the new-
trial order does not explain, how that coincidence of timing could have
any material effect. Both Painter and this case address whether an
employee was acting within the course and scope of employment, but
here, the jury found for plaintiffs on that point involving a far different
fact pattern and upon very pro-plaintiff instructions. The jury found that
Flores was acting within the scope of his employment and that Ruiz and
Villegas were not, but it is not plausible that Painter’s holding could have
changed that outcome. This Court’s decision in Painter turned on our
rejection of a “task-by-task” test in determining when the course-and-

                                    24
scope standard is met. 561 S.W.3d at 133–34. Painter has no material
bearing on any question pertinent to this case, such as the application of
the access doctrine within the course-and-scope question.
         The new-trial order suggests, without much analysis, that some
“matter of law” determinations might have been different had Painter
been decided earlier. Post-trial proceedings provide the proper vehicle to
assess such purely legal questions and to determine the effects of
whatever legal conclusions the court might reach. Accordingly, like the
other two grounds that involve legal questions, this ground does not
warrant a new trial.

                                     B

         The district court’s final reason for its new-trial order, the
improper expert testimony, presents a different kind of error—one
heavily dependent on the district court’s discretion in managing the
conduct of the trial. See United Scaffolding, 377 S.W.3d at 688. Trial
judges are entitled to great deference with respect to assessing the
consequences of improperly admitted testimony, see id., which can
properly inform a trial court in exercising its authority to grant a new
trial.
         As we said in Columbia, “Texas trial courts have historically been
afforded broad discretion in granting new trials. But that discretion is
not limitless.” 290 S.W.3d at 210. The very concept of discretion is one
that entails some limits—hence the corresponding concept of the abuse
of discretion. “Discretion is not whim, and limiting discretion according
to legal standards helps promote the basic principle of justice that like
cases should be decided alike.” Martin v. Franklin Cap. Corp., 546 U.S.

                                     25
132, 139 (2005). It is hard to imagine when this principle would require
more respect than in this context, given “the significance of the issue—
protection of the right to jury trial[.]” Columbia, 290 S.W.3d at 209.
When the exercise of discretion would wipe away a jury verdict that
otherwise appears to be well supported—including because of an
unusually robust curative instruction by the district judge—the need for
careful review remains high even if it is deferential. We conclude that
the record does not support this ground for a new trial.

                                       1

       Before trial, the district court granted a motion in limine to
prohibit references to Villegas’s drinking habits. That ruling aimed to
prevent the jury from conflating any alleged habits with the consumption
of alcohol on the day of the accident. Throughout three long weeks of
trial, all had proceeded well, including the parties’ and witnesses’
adherence to the order in limine.
       Thus, the end was in sight when Rudolph called the case’s last
witness: Dr. Gary Wimbish, an expert toxicologist. The course of the trial
changed when plaintiffs’ counsel asked Wimbish about Rudolph’s
allowance of alcohol on the premises and the source of the beer on the day
of the tragedy.15 Wimbish responded with statements that were based on

       15 Generally, the party complaining of improper argument before a jury
must not have invited or provoked the improper argument. Living Ctrs. of
Tex., Inc. v. Penalver, 256 S.W.3d 678, 680 (Tex. 2008). Following the
testimony reproduced below, the court at one point told plaintiffs’ counsel that
“you invited the error.” Counsel argued why she disagreed. Ultimately, the
judge concluded that it was “a tough decision,” that he would not grant the
mistrial, but that he would give the limiting instruction that we discuss below.
We need not resolve whether the testimony was invited error; for purposes of

                                      26
what he had heard regarding Villegas’s alleged practice of bringing
alcohol to work and needing it to sleep. The brief cross-examination
testimony relevant to this point unfolded as follows, with plaintiffs’
counsel asking and Wimbish responding:
             Q. The alcohol [Villegas] consumed was consumed
       on the premises of Rudolph Mazda?
              A. And that’s the only information I have.
              Q. And the information that you have includes that
       the alcohol was allowed by Rudolph’s head person in charge
       on that night?
              A. My information is a bit different from that.
             Q. What information do you have that’s different
       from that?
             A. Well, in the information that I have received, she
       brings alcohol with her to work, and —
              Q. Who?
             A. — and it’s the information that I have — and had
       been drinking out of her cup on her own supply of alcohol
       that day.
             Q. So you are taking the testimony of Lisa
       Melbourne who said — is that where you’re getting that
       from?
             A. I don’t remember the exact person, but that
       information was available to me. And then there’s clinical
       information — and I’m not being derogatory. I’m just
       trying to say this is information that I considered. Okay?
       She verified in her statement she may have a problem with
       alcohol because having to wake up in the middle of the
       night and drink alcohol so she can go back to sleep.
             Q. Okay, sir. I’m not — Yeah. Can we approach
       actually?

our decision, we assume that it was not.

                                     27
       Immediately after this testimony, plaintiffs’ counsel moved for a
mistrial, which the district court ultimately denied. The district court
then responded to the problem by giving an unusually robust curative
instruction to the jury:
       You heard testimony from the witness that is not credible,
       is unreliable, and not evidence in this case. You are
       instructed to disregard the witness’s testimony—Dr.
       Wimbish’s testimony—on all evidence concerning Vanessa
       Villegas’[s] prior use of alcohol before . . . this incident. Do
       you understand that, ladies and gentlemen?
After giving that instruction, the judge asked each juror, one by one, to
confirm that they could and would follow the instruction. Each juror
affirmed that he or she could and would.
       No one defends the testimony as affirmatively proper.              And
although it was short—a brief flicker within the three weeks of trial—it
was also palpable. The question we must answer, however, is whether
that improper testimony can form the basis for a new-trial order. We
conclude that it cannot.16

       16An appellate court would not reverse a judgment because of the
improper testimony unless its presence “probably caused the rendition of an
improper judgment.” Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1). The real parties in interest
argue that we should relax that standard in our review of new-trial orders
because of the discretion given to a trial court. They propose that a new-trial
order should be upheld if the error “reasonably” (instead of “probably”) “could
have caused the rendition of an improper judgment.” However, we have
repeatedly referenced Rule 44.1(a)(1)’s “probably” standard in cases involving
the review of new-trial orders. See, e.g., United Scaffolding, 377 S.W.3d at
688–89; Toyota, 407 S.W.3d at 756; Bent, 487 S.W.3d at 176. In any event, the
curative instruction was sufficiently robust that the new-trial order could not
be upheld on this ground even under the real parties’ proposed standard.

                                      28
                                      2

      The instruction that the court gave was harsh and clear. One may
wonder if the jury, hearing the court’s denunciation of the expert, gave
much heed to anything he had said. Nonetheless, in granting the new
trial, the district court reasoned:
      [a] As an additional and independent basis for new trial, the
      Court finds that defense expert Gary Wimbish intentionally
      injected unreliable double hearsay, non-responsive to the
      question asked him in an attempt to inject an improper
      inference before the jury. [b] Though the Court did
      admonish the witness as well as instruct the jury to try to
      eliminate the harm, [c] it is obvious to this Court that the
      harm done could not be eliminated or removed. The Court
      finds this improper evidence and behavior to impugn the
      character of Irma Vanessa Villegas did cause the rendition
      of an incorrect verdict by the Jury as [d] the evidence
      showed Irma Vanessa Villegas was a hardworking
      dependable and responsible mother, grandmother and
      sister; there was no negative evidence or detracting
      evidence other than expert Wimbish’s testimony.
(Brackets added.) The brackets are added to indicate the four key parts
of the explanation:
      [a]    deeming the testimony to have been improper and
             intentional;
      [b]    acknowledging the curative instruction;
      [c]    declaring it “obvious . . . that the harm done could not be
             eliminated or removed” and that this harm manifested in
             an incorrect verdict; and
      [d]    providing the judge’s own characterization of the evidence
             concerning Villegas.
      In parts [a] and [b], the district court reasonably characterized the
testimony as wrongful, concluded that it was intentional (a finding that

                                      29
we accept for present purposes), and acknowledged the need for a curative
instruction, which it gave. Part [d] is at best neutral, although it may
even suggest a forbidden motive—that the judge thought highly of
Villegas and would have awarded more than the jury did.
      We focus our analysis on part [c], which is where the order’s
analysis falters. Central to the finding is that “the harm could not be
eliminated or removed.” Our law and indeed our entire jury system have
long depended on the opposite presumption: that, absent a compelling
rebuttal, curative instructions do work. Living Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v.
Penalver, 256 S.W.3d 678, 680 (Tex. 2008); Otis Elevator Co. v. Wood, 436
S.W.2d 324, 333 (Tex. 1968); Dennis v. Hulse, 362 S.W.2d 308, 309 (Tex.
1962); Wade v. Tex. Emp. Ins. Ass’n, 244 S.W.2d 197, 200–01 (Tex. 1951).
      Indeed, even in the rare instances where we have found incurable
argument, we have emphasized how much of an exception to the rule it
is: “Typically, retraction of the argument or instruction from the court can
cure any probable harm, but in rare instances the probable harm or
prejudice cannot be cured.” Living Ctrs., 256 S.W.3d at 680 (emphasis
added). There, argument presented to a jury compared Living Centers’
lawyers to those facilitating a Nazi program during World War II, in
which elderly or impaired people were used for medical experimentation
and then killed. While we concluded that this qualified as the rare
example of incurable argument, we reiterated that the standard
remained high: “To prevail on a claim that improper argument was
incurable, the complaining party generally must show that the argument
by its nature, degree, and extent constituted such error that an
instruction from the court or retraction of the argument could not remove

                                    30
its effects.” Id. at 680–81. To avoid any doubt, we again said it clearly:
“Incurable argument is . . . rare.” Id. at 681.
      The year after Living Centers, we rejected an incurable-argument
claim by pointing to the same standard that we had used in that case. In
the subsequent case, Phillips v. Bramlett, a doctor demanded a new trial
because of improper argument about the need to “send a message” in his
case because different juries had been insufficiently harsh in other
medical-malpractice cases. 288 S.W.3d 876, 882–83 (Tex. 2009). The jury
returned a substantial verdict.
      We addressed the very contention relied upon in the new-trial
order here: that the repeatedly made statements were incurable. We
agreed that the argument was indeed improper. But we briskly rejected
the notion that it could reasonably be deemed incurable. Id. at 883. “As
we recently observed, incurable argument is that which strikes at the
very core of the judicial process.” Id. (citing Living Ctrs., 256 S.W.3d at
681–82). “The party claiming incurable harm must persuade the court
that, based on the record as a whole, the offensive argument was so
extreme that a ‘juror of ordinary intelligence could have been persuaded
by that argument to agree to a verdict contrary to that to which he would
have agreed but for such argument.’ ” Id. (quoting Goforth v. Alvey, 271
S.W.2d 404, 404 (Tex. 1954)). These examples illustrate the general
boundary line.        Repeatedly telling jurors that they would align
themselves with Nazis if they ruled for the defense could not have been
cured; urging a jury to send a message responding to too-low verdicts
could have been.17

      17   The Court in Phillips divided 5 to 4, but the dissent exclusively focused

                                         31
       In Phillips, we concluded that the defendant did not preserve error
but that an instruction would have provided that cure had it been sought.
Id. Here, by contrast, the plaintiffs did object, and the district court
provided substantial time to hear all parties regarding the testimony. It
then issued the stern curative instruction to the jury.
       The testimony at issue here cannot reasonably be deemed
inherently incurable. The trial was long and the offending statements
were short. The jury knew all along that Villegas had been drinking; it
was not under the impression that she was a teetotaler before Wimbish’s
testimony. Wimbish himself revealed that he was not quite sure of the
source of his unreliable information, thus undermining its credibility.
The testimony was not harmless—but we cannot agree that it was
incurable. The district court’s cure, moreover, was potent, leaving no
doubt about how little credit the statements warranted and the level of
contempt that the judge himself had for them. The instruction denigrated
Wimbish as unworthy of credence and as unreliable; it all but invited
the jury to disbelieve every word he said.18
       If the curative instruction here could not cure the effect of
Wimbish’s ill-chosen sentences, then nothing could. And if that is so, then
a trial court could deem nearly any improper testimony in any trial
incurable. After all, especially for those that are lengthy, a trial without

on a different issue and did not register any disagreement as to the effect of
the improper argument. See 288 S.W.3d at 884–86 (O’Neill, J., dissenting).
       18 A curative instruction could be too potent—a cure worse than the
disease. We are not asked to assess whether the instruction here was excessive
or to overrule the new-trial order on that ground. We reserve for future cases, if
needed, further discussion of the proper bounds of curative instructions.

                                       32
some problem is hen’s-teeth rare. Trials involve high stakes and high
pressure. Non-lawyers’ participation and utterances can be unpredictable.
Although curative instructions as robust as this one are infrequent, more
basic curative instructions are not especially uncommon. They typically
consist of “sustain[ing] the objection . . . and instruct[ing] the jury to
disregard.” Miller v. Bock Laundry Mach. Co., 568 S.W.2d 648, 652 (Tex.
1977).
         Perfection is not the standard a trial or appellate court could
reasonably demand. Our system of jury trials would break down if the
kind of cure supplied here were not usually sufficient. If, without more,
a court that was determined to order a new trial could simply claim that
it was “obvious” that a curative instruction could not work, Columbia
and its progeny would be at their end. A new formula would replace “in
the interests of justice and fairness.” We would be right back where we
were fifteen years ago in an age of nearly unfettered discretion. See, e.g.,
Cummins v. Paisan Constr. Co., 682 S.W.2d 235, 236 (Tex. 1984).
         In fact, our jurisprudence would be worse off than before we started
requiring explanations in Columbia. The presumption that jurors follow
curative instructions—forceful ones like this especially—is not a
featherweight to be disregarded without some powerful reason. Our
judicial system’s confidence in jurors’ ability to make weighty decisions
rests on our confidence that they follow all the requests we impose on
them, including curative instructions.19        The jury charge is such a

          See, e.g., Columbia Rio Grande Healthcare, L.P. v. Hawley, 284
         19

S.W.3d 851, 862 (Tex. 2009) (“The jury is presumed to have followed the court’s
instructions.”); Barker v. Eckman, 213 S.W.3d 306, 313 (Tex. 2006) (noting that
an appellate court’s factual-sufficiency review “presumes that the jury acted in

                                      33
significant part of trial practice precisely because we believe, perhaps
sometimes aspirationally, that the jury will follow every single word,
and thus every single word is chosen with care. No court may indulge a
presumption that the jury did not follow instructions.
       Nonetheless, the presumption that the jury did follow the court’s
instructions, while powerful, is rebuttable. To rebut it, however, there
must be some reviewable explanation for why courts can reliably conclude
that this jury, unlike most, was incapable of following instructions. That
conclusion is what a new-trial order grounded on testimony like
Wimbish’s must explain. A new-trial order could satisfy that requirement
in at least two ways.
       First, sometimes—but rarely—statements will be so incurably
harmful as a matter of law that a new trial is inexorably required, as in
Living Centers. Qualifying pollutive statements, we have said, may
include remarks of racial prejudice, unsupported and extreme attacks on
opposing parties and witnesses, or accusing opposing parties of witness
manipulation or evidence tampering. See Standard Fire Ins. Co. v. Reese,
584 S.W.2d 835, 840 (Tex. 1979). We do not suggest that list to be
comprehensive (nor, on the other hand, that anything that barely satisfies

accordance with the trial court’s instructions”); Golden Eagle Archery, 116
S.W.3d at 771 (“Unless the record demonstrates otherwise, an appellate court
must presume that the jury followed [the court’s] instructions.”); In re K.R., 63
S.W.3d 796, 800–01 (Tex. 2001) (“[W]e must assume, absent any evidence to the
contrary, that [the jury] could . . . follow the trial court’s instruction and draw no
improper conclusions from seeing [a party] sitting in handcuffs.”); Turner, Collie
& Braden, Inc. v. Brookhollow, Inc., 642 S.W.2d 160, 167 (Tex. 1982) (holding
that a “limiting instruction” that evidence could be considered only for a specific
purpose must be presumed to have been followed); Gillette Motor Transp. Co. v.
Whitfield, 200 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1947) (“Presumably, the jury understood
and followed the instructions of the court.”).

                                         34
one of those requirements would be inevitably fatal to the entire trial, like
a single drop of poison in a cup of water in a detective story). A new-trial
order predicated on this ground can simply identify the statement,
describe the context, and apply settled law deeming the statement
incurably harmful.
      Second—and also rare—testimony, evidence, or argument that is
not inherently incurable may prove incurable in a particular trial. One
reason for reposing discretion in trial courts is their ability to identify
those rare cases. But a new-trial order predicated on this ground must
explain why the otherwise-curable problem (like the expert testimony
here) was nonetheless not susceptible to cure (by the instruction, such as
the one here, that was given). That explanation—like any explanation
for a new trial—must satisfy the requirements of our cases.
      Various kinds of circumstances, if supported, might justify a new
trial in this context, but those circumstances are not present here. For
example, a court may find the jury unwilling to accept a curative
instruction, ranging from inattention to open defiance. Nothing in this
record, however, shows that the jurors were anything other than willing
recipients of the court’s guidance. In other cases, repeated and extensive
violations of the same order in limine might suggest a more conscious
intent.   But here, Wimbish’s brief testimony was the sole violation
mentioned, and as the court’s own new-trial order says, plenty of other
evidence (that was not subject to a curative instruction) painted a positive
image of Villegas. In yet other cases, a verdict that was manifestly too
small (or large) might be analytically linked to improper evidence or
argument. If, for example, one defendant who in all other respects was

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similarly situated to others received much harsher treatment from the
jury following a prejudicial and inflammatory outburst about his personal
life, that disparity might contribute to a conclusion that the cure was
ineffective. But here, the jury’s verdict was favorable to the plaintiffs and
imposed liability and substantial damages. The jury awarded plaintiffs
some $4 million and found Villegas less responsible than Ruiz.
       Examples like those, of course, do not delimit the universe of
possible reasons that a new trial might be warranted. Nor do we suggest
that identifying any of them would automatically justify a new-trial
order. Our point is only that the new-trial order here does not identify
anything to satisfy the requirements of our case law. The order simply
declared it “obvious” in the court’s view that the cure did not work. We
cannot accept such a conclusory statement, despite our reaffirmation of
the deference that we afford to trial courts.20
       While this Court is deferential to the determinations of trial courts
with respect to the conduct of their trials, discretion cannot override every
other consideration. Two in particular weigh heavily against a new-trial
order grounded on a purportedly ineffective curative instruction: first, the
general importance of the jury-trial right, which has animated all our
cases from Columbia onward, and second, the specific need to adhere to
the presumption that juries follow the court’s directions until proven

       20 Although we find the new-trial order to be an abuse of discretion, we
hasten to add that we do not hold that a district court can never change its mind
after denying a motion for mistrial. Attempting to resolve a problem with a
curative instruction is sound judicial management, but judges remain free to
reconsider, particularly as more information becomes available. We certainly do
not doubt the wisdom of proceeding to verdict when a problem comes so late in
the proceedings, as it did here. In short, terminating the first trial early via a
mistrial is not a trial court’s only chance to grant a new trial.

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otherwise. Because the new-trial order does not have record support—
and certainly not enough to overcome these principles—we conclude, as a
matter of law, that this stated ground does not support a new trial.

                                     IV

       As we have previously acknowledged, “most trial judges are
understandably reluctant, after presiding over a full trial, to do it all over
again.” United Scaffolding, 377 S.W.3d at 687. A new-trial order is
strong medicine—and when trial courts prescribe that remedy, they must
partake in it too. We recognize that new-trial orders are not issued
lightly, and we do not disturb them lightly, either. But no new trial is
warranted here. Proceeding with the ordinary post-trial process will
avoid potential infringement on the parties’ jury-trial right and save
them, the witnesses, the public, and the judicial system the massive
expense and inconvenience of an unneeded second trial.
       We therefore conditionally grant mandamus relief and direct the
district court to vacate its new-trial order, harmonize the verdict, and
proceed in the normal course with the post-trial stages of litigation. We
are confident that the district court will comply, and the writ will issue
only if it does not.

                                          Evan A. Young
                                          Justice

OPINION DELIVERED: June 16, 2023

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