Court Opinion

ID: 9394760
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-16 14:01:50.970236+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:02.558662
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-1580     Document: 26    Page: 1    Filed: 05/16/2023

          NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                   ______________________

          IN RE: IMAN REZANEZHAD GATABI,
                         Appellant
                  ______________________

                         2022-1580
                   ______________________

     Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
 Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. 16/045,675.
                   ______________________

                   Decided: May 16, 2023
                   ______________________

       IMAN REZANEZHAD GATABI, San Jose, CA, argued pro
 se.

    WILLIAM LAMARCA, Office of the Solicitor, United
 States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, ar-
 gued for appellee Katherine K. Vidal. Also represented by
 THOMAS W. KRAUSE, FARHEENA YASMEEN RASHEED, PETER
 JOHN SAWERT.
                  ______________________

        Before PROST, CHEN, and STARK, Circuit Judges.
 STARK, Circuit Judge.
     Iman Rezanezhad Gatabi (“Gatabi”) sought reissue of
 his U.S. Patent No. 9,406,758 (“’758 Patent”) in reissue ap-
 plication No. 16/045,675 (“’675 Application”). A Patent &
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 2                                    IN RE: REZANEZHAD GATABI

 Trademark Office (“PTO”) examiner issued a final office ac-
 tion, rejecting the ’675 Application’s claims 1-34. Gatabi
 appealed the rejections to the Patent Trial and Appeal
 Board (“Board”), which reversed the rejection of claims 20
 and 33 and affirmed the rejection of the other claims (i.e.,
 1-19, 21-32, and 34). Gatabi timely appealed the portion of
 the decision affirming the examiner’s rejection. We affirm.
                                I
                                A
      The claims under the reissue examination are directed
 to semiconductor devices with “sharp gate edges.” 1 ’758
 Pat. col. 1 lines 1-3. As the patent explains, “[i]t is gener-
 ally known that the electric field is stronger near sharp
 edges” of biased conductors (that is, conductors to which
 voltage is applied). Id. col. 1 lines 48-49, col. 3 lines 50-52.
 The ’758 Patent teaches a “gate of a memory cell . . . de-
 signed in a way such that at least one of its edges in contact
 with a dielectric [i.e., electrical insulator] has an angle of
 less than 88 degrees.” Id. col. 1 lines 49-54, col. 3 lines 52-
 58. This results in “a smaller gate voltage [being] required
 to move charges . . . [thereby] improv[ing] the read and
 write speed” of the memory device. Id. col 1 lines 52-54,
 col. 3 lines 55-58. The ’758 Patent further explains that,
 with respect to certain specific types of transistors – “Fin-
 FETs, HEMTs and Tri-Gate transistors,” all of which open
 or close when a sufficient voltage is applied – “if sharp gate
 edges were implemented, a smaller change in the gate bias
 may be required to accumulate the charge in the channel

     1   In context, a “gate” is a part of a transistor (i.e.,
 switch) responsible for opening or closing the electrical
 path within the transistor. See Gov’t Br. 3-4 nn. 5-8. Ap-
 plying a sufficient voltage to the gate opens or closes the
 transistor. Id. In a FinFET transistor, applying a suffi-
 cient voltage allows current to flow through a “fin.” Id.
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 IN RE: REZANEZHAD GATABI                                     3

 under the gate and turn ON the device.” Id. col. 1 lines 55-
 58, col. 3 lines 58-62. In this manner, the “sharp gate edge”
 requires a lower voltage than the prior art to open or close
 the transistor, resulting in lower power consumption and
 faster transistors. Id. col. 1 lines 52-58, col. 3 lines 55-62.
     Figures 4 and 7 (reproduced below) illustrate a FinFET
 transistor with a “sharp gate edge.”

     For comparison, the ’758 Patent also includes Figures
 3 and 6 (reproduced below), illustrating a prior art FinFET
 transistor without a “sharp gate edge.”

    Independent claim 1 is representative of the claims on
 appeal, reciting:
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 4                                  IN RE: REZANEZHAD GATABI

     A device having a Fin, wherein the said Fin is made
     of at least one non-insulating material, wherein the
     said Fin is on a material region, wherein the inter-
     face between the said Fin and the said material re-
     gion is just one flat surface, said device has a gate
     which is not in physical contact with the said Fin,
     wherein at least two surfaces of the said gate inter-
     sect each other in a gate edge, wherein the said gate
     edge is in contact with a dielectric material in at
     least two points, wherein the said gate surfaces
     form an internal gate angle of less than 88 degrees.
 J.A. 3 (emphasis added).
                              B
     U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0154426 A1 (“Ander-
 son”), entitled “FinFETs with long gate length at high den-
 sity,” discloses “fin-type field effect transistors (FinFETs)
 that allow[] the length of the FinFET fins to be increased
 by angling the fins with respect to the gate conductors and
 prevent[] the angled fins from increasing the size of the
 FinFET array by increasing the density of the fins.” J.A.
 245. Figures 3 and 16 (reproduced below) illustrate a Fin-
 FET transistor where the “fins 54 are angled with respect
 to the gate conductors 102.” J.A. 246; see also J.A. 237-38.

 Anderson’s specification discloses that “the angle between
 the fin 54 and gate conductors 102 could be between 5 and
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 IN RE: REZANEZHAD GATABI                                    5

 85 degrees, and more specifically between 30 and 60 de-
 grees, and even more specifically 45 degrees.” J.A. 246.
                               II
     As the appellant, Gatabi bears the burden to demon-
 strate that the Board committed reversible error. See In re
 Watts, 354 F.3d 1362, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2004). In determin-
 ing whether he has met his burden, we review the Board’s
 legal determinations de novo, and the Board’s factual find-
 ings for substantial evidence. See In re NuVasive, Inc., 842
 F.3d 1376, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2016). A finding is supported by
 substantial evidence if a reasonable mind might accept the
 evidence as adequate to support the finding. See Consol.
 Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938).
      Anticipation is a question of fact reviewed for substan-
 tial evidence. In re Morsa, 713 F.3d 104, 109 (Fed. Cir.
 2013). Obviousness is a question of law based on underly-
 ing facts. In re Ethicon, Inc., 844 F.3d 1344, 1349 (Fed. Cir.
 2017). What a prior art reference discloses to a person of
 ordinary skill in the art is a question of fact. Para-Ord-
 nance Mfg., Inc. v. SGS Imps. Int’l, Inc., 73 F.3d 1085, 1088
 (Fed. Cir. 1995). Whether there is a motivation to combine
 prior art references is also a question of fact. See In re
 Gartside, 203 F.3d 1305, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
                              III
     Gatabi contends the Board committed reversible error
 in two ways. First, the Board’s conclusion that claims 1, 2,
 22, and 33 are anticipated by Anderson lacks substantial
 evidence because Anderson does not disclose the claim ele-
 ments of an “internal gate angle of less than 88 degrees”
 and “just one flat surface.” Second, the Board’s obvious-
 ness analysis, by which it determined that claims 3-19, 21,
 24-32, and 34 would have been obvious, was flawed for mul-
 tiple purported reasons. Below we explain why we are un-
 persuaded by any of Gatabi’s contentions.
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 6                                  IN RE: REZANEZHAD GATABI

                               A
     The Board found that claims 1, 2, 22, and 33 of the ’675
 Application were anticipated by Anderson. On appeal,
 Gatabi insists that Anderson does not disclose the limita-
 tion of an “internal gate angle of less than 88 degrees.” We
 disagree.
      Gatabi’s principal basis for distinguishing Anderson is
 that Anderson’s drawings are, according to him, not drawn
 to scale, and they depict an angle in two-dimensional space
 while the claims relate to angles between three-dimen-
 sional objects. Gatabi’s contentions rely on the PTO’s Man-
 ual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP), which is not
 binding on this court, see Enzo Biochem, Inc. v. Gen–Probe
 Inc., 323 F.3d 956, 964 (Fed.Cir.2002), and on a misappli-
 cation of Hockerson-Halberstadt, Inc. v. Avia Group Inter-
 national, 222 F.3d 951, 956 (Fed. Cir. 2000), where we held
 that “patent drawings do not define the precise proportions
 of the elements and may not be relied on to show particular
 sizes if the specification is completely silent on the issue”
 (emphasis added). Paragraph 33 of Anderson expressly
 states (of Figure 3) “the angle between the fin 54 and gate
 conductors 102 could be between 5 and 85 degrees, and
 more specifically between 30 and 60 degrees, and even
 more specifically 45 degrees.” J.A. 246 ¶ 33. Hence, the
 specification is not silent but, rather, specifically informs
 an ordinary artisan that Anderson’s embodiments have an
 internal gate angle of less than 88 degrees. Moreover,
 Gatabi points to nothing in the record that undermines the
 Board’s evident understanding that a person of ordinary
 skill in the art would read the figures in Anderson, like
 those in Gatabi’s own patent, as two-dimensional depic-
 tions of three-dimensional realities. Anderson’s figures,
 and its specification’s discussion of them, provide substan-
 tial evidence for the Board’s finding that one of skill in the
 art would read Anderson to disclose internal gate angles of
 less than 88 degrees.
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 IN RE: REZANEZHAD GATABI                                    7

      Gatabi also argues that Anderson does not disclose an
 “interface between the said Fin and the said material re-
 gion [that] is just one flat surface.” He disputes the Board’s
 finding that the top surface of Anderson’s element 52 is pla-
 nar. Substantial evidence supports the Board’s finding
 that Anderson, in fact, discloses one flat surface. As the
 Board noted, Anderson’s figures show the top surface of el-
 ement 52 as a flat surface. See J.A. 7. Anderson further
 teaches that, during the manufacturing process, “[t]he en-
 tire structure can be planarized,” and the laminated struc-
 ture that includes element 52 can be “periodic[ally]
 planariz[ed].” J.A. 247. In contrast, Gatabi has not pre-
 sented to the Board any evidence showing that the top sur-
 face of element 52 is in fact not flat.
     Accordingly, we affirm the Board’s holding that claims
 1, 2, 22, and 23 are anticipated by Anderson.
                               B
     Gatabi also challenges the Board’s determination that
 claims 3-19, 21, 24-32, and 34 would have been obvious.
 His arguments, while numerous, lack merit.
     Gatabi argues that “[t]he Board relied on references
 that did not recognize the unsolved problems and the solu-
 tion” provided in his ’758 Patent. Appellant’s Br. 35. We
 have held, however, in an obviousness analysis, “the law
 does not require that the references be combined for the
 reasons contemplated by the inventor.” In re Beattie, 974
 F.2d 1309, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 1992). Thus, “any need or prob-
 lem known in the field of endeavor at the time of invention
 and addressed by the patent can provide a reason for com-
 bining the elements in the manner claimed.” KSR v. Tele-
 flex Inc., 550 US 398, 420 (2007). There is simply no
 requirement that the Board rely on references that recog-
 nized the problem identified in the ’758 Patent.
    Gatabi next faults the Board for failing to “provide any
 analysis of the third prong of Graham, the level of ordinary
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 8                                  IN RE: REZANEZHAD GATABI

 skill in the art.” Appellant’s Br. 43. However, “the absence
 of specific findings on the level of skill in the art does not
 give rise to reversible error where the prior art itself re-
 flects an appropriate level and a need for testimony is not
 shown.” Okajima v. Bourdeau, 261 F.3d 1350, 1355 (Fed.
 Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). That is the
 situation here.
      Gatabi then attacks the Board’s reasoning regarding
 the motivation a person of ordinary skill would have had to
 combine the prior art references relied on by the Board: An-
 derson, applicant admitted prior art, U.S. Patent Publica-
 tion No. 2003/0178670 A1 (“Fried”), U.S. Patent
 Publication No.2008/0285350 A1 (“Yeh”), U.S. Patent Pub-
 lication No. 2010/0240205 A1 (“Son”), Japanese Patent 05-
 102180 (“Katada”). We find, instead, substantial evidence
 for the Examiner’s articulation of a rationale for each com-
 bination of prior art, which the Board cited and adopted.
 See J.A. 8-10 (citing J.A. 83-85). Furthermore, although
 the Board combined as many as three prior art references
 to reject some of the ’758 patent’s claims, “a large number
 of references in a rejection does not, without more, weigh
 against the obviousness of the claimed invention.” In re
 Gorman, 933 F.2d 982, 986 (Fed. Cir. 1991).
     Gatabi argues that “the combination of references that
 the Board relied on to reject claims 3-17 and 24-30 do[es]
 not teach all limitations of the claims.” Appellant’s Br. 41.
 This is essentially a reiteration of the argument Gatabi
 made with respect to anticipation, namely that Anderson
 does not disclose the claimed “sharp gate edge.” We disa-
 gree, and, for the same reasons given in connection with
 anticipation, we find substantial evidence for the Board’s
 finding that Anderson discloses all of the claims’ limita-
 tions.
     Finally, solely with respect to claim 9, Gatabi argues
 that the combination of Anderson and applicant admitted
 prior art (i.e., Figure 6 of the ’758 Patent) does not teach
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 IN RE: REZANEZHAD GATABI                                    9

 “the edge of the opening in the said mask is positioned at
 an angle of less than 88 degrees relative to the position of
 the said edge of the opening in the said Fin mask in a li-
 thography mask alignment process.” Appellant’s Br. 42.
 The Board’s final written decision does not explicitly ad-
 dress this contentions. “As we have said numerous times,
 failure to explicitly discuss every fleeting reference or mi-
 nor argument does not alone establish that the Board did
 not consider it.” Yeda Rsch. V. Mylan Pharms. Inc., 906
 F.3d 1031, 1046 (Fed. Cir. 2018). We find no reason to as-
 sume the Board failed to consider all of Gatabi’s argu-
 ments, notwithstanding its lack of citations to Gatabi’s
 briefs. See generally Novartis AG v. Torrent Pharms. Ltd.,
 853 F.3d 1316, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2017). Among other things,
 the Board cited to, and approved of, the examiner’s findings
 in the final office action with respect to claim 9. See J.A. 8
 (citing J.A. 84-85). There, for example, citing to Figure 17
 and paragraphs 33 and 45-48 of Anderson, the examiner
 found that “Anderson teaches a method of making the Fin-
 FET device . . . [that] includes the step of using a lithogra-
 phy mask to pattern the silicon fins and the step of forming
 the gate at an internal angle of 45 degrees with respect to
 the fin.” J.A. 84. The examiner then found that Figure 6
 of Gatabi’s ’758 Patent taught “a method of making a Fin-
 FET device including the step of using a lithography gate
 mask to make a gate over a fin, and the step of using a
 lithography fin mask for making the fin.” J.A. 84-85. This
 is substantial evidence for the Board’s affirmance of the ex-
 aminer’s finding that the prior art disclosed all of the limi-
 tations found in claim 9 of the ’758 Patent.
     Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the Board’s
 conclusions as to obviousness.
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 10                               IN RE: REZANEZHAD GATABI

                            IV
      We have considered the Gatabi’s remaining arguments
 and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we
 affirm.
                       AFFIRMED
                          COSTS
 No costs.