Court Opinion

ID: 5124135
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-08 16:00:32.592845+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:38.758815
License: Public Domain

19-3339-cv
    Meimaris v. Royce, et al.

                                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                         SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

                    At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
    at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
    on the 8th day of November, two thousand twenty-one.

    PRESENT:
                JOSEPH F. BIANCO,
                MICHAEL H. PARK,
                WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
                      Circuit Judges.
    _____________________________________

    Helen Meimaris, as Executrix and Legal
    Representative of the Estate of Alkiviades
    Meimaris,

                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,

    The Estate of Alkiviades Meimaris, Helen Meimaris
    as Executrix of the Estate of Alkiviades Meimaris,

                                 Plaintiffs,

                        v.                                                       19-3339-cv

    Joseph E. Royce, Tulio Prieto, Lawrence A.
    Blatte, TBS Shipping Services Inc., Guardian
    Navigation,

                      Defendants-Appellees. *
    ____________________________________
    *
        The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT:                    ALKISTIS MEIMARIS, Meimaris Law Group LLC,
                                            New York, NY.

FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES
LAWRENCE BLATTE &
JOSEPH ROYCE:                               ADAM RODRIGUEZ (William P. Harrington, on the
                                            brief), Bleakley Platt & Schmidt, LLP, White
                                            Plains, NY.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE
TBS SHIPPING SERVICES, INC.
& GUARDIAN NAVIGATION:                      NOAH S. CZARNY (Mark D. Kotwick, on the brief),
                                            Seward & Kissel LLP, New York, NY.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE
TULIO PRIETO:                               AARON M. BARHAM (A. Michael Furman, on the
                                            brief), Furman Kornfeld & Brennan LLP, New
                                            York, NY; Tulio R. Prieto, (James P. Rau on the
                                            brief), Cardillo & Corbett, New York, NY.

       Appeal from a judgment and an order of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York (Daniels, J.).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment and order of the district court are AFFIRMED.

       Plaintiff-Appellant Helen Meimaris (“Meimaris”), in her individual capacity and as

executrix and legal representative of the Estate of her late husband, Captain Alkiviades Meimaris

(“Captain Meimaris”), appeals from the September 25, 2019 judgment and order of the United

States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Daniels, J.) dismissing the third

amended complaint (the “TAC”) pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) and Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure.

       Meimaris brought various claims under New York law against defendants-appellees Joseph

E. Royce, Tulio Prieto, Lawrence Blatte, TBS Shipping Services, and Guardian Navigation,

                                               2
alleging that the defendants fraudulently deprived Captain Meimaris of his ownership interests in

TBS Commercial Group, a privately held shipping company, and TBS Shipping International, its

publicly traded affiliate, in connection with the latter company’s Chapter 11 bankruptcy

reorganization. 1 On appeal, Meimaris challenges the dismissal of the TAC, arguing, inter alia,

that the district court incorrectly concluded that: (1) Meimaris lacked standing to sue in her

individual capacity; (2) the fifth cause of action (“Claim Five”) charged only a previously

dismissed defendant; (3) the remaining claims were time-barred under New York’s applicable

statute of limitations for fraud; and (4) granting Meimaris leave to amend the TAC would be futile.

We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and the procedural history of the case,

which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

       I.      Standard of Review

       We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1)

or 12(b)(6), Selevan v. New York Thruway Auth., 584 F.3d 82, 88 (2d Cir. 2009), including the

court’s “interpretation and application of statutes of limitations,” Cohen v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 13

F.4th 240, 245 (2d Cir. 2021).   In conducting such review, “all factual allegations in the complaint

are accepted as true and all inferences are drawn in the plaintiff’s favor.”      Littlejohn v. City of

New York, 795 F.3d 297, 306 (2d Cir. 2015); accord Shipping Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Drakos, 140

F.3d 129, 131 (2d Cir. 1998) (reviewing a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction

under Rule 12(b)(1)). However, we “are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched

as a factual allegation.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal quotation

1
   Meimaris initially also brought claims against defendant Jaime Leroux and later added Grupo Sedei and
Tecnisea as defendants. Meimaris voluntarily dismissed all claims against these defendants on May 13,
2019.
                                                   3
marks omitted); accord Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“Threadbare recitals of the

elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”).

Further, to survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must plead “enough facts

to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”   Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. We likewise

review de novo a district court’s “denial of leave to amend on the ground that the proposed new

complaint does not state a claim on which relief can be granted . . . .”   Anderson News, L.L.C. v.

Am. Media, Inc., 680 F.3d 162, 185 (2d Cir. 2012).

        II.     Standing

        Meimaris argues that the district court erred in concluding that she lacked standing to sue

in her individual capacity. As discussed below, we agree with the district court.

        To establish standing, a plaintiff must show “(1) . . . an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly

traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a

favorable judicial decision.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338 (2016). The plaintiff

must allege “a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy” and “cannot rest [a] claim to relief

on the legal rights or interests of third parties.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498–99 (1975).

At the pleading stage, as here, “the plaintiff must ‘clearly . . . allege facts demonstrating’ each

element.” Spokeo, 578 U.S. at 338 (quoting Warth, 422 U.S. at 518).

        Here, even assuming the truth of the allegations in the TAC, such allegations do not

demonstrate that Meimaris has any individual interests that were infringed upon by the defendants.

The TAC contains no allegations that Meimaris had any personal stake or any other business

interests in TBS Commercial or TBS International, or that the defendants owed her any fiduciary

duties that could have been breached. Instead, all of the interests allegedly infringed upon by the

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defendants belonged to Captain Meimaris: Captain Meimaris was the sole holder of the shares at

issue in each company, the only person allegedly denied a corporate business opportunity, the

individual allegedly prevented from joining in the reorganization plan, and the only party allegedly

forced out of TBS Commercial. See, e.g., TAC ¶¶ 29, 71, 97, 113. As such, the TAC does not

allege any facts demonstrating that Meimaris has a personal stake in the controversy.

        Moreover, Meimaris does not have standing as an individual based upon her status as

Captain Meimaris’s wife or as the legal beneficiary of Captain Meimaris’s estate, as she argues.

Even assuming the TAC properly alleged that Meimaris inherited her husband’s interests, a spouse

does not have standing merely on the basis of her marital status to sue for an injury suffered by her

spouse. See Warth, 422 U.S. at 499 (“[T]he plaintiff generally must assert [her] own legal rights

and interests, and cannot rest [her] claim to relief on the legal rights or interests of third parties.”);

accord Leonhard v. United States, 633 F.2d 599, 618 (2d Cir. 1980) (noting that family members

did “not have standing to complain of abridgement” of the rights of another family member on that

basis alone). Similarly, the beneficiary of an estate does not have an independent cause of action

to sue for the testator’s injury, and, thus, does not have individual standing on the sole basis of

being a beneficiary.        See N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:15-3 (permitting only “executors and

administrators” to sue for a testator’s injury); accord Smith v. Whitaker, 160 N.J. 221, 233 (1999)

(noting that Section 2A:15-3 only provides a decedent’s legal representatives, not their

beneficiaries, with the right to bring suit for trespass against the decedent). 2

2
  Although Meimaris’s claims are brought under New York law, Meimaris’s capacity to sue is governed
by New Jersey law per Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(b)(1) (stating that,
“for an individual who is not acting in a representative capacity,” capacity to sue is determined “by the law
of the individual’s domicile”). In any event, New York has an analogous rule of law. See, e.g., Jackson
v. Kessner, 618 N.Y.S.2d 635, 637 (1st Dep’t 1994) (“The legatees and beneficiaries [of the estate] have
                                                     5
        Accordingly, we conclude that the district court correctly determined that Meimaris lacked

standing to sue in her individual capacity. However, we proceed to analyze the claims Meimaris

brought on behalf of the Estate.

        III.     Claim Five

        Meimaris also argues that the district court erred in concluding that Claim Five was alleged

only against former-defendant Jaime Leroux, as to whom Meimaris voluntarily dismissed all of

her claims on May 13, 2019. We disagree. The district court correctly determined that Claim

Five was not asserted against any defendant except Leroux.

        It is plain from the structure of Claim Five, and the allegations contained therein, that it is

asserted only against Leroux. In addition to the claim’s caption in the TAC, which mentions only

Leroux and no other defendants, the actions detailed in the claim are exclusively attributed to

Leroux. See TAC ¶¶ 129–37. Other defendants are mentioned only twice: first, in a statement

that Leroux knew about Royce and Blatte’s other alleged misconduct, TAC ¶ 135, and second, in

a conclusory statement that “Mr. Leroux and the other Defendants committed statutory fraud and

common law fraud,” TAC ¶ 138. Such allegations are insufficient to put the defendants (other

than Leroux) on fair notice that claims were being asserted against them. Salahuddin v. Cuomo,

861 F.2d 40, 42 (2d Cir. 1988) (“[T]he principal function of pleadings under the Federal Rules is

to give the adverse party fair notice of the claim asserted so as to enable him to answer and prepare

for trial.”). Accordingly, we agree with the district court that Claim Five should be construed as

pertaining solely to Leroux, who is no longer a defendant in this case.

no independent cause of action either in their own right or in the right of the estate to recover estate property.
. . . It is of no consequence that the plaintiff is the sole beneficiary of the estate.” (internal citation and
quotation marks omitted)).
                                                        6
       In any event, even if Claim Five could be construed to include all of the remaining

defendants, Meimaris’s conclusory allegation that these defendants “committed . . . fraud” is

insufficient to plead a plausible claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), let alone under

the heightened pleading standard for fraud under Rule 9(b). See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (stating

“[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory

statements, do not suffice” to state a claim under Rule 8(a)); see also Armstrong v. McAlpin, 699

F.2d 79, 88 (2d Cir. 1983) (“[G]eneralized and conclusory allegations of fraudulent concealment

do not satisfy the requirements of [Rule 9(b)].”). Therefore, even if Claim Five had been properly

asserted against the remaining defendants, the allegations in Claim Five are insufficient to survive

a motion to dismiss against any of those defendants.

       IV.     Statute of Limitations

       Meimaris also challenges the district court’s dismissal of the Estate’s remaining claims as

untimely. As set forth below, we agree with the district court’s thorough analysis that the

remaining claims were time-barred by New York’s applicable statute of limitations for fraud.

       A statute of limitations defense can be decided on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion “if the defense

appears on the face of the complaint.” Pani v. Empire Blue Cross Blue Shield, 152 F.3d 67, 74

(2d Cir. 1998). Under New York law, a claim based on fraud must be commenced within “the

greater of six years from the date the cause of action accrued or two years from the time the plaintiff

. . . discovered the fraud, or could with reasonable diligence have discovered it.” N.Y. C.P.L.R.

§ 213(8); Cohen v. S.A.C. Trading Corp., 711 F.3d 353, 361 (2d Cir. 2013). A fraud claim accrues

when “the claim becomes enforceable, i.e., when all elements of the tort can be truthfully alleged

in a complaint.” IDT Corp. v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co., 12 N.Y.3d 132, 140 (2009)

                                                  7
(internal quotation marks omitted).

        Here, Meimaris filed her action on May 21, 2018, asserting several causes of action based

on various instances of alleged misconduct that occurred between 2008 and 2012. Claim One

alleges that defendants Royce and Blatte committed “fraud and fraudulently breached their

fiduciary duty” to Captain Meimaris by usurping a corporate opportunity from him in 2011. TAC

¶¶ 63, 71. Claim Two alleges that, in May 2008, defendants Royce and Blatte committed fraud

by “inducing Captain Memairis to not sell his shares” in TBS International. TAC ¶¶ 81–86. The

remaining claims aver misconduct in connection with the bank reorganization plan: Claim Three

alleges Royce and Blatte breached their fiduciary duty by “fraudulently push[ing]” Captain

Meimaris out of the reorganization deal, TAC ¶¶ 96–100; Claim Four alleges that Royce, Blatte,

and Prieto fraudulently took Captain Meimaris’s shares in TBS Commercial Group in connection

with that deal, TAC ¶¶ 105–13; Claim Six alleges that Royce, Blatte, and Prieto “conspired to

deprive Captain Meimaris of his interest in TBS Commercial Group” in order to bring about the

reorganization, TAC ¶¶ 142–46, 153–55; and Claim Seven alleges that TBS Shipping Services

was “aware of” and thereby aided and abetted the other defendants’ fraud, TAC ¶¶ 161–63. Any

claims alleging misconduct in connection with the reorganization plan were necessarily complete,

and thus began accruing, by either the date the plan was approved by the bankruptcy court (March

29, 2012) or, at the latest, by the date the plan went into effect (April 12, 2012). 3 Thus, the TAC

3
    Meimaris argues that the district court made an “unfounded and arbitrary assumption that [the claims]
accrued on April 12, 2012, the effective date of the Plan of reorganization in the Bankruptcy Court,”
Appellant’s Br. at 24, and contends that (if the limitations period was not tolled) the date the claims accrued
was June 29, 2012, when the bankruptcy court proceeding closed. We disagree. First, as Magistrate
Judge Moses noted, the June 29, 2012, date signifies only the administrative close of the bankruptcy docket,
not an “act” performed by any defendant. Not only was much of the alleged conduct complete years
before April 2012, but the TAC itself identifies February 2012—when “the Reorganization Plan was
introduced to the Bankruptcy Court”—as the event that injured Captain Meimaris. TAC ¶¶ 96–97.
                                                      8
alleges various instances of misconduct between May 2008 and April 2012, all of which took place

more than six years before May 21, 2018, when Meimaris commenced this action.

           Meimaris also contends that the April 12, 2012, date was not dispositive because the district

court ignored her allegation “that Captain Meimaris only learned in the summer of 2013 that his

shares in TBS Commercial Group no longer existed.” Appellant’s Br. at 25 (internal quotation

marks and alteration omitted). However, Meimaris conflates when the alleged bad act occurred

(2012 or earlier) with when the alleged bad act was discovered (2013). Although the New York

statute of limitations for fraud allows accrual from either the act itself or from the date of discovery,

the limitations period for the latter is only two years. See N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 213(8). To the extent

that Captain Meimaris only learned of the conduct in 2013, as indicated by his November 30, 2013,

affidavit filed with Meimaris’s opposition to the defendants’ motions to dismiss, any discovery-

based claim accruing from that point still would have expired in 2015, long before the lawsuit was

commenced in May 2018.

           Accordingly, all of Meimaris’s claims are time-barred under the applicable statute of

limitations. To the extent that Meimaris argues in the alternative that the untimeliness of these

claims is cured by tolling under the continuing wrong doctrine or under Burnett v. New York

Century Railroad Co., 380 U.S 424 (1965), we are unpersuaded and address each tolling argument

in turn.

           Continuing Wrong Doctrine. Meimaris argues that her claims are timely under the

continuing wrong doctrine, asserting that the TAC alleges “a series of independent distinct wrongs

Further, apart from the already-dismissed Claim Five, the TAC alleges no additional “wrongful acts”
occurring after that date. Far from being arbitrary, the district court’s determination that April 12, 2012,
was the latest possible date of accrual was generous based upon the facts alleged.
                                                     9
. . . including a last wrongful act alleged to have occurred in 2014—well within the six-year statute

of limitations.” Appellant’s Br. at 18. The district court correctly noted that this doctrine does

not apply here.

       The continuing wrong doctrine “is usually employed where there is a series of continuing

wrongs and serves to toll the running of a period of limitations to the date of the commission of

the last wrongful act.” Affordable Hous. Assocs., Inc. v. Town of Brookhaven, 54 N.Y.S.3d 122,

126 (2d Dep’t 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted).          The doctrine allows only tolling

“predicated on continuing unlawful acts and not on the continuing effects of earlier unlawful

conduct.” Miller v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 979 F.3d 118, 122 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting Salomon v.

Town of Wallkill, 107 N.Y.S.3d 420, 422 (2d Dep’t 2019)). When the doctrine applies, the

defendant is liable only for the wrongs committed during the applicable limitations period. See,

e.g., Henry v. Bank of Am., 48 N.Y.S.3d 67, 69–70 (1st Dep’t 2017).

       Here, Meimaris fails to demonstrate that the continuing wrong doctrine saves her untimely

claims. Even if Meimaris plausibly alleged a common series of fraud that could be tolled to a last

wrongful act, that last wrongful act, as discussed above, occurred no later than April 2012, still

outside the six-year limitations period. Moreover, although Meimaris argues that the 2014

conduct alleged in Claim Five qualifies as the relevant last wrongful act, that claim, also discussed

above, was not brought against the remaining defendants (and, in any event, is insufficiently pled

against them). Accordingly, we agree with the district court that the continuing wrong doctrine

is inapplicable here.

       Burnett Tolling. Meimaris also argues that her claims were tolled during the duration of

the prior state court proceeding, which lasted from April 3, 2018, to May 14, 2018. Although this

                                                 10
argument was not asserted in the district court and we are not required to consider an issue raised

for the first time on appeal, Mago Int’l v. LHB AG, 833 F.3d 270, 274 (2d Cir. 2016), we shall

briefly explain why this new argument also fails.

        As an initial matter, we have held that, “[i]n diversity cases, state statutes of limitations

govern the timeliness of state law claims, and state law determines the related questions of what

events serve to commence an action and to toll the statute of limitations.” Diffley v. Allied-Signal,

Inc., 921 F.2d 421, 423 (2d Cir. 1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, federal courts

exercising diversity jurisdiction over New York state law claims are bound to apply New York’s

saving statute, N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 205(a), to determine the effect (if any) of a plaintiff’s filing and

voluntary discontinuance of a state law action prior to commencing an action in federal court based

on the same transaction or occurrence. Diffley, 921 F.2d at 423. And Section 205(a) makes clear

that where, as here, a plaintiff voluntarily discontinues a claim, Section 205(a) has no tolling effect.

N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 205(a) (“If an action is timely commenced and is terminated in any other manner

than by a voluntary discontinuance, . . . the plaintiff, or, if the plaintiff dies, and the cause of action

survives, his or her executor or administrator, may commence a new action upon the same

transaction or occurrence or series of transactions or occurrences within six months after the

termination provided that the new action would have been timely commenced at the time of

commencement of the prior action and that service upon defendant is effected within such six-

month period.” (emphasis added)); see also EB Brands Holdings, Inc. v. McGladrey, LLP, 62

N.Y.S.3d 134, 136 (2d Dep’t 2017) (“The plaintiff’s contention that the statute of limitations was

extended pursuant to CPLR 205(a) is without merit, as the time extension provisions of CPLR

205(a) are inapplicable when, as here, a prior, timely commenced action was terminated by

                                                    11
voluntary discontinuance.”). As a result, Section 205(a) is dispositive of Meimaris’s tolling

argument and Burnett—a case concerning the tolling of a federal cause of action based on concerns

particular to the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (“FELA”)—simply does not apply.               See

Burnett, 380 U.S. at 433 (“[T]he period of time within which an action may be commenced is a

material element in [FELA’s] uniformity of operation which Congress would not wish to be

destroyed by the varying provisions of the State statutes of limitation. The incorporation of

variant state saving statutes would defeat the aim of a federal limitation provision designed to

produce national uniformity.” (internal quotation marks, alterations, and citation omitted)); see

also Johnson v. Ry. Express Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 466–67 & n.12 (1975) (holding that

Burnett tolling did not apply to toll the period to file a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, where the

limitations period for that claim was governed by reference to state law, because in Burnett “there

was a substantial body of relevant federal procedural law to guide the decision to toll [FELA’s

federal] limitation period, and significant underlying federal policy that would have conflicted

with a decision not to suspend the running of the statute”).

          Accordingly, we conclude the district court properly dismissed the Estate’s claims as time-

barred.

          V.     Leave to Amend

          Finally, Meimaris argues that she should have been granted leave to amend the TAC. The

district court properly concluded that granting such leave would have been futile.

          Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that a court should “freely give leave” to

amend a pleading “when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). However, “[l]eave may

be denied for good reason, including futility, bad faith, undue delay, or undue prejudice to the

                                                  12
opposing party.” TechnoMarine SA v. Giftports, Inc., 758 F.3d 493, 505 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Amendment is futile when the proposed amended complaint would

“fail[] to state a claim on which relief can be granted.” Anderson News, L.L.C., 680 F.3d at 185;

see Acito v. IMCERA Grp., Inc., 47 F.3d 47, 55 (2d Cir. 1995) (denying leave to amend when

“additional information [could] not cure the complaint”).

       Here, the deficiencies in the TAC are incurable. Meimaris has filed a total of six versions

of her complaint in state and federal court, including an amended pleading submitted after the

defendants filed their motion to dismiss, and there is no indication that there are any additional

allegations that could overcome Meimaris’s lack of individual standing or make the Estate’s claims

timely. See De Jesus v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 87 F.3d 65, 72 (2d Cir. 1996) (finding denial of

leave to amend proper because “[p]laintiffs were accorded four opportunities to plead their claims”

and because “the deficiencies in their federal claims are fundamental”). Indeed, on appeal,

Meimaris does not provide any substantive reasons why amendment would not be futile, instead

relying on her primary arguments that the district court incorrectly applied the statute of limitations

and erred in its standing analysis. As we find these arguments to be without merit, we conclude

that the district court properly denied leave to amend as futile.

                                  *               *                 *

       We have considered Meimaris’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the order of the district court.

                                               FOR THE COURT:
                                               Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

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