Court Opinion

ID: 9555787
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-15 12:06:41.643995+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:44:41.597523
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                   No. COA22-688

                                Filed 15 August 2023

Franklin County, No. 20CVS568

DEBORAH NASH EDWARDS, ROBERT W. COOPER, TIFFANY PATTERSON,
WILLIAM H. RIGGAN, III, ZACHERY MYERS, MARTHA MILLER, EARL
OLDHAM, DONALD K. DRIVER, DEBRA B. POLEO, PAULA WALTERS,
NATALIE PETERSON and ANITA M. DRIVER, Plaintiffs,

             v.

TOWN OF LOUISBURG, NORTH CAROLINA, a body politic, Defendant.

      Appeal by plaintiffs from order entered 28 March 2022 by Judge Michael

O’Foghludha in Franklin County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 7

February 2023.

      Larry E. Norman Attorney, PLLC, by Larry E. Norman, for plaintiffs-
      appellants.

      Cauley Pridgen, P.A., by James P. Cauley, III, and Emily C. Cauley-Schulken,
      for defendant-appellee.

      GORE, Judge.

      Plaintiffs appeal the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of

defendant Town of Louisburg. Plaintiffs lack standing to bring a claim for declaratory

relief under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1, and their claim under North Carolina’s Open

Meetings Law (§§ 143-318.9 – 143-318.18) is moot. We affirm.

                                       I.

A.
                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                  Opinion of the Court

      On 13 May 1914, the Joseph J. Davis Chapter of the United Daughters of the

Confederacy dedicated the monument of a Confederate soldier (the “Monument”) in

memory of Franklin’s Confederate dead. The Monument was located on North Main

Street in Louisburg, North Carolina, on a right-of-way owned by the State. The State

does not claim ownership of the Monument itself. In an order denying plaintiffs’

motion for preliminary injunction filed 20 July 2020, the trial court found that:

             4. Rising tensions and demonstrations have recently
             surrounded similar monuments across North Carolina and
             the United States, resulting in citizens removing similar
             monuments on their own and resulting in injuries to
             citizens, law enforcement officers and property.

             5. Based on similar protests and demonstrations and
             rising tensions in the Town of Louisburg during the month
             of June, 2020, the Louisburg Police Chief considered the
             situation around the Monument to constitute a police and
             public safety emergency and the Police Chief advised Town
             officials of his concerns.

             6. On June 22, 2020, an emergency meeting of the
             Louisburg Town Council was held using the Zoom video
             conferencing platform, wherein the Town Council voted to
             remove and relocate the Monument.

             7. The Town Council meeting was well attended and
             citizens were permitted to participate by submitting
             comments via Zoom and via email on the issue of the
             Monument.

      Following the Council’s decision at the 22 June 2020 emergency meeting,

protests diminished. The soldier on top of the Monument was removed and put into

storage while the Town investigated a suitable location to relocate the Monument

                                         -2-
                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                 Opinion of the Court

base. At a subsequent regular meeting held on 20 July 2020, the Town Council voted

to ratify its prior decision to remove and relocate the Monument. The Monument was

later moved to a section of the Town’s cemetery where Confederate veterans are

buried.

B.

      Plaintiffs commenced this action on 23 June 2020 in Franklin County Superior

Court seeking a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction, and declaratory

judgment regarding the respective rights and obligations of the parties concerning

the Monument. Plaintiffs alleged the Town failed to comply with the terms and

provisions of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1 (Protection of monuments, memorials, and

works of art) and Article 33C of the North Carolina General Statutes concerning

“Meetings of Public Bodies.” Plaintiffs also argued defendant violated the notice

requirements for special meetings under the Town of Louisburg Code of Ordinances.

As written in their complaint, plaintiffs sought a “[d]eclaratory judgment declaring

that the actions of the Town of Louisburg ordering the removal or relocation of the

Confederate Monument be declared void and of no effect.”

      The trial court did not issue a temporary restraining order. Defendant Town

of Louisburg filed a motion to dismiss under Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the North

Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, which the trial court denied by written order

entered 28 July 2020. The trial court entered a separate order denying plaintiffs’

motion for preliminary injunction the same day.

                                        -3-
                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                   Opinion of the Court

      On 9 April 2021, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment under Rule

56 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. On 28 March 2022, the trial court

entered an order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant on all claims.

C.

      Plaintiffs timely filed written notice of appeal on 12 April 2022. The trial

court’s order granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment is immediately

appealable on grounds that such ruling is a final adjudication on the merits of all

issues in controversy.

                                        II.

      Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a

judgment as a matter of law.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (2022). “An issue is

genuine if it may be maintained by substantial evidence.” Bernick v. Jurden, 306

N.C. 435, 440, 293 S.E.2d 405, 409 (1982) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

“[A] fact is material if it would constitute or would irrevocably establish any material

element of a claim or defense.” Id. (alteration in original) (citation omitted). “In

ruling on a summary judgment motion, we consider the evidence in the light most

favorable to the non-movant, drawing all inferences in the non-movant’s favor.”

Comm. to Elect Dan Forest v. Emps. Pol. Action Comm., 376 N.C. 558, 563, 853 S.E.2d

698, 714 (2021) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “We review a trial court’s

                                          -4-
                           EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                   Opinion of the Court

order granting or denying summary judgment de novo.” Variety Wholesalers, Inc. v.

Salem Logistics Traffic Servs., LLC, 365 N.C. 520, 523, 723 S.E.2d 744, 747 (2012)

(citation omitted).

                                       III.

A.

      Defendant raised several arguments in support of summary judgment on

plaintiffs’ claim for declaratory relief under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1. The trial court

granted defendant’s motion but did not state the basis for its rationale. While there

are several possible reasons for its ruling, “[i]f the granting of summary judgment can

be sustained on any grounds, it should be affirmed on appeal. If the correct result

has been reached, the judgment will not be disturbed even though the trial court may

not have assigned the correct reason for the judgment entered.” Shore v. Brown, 324

N.C. 427, 428, 378 S.E.2d 778, 779 (1989) (citations omitted). We first consider

whether the trial court’s order should be affirmed because plaintiffs lack standing to

pursue a claim for declaratory judgment under § 100-2.1.

      “Standing refers to whether a party has a sufficient stake in an otherwise

justiciable controversy such that he or she may properly seek adjudication of the

matter.” Beachcomber Props., L.L.C. v. Station One, Inc., 169 N.C. App. 820, 823, 611

S.E.2d 191, 193 (2005) (citations omitted). “The North Carolina Constitution confers

standing to sue in our courts on those who suffer the infringement of a legal right . . .

.” Comm. to Elect Dan Forest, 376 N.C. at 608, 853 S.E.2d at 733 (emphasis added).

                                          -5-
                           EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                   Opinion of the Court

“A plaintiff must establish standing in order to assert a claim for relief.” United

Daughters of the Confederacy v. City of Winston-Salem, 383 N.C. 612, 625, 881 S.E.2d

32, 44 (2022) (citation omitted). “Standing is a necessary prerequisite to a court’s

proper exercise of subject matter jurisdiction, and standing is required to seek a

declaratory judgment . . . .” Id. at 652, 881 S.E.2d at 61 (Newby, C.J., concurring)

(internal citation omitted).

         Under North Carolina’s Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act, N.C. Gen. Stat.

§§ 1-253 – 1-267, “an action is maintainable . . . only in so far as it affects the civil

rights, status and other relations in the present actual controversy between parties.”

Chadwick v. Salter, 254 N.C. 389, 395, 119 S.E.2d 158, 162 (1961) (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting Calcutt v. McGeachy, 213 N.C. 1, 4, 195 S.E. 49, 51 (1938)).

However, “[t]he mere filing of a declaratory judgment is not sufficient, on its own, to

grant a plaintiff standing . . . .” United Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at

629, 881 S.E.2d at 46 (alteration in original) (internal citation and quotation marks

omitted).    “In other words, plaintiff is still required to demonstrate that it has

sustained a legal or factual injury arising from defendants’ actions as a prerequisite

for maintaining the present declaratory judgment action.” Id. at 629, 881 S.E.2d at

46-47.

         Plaintiffs assert “ownership of the Monument itself” is a disputed issue of

material fact precluding summary judgment. They offer various and conflicting

positions about who owns the Monument—whether it be Franklin County, a specific

                                          -6-
                           EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                    Opinion of the Court

County commissioner, the town of Louisburg, or the Daughters of the Confederacy.

In any event, disputed ownership is not a genuine issue of material fact precluding

summary judgment in this case.          Plaintiffs fail to show some “proprietary or

contractual interest in the monument . . .”, Id. at 629, 881 S.E.2d at 57, i.e., “a legally

protected interest invaded by defendants’ conduct.” Soc’y for the Hist. Pres. of the

Twentysixth N.C. Troops, Inc. v. City of Asheville, 282 N.C. App. 701, 704, 872 S.E.2d

134, 138-39, rev. or reh’g granted and stay granted by ___ N.C. ___, 880 S.E.2d 679

(2022). Through their responses to requests for admissions and in their depositions,

each plaintiff party to this action either denies they have an ownership interest in

the Monument or admits they do not own the Monument.                  Plaintiffs offer no

alternative argument that they maintain the requisite standing to pursue a claim for

declaratory relief on this basis.

      Moreover, in addressing a substantially similar issue in United Daughters of

the Confederacy, our Supreme Court observed that nothing “in N.C.G.S. § 100-2.1 . .

. explicitly authorizes the assertion of a private cause of action for the purpose of

enforcing that statutory provision.” 383 N.C. at 638, 881 S.E.2d at 52. Here, like in

United Daughters of the Confederacy, “even if N.C.G.S. § 100-2.1 could be interpreted

to implicitly authorize the assertion of a private right of action, nothing in the

relevant statutory language or the allegations contained in the . . . complaint suggests

that plaintiff[s] would be ‘in the class of persons on which the statute confers the

right[.]’” Id. (second alteration in original) (quoting Comm. to Elect Dan Forest, 376

                                           -7-
                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                   Opinion of the Court

N.C. at 597, 853 S.E.2d at 726).

      Unlike United Daughters of the Confederacy, the instant appeal arises from an

order granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment, not a dismissal for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction. “Matters determined by a summary judgment, just as by

any other judgment, are res judicata in a subsequent action.” T.A. Loving Co. v.

Latham, 15 N.C. App. 441, 444, 190 S.E.2d 248, 250-51 (1972) (quotation marks and

citation omitted. By contrast, a dismissal under N.C. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction “is not on the merits and thus is not given res judicata

effect.” Cline v. Teich, 92 N.C. App. 257, 264, 374 S.E.2d 462, 466 (1988) (emphasis

omitted) (citation omitted). Under our precedent, “[s]ummary judgment is proper if

the plaintiff lacks standing to bring suit.” Morris v. Thomas, 161 N.C. App. 680, 683,

589 S.E.2d 419, 421 (2003) (citation omitted). Having determined that defendant is

“entitled to summary judgment on the ground [p]laintiff[s] lacked standing, we need

not address [p]laintiff[s’] additional assignments of error.”    Northeast Concerned

Citizens, Inc. v. City of Hickory, 143 N.C. App. 272, 278, 545 S.E.2d 768, 772, disc.

rev. denied, 353 N.C. 526, 549 S.E.2d 220 (2001).

B.

      Plaintiffs also alleged “that the Defendant failed to provide proper notice of the

meeting of the Town Council conducted on June 22, 2020[,] . . .” and “that such actions

of the Defendant violated the terms and provisions of Article 33C of the North

Carolina General Statutes concerning the ‘Meetings of Public Bodies’” and local

                                          -8-
                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                  Opinion of the Court

ordinances. Under North Carolina’s Open Meetings Law (§§ 143-318.9 – 143-318.18):

             Any person may institute a suit in the superior court
             requesting the entry of a judgment declaring that any
             action of a public body was taken, considered, discussed, or
             deliberated in violation of this Article. Upon such a
             finding, the court may declare any such action null and
             void. Any person may seek such a declaratory judgment,
             and the plaintiff need not allege or prove special damage
             different from that suffered by the public at large.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-318.16A(a) (2022).

      Defendant raised several arguments in support of summary judgment on this

issue, and the trial court did not specify the basis for its ruling. We first address

defendant’s argument that “[a]ny deficiency in the procedures around the Council’s

actions at the meeting on June 22, 2020[,] were cured and made moot by the Council’s

unanimous decision at its regular meeting held on July 20, 2020.”

             [A]ctions filed under the Declaratory Judgment Act, N.C.
             Gen. Stat. §§ 1-253 through -267 (2005), are subject to
             traditional mootness analysis. A case is considered moot
             when a determination is sought on a matter which, when
             rendered, cannot have any practical effect on the existing
             controversy. Typically, courts will not entertain such cases
             because it is not the responsibility of courts to decide
             abstract propositions of law.

Citizens Addressing Reassignment & Educ., Inc. v. Wake Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 182 N.C.

App. 241, 246, 641 S.E.2d 824, 827 (2007) (cleaned up).

      At a regular meeting held on 20 July 2020, the Town Council voted

unanimously to ratify the prior action taken regarding relocation of the Monument.

Plaintiffs never brought an independent challenge to the 20 July 2020 meeting, and

                                           -9-
                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                   Opinion of the Court

they never amended their complaint to challenge the Town Council’s actions at the

20 July 2020 meeting.     Even if plaintiffs had obtained their requested relief, a

declaration that the actions of the Town Council taken on 22 June 2020 were null and

void, this ruling could not “have any practical effect on the existing controversy.” Id.

(quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, “[t]his issue presents only an abstract

proposition of law for determination and is, therefore, also moot.” Id. at 246, 641

S.E.2d at 828.

                                       IV.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s 28 March 2022 order

granting summary judgment in favor of defendant on all claims.

      AFFIRMED.

      Judge ZACHARY concurs.

      Judge TYSON dissents by separate opinion.

                                          - 10 -
 No. COA 22-688 – Edwards v. Town of Louisburg

      TYSON, Judge, dissenting.

      The proper mandate is to reverse and remand with instructions for the trial

court to enter dismissal of Plaintiffs’ complaint or summary judgment for lack of

standing without prejudice. United Daughters of the Confederacy, N.C. Div. v. City

of Winston-Salem, 383 N.C. 612, 650, 881 S.E.2d 32, 60 (2022). I respectfully dissent.

                                 I.   Background

      Defendant filed a stand-alone motion to dismiss under Rules 12(b)(1) and

12(b)(6) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, prior to filing an answer. The

trial court denied the motion by written order entered 28 July 2020. Defendant later

filed a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment on 9 April 2021. The trial court entered

an order granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant on both claims of

declaratory judgment and under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100 on 28 March 2022. The trial

court failed to neither make or enter findings nor state its reasoning for granting

Defendant’s motion, other than “no genuine issues as to any material facts” under

either N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1 or under the “open meeting laws.” See N.C. Gen.

Stat. §§ 100-2.1; 143-318.9–143-318.18 (2021).

                           II.   Standard of Review

      This Court has held: “As with other issues of subject matter jurisdiction,

standing is a question of law. Where, as here, the trial court decided the standing

question without making jurisdictional findings of fact, we review the legal question

of standing de novo based on the record before the trial court.” Shearon Farms
                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                  Tyson, J., dissenting

Townhome Owners Ass’n II v. Shearon Farms Dev., LLC, 272 N.C. App. 643, 649, 847

S.E.2d 229, 234 (2020) (internal citations omitted).

                                III.    Standing

                        A. Committee to Elect Dan Forest

      Our Supreme Court extensively discussed the development of our State’s

standing doctrine as it applies to statutorily-granted rights in the case of Committee

to Elect Dan Forest v. Emps. Pol. Action Comm., 376 N.C. 558, 853 S.E.2d 698 (2021)

(“Dan Forest”):

             In summary, our courts have recognized the broad
             authority of the legislature to create causes of action, such
             as “citizen-suits” and “private attorney general actions,”
             even where personal, factual injury did not previously
             exist, in order to vindicate the public interest. In such
             cases, the relevant questions are only whether the plaintiff
             has shown a relevant statute confers a cause of action and
             whether the plaintiff satisfies the requirements to bring a
             claim under the statute. There is no further constitutional
             requirement because the issue does not implicate the
             concerns that motivate our standing doctrine. See, e.g.,
             Stanley [v. Department of Conservation and Development,
             284 N.C. 15, 28, 199 S.E.2d 641 (1973)]. The existence of
             the legal right is enough.

             Having surveyed the relevant English, American, and
             North Carolina law of standing, we are finally in a position
             to determine whether ... the North Carolina Constitution
             imposes an “injury-in-fact” requirement, as under the
             federal constitution. While our Court of Appeals has
             previously come to that conclusion, which was followed by
             numerous panels of that court, see, e.g., Neuse River
             Foundation, Inc. v. Smithfield Foods, Inc., 155 N.C. App.
             110, 113-15, 574 S.E.2d 48 (2002) (holding North Carolina
             law requires “injury in fact” for standing and applying

                                           2
                           EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                   Tyson, J., dissenting

             Lujan [v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 119 L. Ed. 2d
             351 (1992)), we are not bound by those decisions and
             conclude our Constitution does not include such a
             requirement.

Id. at 599, 853 S.E.2d at 727-28 (emphasis supplied).

      The Supreme Court also held the language unrelated to standing in Stanley v.

Department of Conservation and Development cited above was “an aberration and

must be considered dictum” in Madison Cablevision, Inc. v. City of Morganton, 325

N.C. 634, 645-48, 386 S.E.2d 200, 207-08 (1989). In Dan Forest, the Supreme Court

also expressly abrogated any portion of this Court’s opinion in Neuse River

Foundation, Inc. v. Smithfield Foods, Inc. that was inconsistent with their analysis

in Dan Forest. Dan Forest, 376 N.C. at 601 n.44, 853 S.E.2d at 729 n.44.

      The Court held North Carolina’s Constitution does not impose a requirement

for a plaintiff or petitioner to allege an “injury in fact” when challenging the validity

of or asserting the applicability of a statute, and particularly against disturbing a war

grave marker or monument.        N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1.     Instead, the limits on

standing imposed is “a rule of prudential self-restraint” in cases challenging the

constitutionality of governmental action, to ensure our courts only address actual

controversies. Id. at 608, 853 S.E.2d at 733.

      Our Supreme Court clarified the requirements for a party to establish a specific

claim under a statute:

             When a person alleges the infringement of a legal right
             arising under a cause of action at common law, a statute,

                                            3
                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                   Tyson, J., dissenting

             or the North Carolina Constitution, however, the legal
             injury itself gives rise to standing. The North Carolina
             Constitution confers standing to sue in our courts on those
             who suffer the infringement of a legal right, because “every
             person for an injury done him in his lands, goods, person,
             or reputation shall have remedy by due course of law.” N.C.
             Const. art. I, § 18, cl. 2. Thus, when the legislature
             exercises its power to create a cause of action under a
             statute, even where a plaintiff has no factual injury and the
             action is solely in the public interest, the plaintiff has
             standing to vindicate the legal right so long as he is in the
             class of persons on whom the statute confers a cause of
             action.

Id. at 608, 853 S.E.2d at 733 (emphasis supplied).

                    B. United Daughters of the Confederacy

      More recently, in United Daughters of the Confederacy, our Supreme Court

reviewed and stated the specific requirements needed to establish standing to

challenge under similar facts, and the Court held the proper remedy for lack of

jurisdictional standing issues is to dismiss without prejudice:

             A careful analysis of the amended complaint satisfies us
             that plaintiff has failed to identify any legal right conferred
             by the common law, state or federal statute, or the state or
             federal constitutions of which they have been deprived by
             defendants’ conduct. . . .

             Although the amended complaint claims that the local
             chapter was involved in raising funds to erect the
             monument and that it received permission from the County
             to place the monument outside the old county courthouse
             building in 1905, plaintiff does not allege that the local
             chapter or any of its members retained an ownership
             interest in the monument or had executed a contract with
             the County providing that the monument would remain
             upon the old courthouse property in perpetuity. As a

                                            4
             EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                     Tyson, J., dissenting

result, even construing plaintiff’s allegations concerning
the funding for and erection of the monument as true, the
mere fact that the local chapter “funded and erected the
[monument]” does not suffice to establish standing in the
absence of an affirmative claim to have some sort of
proprietary or contractual interest in the monument. This
is particularly true given that the plaintiff’s allegations
that the City’s actions violated various state and federal
laws, which we address in further detail below, assume
that the County, rather than plaintiff, owns the monument.

In addition, our taxpayer standing jurisprudence makes it
clear that, “where a plaintiff undertakes to bring a
taxpayer’s suit on behalf of a public agency or political
subdivision, his complaint must disclose that he is a
taxpayer of the agency [or] subdivision,” Branch v. Bd. of
Ed. of Robeson Cnty., 233 N.C. 623, 626 (1951) (citing
Hughes v. Teaster, 203 N.C. 651 (1932)); see also Fuller, 145
N.C. App. at 395–96, and “allege facts sufficient to
establish” either that “there has been a demand on and a
refusal by the proper authorities to institute proceedings
for the protection of the interests of the public agency or
political subdivision” or that “a demand on such authorities
would be useless.” Id. Although plaintiff has included such
assertions in its brief before this Court, no such allegations
appear in the amended complaint. See Davis v. Rigsby, 261
N.C. 684, 686 (1964) (noting that “[a] party is bound by his
pleadings and, unless withdrawn, amended, or otherwise
altered, the allegations contained in all pleadings
ordinarily are conclusive against the pleader. . . .

In the same vein, we hold that the amended complaint fails
to allege sufficient facts necessary to establish
associational standing. Although plaintiff argues that it is
a “legacy organization whose purposes include ‘historical,
benevolent, memorial, [In addition, given that plaintiff did
not advance this argument before the Court of Appeals, it
is not permitted do so for the first time before this Court.
See Westminster Homes, Inc. v. Town of Cary Zoning Bd. of
Adjustment, 354 N.C. 298, 309 (2001) (noting the
longstanding rule that “issues and theories of a case not

                              5
                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                  Tyson, J., dissenting

             raised below will not be considered on appeal;” see also
             N.C. R. App. P. 10(a) (providing that issues not raised in a
             party’s brief are deemed abandoned).] educational and
             patriotic programs;’” that its charter “clearly and
             [un]equivocally gives it an articulated interest in the status
             and preservation of objects of remembrance such as the
             [m]onument;” that it “has succeeded to the interests of
             those deceased members of an affiliated chapter who were
             responsible for designing, funding, and erecting the
             [monument];” and that it has “a specific requirement for
             membership . . . that one is a lineal descendant of an
             individual who served in the government or the armed
             forces of the Confederacy,” none of these factual allegations
             are raised in the amended complaint. In addition, the
             amended complaint does not identify any of plaintiff’s
             individual members or describe how the legal rights of any
             of plaintiff’s individual members have been violated. As a
             result, the amended complaint fails to allege facts
             sufficient to show that “the interests [plaintiff] seeks to
             protect are germane to the organization’s purpose” or that
             its members “would otherwise have standing to sue in their
             own right.” River Birch Assocs., 326 N.C. at 130.

United Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 629-33, 881 S.E.2d at 47-49.

      Taking all the above under consideration and after the Supreme Court’s

decision Dan Forest, a two-step test is used to determine whether a plaintiff has

standing to challenge a legislative action. First, as set forth by Dan Forest, we must

first determine if the relevant statute, here the Declaratory Judgment Act (“DJA”),

confers on Plaintiff a cause of action. Plaintiff must show the DJA confers a cause of

action generally and Plaintiff is among the class of persons upon whom the cause of

action was conferred. See id. at 607-09, 853 S.E.2d at 733-34.

      The second question becomes whether Plaintiff has satisfied the statutory

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                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                   Tyson, J., dissenting

requirements under the DJA or other statute to bring a claim. See id. at 599, 608

n.51, 853 S.E.2d at 727-28, 733 n.51. Any alleged infringement of a legal right is

sufficient to establish standing. Under Dan Forest, Plaintiff need not allege any

“injury in fact.” Id. at 599, 853 S.E.2d at 728. “[T]o the extent it implicates the

doctrine of standing, our [Constitutional] remedy clause should be understood as

guaranteeing standing to sue in our courts where a legal right at common law, by

statute, or arising under the North Carolina Constitution has been infringed.” Id. at

607, 853 S.E.2d at 733 (emphasis original), see N.C. Const. art. I, § 18.

                       C. Cmty. Success Initiative v. Moore

      Our Supreme Court more recently applied both Dan Forest and United

Daughters of the Confederacy in Cmty. Success Initiative v. Moore, holding:

             The standing requirements articulated by this Court are
             not themselves mandated by the text of the North Carolina
             Constitution. See Comm. To Elect Dan Forest v. Emps. Pol.
             Action Comm., 376 N.C. 558, 599, 853 S.E.2d 698, 728
             (2021) (“[T]he ‘judicial power’ provision [in Article IV] of
             our Constitution imposes no particular requirement
             regarding ‘standing’ at all.”). This Court has developed
             standing requirements out of a “prudential self-restraint”
             that respects the separation of powers by narrowing the
             circumstances in which the judiciary will second guess the
             actions of the legislative and executive branches. Id.

             ...

             To ensure the requisite concrete adverseness, “a party
             must show they suffered a ‘direct injury.’ The personal or
             ‘direct injury’ required in this context could be, but is not
             necessarily limited to, ‘deprivation of a constitutionally
             guaranteed personal right or an invasion of his property

                                            7
                           EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                    Tyson, J., dissenting

             rights.’ ” Forest, 376 N.C. at 607-08, 853 S.E.2d at 733
             (citations omitted).

             ...

             The direct injury criterion applies even where, as here, a
             plaintiff assails the constitutionality of a statute through a
             declaratory judgment action. See United Daughters, 383
             N.C. at 629, 881 S.E.2d at 46-47 ([P]laintiff is still required
             to demonstrate that it has sustained a legal or factual
             injury arising from defendants’ actions as a prerequisite for
             maintaining the present declaratory judgment action.”).

Cmty. Success Initiative v. Moore, __ N.C. __, __, __ S.E.2d __, __, (2023).

                           IV.    Summary Judgment

       “Jurisdiction is [t]he legal power and authority of a court to make a decision

that binds the parties to any matter properly brought before it.” In re T.R.P., 360

N.C. 588, 590, 636 S.E.2d 787, 789-90 (2006) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted).   “The court must have personal jurisdiction and . . .          subject matter

jurisdiction [, which is] [j]urisdiction over the nature of the case and the type of relief

sought, in order to decide a case.” Catawba Cty. v. Loggins, 370 N.C. 83, 88, 804

S.E.2d 474, 478 (2017) (citation omitted) (emphasis supplied).

      In United Daughters of the Confederacy, the trial court had granted the

defendants’ motions to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to

state a claim upon which relief could be granted pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1,

Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) (2021) with prejudice. 383 N.C. at 650, 2022-NCSC-143,

881 S.E.2d at 60.

                                             8
                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                  Tyson, J., dissenting

      The superior court here entered conflicting orders in initially denying

Defendant’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion where Plaintiffs had maintained the burden to

establish standing, while later allowing Defendant’s Rule 56 motion for summary

judgment presumably for lack of jurisdictional standing. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1,

Rule 56 (2021). Our Supreme Court previously held subject matter jurisdiction

challenges are properly asserted under Rule 12(b)(1), instead of Rule 12(b)(6). United

Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 650, 881 S.E.2d at 60 (citations omitted).

      While there may be purported conflicting caselaw from this Court regarding

issues of jurisdictional or subject matter standing being disposed of by summary

judgment, the Supreme Court of North Carolina reviews challenges to subject matter

jurisdiction through a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss, instead of under either a

motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) or a motion for summary judgment under Rule

56. Id.

                            V.    Without Prejudice

      Our Supreme Court has held under similar facts: “when a complaint is

dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, that decision does not result in a

final judgment on the merits and does not bar further action by the plaintiff on the

same claim.” Id. (citations omitted).

      In United Daughters of the Confederacy, the Supreme Court addressed a

defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.      Id.   The

majority’s opinion asserts the posture in the instant case on a motion for summary

                                           9
                          EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                   Tyson, J., dissenting

judgment pursuant to Rule 56 is factually distinguishable from United Daughters of

the Confederacy, citing Landfall Grp. Against Paid Transferability v. Landfall Club,

117 N.C. App. 270, 273, 450 S.E.2d 513, 515-16 (1994), where the “defendant met its

summary judgment burden by showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact

due to the lack of standing, [and] the burden shifted to [the] plaintiff to show that [a

litigant] is a member of [the] defendant” group.

       This presumption and conclusion mis-states binding precedent from our

Supreme Court. See Cannon v. Miller, 313 N.C. 324, 327 S.E.2d 888 (1985) (the Court

of Appeals “acted under a misapprehension of its authority to overrule decisions of

the Supreme Court of North Carolina and its responsibility to follow those decisions,

until otherwise ordered by the Supreme Court” when it abolished two tort causes of

action).

       “[S]tanding is a ‘necessary prerequisite to a court’s proper exercise of subject

matter jurisdiction[,]’” and is not a merits adjudication. Willowmere Cmty. Ass’n v.

City of Charlotte, 370 N.C. 553, 561, 809 S.E.2d 558, 563 (2018) (citation omitted).

The trial court’s dismissal and entry of summary judgment for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction is not a “final judgment on the merits.”        United Daughters of the

Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 650, 881 S.E.2d at 60 (citations omitted).

                                VI.    Conclusion

       The trial court’s order on summary judgment on standing jurisdiction is

properly reversed and remanded to the trial court with instructions to enter the order

                                            10
                           EDWARDS V. TOWN OF LOUISBURG

                                    Tyson, J., dissenting

without prejudice. Willowmere Cmty. Ass’n, 370 N.C. at 561, 809 S.E.2d at 563; Dan

Forest, 376 N.C. at 607-08, 853 S.E.2d at 733; United Daughters of the Confederacy,

383 N.C. at 650, 2022-NCSC-143, 881 S.E.2d at 60; Cmty. Success Initiative, __ N.C.

at __, __ S.E.2d at __, I respectfully dissent.

                                             11