Court Opinion

ID: 8854883
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 17:26:18.761432+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:05:37.245393
License: Public Domain

TAFT, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). This motion came regularly before me in this court, but it involved such important questions in regard to the removal of cases from the state courts to the federal courts that I deemed it my duty to invite Judge BURTON to sit with me in the hearing of the case. This he kindly consented to do, and we have given to the consideration of the issues presented, and those which we find it necessary to decide, the care their importance demanded. We have been assisted by a very full argument by counsel, and by elaborate briefs. If any one of the Chesapeake & Ohio Bailway Company’s codefendants is properly joined with it, there is no jurisdiction in this court, and the motion to remand is granted. The counsel contend that there is no proper joinder of the railway company, and urge this on a number of grounds: First. It is contended that the proceedings in the previous suit, by which four of the codefendants of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company were dismissed from the action, prevent their joinder here, and estop plaintiff from claiming any liability against them. Second. The second ground is that the proof conclusively shows the joinder of the Chesapeake & Ohio Bail way with its code-fendants for the sole and fraudulent purpose of depriving it of its constitutional and statutory right of removal to this court. Third. It is insisted that no cause of action, in the petition, is stated either against the Maysville & Big Sandy Railroad Company or against the natural persons codefendants with the removing defendant. Fourth. It is further contended that, under the allegations of the petition, the cause of action against the defendants is not a joint tort, upon which the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company and the Maysville & Big Sandy Railroad Company can be joined as defendants with the employes of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company.
1. The contention of the defendants, that the proceedings in the state court in the first suit, by which plaintiff dismissed from the suit four of the codefendants of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company, prevent their joinder in this suit, cannot be sustained. Their dismissal was voluntary on the part of the plaintiff, and was not upon the merits of the cause. The plaintiff had the right, assuming that a joint tort had been committed, to unite all the defendants, or to sue one or more of them. He had the right, therefore, to dismiss against some without prejudice, and to continue his suit against others. No estoppel grew out, therefore, of the dismissal. Moreover, such a plea is matter of defense, and could have no bearing on the question of removal, for that depends alone on the averments of the petition.
2. The history of this cause conclusively shows that the codefend-ants of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company were joined for the purpose of avoiding the jurisdiction of this court. See 65 Fed. 138. But this alone would not justify the removal of the suit against the *750Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company. It must also appear, either,, by the averments of the petition, that no cause, of action is stated against the other codefendants, or that they are, in law, improperly joined, or it must be shown by proof that the averments of fact in the petition upon which the joint liability of the codefendants of the Chesapeake & Ohio Kailway Company is asserted are so palpably untrue and unfounded as to make it improbable that the plaintiff could have inserted them in his petition in a bona fide belief that he could make proof of them on the trial. If a plaintiff has a good cause of action for a joint tort against several defendants, it is not fraudulent in him to join them all in his suit, even if it does appear that he would not have joined the resident defendants with the nonresident defendants except for the purpose of avoiding the jurisdiction of the federal court. Where he has reasonable ground for a bona fide belief in the facts upon which the liability of all the defendants depends, his motive in joining them cannot be questioned. It is only where he has. not, in fact, a cause of action against the defendants, and has no reasonable ground for supposing that he has, and yet joins them, in order to evade the jurisdiction of the federal court, that the joinder can be said to be fraudulent, entitling the real defendant to a removal.
In Railroad Co. v. Wangelin, 132 U. S. 599, 10 Sup. Ct. 203, the suit was by the plaintiff, a citizen of Illinois, against the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, a corporation of Kentucky, and the-Southeast & St. Louis Railway Company, a corporation of Illinois, in a state court of Illinois, for a trespass upon the plaintiff’s land. The case was removed into the circuit court of the United States by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, alleging a separate controversy between it and the plaintiff, and that its codefendant was not incorporated at the time the trespasses alleged in the declaration were committed, if at all. It was held that the cause of action alleged was a joint tort, and that the fact that the two defendants pleaded several defenses did not prevent the right of the plaintiff to continue its suit against them jointly, and did not create a separable controversy between the plaintiff and either of the defendants, for the purpose of removal under the act of March 3, 1875. Mr. Justice G-ray used this language:
“It is equally well settled that, in any case, the question whether there is a separable controversy which will warrant a removal is to be determined by the condition of the record in the state court at the time of the filing of the petition for removal, independently of the allegations in that petition, or in the affidavit of the petitioner, unless the petitioner both alleges and proves that the defendants were wrongfully made joint defendants for the purpose of preventing a removal into the federal court”
And, in showing that the exception had no application to the case in hand, Mr. Justice Cray closed his opinion with the following sentence :
“As to the suggestion, made in argument, that the Southeast & St. Louis Kaiiway Company was fraudulently joined as a defendant in the state court for the purpose of depriving the Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company of the right to remove the case into the circuit court of the United States, it is enough to say that no fraud was alleged in the petition for removal, or-pleaded or offered to be proved in the circuit court”
*751In Plymouth Consol. Cold Min. Co. v. Amador & S. Canal Co., 118 U. S. 270, 6 Sup. Ct. 1034, in which a mining company and others were joined as defendants for polluting a stream of water belonging to the plaintiff, and the mining company sought to remove the case to the federal court, averring, in its petition for removal, that the other defendants, who were of the same state citizenship witli the plaintiff, had been joined merely for the purpose of preventing the removal, Chief Justice Waite said:
“It is possible, also, that the company may be guilty, and the other defendants not guilty; but the plaintiff, in its complaint, says they are all guilty, and that presents the cause of action to be tried. Iflach party defends for himself; bul, until his defense is made out, the case stands against him, and the rights of all must be governed accordingly. Under these circumstances, the aver-ments in the petition that the defendants were wrongfully made to avoid a removal can be of no avail in the circuit court, upon a motion to remand, until they are proven; and that, so far as the present record discloses, was not attempted. The affirmative of this issue wa.s oil the petitioning defendant. That corporation was the moving party, and was bound to make out its case.”
The necessary implication of these authorities is that, where fraudulent joinder of resident defendants is alleged in the petition, and the fraud is made out, a case is presented in which the removal of the case of the nonresident defendant to the federal court may be sustained. But it must appear that the allegations of joint liability were unfounded in fact, were not made in good faith, with the expectation of proving them at the trial, and were made solely for the purpose of evading the jurisdiction of the federal court. In this case, no attempt has been made to disprove, as palpably untrue, the averments of fact in the petition upon which a liability is claimed against the codefendants of the Chesa.pea.ke & Ohio Railway Company; and therefore it follows that if, on the facts alleged in the petition, a tort is shown upon which the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company and its codefendants may be jointly sued, the motive of the plaintiff in joining the codefendants of the railway company is immaterial, and cannot affect; the right of the plaintiff t o retain them as defendants in this suit. It should be noted that the question of fraud here is quite a different one from the question of fraud as it; was presented on the motions to remand in the previous suit, brought on this same cause of action, the decision of which is reported in 65 Fed. 138. There the plaintiff, after having joined the defendants, had voluntarily dismissed them from the action before judgment, with the admission that he had joined them, not for the purpose of taking judgment against them, but merely to evade the jurisdiction of the United States court. After he had dismissed them, the cause was removed a second time to the United States court. It was- then plainly within the federal jurisdiction but for the fact that the time liad elapsed within which a removal could be had under the statute. It was held that the conduct of the plaintiff in joining defendants without a bona fide intention of proceeding to judgment against them, and merely for the purpose of preventing removal, estopped him from pleading the diday in removal which his conduct had necessitated, to defeat the right of removal. Here the plaintiff has not dismissed the defend*752ants, and, on the face of the record, there are citizens of the same state on both sides of the controversy. He has the right to proceed to a judgment against all the defendants, assuming that the facts stated make out a joint cause of action. If so, his motive in joining them, and in taking judgment against them, cannot be inquired into here.
3. We are therefore brought to the third ground urged by the defendants for overruling the motion to remand, namely, the question whether any cause of action is stated against the defendants other than the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company. We do not think that any cause of action is stated on the face of the petition against the Maysville & Big Sandy Railroad Company. The averment of the petition-is that the plaintiff was a servant of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company, and that he was injured through the negligence of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company and its servants in allowing its machinery to remain in a defective condition, and that the accident occurred on the railroad of the Mays-ville & Big Sandy Railroad Company, which had leased to the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company its railroad without authority of law. The proposition of the plaintiff’s counsel is that, where a railroad company, without authority of law, leases its property, tó be operated by another railroad company, the lessor company is liable for all the torts of the lessee company. Such a proposition cannot be supported. The lessor company, by virtue of its charter, assumed the obligation to perform certain duties for the public in carrying freight and passengers, and in observing statutory precautions for the protection of the public from danger in the operation of its railroad. When it-unlawfully shifts to another company the burden of the discharge of these duties to the public, any loss resulting to any member of the public from a failure by its lessee to discharge them may be made the basis for a claim for damages against the lessor company. The duty owing from the lessee company to its employés is, however, one which arises wholly from contract, and is not imposed by the charter of incorporation. The lessor company was not obliged to employ as a servant any particular members of the public. A person entering the service of the lessee company, therefore, acquired no right against the lessee except by virtue of the terms of employment. Such employé came into no privity of contract with the lessor company. No case has been cited to us in which it is held that the servant of the lessee company, operating under a void lease, can recover against the lessor company for injuries sustained by the negligence of the lessee company in the operation of the road. The only cases where liability in tort is enforced against the lessor company are those where the person injured is a member of the public, with the right to rely upon the discharge of the public duties assumed by the lessor company in the operation of the road. Such persons are shippers, who have a common-law right to demand of the common carrier that he shall carry their goods safely, passengers, who have a common-law right to demand of the common carrier that they shall be carried safely to their destination,, and travelers upon the high*753way, who have a statutory and common-law rigid: to such a reasonable and careful operation of the road as shall not unduly injure them in the pursuit of their lawful rights. The distinction is clearly marked in the decision of Judge Lurton in the case of Arrowsmith v. Railroad Co., 57 Fed. 165. In that case the court used this language:
"■Where a railway company leases its line without authority of law, suclr lease is void; and it will continue liable for all the negligence of the lessee affecting the public.”
The same limitation of liability under such circumstances is expressed by the court of appeals of New York in Abbott v. Railroad Co., 80 N. Y. 27. See, also, Railway Co. v. Curl, 28 Kan. 622; Freeman v. Railway Co. (Minn.) 10 N. W. 594; Railway Co. v. Brown, 17 Wall. 450; Railway Co. v. Winans, 17 How. 38; Harper v. Railroad Co., 90 Ky. 359, 14 S. W. 346. The exact question arose in the case of Railway Co. v. Culberson, 72 Tex. 375, 10 S. W. 706, where the distinction was fully considered, and, in an elaborate and Yery satisfactory opinion, it was held that a servant of the lessee railroad company, operating under a lease not authorized by the statute, who was injured while in the employ of the lessee company, could not hold the lessor company for damages for such injury. A similar conclusion was reached in the case of Hanna v. Railway Co. (88 Tenn. 310, 12 S. W. 718), in which it was held that a railroad company, which permitted a private person to move upon its track certain cars without authority of law or sanction of statute, assumed no responsibility to the employés of such private person for injuries sustained while in his service by reason of his negligence. The distinction above made was not considered or suggested in the opinion of this court in Hukill v. Chesapeake & O. Ry. Co., 65 Fed. 138, because it was unnecessary in reaching a conclusion there. So far, then, as the joinder of the Maysville & Big Sandy Railroad Company is used as a reason to oust the jurisdiction of this court, it must fail. Arrowsmith v. Railroad Co., 57 Fed. 165.
The next point made by the counsel for the railway company is that no case is stated against the defendant car inspectors. It is urged that nothing is charged against them but mere omission or nonfea-sance in violation of their duty to their employer, and that, while this may subject the company to liability to the plaintiff for injuries suffered by him because of such nonfeasance, it gives him no right of action against them, for the reason that there is no relation of privity between him and them. Conceding the validity of the distinction by which a servant is held liable directly to a stranger only for positive conduct which the servant might reasonably anticipate would result in injury, and which did so while acting in the business of his master, and not for an entire failure to enter upon the master’s business at all, the averments of the petition make it inapplicable here. The petition charges that the defendants (which includes the defendant car inspectors), with gross and wanton negligence, placed the car with the board projecting therefrom in a defective, unsafe, and dangerous condition, whereby the defendant was injured. This was *754misfeasance, because, but for tbeir act in placing tbe car where it was, in its dangerous condition, the plaintiff would not hare been injured. It is quite like the case considered by the supreme judicial •court of Massachusetts in Osborne v. Morgan, 130 Mass. 102. There it was held that a servant who attached a block and tackle to the ceiling in the course of his employment, and did not sufficiently secure it to prevent its falling, was directly liable to a fellow servant who was injured by the fall. Chief Justice Gray, speaking for the court, said:
“It is often said, in the books, that an agent is responsible to third persons for misfeasance only, and not for nonfeasance. And it is doubtless true that, if an agent never does anything towards carrying out his contract with his principal, but wholly omits and neglects to do so, the principal is the only person who can maintain any action against him for nonfeasance. But, if the agent once actually undertakes and enters upon the execution of a particular work, it is his duty to use reasonable care in the mann >r of executing it, so as not to cause any injury to third persons which may be the natural consequence of his acts; and he cannot, by abandoning its execution midway, and leaving things in a dangerous condition* exempt himself from liability to any person who suffers injury by reason of his having so left them without proper safeguards. This is not nonfeasance, or doing nothing; but it is misfeasance,— •doing improperly.”
In much the same way, when the car inspectors moved this car into a place where its defective condition would in all probability injure some one, they were doing something improperly, instead of doing nothing.
4. We come, now, to the fourth and last proposition upon which the removing defendant, the railway company, rests its right to invoke the jurisdiction of this court to try the suit against it. It is that, even if the natural defendants are liable to the plaintiff on the averments of the petition, yet they are not jointly liable with the removing defendant. We have considered, in the case of Warax v. Railway Co. (just decided) 72 Fed. 637, the question when a master and his servant may be joined in an action for the negligence of his servant; and we reached the conclusion that, unless it appeared that the master was present in person, directing the servant, or unless the work in which the servant was engaged was of a character that made the result complained of possible and probable, the liability, of the master and servant was not joint. This was on the ground that the liability of the master and that of the servant arise on different principles. That of the master is based on public policy, while that of the servant depends on the simple law of trespass or direct injury. There is a similar distinction between the liability of the master and the servant in this case. The master’s liability here arises from his implied contractual obligation to his servant to furnish a reasonably safe place in which, and reasonably safe appliances with which, to do his work. The liability of the servants charged as defendants in this case must arise from their personal and affirmative acts, directly causing the injury, as for trespass. No concert of action is alleged between the master and his servants in this case. On the contrary, the petition is full.of allegations that, if the servants had done their duty to their master properly, no injury would have resulted to the plaintiff. It is true the petition charges *755that all the defendants were guilty of joint negligence, and that all of them placed the car where it was in its defective condition; but, in the absence of a specific allegation that the defendant railway company was present, by some representative or superintending officer, we must assume that the company was only constructively present in the persons of its agents, the car inspectors and brakeman who are made codefendants, and that its liability is not based on anything akin to the personal interference of a natural master. The case of Campbell v. Sugar Co., 62 Me. 552, was a case in which the liability of the principal arose, as here, from a positive duty enjoined on him, and not simply from the public policy which makes the master liable for the negligence of his servant in and about his business; and yet it was there held that the master and servant were not properly joined unless actual concert of action, or something equivalent thereto, was shown. And a similar relation existed in the case stated by the court in Clark v. Fry, 8 Ohio St. 358, 377, between the master and servant, with respect to the character of the act made the basis of that action.
For these reasons, we hold that there was a misjoinder of the removing defendant with its codefendants, that the removing defendant has a right to have the suit against it tried in this court, and that the motion to remand, so far as the suit against it is concerned, must be denied.