Court Opinion

ID: 2656837
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-03-17 15:15:17.474685+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:00:07.838333
License: Public Domain

Case: 13-14166   Date Filed: 03/17/2014   Page: 1 of 11

                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]

            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 13-14166
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 0:12-cv-62283-WPD

FRANK P. MIELE,
REGINALD CARNICK, II,

                                                          Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                  versus

CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS AT LLOYD’S OF LONDON,
d.b.a. Sea Wave Yacht,

                                                           Defendant-Appellee.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                             (March 17, 2014)

Before HULL, WILSON and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Plaintiffs-appellants Frank Miele and Reginald Carnick (collectively, the

“plaintiffs”) appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

defendant-appellee Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s of London (“Lloyd’s”). The

plaintiffs sued after Lloyd’s denied coverage under the plaintiffs’ marine insurance

policy. After careful review of the briefs and the record, we affirm.

                  I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A.    The Sinking of the Blue Side Up

      In 1999, Plaintiffs Miele and Carnick became joint-owners of a 32-foot

Luhrs nautical vessel, Blue Side Up. Defendant Lloyd’s is an insurer doing

business in Florida under the names Atlass Special Risks, Inc. (“Atlass Insurance”)

and SeaWave Yacht Insurance.

      On October 15, 2010, the plaintiffs renewed the Sea Wave Yacht Insurance

policy (the “policy”), which they maintained on the Blue Side Up. Although the

policy was issued under the Atlass Insurance name, the policy stated that it was

“100% underwritten by Certain Underwriters at Lloyds of London.” The policy

provided insurance for, inter alia, damages to the hull up to $92,000, and for loss of

personal effects up to $2,500. After the October 2010 renewal, the policy was in

effect until October 16, 2011.

      On June 18, 2011, while docked, the Blue Side Up sank. Two days later, the

plaintiffs filed a claim under the policy. Lloyd’s hired Stewart Hutcheson, a

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marine surveyor, to inspect the sunken vessel on Lloyd’s behalf. Hutcheson did so

and determined that the boat sank because water entered it through a “degraded

and rotten” air conditioning hose.

B.    Lloyd’s Denial of the Plaintiffs’ Claim for Coverage

      In light of Hutcheson’s conclusion, defendant Lloyd’s denied the claim. In a

letter to the plaintiffs, Lloyd’s stated that it “was determined the vessel sank due to

a deteriorated thru hull fitting and an inoperable bilge pump” and that the policy

“contains an exclusion which is applicable to this situation.” Lloyd’s letter

referenced “Exclusion C,” which provides that “[t]his insurance does not cover

losses and or damages arising (whether incurred directly or indirectly) from . . . :”

             C.     The cost of repairs or replacing any part of Your Boat by
                    reason of wear and tear, gradual deterioration, osmosis,
                    wet or dry rot, corrosion, weathering, marring,
                    scratching, denting, vermin, pets or marine life, or
                    electrolytic or galvanic action;

C.    The Plaintiffs’ State Court Complaint and Removal

      After receiving the denial letter, the plaintiffs Miele and Carnick filed a

verified complaint against defendant Lloyd’s in Florida state court. The verified

complaint requested a declaratory judgment that: (1) Lloyd’s did not comply with

Florida law when it investigated the sinking of the boat, thereby entitling the

plaintiffs to coverage on their claim; and (2) Lloyd’s “breached the contract to

provide insurance to Plaintiffs . . . by failing and refusing to pay them pursuant to

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the terms of the” policy. After service, Lloyd’s removed the state court case to the

federal district court.

D.     The Report of Lloyd’s Expert, David Wills

       During discovery, Lloyd’s served notice on the plaintiffs that it expected

David P. Wills of Exponent Failure Analysis Associates to testify as an expert at

trial. Lloyd’s notice informed the plaintiffs that Wills, a materials and corrosion

engineer, had: (1) “reviewed various survey reports of [the Blue Side Up],

including both pre-loss and post-loss”; (2) received “a sample of the air

conditioning hose from [the Blue Side Up] . . . suspected to have been the cause of

the loss”; and (3) “performed scientific testing of the air conditioning hose and

issued a report of his findings.”

       To this notice, Lloyd’s attached a copy of Wills’s “report of his testing and

conclusions” (the “Wills report”). It is undisputed that the plaintiffs received the

Wills report on April 1, 2013, within the deadline for the disclosure of expert

witnesses.

       The Wills report contained a section labeled, “Conclusions,” which

discussed how the air conditioning hose had cracks and a fracture that had

developed over a period of time. In that section, Wills wrote that his “inspections

and testing . . . revealed a stepped, jagged profile where the fracture surface and the

hose exterior intersect” and that “[t]his pattern [was] present as a result of

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numerous small parallel surface cracks in the hose cover joining together over

some period of time to form a lengthy fracture front.” Wills noted that he “did not

determine the age of the hose,” but that “[t]he surface cracks” in the hose “suggest

the hose has been in service for a significant time and has reached the end of its

service life.”

E.     Lloyd’s Summary Judgment Motion

       After discovery ended, Lloyd’s filed a motion for summary judgment and

attached evidentiary materials, including a declaration of Lloyd’s expert, Wills (the

“Wills declaration”). The plaintiffs did not receive the Wills declaration during

discovery but received it with Lloyd’s motion for summary judgment. In the Wills

declaration, the expert witness stated essentially what he had said in the Wills

report. The Wills declaration stated: “It is my opinion, based upon testing

performed by me, that the fracture of the subject air conditioning hose occurred

over a period of time and not as a result of a traumatic event.”

F.     The Plaintiffs’ Response and Motion to Strike

       The plaintiffs opposed the summary judgment motion and filed a motion to

strike the Wills declaration. In the motion to strike, the plaintiffs argued that

Lloyd’s did not disclose during discovery Wills’s above-quoted conclusion and

that the “late assertion” was “unavoidably and materially prejudicial.” Although

they undisputedly received the Wills report during discovery, the plaintiffs argued

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that the Wills report did not contain Wills’s conclusion regarding the reason for the

fracture in the air conditioning hose.

G.    The District Court’s Order

      The district court denied the plaintiffs’ motion to strike and granted Lloyd’s

motion for summary judgment. As for the motion to strike, the district court

concluded that: (1) the statements in the Wills report were materially similar to

those in the Wills declaration, especially as to the fracture of the air conditioning

hose occurring over a period of time; (2) the plaintiffs received the Wills report

during discovery and within the deadlines; and (3) therefore, the Wills declaration

did not contain previously undisclosed conclusions. As for the motion for

summary judgment, the district court determined that: (1) there were no factual

issues regarding the cause of the boat’s demise, which was the fracture of the air

conditioning hose; (2) the sinking resulting from the air conditioning hose fracture

fell under Exclusion C of the policy; and (3) Exclusion C excluded losses and

damages caused (directly or indirectly) by the cost of repair of a part—the air

conditioning hose—by reason of wear and tear or gradual deterioration.

      The plaintiffs appealed.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

A.     Motion to Strike

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       The first issue is whether the district court properly denied the plaintiffs’

motion to strike the Wills declaration. 1 The plaintiffs filed their motion to strike

pursuant to Rule 37(c)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 37(c)(1)

provides that “[i]f a party fails to provide information . . . as required by Rule 26(a)

or (e), the party is not allowed to use that information . . . to supply evidence on a

motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or is

harmless.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1).

       The record amply establishes that the plaintiffs learned during discovery all

of the information and opinions reflected in the Wills declaration. Neither party

disputes that the plaintiffs received the Wills report within the discovery deadlines.

As the district court explained, these conclusions, reflected in the Wills report,

were “materially similar to the statement in the Wills [d]eclaration that ‘the

fracture of the subject air conditioning hose occurred over a period of time.’”

       Accordingly, Lloyd’s failure to provide the plaintiffs with the Wills

declaration until after the close of discovery was harmless, as the plaintiffs had

received the Wills report, and the Wills report contained the same conclusions.

Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying the plaintiffs’

motion to strike.

B.     Motion for Summary Judgment

       1
         We review a district court’s denial of a motion to strike for an abuse of discretion.
Telfair v. First Union Mortg. Corp., 216 F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th Cir. 2000).
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       Next, we consider whether defendant Lloyd’s was entitled to summary

judgment as to all claims. 2 There is no dispute that the boat sank because of a

fracture in the air conditioning hose. 3 Moreover, there is no genuine issue of

material fact that the cause of the air conditioning hose was normal wear and tear,

as expert Wills twice stated. Although the plaintiffs disputed Wills’s conclusion,

they offered no evidence to support an alternative explanation for the hose fracture.

       We recognize that the plaintiffs did file affidavits by Chris Jackson and

Robert J. Scott. In his affidavit, Chris Jackson stated that he: (1) knew the

plaintiffs for 13 years; (2) had been on their boat, Blue Side Up, many times; and

(3) believed that “throughout their ownership, [the plaintiffs] have maintained the

vessel in above average or excellent condition.” Similarly, in his affidavit, Robert

J. Scott stated that he: (1) knew the plaintiffs for 6 years; (2) “performed extensive

maintenance on their vessel, Blue Side Up”; and (3) believed that “throughout their

ownership, [the plaintiffs] have maintained the vessel in excellent condition

compared to the majority of boat owners.” Notably, neither affidavit included an

       2
        We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment and draw all inferences
and review all evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Hamilton v.
Southland Christian Sch., Inc., 680 F.3d 1316, 1318 (11th Cir. 2012). “Summary judgment is
appropriate only if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and
the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
       3
          The fracture in the air conditioning hose allowed water to enter the boat, causing the
entire vessel to sink. The marine surveyor who inspected the boat, Hutcheson, explained that “if
[the air conditioning] hose is removed or degraded or cut, water will naturally flow into the bilge
spaces.”
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opinion—expert or lay—as to the cause of the hose fracture. Thus, the district

court properly concluded that these affidavits did not create a genuine issue of

material fact as to why the fracture in the hose developed, and thus why the boat

sunk.

        Alternatively, the plaintiffs argue that, even if the facts are undisputed, that

summary judgment was inappropriate because the district court incorrectly

concluded that Exclusion C applied here. The plaintiffs argue that Exclusion C

was ambiguous and should be construed as excluding only the cost to replace the

single air conditioning hose part itself and not to the cost of replacing “the entire

boat” if any part failed due to wear and tear and caused the sinking.

        In this diversity action involving the interpretation of an insurance contract,

we apply Florida law. Fernandez v. Bankers Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 906 F.2d 559, 564

(11th Cir. 1990). Under Florida law, we interpret the policy pursuant to its “plain

meaning, with any ambiguities construed against the insurer and in favor of

coverage.” U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. J.S.U.B., Inc., 979 So. 2d 871, 877 (Fla. 2007). A

policy provision is ambiguous when “the salient policy language is susceptible to

two reasonable interpretations, one providing coverage and the other excluding

coverage.” Fayad v. Clarendon Nat’l Ins. Co., 899 So. 2d 1082, 1086 (Fla. 2005).

Moreover, “[a] provision is not ambiguous simply because it is complex or

requires analysis.” Garcia v. Fed. Ins. Co., 969 So. 2d 288, 291 (Fla. 2007). Thus,

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“if a policy provision is clear and unambiguous, it should be enforced according to

its terms whether it is a basic policy provision or an exclusionary provision.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted).

      Exclusion C is not ambiguous. It excludes coverage for losses and damages

arising directly or indirectly from the cost of repairing or replacing a part, here the

air conditioning hose, due to wear and tear. Thus, Exclusion C excluded from

coverage losses caused, directly or indirectly, by “wear and tear” and it is

undisputed that wear and tear to the air conditioning hose caused the fracture and

the fracture caused the boat to sink.

      We reject the plaintiffs’ claim that the exclusion reaches only the cost of

replacing the hose part itself. The policy language is much broader and applies to

all losses and damages arising directly or indirectly from a need to replace a single

part—the air conditioning hose—due to wear and tear to that part. As the district

court concluded, the vessel is nothing but a sum of its parts and Exclusion C

excludes coverage for any single part or collection of parts if the losses or damages

were caused by wear and tear of a part. In this case, the need to replace one part

due to wear and tear indirectly gave rise to a need to replace all parts. The fact that

the entire boat is now inoperable (as opposed to only some part of it) does not

bring the plaintiffs’ claim out from under Exclusion C. Accordingly, the district

court properly granted summary judgment to defendant Lloyd’s on the plaintiffs’

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claim for a declaratory judgment that Lloyd’s breached its contract with the

plaintiffs. 4

                                     III. CONCLUSION

       In light of the foregoing, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary

judgment to the defendant Lloyd’s. We also deny defendant Lloyd’s pending

motion for damages under Rule 38 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.

We conclude that the issues raised by the plaintiffs in this appeal are not frivolous

and thus Rule 38 does not entitle defendant Lloyd’s to damages.

       AFFIRMED.

       4
         To the extent that the plaintiffs also appeal the award of summary judgment to Lloyd’s
on their claim for a declaratory judgment that Lloyd’s conducted an inadequate investigation, we
affirm on that issue, too. The district court correctly held that this claim was moot in light of its
conclusion that Lloyd’s owed no coverage under the policy.

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