Court Opinion

ID: 9403184
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-20 17:08:08.590157+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:05.339635
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Pitts, 2023-Ohio-2005.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                  SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       LUCAS COUNTY

State of Ohio                                     Court of Appeals Nos. L-22-1047
                                                                        L-22-1048
        Appellant
                                                  Trial Court Nos. CR0201702414
                                                                   CR0201703126

v.

Ronald D. Pitts                                   DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellee                                  Decided: June 16, 2023

                                            *****

        Julia R. Bates, Lucas County Prosecuting Attorney, and
        Evy M. Jarrett, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellant.

        James R. Willis and Clarissa A. Smith, for appellee.

                                            *****

        DUHART, J.

        {¶ 1} This is a consolidated appeal filed by appellant, the state of Ohio, from the

February 7, 2022 judgment of the Lucas County Common Pleas Court. For the reasons

that follow, we reverse and remand to the trial court.
                                    Assignment of Error

               I. The trial court erred in dismissing a meritorious forfeiture claim

       based on a decision issued three years after the parties took action

       follow[ing] a well-established local practice permitting entry of a dismissal

       of a civil action following its transfer and consolidation into a criminal

       case.

                                            Background

       {¶ 2} We first note that a more extensive recitation of the facts in this case are set

forth in State v. Pitts, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-18-1242, 2020-Ohio-2655. The following

facts are relevant to the instant appeal.

                        March 28, 2017 Searches and Related Cases

       {¶ 3} On March 28, 2017, the Toledo Police Department executed search warrants

at two properties in Toledo, Ohio: 2820 Airport Highway, Apartment M, and 1828

Dunham Street. During the execution of these search warrants, police found large

amounts of drugs, as well as currency, and other items. As a result, two forfeiture actions

were filed against Pitts1 on April 3, 2017. In case No. CI17-2218, the state sought

forfeiture of $18,503.00 in U.S. currency as well as “[a]ssorted coins and collector type

money” on the basis that these items were either an instrumentality or proceeds under

1
 These cases, as well as the related criminal case, were also brought against a co-
defendant, Megan Weemes.

2.
R.C. 2981.02. In case No. CI17-2219, the state sought forfeiture of $7,144.00 in U.S.

currency alleging the currency was either an instrumentality used in the commission of

felony offenses or proceeds from the commission of felony offenses.

       {¶ 4} Shortly thereafter, Pitts was indicted in case No. CR17-2414 with two counts

of trafficking in cocaine, in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) and (C)(4)(g), felonies of the

first degree, with major drug offender specifications under R.C. 2941.1410; two counts of

possession of cocaine in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A) and (C)(4)(f), felonies of the first

degree, with major drug offender specifications under R.C. 2941.1410; one count of

trafficking in marijuana in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) and (C)(3)(c), a felony of the

fourth degree; one count of trafficking in marijuana in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2)

and (C)(3)(d), a felony of the third degree; and one count of possession of marijuana in

violation of R.C. 2925.11(A) and (C)(3)(d), a felony of the third degree.

       {¶ 5} On August 22, 2017 and September 26, 2017, the state filed motions to

transfer the civil forfeiture cases, case No. CI17-2218 and case No. CI17-2219,

respectively, to the related criminal action, case No. CR17-2414. The motions were

granted and orders were filed transferring the civil forfeiture cases to the criminal docket

of Judge Stacy Cook and consolidating the civil cases with criminal case No. CR17-2414.

The transfer orders also contained language dismissing the civil case numbers without

prejudice, waiving costs assessed to the state under the civil case numbers, and

transferring the remaining costs to case No. CR17-2414.

3.
                    September 29, 2017 Searches and Related Cases

       {¶ 6} On September 29, 2017, the Toledo police executed two search warrants at

2820 Airport Highway, Apartment M and Apartment L. Again significant amounts of

drugs and other items were discovered.

       {¶ 7} Stemming from these searches, the state filed a civil complaint in case No.

CI17-4320, seeking the forfeiture of $18,644.00 in U.S. currency, assorted jewelry, a

2006 Chevrolet Trailblazer and a 2002 Jeep Liberty. Pitts was also criminally charged, in

case No. CR17-3126, with one count of trafficking in cocaine in violation of R.C.

2925.03(A)(2) and (C)(4)(g), a felony of the first degree, with a major drug offender

specification under R.C. 2941.1410; one count of possession of cocaine in violation of

R.C. 2925.11(A) and (C)(4)(f), a felony of the first degree, with a major drug offender

specification under R.C. 2941.1410; one count of trafficking in marijuana in violation of

R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) and (C)(3)(c), a felony of the fourth degree; one count of possession

of marijuana in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A) and (C)(3)(c), a felony of the fifth degree;

one count of obstructing official business in violation of R.C. 2921.31(A) and (B), a

second-degree misdemeanor; and one count of illegal use or possession of drug

paraphernalia in violation of R.C. 2925.14(C)(1) and (F), a fourth-degree misdemeanor.2

The state later dismissed the misdemeanor charges.

2
 Several of these charges were also brought against Pitts’ two co-defendants, Megan
Weemes and Reco Nelson, and the related forfeiture action was also brought against
Weemes.

4.
         {¶ 8} On January 19, 2018, the state filed a motion to transfer the civil forfeiture

case, case No. CI17-4320, to the related criminal action, case No. CR17-3126. This

request was granted and the court ordered case No. CI17-4320 be transferred to the

criminal docket of Judge Stacy Cook and consolidated with case No. CR17-3126. The

transfer order also contained language dismissing case No. CI17-4320 without prejudice.

                                        Criminal Cases

         {¶ 9} On October 16, 2017, in case No. CR17-2414, Pitts filed a “Motion

Invoking Revised Code of Ohio § 2933.27,” in which he sought, inter alia, the return of

certain seized items. On June 26, 2018, the trial court denied this request on the basis

that the state had certified that items seized were to be used as evidence and that there

were “civil forfeiture actions still pending.”

         {¶ 10} The criminal cases were tried together to a jury starting October 15, 2018.

The jury returned verdicts of guilty on all counts and specifications against Pitts. Pitts

was sentenced to 11 years in prison in case No. CR17-2414, and 11 years in prison in

case No. CR17-3126, to be served consecutively for a total prison term of 22 years.3

         {¶ 11} At the sentencing hearing held on October 31, 2018, the following

discussion was had regarding the status of the civil forfeiture case.

3
    Pitts appealed his convictions and sentences.

5.
              THE COURT: And there’s a civil matter with regard to the

       forfeiture that will maintain in stayed position until further discussion with

       the Court and all attorneys have made their entry of appearance on that.

              [Attorney for Pitts]: Thank you, Judge.

              ***

              [Attorney for Pitts]: I will enter an appearance soon, Your Honor.

              THE COURT: Thank you. And it will remain stayed at this time.

       {¶ 12} Pitt filed additional motions seeking the return of the seized property after

trial. On the date of sentencing, Pitts filed a motion requesting the return of all property

seized from him. Two motions, both entitled “Second Motion for the Return of Property

Seized as Evidence” were filed on March 11, 2019 and March 25, 2019. All three

motions were similar. The trial court denied the “Second Motion for the Return of

Property Seized as Evidence”, finding that most of the property sought was subject to the

civil forfeiture actions which were “consolidated into” the criminal cases, and ordered the

civil forfeiture proceedings stayed pending conclusion of Pitts’ direct appeal. Regarding

the remaining items, the court found that it would be inappropriate to return any items

since the case was on direct appeal.

       {¶ 13} On September 30, 2019, Pitts filed a motion under the civil forfeiture case

numbers, inter alia, requesting that the forfeiture cases be dismissed, or that the stays in

the forfeiture cases be dissolved. This motion was denied by the trial court on May 14,

6.
2020. The trial court noted that the motion involved “three civil forfeiture cases that

were originally filed as separate civil actions” but were then consolidated into the

criminal cases, and that the direct appeal was pending. The court found “no reason to lift

its stay on the civil forfeiture actions” and therefore found Pitts’ substantive arguments

premature.

       {¶ 14} On April 24, 2020, we decided Pitts’ direct appeal. Pitts, 6th Dist. Lucas

No. L-18-1242, 2020-Ohio-2655. There, we affirmed the trial court’s conviction and

sentence, as well as the trial court’s denial of Pitts’ “Motion Invoking Revised Code of

Ohio § 2933.27.” On appeal, Pitts sought to have property which was seized but not used

as evidence returned to him. We denied that portion of the appeal on the basis that the

trial court’s decision “recognized that the property is subject to an ongoing civil forfeiture

action.” Id. at ¶ 52.

       {¶ 15} On May 21, 2020, Pitts filed another motion seeking to “advance [the

forfeiture cases] forward toward a speedy resolution,” or alternatively a motion for leave

to file an interlocutory appeal. The court ruled it did not have jurisdiction to proceed as

the forfeiture cases were stayed pending appeal and Pitts had appealed his convictions to

the Ohio Supreme Court.

       {¶ 16} On September 1, 2020, the Ohio Supreme Court declined to accept Pitts’

appeal for review. State v. Pitts, 159 Ohio St.3d 1488, 2020-Ohio-4232, 151 N.E.3d 635.

7.
Pitts also appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which denied certiorari on March

22, 2021. Pitts v. Ohio, 141 S.Ct. 1692, 209 L.Ed.2d 467 (2021).

                             Motion at Issue on Appeal

       {¶ 17} On April 20, 2021, Pitts filed a motion to vacate the stays in the forfeiture

cases and to dismiss the forfeiture cases, which he defined as a segment of the

consolidated case. He noted that his direct appeals had been “fully consummated” and

thus the case should no longer be stayed. He also pointed out that the forfeiture cases

were dismissed by the court. He objected to the consolidation of a civil and a criminal

case, and he contended that the items seized were not relevant to his convictions. Pitts

also renewed previous arguments, many of which were found not well-taken on direct

appeal, including claims of alleged police and prosecutorial misconduct, and challenges

to the validity of the search warrant and/or supporting affidavits.

       {¶ 18} The state opposed this motion.

                                   Trial Court’s Opinion

                                      State v. Thomas

       {¶ 19} As a preliminary matter, we find it necessary to discuss our prior decision

in State v. Thomas, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-19-1108, 2021-Ohio-151, which was relied

upon by the trial court in its decision. In Thomas, we reviewed the denial of a non-

party’s motion to intervene in a civil forfeiture action. In a footnote, we made the

following relevant comment:

8.
              We note the potential procedural quagmire created by the trial court

       in dismissing the forfeiture proceedings, sua sponte, prior to adjudicating

       that separate matter in the consolidated proceedings. Despite the

       consolidation of the criminal proceedings with the civil forfeiture

       proceedings, this dismissal ended the forfeiture case. After consolidation,

       each case retains its original identity, as the matters are not merged into a

       single case. See Transcon Builders, Inc., v. City of Lorain, 49 Ohio App.2d

       145, 359 N.E.2d 715 (9th Dist.1976), at the syllabus; see also Lucas

       County Gen.R. 5.02(A) and (B) (referencing consolidated proceedings, and

       requiring transfer of a civil forfeiture case to the judge presiding over a

       related criminal proceeding, with no provision for “merger” of the two,

       separate cases that are consolidated). As a practical matter, once the trial

       court dismissed the forfeiture proceeding, there was no longer a pending

       matter in which to intervene. Id. at ¶ 4, fn. 1.

                                          Decision

       {¶ 20} The trial court rendered its opinion as to Pitts’ April 20, 2021 motion on

February 7, 2022. As the direct appeal had concluded, the court vacated the stay. The

court noted that many of Pitts’ substantive arguments (“alleged prosecutorial and police

misconduct, alleged Brady violations, challenges to the validity of the underlying search

warrants and/or supporting affidavits, allege[d] speedy trial violations”) had been

9.
previously found to be not well-taken by the trial court and/or this court on direct appeal

and, therefore, the trial court found them not well-taken.

       {¶ 21} With respect to Pitts’ procedural arguments, that the forfeiture actions did

not survive, either because the civil actions were dismissed, or that they had proceeded to

trial along with the criminal cases since they had been consolidated, the trial court first

pointed out the procedure followed in these cases, whereby the civil forfeiture cases were

transferred and consolidated into the criminal cases, was consistent with the relevant

version of Lucas County Common Pleas Court Gen. R. 5.02(B)(2).

       {¶ 22} The trial court noted that, although the rule did not provide for the

dismissal of the civil forfeiture action following the transfer and consolidation into the

related criminal case, the transfer orders used to transfer the civil forfeiture cases below

were “templates reflecting the General Division’s established or standard practice” and

“[had] been used in many other cases.” The trial court also observed that “the dismissal

of the freestanding civil forfeiture cases was simply an administrative mechanism

employed by the General Division to signal that no further litigation would proceed under

those civil case numbers,” and that the transfer orders “expressly contemplate the

survival of such civil forfeiture matters by transferring the ‘remaining costs’ therein to

the criminal cases.” Additionally, the trial court pointed out that the trial court and the

parties “operated on the understanding that the civil forfeiture matters were transferred

10.
into [the] criminal cases and were simply stayed pending resolution of the criminal

matters.”

       {¶ 23} Although the trial court found the state’s other arguments in

opposition to the motion “compelling,” the trial court declined the state’s

invitation to disregard the footnote in Thomas and instead, the trial court dismissed

the civil forfeiture matters.

       {¶ 24} The state appealed.

                                      Relevant Law

                                      Civil Forfeiture

       {¶ 25} R.C. Chapter 2981 allows “a law enforcement officer [to] seize property

that the officer has probable cause to believe is property subject to forfeiture.” R.C.

2981.03(A)(2). Such property includes “[c]ontraband involved in an offense,”

“[p]roceeds derived from or acquired through the commission of an offense,” and

instrumentalities “used in or intended to be used in the commission or facilitation of,”

felonies as well as certain other offenses. R.C. 2981.02(A). “Pursuant to R.C. 2981.03, a

prosecutor may seek forfeiture of a seized property by either including a forfeiture

specification in the charging instrument, R.C. 2981.04, or by filing a civil action, R.C.

2981.05, or both.” Erie Cty. Sheriff's Office v. Lacy, 6th Dist. Erie Nos. E-14-022, E-14-

023, 2015-Ohio-72, ¶ 8, citing State v. Hagan, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2014-A-0013,

2014-Ohio-4308, ¶ 13.

11.
       {¶ 26} Here, the state filed a civil forfeiture action under R.C. 2981.05, pursuant to

which a prosecutor can commence a civil forfeiture action by filing a complaint

“requesting an order that forfeits the property to the state or political subdivision.” R.C.

2981.05(A).

                                        Consolidation

       {¶ 27} A previous version of Lucas County Common Pleas Gen.R. 5.02(B)(2)

detailed the procedure for consolidation of a civil forfeiture case in the following

manner.4

              Pursuant to O.R.C. 2981.05(D)(1), when a civil forfeiture is sought

       for an amount in excess of $15,000, the prosecutor need not wait for an

       indictment, and may commence a civil forfeiture action at any time,

       requesting an order that property involved in a criminal offense subject to

       forfeiture under section 2981.02 of the Ohio Revised Code shall be

       forfeited to the state. If the prosecutor determines its civil forfeiture action

       relates to a pending criminal case, the prosecutor shall seek to transfer its

       case to the judge assigned to preside over the criminal case. The request to

       transfer shall be indicated by the prosecutor on the case designation sheet,

4
  This rule has since been amended and renumbered as Gen.R. 5.02(C)(2). The new rule
does not reference consolidation; it merely states that if the civil forfeiture case is related
to a pending criminal case, the prosecutor should seek to transfer the case to the civil
docket of the judge assigned to preside over the criminal case.

12.
       by including the pending criminal case number and the judge to whom it is

       assigned, and by filing two (2) original motions to transfer and consolidate,

       bearing both the civil and criminal case numbers, with the criminal

       department of the Clerk of Court’s office. Two (2) original proposed

       orders shall be submitted with the motions to transfer. The consolidation of

       these cases will have no effect on the regular assignment of new cases.

                                         Arguments

       {¶ 28} The state has raised numerous arguments as to why Thomas should not be

applied in the instant case. The state observes, as did the trial court, that the procedure

followed in these cases, the consolidation of the civil forfeiture case into the related

criminal case, and the subsequent dismissal on the docket of the civil case number, was

consistent with the established practice of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas.

The state also contends that the procedure followed the requirement of the local rule;

however, as noted by the trial court, the local rule did not discuss the dismissal of the

civil case number. The state asserts that the parties relied upon this procedure, and that

Pitts waived any claims relating to the procedure by not timely objecting to it.

       {¶ 29} The state further maintains that we should not apply Thomas retroactively.

The state observes that the dismissals in the original civil case numbers were without

prejudice and the state could have refiled the cases; however, the statute of limitations in

those cases expired prior to the issuance of the Thomas case. The state argues that the

13.
“[a]pplication of Thomas retroactively to a well-established court procedure eviscerates

the State’s ability to pursue its forfeiture claim,” and that retroactive application would be

inequitable under the circumstances. The state also alleges that, prior to Thomas, Ohio

courts did not uniformly follow the rule, cited in the footnote, that consolidated cases are

not merged, but retain their separate identity.

       {¶ 30} Pitts counters that the forfeiture cases were not properly commenced, and

that, even if they were, once the civil forfeiture cases were dismissed, they could not be

resurrected. He also objects to consolidating a civil case with the criminal case and

seems to suggest that the state was required to first get an indictment. He argues that the

forfeitures were not “appropriately pursued in a timely fashion,” and that the state “may

not delay any forfeiture determinations until there is a disposition of any related criminal

charges.” He additionally renews his allegations of police misconduct, lack of probable

cause and violations of Brady.

                                           Analysis

                                 Procedure prior to Thomas

       {¶ 31} The trial court has stated that the procedure it followed in this case was an

established practice in the trial court and that the intent of the transfer orders was to

comply with the relevant version of Gen.R. 5.02(B)(2). The trial court has explained that

the dismissal of the civil forfeiture case numbers was “simply an administrative

14.
mechanism employed by the General Division to signal that no further litigation would

proceed under those civil case numbers.”

                    Intent to Transfer Civil Forfeiture to Criminal Case

       {¶ 32} It is apparent both in the language of the transfer orders as well as the

treatment of the civil forfeiture actions by the parties and the court that the intent of the

transfer order was not to terminate the forfeiture actions, but rather that they continue

under the criminal case number.5

       {¶ 33} With respect to the language of the transfer order, we note that the title

(“Transfer Order”) infers that the civil claims are being transferred, not dismissed. This

intent is also found in language that each case is “[c]onsolidated from” the civil case

number and “[c]onsolidated to” the criminal case number, and then, as discussed, in each

order, the court dismissed the civil case number without prejudice. Additionally, as

pointed out by the trial court, the transfer orders “contemplate the survival of [the] civil

forfeiture matters by transferring the ‘remaining costs’ therein to the criminal cases.”

       {¶ 34} The court and the parties also treated the forfeiture cases as ongoing albeit

stayed.

5
  Pitts contends that a criminal case cannot be consolidated with a civil case. However,
as pointed out by the state, there are many instances in the law where a civil matter is
handled under a criminal case number. See, e.g., State v. Bethel, 167 Ohio St.3d 362,
2022-Ohio-783, 192 N.E.3d 470, ¶ 47 (“It is well settled that a postconviction petition
initiates a separate civil proceeding notwithstanding the use of an existing criminal-case
number.”).

15.
                                     Application of Thomas

       {¶ 35} The footnote in Thomas states that the dismissal of the civil case number in

the transfer order “ended the forfeiture case.” Application of this footnote supports the

trial court’s dismissal of the forfeiture cases here. However, the state has argued that

Thomas should be applied prospectively only, citing DiCenzo v. A-Best Prods. Co., Inc.,

120 Ohio St.3d 149, 2008-Ohio-5327, 897 N.E.2d 132.

       {¶ 36} “An Ohio court decision applies retrospectively unless a party has contract

rights or vested rights under the prior decision.” Id. at paragraph one of syllabus. The

state contends that retroactive application of the footnote interferes with its vested right

of forfeiture.

       {¶ 37} An accrued cause of action is considered a vested right. Weeton v. Pradist

Satayathum, M.D., 21 Ohio App.3d 82, 486 N.E.2d 246 (8th Dist.1984).

       {¶ 38} Prior to Thomas, the procedure followed by the trial court in this case was

an established practice in the court and according to that practice, the case was not

considered dismissed. Rather, the intent of the trial court was to transfer the civil

forfeiture actions to the criminal case numbers, and until the motion at issue was filed in

the trial court, the court and both parties treated the forfeiture cases as existing but stayed.

       {¶ 39} Application of the footnote in Thomas results in the abolishment of the

state’s right to seek forfeiture in this case. By the time Thomas was decided, the state’s

right to refile its claims was barred by the applicable statutes of limitation. See R.C.

16.
2981.05(D)(5), R.C. 2305.19. Therefore, limiting our decision to the facts of this

particular case, we find the Thomas decision cannot be applied retroactively as it would

eliminate the state’s vested right to seek civil forfeiture.

                             Consideration of Pitts’ Arguments

       {¶ 40} Although we have found the footnote in Thomas should not be applied

retroactively, we will still consider whether the trial court’s decision was supported by

Pitts’ arguments.

                                            Waiver

       {¶ 41} Pitts now objects to the procedure used by the trial court; however, we find

that he waived this objection by not raising it sooner. We find support for this conclusion

in Zimmie v. Zimmie, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 43299, 44803, 44804, 1983 WL 5747

(Feb. 3, 1983), aff’d in part and rev’d in part on other grounds, 11 Ohio St.3d 94, 96,

464 N.E.2d 142 (1984).

       {¶ 42} In Zimmie, plaintiff-wife filed a complaint for divorce and defendant-

husband filed a counterclaim (“first case”). Husband then dismissed his counterclaim

and wife later dismissed her complaint in the first case. That same day, wife filed a new

complaint (“second case”). Husband moved to reinstate his counterclaim in the second

case, which motion was subsequently granted. Wife appealed the reinstatement of the

counterclaim. The court then consolidated the first case and the second case. On appeal,

wife argued that the trial court did not have authority to proceed on husband’s

17.
counterclaim after he voluntarily dismissed it. The court disagreed. While the court

acknowledged that it had no further jurisdiction to act once husband dismissed his

counterclaim, the court noted the subsequent consolidation of the two cases. Id. at *2.

The court found that it was the intent of the court, with the consolidation order, “to

incorporate by reference the amended counterclaim * * * thus, permitting, in effect, a

refiling of the counterclaim in the new action.” Id. Although the appeals court noted that

this procedure was improper, the court found that wife had waived her right to complain

“of this procedural defect” as she had not objected to the order of consolidation. Id.

       {¶ 43} The Ohio Supreme Court partially reversed the court of appeal’s decision

on another basis; however, it agreed with the court of appeals’ conclusion that wife

“failed to interpose any objection to the trial court’s reinstatement and consolidation

order” and thus waived her right to complain of the error. Zimmie v. Zimmie, 11 Ohio

St.3d at 96, 464 N.E.2d 142.

       {¶ 44} Here, Pitts did not object to the transfer of the civil forfeiture claim into the

criminal case number, until he filed the underlying motion at issue on April 20, 2021.

Had Pitts objected sooner, the state could have refiled its complaints; however, the statute

of limitations had expired prior to Pitts’ objection (and prior to the footnote in Thomas).

We find, as in Zimmie, that although the procedure used below was problematic, the

intent of the procedure was to continue the forfeiture action into the consolidated criminal

case, and Pitts waived any error with respect to that procedure.

18.
                                   Additional Arguments

       {¶ 45} Pitts continues to contest the legality of one of the search warrants and the

underlying convictions, raise allegations of violations of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83,

87, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), and argue that there was no probable cause to

seize the property at issue. These arguments were found not well-taken in our decision

regarding the direct appeal and thus are barred by the doctrine of res judicata. See State

v. Davis, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-22-1100, L-22-1101, 2022-Ohio-4767, ¶ 19.

       {¶ 46} Pitts additionally raises several arguments that the forfeiture claims were

not timely filed. First, he maintains that the state cannot “delay any forfeiture

determinations until there is a disposition of any related criminal charges”; however, R.C.

2981.05(C) and (D)(2) state that the civil forfeiture action should be stayed during the

pendency of the related criminal proceedings. Secondly, to the extent that he is also

arguing a violation of his speedy trial rights, we find these inapplicable to the civil

forfeiture claims. See N.V. v. W.S., 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-08-032, 2009-Ohio-3809, ¶

23 (finding claimed violation of speedy trial rights did not apply to custody proceedings

as they are “civil in nature.”).

       {¶ 47} Pitts also raises a due process claim, and cites to United States v. Eight

Thousand Eight Hundred & Fifty Dollars, 461 U.S. 555, 103 S.Ct. 2005, 76 L.Ed.2d 143

(1983), in support of his argument that the case was not commenced and prosecuted

within constitutionally permissible time limits. This argument was not raised in the Pitts’

19.
April 20, 2021 motion.6 “Generally, appellate courts will not consider errors which could

have been, but were not, called to the attention of the trial court, including constitutional

issues raised for the first time on appeal.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Wesley, 149 Ohio

App.3d 453, 2002-Ohio-5192, 777 N.E.2d 905, ¶ 5 (6th Dist.). Therefore, we decline to

consider Pitts’ due process argument.

                                         Conclusion

       {¶ 48} For these reasons, we find that the trial court erred in dismissing the state’s

civil forfeiture claims and we find the state’s assignment of error well-taken.

       {¶ 49} In light of the foregoing, we reverse the judgment of the Lucas County

Common Pleas Court and remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion. Pursuant to App.R. 24, Pitts is hereby ordered to pay the

costs incurred on appeal.

                                                                          Judgment reversed,
                                                                              and remanded.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

6
 To the extent this argument was raised in any of Pitts’ other motions filed in the trial
court, the rulings on these motions are not before this court for consideration.

20.
Thomas J. Osowik, J.                             ____________________________
                                                         JUDGE
Myron C. Duhart, P.J.
CONCUR.                                          ____________________________
                                                         JUDGE

Christine E. Mayle, J.                           ____________________________
CONCURS IN JUDGMENT                                      JUDGE
AND WRITES SEPARATELY.

       MAYLE, J.

       {¶ 50} I concur in judgment, but I respectfully disagree with some of the analysis.

       {¶ 51} In State v. Thomas, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-19-1108, 2021-Ohio-151, this

court considered whether a trial court erred when it denied a non-party’s motion to

intervene in a civil forfeiture case. When recounting the procedural history of the case,

this court noted that “the trial court ordered the civil [forfeiture] case transferred to and

consolidated with the criminal case” and “on its own initiative then dismissed the civil

[forfeiture] case without prejudice.” Id. at ¶ 4.7 This court then dropped a footnote to

7
 As we know from the trial court’s opinion in this case, this was a standard
“administrative mechanism employed by the General Division * * *” of the Lucas
County Court of Common Pleas.

21.
“note the potential procedural quagmire” caused by the purported dismissal and transfer

of the civil case, and observed that “[a]s a practical matter, once the trial court dismissed

the forfeiture proceeding, there was no longer a pending matter in which to intervene.”

Id. at ¶ 4, f.n. 1. Ultimately, however, this court concluded that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion when it denied the motion to intervene because the non-party

“unreasonably waited nearly four months to intervene into the pending litigation * * *”—

i.e., the civil case that was ostensibly transferred and dismissed without prejudice before

it was consolidated with the criminal case. (Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 25.

       {¶ 52} It is clear that the Thomas footnote—which opined that there was “no

longer a pending matter in which to intervene”—was mere dictum. The footnote was an

aside within the introductory section of the opinion, unrelated to any issue raised by the

parties, and not material to this court’s judgment. In fact, the sua sponte opinion

contained in that footnote is contrary to the ultimate decision in Thomas—i.e., a non-

party was properly precluded by the trial court from intervening into “the pending

litigation.” Id. at ¶ 25.

       {¶ 53} Black’s Law Dictionary defines “obiter dictum” as “[a] judicial comment

made while delivering a judicial opinion, but one that is unnecessary to the decision in

the case and therefore not precedential.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1240 (10th

Ed.2014). In other words, dictum has “no precedential value.” Estate of Bosenberg v.

Klem, 6th Dist. Lucas No. 149700, 1982 WL 6557, * 4 (Sept. 3, 1982). See also State v.

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Ameem, 8th Dist. No. 111898, 2023-Ohio-1371, ¶ 10 (“Dicta is not binding in subsequent

cases as legal precedent.”); Gissiner v. Cincinnati, 1st Dist. No. C–070536, 2008-Ohio-

3161, ¶ 15, citing Episcopal School of Cincinnati v. Levin, 117 Ohio St.3d 412, 2008-

Ohio-939, 884 N.E.2d 561, ¶ 27 (“Dicta is not authoritative, and, by definition, cannot be

the binding law of the case.”).

       {¶ 54} I am therefore confused by the majority’s analysis of the Thomas footnote

and ultimate conclusion that the footnote “cannot be applied retroactively.” The Thomas

footnote is dictum; it is—by its very nature—mere persuasive authority that cannot be

“applied,” in any case, as binding precedent at all.

       {¶ 55} Moreover, in my view, the Thomas footnote is not very persuasive.

Without any analysis at all, Thomas opined that “[a]s a practical matter, once the trial

court dismissed the forfeiture proceeding, there was no longer a pending matter in which

to intervene.” Thomas at ¶ 4, f.n. 1. But the opposite is also true—i.e., as a practical

matter, once the trial court transferred the forfeiture proceeding, there was no longer a

pending matter to dismiss. That is the true crux of the issue: the trial court’s order is

inherently self-contradictory. “The case law makes pellucid that the dispositive

consideration in interpreting a self-contradictory order—at least where neither

construction of the order does more violence to its language than the other—is the issuing

judge’s intent.” Subsalve USA Corp. v. Watson Manuf., Inc., 462 F.3d 41, 46 (1st

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Cir.2006) (citing cases). When determining the judge’s intent, “court orders, like

statutes, should be read as a whole.” Id at 45.

       {¶ 56} For example, in Subsalve, the court considered a district court order that

stated: “For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal

Jurisdiction is GRANTED. This matter shall be transferred to the Northern District of

Florida.” Id. at 43. The appellate court recognized that the “order is contradictory on its

face: after all, the order purports both to terminate the action (by dismissal) and to

continue it (by transfer) in another district.” Id. Because “the judge could not have

intended that both commands be obeyed[,]”—and because the order when “fairly read,

directs two incompatible results”—the appellate court turned to “[t]he record of the

proceedings below” to determine the judge’s true intent. Id. at 45. The appellate court

noted that the judge emphasized, twice, in his memorandum decision that he was

adopting the magistrate’s recommendation to transfer the case (without mentioning the

recommendation to grant the motion to dismiss), and eventually “undertook to clarify the

matter by vacating the judgment of dismissal.” Id. The appellate court ruled that,

consistent with the “unmistakable signs of the district court’s abiding intent,” the order

effected a transfer of the action. Id. at 47-48. Cf. Tootle v. Sec’y of the Navy, 446 F.3d

167, 172-73 (D.C. Cir.2006) (an order that dismissed a case for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction, but also purported to transfer the case to the Court of Federal Claims,

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effected a dismissal because the order expressly stated that it was final and appealable

and, therefore, “the District Court clearly intended to grant the motion to dismiss * * *.”)

       {¶ 57} Here, as recognized by the majority, the relevant orders are labeled a

“Transfer Order,” state that each case is “[c]onsolidated from” the civil case number and

“consolidated to” the criminal case number, and transfer the “remaining costs” therein to

the criminal cases—all of which are unmistakable signs of the trial judge’s intent to

transfer the civil forfeiture cases so that they could proceed under the criminal case

number. To the extent that there is any ambiguity given the contradictory nature of the

trial court’s simultaneous command that the civil cases were also “dismissed without

prejudice,” it is crystal clear from the subsequent court proceedings that the forfeiture

cases were actually transferred and consolidated with the criminal cases, and that all

parties and the court fully understood that the forfeiture cases were pending but stayed

until the criminal cases were resolved.

       {¶ 58} In sum, it was the trial judge’s obvious intent to transfer the civil cases and

consolidate them with the criminal cases. For that reason, I agree that this case should be

reversed and remanded to the trial court.

25.