Court Opinion

ID: 8206907
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-16 14:06:57.961099+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:20.552216
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 9, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
                         TO BE PUBLISHED

                 Commonwealth of Kentucky
                            Court of Appeals

                              NO. 2021-CA-1085-MR

JEREMY BOTTOMS                                                        APPELLANT

                  APPEAL FROM NELSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.                 HONORABLE JOE G. BALLARD, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 19-CI-00324

CHARLES SMITH AND
DALTON RONALD SMITH, BY AND
THROUGH HIS PARENT AND
GUARDIAN, DIANE MARY SMITH                                             APPELLEES

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                   ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: ACREE, CETRULO, AND L. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

CETRULO, JUDGE: This is an appeal from a summary judgment of the Nelson

Circuit Court in favor of the owner of a vehicle that was taken by an unlicensed,

underage driver, resulting in an accident that caused injuries. After careful

consideration, we affirm.
                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                On July 13, 2018, Dalton Smith (“Dalton”), a 15-year-old, was

visiting the farm of his grandfather, Charles Smith (“Charles”). Charles owned a

Chevy Silverado truck and was on another part of the property, taking a nap, when

Dalton took the keys to that truck, without permission of Charles. Dalton was

driving the truck later that evening when he struck a pedestrian, Jeremy Bottoms

(“Bottoms”), causing injuries. Dalton fled the scene but was later apprehended.

                Bottoms filed suit against Dalton, by and through Dalton’s mother,

Diane Mary Smith (“Diane”), and against Charles, as owner of the vehicle. He

alleged that Charles failed to properly train and/or supervise his grandson; and that

he negligently entrusted the vehicle to Dalton. The depositions of Bottoms,

Dalton, Diane, and Charles were all taken, and written discovery was exchanged.

                 Charles moved for summary judgment asserting that he could not be

held liable under Kentucky law due to the lack of permission, because the

grandson’s act was unforeseeable, and because he had no duty to supervise or train

his grandson. Bottoms argued that Charles could be held jointly and severally

liable for damages pursuant to KRS1 186.590(3) because he knowingly permitted

Dalton to use the vehicle or “gave or furnished” the vehicle to him, by failing to

supervise. He also failed to contact the authorities immediately upon learning the

1
    Kentucky Revised Statute.

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vehicle was missing. Bottoms further argued the theory of negligent entrustment

applied and that there was evidence of “implied” permission by Charles.

               The Nelson Circuit Court found that KRS 186.590(3) did not apply

and further declined to find that Charles violated any duty to supervise or train his

grandson, Dalton. The court also reviewed the argument of negligent entrustment

and concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support such a claim against

the grandfather in this case, and found no case law in Kentucky supporting a claim

of negligent entrustment on a theory of “implied” permission. Based upon its

review of the motions, depositions, and discovery in the case below, the court

below granted summary judgment in favor of Charles.2 This appeal followed.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

               The standard of review on appeal when a trial court grants a motion

for summary judgment is “whether the trial court correctly found that there were

no genuine issues as to any material fact and that the moving party was entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Scifres v. Kraft, 916 S.W.2d 779, 781 (Ky. App.

1996). The moving party bears the initial burden of showing that no genuine issue

of material fact exists, and then the burden shifts to the party opposing summary

2
  Dalton remains as a defendant in this matter. However, by the express provisions of CR 54.02,
a trial court may grant a final judgment on less than all the claims when more than one claim for
relief is presented in an action by including the finality language in its order, which this court
did. Watson v. Best Fin. Servs., Inc., 245 S.W.3d 722 (Ky. 2008).

                                               -3-
judgment to present at least some affirmative evidence showing a genuine issue of

material fact for trial. Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Service Center, Inc., 807 S.W.2d

476, 482 (Ky. 1991) (citations omitted). “An appellate court need not defer to the

trial court’s decision on summary judgment and will review the issue de novo

because only legal questions and no factual findings are involved.” Hallahan v.

The Courier-Journal, 138 S.W.3d 699, 705 (Ky. App. 2004) (citations omitted).

                                     ANALYSIS

             Appellant’s first argument is that the trial court erred in finding that

KRS 186.590(3) did not apply to these facts. That statute provides:

             Every motor vehicle owner who causes or knowingly
             permits a minor under the age of eighteen (18) to drive
             the vehicle upon a highway, and any person who gives or
             furnishes a motor vehicle to the minor shall be jointly
             and severally liable with the minor for damage caused by
             the negligence of the minor in driving the vehicle.

(Emphasis added.)

             The Nelson Circuit Court concluded that this statute did not apply as

there was no evidence of permission by Charles. On appeal, Bottoms asserts that

the court below narrowly construed the word “permits” and should have more

liberally construed this statute to provide a source of recovery to anyone who is

injured by a minor.

             We agree that case law under this statute suggests that its purpose was

to provide an additional source of recovery of damages when a minor driver is

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found responsible for them. Sizemore v. Bailey’s Adm’r, 293 S.W.2d 165, 168

(Ky. 1956). In Sizemore, the Court held that it was clear that this was the intent of

the legislature, but further noted that KRS 186.590 is in derogation of an

established rule of law and therefore must be construed rigidly according to its

plain meaning. Id. “By making the person liable who enables a minor to operate a

motor vehicle, an additional source for the recovery of damages is provided.”

Peters v. Frey, 429 S.W.2d 847, 849 (Ky. 1968) (citing Sizemore, 293 S.W.2d at

169). We recognize that the minor is unlikely to have funds to compensate the

injured party.

             However, in reviewing the cases analyzing this statute, as the trial

court also did, it is apparent that the plain meaning of the statute does require

“permission” and that no liability attaches to an owner of a vehicle unless it is first

established that the vehicle was operated with permission. Commonwealth Fire &

Casualty Ins. Co. v. Manis, 549 S.W.2d 303, 305 (Ky. App. 1977). Under the

plain language of KRS 186.590(3), Charles would only be liable for Dalton’s

negligence if three elements are met: (1) he is the owner of the motor vehicle

involved in the accident; (2) he caused or knowingly permitted Dalton to drive the

vehicle; and (3) Dalton is a minor under the age of 18. See also State Auto. Ins.

Co. v. Reynolds, 32 S.W.3d 508, 510 (Ky. App. 2000). While the first and third

elements were present, the evidence simply did not establish that Charles “caused

                                          -5-
or knowingly permitted” Dalton to drive the vehicle. Appellant presented a

compelling argument that Charles “knowingly permitted” Dalton to use the vehicle

by not immediately notifying the authorities upon discovery of his missing truck.

The time period that lapsed may have been as much as a few hours.

            However, we simply cannot read the language of the statute that

broadly, nor impose a brightline “reasonable time to notify” upon one whose

vehicle is taken without permission or knowledge. In Cook v. Hall, 308 Ky. 500,

214 S.W.2d 1017 (1948), Kentucky’s highest Court held that the negligence of a

15-year-old boy could not be imputed to his father where there was no evidence

that the father had knowledge of or had caused his son to use the vehicle. Here,

Charles neither caused nor knowingly permitted Dalton to possess those keys. The

evidence was undisputed that Dalton took the keys out of his grandfather’s pants

while he was napping. We must agree with the trial court that KRS 186.590(3)

simply cannot be applied to impute joint and several liability upon Charles.

            Secondly, Bottoms argues that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment on the negligent supervision claim. Bottoms asserts that

Dalton had a history of making impulsive decisions and that Charles was on notice

that his grandson required a higher degree of supervision because he referred to

him as “a handful.”

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             In contrast, Charles argued that James v. Wilson, 95 S.W.3d 875 (Ky.

App. 2002), is dispositive of this issue and further supports the summary judgment

granted below. James dealt with the alleged negligence of parents whose son

initiated the tragic school shootings in 1997 in Paducah. Id. at 883. In that case,

the court granted summary judgment to the parents as there was nothing known on

or before the date of that event to indicate a need to protect or prevent that minor

from shooting classmates at his school. Id. at 887. The appellants herein similarly

have produced no evidence that Charles knew on or before this date that Dalton

would take his keys without permission and drive his vehicle on public roads. It is

asserted that Dalton had taken his grandfather’s truck a week earlier, on a joyride

to town; however, having reviewed the depositions and entire record, and upon

further questioning of the attorneys at oral arguments, there was no evidence

offered that Charles knew of any alleged use of his vehicle by Dalton prior to this

evening. The trial court addressed this as well, noting that Dalton stated he did not

get caught on the week prior joyride and he only admitted this to his mother after

the incident in question.

             Additionally, we are guided by Hugenberg v. West American

Insurance Company/Ohio Casualty Group, 249 S.W.3d 174 (Ky. App. 2006). In

Hugenberg, an underage, unlicensed child took a friend’s car and wrecked it,

causing serious injuries to a passenger. The Hugenberg Court stated, “[p]arents

                                         -7-
owe no duty to third parties to supervise or control their minor child to prevent the

child from harming others unless the parents know, or should know, of the need

and opportunity to exercise such control . . . .” Hugenberg, 249 S.W.3d at 185.

The Hugenberg Court determined that there was a question of fact as to whether

the owner of that vehicle may have given an underage driver implied or even

actual permission to operate the vehicle. Id. at 195. Further in Hugenberg, the

evidence suggested that the owner had permitted the driver to operate his vehicle

before and may have even given him the keys on the night in question. Id. Thus

this Court found summary judgment in favor of that owner was premature.

             In contrast, here there was no evidence that Charles ever “permitted”

Dalton to operate his vehicle on a public road, nor that he had any knowledge of

any prior such use until after this event. Even Bottoms recognizes that Hugenberg

placed no duty on a parent to regulate a child’s behavior on an ongoing basis,

unless they knew or should know of a specific need to prevent their child from

committing an injurious act. Id. at 184.

             Similarly, as part of Bottoms’ argument that the court erred in

granting summary judgment on the negligent supervision claim, he asserts 1) that

Charles had “custody and control” of Dalton, even though he was a grandfather,

not a parent, and, 2) that Dalton’s behavior was “foreseeable.” First, we have

reviewed the testimony of all witnesses and agree with the trial court that there is

                                           -8-
simply not sufficient evidence to imply or suggest any custody or control by

Charles in this case. Dalton did not have a closet, a chest, a room, or even a bed at

his grandparents’ home. He did not keep clothing there and generally only stayed

a night or two a week. All the testimony confirmed there was no “custody or

control” with the grandparents. Bottoms cites to no authority in Kentucky that

would extend the negligent supervision claim to a non-custodial grandparent.

             Second, Bottoms again asserts that Dalton’s actions were foreseeable,

inasmuch as Charles did not prevent harm to others by reporting his vehicle’s

absence after he awoke. However, the trial court was unpersuaded.

                     After consideration of the facts and the existing
             case law, the court finds Dalton’s theft of the keys and
             subsequent joyride was not foreseeable. Charles has
             testified Dalton had never previously driven his vehicle
             to his knowledge. While the fact that Dalton had had
             behavioral issues in the past might make an adult think
             he might have more such problems, those issues would
             not lead one to expect him specifically to steal a vehicle.

             The trial court relied upon Bruck v. Thompson, 131 S.W.3d 764 (Ky.

App. 2004), where the original act was the owner leaving his keys in a vehicle that

resulted in a subsequent act of a thief stealing the vehicle and negligently driving

it. The trial court analyzed Bruck and other cases to conclude that Dalton’s theft of

the keys and subsequent negligent driving was not foreseeable to Charles. We

agree. As in Bruck, Dalton’s theft of the vehicle and negligent driving constituted

an “independent force,” which was the superseding cause of Bottoms’ injuries. Id.

                                         -9-
at 767. This independent force – Dalton’s actions – broke the chain of causation

and relieves Charles from any liability, if any existed. Id. at 767-68. See also

NKC Hospitals, Inc. v. Anthony, 849 S.W.2d 564 (Ky. App. 1993), and Howard v.

Spradlin, 562 S.W.3d 281 (Ky. App. 2018).

                                  CONCLUSION

             The Nelson Circuit Court correctly interpreted Kentucky law and

properly concluded that there were no genuine issues as to any material fact and

Charles was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the

summary judgment of the Nelson Circuit Court, as to Charles, and the matter is

remanded to the trial court for further proceedings as to Dalton.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                      BRIEF FOR APPELLEE CHARLES
                                           SMITH:
Michelle Buckley Sparks
Bardstown, Kentucky                        Eric A. Hamilton
                                           Elizabethtown, Kentucky

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