Court Opinion

ID: 9940424
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-14 15:13:37.14748+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:44:50.965184
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NOS. A-1165-22
                                                                    A-1166-22

SOLVAY SPECIALTY
POLYMERS, LLC,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF
TAXATION,

     Defendant-Respondent,
__________________________

SOLVAY SOLEXIS, INC.,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF
TAXATION,

     Defendant-Respondent.
__________________________

                   Submitted February 5, 2024 — Decided February 14, 2024

                   Before Judges Sabatino and Mawla.
              On appeal from the Tax Court of New Jersey, Docket
              Nos. 9365-2019 and 9366-2019.

              Inglesino, Webster, Wyciskala & Taylor, LLC,
              attorneys for appellants (James Esposito and Joshua
              Sherwood Veith (Ryan Law Firm, PLLC), on the brief).

              Matthew J. Platkin, Attorney General, attorney for
              respondent (Sara M. Gregory, Assistant Attorney
              General, of counsel; Heather Lynn Anderson, Deputy
              Attorney General, on the briefs).

PER CURIAM

        Plaintiffs Solvay Solexis, Inc. (Solexis) in A-1166-22, and Solvay

Specialty Polymers, LLC (Polymers) in A-1165-22, appeal from a November 2,

2022 order and final judgment of the Tax Court, which granted them a partial

refund of certain sales and use taxes (SUT) paid to the Division of Taxation

(Division).1 The Tax Court also denied plaintiffs' challenge to N.J.A.C. 18:2-

5.8(d)(3) and (4), which requires taxpayers seeking an SUT refund provide

certain proofs to the Division pursuant to N.J.S.A. 54:32B-20(a) of the Sales

and Use Tax Act (SUT Act).2 We affirm.

1
    We consolidate these appeals for purposes of this opinion.
2
    N.J.S.A. 54:32B-1 to -55.
                                                                        A-1165-22
                                        2
      In July 2015, plaintiffs filed refund claims with the Division for certain

SUTs they paid for manufacturing equipment, repair parts, and supplies used in

the production of chemicals. Solexis claimed a refund of $614,776.16—for the

period of July 1, 2011 through October 31, 2012. Polymers claimed a refund of

$938,622.82—for the period of January 1, 2012 through December 31, 2013.

      Pursuant to its regulations, the Division required plaintiffs to complete

Form A-3730 and provide a detailed explanation of the basis for the claimed

SUT refunds, as well as supporting documentation to substantiate the claims.

Plaintiffs provided the following documentation for the applicable refund

periods: Systems, Applications, and Products data, Electronic Fund Transfer

(EFT) Debit reports with Automated Clearing House (ACH) data, a sample of

vendor confirmations and invoices stating sales tax was paid on purchases, and

a general ledger containing reference numbers to bank statements to trace

payments, and bank statements.

      The Division denied plaintiffs' request for a refund because it could not

determine that sales tax was actually paid to vendors on the transactions, or that

use tax was accrued and remitted to the Division on the transactions if sales tax

was not paid. Plaintiffs filed administrative protests. Solexis protested the

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                                        3
denial in the amount of $577,157.77 and Polymers in the amount of

$901,992.51.

      The Division conferee reviewed plaintiffs' submissions and certified that

she accepted the proof of sales tax paid in all instances except: (1) where a

vendor invoice showed a lump sum charge, which did not separate or identify

taxable and non-taxable charges; (2) where the vendor invoice showed no sales

tax was charged; or (3) where plaintiffs could not show, in an ACH or bank

statement, that the invoice was paid. The conferee certified "no line items were

denied simply because [p]laintiffs did not produce a bank statement or cancelled

check." When the conferee was able to trace a vendor invoice to a payment on

any of plaintiffs' financial documents, the Division accepted the document as

proof of payment and granted the refund. However, most of plaintiffs' refund

claims were denied because the Division could not determine what SUT was

remitted to it.

      The conferee explained the problem as follows:

             Plaintiffs accrued use tax on some items, and then took
             "credits" against the use tax accrued on some items and
             remitted the rest to [the Division] as use tax. However,
             [p]laintiffs could not reconcile the self-help credits they
             allegedly took against the total use tax accrued and the
             returns filed. That is, [p]laintiffs could not provide any
             detail on how they calculated the credits. Therefore,
             [the Division] could not determine if the line items

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                                         4
               included in the refund claims were already credited
               against the use tax remitted. Plaintiffs admitted they
               could not determine what line items were included in
               the credits and, despite my numerous requests, never
               provided any information on how the credits were
               calculated.

      Solexis's documentation showed it took a credit of $544,470.85 against a

total accrued use tax of $987,227.90 but could only substantiate $172,099.76 of

the credits.     Therefore, the conferee concluded Solexis should have paid

$815,128.14 in use tax ($987,227.90 - $172,099.76 = $815,128.14). However,

Solexis had only paid $442,757.10 and "could not document or explain [the]

difference."

      Likewise, Polymers accrued use tax of $1,494,221.28, took credits of

$656,583.24, and could only substantiate $470,107.10 of the credits.       The

conferee concluded Polymers should have paid $1,024,114.18, ($1,494,221.28 -

$470,107.10 = $1,024,114.18). Instead, Polymers paid $837,637.88, leaving

$186,476.30 that it could not document or explain.

      On May 19, 2019, the Division issued its final determinations on both

protests. It granted Solexis's request for a refund of $162,059.02 in use tax

overpayments, and $3,659.09 in sales tax overpayments and offset the refund

against $372,317.04 in use tax Solexis had accrued but did not pay. The

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                                         5
Division granted Polymers a $263,061.89 refund and offset the refund by

$186,476.30 in unpaid tax.

      Solexis and Polymers each filed a complaint with the Tax Court,

challenging these final determinations. They argued they submitted sufficient

proofs of payment, challenged the validity of N.J.A.C. 18:2-5.8(d)(3) and (4),

and alleged certain purchases were exempt from SUTs. Each party moved for

summary judgment. The Tax Court issued a detailed written opinion denying

plaintiffs' motion and granting the Division's cross-motion on January 19, 2022.

      The court rejected plaintiffs' challenge to N.J.A.C. 18:2-5.8(d), which

they claimed added language to, or contradicted N.J.S.A. 54:32B-20(a), and thus

was arbitrary and capricious.     Regarding the Division's decision to offset

plaintiffs' refund against use tax credits, the court held the Division could not

"formally assess[] additional use tax" outside of the statute of limitations

deadline in N.J.S.A. 54:32B-27. The court rejected the Division's assertion the

offset did not constitute an additional assessment, holding "the allowance of an

offset is tantamount to a reopening and audit of closed [tax] years." Allowing

the collection of additional tax for years closed without an audit would conflict

with N.J.S.A. 54:32B-27 and 54:49-6 and would "dissuade taxpayers from

requesting a refund." Accordingly, the court held the Division properly denied

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                                       6
the refund, but could not offset the use tax credit based on an untimely additional

use tax assessment.

      The court found the regulations were not arbitrary or capricious because

"the Legislature intended to grant the Director [of the Division of Taxation]

rulemaking deference" by enacting N.J.S.A. 54:32B-20(a). The regulations did

not contradict the statute by impermissibly limiting the documentation taxpayers

can provide in seeking a refund because the regulations were structural

guidelines and subject to review by the court.

                                        I.

      On appeal, plaintiffs argue they presented reliable evidence of the SUTs

remitted to the Division, and the only issue was the evidence did not conform to

the specific type of evidence required by the regulations. They claim N.J.A.C.

18:2-5.8(d)(3) works to limit the type of proofs the Division will accept to

canceled checks or bank statements and grants the Division discretion to decide

whether it will accept alternate forms of proof, leaving taxpayers with no

recourse if the Division rejects otherwise valid proofs.

      Plaintiffs claim N.J.A.C. 18:2-5.8(d)(4)'s requirement that refund claims

"with [twenty-five] or more separate transactions" include a spreadsheet with

specific identification information does not conform to modern business

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                                        7
practices, which involve electronic purchases that are automatically recorded

using resource planning software applications. They assert most businesses

today do not pay vendors by check, and instead use EFT.

      Plaintiffs assert N.J.S.A. 54:32B-20(a) does not authorize the Division to

limit the documentation taxpayers can provide when they apply for a refund.

Moreover, the Division exceeded the statute and its legislatively delegated

authority because the regulations contradict N.J.S.A. 54:48-3, which requires it

to "provide . . . a uniform procedure to be followed by taxpayers in relation to

any state taxes and to afford uniform remedies and procedures . . . ."

      Plaintiffs contend the regulations are arbitrary and capricious because

they unreasonably "restrict taxpayers' ability to prove that tax was erroneously

collected or paid." They point to N.J.A.C. 18:2-5.8(d)(3)(i), which requires that

Form A-3730 "must be filed with documents, such as invoices, receipts, proof

of payment of tax, and exemption certificates . . . ," and argue the regulation's

use of the word "must" is unduly restrictive.       They note other mandatory

language in N.J.A.C. 18:2-5.8(d)(3)(iii)(1) that "[p]roof of sales tax remitted to

sellers is required and the Division will accept copies of canceled checks." They

also point to N.J.A.C. 18:2-5.8(d)(4), which states: "Refund claims of sales and

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                                        8
use tax with [twenty-five] or more separate transactions or credit memoranda

must be filed with a computer spreadsheet."

      Plaintiffs argue the requirement that a taxpayer provide a cancelled check

or bank statement—even if the taxpayer paid electronically—is arbitrary and

capricious. They assert the statute is more expansive than the regulations and

does not prevent the Division from reviewing a particular category of documents

to determine refund eligibility. Therefore, N.J.A.C. 18:2-5.8(d)(3) and (4) are

not necessary to effectuate the statute because taxpayers already bear a high

burden when they seek a refund, and the regulations make the burden heavier.

      "An appellate court accords a highly deferential standard of review to tax

court decisions." N.J. Tpk. Auth. v. Twp. of Monroe, 30 N.J. Tax 313, 318

(App. Div. 2017). We "will not disturb a tax court's findings 'unless they are

plainly arbitrary or there is a lack of substantial evidence to support them'

because '[t]he judges presiding in the Tax Court have special expertise.'" Ibid.

(quoting Glenpointe Assocs. v. Teaneck, 241 N.J. Super. 37, 46 (App. Div.

1990)). However, we review a tax court's conclusions of law de novo. Ibid.

(citing Toll Bros. v. Twp. of W. Windsor, 173 N.J. 502, 549 (2002)).

                                      II.

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                                       9
      The Legislature enacted the SUT Act "to provide as far as feasible a

uniform procedure to be followed by taxpayers in relation to any state taxes and

to afford uniform remedies and procedures which may be resorted to by the state

in the collection of any of its taxes." N.J.S.A. 54:48-3. To that end, N.J.S.A.

54:32B-20(a) empowers the Director to pay tax refunds on application of a

taxpayer provided "the person shall first establish to the satisfaction of the

[D]irector, under such regulations as the [D]irector may prescribe, that the

person has repaid to the customer the amount for which the application for

refund is made."

      N.J.S.A. 54:49-14(a) states:     "Any taxpayer . . . may file with the

[D]irector a claim under oath for refund, in such form as the [D]irector may

prescribe . . . ." N.J.S.A. 54:32B-24 provides in pertinent part:

            [T]he [D]irector . . . is hereby authorized and
            empowered . . . [t]o make, adopt and amend rules and
            regulations appropriate to the carrying out of this act
            and the purposes thereof . . . [and t]o require any person
            required to collect tax to keep detailed records of all
            receipts, amusement charges, or rents received, charged
            or accrued, including those claimed to be nontaxable,
            and also of the nature, type, value and amount of all
            purchases, sales, services rendered, admissions,
            occupancies, names and addresses of customers, and
            other facts relevant in determining the amount of tax
            due and to furnish such information upon request to the
            [D]irector . . . .

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                                       10
      It is well-established "the [L]egislature may delegate to an administrative

agency the authority to promulgate rules and regulations interpreting and

implementing a statute . . . ." T.H. v. Div. of Developmental Disabilities, 189

N.J. 478, 490 (2007). However, an administrative agency's power to promulgate

regulations "may not, under the guise of interpretation, extend a statute to give

it a greater effect than its language permits." GE Solid State, Inc. v. Dir., Div.

of Tax'n, 132 N.J. 298, 306 (1993) (citing Kingsley v. Hawthorne Fabrics Inc.,

41 N.J. 521, 528 (1964)). Regulations that "flout the statutory language and

undermine the intent of the Legislature" are invalid. Ibid.

      Here, as the Tax Court aptly noted, the governing statute "utilizes

discretionary language and purposefully lacks any restrictive terminology."

Deriving from the statute's broad language, the Division promulgated N.J.A.C.

18:2-5.8(d)(3), which requires "[r]efund claims of sales and use tax must include

documentation of all transactions to substantiate the tangible personal property

or service that is the subject of the refund claim and the amount requested." As

a result, taxpayers must file form A-3730 and include "documents, such as

invoices, receipts, proof of payment of tax, and exemption certificates."

N.J.A.C. 18:2-5.8(d)(3)(i). The portion of the regulation plaintiffs object to

states:

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                                       11
                  Proof of sales tax remitted to sellers is required
            and the Division will accept copies of canceled checks.
            If payment was made electronically, the Division will
            accept copies of bank statements with an itemization of
            all the transactions that make up the electronic
            payment. A request for use of an alternative proof of
            payment must be requested in writing to the [SUT]
            [r]efund [s]ection and written approval received by the
            claimant prior to submission of such alternative proof
            of tax payment in support of the refund claim. Any
            approved alternate proof of payment must provide a
            trail between the documents presented by use of
            notation, highlighting, or other identification of the
            particular matching transactions.

            [N.J.A.C. 18:2-5.8(d)(3)(iii)(1).]

Additionally, plaintiffs object to N.J.A.C. 18:2-5.8(d)(4), which states:

                   Refund claims of sales and use tax with [twenty-
            five] or more separate transactions or credit memoranda
            must be filed with a computer spreadsheet. A computer
            spreadsheet is a computer program that arranges
            numerical and textual data into a table of rows and
            columns. The computer spreadsheet must display
            information for each transaction that is included as the
            subject of the refund claim.

      We reject plaintiffs' arguments these regulations should be invalidated

because they do not comport with modern business practices or promote uniform

remedies and procedures for refunds required by N.J.S.A. 54:48-3, and constrict

the legislative intent behind N.J.S.A. 54:32B-20(a). As the Tax Court found,

N.J.S.A. 54:32B-20(a) "is silent as to any documentation requirements and

                                                                            A-1165-22
                                       12
leaves the Director with the power to address this [issue].       Therefore, the

[regulations] do not contradict" the statute. As the conferee noted and the Tax

Court correctly found, the "regulations . . . provide taxpayers with a structured

procedure for SUT refunds[,] . . . lay[ing] out what documentation is acceptable

and how to prove payment of remitted SUT." Contrary to plaintiffs' arguments,

the regulations are flexible and do not work against the statute. They do not

limit taxpayer proofs to canceled checks. The regulations expressly permit a

taxpayer to submit "alternative proof."

      Our Supreme Court has stated there are instances where "literalism must

be avoided because '[t]here is no surer way to misread any document than to

read it literally.'" McNeil v. Legis. Apportionment Comm'n, 177 N.J. 364, 374

(2003) (quoting Guiseppi v. Walling, 144 F.2d 608, 624 (2d Cir.1944) (Hand,

J., concurring), aff'd sub nom., Gemsco, Inc. v. Walling, 324 U.S. 244 (1945)).

Plaintiffs read the regulations in an overly literal manner and ignore the meaning

of their plain language.

      Although plaintiffs aver this dispute is about unlawful regulations, a

review of the record shows the total refunds were denied because of the

insufficiency of the proofs presented. As the conferee noted, plaintiffs' proofs

"failed to reconcile its use tax accruals to its use tax remittances." This was

                                                                            A-1165-22
                                       13
essential for the Division to understand "what items are included in the credits

[p]laintiffs applied to calculate the reported use tax due."         Without the

reconciliation the Division could not "determine whether the line items for

which [p]laintiffs s[ought] a refund were already included in the credits against

tax remitted."

      The Division's response to the proofs plaintiffs submitted not only shows

where plaintiffs fell short but reinforces our conclusion the Division neither

limited the types of proofs plaintiff could submit, nor violated the Legislature's

directive in N.J.S.A. 54:48-3 to afford a ready means for taxpayers to obtain

refunds. The Division's response was neither a mistake of law or fact, and the

Tax Court's conclusion plaintiffs failed to show the regulations were

unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious was sound. To the extent we have not

addressed an argument raised on appeal it is because it lacks sufficient merit to

warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed in A-1165-22 and A-1166-22.

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                                       14