Court Opinion

ID: 3038801
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:59:25.101335+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:24:35.612762
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION
  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LAVELL FRIERSON,                       
               Petitioner-Appellant,
                                             No. 04-99002
                 v.
JEANNE S. WOODFORD, Warden, of                D.C. No.
                                           CV-92-06251-DDP
the California State Prison at San
                                              OPINION
Quentin,
              Respondent-Appellee.
                                       
        Appeal from the United States District Court
           for the Central District of California
        Dean D. Pregerson, District Judge, Presiding

                  Argued and Submitted
            June 2, 2006—Pasadena, California

                 Filed September 14, 2006

     Before: Betty B. Fletcher, Barry G. Silverman, and
              Richard A. Paez, Circuit Judges.

                 Opinion by Judge Paez;
              Concurrence by Judge Silverman

                            11309
                    FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                  11313

                         COUNSEL

Gwen Freeman, Knapp, Petersen & Clarke, Glendale, Califor-
nia; Edward A. Rucker, Santa Monica, California, for the
petitioner-appellant.

Steven D. Matthews, Supervising Deputy Attorney General,
Sacramento, California, for the respondent-appellee.

                          OPINION

PAEZ, Circuit Judge:

   Lavell Frierson appeals the district court’s denial of his 28
U.S.C. § 2254 habeas corpus petition challenging a California
jury’s special circumstances findings and death penalty ver-
dict for his convictions for assault with a deadly weapon, rob-
bery, kidnaping for the purposes of robbery, and first degree
felony murder. In this opinion, we conclude that trial counsel
failed to investigate and present important mitigation evi-
dence at the penalty phase of the third trial. Had counsel’s
investigation been adequate, the sentencing jury could have
heard evidence that Frierson suffered from multiple childhood
head trauma and possible organic brain dysfunction, border-
line mental retardation and a learning disability, a history of
11314                   FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
chronic substance abuse, and an emotional disorder. We also
conclude that counsel’s performance was deficient when he
failed to review juvenile court records and to challenge a key
mitigation witness’s assertion of his privilege against self-
incrimination at the penalty trial. There is a reasonable proba-
bility that, had the jury been able to consider this evidence,
the outcome of the penalty proceedings would have been dif-
ferent. We therefore reverse the district court’s judgment
denying habeas relief with respect to the penalty phase of the
trial.1

                          I.   Background

  This case arises from Frierson’s 1978 kidnaping and rob-
bery of Edgardo Kramer and Guillermo Bulnes, and his
execution-style murder of Kramer. The California Supreme
Court described the events leading up to the shootings as fol-
lows:

      On January 3, 1978, Kramer and Bulnes, two Peru-
      vian airline employees, drove to the Holly Aire
      Motel in Inglewood to visit a woman named Chris.
      Bulnes knocked on the door to room 18 and told the
      young woman who responded—later identified as
      Zondre Wooley—that he was looking for Chris.
      . . . Wooley later said that Chris would arrive shortly.
      Bulnes and Kramer then sat in Bulnes’s car parked
      across the street from the motel.

      Soon thereafter, [Frierson] approached the car and
      asked if they were waiting for Chris. When Bulnes
      said that they were, [Frierson] drew a gun and
      pointed it at Bulnes. He entered the back seat behind
  1
    Concurrent with the filing of this opinion, we filed a memorandum dis-
position affirming the denial of Frierson’s claims of error on the special
circumstances issues raised in his petition. See Frierson v. Woodford, No.
04-99002 (memorandum).
                     FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                   11315
    the two men, and ordered Bulnes to lock the door,
    close the windows, start the car and begin driving.

    During the ride, [Frierson] demanded and obtained
    property from both victims. . . . After traveling a few
    blocks at [Frierson]’s direction, [Frierson] ordered
    Bulnes to park the car. He then shot both Bulnes and
    Kramer in the backs of their heads. Kramer was
    killed. The bullet directed at Bulnes hit him above
    the ear but did not penetrate his skull. He was able
    to grapple with [Frierson] and disarm him. Bulnes
    pointed the gun at [Frierson] and left the car.

    After running a few steps, Bulnes fell to the ground.
    [Frierson] grabbed him around the neck and tried to
    retrieve the weapon. During the ensuing struggle,
    Bulnes emptied the gun’s chamber by firing shots
    into the ground and threw the gun away. When
    [Frierson] released his grip, Bulnes ran to a nearby
    street, flagged down a passing motorist, and was
    driven to a hospital.

    At the retrial, Bulnes . . . positively identified [Frier-
    son] as the assailant. He had observed nothing sug-
    gesting [that Frierson] was intoxicated . . . .
    [Frierson] and Wooley were arrested a few hours
    after the crime in room 18 at Holly Aire Motel. Dis-
    tinctive watches owned by the victims, [Frierson’s]
    bloody clothing, and other incriminating evidence
    was found in the motel room. An inmate who had
    been at the county jail when [Frierson] was initially
    apprehended testified that [Frierson] had recounted
    the entire crime to him, admitting that he had robbed
    and shot the two victims.

People v. Frierson, 808 P.2d 1197, 1200 (Cal. 1991) (Frier-
son III).
11316                  FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
Frierson I

   In February 1978, Frierson was charged with murder, rob-
bery, kidnaping for purposes of robbery, and assault with a
deadly weapon. The amended information alleged two special
circumstances under the 1977 California death penalty law:
that the murder was wilful, deliberate and premeditated, and
that the murder was physically committed by Frierson during
the course of both a robbery and kidnaping.2 The jury found
Frierson guilty of the crimes charged and death-eligible after
finding both special circumstances true beyond a reasonable
doubt. Frierson was sentenced to death. People v. Frierson,
599 P.2d 587, 592 (Cal. 1979) (Frierson I).

   On direct review, the California Supreme Court reversed
the conviction, special circumstances findings, and death sen-
tence. Id. at 591. The court held that Frierson’s counsel was
ineffective for failing to investigate, prepare, and present a
diminished capacity defense. As the court explained, counsel
failed to seek and retain an expert to evaluate the effects of
Frierson’s PCP drug use on his physical and mental condition
and on his mental capacity. Id. at 598-99. The court empha-
sized that counsel’s failure was critical because the defense of
diminished capacity was the only one available to Frierson at
the guilt phase of the trial. Id. at 599. The court also found
counsel ineffective for failing to call any mitigating witnesses
at the penalty phase. Id. at 600.

Frierson II

  At the second trial in 1980, Frierson’s court-appointed
counsel refused Frierson’s request to present evidence of
diminished capacity at the guilt phase of the trial, and instead
chose to present that evidence at the penalty phase. People v.
  2
   Former Cal. Penal Code § 190.2, subds. (c)(3)(i), (c)(3)(ii) (1977)
(amended 1978). See also People v. Frierson, 599 P.2d 587, 605-14 (Cal.
1979) for a discussion of the 1977 California death penalty law.
                    FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                  11317
Frierson, 705 P.2d 396, 396-97 (Cal. 1985) (Frierson II).
After the prosecution completed its case-in-chief, defense
counsel rested without calling any witnesses or presenting any
defense. Id. at 398. At the penalty phase, however, defense
counsel called a number of witnesses whose testimony sug-
gested that at the time Frierson committed the crime, his men-
tal state had been affected by his use of PCP.

   Dr. Ronald Siegel, a psychologist and psychopharmacolog-
ist, testified that he had examined Frierson on two separate
occasions in 1980 and had compiled an extensive drug history
report. Dr. Siegel initially concluded that Frierson “was
severely intoxicated with PCP” during the crime because of
an “acute ingestion” of PCP on that day “as well as chronic
use over a long period of time.” Id. at 398. After reading Bul-
nes’s eyewitness testimony, Dr. Siegel altered his conclusion,
testifying that Frierson did not appear to be “acutely” intoxi-
cated at the time of the crime. Dr. Siegel maintained, nonethe-
less, his belief that as a chronic PCP user, Frierson was
severely intoxicated at the time the crime took place even
though he did not show outward physiological signs of intoxi-
cation. Dr. Siegel specifically declined to opine on Frierson’s
mental state at the time of the offense.

   Dr. Marvin Gillick, a forensic psychiatrist, testified that
PCP intoxication during the crime prevented Frierson from
deliberating, premeditating, and meaningfully reflecting on
his actions. Dr. Gillick concluded that although Frierson had
the mental capacity to form the intent to rob and kidnap the
victims, his PCP intoxication “ ‘[s]ubstantially impaired [his]
capacity to form and harbor the criminal intent necessary for
first degree murder,’ i.e., deliberation and premeditation.” Id.
at 398.

   The jury found Frierson guilty of the charged offenses,
found him death-eligible, and returned a verdict of death. Id.
at 399. The California Supreme Court affirmed the conviction
but reversed the special circumstances findings and penalty,
11318                   FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
holding that the trial court erred when it concluded that coun-
sel could properly refuse Frierson’s clearly expressed desire
to present a diminished capacity defense at the special cir-
cumstances phase of the trial, rather than at the penalty phase.3
Id. at 403.

Frierson III

   At the third trial in 1986, Frierson was represented by
Arnold Lieman, who presented a diminished capacity defense
at the special circumstances phase of the trial. Frierson III,
808 P.2d at 1200. Dr. Gillick again testified that, at the time
of the crime, Frierson “was able to form the specific intent to
commit robbery and to harbor malice but, due to mental
impairment caused by the ingestion of PCP, was unable to
‘form the specific intent to commit first degree murder,’ ”
meaning, to “ ‘deliberate, premeditate, and maturely and
meaningfully reflect.’ ” Id. Narcotics consultant Carl Trout
testified that it is difficult to observe whether a person is
under the influence of PCP. Id. Several of Frierson’s friends
and family members bolstered the expert testimony by testify-
ing that, at the time of the crime, Frierson’s mental state was
affected by his use of drugs, including PCP and alcohol. Id.

   The prosecution’s case-in-chief consisted of the same facts
as were presented in Frierson I and II. Bulnes, the surviving
victim, positively identified Frierson as the assailant. Investi-
gating police officers testified to the discovery of incriminat-
ing evidence at the hotel room where Frierson and Wooley
were found. Jimmy Walker, an inmate who had been at the
county jail when Frierson was initially apprehended, testified
  3
    The California Supreme Court also concluded that the evidence at trial
clearly established that Frierson was guilty of first-degree felony murder
as well as robbery, kidnaping, and assault with a deadly weapon. See
Frierson II, 705 P.2d at 399. Although Frierson’s federal habeas petition
included claims that challenged his conviction, these challenges are not
before us on appeal. Frierson does not contest his conviction on any count
or the 25 years-to-life sentence for first degree felony murder.
                       FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                       11319
that Frierson recounted the entire crime to him and admitted
that he had robbed and shot the two victims. After a three-
hour deliberation, the jury found the special circumstances
true beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 1199.

   At the penalty phase, the prosecution presented evidence
that in 1972, Frierson was convicted in juvenile court for the
murder of Douglas Green and committed to the California
Youth Authority (“CYA”). Id. at 1200-01. On May 20, 1972,
Green was killed at a Los Angeles house party from a bullet
wound to the chest. Frierson, Michael Conception, and Lewis
White, all 15 or 16 years old at the time, were arrested for the
homicide. The investigating officer, Detective Thomas Miller,
testified at Frierson’s penalty trial that he interviewed the
juvenile suspects for eight hours and then placed them in an
interview room in order to overhear and record their conversa-
tion.4 Miller testified that he recognized Frierson’s voice and
heard Frierson confess to the Green homicide, laughing and
imitating Green’s attempt to breathe as he was dying. The
prosecution also presented evidence showing that Frierson
committed two robberies in 1977, one of which was an armed
robbery. Id. at 1201.

   Frierson sought to show that Green was killed by Louis
White at the party and that Detective Miller misidentified the
confessor’s voice. Philip McCain testified that he was present
at the shooting and that he witnessed White shoot Green.
McCain also testified that after the party, White confessed to
him that “he did it.” Conception testified that Frierson was not
at the party but that White was present and was carrying a
gun. Conception did not see who shot Green.

   Lieman called White to testify on Frierson’s behalf. White
was prepared to testify that Frierson did not kill Green but
that neither did he. According to Lieman, however, White pri-
  4
   The tape recording of the conversation was subsequently lost and never
recovered.
11320                   FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
vately confessed to Lieman and defense investigator Donald
Ingwersen that he killed Green. Rather than elicit White’s
confession before the jury, or impeach White’s testimony
with that of Ingwersen, Lieman encouraged White to invoke
his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination—a
privilege that White could not assert.5 Evidence of White’s
alleged confession of the killing was thus never presented to
the jury.

   Frierson testified at the penalty phase and admitted the two
December 1977 robberies but denied shooting Green. He tes-
tified about his drug problems and his remorse over the mur-
der of Kramer. A correctional officer at San Quentin testified
that Frierson was a model prisoner. A neighbor testified that
Frierson had been a “good boy.” Frierson’s parents and sister
testified about his drug usage and violent tendencies while on
drugs. His parents also testified that Frierson had a normal
childhood and that he had not been abused. Lieman did not
present any evidence of Frierson’s documented drug history.
Nor did he present evidence of potential brain damage and
child abuse that belied the parents’ testimony that his child-
hood had been “normal.” The jury returned a death verdict
which the trial court later imposed. Frierson III, 808 P.2d at
1199. On direct appeal, the California Supreme Court
affirmed the judgment in its entirety. Id.

Federal Habeas Proceedings

   After exhausting his state court remedies, Frierson filed a
petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in
the Central District of California. Over the course of several
separate rulings, and after two evidentiary hearings, the dis-
  5
   There was no basis for White to invoke the Fifth Amendment. Jeop-
ardy already had attached in White’s juvenile adjudication and acquittal
for Green’s murder. Also, the statute of limitations for any charges other
than for capital murder had lapsed by the time that White invoked his Fifth
Amendment privilege.
                         FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                        11321
trict court denied all 22 claims, issuing its final disposition
and judgment on February 9, 2004. The district court also
granted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) as to three of
Frierson’s claims, two of which are now before us on appeal.6

   In addition to the certified claims, Frierson moved to
expand the COA to include thirteen additional claims. On
November 21, 2005, we granted Frierson’s motion to expand
the COA with respect to four of the thirteen claims. We there-
fore have six claims before us on appeal, three from the spe-
cial circumstances phase of Frierson III7 and three from the
penalty phase of Frierson III.

           II.    Jurisdiction & Standard of Review

   The district court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(a).
Because Frierson filed his habeas petition in 1994, the
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub.
L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (AEDPA) does not apply.
Woodford v. Garceau, 538 U.S. 202, 207 (2003). We review
de novo the district court’s decision to deny habeas relief.
Silva v. Woodford, 279 F.3d 825, 835 (9th Cir. 2002) (as
amended). A federal court may grant habeas relief only if the
alleged non-structural errors “had substantial and injurious
effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Brecht
v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993) (internal quotation
marks omitted).

   We review de novo legal questions and mixed questions of
  6
    One of these claims involved a challenge to Frierson’s conviction
based upon trial counsel’s ineffective assistance during the guilt phase of
Frierson II. Because Frierson no longer appeals his conviction on any
count, but instead focuses on the special circumstances and penalty phases
of Frierson III, this claim has been abandoned.
  7
    As noted above, we address the claims relating to the jury’s special cir-
cumstances findings in a separate memorandum.
11322                     FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
law and fact, including ineffective assistance of counsel
claims. Williams v. Stewart, 441 F.3d 1030, 1037 n.2 (2006)
(as amended); Silva, 279 F.3d at 835. We review for clear
error, however, the district court’s findings of fact. Alcala v.
Woodford, 334 F.3d 862, 868 (2003). Similarly, state court
factual findings are “entitled to a presumption of correctness
unless they are not fairly supported by the record.” Silva, 279
F.3d at 835 (internal quotation marks omitted); 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d) (1996).

                   III.    Penalty Phase Claims

   Frierson raises three claims of error in the penalty phase of
Frierson III, including two IAC claims. First, he alleges that
Lieman was ineffective for failing to investigate and present
mitigation evidence of chronic drug abuse, organic brain dam-
age, and child abuse. Second, Frierson contends that Lieman
was ineffective when he induced, and failed to challenge,
White’s invocation of his Fifth Amendment privilege against
self-incrimination, and in doing so prevented White from
either confessing to the Green murder or being impeached
with testimony of his earlier confession. Third, Frierson
claims cumulative error.8

   To prevail on his IAC claims, Frierson must show that (i)
Lieman’s performance was deficient, and (ii) this deficient
performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washing-
ton, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). To satisfy the performance
prong, Frierson must show that Lieman’s performance “fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 688;
United States v. Fry, 322 F.3d 1198, 1200 (9th Cir. 2003). To
satisfy the prejudice prong, Frierson must show that “there is
a reasonable probability that, but for [Lieman’s] unprofes-
sional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
  8
    Because we conclude that Frierson is entitled to relief on the basis of
his ineffective assistance of counsel claims, we need not address this
claim.
                    FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                  11323
different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient
to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466
U.S. at 694; see also Summerlin v. Schriro, 427 F.3d 623, 629
(9th Cir. 2005).

  A.   IAC Claim F(2): Failure to present mitigation evidence

  Frierson alleges that Lieman rendered constitutionally
defective assistance by failing to investigate and present miti-
gating evidence at the penalty phase that included Frierson’s
extensive drug history; early childhood head trauma, mental
impairments and organic brain damage; and child abuse. We
agree.

Deficient Performance

   [1] Counsel has a duty to conduct a reasonable investiga-
tion so that he can make an informed decision about how best
to represent his client. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691. Thus,
counsel may render ineffective assistance “where he neither
conducted a reasonable investigation nor made a showing of
strategic reasons for failing to do so.” Sanders v. Ratelle, 21
F.3d 1446, 1456 (9th Cir. 1994). We have held that a failure
to investigate and present, at the penalty phase of a capital
trial, evidence of organic brain damage or other mental
impairments, drug abuse, and a dysfunctional family or social
environment may constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.
See, e.g., Caro v. Calderon, 165 F.3d 1223, 1226 (9th Cir.
1999) (holding that counsel was ineffective for failing to
investigate defendant’s mental impairments caused by child-
hood exposure to toxic chemicals); Wallace v. Stewart, 184
F.3d 1112, 1115 (9th Cir. 1999) (concluding that counsel was
ineffective where counsel failed to investigate dysfunctional
family background, drug history, and evidence of organic
brain damage); Hendricks v. Calderon, 70 F.3d 1032, 1043
(9th Cir. 1995) (holding that counsel’s performance was defi-
cient for failing to investigate readily available evidence of
mental impairment).
11324               FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
   [2] The imperative to cast a wide net for all relevant miti-
gating evidence is heightened at a capital sentencing hearing
because “[t]he Constitution prohibits imposition of the death
penalty without adequate consideration of factors which
might evoke mercy.” Caro, 165 F.3d at 1227 (internal quota-
tion marks and citation omitted). Although counsel’s duty to
seek out evidence of mitigation is not limitless, the Supreme
Court has recognized that the failure to pursue avenues of
readily available information—such as school records, juve-
nile court and probation reports, and hospital records—may
constitute deficient performance. Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S.
374, ___, 125 S. Ct. 2456, 2463 (2005); see also Williams v.
Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 396 (2000) (holding that counsel failed
to “fulfill their obligation to conduct a thorough investigation
of the defendant’s background” for purposes of sentencing
and thus failed to uncover voluminous evidence of a “night-
marish childhood” in juvenile court records). The Supreme
Court has also made clear that when counsel is on notice that
important mitigation evidence exists, a failure to uncover and
present such evidence at the penalty phase represents ineffec-
tive assistance of counsel. Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510,
525 (2003) (holding counsel’s failure to prepare a social his-
tory report fell below professional standards where counsel
was on notice of severe family dysfunction).

   Lieman’s deficient performance is readily apparent from a
comparison of the facts in the record to the facts in Rompilla.
In Rompilla, defense counsel knew that the prosecution was
seeking the death penalty by presenting aggravating evidence
of the defendant’s history of violent felony convictions. See
125 S. Ct. at 2464. Nonetheless, counsel did not review any
part of the defendant’s publicly available criminal history
record, including the trial transcript from which the prosecu-
tion read evidence into the record. Id. As the Court empha-
sized, “it flouts prudence to deny that a defense lawyer should
try to look at a file he knows the prosecution will cull for
aggravating evidence, let alone when the file is sitting in the
trial courthouse.” Id. at 2467.
                        FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                         11325
   Here, the record indicates that Lieman never reviewed the
trial transcripts of Frierson II. Lieman was unaware of the
1980 drug history report that Dr. Siegel prepared after he first
evaluated Frierson. Dr. Siegel, however, referred to his report
six times during his testimony in Frierson II. Lieman was also
unaware that Dr. Gillick prepared a report in 1980, portions
of which Dr. Gillick read into the record on five different
occasions during his testimony in Frierson II.9

   Lieman had only to review the trial transcripts of Frierson
II to discover the existence of a prior investigative report pre-
pared by Robert Turner (the “Turner Report”) that indicated
that a series of psychiatric evaluations had been conducted
from 1971-74 while Frierson was committed to the custody of
the CYA.10 One evaluation dated September 1971 explained
that Frierson exhibited “minor symptoms of organic brain
dysfunction.” Although Lieman later admitted that “organic
brain dysfunction” could have “great legal significance,” Lie-
man failed to pursue any avenues of investigation provided by
the Turner Report—he did not consult with any CYA staff
psychiatrists, he did not track down the psychiatric evaluation
in question, and he did not seek the services of a neurologist
even when alerted to evidence of possible organic brain dam-
age. This is likely due to his failure to review the transcripts
of the prior proceedings.

   Also like Rompilla, Lieman failed to adequately investigate
readily available school, hospital, prison, and juvenile court
records and reports. In June 1964, Frierson suffered a head
injury at the age of seven. In 1969, Frierson suffered a second
  9
    As discussed infra III B, it does not appear that Lieman reviewed Frier-
son’s juvenile court record either because had he done so, he would have
been aware that White had been acquitted of the charge of murder and was
thus not permitted to exercise his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-
incrimination when testifying about the Green homicide.
   10
      Lieman testified at the evidentiary hearing that he was unaware of the
existence of the Turner Report.
11326                   FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
head injury, a closed scull concussion, that required four days
of hospitalization and resulted in two years of impaired eye-
sight. Lieman testified that he obtained Frierson’s hospital
records and was aware of Frierson’s brain injuries, but chose
not to consult a neurologist about the possible effects of mul-
tiple head trauma. At the evidentiary hearing, Lieman admit-
ted that he had considered consulting a neurologist but
decided against it after speaking with Frierson’s parents
because they did not believe that Frierson had suffered any
lasting effects from the head injury. Lieman did not present
evidence of the brain injuries at the penalty hearing.

   Frierson’s school records revealed an IQ score of 71, plac-
ing him in the mentally retarded range. School records also
indicated that Frierson’s head injury may have greatly
affected his behavior and performance at school. The Turner
Report described another IQ test in which Frierson scored a
90. Lieman, however, was unaware of either IQ score, and
thus he never presented evidence at the penalty phase of pos-
sible mental retardation or low intelligence, or of a docu-
mented learning disability.

   Although defense investigator Ingwersen located a prison
staff psychiatrist at San Quentin willing to testify on Frier-
son’s behalf, Dr. L.G. Nuernber, Lieman did not recall speak-
ing with him. Dr. Nuernber diagnosed Frierson in 1981 with
an “antisocial personality disorder” and “substance abuse,
mixed, by history.” Although Dr. Nuernber did not find evi-
dence of organic brain damage, he recommended that psycho-
logical testing be undertaken for a more in-depth assessment.
Lieman did not review or present any of the psychiatric
reports and psychological evaluations that had been prepared
at the CYA and San Quentin prison.11
  11
    Lieman initially stated that he did not speak with any psychiatrist who
may have examined Frierson at the CYA or San Quentin prison. He later
recalled speaking briefly to Dr. Gary Bodner, who said he did not think
he could help.
                    FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                  11327
  The most evident lapse in professional competence was
Lieman’s failure to prepare and present evidence of Frierson’s
chronic substance abuse for purposes of mitigation. At the
evidentiary hearing, Lieman testified that he was aware that
Frierson had used illegal drugs in the past and that Frierson
began using PCP for “a year, year-and-a-half before” the mur-
der. Despite Dr. Siegel’s report that Frierson admitted using
PCP on a daily basis, Lieman did not know the frequency of
Frierson’s drug use because he did not read the report. Lie-
man was also aware, from Frierson’s parents, that Frierson
began using drugs in junior high school.

   Lieman testified that the compilation of a drug history was
important for the defense in order to establish that Frierson
was a chronic drug user and to support the contention that
Frierson was under the influence at the time of the murder.
Yet Lieman failed to compile a drug history. As the district
court found, “[a]n attorney providing reasonable professional
assistance would have been aware that a drug history had
already been prepared by Dr. Siegel in 1980. . . . Lieman’s
lack of knowledge that a drug history had already been pre-
pared for the previous trial constitutes deficient performance.”

   [3] Lieman’s failure to review the transcripts of Frierson II
for evidence of mitigation—resulting in his ignorance of Dr.
Siegel’s drug history report and the Turner Report’s reference
to organic brain dysfunction and a low IQ—was “below the
range expected of reasonable, professional competent assis-
tance of counsel.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 370. Lieman also
missed an opportunity to present evidence of borderline men-
tal retardation and a learning disability by failing to investi-
gate school records. Lieman ignored the red flag of possible
brain damage caused by multiple childhood head injuries by
failing to consult a neurologist, and instead relied on the lay
opinion of Frierson’s parents. Lieman also failed to obtain a
single psychiatric evaluation from the CYA or San Quentin
prison, or to speak with a staff psychiatrist, such as Dr.
Nuernber, who was willing to help.
11328               FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
   Lieman claims that he did not consult a neurologist to
explore the consequences of Frierson’s head injuries because
he relied on Frierson’s parents and on the opinion of Dr. Gill-
ick, who testified during Frierson II that when he examined
Frierson in April 1980, there was “no evidence of overt
diagnosable disorder.” However, Lieman did not read the
transcripts of Frierson II and therefore could not have relied
on Dr. Gillick’s testimony. Moreover, the district court’s con-
clusion that Lieman reasonably relied on Dr. Gillick’s testi-
mony in Frierson II is inconsistent with its own finding that
Lieman’s conduct was deficient for failing to recognize that
Dr. Gillick had written a report, referenced numerous times
during his testimony at trial.

   “Counsel . . . [has] an obligation to conduct an investiga-
tion which will allow a determination of what sort of experts
to consult.” Caro, 165 F.3d at 1226. Although the defendant
in Caro was examined by four experts prior to trial, including
a medical doctor, a psychologist, and a psychiatrist, none of
whom indicated that the defendant suffered from a mental
impairment severe enough to constitute diminished capacity,
we concluded that defense counsel was ineffective for failing
to consult an appropriate expert with expertise in neurology
or toxicology. Caro had been exposed to high levels of toxic
chemicals and pesticides as a child, and because “none of the
experts were neurologists or toxicologists,” none was able to
“conduct[ ] the neurological testing needed to evaluate the
effects that the pesticides and chemicals had on Caro’s brain.”
Id.

   As in Caro, Lieman’s failure to consult with a neurologist
—the only expert qualified to evaluate organic brain dysfunc-
tion caused by multiple childhood head trauma—is not ame-
liorated by his alleged reliance upon the testimony of Dr.
Gillick, a forensic psychiatrist. Further, Lieman admitted that
he never spoke with Dr. Gillick about the advisability of a
neurological examination “because Dr. Gillick never advised
me that a neurological examination of Mr. Frierson was nec-
                    FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                  11329
essary.” But because Lieman never informed Dr. Gillick of
the brain injuries or the Turner Report’s reference to organic
brain damage, Lieman “failed to provide [his expert] with the
information necessary to make an accurate evaluation of
[Frierson’s] neurological system.” Id. at 1227.

   Lieman also claims that his failure to present evidence from
prior psychiatric evaluations was a tactical decision to present
Frierson in the best possible light at the penalty hearing, and
thus to avoid evidence of an antisocial personality disorder.
Lieman declared that he:

    did not want to put before the jury evidence of what
    is referred to as antisocial personality disorder, as I
    believed then and I continue to believe now, that
    such evidence would have harmed, rather than
    helped Mr. Frierson’s defense. . . . [S]uch evidence
    would only have helped the prosecution’s case by
    showing Mr. Frierson to be unredeemable and with-
    out remorse, and would thus have undermined my
    efforts to humanize and show Mr. Frierson to be a
    decent person, capable of rehabilitation and not a
    likely recidivist.

Thus Lieman, according to his own assertions, did not present
the Turner Report, which describes Frierson as possibly hav-
ing “psychopathic traits,” or the testimony of Dr. Nuernber,
because he felt that doing so would undercut his strategy of
portraying Frierson as being worthy of remorse. In the same
vein, he did not present evidence of Frierson’s long history of
voluntary drug use.

   [4] It is clear from the record, however, that Lieman’s fail-
ure to present evidence of Frierson’s past psychiatric evalua-
tions and chronic drug history was not compelled by his
strategy, but rather by a failure to adequately investigate and
prepare such information. His later-stated reasons appear to
be post-hoc rationalizations rather than reasoned or strategic
11330               FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
choices. Lieman did not speak to Dr. Nuernber, nor did he
read the reports prepared by Turner, Dr. Siegel, or Dr. Gillick.
He was therefore unaware that a diagnosis of antisocial per-
sonality disorder even existed, and unaware of the extent of
Frierson’s chronic drug abuse. Because strategy presupposes
investigation, Lieman’s actions cannot be attributed to strat-
egy. See Sanders, 21 F.3d at 1457 (“[C]ounsel can hardly be
said to have made a strategic choice when . . . [he] has not yet
obtained the facts on which such a decision could be made.”
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Because the
record “underscores the unreasonableness of counsel’s con-
duct by suggesting that [Lieman’s] failure to investigate thor-
oughly resulted from inattention, not reasoned strategic
judgment,” Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 526, we hold that Lieman
was deficient in his performance at the penalty phase.

Prejudice

   We have recognized that in our analysis of IAC claims,
particularly for those arising from a death sentence, the rea-
sonableness of counsel’s investigatory and preparatory work
at the penalty phase should be examined in a different, more
exacting, manner than other parts of the trial. Thus, in our
concurrently filed memorandum, we held that Lieman did not
prejudice his client by failing to develop and present evidence
of chronic PCP use and organic brain dysfunction at the spe-
cial circumstances phase. Here, however, we hold that but for
Lieman’s failure to develop and present such evidence at the
penalty phase, for purposes of mitigation, “there is a reason-
able probability that . . . the result of the proceeding would
have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.

   [5] Whether counsel has adequately performed his duty to
investigate in preparing for the sentencing phase of a capital
trial is “measured against an ‘objective standard of reason-
ableness.’ ” Rompilla, 125 S. Ct. 2462 (quoting Strickland,
466 U.S. at 688). Because the evidence presented at each
phase of a trial serves a markedly different purpose, we ana-
                     FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                  11331
lyze the reasonableness of counsel’s efforts to prepare for trial
and sentencing differently. As we explained in Wallace v.
Stewart:

    Hendricks alludes to why the lawyer’s burden might
    differ at the guilt phase from that at the penalty
    phase: Mental state is relevant at the guilt phase for
    issues such as competence to stand trial and legal
    insanity—technical questions where a defendant
    must show a specific and very substantial level of
    mental impairment. Most defendants don’t have
    problems this severe, and counsel can’t be expected
    to know that further investigation is necessary to
    develop these issues. By contrast, all potentially mit-
    igating evidence is relevant at the sentencing phase
    of a death case, so a troubled childhood and mental
    problems may help even if they don’t rise to a spe-
    cific, technically-defined level.
184 F.3d at 1117 n.5. Thus in Hendricks, we held that it was
reasonable for counsel to rely on his experts’ findings that no
diminished capacity defense was available at the guilt phase,
and to terminate his perfunctory investigation of his client’s
known mental impairments. See 70 F.3d at 1038.

   Our determination in Hendricks that counsel’s investigatory
work was reasonable, however, did not extend into the pen-
alty phase. Because a sentencing jury is given “broad latitude
to consider amorphous human factors, in effect, to weigh the
worth of one’s life against his culpability,” we have recog-
nized that the presentation of relevant mitigation evidence is
of vital importance to the jury’s penalty determination. Id. at
1044. Accordingly, we concluded that “counsel’s failure to
investigate his client’s mental condition as a mitigating factor
in a penalty phase hearing, without a supporting strategic rea-
son, constitute[d] deficient performance.” Id. at 1043. We
therefore held that because evidence of Hendrick’s “nightmar-
ish upbringing” and “mental problems” could have altered the
11332                   FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
jury’s decision to impose a death verdict, counsel was consti-
tutionally ineffective. Id.

   [6] Lieman’s failure to develop and present important miti-
gation evidence undermines confidence in the fairness of the
jury’s death verdict. The jury was never presented with evi-
dence that Frierson suffered multiple severe brain injuries as
a child that may have resulted in organic brain dysfunction;
that Frierson suffered from a learning disability, low intelli-
gence, and may have been borderline mentally retarded; that
Frierson suffered from an emotional disorder; and that Frier-
son was a chronic lifelong substance abuser.12 We therefore
conclude that the omitted evidence, taken as a whole, “might
well have influenced the jury’s appraisal of [Frierson’s] moral
culpability.” Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 538 (internal quotation
marks omitted).13 We reverse the district court’s denial of
habeas relief as to Frierson’s death penalty sentence on the
basis of this IAC claim alone.

  12
     Although the district court found Lieman deficient for failing to pre-
pare a drug history report, it concluded that no prejudice resulted because
“the jury had not been persuaded by the intoxication defense during the
special circumstances phase [and thus] it does not appear unreasonable for
trial counsel to forego further testimony on [Frierson’s] abuse of con-
trolled substances.” The district court misapprehended the different pur-
poses for the drug evidence at each phase of trial. Evidence of a history
of chronic drug abuse may not have been sufficient to demonstrate that
Frierson lacked the requisite mental state for the crime, but the extent of
Frierson’s drug use from an early age was an important mitigating factor
that the jury did not have an opportunity to consider. The testimony by
Frierson’s parents did not begin to describe the magnitude of Frierson’s
problem with drugs.
  13
     We also note that “overwhelming evidence of guilt does not amelio-
rate the failure to present mitigating evidence at the penalty phase.” Caro,
165 F.3d at 1227.
                        FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                        11333
       B.   IAC Claim F(3): White’s Invocation of the Fifth
                          Amendment

   Frierson claims that Lieman was ineffective for inducing
and failing to challenge Louis White’s invocation of his Fifth
Amendment right against self-incrimination when Lieman
knew, or should have known, that in 1972 the juvenile court
acquitted White of the charge of murder for the Green homi-
cide.14 We agree that Lieman’s performance was deficient and
that it was prejudicial.

Deficient Performance

   [7] It is clear that Lieman’s conduct as counsel “fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 688. Lieman had only to read the juvenile court records to
discover that White had been acquitted of murder and could
not therefore incriminate himself by testifying at the penalty
trial about the Green homicide.15 Nonetheless, before calling
White to testify, Lieman advised the court: “Out of an abun-
dance of caution I think the court should appoint counsel for
Mr. White. I think he may make statements which may tend
to incriminate him with regard to the 1972 shooting.”

   At the first evidentiary hearing, the district court found that
“it is clear that trial counsel took affirmative steps to permit
White to invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege.” As the dis-
trict court explained:
  14
      In 1972, White and Frierson were both charged with first degree mur-
der for the death of Douglas Green. The juvenile court sustained the peti-
tion against Frierson and acquitted White of that charge. Fourteen years
later, in October 1986, White allegedly confessed to killing Green during
an interview with Lieman and defense investigator Ingwersen.
   15
      See Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519, 529 (1975) (holding that jeopardy
attaches in juvenile adjudication that determines whether juvenile violated
criminal law); Bretz v. Crist, 546 F.2d 1336, 1343 (9th Cir. 1976).
11334               FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
    It was [Lieman] who originally raised the possibility
    that White might require separate representation
    because of his Fifth Amendment concerns. In a hear-
    ing held outside the presence of the jury, White
    admitted having a gun at the party but denied shoot-
    ing Green, or seeing who did shoot Green. . . . White
    then denied that he had previously told the defense
    investigator that he shot Green.

(internal citations omitted). After a recess, Lieman again
asked the trial court to appoint counsel for White. The trial
court did so, and then after ascertaining that White planned to
invoke the Fifth Amendment, the court ruled that White
would not be permitted to assert the privilege in front of the
jury. Lieman then sought, and was denied, a ruling from the
court declaring White unavailable as a witness. Only belat-
edly, Lieman recognized the untenable situation he had cre-
ated for his client. He stated:

    Of course, we are in a Pandora’s Box. [White] won’t
    testify because he wishes to assert the [Fifth Amend-
    ment] privilege. The court says because [White]
    asserts the privilege, [the court does not] know what
    his testimony would be; because [the court does not]
    know what his testimony would be, [the court] can’t
    make a finding he is unavailable. . . . We are
    involved in a penalty phase of a potential death pen-
    alty case. The circumstances in aggravation are,
    among other things, that Mr. Frierson committed a
    1972 homicide. That is one of the aggravating fac-
    tors. In fact, it’s probably the key aggravating factor.
    . . . It behooves us to present testimony that perhaps
    he is not involved in the homicide.

Lieman thus foreclosed any possibility for the jury to hear that
White had confessed to the Green homicide, either through
White’s own admission or through testimony by Ingwersen.
Lieman’s “pandora’s box” was of his own making.
                     FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                  11335
   The State argues that Lieman’s conduct was not deficient
because it was Lieman’s strategy to have White assert the
Fifth Amendment before the jury despite the court’s ruling.
Lieman asked White: “Way back in 1972 were you at a party
where Mr. Green was shot and killed?” White answered: “I
refuse to answer the question under the Fifth Amendment.”
The court cut short Lieman’s direct examination of White
shortly thereafter.

   [8] In light of the record, it is not reasonable to infer that
Lieman’s strategy was to disregard the trial court’s ruling
with the expectation that White would assert the Fifth
Amendment in front of the jury in response to his questions.
The more reasonable explanation is that Lieman failed to
review the juvenile court records just as he had failed to
review transcripts of Frierson II, the Turner Report, Dr. Sie-
gel’s report, Dr. Gillick’s report, and Frierson’s school
records. A reasonably competent lawyer would have under-
stood that White was immune from prosecution for the Green
homicide and therefore could not assert the Fifth Amendment
privilege against self incrimination. Lieman’s failure to recog-
nize this constituted deficient performance.

Prejudice

   The more difficult question is whether Lieman’s failure to
challenge White’s invocation of the Fifth Amendment was
prejudicial to Frierson. The district court concluded that Frier-
son suffered no prejudice because (1) Lieman achieved the
same result of casting doubt on White’s innocence; (2) the
juvenile court adjudication itself was admitted into evidence;
and (3) the jury would have viewed White’s confession four-
teen years after the fact with skepticism.

   It is without question that the Green homicide was the cen-
tral focus of the penalty hearing. The prosecution’s closing
argument emphasized this very point:
11336               FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
    So what is in the nature of this man? In 1972 he had
    the taste for blood. The death of Douglas Brandon
    Green lying there on the floor with his blood gushing
    out of his mouth was merely an occasion for a poor
    joke — “I wonder if I can claim self defense for
    shooting him with his own gun.” Douglas Brandon
    Green had 50 or 60 years of life left to him, but the
    defendant chose to take it.

   Frierson’s 1972 conviction rested upon Detective Miller’s
purported identification of Frierson’s voice. The tape record-
ing of the alleged confession was never produced in the juve-
nile court, nor at any other time. According to Frierson’s
amended habeas petition, four witnesses to the shooting testi-
fied for the prosecution at the 1972 juvenile court hearing,
none of whom identified Frierson as the shooter. Neither Phil-
lip McCain, who identified White as the killer, nor Earl Cobb,
who saw Frierson somewhere other than where the shooting
took place, testified at the juvenile hearing.

  Phillip McCain testified at the penalty trial that he wit-
nessed White commit the murder, but the prosecution’s cross-
examination of McCain effectively discredited his testimony.
The following exchange occurred:

    Q: And you were inside the house when the shoot-
    ing took place?

    A: Was I inside the house — yeah. It happened in
    the house.

    Q:   Wasn’t the shot fired out on the front porch?

    A:   Yeah.

    Q:   You were inside the house?

    A:   I was outside.
                    FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                  11337
    Q: Didn’t you tell the police you were inside the
    house when the shot was fired?

    A:   That is when he [Green] ran inside then.

    Q:   You were inside the house when he ran inside?

    A:   Yeah. I went in there too, yeah.

    Q:   You ran in after he was shot?

    A:   The shooting was going on, man.

    Q:   And you were inside the house?

    A:   No, I wasn’t

    Q:   Where were you?

    A:   I told you I was outside.

    Q:   Where?

    A:   Outside on the front porch.

McCain also testified that on the same evening, White called
him and confessed to the shooting.

   Michael Conception was even less credible. According to
Lieman, Conception arrived at court accompanied by two
bodyguards dressed in such a manner “that he created the
impression he was a ‘drug dealer.’ ” Although Lieman “felt
[Conception’s] appearance would be a negative influence in
the case,” Lieman allowed Conception to testify because he
did not think that Conception was “the type of individual I felt
I could ask to change his appearance.” Moreover, Concep-
tion’s testimony that Frierson did not attend the party was
contradicted not only by McCain but also by Frierson himself.
11338               FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
The prosecution suggested that Conception and McCain were
former gang member friends willing to lie on Frierson’s
behalf.

   [9] Therefore, the strongest evidence available that Frierson
did not kill Green was White’s confession to both McCain
and Ingwersen. White’s assertion of the Fifth Amendment
before the jury did not achieve the same result because the
jury had no reason to infer that White was referencing his role
in the homicide. The question was not framed as “Did you kill
Douglas Green” but rather, “Were you at that party?” Evi-
dence that White confessed to the Green murder would have
greatly strengthened Frierson’s denial of guilt of this homi-
cide, and when combined with McCain’s testimony, and what
appears to be a limited evidentiary basis upon which the juve-
nile petition was sustained, “there is a reasonable probability
that at least one juror would have struck a different balance”
in the outcome. Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 537.

   Although this IAC claim is independent of the claim that
Lieman was ineffective for failing to investigate and present
important mitigation evidence at the penalty hearing, we are
mindful that both claims arise from Lieman’s lack of pre-
paredness. In failing to prepare for the penalty phase, Lieman
did not review transcripts of Frierson II for evidence of miti-
gation and thus was not aware of the Turner Report’s refer-
ence to organic brain damage and low IQ. Lieman did not
utilize the existing drug history report prepared by Dr. Siegel.
Lieman did not review school records and present evidence of
borderline mental retardation and a learning disability. Lie-
man did not consult and put on testimony by a neurologist
explaining the consequences of multiple childhood brain inju-
ries. Lieman did not review any psychiatric reports that
existed at the CYA or San Quentin prison, and he did not
present evidence of an emotional disorder. Finally, Lieman
did not review juvenile court documents to confirm that
White had been acquitted of murder and was thus available to
testify about the Green homicide.
                    FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                 11339
                      IV.   Conclusion

   [10] We reverse the district court’s denial of habeas relief
as to Frierson’s death sentence. Because Frierson received
ineffective assistance of counsel at the penalty phase, we con-
clude that the errors “had substantial and injurious effect or
influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Brecht, 507 U.S.
at 637. We therefore remand to the district court with instruc-
tions to grant the petition for a writ of habeas corpus as to
Frierson’s death sentence unless the State grants Frierson a
new penalty-phase trial within 120 days of the district court’s
order.

  The judgment of the district court denying the petition as
to Frierson’s death sentence is REVERSED. The case is
REMANDED to the district court for entry of an appropriate
order for a penalty-phase retrial, if the State elects to seek
such a retrial.

SILVERMAN, Circuit Judge, specially concurring:

   At the penalty phase of this death penalty case, the most
important issue was whether Frierson had ever killed before.
To persuade the jury to impose a death sentence instead of life
imprisonment, the prosecution presented evidence that four-
teen years earlier, Frierson, as a juvenile, killed Douglas
Green at a party and then laughed about it.

   Frierson’s lawyer hired an investigator, Donald Ingwersen,
who located several of the individuals who were at the party
when Green was killed. One of these individuals, Phillip
McCain, testified that he saw Louis White shoot Green, and
that White called McCain after the shooting and admitted that
he (White) was the killer. He further testified that Frierson
was not involved.
11340               FRIERSON v. WOODFORD
  Another individual, Michael Conception, testified that he
didn’t see the shooting but was at the party and saw Louis
White there with a gun.

   Investigator Ingwersen contacted White himself prior to the
penalty phase trial and was prepared to testify that White had
confessed to him (Ingwersen) that he (White) had shot and
killed Green. Defense counsel was unsuccessful in convincing
the trial judge that White was “unavailable” and that White’s
statement to Ingwersen should have been received as a decla-
ration against penal interest.

   Defense counsel’s next strategy was to call White as a wit-
ness in the hope that White would invoke the Fifth Amend-
ment in front of the jury and thereby create an inference that
he was the killer. Unfortunately, that strategy was based on a
grievous misunderstanding of the law. In point of fact, White
could not invoke the privilege against self-incrimination for
one simple reason — he had been acquitted of the killing sev-
eral years earlier. See Ex Parte Critchlow, 81 P.2d 966, 971
(Cal. 1938) (privilege against self-incrimination does not
apply when prosecution is precluded by a prior acquittal). As
a result, White could have been forced to testify and asked
point-blank if he had killed Green. People v. Seijas, 114 P.3d
742, 751 (Cal. 2005). If White had said yes, his on-the-stand
confession would have been heard by the jury deciding Frier-
son’s fate. If he had said no, he could have been confronted
with his confession to Ingwersen. If White denied confessing
to Ingwersen, Ingwersen could have been called to testify
about what White had told him — not as a declaration against
penal interest but as a prior inconsistent statement. Cal. Evid.
Code §§ 770 and 1235; People v. Avila, 133 P.3d 1076, 1137-
38 (Cal. 2006).

   Instead of a strategy that would have gotten White’s con-
fession before the jury, defense counsel, in direct contraven-
tion of the trial judge’s instructions and in ignorance of what
the law really allowed him to do, improperly elicited White’s
                     FRIERSON v. WOODFORD                  11341
invocation of the privilege in the presence of the jury. A side-
bar conference was called immediately and counsel was
admonished for having adduced White’s claim of the privi-
lege. After the side-bar, White was asked two more questions
and then was quickly ushered off the stand. No further refer-
ence to White’s taking the Fifth was or could be made. For
example, counsel was prohibited from arguing to the jury that
White’s claim of the privilege gave rise to an inference that
White had killed Green. White’s claim of the privilege was
not — and could not be — mentioned again. Cal. Evid. Code
§ 913; People v. Frierson, 808 P.2d 1197, 1203-04 (Cal.
1991); People v. Johnson, 39 Cal. App. 3d 749, 759 (Ct. App.
1974).

   Misunderstanding how the law would have allowed White
to be questioned about Green’s murder and impeached if nec-
essary with his recent confession to the investigator, defense
counsel pursued a strategy that yielded nothing more than
White’s improper invocation of the privilege that could not be
considered by the jury. Counsel’s undisputed misunderstand-
ing of the law caused him to take this ill-considered course.

   The subject of White’s testimony was no trifling matter,
either. The issue was whether Frierson had killed before.
Counsel’s error resulted in the loss of evidence that might
have convinced a jury that White — not Frierson — had
killed Green. What could have been more important than that
to a jury weighing life or death for Frierson?

   Because I am not able to find that counsel’s error in this
respect was not prejudicial, I join the majority in reversing the
denial of the writ of habeas corpus, as to the penalty phase of
the trial, on this basis only. Having come to this conclusion,
I do not reach whether counsel also was ineffective in his pre-
sentation of mitigating evidence.