Court Opinion

ID: 147107
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-05-25 16:56:41+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:24:03.387029
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                             ____________

                                  No. 09-3527
                                 ____________

                       UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                       v.

                           TODD ALLEN SEWELL,
                                          Appellant
                              ____________

                On Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                             (D.C. No. 08-cr-00090)
               District Judge: Honorable Maurice B. Cohill, Junior

                                 ____________

                  Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                               May 19, 2010

         Before: FUENTES, HARDIMAN and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges.

                             (Filed: May 25, 2010 )

                                 ____________

                           OPINION OF THE COURT
                                ____________

HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.
       Todd Sewell appeals an order of the District Court denying his motion to suppress

evidence following his conditional guilty plea to violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and

924(e) (felon in possession of a firearm). We will affirm.1

                                             I.

       Because we write for the parties, we recount only those facts necessary to our

decision. We review the District Court’s findings of fact for clear error, and exercise

plenary review over its determination that reasonable suspicion justified a Terry stop of

Sewell. United States v. Robertson, 90 F.3d 75, 76-77 (3d Cir. 1996) (citation omitted).

       Although the parties dispute some of the facts leading up to the discovery of the

gun possessed by Sewell, the following general facts found by the District Court are

undisputed. Officer Joyce McClelland, a 20-year veteran of the Pittsburgh Police

Department, was on patrol in a marked squad car just past midnight on December 25,

2006. Officer McClelland was on Fifth Avenue in Pittsburgh’s Hill District, a high-crime

area, when she heard a radio call of shots fired very close by—in the vicinity of the 200

block of Dinwiddie Street. Moments later, McClelland saw Sewell approaching Fifth

Avenue on Dinwiddie Street on foot, coming from the direction where the shots

reportedly had been fired. Sewell ran or jogged across Fifth Avenue in front of

McClelland’s car, then slowed to a walk, looked at McClelland’s car, and nervously put

       1
         The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231, and we have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                             2
his hands in his pockets. McClelland decided to conduct an investigatory stop of Sewell,

which led her to discover the gun in his possession.

       Sewell argues that McClelland’s observations gave her no reason to suspect he had

done anything wrong, rendering the investigatory stop invalid under the Constitution.

The Supreme Court has held that “an officer may, consistent with the Fourth Amendment,

conduct a brief, investigatory stop when the officer has a reasonable, articulable suspicion

that criminal activity is afoot.” Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123 (2000) (citing

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968)). To justify a Terry stop, police must reasonably

suspect not only that a crime has been or is being committed, but also “that the particular

individual being stopped is engaged in wrongdoing.” United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S.

411, 418 (1981). The requisite “level of suspicion is considerably less than proof of

wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1,

7 (1989).

       In determining whether reasonable suspicion of this type exists, “the totality of the

circumstances—the whole picture—must be taken into account.” Cortez, 449 U.S. at

417. Even a series of lawful acts or occurrences may, taken together, create a reasonable

suspicion that a crime is being or has been committed. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125 (citing

Terry, 392 U.S. at 5-6, 30). An individual’s “nervous, evasive behavior is a pertinent

factor,” Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 124 (citations omitted), as is the time of day at which the

encounter occurs, id. at 129. Police officers are permitted to “draw on their own

                                             3
experience and specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the

cumulative information available to them that ‘might well elude an untrained person.’”

United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002) (quoting Cortez, 449 U.S. at 418).

       Here, in the wee hours of Christmas morning, and within moments of hearing a

report that gunshots had been fired nearby, Officer McClelland saw Sewell coming from

the very locale where the shots had been fired. Sewell hurried across the street in front of

McClelland, then slowed to a walk and nervously glanced backward and placed his hands

in his pockets. We agree with the District Court that these facts created reasonable

suspicion that Sewell had been involved in the reported gunshots.

       Our conclusion is guided by our decision in United States v. Goodrich, 450 F.3d

552 (3d Cir. 2006). In Goodrich, police responded to a citizen’s report at 11:20 p.m. that

“two people just carrying some kind of buckets or something” were stealing anhydrous

ammonia, id. at 560, and were “over behind R&M Gas right now loading into some kind

of vehicle,” id. at 562. When police proceeded to the vicinity, they saw one vehicle

(Goodrich’s) within a block or two of the gas station and stopped it about seven minutes

after the report issued. Id. at 562-63. We held the stop was supported by reasonable

articulable suspicion, citing four key factors: “(1) the reputation of the area in which the

stop occurred for criminal activity; (2) the time of day; (3) the geographical and temporal

proximity of the stop to the scene of the alleged crime; and (4) the number of persons in

the area,” id. at 561.

                                              4
       Like Goodrich, Sewell was stopped late at night in a high-crime area, in close

geographical and temporal proximity to a crime. Unlike in Goodrich, the District Court

made no findings as to the number of other people in the area where Sewell was stopped,

and the record evidence is inconclusive on this question. Nevertheless, Officer

McClelland was presented with additional indicia of suspicion that were not present in

Goodrich: she observed Sewell run or jog across the street, away from the scene of the

shooting, and then begin acting nervously at roughly the same time he noticed her police

car. In addition, McClelland’s observation of Sewell was far more proximate in time than

the seven minutes that elapsed in Goodrich. Accordingly, we hold that the foregoing

facts sufficed as a matter of law to justify a Terry stop.

       Sewell makes much of the fact that Officer McClelland did not have a description

of the shooter at the time she stopped him. Goodrich demonstrates the unpersuasiveness

of this argument. The police in Goodrich were initially told only that the suspects were

two people with buckets, and they had no description of Goodrich’s vehicle or its

occupants at the time they initiated the Terry stop. Nevertheless, we held that there was

reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle based on the remainder of the circumstances.

Sewell cites no case—nor are we aware of one—that stands for the proposition that a

physical description of a suspect is a prerequisite to a Terry stop. Although Officer

McClelland had no description of Sewell, the other factors we have noted provided

reasonable articulable suspicion for her to perform an investigatory stop.

                                               5
      For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the District Court’s denial of

Sewell’s suppression motion and we will affirm his judgment of conviction.

                                            6