Court Opinion

ID: 9522891
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 02:33:28.015657+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:04:14.053405
License: Public Domain

Skoglund, J.
¶ 1. Defendant Elizabeth McAllister appeals the trial court’s denial of her motion to suppress certain evidence and her motion for a judgment of acquittal. Defendant was convicted of one count of transportation of a regulated drug into a place of detention, 18 V.S.A. § 4249, and one count of possession of a narcotic drug, 18 V.S.A. § 4234(a). At the close of the State’s evidence, defendant moved to suppress pills that were taken from her during a strip-search at the Southeast State Correctional Facility, arguing that the State had not established a sufficient chain of custody to ensure their identity. She also moved for a judgment of acquittal, arguing that the State failed to prove an element of each of the crimes charged. We affirm.
*129¶ 2. The evidence at trial established the following. On January 10, 2005, defendant was transported by the sheriffs department to the Southeast State Correctional Facility from the Southern State Correctional Facility for admission. As part of the Southeast State Correctional Facility’s admission procedure, all detainees coming into the facility are strip-searched in a small room off of the booking area. Defendant was no exception. The correctional officer who performed the search inspected defendant’s clothes, hair, and body cavities. After defendant removed her clothing, the officer noticed plastic protruding from defendant’s vagina. When asked to remove the plastic, defendant refused and pushed it farther into her vagina. Defendant was warned that if she did not remove the plastic she would be taken for an x-ray. Defendant removed a plastic bag from her body and held it over her head while seeming to crush the bag with her hand. She then repeatedly held her hand out, as if to give the plastic bag to the officer, and then pulled the hand away. Eventually, two small white pills fell from defendant’s hand. The officer then grabbed defendant’s hand and ordered her to release the bag.
¶ 3. When she had custody of the bag, the officer was able to see that it contained orange and white pills. She retrieved the pills that had fallen on the floor, put them in the plastic bag, pulled her latex glove around the bag and the pills, and placed the glove in her pocket. She completed the exam, then contacted her supervisor and notified him of what she had found. When the supervisor arrived, he asked defendant why she had the pills, and defendant responded that they were her “meds” and that they were methadone and Percocet.
¶ 4. The supervisor took possession of the glove with the pills and went to the facility nurse for help in identifying them. After identifying some of the pills as methadone, the supervisor placed the pills in a paper envelope. The supervisor testified that it was his common practice to label the item with a detainee’s name, a description of what was found, and the date. He testified that, in this case, he sealed the envelope and wrote defendant’s name on it. The supervisor then placed the envelope into the facility safe, as is the procedure for contraband confiscated from inmates. Later, he retrieved the envelope from the safe and gave it to State Trooper McLaughlin. Trooper McLaughlin did not testify.
¶ 5. In the record, the envelope next appears in the possession of the senior trooper assigned to investigate the case. This officer *130testified that he was given the evidence bag containing the envelope and the pills and that the bag did not appear to have been tampered with in any way. The investigating officer recognized the handwriting on the evidence bag as Trooper McLaughlin’s, and testified that it was “fair to say” that Trooper McLaughlin was the one who packaged the evidence.
¶ 6. Upon receipt of the evidence bag, the investigating officer immediately opened it and photographed and inventoried the contents. He testified that the evidence bag contained a white envelope, sealed with clear plastic tape, which contained the pills and a piece of plastic. The photograph, which was admitted into evidence, shows that there were fourteen white pills and one broken orange pill. The photograph and the investigating officer’s testimony reveal that the envelope that was in the evidence bag had the return address of the correctional facility printed on it and the phrase “Pills Taken 1/10/05” written on it, but that defendant’s name was nowhere on the envelope. After completing the inventory and the associated paperwork, the officer put the envelope, pills and plastic back into the evidence bag, sealed and labeled it with the case number, and put it in the State Police Barracks evidence room. He also filled out a Request for Laboratory Examination form, referred to as a 305 Form, for examination of the drug evidence. He testified that the 305 Form also serves as a tracking form, a detailed documentation of the item or items sent to the lab for examination, and as a brief case history as well as a chain of custody report.
¶ 7. The next day, the senior trooper transported the evidence to the Vermont Forensic Laboratory. The 305 Form indicates that “DJ” at the evidence lab received the evidence bag from him, and on the same day placed the evidence bag in the forensic lab’s evidence room. A forensic chemist at the laboratory testified that when she retrieved the evidence bag from the evidence room and opened it to perform testing, the 305 Form’s description of what was in the evidence bag was consistent with what she found in the evidence bag. She also testified that it is standard procedure to check the seal on the evidence when she retrieves it for testing, and that she does it every time. The forensic chemist was able to identify some of the pills as two types of methadone and another as oxycodone. Through chemical analysis, she was able to establish that the broken pill was morphine.
¶ 8. A jury trial was held in September 2005. At the close of the State’s evidence, defendant moved to suppress the drug evidence *131and also moved for a judgment of acquittal. Both motions were denied. The jury found defendant guilty of transporting a regulated drug into a place of detention and possessing a narcotic drug. Defendant appeals.
¶ 9. On appeal from denial of a motion to suppress, we review the trial court’s legal conclusions de novo. State v. Coburn, 2006 VT 31, ¶ 8, 179 Vt. 448, 898 A.2d 128. At the close of the State’s evidence, defendant moved to exclude all evidence of the pills and their analysis, claiming that there are two major breaks in the chain of custody that make testimony about the pills inadmissible. Defendant asserts that without the testimony of Trooper McLaughlin — the officer that took the evidence from the corrections officials and placed it in an evidence bag — the chain of custody of the pills cannot be established. Second, defendant asserts that the lack of testimony from the person at the Vermont Forensics Lab who initially received the evidence bag from the investigating officer is another break in the chain of custody that makes the evidence inadmissable. Defendant contends that without the testimony of these two people we cannot be certain that the pills tested at the lab were the ones taken from defendant.
 ¶ 10. “Generally, chain of custody is established if a sample is sealed and labeled upon collection and received by the technician performing the test in that condition.” Dep’t of Soc. Welfare v. Miller, 157 Vt. 92, 96, 595 A.2d 288, 290 (1991); see also State v. Comstock, 145 Vt. 503, 506-07, 494 A.2d 135, 137 (1985) (holding that a chain of custody is sufficient where the evidence arrived at the lab through the mail in the same condition as when the officer prepared it, with seal intact, and where there was “no evidence of tampering with, change in, or confusion of the sample during the mailing”). “The identity of a specimen used in drug testing need not be proved beyond all possibility of doubt to be admissible.” King v. Gorczyk, 2003 VT 34, ¶ 9, 175 Vt. 220, 825 A.2d 16. If the circumstances establish “reasonable assurance of the identity of the sample” tested, then the chain of custody is sufficient to allow admission of the sample. Miller, 157 Vt. at 94, 595 A.2d at 290. “The chain need not be perfectly established.” State v. Stevens, 137 Vt. 473, 477, 408 A.2d 622, 625 (1979).
¶ 11. Here, the trial court correctly held that the chain was sufficiently reliable and established. The gap in the chain of custody in this case is similar to the situation presented in State *132v. Stevens. In Stevens, there was no evidence as to who possessed the sample from the time that it was removed from a police refrigerator until it was received by the lab technician for testing. 187 Vt. at 477, 408 A.2d at 625-26. We held that because the sample was received by the lab technician in the same condition in which the collecting officer had left it, the gap did not make the sample inadmissible. Id. In this case, the correctional facility supervisor testified that he sealed the evidence in an envelope and placed it in the facility safe. The investigating officer testified that he detected no tampering with the evidence bag, and that the envelope contained therein was sealed. He also testified that once he completed his inventory of the evidence, he put it back in the evidence bag and sealed it. The forensic chemist testified extensively about the log-in procedure utilized at the forensic laboratory and clearly stated that the 305 Form detailing the contents of the evidence bag accurately described what she found in the bag. We agree with the trial court that the evidence gives reasonable assurance as to the identity of the pills, and thus the pills and the related testimony were admissible.
¶ 12. Defendant next claims that the trial court erred in denying her motion for acquittal. She argues that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt one element in each of the statutes under which she was charged. The first statute, 18 V.S.A. § 4249(a), reads: “No person shall knowingly carry or introduce or cause to be carried or introduced into a . . . correctional facility: ... (3) a regulated drug, other than marijuana . . . except upon the prescription or direction of a practitioner.” The second statute, 18 V.S.A. § 4234(a)(1), reads: “A person knowingly and unlawfully possessing a . . . narcotic drug . . . shall be imprisoned not more than one year or fined not more than $2,000.00, or both.” Defendant argues that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the drugs in her possession did not result from a prescription or direction of a practitioner or that defendant’s possession of the drugs was unlawful.
¶ 13. ‘We will affirm a trial court’s denial of a motion for acquittal where, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, there is sufficient evidence to convince a reasonable trier of fact that all the elements of the crime have been proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Coburn, 2006 VT 31, ¶ 14; see also V.R.Cr.P. 29. “In reviewing a denial of a Rule 29 motion, this Court must determine whether the evidence presented by the *133State, taken in the light most favorable to the prosecution and excluding any modifying evidence, sufficiently and fairly supports a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Durenleau, 168 Vt. 8, 10, 652 A.2d 981, 982 (1994). We assess the strength and quality of the evidence; “evidence that gives rise to mere suspicion of guilt or leaves guilt uncertain or dependent upon conjecture is insufficient.” Id. (citations omitted). “In assessing circumstantial evidence, the fact-finder may draw rational inferences to determine whether disputed ultimate facts occurred.” Id. at 12, 652 A.2d at 983. We make no hard and fast rule as to the sufficiency of circumstantial evidence in a criminal case. See State v. Baird, 2006 VT 86, ¶ 13, 180 Vt. 243, 908 A.2d 475. However, evidentiary gaps must be filled with more than speculation, and all of the evidence, in sum, must produce more than a mere suspicion of guilt. Id.; Durenleau, 163 Vt. at 12-13, 652 A.2d at 983. Finally, “a judgment of acquittal is proper only if the prosecution has failed to put forth any evidence to substantiate a jury verdict.” State v. Couture, 169 Vt. 222, 226, 734 A.2d 524, 527 (1999).
¶ 14. The prosecution used the same facts to support the unlawfulness under 18 V.S.A. § 4234(a) and the absence of a practitioner’s prescription or direction under 18 V.S.A. § 4249, so we analyze the claims in unison. Defendant claims that the circumstantial evidence was insufficient for a reasonable jury to find her guilty as charged. We disagree.
¶ 15. The medical intake procedure at the Southeast State Correctional Facility was described for the jury. The procedure includes an interview with the facility nurse, who asks the detainee if she is on any medications. If the answer is yes, then the nurse verifies the prescription with the detainee’s doctor, as well as the correctional facility doctor. Once verified, the prescription is dispensed by facility staff during the three daily medication calls.
¶ 16. Due to the discovery of the drugs at admission, this procedure was detoured. Testimony established that defendant did not notify correctional facility staff that she was on medication or that she was carrying her medication before the strip-search, when the pills were discovered in defendant’s vagina. While an individual may carry his or her possessions in a variety of ways, it was reasonable for the jury to infer that defendant secreted the pills in this manner because she knew they were regulated drugs, *134and she believed she would not be allowed to bring them into the correctional facility. Her actions suggest that she did not have a prescription or the direction of a practitioner, or have legal possession of the pills. Second, the jury heard that once the pill container was discovered defendant resisted giving the plastic bag to the correctional facility staff member and appeared to grind it in her hand. It could be reasonably inferred that defendant attempted by this action to destroy the pills to prevent their identification. This behavior also suggests that she did not have a prescription or the direction of a practitioner, and that her possession of the pills was unlawful. Third, when asked by the facilities supervisor “what the story was” behind the pills, defendant did not produce the name of a prescribing practitioner, a prescription, or a prescription bottle, nor did she even claim to have a prescription or the direction of a practitioner to take the pills. She merely stated that they were her “meds.” It is a reasonable inference that she did not do any of these things because she did not have a prescription or the direction of a practitioner and because her possession of the pills was unlawful. Finally, defendant herself identified the pills as methadone and Percocet — regulated drugs.1 A chemical analysis by the State indicated that the pills were methadone, oxycodone and morphine — different regulated drugs. 18 V.S.A. § 4201(29).
 ¶ 17. There are two types of evidence in every case from which a jury may find the truth. Direct evidence — a document or the testimony of a person asserting actual and personal knowledge of a particular fact — leaves no room for inference. Circumstantial evidence does not directly prove a fact, but is part of a chain of facts and circumstances that indicate a defendant’s guilt or innocence. The law does not require the State to establish guilt by direct evidence alone. Baird, 2006 VT 86, ¶ 31. The law makes no distinction between the weight given to either direct or circumstantial evidence, nor is a greater degree of certainty required of circumstantial evidence than of direct evidence. See id. Indeed, certain types of circumstantial evidence may be more trustworthy than certain types of direct evidence.
*135¶ 18. The evidence of defendant’s actions and behaviors was sufficient for a reasonable trier of fact to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant brought regulated drugs into a correctional facility, that she did not possess the drugs by prescription or the direction of a practitioner, and that her possession of the narcotic drugs was unlawful. Therefore, the State met its burden of proof on each element, and the denial of the motion for acquittal was appropriate.2
¶ 19. The State’s case against defendant was a circumstantial one. It is the nature of such a case that the jury verdict is both reached and sustainable on the basis of the evidence as a whole. Fundamentally, the dissent’s evaluation of each piece of circumstantial evidence in a vacuum, without the benefit of its evidentiary context, is at odds with this principle and causes the dissent to miss the forest for the trees. See Baird, 2006 VT 86, ¶ 13 (“When reviewing a case based largely on circumstantial evidence, the evidence ‘must be considered together, not separately,’ even if defendant can explain each individual piece of evidence in a way that is inconsistent with guilt.” (quoting State v. Grega, 168 Vt. 363, 380, 721 A.2d 445, 457 (1998))). As a consequence and in addition, the dissent makes two basic errors. The first is its conclusion that defendant said nothing from which the jury could properly infer unlawful possession — either because her statements did not “demonstrate!] falsity” or an intent to “mislead the prison workers,” post, ¶ 28, or otherwise. The second is its conclusion that therefore the jury relied on so-called “consciousness-of-guilt evidence” alone to convict.
¶20. If the jury’s entitlement to infer guilt from defendant’s explanation for possessing narcotics indeed depends — as the dissent suggests — on whether her statements demonstrate falsity or an intent to mislead, when viewed in the light of the surrounding circumstances that threshold is certainly met here. Defendant’s monosyllabic explanation for her possession did not *136occur in a vacuum. It was accompanied by an uncouth method of transportation, a failure to promptly turn over the contraband, and — most importantly — an attempt to destroy it in order to prevent its identification. While a jury may have agreed with the dissent that her answer, “meds,” was consistent with lawful possession, this jury evidently did not. And because defendant’s words were accompanied by evasive and misleading behaviors, even under the dissent’s logic, it was entitled not to. But defendant said more from which the jury could infer unlawful possession. The jury was entitled to infer that defendant did not have a prescription for the drugs because she could not accurately identify them.
¶21. The dissent does not argue, nor could it, that so-called “conseiousness-of-guilt” evidence — which label it attributes to the balance of the State’s case — is inadmissible. Rather, it correctly points out that such evidence is insufficient on its own to support a verdict. See, e.g., State v. Unwin, 139 Vt. 186, 193, 424 A.2d 251, 255 (1980) (evidence of flight “is not sufficient by itself to support a conviction”). We have already explained why evidence of defendant’s nonverbal behavior need not support the verdict on its own. Therefore, even if the dissent appropriately applies the “consciousness-of-guilt” label to defendant’s actions in this case, it was appropriate for the jury to also rely on evidence of defendant’s nonverbal behavior to infer unlawfulness and absence of a prescription.
¶ 22. Finally, that the dissent goes to extreme lengths to characterize defendant’s bizarre actions as consistent with lawful possession is demonstrated by its absurd conclusion that defendant transported drugs in her vagina not because her possession was illegal, but because it was ‘Very likely” that she had heard that “Vermont Department of Corrections was prohibiting access to methadone in prison for all but a few short-term offenders and department policy was widely covered in the press.” Post, ¶ 34. This wide coverage — as reported by the dissent — consists of one newspaper article. The dissent’s speculation is unpersuasive.
¶ 23. In summary, Vermont law does not require every person who comes in contact with evidence to testify in order to establish the chain of custody. The State presented sufficient evidence to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the pills tested by the lab were those obtained from defendant. This evidence establishing that the drugs found in defendant’s vagina were regulated *137drugs, along with the circumstantial evidence indicating that defendant did not have a prescription for the same nor was she in possession of the drugs under the direction of a practitioner, was sufficient for the jury to convict. We affirm the trial court’s rulings.

Affirmed.

The definition of a “regulated drug” includes “a narcotic drug.” 18 V.S.A. § 4201(29)(A). Testimony from the forensic chemist established that Percocet, morphine, methadone and oxycodone are all narcotics. Percocet is a brand name for a blend of oxycodone and aeetominephen produced by the Du Pont Pharmaceutical Company.

 The trial court instructed the jury that the State was required to prove that defendant acted without the prescription or direction of a practitioner, treating the phrase as an element of the offense which the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt. The State did not object to this instruction. The State argues on appeal that even if the circumstantial evidence was insufficient to convict, this portion of the statute is an affirmative defense for which defendant, rather than the State, bears the burden of persuasion. Given our resolution of defendant’s appeal, we do not address the State’s argument.