Court Opinion

ID: 7961689
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 00:42:01.48774+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:34:29.803703
License: Public Domain

BECKERING, P.J.
(concurring). I concur with the result reached by my colleagues that defendant is not entitled to resentencing. I am required to reach this conclusion, in part, by this Court’s recent decision in People v Herron, 303 Mich App 392; 845 NW2d 533 (2013). In Herron, this Court rejected the defendant’s argument that on the basis of Alleyne v United States, 570 US_; 133 S Ct 2151; 186 L Ed 2d 314 (2013), judicial fact-finding required by Michigan’s sentencing guidelines to determine a minimum term of an indeterminate sentence violates the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. Herron, 303 Mich App at 399-405. Herron is binding on this Court and must be followed in this case. See MCR 7.215(J)(1).
I write separately because I disagree with this Court’s holding in Herron. In Alleyne, 570 US at_; 133 S Ct at 2155, the United States Supreme Court held that “any fact that increases the mandatory minimum [sentence] is an ‘element’ that must be submitted to the jury.” Precedent from the United States Supreme Court dictates that the guidelines range within which a trial court in Michigan is required to fix a minimum term of imprisonment is itself a legally prescribed mandatory minimum. Further, the mandatory minimum permissible for purposes of Alleyne is the guidelines range determined solely on the basis of a defendant’s criminal history and the facts reflected in the jury’s verdict or admitted by the defendant. Because Michigan’s sentencing scheme requires trial courts to engage in fact-finding to determine the guidelines range within which the court must fix a minimum term of imprisonment, facts that are neither found by a jury nor admitted by a *286defendant increase, by law, the minimum term of imprisonment to which a defendant is exposed and, thus, the penalty. Alleyne prohibits this and, therefore, renders Michigan’s indeterminate sentencing scheme unconstitutional. See Alleyne, 570 US at_; 133 S Ct at 2155, 2160-2162. As a remedy, I would make the sentencing guidelines in Michigan advisory as the United States Supreme Court did with the federal sentencing guidelines in United States v Booker, 543 US 220; 125 S Ct 738; 160 L Ed 2d 621 (2005).
I. APPRENDI v NEW JERSEY AND ITS PROGENY
A. APPRENDI
In Apprendi v New Jersey, 530 US 466, 490; 120 S Ct 2348; 147 L Ed 2d 435 (2000), the United States Supreme Court announced the now well-established rule that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” The defendant in Apprendi pleaded guilty to, among other things, one count of second-degree possession of a firearm for an unlawful purpose, which by statute was punishable by imprisonment for “between five years and 10 years.” Id. at 468 (quotation marks and citation omitted). However, the state of New Jersey’s statutory “hate crime” law provided for an extended term of imprisonment of between 10 and 20 years for second-degree offenses if the trial court found by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant “in committing the crime acted with a purpose to intimidate an individual or group of individuals because of race, color, gender, handicap, religion, sexual orientation or ethnicity.” Id. at 468-469 (quotation marks and citation omitted). At an evidentiary hearing held after the defen*287dant’s plea, the trial court found by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant had acted with a purpose to intimidate as provided by the hate-crime statute; thus, the court applied the hate-crime enhancement to sentence the defendant to a 12-year term of imprisonment for the possession conviction. Id. at 471.
The United States Supreme Court held that New Jersey’s practice of enhancing a defendant’s sentence on the basis of judicial fact-finding under the hate-crime statute was unconstitutional. Id. at 491-492, 497. The Court explained that except for the fact of a prior conviction, it “ ‘is unconstitutional for a legislature to remove from the jury the assessment of facts that increase the prescribed range of penalties to which a criminal defendant is exposed. It is equally clear that such facts must be established by proof beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” Id. at 490, quoting Jones v United States, 526 US 227, 252-253; 119 S Ct 1215; 143 L Ed 2d 311 (1999) (Stevens, J., concurring). The Court opined that the fact of intimidation contained in the hate-crime statute was “the functional equivalent of an element of a greater offense” than the offense the defendant pleaded guilty to. See Apprendi, 530 US at 494 n 19. The Court emphasized that “merely because the state legislature placed its hate crime sentence enhancer within the sentencing provisions of the criminal code does not mean that the finding of a biased purpose to intimidate is not an essential element of the offense.” Id. at 495 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The Court distinguished “sentencing factors” from “elements,” explaining that sentencing factors are “a circumstance, which may be either aggravating or mitigating in character, that supports a specific sentence within the range authorized by the jury’s finding that the defendant is guilty of a particular offense.” Id. at 494 n 19. The Court stressed that it is permissible “for *288judges to exercise discretion — taking into consideration various factors relating both to offense and offender — in imposing a judgment within the range prescribed by statute.” Id. at 481.
B. HARRIS
In Harris v United States, 536 US 545, 555, 568; 122 S Ct 2406; 153 L Ed 2d 524 (2002), the Supreme Court distinguished facts increasing a defendant’s mandatory minimum sentence from facts extending a sentence beyond the statutory maximum; the Court limited the application of Apprendi to factual findings that increase the statutory maximum sentence. The trial court in Harris found the defendant guilty of violating various federal drug and firearms laws after he sold illegal narcotics out of his pawnshop with an unconcealed semiautomatic pistol at his side. Id. at 550. One of the various statutes under which the defendant was convicted, 18 USC 924(c)(1)(A), provided as follows:
“[A]ny person who, during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime... uses or carries a firearm, or who, in furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such crime of violence or drug trafficking crime—
“(i) be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 5 years;
“(ii) if the firearm is brandished, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 7 years; and
“(in) if the firearm is discharged, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 10 years.” [Harris, 536 US at 550-551, quoting 18 USC 924(c)(l)(A)(i) to (iii).]
Although the indictment did not mention brandishing or Subpart (ii), the trial court at the defendant’s sentencing hearing found by a preponderance of the evi*289dence that the defendant had brandished a firearm, so the court sentenced the defendant to seven years’ imprisonment. Id. at 551.
The Supreme Court upheld the defendant’s sentence, concluding as follows: “[A]s a matter of statutory interpretation, § 924(c)(1)(A) defines a single offense. The statute regards brandishing and discharging as sentencing factors to be found by the judge, not offense elements to be found by the jury.” Id. at 556. In upholding the defendant’s sentence, the Court reaffirmed its prior decision in McMillan v Pennsylvania, 477 US 79; 106 S Ct 2411; 91 L Ed 2d 67 (1986), in which the Court “sustained a statute that increased the minimum penalty for a crime, though not beyond the statutory maximum, when the sentencing judge found, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant had possessed a firearm.” Id. at 550, 568.
C. BLAKELY
In Blakely v Washington, 542 US 296, 303; 124 S Ct 2531; 159 L Ed 2d 403 (2004), the Supreme Court clarified the “statutory maximum” for Apprendi purposes, explaining that it is “the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant.” The defendant had pleaded guilty to second-degree kidnapping, a class B felony, involving domestic violence and use of a firearm. Id. at 298-299. Washington law provided for a maximum sentence of 120 months’ imprisonment for a class B felony. Id. at 299. Significantly, Washington’s Sentencing Reform Act further limited the range of the sentence for the defendant’s conviction of second-degree kidnapping with a firearm, providing a “standard range” of 49 to 53 months’ imprisonment. Id. However, the act also permitted a judge to “impose a *290sentence above the standard range if he finds ‘substantial and compelling reasons justifying an exceptional sentence’ the act provided an illustrative list of aggravating factors, but an exceptional sentence could not be justified on the basis of a factor already considered when computing the standard range. Id. The trial court in Blakely sentenced the defendant to 90 months’ imprisonment, 37 months more than the upper end of the standard range, after finding that the defendant had acted with “deliberate cruelty,” which was a statutorily enumerated ground for departure. Id. at 300.
The Supreme Court held that the state of Washington’s sentencing procedure violated the Sixth Amendment and that the defendant’s sentence was invalid. Id. at 305. The Court rejected the state’s argument that there was no Apprendi violation because the statutory maximum was 10 years for class B felonies, explaining that the “statutory maximum” for Apprendi purposes is “the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant.” Id. at 303. The Court emphasized that the trial court did not have the authority to impose the exceptional 90-month sentence because a finding of deliberate cruelty was neither made by a jury nor admitted by the defendant. See id. at 304. The law only allowed a maximum sentence of 53 months’ imprisonment for the crime to which the defendant confessed. See id. at 303, 313.
D. BOOKER
In Booker, 543 US at 226, the Supreme Court, in two separate opinions, held that the Sixth Amendment as construed in Apprendi and Blakely applies to the federal sentencing guidelines and, to ensure the guidelines’ compliance with the Sixth Amendment, invali*291dated two provisions of the federal Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 that effectively made the guidelines mandatory. Booker was charged with possession with intent to distribute at least 50 grams of crack cocaine. Id. at 227. After evidence was presented at trial that Booker possessed 92.5 grams of crack, a jury convicted him of violating 21 USC 841(a)(1), which provided for a minimum sentence of 10 years’ imprisonment and a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. Solely on the basis of the facts found by the jury and Booker’s criminal history, the federal sentencing guidelines provided a “base” sentence of “not less than 210 nor more than 262 months in prison.” However, the trial court held a posttrial sentencing hearing and found by a preponderance of the evidence that Booker had both possessed an additional 566 grams of crack and obstructed justice. Mandatory application of the sentencing guidelines using these judicially found facts required the trial court to select a sentence between 360 months and life imprisonment; the court sentenced Booker to 30 years’ (i.e., 360 months’) imprisonment. Id. The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held that Booker’s sentence violated the Sixth Amendment and remanded for the trial court to either sentence Booker within the sentencing range supported by the jury’s findings or hold a separate sentencing hearing before a jury. Id. at 228.
The Supreme Court affirmed and remanded the case, instructing the trial court to impose a sentence in accordance with its opinion. Id. at 267. The Court reaffirmed its holding in Apprendi that “[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 244. The *292Court held that Apprendi and its progeny applied to the federal sentencing guidelines, opining that there was not a distinction of constitutional significance between the federal sentencing guidelines and the state of Washington’s procedures at issue in Blakely — both systems were mandatory and imposed binding requirements on sentencing courts.1 Id. at 229, 233. The Court explained that “just as in Blakely, ‘the jury’s verdict alone does not authorize the sentence. The judge acquires that authority only upon finding some additional fact.’ ” Id. at 235, quoting Blakely, 542 US at 305. Specifically with respect to Booker’s sentence, the Court opined:
The jury convicted him of possessing at least 50 grams of crack in violation of 21 U.S.C. §841(b)(l)(A)(iii) based on evidence that he had 92.5 grams of crack in his duffel bag. Under these facts, the Guidelines specified an offense level of 32, which, given the defendant’s criminal history category, authorized a sentence of 210-to-262 months. See USSG §2D1.1(c)(4). Booker’s is a run-of-the-mill drug case, and does not present any factors that were inadequately considered by the Commission. The sentencing judge would therefore have been reversed had he not imposed a sentence within the level 32 Guidelines range.
Booker’s actual sentence, however, was 360 months, almost 10 years longer than the Guidelines range supported by the jury verdict alone. To reach this sentence, the judge found facts beyond those found by the jury: namely, that Booker possessed 566 grams of crack in addition to the 92.5 grams in his duffel bag. The jury never heard any evidence of the additional drug quantity, and the judge found it true by a preponderance of the evidence. Thus, just *293as in Blakely, the jury’s verdict alone does not authorize the sentence. [Id. at 235 (quotation marks and citation omitted).]
The Court opined that if the federal sentencing guidelines could be read as advisory provisions recommending, rather than requiring, the selection of a particular sentence in response to a set of particular facts, use of the guidelines would not implicate the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 233. In such a case, a sentencing court would be exercising discretion to impose a sentence within a statutory range. See id. “[W]hen a trial judge exercises his discretion to select a specific sentence within a defined range, the defendant has no right to a jury determination of the facts that the judge deems relevant.” Id. The Supreme Court explained that the availability of a departure from the guidelines range did not foreclose an Apprendi violation:
The availability of a departure in specified circumstances does not avoid the constitutional issue, just as it did not in Blakely itself. The Guidelines permit departures from the prescribed sentencing range in cases in which the judge “finds that there exists an aggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines that should result in a sentence different from that described.” At first glance, one might believe that the ability of a district judge to depart from the Guidelines means that she is bound only by the statutory maximum. Were this the case, there would be no Apprendi problem. Importantly, however, departures are not available in every case, and in fact are unavailable in most. In most cases, as a matter of law, the Commission will have adequately taken all relevant factors into account, and no departure will be legally permissible. In those instances, the judge is bound to impose a sentence within the Guidelines range. [Jci. at 234 (citation omitted).]
*294As a remedy to ensure the guidelines’ compliance with the Sixth Amendment, the Supreme Court severed and excised two provisions from the sentencing act: the provision requiring sentencing courts to impose a sentence within the applicable guidelines range (in the absence of circumstances justifying a departure), 18 USC 3553(b)(1), and the provision setting standards of review on appeal, 18 USC 3742(e). Id. at 245, 259, 265. The Court opined that without these two provisions, the remainder of the federal sentencing act satisfied constitutional requirements. Id. at 259. The Court stated that trial courts, “while not bound to apply the Guidelines, must consult those Guidelines and take them into account when sentencing.” Id. at 264. In the future, appellate courts would review sentencing decisions for unreasonableness. Id. The Court opined that the advisory nature of the sentencing guidelines, “while not the system Congress enacted, nonetheless continue to move sentencing in Congress’ preferred direction, helping to avoid excessive sentencing disparities while maintaining flexibility sufficient to individualize sentences where necessary.” Id. at 264-265.
E. ALLEYNE
In Alleyne, 570 US at _; 133 S Ct at 2155, the Supreme Court overruled Harris and held that “any fact that increases the mandatory minimum [sentence] is an ‘element’ that must be submitted to the jury.” Just as in Harris, Alleyne involved a defendant convicted of using or carrying a firearm in relation to a crime of violence, 18 USC 924(c)(1)(A), which provided for a mandatory minimum sentence of five years under Sub-part (i) but a mandatory minimum sentence of seven years under Subpart (ii) if the firearm was brandished. Although the jury’s verdict form did not indicate a *295finding that the defendant had brandished a firearm, the trial court found by a preponderance of the evidence that the firearm was brandished. The court concluded that brandishing was a sentencing factor under Harris and sentenced the defendant to seven years’ imprisonment. Id. at_; 133 S Ct at 2155-2156.
The Supreme Court held that imposing a sentence on the basis of the court’s finding of brandishing violated the defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights. Id. at_; 133 S Ct at 2163-2164. In so holding, the Court reaffirmed the rule of Apprendi: “Any fact that, by law, increases the penalty for a crime is an ‘element’ that must be submitted to the jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at_; 133 S Ct at 2155. The Court concluded that “[w]hile Harris limited Apprendi to facts increasing the statutory maximum, the principle applied in Apprendi applies with equal force to facts increasing the mandatory minimum.” Id. at_; 133 S Ct at 2160. The Court explained the basis for this conclusion as follows:
It is indisputable that a fact triggering a mandatory minimum alters the prescribed range of sentences to which a criminal defendant is exposed.... And because the legally prescribed range is the penalty affixed to the crime, it follows that a fact increasing either end of the range produces a new penalty and constitutes an ingredient of the offense.
It is impossible to dissociate the floor of a sentencing range from the penalty affixed to the crime. Indeed, criminal statutes have long specified both the floor and ceiling of sentence ranges, which is evidence that both define the legally prescribed penalty ... A fact that increases a sentencing floor, thus, forms an essential ingredient of the offense.
Moreover, it is impossible to dispute that facts increasing the legally prescribed floor aggravate the punishment. *296Elevating the low-end of a sentencing range heightens the loss of liberty associated with the crime: the defendant’s expected punishment has increased as a result of the narrowed range and the prosecution is empowered, by invoking the mandatory minimum, to require the judge to impose a higher punishment than he might wish....
In adopting a contrary conclusion, Harris relied on the fact that the 7-year minimum sentence could have been imposed with or without a judicial finding of brandishing, because the jury’s finding already authorized a sentence of five years to life. The dissent repeats this argument today. While undoubtedly true, this fact is beside the point.
As noted, the essential Sixth Amendment inquiry is whether a fact is an element of the crime. When a finding of fact alters the legally prescribed punishment so as to aggravate it, the fact necessarily forms a constituent part of a new offense and must be submitted to the jury. It is no answer to say that the defendant could have received the same sentence with or without that fact. [Id. at _; 133 S Ct at 2160-2162 (quotation marks and citations omitted).]
The Court took care to distinguish judicial fact-finding that “both alters the legally prescribed range and does so in a way that aggravates the penalty” from “factfinding used to guide judicial discretion in selecting a punishment ‘within limits fixed by law.’ ” Id. at _n 2; 133 S Ct at 2161 n 2, quoting Williams v New York, 337 US 241, 246; 69 S Ct 1079; 93 L Ed 1337 (1949). The Court emphasized:
Our ruling today does not mean that any fact that influences judicial discretion must be found by a jury. We have long recognized that broad sentencing discretion, informed by judicial factfinding, does not violate the Sixth Amendment. See, e.g., Dillon v. United States, 560 U. S. [817, 828-829; 130 S Ct 2683; 177 L Ed 2d 271 *297(2010)] (“[W]ithin established limits!,] • . . the exercise of [sentencing] discretion does not contravene the Sixth Amendment even if it is informed by judge-fonnd facts” (emphasis deleted and internal quotation marks omitted)); Apprendi, 530 U. S., at 481 (“[N]othing in this history suggests that it is impermissible for judges to exercise discretion — taking into consideration various factors relating both to offense and offender — in imposing a judgment within the range prescribed by statute”). . . . “[Establishing what punishment is available by law and setting a specific punishment within the bounds that the law has prescribed are two different things.” Apprendi, [530 US] at 519 (THOMAS, J., concurring). Our decision today is wholly consistent with the broad discretion of judges to select a sentence within the range authorized by law. [Alleyne, 570 US at_; 133 S Ct at 2163 (alterations in original except those related to citations).]
Applying these principles to the case before it, the Court concluded that the defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights had been violated. Id. at_; 133 S Ct at 2163-2164. The Court explained that “the sentencing range supported by the jury’s verdict was five years’ imprisonment to life.” Id. at_; 133 S Ct at 2163. The trial court’s imposition of the seven-year mandatory minimum sentence on the basis of its finding of brandishing “increased the penalty to which the defendant was subjected”; thus, the fact of brandishing was an element that had to be found by the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at_; 133 S Ct at 2163. The Court remanded the case for resentencing consistent with the jury’s verdict. Id. at_; 133 S Ct at 2164.
II. MICHIGAN’S SENTENCING SCHEME
“Michigan has an indeterminate sentencing scheme.” People v McCuller, 479 Mich 672, 683; 739 NW2d 563 (2007). “[I]n all but a few cases, a sentence *298imposed in Michigan is an indeterminate sentence.”2 People v Drohan, 475 Mich 140, 161; 715 NW2d 778 (2006). In other words, a defendant is given a sentence with a minimum and a maximum. People v Claypool, 470 Mich 715, 730 n 14; 684 NW2d 278 (2004). “The maximum sentence is not determined by the trial court, but rather is set by law.” Drohan, 475 Mich at 161; see also MCL 769.8(1). “Michigan’s sentencing laws clearly require that the maximum portion of every indeterminate sentence be no less than the ‘maximum penalty provided by law ....’” People v Harper, 479 Mich 599, 621-622; 739 NW2d 523 (2007), quoting MCL 769.8(1). A trial court is prohibited from imposing a sentence that is greater than the statutory maximum.3 Drohan, 475 Mich at 161. Michigan’s sentencing guidelines create a range within which the sentencing court must set the minimum sentence. McCuller, 479 Mich at 683; see also MCL 769.8; MCL 769.34(2). The sentencing court determines the range by considering together “the defendant’s record of prior convictions (the [prior record variable] score), the facts surrounding his crime (the [offense variable] score), and the legislatively designated offense class.” Harper, 479 Mich at 616; see also MCL 777.21(1). “Generally, once the sentencing court calculates the defendant’s *299guidelines range, it must . . . impose a minimum sentence within that range.” McCuller, 479 Mich at 684-685, citing MCL 769.34(2).
A court may depart from the appropriate guidelines minimum sentence range if it has “a substantial and compelling reason for that departure and states on the record the reasons for departure.” MCL 769.34(3). A court is prohibited from departing on the basis of “an offense characteristic or offender characteristic already taken into account in determining the appropriate sentence range unless the court finds from the facts contained in the court record, including the presentence investigation report, that the characteristic has been given inadequate or disproportionate weight.” MCL 769.34(3)(b). “[T]he Legislature intended ‘substantial and compelling reasons’ to exist only in exceptional cases.” People v Fields, 448 Mich 58, 68; 528 NW2d 176 (1995) (analyzing similar language in the context of departures from minimum sentences for certain drug crimes). The guidelines provide that a “court shall not impose a minimum sentence, including a departure, that exceeds 2k of the statutory maximum sentence.” MCL 769.34(2)(b). “While the sentencing judge fixes the minimum portion of a defendant’s indeterminate sentence, a defendant is still liable to serve his maximum sentence and may only be released before the maximum term has expired at the discretion of the parole board.” Harper, 479 Mich at 613.
In several cases decided before the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Alleyne, the Michigan Supreme Court addressed the effect of Apprendi and its progeny on Michigan’s indeterminate sentencing system. First in Claypool, the Court stated in a footnote that the holding in Blakely does not affect Michigan’s indeterminate sentencing system. Claypool, 470 Mich at 730 n 14. The Claypool Court explained that Blakely *300involved a determinate sentencing system and that the Blakely Court made clear that its decision “did not affect indeterminate sentencing systems.” Id.
Later, in Drohan, the Court reaffirmed its statement in Claypool that “ ‘the Michigan system is unaffected by the holding in Blakely that was designed to protect the defendant from a higher sentence based on facts not found by the jury in violation of the Sixth Amendment.’ ” Drohan, 475 Mich at 164, quoting Claypool, 470 Mich at 730 n 14. In holding that this state’s indeterminate sentencing scheme does not violate the Sixth Amendment, the Drohan Court, relying on Blakely, explained that “a defendant does not have a right to anything less than the maximum sentence authorized by the jury’s verdict. .. .’’Drohan, 475 Mich at 159, citing Blakely, 542 US at 308-309. “Thus, the trial court’s power to impose a sentence is always derived from the jury’s verdict, because the ‘maximum-minimum’ sentence will always fall within the range authorized by the jury’s verdict.” Drohan, 475 Mich at 162. The Court emphasized that
the maximum sentence that a trial court may impose on the basis of the jury’s verdict is the statutory maximum. ... As long as the defendant receives a sentence within that statutory maximum, a trial court may utilize judicially ascertained facts to fashion a sentence within the range authorized by the jury’s verdict. [Id. at 164.]
Finally in McCuller and Harper, the Court reaffirmed its holding in Drohan that Michigan’s indeterminate sentencing scheme is valid under Blakely. Mc-Culler, 479 Mich at 683; Harper, 479 Mich at 615. In McCuller, the Court explained that
[u]pon conviction, a defendant is legally entitled only to the statutory maximum sentence for the crime involved. A defendant has no legal right to expect any lesser maximum *301sentence. ... Thus, a sentencing court does not violate Blakely principles by engaging in judicial fact-finding to score the [offense variables] to calculate the recommended minimum sentence range .... The sentencing court’s factual findings do not elevate the defendant’s maximum sentence, but merely determine the defendant’s recommended minimum sentence range.... [McCuller, 479 Mich at 689-690.]
Additionally, the Supreme Court held that an intermediate sanction4 is not a maximum sentence governed by Blakely for which the facts supporting a departure must be found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt or admitted by the defendant. Harper, 479 Mich at 603. Rather, it is a conditional limit on incarceration and a “matter of legislative leniency, giving a defendant the opportunity to be incarcerated for a period that is less than that authorized by the jury verdict or the guilty plea, a circumstance that does not implicate Blakely.” Id. at 603-604; see also McCuller, 479 Mich at 677-678.
These decisions of our Supreme Court addressing the effect of Apprendi and its progeny on Michigan’s indeterminate sentencing system predate Alleyne. As such, the Court’s holdings that this state’s sentencing scheme is constitutionally sound was made without the benefit of the Alleyne Court’s ruling that “any fact that increases the mandatory minimum is an ‘element’ that must be submitted to the jury.” Alleyne, 570 US at_; 133 S Ct at 2155. Instead, the basis for the Court’s decision was limited to Harris — now overruled by *302Alleyne — and Blakely, which together stood for the principle that a sentencing court does not run afoul of the Constitution by engaging in fact-finding to determine the minimum term of a defendant’s indeterminate sentence unless the fact-finding increases the statutory maximum sentence to which the defendant had a legal right. McCuller, 479 Mich at 682 & n 8. Because Alleyne now requires a court to consider whether judicial fact-finding increases a legally prescribed minimum sentence, as opposed to looking solely to whether that fact-finding increases the legally prescribed maximum, to assess the validity of a sentencing scheme, a reassessment of the validity of Michigan’s indeterminate sentencing system is necessary, despite our Supreme Court’s previous decisions addressing the effect of Apprendi and its progeny on Michigan’s scheme.
III. HERRON AND THE EFFECT OF ALLEYNE ON MICHIGAN’S SENTENCING SCHEME
Recently in Herron, a panel of this Court held that the judicial fact-finding required by Michigan’s sentencing scheme for the determination of the minimum term of an indeterminate sentence range does not violate the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. Herron, 303 Mich App at 399-405. The Herron panel reached its conclusion primarily on three grounds, none of which justified the panel’s holding.
First, the panel opined that “[t]he statutes defendant was convicted of violating do not provide for a mandatory minimum sentence on the basis of any judicial fact-finding.” Id. at 403. Although true, the panel’s identification of this fact that distinguishes Herron from Alleyne is constitutionally insignificant in light of Blakely and Booker. Both Blakely and Booker involved *303statutes that imposed maximum sentences for the crimes for which the defendants were convicted: 120 months’ imprisonment in Blakely and life imprisonment in Booker. But the Supreme Court in those cases did not view these as the statutory máximums for Apprendi purposes; instead, the Court focused on the maximum sentence that the law would allow in each case solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury’s verdict or admitted by the defendant. In both cases, the relevant statutory maximum was dictated by the application of statutory guidelines to determine a sentence range: a “standard range” of 49 to 53 months solely on the basis of the facts admitted by the defendant in Blakely and a “base” federal guidelines range of 210 to 262 months solely on the basis of the facts found by the jury and the defendant’s criminal history in Booker. In Blakely, the Court held that it was unconstitutional to depart from the standard range and impose a sentence greater than 53 months, i.e., the maximum sentence permitted by law under Apprendi on the basis of judicial fact-finding. Similarly in Booker, the Court held that although required by the mandatory application of the federal sentencing guidelines, it was unconstitutional to use judicially found facts to score the guidelines and, thus, come to a sentence range not supported by the jury verdict alone. As in Blakely and Booker, Michigan’s sentencing scheme provides for the mandatory application of statutory guidelines to determine a sentence range, within which a sentencing court is required to fix a sentence. As can be gleaned from Blakely and Booker, the essential constitutional inquiry is not whether a statute the defendant has been convicted of violating contains a maximum or minimum sentence but, rather, how statutorily required judicial fact-finding is being used in relation to the application of sentencing guidelines.
*304Second, the Herron panel emphasized that “judicial fact-finding in scoring the sentencing guidelines ... does not establish a mandatory minimum[.]” Herron, 303 Mich App at 403-404. In light of Blakely and Booker, I must disagree. Again, the Blakely Court concluded that the statutory maximum permitted by law under Apprendi in the case before it was 53 months — the ceiling of the standard range of 49 to 53 months determined through the application of the sentencing guidelines solely on the basis of the facts admitted by the defendant. In Booker, the Court determined that the maximum sentence authorized by law for Apprendi purposes was the ceiling of the sentence range authorized by the federal sentencing guidelines solely on the basis of the facts found by the jury and Booker’s criminal history: 262 months’ imprisonment. As in Blakely and Booker, the sentencing guidelines in Michigan create a range within which the sentencing court must fix a sentence. The sentence that must be fixed is the minimum sentence. Thus, Michigan’s sentencing guidelines establish a mandatory minimum sentence. The mandatory minimum is the guidelines range itself because the range is a sentencing range prescribed by law within which a sentencing court is required to fix a minimum sentence.
Admittedly, the nature of the floor and the ceiling of the guidelines range under Michigan’s sentencing scheme differs from those at issue in Blakely and Booker. In Blakely and Booker, the floor of the guidelines range represented the legally prescribed minimum, and the ceiling represented the legally prescribed maximum. In 'contrast, the floor of the guidelines range in Michigan is the lowest minimum sentence a court can impose, and the ceiling is the maximum minimum sentence a court can impose. Yet this difference does not change the following facts: Michigan’s guidelines range *305is a sentencing range prescribed by law, the ceiling and floor of the range are legally prescribed limits to the minimum sentence that can be imposed, and a minimum sentence falling within the guidelines range is mandatory. Both the floor and the ceiling of the sentencing range define the legally prescribed minimum. Cf. Alleyne, 570 US at_; 133 S Ct at 2160 (“Indeed, criminal statutes have long specified both the floor and ceiling of sentence ranges, which is evidence that both define the legally prescribed penalty.”).
Significantly, the availability of a departure does not extinguish the “mandatory” nature of the guidelines range. As previously discussed, the Court stated the following in Booker:
The availability of a departure in specified circumstances does not avoid the constitutional issue .... [D]epartures are not available in every case, and in fact are unavailable in most. In most cases, as a matter of law, the [Sentencing] Commission will have adequately taken all relevant factors into account, and no departure will be legally permissible. In those instances, the judge is bound to impose a sentence within the Guidelines range. [Booker, 543 US at 234.]
The same can be said of departures in Michigan. Departures in Michigan are not available in every case. Indeed, it is well established that the Legislature intended “substantial and compelling reasons” justifying a departure to exist only in “exceptional cases.” Fields, 448 Mich at 68. Generally, a court must impose a minimum sentence within the guidelines range absent substantial and compelling reasons for a departure. McCuller, 479 Mich at 684-685.
Third, the Herron panel viewed judicial fact-finding under Michigan’s sentencing guidelines as falling within the wide discretion afforded a sentencing court *306identified as constitutionally permissible in Apprendi and its progeny. Herron, 303 Mich App at 405.1 do not agree. To be sure, the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized that it is permissible for courts to exercise discretion to select a sentence within a range authorized by law. See, e.g., Alleyne, 570 US at_; 133 S Ct at 2163 (“Our decision today is wholly consistent with the broad discretion of judges to select a sentence within the range authorized by law.”); Apprendi, 530 US at 481 (explaining that it is permissible “forjudges to exercise discretion — taking into consideration various factors relating both to offense and offender — in. imposing a judgment within the range prescribed by statute.”); Booker, 543 US at 233 (“[W]hen a trial judge exercises his discretion to select a specific sentence within a defined range, the defendant has no right to a jury determination of the facts that the judge deems relevant.”). In doing so, a sentencing court may consider various sentencing factors, which the Court in Apprendi defined as “a circumstance, which may be either aggravating or mitigating in character, that supports a specific sentence within the range authorized by the jury’s finding that the defendant is guilty of a particular offense.” Apprendi, 530 US at 494 n 19. But this simply is not what a sentencing court is doing when it engages in fact-finding to determine the guidelines range for a minimum sentence.
Michigan’s sentencing scheme requires a sentencing court to engage in fact-finding by scoring the offense variables to determine the applicable guidelines range for a minimum sentence. When a sentencing court in Michigan engages in that fact-finding, it is not finding facts in the exercise of its discretion to select a sentence within a range authorized by law. Rather, it is finding facts to determine a sentence range authorized by law. *307“ ‘[Establishing what punishment is available by law and setting a specific punishment within the bounds that the law has prescribed are two different things.’ ” Alleyne, 570 US at _; 133 S Ct at 2163, quoting Apprendi, 530 US at 519 (Thomas, J., concurring). By engaging in the fact-finding required by Michigan’s sentencing guidelines, a sentencing court is doing the former. Only after the applicable guidelines range for a minimum sentence has been established on the basis of judicially found facts does a sentencing court then exercise discretion, i.e., the discretion to select a minimum sentence within the guidelines range.
Accordingly, I disagree with the basis for the Herron panel’s conclusion that the judicial fact-finding required by Michigan’s sentencing scheme does not violate the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. I conclude that it does. Under Apprendi and its progeny, the mandatory minimum sentence in Michigan is the guidelines range itself, and the mandatory minimum permissible for purposes of Alleyne is the guidelines range as determined solely on the basis of a defendant’s criminal history and the facts reflected in the jury’s verdict or admitted by the defendant. See Blakely, 542 US at 298-300, 303-304, 313; Booker, 543 US at 226-227, 235. Yet Michigan’s sentencing scheme requires trial courts to engage in fact-finding to determine the guidelines range within which they must fix a minimum term of imprisonment. As a result, facts not found by a jury or admitted by a defendant are used to increase the mandatory minimum sentence, which is a component of the penalty; Alleyne prohibits this and, therefore, renders Michigan’s indeterminate sentencing scheme unconstitutional. See Alleyne, 570 US at_; 133 S Ct at 2155, 2160-2163.
*308Given this conclusion, I must disagree with Judge SHAPIRO’s view that “[i]n our sentencing system, ... it is only the bottom of the range that presents an Alleyne Sixth Amendment problem.” Contrary to Judge SHAPIRO’s assertion in his concurrence, I do not conclude “that the top end of the applicable Michigan guidelines range constitutes a ‘mandatory maximum.’ ” I wholeheartedly agree with Judge SHAPIRO that “the upper end of the Michigan guidelines has absolutely no bearing on the maximum term of imprisonment to be imposed, as that is set by statute. And, at the same time, it does not set a minimum term above which the court must sentence.” The upper end of the Michigan guidelines range does, however, have a significant bearing on the minimum term of imprisonment to be imposed, which, contrary to Judge SHAPIRO, I find to have Sixth Amendment import. When a trial court in Michigan engages in fact-finding to score the guidelines, both the floor and the ceiling of the sentencing range increase. An increase of the ceiling enhances the maximum minimum sentence a court can impose. This undeniably increases the penalty; as the Supreme Court emphasized in Alleyne, “both the floor and ceiling of sentence ranges . . . define the legally prescribed penalty.” Id. at_; 133 S Ct at 2160.
This increase in penalty is best shown by illustration. Suppose a defendant’s criminal history and facts found by a jury produced an appropriate Michigan guidelines range of 42 to 70 months’ imprisonment. However, after engaging in statutorily required fact-finding, the appropriate guidelines range becomes 51 to 85 months’ imprisonment, and the court imposes a minimum term of imprisonment of 85 months. Because of the judicial fact-finding, the maximum possible minimum sentence to which the defendant was exposed increased from 70 months to 85 months. See, generally, Apprendi, 530 US *309at 490 (“ ‘[I]t is unconstitutional for a legislature to remove from the jury the assessment of facts that increase the prescribed range of penalties to which a criminal defendant is exposed.’ ”). Indeed, the court imposed a minimum sentence that it could not have imposed without judicial fact-finding. The defendant’s minimum sentence clearly became more severe — the penalty indisputably increased. But, most significantly, the 85-month minimum sentence was not authorized by the jury because it did not fall within the 42- to 70-month range that the jury authorized. As the Supreme Court so plainly yet emphatically put it in Blakely, and then again in Booker, “the jury’s verdict alone does not authorize the sentence.” Blakely, 542 US at 305; Booker, 543 US at 235. This is the Sixth Amendment import. Therefore, although Judge SHAPIRO correctly recognizes that the United States Supreme Court has not expressly extended its Sixth Amendment jurisprudence so as to bar judicial fact-finding that is statutorily required to determine a “maximum minimum” sentence, I believe such fact-finding is constitutionally invalid under the principles articulated in Apprendi and its progeny.
In Booker, 543 US at 246, the Supreme Court considered two potential remedies to the invalidity of the federal sentencing guidelines: (1) retain the sentencing scheme as written and engraft the Sixth Amendment jury-trial requirement into the scheme or (2) make the guidelines advisory. The Court chose the latter approach. Id. In rejecting the former as incompatible with the Sentencing Reform Act, the Court explained that shifting the fact-finding role for sentencing from a court to a jury would eliminate the use of a presentence report containing factual information uncovered after trial that is relevant to sentencing, it would result in a trial reflecting less completely the real conduct under*310lying the offense and, thus, weakening the vital link between an offender’s real conduct and the sentence, and it would undermine the legislative goal of ensuring uniformity in sentencing. Id. at 250-254. Further, the Court emphasized that reading the jury requirement into the federal sentencing system would create a variety of complex issues, beginning with the allegations in the indictment and spilling into the trial itself, raising various concerns about the remedy’s workability. Id. at 254-255.
These same concerns exist when considering what remedy should be adopted to ensure that Michigan’s sentencing scheme passes constitutional muster. I would adopt an approach in line with Booker that makes the guidelines in Michigan advisory. Under such an approach, a sentencing court must still determine the appropriate guidelines range as provided in MCL 777.21 for purposes of fixing the minimum term of an indeterminate sentence as provided in MCL 769.8(1). The preparation and use of a presentence investigation report would remain to assist the court. See, generally, MCL 771.14. The court must then consider the appropriate guidelines range as an aid; however, it will no longer be required under MCL 769.34(2) to impose a minimum sentence within the appropriate guidelines range. Like the federal sentencing guidelines, the purpose of the Michigan sentencing guidelines is to promote uniformity and consistency in sentencing. Booker, 543 US at 250, 253; People v Peltola, 489 Mich 174, 189 n 30; 803 NW2d 140 (2011); see also MCL 769.34(2) and (3). Additional purposes include “elimination of certain inappropriate sentencing considerations” and “encouragement of the use of sanctions other than incarceration in the state prison system.” People v Garza, 469 Mich 431, 435; 670 NW2d 662 (2003); see *311also MCL 769.34(3) and (4). Making the guidelines advisory, although not what our Legislature intended, furthers these goals.
In sum, I believe that Herron was wrongly decided. Under Apprendi and its progeny, which now includes Alleyne, the judicial fact-finding required by Michigan’s sentencing guidelines to determine a guidelines range within which a sentencing court must fix a minimum term of imprisonment violates the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. As a remedy, I would make the sentencing guidelines in Michigan advisory as the United States Supreme Court did with the federal sentencing guidelines in Booker. However, notwithstanding my disagreement with the decision in Herron, Herron is binding on this Court and must be followed in this case. See MCR 7.215(J)(1). Therefore, I must concur with the result reached by my colleagues that defendant is not entitled to resentencing.

 Subsection (a) of the sentencing statute, 18 USC 3553, listed the sentencing guidelines as one factor to consider when imposing a sentence, but subsection (b) provided that “the court ‘shall impose a sentence of the kind, and within the range’ established by the Guidelines, subject to departures in specific limited cases.” Booker, 543 US at 233-234, quoting 18 USC 3553(b).

 Determinate sentences are required for first-degree murder, MCL 750.316 (life in prison without the possibility of parole), and carrying or possessing a firearm when committing or attempting to commit a felony, MCL 750.227b(l) (two years in prison for the first conviction, five years for the second conviction, and ten years for a third or subsequent conviction). See also McCuller, 479 Mich at 683 n 9.

 “[T]he statutory maximum sentence is subject to enhancement based on Michigan’s habitual offender act, MCL 769.12.” Drohan, 475 Mich at 161 n 13. “Thus, the statutoiy maximum sentence of a defendant who is convicted of being an habitual offender is as provided in the habitual offender statute, rather than the statute he or she was convicted of offending.” Id.

 “If the upper limit of the minimum sentence range is 18 months or less,... the cell [of the sentencing grid] containing the range is an ‘intermediate sanction cell.’ ” Harper, 479 Mich at 617. “A defendant falling within an intermediate sanction cell must be sentenced, absent a substantial and compelling reason for departure, to an intermediate sanction that does not include a prison term.” McCuller, 479 Mich at 676 n 1, citing MCL 769.34(4)(a).