Court Opinion

ID: 4669098
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-18 15:00:52.007628+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:10:08.130640
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

LEGAL EAGLE, LLC,                               :
                                                :
       Plaintiff,                               :       Civil Action No.:      20-1732 (RC)
                                                :
       v.                                       :       Re Document Nos.:      7, 13, 21, 27
                                                :
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL                       :
RECORDS ACCESS AND                              :
INFORMATION SECURITY                            :
MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATE, et al.,                 :
                                                :
       Defendants.                              :

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ PARTIAL MOTION TO DISMISS; DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR
PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT; GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY
               JUDGMENT; DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO STRIKE

                                     I. INTRODUCTION

       In this case brought pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), Plaintiff

Legal Eagle, LLC (“Legal Eagle”), a business that runs a YouTube channel focused on legal

issues, seeks records related to the prepublication review of Former National Security Adviser

John Bolton’s book The Room Where It Happened. Legal Eagle has filed an Amended

Complaint with twenty-one causes of action, all brought under FOIA, related to its various

requests for records and requests for expedited processing. Legal Eagle named as Defendants

the National Security Council Records Access and Information Security Management

Directorate (“RAISMD”), the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense, the

Department of Justice (“DOJ”), the Department of State, the National Archives and Records

Administration, and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (together “Defendants”).

RAISMD has moved to dismiss the counts against it, arguing that under binding D.C. Circuit
precedent, the National Security Council (“NSC”), and any of its subcomponents, are not subject

to FOIA. Also before the Court are Legal Eagle’s and Defendants’ cross motions for partial

summary judgment on the counts related to the requests for expedited processing. Additionally,

Legal Eagle filed a motion to strike Defendants’ cross motion for partial summary judgment,

arguing that Defendants failed to adhere to proper motions practice procedure.

       For the reasons discussed below, the Court will grant RAISMD’s motion to dismiss

pursuant to Armstrong v. Exec. Office of the President, 90 F.3d 553 (D.C. Cir. 1996). As a

subcomponent of the NSC, which is not subject to FOIA, the Court finds that RAISMD is not

subject to FOIA. With respect to the motions for partial summary judgment, the Court agrees

with Defendants that based on the records before the agencies, the requests for expedited

processing were properly denied. Finally, the Court finds nothing procedurally improper with

Defendants’ cross motion for partial summary judgment, and therefore will deny Legal Eagle’s

motion to strike.

                                      II. BACKGROUND

       As alleged in the Amended Complaint, Legal Eagle runs a “YouTube channel focused on

legal issues . . . with more than one million subscribers, ten million monthly views, and 100

million total video views.” Am. Compl. ¶ 3, ECF No. 5. The channel “features a recurring

segment entitled ‘Real Law Review,’ in which the host explains the legal issues behind major

stories in the news . . . for a general audience.” Id. ¶ 37. The company seeks records related to

the prepublication review of a manuscript written by Former National Security Advisor John

Bolton. Id. ¶ 38.

       Any person who possesses a security clearance must sign a Non-Disclosure Agreement

that includes an agreement to submit any manuscript related to his or her national security

                                                 2
employment for prepublication review prior to disclosing it to any third party. Id. ¶ 15. The

review process, generally handled by the agency that sponsored the security clearance, allows the

government to deny an author permission to publish both classified and unclassified information

depending on the circumstances. See id. ¶ 21. In late 2019, RAISMD conducted a

prepublication review of Mr. Bolton’s book, The Room Where It Happened, and determined that

it contained classified information. See id. ¶¶ 24–36. In June 2020, despite the ongoing

prepublication review and determination that the manuscript contained classified information,

Mr. Bolton had printed and shipped the book to distributors across the country. Id. ¶ 33. This

led to the government seeking a temporary restraining order to prevent the book’s distribution.

Id. ¶ 35. Although Judge Lamberth denied the government’s motion, he stated that “the Court is

persuaded that Defendant Bolton likely jeopardized national security by disclosing classified

information in violation of his nondisclosure agreement obligations.” Id. ¶ 36 (quoting United

States v. Bolton, 468 F. Supp. 3d 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2020)).

       Legal Eagle submitted a series of FOIA requests to Defendants seeking records and

information regarding Mr. Bolton’s book, the prepublication review process, and the information

the government prohibited, or attempted to prohibit, Mr. Bolton from publishing. See generally

Pl.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. Ex. A, ECF No. 13-1. Alongside the requests for records, Legal

Eagle submitted requests for expedited processing. See generally id. The requests for expedited

processing explained that Legal Eagle runs a YouTube channel focused on informing the public

about legal issues and that the requested information concerned operations or activity of the

government. See id. In addition, the requests for expedited processing included the following

statement:

       [B]ecuase of the issues surrounding [Mr. Bolton’s] manuscript and the
       Government’s efforts to prohibit [Mr.] Bolton from providing the requested

                                                3
       information—either in his book or in Congressional testimony—this request
       satisfies the compelling need standard for expedited processing, since it is made by
       a person primarily engaged in disseminating information to inform the public about
       Government activity involving topics of breaking news.

Id. 1 Two offices—the DOJ National Security Division and the Office of Legal Counsel

(“OLC”)—agreed to expedite Legal Eagle’s FOIA requests. Pl.’s Mem. of P. & A. Supp. Cross

Mot. Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 1–2, ECF No. 13. Five offices denied Legal Eagle’s

requests to expedite and RAISMD did not decide the matter with respect to three requests. Id. at

2. Counts 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, and 18 of the Amended Complaint charge Defendants with

improperly denying, or constructively denying in RAISMD’s case, Legal Eagle’s requests to

expedite processing of its FOIA requests. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 50–53, 60–63, 73–76, 87–90,

120–23, 131–34, 141–44, 152–57.

       Pending before the Court are several motions. Defendants filed a partial motion to

dismiss arguing that RAISMD is not subject to FOIA because the NSC, of which it is a part, is

not subject to FOIA under D.C. Circuit precedent. See Defs.’ Partial Mot. Dismiss, ECF No. 7.

Legal Eagle filed a motion for partial summary judgment on the counts related to its requests to

expedite processing. See Pl.’s Mem. In response, Defendants filed a cross motion for partial

summary judgment of their own on the requests to expedite counts. See Defs.’ Cross Mot.

Partial Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Partial MSJ”), ECF No. 21. Finally, because Legal Eagle argues that

Defendants’ cross motion for summary judgment was improperly filed, it filed a motion to strike

Defendants’ cross motion and the reply in support of that motion. See Pl.’s Mot. Strike, ECF No.

27. The pending motions have all been fully briefed and are ripe for decision.

       1
        The requests for expedited processing submitted to Defendants included identical
language, but a few of the requests had minor modifications. See id. at 29, 30, 33, 35.

                                                4
                                     III. LEGAL STANDARD

          The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that a complaint contain “a short and plain

statement of the claim” in order to give the defendant fair notice of the claim and the grounds

upon which it rests. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); see also Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007)

(per curiam). A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) does not test a plaintiff’s ultimate

likelihood of success on the merits; rather, it tests whether a plaintiff has properly stated a claim.

See Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974). The complaint’s factual allegations are to be

taken as true, and the court is to construe them liberally in the plaintiff’s favor. See, e.g., United

States v. Philip Morris, Inc., 116 F. Supp. 2d 131, 135 (D.D.C. 2000). Notwithstanding this

liberal construal, the court deciding a Rule 12 motion must parse the complaint for “sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft

v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570

(2007)). This plausibility requirement means that a plaintiff’s factual allegations “must be

enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the

allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555–56

(citations omitted). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

conclusory statements,” are insufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

A court need not accept a plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true, see id., nor must a court presume

the veracity of legal conclusions that are couched as factual allegations, see Twombly, 550 U.S.

at 555.

          Summary judgment is proper when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as

to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a). A “material” fact is one capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation.

                                                   5
See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” if there is

enough evidence for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the non-movant. See Scott v.

Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007). The principal purpose of summary judgment is to streamline

litigation by disposing of factually unsupported claims or defenses and determining whether

there is a genuine need for trial. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323–24 (1986). The

movant bears the initial burden of identifying portions of the record that demonstrate the absence

of any genuine issue of material fact. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. In

response, the non-movant must point to specific facts in the record that reveal a genuine issue

that is suitable for trial. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324. In considering a motion for summary

judgment, a court must “eschew making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence[,]”

Czekalski v. Peters, 475 F.3d 360, 363 (D.C. Cir. 2007), and all underlying facts and inferences

must be analyzed in the light most favorable to the non-movant, see Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.

                                        IV. ANALYSIS

                                 A. Partial Motion to Dismiss

       Defendants’ partial motion to dismiss relies on the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Armstrong

v. Exec. Office of the President, which concluded that “the NSC is not an agency within the

meaning of FOIA.” 90 F.3d at 556. Because RAISMD is an office within NSC, Defendants

contend that it, like the NSC as a whole, is not subject to FOIA. Defs.’ Partial Mot. Dismiss at 1.

Legal Eagle maintains that the fact that the NSC as a whole is not an agency subject to FOIA

does not resolve the question of whether RAISMD is subject to FOIA. See Pl.’s Mem. P. & A.

Opp’n Defs.’ Partial Mot. Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 2, ECF No. 14. Legal Eagle argues that it

has plausibly alleged that RAISMD’s function is sufficiently distinct from the NSC as a whole to

render the D.C. Circuit’s opinion in Armstrong inapplicable. See id. at 2–3.

                                                6
       FOIA’s record disclosure requirements apply to agencies, a term which “includes any

executive department, military department, Government corporation, Government controlled

corporation, or other establishment in the executive branch of the Government (including the

Executive Office of the President), or any independent regulatory agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(f)(1).

Although this definition explicitly includes the Executive Office of the President, the D.C.

Circuit has recognized that the “definition was not [] meant to cover ‘the President’s immediate

personal staff or units in the Executive Office whose sole function is to advise and assist the

President.’” Armstrong, 90 F.3d at 558 (quoting H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 1380, 93d Cong., 2d Sess.

14 (1974)). The D.C. Circuit has developed a three-factor test to determine the status under

FOIA of units within the Executive Office of the President. See Meyer v. Bush, 981 F.2d 1288,

1293 (D.C. Cir. 1993). The factors to be weighed are: (1) “how close operationally the group is

to the President,” (2) “whether it has a self-contained structure,” and (3) “the nature of its

delegate[ed]” authority. Id.

       In Armstrong, the D.C. Circuit analyzed these factors to determine whether the NSC is an

agency subject to FOIA. See 90 F.3d at 558–65. The court first “conclude[d] that the NSC has a

structure sufficiently self-contained that the entity could exercise substantial independent

authority.” Id. at 560. Second, the court found that the NSC’s “intimate organizational and

operating relationship” with the President is “entitled to significantly greater weight in evaluating

the NSC’s arguable status as an agency than [] the self-contained structure of the entity.” Id.

The court noted that the “President chairs the statutory Council, and his National Security

Adviser, working in close contact with and under the direct supervision of the President, controls

the NSC staff.” Id. The court then turned to the statutory and presidential delegations of

authority to the NSC, the third factor described in Meyer. See id. at 560–65. Most importantly

                                                  7
for this case, the court considered the NSC’s delegated authority to protect national security

information. See id. at 561–62. The NSC had argued that it “merely monitors other agencies in

order to assure that the objectives of the President, who retains ultimate authority over classified

information, are achieved.” Id. at 562. The NSC explained that declassification reviews “are

really nothing more than the internal management of the information that the NSC generates in

advising the President.” Id. Despite Armstrong’s arguments that the NSC had an independent

and discretionary role in declassification review for entities outside the NSC, the court did not

consider this evidence “the indicium of an entity with substantial independence from the

President.” Id. The court concluded “that under the three-part test of Meyer, the NSC is not an

agency subject to the FOIA.” Id. at 565.

       Defendants argue that Armstrong resolves this case. See Defs.’ Partial Mot. Dismiss at

6–7. They argue that a federal entity must be treated like its parent entity and that RAISMD “is

not even appropriately named as a defendant, as under FOIA, the parent agency constitutes the

proper defendant.” Id. at 8 n.4 (citing Vasquez v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 764 F. Supp. 2d 117, 119

(D.D.C. 2011)). Defendants argue that “an entity (NSC) that itself lacks substantial independent

authority, and exists only to advise and assist the President, cannot have a subordinate sub-part

(NSC-RAISMD) that operates independently.” Id. at 8. They point to Ryan v. Department of

Justice where the D.C. Circuit stated that “depending on its general nature and functions, a

particular unit is either an agency or it is not. Once a unit is found to be an agency, this

determination will not vary according to its specific function.” Id. at 9 (quoting Ryan v. Dep’t of

Justice, 617 F.2d 781, 788 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). Defendants further argue that even if the Court did

examine the functions of RAISMD separately, Legal Eagle has failed to plead sufficient facts to

                                                  8
demonstrate that it should be considered, in the face of Armstrong, an agency subject to FOIA.

See id. at 10–12.

       Legal Eagle suggests that pointing to Armstrong is a straw man argument and that just

because no court has determined that a sub-part of a non-FOIA entity is subject to FOIA does not

mean that this Court should not make such a determination. Pl.’s Opp’n at 2–4. Legal Eagle

claims, without citation to any cases in this district postdating Armstrong, that “[e]ach time a

court has adjudicated a FOIA case against the NSC, it has performed a searching ‘sole function’

examination of the functions of the office” and that this “fact removes any relevance of the case

law cited” by Defendants. Id. at 4. As an example, Legal Eagle points to an out of circuit case

in which the Second Circuit, after analyzing the functions of the NSC and its subcomponents,

determined that the NSC was not subject to FOIA, just like the D.C. Circuit did in Armstrong.

Id. at 5 (citing Main Street Legal Services v. National Security Council, 811 F.3d 542 (2d Cir.

2016)). It is Legal Eagle’s position that Armstrong and Main Street only determined that the

NSC as a whole is not subject to FOIA but left open the possibility that subcomponents of the

NSC might still be subject to FOIA if they are sufficiently independent. See id. at 5–6.

       The Court agrees with Defendants. “[T]he law in this Circuit is clear that the NSC is not

an ‘agency’ for purposes of the FOIA.” Risenhoover v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 19-cv-715, 2020

WL 3128947, at *7 (D.D.C. June 12, 2020) (citing Armstrong, 90 F.3d at 559)); see also Citizens

for Responsibility and Ethics in Wash. v. Off. of Admin., 566 F.3d 219, 223 (D.C. Cir. 2009)

(“Nor is the National Security Council . . . covered by FOIA because it plays no ‘substantive role

apart from that of the President, as opposed to a coordinating role on behalf of the President.’”

(quoting Armstrong, 90 F.3d at 565)); Electr. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 795 F.

Supp. 2d 85, 91 (D.D.C. 2011) (“This Circuit has unambiguously held that the NSC is not an

                                                 9
agency subject to FOIA.”); Property of the People, Inc. v. Off. of Mgmt. and Budget, 394 F.

Supp. 3d 39, 44 (D.D.C. 2019) (“NSC and its subcommittees exercise no ‘meaningful non-

advisory authority.’” (quoting Armstrong, 90 F.3d at 565)). The Court perceives no invitation in

this Circuit’s binding precedent to reevaluate whether subcomponents of the NSC, an entity that

itself has been found to not “exercise any significant non-advisory function,” Armstrong, 90 F.3d

at 565 (emphasis added), are agencies subject to FOIA. Although Armstrong did not specifically

discuss prepublication review or RAISMD, the court did consider the NSC’s role in protecting

classified information. See id. at 561–62; see also Main Street, 811 F.3d at 553 (concluding after

analyzing functions of NSC that it “is not an agency subject to the FOIA because its sole

statutory function is to advise and assist the President”). 2 Where two Circuit courts have

determined that the NSC as a whole functions in solely an advisory capacity, “[a]ny duties the

NSC assigns to its staff . . . must also be deemed only to advise” because the NSC “can hardly

confer on its staff more authority than it has itself.” Main Street, 811 F.3d at 554. Given the

D.C. Circuit’s consideration of the functions of the NSC and its determination that it is not

       2
           Legal Eagle’s attempts to evade the key holdings in Armstrong and Main Street, by
claiming that both cases leave open the possibility that entities within a non-FOIA entity may be
subject to FOIA, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 5–6, are not rooted in the text or analysis of either decision.
In both cases, the courts considered the various functions of the NSC and determined that it did
not exercise any significant non-advisory functions. See Armstrong, 90 F.3d at 565; Main Street,
811 F.3d at 553; see also Defs.’ Reply in Supp. of their Partial Mot. Summ. J. at 3–4, ECF No.
18 (“The [] conclusion that these cases only determined the FOIA status of the NSC, not its sub-
units, strips the word ‘sole’ out of ‘sole function’—that is, a sub-unit of an entity whose sole
function is to advise and assist the President cannot, by definition, be substantially independent
from the President.”).

                                                10
subject to FOIA, 3 the Court declines to reconsider the matter. 4 Accordingly, counts 1–4, 15, and

16 and Defendant RAISMD are dismissed.

                          B. Motions for Partial Summary Judgment

       The parties have both moved for partial summary judgment on the counts that charge

Defendants with improperly denying Legal Eagle’s requests for expedited processing of its FOIA

requests. FOIA allows for “expedited processing” of record requests where “the person

requesting the records demonstrates a compelling need” and “in other cases determined by the

agency.” 5 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(E)(i). “Compelling need” means “that a failure to obtain

requested records on an expedited basis . . . could reasonably be expected to pose an imminent

threat to the life or physical safety of an individual” or “with respect to a request made by a

person primarily engaged in disseminating information, urgency to inform the public concerning

actual or alleged Federal Government activity.” Id. § 552(a)(6)(E)(v). The requester bears the

       3
           Even if the Court did conduct an analysis to determine separately if RAISMD should be
considered an agency under FOIA, which it need not do, Legal Eagle has not plausibly alleged
any facts that would change the D.C. Circuit’s analysis, which, again, included consideration of
the NSC’s role in protecting classified information. See Armstrong, 90 F.3d at 561–62. Legal
Eagle simply alleges that RAISMD “bears primary responsibility for the classification review of
written works submitted to the NSC for the prepublication review process.” Am. Compl. ¶ 4.
This allegation is followed by the conclusory statement that “RAISMD is accordingly an agency
. . . with substantial independent authority in the exercise of specific functions whose sole
function is not to advise and assist the President.” Id. Without any additional factual allegations
speaking to the independence of RAISMD or the nature of its delegated authority, Legal Eagle
fails to allege a plausible claim. Legal Eagle’s notice of supplemental authority, which
references a court filing that describes the prepublication review process of Mr. Bolton’s
manuscript, adds little to the factual allegation in the Amended Complaint and does not change
the Court’s conclusion either. See Pl.’s Notice of Supp. Auth., ECF No. 23.
       4
        Therefore, the Court will not permit Legal Eagle an opportunity to conduct limited
discovery on this matter.
       5
         The statute “gives an agency latitude to expand the criteria for expedited access beyond
cases of ‘compelling need.’” Al-Fayed v. C.I.A., 254 F.3d 300, 307 n.7 (D.C. Cir. 2001). An
agency’s reasonable interpretation of its own regulations is entitled to judicial deference. See id.

                                                 11
burden of showing that he or she is entitled to expedited processing. Al-Fayed v. C.I.A., 254

F.3d 300, 305 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 2001). Agency decisions on requests for expedited processing are

subject to judicial review “based on the record before the agency at the time of the

determination.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(E)(iii). Such decisions are reviewed de novo. 6 See Al-

Fayed, 254 F.3d at 307–08.

       The parties’ disagreement centers on whether Legal Eagle established an “urgency to

inform the public” about the government activity at issue. See Defs.’ Partial MSJ at 11–12 (not

contesting that Legal Eagle is “primarily engaged in disseminating information” or that the

requests concerned “actual or alleged Federal Government activity”). When evaluating this

statutory requirement, courts must consider three factors: “(1) whether the request concerns a

matter of current exigency to the American public; (2) whether the consequences of delaying a

response would compromise a significant recognized interest; and (3) whether the request

concerns federal government activity.” Al-Fayed, 254 F.3d at 310. The requester must develop

the record to demonstrate an urgency to inform the public. See id. at 310–11; see also Progress

v. Consumer Fin. Prot. Bureau, No. 17-cv-686, 2017 WL 1750263, at *5 (D.D.C. May 4, 2017);

Wadelton v. Dep’t of State, 941 F. Supp. 2d 120, 122 (D.D.C. 2013) (“The requestor bears the

burden of proof.”).

       6
          Because the Court conducts a de novo review of the record before the agency, Legal
Eagle’s argument that the denials fail to demonstrate reasoned decisionmaking does not affect
the Court’s conclusion. See Pl.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. at 9–13. Legal Eagle points to a
decision in which Judge Jackson found that an agency’s denial of a request to expedite under its
own regulation was “entitled to little deference.” Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in
Washington v. Dep’t of Justice, 436 F. Supp. 3d 354, 361 (D.D.C. 2020). There, unlike here, the
court did not conduct a de novo review of the record before the agency for denials made under
the statutory framework. See id. at 359–61.

                                                12
       As noted above, Legal Eagle’s requests for expedited processing submitted to each of the

Defendants included the following statement speaking to a “compelling need”:

       [B]ecuase of the issues surrounding [Mr. Bolton’s] manuscript and the
       Government’s efforts to prohibit [Mr.] Bolton from providing the requested
       information—either in his book or in Congressional testimony—this request
       satisfies the compelling need standard for expedited processing, since it is made by
       a person primarily engaged in disseminating information to inform the public about
       Government activity involving topics of breaking news.

Pl.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. Ex. A. Without focusing on the content of the record before the

agency, Legal Eagle argues that “records about a prepublication review process applied to a

highly popular and controversial tell-all book . . . concern a matter of ‘current exigency to the

American public.” Pl.’s Mem. at 8 (footnoted omitted). Although not mentioned in its requests

for expedited processing, Legal Eagle states that “it is highly relevant that [Mr.] Bolton has

levied several accusations at the White House of misconduct in the prepublication review

process” and that information related to these allegations “would clearly be ‘central to a pressing

issue of the day,’ in the run-up to a Presidential election.” Id. (quoting Wadelton, 941 F. Supp.

2d at 123). Defendants counter that besides the statement noted above in the requests, Legal

Eagle “provided no further information, or any explanation of why the information was time

sensitive—nothing at all—to support a finding of urgency to inform the public on the topic.”

Defs.’ Partial MSJ at 13. In an apparent concession regarding the inadequacy of the record

before the agency, Legal Eagle argues in reply that Defendants should not have ignored

“commonly-known information” when evaluating the requests for expedited processing. Pl.’s

Reply Supp. Mot. Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 4, ECF No. 25. Legal Eagle contends that

“[t]here is no requirement that requesters must spell out in exacting detail why something is

important when any person with even a casual awareness of current events would automatically

know that it is important.” Id. at 3–4.

                                                 13
       The Court again agrees with Defendants; the record before the agencies fails to establish

a compelling need for expedited processing. 7 Congress has made clear that judicial review of

agency denials of requests for expedited processing must be “based on the record before the

agency at the time of the determination,” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(E)(iii), not on “commonly-known

information” that the agency should have considered in addition to the record. Legal Eagle’s

requests offered no evidence of an urgency to inform the public that would justify placing its

requests ahead of others. Courts often affirm denials of requests to expedite on comparatively

more robust records. See Al-Fayed, 254 F.3d at 311 (“[T]he record does not contain any news

report on the subject . . . other than reports on the press conference plaintiffs held to announce

the filing of their complaint . . . Such evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that the request

concerns a matter of current exigency.”); Progress, 2017 WL 1750263, at *5 (“[T]he Court in no

way concludes that there is not in reality substantial public interest . . . Rather, the Court merely

finds that the current record, which it was Plaintiff’s burden to develop, does not provide any

evidence of this public interest.”); Wadelton, 941 F. Supp. 2d at 124 (“Plaintiffs’ submission of

one article, a series of posts on a specialized blog, and plaintiff Truthout’s representation that it

‘intends’ to publish a story do not come close to demonstrating a comparable level of media

interest.”); but see Am. Civil Liberties Union of N. California v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., No. C 06-

01698, 2006 WL 1469418, at *7 (N.D. Cal. May 25, 2006) (finding that numerous “articles in

the record also suggest that there was an urgency”); Gerstein v. C.I.A., No. C 06-4643, 2006 WL

3462658, at *4–5 (finding record containing recent statements from high profile officials, reports

       7
         Legal Eagle’s notice of new evidence regarding the Department of Defense’s decision
to deny its request for expedited processing does not alter the Court’s de novo analysis because it
does not change the record before the agency at the time of the determination. See Pl.’s Notice
of New Evid., ECF No. 30.

                                                  14
of complaints from members of Congress, and database search showing “977 news reports in the

previous 90 days” sufficiently demonstrated a compelling need). Because Legal Eagle failed to

offer evidence demonstrating a “compelling need,” the Court finds that Defendants properly

denied the requests for expedited processing based on the records before the agencies at the time

of the determinations. 8 Accordingly, the Court grants Defendants’ motion for summary

judgment on counts 6, 8, 12, 14, and 18. 9

                                       C. Motion to Strike

       Finally, Legal Eagle filed a motion to strike Defendants’ Partial Motion for Summary

Judgment because it characterizes the cross motion as an inappropriate “cross-cross-motion.”

Pl.’s Mot. Strike at 1. Legal Eagle takes issue with the fact that Defendants had already filed a

dispositive motion (the partial motion to dismiss) and argues that Defendants should have filed

for partial summary judgment on the counts involving the requests for expediting processing

when they filed their first dispositive motion. Id. at 2–3. Legal Eagle further contends that

because it never filed an opposition to Defendants cross motion for summary judgment (instead

styling its submission as merely a reply brief), Defendants’ reply brief should be struck from the

record under Local Rule 7(d). Id. at 3.

       As Defendants correctly point out in opposition, “Rule 56 allows a party to move for

summary judgment ‘at any time until 30 days after the close of discovery,’ regardless of whether

they have first filed a motion to dismiss on other issues.” Defs.’ Opp’n Pl.’s Mot. Strike at 2,

       8
         The Court does not agree that OLC’s decision to grant Legal Eagle’s request for
expedited processing should bear on the independent decisions of other agencies. See Pl.’s Mot.
Partial Summ. J. at 4–5. Legal Eagle has pointed to no authority suggesting that OLC’s decision
should be treated as an official OLC opinion that is binding on the Executive Branch and this
Court can think of no reason to treat it as such.
       9
         The Court does not grant summary judgment on the counts that it has already dismissed
that involve the NSC and RAISMD.

                                                15
ECF No. 28 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(b)). Beyond Legal Eagle’s contentions that the motion

is an inappropriate “cross-cross-motion” and that it never filed an opposition so the local rules

prohibit a reply, 10 it cites no legal precedent or rule supporting its argument that the motion and

reply should be struck from the record. Even the Court acknowledged that Defendants would

file a “combined cross-motion for partial summary judgment and opposition to Plaintiff’s motion

for partial summary judgment” in an order granting an extension of time to file. See Min. Order

(Sep. 8, 2020). “[A] district court enjoys broad discretion in managing its docket.” Grimes v.

District of Columbia, 794 F.3d 83, 90 (D.C. Cir. 2015). The Court will not use that discretion in

this case to strike Defendants’ motion and reply from the record.

                                                ***

       To summarize, based on the Court’s discussion above, counts 1–4, 15, and 16 and

Defendant RAISMD are dismissed. Partial summary judgment is granted in Defendants’ favor

on counts 6, 8, 12, 14, and 18. Therefore, counts 5, 7, 9–11, 13, 17, and 19–21 remain. Pursuant

to the Court’s previous order, see Min. Order (Sep. 3, 2020), the stay on Defendants’ time to

respond to the Amended Complaint is lifted; Defendants shall have fourteen days to respond to

the Amended Complaint.

                                        V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Partial Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 7) is

GRANTED. Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (ECF No. 13) is DENIED and

Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (ECF No. 21) is GRANTED. Plaintiff’s

       10
           Defendants argued in opposition that if the Court does not treat Legal Eagle’s filing as
an opposition to its cross motion, it should deem to motion conceded. Defs.’ Opp’n Pl.’s Mot.
Strike at 2–3. Legal Eagle is correct that motions for summary judgment cannot be conceded,
see Pl.’s Reply Supp. Mot. Strike at 2, ECF No. 29, but the Court will not strike Defendants’
motion and reply based on Defendants’ incorrect assertion.

                                                 16
Motion to Strike (ECF No. 27) is DENIED. An order consistent with this Memorandum

Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: March 18, 2021                                      RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                           United States District Judge

                                             17