Court Opinion

ID: 4900420
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-03 00:43:31.884513+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:12:54.459964
License: Public Domain

KRUEGER, Judge.
The offense is murder. The punishment assessed is confinement in the State penitentiary for a term of five years.
This is the second appeal of this case. The opinion delivered by this court on the first appeal is reported in 139 Tex. Cr. R. 480, 141 S. W. (2d) 354, where the salient facts are set out. The facts proven upon the trial of this case, from which this appeal is prosecuted, do not materially differ from those on the former appeal. Hence we deem it unnecessary to here restate the same.
Appellant has brought forward seven bills of exception, each of which he contends reflects reversible error. His first contention is that the court erred in his charge on the law of self-defense because the instruction to the jury restricted his right of self-defense to real and apparent danger, producing in his mind a reasonable expectation or fear of death or serious bodily injury, and ignored the right to defend himself against a milder or lesser attack. If the evidence had raised such an issue, he would have been entitled to such an instruction. A careful review of the statement of facts leads us to the conclusion that there was not any evidence from any source which authorized or required such a charge. At this time of the homicide, the deceased was not armed. He had no weapon of any kind on his person, and he made no threat to kill the appellant or inflict serious bodily injury upon his person. All that the deceased did was to exchange a few uncomplimentary remarks with the appellant and walk towards him, when appellant shot him at close range with a shotgun, which is per se a deadly weapon. These facts do not reduce the offense to an aggravated assault. Hence an instruction on the defense against a milder attack under Art. 1224, P. C., was not required. See Ballard v. State, 71 Tex. Cr. R. 587; McGrew v. State, 49 S. W. 226; Rojas v. State, 91 S. W. (2d) 370; 129 Tex. Cr. R. 654; Beverly v. State, 134 Tex. Cr. R. 331, 115 S. W. (2d) 652; Lusk v. State, 131 Tex. Cr. R. 503, 100 S. W. (2d) 369.
Appellant cites us to the cases of Taylor v. State, 56 S. W. (2d) 646; Schmidt v. State, 116 S. W. (2d) 388, and Joubert v. State, 111 S. W. (2d) 721, besides some others. We have examined these cases and are of the opinion that they are readily distinguishable on the facts from the instant case. In the Taylor and Joubert cases, the weapons used were not per se *476deadly toewpons. In the Schmidt case, the injured party was actually assaulting appellant with soda-water bottles and a glass mug; that when the injured party threw the bottles, Schmidt ducked and then fired. However, the injury inflicted upon Jenkins did not prove fatal. From the facts in evidence in that case, the jury may have believed that the assault on appellant and Good was unlawful and violent but not of a nature to create in the appellant’s mind an apprehension of death or serious bodily injury. Hence that case is not applicable here. See Davis v. State, 117 Tex. Cr. R. 377.
Appellant’s next complains, because the court declined to instruct the jury that he had a right to protect his property and in doing so he could resort to such means as appeared to him at the time to be reasonably necessary to attain that end. We are not in accord with appellant’s contention. The deceased was in possession of the property under a lease and was. cultivating the same. At the time the fatal injury was inflicted upon him, he was not injuring any property or attempting to do so. He merely requested appellant to leave the premises and not take the pipe from the well. The record shows that appellant had instituted suit against the deceased and his landlord to recover the property. The question of who had the right of possession was not for the appellant to determine, nor was that question to be adjudicated by the court in the trial of this case. In our opinion, such an instruction as was requested by appellant was not required under the facts of this case.
Appellant cites us to the case of Turner v. State, 87 S, W. (2d) 736, as supporting his contention. It will be noted that in that case the accused was in actual possession of the premises and had been for years. The deceased had entered thereon, was destroying trees and clearing a way for the purpose of setting a fence when the homicide occurred. Such is not the case"here. Mr. Cooper, the lessor, had all the land under fence, including that which the appellant claimed, had had it under fence for a number of years, and claimed it under a deed duly recorded. Appellant had not been on the' premises for the preceding two years, although he knew that Cooper (who had leased the premises to the deceased) was not only claiming it but was in actual possession thereof, and such he charged to be a fact in his petition of trespass to try title. Appellant had not come to take possession. He merely came to get a pipe from the well. Thus, it will be noted that the facts in the present *477case and those in Turner v. State, supra, are not by any means alike.
For this court to hold that even a true owner of land could wilfully kill any one who had entered upon his, premises in order to eject him would be tantamount to abrogating the law relative to trespass to try title, the law of forcible entry and detainer and destroy the object of our government to settle the rights of adverse claimants to real estate in an orderly way and to invite murder.
Appellant’s next contention is that the court erred in declining to instruct the jury on the law of aggravated assault. Whether such a charge is required depends upon the facts of each particular case. We have heretofore stated the facts leading up to, at the time of and immediately preceding the homicide, and, in our opinion, they fail to raise the issue. See Ballard v. State, 71 Tex. Cr. R. 587; Crenshaw v. State, 48 Tex. Cr. R. 77. The facts, as they transpired at the time of the homicide in the Ballard case, supra, are very similar to those in the instant case, and this court, speaking through. Judge Davidson, held that a charge on the law of aggravated assault was not called for by the evidence.
Bill of Exception No. 3 reflects the following occurrence: According to the court’s qualification of the bill, the State introduced in evidence the file number of the original petition in the case of Alex Fambro v. Dave Wagley, et al, the date of filing, the property described therein, and the signature of the attorney for plaintiff to the same. The land therein described was known as the “laundry lots” and were the premises over which the trouble originated and ultimately resulted in the killing. It occurs to us that this testimony was admissible as tending to show a motive for the killing. Moreover, appellant on cross-examination of Mr. Cooper, inquired of him if he (appellant) did not claim to own the “laundry lots” in question. The evidence complained of in the bill did no more than show that appellant continued to claim the property from the time of the filing of the suit up to the time of the fatal difficulty. Just how the introduction of the evidence by the State was hurtful to the appellant, in view of the facts developed on cross-examination of Mr. Cooper, is inconceivable to us.
Bill of Exception No. 4 complains of the introduction in evidence by the State of the citation in the case of Alex Fambro v. *478Dave Wagley, et al., together with the return thereon showing that the defendants in said suit were served with the citation on the 18th day of October, 1938. This bill fails to disclose just how the introduction of the citation was hurtful to the defendant. He had already testified that he sued Dave Wagley because he had plowed up his lots. He also testified that he filed suit for damages to try the title to the land. Under the circumstances disclosed by the record, we are unable to perceive any prejudicial effect resulting to the appellant from the introduction of the same.
Bill of Exception No. 5 reflects that after the witness R. E. Hood had testified that the defendant’s reputation for truth and veracity was good and that he bore a good reputation as a peaceful and law-abiding citizen in the community in which he resided prior to November 16, 1938, the State, on cross-examination of . the witness, made inquiry as to whether he had heard about an altercation that appellant had with Ben Hickman about a year or two prior to the killing which resulted in a breach of the peace, to which the witness replied that he had heard of such. altercation prior to the killing, that thereupon the State asked the witness the following question:
“Did you hear about such an altercation that he had with Mr. N. A. Richardson, Mr. Boles and with Mr. Craighead ?
The witness replied:
“I did not hear anything about one with Mr. N. A. Richardson nor one with Mr. Boles, nor one with Mr. Craighead. I did not hear about any of those.”
Appellant objected to the question and answer on the ground that same was not admissible, was highly prejudicial, irrelevant and immaterial. We think that this inquiry was permissible. Appellant had put his general reputation as a peaceable, law-abiding citizen in issue and the witness had testified in support of the same. Thereupon the State made the inquiry of him if he had heard of the specific act mentioned for the purpose of testing the sincerity of the witness and the weight to be given to his testimony. See Hart v. State, 141 S. W. (2d) 648, and authorities there cited.
Bill of Exception No. 6 complains of similar questions and is to the same effect as Bill No. 5. For the reasons stated in disposing of that bill, we overrule this bill. The same is true with reference to Bill of Exception No. 7.
*479By Bill of Exception No. 1 appellant complains of the testimony given by Mrs. Kate Wagley, wife of the deceased, to the effect that some ten or fifteen minutes after the fatal shot had been fired and after she and her father had placed her wounded husband in an automobile and were taking him to the hospital in Breckenridge, he made the following statement to her:
“He (Dave Wagley) said when he first got there that Fambro drew a double-bitted ax on him, and he told him that if he would lay that down, they could settle it without further trouble; and he said he thought Fambro was leaving and he turned around and asked the other boys to leave too. And when he turned around, Fambro was there with the gun and all that he could do was (to) stand there and take it with his hands in the air.”
Appellant objected to this statement on the ground that it was hearsay and not res gestae. It was shown that the deceased, at the time of the alleged statement, had received a mortal wound; that he was suffering intensely, bleeding freely and wasr spitting up blood.
In the case of Nami v. State, 263 S. W. 595, 97 Tex. Cr. R. 522, a statement made by the deceased was admitted as res gestae although it was made anywhere from fifteen minutes to two hours after the shooting. In passing upon the question and holding the evidence admissible as res gestae, the court remarked that the deceased was suffering from a mortal wound and in great pain. The court quoted from the case of Freeman v. State, 239 S. W. 969, 91 Tex. Cr. R. 410, as follows:
“ ‘Many authorities hold that when a condition of suffering exists from the infliction of the injury to the making of the statement in a given case it might extend far enough to preclude premeditation and in cases of this kind we have declined to be limited to any specific time’.” (Citing a number of authorities).
It is true that according to Richardson’s testimony, the alleged statement was made, if made at all, some thirty minutes after the fatal injury was inflicted. However, time is not the only element by which to determine whether a statement is res gestae. See Tex. Jur. Vol. 18, p. 299, sec. 183.
This question was before us on the former appeal and was discussed in the original opinion. It was again more fully dealt *480with by Judge Hawkins on motion for rehearing. We held then, and hold now, that the testimony was admissible as a part of the res gestae.
Finding no reversible error in the record, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
The foregoing opinion of the Commission of Appeals has been examined by the Judges of the Court of Criminal Appeals and approved by the Court.