Court Opinion

ID: 3038596
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:58:58.444834+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:12:36.637632
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                               ________________

                                  No. 05-1689
                               ________________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
            Appellee,                    *
                                         *      Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 *      District Court for the
                                         *      Southern District of Iowa.
Dorothy Jean Egenberger,                 *
                                         *            [PUBLISHED]
            Appellant.                   *

                               ________________

                               Submitted: September 14, 2005
                                   Filed: September 23, 2005
                               ________________

Before MURPHY, HANSEN, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                        ________________

HANSEN, Circuit Judge.

      Dorothy Jean Egenberger pleaded guilty to five criminal counts related to her
fraudulent use of social security numbers. She entered her plea after the Supreme
Court's decision in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), but prior to the
Court's decision in United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). Her sentencing
hearing took place after the Court filed its Booker decision. Thus, at sentencing, the
district court1 appropriately applied the now advisory Sentencing Guidelines.

       The presentence investigation report (PSR) recommended a sentencing range
of 30 to 37 months of imprisonment. When making its Guidelines calculations, the
district court sustained Egenberger's objection to the amount of loss calculation in the
PSR and gave her credit for accepting responsibility. This resulted in a sentencing
range of 18 to 24 months. The court then considered the factors listed in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) and concluded that the circumstances of this case–including the long-
standing and repeated nature of Egenberger's conduct, her criminal history, the need
to impress on her the seriousness of the matter, and the need for the sentence to afford
adequate deterrence and to protect the public from further crimes–all warranted a
sentence above the range recommended by the advisory Guidelines calculation. The
court imposed a non-Guidelines sentence of 30 months of imprisonment. See United
States v. Haack, 403 F.3d 997, 1003 (8th Cir. 2005) ("Once the guidelines sentence
is determined, the court shall then consider all other factors set forth in § 3553(a) to
determine whether to impose the sentence under the guidelines or a non-guidelines
sentence."), petition for cert. filed, (U.S. July 14, 2005) (U.S. No. 05-5652).

       Egenberger preserved the right to appeal her sentence and asserts on appeal that
the district court violated her Fifth Amendment due process rights by not applying the
Sentencing Guidelines as mandatory, as allegedly guaranteed by her plea, and by
imposing a sentence above the applicable Guidelines range without notice. We first
look to the terms of Egenberger's plea agreement. "Plea agreements are contractual
in nature and are interpreted according to general contract principles." United States
v. Salter, No. 04-3137, 2005 WL 1875709 at *2 (8th Cir. Aug. 10, 2005).

      1
      The Honorable James E. Gritzner, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa.
                                          -2-
Accordingly, we apply de novo review to the interpretation and enforcement of a plea
agreement. Id.

      We conclude that the terms of Egenberger's plea agreement did not guarantee
a mandatory application of the Sentencing Guidelines. In Salter, the defendant made
a similar claim, asserting that due process entitled him to be sentenced under the
mandatory sentencing scheme that existed at the time he entered into his plea. 2005
WL 1875709 at *2. We held as follows:

      Here, the plea agreement did not guarantee Salter would be sentenced
      under a mandatory guidelines system. Rather, it provided Salter would
      be sentenced in accordance with the sentencing guidelines. It is clear the
      district court properly calculated the guideline sentencing range and
      correctly anticipated the guidelines would be advisory instead of
      mandatory. Thus, Salter received the bargained for benefit.

Id. The same reasoning applies in this case as nothing in the terms of the plea
agreement guaranteed Egenberger a sentence within any particular Guidelines range.
The plea agreement indicated only that the sentence would be "solely within the
District Court's discretion, as limited and guided by the United States Sentencing
Commission Guidelines which apply to this offense." (Plea Agreement at 2.) There
is no claim here that the district court did not properly calculate the Guidelines
sentencing range. The district court simply acknowledged that the Guidelines are
advisory and exercised the discretion to "tailor the sentence in light of other statutory
concerns as well," in accordance with Booker. 125 S. Ct. at 757. Thus, Egenberger
received the bargained-for benefit of her plea agreement.

       Egenberger points to a statement by the district court at her pre-Booker plea
hearing that once it determines which Guidelines apply, the court has very little
discretion to depart and is obligated to sentence within those Guidelines. She asserts
that this statement guaranteed her a mandatory application of the Guidelines and that

                                           -3-
consequently, due process required notice of the court's intent to impose a sentence
above the mandatory range identified. We respectfully disagree. The district court's
statement at the pre-Booker plea hearing was nothing more than an accurate statement
of how the Guidelines applied at the time of the plea. Because the Supreme Court
excised the mandatory application provisions in order to render the Guidelines
constitutional in Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 756-57, the district court was obligated to apply
the Guidelines in an advisory manner at the time of sentencing. See Harper v. Va.
Dep't of Taxation, 509 U.S. 86, 97 (1993) ("When this Court applies a rule of federal
law to the parties before it, that rule is the controlling interpretation of federal law and
must be given full retroactive effect in all cases still open on direct review and as to
all events, regardless of whether such events predate or postdate our announcement
of the rule."); see also Dixon v. Dormire, 263 F.3d 774, 781 (8th Cir. 2001). The
district court does not continue to be bound by prior interpretations of the law that are
contrary to the Supreme Court's most recent announcement. Thus, the district court's
statements at the plea hearing did not guarantee a mandatory application of the
Guidelines.

       Also, we conclude that Egenberger had sufficient notice of the penalties she
faced to satisfy due process concerns. The core concepts of due process are "notice,
foreseeability, and, in particular, the right to fair warning." Rogers v. Tennessee, 532
U.S. 451, 459 (2001). This is not a case where the defendant was entitled to notice
that the court, in its Sentencing Guidelines calculations, was contemplating an upward
departure that was not stated in the PSR as a ground for departure. See Fed. R. Crim.
P. 32(h). Instead, the court properly calculated the advisory Guidelines range, and
only then, after considering all of the additional § 3553(a) factors as required by
Booker, did the district court enter a sentence that was above the advisory Guidelines
range. Cf. United States v. White Face, 383 F.3d 733, 738 (8th Cir. 2004) (noting that
a sentence outside of a recommended, non-binding Guidelines range is not a
"departure" for which a defendant is entitled to prior notice–"Chapter 7 policy
statements [are] non-binding on the district court . . . [and] a revocation sentence

                                            -4-
outside the recommended Chapter 7 range is not a departure because there is no
binding guideline from which to depart"); United States v. Shaw, 180 F.3d 920, 922
(8th Cir. 1999) (same).

        Egenberger had notice of the 15-year maximum sentence for her crimes. She
expressly agreed in her plea agreement that she would have no right to withdraw her
plea if the sentence imposed or the application of the Guidelines was "other than what
the defendant anticipated." (Plea Agreement at 4.) The PSR recited her lengthy
criminal history, and the district court explained his concern about her repeated
conduct, the need in this case for a deterrent effect, the need to impress upon her the
seriousness of the matter, and the need to protect the public from further crimes.
Egenberger was aware of the facts underlying these concerns. The sentence imposed
here is well within the 15-year statutory maximum, of which Egenberger was fully
aware. Additionally, she was on notice that this particular sentence (30 months) might
be imposed because it is within the 30- to 37-month range recommended by both the
PSR and the Government as the appropriate Guidelines range.

      We affirm the judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________

                                          -5-