Court Opinion

ID: 828410
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-03-01 20:04:15.582192+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:35.027953
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                Lansing, Michigan
                                                    Chief Justice:          Justices:

Opinion                                             Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                         Marilyn Kelly
                                                                         Stephen J. Markman
                                                                         Diane M. Hathaway
                                                                         Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                         Brian K. Zahra

                                                                     FILED JUNE 14, 2011

                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                    SUPREME COURT

 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                           No. 140524

 DREW JAMES PELTOLA,

              Defendant-Appellant.

 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 ZAHRA, J.

       This case presents the question whether scoring prior record variables (PRVs)

 when calculating a defendant’s recommended minimum sentence range under the

 statutory sentencing guidelines is improper when a defendant’s minimum and maximum

 sentences may be enhanced pursuant to MCL 333.7413(2). The sentence enhancement in

 MCL 333.7413(2) falls under the purview of MCL 777.21(4), and, therefore, the answer

 necessarily turns on the language of MCL 777.21, which sets forth the instructions for

 calculating a defendant’s minimum sentence range. Reading all the provisions of this
statute together, and thus giving effect to the Legislature’s stated intent, we hold that

MCL 777.21 requires the scoring of the PRVs when MCL 333.7413(2) is applicable.

Accordingly, we affirm defendant’s sentences.

                       I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         A jury convicted defendant of delivery of less than 50 grams of heroin1 and

conspiracy to deliver less than 50 grams of heroin.2 The trial court scored the PRVs and

the relevant offense variables (OVs), calculating defendant’s minimum sentence range at

5 to 23 months in prison with a statutory maximum of 20 years. Because defendant had a

prior conviction for a controlled substance offense, the trial court applied the sentence

enhancement in MCL 333.7413(2).3 The trial court doubled both the minimum and

maximum sentences for each conviction and sentenced defendant within the enhanced

guidelines range to concurrent terms of 46 months to 40 years’ imprisonment.

         Defendant appealed as of right his convictions and sentences, which the Court of

Appeals affirmed in an unpublished opinion per curiam.4         In particular, defendant

challenged the enhancement of his minimum sentences under MCL 333.7413(2). While

defendant’s appeal was pending in the Court of Appeals, we issued People v Lowe, 484

1
    MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv).
2
    MCL 750.157a.
3
  MCL 333.7413(2) states, “Except as otherwise provided in subsections (1) and (3), an
individual convicted of a second or subsequent offense under this article may be
imprisoned for a term not more than twice the term otherwise authorized or fined an
amount not more than twice that otherwise authorized, or both.”
4
 People v Peltola, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued
October 20, 2009 (Docket No. 288578).

                                             2
Mich 718; 773 NW2d 1 (2009), holding that when MCL 333.7413(2) is applicable, it

authorizes a court to enhance both a defendant’s minimum and maximum sentences.

Relying on Lowe, the Court of Appeals rejected defendant’s challenge to his sentences.

          Defendant subsequently moved for reconsideration, recognizing the holding in

Lowe, but arguing that additional language from Lowe indicated that PRVs should not be

scored if a defendant’s sentence may be enhanced under MCL 333.7413(2). The Court of

Appeals denied defendant’s motion for reconsideration without further comment.5

          Defendant sought leave to appeal in this Court through counsel in the State

Appellate Defender Office (SADO) and by filing a separate application in propria

persona. We directed the prosecuting attorney to answer the application for leave filed

by SADO on defendant’s behalf.6 After receiving the prosecutor’s answer, we denied the

application that had been filed in propria persona.7 With respect to the application filed

by SADO, we scheduled oral argument, instructing the parties to address whether the

scoring of PRVs is improper when a defendant’s minimum and maximum sentences may

be doubled pursuant to MCL 333.7413(2).8

5
 People v Peltola, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered December 14,
2009 (Docket No. 288578).
6
 We directed the prosecutor to specifically address the argument that Lowe, 484 Mich
718, precludes the scoring of the PRVs in this case.
7
    People v Peltola, 488 Mich 876 (2010).
8
    Id.

                                             3
                               II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo.9

                                       III. ANALYSIS

         The question here is whether the Legislature intended that a court score the PRVs

when calculating the minimum sentence range for an offender whose sentence may be

enhanced under MCL 333.7413(2).10 MCL 777.21, which instructs on the calculation of

the minimum sentence range, provides:

               (1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, for an offense
         enumerated in part 2 of this chapter [MCL 777.11 through MCL 777.19],
         determine the recommended minimum sentence range as follows:

                (a) Find the offense category for the offense from part 2 of this
         chapter. From [MCL 777.22], determine the offense variables to be scored
         for that offense category and score only those offense variables for the
         offender as provided in part 4 of this chapter [MCL 777.31 through MCL
         777.49a]. Total those points to determine the offender’s offense variable
         level.

                (b) Score all prior record variables for the offender as provided in
         part 5 of this chapter [MCL 777.50 through MCL 777.57]. Total those
         points to determine the offender’s prior record variable level.

               (c) Find the offense class for the offense from part 2 of this chapter.
         Using the sentencing grid for that offense class in part 6 of this chapter

9
    People v Krueger, 466 Mich 50, 53; 643 NW2d 223 (2002).
10
   It is undisputed that if the PRVs should not have been scored, defendant is entitled to
resentencing. See People v Francisco, 474 Mich 82, 88-92; 711 NW2d 44 (2006). If the
trial court had not scored the PRVs, defendant’s minimum sentence range would have
been zero to 6 months, which if doubled would have resulted in a zero- to 12-month
minimum sentence range, rather than the 10- to 46-month minimum range calculated by
the trial court, and the trial court would have been required to impose an intermediate
sanction rather than a prison term absent a reason justifying a departure. MCL
769.34(4)(a).

                                              4
[MCL 777.61 through MCL 777.69], determine the recommended
minimum sentence range from the intersection of the offender’s offense
variable level and prior record variable level. The recommended minimum
sentence within a sentencing grid is shown as a range of months or life.

      (2) If the defendant was convicted of multiple offenses, subject to
[MCL 771.14], score each offense as provided in this part [MCL 777.21
through MCL 777.22].

       (3) If the offender is being sentenced under [MCL 769.10, MCL
769.11, or MCL 769.12], determine the offense category, offense class,
offense variable level, and prior record variable level based on the
underlying offense. To determine the recommended minimum sentence
range, increase the upper limit of the recommended minimum sentence
range determined under part 6 for the underlying offense as follows:

       (a) If the offender is being sentenced for a second felony, 25%.

       (b) If the offender is being sentenced for a third felony, 50%.

       (c) If the offender is being sentenced for a fourth or subsequent
felony, 100%.

     (4) If the offender is being sentenced for a violation described in
[MCL 777.18], both of the following apply:

       (a) Determine the offense variable level by scoring the offense
variables for the underlying offense and any additional offense variables for
the offense category indicated in [MCL 777.18].

        (b) Determine the offense class based on the underlying offense. If
there are multiple underlying felony offenses, the offense class is the same
as that of the underlying felony offense with the highest crime class. If
there are multiple underlying offenses but only 1 is a felony, the offense
class is the same as that of the underlying felony offense. If no underlying
offense is a felony, the offense class is G.

       (5) If the offender is being sentenced for an attempted felony
described in [MCL 777.19], determine the offense variable level and prior
record variable level based on the underlying attempted offense.

                                      5
         Our overriding goal for interpreting a statute is to determine and give effect to the

Legislature’s intent.11 The most reliable indicator of the Legislature’s intent is the words

in the statute.12 We interpret those words in light of their ordinary meaning and their

context within the statute and read them harmoniously to give effect to the statute as a

whole.13 Moreover, “every word should be given meaning, and we should avoid a

construction that would render any part of the statute surplusage or nugatory.”14 If the

statutory language is unambiguous, no further judicial construction is required or

permitted because we presume the Legislature intended the meaning that it plainly

expressed.15

         MCL 777.21(1) sets forth the general rule for determining a defendant’s minimum

sentence range, while subsections (2) through (5) set forth exceptions to the general rule

and additional explanations regarding how the sentencing guidelines are applied to

various specific classes of defendants and offenses. Reading § 21(1) as the general rule is

supported by the clear language of that subsection, which begins by stating, “Except as

otherwise provided in this section, . . . determine the recommended minimum sentence

range as follows[.]” The minimum sentence range is thus determined by following the

11
     People v Koonce, 466 Mich 515, 518; 648 NW2d 153 (2002).
12
     Sun Valley Foods Co v Ward, 460 Mich 230, 236; 596 NW2d 119 (1999).
13
  People v Morey, 461 Mich 325, 330; 603 NW2d 250 (1999); Farrington v Total
Petroleum, Inc, 442 Mich 201, 209; 501 NW2d 76 (1993).
14
  AFSCME v Detroit, 468 Mich 388, 399-400; 662 NW2d 695 (2003) (quotation marks
and citations omitted).
15
     Morey, 461 Mich at 330.

                                               6
instructions in § 21(1) unless one of the other subsections applies and provides an

instruction that is inconsistent with the language in § 21(1).

       The Legislature’s use of “[e]xcept as otherwise provided” does not mean that

when one of the other subsections is applicable, § 21(1) is entirely inapplicable. Rather,

giving effect to the statute as a whole, § 21(1) is inapplicable only to the extent that one

of the other subsections is inconsistent with an instruction in it.16 For the purposes of this

case, § 21(1)(b) instructs that a court “[s]core all prior record variables for the

offender . . . .” The general rule applicable in all cases is thus to score the PRVs unless

the language in another subsection of the statute directs otherwise.

       In this case, the only other subsection relevant to the calculation of defendant’s

recommended minimum sentence range was § 21(4), which applies to violations

“described in section 18 of this chapter . . . .” Section 18 of chapter XVII of the Code of

Criminal Procedure refers to MCL 777.18, which includes subsequent controlled

substance violations under MCL 333.7413(2).17           As a result, the determination of

defendant’s minimum sentence range was also subject to the instructions in MCL

777.21(4). We must therefore consider the interplay between MCL 777.21(1) and MCL

777.21(4).

16
  See Vega v Lakeland Hosps, 479 Mich 243, 250-251; 736 NW2d 561 (2007) (treating
the phrase “ [e]xcept as otherwise provided” in the same manner).
17
   MCL 777.18 also applies to a controlled substance offense or offense involving
gamma-butyrolactone on or near school property or a library, MCL 333.7410; recruiting
or inducing a minor to commit a controlled substance felony, MCL 333.7416(1)(a);
conspiracy, MCL 750.157a(a); inducing a minor to commit a felony, MCL 750.157c;
voluntarily suffering a prisoner to escape, MCL 750.188; a felony committed in a
weapon-free school zone, MCL 750.237a; and larceny of rationed goods, MCL 750.367a.

                                              7
         When applicable, § 21(4) provides additional rules relating to the scoring of OVs

and the determination of the offense class of the sentencing offense. These instructions

replace the OV and offense class directives in § 21(1)(a) and (c)18 with the directives in

§ 21(4)(a) and (b). In particular, § 21(4) directs a court to determine the OV level by

scoring the OVs for the underlying offense and any additional OVs for the offense

category indicated in § 18. It also directs a court to determine the offense class using the

underlying offense, while specifying that if there are multiple underlying felony offenses,

the offense class is the same as that of the underlying felony with the highest crime class.

It further directs that when there are multiple underlying offenses, but only one is a

felony, the offense class is the same as that of the underlying felony. If no underlying

offense is a felony, the offense class is G. However, § 21(4) does not explicitly instruct a

court not to score the PRVs. Rather, absent from § 21(4) is any reference whatsoever to

PRVs. Consequently, when read as a whole, the statute’s language plainly supports the

conclusion that the general rule to score PRVs still applies because § 21(4) has not

“otherwise provided.”

         The language of § 21(4) further supports this interpretation by stating, “If the

offender is being sentenced for a violation described in section 18 of this chapter, both of

the following apply[.]”19      The subsection continues with two specific provisions

18
  Section 21(1)(a) instructs on the offense category and the OVs to score in determining
the OV level. Section 21(1)(c) instructs on finding the offense class and using the grid
for that offense class to determine the recommended minimum sentence range on the
basis of the intersection of the OV level and the PRV level.
19
     Emphasis added.

                                             8
regarding how to determine the OV level and the offense class.            Significantly, the

Legislature did not state that “only both of the following apply” or “both of the following

apply exclusively” when determining an offender’s minimum sentence range under

§ 21(4). The absence of such exclusive language further demonstrates that that § 21(4)

works in conjunction with, and not independently from, § 21(1).

         We reject defendant’s argument that the absence of a reference to PRVs in § 21(4)

shows that the Legislature intended that the PRVs are not to be scored with respect to a

defendant whose offense falls under § 21(4). Crucial in addressing this argument are the

2006 amendments of MCL 777.21.20 Specifically, the amendments inserted “[e]xcept as

otherwise provided in this section” in the opening sentence of § 21(1) and rewrote

§ 21(4), which had previously stated, “If the offender is being sentenced for a violation

described in section 18 of this chapter, determine the offense class, offense variable level,

and prior record variable level based on the underlying offense.”21 As a result of these

amendments, § 21(4) no longer refers to PRVs.

20
     2006 PA 655.
21
   The amendments also corrected a Roman numeral in § 21(2) to reflect the correct
chapter number applicable to that subsection, but that change is irrelevant to the analysis
here. The relevant changes to the statute were as follows, with strikeout showing deleted
language and underlining showing new language:

               (1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, fFor an offense
         enumerated in part 2 of this chapter, determine the recommended minimum
         sentence range as follows:
                                          * * *

                (4) If the offender is being sentenced for a violation described in
         section 18 of this chapter, determine the offense class, offense variable

                                             9
      Defendant contends that the removal of the reference to scoring PRVs in MCL

777.21(4) and the retention of the references to PRVs in MCL 777.21(3) and (5) show

that the Legislature intended that a court not score PRVs when § 21(4) is applicable.

Defendant also argues that scoring the PRVs on the basis of the language of § 21(1) when

§ 21(4) applies would render the references to scoring PRVs in the other subsections

superfluous.

      The Legislature did not alter any language in subsections (3) and (5), and thus

those subsections retain their references to PRVs. Generally, when language is included

in one section of a statute, but omitted from another section, it is presumed that the

drafters acted intentionally and purposely in their inclusion or exclusion.22 Similarly,

“[c]ourts cannot assume that the Legislature inadvertently omitted from one statute the

      level, and prior record variable level based on the underlying offense. both
      of the following apply:

             (a) Determine the offense variable level by scoring the offense
      variables for the underlying offense and any additional offense variables for
      the offense category indicated in section 18 of this chapter.

              (b) Determine the offense class based on the underlying offense. If
      there are multiple underlying felony offenses, the offense class is the same
      as that of the underlying felony offense with the highest crime class. If
      there are multiple underlying offenses but only 1 is a felony, the offense
      class is the same as that of the underlying felony offense. If no underlying
      offense is a felony, the offense class is G. [MCL 777.21, as amended by
      2006 PA 655.]
22
   See Russello v United States, 464 US 16, 23; 104 S Ct 296; 78 L Ed 2d 17 (1983)
(“[W]here Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in
another section of the same Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally
and purposely in the disparate inclusion or exclusion.”) (quotation marks and citation
omitted) (alteration in Russello).

                                            10
language that it placed in another statute, and then, on the basis of that assumption, apply

what is not there.”23

         We conclude that the 2006 amendments only clarified the OVs and offense class

applicable to offenders falling under the purview of § 21(4). Removing the reference to

PRVs did not affect the general direction that the PRVs be scored. Significantly, not all

OVs are scored for each class of crime.24 Thus, for offenses to which MCL 777.18 is

applicable, legislative clarification was necessary because a court must consider the § 18

offense and the underlying offense when scoring the OVs.25 The amendments of § 21(4)

inform a trial court which OVs should be scored when § 18 comes into play, as well as

which crime class applies, in order to clarify which sentencing grid must be used when

calculating a defendant’s minimum sentence range.           Section 21(4) is thus not a

standalone, independent sentencing statute, but merely part of the larger whole meant to

provide additional guidance and the potential for heightened OV scoring for offenders

23
     Farrington, 442 Mich at 210.
24
     MCL 777.22.
25
   As an illustration, defendant’s subsequent substance abuse offense violated MCL
333.7413(2), which, as noted, is an offense listed in MCL 777.18. In applying the
instructions under MCL 777.21(4), the trial court scored the OVs for the underlying
offense, delivery of less than 50 grams of heroin, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv), which falls
under the controlled substance offense category, as well as the offense variables
applicable to MCL 333.7413(2), which falls under the public trust offense category.
Consequently, in addition to the variables scored as a result of defendant’s controlled
substance offense, the trial court also scored OVs 4, 9, 10, and 16 as a result of
defendant’s public trust offense. Defendant’s offense class was D because delivery of
less than 50 grams of heroin is a class D offense and MCL 777.21(4) instructs that the
offense class is based on the underlying offense.

                                            11
falling under § 18, as well as clarity concerning the applicable offense class for those

offenders.26

       The retention of the reference to PRVs in MCL 777.21(3) and (5) does not

undermine our conclusion. When considering the actual language of these subsections,

each, when applicable, instructs a court to “determine the . . . prior record variable level

based on the underlying offense.”27 Before the 2006 amendments, § 21(4) contained the

same language. Thus, when read in context, subsections (3) and (5) do not contain

freestanding instructions to score the PRVs.      Rather, they indicate that when those

subsections are applicable, the determination of a defendant’s PRV level is based on the

underlying offense.

26
   The verb selections in MCL 777.21 lend additional support to our conclusion that the
amendments of § 21(4) had no impact on the general rule to score PRVs when
determining the guidelines range under that subsection. When setting forth the general
rule for PRVs in § 21(1)(b), the Legislature used the verb “score,” instructing “score all
prior record variables as provided in part 5 of this chapter.” In § 21(4), however, the
Legislature merely used the verb “determine,” stating “[d]etermine the offense variable
level” and “[d]etermine the offense class . . . .” The word “determine” is also used in the
general rule in § 21(1)(a), instructing courts on how to determine the OVs to be scored
and the offender’s OV level. Conversely, “determine” is not used for the PRV
instruction, which instead uses the word “score.” The direction to “score” is a command,
meaning that unless directed otherwise, a court must score an offender’s PRVs in order to
calculate the guidelines. “Determine,” on the other hand, simply provides additional
explanation concerning which OVs to score. Thus, when comparing the use of
“determine” in § 21(1) with the use of “determine” § 21(4), the word choices in the
statute support the conclusion that the amendments of § 21(4) were merely intended to
provide further explanation regarding how to determine the OV level and the offense
class for a defendant who committed an offense listed in § 18.
27
  MCL 777.21(3) (emphasis added). The language of subsection (5) is identical, except
that it directs that the PRVs be scored on the basis of the “underlying attempted offense”
because subsection (5) concerns attempted felonies.

                                            12
       Significantly, all seven PRVs are scored for all felonies.28 And the scoring of the

PRVs generally only considers a defendant’s prior conduct.29 As a result, the underlying

offense has no effect on the scoring of the PRVs because they are determined by

reviewing a defendant’s criminal history regardless of the underlying offense. Therefore,

the instruction to determine the PRV level on the basis of the underlying offense is

inherently illogical.   A court cannot determine the PRV score on the basis of the

underlying offense when the scoring of any of the PRVs is in no way contingent on the

underlying offense. Yet reading the statute in the manner that defendant suggests would

give an artificial meaning to the references to PRVs in § 21(3) and (5), contrary to the

language of the statute, because it would require that we overlook the full instruction to

determine a defendant’s PRV level on the basis of the underlying offense.

       We conclude that § 21(4) does not provide an instruction regarding the scoring of

the PRVs contrary to that set forth in § 21(1). Rather, the 2006 amendments clarified

how a court determines the applicable OVs and offense classes for offenders falling

under the purview of § 21(4). No distinction or further clarification was needed with

regard to the PRVs because, as previously addressed, the PRVs are scored the same way

no matter what the underlying offense. Reading the various changes enacted as part of

the 2006 amendments of the statute together supports the conclusion that the general rule

28
  MCL 777.21(1)(b); 2 Gillespie, Michigan Criminal Law & Procedure (2d ed), § 22:96,
p 204.
29
  MCL 777.50 et seq. PRV 7, MCL 777.57, provides an exception to this general rule in
that it concerns subsequent and concurrent convictions, but this exception does not alter
our analysis.

                                           13
to score the PRVs still applies to § 21(4) because § 21(4) does not provide otherwise.

The addition of the phrase “except as otherwise provided” to § 21(1) works in

conjunction with the new language in § 21(4), stating that “both of the following apply,”

in introducing the substantive changes regarding the applicable OVs and offense classes.

Thus, the rules “otherwise provided” only relate to the OV and offense class directions.

Drawing this conclusion does not restore to the statute language that the Legislature

omitted. Instead, the general direction in § 21(1) to score PRVs carries through to

§ 21(4) because there is no explicit language in § 21(4) instructing courts not to score

PRVs. The PRVs are scored not because the Legislature removed the reference to

scoring them, but because in the amendments to § 21(4), the Legislature simply did not

provide a contrary rule that displaced the general PRV rule or an explicit direction not to

score the PRVs.30

       We recognize that our conclusion is contrary to statements made in Lowe, in

which, we stated in a section of that decision responding to the dissent that the absence of

a reference to PRVs in § 21(4) appeared to indicate that the Legislature intended that

offenders falling under § 21(4) should not be scored with regard to the repeat nature of

30
   We note that our reading of the statute is consistent with and effectuates the
Legislature’s intent to promote uniformity and consistency in sentencing through the use
of the sentencing guidelines and the general legislative purpose to punish recidivist
offenders more severely. See MCL 769.10; MCL 769.11; MCL 769.12; MCL 333.7413;
see also People v Babcock, 469 Mich 247, 263; 666 NW2d 231 (2003) (“The premise of
our system of criminal justice is that, everything else being equal, the more egregious the
offense, and the more recidivist the criminal, the greater the punishment.”). By requiring
the scoring of the PRVs, our analysis effectuates this purpose by avoiding the untoward
consequence of punishing a recidivist drug offender less severely than a first-time drug
offender.

                                            14
the offense.31 The reference that Lowe made to § 21(4) not encompassing scoring of the

PRVs was merely a statement of the obvious because § 21(4) does not mention PRVs at

all, due to the fact that PRVs are addressed in other subsections of the statute. Moreover,

the pertinent statements in Lowe are clearly nonbinding obiter dicta.32 The only issue in

Lowe was whether MCL 333.7413(2) permitted a trial court to enhance the minimum and

maximum portions of a defendant’s sentence or whether the trial court could instead only

31
     Lowe, 484 Mich at 729-730. Specifically, this Court stated:

                 The dissent further argues that, because the sentencing guidelines
         apply to defendant’s underlying offense—the possession of
         methamphetamine—the sentence must be within the minimum sentence
         guideline range as calculated for that offense. Post at 737. However, the
         Legislature expressly provided that the guidelines specifically apply to
         sentencing done pursuant to [MCL 333.7413(2)], MCL 777.18, and
         implemented a specific scheme for when “the offender is being sentenced
         for a violation [of § 7413(2)],” MCL 777.21(4). Under this scheme, the
         trial court is directed to calculate the minimum sentence range based on the
         offense variables and offense class for the underlying felony. MCL
         777.21(4). Notably, § 21(4) includes no scoring for prior record variables,
         even though MCL 333.7413(2) only applies if a defendant has, in fact,
         committed a prior offense. In light of this, it seems reasonable to conclude
         that the Legislature, knowing that § 7413(2) allowed an enhancement of the
         minimum sentence, intended the minimum sentence guideline range to be
         calculated without respect to the underlying offense’s repeat nature. If the
         Legislature had intended for § 7413(2) to operate only as an enhancement
         of the maximum sentence, then MCL 777.21(4) would have been
         unnecessary, and the Legislature would have had no reason to apply the
         minimum sentence guidelines to sentencing under MCL 333.7413(2). [Id.
         (second alteration in Lowe).]
32
    Obiter dicta are not binding precedent. Instead, they are statements that are
unnecessary to determine the case at hand and, thus, “lack the force of an adjudication.”
Wold Architects & Engineers v Strat, 474 Mich 223, 232 n 3; 713 NW2d 750 (2006)
(citations and quotation marks omitted).

                                             15
enhance the maximum portion of the sentence. The issue presented here is whether the

PRVs should be scored for an offender who falls under the purview of MCL 777.21(4).

The issue here is not contingent on the issue decided in Lowe, and the statements

regarding § 21(4) in Lowe were not essential to the determination of that case.

Consequently, we clarify that the holding in Lowe is limited to whether MCL

333.7413(2) permits a trial court to enhance a defendant’s minimum and maximum

sentence.

                                 IV. CONCLUSION

      We hold that when calculating a defendant’s recommended minimum sentence

range under the sentencing guidelines when the defendant’s minimum and maximum

sentences may be enhanced pursuant to MCL 333.7413(2), a trial court should score the

PRVs. Reading MCL 777.21(1) and (4) in conjunction with one another, MCL 777.21(1)

instructs that the PRVs must be scored for each offender when determining the minimum

sentence range. MCL 777.21(4), when read as a part of the larger whole, and in context

with how the sentencing guidelines operate generally, does not displace this general

requirement or provide a contrary instruction. Rather, MCL 777.21(4) is merely intended

to provide guidance regarding how to determine the OV level and offense class for

                                          16
offenders falling under MCL 777.18. Accordingly, the trial court properly scored the

PRVs. Defendant’s sentences are affirmed.33

                                                      Brian K. Zahra
                                                      Robert P. Young, Jr.
                                                      Stephen J. Markman
                                                      Diane M. Hathaway
                                                      Mary Beth Kelly

33
  With respect to the other appellate issue raised by defendant regarding his sentencing
credit, we deny leave to appeal because we are not persuaded that the question presented
should be reviewed by this Court.

                                          17
                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                    SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                           No. 140524

DREW JAMES PELTOLA,

              Defendant-Appellant.

CAVANAGH, J. (dissenting).
       I respectfully dissent because I remain committed to my dissent in People v Lowe,

484 Mich 718, 732-743; 773 NW2d 1 (2009) (CAVANAGH, J., dissenting), and applying

my Lowe dissent to this case renders the issue addressed by the majority irrelevant.

       As I explained in Lowe, MCL 333.7413(2) does not permit a sentencing court to

double a defendant’s minimum sentence range if that sentence range is determined under

the sentencing guidelines. Rather, MCL 333.7413(2) only permits a sentencing court to

double a penalty provided within the controlled substances act, MCL 333.7101 et seq. In

my judgment, this is the proper interpretation of MCL 333.7413(2) because, to the extent

possible, it construes the applicable statutes harmoniously and avoids a potential conflict

with MCL 769.34(2), which mandates that all minimum sentences fall within the range

calculated under the sentencing guidelines, absent a properly justified departure. See

Lowe, 484 Mich at 733-743 (CAVANAGH, J., dissenting).

       Because, under MCL 769.34(2), defendant’s minimum sentence range in this case

must be determined under the sentencing guidelines, I would hold that defendant’s
minimum sentence is not subject to enhancement under MCL 333.7413(2). Like the

defendant in Lowe, defendant’s offense is listed in MCL 777.13m. As a result, MCL

769.34(2) applies and defendant’s minimum sentence must fall within the range

calculated under the sentencing guidelines in chapter XVII of the Code of Criminal

Procedure, MCL 777.1 through MCL 777.69.             See Lowe, 484 Mich at 736-739

(CAVANAGH, J., dissenting). To properly calculate defendant’s minimum sentence range

under the guidelines, the prior record variables (PRVs) must be scored. Thus, in this

case, the trial court was correct to score defendant’s PRVs. Further, the trial court

properly applied MCL 333.7413(2) to double defendant’s maximum sentence because

that portion of his sentence is determined by the controlled substances act. See Lowe,

484 Mich at 732 (CAVANAGH, J., dissenting). The trial court erred, however, when it

applied MCL 333.7413(2) to double defendant’s minimum guidelines range because the

doubled minimum sentence range permitted the trial court to impose a sentence that

exceeded the range calculated under the sentencing guidelines, contrary to MCL

769.34(2).1

      Finally, I also note that, under my Lowe dissent, defendant’s preferred scoring

approach similarly could result in a sentence that impermissibly conflicts with MCL

1
  Defendant’s total PRV score is 60 points and his total OV score is 6 points. Thus, under
the sentencing guidelines, defendant’s minimum sentence range is 5 to 23 months. But
the trial court applied MCL 333.7413(2) to double defendant’s minimum sentence range
to 10 to 46 months. Furthermore, in setting defendant’s minimum sentence at 46 months,
the trial court in this case expressly stated that the sentence was not a sentencing
guidelines departure when, in fact, the sentence exceeded the properly calculated
minimum sentence range under the guidelines.

                                            2
769.34(2). If defendant’s PRVs are not scored (or are scored at zero points) and the

resulting guidelines range is doubled, defendant’s minimum sentence could fall below the

minimum range calculated under the sentencing guidelines.2         Thus, if defendant’s

preferred approach were applied, the resulting sentence could conflict with the

requirement in MCL 769.34(2) that, absent a properly justified departure, all minimum

sentences for the enumerated felonies must fall within the range calculated under the

sentencing guidelines because the resulting sentence could be shorter than the applicable

sentencing guidelines range.

      Because the prosecution’s preferred approach to sentencing in this case, which the

majority adopts, and defendant’s preferred approach could both result in sentences that

are inconsistent with MCL 769.34(2), I would not apply either approach. Rather, I would

reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand for resentencing consistent

with my Lowe dissent.

                                                      Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                      Marilyn Kelly

2
  As previously explained, defendant’s minimum sentence range under the guidelines is 5
to 23 months. If defendant’s PRVs were scored at zero points, his minimum sentence
range would be reduced to zero to 6 months and, when doubled under MCL 333.7413(2),
his minimum sentence range would become zero to 12 months, which is substantially
lower than the 5 to 23 month range calculated under the guidelines.

                                           3