Court Opinion

ID: 4686443
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-13 14:09:48.172457+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:33.917698
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
              APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

                                 SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                 APPELLATE DIVISION
                                 DOCKET NO. A-1965-18

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

     Plaintiff-Respondent,
                                    APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
v.                                          May 13, 2021

                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
JULIAN SANDERS,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_______________________

          Argued March 1, 2021 – Decided May 13, 2021

          Before Judges Sabatino, Currier and Gooden Brown.
          (Judge Sabatino concurring).

          On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
          Law Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 17-07-
          1979.

          Morgan A. Birck, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,
          argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora,
          Public Defender, attorney; Morgan A. Birck, of
          counsel and on the brief).

          Matthew E. Hanley, Special Deputy Attorney
          General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause
          for respondent (Theodore N. Stephens II, Acting
          Essex County Prosecutor, attorney; Matthew E.
          Hanley, of counsel and on the brief).
      The opinion of the court was delivered by

GOODEN BROWN, J.A.D.

      On July 20, 2017, defendant was charged in a four-count indictment with

first-degree murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1) (count one); fourth-degree

unlawful possession of a weapon, namely, a knife, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(d) (count

two); third-degree possession of the knife for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A.

2C:39-4(d) (count three); and third-degree endangering an injured victim,

N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2(a) (count four).

      The charges stemmed from defendant fatally stabbing Kendall Anthony

on May 19, 2017, following an altercation during which Anthony forbade

defendant from entering a store, threatened to beat defendant up, and threw a

punch at defendant when he refused to heed his warnings. Defendant dodged

the punch and stabbed Anthony once in the chest with a knife.         Anthony

staggered around, continued to yell at defendant, and collapsed on the ground

twice, remaining on the ground after he collapsed the second time. Defendant

left the scene without calling for medical assistance and went home. Anthony,

who was breathing but unconscious when police responded, was transported to

the hospital where he died the following morning from the stab wound.

      The key pieces of evidence presented at the five-day jury trial consisted

of video surveillance footage of the entire encounter and defendant's statement

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to police, during which he admitted stabbing the victim in self-defense. The

judge instructed the jury on self-defense as applied to all charges except the

endangering charge.    Following the trial, the jury convicted defendant o f

endangering and acquitted him of the remaining charges, apparently accepting

defendant's self-defense claim.       On November 9, 2018, defendant was

sentenced to four years' probation.

      On appeal, defendant raises the following single point for our

consideration:

            POINT I

            THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO
            INSTRUCT THE JURY THAT SELF-DEFENSE
            APPLIED TO THE ENDANGERING AN INJURED
            VICTIM CHARGE. U.S. CONST. AMEND XIV;
            N.J. CONST. ART. I, ¶ 1, 9, 10.

                  A.   Self-Defense      Applies          To
                  Endangering An Injured Victim.

                  B.    Because The Jury Found That
                  Defendant Was Acting In Self-Defense,
                  The Conviction For Endangering An
                  Injured Victim Should Be Vacated And
                  The Charge[] Dismissed.

For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                          I.

      We glean these facts from the trial record. Just before midnight on May

19, 2017, Newark police officers were dispatched to a strip mall following a
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reported stabbing.    Upon arrival, they observed a man later identified as

Kendall Anthony lying on the ground in front of one of the stores bleeding

from a stab wound. Anthony was breathing but unconscious when the officers

arrived. An ambulance transported Anthony to University Hospital where he

died the following morning from his injuries.          The medical examiner

subsequently determined that Anthony died from a single stab wound through

the heart.

       During the investigation, police obtained surveillance video of the

stabbing from the store in question. An Essex County Prosecutor's Office

detective identified defendant from viewing the video and interviewing

witnesses. The detective arrested defendant on May 22, 2017, and transported

him to the prosecutor's office where he provided a recorded statement after

waiving his Miranda1 rights.

       In his statement, which was played for the jury, defendant stated he was

attempting to enter the store to "get . . . a cigarette" when Anthony

"approach[ed him]" and told him he could not "go inside the store."         An

argument ensued during which defendant, then forty-seven years old, protested

being "disrespect[ed]" by someone who was his junior and barred entry by

someone who had no ownership interest in the store. In response, Anthony

1
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
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threatened "to beat [defendant] up in front of [the] people" who were st anding

outside. The argument escalated with defendant refusing to be "bull[ied]" or

manhandled by Anthony while Anthony repeatedly threatened "to knock

[defendant's] ass out." According to defendant, Anthony threatened "to knock

[him] out" "several times." Believing that Anthony was "threatening [his]

life," defendant produced a knife from his pocket, held it in his hand, and told

Anthony, "I don't want no problem with you at all." Defendant stated "[he]

was trying to scare [Anthony] away" with the knife.

        Ignoring the knife, Anthony "swung [at defendant]."          Defendant

"move[d] back," dodged the punch, "c[a]me . . . forward," and stabbed

Anthony in the chest. Afterwards, "[defendant] just went home" and "threw

[the knife] in [a] backyard somewhere around the area." 2 Defendant did not

call for medical assistance. Defendant explained that "[he] wasn't trying to

hurt [Anthony]" and "was just trying to keep him away from [him] by showing

him" the knife, but instead "hit [Anthony] in the wrong place." He "found out

the next day that [Anthony] had passed away."

2
    Police never recovered the knife.

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      Defendant stated repeatedly that he acted "in self[-]defense" to "try[] to

protect himself" from a much younger man. 3 He conceded "[he] could have

prevented it . . . by just walking away, but [he] just wanted a cigarette."

Defendant told the detective that he had encountered Anthony "[a]bout five or

six times" in the past and had another confrontation with him two months

prior. However, the prior confrontation "didn't go too far," and Anthony ended

up admitting "[he] was wrong."

      The five-minute surveillance video depicting the entire encounter was

also played for the jury. In the video, defendant and Anthony are visibly

engaged in a verbal exchange lasting approximately three minutes.

Approximately ten seconds after the verbal altercation began, defendant

reached into his pocket and produced a knife. Anthony and defendant then

yelled in each other's face while defendant brandished the knife.         When

Anthony swung at defendant's head, defendant moved back to avoid the punch,

and then stabbed Anthony once in the chest. Anthony immediately backed

away from defendant, continued to yell at him, and then looked down at his

chest, as if realizing for the first time that he had been stabbed and was

bleeding. Anthony walked around, momentarily entering and exiting the store,

3
   Based on the autopsy, Anthony was twenty-six years old, six feet, one inch
tall, and weighed 204 pounds. During processing, defendant told police he
was five feet, nine inches tall, and weighed 165 pounds.
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before collapsing outside on the ground.        After the stabbing, defendant

observed Anthony for about thirty seconds and then walked away when

Anthony collapsed.     After defendant walked out of the camera's angle, an

unidentified individual helped Anthony stand up, after which Anthony

stumbled and collapsed on the ground a second time.

      Defendant did not testify at trial.

                                        II.

      On appeal, defendant argues the judge erred in not "instruct[ing] the jury

that self-defense applie[d]" to the endangering charge.             According to

defendant, the "principles of the code [of criminal justice] support" the

application of self-defense to the charge. Further, defendant asserts that "if

[he] was acting in self-defense when he used force against Anthony, he could

not be guilty of endangering" because "the endangering statute requires that a

defendant leave a person who has been the victim of a crime, not merely a

person who has been injured." Defendant continues that "[i]n the case of self-

defense," where his conduct was justified, "no crime has been committed."

Therefore, he was not liable for endangering an injured "victim."

      As stated, the jury was instructed on self-defense as applied to the

homicide and weapons-related charges, but not the endangering charge.

Although defense counsel unsuccessfully moved to dismiss the endangering

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charge pre-trial4 and at the close of the State's case, 5 counsel never requested

the self-defense charge as applied to endangering or objected to its omission.

Because there was no objection in the trial court, defendant "waived the right

to challenge the instruction on appeal," State v. Afanador, 151 N.J. 41, 54

(1997) (citing R. 1:7-2), and we therefore review for "plain error . . . ." Ibid.

(citing R. 2:10-2); see State v. Nero, 195 N.J. 397, 407 (2008) ("explaining

that '[a] claim of deficiency in a jury charge to which no objection is

interposed "will not be considered unless it qualifies as plain error"'"

(alteration in original) (quoting State v. R.B., 183 N.J. 308, 321-22 (2005))).

            Plain error, in the context of a jury charge, is "[l]egal
            impropriety in the charge prejudicially affecting the
            substantial rights of the defendant sufficiently
            grievous to justify notice by the reviewing court and
            to convince the court that of itself the error possessed
            a clear capacity to bring about an unjust result."

            [Afanador, 151 N.J. at 54 (alteration in original)
            (quoting State v. Jordan, 147 N.J. 409, 422 (1997)).]

      However, "[t]he mere possibility of an unjust result is not enough."

State v. Funderburg, 225 N.J. 66, 79 (2016). "Rather, '[t]he possibility must be

4
  Defendant challenged the endangering charge as unconstitutional on its face
and as applied to defendant, arguing the statute did not apply in cases of self-
defense.
5
   Defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal on the endangering charge
pursuant to Rule 3:18-1, requiring acquittal "if the evidence is insufficient to
warrant a conviction."
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                                        8
real, one sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt as to whether the error led the

jury to a result it otherwise might not have reached.'" State v. Alexander, 233

N.J. 132, 142 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Macon, 57 N.J.

325, 336 (1971)). Nevertheless, "we acknowledge that 'correct jury charges

are especially critical in guiding deliberations in criminal matters, [and]

improper instructions on material issues are presumed to constitute reversible

error.'" Funderberg, 225 N.J. at 84 (alteration in original) (quoting State v.

Jenkins, 178 N.J. 347, 361 (2004)); see State v. Montalvo, 229 N.J. 300, 323

(2017) ("[B]ecause the erroneous [self-defense] instructions were capable of

producing an unjust result in this matter, we hold that they constitute plain

error."); see also State v. Gentry, 439 N.J. Super. 57, 67 (App. Div. 2015)

("Where there is sufficient evidence to warrant a self-defense charge, failure to

instruct the jury that self-defense is a complete justification for manslaughter

offenses as well as for murder constitutes plain error.").

      The novel issue presented in this appeal is whether a claim of self-

defense applies to a charge of endangering when the injured victim has been

injured by the defendant in the course of defending himself against said victim.

To provide context to our analysis, we review the general principles regarding

justification defenses as well as the elements of endangering an injured victim.

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      "The New Jersey Code of Criminal Justice defines the manner and

circumstances in which a person may use force to protect himself from harm."

State v. Rodriguez, 195 N.J. 165, 171 (2008). Subsection (a) of N.J.S.A. 2C:3-

4 provides that "the use of force upon or toward another person is justifiable

when the actor reasonably believes such force is immediately necessary for the

purpose of protecting himself against the use of unlawful force by such other

person on the present occasion."            Subsection (b), in turn, provides

"[l]imitations on justifying necessity for use of force," including limitations

placed on "[t]he use of deadly force . . . ." N.J.S.A. 2C:3-4(b)(2). Under that

subsection, "deadly force is not justifiable . . . unless the actor reasonably

believes that such force is necessary to protect himself against death or serious

bodily harm" or if "[t]he actor knows that he can avoid the necessity of using

such force with complete safety by retreating . . . ." N.J.S.A. 2C:3-4(b)(2)(b).

      "While it is not requisite that actual necessity exist, the justification of

self-defense requires an honest belief on the part of the defendant in the need

to use force."   State v. Bryant, 288 N.J. Super. 27, 34 (App. Div. 1996).

"Honesty, alone, however, does not suffice.          A defendant claiming the

privilege of self-defense must also establish that his belief in the need to use

force was reasonable." Ibid. "The reasonableness of the defendant's belief is

to be determined by the jury using an objective standard of what a reasonable

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                                       10
person would have done in defendant's position in light of the circumstances

known to defendant at the time the force was used." Ibid.

      The criminal offense of endangering as set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:12-

1.2(a) provides that

            [a] person is guilty of endangering an injured victim if
            he causes bodily injury to any person or solicits, aids,
            encourages, or attempts or agrees to aid another, who
            causes bodily injury to any person, and leaves the
            scene of the injury knowing or reasonably believing
            that the injured person is physically helpless, mentally
            incapacitated or otherwise unable to care for himself.

The statute defines "physically helpless" as "the condition in which a person is

unconscious, unable to flee, or physically unable to summon assistance," and

"bodily injury" as "set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:11-1" which "means physical pain,

illness or any impairment of physical condition . . . ." N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2(b);

N.J.S.A. 2C:11-1(a).

      Our Supreme Court has distilled the elements of the offense as follows:

            (1) that defendant knowingly caused bodily injury to
            any person; (2) that the injured person was physically
            helpless, mentally incapacitated, or otherwise unable
            to care for [him]self; and (3) that the defendant left the
            scene of the injury knowing or reasonably believing
            that the injured person was in that condition. We rely
            on the gap-filler provision at N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(c) to add
            the mental state of "knowingly" to the first element.

            [State v. Munafo, 222 N.J. 480, 488-89 (2015).]

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                                       11
      The Court further noted:

            [t]he statute also provides a defense: "It is an
            affirmative defense to prosecution for a violation of
            this section that the defendant summoned medical
            treatment for the victim or knew that medical
            treatment had been summoned by another person, and
            protected the victim from further injury or harm until
            emergency assistance personnel arrived." Defendant
            must prove the defense by a preponderance of the
            evidence.

            [Id. at 489 (quoting N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2(c)).]

      Contrary to defendant's contention, the endangering statute does not

require the use of unlawful force or the commission of a crime by the

defendant for liability to attach. As the Munafo Court explained, all that is

required is for the defendant "to cause bodily injury [and] flee the scene [with]

knowledge or a reasonable belief that the injured person was in a vulnerable

state." Id. at 492 (emphasis omitted). Thus, whether the use of force was

lawful is irrelevant for purposes of the endangering statute. Moreover, the

statutory requirement that the defendant leave the scene with the knowledge or

reasonable belief that the injured person was physically helpless would appear

to countermand the justification for using force when the defendant

"reasonably believes that such force is necessary to protect himself against

death or serious bodily harm . . . ." N.J.S.A. 2C:3-4(b)(2)(b).

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                                       12
      Because the plain language of the endangering statute does not resolve

the question of whether self-defense applies, the issue becomes one of

statutory interpretation. In that regard, "[o]ur task . . . 'is to discern and give

effect' to the Legislature's intent." Id. at 488 (quoting State v. O'Driscoll, 215

N.J. 461, 474 (2013)). While we begin by "look[ing] at the plain language of

the statute," if "the language is unclear, courts can turn to extrinsic evidence

for guidance, including a law's legislative history." Ibid.

      Turning to the legislative history, the bill that was eventually codified as

N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2 began with different language. It was first introduced in

the Senate on September 24, 1998, and referred to the Senate Judiciary

Committee as a bill that "[c]riminalizes the failure of a witness to report a

crime in certain circumstances."      S. 1349 (1998).     That bill had initially

provided, in its entirety:

                    [a]ny person who knows that a crime is being
             committed and that the victim of that crime is exposed
             to bodily injury shall, to the extent that the person can
             do so without danger to himself or another person,
             report that crime to a law enforcement officer as soon
             as reasonably practicable. Any person who violates
             this section is guilty of a crime of the fourth degree.

             [Ibid. (emphasis added).]

      This early version of the bill bore strong similarities to laws in other

states, sometimes referred to as "Samaritan" statutes.        See generally Ken

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                                         13
Levy, Killing, Letting Die, and the Case for Mildly Punishing Bad

Samaritanism, 44 Ga. L. Rev. 607, 611 (2010); Damien Schiff, Samaritans:

Good, Bad and Ugly: A Comparative Law Analysis, 11 Roger Williams U. L.

Rev. 77, 80 (2005). For example, Minnesota's and Rhode Island's statutes,

each enacted prior to our state's endangering statute, respectively provided:

                  [a] person at the scene of an emergency who
            knows that another person is exposed to or has
            suffered grave physical harm shall, to the extent that
            the person can do so without danger or peril to self or
            others, give reasonable assistance to the exposed
            person. Reasonable assistance may include obtaining
            or attempting to obtain aid from law enforcement or
            medical personnel.       A person who violates this
            subdivision is guilty of a petty misdemeanor.

            [Minn. Stat. § 604A.01, subd. 1 (1995) (emphasis
            added).]

                   A person who knows that another person is a
            victim of sexual assault, murder, manslaughter, or
            armed robbery and who is at the scene of the crime
            shall, to the extent that the person can do so without
            danger of peril to the person or others, report the
            crime to an appropriate law enforcement official as
            soon as reasonably practicable.

            [11 R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-1-5.1 (1987) (emphasis
            added).]

      On June 7, 1999, the Senate Judiciary Committee "report[ed] favorably a

committee substitute for Senate Bill No. 1349," albeit with different language.

S. Judiciary Comm. Statement to S. Comm. Substitute for S. 1349 (June 7,

                                                                          A-1965-18
                                       14
1999). Like the original, the new version of S. 1349 proscribed conduct when

the actor knew the victim had sustained bodily injury and failed to assist the

victim. However, the new bill differed in several material respects. S. Comm.

Substitute for S. 1349 (June 7, 1999). First, it elevated the offense from a

crime of the fourth-degree to a crime of the third-degree; second, it added the

element that the actor had caused, or aided the person who caused the victim's

injury; third, it required the bodily injury be such that the victim was

"physically helpless"; fourth, it proscribed leaving the scene of the injury;

fifth, it eliminated the reference to reporting the offense to law enforcement

and instead created an affirmative defense for "summon[ing] medical

treatment"; and sixth, it eliminated the clause concerning whether the actor had

the ability to report the injury "without danger to himself or another person."

Ibid.

        This new or second version of S. 1349 passed unanimously in the Senate

on July 1, 1999, and was referred to the Assembly Judiciary Committee. 6 In

the next legislative session, on February 10, 2000, S. 1349, now renumbered as

S. 968, was reintroduced to the new Senate with identical language as the

6
     Passage of the Endangering Bill, New Jersey Legislature,
https://njleg.state.nj.us/bills/bills0001.asp (follow "Prior Sessions" tab under
bills; select "Bills 1998-1999"; follow "Bill Number" hyperlink; then search
S1349; and then follow "S1349" hyperlink).
                                                                         A-1965-18
                                      15
second version and an identical sponsor's statement. Introduction of S. 968

(Feb. 10, 2000). On June 22, 2000, in the first reprint of S. 968, the Senate

Judiciary Committee added two provisions, each concerning whether the actor

whose conduct was at issue was a "participant." First Reprint of S. 968 (June

22, 2000). The first amendment added to subsection (a) of the present version

of the statute the following language, underlined here for ease of reference:

"[a] person is guilty of endangering an injured victim if he causes bodily injury

to any person or solicits, aids, encourages, or attempts or agrees to aid another,

who causes bodily injury to any person, or is a participant and leaves the scene

. . . ." Ibid. (emphasis added). The second amendment defined "participant" in

the following manner:      "'[p]articipant' shall include an individual who is

present at the location of the crime, aware of the criminal activity, and has a

nexus to any of the criminal actors." Ibid.

      On September 21, 2000, that version of the bill was again amended on

the floor of the Senate, with the "participant" references deleted entirely,

restoring the text of the bill to the version of S. 968 originally introduced in

February of 2000.     Compare Introduction of S. 968 (Feb. 10, 2000) with

Second Reprint of S. 968 (Feb. 10, 2000). The Sponsor's Statement to the final

version of the bill explained:

            [b]y committee amendment, the word "participant"
            was added to the bill. The committee amendments
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                                   16
            also added a definition of "participant." These floor
            amendments would delete that definition and the
            reference to "participant." The sponsor feels that
            these additions were unnecessary and could cause
            confusion for law enforcement agencies seeking to
            enforce the bill's provisions.

            [Sponsor's Statement to First Reprint of S. 968 (Sept.
            21, 2000).]

      Considering this legislative record, courts have recognized that certain

aspects of the statute's legislative history remain opaque. See State v. Moon,

396 N.J. Super. 109, 117 n.2 (App. Div. 2007) ("The legislative history [of

N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2] is not informative."); see also Munafo, 222 N.J. at 491-92.

Although the original version of the bill bears strong similarities to statutes in

other states, including Minnesota and Rhode Island, the version of the bill that

emerged from the Senate Judiciary Committee and became law differs

significantly from those state statutes and appears to be unique.

      Indeed, "[e]ndangering an injured victim" has no analog in the American

Law Institute's Model Penal Code. See generally Model Penal Code (Am. Law

Inst. 1962). The commentary in New Jersey Criminal Code Annotated on

N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2 infers that the statute "seems to have been suggested by

2C:12-1.1," the statute criminalizing knowingly leaving the scene of a motor

vehicle accident, though the commentary acknowledges that the two statutes,

enacted three years apart, contain significantly different elements. Cannel,

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New Jersey Criminal Code Annotated, cmt. 1 on N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2 (2020).

Among other things, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.1 does not require that the victim be

physically helpless, that the actor have knowledge of the victim's condition,

nor that the actor knowingly cause the injury. Compare N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.1

with N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2.

      Given the lack of clarity regarding the origin of the language in the final

version of the endangering statute, we may consider newspaper articles as

relevant in ascertaining legislative intent where the materials "provide a

contemporaneous commentary on the origins of the act and its passage through

the Legislature." Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc. v. Glaser, 144 N.J. Super. 152,

168 (Ch. Div. 1976), aff'd, 156 N.J. Super. 513 (App. Div. 1978); see also

BASF Corp. Coating & Ink Div. v. Town of Belvidere, 22 N.J. Tax 550, 563

(2005), aff'd, 24 N.J. Tax 416 (App. Div. 2009) (finding that consideration of a

newspaper article is appropriate where "more traditional legislative history,

such as committee statements, is not helpful in interpreting a statute").

      Here, contemporaneous newspaper articles provide some insight into the

Legislature's intent in crafting this statute. An article published in the Star-

Ledger, about one month after the original version of S. 1349 was introduced,

reported that the sponsors' purpose in introducing the bill was "to target what

[the sponsors] describe[d] as 'passive participants,' those who do nothing as

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                                       18
companions commit assault, robbery or other offenses." Tom Haydon, Victim

Seeks a Law on 'Passive' Crooks, The Star Ledger, Oct. 27, 1998, at 19. As

reported in the article, this legislative action was in response to a campaign by

the victim of a carjacking and assault, "pleading" to elected officials "for a law

to punish spectators to violent crime who fail to intervene." Ibid. In the

assault that spurred the crime victim's letter writing campaign, three of the five

suspects had waited passively in the car while two other suspects violently

assaulted her.    Ibid.   In another article, one of the sponsors reportedly

explained that the senators' intention was not to target "innocent bystanders"

but people in the position of the "passive participants" who, "[b]y their mere

presence . . . gave approval to what was going on" and "could have done

something to prevent this, like getting out of the car and saying, 'Stop hitting

her with a bat!'" Rudy Larini, Jersey Looking to Prosecute Passivity, The Star-

Ledger, Oct. 19, 1998, at 13.

      From this legislative history, supplemented by contemporaneous

newspaper articles, it is clear the Legislature began with a bill that was similar

to the Samaritan statutes in Minnesota and Rhode Island, which had

specifically exempted from liability a person who could not safely assist an

injured victim "without danger to himself or another person." S. 1349 (1998).

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                                       19
However, that provision was deleted in the final version of the bill as was any

reference to the commission of a "crime." S. 968 (2000).

      Thus, an interpretation of the endangering statute that allows self-

protection as a defense to liability is not supported by the legislative history.

Instead, liability under the statute appears to encompass a participant in the

events causing the victim's injury, irrespective of whether the participant

reasonably believes the injury-causing force was necessary for self-protection

or the protection of others. In that vein, leaving the scene without summoning

medical assistance for a subdued and injured attacker does not appear to

extend beyond the reach of the endangering statute.

      Whether or not self-defense applies to the endangering statute under any

circumstances, we are satisfied that its omission in the unique facts presented

in this case does not rise to the level of plain error. Here, when defendant

walked away, it was clear that his conduct had rendered Anthony physically

helpless such that he no longer posed a threat to defendant or anyone else.

Indeed, the jury's determination that Anthony was "physically helpless" as

evidenced by the verdict obviates a finding that defendant could have had a

reasonable belief in the need to use force or no ability to safely retreat to

justify self-defense. See State v. O'Neil, 219 N.J. 598, 613 (2014) ("[T]he use

of deadly force is justifiable provided that . . . the defendant 'reasonabl y

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                                       20
believe[d] that such force is necessary to protect himself against death or

serious bodily harm,' . . . and . . . he does not have the ability to safely retreat."

(quoting Rodriguez, 195 N.J. at 171)).

      Arguably, other circumstances not present here, such as Anthony

continuing to pose a threat after he had been stabbed by defendant , are

addressed by other defenses, like the defense of necessity. Similar to "use of

force," necessity, also referred to as the "choice of evils" defense, State v.

Tate, 102 N.J. 64, 73 (1986), is a justification included in the third chapter of

the Code, and provides:

             [c]onduct which would otherwise be an offense is
             justifiable by reason of necessity to the extent
             permitted by law and as to which neither the code nor
             other statutory law defining the offense provides
             exceptions or defenses dealing with the specific
             situation involved and a legislative purpose to exclude
             the justification claimed does not otherwise plainly
             appear.

             [N.J.S.A. 2C:3-2(a).]

There is no plain legislative purpose to exclude the necessity defense as a

defense to endangering.

      Similarly, had Anthony continued to pose a threat after the stabbing,

defendant's conduct in "leav[ing] the scene" without summoning medical

assistance could have arguably been consonant with his legal duty to retreat in

lieu of continuing to use deadly force. See N.J.S.A. 2C:3-4(b)(2)(b) (requiring
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"avoid[ing] the necessity of using force . . . by retreating"); see also

Rodriguez, 195 N.J. at 174-75 (noting that the question of whether a defendant

"knew that he could have avoided the use of deadly force by safely retreating"

was a jury question). In that sense, retreating by leaving would not only have

been "permitted," but required by law.

      Defendant argues anecdotally that "[i]t would be absurd for a person,

after acting justifiably in self-defense, to have to stay and check if his attacker

was 'physically helpless.'" While the argument is appealing, it presumes facts

not in evidence. Here, after defendant stabbed Anthony in the chest, both

parties immediately stopped fighting as Anthony, realizing that he had been

stabbed, stumbled around before collapsing to the ground.           As defendant

watched Anthony bleed profusely from the stab wound, stumble, and collapse

to the ground, he backed away, eventually walking home without any attempt

to summon medical assistance.         Rather than imposing an obligation on

defendant to secure the safety of his attacker while endangering himself, the

application of the endangering statute in this case sought to preserve a life

after the threat or need for force had been neutralized. Thus, self-defense does

not apply to these circumstances.       Because of our decision, we need not

address defendant's remaining arguments.

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Affirmed.

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____________________________

SABATINO, P.J.A.D., concurring.

      I join in Judge Gooden Brown's scholarly opinion and its application of

N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2(a) (third-degree endangering an injured victim) to the

specific facts of this case. I write to punctuate some concerns about that

statute's imposition of a duty to render aid, when applied in certain domestic

violence or sexual assault scenarios, or other situations where well-established

countervailing legal concepts may rightly come into play.

      More specifically, I wish to underscore our unanimous recognition that

concepts of self-defense, necessity, or other principles of legal justification

may appropriately pertain in some factual settings to relieve a crime victim,

who has repelled and injured an attacker, of criminal liability under N.J.S.A.

2C:12-1.2(a) for failing to render aid to that wounded attacker.

      A few illustrations might be instructive.      Consider, for instance, a

situation in which A and B are together on the first floor of A's home. Without

provocation, A begins to punch B repeatedly.        B tries to resist A, but A

continues to pummel B. B manages to pull away momentarily and shoves A.

A falls backwards down a flight of stairs, with A's head striking the basement

floor below. Dazed and bleeding, A appears to B from the top of the stairs to

be at least temporarily subdued. Worried that A might recover and resume the

attack, B does not run down to the basement to check on A's vitals and instead
flees immediately from the premises.        Fearful that A might recover and

retaliate against B for calling the police, B does not call for emergency aid.

      Under a literal reading of N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2(a), B could be charged

with the crime of third-degree endangering if B reasonably believed, after

pushing A down the stairs, that A was "physically helpless, mentally

incapacitated or otherwise unable to care for himself [or herself]." Such a

prosecution would run counter to principles of self-defense and a would-be

victim's associated obligation to engage in a "safe retreat" instead of using or

resuming the use of lethal force to repel an attacker.       See N.J.S.A. 2C:3-

4(b)(2)(b); Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 65 (1965).          In addition, B's

decision to not call 9-1-1 and thereby risk being harmed by A at a later time in

retaliation might arguably be consistent with the public policies underlying the

protection and safety of victims of domestic violence. See generally N.J.S.A.

2C:25-18 (expressing legislative findings to protect the safety and welfare of

domestic violence victims); State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 191-200 (1984)

(discussing the application of self-defense principles to battered victims of

domestic violence).

      As a second illustration, imagine that C, a stranger, suddenly accosts D

on a sidewalk at night, brandishes a knife and pulls D into a dark alleyway,

and begins to sexually assault D. D grabs the knife away from C and plunges

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it into C's neck. C staggers to the pavement and utters, "I'm gonna get you for

this!" Traumatized, D runs away for safety. Assume that D reasonably does

not report the episode to the police, in order to maintain anonymity.       D's

conduct is arguably a logical follow-through of the reasonable use of force to

repel an attacker in self-defense.   Even if C may appear to be mortally

wounded, D may be justified in not remaining at the scene or summoning

medical treatment under a reasonable belief that such a call somehow might be

traced to D's cell phone and deprive D of anonymity.

      Neither of these hypothetical situations are comparable to the facts of

this case that are detailed in the majority opinion and soundly analyzed. Nor,

apart from the literal wording of N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2, does it appear that the

Legislature would want persons such as B and D punished as criminals for not

calling 9-1-1.

      These scenarios illustrate that we should be cautious in adopting an

over-expansive reading of N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1.2. Although the statute is aimed

at laudable humanitarian objectives, it must be construed and applied sensibly

within the broad context of general principles of legal responsibility and

criminal justice.

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