Court Opinion

ID: 9961797
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-19 19:08:31.590775+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:56.406554
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       GALLIA COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                                    :

        Plaintiff-Appellee,                       : CASE NO. 22CA14

        v.                                        :

DEMITRI DUNBAR,                                   : DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY

        Defendant-Appellant.                      :

_________________________________________________________________

                                             APPEARANCES:

Rhys B. Cartwright-Jones, Youngstown, Ohio, for appellant1.

William L. Archer, Jr., Special Gallia County Prosecuting Attorney,
Circleville, Ohio, for appellee.
___________________________________________________________________
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
DATE JOURNALIZED:4-10-24
ABELE, J.

        {¶1}    This is an appeal from a Gallia County Common Pleas Court

judgment of conviction and sentence.                   Demitri Dunbar, defendant

below and appellant herein, entered a no contest plea to

trafficking in cocaine.

        {¶2}    Appellant assigns two errors for review:

        1
        Different counsel represented appellant during the trial
court proceedings.
                                                                       2
GALLIA, 22CA14

           FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

           “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT-
           DUNBAR’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS.”

           SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

           “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT-
           DUNBAR’S DAUBERT MOTION UNDER EVID.R. 702.”

    {¶3}   During a June 2020 traffic stop, Ohio State Highway

Patrol Troopers Anthony Day and Drew Kuehne discovered cocaine

concealed in the trunk of appellant’s rental vehicle.     A Gallia

County Grand Jury later returned an indictment that charged

appellant with (1) one count of possession of cocaine in violation

of R.C. 2925.11(A), a first-degree felony, (2) one count of

trafficking in cocaine in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2), a first-

degree felony, (3) one count of possession of heroin in violation

of R.C. 2925.11(A), a second-degree felony, and (4) one count of

trafficking in heroin in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2), a second-

degree felony.    Appellant entered not guilty pleas.

    {¶4}   Subsequently, appellant filed a motion to suppress the

evidence discovered during the traffic stop and a separate motion

to suppress evidence of the controlled substance testing pursuant

to Evid.R. 702.    At the suppression hearing, Trooper Day testified
                                                                        3
GALLIA, 22CA14

that around 9:30 p.m. on June 25, 2020 he noticed a vehicle with no

headlights, taillights, or license plate light traveling on U.S.

35.   Day stopped the vehicle, checked the license plate, then spoke

with the occupants in the car, including appellant (driver), Stevon

Houston (front seat passenger) and Robbie McKisaack (backseat

passenger).     When appellant produced a rental car agreement and a

driver’s license, Day noticed the occupants “overly nervous where

you’re shaking and you’re stuttering.”

      {¶5}   After Trooper Day explained the reason for the stop,

appellant turned on his headlights.     Appellant told Day he intended

to go to “Beckley [West Virginia] and * * * was going to stay three

or four days.”     Day returned to his cruiser to review the rental

agreement and license.     The license or ID had “no issue,” but the

rental agreement showed that the car had been rented that day at

Chicago O’Hare Airport with a return to the same airport the next

day, “so that was just a red flag for me.”

      {¶6}   After Trooper Day returned to the vehicle, he approached

the driver’s side and requested appellant exit the vehicle.     Day

asked appellant about his plan to stay three or four days in

Beckley, but pointed out “the car has to be returned back in

Chicago in a day at the same airport.”     Appellant “kind of stumbled

up on that.     I think he had forgotten that he had told me that he
                                                                      4
GALLIA, 22CA14

was going to spend three or four days there.”    In addition,

appellant did not know the front seat passenger’s name other than

“Mookie.”    “Um, that’s when I made the decision that I was going to

go ahead and run my drug sniffing dog on the vehicle.”    Day further

testified that several other facts led to his decision to utilize

his canine: (1) appellant drove a rental car, (2) appellant

traveled between Chicago, Illinois and Beckley, West Virginia, (3)

Chicago is a “huge hub” for drugs ($1,000 worth of cocaine in

Chicago is worth $3,000 in Huntington), (4) appellant did not know

the front seat passenger and only knew him as “his cousin’s

friend,” and (5) appellant’s cousin sat in the rear seat.

     {¶7}   After a pat-down search for weapons, Trooper Day placed

appellant in the backseat of Day’s cruiser.     Day stated that,

although appellant had not been placed under arrest, he could not

leave.   When Trooper Kuehne arrived on the scene for back-up,

approximately nine and a half minutes into the stop, Day “told him

that I was going to go run my dog, but first I was going to run

their criminal history.    While I was waiting for their criminal

history to return I’d walk the dog.    So what we normally do is my

backup unit will stand up by the car and just watch the passengers

and also watch traffic for me * * * so as soon as I got my dog out

I started walking up uh, Trooper Kuehne got my attention and held
                                                                        5
GALLIA, 22CA14

up a baggie um, which I believed was contraband.     So then it was

just futile at that point to run my dog, so I put my dog back up,

approached and uh, he had handed me a baggie that um, the front

seat passenger, I believe it was Mr. Houston had on his lap.”

     {¶8}   Trooper Day stated that this event occurred in less than

half a minute - “just enough time for me to walk back, put my dog

on a leash and start toward there.”   Trooper Kuehne found the

suspicious bag about eleven and a half minutes into the stop, and

the substance field tested for heroin.

     {¶9}   Trooper Day testified that at that point, he believed the

officers had probable cause to search the vehicle.     The officers

asked the other passengers to step out of the car, patted them down

for weapons, and placed them in Trooper Kuehne’s cruiser.        When

officers searched the trunk, Kuehne pulled back the carpet and

found a package that contained a white powdery substance.        The

officers’ mobile scale recorded a weight of 377 grams.     Day

testified that typically it takes more than 13 minutes to issue a

citation or warning and the video shows that Kuehne found the

heroin on Houston’s lap approximately 11 and one half minutes into

the stop.

     {¶10} Trooper Kuehne works in the criminal patrol unit for drug

interdiction, typically along U.S. 35 in Gallia County, a “major
                                                                        6
GALLIA, 22CA14

drug trafficking route from Columbus, Dayton, Detroit, Chicago, all

of those cities to southern Ohio, West Virginia and sometimes

states further south.”     Kuehne testified that he arrived at the

scene probably a few minutes after Trooper Day began the traffic

stop.     When Kuehne also inquired about appellant’s travel plans,

appellant said, “[w]e’re going to my cousin’s house and then he

said my cousin’s brother’s house.”     Kuehne asked, “well, wouldn’t

your cousin’s brother probably also be your cousin?”     Appellant

replied, “yes.”     When Kuehne asked where the cousins lived,

appellant said, “Beckley.”     Kuehne explained, “[i]t seemed like he

was stumbling trying to come up with an actual purpose for why they

were going to Beckley.     I would say it was slightly suspicious.”

Day told Kuehne to approach the vehicle and tell the remaining

occupants that Day planned to run his dog around the car.        When

Kuehne asked the two men a couple of questions, including their

destination, they told Kuehne they intended to go “to Beckley, West

Virginia to see some girls at a hotel.”     In the middle of the

conversation, Kuehne also noticed “a little baggie on * * * Mr.

Houston’s pants, so I grabbed it, pulled it off of his pants,

showed it to him um, it looks like you have a bag of drugs on your

pants.”     Houston, who “looked kind of dazed at the time,” told

Kuehne he had never seen that before and did not know where it came
                                                                           7
GALLIA, 22CA14

from.     Kuehne immediately “believed [the bag] was contraband,”

showed the bag to Day and advised the passengers of their Miranda

rights.

       {¶11} Trooper Kuehne removed Houston and McKissack, searched

them, then placed them in his cruiser.     Audio and video recordings

of the suspects inside the cruiser revealed that Houston said,

“close that trunk, close that trunk” while watching Kuehne and

Trooper Day search the trunk.     McKissack responded, “they popped

it.”     “They found it, mmm, mmm, mmm, that ain’t our sh*t.”

Appellant denied knowledge of the drugs in the vehicle, although he

also had acknowledged that he was responsible for the vehicle’s

contents.    When asked if he thought appellant might have been

unaware of drugs in the vehicle, Kuehne stated that he did not

believe it possible because “[t]hat just to me is not realistic for

three men to travel from a source city to a destination city.        Uh,

they gave differing stories, which means one party is lying.        Uh,

there’s a large amount of drugs in the car.    The driver of the car

rented the car, which tells me that he knew the purpose of the

trip.”

       {¶12} The state played the trooper’s dash camera video at the

suppression hearing and, at around minute 1:50, appellant’s vehicle
                                                                           8
GALLIA, 22CA14

stops.   At 2:41, Trooper Day speaks with the occupants on the

vehicle’s passenger side.     At 3:46, appellant hands to Day his

license and rental agreement.     Day then returns to his cruiser, and

between 4:02 and 6:24, three chimes are heard on the recording.        At

6:35, Day returns to appellant’s vehicle and when asked how long he

plans to stay in West Virginia, appellant says three or four days.

Once again, however, the vehicle rental agreement signed that day

required appellant to return the vehicle to Chicago O’Hare airport

in two days.

     {¶13} At minute 6:52 of the video, Trooper Day asks appellant

to exit the vehicle to discuss the matter further.     Day requests

backup at 8:33, and, at 8:35, inquires if appellant has “ever been

in any kind of trouble.”    At 8:44 Day asked appellant what might

appear on his criminal history.    At 9:09, Day informed appellant

that he planned to deploy his canine to sniff the vehicle.     At

9:20, Day sought permission to pat down appellant and Day performs

the pat down at 9:26.

     {¶14} The video further reveals that Trooper Kuehne arrived at

minute 10:29 and, at 12:05, Trooper Day told Kuehne to inform the

other two occupants that Day would run his dog around the car.        At

13:02, Kuehne removes an object through the front passenger seat

window and shows it to Day.    At 14:37, officers advised the front-
                                                                      9
GALLIA, 22CA14

seat passenger of his Miranda rights.    At 20:58, officers advised

appellant of his Miranda rights.    At 35:41, Day advised appellant

of his arrest.   Officers then weighed the drugs found in the trunk

and conversation is heard about appellant possessing four phones (a

Galaxy, an Iphone, and 2 flip phones).

     {¶15} At the April 11, 2022 Evid.R. 702 suppression hearing,

Ohio State Highway Patrol Criminal Lab Supervisor Kara Klontz

testified that her lab tests revealed that the more significant

substance contained cocaine, that the weight of item 1-1 or 001-01

(cocaine) is 365.9 grams, plus or minus 2.8 grams, and the weight

of item 1-2 (heroin) is 47.5 grams, plus or minus 2.8 grams.

Klontz testified she used two methods to identify the substance, a

color test and a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

test, and that the chain of custody is intact.   Counsel asked why

Klontz’s substance weight differed from the measurement of the

criminalist initially assigned to this case, Alena Boyko, who

measured 85.5 grams more than Klontz’s weight.    Klontz said she

could not answer that question because she had not been present

when Boyko weighed the substance.

     {¶16} Supervisor Klontz’s report further specified that Item

#001-01 is a “sealed plastic bag enclosing a tied plastic bag
                                                                      10
GALLIA, 22CA14

enclosing a blue zip lock bag. Heat sealed plastic bag containing a

heat sealed plastic bag with white powder.”     The evidence, cocaine,

weighed 365.9 grams, plus or minus 2.8 grams.     Item #001-02 is a

“sealed plastic bag enclosing a heat sealed plastic bag with two

layers of tied plastic bagging.    Heat sealed plastic bag holding a

gray solid fragment.”   The evidence, heroin, weighed 47.5 grams,

plus or minus 2.8 grams.     The report findings included:

     The evidence in this case was retested by Klontz because
     the original reporting analyst was involved in a
     missampling event related to a separate case. Retesting
     was performed on all items; the results are indicated on
     this report.   All identified compounds, as indicated in
     the ‘findings’ section of this report, were consistent with
     the original reported results. A difference in weight was
     observed for item #0011-01. The original report indicated
     item #0001-01 weight as 457.4g.        The retest results
     indicate a weight for the same item (noted as 001-01) as
     365.9g.

     {¶17} Ohio State Highway Patrol Crime Laboratory Director

Brandon Werry testified that since 2006, he has served as the

director of the drug chemistry section.    Werry explained that the

lab investigated the weight discrepancy in this case and noted that

when Klontz reweighed it, the weight was “fairly close” to the

field weight of 377 grams.

     {¶18} Trooper Kuehne explained that the discrepancy between his

weight measurement and the official lab measurement could be

because “that scale is sitting basically um, off balance on the
                                                                       11
GALLIA, 22CA14

hood of a car.”     “We typically just use our scales to get a rough

estimate of what degree of felony it’s going to be.     It’s not an

official number.”

     {¶19} After a delay caused by the withdrawal of appellant’s

counsel, the trial court held a plea hearing.     The prosecutor

recited the plea agreement and noted that, in exchange for the

dismissal of the remaining charges, appellant would enter a no

contest plea to Count 2, trafficking in cocaine in an amount equal

to or greater than 100 grams, a first-degree felony.     The trial

court then reviewed the plea agreement, item by item, explained the

consequences of a no contest plea, the maximum sentence, post-

release control consequences, financial sanctions, and all rights

appellant would waive.     The court then sentenced appellant to serve

the agreed recommended 11 mandatory years in prison and classified

appellant a Major Drug Offender.     The state dismissed the remaining

counts, and appellant agreed to pay costs.     This appeal followed.

                                   I.

     {¶20} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts the

trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress evidence.

In particular, appellant contends that officers violated his Fourth

and Fourteenth Amendment rights when they (1) conducted an inquiry

unrelated to the traffic stop aimed at investigating other crimes,
                                                                       12
GALLIA, 22CA14

and (2) prolonged the traffic stop without additional reasonable

suspicion.

     {¶21} In general, appellate review of a trial court's ruling on

a motion to suppress evidence involves a mixed question of law and

fact.   State v. Gurley, 2015-Ohio-5361, 54 N.E.3d 768, ¶ 16 (4th

Dist.), citing State v. Roberts, 110 Ohio St.3d 71, 2006-Ohio-3665,

850 N.E.2d 1168, ¶ 100; State v. Jones, 2022-Ohio-561, 185 N.E.3d

131 (4th Dist.), ¶ 15.     At a suppression hearing, a trial court

acts as the trier of fact and is best positioned to resolve factual

questions and evaluate witness credibility.     Gurley; State v.

Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8.

Therefore, appellate courts “‘must accept the trial court's

findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible

evidence.’”   State v. Leak, 145 Ohio St.3d 165, 2016-Ohio-154, 47

N.E.3d 821, ¶ 12, quoting Burnside at ¶ 8.     Accepting those facts

as true, reviewing courts “‘independently determine as a matter of

law, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court,

whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard.’”     Id.,

quoting Burnside at ¶ 8.

     {¶22} The Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution and Section 14, Article I of the Ohio Constitution

protect individuals against unreasonable governmental searches and
                                                                      13
GALLIA, 22CA14

seizures.   State v. Shrewsbury, 4th Dist. Ross No. 13CA3402, 2014-

Ohio-716, ¶ 14, citing State v. Emerson, 134 Ohio St.3d 191, 2012-

Ohio-5047, 981 N.E.2d 787, ¶ 15; Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648,

99 S.Ct. 1391, 59 L.Ed.2d 660 (1979).     “This constitutional

guarantee is protected by the exclusionary rule, which mandates the

exclusion of the evidence obtained from the unreasonable search and

seizure at trial.”   Shrewsbury, citing Emerson at ¶ 15; State v.

Harper, 2022-Ohio-4357, 202 N.E.3d 126, ¶ 23 (4th Dist.).

     {¶23} A traffic stop initiated by a law enforcement officer

constitutes a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.

Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 809–810, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135

L.Ed.2d 89 (1996).   Thus, a traffic stop must comply with the

Fourth Amendment's general reasonableness requirement.     Id.   An

officer's decision to stop a vehicle is reasonable when the officer

has probable cause or reasonable suspicion to believe that a

traffic violation has occurred.   Id. at 810, 116 S.Ct. 1769

(citations omitted); accord State v. Mays, 119 Ohio St.3d 406,

2008-Ohio-4539, 894 N.E.2d 1204, ¶ 23; Dayton v. Erickson, 76 Ohio

St.3d 3, 11–12, 665 N.E.2d 1091 (1996).    Law enforcement officers

also may stop a vehicle if they have reasonable suspicion “that

criminal activity “‘may be afoot.’””    United States v. Arvizu, 534
                                                                    14
GALLIA, 22CA14

U.S. 266, 273, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002), quoting

United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7, 109 S.Ct. 1581, 104

L.Ed.2d 1 (1989), quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30, 88 S.Ct.

1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); accord State v. Tidwell, 165 Ohio

St.3d 57, 2021-Ohio-2072, 175 N.E.3d 527, ¶ 19 (officer may “make

an investigatory stop, including a traffic stop, of a person if the

officer has reasonable suspicion to believe that the person is or

is about to be engaged in criminal activity”).

     {¶24} Relevant to the case at bar, a police officer who

observes a de minimis violation of traffic laws may stop a driver.

State v. Debrossard, 4th Dist. Ross No. 13CA3395, 2015-Ohio-1054, ¶

13, citing State v. Guseman, 4th Dist. Athens No. 08CA15, 2009-

Ohio-952, ¶ 20, citing State v. Bowie, 4th Dist. Washington No.

01CA34, 2002-Ohio-3553, ¶ 8, 12, and 16, citing Whren; see also

Harper at ¶ 24.   Moreover, the Supreme Court of Ohio has held,

“Where a police officer stops a vehicle based on probable cause

that a traffic violation has occurred or was occurring, the stop is

not unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment to the United States

Constitution even if the officer had some ulterior motive for

making the stop[.]” Dayton at paragraph one of the syllabus.

     {¶25} In the case sub judice, Trooper Day articulated

sufficient facts that gave him reasonable suspicion or probable
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

cause to stop appellant’s vehicle.                  As evidenced by Day’s testimony

and the video, appellant did not illuminate his headlights (or

taillights and license plate light) in violation of R.C.

4513.03(A)(1) (“Every vehicle * * * operated upon a street or

highway within this state shall display lighted lights and

illuminating devices * * * during all of the following times: * * *

The time from sunset to sunrise.”)                  Thus, Day possessed a

sufficient basis for the traffic stop.

        {¶26} Appellant next asserts that, even if the initial stop

complied with the Fourth Amendment, Trooper Day improperly expanded

the scope of the stop.                  Appellant argues that Day had no reason to

remove appellant from the vehicle, conduct a pat down search for

weapons, place appellant in the cruiser, and search appellant’s

vehicle.

        {¶27} In general, “[w]hen a law enforcement officer stops a

vehicle for a traffic violation, the officer may detain the

motorist for a period of time sufficient to issue the motorist a

citation and to perform routine procedures such as a computer check

on the motorist’s driver’s license, registration and vehicle

plates.”        State v. Aguirre, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 03CA5, 2003-Ohio-

4909, ¶ 36, citing State v. Carlson, 102 Ohio App.3d 585, 598, 657

N.E.2d 591 (9th Dist.1995).                  Pursuant to Rodriguez v. United
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

States, 575 U.S. 348, 135 S.Ct. 1609, 191 L.Ed.2d 492 (2015),

ordinary inquiries incident to a traffic stop include “checking the

driver’s license, determining whether there are outstanding

warrants against the driver, and inspecting the automobile’s

registration and proof of insurance.”             Rodriguez at 349.   “‘In

determining if an officer completed these tasks within a reasonable

length of time, the court must evaluate the duration of the stop in

light of the totality of the circumstances and consider whether the

officer diligently conducted the investigation.’”             Aguirre at ¶ 36,

quoting Carlson at 598, 657 N.E.2d 591, citing State v. Cook, 65

Ohio St.3d 516, 521-522, 605 N.E.2d 70 (1992)(15-minute detention

reasonable).           See also United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 105

S.Ct. 1568, 84 L.Ed.2d 605 (1985)(20-minute detention reasonable);

Harper (14-minute detention did not impermissibly extend traffic

stop).

        {¶28} In addition, once an officer lawfully stops a driver, the

officer may order the driver to exit the vehicle without additional

justification.             State v. Kilbarger, 4th Dist. Hocking No. 11CA23,

2012-Ohio-1521, ¶ 16, citing State v. Huffman, 2d Dist. Clark No.

2010-CA-104, 2011-Ohio-4668, ¶ 8; see also Pennsylvania v. Mimms,

434 U.S. 106, 111, 98 S.Ct. 330, 54 L.Ed.2d 331 (1977), fn. 6,

State v. Alexander-Lindsey, 2016-Ohio-3033, 65 N.E.3d 129, ¶ 14

(4th Dist.)(“officers can order a driver and a passenger to exit
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

the vehicle, even absent any additional suspicion of a criminal

violation”).           However, “the officer must ‘carefully tailor’ the

scope of the stop ‘to its underlying justification,’ and the stop

must ‘last no longer than is necessary to effectuate the purpose of

the stop.’”           State v. Marcinko, 4th Dist. Washington No. 06CA51,

2007-Ohio-1166, ¶ 26, quoting Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500,

103 S.Ct. 1319, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983).

        {¶29} A traffic stop becomes “‘unlawful if it is prolonged

beyond the time reasonably required to complete th[e] mission’ of

issuing a ticket for the violation.”             Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 350,

135 S.Ct. 1609, quoting Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407,

125 S.Ct. 834, 160 L.Ed.2d 842 (2005).            After “the reasonable * * *

time for issuing [a] citation has [elapsed], an officer must have a

reasonable articulable suspicion of illegal activity to continue

the detention.”             State v. Ramos, 155 Ohio App.3d 396, 2003-Ohio-

6535, 801 N.E.2d 523, ¶ 13 (2d Dist.).            Thus, “[a]n officer may

expand the scope of the stop and may continue to detain the vehicle

without running afoul of the Fourth Amendment if the officer

discovers further facts which give rise to a reasonable suspicion

that additional criminal activity is afoot.” State v. Rose, 4th

Dist. Highland No. 06CA5, 2006-Ohio-5292, ¶ 17, citing State v.

Robinette, 80 Ohio St.3d 234, 240, 685 N.E.2d 762 (1997).
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

        {¶30} As the Robinette court explained, when a police officer's

objective justification to continue the detention of a person is

not related to the purpose of the original stop, and when that

continued detention is not based on any articulable facts that give

rise to a suspicion of some illegal activity to justify an

extension of the detention, the continued detention to conduct a

search constitutes an illegal seizure.                 Id. at paragraph one of the

syllabus.         Conversely, “if a law enforcement officer, during a

valid investigative stop, ascertains ‘reasonably articulable facts

giving rise to a suspicion of criminal activity, the officer may

then further detain and implement a more in-depth investigation of

the individual.’”               Rose at ¶ 17, quoting Robinette at 241, 685

N.E.2d 762; State v. Jones, 4th Dist. Washington No. 03CA61, 2004-

Ohio-7280, ¶ 24.

        {¶31} Additionally, a lawfully detained vehicle may be

subjected to a canine check of the vehicle’s exterior even without

the presence of a reasonable suspicion of drug-related activity.

See State v. Dukes, 4th Dist. Scioto Nos. 16CA3745, 2017-Ohio-7204,

¶ 23, citing State v. Rusnak, 120 Ohio App.3d 24, 28, 696 N.E.2d

633 (6th Dist.1997).                 “Both Ohio courts and the United States

Supreme Court have determined that ‘the exterior sniff by a trained

narcotics dog to detect the odor of drugs is not a search within
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

the meaning of the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution.’”                  Dukes

at ¶ 23, quoting Jones at ¶ 24.                 Thus, a canine check of a vehicle

may be conducted during the time period necessary to effectuate the

original purpose of the stop.                 Jones at ¶ 24; Harper at ¶ 29.

However, “so long as it is conducted during the time period

necessary to effectuate the original purpose of the stop.”                  Dukes

at ¶ 24.

        {¶32} “An officer's inquiries into matters unrelated to the

justification for the traffic stop, this Court has made plain, do

not convert the encounter into something other than a lawful

seizure, so long as those inquiries do not measurably extend the

duration of the stop.”                  Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323, 129 S.Ct.

781, 788, 172 L. Ed. 2d 694 (2009).                 Generally, questions about

travel plans are ordinary inquiries incident to a traffic stop.

See United States v. Dion, 859 F.3d 114, 125 (1st Cir.2017)(“[O]ur

case law allows an officer carrying out a routine traffic stop * *

* to inquire into the driver’s itinerary.”); United States v.

Bowman, 660 F.3d 338, 343 (8th Cir.2011)(tasks related to a traffic

violation include “inquiring about the occupants’ destination,

route, and purpose”); United States v. Brigham, 382 F.3d 500 (5th

Cir.2004)(absence of authorized driving, inconsistent explanation

regarding reason for trip and passenger’s fake ID justified

continued detention); United States v. Williams, 271 F.3d 1262,
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

1267 (10t Cir.2001)(“[W]e have repeatedly held (as have other

circuits) that questions relating to a driver’s travel plans

ordinarily fall within the scope of a traffic stop.”)

        {¶33} In United States v. Villavicencio, 825 Fed.Appx. 88

(2020), during a traffic stop for speeding the officer asked

travel-related questions not pertinent to the traffic violation,

issued the driver a warning ticket, and then asked a passenger for

consent to search the vehicle that contained evidence of

trafficking in counterfeit access devices.                  Id. at 89.   The Fourth

Circuit Court of Appeals held that the officer’s testimony that the

vehicle traveled on a known drug corridor and the front seat

passenger rented the vehicle in a source state for narcotics

entered the reasonable suspicion calculus.                  Id. at 98, citing

United States v. Brugal, 209 F.3d 353, 358 (4th Cir.2000)(en

banc)(travel along I-95 and departure from a source city factors

contributing to reasonable suspicion); United States v. Foreman,

369 F.3d 776, 785 (4th Cir.2004)(characteristics of location where

officer encounters vehicle is significant factor in formulating

reasonable suspicion).                  The Villavicencio court also noted that the

defendant’s itinerary did not suggest “innocent travel,” as the

officer reasonably concluded that “common sense suffices to justify

this inference” that most innocent travelers would not spend $630

to rent a vehicle in Orlando, Florida, proceed to drive most of the
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

night and into the next morning to a sparsely populated area in

North Carolina, which they had no familiarity with, to visit girls

for approximately 24 hours before driving back to Florida.                         Id. at

101, citing Kansas v. Glover, 589 U.S. __, 140 S.Ct. 1183, 1188,

206 L.Ed.2d 412 (2020).                      The court noted that the reasonable

suspicion standard does not ask what is plausible, Navarette v.

California, 572 U.S. 393, 403, 134 S.Ct. 1683, 188 L.Ed.2d 680

(2014), but instead is based on “commonsense judgments and

inferences about human behavior.”                      Glover, 140 S.Ct. at 1188,

quoting Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 120 S.Ct. 673, 145

L.Ed.2d 570 (2000).

        {¶34} The Villavicencio court also pointed to United States v.

Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. 1581, 104 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989) where the

Supreme Court found “probative significance” in the fact that

Sokolow traveled from Honolulu, Hawaii “for 20 hours to spend 48

hours in Miami during the month of July.”                      Sokolow at 9, 109 S.Ct.

1581.      The court noted that the “out of the ordinary travel helped

establish the reasonable suspicion that Sokolow was transporting

illegal drugs,” and the Villavicencio court, concluded, “[l]ikewise

here.”       Id. at 101.           Moreover, the court found ample evidence of

reasonable suspicion of criminal activity independent of the

initial traffic violation.                      “More importantly, [the officer]’s

reasonable suspicion developed while she was completing the traffic
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

stop mission related activities and before issuing the warning

ticket to [the defendant].”                  Id.   Thus, because the officer

possessed reasonable suspicion that criminal activity could be

afoot, she could constitutionally direct the defendant to remain in

her cruiser and question the passenger.                   Id. at 102.

        {¶35} Other courts have encountered facts that involve dubious

travel plans, rental vehicles, and travel to and from source cities

to support a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.                   See, e.g.,

State v. Waldroup, 100 Ohio App.3d 508, 654 N.E.2d 390 (12th

Dist.1995)(officer’s observation of defendant’s unusual demeanor,

short-term car rental for a cross-country round, and defendant

traveled from area of New Mexico known for drug trafficking gave

rise to reasonable suspicion); State v. Perry, 12th Dist. Preble

No. CA2004–11–016 2005-Ohio-6041, ¶ 13 (defendant and passenger

remained nervous throughout stop, details of rental agreement,

appellant's dubious answers regarding travel plans, abrupt exit

from interstate, and defendant and passenger’s various inconsistent

explanations provided reasonable and articulable facts giving rise

to reasonable suspicion.); State v. Carey, 4th Dist. Ross No.

11CA3286, 2013-Ohio-1855, ¶ 24 (rental car is typically a modus

operandi for transportation of drugs); State v. Whitehead, 4th

Dist. Scioto No. 20CA3931, 2022-Ohio-479, ¶ 47 (officer testified
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

individuals who transport drugs commonly use rental cars to avoid

detection).

        {¶36} Turning to the case sub judice, several oddities and

inconsistencies arose during the traffic stop regarding appellant’s

travel.        Trooper Day reviewed the rental agreement and learned that

appellant rented the vehicle in Chicago, Illinois that morning.

Appellant told Day that he planned to stay in Beckley, West

Virginia three or four days, but Day knew that in view of the

distances involved, returning the vehicle to Chicago within a day

added up to “dubious travel plans”, a “weighty factor” in

establishing reasonable suspicion to extend the stop.        See United

States v. Williams, 68 F.4th 304, 208 (2023), citing United States

v. Calvetti, 836 F.3d 654, 667 (6th Cir.2016)(quoting United States

v. Stepp, 680 F.3d 651, 666 (6th Cir.2012)).       Day also observed

that appellant and his fellow passengers traveled between a source

city (Chicago) and a destination city (Beckley), that appellant

acted “overly nervous,” “shaking and stuttering,” and did not know

the name of his front seat passenger (his cousin’s friend).        See

also United States v. Ledbetter, 929 F.3d 338, 347 (6th Cir.2019)

(overly nervous behavior * * * may contribute to reasonable

suspicion).

        {¶37} The trial court noted that Trooper Day called in the
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

license plate at about 20 seconds into the stop, then at about one

minute approached the vehicle on the passenger side.                Day spoke

with appellant and noticed that he acted “overly nervous,” more

nervous than a person would normally be on a traffic stop.                Day

explained how to turn on the headlights, and appellant told Day

they came from Chicago headed to Beckley, and planned to stay

“three or four days.”                 The court also pointed out that you could

hear Day note that the vehicle was a rental.                Day testified that he

was not sure at that point what action he would take, but due to

his training, experience and drug interdiction work since 2014, he

knew drug traffickers commonly use rental cars and that Route 35 is

a “common drug trafficking route from ‘source’ cities, such as

Chicago to ‘user’ cities in West Virginia.”

        {¶38} The trial court further observed that at about two and

one-half minutes into the stop, Trooper Day returned to his cruiser

to check appellant’s information.                Day testified that during this

time, he reviewed the rental agreement and the information from a

computer search and noticed that the agreement required appellant

to return the rental car to Chicago before the end of appellant’s

stated visit to West Virginia.                The trial court noted that at this

juncture Day testified he “might issue a warning to the Defendant

but was concerned that the Defendant’s story did not match the

return date on the rental agreement.”
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

        {¶39} The trial court also pointed out that Trooper Day

returned to appellant’s vehicle at about five minutes into the

stop, and, after five and one-half minutes, Day asked appellant to

exit the vehicle.               Around the six-minute mark, appellant told Day

he did not know the front seat passenger’s name.               At six and one-

half minutes Day told appellant he intended to review appellant’s

criminal history and the court explained that Day testified that he

wanted to obtain appellant’s criminal history to help decide

whether to issue a citation or a warning.               When Day told appellant

that the rental agreement appeared to require him to return the car

to Chicago before appellant could complete his trip, appellant

could not explain the discrepancy.

        {¶40} After seven minutes into the stop, Trooper Day decided to

walk his canine around appellant’s car while he waited for the

criminal history.               Day conceded, however, that at this point he

suspected criminal activity may be afoot in addition to the traffic

violation.          At eight minutes into the stop, Day asked appellant

what would appear on his criminal record and appellant replied only

traffic violations.                Appellant also consented to a pat down search

for weapons.

        {¶41} Trooper Kuehne, who arrived at the scene nine and a half

minutes into the stop, testified that he heard the travel plan
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

discussion and heard appellant “stumble” to explain the discrepancy

with the Beckley trip.                  At ten and one-half minutes into the stop,

Kuehne approached the vehicle to inform the passengers about the

canine walk-around.                Kuehne testified that the passengers told him

they intended to go to Beckley “to see some girls at a hotel,” but

Kuehne knew this statement to be inconsistent with the information

appellant told Day.                After Day requested appellant’s criminal

history from dispatch, Day retrieved his canine at about 11

minutes.        At 11½ minutes, Kuehne reached into the vehicle and

seized an object that he immediately recognized as contraband.

After Kuehne showed the bag to Day, Day returned the dog to his

cruiser because the officers now had probable cause to search the

vehicle.        The trial court also observed that the inconsistencies in

travel plans and inconsistencies in a passenger’s identification

constituted pertinent factors in the reasonable suspicion analysis.

        {¶42} At the trial court level, appellant relied on United

States v. Chivers, S.D. Ohio No. 1:19-cr-119, 2020 WL 5757135

(Sept. 28, 2020).               In Chivers, two troopers (one in training)

stopped a vehicle for speeding.                 In addition to the defendant, two

other passengers occupied the vehicle.                 The men told officers they

came from Richmond, Indiana and intended to go to Cincinnati, Ohio

(a 67-mile trip) and drove a rental car.                 After they obtained
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

identification, the troopers returned to their vehicle, ran the

identifications, and discussed the stop.                   One trooper remarked that

the front-seat passenger was “frozen like a mannequin,” “rigid,

locked-on appearance,” and had a “heightened sense of nervousness.”

The other trooper testified that he only remembered that the front

seat passenger appeared nervous.                   The report showed that Chivers

possessed a valid driver’s license and no open warrants existed for

anyone in the vehicle.                  Id. * 2.

        {¶43} While one trooper entered the occupant’s information, the

other removed Chivers from the vehicle, then frisked and questioned

him with questions unrelated to the speeding violation.                   After the

other trooper obtained the men’s information, instead of writing a

citation he returned to the vehicle to engage in non-related

conversation.            When the passengers provided conflicting information

regarding their destination, the troopers requested a canine.

        {¶44} At about 11 minutes into the stop, one trooper began to

write a citation.               Thirty seconds later, the troopers took their

first detailed look at the rental agreement and, after another 30

seconds, noted that the person who rented the car was not present.

Almost 14 minutes into the stop, dispatch reported locating a drug

dog and the troopers waited for eight minutes in their cruiser.                     At

that point, troopers removed Chivers from his car, frisked him
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

again and questioned him about the rental agreement.                  About 27

minutes into the stop, troopers informed Chivers that the canine

had arrived.           After the dog alerted, officers searched the car and

found a gun.

        {¶45} The federal district court concluded that approximately

eight minutes into the stop, troopers ceased to pursue the traffic

violation and, instead, launched an unrelated criminal

investigation that prolonged the stop.                  Id. at *9.   Further, the

court held the officers had no reasonable suspicion to justify the

prolonged stop to investigate unrelated potential criminal

activity.         The court discounted the facts that the occupants

traveled at 1:30 a.m. down a “common drug corridor,” as well as the

men’s nervousness, noting that nervousness can be unreliable,

citing United States v. Stepp, 680 F.3d 651, 665 (6th Cir.2012).

        {¶46} In the case sub judice, the trial court distinguished the

Chivers 27-minute stop and concluded that the time expended in this

stop took 11 ½ minutes, that during the interaction the officers

“diligently pursued the objectives of a traffic stop,” “did nothing

outside of normal, acceptable duties and that those duties did not

prolong this traffic stop.”                  The court emphasized that at 11 ½

minutes, Trooper Day “still had not received information about

Defendant’s criminal history.”                  Thus, the court found that the
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

officers did not impermissibly extend the stop and Day subsequently

possessed a reasonable articulable suspicion to believe criminal

activity could be afoot.

        {¶47} Appellant also cites State v. Lawler, 2020-Ohio-849, 152

N.E.3d 962 (3d Dist.).                  After an officer stopped a vehicle for

failure to signal and discovered that neither the driver nor the

defendant owned the vehicle, the officers requested a canine

because of the driver’s nervous behavior.                 About 15 minutes after

the stop, the officer learned that, although the driver and

passenger had permission to “use” the car, the driver had a

suspended driver’s license and should not have been driving.

Rather than re-approach the vehicle, the trooper waited for 25

minutes until the canine unit arrived.                 About 36 minutes after the

initial stop, the canine alerted to drugs.                  Id. at ¶ 2-4.

        {¶48} The Third District held that, although the officer may

have had reason to extend a traffic stop for “some period of time”

beyond that necessary to investigate the driver’s failure to signal

a lane change and issue a warning or citation, it did not justify

the full length of the detention.                  Id. at ¶ 30.   The court held,

“we cannot conclude that Trooper Prather diligently pursued a means

of investigation likely to confirm or dispel his suspicions that
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

[the driver] had violated R.C. 2913.03 or that he was driving under

suspension.”           Id. at ¶ 43.          Further, the court could not conclude

that the canine sniff occurred within the period of time reasonably

required for the officer to complete the tasks associated with the

initial traffic stop or with the driver’s possible driving under

suspension offense.                Id. at ¶ 33.

        {¶49} We, however, believe the Lawler facts are distinguishable

from the facts in the case at bar.                   The main distinguishable factor

is that Trooper Day testified that it normally takes more than 13

minutes to issue a traffic citation or a warning, and here he

discovered the drugs in less time (11 ½ minutes into the stop).                      In

addition, the rental car, dubious travel plans, travel along a

known drug corridor, and the appellant not knowing the front seat

passenger’s name also distinguish this case from Lawler and

contribute to reasonable suspicion.                   Finally, we agree with the

trial court’s assessment that the officers diligently pursued the

objectives of the stop and did nothing outside of normal,

acceptable duties that did not unnecessarily prolong the stop.

        {¶50} Therefore, we agree with the trial court’s conclusion

that the initial traffic stop, the investigatory detention, and the

search of appellant’s vehicle did not violate the Fourth Amendment.

Thus, we conclude that the trial court properly overruled
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

appellant’s motion to suppress evidence.

        {¶51} Accordingly, based on the foregoing reasons, we overrule

appellant’s first assignment of error.

                                               II.

        {¶52} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts that

the trial court erred when it denied his Daubert motion.

Specifically, appellant argues that under Evid.R. 702, the Daubert

decision, and the Sixth Amendment notice and confrontation clauses,

a trial court must only admit scientifically reliable evidence.

Here, appellant claims, “the massive unexplained discrepancy in the

tested weights of the contraband at bar indicates scientific

unreliability.”

        {¶53} In general, a trial court’s decision regarding the

admissibility of expert testimony will not be disturbed absent an

abuse of discretion.                 See Miller v. Bike Athletic Co., 80 Ohio

St.3d 607, 687 N.E.2d 735 (1998), citing Calderon v. Sharkey, 70

Ohio St.2d 218, 436 N.E.2d 1008 (1982); State v. Williams, 4th

Dist. Ross No. 03CA2736, 2004-Ohio-1130, ¶ 9.                The term “abuse of

discretion” implies that a court’s attitude is unreasonable,

arbitrary, or unconscionable.                 State v. Kirkland, 140 Ohio St.3d

73, 2014-Ohio-1966, 15 N.E.3d 818, ¶ 67, quoting State v. Brady,
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

119 Ohio St.3d 375, 2008-Ohio-4493, 894 N.E.2d 671, ¶ 23.           When an

appellate court applies the abuse of discretion standard of review,

it is not free to merely substitute its judgment for that of the

trial court.           State v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966,

986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34; State ex rel. Duncan v. Chippewa Twp.

Trustees, 73 Ohio St.3d 728, 732, 654 N.E.2d 1254 (1995).

        Evid.R. 702 speaks to the admissibility of expert testimony:

        A witness may testify as an expert if all of the following
        apply:

        (A) The witness’ testimony either relates to matters beyond
        the knowledge or experience possessed by lay persons or
        dispels a misconception among lay persons;

        (B) The witness is qualified as an expert by specialized
        knowledge, skill, experience, training or education
        regarding the subject matter of the testimony;

        (C) The witness’ testimony is based on reliable scientific,
        technical, or other specialized information. To the extent
        that the testimony reports the result of a procedure, test,
        or experiment, the testimony is reliable only if all of
        the following apply:

                (1) The theory upon which the procedure, test,
                or experiment is based is objectively verifiable
                or is validly derived from widely accepted
                knowledge, facts, or principles;
                (2) The design of the procedure, test, or
                experiment reliably implements the theory;

                (3)   The   particular   procedure,    test,   or
                experiment was conducted in a way that will yield
                an accurate result. Evid.R. 702.

        {¶54} Evid.R. 702(C) establishes a threshold standard of
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

reliability that a proponent must meet before an expert’s opinion

is admissible in evidence.                   State v. Nemeth, 82 Ohio St.3d 202,

212, 694 N.E.2d 1332 (1998); Williams, supra, at ¶ 18.                   When

determining whether an expert’s opinion is reliable under Evid.R.

702(C), the inquiry “focuses on whether the opinion is based upon

scientifically valid principles, not whether the expert’s

conclusions are correct * * *.”                  Miller, supra, paragraph one of

the syllabus.            “To determine reliability, * * * a court must assess

whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is

scientifically valid.”                  Id. at 611, 687 N.E.2d 735, citing Daubert

v. Merell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 592, 113 S.Ct.

2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469.

        {¶55} Additionally, “[t]he Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation

Clause provides, ‘In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall

enjoy the right * * * t be confronted with the witnesses against

him * * *.’”           State v. Maxwell, 139 Ohio St.3d 12, 2014-Ohio-1019,

9 N.E.3d 930, ¶ 34.                The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth

Amendment is made applicable to the states by the Fourteenth

Amendment.          State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 752 N.E.2d 904, fn. 4

(2001).        Thus, the constitutional right applies to both federal and

state prosecutions, but the right of confrontation in Article I,

Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution provides no greater right of
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

confrontation than the Sixth Amendment.           State v. Arnold, 126 Ohio

St.3d 290, 2010-Ohio-2742, 933 N.E.2d 775, ¶ 12.           The United States

Supreme Court has interpreted the Sixth Amendment to mean that

admission of an out-of-court statement of a witness who does not

appear at trial is prohibited by the Confrontation Clause if the

statement is testimonial unless the witness is unavailable and the

defendant has had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the witness.

Maxwell at ¶ 34, citing Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53-54,

124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004).

        {¶56} In the case sub judice, appellant contends that, although

the trial court relied on Ohio State Highway Patrol Crime Lab

Director Brandon Werry’s testimony, his testimony concerning the

consistency between the trooper’s field weight and Klontz’s weight

determination did not address the discrepancy with Boyko’s initial

lab weight.           Furthermore, the assertion that no other issues arose

in the handling or testing did not provide a comprehensive account

of the methods employed, their accuracy, or their reliability.

Finally, the belief that the item Klontz tested is the same item

the troopers submitted insufficiently addresses the issues in the

handling, chain of custody, and testing.

        {¶57} Although the state recognized that the trooper’s cocaine

field test weight result (377 grams) differed from Klontz’s lab
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

weight test result (365.9 grams), Klontz described the methods used

to test the content and weight of the substance, and explained the

equipment and lab procedures.                 Moreover, as the state highlights,

even though the initial lab test weight exceeded the field weight

and the second lab weight, the disputed weight measurement would

not change the level of offense to appellant’s detriment.                  The

state thus argues that the trial court properly denied appellant’s

motion because the field weight and second lab test results are

similar, the testing methods are accepted in the field and approved

in the lab manual, and that no tampering occurred with the sealed

container, the factors identified in Daubert have been satisfied.

Thus, appellee reasons, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion when it admitted the expert testimony on the

identification and weight of the cocaine.

        {¶58} On March 10, 2021, the trial court held a hearing to

consider appellant’s motion.                 Ohio State Highway Patrol Crime

Laboratory Criminalist Alena Boyko testified that she identifies

controlled substances and testifies in court.                 However, before

Boyko testified in the case at bar, defense counsel moved to

continue the hearing because the state did not provide counsel with

the instrument’s calibration records or the lab operator’s manual.

        {¶59} After several continuances, on April 11, 2022 the trial
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

court held the suppression hearing.           Ohio State Highway Patrol

Criminal Lab Supervisor Kara Klontz testified for the state, and

Director Brandon Werry for the defense.           Klontz tested the

substances on April 6 and 7, 2021 and analyzed two separate items,

001-01, a package of white powder, and 001-02, a gray solid

fragment.         Klontz performed two tests to identify the first

substance, 365.9 grams of cocaine, plus or minus 2.8 grams.             Klontz

stated that the retest occurred as part of a “quality assurance

audit,” and that, although the test revealed the same findings

regarding the content of the substances, her weight measurement

differed from the first criminalist’s weight measurement.             The

second substance, identified as heroin, weighed 47.5 grams, plus or

minus 2.8 grams.

        {¶60} Klontz testified that in a previous case the prior

criminalist (Boyko) had misidentified a substance.           Klontz

acknowledged that her weight measurement and Boyko’s prior weight

measurement differed by 85 and one-half grams, but she could not

explain the reason for the discrepancy.           Klontz stated that “[t]he

chain of custody and the markings on the evidence were consistent,”

but she could not “know 100% that we weighed and tested the same

substance.”           Klontz indicated that vendor annually calibrated the

Mettler Toledo machine, but “we check our balance daily prior to
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

use.”

        {¶61} Director Brandon Werry testified that when Boyko’s

misidentification of a substance in another case came to the lab’s

attention, the lab audited all her work, including work in the case

at bar and 155 other cases.                  Werry testified that they ruled out

anything that might have affected the scale itself and determined

that no sample was missing.                  Werry also stated that typically in an

investigation of this nature, he would interview the first

criminalist, but Boyko resigned during her administrative

investigation and before her interview.                 Therefore, Werry could not

explain the weight discrepancy.

        {¶62} The trial court denied the appellant’s motion to suppress

and summarized:

        Ms. Klontz testified that she used testing methods that
        are acceptable in the field - FTIR and GCMS- to test the
        substance and that these methods are approved methods from
        in the lab’s manual. (1)(4). She also confirmed that the
        methods used have documented sensitivity, specificity,
        accuracy, precision, and linearity. (2). Ms. Klontz
        testified that the methods used have been peer reviewed
        and documented. (3).

        Ms. Klontz testified that there were no inconsistencies in
        the processing of the sample tested and that no tampering
        with the sealed sample container was detected. (5)(6).
        Further, Ms. Klontz testified that the sample container
        was   properly  labeled,   there   were  not   temperature
        requirements for the sample and the sample was retained in
        accordance with the laboratory’s written procedure manual.
        (13).
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

        Ms. Klontz testified that her work is audited every year
        and that she must complete proficiency examinations every
        year. (31).

        As to the discrepancy in the weight of the substance,
        Brandon Werry, Crime Lab Director for the Drug Chemistry
        Section for OSP, testified that the field weight of the
        substance and the weight of the substance as determined by
        Ms. Klontz were consistent.        The first lab weight
        determined by a prior analyst, Boyko, was in excess of both
        the field weight and the weight determined by Ms. Klontz.
        Director Werry testified that he has not been able to
        determine the cause for the discrepancy in the weight
        measurements. However, he also testified that there were
        no other issues or problems in how the substance was
        handled and tested.     Director Werry testified that he
        believes the item tested by Ms. Klontz is the item
        submitted by the Troopers in this case.

        {¶63} After our review of this issue, we agree with the trial

court’s conclusion.                We first observe that a witness need not make

a talismanic incantation concerning scientific certainly when their

testimony has otherwise established that they are speaking pursuant

to their “specialized knowledge, skill, experience, training, or

education.”           Evid.R. 702(B); State v. Hooks, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2021-12-148, 2022-Ohio-4132, ¶ 36.                  Regarding the failure to

explain the weight discrepancy, the state did prove the chain of

custody for the substances and need not negate all possibilities of

substitution or tampering.                   See State v. Parsley, 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 09AP–612, 2010-Ohio-1689, ¶ 30.                  Moreover, as the

state points out, Criminalist Boyko’s previous cocaine weight
[Cite as State v. Dunbar, 2024-Ohio-1460.]

measurement does not change the level of offense or the outcome of

this proceeding.              As the state also points out, Klontz’s weight

measurement (365.9 grams) is close to the field measurement (377

grams).        Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion concerning the admissibility of the evidence in

question.

        {¶64} Accordingly, for all of the foregoing reasons, we

overrule appellant’s second assignment of error and affirm the

trial court’s judgment.

                                                    JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
GALLIA, 22CA14

                                                                     40
                          JUDGMENT ENTRY

     It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed.   Appellee shall
recover from appellant the costs herein taxed.

    The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

     It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court
directing the Gallia County Common Pleas Court to carry this
judgment into execution.

     If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has
been previously granted by the trial court or this court, it is
temporarily continued for a period not to exceed 60 days upon the
bail previously posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to
allow appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio an
application for a stay during the pendency of the proceedings in
that court. If a stay is continued by this entry, it will
terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the 60-day period, or
the failure of the appellant to file a notice of appeal with the
Supreme Court of Ohio in the 45-day appeal period pursuant to Rule
II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio.
Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the appeal
prior to expiration of 60 days, the stay will terminate as of the
date of such dismissal.

     A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate
pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

    Smith, P.J. & Hess, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion

                                   For the Court

    BY:_____________________________
                                       Peter B. Abele, Judge

                         NOTICE TO COUNSEL

     Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a
final judgment entry and the time period for further appeal
GALLIA, 22CA14

                                                    41
commences from the date of filing with the clerk.