Court Opinion

ID: 9393079
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-09 14:00:30.230339+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:50.794566
License: Public Domain

21-1516
     Amerisure Ins. Co. et al. v. Selective Ins. Grp. et al.

                                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                              FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                                               SUMMARY ORDER

     RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
     SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
     BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
     WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
     MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
     NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A
     COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

 1         At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
 2   held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
 3   City of New York, on the 9th day of May, two thousand twenty-three.
 4
 5   PRESENT: JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,
 6                    REENA RAGGI,
 7                    MICHAEL H. PARK,
 8                                    Circuit Judges.
 9   -----------------------------------------------------------------------
10   AMERISURE                  INSURANCE                  COMPANY,
11   AMERISURE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,

12              Defendants-Third-Party-Plaintiffs-Appellants,

13                                                   v.                                  No. 21-1516

14   SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC., DBA
15   SELECTIVE   INSURANCE COMPANY     OF
16   AMERICA,

17           Third-Party-Defendant-Appellee. 1
18   -----------------------------------------------------------------------

     1   The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption accordingly.

                                                                     1
 1   APPEARING FOR APPELLANTS:             BRENDAN T. FITZPATRICK (Daniel W. Gerber,
 2                                         Cara M. Nelson, on the brief), Gerber Ciano
 3                                         Kelly Brady LLP, Buffalo, NY.
 4
 5   APPEARING FOR APPELLEE:               STEVEN E. PEIPER, Hurwitz & Fine, P.C.,
 6                                         Buffalo, NY.

 7         Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern

 8   District of New York (Lawrence E. Kahn, J.).

 9         UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

10   AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

11         In this appeal, Amerisure Insurance Company and Amerisure Mutual

12   Insurance Company (collectively, “Amerisure”) challenge the district court’s

13   rulings regarding an insurance coverage dispute between Amerisure and Selective

14   Insurance Group, Inc. (“Selective”). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the

15   underlying facts, procedural history, and arguments on appeal, to which we refer

16   only as necessary to explain our decision.

17                                   BACKGROUND

18   I.    Relevant Contracts and Insurance Policies

19         This insurance dispute arises out of an accident that occurred during the

20   construction of a theater for Movie Tavern Theaters, LLC (“MTT”) and Southern

21   Theatres, LLC (“Southern”) on land owned by the Hinsdale Road Group, LLC

                                             2
 1   (“Hinsdale”) and Cameron Group, LLC (“Cameron”).             MTT, Hinsdale, and

 2   Cameron are collectively referred to as the “Owners.” Pursuant to an August 7,

 3   2015 contract (the “General Contract”), MTT and Hinsdale retained Eilerson

 4   Development Corporation (“EDC”) to serve as the general contractor of the

 5   project.   By way of a September 9, 2015 contract (the “Subcontract”), EDC

 6   subcontracted certain masonry work to C&D Laface Construction, Inc. (“C&D”).

 7         The General Contract and Subcontract each required EDC and C&D to

 8   obtain insurance policies. Section 11.1 of the General Contract required EDC to

 9   procure, inter alia, commercial liability insurance, with the Owners to be included

10   as additional insureds for claims caused by EDC’s negligent acts or omissions. See

11   J. App’x 1505–06. Section 4.1(c) of the Subcontract required C&D to procure

12   commercial general liability (“CGL”) insurance, which would name EDC as an

13   additional insured and which would be “primary and non-contributing so that

14   [EDC’s] policy will not respond until the limits under [C&D’s] policy are

15   exhausted.” Id. at 1793. Finally, Section 4.1(d) of the Subcontract required C&D

16   to procure commercial umbrella liability insurance “for at least $1,000,000 [that]

17   shall be as broad as the primary General Liability . . . .” Id. Pursuant to these

18   provisions in the General Contract and the Subcontract, EDC procured a CGL

                                             3
 1   policy and an umbrella policy from Amerisure, and C&D procured a CGL policy

 2   and an umbrella policy from Selective.

 3   II.   Procedural History

 4         A.    The Accident and Underlying Action

 5         On November 5, 2015, a forklift operated by a C&D foreperson at the

 6   construction site seriously injured Shaun Atkinson, a C&D employee. On May 14,

 7   2018, Atkinson and his wife sued EDC, Cameron, MTT, and Southern in New York

 8   Supreme Court. Selective defended EDC as an additional insured under the

 9   Selective CGL policy in that action (the “Atkinson Action”). Selective took the

10   position, however, that: (1) the Owners were not additional insureds under the

11   Selective policies; and (2) the Selective umbrella policy was excess over all other

12   coverage available to EDC, including the Amerisure CGL policy.

13         In August 2022, the parties in the underlying action executed a settlement

14   and funding agreement in which Amerisure and Selective each reserved their

15   rights against and between each other.

16         B.    The Insurance Action
17
18         In December 2018, Cameron and Hinsdale brought a separate action in New

19   York Supreme Court seeking a defense and indemnity from EDC and Amerisure.

                                              4
 1   The case was removed on diversity grounds and was transferred to the Northern

 2   District of New York, after which EDC and Amerisure added C&D and Selective

 3   as third-party defendants. As relevant to this appeal, Amerisure and Selective

 4   each moved for summary judgment as to the additional insured status of the

 5   Owners and the priority of coverage between the Amerisure CGL and Selective

 6   umbrella policies. In a June 3, 2021 decision, the district court granted Selective’s

 7   motion as to both issues, finding that (1) the Owners are not additional insureds

 8   under the Selective policies, and (2) the Amerisure CGL policy is primary to the

 9   Selective umbrella policy as to the claims against EDC. This appeal followed.

10                                 STANDARD OF REVIEW

11         This Court reviews de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment.

12   Mount Vernon Fire Ins. Co. v. Belize NY, Inc., 277 F.3d 232, 236 (2d Cir. 2002).

13   Summary judgment is appropriate “when no genuine issue of material fact exists

14   and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Palmieri v.

15   Allstate Ins. Co., 445 F.3d 179, 187 (2d Cir. 2006); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

16                                        DISCUSSION

17         On appeal, Amerisure argues that the district court erred in finding that the

18   Owners are not additional insureds under the Selective policies and in concluding

                                                 5
 1   that the Amerisure CGL policy is primary to the Selective umbrella policy as to

 2   EDC. For the reasons explained below, we reject Amerisure’s arguments and

 3   affirm.

 4   I.      The Owners are not additional insureds under the Selective policies.

 5           In order for the Owners to qualify as additional insureds under the Selective

 6   policies, C&D must have agreed in writing — in the Subcontract or otherwise —

 7   to name the Owners as additional insureds. See J. App’x 778 (including as an

 8   additional insured under the Selective CGL policy “any person or organization

 9   whom [C&D] agreed in a written contract, written agreement or written permit

10   that such person or organization be added as an additional insured on [the]

11   policy”); id. at 2205 (stating that “[a]ny additional insured under any policy of

12   ‘underlying insurance’ will automatically be insured under [the Selective umbrella

13   policy]”).

14           The parties do not dispute that the text of the Subcontract does not itself

15   require that C&D name the Owners as additional insureds. 2                               According to

     2The parties also do not dispute that C&D and the Owners do not have to be in privity with each other in
     order for the Owners to qualify as additional insureds. Cf. Gilbane Bldg. Co./TDX Constr. Corp. v. St. Paul
     Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 31 N.Y.3d 131, 135 (2018) (privity required where policy recognized as an additional
     insured any person or entity “with whom” the named insured agreed to add as an additional insured in a
     written contract).

                                                          6
 1   Amerisure, however, the Subcontract incorporated all of EDC’s obligations under

 2   the General Contract — including Section 11.1.4 of the General Contract, the clause

 3   that required EDC to provide additional insured coverage to the Owners. See id.

 4   at 1505 (“The Contractor shall cause the commercial liability coverage required by

 5   the Contract Documents to include . . . the Owner . . . as [an] additional insured[]

 6   for claims caused in whole or in part by the Contractor’s negligent acts or

 7   omissions during the Contractor’s operations . . . .”).        In support of its

 8   incorporation argument, Amerisure notes that, in Section 5.3 of the General

 9   Contract, EDC promised the Owners that it would require subcontractors “to

10   assume toward [EDC] all the obligations and responsibilities . . . which [EDC], by

11   the Documents, assumes toward the Owner[s],” id. at 1495, and that Section 1.9 of

12   the Subcontract states that “[t]he Subcontractor shall be bound by the terms of the

13   Specifications, General Conditions and Supplemental Conditions and Addenda in

14   the Contract between the Contractor and the Owner, shall confirm to and comply

15   with the Drawings and Specifications and Addenda, and shall assume toward the

16   Contractor all the obligations and responsibilities that the Contractor assumes

17   toward the Owner,” id. at 1792. Amerisure also cites a number of New York cases

18   that it claims support its incorporation argument.

                                              7
 1         As an initial matter, we note that, pursuant to Section 7.1 of the Subcontract,

 2   EDC and C&D agreed that Virginia law — not New York law — would govern

 3   the interpretation of the Subcontract. Under New York choice-of-law rules, which

 4   are applicable in diversity cases such as this one that are brought in New York, “a

 5   court is to apply the law selected in the contract as long as the state selected has

 6   sufficient contacts with the transaction.” See Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Orient Overseas

 7   Containers Lines (UK) Ltd., 230 F.3d 549, 556 (2d Cir. 2000). Since EDC has its

 8   principal place of business in Virginia, we conclude that the state selected in the

 9   Subcontract has sufficient contacts with the transaction, and that Virginia law

10   governs the interpretation of the Subcontract. See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, U.S.,

11   L.L.C. v. Nackel, 346 F.3d 360, 366 (2d Cir. 2003) (“sufficient contacts” requirement

12   satisfied where one party to transaction has principal place of business in state

13   selected).

14         Under Virginia law, Amerisure’s incorporation argument is unavailing.

15   The incorporation clause in the Subcontract does not require the subcontractor to

16   assume all obligations of the general contractor, but only those relating to the

17   nature or scope of the work undertaken by the subcontractor. In VNB Mortgage

18   Corporation v. Lone Star Industries, Inc., the incorporation clause, like the clause at

                                                8
 1   issue here, stated that the subcontractor “agree[d] . . . to be bound to the Contractor

 2   by the terms of the [general contract], general conditions, drawings and

 3   specifications, and to assume toward [the] Contractor all the obligations and

 4   responsibilities that the Contractor, by those documents, assume[d] to the Owner.”

 5   215 Va. 366, 369 (1974). The Supreme Court of Virginia held that, notwithstanding

 6   this broadly worded incorporation clause, a subcontractor was not bound by the

 7   general contract’s waiver of liens provision because that provision did not pertain

 8   to the nature of the work to be performed under the subcontract. See id. at 370

 9   (explaining that “the subcontractor was put on notice of the general contract

10   between the [o]wners and [general contractor], and of the plans and specifications

11   for the projects, but he accepted them only as to the nature of the work and

12   materials required of him,” and the incorporation of documents was thus

13   “restricted to that purpose only”). The court also noted that, “[i]n no part of the

14   subcontract . . . is there any express waiver by the subcontractor of his right to file

15   a mechanic’s lien,” and that, to the contrary, “the possibility that lien waivers

16   might . . . be required of subcontractors” was evidenced by the contracts at issue.

17   Id. at 370–71.

                                               9
 1         VNB squarely applies here. As with the waiver of liens provision in VNB,

 2   the insurance clause in the General Contract here does not directly relate to the

 3   nature or scope of the masonry work to be performed by C&D. And, as was true

 4   of the waiver of liens provision in VNB, there is no mention elsewhere in the

 5   Subcontract that C&D is required to name the Owners as additional insureds. In

 6   fact, Section 4 of the Subcontract, which describes C&D’s obligations with respect

 7   to procuring insurance, specifies that EDC must be named as an additional

 8   insured, but omits any reference to adding the Owners as additional insureds. It

 9   is also noteworthy that the General Contract, in a section entitled “Subcontractual

10   Relations,” appears to limit a subcontractor’s assumption of EDC’s obligations to

11   those relevant to the scope of work performed by such subcontractors. See J. App’x

12   1495 (“By appropriate agreement, . . . the Contractor shall require each

13   Subcontractor, to the extent of the Work to be performed by the Subcontractor, to be

14   bound to the Contractor by the terms of the Contract Documents, and to assume

15   toward the Contractor all the obligations and responsibilities, including the

16   responsibility for safety of the Subcontractor’s Work, which the Contractor, by

17   these Documents, assumes toward the Owner . . . .” (emphasis added)). Under

                                             10
 1   these circumstances, we conclude that the Subcontract did not incorporate by

 2   reference EDC’s obligation to name the Owners as additional insureds. 3

 3           We would reach the same result even if we were to apply New York law.

 4   New York law, like Virginia law, narrowly construes incorporation clauses in

 5   subcontracts when they purport to bind a subcontractor to provisions in the

 6   general contract that do not relate to the “scope, quality, character[,] and manner

 7   of the work to be performed by the subcontractor.” See Persaud v. Bovis Lend Lease,

 8   Inc., 93 A.D.3d 831, 833 (2d Dep’t 2012) (holding that an indemnity provision in a

 9   general contract was not incorporated by reference into a subcontract, and

10   explaining that, “under New York law, incorporation clauses in a construction

11   subcontract, incorporating prime contract clauses by reference into a subcontract,

12   bind a subcontractor only as to prime contract provisions relating to the scope,

13   quality, character and manner of the work to be performed by the subcontractor”

14   (internal quotation marks omitted)). 4

     3 Uniwest Construction, Inc. v. Amtech Elevator Services, Inc., 280 Va. 428 (2010), withdrawn in part on reh’g on
     other grounds, 281 Va. 509 (2011), is not to the contrary. In that case, the Supreme Court of Virginia
     concluded that the subcontract’s incorporation clause imposed a duty on the subcontractor to defend and
     indemnify the general contractor, but the court did not address the subcontractor’s duty with respect to the
     owner — which is the issue we address here. The court also noted other facts distinguishable from those
     here, including that the subcontract’s incorporation clause stated that the specifications were incorporated
     “for all intents and purposes.” Id. at 444–45.
     4 The cases cited by Amerisure are largely inapposite, addressing issues such as the assignability of

     contracts, or the principle that parties are bound by the contracts they sign. See, e.g., Travelers Prop. Cas. Co.

                                                            11
 1           In sum, because C&D did not assume EDC’s obligation to name the Owners

 2   as additional insureds, the Owners are not additional insureds under the Selective

 3   policies. We affirm the ruling of the district court as to this issue.

 4   II.     The Amerisure CGL policy is primary to the Selective umbrella policy.

 5           Amerisure also challenges the district court’s determination that the

 6   Amerisure CGL policy provides coverage before the Selective umbrella policy.

 7   Neither party disputes that the Selective CGL policy is primary to the other three

 8   policies. Consistent with this understanding, Selective defended EDC (as an

 9   additional insured) in the underlying Atkinson Action under that policy. The sole

10   question is which policy — the Amerisure CGL policy or the Selective umbrella

11   policy — provides coverage next to EDC.

12           Under New York law, 5 a court “determin[ing] the priority of coverage

13   among different policies . . . must review and consider all of the relevant policies

14   at issue,” including each policy’s so-called “other insurance” or “excess coverage”

15   provisions. See BP Air Conditioning Corp. v. One Beacon Ins. Grp., 8 N.Y.3d 708, 716

16   (2007). “[W]here there are multiple policies covering the same risk, and each

     of Am. v. Burlington Ins. Co., 180 A.D.3d 604 (1st Dep’t 2020); Daniel Gale Assocs., Inc. v. Hillcrest Ests., Ltd.,
     283 A.D.2d 386 (2d Dep’t 2001).
     5 The parties do not dispute that New York law governs the interpretation of the insurance policies at issue.

                                                            12
 1   generally purports to be excess to the other, the excess coverage clauses are held

 2   to cancel out each other and each insurer contributes in proportion to its limit

 3   amount of insurance.” Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 51 N.Y.2d 651,

 4   655 (1980). This rule is inapplicable, however, “when its use would distort the

 5   meaning of the terms of the policies involved,” which meaning “turns on

 6   consideration of the purpose each policy was intended to serve as evidenced by

 7   both its stated coverage and the premium paid for it, as well as upon the wording

 8   of its provision concerning excess insurance.” State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. LiMauro,

 9   65 N.Y.2d 369, 374 (1985). Generally, “[a]n umbrella policy, which covers multiple

10   risks but offers no primary coverage as to any of them and provides that it ‘shall

11   be in excess of, and shall not contribute with’ other collectible insurance covering

12   a loss available to the insured, except such as in excess of the limits of the umbrella

13   policy, is not required to contribute toward a loss until the limits of a[n underlying]

14   liability policy . . . have been exhausted.” Id. at 371.

15         Here, a comparison of the policies’ “other insurance” clauses indicates that

16   the Amerisure CGL policy is primary to the Selective umbrella policy. Indeed,

17   Section IV.4 of the Amerisure CGL policy provides that the policy “is primary,”

18   except if, inter alia, “other primary insurance [is] available to [EDC] . . . for which

                                                13
 1   [EDC has] been added as an additional insured.” J. App’x 1623. The Selective

 2   umbrella policy, by contrast, provides that it “is excess over, and shall not

 3   contribute with any other insurance, whether primary, excess, contingent or on

 4   any other basis,” unless such other insurance is “specifically written as excess over

 5   this Coverage Part.” Id. at 883. Thus, a straightforward comparison of the policies

 6   indicates that the Selective umbrella policy — which is not a “primary insurance”

 7   policy — is excess over the Amerisure CGL policy.

 8         Amerisure makes three principal arguments in urging the Court to reach a

 9   contrary result:     First, Amerisure argues that the aforementioned “other

10   insurance” provision at Section IV.4 of the Amerisure CGL policy was “deleted

11   and replaced” by a provision found in Section 3(f) of the “Contractor’s Blanket

12   Additional Insured Endorsement” (the “Endorsement”) to the Amerisure CGL

13   policy. See id. at 1642–44. Section 3(f) of that Endorsement states:

14         f. SECTION IV — COMMERCIAL GENERAL LIABILITY
15         CONDITIONS, paragraph 4. Other Insurance is deleted and
16         replaced with the following:
17               4. Other Insurance.
18               Any coverage provided in this endorsement is excess over any
19               other valid and collectible insurance available to the additional
20               insured whether primary, excess, contingent, or on any other
21               basis unless the written contract, written agreement, or
22               certificate of insurance requires that this insurance be primary,

                                              14
 1                in which case this insurance will be primary without
 2                contribution from such other insurance available to the
 3                additional insured.

 4   Id. at 1644. At first glance, this provision may appear to “delete” and “replace” the

 5   provision at Section IV.4.     From the context, however, it is clear that this

 6   replacement provision applies only to additional insureds, not to named insureds

 7   under that policy. The Endorsement’s title — “Contractor’s Blanket Additional

 8   Insured Endorsement” — references additional, not named, insureds, and the

 9   replacement language references “other . . . insurance available to the additional

10   insured.” Id. Since EDC is a named insured under the Amerisure CGL policy, not

11   an additional insured, this Endorsement and its “other insurance” provision have

12   no application to the priority of coverage dispute at issue here.

13         Amerisure next turns to the Subcontract’s insurance clause, which required

14   C&D to procure CGL insurance that would be “primary and non-contributing” to

15   any insurance procured by EDC. Id. at 1793. Because that insurance clause also

16   required that C&D procure umbrella insurance “as broad as the primary General

17   Liability” insurance, Amerisure argues that the umbrella policy must also be

18   primary and non-contributing.       This argument is not persuasive, however,

19   because the “as broad” language invoked by Amerisure is more easily understood

                                              15
 1   to qualify only the scope of coverage (e.g., what risks are covered), not the priority

 2   of coverage. In any event, Amerisure does not sufficiently explain why the

 3   language of the Subcontract, in the face of otherwise unambiguous language of the

 4   Selective umbrella policy’s “other insurance” clause, should control here.

 5         Amerisure’s final argument is that C&D’s agreement to indemnify EDC —

 6   found in Section 5.1 of the Subcontract — should be transferred to Selective (as

 7   C&D’s insurer), which would effectively require the Selective umbrella policy to

 8   provide coverage prior to that in the Amerisure CGL policy.               In support,

 9   Amerisure cites Century Surety Company v. Metropolitan Transit Authority, a recent

10   case in which a panel of this Court, applying New York law, concluded that an

11   indemnity agreement in a trade contract between insureds could override the

12   terms of an insurance policy concerning priority of coverage. See No. 20-1474-CV,

13   2021 WL 4538633, at *3 (2d Cir. Oct. 5, 2021) (citing Indem. Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. St.

14   Paul Mercury Ins. Co., 74 A.D.3d 21 (1st Dep’t 2010); Arch Ins. Co. v. Nationwide Prop.

15   & Cas. Ins. Co., 175 A.D.3d 437 (1st Dep’t 2019)). The animating principle in

16   Century Surety, and the cases on which it relied, is judicial economy — that is, that

17   an indemnitee’s insurer should not have to bring a separate suit to enforce an

18   indemnity agreement that would nullify the court’s earlier decision regarding

                                               16
 1   priority of coverage. See id. at *4 (predicting that the New York Court of Appeals

 2   would agree that “the parties’ rights and obligations based upon both the terms of

 3   the [relevant insurance policies] and the underlying indemnity agreement should

 4   be determined in one action”).

 5         While we do not disagree with the reasoning of our colleagues in Century

 6   Surety, we find that case to be distinguishable from this one for two reasons:

 7         First, Amerisure did not raise the indemnity argument before the district

 8   court. While EDC’s third-party complaint against C&D did assert indemnity-

 9   related claims against C&D, see No. 5:19-cv-285-LEK-ML, Dkt. No. 15, at 5, 7

10   (N.D.N.Y. June 28, 2019), EDC, Amerisure, and Selective subsequently entered

11   into a stipulation of discontinuance with respect to all claims against C&D, see No.

12   5:19-cv-285-LEK-ML, Dkt. No. 28 (N.D.N.Y. Dec. 16, 2019).            The fact that

13   Amerisure is attempting to resurrect abandoned indemnity-related claims for the

14   first time on appeal underscores why judicial economy — the principle animating

15   Century Surety — undercuts Amerisure’s position here.

16         Second, and more importantly, the Atkinson court affirmatively held that the

17   indemnity provision is void under Virginia law.           See Atkinson v. Eilerson

18   Development Corp. a/k/a EDC, N.Y. Sup. Ct., Onondaga Cty., Index No. 004808/2018,

                                             17
 1   Docket No. 354, at 4–10, 26–28 (holding that the indemnity provision is void under

 2   § 11-4.1 of the Virginia Code on public policy grounds because the provision does

 3   not contain an exception for EDC’s negligence). EDC initially appealed but

 4   abandoned this appeal after the parties settled in August 2022.        Amerisure

 5   suggests that it is not bound by the Atkinson court’s determination regarding the

 6   validity of the indemnity provision because it was not a party to that litigation.

 7   But Amerisure provides no support for this assertion and, in any case, offers no

 8   credible reason why we would reach a different conclusion than the Atkinson court

 9   if we were to assess the validity of the indemnity provision anew. Amerisure’s

10   sole argument regarding the validity of the indemnity agreement is that New York

11   law, not Virginia law, should apply in construing the Subcontract. But as we

12   earlier explained, Virginia law applies to disputes arising from the terms of the

13   Subcontract.

14         Under these circumstances, we conclude that Century Surety is

15   distinguishable, that Amerisure’s indemnity argument fails, and that a traditional

16   priority of coverage analysis should prevail here. That traditional priority of

17   coverage analysis, for the reasons described above, plainly shows that the

                                            18
1   Amerisure CGL policy is primary to the Selective umbrella policy. Accordingly,

2   we affirm the district court as to this issue.

3                                       *      *     *

4         For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

5                                    FOR THE COURT:
6                                    CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court

                                              19