Court Opinion

ID: 2726624
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:06:49.377716+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:09:58.355427
License: Public Domain

Aug 13 2013, 7:32 am
FOR PUBLICATION

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                        ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

MARK SMALL                                     GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Indianapolis, Indiana                          Attorney General of Indiana

                                               KARL M. SCHARNBERG
                                               Deputy Attorney General
                                               Indianapolis, Indiana

                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

GABRIEL ATKINSON,                              )
                                               )
       Appellant-Defendant,                    )
                                               )
               vs.                             )      No. 12A02-1302-CR-149
                                               )
STATE OF INDIANA,                              )
                                               )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                     )

                     APPEAL FROM THE CLINTON SUPERIOR COURT
                          The Honorable Justin H. Hunter, Judge
                             Cause No. 12D01-1202-FD-117

                                    August 13, 2013

                              OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION

CRONE, Judge
                                          Case Summary

          In February 2012, a sheriff’s deputy observed and followed Gabriel Atkinson as he

drove along a highway in Clinton County. The deputy eventually stopped Atkinson based on

Atkinson’s repeated drifting from the far right side over the fog line and back to the center

line. During the stop, Atkinson told the deputy that he was a habitual traffic violator

(“HTV”). The State charged Atkinson with class D felony operating a vehicle as an HTV.

Atkinson filed a pretrial motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the traffic

stop, which the trial court denied. At the ensuing bench trial, Atkinson renewed his objection

when the evidence was introduced and admitted, and the trial court found him guilty as

charged.

          Atkinson now appeals, claiming that the traffic stop was illegal and that the trial court

erred in denying his motion to suppress the evidence obtained during the stop. Finding that

the totality of the circumstances supports the trial court’s finding of reasonable suspicion for

the investigatory traffic stop, we conclude that the evidence was admissible and therefore

affirm.

                                 Facts and Procedural History

          Around 10:00 p.m. on February 12, 2012, Clinton County Sheriff’s Deputy Dennis

Tillman was traveling northbound on U.S. Highway 421. As he patrolled the highway, he

observed Atkinson approaching from the north. Atkinson was driving with about one quarter

of his vehicle over the fog line on the right side of the roadway. He corrected and drove

toward the centerline. When the deputy passed him, he observed him in the rearview mirror,

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drifting back to the right and over the fog line. Deputy Tillman immediately turned around

and began following Atkinson. During the next three to four minutes, the deputy noticed that

Atkinson rode with his right tires on the fog line for a few prolonged periods. When he got

close enough to read Atkinson’s license plate, he radioed the information to his department.

Meanwhile, he observed Atkinson drift left to the centerline and back to the right and over

the fog line as oncoming traffic approached. When Atkinson went past the fog line a couple

more times, Deputy Tillman conducted a traffic stop.

        Deputy Tillman approached Atkinson’s vehicle and asked to see his license and

registration. Atkinson identified himself and informed the deputy that he was an HTV.

When asked about his drifting over the fog line, Atkinson shook the steering wheel and

claimed that he was having an issue with his vehicle that was causing him to cross the fog

line.

        The State charged Atkinson with class D felony operating a vehicle as an HTV.

Atkinson filed a motion to suppress the evidence concerning his identity and his status as an

HTV, which was obtained during the traffic stop. The trial court conducted a hearing and

subsequently denied Atkinson’s motion. During the ensuing bench trial, Atkinson renewed

his objection to the admission of the evidence, claiming that it had been obtained during an

illegal traffic stop. Deputy Tillman testified extensively regarding his training in traffic

safety and his experience with impaired drivers. He characterized Atkinson’s driving as

“erratic” and testified that he pulled him over because he showed signs of possible

impairment. Tr. at 38. The trial court overruled Atkinson’s continuing objection and found

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him guilty as charged. Atkinson now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as

necessary.

                                   Discussion and Decision

       Atkinson challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress the evidence

concerning his identity and HTV status obtained as a result of the investigatory traffic stop.

Because he is appealing after a completed trial, the issue is “properly framed as whether the

trial court abused its discretion by admitting the challenged evidence at trial.” Lindsey v.

State, 916 N.E.2d 230, 238 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied (2010). When reviewing for

an abuse of discretion, we reverse only if the trial court’s decision is clearly against the logic

and effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Id. We do not reweigh evidence, and we

consider any conflicting evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Id.

We consider any uncontested evidence favorable to the appellant and apply a de novo

standard when reviewing the trial court’s ultimate determination of reasonable suspicion. Id.

       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens against

unreasonable searches and seizures. In order to justify a traffic stop, which is a seizure for

purposes of the Fourth Amendment, a law enforcement officer must have reasonable

suspicion of criminal conduct. Clarke v. State, 868 N.E.2d 1114, 1117 (Ind. 2007) (citing

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)). This means that to justify an intrusion upon a private

citizen’s constitutionally protected interests, the officer “must be able to point to specific and

articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably

warrant that intrusion.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 21. The facts must be judged against an objective

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standard, namely, “would the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or the

search ‘warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief’ that the action taken was

appropriate?” Id. at 21-22 (citation omitted).

       Reasonable suspicion is determined on a case-by-case basis by looking at the
       totality of the circumstances, but is generally satisfied when the facts known to
       the officer at the moment of the stop, along with the reasonable inferences
       arising from such facts, would cause an ordinarily prudent person to believe
       that criminal activity has occurred or is about to occur.

Coleman v. State, 847 N.E.2d 259, 262 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied (2006) (emphasis

added).

       Atkinson asserts that because he did not actually cross over the center line and

because crossing the fog line is not a traffic infraction, Deputy Tillman lacked reasonable

suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop. In Wells v. State, 772 N.E.2d 487 (Ind. Ct. App.

2002), another panel of this Court emphasized the difference between reasonable suspicion

and probable cause for an arrest, noting that the former requires “something more than an

inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or hunch, but considerably something less than proof

of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at 489 (citation omitted). Thus, the

Wells court found the investigatory stop to be valid even though the defendant had not broken

any traffic laws, where he had driven “in a manner consistent with that of intoxicated

drivers,” i.e., swerved within his lane toward the fog line and sidewalk. Id. at 490. Likewise,

in Barrett v. State, 837 N.E.2d 1022 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied (2006), we found the

investigatory stop to be valid under the Fourth Amendment, noting that although the driver

had not broken any traffic laws before being pulled over, the officer observed signs of

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impaired driving, i.e., drifting to the right, traveling on top of the fog line for thirty to fifty

yards, and drifting back into the lane. Id. at 1026-27. Thus, both Barrett and Wells illustrate

that the commission of an actual infraction is not a prerequisite to a determination of

reasonable suspicion to conduct a stop.1 Rather, in each case, the officer’s observation of

erratic driving was considered along with all other circumstances in determining whether the

officer had reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop.

        In arguing that the traffic stop was illegal, Atkinson relies heavily on our recent case

of Robinson v. State, in which we held that “brief contact with the fog line or swerving

within a lane ordinarily is not sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion of impaired

driving.” 985 N.E.2d 1141, 1146 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. granted. Notably, in Robinson,

we refrained from drawing a bright-line rule with respect to whether swerving within a lane

or onto the fog line amounts to reasonable suspicion to conduct a traffic stop. Instead, we

reiterated that “the emphasis must remain on the totality of the circumstances,” and we

outlined factors to consider when assessing whether such driving behavior gives rise to

reasonable suspicion sufficient to support an officer’s decision to conduct an investigatory

stop. Id. at 1147. These include:

        whether there is repeated swerving, whether there is swerving over an
        extended distance or period of time, whether the driver narrowly avoids hitting

        1
           Atkinson correctly points out that in its order denying his motion to suppress, the trial court stated
that he had committed an infraction, which served as a valid basis for the traffic stop. However, the trial court
addressed the issue and corrected its error before pronouncing judgment during the bench trial. The court
stated that, having far more detailed evidence before it at the time of trial, it determined that Deputy Tillman
had an independent reason for conducting a valid stop: that Atkinson twice drove right of the fog line within a
distance of a quarter of a mile, leading the deputy to believe he had encountered an impaired driver who might
have been intoxicated, distracted, or falling asleep. Tr. at 89.

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        an object or causing an accident, whether road or weather conditions might
        explain the driver’s conduct, and whether the driver overcorrects when
        returning to the proper lane of travel.

Id.

        In Robinson, the totality of circumstances showed that while driving late at night on a

curvy road, the defendant twice made brief contact with the fog line. Id. at 1148. Finding

that such conduct was insufficient to establish reasonable suspicion for police to conduct an

investigatory stop, we reversed her convictions for marijuana possession and operating while

intoxicated, both of which were dependent on evidence obtained during the stop. Id.2

        Here, the circumstances prompting Deputy Tillman’s decision to stop Atkinson, while

similarly involving a driver’s contact with a fog line on a dark road, are distinguishable from

those in Robinson in that Deputy Tillman observed more pronounced conduct over a

protracted period of time under different road conditions. The deputy testified that when he

first observed Atkinson approaching from the opposite direction, Atkinson went over the fog

line to the extent that about one quarter of his vehicle was outside the line. Tr. at 16. He

described Atkinson as drifting from one quarter over the fog line all the way to the far left

portion of the lane, nearing the center line. After the deputy passed him, Atkinson drifted

back across the fog line, with one quarter of the vehicle on the berm. Consequently, the

deputy turned around and followed Atkinson for about three to four minutes. During that

time, Atkinson drove for extended periods with his right wheels on the fog line, drifted

        2
           We note that the Indiana Supreme Court recently granted transfer in Robinson, so we anticipate
further clarification of the law in this area in the foreseeable future.

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toward the center line, and then drifted back on top of the fog line when traffic approached.

Deputy Tillman testified that shortly before he pulled Atkinson over, Atkinson crossed “right

of the fog line a couple more times.” Id. at 17. The deputy’s dashboard video footage shows

that, unlike Robinson’s curvy road, Atkinson was traversing a straight stretch of highway.

State’s Ex. 2. Also, here, the berm consisted of about one foot of pavement, with grass and

some ditches past its edges. Although Deputy Tillman never saw Atkinson’s vehicle go past

the paved portion of the berm and into the grass, his National Institute of Traffic Safety

training and past experience with impaired drivers enabled him to evaluate the potential that

Atkinson was impaired and could therefore pose a safety risk. Simply put, the deputy’s

testimony concerning his extended observation of Atkinson’s driving behavior indicates that

he had reasonable suspicion to believe that Atkinson was impaired and not merely

experiencing a “momentary distraction” as Robinson did. Robinson, 985 N.E.2d at 1148.3

        In sum, the State presented articulable facts and observations by Deputy Tillman, the

totality of which are sufficient to support a finding of reasonable suspicion to conduct an

investigatory stop of Atkinson. As such, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s

admission of Atkinson’s identity and statements made during the stop concerning his HTV

status. Accordingly, we affirm.

        3
          We also note that Deputy Tillman was in the process of running a license check on Atkinson’s
vehicle during the four-minute pursuit. When the deputy conducted the traffic stop, Atkinson immediately
volunteered his status as an HTV, an independently discoverable fact. The “fruit of the poisonous tree”
doctrine does not apply when the derivative evidence has an “independent source” or when the challenged
evidence would have inevitably been properly obtained. Hanna v. State, 726 N.E.2d 384, 389 (Ind. Ct. App.
2000).

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      Affirmed.

BARNES, J., and PYLE, J., concur.

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