Court Opinion

ID: 3079475
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 01:43:54.051476+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:42:07.511794
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued April 9, 2015

                                      In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                      For The
                          First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                             NO. 01-14-00312-CV
                            ———————————
                      THERESA G. STOWERS, Appellant
                                         V.
          TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY, Appellee

             On Appeal from County Criminal Court at Law No. 9
                           Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 1941294-Y

                                  OPINION

      Theresa G. Stowers challenges the judgment of the county criminal court at

law, affirming an administrative law judge’s decision to suspend Stowers’s driver’s

license for 90 days. In two issues, Stowers asserts that the county criminal court at
law erred by affirming the administrative law judge’s order suspending Stowers’s

driver’s license.

         We affirm.

                                     Background

         On June 8, 2012, while on patrol, Officer M. Silman of the Houston Police

Department was driving behind a vehicle driven by Stowers. Officer Silman

observed Stowers weaving out of her lane and hitting the curb. He initiated a

traffic stop of Stowers’s vehicle.

         As he approached Stowers’s car, Officer Silman smelled a strong order of

alcohol. He also observed that Stowers’s eyes were glassy. Stowers was very

talkative and laughing. When she got out of her car, she could not stand up and

had to hold onto her car. Officer Silman called the DWI unit to assist.

         Sergeant Casares of the DWI unit arrived at the scene. He attempted to

administer the HGN test to Stowers but could not because she was laughing and

giggling. He also attempted to administer other field sobriety tests. Stowers was

both uncooperative with the testing and, when cooperative, could not perform the

tests.    Sergeant Casares arrested Stowers for the offense of driving while

intoxicated.

         A person arrested for driving while intoxicated in Texas is deemed to have

consented to submit to the taking of a breath or blood specimen to determine its

                                          2
alcohol concentration. 1      Under the state Administrative License Revocation

program, if the person refuses to provide a specimen, or if the specimen provided

has an alcohol concentration in excess of the legal limit, the Texas Department of

Public Safety (“the Department”) will automatically suspend the person’s driver’s

license.2

       Here, Sergeant Casares requested a blood specimen from Stowers and also

read her the statutory warning regarding the possible consequences of providing or

refusing to provide a specimen. 3 Stowers agreed to provide a blood specimen,

which showed a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.162 grams per milliliter, twice

the legal limit.

1
       See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.011(a) (Vernon 2011).
2
        See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.035(a) (Vernon 2011) (“If a person refuses
the request of a peace officer to submit to the taking of a specimen, the department shall:
(1) suspend the person’s license to operate a motor vehicle on a public highway for 180
days . . . .”), § 524.012(b) (“The department shall suspend the person’s driver’s license if
the department determines that: (1) the person had an alcohol concentration of a level
specified by Section 49.01(2)(B), Penal Code, while operating a motor vehicle in a public
place. . . .”); TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.01(1) (Vernon 2011) (“‘Alcohol
concentration’ means the number of grams of alcohol per: (A) 210 liters of breath; (B)
100 milliliters of blood; or (C) 67 milliliters of urine.”); id. § 49.01(2) (“‘Intoxicated’
means: . . . (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more.”).
3
       See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.015 (Vernon Supp. 2014) (providing that,
before requesting that a person submit to the taking of a specimen, an officer shall inform
the person, orally and in writing, that a refusal or overlimit determination will result in a
license suspension).

                                             3
      After the Department suspended her driver’s license, Stowers requested an

administrative hearing to challenge the suspension. The hearing was conducted by

an administrative law judge (“ALJ”).       Stowers and the Department were

represented by counsel.

      At the hearing, the Department presented the testimony of Officer Stilman

and Sergeant Casares. The Department also offered four exhibits into evidence:

the DIC–23 Peace Officer’s Sworn Report, the DIC–24 Statutory Warning, the

DIC–25 Notice of Suspension/Temporary Driving Permit, and the “Forensic

Alcohol Analysis Report.” The Forensic Alcohol Analysis Report indicated that

Stowers’s blood alcohol content was 0.162 grams per milliliter. Stowers’s counsel

stated that he had no objection to the four documents’ admission into evidence as

public records.

      After presenting the testimony of the two officers, the Department rested,

and Stowers stated that she had no evidence to present. The ALJ then asked for

closing argument. The Department asked for an affirmative finding and reserved

time. In her closing argument, Stowers asserted that, pursuant to section 724.017

of the Transportation Code, the Department had the burden to show that the blood

specimen “was taken by . . . somebody that’s qualified to do so.” She pointed out

that the Department had not shown who had taken the blood sample. Stowers

asserted, [W]e cannot make an assumption that it was taken by somebody that’s

                                       4
qualified. . . .” She indicated that the blood-test results should not be given “any

weight” and “without that we think there should be a negative finding.”

      In his written administrative decision, the ALJ made the following findings

of fact and conclusions of law:

                                  FINDINGS OF FACT

      1) On 06/08/2012, reasonable suspicion to stop the Defendant existed,
      in that Officer Silman observed defendant operate a motor vehicle at
      3800 Hidden Pines fail to maintain a single lane.

      2) On the same date, probable cause to arrest the Defendant existed, in
      that probable cause existed to believe that Defendant was operating a
      motor vehicle in a public place while intoxicated, because in addition
      to the facts in No. 1, Officer Casares observed defendant to have an
      odor of alcohol, red eyes, slurred speech, poor balance, swayed, and
      admitted consuming alcohol.

      3) Defendant was placed under arrest and was properly asked to
      submit a specimen of breath or blood.

      4) Defendant was operating a motor vehicle in a public place, Harris
      County, Texas, with an alcohol concentration of 0.08 grams or greater
      of alcohol as determined by Defendant’s submission to a blood test as
      requested.

                            CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

      Based on the foregoing, the Judge concludes the Department proved
      the issues set out in Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 524.035 and that
      Defendant’s license is subject to a suspension/denial for 90 days
      pursuant to Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 524.022.

                                         5
The ALJ’s administrative decision also ordered that “[t]he Department is

authorized to suspend or deny [Stowers’s] driving privileges for the period

indicated above.”

         Stowers appealed the ALJ’s decision to the county criminal court at law.

The court affirmed the ALJ’s administrative ruling. 4 This appeal followed.

         Stowers lists two issues in her brief.   In her first issue, she questions

“[w]hether the Administrative Law Judge’s finding that [Stowers’s] blood

specimen was lawfully taken–without requiring the Department to comply with

§ 724.017 of the Texas Transportation Code and produce information or evidence

as to how or where the specimen was collected–was supported by substantial

evidence.” Stowers’s second issue generally inquires, “Whether the trial judge

erred in affirming the Administrative Law Judge’s decision to authorize the

suspension of Appellant’s driving privileges.”

                                   Review of ALJ’s Decision

A.       Scope and Standard of Review

         An ALJ’s decision to suspend a driver’s license is reviewed under section

2001.174 of the Texas Administrative Procedure Act. See Mireles v. Tex. Dep’t of

Pub. Safety, 9 S.W.3d 128, 131 (Tex. 1999). Section 2001.174 requires that a

reviewing court reverse or remand a case for further proceedings “if substantial

4
    See id. § 524.041 (Vernon 2013).

                                           6
rights of the appellant have been prejudiced because the administrative findings,

inferences, conclusions, or decisions” are

      (A) in violation of a constitutional or statutory provision;

      (B) in excess of the agency’s statutory authority;

      (C) made through unlawful procedure;

      (D) affected by other error of law;

      (E) not reasonably supported by substantial evidence considering the
      reliable and probative evidence in the record as a whole; or

      (F) arbitrary or capricious or characterized by abuse of discretion or
      clearly unwarranted exercise of discretion.

TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 2001.174(2)(A)–(F).

      Stowers bases her challenges to the ALJ’s decision on subparagraphs (A)

and (E). Stowers asserts that the ALJ’s decision violated a statutory provision,

namely Transportation Code section 724.017, and was not supported by substantial

evidence.

      The grounds for reversal stated in subparagraphs (A) and (E) present a

question of law, which we review de novo. See Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v.

Stanley, 982 S.W.2d 36, 37 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.). In

                                            7
other words, we afford no deference to the county criminal court’s review of the

administrative decision.

B.    Analysis

      The Transportation Code required the Department to suspend Stowers’s

driving privileges because she had an alcohol concentration level of 0.08 grams or

greater while operating a motor vehicle in a public place. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE

ANN. § 524.012(b)(1) (Vernon 2013); see also TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 49.01(2)(B) (Vernon 2011) (defining “intoxicated” as having an alcohol

concentration of 0.08 or more). To prevail at the license-suspension hearing, the

Department was required to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1)

Stowers had an alcohol concentration of .08 grams or greater while operating a

motor vehicle in a public place, and (2) Officer Stilman had “reasonable suspicion

to stop” Stowers or Sergeant Casares had “probable cause to arrest” her. See TEX.

TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 524.035(a)(1)(A), (2) (Vernon 2013); see also TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 49.01(2)(B).

      Stowers’s complaint centers on the first element: whether the Department

showed that she had a blood-alcohol concentration of .08 or greater. Stowers does

not dispute that the laboratory results, as reflected in the Forensic Alcohol Analysis

Report, admitted into evidence as a public record, showed that her blood-alcohol

concentration was over .08 grams. Instead, Stowers asserts that the Department

                                          8
did not meet its burden to establish the blood-alcohol concentration element

because it did not offer evidence to show that her blood had been drawn in

compliance with section 724.017 of the Transportation Code.           That statute

provides,

      (a) Only the following may take a blood specimen at the request or
      order of a peace officer under this chapter:

            (1) a physician;

            (2) a qualified technician;

            (3) a registered professional nurse;

            (4) a licensed vocational nurse; or

            (5) a licensed or certified emergency medical technician-
            intermediate or emergency medical technician-paramedic
            authorized to take a blood specimen under Subsection (c).

      (a-1) The blood specimen must be taken in a sanitary place.

TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.017 (a), (a-1) (Vernon Supp. 2014).

      Stowers points out that the Department did not offer evidence at the

administrative hearing to establish that her blood had been drawn by a qualified

person in a sanitary place. See id. She asserts that the Department was required to

show compliance with section 724.017 as part of its burden to establish her blood-

alcohol concentration.

                                          9
      Stowers intimates that the ALJ’s decision to uphold the Department’s

suspension of her driver’s license, based on its finding that her blood-alcohol

concentration of 0.08 grams or greater, violated section 724.017 and prejudiced her

“right to a hearing in which the Department was required to prove compliance with

the blood specimen statute.”5 See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 2001.174(2)(A)

(providing that reviewing court must reverse or remand a case for further

proceedings “if substantial rights of the appellant have been prejudiced because the

administrative findings, inferences, conclusions, or decisions” are . . . in violation

of a constitutional or statutory provision”). Stowers also asserts that, because the

Department did not show compliance with section 724.017, the ALJ’s decision to

uphold the suspension of her license was not supported by substantial evidence.

See id. § 2001.174(2)(E) (providing that ALJ decision may be reversed if not

supported by substantial evidence).

      Stowers fully acknowledges that she agreed that the laboratory analysis

document, showing her blood-alcohol concentration, could be admitted into

5
      In her brief, Stowers questions whether the ALJ’s “finding that [Stowers’s] blood
      specimen was lawfully taken–without requiring the Department to comply with
      § 724.017 of the Texas Transportation Code and produce information or evidence
      as to how or where the specimen was collected–was supported by substantial
      evidence. However, the ALJ made no express finding that that the specimen was
      lawfully taken. We construe Stowers’s statement to refer to the ALJ’s finding that
      “[Stowers] was operating a motor vehicle in a public place, Harris County, Texas,
      with an alcohol concentration of 0.08 grams or greater of alcohol as determined by
      Defendant’s submission to a blood test as requested.”

                                          10
evidence under the public records exception to the hearsay rule. Stowers claims,

however, that to preserve her complaint regarding non-compliance with section

724.017, she was not required to timely object. We disagree.

      We acknowledge that courts have held that establishing the components of

Transportation Code section 724.017 are a necessary predicate for the State’s

admission of evidence regarding a person’s blood-alcohol concentration. See, e.g.,

Garcia v. State, 112 S.W.3d 839, 848 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no

pet.) (stating that, for evidence of blood-alcohol concentration to be admissible,

there must be evidence showing compliance with section 724.017); Cavazos v.

State, 969 S.W.2d 454, 456 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1998, pet. ref’d) (holding

that it was error to admit blood sample taken by phlebotomist without evidence

showing he was a qualified technician under section 724.017); see also State v.

Robinson, 334 S.W.3d 776, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (J., Cochran, concurring)

(explaining that, when it seeks to admit blood-alcohol concentration evidence at

trial, the State, as proponent of evidence, must fulfill all required evidentiary

predicates and foundations, including those of section 724.017). However, none of

foregoing cases, nor any cited by Stowers, stands for the proposition that a timely

objection is not necessary to preserve a complaint regarding non-compliance with

section 724.017. To the contrary, courts in criminal cases have held that a failure

to timely object to non-compliance with section 724.017 results in a forfeiture of

                                        11
that right for appeal. See, e.g., Wininger v. State, No. 14–12–01161–CR, 2014 WL

2048421, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 15, 2014, no pet.) (mem.

op., not designated for publication) (holding that appellant’s complaint regarding

admission of blood-alcohol test results was not preserved when objection was first

raised after parties had rested during closing argument); Herring v. State, No. 05-

08–01699–CR, 2010 WL 1713639, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 25, 2010, pet.

ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“Because Herring failed to

timely object to the use of the affidavit and the related blood test results, she

waived any objection to the admission of these documents, including any

complaint under section 724.017 of the transportation code about the qualifications

of the person who conducted the blood draw.”).          As we have recognized in

criminal cases, “It is well established that almost every right, constitutional and

statutory, may be waived by failing to object.” Solis v. State, 945 S.W.2d 300, 301

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. ref’d).

      We are mindful that the legislature has defined a driver’s license suspension

proceeding as being “a civil matter.” TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.048(a)(1)

(Vernon 2011). Nonetheless, the Supreme of Texas has made clear that how issues

are resolved in criminal drunk driving cases may influence how the issue is

resolved in a civil driver’s license suspension proceeding.

                                         12
      In Mireles v. Texas Department of Public Safety, Mireles argued that his

breath-test results, indicating he was legally intoxicated, were no evidence of

intoxication because the Department had not offered extrapolation evidence. 9

S.W.3d at 130. The supreme court noted, “The license-suspension statute serves

the remedial purpose of protecting public safety by quickly removing drunk drivers

from the road.” Id. at 130–31 (citing Ex parte Arnold, 916 S.W.2d 640, 642 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1996, pet. ref’d)). The court continued,

      This purpose would be thwarted if the driver’s license suspension
      statute were interpreted to impose a more stringent evidentiary
      standard than that required to prosecute criminal drunk-driving
      charges. In the criminal context, Texas courts have determined that
      unextrapolated breath-test results, even though obtained after a lag
      time between driving and administration of the test, are probative
      evidence for the trier of fact to consider and weigh.

Id. at 131.

      Similarly, if we were to hold that a suspected drunk driver could raise, on

appeal, the Department’s lack of section 724.017 compliance evidence, without

first making a timely objection, then we would be giving the driver more rights

than she has in a criminal drunk driving case in which she must object to the lack

of such evidence to preserve her complaint. As in Mireles, to treat the Department

more stringently in a civil suspension proceeding than the State is treated in a

criminal prosecution would serve to undermine the license-suspension statute’s

                                       13
“remedial purpose of protecting public safety by quickly removing drunk drivers

from the road” by potentially protracting the proceeding. See id. at 130–31.

      The supreme court also explained in Mireles that the Transportation Code

required only that the Department show that the driver’s blood-alcohol level was at

or above the legally defined limit in order to support the driver’s license

suspension. See id. The court stated that “[n]othing in the statutory framework

specifically mandates extrapolation evidence.”

      Likewise, although section 724.017 sets out the qualifications for a blood

draw, no statutory provision mandates the Department to adduce section 724.017

compliance evidence at the administrative hearing as a component of its required

proof to uphold a driver’s license suspension.        Rather, the legislature has

specifically enumerated in Transportation Code section 524.035 that “[t]he issues

that must be proved” by a preponderance of the evidence at the administrative

hearing for the ALJ to sustain the Department’s suspension of driver’s license. See

TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 524.035. With respect to blood-alcohol concentration,

section 524.035 expressly requires the Department to prove, by a preponderance of

the evidence, that an adult driver had an alcohol concentration of a level of .08

grams or greater; it requires nothing more.       See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN.

§ 524.035(a)(1)(A). Section 524.035 contains no requirement that the Department

must prove compliance with section 724.017 as a component to sustain the

                                        14
Department’s suspension of a driver’s license. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN.

§ 524.035.

      In support of her position that the Department must offer proof of

compliance with section 724.017 as a necessary component to support a

suspension, Stowers relies on Texas Department of Public Safety v. Hutcheson,

235 S.W.3d 312 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2007, pet. denied).                There,

Hutcheson, who had been arrested for driving while intoxicated, refused to provide

a blood sample because he understood that the arresting police officer would draw

the blood himself at the police station. Id. at 313. Because he refused to submit a

blood specimen, Hutcheson’s driver’s license was suspended.           Id.   At the

administrative hearing, Hutcheson defended against the license suspension by

asserting that he had refused to give a blood specimen because the police officer

did not seem qualified to draw blood, and the request was made in a jail cell that

did not look sanitary. See id.

      The Department did not object to Hutcheson’s testimony and did not present

rebuttal testimony showing that a qualified individual was available to draw the

blood in a sanitary place. Id. The ALJ sustained Hutcheson’s driver’s license

suspension. Id. Hutcheson appealed, and the district court reversed the ALJ’s

decision. Id. The Department then filed an appeal. Id.

                                        15
      The Corpus Christi Court of Appeals affirmed the district court’s judgment.

Id. It held, “Because Officer Whitwell was not an authorized individual and

because there is no evidence that he requested an authorized individual carry-out

the drawing of Hutcheson’s blood specimen, we hold that the Department failed to

present substantial evidence that there was an appropriate request.” Id. at 316.

      An important distinction exists, however, between Hutcheson and this case.

In Hutcheson, the issue of section 724.017 was raised by Hutcheson’s testimony

during the course of the administrative hearing and served as the basis for his

refusal to give a blood specimen. As the Hutcheson court pointed out, “The

Department did not object to Hutcheson’s testimony and did not present rebuttal

testimony showing that a qualified individual was to draw the blood in a sanitary

place.” Id. at 313. Nothing in Hutcheson suggests that the court would have

reached the same conclusion had Hutcheson not raised the issue of section 724.017

in his testimony. In contrast, the issue of section 724.017 compliance was not

raised during the evidentiary portion of the administrative proceeding in this case.

Rather, Stowers did not raise non-compliance until after the close of evidence.

Thus, the holding in Hutcheson is inapposite to the instant case.

      Lastly, Stowers intimates that it would have been futile for her to object to

the admission of the Forensic Alcohol Analysis Report, which shows that her

blood-alcohol concentration was over the legal limit of .08, because the report was

                                         16
properly admissible as a public record. She states that the report was properly

authenticated pursuant to Rules of Evidence 902 and 1005 and was properly

admitted under the public records exception to the hearsay rule found in Rule of

Evidence 803(8). However, even though a document may be admissible under the

public records exception, portions of the document may nonetheless be rendered

inadmissible for noncompliance of another evidentiary rule. See Griffin v. Carson,

No. 01–08–00340–CV, 2009 WL 1493467, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

May 28, 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding that, although accident report was

generally admissible under Rule of Evidence 804(8), it may have contained expert

opinions that were properly excluded); Wolfe v. Devon Energy Prod. Co., LP, 382

S.W.3d 434, 450 (Tex. App.—Waco 2012, pet. denied) (“Rules of Evidence 901

and 902 concern only authentication of evidence and do not concern the

admissibility of the content of that evidence.”); Wright v. Lewis, 777 S.W.2d 520,

524 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied) (“Even though official public

records or certified copies thereof may be admissible in evidence, that does not

mean that ex parte statements, hearsay, conclusions and opinions contained therein

are admissible.”). Thus, the lab report’s status as a public record did not absolve

Stowers from raising a timely complaint regarding section 724.017 non-

compliance in order to target the test results contained in the document.

                                         17
      In sum, to preserve the issue of section 724.017 non-compliance, Stowers

was required to timely raise that issue during the administrative hearing. Raising

the complaint for the first time during closing argument and after the laboratory

report had been admitted into evidence did not preserve the complaint. See TEX. R.

APP. P. 33.1.

      We conclude that Stowers has not shown that the ALJ violated section

724.017 by his decision to sustain the suspension of Stowers’s driver’s license.

See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 2001.174(2)(A). We further conclude that the

Forensic Alcohol Analysis Report, containing the results of Stowers’s blood test,

constituted substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s finding that Stowers

operated a motor vehicle with an alcohol concentration of 0.08 grams or greater.

See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 2001.174(2)(E); see Mireles, 9 S.W.3d at 132

(holding that breath-test results were substantial evidence supporting ALJ’s finding

that blood-alcohol concentration exceeded legal limit). We hold that the trial court

did not err when it affirmed the ALJ’s decision.

      We overrule Stowers’s first and second issues.

                                        18
                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                             Laura Carter Higley
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Huddle.

                                        19