Court Opinion

ID: 4317112
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-01 15:22:38.918993+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:02.584796
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                    FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any                           Oct 01 2018, 10:59 am

court except for the purpose of establishing                             CLERK
                                                                     Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                 Court of Appeals
                                                                          and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.

APPELLANT PRO SE                                         ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Alan R. Brill                                            Margaret M. Christensen
Evansville, Indiana                                      Alex E. Gude
                                                         Bingham Greenebaum Doll LLP
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana

                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Alan R. Brill,                                           October 1, 2018
Appellant-Plaintiff,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         82A04-1710-PL-2513
        v.                                               Appeal from the Vanderburgh
                                                         Circuit Court
Bingham Greenebaum Doll                                  The Honorable David D. Kiely,
LLP,                                                     Judge
Appellee-Defendant.                                      The Honorable Michael J. Cox,
                                                         Magistrate
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         82C01-1610-PL-5403

Tavitas, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018        Page 1 of 14
                                               Case Summary
[1]   Alan Brill appeals the trial court’s dismissal of his amended complaint against

      Bingham Greenebaum Doll, LLP (“BGD”). We affirm.

                                                        Issue
[2]   Brill raises one issue, which we restate as whether the trial court properly

      dismissed his amended complaint against BGD. 1

                                                        Facts
[3]   Brill was the owner of radio stations and newspapers in the 1990s. Brill v.

      Regent Communications, 12 N.E.3d 299, 301 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied.

      In 2000, Brill began negotiating with Regent Communications (“Regent”) to

      purchase Brill’s radio stations. The parties entered into a confidentiality

      agreement in 2000. In 2002, bondholders filed an involuntary Chapter 7

      bankruptcy petition against some of Brill’s radio stations and newspapers. The

      bankruptcy court adopted a plan to liquidate those stations and newspapers at

      an auction. Brill negotiated with Regent concerning a bidding partnership at

      the auction, and Brill and Regent entered into another confidentiality

      agreement in July 2002. Negotiations concerning the bidding partnership

      1
        On cross-appeal, BGD argues that Brill’s first complaint should have been dismissed based on the statute of
      limitations. Because we conclude that the trial court properly dismissed Brill’s amended complaint, we need
      not address the issue presented on cross-appeal.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018            Page 2 of 14
      eventually stalled. Regent partnered with another company and had the highest

      bid at the auction.

[4]   On August 20, 2008, Brill, Business Management Consultants, LP (f/k/a Brill

      Media Company, LP), and “the Non-Debtor Companies” (collectively,

      “Plaintiffs”) filed a pro se complaint against Regent and others for breach of

      contract, fraud, and other claims (“Regent Litigation”). Brill, 12 N.E.3d at 300.

      Plaintiffs eventually retained Bingham McHale, LLP, to represent them in the

      litigation. According to Brill, Bingham McHale, LLP, merged with

      Greenebaum Doll McDonald, PLLC, to form BGD in January 2012.

      Greenebaum Doll McDonald, PLLC, had previously represented entities in the

      bankruptcy case, and Brill apparently had a dispute with Greenebaum Doll

      McDonald, PLLC. BGD continued its representation of Plaintiffs.

[5]   Regent filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ second amended complaint,

      claiming that it was “time-barred, that fraud was insufficiently pled, that

      promissory estoppel is not recognized under Virginia law, and that unjust

      enrichment is not recognized where a valid contract exists.” Brill, 12 N.E.3d at

      305. The trial court initially denied the motion to dismiss, but later granted it as

      to Plaintiffs’ claims for unjust enrichment and promissory estoppel. Regent

      then filed a motion for summary judgment, which the trial court granted.

[6]   Brill appealed, and we previously addressed the trial court’s partial denial of

      Regent’s motion to dismiss based on statute of limitations grounds. The issue

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 3 of 14
      involved in the prior appeal was whether the Virginia statute of limitations or

      the Indiana statute of limitations applied. We noted:

              [T]he 2000 Agreement and 2002 Agreement contain nearly
              identical choice of law provisions: “This Agreement shall be
              interpreted and the rights of the parties determined under the
              laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia without regard to the
              conflict of law provisions thereof.” Appellants’ App. p. 1444
              (2000 Agreement). “This Confidentiality Agreement shall be
              governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws
              of the Commonwealth of Virginia (without regard to any conflict
              of law provisions thereof).” Id. at 1010 (2002 Agreement). The
              parties agree that Virginia law controls the substantive issues;
              however, they disagree concerning which state’s law controls
              procedural issues such as statutes of limitations.

      Id. at 305-06. We concluded that the Virginia statute of limitations applied. As

      a result, the parties were subject to a five-year statute of limitations, and

      Plaintiffs failed to file their pro se complaint in a timely manner. We reversed

      the trial court’s partial denial of Regent’s motion to dismiss.

[7]   We also held that, even if we were to conclude that the trial court properly

      denied the motion to dismiss, Regent was entitled to summary judgment. We

      concluded that the confidentiality agreements did not prohibit Regent from

      attending and bidding at the auction and that Plaintiffs failed to identify any

      confidential information that Regent used in formulating its bid that actually

      resulted in a competitive disadvantage to Plaintiffs. The trial court, thus,

      properly granted Regent’s motion for summary judgment. Our supreme court

      denied transfer on October 31, 2014.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 4 of 14
[8]   On October 31, 2016, Plaintiffs filed a pro se complaint against BGD

      concerning the Regent Litigation and alleged three counts: (1) legal malpractice;

      (2) fraud; and (3) punitive damages. On November 21, 2016, BGD filed a

      motion to dismiss the complaint. BGD argued that: (1) no summons had been

      tendered to the trial court or served on BGD, which rendered service of process

      inadequate; (2) the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over BGD due to the

      lack of proper service; (3) Plaintiffs’ claims were barred by the two-year statute

      of limitations, and (4) to the extent the fraud claim was distinct from the legal

      malpractice claim, Plaintiffs did not comply with the pleading requirements of

      Indiana Trial Rule 9(B).

[9]   After further pleadings were filed and a hearing was held, the trial court granted

      the motion to dismiss on March 14, 2017. In addressing the statute of

      limitations issue, the trial court concluded that the complaint did not “show

      upon its face that the statute of limitations for legal malpractice has expired.”

      Appellant’s App. Vol. III p. 66. The trial court also concluded that the

      complaint did not state a claim for fraud or punitive damages and, accordingly,

      granted BGD’s motion to dismiss regarding the fraud and punitive damages

      claims. Finally, the trial court found, on its own motion, that the entire

      complaint should be stricken pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 12(F) due to “the

      rancor that permeates Plaintiffs’ Complaint.” Id. at 65. The trial court noted

      that, if Plaintiffs choose to amend the complaint, the Plaintiff corporations and

      organization must obtain counsel.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 5 of 14
[10]   On April 13, 2017, Brill, on behalf of himself only, filed an amended complaint

       against BGD. Brill’s amended complaint was similar to the original complaint.

       He again alleged three counts: (1) legal malpractice; (2) fraud; and (3) punitive

       damages. BGD filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint arguing that:

       (1) Brill cannot demonstrate that BGD’s alleged legal malpractice was the

       proximate cause of his injuries; (2) Brill failed to state a claim for fraud because

       his claim is, in reality, a legal malpractice claim, and he failed to plead his claim

       with specificity regarding the fraud; (3) a request for punitive damages is not a

       standalone claim; and (4) the amended complaint contains the same offensive

       language included in the original complaint. After additional pleadings and a

       hearing, the trial court found:

               In essence, Brill has alleged that if BGD had argued the Regent
               Litigation correctly, or as Brill wanted, there was a possibility
               that the outcome in that case might have been different.
               (Amend. Compl., p. 43). Stated summarily, Brill filed a pro se
               lawsuit against Regent Communications in the Vanderburgh
               Superior Court for the breach of agreements he drafted.
               Subsequently, Brill engaged Bingham McHale, LLP to represent
               him and his companies. Bingham McHale merged with
               Greenebaum Doll & McDonald, PLLC (“Greenebaum”) to form
               BGD. During the involuntary bankruptcy of Brill’s companies,
               Brill had been adverse to a member of Greenebaum. After the
               merger, BGD did not represent Brill with the same vigor as
               Bingham McHale. Brill also alleged a host of acts and omissions
               of BGD. (Amend. Compl., pp. 37-43). Because of those alleged
               failures, Brill lost on summary judgment and the appeal.

               The Indiana Court of Appeals, in Brill v. Regent Communications,
               Inc., held that “[i]nterpretation and construction of contract

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 6 of 14
        provisions are questions of law”. Brill v. Regent Communs., Inc.,
        12 N.E.3d 299, 306 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied. Brill’s
        choice of law provisions written in his contracts were words that
        should be given meaning, and contracting parties can control the
        procedural law forum by agreement. Brill, 12 N.E.3d at 308.
        Since Brill chose Virginia law, the Commonwealth’s five-year
        statute of limitations applied. Id. Furthermore, the Court
        affirmed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment and found,
        as a matter of law, and from the four corners of Brill’s contracts,
        that Regent was not prohibited from attending and bidding at the
        bankruptcy auction, and Brill had not identified any confidential
        information used by Regent. Id. at 309, 313.

        Brill, in the instant case, has not alleged that BGD drafted the
        confidentiality agreements, for if they had, one could draw an
        inference that BGD knew, or should have known, that the
        inclusion of the “without regard to conflict of law provisions
        thereof” language in a contract would have triggered the Virginia
        statute of limitations. Or, if BGD had drafted those same
        agreements that our Court of Appeals found, as a matter of law,
        did not contain exclusivity language nor identify confidential
        information, then one could draw an inference that BGD was, or
        could have been, negligent in its representation of Brill.

        By contrast, Brill has alleged that if BGD “had argued correctly
        and not in fraud, the appeal and decision sought MIGHT still
        have not been reached, but the possibility would have been more
        likely.” (Amend. Compl., p. 43). In other words, there was a
        chance that BGD could have changed the law had it argued
        Brill’s case differently. The court finds that the proximity of
        BGD’s alleged omissions, as stated by Brill, is too remote to have
        affected decisions by our courts on pure questions of law, and
        therefore, the allegations of the Amended Complaint do not
        establish any set of circumstances under which Brill would be
        entitled to relief.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 7 of 14
               In Counts II (Fraud) and III (Punitive Damages), the court
               considers the allegations contained in those counts to be
               substantially similar to the allegations of the original Complaint,
               and accordingly, fail to state a claim upon which relief could be
               granted for the reasons set forth in the Order of March 14, 2017,
               pages 7-8. In addition, if the alleged fraud count is supported by
               the same facts alleged in Count I, it too must fail for the reasons
               set forth hereinabove.

               The court finds the Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint
               should be granted.

       Appellant’s App. Vol. III pp. 196-97. Brill now appeals.

                                                   Analysis
[11]   Brill appeals the trial court’s dismissal of his amended complaint under Indiana

       Trial Rule 12(B)(6). “Under notice pleading, we review the granting of a

       motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under a stringent standard, and

       affirm the trial court’s grant of the motion only when it is ‘apparent that the

       facts alleged in the challenged pleading are incapable of supporting relief under

       any set of circumstances.’” Trail v. Boys & Girls Clubs of Nw. Indiana, 845 N.E.2d
130, 135 (Ind. 2006) (quoting McQueen v. Fayette County Sch. Corp., 711 N.E.2d
62, 65 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied).

[12]   “A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(B)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a

       complaint: that is, whether the allegations in the complaint establish any set of

       circumstances under which a plaintiff would be entitled to relief.” Id. at 134.

       Although “we do not test the sufficiency of the facts alleged with regards to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 8 of 14
       their adequacy to provide recovery, we do test their sufficiency with regards to

       whether or not they have stated some factual scenario in which a legally

       actionable injury has occurred.” Id. We accept as true the facts alleged in the

       complaint and consider the pleadings in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.

       Id. We draw every reasonable inference in favor of the non-moving party. Id.

       We need not, however, accept as true the allegations that are contradicted by

       other allegations or exhibits attached to or incorporated in the pleading. Id.

       “Although the plaintiff need not set out in precise detail the facts upon which

       the claim is based, [he] must still plead the operative facts necessary to set forth

       an actionable claim.” Id. at 135.

                                            A. Legal Malpractice

[13]   In Count I of the amended complaint, Brill alleged that BGD committed legal

       malpractice. “To prove a legal malpractice claim, the plaintiff-client must

       show: (1) employment of the attorney (the duty); (2) failure of the attorney to

       exercise ordinary skill and knowledge (the breach); (3) proximate cause

       (causation); and (4) loss to the plaintiff (damages).” CRIT Corp. v. Wilkinson, 92
N.E.3d 662, 669 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018). BGD and the trial court focused on

       proximate cause. “To establish causation and the extent of harm in a legal

       malpractice case, the client must show that the outcome of the underlying

       litigation would have been more favorable but for the attorney’s negligence.”

       Id.

[14]   Brill’s legal malpractice claim, as alleged in the amended complaint, appears to

       be that, after Bingham McHale, LLP, merged with Greenebaum Doll
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 9 of 14
       McDonald, PLLC, to form BGD, BGD’s representation of Plaintiffs in the

       Regent Litigation was not up to par. Brill alleges that BGD was “shading its

       prosecution of the Regent Litigation” and “pretending and representing to be

       acting fully in the interest of Regent Plaintiffs . . . .” Appellant’s App. Vol. III

       p. 73. Brill’s argument seems to be that, if BGD had made different arguments,

       he might have been successful in the Regent Litigation.

[15]   Brill alleged the following in this amended complaint:

               If [BGD] had argued correctly and not in fraud, the appeal and
               decision sought MIGHT still have not been reached, but the
               possibility would have been more likely. Even more, if all the
               other issues at question in this case, as shown above and others
               too, were argued professionally and finely to a proper
               conclusion[,] context could well have influenced the Appeal
               Court’s Opinion, even unconsciously, that these people [BGD]
               are correct on everything and they must be correct on this
               Virginia law issue too. In any case this fraudulent representation
               must be shown that there could have been a different finding in
               the decisions of the Case, if rightly presented in an overall
               context of all the components. Given the malpractice and fraud
               clearly evident in the intentional misrepresentation of their client,
               then the Court should judge [BGD] as if it is responsible to
               Regent Plaintiffs as though Regent Plaintiffs had won the Regent
               Litigation; and [BGD] owes to its client Alan Brill the award
               proceeds that would be attributable to that Regent Litigation
               decision.

       Id. at 109. The amended complaint further alleged that BGD’s representation

       of the Plaintiffs regarding the Regent Litigation did not begin until November

       2008. BGD did not participate in the drafting of the confidentiality agreements

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 10 of 14
       at issue in the Regent Litigation and did not file the initial complaint in the

       Regent Litigation. The trial court found that “the proximity of BGD’s alleged

       omissions, as stated by Brill, is too remote to have affected decisions by our

       courts on pure questions of law, and therefore, the allegations of the Amended

       Complaint do not establish any set of circumstances under which Brill would be

       entitled to relief.” Id. at 197.

[16]   On appeal, Brill does not attempt to explain how the trial court’s decision is

       erroneous or how his amended complaint pled the operative facts necessary to

       set forth an actionable claim for legal malpractice. We note that “a pro se

       litigant is held to the same standards as a trained attorney and is afforded no

       inherent leniency simply by virtue of being self-represented.” Zavodnik v.

       Harper, 17 N.E.3d 259, 266 (Ind. 2014). “An appellant who proceeds pro se is

       held to the same established rules of procedure that trained legal counsel is

       bound to follow and, therefore, must be prepared to accept the consequences of

       his or her action.” Perry v. Anonymous Physician 1, 25 N.E.3d 103, 105 n.1 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied, cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 227 (2015). Although we

       prefer to decide cases on their merits, arguments are waived where an

       appellant’s noncompliance with the rules of appellate procedure is so

       substantial it impedes our appellate consideration of the errors. Id. Indiana

       Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) requires that the argument section of a brief

       “contain the contentions of the appellant on the issues presented, supported by

       cogent reasoning. Each contention must be supported by citations to the

       authorities, statutes, and the Appendix or parts of the Record on Appeal relied

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 11 of 14
       on . . . .” We will not consider an assertion on appeal when there is no cogent

       argument supported by authority and there are no references to the record as

       required by the rules. Id. We will not become an advocate for a party or

       address arguments that are inappropriate or too poorly developed or expressed

       to be understood. Id.

[17]   Brill’s arguments on appeal are not supported by cogent reasoning or citations

       to proper authorities. Addressing Brill’s legal malpractice claim would require

       us to become an advocate for him, which we cannot do. Brill’s arguments on

       appeal mainly consist of a challenge to this court’s opinion in the previous

       Regent Litigation. BGD argues, and we agree, that “it appears Brill wishes to

       use this appeal as a vehicle to re-litigate the Regent Litigation and collaterally

       attack the prior Court of Appeals decision.” Appellee’s Br. p. 19. We conclude

       that Brill has waived his arguments on appeal regarding his legal malpractice

       claim.

                                                    B. Fraud

[18]   In Count II, Brill alleged that BGD committed fraud. The elements of fraud

       are: “‘(1) a material misrepresentation of past or existing fact which (2) was

       untrue, (3) was made with knowledge of or in reckless ignorance of its falsity,

       (4) was made with the intent to deceive, (5) was rightfully relied upon by the

       complaining party, and (6) which proximately caused the injury or damage

       complained of.’” Kesling v. Hubler Nissan, Inc., 997 N.E.2d 327, 335 (Ind. 2013)

       (quoting Lawyers Title Ins. Corp. v. Pokraka, 595 N.E.2d 244, 249 (Ind. 1992),

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 12 of 14
       reh’g denied). A fraud action is “not limited only to affirmative representations;

       the failure to disclose all material facts can also constitute actionable fraud.” Id.

[19]   Indiana Trial Rule 9(B) requires that “[i]n all averments of fraud or mistake, the

       circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be specifically averred.” “‘In

       order to allege fraud sufficiently, the pleadings must state the time, the place,

       the substance of the false representations, the facts misrepresented, and

       identification of what was procured by fraud.’” Kapoor v. Dybwad, 49 N.E.3d
108, 120 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (quoting Abbott v. Bates, 670 N.E.2d 916, 922 n.3

       (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), reh’g denied), trans. denied. A pleading that fails to comply

       with the special requirements of Trial Rule 9(B) does not state a claim upon

       which relief can be granted. Id.

[20]   The trial court concluded that Brill’s first complaint failed to specifically aver

       the circumstances constituting fraud as required by Trial Rule 9(B). The trial

       court then concluded that the fraud claim in Brill’s amended complaint should

       be dismissed for the same reasons the allegations in the first complaint were

       dismissed. We agree. Brill’s amended complaint does not identify any false

       representations by BGD. Brill’s fraud allegations relate to BGD’s alleged

       purposeful inadequate prosecution of the Regent Litigation. Brill alleges that

       BGD “intentionally misrepresented the motive of its representation and

       concealed its bad faith and pursued in fraud a knowingly inadequate and

       fraudulent prosecution of the case . . . .” Appellants’ App. Vol. III p. 115.

       Brill’s allegations, however, are merely a restatement of his legal malpractice

       allegation and fail to specifically aver circumstances constituting fraud.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 13 of 14
       Consequently, the trial court properly granted BGD’s motion to dismiss Brill’s

       fraud claim in his amended complaint.

                                            C. Punitive Damages

[21]   Count III of Brill’s amended complaint alleged that he was entitled to punitive

       damages. Punitive damages are a type of damages used “to punish the

       wrongdoer and to deter him from future misconduct.” Sims v. Pappas, 73
N.E.3d 700, 706 (Ind. 2017). Punitive damages are not, however, a separate

       cause of action. Yost v. Wabash Coll., 3 N.E.3d 509, 514 (Ind. 2014).

       “[P]unitive damages may be awarded as part of the damages to which a

       plaintiff may be entitled if successful under a recognized existing cause of

       action.” Id. Brill’s claims for legal malpractice and fraud fail; consequently, his

       claim for punitive damages also fails. The trial court properly granted BGD’s

       motion to dismiss the punitive damages claim in the amended complaint.

                                                 Conclusion
[22]   The trial court properly granted BGD’s motion to dismiss Brill’s amended

       complaint. We affirm.

[23]   Affirmed.

       Brown, J., and Altice, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1710-PL-2513| October 1, 2018   Page 14 of 14