Court Opinion

ID: 4168475
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-05-15 20:05:16.688582+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:39.960753
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                          FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                              )
EDWARD A. COLLEY and FREDERICK)
D. MALCOMB, JR.,              )
                              )
              Plaintiffs,     )
                              )
       v.                     )                      Civil Action No. 15-cv-1385 (TSC)
                              )
DEBORAH LEE JAMES             )
Air Force Secretary, et al.,  )
                              )
                              )
              Defendants.     )
                              )

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Pro se plaintiffs Edward A. Colley and Frederick D. Malcomb, Jr. are retired Air Force

officers who were instructors in an Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps

(“AFJROTC”) unit. The Air Force decertified Plaintiffs as AFJROTC instructors after it found

that they failed to timely submit certain records. Plaintiffs unsuccessfully challenged the

decision through an Air Force administrative process and subsequently filed this lawsuit against

the Air Force and the two individual decision makers, seeking reversal of the decertification.1

Plaintiffs bring claims under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 551 et seq.; the

Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a; the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2671 et seq.; the

Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. § 3501 et seq. and the Due Process clause of the Fifth and

1
    Plaintiffs also named the Secretary of the Air Force and another Air Force official as
defendants, but there is no indication these two individuals were involved in the decertification
or the administrative process.
                                                 1
Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution.2 (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 194-96, 101-02,

203a, 222, 239a, 239c-239d, 242a).

         Before the court are the following motions: (1) Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss or, in the

Alternative, for Summary Judgment or to Transfer Venue (ECF No. 6); (2) Plaintiffs’ Motion for

Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 16); (3) Plaintiffs’ Motion for Preliminary Injunction and

Request for a Hearing (ECF No. 20); and (4) Plaintiffs’ Motion for Telephone Status Conference

(ECF No. 23). 3 For the reasons set forth below, the court will GRANT Defendants’ motion to

transfer this action to the Central District of California and DENY Plaintiffs’ motions.

                                 A. BACKGROUND

       Colley and Malcomb were employed by the Hart School District in Valencia, California

as JROTC instructors. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 19, 23-24). Pursuant to federal law, all JROTC

instructors “must be certified by the Secretary” of that branch “as a qualified instructor” in areas

such as leadership, civics and ROTC related topics. 10 U.S.C. § 2033(a). The Secretary for each

branch of the military is responsible for “establish[ing] minimum acceptable standards for

2
    The court will dismiss Plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment Due Process claim because such
claims are not actionable against the federal government. See Peavey v. Holder, 657 F. Supp. 2d
180, 186 n.6 (D.D.C. 2009) (“It is the due process clause of the Fifth, not the Fourteenth,
Amendment that applies to actions of the federal government.”), aff’d, No. 09–5389, 2010 WL
3155823 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 9, 2010).
3
    In response to the Air Force’s Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint as
of right, along with a 96-page response to the Air Force’s motion. (See ECF Nos. 9, 10).
Normally, this court would have found the Air Force’s motion moot and ordered the Air Force to
answer or otherwise respond to the Amended Complaint. However, because the Air Force raised
a venue issue in their Motion to Dismiss, which remained unsettled despite the Plaintiffs’
Amended Complaint and their response to the motion, the court ordered the Air Force to file a
reply limited to Plaintiffs’ venue arguments.
    While Defendants’ motion was pending, Plaintiffs moved for a preliminary injunction (ECF
No. 16), which they later withdrew after filing a second preliminary injunction motion (ECF No.
20 p. 1), now fully briefed by all parties.

                                                 2
performance and achievement for qualified [ROTC] units.” 10 U.S.C. § 2031(c)(1)-(3).

Consistent with this authority, the Secretary of the Air Force publishes AFJROTC “Instructions”

that cover management of the ROTC units. “COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION

IS MANDATORY” appears in bold near the top of those instructions. (AR 321, AFJROTC 36-

2002; AR 275, AFJROTC 36-2001; AR 177, AFJROTC 36-2001).4

       Although Plaintiffs are not Air Force employees, the Air Force reimburses the school

district for part of Plaintiffs’ instructor salaries. (See Am. Compl. ¶ 15). Air Force ROTC

instructors must: (1) “meet the criteria established by appropriate instructions and meet

certification . . . requirements to perform instructor duty”; and (2) “meet and maintain school and

Air Force requirements and standards.” (AR 331, AFJROTC 36-2002, ¶ 2.1.1; AR 339,

AFJROTC 36-2002, ¶ 4.4). The Air Force’s “Holm Center” or “Headquarters” (“HQ”) manages

instructor compliance and may decertify instructors “for cause.” (AR 331, AFJROTC 36-2002 ¶

2.1.2; AR 332, AFJROTC 36-2002 ¶ 2.2.2; AR 335-36, AFJROTC 36-2002, ¶ 3.1.1).

       As part of the ROTC program, the Plaintiffs used school equipment, as well as the Air

Force’s “Automated Data Processing Equipment (ADPE).” (Am. Compl. ¶ 27). Plaintiffs

admit that “[t]he Air Force requires accountability and safekeeping” of the ADPE. (Id. ¶ 28).

Specifically, instructors must “conduct an annual AIM Inventory,” which includes accounting

4
   At various times during the incidents at issue, three versions of the Instructions were in effect.
AFJROTC 36-2001 was issued on September 8, 2010, updated August 1, 2011, and then
replaced by Instruction 36-2002 on October 11, 2013. (AR 177, 320). Instruction 36-2001 was
re-issued on May 28, 2014, but it did not supersede Instruction 36-2002. (AR 275).
   The court will quote and cite to the instruction(s) in effect at the time of the relevant events.
Additionally, when necessary to avoid confusion, the court will include the year in its citation to
the 36-2001 instructions: the current 36-2001 instruction will be cited as “AFJROTC 36-2001
(5/28/14)” and the prior 36-2001 instruction will be cited as “AFJROTC 36-2001 (9/8/10)”
                                                  3
for all computers, projectors, and digital cameras. (AR 206, AFJROTC 36-2001 (9/8/10) ¶

13.4.5; AR 284, AFJROTC 36-2001 (5/28/14) ¶ 4.3.1).

1. 2014 PROBATION

       Malcomb claims that in January 2014, he sent the unit’s AIM inventory to Amy Frasier,

the Equipment Control Officer (“ECO”), via facsimile and email, after which he telephoned her

to confirm receipt. (AR 385-86, Malcomb Decl. ¶ 8; see AR 414). Several months later, on

March 7, 2014, the AFJROTC Director sent an email to all units with a subject line that included

“Annual IT equipment account compliance” and an April 10, 2014 deadline. (AR 149). The

email explained that ADPE accountability was an Air Force requirement that had to be

completed by the deadline. (Id.) The email also indicated that each unit was required to submit

four documents in order to be considered “compliant”: (1) an equipment custodian appointment

letter; (2) training certificates (one for each instructor); and (3) an AIM inventory. (Id.) The

email further explained that a new submission process had been created in WINGS—a

computerized software program—and instead of emailing or faxing their ADPE documents, all

units had to upload documents to WINGS. (Id.)

       Despite this, Malcomb asserts that he took no additional action because he had faxed and

emailed the inventory on January 20, and the March 7 email did not state that Plaintiffs were not

in compliance. (AR 414; AR 385-87 Malcomb Decl. ¶¶ 8, 24; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 51, 55-56).

Plaintiffs also claim they did not believe the email applied to them because they had already

complied with the inventory submission deadlines found in Air Force Manual provision 33-153

(“AFM 33-153”). (AR 4, Colley Dec. ¶ 12; AR 386, Malcomb Decl. ¶ 12). As the court will

discuss below, AFM 33-153 apparently contained more general guidelines about ADPE

accountability than did the AFJROTC instructions and the emails from HQ.

                                                 4
       On April 7, three days before the deadline, the AFJROTC Region 4 Director emailed

Plaintiffs and other units explaining that WINGS showed their units had not started their ADPE

accountability, despite prior warnings that the April 10 deadline “was extremely important!”

(AR 151). The units were warned that they should start the ADPE accountability process in

order to “avoid any possible negative impacts.” (Id.) It is undisputed that Plaintiffs were on

spring break when the email was sent. (Am. Compl. ¶ 58).

       The day after the deadline, April 11, the AFJROTC Director sent noncompliant units,

including Plaintiffs’, an email with the subject line: “ADPE Missed Suspense.” (AR 153)

(emphasis in original). The email stated:

       On 7 Mar we notified you of an AF level requirement to account for all AF owned
       ADPE. You were given a suspense of 10 April to complete your inventory and
       update it in WINGS. As of today, 11 April, this requirement has not been
       completed for your ADPE account. . . .

       If you have not completed the suspense by 18 Apr, both instructors at your unit
       will be placed on probation until the unit’s ADPE account is fully compliant. If
       you fail to bring the ADPE account within compliance by 30 Apr, both instructors
       will be considered for decertification.

(AR 153).

       Although Plaintiffs were on spring break on April 11, the break ended on April 15, and

both Plaintiffs saw the email upon their return. (See Am. Compl ¶ 58). Even though the email

explicitly stated the recipient units were non-compliant, both Plaintiffs claim that, once again,

they did not believe their unit was out of compliance because they had faxed and emailed the

equipment inventory in January. (AR 4, Colley Decl. ¶ 14; AR 386, Malcomb Decl. ¶ 14).

       On April 22, the Air Force placed both Plaintiffs on probation. (AR 155; Am. Compl. ¶

61). In his email to the school principal and Plaintiffs informing them of the suspension, the

Director noted that “[a]ccounting for ADPE is a strict Air Force compliance requirement. This is

                                                 5
an annual recurring requirement.” (AR 155). Finally, he warned: “If the instructors fail to bring

the ADPE account within compliance by April 30, 2014, [HQ] will initiate decertification

actions for both instructors.” (Id. 156).

        Later that day, Malcomb emailed the Director, indicating that because the unit had

previously sent the AIM inventory to ECO Frasier, he had thought his unit was “ahead of the

game,” but that he intended to submit another inventory. (AR 414). Malcomb also mentioned

his “confusion on what documents were needed” and his discussions with Frasier about “how to

upload [the documents] into WINGS.” (See id.) Plaintiffs entered all of the required documents

before the April 30 deadline and the Air Force subsequently removed them from probation. (AR

158).

        The following month, the Director published a new set of instructions requiring that the

units use WINGS to account for ADPE. (AR 275; AR 284, AFJROTC 36-2001 (5/28/14) ¶

4.2.1). The instructions also required that instructors log into WINGS and the instructors’

AFJROTC email account daily in order to remain current on all policies. (AR 299, AFJROTC

36-2001 (5/28/14) ¶ 7.2, ¶ 7.2.1).

2. 2015 DECERTIFICATION

        On March 14, 2015, the Regional Director sent an email to the units providing

instructions on how to determine whether they had complied with the ADPE requirements. (AR

160). Again, Plaintiffs contend that they believed the email did not apply to them because they

were purportedly in compliance with AFM 33-153. (AR 5, Colley Decl. ¶	24; AR 387,

Malcomb Decl. ¶ 24). Plaintiffs also contend that the email was unclear because it was labeled

as a “‘reminder’ with no reference to what it purported to remind [Plaintiffs] of.” (ECF No. 10,

Pls. Mot. to Dismiss SOF Response # 51) (hereinafter “Pls. SOF Resp.”). Although Plaintiffs

                                                6
admit Malcomb’s email account was functioning, they defend their conduct in part by

contending that Colley’s email account was “inactive or closed” at this time. (Id.) (citing AR

506); ECF No. 22, Pls. Reply p. 12).

       On April 6, 2015, the AFJROTC Deputy Director sent an email to all units about the

annual inventory “suspense” date of April 10, reminding them that the annual equipment

inventory “ha[d] Air Force Level interest.” (AR 162)

       Plaintiffs allege they were on spring break at the time the email was sent, and that

Colley’s email was deactivated. (Am Compl. ¶ 90; Pls. SOF Resp. #52) (citing AR 506).

Although Plaintiffs admit there were no problems with Malcomb’s email account, they claim he

also did not receive the email. (ECF No. 22, Pls. Reply p. 12; Pls. SOF Resp. #52; see Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 88-89, 95). They argue that even if they had received the email, they still were not on

notice about the April 10 suspense date because, in their view, the suspense date conflicted with

the published suspense date found in the recently published instruction, AFJROTC 36-2001

(5/28/14), which provided for submission of inventories between January 1 and April 30. (Pls.

SOF Resp. #52; AR 284, AFJROTC 36-2001 (5/28/14) ¶ 4.3.1).

       Spring break ended on April 12, 2015. (Am. Compl. ¶ 90). On April 17, the AFJROTC

Director sent the units, including Plaintiffs’, an email with the subject line in bold indicating a

“missed suspense.” (AR 165). The email informed all recipients that their unit had missed the

suspense date and warned that if they did not comply by April 24, 2015, they would “certainly be

placed on probation” and “considered for Decertification.” (Id.) Recipients were asked to

contact the Regional Director if they had already completed their ADPE requirements. (AR 165-

66). Even though the Director sent the email to what appears to be Plaintiffs’ unit email address,

Plaintiffs assert they did not receive the email at the time it was sent. (Pls. SOF Resp. #53; see

                                                  7
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 91-95; ECF No. 20, Pls. Second Preliminary Injunction Br. p. 8) (hereinafter

“Pls. PI Br.”).

        On April 24, 2015, Plaintiffs received an email from AFJROTC Region 4 Director,

Wayne Barron, stating that their unit had not started its ADPE compliance and asking them to

call his cell phone number. (See AR 168; Am. Compl. ¶ 97; AR 5-6 Colley Decl. ¶¶ 25, 28).

Barron attached an email he had received from the AFJROTC Director, who warned “[t]oday is

the last day to complete the suspense before probation and the AF suspense of 30 April (next

Thursday) could generate some decertification[]s.” (Id.) Colley claims that he “attempted to

contact” Barron three days later, but was “unsuccessful.” (AR 6, Colley Decl. ¶ 29).

        On April 28, 2015, Plaintiffs uploaded their signed AIM inventory and equipment

custodian appointment letter to WINGS. (AR 158; Am. Compl. ¶ 99). On May 7, 2015,

Plaintiffs uploaded both of their training certificates. (AR 158).

        As a result of their late submission of the training certificates, on May 18, 2015, Plaintiffs

received a memorandum from AFJROTC Director Woods informing them that they would be

“Decertified for Unsatisfactory Instructor Performance” effective the end of the academic year.

(AR 95, 97). Woods noted that Plaintiffs had been placed on probation the previous year for

failing to timely complete the ADPE suspense, “despite personal direction and phone calls from

[the] Regional Director.” (AR 95, 97). He concluded that Plaintiffs’ continued inability to

comply with AFJROTC requirements was a clear indicator of unsatisfactory performance and

therefore justified decertification for failing to “meet the standards expected of an Air Force

officer and an Air Force Junior ROTC instructor per AFJROTC 36-2002, paragraph 3.1.2.2.5.”

                                                  8
(AR 95, 97).5    Finally, Woods explained that Plaintiffs could appeal pursuant to AFJROTC 36-

2002 Section 4.7.2, which allows for an appeal filed within 15 days of notification regarding the

decertification. (See id.)

        Plaintiffs filed timely administrative appeals, admitting that they had submitted their

training certifications on May 7, but arguing that they had not violated the applicable submission

requirements. Specifically, Plaintiffs argued that they had complied with AFM 33-153, which

they contend does not require submission of training certificates. (AR 118-19, 121). 6 Moreover,

Plaintiffs asserted that AFM 33-153 does not impose an April 30 deadline, but instead requires

that units perform an annual equipment inventory no later than 365 calendar days “from the date

the commander signed the current inventory listing.” (AR 118-20). Relying on AFM 33-153,

Plaintiffs argued that they never failed to meet any mandatory deadlines. Additionally, despite

the explicit warnings in the emails about possible decertification, both Plaintiffs asserted that

they “reasonably believed” the most serious sanction they faced for late ADPE submission was a

frozen account and an opportunity to correct any deficiencies. (AR 124, 137).

         Two days after Plaintiffs submitted their appeals, the decertifications became effective.

The following month, on June 30, 2015, AFJROTC Vice Commander Hoffman upheld the

decertifications, finding that:

       Plaintiffs were decertified for failing to meet “the standards expected of an Air
        Force officer and an Air Force Junior ROTC instructor per AFJROTC136-2002,
        para 3.1.2.2.5 [the same provision cited by Woods], specifically for not

5
   AFJROTC 36-2002, Sections 3.1.2, 3.1.2.2 and 3.1.2.2.5 provide that an instructor can be
decertified for “willful misconduct,” including a “[d]eterminaton by Holm Center/JR that an
instructor’s performance or conduct does not meet the duties, responsibilities or conduct of an
[instructor] as outlined in Chapter 1.” (AR 336). Chapter 1 requires, inter alia, that instructors
“meet standards as prescribed by applicable Department of Defense (DoD), Air Force,
AFJROTC and Holm Center instructions.” (AR 323-4, AJROTC 36-2002, Section 1.1.3).
6
    AFM 33-153 is not a part of the Administrative Record.
                                                  9
        complying with the AFJROTC requirements by failing to meet the ADPE
        suspense two years in a row despite being reminded by HQ AFJROTC.”

       Plaintiffs were required to comply with both the AFM and AFJROTC
        instructions, and that the latter may be more restrictive than the AFM. Thus,
        Hoffman rejected the Plaintiffs’ argument that they met their obligations because
        they complied with AFM 33-153.

       Although Plaintiffs had “substantially compl[ied] with HQ directives in general,”
        they had failed to “comply with a specific and clear HQ AFJROTC direction two
        years in a row. Other instructors who have failed to meet consecutive ADPE
        suspenses have been similarly decertified.”

       Plaintiffs were warned about potential decertification in both 2014 and 2015.

(AR 143-44, 146-47). Hoffman noted that it was not in the best interest of the Air Force to

expend numerous hours sending multiple emails continually reminding instructors of their

responsibilities. (Id.)

                          B. MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

        Plaintiffs ask the court to grant a preliminary injunction requiring the Air Force to set

aside their decertifications. Injunctive relief is an “extraordinary and drastic remedy” that is

“never awarded as of right.” Munaf v. Geren, 553 U.S. 674, 689-90 (2008) (quotation and

citations omitted). Accordingly, “the decision whether to grant a preliminary injunction is a

matter of discretion.” Sherley v. Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 398 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (citation omitted).

Preliminary injunctions “should be granted only when the party seeking the relief, by a clear

showing, carries the burden of persuasion.” Cobell v. Norton, 391 F.3d 251, 258 (D.C. Cir.

2004) (citation omitted). The moving party must demonstrate: (i) a substantial likelihood of

success on the merits; (ii) that he or she would suffer irreparable injury absent the requested

injunctive relief; (iii) that the balance of equities tips in his or her favor; and (iv) that the public

interest would be furthered by the requested injunctive relief. See Winter v. Natural Res. Def.

Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008).

                                                   10
1. LIKELIHOOD OF SUCCESS ON THE MERITS

        Plaintiffs argue they are likely to succeed on the merits because they are innocent and

because the Air Force violated federal law by revoking their AFJROTC certifications. The court

disagrees and addresses Plaintiffs’ claims and arguments below.

        A.     Paperwork Reduction Act

        Plaintiffs argue that the decertifications were invalid because the Air Force’s ADPE

accounting requirements violated the Paperwork Reduction Act (“PRA”), 44 U.S.C. § 3501, et

seq. The PRA “prohibits any federal agency from adopting regulations which impose paperwork

requirements on the public unless the information is not available to the agency from another

source within the Federal Government . . . .” Dole v. United Steelworkers of Am., 494 U.S. 26,

32 (1990). The statute describes these paperwork requirements as a “collection of information”

44 U.S.C. § 3501(1), which is defined as:

        “(A) means the obtaining, causing to be obtained, soliciting, or requiring the
        disclosure to third parties or the public, of facts or opinions by or for an agency,7
        regardless of form or format, calling for either—

               (i)     answers to identical questions posed to, or identical reporting or
                       recordkeeping requirements imposed on, ten or more persons, other
                       than agencies, instrumentalities, or employees of the United States;
                       or

               (ii)    answers to questions posed to agencies, instrumentalities, or
                       employees of the United States which are to be used for general
                       statistical purposes . . . .”

44 U.S.C. § 3502(3) (emphasis added). Thus, only under special circumstances does the PRA

limit the collection of information from U.S. government employees.

7
    The term “agency” includes “military department[s].” 44 U.S.C. § 3502(1).

                                                 11
        Where an agency seeks a “collection of information” as defined by the PRA, the agency

“must submit [its] collection plan to OMB [Office of Management and Budget].’” CTIA-The

Wireless Ass’n v. F.C.C., 530 F.3d 984, 987 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citing 44 U.S.C. § 3507(e)(1)). If

OMB approves the plan, it issues a control number for the information collection request. See

United States v. Ionia Mgmt. S.A., 498 F. Supp. 2d 477, 488 (D. Conn. 2007)

        If a “collection of information” has not been approved by the OMB, “no person shall be

subject to any penalty for failing to comply” with the information request. 44 U.S.C. § 3512(a).

The statute defines a “penalty” to include “the imposition by an agency or court of a fine or other

punishment; . . . [or the] suspension, reduction, or denial of a license, privilege, right, grant, or

benefit.” 44 U.S.C. § 3502(14). As Plaintiffs point out, in addition to these statutory

restrictions, the regulations further provide:

        Whenever a member of the public is protected from imposition of a penalty under
        this section for failure to comply with a collection of information, such penalty may
        not be imposed by an agency directly, by an agency through judicial process, or by
        any other person through administrative or judicial process.

5 C.F.R. § 1320.6(d).

        Plaintiffs argue that because the AFJROTC instructions and emails from HQ did not

contain OMB control numbers, the Air Force’s requests for the training certifications and its

deadlines violated the PRA, and that Plaintiffs were not obligated to submit the requested

documents. Consequently, the Air Force cannot penalize them by suspending their certifications

for failing to do so.

        Recognizing that the PRA only limits the collection of information from “employees of

the United States” in certain instances, Plaintiffs contend they are not government employees.

Because the statute does not define the term, Plaintiffs cite to several other sources in support of

their position—none of which are compelling.

                                                  12
       First, Plaintiffs cite to the ROTC implementing statute, which provides:

       Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a member employed by a qualified
       institution pursuant to an authorization under this subsection is not, while so
       employed, considered to be on active duty or inactive duty training for any purpose.

10 U.S.C.A. § 2031(e)(5). They also cite to the contract between the school and the AFJROTC,

which provides that they are employees of the school district, rather than Air Force employees.

(Pls. PI Br. p. 12). However, neither the ROTC implementing statute nor the school contract

addresses whether an ROTC instructor is considered a government employee for purposes of the

PRA. Thus, Plaintiffs’ reliance on these two provisions is misplaced.

       Next Plaintiffs cite to Cavazos v. United States, 776 F.2d 1263, 1264 (5th Cir. 1985),

which involved the question of whether the government may be held liable for the negligence of

JROTC instructors under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA’). That case is not applicable to

the facts or issues here, and therefore does not provide any useful guidance on what constitutes a

government employee for purposes of the PRA.

       Although Plaintiffs are not government employees in a literal sense, the court remains

unpersuaded that they can seek refuge in the PRA, given the unique facts of this case. The

Supreme Court has described the PRA as limiting the collection of data from “the public.” Dole,
494 U.S. at 32; see also 5 C.F.R. § 1320.6(d) (protecting the “public” from penalties associated

with failing to comply with a data collection request) (emphasis added). In this case, however,

the requested information was not sought from the “public.” The Air Force is responsible for

certifying Plaintiffs in their roles as JROTC instructors, who in turn must follow JROTC

directives. (AR 331, AFJROTC 36-2002, ¶ 2.1.1; AR 339, AFJROTC 36-2002, ¶ 4.4).

Additionally, the Air Force requires that the units provide military instruction, 10 U.S.C. §

2031(b)(3), and in furtherance of that instruction, the Air Force provides certain equipment,

                                                13
which instructors are required to document and maintain. While the Air Force does not

compensate Plaintiffs directly, it compensates them indirectly because it reimburses the school

district for a portion of their salaries. (Am. Compl. ¶ 15). Thus, even though they are not

technically government employees, Plaintiffs’ salaries are partially subsidized by the

government, they are caretakers of government property, and they are subject to governmental

laws and regulations. As such, they are more akin to government employees than members of

the public.

       Moreover, as the Supreme Court has explained, the PRA limits the collection of

information from the public when the information sought is available from another source within

the Federal Government. See Dole, 494 U.S. at 32, 38. Here, there is no evidence that the AIM

Inventory and training certifications are available from another source within the federal

government, and a ruling in favor of Plaintiffs would jeopardize the federal government’s ability

to maintain and account for public property.

       In enacting the PRA,

       Congress attempted to create a legislative scheme and administrative procedures by
       which unnecessary and burdensome paperwork requirements would be
       substantially diminished, if not eliminated.

William F. Funk, The Paperwork Reduction Act: Paperwork Reduction Meets Administrative

Law, 24 Harv. J. on Legis. 1, 4 (1987). The documents and information sought by the Air Force

in this case can hardly be described as burdensome or unnecessary. Accordingly, Plaintiffs are

unlikely to succeed on the merits of their PRA claim.

       B.     Administrative Procedure Act

       The court reviews the Air Force’s decertification decision under Section 706 of the

Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). See 5 U.S.C. § 706. Pursuant to the APA, a court must

set aside agency action that is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion,” “otherwise not in
                                                 14
accordance with law” “in excess of statutory authority,” or “without observance of procedure[s]

required by law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), (C)-(D). The court’s review is “highly deferential” and

begins with a presumption that the agency’s actions are valid. Envtl. Def. Fund v. Costle, 657
F.2d 275, 283 (D.C. Cir. 1981). “In exercising its narrowly defined duty under the APA, a court

must consider whether the agency acted within the scope of its legal authority, whether the

agency adequately explained its decision, whether the agency based its decision on facts in the

record, and whether the agency considered the relevant factors.” Defenders of Wildlife v.

Babbitt, 958 F. Supp. 670, 679 (D.D.C. 1997) (some citations omitted) (citing Marsh v. Oregon

Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 378 (1989)); see Spadone v. McHugh, 864 F. Supp. 2d 181,

187 (D.D.C. 2012) (citation omitted) (“A decision is arbitrary or capricious under the APA if an

agency failed to provide a reasoned explanation, failed to address reasonable arguments, or failed

to consider an important aspect of the case.”).

               1. Plaintiffs’ APA Arguments

       Plaintiffs “bear the burden of establishing the invalidity of the agency’s action.”

Magneson v. Mabus, 85 F. Supp. 3d 221, 225 (D.D.C. 2015). Set forth below are the Plaintiffs’

APA arguments, along with the court’s analysis of each argument:

               a. Plaintiffs allege they complied with the operative AFM guidelines.

          Plaintiffs argue they complied with AFM 33-153, which requires submission of an
           AIM Inventory once every 365 days and annual certification of training, but does not
           require submission of training certificates. (Pls. PI SOF # 6). Therefore, their upload
           of the 2015 training certificates, on May 7 (after the April 30 deadline), did not
           violate Air Force guidelines. (See AR 158).

          Plaintiffs contend that the published policies can be “changed” only by rewriting the
           publication or issuing policy memoranda. (Pls. PI Br. p. 34). They also argue that
           ECO Frasier “is the only individual who is empowered by Air Force regulation to
           direct ADPE compliance.” (Pls. PI Br. p. 7 n.8).

                                                  15
           Plaintiffs argue that because the emails from HQ contained due dates and a training
            certificate documentation requirement that purportedly conflicted with AFM 33-153,
            they had no obligation to follow the directives in the emails.

           Plaintiffs also contend that they were not bound by AFJROTC 36-2001 (5/28/14) ¶
            4.3.1 (one of the provisions Hoffman cited in her denial of the appeal and which
            requires submission of the AIM documents by April 30), because it purportedly
            conflicts with AFM 33-153. (Pls. SOF Resp. #52; AR 284; AR 143). They also
            argue that even if they were bound by AFJROTC 36-2001 (5/28/14) ¶ 4.3.1, they
            complied because they submitted their inventories in a timely fashion.

        Plaintiffs’ argument that they are bound only by the AFM guidelines is unpersuasive. As

an initial matter, the AFM is not part of the Administrative Record (“AR”), and therefore this

court does not know precisely what the AFM provides, nor the extent to which it applies to

ROTC units. In contrast, the AFJROTC instructions appear in the record and the first page of

each version indicates that they are published “By Order of the Director Air Force Junior ROTC”

and that compliance with the instructions is “Mandatory.” (AR 320, AFJROTC 36-2002; AR

275, AFJROTC 36-2001 (5/28/14); AR 177, AFJROTC 36-2001 (9/1/10)). The court is unable

to find a reason to conclude that, as a representative of the Air Force Secretary, the Director of

the AFJROTC lacked the authority to publish AFJROTC Instructions, even if they are narrower

than the provisions in the AFM.

        With respect to the emails from HQ, the court is unpersuaded by Plaintiffs’ argument that

Air Force guidelines prohibited the Director from issuing the emails. Citing AFI 33-360 (a

different publication than they cited previously), Plaintiffs point to a provision indicating that

changes to Air Force “policies, guidance or procedures found in official publications” can only

be made by publication of rewritten polices, interim guidance, Air Force Policy Memorandum

and other official documents, while changes by “other vehicles/mechanisms” are prohibited.

(Pls. PI Br. p. 34).

                                                 16
        However, Plaintiffs did not raise this argument in their administrative appeal. (See AR

117-141). Accordingly, it is not properly before this court because generally, “under the waiver

doctrine, issues and arguments not made before the relevant military correction board or

administrative agency are deemed waived and [cannot] not be raised in a judicial tribunal.”

Christian v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 793, 802 (2000) (citations omitted); see also Spadone, 864
F. Supp. 2d at 187 n.2 (refusing to consider claims not raised during the military administrative

process).

        Even if Plaintiffs had raised this argument, as noted above, the Air Force manuals

Plaintiffs cite are not a part of the AR and there is nothing in the record explaining if and how the

guidelines in those manuals apply to the AFJROTC. Indeed, the manual that contains the

guidelines on how to change Air Force policies specifically references a list of Air Force

publications found in “Table 4.1, Table 4.2, and processed IAW,” but those tables are not in the

record. (Pls. PI Br. p. 34). Moreover, it is unclear what constitutes a “change” to a policy. In

this case, there is a reasonable argument that the emails did not “change” the requirement that

units submit inventories between January 1 and April 30 yearly, but instead supplemented the

written AFJROTC instructions by requiring training certificates. This court is not convinced that

this type of supplementation is valid only when issued through a formal policy revision process.

        Finally, Plaintiffs have cited no legal authority that suggests the ECO is the only person

empowered to direct ADPE compliance. Thus, they have not met their burden of establishing

success on the merits with respect to their arguments that they were not required: (1) to comply

with AFJROTC instructions; (2) to comply with emails from the Director; or (3) to submit

training certificates.

                                                 17
                   b. Plaintiffs allege they complied with the training certificate submission
                      requirement.

           Plaintiffs point out that the AIM inventory they uploaded into WINGS prior to the April

    30 deadline in both 2014 and 2015 contained an affirmation that they had completed training.

    (Pls. PI. SOF # 8; AR 36, 54, 158).8 Therefore, they argue that they satisfied the requirement

    that they submit “training certificates” by the same date.

           Again, Plaintiffs did not raise this argument in their administrative appeal (see AR 117-

    141) and, therefore cannot assert it for the first time here. See Christian, 46 Fed. Cl. at 802;

    Spadone, 864 F. Supp. 2d at 187 n.2.

           Even if this argument were properly before this court, Plaintiffs have not pointed to any

    Air Force directive to support their argument that the training certification language on the AIM

    inventory satisfied the requirement to submit a “training certificate.” The existence of an AIM

    inventory, separate from the training certificate, indicates that the Air Force did not consider the

    AIM inventory a substitute for the training certificate. Indeed, in the March 7, 2014 email that

    Plaintiffs admit receiving, (AR 387, Malcomb Decl. ¶ 12; AR 4, Colley Decl. ¶ 12; Am. Compl.

    ¶¶ 56-57), the Director explained that ADPE equipment accountability compliance required

    submission of the AIM inventory, as well as training certificates for both instructors. (AR 149).

    The following month, Plaintiffs were placed on probation and Malcomb subsequently discussed

8
     Both Plaintiffs signed the AIM inventory form, which includes the following:

           I certify that I have reviewed the letter appointing the ECs reflected on this
           inventory account. The information contained in the appointment letter is current,
           accurate, and complete. The ECF have received the required training and have
           completed a physical inventory for all equipment under their jurisdiction.

    (AR 36, 54).

                                                     18
with ECO Frazier his “confusion [regarding] what documents were needed and how to upload

them into Wings.” (AR 414). Several days later, Plaintiffs submitted both the training

certificates and the AIM inventory prior to the April 30, 2014 decertification deadline. (AR

158). Accordingly, Plaintiffs knew in 2014 that they had an obligation to submit the training

certificates, in addition to their AIM inventory.

              c. Plaintiffs allege the 2014 probation was invalid.

          Plaintiffs submitted their AIM inventory via email and facsimile in 2014 by January
           20, before the deadline. (Pls. PI SOF #7; AR 414; AR 385-87, Malcomb Decl. ¶¶ 8,
           19). At that time, there was no requirement that documents be uploaded to WINGS.
           (Pls. PI Br. p. 4 n.6). Therefore, Malcolmb claims that when he received the March
           7, 2014 email about uploading documents to WINGS, he took no further action
           because the email did not state that Plaintiffs were not in compliance, and Plaintiffs
           should not have been placed on probation in 2014 for failing to meet deadlines.
           (Compl ¶¶ 51, 55-56).

       While Plaintiffs are correct that the WINGS upload requirement was not in effect when

they faxed and emailed their AIM inventory in January 2014, Plaintiffs should have been on

notice by mid-April that the Air Force was applying the requirement retroactively. Plaintiffs

admit that when they returned from spring break in April 2014, they saw an April 11 email. (See

AR 153, AR 4, Colley Decl. ¶¶ 14, 12; AR 386, Malcomb Decl. ¶¶ 14, 12). Because that email

specifically informed them that they had missed the April 10 ADPE suspense date, they were

therefore on notice that their January fax and email submissions had not been sufficient and that

they faced probation if they failed to take action by April 18. Yet, Plaintiffs ignored the warning

and instead waited until they were actually placed on probation to follow up. Plaintiffs’ own

inaction undermines their argument that the Air Force acted in an arbitrary and capricious

manner when it: (1) warned Plaintiffs on April 11 that they faced probation if they did not

complete the ADPE suspense by April 18; (2) gave Plaintiffs four additional days beyond the

deadline in which to comply; and (3) placed Plaintiffs on probation after they failed to comply,

                                                    19
or even respond to HQ’s emails. The court finds they are therefore unlikely to succeed on their

argument that the 2014 probation was invalid.

               d. Plaintiffs allege they did not receive certain emails.

            Plaintiffs note they were on spring break when emails dated April 7, 2014, April 11,
             2014, and April 6, 2015 were sent. (AR 4, Colley Decl. ¶ 13; AR 386, Malcomb
             Decl. ¶ 13. Amen. Compl. ¶ 90).

            Plaintiffs also allege that “Colley’s AFJROTC email was either disabled or deleted by
             the Air Force” for “all of March and April 2015 . . . the email account did not ‘exist.’”
             (Pls. PI SOF # 20) (citing (AR 506)).

            Plaintiffs argue that even if they had received them, the emails did not sufficiently
             inform them of the deadlines.

       Again, Plaintiffs did not raise these arguments in their administrative appeal and

therefore they are not properly before this court. Christian, 46 Fed. Cl. at 802; Spadone, 864 F.

Supp. 2d at 187 n.2. However, had Plaintiffs raised these arguments, it is unlikely they would

have prevailed. First, their contention that the emails did not sufficiently inform them of the

deadlines is not supported by the record.9

       Second, Plaintiffs do not explain how being away during the break excused their failure

to meet the deadlines. Plaintiffs acknowledge that in 2014, upon returning from spring break,

they saw an email—containing the subject line “ADPE Missed Suspense”—but they believed

the email did not apply to them, even though it clearly stated they were not in compliance with

the ADPE suspense and warned them that they would be placed on probation if they failed to

comply by a specified date. (AR 4, Colley Decl. ¶¶ 14, 12; AR 386, Malcomb Decl. ¶¶ 14, 12;

AR 153) (emphasis in original). They subsequently learned—well before 2015—that they were

incorrect.

9
   Plaintiffs admit they received at least two emails that contained specific ADPE suspense
deadlines. (See AR 153, April 11, 2014 email; AR 168, April 24, 2015 email).
                                                  20
       In 2015, the AFJROTC instructions required that Plaintiffs “log into WINGS and the

instructor’s AFJROTC.com email at least weekly.” (AR 299, AFJROTC 36-2001 (5/28/14) ¶

7.2.1). Thus, any failure to check their emails during spring break in 2015 violated Air Force

instructions. Moreover, after they returned from spring break, Plaintiffs admit receiving an email

from Regional Director Barron informing them they were not in compliance. (AR 168; Am.

Compl. ¶ 97; AR 5-6 Colley Decl. ¶¶ 25, 28). Thus, Plaintiffs’ argument that spring break

prevented them from learning of the deadlines and requirements fails.

      Plaintiffs’ allegation regarding Colley’s allegedly “disabled” email is similarly

unpersuasive. First, the documents upon which Plaintiffs rely do not establish that Colley’s

email account was “disabled or deleted” through no fault of his own, but instead suggest that it

was disabled due to non-use. (See AR 506). On May 11, 2015, Colley emailed HQ email

support asking for a reset of his password. (Id.) HQ email support informed him that his

account no longer existed, and that “[a]ll accounts are disabled after 45 days of inactivity.” (Id.)

Thus, it appears that Colley had not used his account in at least 45 days—since at least March 27,

2015, before spring break. Plaintiffs do not proffer any explanation for why Colley did not

observe or address the email issue earlier, particularly given his obligation to log in weekly. (See

AR 299, AFJROTC 36-2001 (5/28/14) 7.2.1). Nor have they asserted that Colley’s email

address was the only one to which HQ sent emails. Indeed, the record indicates that on several

occasions, HQ sent emails to Malcomb or to what appears to be the unit email address. (See AR

151, 165-66, 168). Consequently, Colley’s email problems did not excuse Plaintiffs’ non-

compliance with the suspense deadline and, therefore, Plaintiffs are not likely to succeed on their

email arguments.

                                                 21
              e. The Air Force did not give Plaintiffs advance notice prior to the decertification.

       While the Air Force did not give Plaintiffs advance notice of the initial decision to

decertify, it had warned them that they faced decertification and subsequently gave them notice

of the decertification decision before it became effective. Plaintiffs were warned in 2014 that

non-compliance “would” result in decertification, and in 2015 that they “could” be decertified if

they missed the April 30 deadline. (AR 153, 155-56, 168-69; see AR 165-66). After they

missed the deadline in 2015, Woods sent them a memorandum on May 18, 2015 informing them

that they would be decertified “effective the end of the academic year.” (AR 95, 97). Plaintiffs

admit that the school year ended on June 4, 2015. (Am. Compl. ¶ 145). Thus, the decertification

did not become effective with the letter from Woods.

       Moreover, Woods informed Plaintiffs of their right to appeal his decision, pursuant to

AFJROTC instructions, which allow fifteen days to appeal. (AR 95, 97). Therefore, Plaintiffs

had through June 2, 2015 (two days before the decertification became effective) to file an appeal,

which they did with the assistance of counsel. Accordingly, Plaintiffs had an opportunity to

respond fully to the decertification decision before it became final.

              f. Plaintiffs challenge the initial decertification decision by Colonel Woods,
                 alleging that:

           Woods relied on false information when he claimed, in the decertification
            notification, that Plaintiffs had failed to meet the suspense deadline in 2015—despite
            personal direction and phone calls from Barron, the Regional Director. (Pls. PI SOF
            # 14) (citing AR 95, 97). Plaintiffs also appear to contend that Woods was informed
            of the purported telephone call via false “testimony” that Plaintiffs were not allowed
            to rebut. (Pls. PI. SOF # 13).

           Woods held a secret meeting, evidence of which is “compelling.” (Pls. PI Br. p. 6 &
            n.7).

           Woods must have relied on undisclosed documents to reach his decertification
            decision, because Plaintiffs did not receive any documents when they requested
            them. (Pls. PI Br. p. 7-8 n.7).

                                                 22
       Plaintiffs are unlikely to establish arbitrary or capricious conduct as it relates to Woods

and the decertification decision. First, with respect to the alleged telephone call between Barron

and Colley, Plaintiffs noted in their appeal that the telephone call never occurred and cited to

emails from Barron admitting he had been mistaken about speaking to Plaintiffs. (AR 122; see

AR 495, 508). Thus, Hoffman was fully aware that Woods had been mistaken and there is no

indication that she relied on the alleged telephone call in deciding the appeal. Consequently,

there is no evidence that the final decision was tainted by false information.

       Second, the court disagrees with Plaintiffs’ contention that there is “compelling”

evidence of a secret meeting. (See Pls. PI Br. pp. 6-7 n.7). “The presumption of regularity

supports the official acts of public officers, and, in the absence of clear evidence to the contrary,

courts presume that they have properly discharged their official duties.” United States v. Chem.

Found., 272 U.S. 1, 14–15 (1926). Yet Plaintiffs argue, without any evidence, that there must

have been a secret meeting because “they were not notified” and “no written record has been

provided . . . to substantiate [their] alleged failure to timely provide [ADPE] documents.” (Pls.

PI Br. pp. 6-7 n.7). These facts do not warrant such an assumption.

       Finally, Plaintiffs provide no support for their allegation that Woods or any other official

considered documents to which the Plaintiffs were not privy prior to filing their decertification

appeals. This allegation appears to center around an email exchange between Plaintiffs and

Colonel Scotty Lewis, who was the Chief of AFJROTC Instructor Management. (See Pls. PI Br.

pp. 6-7 n.7; AR 511). After the decertification decision, Plaintiffs emailed Lewis to inquire what

documents Woods had relied upon to reach the decertification decision. (AR 511). Lewis

attached a copy of the 2014 probation email and explained that “missing [the 2015] suspense

[deadline] is the only ‘documentation’ needed . . . [but] Wayne Barron may have a copy of the

                                                 23
actual dates utilized regarding your unit’s specific situation as well as the emails sent by him and

the headquarters.” (Id.) Relying on this exchange, Plaintiffs contend that “nothing in the AR

provides any indication of what Mr. Lewis or Colonel Woods might have considered to reach the

conclusions they did.” (Pls. PI Br. p. 7 n.7).

      The court finds this argument puzzling. The AR is replete with emails from HQ to

Plaintiffs about the suspension deadlines. While Plaintiffs contend that they did not receive

some of the emails at the time they were sent, there is no evidence in the record that Plaintiffs

failed to receive relevant or material emails prior to the date they filed their appeals. Indeed,

Plaintiffs cite to many of the emails in their appeal letters. (See AR 117-141; Amend. Compl. ¶¶

88-89). Finally, while it is clear that some of the documents contained in the AR were created

after the decertification decision, Plaintiffs have not directed the court to any evidence that might

suggest that Woods or Hoffman considered any relevant or material information of which

Plaintiffs were unaware before they prepared their appeal letters.

              g. Plaintiffs challenge Hoffman’s denial of the decertification appeal, claiming:

          On June 30, 2015, Hoffman presided over a “licensing proceeding” relating to
           the appeal, which they were not invited to attend. (Pls. PI. SOF # 17).

          Hoffman added new charges in denying the decertification appeal, to which
           they were not allowed to mount a defense. (Pls. PI SOF # 16; Pls. PI Br. p. 8).

          Hoffman ignored proof that Plaintiffs complied with the submission deadlines
           by submitting their AIM inventories in compliance with AFM 33-153 in 2014
           and 2015. (Pls. PI. Br. p. 8) (citing AR 408).

       As with their claims about Woods, Plaintiffs have not pointed to any evidence in the

record that Hoffman held a “licensing proceeding.”

                                                 24
       With respect to the new charges allegation, the record fails to support Plaintiffs’

contentions, and indicates that Hoffman relied on the same AFJROTC instruction as did Woods,

and responded to the arguments Plaintiffs’ raised in their appeal letters.

       Finally, as noted above, Plaintiffs’ are unlikely to succeed on the merits of their argument

that compliance with AFM 33-153 alone was sufficient to avoid decertification.

              h. Plaintiffs allege that the sanction of decertification was too severe,
                 claiming:

          Decertification was unauthorized, since the AFJROTC guidelines provide that
           the sanction for failing to meet ADPE deadlines is disabling a unit’s account,
           thereby preventing the unit from ordering new equipment. (Pls. PI SOF # 28;
           Pls. PI Br. pp. 33-34; AR 285 AFJROTC 36-2001 (5/28/14) ¶ 4.3.2).

          The “Chief of the Instructor Management Branch” sent Hoffman an email
           indicating that Plaintiffs were the only instructors “in [the Lieutenant’s]
           records that [have been] specifically decertified for suspenses alone. The rest
           were a combination of performance to include suspenses.” (Pls. PI SOF # 29).

       Plaintiffs’ arguments are not compelling. First, while the ADPE instructions warn that

failure to comply with submission deadlines will result in a disabled account, the instructions do

not indicate that this is the only sanction. Indeed, the AFJROTC Instructions allow for

decertification where an instructor fails to “meet standards as prescribed by applicable . . .

AFJROTC and Holm Center [HQ] instructions.” (AR 323-4 AJROTC 36-2002, § 1.1.3)

(emphasis added). Here, Plaintiffs failed to follow HQ instructions even after they were warned,

in at least two emails they received, that failure might lead to decertification. (See AR 153, 155-

56, 169). Plaintiffs’ decision to disregard these warnings undermines their argument that the

decertification decision was arbitrary or capricious. See Elk Assocs. Funding Corp. v. U.S. Small

Bus. Admin., 858 F. Supp. 2d 1, 24 (D.D.C. 2012) (rejecting motion for preliminary injunction

based on alleged APA and Due Process violations because, inter alia, the agency had afforded

the plaintiff “countless opportunities to come into compliance”).

                                                 25
       Finally, the court was not provided a copy of the email allegedly sent to Hoffman from

the Chief of the Instructor Management Branch. But even if it had been part of the record, the

email—without more—would not have been sufficient to establish that Plaintiffs were singled

out for harsher treatment.

              i. Plaintiffs contend that because there was no finding of willfulness, the Air
                 Force violated the APA by failing to allow Plaintiffs an opportunity to correct
                 their alleged non-compliance prior to the decertification. (Pls. PI Br. pp. 13-
                 14, 32-33). 10

       Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 558(c), except where there is a finding of willfulness, “an agency

must give a licensee an opportunity to demonstrate or achieve compliance with all lawful

requirements before the agency withdraws, suspends, revokes, or annuls a license.” Atl. Richfield

Co. v. United States, 774 F.2d 1193, 1199 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 558(c)); see Fence

Creek Cattle Co. v. U.S. Forest Serv., No. CIV 06-1236-SU, 2008 WL 4610272, at *7 (D. Or.

Oct. 16, 2008) (citations omitted), aff’d, 602 F.3d 1125 (9th Cir. 2010). Plaintiffs contend the

Air Force did not make a willfulness finding, nor could it have done so because Plaintiffs

believed they were in compliance. Therefore, Plaintiffs argue, in the absence of such a finding,

the Air Force violated § 558(c) of the APA by not providing them with an opportunity to

“achieve compliance” before their certifications were revoked.

10
     Plaintiffs rely on the following provisions of the APA: 5 U.S.C. § 558(c) (“Except in cases of
willfulness . . . the withdrawal, suspension, revocation, or annulment of a license is lawful only
if, before the institution of agency proceedings therefor, the licensee has been given . . . (1)
notice by the agency in writing of the facts or conduct which may warrant the action; and (2)
opportunity to demonstrate or achieve compliance with all lawful requirements.”); 5 U.S.C. §
551(8) (“license” includes “an agency permit, certificate, approval, registration, charter,
membership, statutory exemption or other form of permission.”); 5 U.S.C. § 558(b) (“A sanction
may not be imposed or a substantive rule or order issued except within jurisdiction delegated to
the agency and as authorized by law.”).
                                                26
          Whether or not this provision applies to the facts presented here, Plaintiffs are unlikely to

succeed on the merits of this claim. First, the record belies Plaintiffs’ argument that the Air

Force failed to provide Plaintiffs an opportunity to “achieve compliance” prior to decertification.

Fence Creek Cattle Company v. United States Forest Service, No. CIV 06-1236-SU, 2008 WL
4610272, at *8 (D. Or. Oct. 16, 2008), aff’d, 602 F.3d 1125 (9th Cir. 2010) is instructive. There,

plaintiffs argued that the Department of Agriculture (“DOA”) violated their APA rights by

revoking a grazing permit without allowing them an opportunity to achieve compliance. The

court disagreed, noting:

          It was not until after several oral and written communications that agency action
          was taken. On numerous occasions, both informally and through written notice,
          plaintiff was apprised of the facts and conduct at issue and was given the
          opportunity to demonstrate that it had complied with the requirements of the
          grazing permit.

Id. *7.

          Because they ignored the warnings, the plaintiffs in Fence Creek were unable to establish

that the DOA violated § 558(c)’s prohibition against revoking a license prior to allowing the

licensee an opportunity to cure. Plaintiffs here, like those in Fence Creek, were provided

numerous notices of their non-compliance and were warned of potential negative consequences,

yet ignored the warnings. Therefore, the court finds that Plaintiffs’ argument that the Air Force

violated § 558(c)’s prohibition on revoking a license prior to allowing a licensee to “achieve

compliance” is unlikely to succeed on the merits.

            Moreover, the court disagrees that the agency failed to make a willfulness finding.

Indeed, while he did not quote the text of the instruction, Woods determined that Plaintiffs

violated AFJROTC Instruction 36-2002 ¶ 3.1.2.2.5, which provides that “decertification may be

a result of . . . [a]n incident of willful misconduct.” (AR 336, 143; see AR 336, AFJROTC 36-

                                                   27
2002 ¶ 3.1.2; id.¶ 3.1.2.2). On appeal, Hoffman found that Plaintiffs violated the same

instruction. (AR 143). Thus, the record establishes that the Air Force did make a willfulness

finding and Plaintiffs are not entitled to the protections of 5 U.S.C. § 558(c).

        Plaintiffs are also incorrect that a willfulness finding is impossible because they believed

they were in compliance. “[A] violation is ‘willful’ if the violator ‘(1) intentionally does an act

which is prohibited, [ ]irrespective of evil motive or reliance on erroneous advice, or (2) acts

with careless disregard of statutory requirements.’” Potato Sales Co. v. Dep’t. of Agric., 92 F.3d
800, 805 (9th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted); see Schwebel v. Orrick, 153 F. Supp. 701, 705

(D.D.C 1957) (“Willfulness . . . has been interpreted as meaning the intentional doing of the act

charged.”) (citing Air Transport Assocs. v. Civil Aeronautics Bd., 199 F.2d 181, 186 (1953)),

aff’’d on other grounds, 251 F.2d 919 (D.C. Cir. 1958). Because a willfulness finding does not

require evidence of ill intent, under the facts presented here it is irrelevant that Plaintiffs believed

they had legitimate reasons for failing to meet the suspense deadline or that they believed they

had already submitted the necessary documentation. There is evidence that they “act[ed] with

careless disregard of [Air Force] requirements.” Potato Sales Co, 92 F.3d at 805.

               j. Plaintiffs allege that the Air Force failed to follow its own published guidelines
                  for decertification, claiming:

                  The Air Force was required to consider “overall performance,” including their
                   school performance evaluations and letters of support from the school
                   principal, prior to decertification, but failed to do so. (Pls. PI Br. p. 36-39; see
                   AR 440-475).

                  The Air Force was required to complete a Form 98 evaluation prior to
                   decertification, but failed to do so. (Pls. Br. p. 26 n.18; id. pp. 36-39; Am.
                   Compl. ¶ 203r).

        Plaintiffs misread the cited instructions regarding decertification. First, the instructions

allow for decertification either when the instructor’s “overall performance . . . is unsatisfactory”

                                                  28
or when there is a finding of willfulness, as there was here. (AR 336, AFJROTC 36-2002 ¶

3.1.2, ¶ 3.1.2.2; ¶ 3.1.2.2.5). Thus, there is no requirement that a consideration of “overall

performance” precede a decertification decision.

       With regard to the Air Force’s failure to complete Form 98 prior to decertification, the

Air Force considers the Form 98 and the associated performance review process “to be adequate

protection for instructors from unfair evaluation” and a school official or the unit’s senior ROTC

officer “may initiate” a Form 98 when an instructor’s “performance or conduct does not meet

acceptable standards or is exemplary.” (AR 337, AFJROTC 36-2002 ¶ 3.7.1; AR 339

AFJROTC 36-2002 ¶ 4.6.3.2.1.).

       In support of their Form 98 argument, Plaintiffs first rely on AFJROTC 36-2002 ¶ 2.3.1,

which provides:

       When a staff visit report, unit evaluation, or other official source of information
       (i.e., school or civil investigation) indicates the instructor’s performance or conduct
       is less than overall Satisfactory; Holm Center/JR will inform school officials and
       request they consider taking corrective action, including evaluation of whether the
       continued employment of the instructor is appropriate. If school officials do not or
       are not able to take corrective measures, Holm Center will process the case [using
       one of two options].

(AR 334).

        This provision, by its terms, appears inapplicable to the conduct at issue here because it

seems to contemplate school related conduct that school officials are authorized to correct. And

even if this case did involve such conduct, HQ’s options do not require use of Form 98.

         Plaintiffs next cite to AFJROTC 36-2002 ¶ 3.8, which involves “action before

[d]ecertification,” and which provides two distinct paths to decertification. (AR 338). Under

paragraph one, if a “staff visit or other official source of information indicates the instructor’s

performance or conduct is overall unsatisfactory and corrective action directed by [HQ] or

                                                  29
school officials is insufficient to correct, [HQ] will process the case under 3.1.2,”—the

instruction discussed above permitting decertification if there is a finding of willfulness. (AR

338 AFJROTC 36-2002 ¶ 3.8.1; AR 336, AFJROTC 36-2002 ¶ 3.1.2; ¶ 3.1.2.2.5).

       Assuming arguendo that paragraph one applies here, HQ complied with its requirements.

Specifically, HQ’s attempted corrective action in the form of email notifications failed to bring

about compliance. Because these efforts were “insufficient to correct” the problem, HQ made a

willfulness finding and proceeded accordingly. It did not need to complete a Form 98 to process

a decertification based on willfulness.

       Paragraph two of AFJROTC 36-2002 ¶ 3.8 provides that HQ “will initiate action to

decertify an instructor whenever it is required because of an Unsatisfactory rating on an

AFJROTC Form 98.” (AR 338). Thus, Form 98 is not required in order to initiate

decertification under paragraph two; rather, decertification is mandated if the Form 98 evaluation

and appeal process ends with an unsatisfactory rating. (See id.)

               2. Summary

       The court finds that the Plaintiffs’ APA claim is not likely to succeed on the merits

because the crux of that claim relies on arguments unsupported by the record, and because it asks

this court to do what it is not permitted to do: “serve as a super correction board that reweighs

the evidence,” Charette v. Walker, 996 F. Supp. 43, 50 (D.D.C. 1998) (citation omitted), and

“substitute its judgment for that of the military departments . . . .” Christian v. United States, 46
Fed. Cl. 793, 801 (2000) (citing Heisig v. United States, 719 F.2d 1153, 1156 (Fed. Cir. 1983)).

      C.       Privacy Act

       “The Privacy Act regulates the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of

information about individuals by federal agencies.” Wilson v. Libby, 535 F.3d 697, 707 (D.C.

                                                 30
Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The Act requires that agencies

“maintain all records which are used by the agency in making any determination about any

individual with such accuracy, relevance, timeliness, and completeness as is reasonably

necessary to assure fairness to the individual in the determination.” 5 U.S.C. § 552a(e)(5). An

individual may request access to and amendment of an agency’s records or information

pertaining to him, see id. § 552a(d), and may file a civil action if the agency “makes a

determination . . . not to amend an individual’s record in accordance with his request” or if the

agency fails to maintain accurate records about that person and the agency subsequently makes

an adverse determination based on the inaccurate records. Id. § 552a(g)(1)(A); 552a(g)(1)(C).

       Plaintiffs bear the burden of proving any alleged violations of the Privacy Act were

intentional or willful. See Albright v. United States, 732 F.2d 181, 189 (D.C. Cir. 1984). Here,

Plaintiffs appear to argue that the Air Force violated the Privacy Act by maintaining inaccurate

records associated with the misinformation regarding whether Regional Director Barron spoke

with Plaintiffs via telephone about their late ADPE documents.

       Plaintiffs’ argument fails because “an agency need not keep perfect records, but must act

reasonably to assure their accuracy.” Dickson v. Office of Pers. Mgmt., 1991 WL 423968, at *15

(D.D.C. Aug. 27, 1991). Here, the Air Force records contain an email from Barron conceding

that he was mistaken and that he did not speak with Plaintiffs about the ADPE compliance

deadlines. (AR 495, 508). Thus, the inaccurate information was corrected, Plaintiffs discussed

the correction in their appeal and, as noted above, there is no indication that Hoffman relied on

this misinformation when she considered the appeal. Thus, Plaintiffs have not established that

the Air Force violated the Privacy Act by engaging in willful or intentional conduct by failing to

                                                31
“assure fairness in any determination relating to [Plaintiffs’] qualifications, character, rights . . .

or benefits.” 5 U.S.C. § 552a(g)(1)(C).11

      D.        Due Process Claim

           Plaintiffs contend that the initial decertification decision violated their due process

rights because Woods allegedly held a secret hearing, declined to provide Plaintiffs evidence

supporting the decertification decision and denied them an opportunity to confront “false

evidence.” (Pls. PI Br. pp. 6-8 & n.7). As discussed above, these allegations are not supported

by the record. Thus, Plaintiffs are unlikely to succeed on the merits of their due process claim,

as it relates to these allegations.

           Next, Plaintiffs contend that the Air Force failed to provide Plaintiffs with an

opportunity to be heard before they were decertified. Assuming for the purposes of argument

11
    To the extent Plaintiffs allege violations of the Privacy Act over the inclusion of documents
in the record containing “gossip collected off the internet,” Plaintiffs are unlikely to succeed on
the merits. (See Pls. PI SOF # 19). Plaintiffs point out that the record contains an email dated
July 13, 2015 from Woods to an unidentified “team.” (AR 496-502). Included in the email is
what Woods described as “antidotal [sic] information,” consisting of: (1) an article about an
interview Colley apparently gave to a local media outlet regarding the decertification; and (2)
apparent social media comments posted on the Facebook page for the media outlet that published
the article.
    Under the Privacy Act, opinions do not constitute “inaccurate” information. See Allmon v.
Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 605 F. Supp. 2d 1, 7 (D.D.C. 2009) (“The Privacy Act is not a means to
challenge . . . opinions or judgments . . . .”) (citations omitted); Graham v. Hawk, 857 F. Supp.
38, 40 (W.D. Tenn. 1994) (“[R]ecords are maintained with adequate fairness if they accurately
reflect the nature of the evidence,” i.e., indicate that the information is a hearsay report from an
unnamed informant.), aff’d, 59 F.3d 170 (6th Cir. 1995); Kleiman v. Dep’t. of Energy, 956 F.2d
335, 337-38 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (“[T]he Privacy Act allows for amendment of factual or historical
errors[, the statute] is not . . . a vehicle for amending the judgments of federal officials or others
as those judgments are reflected in records maintained by federal agencies.”) (emphasis in
original) (alterations and some citations omitted) (citing Rogers v. United States Dep’t of Labor,
607 F. Supp. 697, 699 (N.D. Cal. 1985)).
    Moreover, the emails containing these opinions were sent after Hoffman denied Plaintiffs’
appeal, and could not have tainted the administrative process. (See AR 496-502).

                                                   32
that Plaintiffs had a constitutionally protected interest in their certifications, 12 their due process

claim is still unlikely to succeed on the merits. Due process requires that an aggrieved party be

allowed an opportunity to be heard prior to the effective date of the alleged deprivation. See,

e.g., Opp Cotton Mills v. Adm’r of Wage & Hour Div. of Dep't of Labor, 312 U.S. 126, 152–53

(1941) (“The demands of due process do not require a[n opportunity to be heard], at the initial

stage or at any particular point or at more than one point in an administrative proceeding so long

as the [opportunity to be heard] is [permitted] before the final order becomes effective.”)

(emphasis added); Myersville Citizens for a Rural Cmty., Inc. v. F.E.R.C., 783 F.3d 1301, 1327

(D.C. Cir. 2015) (“[A] rebuttal opportunity that arises before the issuance of a final order is

sufficient for purposes of due process.”); Brown v. United States, 367 F.2d 907, 911 (10th Cir.

1966) (“It is sufficient to satisfy the demands of due process if a[n opportunity to be heard] is

provided for before a final order becomes effective.”) (emphasis added). In order to ensure that

the opportunity to be heard serves “its full purpose, then, it is clear that it must be granted at a

time when the deprivation can still be prevented,” and here, Plaintiffs were allowed this

opportunity via the appeal process prior to the effective date of the decertification. See Ford

Motor Co. v. Coleman, 402 F. Supp. 475, 496 (D.D.C. 1975). Accordingly, Plaintiffs are not

likely to succeed on the merits of this due process claim.

12
    Plaintiffs are unlikely to: (1) demonstrate a property interest sufficient to trigger due process
protections; or (2) show a constitutionally protected liberty interest. See Crooks v. Mabus, 845
F.3d 412, 418–19 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (examining Navy ROTC regulations and finding no protected
property interest and a doubtful liberty interest where former ROTC instructor challenged
decertification). In any event, the court need not reach these issues given its finding that
Plaintiffs are unlikely to succeed with their argument that the Air Force’s decertification
procedures failed to comply with due process.

                                                   33
       E.        FTCA

       Plaintiffs did not address the likelihood of success on their FTCA claim. Therefore, the

court finds that Plaintiffs have not met their burden with respect to this claim.

       F.      Jurisdiction Over Plaintiffs’ Remaining Arguments and Claims

       In their Motion for Preliminary Injunction, Plaintiffs raised claims that did not appear in

their Amended Complaint. For example, Plaintiffs’ Motion challenges the Air Force’s authority

to decertify them because, in their view, no statutory or regulatory authority for decertification of

JROTC instructors exists. (See Pls. PI Br. pp. 14-26; see id. p. 16) Plaintiffs also argue that the

AFJROTC instructions are unenforceable because they constitute “regulations” that were not

properly promulgated through notice and comment. (Id. pp. 27-32).

       “For jurisdiction to exist over the instant motion for injunctive relief, the motion must be

closely related to the facts, legal issues, and parties addressed in the plaintiffs’ amended

complaint[].” Adair v. England, 193 F. Supp. 2d 196, 201 (D.D.C. 2002) (citation omitted).

Here, Plaintiffs’ challenges to the statutory authority for decertification and to the legitimacy of

the AFJROTC regulations are not “closely related” to the claims or legal issues raised in their

Amended Complaint. Accordingly, the court is without jurisdiction to consider the additional

arguments raised for the first time in their motion for injunctive relief.

2. REMAINING INJUNCTIVE RELIEF FACTORS

       Having found that Plaintiffs are not likely to succeed on the merits, the court must also

consider whether: (1) Plaintiffs would suffer irreparable injury absent the requested injunctive

relief; (2) the injunctive relief would further the public interest; and (3) the balance of equities

tips in favor of the Plaintiffs. Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. Courts in this Circuit have used a “sliding

scale” approach in analyzing these factors, meaning a particularly strong showing in one could

                                                  34
outweigh weakness in another. See Sherley v. Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 392-93 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

However, it is unclear whether this approach survives after the Supreme Court’s ruling in Winter

v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Incorporated, 555 U.S. 7 (2008), which “suggests if not .

. . hold[s] ‘that a likelihood of success is an independent, free-standing requirement for a

preliminary injunction.’” Sherley, 644 F.3d at 393.

       Under either approach, however, the court finds that Plaintiffs are not entitled to

preliminary relief, as they are unable to meet the Winter test because they are unlikely to succeed

on the merits, and because, under the “sliding scale” approach, the equities tip in favor of

denying preliminary relief.

       A. Public Interest

       Although Plaintiffs have proffered evidence of some public support for their case, the

court finds that the public interest would not be served by granting injunctive relief because the

impact of Plaintiffs’failure to follow directives from HQ is significant. The public has an interest

in the manner in which the military is represented, and in the perception and appreciation of its

adherence to and compliance with regulations and orders, even by those serving in a civilian

capacity.

       B. Irreparable Harm

       Plaintiffs argue that, given the revocation of their AFJROTC certifications, they face

imminent irreparable harm because their teaching certifications will be revoked. The school

district sent each Plaintiff a “Notice of Intent to Dismiss,” informing them that the loss of their

JROTC certifications has made them “unemployable” by the school system. (ECF 20, Pls. First

PI Br. at ECF pp. 55, 79). Subsequently, the California Commission on Professional

                                                 35
Competence scheduled a hearing for May 23, 2017 to consider terminating Colley due to his

failure to maintain his JROTC certification. (ECF No. 23, Pls. Mot. for Tele. Status p. 3).13

         The court finds that the anticipated loss of the teaching certifications is not an irreparable

injury. Assuming the California Commission revokes their teaching credentials, Plaintiffs have

not shown that they would be unable to regain those credentials and regain employment with the

school district upon reinstatement of their certifications. See Chaplaincy of Full Gospel

Churches v. England, 454 F.3d 290, 297 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (noting that “the injury must be

beyond remediation”); Davis v. Billington, 76 F. Supp. 3d 59, 65 (D.D.C. 2014) (finding no

irreparable harm because plaintiff had “no concrete proof that the vacancy for Deputy Assistant

or some other comparable position will not be available when [the litigation] ultimately

resolved.”).

         In contrast, there is evidence that, without injunctive relief, Plaintiffs would suffer

financial harm because they have no legal recourse to recoup their lost salaries from either the

state or the Air Force.14 However, the loss of employment income does not necessarily establish

irreparable harm—even when the loss is unrecoverable. In Sampson v. Murray, 415 U.S. 61, 92

n.68 (1974) the Supreme Court noted in dicta that “cases may arise in which the circumstances

surrounding an employee’s discharge, together with the resultant effect on the employee, may so

far depart from the normal situation that irreparable injury might be found.” The Court

cautioned, however, “[s]uch extraordinary cases are hard to define in advance of their

occurrence.” Id. The court finds that this is not such an extraordinary case, especially given that

13
     It is not clear whether a hearing has been set on Malcomb’s teaching certification.
14
    Despite demanding lost pay and benefits in their Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs admit that
the APA does not provide for of monetary damages. (See Am. Compl. ¶ 245; ECF No. 16, Pls.
First PI Br. p. 3).
                                                   36
Plaintiffs are retired military officers who appear able to seek other employment. See Billington,
76 F. Supp. 3d at 65-66 (finding plaintiff’s inability to recover back pay from his former

employer at his primary job did not constitute irreparable harm for preliminary injunction

purposes where plaintiff still received a military pension, as well as income from a second job).

       C. Balancing of the Equities

       In balancing the equities, the court “weighs the harm to [Plaintiff] if there is no injunction

against the harm to the [Defendant] if there is.” Pursuing America’s Greatness v. FEC, 831 F.3d
500, 511 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (citing Winter, 555 U.S. at 25-26). Here, “the [Defendant’s] harm and

the public interest are one and the same, because the government’s interest is the public interest.”

Pursuing America’s Greatness, 831 F.3d at 511 (emphasis in original) (citing Nken v. Holder,

556 U.S. 418, 435 (2009)). In other words, “in the context of a stay, assessing the harm to the

opposing party and weighing the public interest ‘merge when the Government is the opposing

party.’” Pursuing America’s Greatness, 831 F.3d at 511 (quoting Nken, 556 U.S. at 435).

       Applying this standard, the court finds that balancing the equities supports denying

injunctive relief because: (1) Plaintiffs are unlikely to succeed on the merits; (2) Plaintiffs have

not established that they will suffer irreparable harm; and (3) the public interest will not be

served, and may in fact be harmed by forcing the Air Force to temporarily reinstate Plaintiffs’

certifications. Moreover, there is legal authority indicating that a governmental entity may be

harmed where an injunction would require it to welcome back an expelled individual, because

doing so would “undermin[e] the authority of the [entity] to take disciplinary action for what it

believed to be a serious threat to . . . property.” Boucher v. Sch. Bd. of Sch. Dist. of Greenfield,

134 F.3d 821, 826–27 (7th Cir. 1998) (denying preliminary injunction to expelled student whom

                                                 37
school officials accused of endangering school property after he distributed, on campus, copies

of his publication explaining how to hack the schools’ computers).

       Finally, the D.C. Circuit has warned that under normal circumstances, “a preliminary

injunction should not work to give a party essentially the full relief he seeks on the merits” and

preliminary relief here would do just that. See Dorfmann v. Boozer, 414 F.2d 1168, 1173 n.13

(D.C. Cir. 1969) (citing Selchow & Righter Co. v. Western Printing & Lithographing Co., 112
F.2d 430 (7th Cir. 1940)). Accordingly, the court finds that a preliminary injunction is not

appropriate in this case and will deny the motion.

                                      C. VENUE

1. LEGAL STANDARD

       Plaintiffs’ APA and constitutional claims are governed by the general federal venue

provision 28 U.S.C.A. § 1391,15 under which a civil action against either the United States or one

of its officials acting in her official capacity may be brought

       in any judicial district in which (A) a defendant in the action resides, (B) a substantial part
       of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property
       that is the subject of the action is situated, or (C) the plaintiff resides if no real property is
       involved in the action.

28 U.S.C.A. § 1391(e)(1). In this case, the named individual defendants involved in the

decertification and appeal—Woods and Hoffman—reside in Alabama, and a substantial part of

the events giving rise to this action occurred there, as well as in California, where Plaintiffs are

located. Thus, under the general venue provision, venue in either state is appropriate.

15
   As noted above, Plaintiffs have not asserted any facts to support a Privacy Act claim.
Therefore, the Privacy Act’s venue statute—which specifically provides for venue in the District
of Columbia—does not factor into the court’s analysis. Even if the court were to consider the
Privacy Act venue statute, the court still has the authority to transfer venue under 28 U.S.C. §
1406.
                                                  38
       FTCA claims “may be prosecuted only in the judicial district where the plaintiff resides

or wherein the act or omission complained of occurred.” Patel v. Phillips, 933 F. Supp. 2d 153,

165 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1402(b)). Thus, under the FTCA, venue is also

appropriate in either Alabama or California.

       Although the only connection to the District of Columbia appears to be that the Secretary

of the Army is located nearby at the Pentagon, in Virginia, and her official address is in the

District of Columbia (ECF No. 12, Defs. Reply p. 1 & n.1), the Air Force did not argue in its

opening brief that venue is improper in this district, but instead urged the court to transfer the

case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404. In its reply, however, the Air Force argued that venue in this

district is improper, (ECF No. 12, Defs. Reply pp. 1-4), but still failed to cite to 28 U.S.C. §

1406, the appropriate provision governing actions filed in the wrong venue, and which states:

       The district court of a district in which is filed a case laying venue in the wrong
       division or district shall dismiss, or if it be in the interest of justice, transfer such
       case to any district or division in which it could have been brought.

28 U.S.C.A. § 1406(a). While this provision allows for dismissal of a case filed in the wrong

venue, the Air Force has not requested dismissal, but instead transfer under Section 1404,

preferably to Alabama or California. 16

       In deciding a Section 1404(a) venue motion, a court must first determine whether the

transferee district is one where the action “might have been brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). As

16
   Even if the Air Force had requested dismissal, the court would have denied the request
because, inter alia, the Air Force did not raise the venue argument in its principal brief, and
therefore waived it. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b) (“Every defense to a claim for relief in any
pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading if one is required”). Additionally, dismissal
would not serve the interests of justice.

                                                  39
discussed above, venue in either Alabama or California is proper in light of Plaintiffs’ claims,

and both these options satisfy the requirements of Section 1404.

       Next, the court must consider “the convenience of the parties and witnesses,” as well as

“the interest of justice” when considering transfer. 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). While the

       convenience of the parties, convenience of the witnesses, and the interests of justice
       are the three principal factors to consider in determining whether to transfer a case,
       courts have also considered various other factors, including the private interests of
       the parties and the public interests of the court, as additional considerations
       ‘protected by the language of [the change of venue statute].

Valley Cmty. Pres. Comm’n v. Mineta, 231 F. Supp. 2d 23, 44 (D.D.C. 2002) (citation omitted).

The statute “is intended to place discretion in the district court to adjudicate motions for transfer

according to an ‘individualized, case-by-case consideration.’” Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp.,

487 U.S. 22, 29 (1988) (citation omitted). “When the events occur in more than one district, a

court can consider which jurisdiction has the stronger factual nexus to the claims.” Miller v.

Insulation Contractors, Inc., 608 F. Supp. 2d 97, 102 (D.D.C. 2009) (citation omitted).

2. ANALYSIS

       A. Private Interest Factors

   In deciding whether to transfer a case, a court considers six “private interest” factors:

       1) the plaintiff's choice of forum; 2) the defendant’s choice of forum; 3) whether
       the claim arose elsewhere; 4) the convenience of the parties; 5) the convenience of
       the witnesses, particularly if important witnesses may actually be unavailable to
       give live trial testimony in one of the districts; and 6) the ease of access to sources
       of proof.

Louis v. Hagel, 177 F. Supp. 3d 401, 406 (D.D.C. 2016) (citations omitted). Defendants argue

that four of the six private interest factors support venue in Alabama or California: (1)

defendant’s preferred forum; (2) location where the claim arose; (3) convenience of the parties;

and (4) ease of access to sources of proof.

                                                 40
       The court agrees that two of Defendants’ factors undoubtedly weigh in favor of transfer

to Alabama or California: defendants’ preferred forum and location where the claim arose. In

contrast, the convenience of the parties does not necessarily weigh heavily in favor of any district

because Plaintiffs contend, and the Air Force does not dispute, that the case will be decided on

the administrative record. (ECF No. 10, Pls. Resp. to Defs. Mot. to Dismiss p. 95). On the other

hand, this factor might come into play if a court determined that a hearing was necessary and

ordered the parties to appear in person. While such a scenario is unlikely, were it to materialize

in this district, both sides would be inconvenienced. On the other hand, if a hearing were held in

California, the Air Force might be inconvenienced, while a hearing in Alabama would

inconvenience the Plaintiffs. Although Plaintiffs are retired from the military, they assert that

they are experiencing “substantial financial hardship.” (ECF No. 13, Pls. Sur-reply p. 4).

Consequently, the court finds that the convenience of the parties factor tips in favor of transfer to

California.

       The court disagrees that the ease of access to proof factor weighs in favor of transfer.

Although the Air Force contends that records in this case are located in Alabama (see ECF No. 6,

Defs. Mot. to Dismiss p. 44), that fact alone is of lesser significance given that the decision will

be largely based on the record. Although neither side addressed it, the convenience of the

witnesses factor likewise does not weigh in favor of either side for the same reason.

       With respect to the final private interest factor, Plaintiffs are correct that their choice of

forum is ordinarily accorded “substantial deference.” Shapiro, Lifschitz & Schram, P.C. v.

Hazard, 24 F. Supp. 2d 66, 71 (D.D.C. 1998) (citing Gross v. Owen, 221 F.2d 94, 95 (D.C. Cir.

1955)). That deference is lessened here, however, because Plaintiffs do not reside in this district

and “the relevant events occurred elsewhere.” Id. (citation omitted). Additionally, there is no

                                                  41
reason to defer to the Plaintiffs’ choice of forum, since this case does not involve “a national

issue [in which] federal officials in the District of Columbia had significant involvement in the

agency action.” Intrepid Potash-New Mexico, LLC v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 669 F. Supp. 2d 88,

96 (D.D.C. 2009); see Sierra Club v. Flowers, 276 F. Supp. 2d 62, 67 (D.D.C. 2003) (citation

omitted) (refusing to give deference to plaintiff’s choice of forum because the District of

Columbia had “no meaningful ties to the controversy and no particular interest in the parties or

subject matter” where the dispute involved Florida environmental laws).

         Accordingly, on balance, two private interest factors (defendant’s choice of forum and

location where the action arose) heavily favor transfer to Alabama or California, and the

convenience of the parties factor slightly weighs in favor of transfer to California. The three

remaining private interest factors do not weigh in favor of any district, but the court notes that

Plaintiffs have indicated a preference for transfer to California should the court grant the Air

Force’s motion. (Pls. Response to Defs. Mot. to Dismiss p. 95).

       B. Public Interest Factors

       Next, the court must consider the following “public interest” factors:

       (1) the transferee forum’s familiarity with the governing laws . . .; (2) the relative
       congestion of the calendars of the potential transferee and transferor courts; and
       (3) the local interest in deciding local controversies at home.

Louis, 177 F. Supp. 3d at 408 (citations omitted). Defendants contend, without elaboration, that

“at least two” factors weigh in favor of transfer: the transferee’s familiarity with the governing

law and the local interest in deciding local controversies at home. Plaintiffs likewise did not

address these factors, but argue that transfer will further delay the case and increase their

financial losses.

                                                 42
         Applying the public interest factors, the court disagrees with Defendants’ argument

regarding the transferee’s familiarity with the governing law factor. With respect to

“adjudication of federal claims, . . . the federal courts comprise a single system in which each

tribunal endeavors to apply a single body of law.” In re Korean Air Lines Disaster of Sept. 1,

1983, 829 F.2d 1171, 1175 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (citation and alterations omitted), aff’d sub nom.

Chan v. Korean Air Lines, Ltd., 490 U.S. 122 (1989). This court has no reason to diverge from

“the principle that the transferee federal court is competent to decide federal issues correctly.”

Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n v. Harvey, 437 F. Supp. 2d 42, 49 (D.D.C. 2006) (citations omitted).

Consequently, the familiarity with the governing law factor does not weigh in favor of either

party.

         Without any evidence of the “relative congestion of the calendars” in the potential

districts, this factor does not favor venue in any particular district. Moreover, Plaintiffs’

argument that transfer would unduly delay the resolution of the case is based solely on

speculation.

         With respect to the final factor, “local interest in deciding local controversies at home,”

the court agrees that transfer is appropriate. The California Commission on Professional

Competence has scheduled a hearing to consider terminating Colley, and the Hart School District

claims in its “Notice of Intent to Dismiss” that the loss of the JROTC certifications has made

Plaintiffs “unemployable” by the school system. (ECF No. 23, Pls. Mot. for Tel. Status p. 3; Pls.

PI Br. at ECF pp. 55, 79). Thus, the outcome of this litigation will directly impact citizens of

California. See Intrepid Potash-New Mexico, LLC, 669 F. Supp. 2d at 98-99 (transferring case

after finding that controversy involving approval of permits to drill oil and gas was “more local

in nature and centered on New Mexico [rather] than on the District of Columbia”). Moreover,

                                                  43
there has been media coverage in California regarding the case, and state residents have

expressed strong opinions on the matter.

        Therefore, weighing the private interest factors and the public interest factors, the court

finds that the balance tips in favor of transfer to California. Plaintiffs reside in California, it is

the Air Force’s preferred choice of forum, and some of the conduct at issue occurred there.

California may be a more convenient forum for the Plaintiffs, and the residents of that state

undoubtedly have a considerable “local interest in deciding local controversies at home.” See

Bergmann v. U.S. Dep't of Transp., 710 F. Supp. 2d 65, 75 (D.D.C. 2010) (transferring case to

Michigan because, inter alia, “there can be no doubt that the [highway construction] projects at

issue in this case will directly affect the lives of Michigan residents”).

        Conversely, there is nothing in the record indicating that the parties or the facts at issue

are connected to this district. See Miller v. Insulation Contractors, Inc., 608 F. Supp. 2d 97, 102

(D.D.C. 2009) (citations omitted) (“When the events occur in more than one district, a court can

consider which jurisdiction has the stronger factual nexus to the claims.”).

        As the District of Columbia Circuit has warned:

        Courts in this circuit must examine challenges to . . . venue carefully to guard
        against the danger that a plaintiff might manufacture venue in the District of
        Columbia. By naming high government officials as defendants, a plaintiff could
        bring a suit here that properly should be pursued elsewhere.

Cameron v. Thornburgh, 983 F.2d 253, 256 (D.C. Cir. 1993). Given this admonition, and the

private/public interest factors that weigh in favor of transfer, this court finds that the interests of

justice will be served by transferring this action to the Central District of California.

                                   D. CONCLUSION

        For the reasons set forth above, the court will DENY Plaintiffs’ motions and GRANT

                                                   44
Defendants’ motion to transfer this case to California.

Date: May 15, 2017

                                             Tanya S. Chutkan
                                             TANYA S. CHUTKAN
                                             United States District Judge   	

                                                45