Court Opinion

ID: 9940719
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-15 08:15:01.753271+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:45:38.635594
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                                       EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                            EL PASO, TEXAS

    NATIONAL OILWELL VARCO, LP and                          §                 No. 08-23-00096-CV
    KENNETH BEAUFORD
                                                            §                    Appeal from the
                                      Appellants,
                                                            §              70th Judicial District Court
    v.
                                                            §                of Ector County, Texas
    ELMER SANCHEZ,
                                                            §               (TC# A-18-01-0127-CV)
                                      Appellee.

                                                  OPINION

          “If, as it is often said, a picture is worth a thousand words, then video is worth
          exponentially more. . . . A video can be the single most compelling piece of
          evidence in a case, captivating the jury’s attention like no other evidence could.” 1

          A surveillance video of a plaintiff who sued for personal injuries is at the heart of this case.

Appellants National OilWell Varco, LP and Kenneth Beauford (collectively NOV) appeal the

exclusion of a post-accident surveillance video of Appellee Elmer Sanchez showing him at work

as a tool pusher. While the parties hotly contest the ultimate relevance of the footage, this case

ultimately turns on the more technical questions of: (1) whether the evidence was timely produced

in discovery, and if not; (2) whether any exception to the late production of evidence might apply;

1
    Diamond Offshore Services Ltd. v. Williams, 542 S.W.3d 539, 541 (Tex. 2018) (footnotes omitted).
and (3) whether a trial court must always watch a video before excluding it. Under the governing

discovery rules and record before us, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in excluding the surveillance video under the several arguments that NOV advances here. We

affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                          FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2

         A. The accident

         While waiting to merge into traffic, Sanchez and his wife were hit from behind by a work

truck driven by Keith Beauford who was on the job for National OilWell Varco. Sanchez declined

immediate medical assistance at the scene; instead, he and his wife continued to a planned birthday

dinner. The day after the accident, however, Sanchez reported feeling soreness in his back and

neck and a tingling sensation in his hands. Two months after the accident, Sanchez sought medical

treatment from doctors, who concluded that he would need surgery and ongoing treatment. He

would later attribute any delay in seeing a doctor to his lack of health insurance and willingness to

endure the discomfort.

         B. The lawsuit

         In January 2018 Sanchez sued NOV and its driver (identified in later petitions as Beauford)

for negligence in causing the collision. Sanchez sought past and future damages for physical pain

and mental anguish, physical impairment, disfigurement, loss of wages, and medical care. The

original petition included within its body a request for disclosure under TEX. R. CIV. P. 194.1, and

as relevant here, a request for production for “[a]ny and all photographs, electronic or videotape

2
  This case was transferred to our Court from the Eleventh Court of Appeals, and we apply its precedents to the extent
that they may conflict with our own. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.

                                                          2
recordings depicting Plaintiff, the incident scene, and/or any vehicles or products involved in this

incident” and “photographs or electronic images of any sort that you intend to offer into evidence.”

         C. The discovery deadline and the surveillance video

         The parties agreed, and the trial court approved, a discovery control plan that required them

to file all discovery requests by January 7, 2022. Under the order, the parties were to be “trial

ready” by February 25, 2022. The case was later set for trial on January 23, 2023. 3 On December

27, 2022—the 27th day before trial—NOV served its second amended responses to requests for

disclosure that for the first time disclosed the names and contact information for two persons

knowledgeable about a surveillance video taken of Sanchez. The response attached the video,

which has a date stamp suggesting it was recorded on September 21, 2022. The disclosure stated

the two persons had “knowledge regarding Mr. Sanchez’ physical abilities as recorded in the

produced video.”

         On January 10, 2023, Sanchez’s counsel filed a motion to exclude the witnesses and video;

the court set a hearing on that motion for January 20th. The motion attached NOV’s prior responses

to requests for disclosure and answers to interrogatories made over the course of the litigation.

Those responses showed that December 27, 2022 was the first disclosure of the witnesses who

took the video or existence of the video. Sanchez’s motion sought to exclude the evidence and

witnesses under Rule 193.6 because they were untimely disclosed. 4 NOV did not file a written

response to the motion.

3
  The last written order for a trial setting in our record was for a September 26, 2022 trial date. Although we do not
have the written order resetting the case, the parties’ briefing agrees that January 23, 2023 was the eventual trial date,
and that date was the first day of voir dire.
4
  TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6(a) (“A party who fails to make, amend, or supplement a discovery response . . . in a timely
manner may not introduce in evidence the material or information that was not timely disclosed . . .” unless the court
find good cause or lack of unfair prejudice or unfair surprise).

                                                            3
         At the motion to exclude hearing, Sanchez re-urged his argument that the evidence was

untimely, as to both a January 7, 2022 discovery deadline and the 30-day deadline for presumptive

untimeliness under the Rules of Civil Procedure. 5 NOV responded with only two arguments. First

it asserted that the surveillance footage is not governed by the discovery rules because it is

“investigation.” When the trial court asked about the individuals named as persons with relevant

knowledge, NOV’s counsel disclaimed any intention to call them as witnesses. However, counsel

acknowledged NOV’s intent to play the video during trial. Second, NOV claimed the video had

been produced to Sanchez in September by placing it in a “Dropbox” link for Sanchez to review. 6

NOV’s counsel referenced multiple conversations with Sanchez’s counsel “after we produced this”

(but did not describe the substance of the conversations). Counsel also offered to “produce the

Dropbox file” to the court (but it was never included as a part of the record). In retort to this claim,

Sanchez’s counsel provided the trial court an email chain attached to a response he had received

the morning of the hearing (neither the “response” or email chain is part of the appellate record).

Sanchez’s counsel claimed the email chain proved “we didn’t get a Dropbox, or we didn’t see it.”

The trial judge stated his intent to contact one of Sanchez’s co-counsels to follow up on the

Dropbox issue. But when the trial court pressed NOV on when it disclosed the names of the person

who took the video, NOV confirmed it did not identify those persons until December 27, 2022.

NOV also acknowledged that it knew of those persons’ identity in September. The trial court then

concluded the hearing by excluding the video and witnesses who took it.

5
  “[I]t is presumed that an amended or supplemental response made less than 30 days before trial was not made
reasonably promptly.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.5(b).
6
  Dropbox is the tradename for a service that allows the transfer of files—usually those too large to simply email. See
Direct Biologics, L.L.C. v. McQueen, 63 F.4th 1015, 1019 n. 2 (5th Cir. 2023) (“Dropbox is a company that hosts an
off-site virtual storage application . . . [a]fter creating an account, users may place items in a Dropbox folder and then
access them remotely through the application[.]”).

                                                            4
       D. The trial

       At trial the parties contested liability, and the extent and cause of Sanchez’ physical

problems. Most prominent, the parties hotly disputed whether Mr. Sanchez’s condition resulted

from the collision or age-related degeneration. Dr. Cunningham, Sanchez’s treating physician,

testified that Sanchez’s injuries resulted from the accident, and that he would need surgery to his

lumbar spine for a disc injury and his hand for carpal tunnel. NOV relied on its expert, Dr.

Gundanna, who testified Sanchez’s injuries resulted from long-term degeneration and that Sanchez

suffered only minor strains from the accident. According to Dr. Gundanna, those injuries should

have resolved within 8 to 12 weeks after the accident.

       Relevant here, Sanchez testified to how the injuries cause him pain and impair his ability

to work. Sanchez testified that before the collision, he engaged in physical labor for 16 years with

no issues. But post-accident, he started a job with a new company. He testified that he had to quit

that job three weeks later because he could not bear the pain. He also testified to having a

succession of jobs post-accident because he could not work as before.

       At the time of trial, Sanchez had been working for six months as a tool pusher for American

Well Services. He supervises a crew of six persons, making sure they have their equipment. He

also uses a forklift to set pipe on a pipe rack. During cross-examination, NOV’s counsel asked

Sanchez whether he is required to (1) lift objects, (2) bend at the waist, and (3) manipulate pipe

onto a forklift. Sanchez responded that the heaviest thing he lifts at work is trash, that he bends

with difficulty, and that he does not pick up the pipes but has his workers lift them for him. At this

point of the trial, NOV tried to admit the surveillance videotape as impeachment evidence. In its

offer of proof, NOV argued that the footage directly refuted Sanchez’s testimony of his pain and

                                                  5
limitations because the footage depicted Sanchez engaging in physical activity at his current job

with apparent ease. The trial court refused to admit the evidence for impeachment purposes.

         Nothing in the record shows the trial court ever viewed the video. The original 43-minute

surveillance video in our record is condensed to 16 minutes and 32 seconds. A time stamp suggests

it was shot on September 21, 2022. The video depicts Sanchez at his worksite. He is seen walking

around the worksite, surrounded by a few other workers and heavy machinery. At one point,

Sanchez bends down to lift the edge of a long black pipe from the ground with both hands. He

maneuvers the edge of the pipe onto the forklift. He then moves to other side of the forklift and

lifts the edge of another pipe a few inches off the ground, similarly pushing it onto the forklift.

Later in the video, Sanchez bends down once again to lift another pipe a few inches off the ground

and drops it onto the forks of the forklift. 7 The video also captures Sanchez bending at the waist

to pick up trash and at one point he picks up a small piece of wood. In another shot, Sanchez uses

one hand to grab a trashcan and drag it several feet across the ground. He then lifts a larger trashcan

and dumps its contents into the smaller trashcan. In between these actions, Sanchez stands around

and sometimes communicates with other workers. And in the last five minutes of the video,

Sanchez talks with one colleague, as the two watch the other operations taking place.

         Later in the trial, NOV asked to admit the video through its expert, Dr. Gundanna. In an

offer of proof, Dr. Gundanna testified that as part of his review, he viewed the surveillance tape.

The doctor observed that Sanchez moved “around easily and without any painful gait or painful

stance.” But he also testified that the video did not change his conclusions about the case, it “just

indicates his current status at the time of the video in that he was doing very strenuous activities

7
  The pipe is black in color. Nothing in the record shows the composition or specific weight of the pipe he is lifting
in the video; the pipe appears to bend as Sanchez lifts one end of it.

                                                          6
repetitively.” The trial court declined to change its earlier ruling and excluded this testimony and

the surveillance footage.

         E. The jury’s verdict

         The jury found Beauford negligent. 8 It answered the damages questions as follows:

                  Physical pain and mental anguish (past)                           $70,000.

                  Physical pain and mental anguish (future)                         $0.

                  Physical impairment (past)                                        $70,000.

                  Physical impairment (future)                                      $60,000.

                  Reasonable medical expenses (past)                                $40,000.

                  Reasonable medical expenses (future)                              $280,000.

                  Disfigurement (future)                                            $0. 9

         NOV filed a motion for new trial that only complained about the sufficiency of the evidence

to support the liability finding and damage awards. On appeal, NOV shifts its argument to the

exclusion of the surveillance video evidence.

                                           STANDARD OF REVIEW
         We review decisions to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of discretion. Owens-Corning

Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998). The same abuse of discretion standard

8
  The trial court directed a verdict in favor or National OilWell Varco on Sanchez’ negligent hiring, retention, training,
and supervision claims. So only Beauford was included in the jury questions, but as National OilWell Varco admitted
to course and scope of employment, both Beauford and National OilWell Varco are named as liable in the judgment.
9
   Sanchez asked for higher awards for past and future medical expenses. He put on evidence of $52,354 in past medical
expenses. NOV put on evidence disputing the charges for the various bills. Sanchez also offered testimony from a
lifecare plan, reduced to present value, projecting just over one-half-million dollars in future care and expenses. That
plan, however, included a projected neck surgery that Sanchez’s doctor testified at trial he no longer needed. In closing,
Sanchez’s counsel suggested the jury could reduce the lifecare plan amounts down accordingly.

                                                            7
governs review of a trial court’s ruling excluding undesignated witnesses. F.W. Indus., Inc. v.

McKeehan, 198 S.W.3d 217, 220 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2005, no pet.). And we use the same

standard for a trial court’s decision to exclude evidence under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 193.6.

Matter of Est. of Bristow, No. 11-22-00035-CV, 2023 WL 7198344, at *9 (Tex. App.—Eastland

Nov. 2, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 575 (Tex. 2005)).

       A trial court abuses its discretion when its ruling is arbitrary, unreasonable, or without

reference to any guiding rules or legal principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701

S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex.1985). We must uphold the trial court’s evidentiary ruling if there is any

legitimate basis for the ruling. See State Bar of Texas v. Evans, 774 S.W.2d 656, 658 n. 5

(Tex. 1989). Stated otherwise, if the trial court’s decision lies within the zone of reasonable

disagreement, we must uphold it. Diamond Offshore Services Limited v. Williams, 542 S.W.3d

539, 545 (Tex. 2018). Finally, we will not reverse a trial court for an erroneous evidentiary ruling

unless the error probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. Gee v. Liberty Mut. Fire

Ins., Co., 765 S.W.2d 394, 396 (Tex. 1989).

                                      ISSUES ON APPEAL

       NOV raises six issues on appeal, all of which focus on the excluded video. Its first and

third issues complains that the trial court could not exclude the video without first viewing it as

directed in Diamond Offshore Services Ltd., 542 S.W.3d at 548. Its second issue argues the trial

court abused its discretion by excluding the video as untimely. NOV’s fourth issue complains that

the trial court abused its discretion by excluding it (again without watching the video) as

impeachment evidence. The fifth issue complains that the video should have been admitted

through NOV’s expert, who reviewed it as part of arriving at this opinion. NOV’s last issue claims

the above errors were harmful. We take the issues in a different order.

                                                 8
                                            DISCUSSION
       A. Exclusion of the video as untimely produced

       In its second issue, NOV contends the trial court erred in excluding the surveillance tape

based on untimely disclosure. We start with the deadline for supplementing discovery.

       In their discovery control order, the parties agreed that this is a Level 3 case. For Level 3

cases, Rule 190.4 states, “[t]he court must . . . order that discovery be conducted in accordance

with a discovery control plan tailored to the circumstances of the specific suit.” TEX. R. CIV. P.

190.4(a). The discovery control plan must set out, among other things, “a discovery period during

which either all discovery must be conducted or all discovery requests must be sent . . . .” Id. at

190.4(b)(2). The parties’ discovery control order set January 7, 2022 as a deadline for filing all

discovery requests and deposition notices. Any discovery served by that date would be due 30 days

later. TEX. R. CIV. P. 196.2. Here, Sanchez had served request for disclosure (asking for the identity

of persons with relevant knowledge) and requests for production (asking for “[a]ny and all

photographs, electronic or videotape recordings depicting Plaintiff, the incident scene, and/or any

vehicles or products involved in this incident”) years earlier in the litigation.

       The responding party “must make a complete response, based on all information

reasonably available to the responding party or its attorney at the time the response is made.” Id.

at 193.1. The responding party also has a duty to supplement their discovery responses throughout

the litigation promptly if the responding party knows its responses are incorrect or incomplete. Id

at 193.5. The rules presume that a response made less than 30 days before trial was not made

reasonably promptly. Id. And under Rule 193.6

       [a] party who fails to make, amend, or supplement a discovery response . . . in a timely
       manner may not introduce in evidence the material or information that was not timely
       disclosed . . . unless the court finds that:

                                                   9
         (1) there was good cause for the failure to timely, make amend, or supplement the
             discovery response; or

         (2) the failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the discovery response will not
             unfairly surprise or unfairly prejudice the other parties.

Id. 193.6(a). 10

         Once a trial court determines that a witness was not timely designated, it must also inquire

into the good cause and lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice exceptions. Jackson v. Takara,

675 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. 2023). But the burden for showing good cause or lack of unfair surprise or

prejudice falls on the party offering the undisclosed evidence. TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6(b). A finding

of good cause, lack of unfair surprise, or lack of unfair prejudice “must be supported by the record.”

Id. The “record” may include evidence, but it also might include undisputed representations by

counsel. Jackson, 675 S.W.3d at 6.

         NOV raises several arguments for why the trial court could not exclude the surveillance

video under Rule 193.6. First, NOV argues that it was under no duty to disclose the video because

it was not responsive to any discovery request, and Sanchez failed to cite to any discovery request

in his motion to exclude. See Monzingo v. Flories, No. 05-22-00719-CV, 2023 WL 6632799, at

*3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 12, 2023, no pet. h.) (mem. op.) (holding that a party seeking to

exclude evidence under Rule 193.6 carries the “threshold burden of proving a violation of the

discovery rules”). But this argument was never raised below and cannot be considered here. 11 As

10
  The discovery control order here also states that “[l]imitations on discovery shall be governed by provisions in the
Texas Rules of Civil Procedure applicable to this level of [d]iscovery . . . .” Thus, the limitation on time to file a
supplemental response provided in 193.5 applies here.
11
   Even at that, Sanchez’ Request for Production found in Sanchez’s Original and Amended Petition requested “any
and all photographs, electronic or videotape recordings depicting Plaintiff, the incident scene, and/or any vehicles or
products involved in this incident.” (emphasis added). NOV responds that when read in context, the request was only
seeking photographs and videos taken at the accident scene or of the vehicles involved in the accident. While that
view of the request might have been grist for an objection to the request, it is not something we could consider having
never been raised and decided below.

                                                         10
a prerequisite for preserving an appellate complaint, the complaining party must have made a

complaint to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion that “stated the grounds for

the ruling that the complaining party sought from the trial court with sufficient specificity to make

the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent from the context.”

TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). A party waives error when their argument on appeal does not

comport with their argument in the trial court. Knapp v. Wilson N. Jones Mem’l Hosp., 281 S.W.3d

163, 170–71 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.) (and cases cited therein). NOV never filed a

response to Sanchez’s motion to exclude untimely evidence. Additionally, at the hearing on that

motion, NOV disputed only that (1) “surveillance is not discovery under [the] discovery deadlines”

(an argument it does not make on appeal) and (2) it had produced the video in September 2022,

right after it was made, and it could not have produced it any earlier because it didn’t exist then.

At no point did NOV complain that the video was not responsive to any discovery request. So the

trial court never considered that issue, and NOV failed to preserve that argument for our review.

       The production of the video inside of 30 days before trial is therefore presumptively

untimely, and NOV was charged with the burden of showing good cause for the tardiness, lack of

unfair surprise, or lack of unfair prejudice. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6. NOV never expressly argued

for a good cause, unfair surprise or unfair prejudice exception below. We can assume, however,

that the trial court made implicit findings that none of the arguments that NOV did make below

supported those exceptions. See Capital Metro. Transp. Auth./Cent. of Tennessee Ry. & Navigation

Co., Inc., v. Cent. of Tennessee Ry. & Nav. Co., 114 S.W.3d 573, 583 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003,

pet. denied) (stating that a finding of unfair surprise or prejudice is implicit in the court’s ruling

excluding untimely disclosed evidence); Udcoff v. Castille, No. 11-04-00274-CV, 2006 WL

2075244, at *10 (Tex. App.—Eastland July 27, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (finding that the trial

                                                 11
court could have reasonably concluded that the statements of counsel at a hearing to exclude

untimely disclosed evidence did not meet the burden of establishing good cause, unfair surprise,

or unfair prejudice). We therefor address whether the trial court abused its discretion in those

implicit findings.

       On appeal, NOV limits its arguments to lack of unfair surprise or prejudice. It argues that

Sanchez cannot be surprised by what he does at a worksite, and it is hardly prejudicial when the

video was produced only three days late. But these specific arguments appear only in the appellate

briefing, as NOV never made these unfair prejudice arguments below. Any argument on appeal

claiming these specific reasons support the unfair surprise or prejudice exceptions is waived.

TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1 (stating that a prerequisite for preserving error is to make a request, motion,

or objection to the trial court explaining, with specificity, the grounds for the sought-after ruling).

But even if not waived, one court has rejected the same argument. In Oscar Luis Lopez v. La

Madeleine of Texas, Inc., a defendant claimed that the plaintiff could not be unfairly surprised by

video surveillance evidence capturing activities that contradicted his claimed physical limitations

and inability to perform manual labor. 200 S.W.3d 854, 862 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.).

The court concluded otherwise, stating that “[a]llowing the admission of undisclosed evidence as

to a party’s conduct of his or her own affairs would largely extinguish the Rule 193.6(a)’s

exclusionary effect, and eviscerate the rule’s salutary effect of promoting full and complete

discovery.” Id. at 863.

       NOV also recasts its claim that the video was produced in September as proving a lack of

unfair surprise. Its counsel stated at the hearing that he produced the video months earlier by

providing a Dropbox link. Buttressing that, NOV adds that Sanchez never “offer[ed] any specific

information” to disprove that the video had been produced in September, and never denied having

                                                  12
multiple conversations with NOV about the video. While an undisputed representation of counsel

should be given weight by the trial court, Jackson, 675 S.W.3d at 6, we simply disagree that the

representation here was undisputed. Sanchez’s counsel produced and showed the judge an email

chain between the parties purportedly contesting the claim that NOV had produced the video

through “Dropbox.” 12 That email chain is not part of the appellate record, nor is there any other

evidence proving the video was disclosed in September. We don’t find an “uncontested

representation” that the video had been produced in September. Nor is it lost on us that NOV

offered to produce proof of the September Dropbox production, but never did—either at the

hearing, between the hearing and the time of trial, or at trial when it twice attempted to have the

trial court revisit its earlier decision to exclude the video.

         We overrule Issue Two.

         B. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the video for
            impeachment purposes.

         In its fourth issue, NOV contends that the video is admissible as impeachment evidence,

even if not timely produced. At trial, NOV attempted to use the surveillance video to impeach

Sanchez over his testimony about his physical limitations. Sanchez testified that he does not lift

heavy items at work and bends with difficulty. The video shows Sanchez lifting pipes a few inches

off the ground as he maneuvered them on his forklift, bending at the waist to pick up trash, and

dragging a trash can for some distance. NOV contends given Sanchez’s testimony, it had no duty

12
   At one place, Sanchez’s counsel argued the email chain showed he did not receive the video (“And, actually, what
the e-mail shows is that we didn’t receive it, because as Your Honor will see--do you want to see the e-mail, Judge?”).
NOV relies on a different statement by Sanchez’s counsel that qualifies that statement (“Well, what that shows, Judge,
is we didn’t--we didn’t get a Dropbox, or we didn’t see it. There’s been no formal service under the rules of this stuff
until December.”). Without the emails being part of our record, we cannot say which is more accurate.

                                                          13
to disclose the video when used for impeachment purposes. The resolution of that argument starts

with what version of the rules govern this case.

       NOV points us to Rule 194, which controls the automatic disclosure of evidence, and which

specifically exempts from automatic disclosure evidence intended solely for impeachment. See

TEX. R. CIV. P. 194.4 (requiring parties to provide other parties with certain information about

evidence it may present at trial other than solely for impeachment) (emphasis added); id. at 194.2

(requiring initial disclosure of a copy of the evidence a responding party has in its possession and

which may be used to support its claims or defenses, unless it is to be used solely for impeachment)

(emphasis added). Rule 194 was amended to specifically to mirror Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure 26(a). See TEX. R. CIV. P. 194.6 (2021 comments). And NOV points us to one federal

district court that held a surveillance video is not subject to mandatory disclosure when used to

impeach a witness. See Denty v. CSX Transp., Inc., 168 F.R.D. 549, 550 (E.D.N.C. 1996) (holding

that evidence surveillance videos intended solely for impeachment is not discoverable under Fed.

R. Civ. P. 26(a)(3), as discovery would “impair their impeachment value”); but see Chiasson v.

Zapata Gulf Marine Corp., 988 F.2d 513, 517–18 (5th Cir. 1993) (“Assuming, however, that the

tape is of some impeachment value, it is also of a substantive nature. Because the tape is, at the

very least in part substantive, it should have been disclosed prior to trial, regardless of its

impeachment value.”).

       But we decline to consider Rule 194 here because the current version does not govern this

case. In its 2020 Order, the Supreme Court of Texas approved final amendments (effective January

1, 2021) to discovery Rules 190, 192, 193, 194, and 195. Tex. Sup. Ct., Final Approval of

Amendment to Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 47, 99, 169, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, and

198, Misc. Docket No. 20-9153 (Dec. 23, 2020). Those amendments added the present text of Rule

                                                   14
194 and its explicit reference to impeachment evidence. The amendments, however, generally only

apply to cases filed on or after January 1, 2021. Misc. Docket No. 20-9153. Sanchez filed this suit

in 2018. Consequently, we apply the discovery rules as they existed before the 2021 amendments.

See Monzingo, 2023 WL 6632799, at *2 (noting that the pre-2021 rules apply to a case filed in

2018). 13

        Under the applicable rules, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

excluding the video even for impeachment purposes. Trial courts have no discretion to admit

untimely produced evidence absent an exception under 193.6. Alvarado v. Farah Mfg. Co., Inc.,

830 S.W.2d 911, 914 (Tex. 1992) (applying the predecessor to Rule 196.3). The Fifth Court of

Appeals relied on this principal in holding that a trial court abused its discretion in allowing an

undisclosed surveillance tape to be used at trial for impeachment purposes. Lopez, 200 S.W.3d at

859.

        In Lopez, the plaintiff sued his employer for on-the-job injuries. Id. at 857. An issue in the

case was the extent of his injuries. Id. Plaintiff requested discovery of “any tape recordings,

pictures or videos of Plaintiff or any witness in this case.” Id. The employer supplemented its

response to say that it did not possess any evidence responsive to the request. Id. at 858. At trial,

the employee testified about his physical limitations. Id. Wanting to impeach plaintiff, the

employer successfully admitted a surveillance video taken after the discovery deadline that showed

the employee performing landscape work, a task plaintiff had testified that he could no longer do.

Id. The employer admitted to purposely withholding the video from disclosure but argued the video

was solely intended for impeachment and was therefore admissible notwithstanding nondisclosure.

13
   Our analysis of Rule 193.6, discussed above, remains substantively untouched despite the 2021 amendments, which
did nothing to change the mechanics of the Rule 193.6. We express no opinion on how current Rule 194 would change
the outcome in this case.

                                                       15
Id. Suggesting that the plaintiff’s testimony bordered on perjury, the trial court agreed to admit the

video for impeachment purposes even if it were inadmissible for untimeliness. Id. at 859.

        The court of appeals reversed, finding the trial court erred in admitting the undisclosed

video. Id. at 863. According to the court, the employer’s argument that the undisclosed evidence

could be used solely for impeachment was discredited by the rationale from the Texas Supreme

Court’s decision in Alvarado that to excuse untimely discovery designations—without a showing

of good cause—would frustrate the expectation that the rules will be enforced equally against both

side. Alvarado, 830 S.W.2d at 914. From this, the Dallas court in Lopez reasoned that allowing the

admission of undisclosed evidence for impeachment purposes invites an end-run to discovery rules

by allowing a party to obtain discovery material that renders its discovery responses incomplete or

incorrect, and then opt to withhold that evidence for later use at trial if it feels an opponent is

“testifying incorrectly.” Lopez, 200 S.W.3d at 861. Ultimately, the Lopez court held that under the

discovery rules, which require exclusion of the evidence even for impeachment purposes, the trial

court erred in admitting the video since no exception applied. Id. at 863.

        We similarly conclude that under the rules governing this case, the trial court did not err in

excluding the evidence even for impeachment purposes because, as established above, the

evidence was untimely produced, and the record does not support any exception to the tardy

disclosure.

        Finally, NOV argues that Sanchez opened the door for the admission of the video by

leaving a false impression with the jury through his testimony about his physical limitations. In

NOV’s view, Sanchez opened the door to the surveillance video when he testified to limitations

such as with bending and lifting pipes at his job. The reality of Rule 193.6 is that it operates without

respect to the impeachment value of the proffered evidence. Its language allows only two

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exceptions to the mandatory and automatic exclusion of untimely disclosed evidence: (1) good

cause or (2) lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice. TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6. NOV does not

characterize “opening the door” as good cause. NOV does not cite, nor does our research find, case

law that embraces “opening the door” as a distinct means to excuse the untimely designation of

evidence. We overrule this Issue Four.

       C. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding Dr. Gundanna’s
          testimony about the video.

       NOV’s fifth issue claims that the trial court abused its discretion by excluding Dr.

Gundanna’s testimony about his impressions and opinions of the surveillance video and Plaintiff’s

ability to engage in physical labor at his worksite. During the offer of proof, Dr. Gundanna stated

he reviewed the video and observed Sanchez engaging in several physical tasks. He observed that

Sanchez “moved around easily and without any sort of painful gait or painful stance. [Sanchez]

was lifting and moving without any restrictions, . . . and it did not appear . . . that he had any

physical restrictions in doing relatively heavy labor activities repetitively.”

       We do not discount that a properly qualified expert might be able to form opinions from

video evidence. See JBS Carriers, Inc. v. Washington, 564 S.W.3d 830 (Tex. 2018) (holding that

trial court erred in excluding under Rule 403 evidence from medical expert who reviewed plaintiffs

medical and psychiatric records—and video of an accident—to conclude the plaintiff was off his

prescribed medications). But even assuming Dr. Gundanna’s testimony was otherwise relevant

and admissible as expert testimony, it still could be excluded as not timely disclosed. While NOV

designated Dr. Gudnanna as an expert, even its untimely December 27th second supplemental

responses to requests for disclosure does not mention the video surveillance as a basis for the

doctor’s opinions or that he had reviewed it. On appeal, Sanchez argues that the expert’s testimony

is subject to exclusion under Rule 193.6 because NOV never supplemented its expert disclosures

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to state that the video was a basis for Dr. Gundanna’s expert opinion. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 195.5

(requiring disclosure of an expert’s “mental impressions and opinions and a brief summary of the

basis for them”). And allowing Dr. Gundanna to testify about his observations regarding the video

would undercut Rule 193.6, which requires exclusion of the evidence altogether. See Lopez, 200

S.W.3d at 861 (stating the discovery rules do not allow for gamesmanship under the guise of

defending the sanctity of the judicial process). We therefore overrule NOV’s fifth issue.

       D. Applicability of Diamond Offshore

       In the first, third, and fourth issues, NOV invokes the Texas Supreme Court’s opinion in

Diamond Offshore, arguing that the trial court erred in excluding the surveillance video without

ever watching it. Having not seen the video, NOV argues that the trial court failed to appreciate its

probative value in proving or disproving the extent of Sanchez’s injuries—a key issue in this

case—and in discrediting Sanchez’s testimony about his injuries.

       The court in Diamond Offshore held that when the contents of a video are at issue, “as a

general rule, a trial court should [as a proper exercise of discretion] view video evidence before

ruling on admissibility.” Diamond Offshore Services Ltd., 542 S.W.3d at 546. In that case, an

employee was injured while working on a drilling rig. Id. at 543. His treating physician declared

him totally disabled from those injuries. Id. Yet the results of a functional capacity test and the

questionnaire used as part of the test suggested that the plaintiff could perform physical labor with

some restrictions, and the plaintiff was exaggerating his symptoms. Id. Thus, the employer hired

an investigator to surveil the employee. Id. The surveillance video depicted the employee engaging

in several physical tasks, contrasted with his testimony at trial that he was in constant pain, could

not hold a job, and could no longer engage in other activities he enjoyed before his injures. Id.

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       The employer offered the surveillance footage as impeachment and substantive evidence.

The employee objected under Texas Evidence Rule 403, arguing the video was misleading because

it did not fairly represent his disabilities and his pain. Id. at 544. The trial court excluded the

evidence as both substantive and impeachment evidence under Rule 403, and the employee was

awarded significant damages. Id.

       The Texas Supreme Court reversed, finding the trial court abused its discretion by not first

watching the surveillance video. Id. at 545. The court stated that “trial courts should undertake

their best efforts in attempting to view the subject visual recording prior to ruling on its

admissibility. Exceptions should be few and far between.” Id. at 547 (internal quotations omitted).

Only then can courts engage in a balancing analysis of the evidence’s probative value and

prejudicial effect. Id. The court then concluded that the prejudicial value of the evidence did not

substantially outweigh its probative value. Id. at 551. The court agreed with the employer that the

video was probative of the employee’s physical abilities and associated pain, which went to the

damage issue and the employee’s credibility. Id. at 548.

       We of course have no disagreement with Diamond Offshore—we simply find it does not

apply to the issues raised here. The trial court here did not exclude the video based on Rule 403’s

balancing analysis, which requires assessing a piece of evidence’s probative value compared to an

assessment of any unfair prejudice. Here, the video was excluded because it—and the two

witnesses who took the video—were not timely disclosed. The exclusion was not under the rules

of evidence, but the rules of procedure. And the first-level of inquiry under procedure Rule 193.6

asks only if the evidence was timely produced. And that first-level inquiry operates independent

of whether the evidence is highly probative, somewhat probative, or not probative at all.

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       We acknowledge the second-level of inquiry under the rule for two exceptions to the

automatic exclusion: (1) good cause for the late disclosure or (2) lack of unfair surprise or

prejudice. What the video might show is not germane to the good cause inquiry. That question

turns on why the evidence was disclosed late and not what it may show. The unfair surprise or

prejudice inquiry might implicate what the video shows, but if any unfair surprise or prejudice

argument was made below, it was that the video had been turned over through a Dropbox link

some months earlier. Nothing was argued below about how the nature of the footage did not

unfairly surprise or prejudice Sanchez.

       We thus conclude that Diamond Offshore does not control the outcome here. See id. at 546

(“trial court[s] should view video evidence before ruling on admissibility when the contents of the

video are at issue.”) (emphasis added). We overrule Issues One, Three, and that part of Issue Four

complaining that the trial court did not view the video.

       NOV’s last issue argues that the improper exclusion of the video was reasonably calculated

to cause and probably did cause rendition of an improper judgment. See Gee v. Liberty Mut. Fire

Ins., 765 S.W.2d 394, 396 (Tex. 1989). Because we do not find that excluding the evidence was

error, we decline to address the harm the issue. Issue Six is overruled as moot.

                                          CONCLUSION
       We overrule NOV’s claims that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding evidence

of the surveillance footage as substantive evidence, impeachment evidence, and as the basis for

expert opinion. We affirm the judgment below.

                                              JEFF ALLEY, Chief Justice

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February 9, 2024

Before Alley, C.J., Palafox, and Soto, JJ.

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