Court Opinion

ID: 2788159
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-03-20 21:00:55.595076+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:45.467981
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                 To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

                United States Court of Appeals
                                 For the Seventh Circuit
                                 Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                Submitted March 19, 2015 *
                                 Decided March 20, 2015

                                          Before

                       DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

                       ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge

                       DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 14-2569

LARRY G. HARRIS,                                 Appeal from the United States District
    Plaintiff-Appellant,                         Court for the Central District of Illinois.

       v.                                        No. 11-3074

JONATHAN R. WALLS, et al.,                       Colin Stirling Bruce,
    Defendants-Appellees.                        Judge.

                                        ORDER

        Larry Harris, an Illinois inmate, contends that prison officials disciplined him in
retaliation for his earlier lawsuit over soy in his prison diet and for helping other
inmates complain about soy in their diets. He appeals from a grant of summary
judgment in favor of the prison officials. Because the undisputed evidence compels the
conclusion that prison officials disciplined Harris for legitimate reasons regardless of
any protected speech, we affirm.

       *
        After examining the briefs and the record, we have concluded that oral
argument is unnecessary. Thus the appeal is submitted on the briefs and the record.
See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 14-2569                                                                          Page 2

        We construe the record in the light most favorable to Harris. See Ripberger v.
Corizon, Inc., 773 F.3d 871, 873 (7th Cir. 2014). While Harris was incarcerated at the
Western Illinois Correctional Center, he sued prison officials in 2007 over excessive soy
in his prison food, contending that it exacerbated his thyroid disorder and seriously
threatened his health. About two months after Harris began receiving a soy-free diet in
February 2009, the health-care unit noticed a spate of at least ten nearly identical (in
wording) grievances from prisoners simultaneously complaining about excessive soy in
their food and resulting health complications.

        After the sudden influx of grievances mimicking Harris’s objection to the diet,
prison officials—concerned that the grievances were false—investigated whether Harris
had violated any prison rules. Lieutenant Steven Ashcraft placed Harris in segregation
pending the investigation. According to Harris, as Ashcraft put him in segregation the
officer profanely expressed his belief that Harris was provoking inmates to file
grievances alleging medical complications from soy: “What is your fucking problem
here? These [racial slur for an African-American person] 1 had no idea what
hypothyroidism was. You had to open your mouth and educate them. Now they are all
filing grievances on it.” Another officer reminded Harris that he had already been told
“to leave the pen alone” and added, “You was warned. This is my joint and you are the
fuck out of here smart ass.”

        During the investigation Ashcraft collected statements about the origin of the
grievances. An unidentified inmate had written a letter to a correctional officer asserting
that Harris was trying to get a “load of people” to “jump[] on a soy food lawsuit” by
writing down symptoms for them to complain about. Ashcraft also received reports
from four confidential informants that Harris was encouraging inmates to lie about the
effect of prison food on their health. In particular, the informants said, Harris had
distributed a letter detailing how to complain about the soy diet, typed grievances for
inmates, instructed them on what medical relief to demand from health care to support
their grievances, and told one informant that soy was causing the informant’s stomach
pain. Ashcraft also took a statement from Harris, who denied circulating the letter or
filing grievances for other inmates.

       1 On summary judgment we must credit the plaintiff’s version of events.
See Hutt v. AbbVie Prods. LLC, 757 F.3d 687, 691 (7th Cir. 2014). Racial slurs are never
appropriate but if Harris’s allegations are true, it is especially appalling for a
government official to use this language in the course of his duties.
No. 14-2569                                                                             Page 3

         Ashcraft concluded that Harris had violated prison rules. First, he reported that
Harris had lied about his involvement with the grievances. Second, he found that Harris
“was attempting to unite other inmates in a concerted effort to file false grievances and
make unsupported allegations about health issues and the food at the facility.” Ashcraft
formally charged Harris with giving false information to employees, ILL. ADMIN. CODE
tit. 20, § 504 App. A § 303, operating a business venture, id. at App. A § 309, and
soliciting or conspiring with others to violate prison rules, id. at App. A § 601.

       After a hearing, a disciplinary committee found Harris guilty of these charges. At
the hearing, Harris conceded that, as a “jailhouse lawyer,” he had helped type
grievances for his mentally disabled cellmate and for another inmate who requested his
help, and he speculated that other inmates must have used one of those grievances as a
template. But he insisted that he had done nothing more and surmised that officials
were retaliating against him simply because he and other prisoners had filed
grievances. The committee also received the results of Ashcraft’s investigation reflecting
the statements from the informants that Harris had spurred grievances about
unsubstantiated health complications from soy. In the end, the committee disbelieved
Harris, found him guilty, and disciplined him with three months of segregation, three
months of lost telephone and commissary privileges, revocation of three months of
good-conduct credit, and a disciplinary transfer. After an administrative appeal, only
one month of good-conduct credit was revoked, and that month later was restored
because of Harris’s “improved conduct.”

        Invoking 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Harris has sued Ashcraft and others involved in the
discipline, alleging that they punished him for exercising his First Amendment right to
file his own grievance and lawsuit about soy and to help other inmates file similar
grievances. The district court initially thought that Harris’s suit was barred by Heck v.
Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994), because any success on his § 1983 claim would upset the
decision to revoke his good-conduct credits, see Edwards v. Balisok, 520 U.S. 641, 645–46
(1997). But the court allowed Harris’s complaint to proceed after his good-conduct
credit was restored, see Burd v. Sessler, 702 F.3d 429, 435 (7th Cir. 2012); Dewalt v. Carter,
224 F.3d 607, 613 (7th Cir. 2000), and the defendants do not challenge that decision.

       The court then granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. The
defendants had argued that Harris was disciplined, not because he filed his own
grievance or lawsuit, but because he incited other inmates to join his crusade against
soy, encouraged them to file false grievances, and then lied about his actions. Harris
had replied that no grievances were found to be false and he had not promoted a
No. 14-2569                                                                            Page 4

“business venture.” Therefore, he believed, the defendants must have disciplined him
for protected conduct. The district court assumed without deciding that Harris had a
protected right to assist other inmates to file truthful grievances. But it concluded that
the undisputed evidence did not permit an inference that Harris’s protected activity
caused the disciplinary actions.

       On appeal Harris maintains that he presented a triable case that the defendants
punished him in retaliation for First Amendment activity. To survive summary
judgment on a First Amendment retaliation claim, Harris needed to present evidence
from which a reasonable jury could conclude that (1) he engaged in protected First
Amendment activity, (2) he suffered a deprivation that would likely deter future First
Amendment activity, and (3) the protected activity caused the deprivation. See Watkins
v. Kasper, 599 F.3d 791, 794 (7th Cir. 2010); Bridges v. Gilbert, 557 F.3d 541, 546 (7th Cir.
2009). The parties focus on the first and third elements.

         Like the district court, we can assume that Harris has satisfied the first element.
The defendants appropriately concede that Harris has the right under the First
Amendment to file his own truthful grievances and federal lawsuits. See Hasan v. U.S.
Dep’t of Labor, 400 F.3d 1001, 1005 (7th Cir. 2005). Furthermore, a prisoner may also help
another inmate, otherwise unable to help himself, access the courts. See Johnson v. Avery,
393 U.S. 483, 487 (1969) (invalidating prison regulation prohibiting habeas petitioners
from getting assistance from jailhouse lawyer). But because it is also “indisputable” that
jailhouse lawyers “are sometimes a menace to prison discipline,” id. at 488, inmates’
speech rights on legal matters are not unlimited, see Shaw v. Murphy, 532 U.S. 223, 231
(2001) (declining to give prisoner-to-prisoner legal assistance any First Amendment
protection “above and beyond the protection normally accorded prisoners’ speech”).
For example, prisons may prohibit inmates from soliciting other prisoners to unite in an
unauthorized cause. See Jones v. N.C. Prisoners’ Labor Union, Inc., 433 U.S. 119, 129 (1977);
Pilgrim v. Luther, 571 F.3d 201, 205 (2d Cir. 2009). They may also punish inmates who
file frivolous grievances or lawsuits or lie to prison officials. See Hale v. Scott, 371 U.S.
917, 919 (7th Cir. 2004). Defendants do not contend that Harris’s own lawsuit seeking a
soy-free diet is groundless, dishonest, or otherwise unprotected speech. Moreover,
Harris has presented evidence that he merely assisted other inmates in filing truthful
grievances. Together this evidence creates a basis for reasonably inferring that some of
his conduct was protected by the First Amendment.

       We will also assume that the defendants resented Harris because of his protected
activity, but that does not end the matter. For the defendants have furnished
No. 14-2569                                                                         Page 5

uncontradicted evidence that, even if they disapproved of Harris’s protected activity, he
would have been punished anyway for violating legitimate prison rules that prohibit
lying to prison employees and soliciting inmates to join an unauthorized venture.
See Greene v. Doruff, 660 F.3d 975, 978 (7th Cir. 2011). A prisoner who has evidence that
officials were motivated to discipline the prisoner because of protected speech cannot
prevail if the officials show, without contradiction, that they would have disciplined
him anyway for a legitimate reason. Id. In that case, “the improper motive would have
done no work, had no effect, left the world unchanged.” Id.

        The defendants genuinely and undisputedly believed that Harris had solicited
inmates to unite in his fight against the prison’s soy diet by filing grievances without
regard to their truth, lied about it, and should be punished for it. See Van Den Bosch v.
Raemisch, 658 F.3d 778, 788 (7th Cir. 2011). They grounded their belief in the prison rules
(prohibiting solicitation and lying) and the ample evidence that Harris violated them
(the corroborating statements of four confidential informants, Harris’s own admissions,
and the circulated letter describing how to show a medical complication from a soy
diet). Harris replies that he should not have been punished unless the grievances
actually were false, and the defendants have not shown that. But the validity of his
discipline does not depend on the falsity of the other grievances; it depends on the
sincerity of the defendants’ belief that he improperly solicited inmates and then lied to
investigators about it. See Thayer v. Chiczewski, 705 F.3d 237, 251–52 (7th Cir. 2012).
Harris has offered no evidence that rebuts the sincerity of the defendants’ belief or their
motivation to punish him independent of any antipathy about protected conduct. Even
the comments from the two officials who put him in segregation, though they included
an unacceptable racial slur, do not help Harris. They show only that the officials, like
the disciplinary committee, sincerely believed that Harris was organizing, irrespective
of the truth, an improper battle against the prison. Thus, because the prison officials
disciplined Harris for legitimate reasons, summary judgment for the defendants was
proper.

       We conclude with two final observations. First, the disciplinary committee
provided Harris with due process: advance written notice of the alleged infractions, an
opportunity to present evidence to the committee, and a written statement explaining
the evidence and reasoning for the disciplinary action, see Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S.
539, 563–66 (1974), and the committee’s decision was supported by “some evidence,”
McPherson v. McBride, 188 F.3d 784, 786 (7th Cir. 1999); see also Grandberry v. Smith, 754
F.3d 425, 426 (7th Cir. 2014). Second, we reject Harris’s argument that the district court
abused its discretion in denying his several motions for recruitment of counsel. In
No. 14-2569                                                                        Page 6

denying his requests, the district court applied the correct legal standard, see Pruitt v.
Mote, 503 F.3d 647, 654–55 (7th Cir. 2007) (en banc), and reasonably found that, based on
the quality of his previous filings and his experience with federal litigation, Harris
could adequately litigate the issues presented by his case. Furthermore Harris
submitted no evidence to demonstrate that he had attempted to recruit counsel on his
own before asking the court for assistance.

                                                                             AFFIRMED.