Court Opinion

ID: 5175815
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-04 15:10:46.605054+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:26:17.919935
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Isak Vazquez-Santiago                        :
                                             :    No. 453 C.D. 2020
              v.                             :
                                             :    Argued: October 20, 2021
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,                :
Department of Transportation,                :
Bureau of Driver Licensing,                  :
                  Appellant                  :

BEFORE:       HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, President Judge1
              HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
              HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
              HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
              HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
              HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
              HONORABLE J. ANDREW CROMPTON, Judge2

OPINION
BY JUDGE McCULLOUGH                                       FILED: January 4, 2022

              The Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing (Bureau)
appeals from the April 6, 2020 order of the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County
(trial court), which sustained Isak Vazquez-Santiago’s (Licensee) appeal of the
suspension of his driving privileges. In this case, Licensee was stopped and was
arrested on suspicion of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). He was asked
to submit to a blood test to determine his blood alcohol concentration, and he allegedly

       1
         The Court reached the decision in this case prior to the conclusion of President Judge
Emeritus Brobson’s service on the Commonwealth Court.

       2
         The Court reached the decision in this case prior to the conclusion of Judge Crompton’s
service on the Commonwealth Court.
refused, resulting in the suspension of his operating privilege under section
1547(b)(1)(i) of the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. §1547(b)(1)(i),3 commonly referred to
as the “Implied Consent Law.” The question presented in this appeal is whether
Licensee’s lack of understanding of the English language prevented him from making
a knowing and conscious refusal of a chemical blood test because he could not
understand the consequences of a refusal. Because we so conclude, we affirm the trial
court’s order.
                                             Background
                 As related by the trial court, the pertinent facts are as follows. On June
24, 2019, at approximately 1:58 a.m., Harrisburg City Police Officer Carson O’Connor
was on patrol in the area of Second and Maclay Streets in the City of Harrisburg. (Trial
Ct. Op. at 2.) He observed a Toyota sedan cross a double yellow line, make a righthand
turn without signaling, drive across the center lane, and veer into another lane without
signaling. Id. Following these observations, Officer O’Connor initiated a traffic stop.
Officer O’Connor approached the driver, who later was identified as Licensee.
                 Licensee is Spanish-speaking, and Officer O’Connor does not speak
Spanish. Thus, throughout their interaction, Licensee was unable to understand many
of Officer O’Connor’s questions and directions. Officer O’Connor asked Licensee to

       3
           Section 1547(b)(1)(i) of the Vehicle Code provides, in relevant part, as follows:

       (1) If any person placed under arrest for a violation of section 3802 [relating to driving
           under influence of alcohol or controlled substance] is requested to submit to
           chemical testing and refuses to do so, the testing shall not be conducted but upon
           notice by the police officer, the department shall suspend the operating privilege
           of the person as follows:

       (i) Except as set forth in subparagraph (ii), for a period of 12 months.

75 Pa.C.S. §1547(b)(1)(i).

                                                    2
lower his window, but because Licensee had difficulty doing so, he opened the driver’s-
side car door instead. Id. When Licensee opened the door, Officer O’Connor detected
an odor of alcohol emanating from the vehicle, and observed that Licensee’s eyes were
glazed and bloodshot. Id. Officer O’Connor then closed the door and, using a
combination of verbal commands and hand signals, requested that Licensee roll down
his window. Id. at 2-3. Licensee eventually understood Officer O’Connor’s request,
rolled down the window, and provided Officer O’Connor with his driver’s license and
vehicle registration. Id. at 3.
             Officer O’Connor returned to his patrol car to check for outstanding
warrants and to wait for additional officers to arrive. Id. When he returned to
Licensee’s vehicle, he observed that Licensee was asleep in the driver’s seat. Id.
Officer O’Connor roused Licensee and asked him how much he had had to drink that
night. Id. Licensee was unable to understand the officer’s inquiry spoken in English,
so Officer O’Connor used hand signals to communicate the question. Id. Ultimately,
Licensee appeared to understand the inquiry and indicated that he had consumed three
alcoholic beverages. Id. At Officer O’Connor’s request, Licensee stepped out of the
vehicle, and Officer O’Connor detected a strong odor of alcohol coming from
Licensee’s person. Id. Officer O’Connor attempted to conduct a field sobriety test,
but Licensee was unable to understand the officer’s directions, so no sobriety tests were
performed. Id. Based upon his observations, Officer O’Connor placed Licensee under
arrest on suspicion of DUI.
             Due to their language barrier, Officer O’Connor placed a police radio call
requesting the assistance of any available Spanish-speaking officer to assist him, but
he was unable to locate such an officer. Id. at 3-4. Officer O’Connor then drove
Licensee to the Dauphin County Booking Center, where he requested that Licensee

                                           3
submit to a chemical test of his blood. Id. at 4. To explain his request, Officer
O’Connor had to use various hand signals, such as pointing to his arm. Id. Based on
these hand signals, it appeared to Officer O’Connor that Licensee understood that the
officer was asking him to undergo a blood draw. Id. Officer O’Connor proceeded to
read to Licensee, in English, the warnings required by the Implied Consent Law 4 and
our Supreme Court’s decision in Department of Transportation, Bureau of Traffic
Safety v. O’Connell, 555 A.2d 873 (Pa. 1989) (O’Connell warnings),5 which are listed
on the Department of Transportation DL-26B Form.6 Officer O’Connor read the DL-

       4
           Section 1547(b)(2)(i) of the Vehicle Code provides:

       (2) It shall be the duty of the police officer to inform the person [under arrest for DUI]
       that:

       (i) the person’s operating privilege will be suspended upon refusal to submit to
       chemical testing and the person will be subject to a restoration fee of up to $2000 . . . .

75 Pa.C.S. §1547(b)(2)(i).

       5
         In O’Connell, our Supreme Court held that, when a motorist is asked to submit to chemical
testing under the Implied Consent Law, the law enforcement officer making the request has a duty to
explain to the motorist that the rights provided by the United States Supreme Court decision in
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), are inapplicable to a request for chemical testing.
O’Connell, 555 A.2d at 878.

       6
           As this Court has noted previously, the DL-26B Form contains the following warnings:

       1. You are under arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol or a controlled
       substance in violation of Section 3802 of the Vehicle Code.

       2. I am requesting that you submit to a chemical test of blood.

       3. If you refuse to submit to the blood test, your operating privilege will be suspended
       for at least 12 months. If you previously refused a chemical test or were previously
       convicted of driving under the influence, you will be suspended for up to 18 months.

(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                                   4
26B Form exactly as it was printed in English, and he used no visual aids or hand
signals, as he had during earlier attempts to communicate with Licensee. Id. As the
trial court stated, Officer O’Connor’s “reading of the DL-26B form in English is the
gravamen of this case.” Id. (emphasis in original).
             After reading the form to Licensee, Officer O’Connor asked Licensee
whether he would submit to a blood test, and Licensee answered “No.” Id. Licensee
also refused to sign the portion of the form that asks the motorist to acknowledge that
he had been advised of the warnings contained thereon. Id. at 4-5. Officer O’Connor
construed Licensee’s conduct as a refusal to submit to testing. However, at the hearing
on Licensee’s appeal, Officer O’Connor acknowledged that he was unsure as to
whether Licensee understood what was being asked of him, and he was uncertain as to
whether Licensee understood the consequences of his refusal to take the test. Id. at 5.
The trial court emphasized the following exchange between Officer O’Connor and
Licensee’s counsel:

             [Licensee’s] Counsel: You’re stating that you believe
             [Licensee] understood that he was refusing the test?

             Officer O’Connor: Correct.

             [Licensee’s] Counsel: Are you certain that he understood his
             license would be suspended if he didn’t take the test?

             Officer O’Connor: I wouldn’t be able to answer that. I don’t
             know.

      4. You have no right to speak with an attorney or anyone else before deciding whether
      to submit to testing. If you request to speak with an attorney or anyone else after being
      provided these warnings or you remain silent when asked to submit to a blood test,
      you will have refused the test.

Garlick v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 176 A.3d 1030, 1034 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2018) (en banc).

                                                 5
Id. at 5-6 (quoting Notes of Testimony, 11/25/2019 (N.T.), at 17) (emphasis in
original).
             Licensee testified on his own behalf at the hearing. He testified entirely
in Spanish with the assistance of an interpreter. Id. at 6 n.2. Licensee explained that
he is from Puerto Rico, does not speak English, and has only lived in the mainland
United States for two-and-a-half years.         Id. at 6.   Licensee was employed at a
warehouse, where he received all of his work-related instructions in Spanish. Id. With
regard to the incident giving rise to the appeal, Licensee acknowledged that he was
intoxicated at the time that Officer O’Connor arrested him. Id. However, Licensee did
not recall being asked to submit to a blood test, and he did not recall Officer O’Connor
warning him that his driver’s license would be suspended. Id. Licensee testified that
he did not provide a blood sample to Officer O’Connor because he did not know what
the officer was saying to him. Id.
             Ultimately, the trial court held that Licensee could not have made a
knowing and conscious refusal because he was unable to understand Officer
O’Connor’s warning regarding the consequences of refusing to submit to a blood test.
Id. at 14. The trial court noted that this Court has held that in some circumstances, a
language barrier may affect a driver’s ability to make a knowing and conscious refusal.
Id. at 8. Citing Im v. Department of Transportation, 529 A.2d 94 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1987),
the trial court explained that this Court concluded that a native Korean failed to
establish his refusal was not knowing or conscious because he responded to all of the
officer’s questions in English without the assistance of an interpreter. (Trial Ct. Op. at
9.) The trial court also highlighted Balthazar v. Department of Transportation, Bureau
of Driver Licensing, 553 A.2d 1053 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1989), in which this Court held that
a native Spanish speaker did not meet his burden of establishing that his refusal was

                                            6
not knowing or conscious where the record established that he testified extensively at
the hearing without the assistance of an interpreter, and where a nurse communicated
with him in Spanish before his refusal. (Trial Ct. Op. at 9.) Finally, the trial court cited
Martinovic v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 881 A.2d 30
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2005), explaining that we held that a Serbo-Croatian speaker did not meet
his burden to show that his refusal was not knowing or conscious because he attempted
to submit to a breath test multiple times. (Trial Ct. Op. at 9.)
               The trial court found the instant matter most analogous to this Court’s
decision in Department of Transportation, Bureau of Motor Vehicles v. Yi, 562 A.2d
1008 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1989). In that case, the trial court observed, this Court held that
substantial evidence supported the lower court’s conclusion that the licensee’s inability
to understand English precluded him from making a knowing and conscious refusal
where the licensee testified through an interpreter that he did not understand English,
did not understand the ramifications of his refusal, never answered a question without
the help of an interpreter, and the arresting officers testified that they were uncertain
whether the licensee understood them. Likewise, here, the trial court reasoned that
Licensee’s “lack of understanding of the English language is undeniable; and, here,
there are no additional facts or evidence to suggest . . . that [Licensee] may have
understood the consequences of refusal in spite of his language barrier.” (Trial Ct. Op.
at 11 (emphasis in original).) As in Yi, and in contrast with the earlier-discussed
precedents, Licensee gave all his testimony in Spanish, required the assistance of an
interpreter at all times, explained that he did not understand Officer O’Connor’s
warnings, and Officer O’Connor testified that he was uncertain whether Licensee
understood him. Id. The trial court further emphasized that it was only when Officer
O’Connor used hand signals that Licensee appeared to understand any of Officer

                                             7
O’Connor’s commands, and Licensee’s language barrier was so apparent that Officer
O’Connor radioed a request for assistance from a Spanish-speaking officer before
transporting Licensee to the booking center for a blood draw, although no such officer
was available. Id. at 11-12.
               With respect to the DL-26B Form, the trial court stressed that Officer
O’Connor read its warnings only in English and, unlike their previous attempts to
communicate, did not use any hand signals to assist Licensee in understanding. Id. at
12. “Viewing this situation with a modicum of common sense,” the trial court opined,
it was certainly understandable that Officer O’Connor faced a “daunting task” of
attempting to communicate the request to Licensee despite the limited resources
available to him; however, it is “quite another matter to speculate that [Licensee] even
remotely understood the consequences of a refusal to provide the blood sample upon
[Licensee’s] driver’s license, where no effective communications had been established
via the English language.” Id. (emphasis omitted). Thus, because it was apparent that
the language barrier between Licensee and Officer O’Connor prevented Licensee from
understanding the consequences of his refusal to submit to a blood test, the trial court
concluded that Licensee’s refusal was not knowing and conscious. Id. at 13-14.
Accordingly, the trial court sustained Licensee’s appeal and ordered that the suspension
of his driving privileges be rescinded.
               The Bureau then sought this Court’s review of the trial court’s order.7

       7
          “This Court’s standard of review of a trial court’s order in a license suspension matter
involving a licensee’s refusal to submit to chemical testing is limited to considering whether the trial
court’s findings are supported by [substantial] evidence and whether the court erred as a matter of
law or abused its discretion.” Reed v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 25
A.3d 1308, 1310 n.3 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011) (citing Banner v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of
Driver Licensing, 737 A.2d 1203, 1205 (Pa. 1999)).

                                                   8
                                            Arguments
               On appeal, the Bureau raises three questions for this Court’s review: (1)
whether the trial court erred as a matter of law in concluding that Licensee satisfied his
burden8 of proving that he was incapable of making a knowing and conscious refusal
because he did not understand English; (2) whether the trial court’s finding to that effect
was supported by substantial evidence; and (3) whether Licensee failed to satisfy his
burden of proof that his excess consumption of alcohol did not cause or contribute to
his inability to understand Officer O’Connor’s instructions.
               With respect to its first argument, the Bureau primarily relies upon
Martinovic for the proposition that a language barrier does not prevent a licensee from
providing a knowing and conscious refusal to submit to chemical testing. Under
Martinovic, the Bureau argues, a police officer merely must read the Implied Consent
warnings to the licensee, and it is immaterial whether the licensee understands them.
(Bureau’s Br. at 20-21 (discussing Martinovic, 881 A.2d at 35-36).) Because Officer
O’Connor read the DL-26B Form to Licensee, the Bureau contends that the officer had
fully satisfied his duties under the law, and under Martinovic, Licensee’s inability to
understand the warnings in English did not preclude him from making a knowing and
conscious refusal to submit to a blood test. Therefore, the Bureau argues that the trial
court erred as a matter of law in sustaining Licensee’s appeal.

       8
         The parties agree that the Bureau satisfied its initial evidentiary burden to establish grounds
for suspension of Licensee’s driver’s license. See Sitoski v. Department of Transportation, Bureau
of Driver Licensing, 11 A.3d 12, 18 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010) (Bureau must establish that the licensee “(1)
was placed under arrest for driving while under the influence of alcohol; (2) was asked to submit to a
chemical test; (3) refused to do so; and (4) was specifically warned that a refusal would result in the
revocation of his or her driver’s license”) (citing Thoman v. Department of Transportation, Bureau
of Driver Licensing, 965 A.2d 385, 388 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009)). Once the Bureau meets its burden, “the
burden then shifts to the licensee to show that he was physically unable to take the test or that the
refusal was not knowing or conscious.” Id.

                                                   9
             The Bureau’s second line of argument challenges the trial court’s fact-
finding. Although the Bureau recognizes that whether a refusal was knowing and
conscious is a question for the fact-finder, it contends that the trial court’s conclusion
here was not supported by substantial evidence. The Bureau criticizes the trial court’s
reliance upon Officer O’Connor’s testimony that he was uncertain as to whether
Licensee understood him when he provided the necessary warnings. Because the
Bureau contends that there is no requirement that an officer be certain of a licensee’s
comprehension, it deems the trial court’s reliance upon this testimony to be erroneous.
Id. at 23-26. The Bureau further highlights Licensee’s testimony that he “did not
recall” Officer O’Connor warning him that his driver’s license would be suspended.
Id. at 27. According to the Bureau, this statement contradicted Licensee’s contention
that he did not understand Officer O’Connor’s warnings, because “not recalling” is a
different state of mind than “not understanding.” Id. at 27-28. Thus, the Bureau
suggests that the trial court should have rejected Licensee’s testimony regarding his
inability to comprehend Officer O’Connor’s warnings.
             Finally, the Bureau argues that Licensee failed to prove that his inability
to understand Officer O’Connor’s warnings was not caused by his intoxication. The
Bureau cites a line of this Court’s precedent holding that voluntary intoxication is not
a sufficient basis for the conclusion that a refusal was not knowing and conscious. Id.
at 29-30 (citing, inter alia, Kollar v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 7 A.3d 336, 340 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010) (“[I]f the motorist’s inability to make
a knowing and conscious refusal of testing is caused in whole or in part by consumption
of alcohol, the licensee is precluded from meeting her burden as a matter of law.”)).
The Bureau contends that Licensee failed to offer sufficient evidence that his
intoxication did not affect his ability to understand English, and it suggests that he

                                           10
could have called a witness to testify as to whether he could understand English when
he is sober. Id. at 30. Absent such evidence, the Bureau contends that the trial court’s
conclusion was not supported by substantial evidence, and its order must therefore be
reversed.
             Licensee, for his part, advances an array of reasons for affirmance of the
trial court’s order. First, Licensee argues that the Bureau waived all issues on appeal
because it filed a defective concise statement of errors complained of on appeal
pursuant to Rule 1925(b) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) (Concise Statement). Licensee argues that the Bureau’s six-page Concise
Statement failed to comport with almost every requirement of the Rule because it was
too long, contained extraneous information, and failed to specifically identify issues
raised on appeal. (Licensee’s Br. at 7-9.)
             With regard to the merits of the Bureau’s position, Licensee argues that
the trial court correctly found that he was incapable of understanding English, and that
it properly determined that his refusal to submit to chemical testing consequently was
not knowing and conscious. As it concerns the trial court’s fact-finding, Licensee notes
that he expressly testified regarding his inability to understand the warnings, and that
other facts and circumstances supported this fact, including Officer O’Connor’s
description of the need to use hand signals to communicate with Licensee and his
attempt to locate a Spanish-speaking officer to assist him. Id. at 11. Licensee asserts
that the trial court credited both his testimony and Officer O’Connor’s, that those
testimonies were consistent, and that they lead inexorably to the conclusion that
Licensee could not understand Officer O’Connor’s warnings in English. The Bureau’s
effort to “cherry-pick portions of testimony to argue to the contrary,” Licensee
contends, is merely a challenge to the trial court’s credibility determinations. Id. at 12.

                                             11
               Turning to this Court’s precedent, Licensee counters the Bureau’s reliance
upon Martinovic by invoking Yi. In earlier decisions such as Im and Balthazar,
Licensee notes, there were factual determinations that the licensees there were actually
able to understand warnings given in English. (Licensee’s Br. at 15-16 (discussing Im,
529 A.2d at 94-96; Balthazar, 553 A.2d at 1054-55).) By contrast, in Yi, the facts as
found by the trial court demonstrated that the licensee was unable to understand
warnings read to him in English, and the trial court accordingly determined that the
licensee could not make a knowing and conscious refusal. Id. at 15-16 (discussing Yi,
562 A.2d at 1009). The instant case, Licensee argues, is akin to Yi. With regard to
Martinovic, Licensee refers to a comment in that decision suggesting that, in “some
circumstances,” a language barrier “might affect a licensee’s ability to make a knowing
and conscious refusal.” Id. at 17 (quoting Martinovic, 881 A.2d at 34-35). In any
event, Licensee contends that Martinovic is distinguishable on its facts, and that the
instant case is therefore controlled by Yi. Id. at 17-18.9
                As an alternative basis for affirmance, Licensee argues that the Implied
Consent Law is unconstitutional to the extent that it imposes the penalty of driver’s
license suspension upon a licensee who refuses to consent to a warrantless blood test.
Licensee relies upon the line of Fourth Amendment10 precedent developed in the

       9
         After articulating his disagreement with the Bureau’s factual and legal arguments, Licensee
suggests that the Bureau’s appeal is wholly frivolous, and that we should award him counsel fees
under Pa.R.A.P. 2774. Licensee argues that the Bureau raises claims that have been rejected by prior
case law, and that are based solely upon facts contrary to the trial court’s findings of fact—both of
which may constitute grounds for an award of counsel fees. (Licensee’s Br. at 25-28.) Although we
ultimately agree with Licensee on the merits of the instant appeal, as discussed below, there is
language in Martinovic that facially appears to support the Bureau’s position, and we accordingly
cannot find that its appeal is wholly frivolous. We therefore deny Licensee’s request for counsel fees.

       10
          U.S. CONST. amend. IV (“The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                                 12
Supreme Court of the United States over the past decade concerning chemical testing
in the DUI context and its interaction with the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement.
(Licensee’s Br. at 29-30 (discussing Missouri v. McNeely, 569 U.S. 141 (2013), and
Birchfield v. North Dakota, 136 S. Ct. 2160 (2016)).) Licensee stresses a motorist’s
constitutional right to refuse a warrantless blood test, as opposed to a breath test, and
contends that any penalty imposed upon that refusal—such as a driver’s license
suspension—is violative of the unconstitutional conditions doctrine. Id. at 32-33.
Licensee acknowledges that, in Commonwealth v. Bell, 211 A.3d 761 (Pa. 2019), our
Supreme Court held that evidence of a motorist’s refusal to submit to a warrantless
blood draw may be used against the motorist at trial, and such use does not violate the
unconstitutional conditions doctrine. Licensee acknowledges that there is little reason
to treat driver’s license suspensions differently, but he argues that Justice Wecht’s
dissent in Bell provided the correct articulation of the constitutional ramifications of a
motorist’s decision to invoke his right to refuse an unconstitutional search. Id. at 33-
34 (discussing Bell, 211 A.3d at 787 (Wecht, J., dissenting)). Although the majority
opinion in Bell is binding as a matter of federal constitutional law, Licensee suggests
that Justice Wecht’s dissenting view could prevail as a matter of Pennsylvania
constitutional law under article I, section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.11

shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing
the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”).
        11
           PA. CONST. art. I, §8 (“The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and
possessions from unreasonable searches and seizures, and no warrant to search any place or to seize
any person or things shall issue without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without probable
cause, supported by oath or affirmation subscribed to by the affiant.”).

                                                13
Licensee provides this Court with an Edmunds12 analysis in support of that position.
Id. at 35-45.
                                            Discussion
                A. Waiver under Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
                We begin our analysis with Licensee’s suggestion that the Bureau has
waived all of its issues by filing a defective Concise Statement, for if we agreed with
Licensee on this point, such a conclusion would dispose of the entire appeal. Licensee
argues that the Bureau’s Concise Statement was too long, contained extraneous
information, and failed to specifically identify issues raised on appeal. We disagree.
                Rule 1925(b)(4) requires a concise statement to comport with the
following requirements: (1) to set forth only the errors intended to be asserted on
appeal, (2) to concisely identify each error with sufficient detail to allow the judge to
identify it, and (3) to specify the issues without redundancy or unnecessary length even
if the errors raised are numerous. Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(i), (ii), (iv). The purpose of
Rule 1925(b) “is to aid appellate review by providing a trial court the opportunity to
focus its opinion upon only those issues that the appellant plans to raise on appeal,”
and it “guarantees predictable consequences for failure to comply with the rule.”
Commonwealth v. Castillo, 888 A.2d 775, 778 (Pa. 2005). Not all lengthy statements
pursuant to Rule 1925(b), however, require a finding of waiver or dismissal of the
appeal. Commonwealth v. Vurimindi, 200 A.3d 1031, 1039 (Pa. Super. 2018).

       12
           Commonwealth v. Edmunds, 586 A.2d 887, 894-906 (Pa. 1991) (discussing independent
analysis of the Pennsylvania Constitution, and setting forth factors for courts to consider, including:
(1) the text of the Pennsylvania constitutional provision; (2) the history of the provision, including
Pennsylvania case law; (3) related case law from other states; and (4) policy considerations, including
unique issues of state and local concern, and applicability within modern Pennsylvania
jurisprudence).

                                                 14
               The trial court issued a thorough and detailed opinion in support of its
April 6, 2020 order sustaining Licensee’s appeal. The Bureau appealed, and on May
19, 2020, was ordered to file its Concise Statement pursuant to Rule 1925(b). On May
28, 2020, the Bureau filed a five-page Concise Statement. (Reproduced Record (R.R.)
at 107a-12a.) The Bureau clearly raised the same issues in the Concise Statement that
it presently raises on appeal. Id. at 109a-11a. On June 15, 2020, the trial court issued
a statement pursuant to Rule 1925(a), relying on its April 6, 2020 opinion. (R.R. at
116a.) The trial court stated that it was “constrained to note that upon review of [the
Bureau’s] rambling, multi-page [Concise Statement], which did not comport with the
conciseness requirement of Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b),” it was “appalled by [the Bureau’s]
attempt to confuse and conflate the procedural issues of this case with the fundamental
fact issue of this case . . . .” Id.
               We differ with the trial court’s characterization of the Bureau’s Concise
Statement. Although longer than what may be necessary, a review of the Bureau’s
Concise Statement reveals that it is acceptable under Rule 1925(b). We note that the
Concise Statement follows the exact issues that were raised and addressed by the trial
court in its April 6, 2020 opinion—the same opinion that the trial court felt was
satisfactory enough to rely on to address the issues raised in the Bureau’s Concise
Statement. Even if the Concise Statement was lengthy, the issues were identified
without redundancy and the statement was not so incoherent or vague that it was
impossible to discern the issues that the Bureau intended to raise.13

       13
           In some instances, lengthy Rule 1925(b) statements have resulted in waiver. See, e.g.,
Jiricko v. Geico Insurance Company, 947 A.2d 206, 214 (Pa. Super. 2008) (finding waiver of issues
where the appellant made an incoherent, confusing, redundant, defamatory rant in a lengthy five-page
Rule 1925(b) statement); Tucker v. R.M. Tours, 939 A.2d 343, 346-48 (Pa. Super. 2007), aff’d, 977
A.2d 1170 (Pa. 2009) (finding waiver where the appellants attempted to overwhelm the court by filing
a 16-page Rule 1925(b) statement with 76 paragraphs and exhibits). The Bureau’s Concise Statement
in the instant case, however, does not rise to the level described in cases such as Jiricko and Tucker.

                                                 15
             Accordingly, we reject Licensee’s suggestion that the Bureau’s Concise
Statement was so defective as to warrant a finding of waiver, and we proceed to the
merits of the Bureau’s appeal.
             B. Language Barrier and Chemical Test Refusal
             Turning to the central issue presented in this appeal—the significance of
Licensee’s language barrier—the analysis implicates an apparent inconsistency in this
Court’s precedent, which requires clarification. Both the parties and the trial court
identify the significant precedents—Yi and Martinovic. Although the issue in those
cases was similar, the decisions reached contrary results. Moreover, there is language
in Martinovic that appears to be in tension with Yi. Due to its factual similarity to these
precedents, the instant appeal necessitates our careful consideration of the prior
decisions’ rationales, the factual predicates of each case, and the extent to which their
reasoning comports with the Implied Consent Law and our Supreme Court’s
pronouncements concerning that law.
             Although the relevant line of decisions includes Im and Balthazar, it is
worth noting a significant point of distinction between those cases and the instant
case—the trial court’s findings of fact in Im and Balthazar suggested that the licensees
in those cases were actually able to comprehend the relevant warnings to an extent that
they were able to understand the consequences of refusal, and there was thus no
significant language barrier in those cases. Im occurred first chronologically. In that
case, the licensee, a native Korean speaker, was stopped and subsequently arrested on
suspicion of DUI. Im, 529 A.2d at 94-95. An officer testified that he advised the
licensee six times that if he did not submit to a blood test, his license would be
suspended for one year. Id. at 95. The officer testified that the licensee was able to
understand him when he spoke in English, and that the licensee responded to the officer

                                            16
in English. Id. The trial court held that the licensee made a knowing and conscious
refusal to take the test because he understood English to a degree necessary to
comprehend what he was being asked. Id. The trial court “based this finding on the
evidence presented and the demeanor” of the licensee as the licensee testified without
the assistance of an interpreter. Id. This Court affirmed, explaining that the trial judge
was the arbiter of credibility and “had a first-hand opportunity to evaluate [the
licensee’s] ability to understand and respond to questions addressed to him.” Id. at 95-
96. Thus, because the trial judge made the credibility determination that the licensee
could understand English, and that the licensee understood the consequences of a
refusal, we held that this Court was bound by those determinations. Id. at 96.
             Two years after Im, this Court decided Balthazar. In that case, the licensee
was arrested for DUI, was asked to submit to a blood test, and refused. Balthazar, 553
A.2d at 1054. On appeal, the licensee argued that, as a native Spanish speaker, he did
not understand that he was asked to consent to a blood test. Id. We noted that the
licensee had lived in the United States for 16 years and testified without any indication
that he had difficulty comprehending the questions addressed to him. Id. We held that
based on the facts as found as credible by the trial court, the licensee knowingly and
consciously refused the test. Id. at 1055.
             Next, this Court decided Yi. Again, in that case the licensee was arrested
on suspicion of DUI. Yi, 562 A.2d at 1009. The licensee argued that, due to his
language barrier, he did not understand the consequences of refusing the test, and the
trial court accepted that explanation as credible. Id. Again, we deferred to the trial
court’s fact-finding. Reviewing the evidence supporting the trial court’s finding, we
noted:

             This [licensee] testified through an interpreter that he had no
             understanding of the English language and that he did not

                                             17
             understand the ramifications of his refusal. He never
             answered any questions asked without the aid of the
             interpreter. Furthermore, the arresting officers testified that
             although they thought the [licensee] might have understood
             them, they could not be certain. The [trial] court concluded
             that [the licensee] was unable to understand English and
             could not make a knowing and conscious refusal. This
             determination will not be disturbed if it is supported by
             sufficient evidence. We believe it is. The trial judge had a
             first-hand opportunity to evaluate the [licensee’s] testimony
             on the stand and, since we find sufficient evidence to support
             his conclusions, we must uphold his decision.

Id. Thus, Yi shared Im’s and Balthazar’s emphasis upon the trial court’s findings of
fact and determinations of witness credibility. It differed from those cases, though, in
that the trial court’s findings established a language barrier sufficient to preclude the
licensee from making a knowing and conscious refusal.
             Then came Martinovic. The licensee in that case, a Serbo-Croatian
speaker, was arrested for DUI and communicated with the officer in “broken English,”
but was able to answer all the officer’s questions. Martinovic, 881 A.2d at 31-32. The
officer took the licensee to the booking center and read him the O’Connell warnings.
Id. at 32. No interpreter was available. The officer, using a series of questions and
hand signals, asked the licensee whether he would submit to a breath test. Id. at 33.
The licensee attempted to perform the breath test, but he was unable to complete it
successfully. Id. The officer explained that there is no protocol if someone suspected
of DUI does not speak English, and that he read the warnings only in English. Id. The
officer, however, felt that the licensee understood every word he was saying to him
from the time the vehicle was stopped to the chemical test. Id.
             At the hearing on the licensee’s appeal, the licensee’s sister testified that
the licensee had never learned English and that she acted as a translator for him. Id.
She explained that the licensee worked at a warehouse, where he did not need to speak

                                           18
English. Id. The licensee also testified through an interpreter that he does not speak
English. Id. The licensee explained that he recalled his arrest, the police officers
explaining something to him, and attempting to take a breath test, but he did not
understand what the officers were saying. Id. at 34. The trial court ultimately found
the licensee’s testimony credible and concluded that he did not knowingly and
consciously refuse to submit to chemical testing. Id.
             This Court reversed the trial court’s decision. Citing Yi, the Martinovic
Court noted that “some circumstances such as a language barrier might affect a
licensee’s ability to make a knowing and conscious refusal.” Id. at 34-35 (citing Yi,
562 A.2d 1008). However, the Court stated that “most cases hold that a failure to
understand English provides no foundation for an argument that the licensee was
unable to make a knowing and conscious refusal.” Id. at 35. For this latter proposition,
the Martinovic Court cited Balthazar and Im. As noted above, however, Balthazar and
Im were cases in which the facts indicated that the licensees did understand English.
In a footnote, the Martinovic Court recognized this conclusion in Balthazar and Im,
and noted that in those cases, the licensees communicated with police officers in
English and provided testimony in English. Id. at 35 n.7. Curiously, Martinovic
nonetheless referred to the “the language barrier presented in those cases,” which “did
not prevent the licensees from making knowing and conscious refusals to submit to
chemical testing.” Id. The Martinovic Court did not acknowledge the distinction
between those cases—where there was no “failure to understand English” pursuant to
the trial courts’ findings—and Yi—where the trial court did find that a language barrier
precluded the licensee’s understanding of the arresting officer’s warnings.
             Despite its recognition of Yi’s holding, Martinovic went on to state the
following:

                                          19
             Although the trial court found that [the licensee] did not
             speak English sufficiently to have possibly understood the
             O’Connell warnings, whether [the licensee] understands the
             O’Connell warnings or not is inconsequential. An officer’s
             sole duty is to inform motorists of the [I]mplied [C]onsent
             warnings; once they [sic] have done so, they [sic] have
             satisfied their [sic] obligation.            Department of
             Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing v. Scott, [684
             A.2d 539 (Pa. 1996)]. Additionally, and not without
             significance in this case, officers have no duty to make sure
             that licensees understand the O’Connell warnings or the
             consequences of refusing a chemical test.

Id. at 35. Martinovic then cited a Superior Court decision for the proposition that police
officers have no duty to enlist the assistance of an interpreter to ensure that motorists
understand the Implied Consent warnings. Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Robinson, 834
A.2d 1160, 1164 (Pa. Super. 2003) (reasoning that the provision of interpreters is not
required by the Implied Consent Law and is not feasible during DUI investigations)).
             Despite these comments, the Martinovic Court went on to explain that the
refusal in that case was actually based upon the fact that the licensee tried, but failed,
to perform a breath test. The Court stated:

             [The licensee] did not “refuse” the test in the ordinary sense
             of the word, such as explicitly saying “no” to a request to
             submit to chemical testing or saying anything short of “yes,
             I will take the test.” Instead, the refusal in this case is
             predicated on the fact that [the licensee] agreed to take
             the test and attempted three different times to register a
             breath sample but failed to do so, which is deemed a refusal
             despite the good faith attempts of the licensee. . . . The
             record (including the videotape) reveals that [the licensee]
             took the breathalyzer test based on the physical
             demonstrations from Agent Mitchem; and Agent Mitchem
             physically demonstrated to blow harder into the breathalyzer
             and make a seal with his lips after each failed attempt. [The
             licensee] attempted to follow Agent Mitchem’s instructions
             each time. Based on these facts, [the licensee] could not have

                                           20
              met his burden of proving that his limited understanding of
              English prevented him from making a knowing and
              conscious refusal.

Id. at 35-36 (bold emphasis added; italicized emphasis in original).
              Finally, the Martinovic Court rejected the trial court’s fact-finding with
regard to the licensee’s degree of English comprehension. Although the trial court
found that the licensee was unable to speak or understand English, this Court
emphasized:

              [The licensee] answered all of Officer Hutcheson’s questions
              regarding the vehicle stop, the sobriety tests, and the
              chemical testing. [The licensee] even answered “yes” on
              many occasions when asked if he understood what he was
              being told, and he never communicated—verbally or
              otherwise—to either Officer Hutcheson or Agent Mitchem
              that he did not understand what they were telling him
              regarding the chemical test. Moreover, Officer Hutcheson
              and Agent Mitchem testified that they had no doubt that [the
              licensee] understood what they asked of him because of his
              response to their questions. Most telling of [the licensee’s]
              understanding of the O’Connell warnings and the
              instructions on giving breath samples is the fact that he
              actually took the chemical test three different times, albeit
              ultimately yielding insufficient samples. In short, [the
              licensee] understood quite enough to make a knowing and
              conscious refusal of the chemical test despite his limited
              understanding of the English language.

Id. at 36 n.8 (emphasis added). Accordingly, as a factual matter, Martinovic deemed
the licensee’s comprehension of English to be sufficient to understand the Implied
Consent warnings. As such, Martinovic is more similar to Balthazar and Im than it is
to Yi.
              A careful reading of Martinovic makes clear that its conclusion regarding
the licensee’s ability to make a knowing and conscious refusal of a chemical test was

                                           21
premised upon the specific facts presented—the licensee’s multiple attempts to
complete the test, coupled with the facts that the Court deemed indicative of his ability
to comprehend the English language. It follows, then, that Martinovic’s broader
statement regarding language barriers—that it is “inconsequential” whether a licensee
understands the Implied Consent warnings—was not essential to its holding, and may
be regarded as dicta.
             This dicta, moreover, is plainly inconsistent with the very purpose of the
Implied Consent warnings, as well as our Supreme Court’s longstanding
pronouncements. O’Connell, the seminal decision from which we derive the phrase
“O’Connell warnings,” made quite clear that communication to the licensee of the
consequences of refusal is essential. “The law has always required that the police must
tell the arrestee of the consequences of a refusal to take the test so that he can make a
knowing and conscious choice.” O’Connell, 555 A.2d at 877. The O’Connell Court
held that the Implied Consent warnings must include a notice that the licensee’s
Miranda rights are inapplicable in this context, and that a licensee “is entitled to this
information so that his choice to take a breathalyzer test can be knowing and
conscious . . . .” Id. at 878. It is essential that licensees have this information, the
O’Connell Court stressed, so that they “are not being misled into making uninformed
and unknowing decisions to take the test.” Id.
             It is true that the circumstances contemplated in O’Connell did not include
a language barrier precluding a licensee’s understanding of the warnings provided in
English.    Regardless, there is clear tension between these straightforward
pronouncements and Martinovic’s suggestion that “whether [the licensee] understands
the O’Connell warnings or not is inconsequential.” Martinovic, 881 A.2d at 35.
Indeed, it is difficult to imagine how licensees who do not understand the warnings

                                           22
could be said to provide “knowing and conscious” refusals within the meaning of
O’Connell. Having no comprehension of the words spoken to them, it seems obvious
that such licensees will be “misled into making uninformed and unknowing decisions”
as to whether to submit to testing. O’Connell, 555 A.2d at 878. Nonetheless,
Martinovic’s dicta approves of a scenario in which a police officer, who is fully aware
that a licensee does not understand any of the words spoken to him in English, simply
reads the words on the DL-26B Form, and, recognizing that the licensee does not
comprehend, nonetheless deems the licensee’s subsequent refusal to be “knowing and
conscious.” To justify this suggestion, Martinovic cited our Supreme Court’s decision
in Scott for the proposition that a police officer’s sole duty is to read the words on the
form, and that the officer has no duty to ensure that the licensee understands them.
Martinovic, 881 A.2d at 35 (citing Scott, 684 A.2d 539). However, a straightforward
reading of Scott belies Martinovic’s suggestion that comprehension of the warnings is
inconsequential.
             Scott concerned a situation where a licensee, although he had been
provided O’Connell warnings that informed him that he did not have Miranda rights
with regard to the chemical test, “refused to believe the substance of the O’Connell
warnings.” Scott, 684 A.2d at 543. The licensee did not believe that he could be denied
an opportunity to consult with an attorney before deciding whether he would submit to
the test. Our Supreme Court emphasized that, once the Bureau meets its initial
evidentiary burden in a license suspension case, but a licensee asserts that his refusal
was not knowing and conscious, it is the licensee’s burden to establish that he was “not
capable[] of making a knowing and conscious refusal to take the test.” Id. (quoting
O’Connell, 555 A.2d at 876) (emphasis in original). But, the Scott Court held,
“[r]efusing to believe the substance of the O’Connell warnings as given does not render

                                           23
the motorist incapable of making a knowing and conscious decision regarding
chemical testing.” Id. (emphasis in original). A licensee is “incapable of making a
knowing and conscious refusal,” the Scott Court stressed, “when he is unaware that his
right to remain silent and his right to consult with an attorney are not applicable to the
provisions of the Implied Consent Law.” Id. (citing O’Connell, 555 A.2d at 877). The
Supreme Court repeatedly emphasized that the capability of the licensee to make a
knowing and conscious choice is tied to the licensee’s awareness of the content of the
O’Connell warnings. Plainly, the implication is that a licensee who is unaware of the
substance of the warnings—one who, e.g., does not understand the warnings read only
in English—may not be capable of making a knowing and conscious choice as to
whether to submit to a chemical test.
             This was only the beginning of the Scott Court’s emphasis upon the
importance of the licensee’s understanding. Scott ultimately resolved a lingering
uncertainty as to when exactly O’Connell warnings must be given. Explaining its
holding, the Scott Court stated:

             Thus, we now hold, whenever a motorist has been requested
             to submit to chemical sobriety testing the motorist must be
             provided O’Connell warnings regardless of whether
             Miranda warnings have been given, and, regardless of
             whether the motorist exhibits confusion concerning his rights
             when asked to submit to chemical sobriety testing.

             Once an officer provides O’Connell warnings to a motorist,
             the officer has done all that is legally required to ensure that
             the motorist has been fully advised of the consequences of
             refusing to submit to chemical testing. By requiring the
             officer to advise the motorist that his Miranda rights are not
             applicable to the request to submit to chemical sobriety
             testing, the officer can be assured that he has done
             everything possible to assist the motorist in making an
             informed decision consistent with that motorist’s rights
             as articulated by the Constitution and by the Implied Consent

                                           24
             Law. Placing this additional burden on law enforcement in
             order to attempt to insure that a motorist is making a
             knowledgeable and informed decision is certainly
             reasonable and justified given the potential for confusion in
             circumstances such as these. Furthermore, the additional
             burden of requiring O’Connell [w]arnings, whenever an
             officer requests a motorist to submit to chemical testing, is
             minor when balanced against the obvious need to verify
             that the motorist is fully aware of his rights and
             responsibilities when being asked to submit to the testing.

Id. at 545-46 (emphasis added).
             The Martinovic dicta, however, focused exclusively upon one sentence in
Scott—that “[o]nce an officer provides O’Connell warnings to a motorist, the officer
has done all that is legally required to ensure that the motorist has been fully advised
of the consequences of refusing to submit to chemical testing.” Id. at 546; see
Martinovic, 881 A.2d at 35. However, the Martinovic dicta divorced this sentence
from its context. Read against its facts, the Scott Court’s comment about the police
officer’s duty meant that the officer is not required to confirm that the licensee
subjectively believes the substance of the O’Connell warnings. The Martinovic dicta
disregarded the Scott Court’s repeated emphasis upon the need for the licensee to make
a “knowledgeable and informed decision,” and its stress upon the “obvious need to
verify that the motorist is fully aware of his rights and responsibilities when being asked
to submit to the testing.” Scott, 684 A.2d at 546.
             Nowhere in Scott is there any suggestion that it is “inconsequential”
whether the licensee understands his rights and responsibilities with respect to chemical
testing. Martinovic, 881 A.2d at 35. Indeed, the suggestion runs counter to the very
purpose of the warnings, the analyses in O’Connell and Scott, and the common

                                            25
understanding of what it means to make a “knowing and conscious” choice.14 As such,
while we reiterate that the relevant language in Martinovic constitutes dicta and is not
binding, for the sake of clarifying our case law and resolving the apparent tension
between Martinovic and Yi, we disapprove of Martinovic’s comments regarding the
significance, or lack thereof, of language barriers in this context.15
               Returning to Yi, we note that the instant case bears a significant similarity
to that case. In both Yi and the instant case, the licensees testified entirely through an
interpreter, testified that they did not understand English, and never answered any
questions asked in English, at least not without the aid of Officer O’Connor’s hand

       14
            Although not concerning a language barrier, our Supreme Court’s decision in
Commonwealth v. Myers, 164 A.3d 1162 (Pa. 2017), is also instructive. Although it is a plurality
decision with respect to a constitutional issue concerning implied consent, a majority of the Justices
in Myers agreed that an unconscious arrestee was unable to make a knowing and conscious choice to
submit to a chemical test, and a police officer’s reading of O’Connell warnings to the unconscious
arrestee was a nullity. See id. at 1181 (“Because Myers was pharmacologically rendered unconscious
by medical personnel prior to the time that Officer Domenic read [the] O’Connell warnings to his
unresponsive arrestee, no credible assertion can be made that Myers was provided with the
opportunity to make a ‘knowing and conscious choice’ regarding whether to undergo chemical testing
or to exercise his right of refusal.”) (citing O’Connell, 555 A.2d at 877); see also id. at 1184 (Todd,
J., concurring). Although Licensee’s language barrier here does not raise precisely the same issue as
the arrestee’s unconsciousness in that case, Myers offers further support for the proposition that an
inability to understand the Implied Consent warnings deprives an individual of the opportunity to
make a knowing and conscious choice as to whether to submit to chemical testing.

       15
          The Concurrence expresses concern that we have conflated the Bureau’s evidentiary burden
with the Licensee’s burden, upon satisfaction of the former, to demonstrate that his refusal was not
knowing and conscious. We have done no such thing. As noted above, there is no dispute that the
Bureau satisfied its initial burden to establish the grounds for suspension of Licensee’s operating
privilege; the question here is whether Licensee is able, as a matter of law, to establish that his refusal
was not knowing and conscious due to his inability to understand the Implied Consent warnings read
to him in English. See supra note 8. While the Concurrence suggests that we have gone too far in
disapproving of the Martinovic dicta, it bears repeating that the Bureau’s express argument to this
Court is that, based upon that language in Martinovic, it is inconsequential whether Licensee was able
to comprehend the warnings. In order to demonstrate the flaw in the Bureau’s legal argument, and
for the sake of clarifying the obvious inconsistency in our case law that Martinovic has created, it is
necessary to address, and reject, Martinovic’s broad statements in dicta concerning language barriers.

                                                   26
signals in the instant case. Yi, 562 A.2d at 1009; Trial Ct. Op. at 11. In both Yi and the
instant case, moreover, the arresting officers expressed uncertainty as to whether the
licensees understood their warnings and instructions given in English. Perhaps most
importantly, in both Yi and the instant case, the trial courts made findings of fact that
the licensees were unable to comprehend English to an extent that they did not
understand the consequences of refusal. As in Yi, we find that the trial court’s findings
concerning Licensee’s English comprehension are supported by the evidence described
above, and that there was no error in the trial court’s conclusion that Licensee was
unable to understand the consequences of his refusal to submit to a chemical test, and
that he therefore was not capable of making a knowing and conscious choice. Because
the Bureau’s argument to the contrary is based entirely upon Martinovic, the relevant
passage of which both constitutes dicta and does not reflect an accurate statement of
the law, we find no merit in the Bureau’s position.
             C. The Bureau’s Remaining Arguments
             Beyond its assertion of legal error based upon the Martinovic dicta, the
Bureau advances several challenges to the trial court’s fact-finding and, therefore, the
conclusion that it drew from those facts.       None of the Bureau’s arguments are
meritorious. The Bureau contends that the trial court’s finding regarding Licensee’s
English comprehension was not supported by substantial evidence. First, it questions
the trial court’s reliance upon Officer O’Connor’s testimony that he was uncertain as
to whether Licensee understood him when he read the DL-26B Form. (Bureau’s Br. at
23; Trial Ct. Op. at 5.) However, the Bureau’s argument on this point is intertwined
with its reliance upon Martinovic, as the Bureau contends that Officer O’Connor’s
uncertainty was immaterial because his only duty was to read the form, regardless of

                                           27
whether Licensee understood its contents. As we already have rejected the Bureau’s
position in this regard, we need not reiterate the deficiencies in the Martinovic dicta.
             To the extent that the Bureau suggests that the trial court’s findings were
not supported by substantial evidence due to its citation of Officer O’Connor’s
testimony, we note that the trial court expressly relied upon Licensee’s testimony that
he was unable to understand English. (Trial Ct. Op. at 6, 11 (citing N.T. at 18-20).)
This alone is substantial evidence supporting the trial court’s finding. Moreover, the
trial court relied upon the fact that Licensee testified only through a translator, that he
did not answer any questions in English, that he appeared to understand Officer
O’Connor’s instructions only when aided by hand signals, and that the language barrier
was so apparent that Officer O’Connor attempted to obtain the assistance of a Spanish-
speaking officer. Id. at 11-12. All of this evidence amply supported the trial court’s
finding regarding Licensee’s “lack of understanding of the English language,” which
the trial court characterized as “undeniable.” Id. at 11.
             Next, the Bureau stresses Licensee’s testimony that he did not recall being
warned that his operating privilege would be suspended if he refused the chemical test,
which the Bureau attempts to portray as a contradiction with Licensee’s testimony that
he did not understand the warnings in English. (Bureau’s Br. at 27-28.) According to
the Bureau, this ostensible conflict undercuts Licensee’s assertion that he did not
understand English. This argument is meritless for multiple reasons. First, it is beyond
cavil that “resolution of questions of evidentiary weight and conflicts in the testimony
is solely in the province of the trial court.” Renfroe v. Department of Transportation,
Bureau of Driver Licensing, 179 A.3d 644, 651 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018) (en banc). Even
if the Bureau had identified a conflict in Licensee’s testimony, this would not present
a basis to disturb the trial court’s fact-finding. Such would be an issue concerning the

                                            28
weight of the evidence, not its competence. However, more fundamentally, the
Bureau’s point is flawed because there is no conflict whatsoever in Licensee testifying
that he simultaneously “did not recall” and “did not understand” Officer O’Connor’s
warnings. Licensee first would have to “understand” the content of the warnings in
order to later “recall” them. Plainly, no one will recall the substance of a question
asked of him in a language that he does not speak.
             In a similar vein, the Bureau contends that Licensee failed to meet his
burden because he did not present evidence demonstrating that his intoxication was not
a factor in his inability to understand Officer O’Connor’s warnings, and that he should
have presented evidence concerning his lack of comprehension of English while sober.
(Bureau’s Br. at 29-30.) This argument likewise misses the mark. The authorities that
the Bureau cites rejected the contention that voluntary intoxication could serve as the
basis for the conclusion that a refusal was not knowing and conscious, which Licensee
does not suggest. Rather, Licensee argues that his language barrier was the issue. As
to whether Licensee was capable of understanding English when he is sober, we note
again that the trial court relied upon Licensee’s testimony that he does not understand
English—testimony that Licensee gave through an interpreter during a court hearing in
which, presumably, he was sober. The trial court was free to credit this testimony.
Contrary to the Bureau’s suggestion, it is nonsensical to conclude that the influence of
alcohol would hinder Licensee’s ability to comprehend a language that he does not
speak in the first place.
             Accordingly, we reject all of the Bureau’s challenges to the trial court’s
fact-finding, as each amounts to a mere challenge to the weight of the evidence, rather
than its competence.        The trial court’s finding regarding Licensee’s lack of

                                          29
comprehension of the English language was amply supported by substantial evidence,
and the Bureau presents no basis to disturb that finding.
                                        Conclusion
              In sum, we conclude that the trial court’s findings of fact were supported
by substantial evidence, and that the conclusions that the trial court drew from those
findings were free from legal error.         Licensee’s inability to understand Officer
O’Connor as he read the DL-26B Form in English prevented Licensee from
understanding the consequences of his refusal to submit to chemical testing. “The law
has always required that the police must tell the arrestee of the consequences of a
refusal to take the test so that he can make a knowing and conscious choice.”
O’Connell, 555 A.2d at 877.          To the extent that Martinovic suggests that it is
“inconsequential” whether a licensee understands those consequences, Martinovic, 881
A.2d at 35, we regard this language as dicta, and conclude that it is not consistent with
applicable precedent.
              We recognize that circumstances such as those presented in the instant
case present a challenge for law enforcement personnel, and that it is impossible for
police departments to have officers who speak many different languages on duty at all
times. We also do not suggest that the provision of human interpreters on demand is a
legal necessity, or even a possibility. However, because we may not disregard the need
to provide motorists with the ability to make a knowing and conscious choice to submit
to a chemical test, it would be prudent for the Bureau to develop a solution to the
problem presented by these cases.16 Until such a time as the Bureau develops such a

       16
          Notably, the advancements in technology available today may provide options that were
not available in the past. The trial court in this case hinted at such a possibility, noting:

(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                              30
solution, our duty is simply to uphold the determination of the trial court where its
finding of an insurmountable language barrier is supported by substantial evidence.
               The order of the trial court is affirmed.17

                                                  ________________________________
                                                  PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

       Although recent technological inventions appear to have produced a hand-held multi-
       language translating device, which, if properly programmed, may begin to bridge this
       chasm between the verbal directives of an English-speaking officer and a non-English
       speaking motorist, no such technology is presently being utilized in Dauphin County
       to our knowledge.

(Trial Ct. Op. at 13.) Although the trial court’s suggestion may provide one potential solution to the
challenges presented here, there are other possibilities which would not necessitate instant, digital
translation. For instance, the Bureau could translate the DL-26B Form into multiple languages, and
perhaps prepare an audio recording of its contents being read aloud in each such language.

       17
          Because we conclude that each of the Bureau’s arguments fails on the merits, we need not
address Licensee’s alternative argument regarding the constitutionality of the Implied Consent Law
as it concerns the refusal to submit to a warrantless blood test.

                                                 31
           IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Isak Vazquez-Santiago                :
                                     :    No. 453 C.D. 2020
           v.                        :
                                     :
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,        :
Department of Transportation,        :
Bureau of Driver Licensing,          :
                  Appellant          :

                                 ORDER

           AND NOW, this 4th day of January, 2022, the April 6, 2020 order of
the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County is AFFIRMED.

                                         ________________________________
                                         PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
            IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Isak Vazquez-Santiago                         :
                                              :
              v.                              :
                                              :
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,                 :
Department of Transportation,                 :
Bureau of Driver Licensing,                   :   No. 453 C.D. 2020
                  Appellant                   :   Argued: October 20, 2021

BEFORE:       HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, President Judge
              HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
              HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
              HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
              HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
              HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
              HONORABLE J. ANDREW CROMPTON, Judge

CONCURRING OPINION
BY JUDGE COVEY                                             FILED: January 4, 2022

              While I agree that the Dauphin County Common Pleas Court’s (trial court)
April 6, 2020 order that sustained Isak Vazquez-Santiago’s (Licensee) appeal should
be affirmed, I write separately out of concern that the Majority Opinion may have
unintended results.1 Specifically, I am troubled that the Majority opinion appears to
conflate a licensee’s burden and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of
Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing’s (DOT) burden and, thus, may place an
undue burden on police officers, and open the door for chemical testing refusals based
on a police officer’s failure to do something beyond that which he is required.
              Section 1547(b)(2) of the Vehicle Code, commonly known as the Implied
Consent Law, expressly states:

       1
         I also agree that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Transportation, Bureau
of Driver Licensing’s (DOT) Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal was not
defective, and DOT did not waive its issues.
             It shall be the duty of the police officer to inform the person
             that:
             (i) the person’s operating privilege will be suspended upon
             refusal to submit to chemical testing and the person will be
             subject to a restoration fee of up to $2,000[.00]; and
             (ii) if the person refuses to submit to chemical breath testing,
             upon conviction or plea for violating [S]ection 3802(a)(1) [of
             the Vehicle Code[, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(a)(1)] (relating to
             driving under the influence (DUI)], the person will be subject
             to the penalties provided in [S]ection 3804(c) [of the Vehicle
             Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3804(c)] (relating to penalties).

75 Pa.C.S. § 1547(b)(2).

             The law is well settled that,
             [t]o support the suspension of a licensee’s operating privilege
             under the Implied Consent Law, DOT must prove that the
             licensee: (1) was arrested for DUI by an officer who had
             reasonable grounds to believe that the licensee was operating
             a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol in violation of
             Section 3802 of the Vehicle Code; (2) was asked to submit
             to a chemical test; (3) refused to do so; and (4) was warned
             that his refusal might result in a license suspension and
             would result in enhanced penalties if he were [sic] later
             convicted of DUI. Once DOT satisfies its burden of proof,
             the burden shifts to the licensee to prove that either: (1)
             his refusal was not knowing and conscious; or (2) he was
             physically incapable of completing the chemical test.

Conrad v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 226 A.3d 1045, 1051 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2020) (emphasis added; citation omitted).           I believe the Majority, by
disapproving the Martinovic v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 881 A.2d 30 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005), comments regarding language barriers in
this context, is arguably placing the burden on DOT to prove that the licensee gave a
knowing and conscious refusal, rather than placing the burden on the licensee to prove
that it was not knowing and conscious, which is the current state of the law.

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               Here, the trial court found that Licensee met his burden. The trial court
opined:

               In conclusion, th[e trial c]ourt is bound by the dictate that a
               refusal of chemical testing must be knowing and conscious
               in order for a license suspension to be upheld. We
               acknowledge that the mere proclamation of a language
               barrier alone is insufficient for a licensee to meet his
               burden of establishing that his refusal was not knowing
               or conscious and that additional facts or evidence can infer
               a knowing or conscious refusal in spite of a licensee’s
               purported language barrier. However, no such additional
               facts or evidence have been set forth in this matter to
               contradict [Licensee’s] clear lack of understanding of the
               English language, and, therefore, we find that [Licensee’s]
               appeal must be SUSTAINED, and the suspension of his
               driving privileges must be RESCINDED.[FN]4
                    [FN]4 Although we find, upon consideration of the
                    foregoing discussion, that [Licensee] did not
                    knowingly and consciously refuse [Harrisburg City
                    Police] Officer [Carson] O’Connor’s [(Officer
                    O’Connor)] request for chemical testing, we find it
                    suitable to emphasize that this [o]pinion in no way is
                    intended to be a criticism of [] Officer [O’Connor]’s
                    actions during the traffic stop and the events that
                    occurred immediately subsequent thereto. In fact,
                    Officer O’Connor did all that was required of him
                    under the circumstances. Martinovic, 881 A.2d at
                    35 (noting that while the [I]implied [C]onsent [L]aw
                    imposes a duty on the police officer to apprise a
                    motorist of the consequences of chemical test refusal,
                    the officer has no duty to make certain that the
                    motorist understands said consequences).
                    Likewise, we recognize the dictate of our courts that
                    it is not an officer’s duty to enlist the assistance of
                    an interpreter to make sure a motorist
                    understands        implied      consent      warnings
                                 [2]
                    (O’Connell Warnings), nor is it feasible to do so.
                    Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Robinson, 834 A.2d
                    1160, 1164 (Pa. Super. 2003)). However, th[e trial
                    c]ourt is bound by the concomitant principle that a

     2
          Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Traffic Safety v. O’Connell, 555 A.2d 873 (Pa. 1989).
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                 refusal of chemical testing must be knowing and
                 conscious in order for a license suspension to be
                 upheld. There being no scintilla of evidence to infer
                 that [Licensee] understood the consequences of his
                 chemical test refusal in light of his complete inability
                 to understand the English language, th[e trial c]ourt
                 finds that it is bound to rescind [Licensee’s] license
                 suspension regardless of the appropriateness of
                 Officer O’Connor’s actions surrounding the traffic
                 stop and attempted blood draw.

Trial Ct. Op. at 14-15 (italics and emphasis added).
             Because I agree with the trial court that Licensee met his burden of
proving that his refusal was not knowing and conscious, I join in affirming the trial
court’s order. Indeed, the trial court’s reasoning is so on point and in line with this
Court’s applicable case law, I question the Majority’s need to go as far as it did in
reaching its conclusion that the trial court’s order should be affirmed. Accordingly,
because I am concerned that the Majority may have blurred the lines between DOT’s
burden to show that a police officer warned a licensee of the consequences of the
licensee’s refusal to submit to chemical testing, and the licensee’s burden to prove his
refusal was not knowing and conscious, I concur in the result only.

                                          ________________________________
                                          ANNE E. COVEY, Judge

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