Court Opinion

ID: 9519306
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 01:13:47.82064+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:44:16.435027
License: Public Domain

TERNUS, Justice.
Defendant, Robert Flam, lost his driver’s license for six years upon his conviction for third-offense operating while intoxicated. See Iowa Code §§ 321J.2, .4(3)(a) (1995). Two years later, on November 5, 1997, he filed an application to have his eligibility for a driver’s license restored pursuant to Iowa Code section 321J.4(3)(b). The district court denied his application because section 321J.4(3)(b) had been repealed by the legislature, effective July 1, 1997. See 1997 Iowa Acts ch. 177, § 9; Iowa Code § 3.7(1). Finding no basis for reversal, we affirm.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
On September 20, 1995, Flam was convicted and sentenced for operating a motor vehicle under the influence (OWI), third offense, in violation of Iowa Code section 321J.2. In addition to imposing sentence, the trial court ordered the department of transportation to revoke Flam’s driver’s license for six years pursuant to Iowa Code section 321J.4(3)(a). The department did so.
*768On November 5, 1997, Flam filed an application with the court seeking to have his eligibility for a license restored pursuant to section 321J.4(3)(b). The district court denied his application on the basis that the statute authorizing restoration of license eligibility had been repealed. Flam appeals, claiming (1) the repeal of section 321J.4(3)(b) is ineffective as to him due to the operation of the savings provision contained in Iowa Code section 4.13, and (2) should the court conclude the repeal of section 321J.4(3)(b) does apply to him, the repeal operates as an ex post facto law in violation of the federal and state constitutions, see U.S. Const. art. I, § 10, cl. 1; Iowa Const. art. I, § 21.
II. Scope of Review.
We review questions of statutory interpretation for correction of errors of law. See In re E.H. III, 578 N.W.2d 243, 245 (Iowa 1998). We review the defendant’s constitutional claim de novo. See id.
III. Applicability of Section 4.13.
In two cases decided today, we held that persons subject to a six-year revocation of their driver’s licenses who sought restoration of license eligibility after July 1, 1997 could not rely on section 321J.4(3)(b) to have their eligibility for a license restored. Iowa Dep’t of Transp. v. Iowa Dist. Ct. for Buchanan County, 587 N.W.2d 774 (Iowa 1998); Iowa Dep’t of Trans. v. Iowa Dist. Ct. for Scott County, 587 N.W.2d 781 (Iowa 1998). Our decisions rested on two conclusions: (1) that persons who had not satisfied the statutory requirements for restoration of license eligibility prior to the repeal of section 321J.4(3)(b) had no privilege that had accrued or that had been acquired or accorded so as to trigger the protection of section 4.13; and (2) that such persons were not entitled to a “remedy” so as to fall within section 4.13(4).
Flam’s claim suffers the same fate. As of July 1, 1997, the effective date of the repeal of section 321J.4(3)(b), Flam had not yet acquired or been accorded his eligibility for a driver’s license. In addition, he had not yet satisfied the statutory prerequisites for license eligibility and therefore, this “privilege” or “remedy” had not yet accrued. Consequently, Flam cannot rely on section 321J.4(3)(b) to have his period of revocation shortened.

IV.Ex Post Facto Claim.

Having determined that section 321J.4(3)(b) is not available to Flam, we must now consider Flam’s claim that the repeal of this statute operated as an ex post facto law in violation of the United States and Iowa constitutions. Both constitutions prohibit ex post facto laws. See U.S. Const. art. I, § 10, cl. 1 (“No State shall ... pass any ... ex post facto Law.”); Iowa Const. art. I, § 21 (“No ... ex post facto law ... shall ever be passed.”).
In Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 43, 110 S.Ct. 2715, 2719, 111 L.Ed.2d 30, 39 (1990), the United States Supreme Court held the Ex Post Facto Clause means that “[[legislatures may not retroactively alter the definition of crimes or increase the punishment for criminal acts.” Similarly, we have recently held that “laws that impose punishment for an act that was not punishable when committed or that increase the quantum of punishment provided for the crime when it was committed” are forbidden by the Ex Post Facto Clause. State v. Pickens, 558 N.W.2d 396, 397 (Iowa 1997). Thus, the prohibition of ex post facto laws applies only to penal and criminal actions. See Hills v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 534 N.W.2d 640, 641 (Iowa 1995) (holding ex post facto doctrine applies only to “cases criminal in nature”).
Flam claims the Ex Post Facto Clause is violated here because the repeal of section 321J.4(3)(b) has increased the punishment imposed upon him for third-offense OWI. We do not agree because our prior cases considering the nature of license revocation in this context hold that the revocation of an offenders driver’s license is not punishment. See State v. Blood, 360 N.W.2d 820, 822 (Iowa 1985) (holding that license revocation for third-offense OWI is not intended as punishment, but is aimed at the protection of the public using the highways); cf. State v. Moret, 486 N.W.2d 589, 591 (Iowa 1992) (holding that “[t]he suspension of licenses of *769habitual offenders is designed, not to punish the offender, but to protect the public from those who persistently refuse to obey the statute[s]”). Because license revocation is not penal in nature, the Ex Post Facto Clause is not implicated in this case.
V. Summary.
Flam cannot rely on section 321 J.4(3)(b) as a vehicle to have his eligibility for a driver’s license restored. That statute was repealed prior to Flam having qualified to have his license eligibility restored under the statute. Because Flam had not yet been accorded eligibility for a driver’s license under section 321J.4(3)(b) prior to its repeal, nor had he met the requirements for restoration of eligibility prior to repeal, there was no previously acquired, accrued, or accorded privilege or remedy to be saved by the general savings provision of section 4.13.
The repeal of section 321J.4(3)(b) did not operate as an ex post facto law. The Ex Post Facto Clause applies only to penal or criminal matters. Because the loss of one’s driver’s license for OWI is not punishment, the Ex Post Facto Clause was not violated.
AFFIRMED.
All justices concur except SNELL, J., who concurs specially and CARTER, J., who dissents.