Court Opinion

ID: 9774902
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-29 18:37:40.88175+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:32:17.547525
License: Public Domain

OPINION BY
BOWES, J.:
Darryl Burton appeals from the judgment of sentence of three to six years imprisonment followed by four years probation that was imposed after he was found guilty of aggravated assault, simple assault, and reckless endangerment at a nonjury trial. Appellant assails the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction of aggravated assault. We affirm.
On June 1, 2007, Appellant, Darryl Burton, delivered a single blow to William Price, Jr., resulting in significant permanent injuries to the fifty-one-year-old victim. The parties stipulated to the following. Mr. Price was admitted to the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania after being struck by Appellant. A June 13, 2007 examination by an attending neurosurgeon, Dr. Joshua Levine, revealed that the victim had incurred a traumatic brain injury, brain swelling, in-tracranial hypertension, was ventilator-dependent due to respiratory failure, suffered from renal failure, had an occipital bone fracture, and possibly sustained a spinal joint dislocation. At that time, Dr. Levine concluded that Mr. Price was “critically-ill and at high risk for sudden, fatal deterioration due to one or more of the listed medical conditions.” Commonwealth’s Exhibit 5 at 1.
Six days later, Dr. Eric Zager, another attending neurosurgeon at the hospital, *600reported that Mr. Price remained unresponsive and had a subdural hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage to the right temporal lobe, a basal skull fracture, a left occipital depressed skull fracture, an intra-parenchimal hemorrhage, bilateral inferior frontal lobel, dens fracture on C-2, and spinous fracture of T-4. Mr. Price was discharged to Moss Rehab Hospital on June 22, 2007, and as of July 11, 2007, was still in need of aggressive physical and occupational therapy.
On April 10, 2008, following a nonjury trial, Appellant was convicted of aggravated assault. In addition to the above-described stipulation, the Commonwealth presented three witnesses, the first of whom was the victim. Mr. Price was five feet five inches tall and weighed 162 pounds when the June 1, 2007 assault occurred. The victim remembered nothing about the day in question, and only recalled awakening at the Moss Rehab Hospital. Due to the incident, he lost his senses of taste and smell.
The Commonwealth’s next witness, Alfonzo Moody, testified as follows. On the day in question, Mr. Moody and the victim were on Ella Street in Philadelphia when ■ Appellant saw Mr. Price and started “hollering and screaming” the following, “[Yjou’re going to give me my money, you’re going to give me my money.” N.T. Trial (Waiver), Vol. 1, 4/10/08, at 17. Mr. Price responded that he made a payment on the amount that he owed Appellant every time that they encountered each other. Appellant retorted that he wanted all of his money immediately, to which Mr. Price replied that he did not have the required cash.
At that point, Appellant came “running over” to the victim and Mr. Moody, and “acted like he was getting ready to hit” the victim. Id. at 18. Since Mr. Moody “was in between them,” Appellant did not attempt to land a blow. Id. Mr. Price told Appellant that he was not afraid of him, and Appellant stated, “[A]ll right, wait until we get at the end of the block.” Id. at 18. Mr. Price, Mr. Moody, and Appellant proceeded to walk toward the end of the block.
When they reached that destination, the victim gave Mr. Moody the contents of his pocket, and “they ... told” Mr. Moody to “move out of the way.” Id. at 20. Mr. Moody testified, “[W]hen I went to move out of the way to turn around ... that’s when I heard Mr. [Price] hit the ground.” Id. at 20. Mr. Moody explained that he heard a “grunt” as the victim was punched and struck the ground. Id. at 21.
The Commonwealth’s final witness was the victim’s son, William Price, III, who had observed his father, Mr. Moody, and Appellant walking down the street. Five minutes later, one of his neighbors told him that his father was badly hurt. William ran down the street and encountered Appellant “sitting in the middle of the street saying I got you, I got you, I told you I was going to get you.” Id. at 41. William reported that as he made these remarks, Appellant was “smiling and laughing.” Id. at 46.1
When Appellant was making these comments in a celebratory manner, the victim’s appearance was as follows. Mr. Price was rendered unconscious, and his *601eyes had rolled back into his head so that only the whites were visible. In addition, he “had blood coming out of his nose, blood [o]n the back of his head,” and his head was moving “like a worm.” Id. at 42. The paramedic who responded to the scene of the crime confirmed that Mr. Price was unresponsive, bleeding from the mouth, and sweating profusely. Id. at 54.
At trial, Appellant “was asked to stand,” and the trial court “assessed the defendant’s stature relative to the victim, taking into account the decrease in the victim’s weight since the date of the incident.” Trial Court Opinion, 7/25/08, at 5 n. 1; N.T. Trial, 4/10/08, at 75. The trial court stated that Appellant “was significantly larger and stronger than the victim.” Id. at 5.
The trial court adjudicated Appellant guilty of aggravated assault, simple assault, and reckless endangerment. This appeal followed imposition of the above-described judgment of sentence. A panel of this Court, with one Judge dissenting and one Judge concurring in the result, concluded that the evidence was insufficient to sustain Appellant’s conviction of aggravated assault. The Court granted en banc review, and this matter is now ready for resolution. As noted, Appellant raises the single allegation that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction.
In reviewing a claim regarding the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court must determine whether the evidence was sufficient to allow the fact finder to find every element of the crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. LaCava, 542 Pa. 160, 171, 666 A.2d 221, 226 (1995). In doing so, a reviewing court views all the evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth. Id. Furthermore, in applying this standard, the Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proof by means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Commonwealth v. Cousar, 593 Pa. 204, 217, 928 A.2d 1025, 1082 (2007). When performing its review, an appellate court should evaluate the entire record and all evidence received is to be considered, whether or not the trial court’s rulings thereon were correct. Additionally, we note that the trier of fact, while passing on the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence, is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence. Id. at 217, 928 A.2d at 1032-33.
Commonwealth v. Galvin, 603 Pa. 625, 985 A.2d 783, 789 (2009).
Appellant was convicted under 18 Pa. C.S. § 2702(a)(1), which provides, “A person is guilty of aggravated assault if he ... attempts to cause serious bodily injury to another, or causes such injury intentionally, knowingly or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life.” Serious bodily injury is defined as, “Bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2301.
The question of whether the delivery of a single punch is sufficient to sustain a conviction for aggravated assault was addressed by our Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. Alexander, 477 Pa. 190, 383 A.2d 887 (1978). In that case, the defendant approached the victim, struck him once in the head with his fist, and walked away. The victim, who never lost consciousness, was transported to the hospital with a fractured nose, which the Commonwealth conceded did not constitute serious bodily injury, which is defined in 18 Pa. C.S. § 2301. The trial court convicted the *602defendant of aggravated assault and we affirmed, but the Supreme Court reversed.
The Commonwealth therein maintained that even though the victim had not sustained serious bodily injury, the defendant’s action of punching the victim’s head with his fist was sufficient to demonstrate that the defendant had intended to inflict such harm. Our Supreme Court disagreed. It acknowledged that the head is a vital body part, but stated that “where the victim did not actually sustain the requisite serious bodily injury, we cannot say that the mere fact that a punch was delivered to that portion of the body is sufficient, without more, to support a finding that [a defendant] intended to inflict serious bodily injury.” Id. at 889.
The Alexander Court continued that where the victim of an assault consisting of a single punch does not sustain serious bodily injury, “the charge of aggravated assault can be supported only if the evidence supports a finding that the blow delivered was accompanied by the intent to inflict serious bodily injury.” Id. The Court stated that “any evidence” of a defendant’s “intent to inflict serious bodily injury” can “be gleaned from the other circumstances surrounding” the defendant’s attack on the victim. Id. It then analyzed the case before it. The Court announced that the following factors can be utilized in ascertaining whether the defendant intended to inflict serious bodily injury by one blow: 1) if the defendant “was disproportionately larger or stronger than the victim;” 2) whether the defendant would have escalated his attack but was restrained from doing so; 3) whether the defendant was in possession of a weapon; and 4) “statements before, during, or after the attack which might indicate [defendant’s] intent to inflict further injury upon the victim.” Id. at 889. In Alexander, none of those circumstances was present; instead, the defendant “delivered one punch and walked away.” Id. The Court therefore concluded that the evidence was not sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction of aggravated assault.
More recently, this Court, sitting en banc, reviewed the propriety of a trial court’s ruling wherein the defendant’s ha-beas corpus request to dismiss a charge of aggravated assault had been granted. Commonwealth v. Patrick, 933 A.2d 1043 (Pa.Super.2007). In that case, the victim and the defendant had an uncomfortable verbal exchange while waiting to be carded before entering a bar. The victim decided to leave the area and started to walk down the street toward a different bar “with his hands in his pockets.” Id. at 1044. “Without warning,” the defendant “approached the victim from the side and punched the victim on the side of his head in the temple,” which “knocked the victim entirely off of his feet.” Id. Since the victim’s hands had been in his pockets, he was unable to brace against the fall and hit the sidewalk headfirst. The victim in Patrick, in contrast to Alexander, sustained serious bodily injury.
When a victim actually sustains serious bodily injury, the Commonwealth can, but does not necessarily have to, establish specific intent to cause such harm. As we noted in Patrick, the statute’s intent requirement can be met if the defendant acts recklessly under circumstances manifesting an extreme indifference to human life. Id. at 1046. This Court concluded that a sufficient prima facie case of such intent had been produced in that case to permit the crime of aggravated assault to be submitted to the jury. We ruled that defendant’s reckless indifference was substantiated by the “surprise attack” on an “unsuspecting victim” since the punch to the head, which is a vital body part, caused the man to fall “without reflexive protec*603tion.” Id. at 1047. Therefore, we reversed the grant of habeas corpus relief.
In this case, the evidence unequivocally establishes that the victim sustained serious bodily injury; his injuries placed him at a substantial risk of dying. Indeed, Appellant concedes the existence of such harm. Appellant’s brief at 13; rather, he maintains that a lack of intent to inflict the horrific harm suffered by Mr. Price. Thus, we need to determine whether the circumstances surrounding the attack support the conclusion that Appellant intentionally or knowingly caused such injuries or if he proceeded in such a manner that manifested an extreme indifference to the value of Mr. Price’s life.
The following factors herein establish Appellant’s intended to cause serious bodily injury. First, Appellant was significantly stronger and larger than Mr. Price. Additionally, Appellant was ten years younger than the fifty-one-year-old victim. See N.T. Trial, 4/10/08, at 71. Appellant’s actions and statements before and after the assault confirm that he intended to inflict the victim’s injuries. Appellant aggressively initiated a confrontation with Mr. Price, whose response was limited to stating that he was not afraid of him. After the attack, Appellant was viewed “sitting in the middle of the street saying I got you, I got you, I told you I was going to get you” while “smiling and laughing.” N.T. Trial (Waiver), Yol. 1, 4/10/08, at 41, 46. While Appellant was making these remarks, the victim was unconscious, his eyes were rolled back into his head, blood was coming from his nose, his head was bloody, and he was involuntarily twitching. Appellant’s gleeful remarks upon viewing the victim in that condition indicate that Appellant had intended that the victim suffer the resultant harm.2
Additionally, the evidence creates a reasonable inference that although Mr. Price knew that he and Appellant were going to engage in a fistfight, the victim was unprepared when he actually was struck.3 Mr. *604Moody specifically testified that “they,” meaning both Mr. Price and Appellant, had asked him to move away from the vicinity. Mr. Moody continued that he had just started to initiate that maneuver when he heard the victim being struck. Specifically, Mr. Moody testified, “when I went to move out of the way to turn around ... that’s when I heard Mr. [Price] hit the ground.” Id. at 20 (emphasis added). This testimony supports that Appellant did not wait until Mr. Moody exited from harm’s way and that the victim was unprepared for the blow in that he was punched while waiting for his friend to reach a safe vantage point. The victim then fell headfirst to the pavement without the benefit of a reflexive action to protect against the fall. Indeed, on appeal, Appellant acknowledges that the nature of the punch was preemptive and that Mr. Price had his hands behind his back when Appellant landed his blow. Appellant’s brief at 8.4
The fact that the victim was caught unaware is further supported by the severity of Mr. Price’s injuries. As stated above, the victim suffered brain trauma as well as two facial and two spinal fractures. Indeed, throughout his brief, Appellant insists that the fall, rather than his punch,
caused Mr. Price’s life-threatening damages. Patrick, supra, supports the conclusion that such evidence was sufficient to establish that Appellant had the requisite mens rea to sustain a conviction for aggravated assault.
We cannot accept Appellant’s premise that the absence of any intent to continue the assault after he landed the single blow militates against a finding of intent to inflict serious bodily injury. Given the immediately-evident severity of the victim’s harm, it was apparent that Appellant simply did not need to proceed further with his attack because the victim already had sustained serious bodily injury. The victim was unconscious and lying on the ground involuntarily twitching while blood flowed from his nose. Appellant’s gloating remarks that he had accomplished his purpose clearly confirmed his desire to severely hurt Mr. Price, regardless of whether those statements established that he wanted to continue the attack. Merely because the comments following the assault did not evidence intent to further attack does not render those admissions irrelevant herein. See footnote 2, supra. As the trial court aptly noted, “Defendant’s act of taunting the unresponsive *605victim further evidenced his goal to seriously injure. After the complainant fell to the ground, defendant exclaimed, ‘I got you.’ Because the victim manifested physical signs of sustaining severe injuries, defendant’s verbal outburst demonstrated the desire to inflict those very injuries.” Trial Court Opinion, 7/25/08, at 6 (footnotes omitted).
Commonwealth v. Roche, 783 A.2d 766 (Pa.Super.2001), a nonbinding panel decision, does not comport with our holding herein. In Roche, we vacated an aggravated assault conviction when the victim, even though seriously injured, was only struck once. The defendant, who was twice as large and much stronger than the victim, challenged complainant to arm wrestle while they were located in a bar. The victim declined the challenge and started to leave. The defendant shoved the victim, who nevertheless exited the bar. The defendant followed the complainant from the bar and asked if he were “tough.” Id. at 767. When the complainant turned around, the defendant delivered an unprovoked punch to the victim’s head. Id. A police car arrived at that time, and Appellant ceased his attack. Despite the existence of many Alexander factors, we concluded in Roche that the defendant’s action of “throwing one punch after using belligerent words” was insufficient to establish the mens rea necessary to sustain a conviction for aggravated assault. Inexplicably, in that decision, we did not consider the obviously pertinent circumstances that the victim was turning around when he was blindsided by a man who was twice as large and significantly stronger as well as the existence of other factors, including that the defendant aggressively initiated the attack, which was ceased due to the arrival of police. Given the presence of numerous factors establishing the defendant’s intent to inflict serious bodily injury upon his victim as well as his actual accomplishment of that goal, it is clear that the Roche holding is not viable.
We are cognizant of our Supreme Court’s pronouncement in Commonwealth v. O’Hanlon, 539 Pa. 478, 653 A.2d 616, 618 (1995), that, “Aggravated assault is ... the functional equivalent of a murder in which, for some reason, death fails to occur.” In O’Hanion, the Court held that driving while intoxicated, standing alone, is insufficient to establish the mens rea for aggravated assault since the act of driving drunk does not translate into an actual desire to injure someone, nor does it constitute an act so reckless that injury is virtually certain to occur.
This case bears no resemblance to O’Hanlon. There is no doubt that Appellant actually sought to hurt Mr. Price. Appellant provoked an altercation with the older, lighter, smaller man and landed the blow when the victim was not on guard. After the assault, Appellant rejoiced that he had inflicted the injuries that he caused to the victim.
In addition, the evidence herein establishes that while hospitalized, the victim was in real danger of dying. The medical stipulation stated that Mr. Price was at a “high risk” of sudden and “fatal” deterioration due to one or more of the injuries that he sustained in the assault. Commonwealth’s Exhibit C-5 at 1. Thus, this case actually is one where death, for some reason, failed to occur despite the fact that the injuries could have caused that result.
As the Commonwealth’s evidence established beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant’s intent fell within the parameters of the crime of aggravated assault as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1), the judgment of sentence is affirmed.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
*606Judge DONOHUE files a Dissenting Opinion in which P.J. FORD ELLIOTT, Judge MUSMANNO, and Judge BENDER join.

. Mr. Moody stated that he did not hear these comments and that Appellant appeared upset about Mr. Price's appearance. The trial court concluded that "neither version [was] entirely credible. In resolving the inconsistencies, the court was persuaded by the testimony of complainant’s son regarding defendant's initial celebratory response.” Trial Court Opinion, 7/25/08, at 6 n. 3. Thus, we must accept William's characterization of Appellant's actions after the assault for purposes of this appeal.

. The Alexander case does not require us to ignore this piece of evidence. That Court expressly stated that "any evidence of [the defendant’s] intent to inflict serious bodily injury must be gleaned from the other circumstances surrounding [the defendant's] attack on the victim.” Commonwealth v. Alexander, 477 Pa. 190, 383 A.2d 887, 889 (1978). Appellant’s statements after the attack, even though they did not evidence an intent to inflict further harm, constituted events surrounding the attack that are relevant to a determination of Appellant's intent when he struck the blow. It must be recalled that in Alexander, the victim did not suffer serious bodily injury so that the defendant’s intent to inflict further injury was particularly relevant. Herein, Appellant did not need to evidence intent to inflict further injury because the victim already suffered catastrophic harm.

. As we clearly delineated in Commonwealth v. Jones, 242 Pa.Super. 471, 364 A.2d 368 (1976), an inference from the evidence can be made if the inference is more likely than not given the state of the facts. Jones provides that where the "sole evidence of guilt or an element of the offense is inferential, then the inferred fact must follow beyond a reasonable doubt from the proved facts.” Id. at 372. However, "where there is other direct evidence of guilt or of the element of the offense, then the Commonwealth need not rely solely on inference to meet its burden. In that situation, the inference is one piece of circumstantial evidence tending to prove the ultimate fact. The focus of our inquiry then becomes, as always, whether the totality of the evidence, together with all reasonable inferences, is sufficient in law to prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. "Therefore, where the Commonwealth introduces other facts tending to prove guilt or an element of the offense, the inferred fact need not follow beyond a reasonable doubt from the proved facts if the totality of the evidence establishes guilt or an element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 372-73. See also Commonwealth v. Deer, 419 Pa.Super. 321, 615 A.2d 386 (1992).
Herein, the inference that the victim was unprepared when Appellant punched him *604flows from both the eyewitness testimony that the victim was struck as soon as the witness began to move out of the way, as well as from the nature and extent of the injuries suffered by the victim. Simply put, it is more likely than not that the victim, while aware that he was going to fight once Mr. Moody moved aside, was not aware that Appellant was going to punch him at the precise moment Appellant leveled his attack. Given the witness’s testimony indicating when Appellant initiated the blow as well as the nature and extent of the victim's injuries, it is more likely than not that the victim did not brace against the blow and was thereby unprepared.
The inference in this respect is not the sole evidence upon which we base the finding that Appellant intended to inflict serious bodily injury. That finding is also premised upon 1) the disproportionate size and age between the victim and the assailant; 2) Appellant's aggressive initiation of the confrontation; and 3) statements Appellant made after the blow. Thus, the manner in which the blow was struck is not the "sole” evidence establishing Appellant’s intent to inflict serious bodily injury. Thus, the inference can be made pursuant to a preponderance of the evidence standard.

. This characterization is supported by the sentencing transcript, which states: Appellant "admitted that he [was] solely responsible for making the terrible rash decision to strike Mr. Price in a premature attempt to defend himself when Mr. Price reached behind his back during their dispute.” N.T. Sentencing, Vol. 1, 5/22/08, at 5.