Court Opinion

ID: 9925916
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-23 15:04:02.649333+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:47.813769
License: Public Domain

FOURTH DIVISION
                                DILLARD, P. J.,
                            RICKMAN and PIPKIN, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely
                    filed.
                               https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                    January 23, 2024

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A23A1244. CLANTON v. TAYLOR, et al.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      Ansley Clanton appeals the trial court’s denial of her motion for service by

publication in her negligence action against Willie Taylor, in which she also sought to

recover from her uninsured motorist carrier, Encompass Home and Auto Insurance

Company, as well as the court’s grant of Encompass’s motion to dismiss her

complaint. Specifically, Clanton argues the trial court (1) applied the wrong due-

diligence standard in denying her motion for service by publication, and (2) erred in

finding that laches barred her from receiving the benefit of service by publication

under OCGA § 33-7-11. For the following reasons, we affirm.
      The record shows that, on July 26, 2021, Clanton filed a negligence complaint

against Taylor, arising from a car accident that occurred on September 8, 2020. In the

complaint, Clanton alleged Taylor’s negligence caused her both physical and mental

pain and suffering. Clanton served Encompass—as her uninsured motorist

carrier—with a copy of the summons and complaint. And on August 27, 2021,

Encompass filed its answer, asserting several affirmative defenses and contending

Clanton was not entitled to recovery. Then, on October 19, 2021, Taylor filed an

answer by special appearance, denying many of the complaint’s allegations and

asserting several affirmative defenses. Relevant here, Taylor contended, inter alia, that

the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over him and service was insufficient.

      Shortly thereafter, on November 3, 2021, Clanton filed a “motion for

appointment of special agent for service,” specifically requesting that Kimberly

Butts—a Georgia process server—be appointed. The trial court granted the motion,

appointed Butts as the process server, and authorized her to personally serve Taylor

with the summons and complaint. According to Butts, she called Taylor on December

12, 2021, and was advised that he had moved to Indiana. Taylor also gave Butts his

then-current Indiana address. Despite this information, Butts continued making

unsuccessful attempts to serve Taylor at his “home of record” in Thomaston,

                                           2
Georgia.1 And after her final attempt on December 21, 2022, Butts contacted the

apartment manager at the Thomaston address, and he also advised that Taylor had

moved to Indiana to live with his daughter in early 2020. The manager gave Butts

Taylor’s Indiana address, and she then called Taylor’s daughter, who confirmed that

Taylor had been living with her since January 2020. Given this information, on

February 14, 2022, Clanton filed a motion for appointment of an Indiana-based special

agent for service, which the trial court granted. And on January 11, 2022, the deputy

sheriff in Lake County, Indiana unsuccessfully attempted to serve Taylor.2

      Over one year later, on January 23, 2023, Clanton filed a motion for service by

publication. Encompass opposed the motion and moved for the case to be dismissed.

Specifically, Encompass alleged Clanton had not been diligent in her efforts to serve

Taylor, and the case should be dismissed because the statute of limitations had

      1
       In an affidavit executed on January 4, 2023, Butts indicated that she made
unsuccessful attempts to serve Taylor at his prior Thomaston, Georgia address on
December 12, 2021 (prior to the phone call); December 16, 2021; and twice on
December 21, 2022.
      2
        The deputy sheriff of Lake County, Indiana executed an “affidavit of out-of-
state service,” averring he served Taylor with this action on January 11, 2022, “at the
below address . . . [,]” but no address was listed. The trial court made a factual finding
that this constituted Clanton’s sole attempt to serve Taylor in Indiana.
                                            3
expired. Following a hearing on the matter,3 the trial court denied Clanton’s motion

for service by publication and granted Encompass’s motion to dismiss. This appeal

follows.

      This Court reviews a trial court’s denial of a motion for service by publication

and associated dismissal of a complaint for an abuse of discretion.4 But when a

question of law is at issue, “such as whether the statute of limitations bars an action,

we owe no deference to the trial court’s ruling and apply the plain legal error standard

of review.”5 With these guiding standards of review in mind, we turn to Clanton’s

claims of error.

      3
        Clanton notes the trial court held a “brief hearing” on her motion for service
by publication, at which no evidence was presented; and Encompass also indicates a
motions hearing was held. But Clanton did not provide this Court with a transcript of
the hearing. As a result, we must presume the trial court properly considered any
evidence presented and that its factual findings are supported by such evidence. See
Befekadu v. Addis Int’l Money Transfer, LLC, 339 Ga. App. 806, 807 (1) (795 SE2d 76)
(2016) (“In the absence of a hearing transcript or any record evidence to the contrary,
this Court must presume that the trial court properly considered the evidence before
it and that its factual findings are supported by the evidence.”).
      4
        See Humphries v. Wkly., 360 Ga. App. 59, 59 (860 SE2d 619) (2021)
(punctuation omitted); accord Smith v. Brooks, 354 Ga. App. 78, 79 (840 SE2d 156)
(2020).
      5
       Humphries, 360 Ga. App. at 59 (punctuation omitted); accord Smith, 354 Ga.
App. at 79.
                                           4
      1. To begin with, Clanton argues the trial court applied the wrong due-diligence

standard in denying her motion for service by publication when she was seeking to

recover only from Encompass. We disagree.

      As we have previously explained, this Court has interpreted the Uninsured

Motorist Act to “require, as a condition precedent to a suit against the insurance

carrier, that the insured first sue and recover a judgment against the uninsured

motorist, whether known, or unknown.”6 Prior to 1972, if for any reason a known

uninsured motorist could not be personally served, “the condition precedent could

not be met and the insured could not recover from his uninsured motorist carrier.”7

The General Assembly then amended the statute to “allow service on the known

uninsured motorist by publication upon a showing of due diligence on the part of the

insured.”8 But although service by publication “would not provide the court with

      6
        McCrary v. Preferred Risk Mut. Ins. Co., 198 Ga. App. 727, 728 (402 SE2d 519)
(1991) (punctuation omitted); accord State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Noble, 208 Ga.
App. 518, 519 (430 SE2d 804) (1993); see Hayward v. Retention Alternatives Ltd., 291
Ga. App. 232, 235 (2) (661 SE2d 862) (2008) (“[A]bsent sufficient service on the
tortfeasor, a claimant cannot recover from his or her UM carrier.”).
      7
          Noble, 208 Ga. App. at 519.
      8
        Id.; see OCGA § 33-7-11 (e) (“In cases where the owner or operator of any
vehicle causing injury or damage is known and either or both are named as defendants
in any action for such injury or damages but the person resides out of the state, has
departed from the state, cannot after due diligence be found within the state, or
                                          5
jurisdiction to enter an in personam judgment against the uninsured motorist, it would

allow the court to enter a ‘nominal judgment’[9] against the uninsured motorist

sufficient to satisfy the condition precedent.”10 Nevertheless, the amendment did not

“eliminate the need to meet the condition precedent of a judgment against the

uninsured motorist; it simply provided the means by which the condition precedent

could be met.”11

conceals himself to avoid the service of summons, and this fact shall appear by
affidavit to the satisfaction of the judge of the court, and it shall appear either by
affidavit or by a verified complaint on file that a claim exists against the owner or
driver in respect to whom service is to be made and that he is a necessary or proper
party to the action, the judge may grant an order that the service be made on the owner or
driver by the publication of summons.” (emphasis supplied)).
      9
          Importantly, such a judgment is “nominal in the sense that it is not an in
personam judgment against the tortfeasor; the sole purpose of the ‘judgment’ is to
fulfill the condition precedent in OCGA § 33-7-11.” Noble, 208 Ga. App. at 519 n.1
(punctuation omitted).
      10
         Noble, 208 Ga. App. at 519 (footnote omitted)); see Hayward, 291 Ga. App.
at 235 (2) (“The Uninsured Motorist Act . . . specifically permits service by
publication. And such service may form the basis for a nominal judgment against the
tortfeasor, allowing recovery against the UM carrier.” (citation omitted)).
      11
         Noble, 208 Ga. App. at 519; see Wentworth v. Fireman’s Fund Am. Ins. Cos., 147
Ga. App. 854, 855 (I) (250 SE2d 543) (1978) (explaining that service by publication
“does not serve as the foundation for an in personam judgment against the tortfeasor,
but it does serve as a condition precedent for recovery against the uninsured motorist
carrier”).
                                            6
      As explained in Division 2 infra, when a plaintiff seeks service by publication,

she must exercise due diligence in attempting to personally serve the defendant, but

a heightened level of due diligence is required when, as here, the statute of limitations

has expired, and the defendant has challenged the sufficiency of service in court.

Clanton appears to contend that she should be held to a lower due-diligence standard

because when she moved for service by publication, she had already settled this case

with Taylor, and she was seeking recovery only from Encompass.12 But the record is

devoid of any evidence that she settled her claim against Taylor or that he was

otherwise removed from the case as a defendant. More importantly, the trial court

made no mention of a settlement in its order, and it certainly did not rule upon

whether a settlement with Taylor would relieve Clanton from satisfying the uninsured

motorist act’s due-diligence requirements. Needless to say, we are a court of review,

“not of first view[,]”13 and “[i]ssues which have not been ruled on by the trial court

      12
         In addition to mentioning the alleged settlement in this claim of error, Clanton
also discusses some of the efforts she made to serve Taylor, comparing them to those
made in other cases. It is unclear how the efforts she made to serve Taylor would
dictate the due-diligence standard to apply to those efforts, but in any event, the
adequacy of Clanton’s attempts to serve Taylor is addressed in Division 2 infra.
      13
        State v. Jennings, 362 Ga. App. 790, 796 (1) (c) (869 SE2d 183) (2022)
(punctuation omitted); accord Flanders v. State, 360 Ga. App. 855, 855 (862 SE2d 152)
(2021).
                                            7
may not be raised on appeal.”14 As a result, we decline to address the substance of this

claim of error.

      2. Next, Clanton claims the trial court erred by finding that laches applied in

denying her motion for service by publication. Again, we disagree.

      Ordinarily, the correct legal standard for due diligence for service by publication

under OCGA § 33-7-11 (e) is “diligence in determining that an uninsured motorist is

either out of state or avoiding service.”15 Nevertheless,

      Georgia law provides that when an action is filed before the applicable
      statute of limitation[s] expires but is not served upon the defendant
      within the limitation[s] period or within five days thereafter, the plaintiff
      must establish that he acted in a reasonable and diligent manner in
      attempting to insure that proper service was effected as quickly as
      possible; and if the plaintiff is guilty of latches[16] in this regard, service
      will not relate back to the time of filing of the complaint for the purpose

      14
           Ga. Dep’t of Nat. Res. v. Coweta Cnty., 261 Ga. 484, 485 (405 SE2d 470)
(1991).
      15
         Luca v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 281 Ga. App. 658, 660 (1) (637 SE2d
86) (2006) (punctuation omitted); see Brown v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 242 Ga.
App. 313, 314 (1) (529 SE2d 439) (2000) (“In order to obtain service by publication,
the plaintiff must show due diligence in determining whether the defendant was either
out of state or avoiding service.”).
      16
        See Waller v. Golden, 288 Ga. 595, 597 (1) (706 SE2d 403) (2011) (“The trial
court may bar a complaint based on laches when the lapse of time and the claimant’s
neglect in asserting rights results in prejudice to the adverse party.” (punctuation
omitted)).
                                            8
       of tolling the statute of limitation[s].17

But when, as here, the defendant has “raised a service defense in court[18] and the

statute of limitation[s] has expired, the plaintiff bears an even higher duty of the

‘greatest possible diligence’ to ensure proper and timely service.”19

       Turning to the instant case, Clanton’s accident occurred on September 8, 2020,

and she filed her negligence action against Taylor approximately ten months later on

July 26, 2021. And because Clanton sued Taylor to recover for personal injuries, the

       17
         Rodriguez v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 366 Ga. App. 65, 67 (880 SE2d
606) (2022) (emphasis supplied); see Barabont v. Villanueva, 261 Ga. App. 839, 841
(1) (584 SE2d 74) (2003) (“[W]hen service is made after the expiration of the
applicable statute of limitation[s], the timely filing of the complaint tolls the statute
only if the plaintiff shows that he acted in a reasonable and diligent manner in
attempting to insure that a proper service was made as quickly as possible.”
(punctuation omitted)); Brown, 242 Ga. App. at 313 (1) (same).
       18
         In his answer by special appearance, Taylor raised the issues of insufficiency
of process and insufficiency of service of process. Encompass also challenged
sufficiency of service in its motion to dismiss.
       19
          Rodriguez, 366 Ga. App. at 67 (emphasis supplied); see Fluellen v. Davis, 362
Ga. App. 512, 514 (869 SE2d 169) (2022) (“[W]hen, as here, the statute of
limitation[s] has run and the defendant has raised a service defense in court, the
plaintiff must show that, after the limitation period expired, she exercised the ‘greatest
possible diligence’ to perfect service; only then will service ‘relate back’ in time to the
filing of the complaint and thus be timely.”); Van Omen v. Lopresti, 357 Ga. App. 9,
14 (2) (849 SE2d 758) (2020) (holding that “the standard of ‘greatest possible
diligence’ in the context of assessing a plaintiff’s attempts at service applies only when
the statute of limitation[s] has expired and the defendant has raised a service defense
in court” ).
                                             9
statute of limitations for her negligence claim expired on September 8, 2022—two

years from the date of the accident.20 It is undisputed, then, that as of December 12,

2021, Clanton knew Taylor had moved to Indiana in 2020, and Taylor himself told the

process server his then-current address. Nevertheless, Clanton’s appointed process

server made at least three more unsuccessful attempts to serve Taylor at his previous

residence in Georgia. And while the trial court granted Clanton’s request to appoint

a process server in Indiana, there was only a single unsuccessful attempt to serve

Taylor there on January 11, 2022. Then, although there were no more attempts to

serve Taylor in Indiana, Clanton did not file her motion for service by publication until

January 23, 2023—over four months after the statute of limitations expired the prior

September.21

      20
           See OCGA § 9-3-33 (“Except as otherwise provided in this article, actions for
injuries to the person shall be brought within two years after the right of action accrues
. . . .”); Golden v. Floyd Healthcare Mgmt., Inc., 368 Ga. App. 409, 414 (1) (a) (890
SE2d 288) (2023) (quoting OCGA § 9-3-33 and explaining that “[t]he general statute
of limitations for injuries to the person provides that such action shall be brought
within two years after the right of action accrues” (punctuation omitted)).
      21
         Clanton contends laches does not apply in this case because she filed her
lawsuit “far in advance” of the expiration of the limitations period and moved for
service by publication before Encompass filed its motion to dismiss. She summarily
contends these two factors are “controlling” in our prior cases. But the sole issue
before us is the level of due diligence Clanton exercised in attempting to serve Taylor,
especially after the statute of limitations expired. Clanton has provided no legal
authority suggesting that when a plaintiff files her complaint or motion for service by
                                           10
      Moreover, according to the trial court, Clanton could not explain why she

waited over one year after learning of Taylor’s Indiana address to file her motion or

why she made no attempts to effectuate service until four months after the expiration

of the statute of limitations. Ultimately, the court found that a delay of four months

between the expiration of the statute of limitations and seeking service by

publication—especially when Clanton knew since 2021 that Taylor could not be

served in Georgia—was insufficient to establish that she acted in a reasonable and

diligent manner to ensure proper service was made as quickly as possible.22

      Nevertheless, relying on this Court’s decision in Smith v. Brooks,23 Clanton

contends the appropriate due-diligence standard is whether she exercised due

diligence in determining whether Taylor was out of state or avoiding service. She

notes that, similarly to this case, the plaintiff in Smith did not file his motion for

publication is determinative of whether she exercised the requisite due diligence.
      22
          The trial court appears to have applied the lower quickly-as-possible due
diligence standard rather than the applicable greatest-possible-diligence standard. But
a finding that Clanton failed to meet a lower due-diligence standard necessarily means
the trial court found that she did not satisfy the higher one actually applicable here.
And, of course, this Court may affirm a trial court ruling if it is right for any reason.
See Designs Unlimited, Inc. v. Rodriguez, 267 Ga. App. 847, 847 (601 SE2d 381) (2004)
(noting that “under the ‘right for any reason’ rule this [C]ourt will affirm the correct
ruling of a trial court on grounds not addressed below . . .”).
      23
           354 Ga. App. 78.
                                           11
service by publication until four months after the statute of limitations expired.24 And

despite those circumstances, we reversed the trial court’s denial of the plaintiff’s

motion for service by publication and remanded for the trial court to determine

whether the plaintiff exercised due diligence in determining whether the defendant

lived out of state or was avoiding service.25

      To be sure, Clanton is right that “[t]he correct legal standard for due diligence

for service by publication under OCGA § 33-7-11 (e) is diligence in determining that

an uninsured motorist is either out of state or avoiding service.”26 But here, unlike in

Smith, the trial court did apply the due-diligence standard under OCGA § 33-7-11 (e),

finding that Clanton “likely met the legal standard for determining that [Taylor]

resides out of state.” And importantly, even if a plaintiff satisfies the requirements of

OCGA § 33-7-11 (e), this Court has held that if the defendant raises a service defense

in court (which Taylor and Encompass both did), and the statute of limitations has

expired, “the plaintiff bears an even higher duty of the ‘greatest possible diligence’

to ensure proper and timely service.”27 So, we disagree with Clanton that Smith has

      24
           See id. at 79.
      25
           See generally id. at 79, 79-81 (1), 82 (2).
      26
           Luca, 281 Ga. App. at 660 (1) (punctuation omitted) (emphasis supplied).
      27
           Rodriguez, 366 Ga. App. at 67.
                                               12
any bearing on the outcome of this appeal.

       In sum, we reiterate that the determination of whether the plaintiff was “guilty

of laches in failing to exercise due diligence in perfecting service after the running of

the statute of limitations is a matter within the trial court’s discretion and will not be

disturbed on appeal absent abuse.”28 And under the circumstances of this case, we

cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in finding that, following the expiration

of the statute of limitations, Clanton failed to exercise the greatest possible diligence in

attempting to serve Taylor.29

       28
        McCrary, 198 Ga. App. at 728 (punctuation omitted); accord Cantin v. Just.,
224 Ga. App. 195, 196 (480 SE2d 250) (1997).
       29
         See Rodriguez, 366 Ga. App. at 69-70 (holding the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in determining plaintiff did not exercise the greatest possible diligence in
attempting to serve defendant when no attempts were made for 28 days following the
expiration of the statute of limitations); Fluellen, 362 Ga. App. at 514 (holding trial
court did not abuse its discretion in finding that plaintiff did not exercise the greatest
possible discretion in attempting to serve defendant when, inter alia, he made no
attempts at service at a known address for five months following the expiration of the
statute of limitations); Barabont, 261 Ga. App. at 839, 841 (1) (holding that plaintiff,
who filed her motion for service by publication after the statute of limitations expired,
did not exercise the greatest possible diligence in attempting to serve defendant when
she renewed her complaint on April 5, 2002, but did not seek a process server until
June 12; she did not move for service by publication until August 1, (more than three
months after the initial failed attempt at service and more than two months after
defendant filed the motion to dismiss); and plaintiff knew about the service problem
in the previous April (approximately three months prior to filing her motion for
service by publication)); see also Brown, 242 Ga. App. at 314 (1) (holding trial court did
not abuse its discretion in finding that, following the expiration of the statute of
                                             13
      For all these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s denial of Clanton’s motion for

service by publication and its grant of Encompass’s motion to dismiss.

      Judgment affirmed. Rickman and Pipkin, JJ., concur.

limitations, plaintiff did not exercise due diligence to serve the defendant as quickly
as possible when there was no evidence the plaintiff made any effort to locate and
serve defendant for three months between an initial failed attempt and the insurer’s
motion to dismiss).
                                          14