Court Opinion

ID: 9398825
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-01 14:08:16.937239+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:36.831238
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Stueber v. Ohio Turnpike & Infrastructure Comm., 2023-Ohio-1813.]

                              COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                            EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JENNIFER L. STUEBER,                                 :

                Plaintiff-Appellee,                  :
                                                                             No. 111877
                v.                                   :

OHIO TURNPIKE AND
INFRASTRUCTURE COMMISSION,
ET AL.,                                              :

                Defendants-Appellants.               :

                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART;
                           DISMISSED IN PART; REMANDED
                RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 1, 2023

            Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                Case No. CV-22-958534

                                           Appearances:

                Morganstern, MacAdams & DeVito, Co., L.P.A.,
                Christopher M. DeVito, and Raymond J. Marvar, for
                appellee.

                Marshall Dennehey Warner Coleman & Goggin, Keith
                Hansbrough, and Jillian L. Dinehart, for appellant.
MARY J. BOYLE, J.:

                 In this appeal, we are asked to determine whether the allegations in

plaintiff-appellee, Jennifer Stueber’s (“Stueber”), wrongful termination complaint

against her former employer, defendant-appellant, the Ohio Turnpike and

Infrastructure     Commission     (“OTIC”),    contain     attorney-client    privileged

information. The OTIC asks this court to dismiss Stueber’s amended complaint and

original complaint in full and asks for a protective order to prevent the exposure of

privileged information through additional filings.1 Because of the lack of a final,

appealable order, we do not have jurisdiction to address this, and we dismiss these

portions of the OTIC’s appeal. Alternatively, the OTIC asks that we strike and seal

the majority of the allegations in the amended complaint. For the reasons set forth

below, we affirm the portion of the trial court’s judgment denying the OTIC’s motion

to strike the amended complaint, reverse the portion of the trial court’s judgment

denying the request to seal the amended complaint, and remand the matter for

further proceedings.

I. Facts and Procedural History

                 In May 2015, the OTIC hired Stueber as general counsel. Stueber

served in that capacity from that time until her termination on November 9, 2021.

Stueber alleges she was wrongfully terminated for bringing to the OTIC’s attention

the requirement to follow Ohio’s laws and regulations regarding contracts for public

      1 Insofar as the original complaint and amended complaint are identical, except for

one cause of action, any reference herein to the “amended complaint” with regards to the
motion to strike and seal encompasses both the original and amended complaints.
bidding. As a result of her termination, Stueber filed a complaint against the OTIC

and 13 individuals (collectively referred to as “Individual Defendants”) in January

2022. Stueber’s complaint included causes of action for: (1) wrongful termination

in violation of public policy (publicly bidding contracts over $50,000); (2) wrongful

termination in violation of public policy (bylaws — signing authority); (3) wrongful

termination in violation of public policy (cooperating with OIG records request); (4)

wrongful termination in violation of public policy (public records requests); (5)

retaliation; (6) emotional and mental distress (intentional and/or negligent); (7)

interference with contractual relations; (8) discrimination; (9) civil conspiracy; and

(10) Ohio public records requests. In response, the OTIC filed a motion to dismiss

and to strike and seal the complaint. The Individual Defendants filed their own

motion to dismiss.

               In April 2022, Stueber filed an amended complaint with identical

causes of action, except for the retaliation claim, which she withdrew. In her

amended complaint, Stuber set forth the circumstances surrounding her

termination and included allegations regarding “advice” that she gave to the OTIC

regarding the OTIC’s contract-award process for public bidding and the OTIC’s

reliance or disregard of that advice.

               In response, the OTIC filed a motion to dismiss the amended

complaint and a motion to strike and seal the amended complaint. The OTIC argued

that Stueber, in her attempt to raise claims for wrongful termination, described

internal conversations, her legal advice, and the strategic decisions of the OTIC, and
that this information should not be disclosed and available as a public record

because the OTIC did not waive its attorney-client privilege. The OTIC contended

that (1) the amended complaint fails to state a claim on which relief could be granted

because it is based entirely on alleged facts covered by the attorney-client privilege

and attorney-work product doctrine; (2) the trial court does not have jurisdiction

over Stueber’s claims because they belong in the Court of Claims; (3) Stueber failed

to exhaust her administrative remedies before the Ohio Civil Rights Commission for

her gender discrimination claim under Ohio Revised Code Chapter 4112; (3) the

wrongful-termination-as-against-public-policy claims all fail because there are

existing public enforcement mechanisms, and thus Stueber’s claims are not needed

to enforce the policy; (5) the emotional distress claim fails because termination, even

for discriminatory purpose, is not outrageous conduct that is deserving of a separate

emotional distress claim; (6) the claim for intentional interference with a

contractual relationship was inappropriately brought against her employer; (7) the

civil conspiracy claim is a derivative claim that relies on the survival of a separate

claim for relief, and no separate claim for relief survives; and (8) the public records

claim is insufficient to allege an untimely response in accordance with the case law.

               With regard to the motion to strike and seal, the OTIC requested that

the court strike the amended complaint filed in April 2022, except for the allegations

contained in paragraphs 2 and 154 through 158 (pertaining to the identity of the

relevant parties and the public records claim). The OTIC further argued that the

amended complaint should be fully sealed from public record to prevent further
dissemination of alleged attorney-client privileged information. In addition, the

OTIC filed a motion to stay the case and for protective order, requesting that the trial

court stay the entire case pending a decision on the attorney-client privilege issues

and asking for a protective order to prevent Stueber from exposing privileged

information through additional filings.

               The Individual Defendants also filed a motion to dismiss the

amended complaint, arguing that the amended complaint be dismissed, in its

entirety, because: (1) the trial court lacks jurisdiction over state employees; (2) the

Individual Defendants are named in their official capacity; therefore, the claims are

duplicative to those brought against the OTIC; (3) if jurisdiction is proper, then the

Individual Defendants are entitled to sovereign immunity; and (4) Stueber cannot

present facts to support her allegations without impermissibly violating attorney-

client privilege.

               Stueber filed separate briefs, opposing these three motions. In her

opposition to the OTIC’s motion to dismiss and motion to strike and seal, Stueber

agreed that her gender discrimination claim first required a right to sue letter from

the Ohio Civil Rights Commission (“OCRC”) for the trial court to have jurisdiction.

She acknowledged that her amended complaint “errantly failed to withdraw Count

Seven for gender discrimination when it was filed[, but] the Amended Complaint

did withdraw the original complaint’s count five claim for retaliation under R.C.

4112.” She then stated that the court “may dismiss[ ] or should stay the gender

discrimination claim under Count Seven, because Stueber has already filed an
[OCRC] complaint to commence the administrative process and a right to sue letter

should be forthcoming in the very near future.” In a footnote, Stueber acknowledged

that she filed her “OCRC complaint letter on April 8, 2022.” Stueber also filed two

notices of “Supplemental Facts Supporting Plaintiff’s Response in Opposition” to

each motion to dismiss, which included a notice of right to sue issued by the OCRC.

The OTIC and Individual Defendants filed their respective reply briefs in response

to Stuber’s briefs in opposition that also addressed the propriety of Stueber’s

supplemental filings under Civ.R. 12.

               On August 11, 2022, the trial court issued a journal entry denying the

OTIC’s motion to dismiss and motion to strike and seal and granting the Individual

Defendant’s motion to dismiss. The court also denied as moot the OTIC’s motion to

stay the case and for protective order. On August 25, 2022, the OTIC filed a notice

of appeal pertaining to “[t]he production of attorney-client privileged information

in pleadings, jurisdiction, and other collateral issues raised in the Motion to

Dismiss.”

               In response, Stueber filed a motion to dismiss this interlocutory

appeal, arguing that there is no final appealable order, and the appeal “was only filed

in a self-serving attempt to delay, harass, and cause undue burden to Stueber.”

Stuber maintained that the trial court’s ruling is not a provisional remedy because

the court has not ordered the production of any document or disclosure of any

privileged information. She further contended that, procedurally, a prospective

protective order limiting deposition questioning and discovery, on the basis of
alleged attorney-client privilege, is improper because a record needs to be made

before the trial court for it to first determine if the communication is attorney-client

privileged or not.

               The OTIC opposed Stueber’s motion to dismiss, arguing that this

court has jurisdiction because the trial court’s denial of the motion to dismiss and

motion to strike and seal amended complaint, and motion for protective order are

orders compelling attorney-client privileged information, which is immediately

appealable. The OTIC further argued that it is now forced to answer the allegations

of the amended complaint that contain attorney-client privileged information and

such disclosure would result in harm. We denied Stueber’s motion to dismiss the

appeal pursuant to this court’s recent decision in Davis v. Yuspeh, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 111575, 2023-Ohio-219.

               The OTIC now appeals, raising the following assignments of error for

review:

      Assignment of Error One: The trial court erred in finding that the
      alleged information contained in the complaint and amended
      complaint is not privileged.

      Assignment of Error Two: The trial court erred in failing to apply
      Squire, Sanders & Dempsey, LLP. v. Givaudan Flavors Corp., 127 Ohio
      St.3d 161, 2010-Ohio-4469, 937 N.E.2d 533 to dismiss Stueber’s
      lawsuit based on the [OTIC’s] attorney-client privilege assertion.

      Assignment of Error Three: The trial court erred in permitting
      Stueber to include attorney client privileged information in her
      amended complaint, which requires a response that could waive
      privilege.
      Assignment of Error Four: The trial court erred in finding that
      disclosure of privileged information was warranted in the interests of
      justice.

II. Law and Analysis

   A. Final Appealable Order

               Stueber raised a final appealable order issue in her motion to dismiss

the appeal that this court denied prior to oral argument. Before reviewing the

OTIC’s assignments of error, we must first revisit the jurisdiction issue and address

whether we have jurisdiction to review the OTIC’s (1) motion to dismiss the

amended complaint; (2) motion to stay and for protective order; and (3) motion to

strike and seal the amended complaint. We note the OTIC acknowledged at

appellate oral argument that the trial court’s denial of its motion to dismiss is not a

final appealable order.

      1. OTIC’s Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint

               It is well established that, in general, a trial court’s order denying a

motion to dismiss is not a final appealable order because the party can seek an

appropriate remedy on appeal after a final judgment is entered.            Cooney v.

Radostitz, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110009, 2021-Ohio-2521, ¶ 15, citing Cantie v.

Hillside Plaza, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99850, 2014-Ohio-822, ¶ 24; Matteo v.

Principe, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92894, 2010-Ohio-1204, ¶ 19-20; Bressan v.

Secura Ins. Co., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 64997, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 1800, 13

(Apr. 28, 1994); United States Bank, N.A. v. Courthouse Crossing Acquisitions,

L.L.C., 2017-Ohio-9232, 103 N.E.3d 300, ¶ 12 (2d Dist.); see also Haskins v.
Haskins, 104 Ohio App.3d 58, 61, 660 N.E.2d 1260 (2d Dist.1995) (“Generally, an

order denying a motion to dismiss is not a final order because the reasons for which

the dismissal was sought continue undisturbed to the final judgment, permitting

prosecution of the error, if any, on the final judgment.”).

               Our appellate jurisdiction is limited to reviewing judgments and

orders that are final. “If an order is not final and appealable, then an appellate court

has no jurisdiction to review the matter and the appeal must be dismissed.” Assn.

of Cleveland Firefighters, # 93 v. Campbell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84148, 2005-

Ohio-1841, ¶ 6, citing McKenzie v. Payne, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83610, 2004-

Ohio-2341. “This court has a duty to examine, sua sponte, potential deficiencies in

jurisdiction.” Radostitz at ¶ 12, citing Scheel v. Rock Ohio Caesars Cleveland, L.L.C.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105037, 2017-Ohio-7174, ¶ 7; Arch Bay Holdings, L.L.C. v.

Goler, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102455, 2015-Ohio-3036, ¶ 9; Scanlon v. Scanlon,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97724, 2012-Ohio-2514, ¶ 5.

               Relevant to the instant case, to qualify as a final appealable order

under R.C. 2505.02(B), the judgment entry denying the OTIC’s motion to dismiss

and motion to stay case and for protective order must either (1) affect a substantial

right in an action that in effect determines the action and prevents a judgment, or

(2) grant or deny a “provisional remedy,” and the order must in effect determine the

action with respect to the provisional remedy and the appealing party would not be

afforded a meaningful review of the decision if that party had to wait for final

judgment as to all proceedings in the action. R.C. 2505.02(B)(1), (4).
               A “substantial right” is “a right that the United States Constitution,

the Ohio Constitution, a statute, the common law, or a rule of procedure entitles a

person to enforce or protect.” R.C. 2505.02(A)(1). A “provisional remedy” is “a

proceeding ancillary to an action, including, but not limited to, a proceeding for a

preliminary injunction, attachment, discovery of privileged matter, suppression of

evidence, a prima-facie showing pursuant to [R.C. 2307.85 or 2307.86], a prima-

facie showing pursuant to [R.C. 2307.92], or a finding made pursuant to [R.C.

2307.93(A)(3)].” R.C. 2505.02(A)(3).

               Here, we find no basis upon which to deviate from the general rule

that a trial court’s order denying a motion to dismiss is not a final, appealable order.

The denial of the OTIC’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint does not fall

within either category identified above in R.C. 2505.02(B). The order does not affect

a substantial right and the OTIC can seek an appropriate remedy on appeal after a

final judgment is entered. An order affects a substantial right if, in the absence of

an immediate appeal, one of the parties would be foreclosed from appropriate relief

in the future. Cooney, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110009, 2021-Ohio-2521 at ¶ 23,

citing Crown Servs. v. Miami Valley Paper Tube Co., 162 Ohio St.3d 564, 2020-

Ohio-4409, 166 N.E.3d 1115 (“An order affects a substantial right ‘only if an

immediate appeal is necessary to protect the right effectively.”’ Id. at ¶ 16, quoting

Wilhelm-Kissinger v. Kissinger, 129 Ohio St.3d 90, 2011-Ohio-2317, 950 N.E.2d

516, ¶ 7, citing Bell v. Mt. Sinai Med. Ctr., 67 Ohio St.3d 60, 63, 616 N.E.2d 181

(1993)).
               Moreover, the denial of the OTIC’s motion to dismiss does not

determine the action and prevent a judgment on Stueber’s amended complaint.

Crown Servs. at ¶ 17 (“An order determines the action and prevents a judgment

when it ‘dispose[s] of the merits of the cause or some separate and distinct branch

thereof and leave[s] nothing for the determination of the court[.]’ * * * ‘A judgment

that leaves issues unresolved and contemplates further action is not a final,

appealable order.’” Id., quoting VIL Laser Sys., L.L.C. v. Shiloh Industries, Inc., 119

Ohio St.3d 354, 2008-Ohio-3920, 894 N.E.2d 303, ¶ 8.). Additionally, the trial

court’s order did not grant or deny a provisional remedy. Cooney at ¶ 24, citing

Shane v. Tracy, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 77025, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 3844 (Aug.

24, 2000), discretionary appeal not allowed, 91 Ohio St.3d 1464, 743 N.E.2d 403

(2001) (“[A] denial of a motion to dismiss does not constitute a provisional remedy

as it is not ancillary to the action but goes to the essence of the action itself. Nor is a

party precluded from meaningful review of the trial court’s denial as it can be

brought up on appeal following the conclusion of the action.” Id. at 12, citing

Lakewood v. Pfeifer, 83 Ohio App.3d 47, 48, 613 N.E.2d 1079 (8th Dist.1992).).

               We note that the majority of the OTIC’s argument on appeal is

devoted to the denial of its motion to dismiss. Because the trial court’s denial is not

a final appealable order under R.C. 2505.02, we do not have jurisdiction to consider

this portion of the OTIC’s appeal.

       2. OTIC’s Motion to Stay the Case and for Protective Order
               We further find that the trial court’s denial of the OTIC’s motion to

stay and for protective order is also not a final appealable order. For a provisional

remedy, such as the discovery of privileged or protected materials, to constitute a

final appealable order, we apply the three-part test set forth in Davis, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 111575, 2023-Ohio-219. That test requires “(1) a ‘colorable claim’ that

the order at issue requires the production of material covered by privilege; (2) a

showing that the order at issue determines the action and prevents a judgment

favorable to the appellant on the issue; and (3) a demonstration that review after

final judgment does not constitute an adequate remedy.” Id. at ¶ 20, citing Blue

Technologies Smart Solutions, LLC v. Ohio Collaborative Learning Solutions, Inc.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110501, 2022-Ohio-1935, ¶ 26, 27, 31, and 32; see also

Burnham v. Cleveland Clinic, 151 Ohio St.3d 356, 2016-Ohio-8000, 89 N.E.3d 536,

¶ 20, citing R.C. 2505.02(B)(4)(a) and (b).

               In the instant case, the trial court’s order denies the OTIC’s motion

requesting that the trial court stay the entire case pending a decision on the attorney-

client privilege issues and asking for a protective order to prevent Stueber from

making additional filings that expose privileged information. The trial court’s

denial, however, does not require the OTIC to produce any particular information.

Because the OTIC sought a prospective protective order prohibiting paper discovery

and limiting questioning in future discovery depositions, we have nothing yet to

review. Thus, the trial court’s order denying the motion to stay and for protective

order does not “determine the privilege issue” and does not satisfy the requirements
of R.C. 2505.02(B)(4)(a). See Gordon v. GEICO Ins. Co., 2019-Ohio-2437, 139

N.E.3d 548, ¶ 11 (8th Dist.). Accordingly, we do not have jurisdiction to consider

those portions of the OTIC’s appeal discussing the court’s denial of its motion to stay

and for protective order.

          3. OTIC’s Motion to Strike and Seal

                The OTIC also appeals the trial court’s ruling denying the motion to

strike and seal the amended complaint. On March 1, 2023, this court denied

Stueber’s motion to dismiss the appeal, relying on this court’s recent decision in

Davis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111575, 2023-Ohio-219. The issue in Davis was the

trial court’s judgment denying defendants-Andrew Yuspeh, Esq., Jason Rappaport,

Esq., and Yuspeh Rappaport Law L.L.C.’s, motion to strike several allegations in the

complaint filed by plaintiff-Davis and an exhibit attached to the complaint. Id. at ¶

1. Davis filed a complaint for legal malpractice against defendants, alleging that they

were negligent in handling his underlying personal injury case because they failed

to timely conduct discovery in the case, which led to dismissal of his complaint. Id.

at ¶ 6.

                Before filing his legal malpractice claim, Davis filed a grievance

against defendant-Yuspeh with the Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association’s

Certified Attorney Grievance Committee. Id. at ¶ 7. After an investigation, the

grievance was dismissed and the Committee, through its counsel, sent Davis a letter

labeled “PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL” advising him of the dismissal. Id.

Davis quoted several negative findings from Committee letter regarding Yuspeh’s
representation and attached the Committee’s letter as an exhibit to his complaint.

Id. at ¶ 8. In response, the defendants filed a motion to strike the allegations in the

complaint. Id. at ¶ 9.

               On appeal, this court considered whether the trial court’s denial of the

motion to strike was a final appealable order, noting that while the case does not

involve a discovery dispute, the trial court’s interlocutory order denying defendants’

motion to strike allows the disclosure of allegedly confidential material. Id. at ¶ 19.

               The Davis Court applied the three-part test for an order involving a

provisional remedy and explained:

      The first prong requires that [defendants] demonstrate a “colorable
      claim” that the order at issue would allow the disclosure of allegedly
      privileged material. [Defendants] refer us to Everage v. Elk & Elk, 159
      Ohio App.3d 220, 2004-Ohio-6186, 823 N.E.2d 516, ¶ 11 (3d Dist.),
      wherein the court held that the trial court had erred in ordering the
      defendant law firm to produce for in camera review copies of
      uncertified grievances regarding attorney misconduct filed against the
      law firm by former clients. Upon construing the confidentiality
      provision of a former version of Gov.Bar R. V, which like the version
      quoted above distinguished between uncertified and certified
      grievances, the court found that “the Supreme Court of Ohio created a
      substantive right of privacy upon a respondent attorney with respect to
      the disclosure of uncertified grievances,” and that a trial court may not
      infringe this substantive right by ordering discovery of records
      regarding uncertified grievances. Id. at ¶ 11. In light of Everage, we
      find that [defendants] have made a colorable claim that the trial court’s
      order denying their motion to strike allows the disclosure of privileged
      material.

      The next prong of the test requires us to determine whether the trial
      court’s order determines the action and prevents a judgment favorable
      to [defendants] on the issue. Blue Technologies at ¶ 27. We find that
      it does. By denying [defendants’] motion to strike, the order
      determines the issue regarding disclosure of the uncertified grievance
      and prevents a judgment in favor of [defendants] on this issue.
      Accordingly, the order determines the action relative to the provisional
      remedy.

      Finally, [defendants] must show that review after final judgment does
      not constitute an adequate remedy. Blue Technologies, 8th Dist.
      Cuyahoga No. 110501, 2022-Ohio-1935, at ¶ 32. [Defendants] contend
      that a postjudgment appeal would be meaningless or ineffective
      because they have a substantive right to privacy in Davis’s grievance
      because it was never certified to the Board. They contend that because
      the docket is public, the continuing disclosure of the uncertified
      grievance exposes them to potential scorn, ridicule, and possibly
      irreparable reputational harm in the legal community and with
      prospective clients. They contend that under such circumstances, a
      postjudgment appeal would be ineffective because one cannot “unring
      the bell” of reputational harm suffered as a result of the disclosure of
      an uncertified grievance.

      We find this to be an adequate showing that the potential harm of
      continued disclosure of the uncertified grievance extends beyond the
      case being litigated and cannot be rectified by a later appeal.

Id. at ¶ 21-24.

                  This court concluded that defendants made an adequate showing that

an appeal after final judgment would be an inadequate remedy, and as a result, the

trial court’s order denying defendants’ motion to strike was a final appealable order.

Id. at ¶24.

                  Applying this three-part test to the trial court’s denial of the OTIC’s

motion to strike and seal the amended complaint, we find, as the Davis Court found,

that this is a final appealable order. The OTIC alleges that Stueber’s complaints

include descriptions of legal advice she provided to the OTIC (her client) and the

OTIC’s reactions to her advice. We note that “a party is not required to conclusively

prove the existence of privileged matters as a precondition to appellate review under

R.C. 2505.02(B)(4).” Phillips v. Vesuvius USA Corp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
108888, 2020-Ohio-3285, ¶ 12, discretionary appeal not allowed, 160 Ohio St.3d

1420, 2020-Ohio-4811, 154 N.E.3d 110, citing Byrd v. U.S. Xpress, Inc., 2014-Ohio-

5733, 26 N.E.3d 858, ¶ 12 (1st Dist.). “To impose such a requirement would force

an appellate court ‘to decide the merits of an appeal in order to decide whether it has

the power to hear and decide the merits of an appeal.’” Id., quoting Bennett v.

Martin, 186 Ohio App.3d 412, 2009-Ohio-6195, 928 N.E.2d 763, ¶ 35 (10th Dist.);

Phillips at ¶ 12. “Instead, a party need only make a ‘colorable claim’ that materials

subject to discovery are privileged in order to qualify as a provisional remedy.”

Phillips at ¶ 12, citing Byrd at ¶ 12; Burnham, 151 Ohio St.3d 356, 2016-Ohio-8000,

89 N.E.3d 536, at ¶ 3, 29.

               In light of the foregoing, we find that the OTIC made a “colorable

claim” that the trial court’s order denying their motion to strike and seal allows the

disclosure of privileged material, qualifying as a provisional remedy.

               The next prong of the test requires us to determine whether the trial

court’s order determines the action and prevents a judgment favorable to the OTIC

on the issue. We find that it does. By denying the OTIC’s motion to strike and seal,

the order determines the issue regarding disclosure of allegedly attorney-client

privileged information and prevents a judgment in favor of the OTIC on this issue.

Accordingly, the order determines the action relative to the provisional remedy.

               Finally, the OTIC must demonstrate that review after final judgment

does not constitute an adequate remedy. The OTIC contends that the trial court’s

denial to its motion forces it to answer the allegations in the complaint, resulting in
the disclosure of attorney-client privileged information. And not responding would

result in an admission by default, leaving it without remedy. The OTIC further

contends that an appeal after final judgment would not provide an adequate remedy

because responding to those allegations of the complaint would result in prejudice

to the OTIC. We find this to be an adequate showing that an appeal after final

judgment would be an inadequate remedy.

               Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court’s order denying the

OTIC’s motion to strike and seal is a final appealable order and, therefore, we have

jurisdiction to consider the merits of this portion of the appeal.2

   B. Merits of the Appeal

               The OTIC argues that Stueber has publicized their private, attorney-

client communications through the wrongful termination complaint without

permission, waiver, or excuse. The OTIC asks this court to order the trial court to

      2   We note that in her motion to dismiss the appeal, Stueber cites to a judgment
entry by this court dismissing the appeal in Marvar v. Premier Physicians Ctrs., Inc., 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109256 (Apr. 27, 2020), a case she alleges is similar to the instant
case. In that entry, this court found that dismissal was appropriate because “[t]he trial
court’s denial of the appellant’s motion to strike portions of the complaint does not
determine the action or prevent a judgment; therefore, the appeal is dismissed for lack of
a final appealable order.” In Marvar, the defendants sought to strike plaintiff’s
complaint, alleging that the complaint “is riddled with information protected by the
attorney-client privilege.” Raymond J. Marvar vs. Premier Physicians Ctrs., Inc., et al.,
Cuyahoga C.P. No. CV-18-905740. This case, however, is distinguishable. In Marvar,
the defendants filed an answer to the complaint prior to filing its appeal, and this court,
at that time, did not have the benefit of Davis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111575, 2023-Ohio-
219.
strike and seal all paragraphs of the amended complaint, except for 2 and 154-158,

to prevent further wrongful dissemination of attorney-client privileged material.3

               Stueber acknowledges that the OTIC does have some attorney-client

privilege between it but contends that the OTIC “incorrectly and broadly attempts

to assert that all communications between [it] and Stueber are privileged[.]” She

contends that her “comment on the legality of an action does not rise to the level of

attorney-client privileged information that needs to [be] safeguarded” in the

amended complaint.

               Here, the trial court denied the OTIC’s motion to strike and seal the

amended complaint “for the reasons set forth in [Stueber’s] brief in opposition[.]”

With regard to the motion to strike and seal, Stueber primarily argued that the

amended      complaint     does    not   contain     any    attorney-client    privileged

communications, and even if it did, an attorney is legally permitted to reveal

attorney-client privileged communications to establish a claim.

               As the Ohio Supreme Court recognized in Squire, Sanders &

Dempsey, L.L.P. v. Givaudan Flavors Corp., 127 Ohio St.3d 161, 2010-Ohio-4469,

937 N.E.2d 533:

      “The attorney-client privilege is one of the oldest recognized privileges
      for confidential communications.” Swidler & Berlin v. United States
      (1998), 524 U.S. 399, 403, 118 S.Ct. 2081, 141 L.Ed.2d 379. As we
      explained in State ex rel. Leslie v. Ohio Hous. Fin. Agency, 105 Ohio
      St.3d 261, 2005 Ohio 1508, 824 N.E.2d 990, “‘Its purpose is to

      3 We note that in OTIC’s motion to strike and seal, it requested that all paragraphs
of the amended complaint, except for 2 and 154-158 paragraphs be stricken. On appeal,
the OTIC asks that all allegations in the amended complaint “with the exceptions of
Paragraphs 2, 3 and 154-158” be stricken.
       encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their
       clients and thereby promote broader public interests in the observance
       of law and administration of justice. The privilege recognizes that
       sound legal advice or advocacy serves the public ends and that such
       advice or advocacy depends upon the lawyer’s being fully informed by
       the client.’ Upjohn Co. v. United States (1981), 449 U.S. 383, 389, 101
       S.Ct. 677, 66 L.Ed.2d 584; Cargotec, Inc. v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co.,
       155 Ohio App.3d 653, 2003 Ohio 7257, 802 N.E.2d 732, ¶ 7.” Leslie, at
       ¶ 20.

Id. at ¶ 16.

               The attorney-client privilege arises:

       “‘(1) Where legal advice of any kind is sought (2) from a professional
       legal adviser in his capacity as such, (3) the communications relating to
       that purpose, (4) made in confidence (5) by the client, (6) are at his
       instance permanently protected (7) from disclosure by himself or by the
       legal adviser, (8) unless the protection is waived.’”

State ex rel. Lanham v. DeWine, 135 Ohio St.3d 191, 2013-Ohio-199, 985 N.E.2d

467, ¶ 27, quoting Leslie at ¶ 21, quoting Reed v. Baxter, 134 F.3d 351, 355-356 (6th

Cir.1998); see Perfection Corp. v. Travelers Cas. & Sur., 153 Ohio App.3d 28, 2003-

Ohio-3358, 790 N.E.2d 817, ¶ 12 (8th Dist.). The privilege, however, is not absolute.

Moskovitz v. Mt. Sinai Med. Ctr., 69 Ohio St.3d 638, 660, 635 N.E.2d 331 (1994).

“That is to say, the mere relation of attorney and client does not raise a presumption

of confidentiality of all communications made between them.” Id. at 660-661, citing

8 Wigmore, Evidence (McNaughton Rev.1961), Section 2311. The privilege “applies

only where necessary to achieve its purpose and protects only those

communications necessary to obtain legal advice.” Perfection Corp. at ¶ 26.

               In the instant case, Stueber’s amended complaint alleges the basis for

her wrongful termination, outlining the events leading up to her termination.
Stueber specifically alleges “concerns” that she raised regarding the OTIC’s contract

awards process and the OTIC’s response to her concerns. She further alleges that

she gave certain “advice” to the OTIC and the OTIC refused to follow, which

ultimately ended in her termination. Based on the limited record before us, and the

plain meaning of Stueber’s repeated use of the words “advice” and “concern,” we

find that Stueber’s allegations, as former general counsel to the OTIC, are subject to

the attorney-client privilege.

               We recognize that there are a variety of ways to prevent unwarranted

disclosure of the confidential information, including ‘“the use of sealing and

protective orders, limited admissibility of evidence, orders restricting the use of

testimony in successive proceedings, and, where appropriate, in camera

proceedings.’” Fox Searchlight Pictures, Inc. v. Paladino, 89 Cal.App.4th 294, 312,

106 Cal.Rptr.2d 906 (2001), quoting Gen. Dynamics Corp. v. Superior Court, 7

Cal.4th 1164, 1191, 32 Cal.Rptr.2d 1, 876 P.2d 487 (1994). “The use of these tools,

and others inherent in a trial court’s authority to govern the conduct of proceedings,

is a prudent and sufficient safeguard against overbroad disclosure.” Spratley v.

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2003 UT 39, 78 P.3d 603, ¶ 22. At this initial

pleading stage, the sealing of the amended complaint, as the OTIC requested,

achieves this purpose by preventing further dissemination of attorney-client

privileged information.
              Accordingly, we find that the trial court’s denial of the motion to strike

was proper, but the trial court erred when it denied the OTIC’s motion to seal the

amended complaint.

III. Conclusion

              The OTIC’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint and motion to

stay and for protective order are not final appealable orders that can be reviewed in

this appeal, and these portions of the appeal are hereby dismissed. The denial of the

motion to strike and seal is a final appealable order that can be reviewed on appeal.

Stueber’s use of the words “advice” and “concern” in her amended complaint are

subject to attorney-client privilege and sealing the amended complaint prevents

further dissemination of attorney-client privileged information at this initial point

in the proceedings.

              Accordingly, judgment is affirmed in part, reversed in part, dismissed

in part, and remanded to the trial court to seal Stueber’s amended complaint and

original complaint and for further proceedings.

      It is ordered that appellant and appellee split costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment

into execution.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

MARY J. BOYLE, JUDGE

FRANK DANIEL CELEBREZZE, III, P.J., and
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR