Court Opinion

ID: 5552316
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-11 00:34:25.996251+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:35:11.425002
License: Public Domain

Benning J.
dissenting.
In these two cases, I dissent from the judgment of the Court. In my opinion, the whole will is void — doubly void— void both by the act of 1801 and the act of 1818. Eor this opinion, my reasons are as follows:
The will has in it these two items: “ Item 8d. I will and desire that there shall be a sufficiency of good, arable land, .purchased cither in the State of Indiana or Illinois, for all my negroes to locate upon and cultivate, with a sufficiency of land for timber and firewood included ; to be. done within a reasonable time after my death, by my executors or any one or two of them, and to remove all of my said negroes to said tract or settlement of land in the State of Indiana or Illinois, as aforesaid, but would recommend for the title to said land to be made to my executors, i'n trust, for the use of said negroes, for fear they might be defrauded out of the laird, or squander it themselves.”
“ Item 4th. I will and desire, after the removal and loca•tion of said negroes west of the Ohio river, that they be purchased an outfit of farming utensils, including the wagons -and teams used in their removal as a part of said outfit; and further request, that there be also purchased for said negroes ■the first year’s provision for their subsistence after their removal.”
A part of another item is in these words : “ I will and desire, after the removal, location and outfit for my negroes shall have been completed in the State of Indiana or Illinois, as aforesaid, that the balance or residue of the* proceeds of my property shall be vested in stock of the State Bank of Georgia,” &c.
The meaning of all this plainly is, that he, the testator, wills his slaves to be free, either in Indiana or Illinois; not -only to be free, but to be the owners of land and other property. This Act of manumission he does in Georgia, in which -too, are the negroes to be manumitted.
*148The Statute of 1801, to which I have referred, is entitled an. “ Act prescribing the mode of manumitting slaves in this State.” The first section of it is as follows: “ From and after tho passing of this Act, it shall not be lawful -for any person or persons to manumit or set free any negro, slave .or slaves, any mulatto, mustizoe, or any other person or persons of color, who may be deemed slaves at tho time of the passing of this Act, in any other manner or form than by an .application to the Legislature for that purpose.”
To manumit or set free, in any other manner or form than by an application to tho Legislature, shall not be “ lawful.” This is the section. Every manner or form of emancipation, .except one, shall be unlawful. This is what the words plainly say. In these words is no ambiguity.
And in the interpretation of Statutes, it is the rule of rules, that the words, if unambiguous, are to be followed. We have, then, to follow these words ; and when wo do that, we have to say that the manner or form of manumission contained in the aforesaid parts of this will was not “ lawful,” for that manner or form is different from that only one which the words permit, viz : “ by an application to tho Legislature.”
And if the manner and form of the manumission was not lawful, the Act of manumission was of course void ; that is to say, as much of tho will as consists of the extracts aforesaid, was void.
This is the result from the first section of the Act.
By the last section, not only these parts, but the whole of tho will is made void; for that section prohibits, under penalty, tho admission to record of “ any deed of manumission or other paper, which shall have for object, tho manumitting and setting free any slave or slaves.” And no paper that icannot be admitted to record, can become a will — can, as a will, ,be otherwise than void.
It is true that this section is, by the second section of the Act of 1818, to “ be construed to extend to inhibit the recording only of so much of any instrument (as is therein *149described) as shall relate to the manumitting or setting free of any slave or slaves.” But any implication from this, favorable to the notion that the rest of such an “instrument” is made valid, is rebutted by a part of the fourth section of the same Act of 1818, which declares that “ all and every will and testament,” &c., made and executed for the purpose of effecting, or endeavoring to effect, the manumission of any slave or slaves, either directly, by conferring or attempting to confer, freedom on such slaves, &c. &c., shall “be utterly null aiid void.”
This being so, the nullifying power of the third section of the Act of 1801 is left in full force.
The result, therefore, from that third ' section, together with the first section, is to render this whole will void.
The result, then, from the Act of 1801, taken by itself, is to render this will void. And this is - no doubtful result. It is the necessary result, from the words — from words entirely free from ambiguity ; from words, the moaning of which is too plain to be mistaken.
No subsequent law that could affect this result, ivas ever passed by the Legislature, at least never before 1818. If, therefore, this will had been made at any time after the Act of 1801, and before 1818, it would have been rendered null by the Act of 1801. There has, then, been a period of seventeen years since 1801, at any time during which this will would have been void.
Has not the period been longer than seventeen years ? Has it not continued up to this day ? It has, unless the Act of 1801 lias been repealed, or in some way changed. . The next -question, therefore, is, has that Act been repealed or so changed as to affect its power of annulling wills like the one . under consideration ? If so, it must have been done by the Act of 1818, for there has not been passed any Act touching the Act of 1801, other than the Act of 1818.
What, then, is the effect of the Act of 1818, on the Act of 1801 ?
The Act of 1818, is entitled “ An Act supplementary to, *150-and more effectually to enforce an Act, entitled an Act prescribing the mode of manumitting slaves in this State ;” that is to say, this very Act of 1801. This is the title of the Act of 1818 — a title not to repeal that Act — not to change it in any way, but to add to it, and more effectually to enforce it. And this being the title, the Legislature, if they had had the wish to make the body different, could not constitutionally have made it so. (Con. Art. 1, Sec. 17.)
But the body of the Act corresponds with the title. The first section is, “that the Act, hereinbefore referred to” (the Act of 1801) “ shall be strictly enforced; but the penalties therein prescribed, except where the same shall be otherwise provided for by this Act, shall be increased to five hundred dollars,” &c.
The second section prescribes a construction for the third section of the Act of 1801; a construction by which that section is to be held to prohibit the recording of so much only of instruments of manumission, as may relate to manumission.
And this is all the mention which the Act of 1818, in title or body, makes of the Act of 1801.
The Act, then, of 1818, so far from repealing or changing the Act of 1801, enforces that Act. The result, therefore is, that notwithstanding the Act of 1818, the Act of 1801 still retains all, at least of its original force, to nullify wills of the kind in question; and therefore, the result is, that the will in question was nullified by the Act of 1801.
And here, on this Act of 1801, I might rest. It seems to me, that this Act, being taken to be in full force, there cannot be room for a doubt that it renders this will utterly void. If that be so, to go further could only be to slay the slain — to show the will doubly null if that were possible. Still I choose to go further.
I maintain then, that by the Act of 1818 itself, this will is rendered void. I maintain that this is so, both by the letter and the spirit of that Act.
And first it is so by the letter. Section four of the Act, is *151in these words — “All and every will and testament deed,, whether by way of trust or otherwise, contract, agreement, or stipulation, or other instrument in writing or by parol, made- and executed for the purpose of effecting or endeavoring to effect, the manumission of any slave or slaves, either directly, by conferring or attempting to confer freedom on such slave or slaves, indirectly or virtually, by allowing and securing, or attempting to allow and secure to such slave or slaves, the-right or privilege of working for his, her or themselves, free from the control of the master or owner of such slave or slaves, or of enjoying the profits of his, her or their labor or skill, shall be, and the same are hereby declared to be utterly null and void; and the person or persons so making or executing any. such deed, contract, agreement, stipulation, or other instrument, in writing or by parol, and all and every person or persons concerned in giving or attempting to give effect thereto, whether by accepting the trust thereby created, or attempted to be created, or in any other way or manner whatsoever, shall be severally liable to a penalty not exceeding one thousand dollars, to be recovered in the manner hereinafter pointed and each and every slave or slaves, in whose behalf such will or testament, deed, contract, agreement or stipulation, or other instrument, in writing or by parol, shall have been made, shall be liable to be arrested by warrant, under the hand and seal of any Magistrate of this State, and being thereof convicted, in the manner hereinafter prescribed, shall be liable to be sold as a slave by public outcry, as slaves, and the proceeds of such sales shall be appropriated in tlie manner specified in the first section of this Act.”
“Every will,” &c. “ executed for the purpose of effecting or endeavoring to effect the manumission of any slave or slaves, either directly, by conferring or attempting to confer freedom on such slave or slaves indirectly or virtually,” &c. shall “ utterly null and void,” &e. These are the words of this fourth section, and they are too plain to be misunderstood. They make utterly null and void this will, if it was executed for the purpose of effecting, directly or indirectly, the manumission *152of slaves — directly, by conferring freedom on the slaves themselves, or indirectly, by allowing the slaves the privilege of working for themselves; for the words make “ all and every” such wills or will utterly null and void.. All. and every are-universal terms. They include wills made for effecting emancipation outside of the State, as well as those for effecting emancipation inside of the State. And this will is such a-will, for it was executed for the purpose of conferring freedom “directly” on slaves themselves, either inside or outside of the State. Therefore, these words make this will void. That is to say, the will is void by the letter of the Act.
But if it is void by the letter, it is also void by the spirit; for when the letter — the words of a Statute, are plain and unambiguous, it is they that are to be considered as also speaking the spirit — the true intent and meaning of the Act. This, nobody disputes, is the rule of rules in the interpretation of Statutes. And these words are unmistakeably plain and-unambiguous.
Thus, then, I insist that I have made out my proposition, .which was, that this will is void, both by the letter and the-spirit of the Act of 1818.
But I know that against this proposition, was used an argument drawn from the preamble of the Act, taken in connection with the tenth section.
The preamble of the Act is as follows: “ Whereas, the principles of sound policy, considered in reference to the free citizens of this State, and the exercise of humanity towards the slave population within the same, imperiously require that the number of free persons within this State, should not be-increased by manumission or by the admission of such persons from other States, to reside therein: and whereas, divers persons of color, who are slaves by the laws of this State, having never been manumitted in conformity to the same, are-nevertheless in the exercise and enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of free persons of color, without being subject to the duties and obligations incident to such persons, thereby constituting a class of people equally dangerous to the-*153free citizens of this State, and destructive of the comfort and happiness of the slave population thereof, which it is the duty of this Legislature, by all just and lawful means, to suppress.”
The tenth section is as follows: “ It shall be the duty of all Courts and Judges before whom any proceedings may be had under this Act, so to construe the several provisions thereof as to carry the same into full and complete effect, according to the true spirit, intent and meaning thereof, as declared in the preamble of the same,” &c.
The argument was this : that by tho preamble of the Act,, “the true spirit, intent and meaning” of the Act, is declared to be to prevent the increase of free persons of color within the State ; that by the tenth section, the Act is to be carried into effect “according to the true spirit, intent and meaning thereof, as declared in the preamble;” and therefore, that even if the body of the Act goes so far as to prohibit wills, &e.manumitting slaves outside of the State, it is to be restrained by the preamble and the tenth section, to wills manumitting slaves inside of the State.
To this argument, waiving for the present the question whether, when the preamble of an Act and the body differ,' the body is not to govern tho preamble, rather than the preamble the body, I have two answers to make — first, I deny the conclusion — secondty, admitting the conclusion, I deny that it saves this will from the nullifying power of the body of the Act. I say, that this is a will, which, if effect is to be-given to it, manumits the slave within tho State, as well as without the State.
First, I deny the conclusion. These are the premises viz : the body of the Act is to be construed according to tho intent, as declared in the preamble; the intent, as declared in the preamble, is to prevent the increase of free persons of color within the State. Now, what is the true conclusion from these premises ? Ohyiously this: The body of the Act is to be so construed, as to make it most effectual for preventing *154the increase of free persons of color within the State. Rut is it true, that the construction, which makes valid wills, &e. giving slaves their freedom without the State, is the construction which is most effectual to prevent the increase of free persons of color within the State ? The slaves, Avhen they have become free without the State, can if they please, return as free persons into the State. True, in doing this, they may violate a law of the State. Rut how many laws of the State are violated — how easy without risking much, to violate this law. In fact, has the law, practically, ever been anything more than a dead letter ? And then as to the validity of such a law, what grave question, under the Constitution of theU. S.has been made by half of the States of this Union, and foreign nations under treaties of commerce and. amity with the United States. It seems to mo that there is a construction far more effectual for preventing the increase of free persons of color within the State than this, and that is the construction which shall render invalid, even wills giving slaves their freedom outside of the State. If such wills shall be held to be invalid, the effect will be, that the slaves they-would free ivill remain slaves ; and if the slaves remain slaves, it will be simply impossible that they can make any increase in the number of free persons of color within the State. Noav I ask, is there any possible construction to be put upon the body of the Act, which Avould render it more effectual to prevent the increase of free persons of color Ayithin the State than this Avould ? At least, may I not ask, whether this construction would not be far more effectual to accomplish that purpose than would the other ? If so, then, the true conclusion from the premises is, that this construction is- the one which the preamble and tenth section require to be put upon the body of the Act, in preference to the other construction — the construction, aúz : which would render valid such wills, &c. as might manumit slaves outside, but not inside the the State.
And this is the construction which the words, themselves,, of the body of the Act, as we have seen, call for. Those' *155words are “all and every will” made for the purpose of emancipation, &c. shall be invalid — -“utterly null and void.” It seems, then, that the intent of the Act, as declared in the preamble, will be most effectually accomplished by letting the words of the body of the Act have their full meaning. Therefore, can there be a doubt that the true conclusion from the premises aforesaid, viz: the preamble and tenth section themselves, is that this will, even if it gives freedom, to be enjoyed only out of the State, is invalid?
Secondly, admitting the conclusion in the argument, I -am answering to be the true one, I deny that that conclusion saves this will. The conclusion is, that the Act, read by the light of the preamble and the tenth section, tolerates wills which give freedom to slaves, if they give it to be enjoyed outside and not inside of the State. Now, I say, that conceding this to be the correct conclusion, I deny this will to be. such a will. I say that if this will is sufficient to impart freedom without the State, it is sufficient to impart it within the State. I say that if it be true, that the slaves arc to be free without the State, it follows that they can no longer be slaves within the State. My position is, that if wo hold this to be a good will for the purpose of the exterior emancipation it provides for, we have to hold that it will have the effect to emancipate the slaves while they remain in Georgia, waiting for their place to be prepared for them, out of Georgia.
If, then, the will is held to be valid as to the exterior emancipation, the question is, what is to be the condition of the negroes, in the interval between the testator’s death and the time of their contemplated exodus from the State-? It cannot be a condition of slavery, for there is wanting to it any slave owner. There is nobody who is to have any title to the slaves during that time. If so, who is it ? the executor ? If the executor, then he must hold them as assests, and so merely in trust for the legatees, or heirs, or creditors. Rut the whole spirit of the will forbids the idea that the executor was so to hold them. Is it to be said, that the le*156.gal title will be in the executor, in trust for the negroes themselves ? Be it so. That will make the negroes free, for that will put the equitable title to the. negroes in the negroes themselves, and the equitable title to a thing is, in effect, the whole title to it. On every view that I can think of, the result is the same, viz : that in the interval elapsing after the testator’s death, and before the departure of the negroes from the State, they are to be free persons.
And if they are, during that interval, to be free within the State, how are they ever to be got out of the State, unless they, of their own accord, choose to go out ? Suppose they absolutely refuse to go out, is there any mode of compelling them to go out ? I know of none. Is there any person who has the right to require them to go out? I know of none. Is there any person who has the power to force them to go .out ? I know of none. What would be the form of proceeding against them, to get them out of the State — what would be the form of the judgment — of the execution ? Would they be sent under a guard of soldiers, to the borders of the State, ,or passed from Sheriff to Sheriff, of the different counties .through which their route would lie ?
The simple truth is, that they could never be got out of the State, unless they chose to go out. If, therefore, they .should not choose to go, they would stay, and thus they would .permanently increase the number of free persons within the State.
The result is, that this will, if good to make the slaves free .out of the State, of necessity makes them, during the interval that is to precede the time of their going abroad, free in .the State; and by making them, during that interval, free in the State, it gives them the option of being, during all time, free in the State. And what more than this could a will do, .expressly conferring on them emancipation in the State ? And therefore, if such a will as that is according to the, argument I am answering, forbidden by the intent of the Act, as declared in the preamble, then this must also be.
I say, therefore, that conceding to the argument I am an*157swering, that it was not the purpose of the preamble of this Act of 1818 to prohibit any wills, &c. except those which would manumit slaves within the State, it is not thence to be concluded that it was not the purpose of the preamble not to prohibit this will; for this will, if held to be good to manumit the slaves without the State, has, of necessity, to be held in effect to manumit them within the State.
The argument then, I insist, is answered. But in giving the answer, I waived, for the time, the question whether, when the preamble of a Statute and the body differ, the preamble ought not rather to yield to the body, than the body to the preamble. That question I waive no longer. I now insist upon the maxim, that the body of a Statute controls the preamble, and not the preamble the body.
Let us, then, apply the maxim — the body of the Act declares that “all and every will,” &c. executed for the purpose of effecting, or endeavoring to effect, the manumission of any slave of slaves, shall be “utterly null and void.” If the preamble differs from this, the preamble is, according to the maxim aforesaid, controlled by this.
Especially must this be true of the body of the Act of 1818, because the body of that Act agrees with the title of the Act, which is to enforce &c. the Act of 1801 — an Act which, itself, annuls all sorts of manumission “ in any other manner than by an application to the Legislature,” and if the preamble differs fromthe body, it differs from the title, and is, therefore, in violation of the Constitution of the State.
I claim, also, the benefit of another leading rule of interpretation, and that is, the different parts of a Statirte shall be-construed together, and so construed, if possible, that every part shall stand and have its full effect.
Now I have already shown, that admitting the object of the preamble to be only to prevent the increase of free persons of color within the State, then, still the most effectual way of accomplishing the object would be to hold invalid every “ will,” &c. that would change slaves into free persons,. *158whether the will would make the change in the State or out of the State.
The body of the Act says, that every such “ will,” shall be invalid.
If, then, we so interpret as to say that every such will shall be invalid, we prevent any conflict between preamble and body, and give full effect to both. Whereas, if we so interpret as to say that though the object, as declared in the preamble, was to prevent the increase of free persons of color within the State, yet, it was to prevent such increase only, by prohibiting “wills,” &c. manumitting slaves within the State, we bring about a conflict between body and preamble; for the body prohibits “ all and every will,” &e. of manumission. And the effect of such a conflict must always be, that some part of the Act shall give way. The body shall enlarge the preamble, or the preamble shall contract the body. We arc bound, therefore, according to the last mentioned rule of interpretation, to interpret this Statute in the former and not in the latter of these two modes.
And again, the title of the Act comes in aid of this rule of interpretation, in the same way and to the same extent as it did in aid of the other rule.
And this concludes what I had to say on the Statutes of 1801 and 1818.
I will now sum up the propositions which I think I have established—
1. That this will is void, by the plain words of the Act of 1801.
2. That the Act of 1801 is still in full force — made to bo in fullre force, if that were possible, by the Act of 1818.
3. That the will is also void by the plain words of the Act of 1818; and that as the words are plain, they must be held to speak the meaning of the Act.
4. That, however, if Ave are at liberty to take the preamble of the Act of 1818 as controlling the body, and not the body the preamble, then, still the true intent of the Act is not merely to prohibit “ Avills,” &c. manumitting slaves inside of the *159State, but “all and every will,” &c. of manumission, because such universal prohibition is the most effectual way to prevent the increase of free persons of color within the State, the. prevention of which increase is, if we take the words of the - preamble, the object of the Act.
5. That even if the true intent of the Act bo allowed to be to prevent “wills,” &c. manumitting slaves within the State, but not wills manumitting them without the State, yet, that this will is prohibited by this intent: for this will cannot be-valid for the purpose of manumitting slaves without the State, unless it be held to have the effect to manumit them within the State during the interval that must precede their exit' from the State.
6. That if the slaves become, during that interval, free in tho State, it is at their mere option to say whether they will" not stay during all time, free in the State.
7. That if the preamble would narrow the prohibition to-“wills,” &c. manumitting slaves within the State, it could not do it; for if it did, it would over-ride the body of the Act,, and the body of an Act rather over-rides the preamble, especially if the body agrees with the title, and the preamble-does not.
8. That to interpret the preamble, as meaning to prohibit every “will,” &c. manumitting slaves, is so to interpret it as to make it precisely agree with the body of the Act: whereas, to interpret the preamble as meaning toprohibit only “wills,” &c. manumitting slaves within the State, is so to interpret it as to bring on a conflict between preamble and body, in which either preamble or body must be the sufferer.
If these propositions are true, this will is void — over and over again void. That is plain. Are they true ? I think they have all been proved to be true. What is there to be urged against their truth? nothing of which I am aware, except some decisions, viz: (Jordan vs. Heirs, &c. of Bradley, Dud. R. 170. Roser vs. Marlow et al. R. M. Charlton’s R. 547. Vance vs. Crawford, 4 Ga. R. 458. Cooper, adm’r vs. Blakey, 10 Ga. R.)
*160In the first of these cases, which was decided in 1830, the report says: “ The will, among other things, directs that if any of his slaves should desire to go to the African Colony, they should be permitted to go, and their expenses to the port of embarkation should be paid.”
This will the Court, in three brief paragraphs, declares to be valid ; and it puts its decision upon the ground, that “ the Act of 1818, (Prince’s Dig. 465,) and those which preceded, were intended to prevent the emancipation of people of color in this State, where their presence could not fail to be injurious to the slave population.” And in aid of this ground, the Court adds, “ the policy of our legislation, since 1798, has certainly been unfavorable to the increase of slaves within the State. The Constitution of that date, roundly prohibits the importation of slaves into this State from Africa or other foreign places, after the first day of October of that year.”
In the next of the cases, the decision is, in the same brief manner, put upon the same ground.
In the third of the cases, the Court say, “ owners can, in their lifetime, carry or send their slaves to the coast of Africa, to be colonized, or elsewhere, for the purpose of freeing them.” “ We hold it equally certain, that they can direct the same thing to be done by their executors after their death. Foreign emancipation neither conflicts with the letter or spirit of our municipal regulations relative to this subject. On the contrary, it is in accordance with our declared policy.” “Domestic emancipation” however, is, the Court says, against “ the settled and uniform policy of our Legislature.” And the Court says that both of these dispositions are sustained by the Apt of 1817, which “ empowers the Governor to cause to be sold, all negroes, mulattoes or persons of color, who may be brought into this State in violation of the Act of the United States, to prohibit the importation of slaves into this country after the first day of January, 1808.” The third section of the Act providing, that “ if, previous to any sale of any such persons of color, the society for the colonization of free persons of color within the United States, will undertake to *161transport them to Africa or any other foreign place which they may procure as a colony for free persons of color, at the’ sole expense of said Society, and shall likewise pay to His-Excellency, the Governor, all expenses incurred by the State since they -have been captured and condemned — His Excellency, the Governor, is authorized and requested to aid in promoting the benevolent views of stick Society, in such manner as he may deem expedient.”
The decision in Cooper vs. Blakey, the last of the four cases, is put upon the ground, that the question had already been decided in the case of Vance vs. Crawford.
Are these decisions sufficient to overthrow the argument which I have advanced ? I think not.
I admit that decisions are excellent evidence of the meaning of a Statute, if the language of the Statute give a doubtful meaning. But if the language of the Statute give a clear meaning, I deny that it is in the power of one or two, or any number of decisions, to make the Statute give a different meaning. If the language of a Statute is clear, I deny that a Court is oven at liberty to look beyond the language for a meaning — to look, for example, to what it may deem the spirit and reason, or as it is more vaguely called, the policy of the Statute.
If, in such a case, a Court is at liberty to look beyond the language for a meaning — if a Court is at liberty to hold that the Legislature did not mean what it says, then it follows, I insist, that whát is law, does not depend on what the Legislature says, but on w'hat the Judiciary says; and this, it seems, to me, is to make the Judiciary potentially the Legislature., If, therefore, in such a case, a Court should go beyond the-language of the Statute for a meaning, and place its decision, upon the meaning thence obtained, the decision, in my opinion, would be one to be utterly -disregarded in any future interpretation of the Statute.
Now, this, I think, is just what these decisions do. And the argument which I have advanced, it seems to me, shows, *162it. Let us apply some small part of that argument to these*" decisions.
The Act of 1801 says : “ it shall not be lawful for any' person or persons, to manumit,” &c. “in any other manner or form than by an application to the Legislature for that purpose.”
These decisions say it shall be lawful for a person to manumit in another manner than by an application to the Legislature, viz : in any manner at all, which shall have the effect to carry the manumitted slaves out of the State to any place at which they may enjoy freedom.
Thcso decisions, then, it is evident, have to go beyond the* language of this Act, to find a meaning on which they can place themselves. And what is remarkable of this Statutej is, that beyond this language of it, there is nothing to which they can go for such a meaning. This Statute is without a preamble. The Act of 1818, with its preamble, is a subsequent Statute, as is, also, the Act of 1817, referred to in Vance vs. Crawford.
The Act of 1818, by title and body both, is only to enforce and add to this Act of 1801.
These decisions, then, being, as it appears to me, contrary to the plain language of the Act of 1801, are not at all to-be regarded in the interpretation of that Act.
Then, as to the Act of 1818, the language of the fourth section is: “ all and every will and testament, deed,” &c. “ made and executed for the purpose of effecting, or endeavoring to-effect, the manumission of any slave or slaves’” &e. “shall-be, and the same are hereby declared to be utterly null and’ void,” &c. This language makes no exception. “All and every;” there can bo no “will,” &'c. for emancipation which these terms do not include.
Yet, these decisions say that any will made for the purpose of . effecting the manumission of slaves, is not utterly null and void; but is good and valid, if the manumission to be effected, be a manumission not to be enjoyed in the State, but in some other place, it makes no difference what other. And *163for a meaning to rest on, they all go, or seem to go, beyond these words to the preamble; and one of them, Vance vs. Crawford, goes, also, to the Act of 1817.
Admitting that the decisions may, in the case of this Statute, .go to the preamble to hunt for a meaning by which to support themselves, I say they find none there. I say, that in the preamble is to be found nothing inconsistent with the universality of the prohibition contained in the words aforesaid, quoted from the body — nothing which is not entirely consistent with that universality — for, conceding that the preamble means no more than to prevent the increase of free persons of color within the State, yet, is it possible to conceive of any more effectual way to do that, than to prevent slaves from becoming free persons at all — and that is the way to do if; which, by these words, in the body of the Act, is prescribed.
These decisions, then, are, as it appears to me, contrary, also,oto the clear language of the Act of 1818 ; and that being so, I deny that they can receive any support from the Act of 1817, even if that Act were such that it could not be read as perfectly consistent with the language of the Act of 1818; for the Act of 1818 is, of the two, the later Act.
And the decisions so being, as it appears to me, contrary to the clear language of the Act of 1818, they are, as I think, to be also disregarded in the interpretation of that Act.
And this, to one who entertains the opinions, as to the interpretation and observance of Statutes, which I entertain, would be enough to show these decisions insufficient to prevent this will from falling before these Statutes.
But these decisions seem, all, to have been put mainly, if not altogether, upon the notion that there is a sort of understood “policy” of the State which sanctions such decisions; and, therefore, it will be no more than respectful to the decisions that I briefly notice this notion; though, in doing so, I may have to pass into a region which I deem entirely exterior to the case — the region of policy.
•What, then, are the decisions ? The first of them is, that •a will which permits slaves-to go to theAfrican Colony,” *164is valid ; the second is, that a will which directs slaves, ’ in case they could not be freed by the Legislature, to be sent “ where it can bo done, out of the State,” is valid ; the third is, that a will which gives slaves to the Colonization Society “ for the purpose of being sent to Liberia,” is valid ; and the third is, that a will which directs the executor to “ take a slave to his residence in Kentucky, and as soon as she can be manumitted by the laws of said State, to have it doné ; but should the laws of Kentucky be adverse to manumission,” then to take the slave to some other State, whore she might “ become free.”
These are the decisions, and they seem to be characterized by a kind of growth: the first, sanctioning an act of manumission, by which the freedom given is to be enjoyed in the “African Colony”; the last, an act of manumission, by which the freedom given is, if possible, to be enjoyed in Kentucky, a slave State of this Union. - If, in this last case, the will had said South Carolina or Alabama, instead of Kentucky, it is plain that it would have been sustained by the principle of this decision. This last decision then, in principle, amounts to saying, that if all the men in Augusta should, by wills, manumit their slaves and direct them to'bo carried .across the river, four hundred yards, into Hamburg, the wills would bo valid unless there should be something in the laws •of South Carolina to make the wills invalid.
Now I must say, that decisions of this import are not sanctioned by any-policy of the State with which I am acquainted.
What is policy — the policy of a State? and where is to be found the evidence of such policy ? I suppose that the policy of a State, on any subject, is the general inclination of the State on that subject, and that the evidence of what_that inclination is, we are to seek’ for in the laws and Acts of the State, taken as a Avhole, on thaf subject.
What policy, then, do the laws and Acts of this State show to be the State’s in reference to emancipation? The earliest Act on the subject, that of 1801, makes, as avc have seen, *165•every form of manumission, except that founded on an appliveation to the Legislature, unlawful.
The Act of 1818 does tlie same thing. It is true, that this Act, in its preamble, recites that sound policy, considered in reference to the free citizens of this State, and the exercise <of humanity towards the slave population within the same, requires that the number of free persons within the State should not be increased by manumission, or by the admission of such ■persons from other States to reside therein. But if a manumission that retained the manumitted within the State, would be bad for the free citizens, and bad for the slave population, a manumission that sent the manumitted into a neighboring State, or even into a distant country, would be also bad for both, but bad in a less degree. If the former sort of .manumission would be calculated to produce among the slave population discontent, to be followed, on their part, by insubordination, massacre of free citizens, insurrection, and on the ;part of the free citizens, by a war of repression, with its sequel of punishments, and measures of.precaution against the happening of such occurrences again, the latter sort of manumission would be calculated to produce the same things, but only, perhaps, a little less calculated to do so.’ The great generic fact, fi-eedom, would be common to both sorts, and it is this, that rising like a' lone mountain, to be seen by all eyes far and near, would be the chief disturber of the unmanumitted slaves. That-this manumission was of the kind to be enjoyed in some other State of this Union, or even in some foreign country, rather than in this State, might perhaps make the manumission the more potent as a disturber, upon the principle, that “ it is distance that lends enchantment to the view.” In manumission, in which the manumated remained in the State, the facilities for communication and combination between the manumitted and the unmanumitted, would, it is true, be greater than they would in the manumission, in which the manumitted were sent abroad. And this is the main, if not the only difference, between the *166two kinds. But in the latter kind, these facilities would, at this day, be very great.
The reason, then, why the preamble of the Act declares it tojbe against sound policy, that slaves should be manumitted, to enjoy their freedom within the State, exists, in a great degree, to make it against sound policy, that slaves should be manumitted to enjoy their freedom out of the State.
And to the aid of this condemnation of this latter kind of manumission, afforded by the reason of the preamble, comes the body of the Act, with its sweeping clause, and says that “all and every will,” &c. for the purposes of manumission, shall bo void.
■ And this being so, there is nothing, as I think, in this preamble of the Act of 1818, to show it the policy of Georgia to tolerate emancipation, which is to be enjoyed abroad.
These two Acts then — the Act of 1801 and that of 1818, condemn every species of emancipation except one: that founded on an application to the Legislature. And they are the great, leading Acts on the subject. They, therefore, are the Acts to which, if to any, we are to go, to find out what is the policy of the State, as to emancipation.
These Acts, then, testify that every sort of emancipation is forbidden by the policy of the State.
There is another Act of the State, which bears high witness against the sort of emancipation that is to be enjoyed in the free, States. The action of the State Convention of 1850, shows the State to feel a deep solicitude in the recovery of fugitive slaves, and especially, in the execution of the “fugitive slave law,” But every manumitted slave that may be sent from the State to a free State, will make more difficult the recovery of such slaves, and the execution of that law. It is notorious, that the free negroes of the free States take a most active and efficient part in the scenes of violence and frequently of bloodshed, "which attend attempts to recover fugitive slaves... Is it the policy of the State to make the recovery of. fugitive, slaves,' -in the future, more difficult than it is at present ?
*167There are acts from which it is to be inferred, that emancipation, whether to be enjoyed at home or abroad, is not according to the policy of Georgia. There is no Act which I know of, that authorizes the inference, that emancipation, to be enjoyed abroad, is according to the policy of the State.
The Act of 1817, which is cited in Vance vs. Crawford, as authorizing tin's inference, does not, in my opinion, at all authorize it. The Act authorizes and requests the Governor to-aid the Colonization Society in sending the Africans back to “ Africa or any other foreign place which” the Society might “procure as a colony for free persons of color;” it does not authorize or request him to aid in sending them to Indiana or Illinois, or to any other State of this Union. And these Africans^ — what, under the Act of Congress, was their true condition, was a vexed question. One thing is certain, their condition was such as to make it a perplexing matter to the State what to do in reference to them. (Daw. Com. Res. 5, 41, 56, 65. Acts, 310.) The leading idea, too, in the Act is, that the Africans were to be sold by the Governor into-slavery.- I submit that no evidence of one policy or another,’ in regard to the question of emancipating native slaves, is to be drawn from this Act.
There remain the several Acts of the State on the subject of the traffic in slaves between this State and the other slave States. This traffic has sometimes been forbidden, sometimes permitted. But .although the traffic has at times been forbidden,, and is now 'forbidden, the introduction of slaves from the slave States - into this, by citizen's of this State, or by immigrants into this State, for use and not for sale, has, I believe, never been prohibited.
But surely it is putting a degree of violence on these Acts, to make them bear witness in favor of the existence of a policy on the part of the State, to sanction any sort of emancipation. The most that can be said of any of these Acts, even the prohibitory ones, is, that they are not evidence of a policy that would increase the number of slaves within the State. It certainly cannot be said of any of them, that it is evidence of *168a policy that would diminish the number of slaves already within the State. But these Acts, as I conceive, were the result of mingled motives, but of which none was a motive of' abolition. The main reason for their enactment was, I think, a fear that this traffic, if permitted, would in the end, empty the more northern of the slave States of their slaves, and thus convert those States from friends and allies, into enemies and assailants. The chief reason was, I think, not at all to promote abolition in this State, but to prevent abolition in other States. Another reason was, no doubt, a disposition to keep the proportion of the free population to the slave from being materially changed. And avarice, probably, had some-degree of influence — the avarice of the slaveholders already in the State, the value of whoso slaves would be diminished, as the supply from abroad should be increased.
And, doubtless, it was reasons of this kind, and perhaps-others, which caused the State to insert in its Constitution a section prohibiting the importation of slaves from Africa and' other foreign places, but permitting the importation from the-other slave States.
I deny, however, that from this section of the Constitution or from any Act of the State or of the State Legislature, any inference, whatever, is to be drawn in support of the proposition, that the State has ever favored or sanctioned.a policy of emancipation or abolition of any sort. I maintain that no-Act of the State furnishes evidence of a wish that the number of slaves in the State should, in any mode, be diminished ,- and that the very most that can be drawn from any Act or Acts of the State, is, that the State did not wish the number of slaves increased.
I have thus gone to all the sources known to me, from which evidence of what is the “ policy” of the State on the-subject of emancipation could be obtained. And the result, I think, is, first, as I have just stated it, viz : that there exists no evidence going to show a policy on the part of the-State in favor of any mode of diminishing the number of slaves within the State. Secondly, that there does exist evi*169tlence of the most decisive kind — evidence consisting in. the plainest declarations of the Legislature — going to show a policy on the part of the State, hostile to every species of emancipation whatever.
Concluding this part of Lhc subject, I may say that, in my opinion, what is the policy or most general view of the State, on the subject of emancipation, is to be gathered from the earliest Act on the subject: the Act of 1801, in which she says that it shall “not be lawful” to manumit, “in any other manner or form than by an application to the Legislature for that purpose.” In this declaration, standing in force to this day, I think I see a disposition on the part of the State, to make every instance of emancipation, however small, a question of State. This, I think, is, and has ever been, the " policy” of the State.
The result, then, is, that.I find nothing in these decisions to shake my confidence in the conclusions to which I had come in my argument, made before taking up the decisions for consideration. That argument was, as 1 thought, and as I think, supported by the plain language and the evident meaning of two Statutes; and if it was, it ought to prevail, I feel confident, over any number of judicial decisions. 'It seems to me that if, in the face of the Act of 1801, which says that the slave owner shall manumit in no other way than on — eby an application to the Legislature; wo can hold that such owner may yet do it in any other way, provided only he sends, the slaves manumitted out of the State; so anxious are we to get rid of slavery, wo can, in the face of the Constitution,, which says that the Legislature shall have no power to pass-laws for the emancipation of slaves in any other way than one, viz : by consent of the owner, equally, as well hold that the Legislature has, notwithstanding, power to pass laws for general emancipation in any. way it pleases, with or without the consent of owners, provided only it sends away the slaves manumitted. If it is the policy of the State.to be rid :of slavery, provided it can alsq be rid of the slaves;, and if this-*170policy is so potent as to permit the citizen to disregard the" words of a Statute, is it not potent enough to permit the Legislature to disregard the words of the constitution ?
I dissent from the judgment of the Court in these two cases. I think the will was void.