Court Opinion

ID: 4702328
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-09 09:07:41.290885+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:23.950914
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS

MONTE SHEARER,                                                         UNPUBLISHED
                                                                       July 8, 2021
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                      No. 348418
                                                                       Roscommon Circuit Court
AMERICAN OAK RESORT and ART JENSEN,                                    LC No. 16-723124-NO

               Defendants-Appellants.

Before: MURRAY, C.J., and M. J. KELLY and RICK, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

         Defendants, Art Jensen and American Oak Resort, appeal as of right a judgment for
plaintiff, Monte Shearer, entered after a jury trial. Plaintiff was injured after falling through a dock
at the resort, which is owned by Jensen. Plaintiff sued defendants for negligence. Defendants
initially failed to participate in discovery, and a default was entered against them with regard to
liability. The trial court conducted a jury trial pertaining solely to damages. On appeal, defendants
take issue with the entry of the default and with the trial court’s decisions to require defendants to
post a bond and to sanction defendants for denying certain requests for admission (RFAs). We
affirm.

                                            I. DEFAULT

        Defendants contend that the entry of default with regard to liability must be reversed
because the trial court failed to analyze pertinent caselaw factors pertaining to defaults.1 A
problem with defendants’ argument, however, is that they did not challenge the default until they
filed a motion for reconsideration. In fact, in a written motion in August 2018 and during oral
arguments that same month, defendants’ attorney affirmatively represented that he was not

1
  Defendants also complain that the court clerk was not authorized to enter the default, but this
argument is irrelevant because the trial court reaffirmed the entry of default in an order dated
June 28, 2017. In other words, even assuming, for purposes of argument, that the clerk’s entry of
default was erroneous, any error was later cured.

                                                  -1-
challenging the entry of default regarding liability but was simply seeking a full trial on damages.
As stated in Varran v Granneman, 312 Mich App 591, 623; 880 NW2d 242 (2015), “Waiver is
the voluntary and intentional relinquishment of a known right. One who waives his rights under
a rule may not then seek appellate review of a claimed deprivation of those rights, for his waiver
has extinguished any error.” (Cleaned up.) Further, “[a] party is not allowed to assign as error on
appeal something which his or her own counsel deemed proper . . . since to do so would permit
the party to harbor error as an appellate parachute.” Marshall Lasser, PC v George, 252 Mich
App 104, 109; 651 NW2d 158 (2002) (cleaned up). The issue has been waived.2

        After defendants obtained a new attorney, Philip Ellison, they filed a motion for
reconsideration of the order of default, arguing, in part, that the court failed to analyze proper
caselaw factors and alternatives on the record before entering the default. This Court “review[s]
for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision on a motion for reconsideration. An abuse of
discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes.”
Macomb Co Dep’t of Human Servs v Anderson, 304 Mich App 750, 754; 849 NW2d 408 (2014)
(cleaned up).3

         MCR 2.119(F)(3) states, in pertinent part, that the party seeking reconsideration, to obtain
relief, “must demonstrate a palpable error by which the court and the parties have been misled and
show that a different disposition of the motion must result from correction of the error.”

       MCR 2.313(B)(2) states, in part:

                Sanctions by Court in Which Action Is Pending. If a party or an officer,
       director, or managing agent of a party, or a person designated under
       MCR 2.306(B)(5) or 2.307(A)(1) to testify on behalf of a party, fails to obey an
       order to provide or permit discovery, including an order entered under subrule (A)
       of this rule or under MCR 2.311, the court in which the action is pending may order
       such sanctions as are just, including, but not limited to the following:

2
  Even if the issue is deemed merely unpreserved, see Vushaj v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich,
284 Mich App 513, 519; 773 NW2d 758 (2009) (“Where an issue is first presented in a motion for
reconsideration, it is not properly preserved.”), it was not plainly erroneous for the court to fail to
engage in an analysis in which it was not asked to engage, especially when defendants’ attorney
affirmatively represented that he was not going to challenge the entry of a default but was only
going to contest damages, Rental Props Owners Ass’n of Kent Co v Kent Co Treasurer, 308 Mich
App 498, 532; 866 NW2d 817 (2014) (“An unpreserved nonconstitutional claim of error is
reviewed for plain error affecting substantial rights.”).

3
  We note that abuse of discretion is also the standard of review applicable to the setting aside of
a default and to the imposition of discovery sanctions. Huntington Nat’l Bank v Ristich, 292 Mich
App 376, 383; 808 NW2d 511 (2011); Traxler v Ford Motor Co, 227 Mich App 276, 286; 576
NW2d 398 (1998).

                                                 -2-
                                                  * * *

                (c) an order striking pleadings or parts of pleadings, staying further
       proceedings until the order is obeyed, dismissing the action or proceeding or a part
       of it, or rendering a judgment by default against the disobedient party[.]

       In Dean v Tucker, 182 Mich App 27, 32-33; 451 NW2d 571 (1990), the Court stated:

               Among the factors that should be considered in determining the appropriate
       sanction [for the failure to file a witness list] are: (1) whether the violation was
       wilful or accidental, (2) the party’s history of refusing to comply with discovery
       requests (or refusal to disclose witnesses), (3) the prejudice to the defendant, (4)
       actual notice to the defendant of the witness and the length of time prior to trial that
       the defendant received such actual notice, (5) whether there exists a history of
       plaintiff engaging in deliberate delay, (6) the degree of compliance by the plaintiff
       with other provisions of the court’s order, (7) an attempt by the plaintiff to timely
       cure the defect, and (8) whether a lesser sanction would better serve the interests of
       justice. This list should not be considered exhaustive.

In Thorne v Bell, 206 Mich App 625, 632-633; 522 NW2d 711 (1994), the Court stated:

               Before imposing the sanction of a default judgment, a trial court should
       consider whether the failure to respond to discovery requests extends over a
       substantial period of time, whether an existing discovery order was violated, the
       amount of time that has elapsed between the violation and the motion for a default
       judgment, the prejudice to defendant, and whether wilfulness has been shown. The
       court should evaluate other options before concluding that a drastic sanction is
       warranted. The sanction of a default judgment should be used only when there has
       been a flagrant and wanton refusal to facilitate discovery. [Citations omitted.]

In Traxler v Ford Motor Co, 227 Mich App 276, 286; 576 NW2d 398 (1998), the Court listed the
Thorne factors as “factors that a trial court should consider before ordering a default[.]” In
Vincencio v Ramirez, 211 Mich App 501, 506-507; 536 NW2d 280 (1995), this Court, in
discussing a sanction for a party’s failure to appear at trial, stated:

               Dismissal is a drastic step that should be taken cautiously. Before imposing
       such a sanction, the trial court is required to carefully evaluate all available options
       on the record and conclude that the sanction of dismissal is just and proper. Here,
       because the trial court did not evaluate other available options on the record, it
       abused its discretion in dismissing the case. [Cleaned up.]

       In the present case, the court issued a lengthy opinion in denying the motion for
reconsideration. The court outlined how Jensen had failed to answer discovery requests, failed to
appear at his scheduled deposition, and failed to maintain contact with his attorney. The court also

                                                 -3-
indicated that even after an order to compel was issued, Jensen failed to comply. The court noted
that Jensen did not provide discovery or obtain counsel (or appear in propria persona) as ordered.4

       The court’s opinion adequately demonstrated its belief that there had been a “flagrant and
wanton refusal to facilitate discovery.” Thorne, 206 Mich App at 633. The court’s opinion
revealed “its reasons for imposing such a grave sanction in order to allow for meaningful appellate
review.” Kalamazoo Oil Co v Boerman, 242 Mich App 75, 88; 618 NW2d 66 (2000). Given the
repeated and numerous discovery violations, the court did not abuse its discretion by concluding
that no error requiring correction had occurred and that the default with regard to liability was
appropriate. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that one of Jensen’s own attorneys stated at
a June 2017 hearing that “given the track record in this case, in my preliminary discussions with
my client I don’t see that I have enough to [vacate the default].”

          Defendants claim that the court never considered other options on the record. However, at
an August 2017 hearing, the court, when analyzing the proper extent of a proposed trial on
damages, cited favorably to Kalamazoo Oil and stated that “the facts of the case here with regard
to . . . discovery abuses and the [c]ourt sanction are almost spot on to a tee the abuses that took
place in Kalamazoo Oil.” In Kalamazoo Oil, id. at 77-78, the defendant failed to comply with
discovery and failed to appear for his deposition, and a default was entered. This Court affirmed,
stating: “The record reveals defendant’s deliberate noncompliance with court rules and a discovery
order in addition to what the trial court evidently viewed as an attempt to mislead the court and
disrupt the progression of the lawsuit. The trial court recognized that such manipulation of the
legal process is deserving of severe sanction.” Id. at 89. The trial court’s mention of Kalamazoo
Oil and its other statements in the record show that it adequately considered whether the drastic
sanction of a default was appropriate. While it is true that the court’s statements at the August
2017 hearing occurred after its June 28, 2017 order granting the default, the court cited to the
August 17 hearing in responding to defendants’ motion for reconsideration, in which defendants
had argued that “[a] clear record must be made to determine whether the [caselaw] factors warrant
the continued imposition of the harshest penalty the discovery rules may impose.”

        The upshot is that although the court did not initially review the relevant factors (because
it had not been asked to do so), the court thoroughly analyzed the Kalamazoo Oil factors in denying
defendant’s motion for reconsideration. There is no basis for reversal.5

4
 After the initial discovery violations and entry of the order to compel, the court gave Jensen 30
days to obtain a different attorney and 45 days to provide discovery. He met neither deadline.
5
  Defendants complain that the court’s earlier orders regarding a 30-day stay for Jensen to obtain
an attorney and a 45-day period for Jensen to provide discovery were confusing. But the court
clearly stated at a March 2017 hearing that “there’s an additional 15 days that [Jensen] would have
after counsel to address” discovery. The court explicitly pointed out that if the timeline was
difficult for the new attorney, “accommodation” could be made. No “confusion” is apparent.
Defendants also claim that plaintiff’s attorney filed for a default before the expiration of the 45-
day period, but this is irrelevant because the initial default was not entered until after the expiration

                                                  -4-
                                             II. BOND

        Defendants contend that the court erred by requiring defendants to post a $20,000 cash
bond under MCR 2.109(A) because that court rule indicates that a bond for costs can be required
only upon the motion of a party “against whom a claim has been asserted[.]” Defendants state that
a defendant may request that a plaintiff be required to post a bond and that the court erred by
requiring defendants to post a bond. Defendants contend that the bond amounted to an improper
prejudgment attachment of funds in order to satisfy the ultimate judgment and that plaintiff must
be required to return any funds received from the bond.

        Although defendants did initially argue below that the “[c]ourt can’t impose security at all
on a defendant” and argued that the bond order should be vacated, after trial, defense counsel
Ellison argued that out of the $20,000 that had been provided by Jensen, $14,000 should be
allocated to Ellison because Jensen had not paid him. Ellison had filed an attorney’s lien against
Jensen’s property and argued that the $20,000 in bond money was part of this property. Plaintiff’s
counsel, Leonard Miller, argued that the money was to be used “for the benefit of plaintiff’s costs,
attorney fees, and sanctions.” The court stated that it would release $5,600 of the money to Miller
for attorney fees in connection with RFA violations and that amounts for “costs” would be
“hash[ed] out later.”

        In July 2019, Ellison appeared on a motion to withdraw as defendants’ counsel on the basis
of a lack of communication and payment. He stated that he and Miller had resolved their dispute
over how to use the bond money. The agreement was reflected in the court’s July 8, 2019 order.
The order provided that $15,000 was to be released to plaintiff and his attorney and was to be used
toward payment of plaintiff’s costs and attorney fees. It provided that the remaining $5,000 was
to be released to defendants. The register of actions shows that the bond money was, in fact,
disbursed consistent with the order.

        This sequence of events shows that defendants, through their attorney, agreed to how the
bond would be disbursed and agreed that $15,000 of it would go to plaintiff and his counsel. The
current argument that plaintiff must return the funds received has been waived. Varran, 312 Mich
App at 623.

       In addition, although the trial court initially ordered the bond under MCR 2.109, after
various arguments were made about the bond, the court later clarified that it was imposing the
bond not under MCR 2.109 but as a “sanction” under MCR 2.313(B)(2). The court noted that
Jensen’s obstructionism had “required various hearings and procedures that otherwise would not
have been necessary at great expense to the plaintiff.” Defendants’ question presented on appeal
and the substance of their arguments focus on MCR 2.109. The question presented and the

of the period, and it not in dispute that defendants did not meet either the 30-day deadline to obtain
an attorney or the 45-day deadline to provide discovery.

                                                 -5-
arguments are based on a faulty premise and therefore provide no basis for reversal even despite
the affirmative waiver of the issue.

      III. SANCTIONS IN CONNECTION WITH THE REQUESTS FOR ADMISSION

        Defendants contend that the trial court erred by concluding that defendants, under
MCR 2.313(C)(2), would be required to pay for plaintiff’s expenses in establishing certain facts
that defendants had denied in response to plaintiff’s RFAs. MCR 2.313(C)(2) states:

               Failure to Admit. If a party denies the genuineness of a document, or the
       truth of a matter as requested under MCR 2.312, and if the party requesting the
       admission later proves the genuineness of the document or the truth of the matter,
       the requesting party may move for an order requiring the other party to pay the
       expenses incurred in making that proof, including attorney fees. The court shall
       enter the order unless it finds that

               (a) the request was held objectionable pursuant to MCR 2.312,

               (b) the admission sought was of no substantial importance,

              (c) the party failing to admit had reasonable ground to believe that he or she
       might prevail on the matter, or

               (d) there was other good reason for the failure to admit.

The imposition of sanctions under MCR 2.313(C) is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Phinisee
v Rogers, 229 Mich App 547, 561-562; 582 NW2d 852 (1998).

        Plaintiff, by way of the RFAs, sought to establish that Jensen had “caused” an unlicensed
private investigator to attach GPS (global-positioning system) tracking devices to plaintiff’s and
plaintiff’s wife’s vehicles.6

        Jensen testified at a February 2018 hearing that he had hired Chris Bunge to investigate
plaintiff to obtain evidence to use in the litigation. Jensen claimed that he did not direct Bunge to
place any tracking devices and “actually gave him specific instructions not to do anything . . . like
that.” But plaintiff’s counsel, Miller, later asked how Terry Frasier (from whom Bunge obtained
the trackers) came to possess the trackers. Jensen said, “[H]e bought them.” Miller asked, “Did
you fund them, did you say get them, did you have anything to do him [sic], would Terry—”
Crucially, Jensen replied, “Absolutely.” Miller asked what Jensen’s “involvement was,” and
Jensen answered, “Well, I—I you know, at the time we didn’t know what was legal, what wasn’t
legal so, yeah, Chris was going to Terry’s house so Terry got them, yes.” Miller asked, “In your

6
  Jensen was attempting to obtain photographic evidence that plaintiff’s injury was not as
incapacitating as plaintiff was claiming.

                                                -6-
direction?” Jensen replied, “Yes.” Miller also asked, “You caused Mr. Bunge to be in possession
of the tracking device[s]?” Jensen answered, “Yes.”

        Bunge testified that Jensen hired him to surveil plaintiff, provided him with two trackers,
and told him how to use the trackers. Bunge said that Jensen knew he had placed the trackers on
plaintiff’s and plaintiff’s wife’s vehicles. Bunge explained that he had seemed conciliatory in the
recorded telephone conversations with Jensen that were played at the hearing because Jensen had
not yet paid him in full and he wanted to get the rest of the money owed. On cross-examination,
Bunge said that Jensen had never told him to place the trackers “right now”—i.e., immediately—
but stated, “That’s why he gave them to me though.”

        At an earlier hearing, Bunge was asked, “Did [Jensen] ask you to put trackers on Mr. and
Mrs. Schearers’ [sic] vehicles?” He replied, “Yes.” At the February 2018 hearing, Bunge stated
that he testified truthfully at the earlier hearing.

        Defendants were asked to admit that Jensen “caused, through another person, a tracking
device to be attached to the motor vehicle of” plaintiff and plaintiff’s wife, but they issued a denial.
Defendants contend that they had a reasonable ground to answer as they did. See
MCR 2.313(C)(2)(c). But the trial court acted within its discretion by finding that defendants
denied something later proved to be true7 and that defendants had no reasonable ground for
believing that they might prevail on the matter. Indeed, Jensen himself testified that he paid for
the trackers and directed Bunge to obtain them from Frasier. Bunge affirmed that Jensen knew he
had placed the trackers on plaintiff’s and plaintiff’s wife’s vehicles. No error is apparent with
regard to the court’s ruling, especially given that Jensen’s credibility had been impeached by his
lying with regard to whether he owned the resort where the injury occurred.8

         Defendants take issue with the fact that plaintiff did not file a motion for expenses incurred
in relation to proving the truth of the “trackers” issue. See MCR 2.313(C)(2). However, this is a
disingenuous argument. A sentencing for civil contempt had been pending, and defendants’ own
attorney argued that in lieu of upholding the finding of contempt, the court should deal with the
matter under MCR 2.313. The lack of a motion is irrelevant given that defendants conceded to
proceeding under the court rule.

7
  Plaintiff proved the fact to the court’s satisfaction during the pertinent court hearings. Cf. King
v Mich State Police Dep’t, 303 Mich App 162, 184; 841 NW2d 914 (2013) (“Plaintiffs thus did
not prove the truth of the matter regarding which admissions were requested under MCR 2.312, as
there was no hearing or trial in which plaintiffs were required to do so.”).
8
 Plaintiff, on appeal, states that defendants’ denial that Jensen owned the property in question was
also sanctionable, but the court did not base its sanctions on this particular denial. The court
considered this particular denial only for purposes of character and impeachment.

                                                  -7-
Affirmed. Plaintiff may tax costs as the prevailing party. MCR 7.219(A).

                                                  /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                  /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                  /s/ Michelle M. Rick

                                      -8-