Court Opinion

ID: 4619076
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:39:55.59416+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:30.748112
License: Public Domain

Dezso and Edith Goldner, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentGoldner v. CommissionerDocket No. 44884United States Tax Court27 T.C. 455; 1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22; December 7, 1956, Filed *22 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Petitioner, a majority stockholder in a corporation located in Budapest, Hungary, made advancements to the corporation in 1939 to be used in the corporation's operations.  Petitioner was absent from Hungary during the years 1941 to 1948.  In 1946 the corporation distributed a quantity of veneers to the taxpayer, which veneers were never moved from Budapest.  In 1948, the Hungarian Government nationalized both the corporation's remaining assets and the veneers. Held, the advances made by the petitioner to the corporation in 1939 were contributions to capital and therefore additions to the basis of his stock in the corporation; held, further, petitioner is not entitled to a deduction under section 23 (g), I. R. C. 1939, for worthlessness of stock on account of the nationalization of the corporation's assets in 1948; held, further, petitioner is entitled to a loss deduction under section 23 (e) (2), I. R. C. 1939, in connection with the veneers owned by him and nationalized in 1948; and held, further, petitioner is entitled to a deduction of traveling expenses incurred in 1948 in connection with his efforts to sell the veneers*23  in that year.  Milton Pariser, Esq., for the petitioners.Robert J. Cowan, Esq., for the respondent.  Mulroney, Judge.  MULRONEY *455  The respondent determined a deficiency in the petitioners' income tax for the year 1948 in the amount of $ 2,427.78.  The issues are (1) whether the petitioners are entitled to a loss deduction of $ 134,009.53, either under section 23 (e) (1) or section 23 (e) (2) of the 1939 Internal Revenue Code, as a result of the alleged nationalization in 1948 of a quantity of veneers located in Budapest, Hungary; (2) whether the petitioners are entitled to a long-term capital loss in the amount of $ 34,147.60 due to the worthlessness of stock in a corporation allegedly nationalized in 1948 by the Hungarian*25  Government; (3) whether the petitioners are entitled to a deduction of $ 2,518 as expenses incurred in disposing of a quantity of veneers; and (4) whether the petitioners may deduct as a business expense the amount of $ 1,342.03 expended by them, as transferees of Ruger Associates, Inc., for litigation expenses in a court action against the corporation.FINDINGS OF FACT.Some of the facts were orally stipulated at the trial and they are hereby incorporated by this reference.Petitioners, husband and wife, reside in New York, New York, and they filed a joint Federal income tax return for the year 1948 with the then collector of internal revenue for the third district of New York.  Dezso Goldner will hereinafter be called the petitioner.*456  On October 20, 1933, the petitioner, together with his brothers Charles and Nicholas, formed a corporation under the name Dunavolgyi Fiapar Es Fabehozatali RT (hereinafter called the corporation) to establish a sawmill in Budapest, Hungary, and to import wood products.  Petitioner and his two brothers at this time controlled four other corporations, located in Czechoslovakia, Roumania, and England, which were engaged in the general lumber *26  business.  The corporation was authorized to issue 1,500 shares of stock at 100 pengos per share.  Petitioner subscribed to 68 per cent of the shares, or 1,020 shares, and the balance of the shares was purchased by his brothers, Nicholas and Charles, 12 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively.  The corporation issued receipts to the three brothers to represent their respective interests.  No stock was ever actually issued since the corporation was organized as an "anonyme societe." On November 29, 1933, the petitioner made a payment of approximately 30,000 pengos toward the subscription price and on July 10, 1936, he paid the balance, amounting to approximately 70,000 pengos. The official rate of exchange of the pengo in dollars was as follows:Dec. 31, 1933.278000Dec. 31, 1936.197750Dec. 31, 1939.176012Dec. 31, 1940.197700The cost basis of petitioner's stock in the corporation was $ 22,182.50.  In the agreement establishing the corporation it was agreed that "in case the original capital should not be enough [for the operation of the business] * * * without any special agreement the contracting parties will furnish the required capital."In 1939 the petitioner*27  advanced to the corporation 763,854.32 pengos to be used for the operating expenses of the corporation.  Charles also advanced smaller amounts to the corporation at various times.  Petitioner received no note or security from the corporation in connection with the advancements. The corporation did not have to pay interest on this sum, and there was no due date for the repayment of these advances by the corporation.  No repayments had been made by the corporation to the petitioner on account of these advancements by June 5, 1942.Petitioner left Hungary in April 1940 to go to England on a business trip and was prevented from returning by the outbreak of war in Europe.  He came to the United States in May 1941.  Petitioner had funds on deposit in this country and he acquired interests in a real estate corporation and in a corporation engaged in the business of importing merchandise, both in New York, New York.  Petitioner became an officer in both corporations and he received a salary for his services.  Petitioner was engaged briefly in the lumber business in the United States in the years 1941 and 1942.*457  Charles Goldner was the manager of the corporation in Budapest from *28  1933 to 1946 and Nicholas undertook the management of the corporation when Charles left Hungary in 1946.  Petitioner was familiar with the business activities of the corporation, though not in all details.  The corporation did an extensive business prior to World War II.  The corporation leased property under long-term lease in the vicinity of Budapest and erected the necessary buildings for use in the lumber business.On June 5, 1942, the United States declared war on Hungary.  The corporation suffered heavy damage and losses of assets during the war, and after the cessation of hostilities on January 20, 1945, the sawmill, in damaged condition, and approximately 5 million square feet of veneers were the only assets remaining to the corporation.  The corporation's office was destroyed in 1944 and most of the corporation's books and records were lost.  Repairs were made to the sawmill and it was rented to another corporation.  The sawmill was in operation in 1948.The veneers had been placed in eight different basements in Budapest during the war.  The value of these veneers depended upon whether the market for them was in Hungary, England, or in the United States.  In 1946 approximately*29  3,100,000 square feet of veneers, some of which were damaged, were transferred by the corporation to the petitioner.  The veneers were not moved out of the basements at the time of this transfer.  Petitioner corresponded with various parties in Europe and in South America in an effort to sell the veneers transferred to him.  Early in 1948 petitioner went to Hungary to dispose of the veneers. He was not successful and he returned to the United States in March of the same year.  In March 1948 a "Commissioner" of the Hungarian Government took over the property of the corporation as well as the veneers which had been transferred to the petitioner.  From March to October 1948, Nicholas Goldner was not allowed to go into the office of the corporation.  He left Budapest in October 1948.In 1948 a judgment was rendered against Ruger Associates, Inc., in which the petitioner was a 50 per cent stockholder, in favor of the Howie Construction Company, for additional expenses incurred in the construction of a building for the Ruger corporation.  The Ruger corporation paid out of its own checking account the amount of $ 6,752.99, which covered the amount of the judgment as well as legal fees and*30  expert witness fees incidental to the trial.  The bills and statements by the attorneys and witnesses in connection with this litigation were rendered to the Ruger corporation.  In 1946 the Ruger corporation had been liquidated and the petitioner had received a liquidating dividend of $ 6,554.85 which was reported by him in that year as a long-term capital gain.  Petitioner, as transferee, was liable for his portion of the judgment against the Ruger corporation, and *458  to meet this transferee liability he deposited his personal check in the amount of $ 3,650 to the account of the Ruger corporation in 1948.Petitioner claimed a deduction of $ 3,376.50 as an expense in his income tax return for the year 1948 in connection with the payment made by him to the account of the Ruger corporation.  Respondent disallowed this amount as an expense deduction but allowed, as a long-term capital loss, the amount of $ 1,565.51.  Petitioner claimed as an ordinary loss on his return for 1948 the amount of $ 134,009.53 for the veneers allegedly nationalized by the Hungarian Government in that year.  Petitioner also claimed a long-term capital loss of $ 20,400 on his return for 1948 for worthless*31  stock in the Budapest corporation.  Respondent disallowed both the ordinary loss deduction of $ 134,009.53 and the long-term capital loss deduction of $ 20,400.  Petitioner claimed a deduction for traveling expenses in the amount of $ 2,518, incurred on a trip to Europe.  Respondent disallowed this deduction in full.The advances of 763,854.32 pengos made by the petitioner to the Budapest corporation in 1939 were contributions to capital.Petitioner incurred expenses of $ 2,518 on his trip in 1948 to Budapest to dispose of the veneers belonging to him.The fair market value of the veneers distributed to the petitioner by the corporation in 1946 was $ 5,000.  The petitioner incurred a loss of $ 5,000 in 1948 due to the nationalization of the veneers by the Hungarian Government in that year.OPINION.The principal issues are whether the petitioner is entitled to a long-term capital loss deduction of $ 34,147.60 1 in 1948 under section 23(g) of the 1939 Internal Revenue Code through the worthlessness of stock owned by him in a corporation located in Budapest, Hungary, and whether he is entitled to a deduction in 1948 under section 23(e) of the 1939 Internal Revenue Code for the loss*32  in that year of certain veneers owned by him in Budapest, Hungary.As shown in the foregoing Findings of Fact, petitioner and his two brothers established the corporation in 1933 for the purpose of operating a sawmill in Budapest, Hungary, and to import various wood products.  When petitioner came to the United States in 1941 his two brothers ran the corporation and in 1948 they had the corporation transfer 3,100,000 square feet of veneers to petitioner in payment of petitioner's 1939 advancement to the corporation of 763,854.32 pengos. The bales of veneers remained in storage in Budapest and petitioner made various efforts to sell them but was unsuccessful and in March 1948 the veneers were "nationalized."*459  Petitioner argues that the advances of 763,854.32 pengos to the*33  corporation in 1939 were loans which were repaid to him in 1946 by the distribution to him by the corporation of approximately 3,100,000 square feet of veneers. He then contends that the nationalization by the Hungarian Government in 1948 of the corporate assets and of the veneers belonging to him caused the stock owned by him in the corporation to become worthless in that year and also resulted in a loss of the veneers in the amount of $ 134,009.53.Petitioner's argument falls at several points.  We believe that the advances made by petitioner to his corporation in 1939 were capital contributions, not loans.  It is not necessary that capital contributions be in proportion to the stockholdings of the various stockholders. Harry Sackstein, 14 T.C. 566">14 T. C. 566; Cambridge Apartment Building Corporation, 44 B. T. A. 617. There was no evidence of the alleged loan, such as a note, and there was no provision for the payment of interest or for the repayment of the "loan" on any fixed date.  See Alfred R. Bachrach, 18 T. C. 479, affirmed per curiam 205 F. 2d 151. The petitioner*34  and his two brothers, who were the only stockholders of the corporation, apparently anticipated that the initial capital of the corporation would prove insufficient and they provided in the agreement establishing the corporation in 1933 that "in case the original capital should not be enough [for the operation of the business] * * * without any special agreement the contracting parties will furnish the required capital." Petitioner's only security for the amounts advanced was the corporation itself.  After a consideration of all the facts we conclude that the advances petitioner made to the corporation in 1939 were contributions to capital, which would increase the basis of the stock held by the petitioner in the corporation.Section 127 (a) (2) and (3)2*36  of the 1939 Internal Revenue Code established a conclusive presumption that the petitioner's investment *460  in the Budapest corporation became worthless when the United States declared war on Hungary in 1942.  Petitioner did not claim any loss deduction for worthless stock in 1942.  Ervin Kenmore, 18 T. C. 754, affd.  205 F.2d 90">205 F. 2d 90. Congress contemplated recoveries of*35  property or interest deemed lost in the war and therefore provided in subsection (c) (1) that "Upon the recovery in the taxable year of any money or property in respect of property considered under subsection (a) as destroyed or seized in any prior taxable year, the amount of such recovery shall be included in gross income to the extent provided in paragraph (2)." Paragraph (2) provides that the amount to be included in gross income is the fair market value of the recovered property "determined as of the date of the recovery," with certain adjustments, with one such adjustment turning upon whether or not "the allowable deductions in prior taxable years on account of the destruction or seizure of property described in subsection (a)" resulted in a reduction of the taxpayer's tax for that year.  Subsection (d) 3 provides for a new basis for the recovered property.  This new basis is the fair market value of the property on the date of recovery, with several adjustments similar to those in subsection (c).It is evident that the petitioner must first establish some new basis for his stock when he recovered it.  We cannot say with any great certainty when this event took place.  Presumably, it occurred when the United States*37  entered into an armistice agreement with the provisional national government of Hungary on January 20, 1945.  Originally, the corporation had issued temporary receipts to the petitioner in lieu of stock, and these temporary receipts had been left behind in Hungary when the petitioner left that country in 1940.  Recovery of property "deemed" lost under section 127 (a) must be proven like any other fact.  As we pointed out in Ervin Kenmore, supra, "there is no provision to the effect that such property, if in existence, 'shall be deemed to have been recovered' upon the happening of some event such as the recapture of the country in which the property was located or the end of hostilities with such country." Assuming, however, that the petitioner recovered his stock in 1945, when hostilities with Hungary ceased, we have no way of placing a value on such stock so that it may *461  acquire a new basis.  Charles Goldner, one of the stockholders, testified that the corporation suffered "very heavy losses" during the war.  Petitioner testified that all of the corporation's structures were destroyed, except for the sawmill, and that other assets of the corporation, *38  except for a concealed quantity of veneers, were "either destroyed or robbed." The sawmill was the only operating asset left to the corporation after the war and it was in a damaged condition. It was subsequently put in operating condition and rented to another corporation.  No attempt is made by the petitioner to establish a fair market value for his stock in 1945, and with the unsatisfactory record before us we are unable even to make an approximation.  Moreover, there is no evidence of the exchange rate in 1945 of pengos to dollars to arrive at some valuation of the petitioner's stock in that year, even if some evidence were produced by the petitioner of the condition of the corporation at the end of the war.Even assuming that the petitioner had established a new basis for his recovered stock in 1945 under section 127 (d), another serious difficulty presents itself in petitioner's argument.  He argues that the nationalization of the corporation in 1948 was the event marking the worthlessness of his stock. We do not have the decree of nationalization before us and we cannot determine its effect.  All we are told is that a "Commissioner of the Government" appeared and took over*39  the operation of the corporation in 1948.  Nothing is said about the stock of the corporation held by the petitioner.  In Erwin de Reitzes-Marienwert, 21 T. C. 846, where the taxpayer claimed a loss for worthless stock in a corporation nationalized by the government of Czechoslovakia, we said:We think the respondent's determination must be sustained.  The property owned by the petitioner was stock in Nitra.  So far as we can ascertain from the record this stock as such was never seized or nationalized or confiscated by Czechoslovakia.  As we read and interpret the decrees of the Czechoslovakian Government on which the petitioner relies, these decrees nationalized the assets of Nitra and not the stock. Perhaps this had the effect of destroying the value of the corporate assets, but even this is not established by the evidence.  The fact remains that the petitioner's stock itself was not seized or confiscated.  We are not overlooking the fact that the petitioner's stock was in April of 1946 turned over to representatives of Czechoslovakia "purportedly" pursuant to Czechoslovakian Decree No. 95.  Nevertheless, the record before us does not contain this*40  decree, we are unable to determine its effect or purpose, and for all that appears, this transfer was made at the voluntary instruction of the petitioner and cannot be considered a seizure or confiscation.We conclude that the petitioner is not entitled to a loss deduction for worthless stock in 1948 through the naturalization of the corporate assets by the Hungarian Government in that year.*462  Petitioner also makes the argument that he is entitled to a loss deduction in 1948 under section 23 (e) of the 1939 Internal Revenue Code due to the nationalization by the Hungarian Government of the veneers transferred to him by the corporation in 1946.  We are convinced that approximately 3,100,000 square feet of veneers were actually transferred to the petitioner by the corporation in 1946.  The evidence as to the fair market value of these veneers in 1946 is very unsatisfactory.  We do know that these veneers, stored in basements throughout the war years, were in damaged condition. There is a strong suggestion in the record that the veneers would command different sums in different countries.  We also know that the valuation problem is further complicated by currency restrictions*41  imposed by the Hungarian Government in 1946.  We do not know the official exchange rate of the pengo in terms of dollars in 1946.  If, in spite of these difficulties, we arrive at some valuation of the veneers in 1946, we still must decide whether, in fact, the veneers were actually nationalized by the Hungarian Government in 1948 and, further, if such a nationalization did take place, whether it had the effect of making the veneers worthless to the petitioner in that year.  There is sufficient testimony that the veneers were taken over by the Hungarian Government in 1948.  The landlord of one of the buildings in which the veneers were stored testified that sometime in 1948 the Hungarian Government began paying rent for the basement in which the veneers were stored.  Another witness testified that the government decree, which nationalized the corporation in 1948, nationalized "everything what [sic] is connected with the corporations." Even if we agree that the nationalization of the veneers did take place in 1948, it is difficult, without the decree itself, to determine just what the Hungarian Government did in that year.We think, after an examination of all the evidence, that*42  the petitioner did suffer a loss under section 23 (e) (2) of the 1939 Internal Revenue Code in connection with the veneers in 1948.  It is manifest that the petitioner's efforts to dispose of the veneers constituted a "transaction entered into for profit" within the meaning of that section.  In determining the amount of the loss, however, we are confronted with the difficulties outlined in the preceding paragraph.  We know the veneers were in a damaged condition when they were distributed to the petitioner in 1946.  Currency restrictions were in existence in Hungary in that year.  We do not know the official exchange rate of the pengo in terms of dollars in 1946.  There is no evidence of the value of comparable veneers in Hungary in 1946.  There is evidence that the veneers would command different prices depending upon the country in which they were sold.  Using our best judgment with the evidence on hand, we have found that the veneers *463  distributed to the petitioner in 1946 had a fair market value of $ 5,000.  We also find, and so hold, that the petitioner is entitled to a deduction of $ 5,000 under section 23 (e) (2) in connection with the nationalization of the veneers*43  by the Hungarian Government in 1948.Petitioner made a trip to Hungary from the United States in 1948 in an unsuccessful effort to sell the veneers. Respondent agrees that expenses in connection with this trip are deductible by the petitioner under section 23 (a) (2) of the 1939 Internal Revenue Code but disputes the amount claimed by the petitioner.  Petitioner claims a deduction of $ 2,518 for traveling expenses covering a period of 61 days.  We have examined the evidence on this point and are convinced that the amount so claimed by the petitioner is deductible in full, and we so hold.The last issue is whether the petitioner may deduct under section 23 (a) of the 1939 Internal Revenue Code certain amounts paid by him as a transferee of Ruger Associates, Inc., in 1948.  Petitioner paid the sum of $ 3,650 as transferee and he concedes $ 2,307.97 is properly deductible in 1948 as a long-term capital loss but he maintains the balance, or $ 1,342.03, is deductible under section 23 (a).Petitioner was a 50 per cent stockholder in Ruger Associates, Inc., which was liquidated in 1946 and paid to the petitioner a liquidating dividend of $ 6,554.85.  In 1948 a judgment was rendered against*44  the Ruger corporation in favor of a construction company for additional costs incurred in the construction of a building for the Ruger corporation.  The Ruger corporation paid the amount of the judgment, $ 6,752.99, which covered the amount of the judgment as well as legal fees and expert witness fees incidental to the trial.  Petitioner's claim that $ 1,342.03 is deductible under section 23 (a) is based on an argument that this portion of what he paid is attributable to attorneys' fees and expert witnesses' fees paid by the corporation in connection with the trial that resulted in the judgment against the corporation.  There is no merit in petitioner's contention.  All bills and statements by the attorneys and the witnesses in the litigation were rendered to the Ruger corporation.  Petitioner's share of the corporation's liability as transferee was $ 3,650.  These expenses were those of the Ruger corporation, not of the petitioner, and the petitioner is not entitled to deduct any portion of them under section 23 (a).  Jacob M. Kaplan, 21 T. C. 134; Hal E. Roach, 20 B. T. A. 919. The entire amount, $ 3,650, paid by the *45  petitioner in 1948 as transferee relates back to the liquidating dividend, received by him and reported as a long-term capital gain in 1946, and it can only be treated by him as a long-term capital loss. Arrowsmith v. Commissioner, 344 U.S. 6">344 U.S. 6.Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Footnotes1. It does not appear from the record how the petitioner computes this amount as the basis of the stock. We have found as a fact that the basis of the 1,020 shares of stock held by the petitioner in the Budapest corporation was $ 22,182.50.↩2. SEC. 127.  WAR LOSSES.(a) Cases in Which Loss Deemed Sustained, and Time Deemed Sustained.  -- For the purposes of this chapter -- * * * *(2) Property in enemy countries.  -- Property within any country at war with the United States, or within an area under the control of any such country on the date war with such country was declared by the United States, shall be deemed to have been destroyed or seized on the date war with such country was declared by the United States.  (3) Investments referable to destroyed or seized property.  -- Any interest in, or with respect to, property described in paragraph (1) or (2) (including any interest represented by a security as defined in section 23 (g) (3) or section 23 (k) (3)) which becomes worthless shall be considered to have been destroyed or seized (and the loss therefrom shall be considered a loss from the destruction or seizure) on the date chosen by the taxpayer which falls between the dates specified in paragraph (1), or on the date prescribed in paragraph (2), as the case may be, when the last property (described in the applicable paragraph) to which the interest relates would be deemed destroyed or seized under the applicable paragraph.  This paragraph shall apply only if the interest would have become worthless if the property had been destroyed. For the purposes of this paragraph, an interest shall be deemed to have become worthless notwithstanding the fact that such interest has a value if such a value is attributable solely to the possibility of recovery of the property, compensation (other than insurance or similar indemnity) on account of its destruction or seizure, or both.  Section 23 (g) (2) and (k) (2)↩ shall not apply to any interest which under this paragraph is considered to have been destroyed or seized. * * *3. SEC. 127.  WAR LOSSES.(d) Basis of Recovered Property.  -- The unadjusted basis of property recovered in respect of property considered destroyed or seized under subsection (a) shall be determined under this subsection.  Such basis shall be an amount equal to the fair market value of such property, determined as of the date of the recovery, reduced by an amount equal to the excess of the aggregate of such fair market value and the amounts of previous recoveries of money or property in respect of property considered under subsection (a) as destroyed or seized over the aggregate of the allowable deductions in prior taxable years on account of the destruction or seizure of property described in subsection (a), and increased by that portion of the amount of the recovery which under subsection (c) is treated as a recognized gain from the involuntary conversion of property. * * *↩