Court Opinion

ID: 2763291
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-20 01:04:22.686989+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:27:14.276443
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/19/14 P. v. Soojian CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                           F066280
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                             (Super. Ct. No. CF04902626)
                   v.

TANNEN SOOJIAN,                                                                          OPINION
         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County. Jane Cardoza,
Judge.
         A.M. Weisman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Rachelle Newcomb and
Kathleen A. McKenna, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
       A jury convicted Tannen Soojian (Soojian) of two counts of kidnapping to commit
robbery, second degree robbery, and assault with a firearm. The jury also found true
several enhancements, including personal use of a firearm. He was sentenced to two
consecutive indeterminate terms of life with the possibility of parole for the kidnapping
counts, plus consecutive terms of 25 years to life and 10 years for enhancements on these
counts.
       Soojian makes three arguments here. First, he claims the jury committed
misconduct in two distinct ways. Second, he contends the trial court erred when it
overruled his motion to suppress statements he made prior to his arrest and evidence that
someone attempted to fabricate evidence for his benefit. Finally, he argues the
photographic lineup from which the victim identified him was impermissibly suggestive.
We reject each of these arguments and affirm the judgment.
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
       Prior Proceedings in this Court
       This is Soojian’s third appeal to this court. As will be explained in greater detail
below, the pickup Soojian’s cousin, Aaron Bolin, owned at the time of the offense was
located and searched after the first trial. Some incriminating evidence was discovered in
the vehicle. In the first appeal (People v. Soojian (Mar. 16, 2009, F053842) [nonpub.
opn.]) we held the trial court applied the wrong standard of review when reviewing
Soojian’s motion for a new trial based on this newly discovered evidence.
       After remand, the trial court again denied Soojian’s motion for a new trial. In the
second appeal (People v. Soojian (2010) 190 Cal. App. 4th 491) we concluded the newly
discovered evidence required reversal of the judgment and a new trial.1 This appeal is
from the judgment after the second trial.

       1Soojian’s petition for writ of mandate (case No. F063306) also was granted to
prevent the prosecutor from attempting to reinstate the allegations that the victims were
kidnapped for the purpose of rape, oral copulation or sexual penetration. These charges

                                             2.
       The Information
       The fourth amended information charged Soojian with (1) kidnapping Joyce
Ahumada to commit another crime (Pen. Code, § 209, subd. (b)(1))2 (count 1); (2) the
attempted murder of Joyce (§§ 664, 187, subd. (a)) (count 2); (3) second degree robbery
of Joyce (§ 211) (count 3); (4) kidnapping Morgan Ahumada to commit another crime
(§ 209, subd. (b)(1)) (count 4); (5) assaulting Joyce with a firearm (§ 245, subd. (a)(2))
(count 5); and (6) assaulting Morgan with a firearm (ibid.) (count 6).3 Counts 1, 2, and 3
alleged Soojian personally discharged a firearm within the meaning of section 12022.53,
subdivision (d) and personally inflicted great bodily injury within the meaning of section
12022.7, subdivision (a). Count 4 alleged Soojian personally used a firearm within the
meaning of section 12022.53, subdivision (b). Counts 5 and 6 alleged Soojian personally
used a firearm within the meaning of section 12022.5, subdivision (a).
       Victim Testimony
       Joyce and her son, Morgan, were delivering the local newspaper early in the
morning of Sunday, April 18, 2004, in a rural area of Fresno County. While Joyce was
stopped on Shaw Avenue, a white truck passed her vehicle. The driver of the truck
looked towards Joyce and Morgan as he passed them. Joyce next noticed the white
pickup when it appeared behind Joyce’s vehicle. The truck was being driven erratically,
but Joyce concentrated on delivering newspapers.
       The pickup slowly passed by Joyce’s vehicle when she stopped to allow Morgan
to deliver a newspaper. Joyce was not alarmed by the slow speed of the pickup because

were dismissed before the matter went to the jury in the first trial. We concluded the
attempt to reinstitute these charges violated Soojian’s right to be free from double
jeopardy.
       2All   further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
       3We will refer to Joyce and Morgan by their first names to ease the reader’s task.
No disrespect is intended.

                                               3.
they were approaching an intersection controlled by a stop sign. Instead of proceeding
through the intersection, the pickup backed up slowly, stopping when the front passenger
door of the pickup was aligned with the front driver’s door of Joyce’s vehicle. The
perpetrator leaned across the front seat of his vehicle to talk to Joyce through the
passenger window of the pickup. He asked Joyce if she could direct him to Clovis.
Joyce had a difficult time hearing over the noise of the pickup’s engine, so the perpetrator
got out of his pickup and walked up to the driver’s side window of Joyce’s vehicle. He
was stocky, clean cut, and was wearing tight pants and a white T-shirt with buttons.
Joyce did not feel threatened because the perpetrator was polite and nonthreatening.
       While the perpetrator was talking to Joyce, he pulled out a handgun and pointed it
at Joyce’s head. He said “We’re here to rob you.” When Morgan kept staring at the
perpetrator, the perpetrator became irate and yelled at Morgan to stop looking at him.
Joyce told Morgan to retrieve her wallet from the glove box and to give it to the
perpetrator, which was accomplished. The perpetrator looked around and then ordered
Joyce out of her vehicle. When Joyce was out of the vehicle, the perpetrator walked her
to the passenger side and ordered Morgan out of the vehicle.
       The three walked towards the perpetrator’s pickup, where the perpetrator ordered
Morgan to get into the bed of the pickup. When Morgan did not know how to do so, the
perpetrator provided instruction. The perpetrator then ordered Joyce into the cab of the
pickup. He ordered Joyce to get on her knees in the front passenger well, which caused
her to face the back of the pickup. The perpetrator then climbed into the pickup through
the passenger door and climbed over Joyce towards the driver’s seat. Joyce’s face was
against the seat while the perpetrator climbed over her. When his crotch was touching
the back of Joyce’s head, the perpetrator paused. Joyce testified she could feel the
perpetrator’s erect penis against the back of her head. The perpetrator pulled himself into
the driver’s seat and began fidgeting with the column gearshift. He then ordered Joyce to
move next to him.

                                             4.
       The perpetrator began driving forward. At this point Joyce decided she had to
fight for her life and the life of her son, so she began screaming and attempted to pull the
keys out of the ignition. She also grabbed the automatic transmission shift lever. The
perpetrator yelled at her to stop fighting and began hitting her with the gun, causing cuts
on her head. Joyce continued to grab whatever she could to stop the truck, and finally the
perpetrator said if she did not stop he would shoot her. Joyce opened the passenger door
to escape. As she was jumping out of the pickup, the perpetrator shot her in the chest.
Joyce described the gun as a long-barreled revolver. She also testified there were two
shots, one right after the other. Joyce continued to run away and yelled at Morgan to get
out of the pickup. Morgan climbed out of the pickup just as the perpetrator sped from the
scene. Morgan ran to Joyce’s pickup to retrieve his cell phone, and Joyce ran to a
customer’s house to seek help.
       Defense counsel focused on the inconsistencies between the various statements
Joyce gave to law enforcement, her testimony at the preliminary hearing, her testimony at
the first trial, and her trial testimony. Defense counsel pointed out that Joyce did not tell
anyone in her statements the white pickup first passed her going in the opposite direction
and the perpetrator stared at her as he did so. Nor did she mention the truck being driven
erratically behind her in the first two interviews, although she mentioned it in a third
interview. Nor did she mention the perpetrator wore tight pants in the first three
interviews.
       Morgan testified to the events in a manner that was similar to his mother’s
testimony until the point in time when Morgan was ordered to climb into the bed of the
perpetrator’s pickup. At that point he could not see what happened in the cab. He heard
his mother screaming, two gunshots, and then saw his mother after she ran from the cab
and helped him escape from the bed of the pickup. Important points he added to his
mother’s testimony included that the perpetrator was significantly taller than his mother,

                                              5.
and there was a portable metal toolbox in the bed of the pickup. Morgan told the
responding deputy sheriffs that he heard one gunshot.
       Identification Testimony
       The defense acknowledged that Joyce and Morgan were put through a horrible
experience, but claimed Soojian was not the perpetrator.
       To summarize the events, law enforcement officers initially obtained a description
of the perpetrator from Joyce and Morgan. Evidence at the scene of the crime led the
investigating detectives to suspect Soojian was the perpetrator. A photo lineup (six pack)
was prepared, which included Soojian. Morgan was unable to identify the perpetrator in
the lineup, but Joyce identified Soojian as the perpetrator, as she did at trial.
       Defense counsel focused on the description Joyce gave to the investigating
detectives. She described the perpetrator as a White male, 38 to 45 years of age, about
five feet four inches tall with thinning brown hair, wearing a white T-shirt, and nice
looking and clean cut. She did not state the perpetrator was clean shaven; nor did she say
he had a goatee. In a second interview she described the perpetrator as a White male, 35
to 40 years old, stocky, five feet four inches tall with short reddish hair, and wearing a
white T-shirt with a few buttons. Joyce did not tell the detectives in this interview the
perpetrator had a goatee. She testified in the first trial the perpetrator did not have a
goatee. In the second trial, however, Joyce was certain the perpetrator had a goatee. She
did not say in the first or second interview the perpetrator had a sunburned face.
       Morgan, who is five feet eight inches tall, testified the perpetrator was taller than
he. He also stated the perpetrator had a goatee.
       Defense counsel questioned Joyce about her identification of Soojian in the photo
lineup. In the first trial, Joyce testified she was presented the lineup for identification
when she was recovering from the anesthesia after surgery, or, in her words, when she
“started getting coherent.” She was not given any directions (or an admonition) before
she was shown the lineup. On redirect examination Joyce claimed she was read the

                                              6.
standard admonition before she picked Soojian out of the photo lineup. She testified she
had misunderstood the previous question.
       Description of the Perpetrator’s Vehicle
       Joyce testified the inside of the cab of the truck was messy (papers and stuff on the
floor) and had an odor of stale cigarettes. The truck had a bench seat, although she could
not recall if the truck had vinyl or cloth seats. She testified at the first trial she
remembered the feel of the seat as being similar to vinyl. At the first trial Joyce was
unable to identify a picture of the interior of Soojian’s truck.
       The recording of Morgan’s phone call to the emergency operator was played for
the jury. In this short conversation, Morgan described the perpetrator’s vehicle as a big
white truck and described the perpetrator as a tall White male with a deep voice who was
either in his late 20’s or early 30’s.
       He also stated there was a rope, a horse halter, and a horse bridle in the bed of the
perpetrator’s pickup. Morgan identified items that law enforcement found in the bed of
Soojian’s pickup as the same items he had seen in the perpetrator’s pickup. He also
identified Soojian’s truck as the vehicle the perpetrator was driving.
       Cross-examination focused on the many inconsistencies between Morgan’s
statements to law enforcement, his testimony in the first trial, and his testimony at this
trial. Morgan did not identify Soojian as the perpetrator in either trial, despite having told
law enforcement he got a good look at the perpetrator.
       Law Enforcement Testimony
       Deputy Sheriff Austin Herion was the first officer to arrive on the scene. He
called for an ambulance and for assistance to secure the crime scene. He was not able to
obtain any relevant information from Joyce because of her injuries. After the ambulance
crew arrived, Herion attempted to locate evidence related to the crime. He located the
blood trail Joyce had left in running from the street to the residence at which he found
her. He also located the document that led the investigating detectives to identify Soojian

                                                7.
as a suspect. This document, which we will refer to as a work order, had blood on it. It
was torn, but it indicated the customer’s name was Sherry Flanagan. The work order
contained only a partial address because of the tear.
       Herion obtained a statement from Morgan. Much of the statement was consistent
with Morgan’s trial testimony. Herion testified, however, that Morgan did not tell him
the perpetrator had a goatee. Nor did Morgan describe the perpetrator’s vehicle as a four-
door pickup, but instead described it as a two-door pickup.
        Deputy Sheriff Michael Clark went to the hospital in an attempt to interview
Joyce. Medical personnel were working on her injuries when he arrived. Clark observed
several abrasions on her face, a large amount of blood on the back of her head, and what
appeared to be a gunshot wound to the chest. X-rays of the gunshot wound showed the
wound was caused by snake shot.
       Clark was able to obtain general information about the crime. Joyce described the
perpetrator as a White adult male, five feet four inches tall with a heavy build, well
groomed, thinning brown hair, and wearing a white T-shirt. She described the vehicle as
a newer four-door pickup with tinted windows and large tires.
       Detective Leo Lopez interviewed Joyce in the hospital recovery room shortly after
her surgery. Joyce’s description of the robbery was similar in all relevant respects to her
trial testimony. She described the perpetrator as 35 to 40 years old, stocky, five feet four
inches tall with short reddish hair, and wearing a white collarless, button-down shirt. The
perpetrator smelled of alcohol and had hairy arms. On cross-examination, Lopez testified
Joyce did not describe the perpetrator as having tight pants, a round belly, a sunburned
face, or facial hair of any type.
       Detective Patrick Oh, the lead investigator in the case, accompanied Lopez to the
interview with Joyce. Oh showed Joyce the photo lineup that contained Soojian’s
picture. Before showing her the photo lineup, Oh advised Joyce he was going to show
her a series of photographs, the perpetrator may or may not be included in the photo

                                             8.
lineup, to look carefully to see if she recognized anyone, and the hair color, hair length
and facial hair may be different now than in the photograph. He suggested she focus on
something like the eyes, nose or mouth, since those areas do not change. Joyce identified
Soojian as the perpetrator.
       Oh also interviewed Morgan at the scene of the crime. Morgan did not tell Oh a
toolbox was in the bed of the pickup; nor did he state the perpetrator had a goatee.
Morgan stated he did not get a good look at the suspect. Morgan was unable to identify
anyone from the photo lineup that included Soojian.
       On the day of the shooting, Oh called Flanagan because her name appeared on the
work order found at the scene. Flanagan told Oh she obtained the document from
Soojian. Oh then checked DMV records and found a 2004 pickup was registered in
Soojian’s name. Soojian’s DMV photo was made part of the photo lineup discussed
above. The other five photos in the lineup were generated by a computer program
designed to find photos similar to the one of the suspect.
       After Joyce identified Soojian as her attacker, Oh decided to interview Soojian at
the address listed with the DMV. Oh was accompanied by his partner, Lopez, his
lieutenant, Robert Kandarian, and two patrol officers. As they approached Soojian’s
residence, Oh saw the 2004 pickup in front of Soojian’s mobilehome. Oh walked by the
pickup on the way to the front door of the mobilehome. Oh confirmed the license plate
number matched the information he had obtained from the DMV and noted several items
in the bed of the pickup, including a rope, a horse bridle, and a nylon cord with metal
attached to it.
       When Oh approached the front door of the mobilehome, he could see a figure in
the home through the screen door. He called out asking Soojian to come outside. When
Soojian turned toward the front door, Oh noticed Soojian was on the phone making
arrangements for someone to pick up his son. Soojian exited the mobilehome and made a

                                             9.
phone call to his father. Oh began questioning Soojian after Soojian left a message for
his father.
       Oh first asked if Soojian if he was surprised to see him, to which Soojian replied
he was not. Oh next asked Soojian if he would talk with him, to which Soojian
responded, “No.” When asked where he was the previous night, Soojian replied that he
would rather not answer the question. Soojian gave the same response when asked if he
had lent his pickup to anyone the previous night. Soojian refused to consent to a search
of his pickup. Oh then arrested Soojian.
       Defense counsel pointed out on cross-examination there were numerous other
items in the bed of Soojian’s pickup that were not described by Morgan, including a box
containing a toilet seat and a 50-pound bag of tile mortar. Defense counsel also elicited
from Oh that when Oh arrived at the scene, the key to Soojian’s pickup was in the
ignition. The only item on the key ring in addition to the ignition key was a car alarm
fob, which was inconsistent with Joyce’s description of numerous keys on the keyring.
       Other detectives that responded to Soojian’s residence testified about the condition
of Soojian’s pickup. It was noticed that an area in the rear passenger side of the pickup
appeared to have been recently wiped when compared to the surrounding area. This area
was tested and came back positive for possibly containing blood, although a number of
common substances also could have caused a positive test result. An area of horizontal
lines was located above the rear passenger tire that appeared to be a transfer of some
type, possibly from a piece of fabric. A small spot of possible blood was found near the
rear wheel well on the passenger side and near the top of the bed on the passenger side.
       Small pieces of vegetation were observed in the bed of the pickup and collected.
This vegetation was compared to a piece of vegetation Morgan found in his hair shortly
after the incident. Nothing taken from the bed of Soojian’s pickup matched the piece of
vegetation Morgan found in his hair.

                                            10.
       Also located in the bed of the pickup were a yellow tow strap, a white rope, two
green horse bridles, a D-cell battery, a 50-pound bag of tile mortar, two 5-gallon plastic
plant containers, and a toilet seat in a box. There was not a small metal toolbox in the
bed of the pickup. No fingerprints were recovered from the right side of the exterior of
the pickup.
       The interior of the pickup was fairly clean. A coffee cup and a box of blank
checks were on the floor of the passenger side of the truck. The box of checks did not
appear to be crushed or stepped on. A tape measure was on the front seat between the
passenger and driver’s seats. The dashboard lights gave off an orange glow. Three areas
of what could have been blood were located inside the pickup—one on the dashboard
above the radio, another on the interior surface of the passenger door, and a third on the
steering wheel. A torn piece of paper was located in the pocket of the driver’s side door.
None of the reports stated the interior appeared to have been cleaned recently. No papers
were found on the floor of the pickup. No blood stains were observed on the floor of the
pickup or on the cloth seats.
       A fingerprint was found on the passenger door. No other usable fingerprints were
found in the interior of the pickup. There was no evidence a firearm had been discharged
inside the cab of the pickup. Nor was there any evidence the interior of the pickup had
been recently cleaned.
       The search of Soojian’s residence resulted in the discovery of .22-caliber
ammunition that was similar (snake shot) to the type of ammunition with which Joyce
had been shot. Expert testimony established a few handguns would fire this ammunition.
A pale green T-shirt was recovered from the bedroom. A keyring with 11 keys was
found in the living room. Underneath the mobilehome detectives discovered a pair of
black jeans in which a pair of sandals was rolled up. No handguns were found at the
residence. Nor was any other firearm found that would have been capable of utilizing the

                                            11.
.22-caliber ammunition that was found. The detectives did not locate Joyce’s wallet or
credit cards. Nor was a metal toolbox located.
       The jeans found under the mobilehome had a size 38-inch waist and the sandals
were a size 10. Presumptive testing indicated the presence of blood on the jeans.
Samples were taken and sent for DNA testing. Stains were found on the inside of the
pale green T-shirt, leaving the impression the stains occurred when the shirt was worn
inside out. Two of these stains were sent to the lab that conducted the DNA testing in
this case but were not initially tested.
       In late 2010, six years after Joyce was assaulted, Soojian’s wife, Jody, told law
enforcement the mobilehome had a secret or hidden room. Jody also saw Soojian with
cigarettes on the day prior to the assault on Joyce.
       The mobilehome again was searched in 2011 for the purpose of inspecting the
hidden room. Law enforcement discovered an ammunition box in the room. A plastic
container labeled “Tannen’s papers” also was located in the room. Inside the plastic
container law enforcement found papers that appeared to belong to Soojian.
       While the 2011 inspection was occurring, the power to the mobilehome failed. In
2004, the power to the mobilehome also failed during the service of the search warrant.
It was determined the power to the mobilehome originated at the main house, where
Soojian’s parents resided, but it was unclear if the loss of power was intentional or the
result of faulty workmanship in the installation of a power line to the mobilehome.
       Shoe tracks found at the scene of the crime were compared to the tracks of the
sandals found underneath Soojian’s mobilehome. The lack of individual characteristics
made a positive identification impossible. The two items, however, had similar class
characteristics, including tread design, length, and width of the sole pattern.
       Crime scene technicians compared the partially torn work order, which had blood
on it, to the torn piece of paper found in the driver’s door of Soojian’s pickup. The crime
scene technician testified the two pieces appeared to fit together to make a whole

                                             12.
document, i.e., the piece of paper found in Soojian’s pickup was torn from the work order
found at the scene of the crime.
       A small partial palm print was recovered and documented on the
doorjamb/window area of Joyce’s vehicle. The palm print did not match Soojian or
Bolin, nor was it a match for any print found in the computerized database. In addition, a
relatively fresh tire track was identified and documented. This tire track was on the
shoulder approximately 20 to 40 feet from Joyce’s pickup. It did not match the tires from
Soojian’s pickup.
       No gunshot residue was found on Soojian’s hands when they were tested
approximately nine hours after the shooting. The interior of his truck was not tested for
gunshot residue.
       Percipient Witness Testimony
       Larry Crawford lived close by to the scene of the shooting. He testified that about
3:45 a.m. he heard a woman screaming and then at least one gunshot. He looked out his
window and saw Joyce on the porch of his neighbor that lived across the street. He heard
a vehicle drive quickly from the scene, although he never saw the vehicle. The vehicle
sounded like a construction vehicle with a rack on it. Crawford worked in construction
and was familiar with the sound such vehicles make. Crawford told law enforcement
what he heard, although he did not know with whom he spoke.
       Flanagan testified that in April 2004 she had obtained an estimate for some
ceramic tile work at her house. Soojian was the individual who provided her the
estimate. The work order recovered from the scene appeared to be the document she
obtained from Soojian.
       One of the physicians who treated Joyce in the hospital described Joyce’s head
injuries as a superficial laceration on the forehead, abrasions on the crown of the head, a
superficial laceration on right rear area of the head, and a contusion on the forehead. X-

                                            13.
rays of the gunshot wound suffered by Joyce showed numerous tiny pellets, smaller than
seen in a typical shotgun wound.
      DNA Testing
      DNA testing established:
              (1) The blood on the work order4 found at the scene came from Joyce;
              (2) The only DNA obtained from the scrapings from underneath Soojian’s
                  fingernails belonged to Soojian;
              (3) The blood found on the right side above the wheel well of Soojian’s
                  pickup came from Joyce;
              (4) The blood stain from the steering wheel contained two DNA profiles,
                  and those profiles were consistent with both Soojian and Joyce. The
                  possibility that another individual also would fit within the obtained
                  profile was one in 11 million;
              (5) Two samples from the black jeans found under the mobilehome were
                  tested in February 2005. One sample from the right thigh area did not
                  provide any DNA results. The second sample from the right knee area
                  contained blood, and the DNA from that blood came from Joyce;
              (6) Additional DNA testing of the black jeans found under the mobilehome
                  was conducted in June 2011 to determine who was wearing the pants.
                  A sample from the zipper area located two contributors of DNA.
                  Soojian likely was one donor, while Joyce could have been the other
                  donor, as could one in approximately 450,000 other women. A sample
                  from the inside of the left pocket identified Soojian as the donor. A
                  sample taken from inside the crotch area identified two possible
                  contributors, Joyce (one in 38 million) and Soojian (one in 450,000).
      4The   testing of the first four listed items occurred in approximately May 2004.

                                            14.
              (7) Samples from the sandals recovered from under Soojian’s mobilehome
                  were tested in June 2011. One sample gave a strong indication Joyce
                  was the contributor (one in 39 million), and a very weak indication that
                  Soojian was a contributor (one in 250). A second sample gave a strong
                  indication that Soojian was the major contributor (one in 96 trillion)
                  and a very weak indication of a second contributor that was not Joyce.
              (8) Bolin was excluded as a possible contributor to the DNA recovered
                  from the black jeans. He was, however, a possible contributor (one in
                  11) on one sandal, but excluded as a possible contributor on the other
                  sandal.
              (9) Bolin was excluded as a possible contributor to the DNA sample
                  obtained from the steering wheel.
             (10) Two cuttings from the green T-shirt recovered from the bedroom of
                  Soojian’s mobilehome were taken in 2004 and tested in September
                  2011. The samples were properly preserved in the seven years between
                  when they were taken and when they were tested. DNA recovered
                  from the blood found on the green T-shirt came from Joyce.
             (11) A second sample from the green T-shirt suggested the blood came
                  from Joyce, while a minor contributor could be Soojian (one in 10,000)
                  but could not be Bolin. The control sample submitted with this sample
                  contained Soojian’s DNA. Three other samples from the collar area of
                  the green T-shirt were tested in September 2011. They contained
                  Soojian’s DNA, with Joyce and Bolin being excluded as possible
                  contributors.
       There also was testimony about possible contamination that may have occurred on
the green T-shirt and black jeans. After the first trial, the jeans and sandals had been kept
together in an evidence bag. Soojian’s green T-shirt was kept in a sealed box that also

                                             15.
contained Soojian’s boots and socks. The socks were in a paper bindle, but the bindle
had a slight tear in it. The boots were in a paper bindle, but the bindle was badly torn and
had to be packaged in a new bindle. The green T-shirt was in a paper bindle, but the edge
was ripped open. The original samples cut from the green T-shirt appeared to have been
sealed properly to avoid contamination.
       Evidence Tampering Testimony
       Damaris Davidian worked for the software company that provided the accounting
software used by Tri R. Ceramics, the company for which Soojian worked at the time of
the assault and the company owned by Soojian’s family. In November of 2011, Davidian
received a phone call asking if she could locate a copy of the April 2004 bid for
Flanagan. Locating the document was difficult because it was created as a DOS based
file, and the company had since changed to a Window’s-based operating system.
Davidian located two quotes and saved one to a text file and then printed the text file. At
Tanny Soojian’s (Soojian’s father) request, she sent a copy of the bid to Soojian’s
lawyers. There was a notation at the bottom of the bid that read: “Christina, finish
quantities. We do plumbing. Have Aaron look at appliances. Possible problem.” This
notation apparently was added to the document on October 27, 2011. Davidian later
learned the document had been altered on October 26, 2011. At the time the alteration
was made, Deborah Soojian, Soojian’s mother, was logged into the computer. However,
employee passwords were common knowledge in the company, so anyone could have
logged in using Deborah’s name and password. Davidian was confident that Tanny did
not have the computer expertise to locate the bid.
       Defense Evidence
       Bolin testified on behalf of Soojian. He explained he was Tanny’s nephew, and
began working for Tanny in the ceramic business beginning in late 2003. He identified
the work order found at the scene as one that comes from a pad and is used to obtain
original customer information. The representative would take the work order to the job

                                            16.
site to make notes about the job so an estimate could be prepared. The work order would
then be returned to the office and the bid entered into the computer. After the bid was
completed and accepted by the customer, the work order might be used by different
individuals working on the job for the address of the project.
       Bolin lived in a mobilehome on the Soojian property beginning in late 2003. It
was not unusual to find people wandering around the property because it was open with
no gates. He also was familiar with Soojian’s truck. He testified the diesel engine was
very quiet, almost like a car. Soojian kept the truck neat and did not leave papers on the
floor. Soojian did not have a shiny metal toolbox. Soojian did not smoke cigarettes and
would not let anyone smoke in his truck.5
       At the time of the attack, Bolin drove a 1989 Ford pickup. It had a construction
rack and several tool boxes in the back of the truck. On the day before the assault, Bolin
had parked his truck in front of his mobilehome. The following morning the truck was
not where he had left it. He found it the day after the assault at his cousin Spencer’s
house, which was about 400 yards from his house.
       On the day before the assault, which was a Saturday, Bolin had worked on a job
and returned home about 6:00 p.m. A short while later Soojian asked Bolin to assist him
in installing tile in Soojian’s mobilehome. They finished the job about 10:30 p.m. Bolin
and Soojian then went out to pick up dinner. While they were out they bought gas; the
receipt established this occurred at 11:15 p.m. They returned to Bolin’s mobilehome
about midnight and ate the food they had picked up. Soojian left to feed the horses after
eating. Soojian returned about 2:00 a.m. Around 3:30 a.m. Soojian left to return to his
mobilehome.

       5PeterDelgadillo and Garrett Sanchez, confirmed the testimony about the
appearance of Soojian’s truck.

                                            17.
       The next day Bolin learned the police were at Soojian’s mobilehome when Soojian
called him and asked him to look after his (Soojian’s) son. Soojian’s son arrived shortly
thereafter and told Bolin the police were at the mobilehome. Bolin learned from the
sheriff’s officers that Soojian had been arrested and that the officers were waiting for a
search warrant. While they were waiting, Bolin saw one of the officers open the door to
the truck and look inside.
       Soojian also called numerous expert witnesses, as well as several witnesses who
testified about how the exhibits were stored after the first trial. These witnesses
established that the black jeans, green T-shirt, and sandals were not stored in a manner to
preserve DNA evidence, which led to defense counsel arguing the results of the 2011
tests were not reliable because of potential contamination.
       A private investigator hired by Soojian testified how in 2007, after the first trial,
he located and purchased the truck owned by Bolin at the time of the attack. After the
vehicle was purchased in the Fresno area, the private investigator had it towed to the
Soojian farm, where it was stored for a few days before it was transported to the Los
Angeles area for forensic examination.
       Deborah explained the work order usually was generated in the company’s
showroom and was used to obtain customer information. Then, if the customer wanted
an estimate, the estimator would take the work order, with directions, to the potential job.
After the estimator visited the job, he returned the work order to the office where a
proposal was prepared. Soojian was the head estimator in 2004.
       Deborah confirmed that Soojian did not smoke cigarettes in 2004, and his pickup
did not smell of cigarettes. She also confirmed he kept the pickup neat.
       On the night of the assault, Deborah stopped by Soojian’s mobilehome and visited
for about 20 minutes while Soojian and Bolin were installing tile. The following
morning she saw a truck near Soojian’s mobilehome that normally was not there.

                                             18.
Soojian and his son came to her home for breakfast around 7:30 a.m. Although she did
not see Soojian drive to her home that morning, normally he drove when he came over.
       Edward Hulsey, Soojian’s uncle, lived on some property adjacent to the Soojian
property. On the day Soojian was arrested, Hulsey went to Soojian’s mobilehome after
the police left. Hulsey and his son took all of the marijuana plants out of the hidden
room. While in the room, Hulsey did not see any firearms, wallet, driver’s license, or
clothing.
       A forensic expert suggested that certain aspects of the investigation were not done
as well as they could have been. Nothing to which he testified, however, suggested the
evidence was compromised.
       Psychologist Mitchell Eisen, Ph.D., testified as an expert witness on memory and
various factors that affect one’s memory, including time, trauma, stress, distractions,
suggestions, and focus. Eisen was careful to explain he was speaking about memory in
general and not specifically about the reliability of anyone’s testimony in this case. He
also was careful to explain that even though a witness experienced one or more of the
factors that could impact memory, his or her memory of the event may be accurate.
Finally, Eisen discussed optimum procedures for presenting photographs to a witness
when attempting to identify a suspect and factors that could affect a photographic
identification.
       Terri Haddix, M.D., testified she would not have expected a lot of blood inside the
cab of the perpetrator’s vehicle as a result of the gunshot wound because the clothes
Joyce was wearing at the time she was shot would have absorbed a considerable amount
of blood. The amount of blood found inside Soojian’s vehicle, however, was inconsistent
with the head wounds suffered by Joyce. Haddix also would have expected to see blood
in the area where Joyce was located when she was struck, either on the seat or on the
floor of the vehicle.

                                            19.
       Marc Scott Taylor, the expert primarily retained to address DNA issues, testified,
in essence, that he agreed with the DNA results and statistics that were presented by the
prosecution. In addition, Taylor tested another sample from the black jeans found under
Soojian’s mobilehome and found a mixture of DNA, and neither Soojian nor Joyce could
be excluded as the source of the deposits. There also possibly could have been DNA
from a third person in that sample. Taylor also tested the green T-shirt found in Soojian’s
bedroom and reached the same conclusions as the prosecution’s DNA witness.
       The primary thrust of Taylor’s testimony related to possible contamination. He
pointed out that if the black jeans were not individually sealed after the first trial, then it
was possible the jeans were contaminated. Similarly, handling the exhibits without
proper precautions, as occurred in this case during and after the first trial, would cause
concern of possible contamination. Specifically, the dry blood from the vest worn by
Joyce when she was shot was a concern. Taylor testified that when blood dries on a
fabric, and that fabric is handled, the dried blood comes off like dust. That dust could
contaminate any other object with which it came in contact. Because of the possible
contamination, Taylor testified it would be difficult to draw valid conclusions from the
test results. Similarly, because the green T-shirt was in a package that was open, and it
was stored in a box with Soojian’s shoes and socks, it was possible that contamination
occurred.
       Taylor also testified about the examination of the truck Bolin owned at the time of
the assault. They were not able to extract any DNA from the areas tested from the
interior of the truck. They did locate some small lead pellets in the interior of the truck.
In addition, when they removed the seats and the seatbelts for testing, he saw a driver’s
license in the sleeve through which the webbing of the seatbelt went before it attached to
the frame of the vehicle. The driver’s license was not visible until the plastic sleeve was
rolled down from the webbing. The driver’s license had been issued to Joyce.

                                              20.
       Closing Arguments
       The prosecutor focused on the overwhelming evidence of Soojian’s guilt,
emphasizing the DNA evidence established that Joyce’s blood was found both inside and
outside Soojian’s vehicle and also on the pants and T-shirt he had worn.
       Defense counsel asserted (1) the DNA testing could not be relied upon because of
possible contamination both before the truck was recovered and as a result of the
improper storage of the exhibits after the first trial; (2) Joyce’s identification of Soojian
was tainted and thus not reliable; and (3) discovery of Joyce’s driver’s license in Bolin’s
vehicle created reasonable doubt about whether Soojian’s pickup was the vehicle used in
the assault.
       Verdict and Sentencing
       The jury deliberated for approximately three days before advising the trial court
that it had reached a verdict on five counts, but could not reach a verdict on count 2, the
attempted murder of Joyce. The trial court declared a mistrial on the attempted murder
count and then accepted the jury’s verdict on the remaining counts. The jury found
Soojian not guilty of assaulting Morgan with a firearm, but found him guilty of
kidnapping Joyce to commit robbery (count 1), second degree robbery of Joyce (count 3),
kidnapping Morgan to commit robbery (count 4), and assaulting Joyce with a firearm
(count 5). The jury also found true the allegations in counts 1 and 3 that Soojian
intentionally discharged a firearm causing great bodily injury (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)) and
personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)). The jury found true the
allegation in count 4 that Soojian personally used a firearm (§ 12022.53, subd. (b)) and in
count 5 that he personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)).
       Soojian made a motion for a new trial on several grounds, which the trial court
denied. The trial court sentenced Soojian to two consecutive indeterminate terms of life
with the possibility of parole for the two kidnapping counts. In addition, the trial court
imposed a consecutive term of 25 years to life for the section 12022.53, subdivision (d)

                                              21.
enhancement on count 1 and a consecutive term of 10 years for the section 12022.53,
subdivision (b) enhancement on count 4. The remaining terms were either stayed or
imposed consecutively.
                                       DISCUSSION
I.     Juror Misconduct
       Applicable Law
       “A defendant accused of a crime has a constitutional right to a trial by unbiased,
impartial jurors. [Citation.] A defendant is ‘entitled to be tried by 12, not 11, impartial
and unprejudiced jurors. “Because a defendant charged with a crime has a right to the
unanimous verdict of 12 impartial jurors [citation], it is settled that a conviction cannot
stand if even a single juror has been improperly influenced.” [Citations.]’ [Citations.]”
(People v. Nesler (1997) 16 Cal. 4th 561, 578 (Nesler).) Because there are no perfect
trials, however, a defendant is entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect trial. (McDonough
Power Equipment, Inc. v. Greenwood (1984) 464 U.S. 548, 553.) “Trials are costly, not
only for the parties, but also for the jurors performing their civic duty and for society
which pays the judges and support personnel who manage the trials. It seems doubtful
that our judicial system would have the resources to provide litigants with perfect trials,
were they possible, and still keep abreast of its constantly increasing caseload.” (Ibid.)
       Moreover, because jurors are human, it is doubtful that even unlimited funding
would result in a perfect trial. “‘The jury system is an institution that is legally
fundamental but also fundamentally human. Jurors bring to their deliberations
knowledge and beliefs about general matters of law and fact that find their source in
everyday life and experience. That they do so is one of the strengths of the jury system.
It is also one of its weaknesses: it has the potential to undermine determinations that
should be made exclusively on the evidence introduced by the parties and the instructions
given by the court. Such a weakness, however, must be tolerated. “[I]t is an impossible
standard to require … [the jury] to be a laboratory, completely sterilized and freed from

                                              22.
any external factors.” [Citation.] Moreover, under that “standard” few verdicts would be
proof against challenge.’ [Citation.]” (In re Carpenter (1995) 9 Cal. 4th 634, 650.)
       What jurors must do, however, is render a verdict based on the evidence presented
at trial. “‘The requirement that a jury’s verdict “must be based upon the evidence
developed at the trial” goes to the fundamental integrity of all that is embraced in the
constitutional concept of trial by jury.… [¶] In the constitutional sense, trial by jury in a
criminal case necessarily implies at the very least that the “evidence developed” against a
defendant shall come from the witness stand in a public courtroom where there is full
judicial protection of the defendant’s right of confrontation, of cross-examination, and of
counsel.’ [Citation.] As the United States Supreme Court has explained: ‘Due process
means a jury capable and willing to decide the case solely on the evidence before it .…’
[Citations.]” (Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 578.) This requirement does not mean a
juror must be totally ignorant of the case on which he or she is sitting. “‘“The theory of
the law is that a juror who has formed an opinion cannot be impartial.” [Citation.] [¶] It
is not required, however, that the jurors be totally ignorant of the facts and issues
involved.… It is sufficient if the juror can lay aside his impression or opinion and render
a verdict based on the evidence presented in court.’ [Citations.]” (Id. at pp. 580-581.)
       The issue in this case, juror misconduct, refers to the situation where a juror’s
ability to render a verdict based on the evidence presented in court is potentially
compromised. Juror misconduct may take many forms, including refusal to deliberate
(People v. Leonard (2007) 40 Cal. 4th 1370, 1410-1411 (Leonard)), speaking with
someone involved in the case outside the courtroom (People v. Loker (2008) 44 Cal. 4th
691, 754 (Loker)), receipt of information about the case, either intentionally or
inadvertently, that was not presented in court (People v. Danks (2004) 32 Cal. 4th 269,
307 (Danks); Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 578), bringing passages from the Bible into
deliberations (Danks, at p. 308), discussing the case with a nonjuror (id. at p. 304), or
concealment of material information during voir dire (In re Hitchings (1993) 6 Cal. 4th
23.
97, 119). This list is merely representative of possible types of juror misconduct, and not
an exhaustive list. Moreover, juror misconduct does not necessarily mean the conduct of
the juror was blameworthy. (Nesler, at p. 579.)
       When a defendant claims there was jury misconduct, he or she generally supports
the claim with declarations executed by a member or members of the jury. We begin our
review by determining what portions of the declarations are admissible, a determination
framed by Evidence Code section 1150. (Danks, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 301.)

               “Evidence Code section 1150, subdivision (a), provides: ‘Upon an
       inquiry as to the validity of a verdict, any otherwise admissible evidence
       may be received as to statements made, or conduct, conditions, or events
       occurring, either within or without the jury room, of such a character as is
       likely to have influenced the verdict improperly. No evidence is admissible
       to show the effect of such statement, conduct, condition, or event upon a
       juror either in influencing him to assent to or dissent from the verdict or
       concerning the mental processes by which it was determined.’

              “‘This statute distinguishes “between proof of overt acts, objectively
       ascertainable, and proof of the subjective reasoning processes of the
       individual juror, which can be neither corroborated nor disproved ....”’
       [Citation.] ‘“This limitation prevents one juror from upsetting a verdict of
       the whole jury by impugning his own or his fellow jurors’ mental processes
       or reasons for assent or dissent. The only improper influences that may be
       proved under [Evidence Code] section 1150 to impeach a verdict, therefore,
       are those open to sight, hearing, and the other senses and thus subject to
       corroboration.”’ [Citation.]” (Danks, supra, 32 Cal.4th at pp. 301-302.)6
       If admissible evidence establishes juror misconduct, we then proceed to the issue
of whether the misconduct requires reversal of the judgment. This portion of the analysis
begins with a presumption of prejudice that may be rebutted by proof that no prejudice
actually resulted. (People v. Holloway (1990) 50 Cal. 3d 1098, 1108 (Holloway),
disapproved on other grounds in People v. Stansbury (1995) 9 Cal. 4th 824, 830, fn. 1.)

       6Evidence   Code section 1150 remains unchanged.

                                            24.
               “We have long recognized the reason for this rule: ‘A juror is not
       allowed to say: “I acknowledge to grave misconduct. I received evidence
       without the presence of the court, but those matters had no influence upon
       my mind when casting my vote in the juryroom.” The law, in its wisdom,
       does not allow a juror to purge himself in that way. It was said in
       Woodward v. Leavitt [(1871)] 107 Mass. 466: “But, where evidence has
       been introduced tending to show that without authority of law, but without
       any fault of either party or his agent, a paper was communicated to the jury
       which might have influenced their minds, the testimony of the jurors is
       admissible to disprove that the paper was communicated to them, though
       not to show whether it did or did not influence their deliberations and
       decision. A juryman may testify to any facts bearing upon the question of
       the existence of the disturbing influence, but he cannot be permitted to
       testify how far that influence operated upon his mind.”’ [Citation.] That
       principle is now embodied in Evidence Code section 1150.

              “‘The presumption of prejudice is an evidentiary aid to those parties
       who are able to establish serious misconduct of a type likely to have had an
       effect on the verdict or which deprived the complaining party of thorough
       consideration of his case, yet who are unable to establish by a
       preponderance of the evidence that actual prejudice occurred. The law thus
       recognizes the substantial barrier to proof of prejudice which Evidence
       Code section 1150 erects, and it seeks to lower that barrier somewhat.’
       [Citation.]” (Holloway, supra, 50 Cal.3d at p. 1109.)
       The standard for determining whether a juror was biased, in other words whether
the defendant suffered any prejudice, is a well-established two-part analysis.

               “‘[W]hen misconduct involves the receipt of information from
       extraneous sources, the effect of such receipt is judged by a review of the
       entire record, and may be found to be nonprejudicial. The verdict will be
       set aside only if there appears a substantial likelihood of juror bias. Such
       bias can appear in two different ways.’ [Citation.]

               “‘First, we will find bias if the extraneous material, judged
       objectively, is inherently and substantially likely to have influenced the
       juror.’ [Citation.] ‘Under this standard, a finding of “inherently” likely
       bias is required when, but only when, the extraneous information was so
       prejudicial in context that its erroneous introduction in the trial itself would
       have warranted reversal of the judgment. Application of this “inherent
       prejudice” test obviously depends upon a review of the trial record to
       determine the prejudicial effect of the extraneous information.’ [Citation.]

                                             25.
               “Second, ‘even if the extraneous information was not so prejudicial,
       in and of itself, as to cause “inherent” bias under the first test,’ the nature of
       the misconduct and the ‘totality of the circumstances surrounding the
       misconduct must still be examined to determine objectively whether a
       substantial likelihood of actual bias nonetheless arose.’ [Citation.] ‘Under
       this second, or “circumstantial,” test, the trial record is not a dispositive
       consideration, but neither is it irrelevant. All pertinent portions of the entire
       record, including the trial record, must be considered. “The presumption of
       prejudice may be rebutted, inter alia, by a reviewing court’s determination,
       upon examining the entire record, that there is no substantial likelihood that
       the complaining party suffered actual”’ bias. [Citation.]” (Danks, supra,
       32 Cal.4th at p. 303.)
       While the above quote from Danks refers to improper receipt of information
outside of the courtroom, the same analysis applies to all types of juror misconduct. It
also is important to recognize that what constitutes bias of a juror will vary depending on
the circumstances of the case. (Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 580.)
       When conducting our review, we “accept the trial court’s determinations and
findings on questions of historical fact if they are supported by substantial evidence.”
(People v. Ramos (2004) 34 Cal. 4th 494, 520 (Ramos).) “The question whether the
misconduct was prejudicial is a mixed one of law and fact, and is subject to an appellate
court’s independent determination. [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
       Soojian’s Motion for a New Trial
       Soojian presented his claims for juror misconduct in a motion for new trial. He
supported his motion with declarations from two of the jurors.
       The first declaration submitted by Soojian was executed by Juror No. 3. We will
briefly summarize the portions of the declaration that are relevant to the assertions of
misconduct. Our summary will exclude all statements that violated the dictates of
Evidence Code section 1150, subdivision (a). There were numerous statements made that
violated this code section, but it does not appear to be a dispute over which portions of
the declaration were admissible and which portions were inadmissible.

                                              26.
       Juror No. 3 stated that during deliberations the jury “discussed the fact that Mr.
Soojian had not testified. I recall a juror stating words to the effect of ‘you don’t want to
testify if you’re guilty,’ although I do not recall which juror made that statement.” Juror
No. 3 also recalled that at “some point during the deliberations, one juror was holding out
for a not guilty verdict. I recall another juror stating words to the effect of ‘twelve other
people found him guilty and now eleven people here think he is guilty, and only one
person does not agree.’”
       The second declaration presented by Soojian was executed by Juror No. 11. This
juror too recalled that during deliberations the jury “discussed the fact that Mr. Soojian
had not testified. The jury discussed that we would have liked to hear from Mr. Soojian.
I recall a juror stating words to the effect of ‘you don’t want to testify if you’re guilty,’
although I do not recall which juror made that statement.”
       The People submitted declarations from 11 of the jurors in opposition to those
submitted by Soojian, including new declarations from Jurors Nos. 3 and 11.7 In Juror
No. 3’s second declaration she stated she was contacted in mid-August to discuss the trial
and then was asked to sign a declaration in mid-September. After a brief review, she
signed a declaration prepared by Soojian’s attorneys. She was not provided a copy of the
declaration after it was signed. Juror No. 3 found some errors when the prosecution
provided her with a copy of the declaration she signed for Soojian’s attorneys. In her
second declaration, she stated she “did not make the statement or use the language …
‘you don’t want to testify if you’re guilty.’” She “did not recall any juror making a
statement in those exact words or similar to those words during deliberations.” Juror No.
3 denied any discussion during deliberations “on the topic of [Soojian] not testifying as
relevant to his guilt or innocence.” She also asserted the statement in her first declaration
referring to wanting to hear Soojian speak during trial was taken out of context. Juror
       7Juror   No. 12 refused to provide a declaration for either party.

                                              27.
No. 3 asserted the jurors did not discuss Soojian’s failure to testify, but instead discussed
wanting to hear the sound of his voice because Morgan testified the perpetrator had a
deep voice.
       Juror No. 11 stated he met with Soojian’s representatives and sometime later was
asked to sign a declaration. Juror No. 11 did not receive a copy of the declaration. In
Juror No. 11’s second declaration he stated, “There was no discussion during
deliberations equating [Soojian’s] failure to testify as evidence of his guilt. That never
happened.” He also responded to the statement in his first declaration that an unknown
juror said something similar to “you don’t want to testify if you’re guilty.” In his second
declaration Juror No. 11 stated, “Those are not my words, nor do I recall or believe that
statement was articulated like that by any other juror.” Juror No. 11 also confirmed the
jury discussed wanting to hear Soojian testify, “but only because we wanted to hear the
sound of his voice. Either [Joyce] or her son testified that the attacker’s voice was deep.
However, we never heard Mr. Soojian speak, not even once.” Finally, Juror No. 11
confirmed that “[t]here was no discussion by any other juror that I am aware of that said
or implied that Mr. Soojian was guilty because he did not testify.”
       Juror No. 1 was elected the foreperson of the jury. This juror did not recall anyone
“making a statement such as ‘you don’t want to testify if you’re guilty.’” Nor did this
juror recall “any juror discussing whether defendant did or did not testify as a basis for
guilt.” Finally, Juror No. 1 explained, “[W]henever a topic came up that was off target, I
redirected the conversation to focus on what we had to do. Any discussion of whether
Defendant testified would have been off topic (if it even occurred).”
       Juror No. 2 did not recall “anyone during deliberations making a statement to the
effect of ‘you do not want to testify if you are guilty.’” This juror did recall “some
discussion about Mr. Soojian not testifying, but I do not recall anything or any comment
related to him being guilty because he did not testify.”

                                             28.
       Juror No. 4 did not hear during deliberations “any juror talk about [Soojian]
testifying.” Nor did this juror “recall anyone during deliberations ever saying words to
the effect of: you don’t want to testify if you’re guilty.” Similarly, Jurors Nos. 5, 6, 7,
and 8 did not recall anyone suggesting that a defendant did not want to testify if he was
guilty. Nor did these jurors recall Soojian’s failure to testify coming up during
deliberations.
       Juror No. 9 did not recall anyone stating words to the effect that a defendant would
not testify if he was guilty. Nor did this juror hear any discussion suggesting that
Soojian’s failure to testify was relevant to his guilt or innocence. Juror No. 9 stated
during deliberations that he wanted to hear the sound of Soojian’s voice because Morgan
told the 911 operator the perpetrator had a deep voice.
       Juror No. 10 stated that whenever an improper topic was brought up, another juror
or jurors would make clear that the topic was not to be discussed. This juror recalled a
discussion regarding the desire to hear Soojian speak to see if he had a deep voice.
       After hearing argument, the trial court ruled on the motion:

              “As I glean from the defense motion for new trial and the points and
       authorities that have been submitted, the defense seeks a new trial pursuant
       to Penal Code Section 1181 subsections (2) and (3), namely, juror
       misconduct and legal error.

               “In ruling on a request for a new trial based on jury misconduct, the
       trial court must undertake a three-step inquiry. First, it must determine
       whether affidavits or declarations supporting the motion for new trial are
       admissible. Second, if the evidence is admissible, the trial court must
       determine whether the facts established misconduct. And, third, assuming
       misconduct, the trial court must determine whether the misconduct was
       prejudicial. [¶] … [¶]

              “… Applying these principles to this case, the issue of whether the
       jury considered that the defendant did not testify is not supported by the
       declarations submitted. Therefore, the claim of misconduct concerning that
       aspect raised by the defense has not been supported by admissible evidence.

                                             29.
        “The next alleged misconduct that’s attributed to the jurors is a
comment in reference to presumably the verdict of the prior trial.… The
Court agrees with the prosecution that there was no secret that there was a
prior trial and, most likely, a verdict that ended up before the appellate
court. Indeed, in addition to what [the prosecutor] has argued concerning
issues and evidence that came up that was in reference to the prior litigation
and trial, indeed in this case trial counsel for the defense cross-examined
[Joyce] extensively about whether she was present during the argument in
the prior trial. Presumably in an attempt to discredit [Joyce’s] credibility.

       “In any event, all those circumstances, seems to the Court, that --
most people familiar with our legal system could deduce that there was a
prior verdict. Even so, this does not show bias, given the extensive voir
dire by the Court and by counsel, the answers given by each juror that he or
she would decide this case solely on the evidence presented and the law
given by the Court; the questions asked by the jurors during the
deliberations; their requests for readback of certain testimony; the
instructions given to the jury prior to deliberations; and, of course, the final
arguments made by counsel; and, finally, the jury’s verdict itself.

       “As [defense counsel] has stated, the jury came back not guilty on
one count, hung on the other -- on one other, and guilty on the remaining.
This Court finds that it is highly unlikely that any juror might have attached
any importance to this claim -- to the statement made by the juror in her
declaration. In other words, it does not follow that the jurors failed to base
their verdict solely on the evidence in this case and the law provided by the
Court.

       “Indeed, the Court finds that the record in this case does not support
the defense motion for new trial based on juror misconduct. In addition,
assuming that there was misconduct, the misconduct was not prejudicial.
The Court concludes as the Court in the case of People v. Hord [(1993) 15
Cal. App. 4th 711], that transitory comments, though technically misconduct,
are normally innocuous, particularly when a comment stands alone without
any further discussion. This Court finds that that is true in this case as well.
[¶]…[¶]

       “This was not a close case. Indeed, the verdict by the jury was very
discerning. There was significant and in some -- as to some issues,
overwhelming amount of evidence pointing and supporting the jury’s
verdict of guilt of the defendant. Accordingly, the Court denies the motion
for new trial on juror misconduct and errors of law.”

                                      30.
       Mistrial -- Prior Trial
       As stated earlier, Soojian was first found guilty of various crimes related to these
events in 2007. After two appeals, we ordered the trial court to grant Soojian’s motion
for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence.
       As the trial court acknowledged, the issue of the prior trial was not kept from the
jury. The parties entered into the following stipulation regarding the prior proceedings:
“There was a previous trial in this matter which took place in 2007. We are here for a
second trial because the Court of Appeal found there was additional information the jury
should evaluate in reaching its decision, including new evidence as well as evidence that
could have been presented but was not.” This stipulation apparently was deemed
necessary by the parties because of numerous references to the first trial, including
testimony, exhibit storage, and the fact Joyce was present for the closing arguments in
that case.
       In addition to the stipulation, the trial court instructed the jury, “You have heard
there was a prior trial in this matter. The outcome of the first trial and the reason there is
a second trial are not evidence in this case. Your decision should be based only on the
evidence presented in this case.”
       In his motion for a new trial, Soojian relied on the first declarations executed by
Jurors Nos. 3 and 11. The declaration of Juror No. 11 is not relevant to this issue. Only a
single paragraph from the declaration of Juror No. 3 is relevant to this issue. In this
paragraph Juror No. 3 stated that when one juror was holding out, another juror made the
statement that 12 people had found Soojian guilty, apparently referring to the prior trial,
and that now 11 people thought he was guilty and one person thought he was not guilty.
       The first question we must answer is whether this statement constitutes
misconduct. Taken at face value, the statement merely reflects the deliberations as they
stood at that time and a reflection of what occurred in the past. Since the jury had been
told about the prior trial via the stipulation, to which Soojian agreed, it is too late to

                                              31.
complain the jury knew about the prior trial and inferred the prior trial had resulted in a
conviction. Nor does misconduct occur simply because there is a reference to a historical
fact.
        Soojian apparently would like us to conclude the statement was an attempt to
coerce the lone juror to find Soojian guilty. In an attempt to do so, Soojian makes broad
assertions that are unsupported by the record.
        First, Soojian asserts that making the statement violated the trial court’s instruction
“not to consider or discuss the prior conviction during deliberations.” The trial court,
however, did not instruct the jury not to discuss or mention the prior trial, or by inference
the prior conviction. Instead, the trial court instructed the jury that the prior trial was not
evidence, and the jury must base its verdict on the evidence presented in court. The
statement did not violate this instruction. Nor did the statement suggest the prior
conviction was evidence of Soojian’s guilt.
        Second, Soojian asserts the statement proves there was a discussion of “a matter
beyond the scope of trial evidence as a basis for decision.” We disagree. A single
statement is neither a discussion nor a basis for a verdict. Indeed, the context suggests
the statement was made after a discussion of the evidence had occurred and 11 jurors
voted to find Soojian guilty. Moreover, while the trial court instructed the jury that the
prior trial was not evidence, the stipulation informed the jury a prior trial occurred. This
was not a case where information obtained from outside the courtroom was utilized in
reaching a verdict.
        Finally, Soojian argues this single statement “violated the requirements that the
verdict be the product of the independent judgment of each juror and unanimous
agreement.” He goes on to assert that “[t]he majority jurors improperly told the holdout
juror to acquiesce in the majority view based on the prior conviction.” The majority of
the jurors did no such thing. A single juror made a statement that may or may not have

                                              32.
been heard by the holdout juror. There is no evidence any juror attempted to persuade
the holdout juror to change his or her vote because of the prior trial.
        Soojian’s arguments do not convince us misconduct occurred. Nor does any case
support Soojian’s argument. We have reviewed the cases cited by Soojian, as well as
numerous cases we located while conducting our own research. In no case that we
reviewed did a trial or appellate court find juror misconduct as a result of such an
innocuous statement like the one to which Soojian points. This is not a case in which
information not presented to the jury was discussed during deliberations in an attempt to
sway the vote. It was merely a statement made during deliberations evidencing
frustration with a holdout juror, a statement reflecting human nature, the foundation of
the jury system.
        Even if we were to find misconduct, which we do not, an objective analysis of the
statement establishes the statement does not show juror bias. To reverse the judgment we
would have to find that either (1) the statement was inherently and substantially likely to
have resulted in juror bias or (2) the nature of the statement was such that the totality of
the circumstances makes it substantially likely that actual bias arose. (Danks, supra, 32
Cal.4th at p. 303.) This innocuous statement does not establish juror bias under either
test.
        First, the words themselves reflect a statement of fact, and not reference to an
outside source of information. The juror apparently assumed the prior trial ended in a
conviction, which was a reasonable conclusion based on the wording of the stipulation.
That this court ordered a new trial to consider additional evidence would suggest to most
lay persons, we suppose, that a judgment had been reversed. But these conclusions
probably had been reached by each of the jurors who had considered the issue, either
before or after the statement was made. Because each juror likely would reach the same
conclusion, it is extremely unlikely that a juror uttering the words audibly established
bias.

                                             33.
       Second, if we view the matter from the standpoint of the juror making the
statement, then the statement does not reflect any bias. That juror, it would appear, had
concluded that Soojian was guilty and was somewhat piqued that a lone juror had not
reached the same conclusion. Nor can the conclusion apparently argued by Soojian—that
the statement established that the juror making the statement had formed an opinion
before deliberations began—withstand analysis. From the context of the declaration, it is
clear the statement was made after the jurors had deliberated for a period of time and
after at least one vote on at least some of the charges had been taken. Therefore, the
context of the declaration establishes the jury followed the trial court’s instruction and
considered all of the evidence before forming an opinion on guilt. This procedure is
incompatible with the suggestion of juror bias. This same analysis would apply to any
juror other than the holdout juror.
       Third, if we view the matter from the context of the holdout juror, the same result
is reached. The declaration does not state the holdout juror reacted to the statement in
any manner, so there is no way to know if the holdout juror even heard the statement.
Moreover, as explained above, the holdout juror likely had already reached the
conclusion the first trial had ended in a guilty verdict.
       Finally, that the juror was a holdout when the vote was taken strongly suggests he
or she was not biased. To vote to find Soojian not guilty in light of the overwhelming
DNA evidence, evidence for which Soojian could not provide a reasonable explanation,
strongly suggests the holdout juror was as neutral as Soojian could hope or expect. The
overwhelming DNA evidence would also explain the holdout juror’s change in vote, if he
or she later voted for guilt. Of course, we do not know if the juror changed his or her
vote because the jury could not reach a verdict on the attempted murder charge and found
Soojian not guilty of one of the assault charges. Therefore, the holdout juror may not
have changed his or her vote if the statement was made during consideration of these two
counts.

                                              34.
       The single statement on which Soojian relies does not constitute misconduct; nor
does it remotely suggest juror bias. Accordingly, we reject Soojian’s claim.
       Misconduct -- Failure to Testify
       Soojian also claims juror misconduct occurred when the jury discussed his failure
to testify. Soojian again relies on the first declarations of Jurors Nos. 3 and 11 to support
his argument. The relevant portions of Juror No. 3’s first declaration state (1) Soojian did
not testify, (2) the jury discussed Soojian's not testifying, and (3) one unidentified juror
stated words to the effect of “you don’t want to testify if you’re guilty.”8 The relevant
portions of Juror No. 11’s first declaration stated (1) the jury discussed Soojian's not
testifying, (2) the jury discussed that it would have liked to hear from Soojian, and (3) an
unidentified juror stated “you don’t want to testify if you’re guilty.”
       The second declarations of these two jurors contradicted those submitted by
Soojian. Jurors Nos. 3 and 11 claimed in their second declarations that the declarations
submitted by Soojian contained errors. Both jurors denied stating that a juror said words
to the effect that a defendant would not want to testify if he was guilty, or equating
Soojian’s failure to testify as evidence of his guilt. Instead, both jurors stated any
discussion related to Soojian’s testimony was limited to a desire to hear his voice to see if
it was a “deep voice” as described by Morgan in his phone call to the emergency
operator.
       The remaining jurors who signed declarations confirmed they did not hear anyone
make a comment, such as a defendant would not testify if he was guilty. Nor did any
juror recall any discussion about Soojian’s failure to testify as being evidence of his guilt.
       The trial court found there was no evidence to support Soojian’s contention that
Soojian’s failure to testify was utilized by the jury to find him guilty. We understand this

       8We again ignore the portions of the declarations that are prohibited by Evidence
Code section 1150, subdivision (a).

                                             35.
finding to be directed at the “you don’t want to testify if you’re guilty” comment
attributed to an unidentified juror. Since this finding was supported by substantial
evidence, we must accept it. (Ramos, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 519.) Accordingly, we
reject Soojian’s claim of jury misconduct as it relates to this alleged comment.
        The declarations, however, raised two issues related to Soojian’s failure to testify.
While the declarations submitted by the People established that the jury did not rely on
Soojian’s failure to testify as evidence of guilt, several of the jurors also stated in their
declarations that the jury discussed the desire to hear the tone of Soojian’s voice so they
could consider whether it was a deep voice as described by Morgan. Although there are
several ways the tone of Soojian’s voice could have been presented to the jury without
having him testify, one method to do so would be if he testified. The discussion had by
the jury, therefore, could be considered a discussion related to Soojian’s failure to testify.
If the discussion was related to Soojian’s failure to testify, then misconduct would have
occurred. (Leonard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1424.)
        We need not decide whether misconduct occurred because, even if we assume
there was misconduct, we have located three cases that convince us there was no juror
bias.
        In Loker the defendant moved for a new trial on the grounds that juror misconduct
occurred in the penalty phase of the trial. One of the asserted grounds of misconduct was
consideration during deliberations of the defendant’s failure to testify. One juror stated in
a declaration that “there ‘was a consideration of remorse involving the fact that the
Defendant did not testify,’” while another juror stated, “‘The fact that [defendant] did not
take the stand was discussed as weighing heavily against him.’” (Loker, supra, 44
Cal.4th at p. 748.) The foreperson, however, stated in a declaration that whenever
improper topics were brought up during deliberations, he reminded the jury that such
topics could not be considered, and that the deliberations must be limited to the evidence
submitted and the law provided by the trial judge. (Ibid.) When someone brought up the

                                              36.
defendant's not testifying, the foreperson reminded the jury such topics were improper
and directed them back to the evidence. (Ibid.) Several other jurors submitted
declarations consistent with the foreperson’s declaration. (Ibid.)
       After concluding misconduct occurred because the jury violated the trial court’s
instruction to not discuss the defendant’s failure to testify, the Supreme Court completed
its analysis as follows: “We independently review the trial court’s determination that
defendant was not prejudiced by the improper comments. [Citation.] Here, we uphold
the court’s ruling. It is natural for jurors to wonder about a defendant’s absence from the
witness stand. [Citation.] The amended declarations show that the comments on this
subject were brief and played no role in the jury’s penalty deliberations. ‘[T]he purpose
of the rule prohibiting jury discussion of a defendant’s failure to testify is to prevent the
jury from drawing adverse inferences against the defendant, in violation of the
constitutional right not to incriminate oneself.’ [Citation.] Even if some comments
disclosed in the amended declarations might have given rise to inferences adverse to
defendant, the foreperson promptly forestalled that possibility, reminding the jurors that
defendant had a right not to testify and that his assertion of that right could not be held
against him. Under these circumstances, the purpose of the rule against commenting on
defendant’s failure to testify was served, and the presumption of prejudice is rebutted.”
(Loker, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 749.)
       In Leonard the declarations submitted in support of the defendant’s motion for
new trial included a statement by one juror that “‘[d]uring penalty phase deliberations,
several jurors, myself included, expressed the opinion that we would have liked for
[defendant] to testify during the penalty phase so that we could better understand why he
killed six people, and whether he was truly remorseful.” (Leonard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at
p. 1424.) Another juror stated jurors “discussed the fact that we would like to have heard
[defendant] testify during the penalty phase so that we could better know him and
understand the extent of his impairment. We discussed the fact that we would have liked

                                              37.
to have heard [defendant’s] reasons for committing the crimes as we felt this was not
satisfactorily answered through the testimony of defense expert witnesses.” (Ibid.)
       After concluding the jury had committed misconduct by violating the instruction
to not consider the defendant’s failure to testify during deliberations, the Supreme Court
stated, “This misconduct gives rise to a presumption of prejudice, which ‘may be rebutted
… by a reviewing court’s determination, upon examining the entire record, that there is
no substantial likelihood that the complaining party suffered actual harm.’ [Citations.]”
(Leonard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1425.)
       In applying its independent judgment, the Supreme Court stated, “[T]he purpose
of the rule prohibiting jury discussion of a defendant’s failure to testify is to prevent the
jury from drawing adverse inferences against the defendant, in violation of the
constitutional right not to incriminate oneself. Here, the comments on defendant’s failure
to testify mentioned in defendant’s new trial motion merely expressed regret that
defendant had not testified, because such testimony might have assisted the jurors in
understanding him better. In the words of the trial court: ‘I think that wanting to hear
defendants testify is natural. We do the best we can to deter jurors from speculating and
from drawing negative inferences, but merely referencing that they wish he would have
testified is not the same as punishing the Defendant for not testifying. It is not the same
as drawing negative inferences from the absence of testimony.’ We conclude there is no
substantial likelihood that defendant was prejudiced by the jury’s brief discussion of his
failure to testify at the penalty phase.” (Leonard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1425.)
       Finally, this court addressed a similar issue in People v. Hord, supra, 15
Cal. App. 4th 711 (Hord). Hord was convicted of continuous sex abuse of a child
(§ 288.5) and lewd and lascivious acts against a minor (§ 288, subd. (b)) for acts
committed against his stepdaughter. Hord moved for a new trial on the grounds of juror
misconduct. To support his motion, Hord filed declarations from two jurors. Juror A.B.
stated the fact Hord did not testify was discussed. A juror said “you don’t say anything to

                                              38.
protect yourself.” (Hord, at p. 721.) When approached after the trial and asked about the
verdict, Juror A.B. told family members the jury was against Hord because he did not
testify. Juror V.J. stated in a declaration that several jurors discussed the fact Hord did
not testify. (Ibid.)
       The People’s opposition to the motion included declarations from each juror.
Juror A.B. stated Hord’s not testifying was mentioned but not discussed. After reaching
a verdict on one count, someone made a comment about how things might have been
different had Hord testified. (Hord, supra, 15 Cal.App.4th at p. 722.) Juror V.J.
confirmed that during deliberations a comment was made about Hord not testifying. This
juror also stated, “[I]n my opinion that if a man did not do what he was accused of he
should say so.” (Ibid.)
       The foreperson stated in his declaration that a comment was made during
deliberations “as to why the defendant did not take the stand. [¶]… I, being the foreman
of the jury, interrupted and informed the jury that whether the defendant testified or not
had no bearing on his guilt or innocence. This was not to be used in our decision making
process. Any further discussion or talk whatsoever regarding testimony of the defendant
was stopped.” (Hord, supra, 15 Cal.App.4th at p. 722.) Five jurors did not recall a
comment about Hord’s failure to testify. Three of the jurors who recalled a comment
about Hord not testifying also recalled the foreman telling the other jurors such
information could not be considered. (Ibid.)
       We recognized that misconduct occurred because the jury discussed Hord’s failure
to testify and then turned to the issue of juror bias.9 (Hord, supra, 15 Cal.App.4th at
p. 725.)

       9We   also found misconduct because the jury discussed the possible sentence that
would be imposed if Hord were found guilty. (Hord, supra, 15 Cal.App.4th at p. 725.)
This issue is not relevant to our discussion.

                                             39.
       “When jury deliberations have been infiltrated with a matter which
is prohibited, one must look at the nature of what has improperly infiltrated
the procedure and the possibility of prejudice.… [¶] … [¶]

       “Where the misconduct is not ‘inherently likely’ to have affected the
vote of any of the jurors, prejudice is not shown. [Citations.] …

         “Here, during deliberations there was a comment or comments made
about defendant’s not testifying and a comment regarding defendant’s
sentence. Although these matters were not to be discussed, the discussion
was very different than when a juror performs experiments or brings in new
law or facts into deliberations. The jury was obviously well aware here that
defendant did not testify and equally aware that he would be punished if the
jury found him to be guilty. Thus the comments did not interject any new
material into deliberations that was not already known by the jury from the
trial itself. Transitory comments of wonderment and curiosity, although
misconduct, are normally innocuous, particularly when a comment stands
alone without any further discussion. The fact that only some of the jurors
recalled the comments tends to indicate that this was not a discussion of
any length or significance.

        “When comments go beyond natural curiosity and their content
suggests inferences from forbidden areas, the chance of prejudice increases.
For example, if a juror were to say, ‘The defendant didn’t testify so he is
guilty,’ or ‘we will have to find the defendant guilty of the greatest charges
to ensure he will be adequately punished,’ the comments go beyond mere
curiosity and lean more toward a juror’s drawing inappropriate inferences
from areas which are off limits. Such comments are more likely to
influence that juror and other jurors.

       “In [Juror A.B.’s] initial declaration, he recited a juror’s oblique
remark about a party not saying anything to protect himself. Although this
comment may have carried a greater potential for prejudice than a mere
statement of curiosity, in light of the record before us it does not require
reversal. It does not appear that there was a lengthy discussion about the
two inappropriate areas or that there was a movement to disobey the court’s
instructions. The comments did not involve extra record material but were
regarding matters already obvious to the jurors. More importantly, the
foreperson admonished his fellow jurors and reminded them they could not
consider defendant’s not testifying during deliberations. [¶]…[¶]

      “Here, forbidden elements inadvertently crept into jury discussions.
However, there is no substantial likelihood that defendant suffered actual
harm.” (Hord, supra, 15 Cal.App.4th at pp. 727-728.)

                                     40.
       These cases confirm that there was not a substantial likelihood of juror bias. The
jurors in this trial were not wondering why Soojian did not testify, which is normally
innocuous, but instead merely observed that hearing the tone of his voice would have
provided more relevant evidence. There was no evidence the issue played any role in
deliberations. The comments appear to have been brief, and not every juror recalled the
comments, suggesting they were not significant. There was no evidence the jury agreed
to ignore the trial court’s instructions, nor evidence of a lengthy discussion. Nor was this
a situation where experiments or outside evidence was brought before the jury. No one
suggested Soojian must be guilty because the jury did not hear him speak. It was simply
an observation that additional evidence could have been produced, but it was not an
indication the jurors decided the case on anything other than the evidence that was
presented to it. Since there was no evidence of bias, we reject this argument.
       Mistrial -- Evidentiary Hearing
       Soojian also asserts the trial court erred when it denied his request for an
evidentiary hearing to resolve the contradictions in the declarations executed by Jurors
Nos. 3 and 11. “The trial court has the discretion to conduct an evidentiary hearing to
determine the truth or falsity of allegations of jury misconduct, and to permit the parties
to call jurors to testify at such a hearing. [Citation.] Defendant is not, however, entitled
to an evidentiary hearing as a matter of right. Such a hearing should be held only when
the court concludes an evidentiary hearing is ‘necessary to resolve material, disputed
issues of fact.’ [Citation.] ‘The hearing should not be used as a “fishing expedition” to
search for possible misconduct, but should be held only when the defense has come
forward with evidence demonstrating a strong possibility that prejudicial misconduct has
occurred. Even upon such a showing, an evidentiary hearing will generally be
unnecessary unless the parties’ evidence presents a material conflict that can only be
resolved at such a hearing.’ [Citations.] [¶] We review for abuse of discretion the trial
court’s denial of defendant’s postverdict request for an evidentiary hearing into

                                             41.
allegations of jury misconduct.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal. 4th 491,
604.)
        The trial court impliedly denied Soojian’s motion for an evidentiary hearing to
resolve material factual conflicts. Soojian, however, has failed to identify any material
factual conflicts that would require an evidentiary hearing. Soojian suggests, as best we
can discern, that Juror No. 10’s declaration supports the contention that Soojian’s failure
to testify adversely affected the juror’s determination on the issue of guilt. We have
reviewed this declaration and it does no such thing. The declaration states the juror
wanted to hear Soojian speak to determine if he had a deep voice, an issue several juror’s
mentioned. The declaration next states the juror “personally did not consider whether
[Soojian] testified to determine if he was guilty because that is not part of the facts we
were to consider.” This sentence is apparently the basis for this argument. If so, it is a
blatant misrepresentation of the record. The sentence specifically states that the juror did
not consider Soojian’s failure to testify when determining guilt. More importantly, the
statement describes the thought process of the juror and is inadmissible. (Evid. Code,
§ 1150, subd. (a).)
        Soojian also misconstrues the second declaration filed by Juror No. 11. Soojian
asserts this declaration suggested the jury relied on Soojian’s failure to testify when
deciding the issue of guilt. It did not. Instead, the declaration states, “There was no
discussion during deliberations equating [Soojian’s] failure to testify as evidence of his
guilt. That never happened.” It is difficult to imagine a more definitive example of a
juror denying the jury relied on the failure to testify as evidence of guilt.
        The trial court is required to hold an evidentiary hearing only if (1) a hearing is
necessary to resolve material disputed issues of fact, and (2) there is evidence
demonstrating a strong possibility that prejudicial misconduct has occurred. Soojian has
not met either prong. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to
hold an evidentiary hearing.

                                              42.
II.    Erroneous Admission of Evidence
       Miranda10 Error
       Soojian moved before trial to exclude any statements he made at his mobilehome
before he was arrested. The statements were in response to questions asked by Oh before
Soojian was placed under arrest.
       To summarize the relevant testimony, investigating detectives presented a photo
lineup to Joyce to see whether she could identify the perpetrator. A DMV photo of
Soojian was included in the photo lineup because of the work order recovered from the
scene with Joyce’s blood on it. When Joyce identified Soojian as the perpetrator, the
investigating detectives went to Soojian’s mobilehome to speak with him.
       The facts surrounding the questioning of Soojian came from the hearing held
before trial when both sides made motions regarding this issue. Oh testified to the facts
summarized above that that led him and the other officers to Soojian’s mobilehome. Oh
and his partner were in plain clothes, with each displaying a badge and carrying an
exposed firearm. Kandarian, who also was at the mobilehome, was similarly attired. The
patrol officers wore standard uniforms. The five officers arrived simultaneously in three
vehicles. No vehicle had activated its lights or sirens. Although this was a rural area,
nearby were the residences of Bolin and Soojian’s mother and father.
       Soojian’s pickup was parked in front of his mobilehome. Oh parked his vehicle
behind Soojian’s pickup, and the other vehicles parked behind Oh’s vehicle. It appears
probable the two patrol officers walked to the perimeter and positioned themselves to
determine if someone tried to leave through the back of the mobilehome.
       As Oh walked past Soojian’s pickup, he observed a rope and bridle in the bed of
the pickup. As Oh approached the mobilehome, he saw the front door was open, but a
screen door was in place. Oh asked Soojian, whom he could see inside the mobilehome,
       10Miranda   v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.

                                            43.
to come outside. Soojian, who was on the phone, came out shortly after Oh’s request.
Oh, Soojian, and Soojian’s son stepped off the porch. Soojian made another phone call.
Oh waited to speak with Soojian until that call was completed. Shortly thereafter, Bolin
arrived and took custody of Soojian’s son.
       When Soojian completed his second phone call, Oh asked Soojian if he was
surprised the police had arrived. Soojian responded, “No.” Oh asked Soojian if he
wanted to talk with him and Soojian responded, “No.” When asked if he was home that
morning, Soojian stated he did not want to answer. Soojian admitted the pickup belonged
to him, but refused to answer when Oh asked him if he had let anyone else drive the
vehicle. Oh then told Soojian the pickup had been involved in a crime, and Soojian
refused to answer any more questions. Oh asked Soojian if he would permit a search of
the pickup and the mobilehome, but Soojian would not consent to the searches. At this
point Oh instructed one of the patrol officers to arrest Soojian.
       Oh described the interchange as follows: “Nothing has changed. He’s still
standing there. We are just having a conversation in the front yard, and I’m just trying to
determine whether or not he wants to cooperate and talk with me.” Soojian was calm and
polite during the exchange. No one touched Soojian, no one drew their firearm, Soojian
was not placed in handcuffs until he was arrested, and Soojian was never accused of a
crime. When Oh arrived at the mobilehome, he thought he had probable cause to make
an arrest.
       Soojian testified on his behalf at this hearing. His testimony essentially was
consistent with Oh’s, with a few exceptions. Soojian testified the police vehicles blocked
his only exit from the mobilehome in his pickup. He also testified another police vehicle
was on the canal bank overlooking the mobilehome. Several peace officers had their
firearms drawn, and there was a sniper on the canal bank. When Soojian heard his name
called, he did not feel he could leave. Soojian saw at least two pistols pointed at him, so
he knew the officers were not there to talk to him. Soojian thought they were there

                                             44.
related to a dispute he had had with his wife and mother-in-law regarding custody of his
son.
       Royce Gilbert, Soojian’s grandmother, testified she lived in the same area as
Soojian. On the date Soojian was arrested, Gilbert saw four police cars driving fast,
apparently towards Soojian’s mobilehome. Gilbert got into her car with her grandson and
drove towards Soojian’s mobilehome to see what was going on. As she approached, she
saw a police car with two doors open and one officer pointing a firearm at Soojian’s
mobilehome. Gilbert stopped for a few seconds and then drove to the other side of the
driveway that led to Soojian’s mobilehome. There were sheriff’s vehicles blocking the
driveway, so Soojian could not have left.
       The People recalled several witnesses in rebuttal. Oh testified there was not a
sniper on the canal bank. Kandarian recalled the atmosphere at the time was very calm
and not confrontational. Kandarian did not recall any officer having a firearm
withdrawn. Lopez testified the atmosphere was not confrontational and recalled he did
not draw his weapon on that day.
       The trial court recognized the issue was whether Soojian was in custody when he
made the statements to Oh. The court found the evidence to be that Oh arrived at
Soojian’s mobilehome with two plain-clothed detectives and two patrol officers. Oh
called out through the screen door for Soojian to come outside. Soojian exited the
mobilehome after a second request by Oh. Soojian completed two phone calls before
speaking with Oh. Soojian was not searched for weapons, was not handcuffed, and was
not ordered to refrain from moving. The questions asked by Oh were not accusatory and
were made in a polite tone of voice. No one was between Soojian and his residence. The
trial court found unbelievable the testimony of Soojian and Gilbert that an officer had his
gun drawn and that there was a sniper pointing a gun at Soojian.
       The trial court concluded that a reasonable person would not have felt restrained to
the degree associated with an arrest. Specifically, a reasonable person would not have

                                            45.
felt he was under arrest when he was free to make phone calls before speaking with the
officers. Accordingly, since Soojian was not restrained, Oh was not required to advise
Soojian of his constitutional rights before asking him questions, and Soojian’s answers
were therefore admissible.
       Miranda held that statements made by a defendant, whether exculpatory or
inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant may not be
introduced into evidence unless the People establish the defendant was advised of his
privilege against self-incrimination. (People v. Thomas (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 449, 476
(Thomas).) “Custodial interrogation” means “‘questioning initiated by law enforcement
officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom
of action in any significant way.’” (Id. at pp. 476-477.) “Custody consists of a formal
arrest or a restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal
arrest. [Citation.]” (People v. Moore (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 386, 395 (Moore).) “Whether a
person is in custody is an objective test; the pertinent question being whether the person
was formally arrested or subject to a restraint on freedom of movement of the degree
associated with a formal arrest. [Citation.] ‘[C]ustody must be determined based on how
a reasonable person in the suspect’s situation would perceive his circumstances.’
[Citation.]” (People v. Linton (2013) 56 Cal. 4th 1146, 1167.)
       We look to all of the circumstances of the interrogation when making our inquiry,
including the location, the length and form of the interrogation, the degree to which the
investigation was focused on the defendant, and whether any indicia of arrest were
present. (Moore, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 395.)
       When conducting our review of Miranda claims, we are required to “‘accept the
trial court’s resolution of disputed facts and inferences, and its evaluations of credibility,
if supported by substantial evidence. We independently determine from the undisputed
facts and the facts properly found by the trial court whether the challenged statement was
illegally obtained.’” (Thomas, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 476.)

                                              46.
         Our summary of the testimony establishes there was substantial evidence to
support each of the trial court’s factual findings. Accordingly, we accept the facts as
determined by the trial court as true. Therefore, the facts before us are that no peace
officer drew a firearm during the events leading to Soojian’s arrest, the conversation
between Soojian and Oh was cordial, and Soojian’s ability to walk to his mobilehome
was not impaired during the conversation.
         We now must apply our independent evaluation to these facts to determine if a
reasonable person would not have felt he or she was at liberty to terminate the
interrogation and leave. (People v. Ochoa (1998) 19 Cal. 4th 353, 402.) In our view, a
reasonable person in Soojian’s position would have felt free to end the questioning and
leave.
         The discussion between Soojian and Oh took place at Soojian’s mobilehome, and
the trial court found his ability to return to the mobilehome was not impaired. Soojian
was asked to come out of the mobilehome, not ordered to do so. Soojian came out with
his son and made two phone calls before he spoke with Oh. The ability to make two
phone calls before speaking with Oh is inconsistent with an arrest. The discussion was
cordial, no firearms were drawn, and Soojian was not arrested at the time the questions
were asked. Nor were the questions accusatory. Instead, the questions were neutral
inquiries that did not suggest Soojian had committed a crime. Oh asked only a very few
questions because of Soojian’s refusal to talk with him. Other than the number of police
officers present, nothing about the exchange would lead one to believe he was in custody.
While there were five officers present, only Oh spoke with Soojian, while the other
officers remained a distance away from the two. The testimony did not indicate any
attempt to intimidate Soojian through either words or actions.
         These facts lead to the inescapable conclusion that Soojian was not detained at the
time Oh asked the questions in front of the mobilehome. Because Soojian had the ability

                                             47.
to end the interview and leave, Oh was not required to advise Soojian of his constitutional
rights before questioning him.
       The cases cited by Soojian do not support his argument. Indeed, most of the cases
stand for propositions of law that are not in dispute. He fails to cite any case with similar
facts that would suggest he was in custody for Miranda purposes when he was questioned
by Oh. For example, Stansbury v. California (1994) 511 U.S. 318 concerned the issue of
whether a peace officer’s subjective intent was relevant to the custody inquiry. Stansbury
held, consistent with prior authority, the unexpressed subjective intent of a peace officer
is not relevant to the issue. (Id. at p. 324.) Also inapposite is Berkemer v. McCarty
(1984) 468 U.S. 420, which addressed the question of whether Miranda applied to
misdemeanor traffic offenses and whether the case applied to motorists detained for
traffic violations. (Berkemer, at pp. 422-423.) Neither issue is relevant to the issues here.
The failure to provide any relevant case law that supports Soojian’s argument confirms
our conclusion that Miranda did not apply to the questioning in this case.
       Soojian also argues the trial court’s ruling violated his constitutional right to
remain silent. The argument, as we understand it, was that when Soojian told Oh he did
not want to talk with him, refused to state where he was the previous evening, and
refused to state whether he had lent his pickup to anyone the previous night, Soojian was
asserting his Fifth Amendment right to not incriminate himself. Because he was asserting
his constitutional rights, Soojian argues Supreme Court precedent precluded the
prosecution from introducing such evidence or commenting on his silence.
       The first difficulty with this argument is that Soojian never stated he was refusing
to answer any question on the ground that the answer might incriminate him. Nor did
Soojian state in this brief exchange that he wanted to speak with an attorney before
answering any questions. Soojian simply refused to answer specific questions while
choosing to answer other questions. We have not located any authority, nor has Soojian,

                                             48.
for the proposition that selectively answering questions equates to an invocation of the
right to remain silent.
       The second difficulty with this argument is that the authority cited by Soojian is
inapposite. He cites as legal authority U.S. v. Bushyhead (9th Cir. 2001) 270 F.3d 905
and U.S. v. Whitehead (9th Cir. 2000) 200 F.3d 634. But both of these cases involved
custodial interrogations, not noncustodial interrogations. As explained above, Soojian
was not in custody at the time he answered Oh’s questions.
       The third difficulty with this argument is that the United States Supreme Court
recently held that under these facts the prosecution had the right to use this evidence
against Soojian. In Salinas v. Texas (2013) ___ U.S. ___ [133 S. Ct. 2174], the Supreme
Court held in a plurality opinion that the defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights were not
violated when the defendant remained silent when asked certain questions during a
precustody and pre-Miranda interview. While the defendant answered most questions,
he remained silent when asked if ballistics testing would establish that shell casings from
the crime scene would match the defendant’s firearm. The prosecutor argued the
defendant’s silence suggested he was guilty. The plurality opinion concluded that
because the defendant did not “expressly invoke the privilege against self-incrimination
in response to the officer’s question,” the Fifth Amendment claim failed. (Salinas, at
p. ___ [133 S.Ct. at p. 2178] (plur. opn. of Alito, J.).) While the plurality opinion only
garnered three votes, two other justices concurred in the opinion but did so on the
grounds that precustodial silence did not give rise to self-incriminating testimony, even if
Salinas had invoked his Fifth Amendment rights. (Salinas, at p. ___ [133 S.Ct. at
p. 2184] (conc. opn. of Thomas, J.).)
       Since Soojian is in the exact same factual position as the defendant in Salinas
(noncustodial and pre-Miranda questioning), and he did not expressly invoke his right to
silence, we must reject Soojian’s argument.

                                             49.
       Third Party Misconduct
       The trial court also permitted the prosecutor to introduce evidence that someone,
perhaps Soojian’s father, tampered with evidence in an attempt to assist Soojian’s
defense. Soojian contends the trial court erred when it overruled his objection to the
testimony.
       To understand this argument we must go back to the previous appeal. In the
second appeal, we ruled that Soojian was entitled to a new trial because exonerating
evidence discovered after the initial trial suggested someone other than Soojian may have
been responsible for the crime. Specifically, the defense located and purchased the
pickup Bolin owned at the time of the crimes. A subsequent search of the pickup (three
years after the crime) resulted in the discovery of Joyce’s driver’s license concealed in
the pickup. This evidence was introduced during this trial. In addition, evidence was
introduced that Bolin’s pickup was stored for two days at the Soojian family property
before it was searched.
       The prosecutor chose to attack this evidence as having been planted by the Soojian
family. This attack was conducted in two ways. First, the prosecution learned in 2011
(seven years after the crime) from Soojian’s ex-wife that Soojian had built a hidden room
in his mobilehome. This room was built behind the master bedroom closet and was used
by Soojian to grow marijuana. At the time of the search, the only items recovered from
the room were papers that appeared to belong to Soojian and an ammunition box.
Although Soojian claims (without explanation) this evidence was “[u]nduly prejudicial,”
we fail to see any prejudice that could arise from this evidence. Soojian did not suggest
he was unaware of the hidden room, which would have been difficult since several
witnesses testified he built it. The real value of this testimony was it permitted the
argument that the other items taken from Joyce, and the weapon used in the attack, could
have been hidden in this room when the mobilehome was searched in 2004.

                                             50.
       The second and main thrust of Soojian’s argument deals with the alteration of a
document by an unidentified individual in an attempt to place the work order in Bolin’s
possession before the attack. As explained above, the torn work order was the first piece
of evidence that tied Soojian to the attack, and the discovery in Soojian’s truck of the
piece of the work order that had been torn off the piece found at the crime scene was
significant evidence of Soojian’s guilt.
       The sequence of events leading to the discovery of the alteration starts with the
defense’s presentation of the altered document to the prosecution as potential exonerating
evidence.11 The prosecution then served a search warrant on the Soojian family tile
business to obtain a copy of the hard drives from the computers used in the business. As
detailed in our summary of facts, the prosecution’s witnesses were able to establish that
the document recently had been altered by someone to suggest Bolin’s involvement in the
Flanagan project. Upon learning of the alteration, the defense immediately withdrew the
document from potential trial evidence.
       During trial, the prosecution offered the document as evidence. The prosecution’s
theory was the alteration showed someone in the Soojian family was willing to fabricate
evidence in an effort to prevent a conviction. According to the prosecution, the
willingness to fabricate evidence strongly suggested the Soojian family members were
not credible witnesses and also strongly suggested Joyce’s driver’s license may well have
been placed in Bolin’s pickup by someone in the Soojian family.
       The trial court agreed with the prosecution’s analysis and overruled defense
objections to introduction of the altered document. We also agree with the prosecution’s
analysis. The altered document was strong evidence the Soojian family would fabricate
evidence and thus were not credible witnesses. The willingness to fabricate evidence also

       11Thereis no evidence, and we are not suggesting, that defense counsel was aware
the document was altered when he presented it to the prosecution.

                                            51.
provided an alternative explanation for the presence of Joyce’s driver’s license in Bolin’s
pickup. Accordingly, the evidence was relevant and admissible.
       “An attempt to fabricate evidence may manifest a defendant’s consciousness of
guilt, but only if the attempt was made by the defendant or by another with the
defendant’s knowledge or authorization.” (People v. Nelson (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 198, 214.)
Soojian argues that the evidence should have been excluded because he did not, and
could not, have participated in either planting the driver’s license in Bolin’s pickup or
altering the work order because he was in custody when both events occurred.
       Soojian’s argument misses the point. The evidence was not offered to prove a
consciousness of guilt, but was offered to prove that Joyce’s driver’s license could have
been placed in Bolin’s truck by someone in Soojian’s family and to attack the credibility
of the Soojian family. These were the inferences argued by the prosecutor during closing
arguments. Soojian has not cited any portion of the closing argument during which the
prosecutor argued the jury could infer Soojian was guilty because of these pieces of
evidence. The rule cited by Soojian is inapplicable, and the trial court did not err in
admitting the evidence.
III.   Eyewitness Identification
       Soojian argues the photo lineup in which Joyce identified him as the perpetrator
was unduly suggestive. The trial court denied his motion to suppress the identification.
Soojian contends the trial court erred in this respect and, as a result of this initial error,
Joyce’s in-court identification of him also was tainted. We conclude there was no error.
       “‘Due process requires the exclusion of identification testimony only if the
identification procedures used were unnecessarily suggestive and, if so, the resulting
identification was also unreliable.’ [Citation.] The question is not whether there were
differences between the lineup participants, but ‘whether anything caused defendant to
“stand out” from the others in a way that would suggest the witness should select him.’
[Citation.] We independently review ‘a trial court’s ruling that a pretrial identification

                                               52.
procedure was not unduly suggestive.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Avila (2009) 46 Cal. 4th
680, 698-699.)
       To support his argument that the photo lineup was unduly suggestive so that his
photo stood out from the others, Soojian points to two items. The first is the background
color of the photograph. The photos each have a different background color. In five of
the photographs the background color is a shade of white or gray. In Soojian’s photo
(No. 4), the background color is a light blue. The second distinction involves the size of
the photographs. The photograph of Soojian is slightly smaller (approximately one-
sixteenth inch shorter on top and bottom) than the photographs of the other individuals in
the lineup.
       We have reviewed the photo lineup, which was entered into evidence at trial.
While Soojian focuses on the differences in the photographs, we note the similarities.
Each photograph shows a light-complexioned White male with various hair styles and
various amounts of facial hair. The background color in each photograph is different.
While the background color in Soojian’s photo is somewhat more colorful, this hardly
suggests the person viewing the lineup should pick that photograph over the others.
Moreover, the size difference identified by Soojian is so minimal as to be insignificant.
In other words, we agree with the trial court that these differences do not cause the lineup
to be unnecessarily suggestive. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying
Soojian’s motion to suppress.

                                            53.
                                 DISPOSITION
     The judgment is affirmed.

                                               _____________________
                                                         CORNELL, J.

WE CONCUR:

 _____________________
LEVY, Acting P.J.

 _____________________
FRANSON, J.

                                     54.