Court Opinion

ID: 3152185
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-04 22:02:55.724156+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:55:36.426924
License: Public Domain

Filed 11/4/15 P. v. Berry CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN

THE PEOPLE,                                                          B254509

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BA413129)
         v.

FRANK ANDRE BERRY,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Edmund
Wilcox Clarke and Michael Garcia, Judges. Reversed and remanded with directions.
         Jessica C. Butterick, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Steven E. Mercer and
Tannaz Kouhpainezhad, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                           ______________________
       Following a bench trial, Frank Andre Berry was convicted of kidnapping
(Pen. Code, § 207, subd. (a))1 with a finding he had personally inflicted great bodily
injury (§12022.7, subd. (a)), battery causing serious bodily injury (§ 243, subd. (d)) and
assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury (§ 245, subd. (a)). As to
all counts, the court found Berry had suffered one prior serious or violent felony
conviction within the meaning of section 667, subdivision (a)(1) and the three strikes law
(§§ 667, subds. (b)-(j), 1170.12, subds. (a)-(d)) and had served four separate prison terms
for felonies (§ 667.5, subd. (b)). The court sentenced Berry to an aggregate state prison
term of 24 years.
       On appeal, Berry contends there was substantial evidence he was not mentally
competent to stand trial; and the trial court abused its discretion by declining to convene a
competency hearing under section 1368. With respect to the sentence, Berry asserts the
section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancement must be stricken because the evidence is
insufficient he inflicted great bodily injury in furtherance of the kidnapping.
Alternatively, Berry argues if the evidence is sufficient to support the enhancement, then
the trial court erred in failing to stay the sentence on the aggravated battery conviction
pursuant to section 654. We conditionally reverse the convictions and remand for a
retrospective competency hearing. If Berry is found to have been competent at the time
of trial, the judgment shall be reinstated with a modification that the sentence on count 2
for aggravated battery is stayed.

1      Statutory references are to the Penal Code.

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                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       1. Pretrial Proceedings
       On October 11, 2013, when the jury trial was set to begin, Judge Charlaine
Olmedo declared a doubt as to Berry’s mental competence to stand trial, suspended
criminal proceedings, and appointed psychiatrist Kory J. Knapke to evaluate Berry’s
competence under section 1368.2 Judge Olmedo also ordered Berry’s counsel to select a
psychiatrist to examine Berry.
       After meeting with Berry on November 4, 2013, Dr. Knapke reported that Berry
was initially angry and agitated during the interview, but soon became calm and
cooperative.3 Berry logically and appropriately answered the psychiatrist’s questions.
Berry stated his hostile behavior in the courtroom was a reflection of his deep
dissatisfaction with his attorney; and he rationally explained to Dr. Knapke why he was
upset with appointed counsel. Dr. Knapke concluded, although Berry suffered from a
mental disorder within the scope of section 1368, most likely schizophrenia disorder,
bipolar type, he was consistently taking his psychiatric medication as prescribed. Dr.
Knapke opined Berry understood the nature of the charges and proceedings against him,

2       Section 1368, subdivision (a) provides: “If, during the pendency of an action and
prior to judgment, or during revocation proceedings for a violation of probation,
mandatory supervision, postrelease community supervision, or parole, a doubt arises in
the mind of the judge as to the mental competence of the defendant, he or she shall state
that doubt in the record and inquire of the attorney for the defendant whether, in the
opinion of the attorney, the defendant is mentally competent.” If the defendant’s counsel
concurs, the court is required to order a hearing on the subject of the defendant’s
competence. (Id., subd. (b).)

3      Berry told Dr. Knapke that he recognized him, having been previously evaluated
by the psychiatrist in other cases. Dr. Knapke reported he did not recognize Berry, and
his records did not show any prior clinical interviews with him.

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could rationally cooperate with and assist counsel at trial, and was competent to stand
trial if he continued to take his medication.4
       On November 6, 2013, the parties appeared before Judge Norm Shapiro, who
stated he had reviewed Dr. Knapke’s report and asked Berry’s counsel how he would like
to proceed. Berry’s counsel requested a continuance to obtain Berry’s medical records
before seeking the appointment of a second mental health expert to examine Berry.
During this discussion, Berry repeatedly interrupted his attorney, stating he refused to be
examined by another mental health expert. Berry also insisted on having his appointed
counsel replaced and proceeding to trial without delay.
       After Judge Shapiro admonished Berry to refrain from further interruptions, the
prosecutor objected to the appointment of another mental health expert, arguing Berry
had been examined at this point by two mental health experts, Drs. Cohen and Knapke,
both of whom had found Berry competent to stand trial. The prosecutor urged that an
examination by a third mental health expert was unnecessary. Judge Shapiro agreed with
the prosecutor and, noting Berry was very anxious to have his trial, declared Berry
mentally competent and resumed criminal proceedings. At the conclusion of the hearing,
Judge Shapiro heard and denied Berry’s motion to replace his appointed counsel (People
v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118).
       On November 15, 2013, at the request of Berry’s counsel, psychiatrist Jack
Rothberg met with Berry and reported Berry was angry, paranoid, and uncooperative
during the interview. Berry indicated he was upset with his attorney and claimed his
counsel, the prosecutor and prospective jury were racists. Berry told Dr. Rothberg he had
no idea why he was in custody and became agitated when the psychiatrist mentioned the
criminal charges and underlying facts. As a result of the meeting, Dr. Rothberg
concluded, Berry “understands the nature and the purpose of the proceedings though this
is clearly colored by paranoid thinking. He more importantly would certainly have

4      Dr. Knapke reported that prior to interviewing Berry, he had reviewed an earlier
section 1368 “short report” by psychologist Mark Cohen. This report is not part of the
record on appeal.

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difficulty cooperating with counsel in preparation of a suitable defense. He refused to
provide any information about his background or mental health history, concerned that
we would obtain records and use it [sic] even though this would obviously be a
mitigating factor under the circumstances since this is a very serious charge. He is
delusional about the roles of all the participants. He was paranoid of me. By virtue of his
inability to cooperate with counsel, he would not be competent to stand trial. He clearly
requires more aggressive treatment with anti-psychotic medication even though he is on a
maximum dose of [such medication]. This apparently is not holding him. He clearly
needs to go to the state hospital for aggressive treatment with anti-psychotic medication.
Involuntary administration of medication may be necessary.” [¶] . . . [¶] . . . “Treatment
with antipsychotic medication is very likely to render Mr. Berry competent to stand trial.”
Before addressing Berry’s request, Judge Edmund Wilcox Clarke stated he had reviewed
Dr. Knapke’s report concerning Berry’s competence to stand trial. In response, Berry’s
counsel produced a copy of Dr. Rothberg’s report. After reading the report, Judge Clarke
offered to clear the courtroom to enable Berry and his counsel to present in confidence
any new information bearing on Berry’s competence. The prosecutor objected, arguing
she had not seen Dr. Rothberg’s report and if Judge Clarke intended to declare a doubt as
to Berry’s competence, the People would demand a section 1369 competency trial. Judge
Clarke stated he was not declaring a doubt as to Berry’s competence and explained the
issue before him was whether the reports created a doubt in his mind regarding Berry’s
competence to stand trial. Judge Clarke then advised counsel, “As you both know, it’s
the court’s doctor that matters. If [Berry’s counsel] shares something [in a closed
courtroom] that raises a doubt in my mind, then we can set it for something, if needed.”
       Berry’s counsel asked Judge Clarke to suspend criminal proceedings and appoint a
third mental health expert to evaluate Berry in light of Dr. Knapke’s and Dr. Rothberg’s
conflicting reports. Judge Clarke replied he did not read Dr. Rothberg’s report as
concluding Berry was incompetent to stand trial. Berry’s counsel pointed to two
sentences in the report: “By virtue of [Berry’s] inability to cooperate with counsel, he
would not be competent to stand trial. He clearly requires more aggressive treatment

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with anti-psychotic medication even though he is on a maximum dose of [such
medication].” Judge Clarke stated, “That does not say he is not competent. It says he
needs treatment. The sentence [sic] of that since you might want to argue, which is what
I would argue in your spot, it says virtue of et cetera [sic], that is clearly not a statement
of he is. It’s he would be.” Judge Clarke then informed counsel he did not have a doubt
as to Berry’s competence to stand trial and granted Berry’s motion to represent himself.

       2. Bench Trial and Court’s Findings
       A bench trial was held on January 27, 2014 , at which Berry represented himself
after waiving his rights to a jury trial.5 According to the evidence at trial, Jacqui Willis
was waiting for a friend on the corner of 42nd Street and Broadway in Los Angeles at
approximately 2:30 a.m. on April 18, 2013. Willis testified that Berry, whom she did not
know, came up behind her. Berry had a can of something in his hand, and he asked
Willis if he could talk to her and offered her a drink. Willis could smell alcohol and told
him, “No thank you.” Berry then said, “I’m going to take you somewhere and you are
going to have to take your panties off.” Frightened, Willis ran into a nearby donut shop
and sat down. After following her into the donut shop, Berry slapped Willis in the face,
causing her eye glasses to fall and break. The donut shop employees refused to call the
police and demanded that Willis leave.
       Willis ran across the street to a friend, Kiz Patterson, who was sleeping next to a
bus stop. Willis awakened Patterson and told her what had happened. Berry followed
Willis across the street and started beating her. Willis found a steel rake or a broom and
tried to defend herself, but Berry grabbed it and began hitting her with it. Berry
repeatedly punched Willis in the arm, chest and back, knocking her to the ground. He
then kicked her in the stomach, back and side until she lost consciousness. As a result of
the beating, Willis suffered a black eye, a hair line fracture, a broken jaw and the loss of
four or five teeth.

5      Judge Michael Garcia presided over the bench trial.

                                               6
       Patterson testified that Berry emptied a nearby shopping cart, threw the
unconscious Willis inside, and pushed the cart two blocks down the street, where he was
apprehended by the police.
       Berry testified to his defense of mistaken identity. He denied beating Willis and
claimed to have found her unconscious on the sidewalk and was attempting to help her.
       At the conclusion of the bench trial, the court determined the three counts had
been proved beyond a reasonable doubt and found true the prior conviction allegations.

                                          DISCUSSION
       1. There Was Substantial Evidence Berry Was Not Competent to Stand Trial
              a. Principles governing competency proceedings
       “A person cannot be tried or adjudged to punishment . . . while that person is
mentally incompetent.” (§ 1367, subd. (a); see People v. Sattiewhite (2014) 59 Cal.4th
446, 464 [““‘[b]oth the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution and state law prohibit the state from trying or convicting a criminal
defendant while he or she is mentally incompetent””’] (Sattiewhite); People v. Rogers
(2006) 39 Cal.4th 826, 846 [due process prohibits trying or convicting a defendant who is
mentally incompetent].) A defendant is incompetent if it is proved, “as a result of mental
disorder or developmental disability, the defendant is unable to understand the nature of
the criminal proceedings or to assist counsel in the conduct of a defense in a rational
manner.” (§ 1367, subd. (a); see Sattiewhite, at p. 464; People v. Lawley (2002) 27
Cal.4th 102, 131.)
       “‘Both federal due process and state law require a trial judge to suspend trial
proceedings and conduct a competency hearing whenever the court is presented with
substantial evidence of incompetence, that is, evidence that raises a reasonable or bona
fide doubt concerning the defendant’s competence to stand trial. [Citations.] . . .
Evidence of incompetence may emanate from several sources, including the defendant’s
demeanor, irrational behavior, and prior mental evaluations.’” (Sattiewhite, supra, 59
Cal.4th at p. 464; accord, People v. Rogers, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 847.) Pursuant to

                                             7
section 1368, if the trial court and defense counsel express a doubt as to the defendant’s
competence to stand trial, the court must hold a competency hearing to determine the
question of the defendant’s mental competence in accordance with the specific
procedures mandated by section 1369.6 (See, e.g. People v. Hale (1988) 44 Cal.3d 531,
541 [“once a doubt has arisen as to the competence of the defendant to stand trial, the
trial court has no jurisdiction to proceed with the case against the defendant without first
determining his competence in a section 1368 hearing”].)
       Standing alone, however, defense counsel’s expressed belief that a defendant is
mentally incompetent does not automatically trigger a section 1369 competency hearing.
“Counsel’s assertion of a belief in a client’s incompetence is entitled to some weight. But
unless the court itself has declared a doubt as to the defendant’s competence, and has
asked for counsel’s opinion on the subject, counsel’s assertions that his or her client is or
may be incompetent does not, in the absence of substantial evidence to that effect, require
the court to hold a competency hearing.” (People v. Mai (2013) 57 Cal.4th 986, 1033;
accord, Sattiewhite, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 465.) “By the same token, and absent a
showing of ‘incompetence’ that is ‘substantial’ as a matter of law, the trial judge’s
decision not to order a competency hearing is entitled to great deference, because the trial
court is in the best position to observe the defendant during trial.” (Mai, at p. 1033;
accord, Sattiewhite, at p. 465.) Accordingly, the trial court’s rulings regarding
competency are generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion. (See People v. Ramos
(2004) 34 Cal.4th 494, 507.)
       However, when substantial evidence is presented, a doubt as to the defendant's
competence exists, “no matter how persuasive other evidence—testimony of prosecution
witnesses or the court’s own observations of the accused—may be to the contrary.”

6      Section 1369, subdivision (a) provides: “The court shall appoint a psychiatrist or
licensed psychologist, and any other expert the court may deem appropriate, to examine
the defendant. In any case where the defendant or the defendant’s counsel informs the
court that the defendant is not seeking a finding of mental incompetence, the court shall
appoint two psychiatrists, licensed psychologists or a combination thereof.”

                                              8
(People v. Pennington (1967) 66 Cal.2d 508, 518-519 [defendant presented substantial
evidence he was incompetent and prosecution presented substantial evidence he was
competent; “however, once it is determined that defendant's showing was substantial, it is
immaterial that the prosecution’s evidence may seem more persuasive’; “the conflict can
only be resolved upon a special trial before the judge or jury, if a jury is requested”].) At
this point, the trial judge’s refusal to hold a competency hearing is a denial of due process
and reversible error per se. (See Pennington, at p. 511; Pate v. Robinson (1966) 383 U.S.
375 [86 S.Ct. 836, 15 L.Ed.2d 836]).

              b. Dr. Rothberg’s report supported a finding of doubt as to Berry’s
              competence
       Here, although Judge Clarke did not declare a doubt as to Berry’s competence,
there was substantial evidence before the court of Berry’s incompetence to require that a
section 1368 hearing be conducted. The evidence consisted of reports by Dr. Knapke,
Dr. Rothberg and possibly an earlier report by Dr. Cohen. The reports by Drs. Cohen and
Knapke concluded Berry was competent to stand trial. Judge Clarke’s view of Dr.
Rothberg’s report was the psychiatrist did not find Berry incompetent at the time, but
instead concluded Berry would become incompetent if he were not properly treated. The
report, however, states the opposite conclusion.
       Dr. Rothberg reported, although Berry’s perceptions were skewed by paranoid
delusions, he appeared to understand the criminal proceedings against him. The
psychiatrist then determined, “more importantly,” Berry “would have difficulty
cooperating with counsel in preparing a suitable defense.” Dr. Rothberg based his
opinion on Berry’s paranoid beliefs, prompting Berry to refuse to talk about his mental
health and the underlying facts of the case. Dr. Rothberg concluded, “By virtue of
[Berry’s] inability to cooperate with counsel, he would not be competent to stand trial.
He clearly requires more aggressive treatment with anti-psychotic medication even
though he is on a maximum dose of [such medication].” Dr. Rothberg ended his report
by stating, “Treatment with antipsychotic medication is very likely to render Mr. Berry
competent to stand trial.” In other words, according to Dr. Rothberg, the current state of

                                              9
Berry’s mental illness prevented him from assisting in his defense, thereby rendering
Berry incompetent to stand trial. (See § 1367, subd. (a).)
       To be sure, Judge Clarke was the third bench officer faced with the issue of
Berry’s competence, and Berry had been found competent to stand trial just one month
earlier. Moreover, the delusional thoughts Barry expressed to Dr. Rothberg do not alone
constitute substantial evidence of incompetence. (See, e.g., People v. Welch (1999) 20
Cal.4th 701, 742 [“‘more is required to raise a doubt than mere bizarre actions [citation]
or bizarre statements’”]) and much of Berry’s abrasive courtroom behavior was possibly
attributable to his intense personal dislike of his defense counsel. Nonetheless, the
critical issue was whether Berry’s mental illness impeded his ability to assist his attorney
in his defense. Because the psychiatrist who had most recently examined Berry plainly
concluded that it did, this is substantial evidence triggering the need for a hearing. It is
unclear whether Judge Clarke misread Dr. Rothberg’s report or discounted it under the
mistaken impression that only the opinion of a court-appointed mental health expert was
relevant or dispositive. In any event, the report was sufficient to require Judge Clarke to
declare a doubt as to Berry’s competence. Because a trial court has no jurisdiction to
proceed with a case against a defendant without first determining his or her competence
in a hearing once such a doubt has arisen, we must conditionally reverse the judgment
against Berry.

       2. There Is Sufficient Evidence Berry Inflicted Great Bodily Injury in the
          Commission of the Kidnapping.
       Berry contends the evidence is insufficient he personally inflicted great bodily
injury “in the commission of” the kidnapping as required by section 12022.7. Berry does
not dispute he inflicted great bodily injury on Willis. But, he characterizes the
kidnapping as a separate crime of opportunity, arguing there is no evidence that he
intended to kidnap Willis when he initially approached her or that he beat her to facilitate
the subsequent kidnapping. According to Berry, the enhancement must therefore be
stricken because by the time he engaged in kidnapping Willis, he had finished beating
and seriously injuring her.

                                              10
       Under section 12022.7, subdivision (a), “[a]ny person who personally inflicts great
bodily injury on any person other than an accomplice in the commission of a felony or
attempted felony shall be punished by an additional and consecutive term of
imprisonment in the state prison for three years.” In People v. Jones (2001) 25 Cal.4th
98 (Jones), the California Supreme Court defined “in the commission of” in the context
of section 12022.3, subdivision (a), which enhances a defendant’s sentence for the use of
a weapon during the commission of certain sex offenses. In Jones, the defendant got out
of a car where he had subjected the victim to various sex offenses. (Jones, supra, 25
Cal.4th at p. 101.) As the victim attempted to emerge from the car, the defendant pushed
her back inside and retrieved a knife, which he put to the victim’s face. Shortly
thereafter, the defendant left. (Id. at p. 102.) Rejecting the defendant’s argument the
weapon-enhancement was unrelated to the sex offenses, having been completed before
the knife was used, the Court held “the ‘commission of’ a sexual offense specified in
Penal Code section 12022.3, subdivision (a) does not end with the completion of the sex
act, but continues as long as the assailant maintains control over the victim.” (Id. at
p. 109.)
       Earlier, in People v. Mixon (1990) 225 Cal.App.3d 1471, 1488, this court held, for
purposes of the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancement, the defendant’s
“commission” of burglary did not end when he left the victim’s apartment, taking the
victim and the stolen property with him. As we explained, “‘[i]n enacting section
12022.7, the clear intent of the Legislature was to deter infliction of serious bodily injury
on victims of burglary, robbery and other felonies . . . .’” (Ibid.) We concluded that by
removing the victim from the location of the burglary, the “defendant extended the need
for section 12022.7’s deterrent threat and thereby its effect.” (Ibid.; see also People v.
Gomez (2008) 43 Cal.4th 249, 254 [in a continuing offense “no artificial parsing is
required as to the precise moment or order in which the elements are satisfied”].)
       There is ample evidence Berry inflicted great bodily injury on Willis in the
commission of the kidnapping. After Willis rebuffed his initial offer of a drink, Berry
announced his intention to kidnap and sexually assault her. Rather than submit, Willis

                                             11
fled. Berry followed Willis and began making attempts to coerce her physically. As
Willis continued to resist, Berry’s attacks escalated in severity, beginning with a slap in
the face and ending with a beating to the point of unconsciousness and severe injury.
The crime of kidnapping occurs when a “person who forcibly, or by any other means of
instilling fear, steals or takes, or holds, detains or arrests any person in this state, and
carries the person into another country, state or county, or into another part of the same
county . . . .” (§ 207, subd. (a).) The court could reasonably infer that Berry forcibly
detained Willis by beating her into unconsciousness so that he could carry her away
without further resistance. Just as section 12022.7 applies so long as the defendant
maintains control over the victim, the statute must also apply where the defendant inflicts
great bodily injury as the means to gain control over the victim.

       3. Imposition of Sentence on the Aggravated Battery Count Should Have Been
          Stayed
       The trial court sentenced Berry to an aggregate state prison term of 24 years: On
count 1, ten years (the five-year middle term doubled under the three strikes law) for
kidnapping, plus five years for the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancement, plus
five years for the section 667, subdivision (a)(1) enhancement, plus one year for each of
the four section 667.5, subdivision (b) enhancements; on count 2, a consecutive term of
two years (one-third the middle term doubled) for battery with serious bodily injury; and
on count 3, the court stayed sentencing under section 654.
       Berry argues the sentence imposed on count 2, for battery with serious bodily
injury, should have been stayed under section 654, which prohibits separate punishment
for multiple offenses arising from the same act or from a series of acts constituting an
indivisible course of criminal conduct. (People v. Rodriguez (2009) 47 Cal.4th 501, 507;
People v. Latimer (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1203, 1206.)7 “‘Whether a course of criminal conduct

7      Section 654, subdivision (a), provides: “An act or omission that is punishable in
different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that
provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or

                                               12
is divisible and therefore gives rise to more than one act within the meaning of section
654 depends on the intent and objective of the actor. If all the offenses were incident to
one objective, the defendant may be punished for any one of such offenses, but not for
more than one.’” (Rodriguez, at p. 507.)
       Generally, the trial court has broad discretion in determining whether a defendant
had multiple criminal objectives independent of, and not merely incidental to, each other
for purposes of section 654. Here the trial court made no express findings. While on
appeal we will uphold the court’s express or implied finding a defendant held multiple
criminal objectives if it is supported by substantial evidence (see People v. Robinson
(2010) 47 Cal.4th 1104, 1126), here the record does not support that finding.
       As we previously discussed, the evidence shows the aggravated battery and assault
offenses arose out of the same indivisible course of conduct as kidnapping count and both
were incident to the same objective.8

                                     DISPOSITION
       The judgment is conditionally reversed and the matter remanded to allow the trial
court to determine whether a retrospective competency hearing is feasible to evaluate
Berry’s competence at the time of the prior trial. If a retrospective competency hearing is
held and Berry is found to have been competent at the time of trial, the court must
reinstate the judgment, as modified to stay the sentence on count 2 for aggravated battery.
If a retrospective competency hearing is held and Berry is found to have been
incompetent at the time of trial or if the court determines a retrospective competency
hearing is not now feasible, the judgment must be vacated, and the trial court must set the

omission be punished under more than one provision. An acquittal or conviction and
sentence under any one bars a prosecution for the same act or omission under any other.”
8      Respondent strenuously asserts that this was a continuous course or conduct in
urging us to affirm the imposition of the enhancement, although it inexplicably also
argues the defendant had independent objectives in arguing against the application of
section 654. We find the first argument to be supported by the record.

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case for a new trial, or if Berry is incompetent to stand trial, proceed as mandated by
statute.

                                                  ZELON, Acting P. J.

We concur:

       SEGAL, J.

       BECKLOFF, J.


        Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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