Court Opinion

ID: 4650705
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-12 16:00:24.6697+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:34.768168
License: Public Domain

17-4038-ag
Ascencio-Contreras v. Rosen

                                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                      FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                                  SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
"SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

              At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 12th day of January, two thousand twenty-one.

PRESENT:             ROBERT D. SACK,
                     DENNY CHIN,
                     RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
                                         Circuit Judges.
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WILLIAN ASCENCIO-CONTRERAS, AKA
WILLIAM A. ASCENIO, AKA WILLIAM
CONTRERAS, AKA WILLIAM A. ASCENCIO
CONTRERAS,
                     Petitioner,
               -v-                                                                 17-4038-ag

JEFFREY A. ROSEN, ACTING UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,
                                         Respondent. 1
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1     Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), Acting Attorney
General Jeffrey A. Rosen is substituted for former Attorney General William P. Barr.
FOR PETITIONER:                    Bruno Joseph Bembi, Law Office of Bruno Joseph
                                   Bembi, Hempstead, NY.

FOR RESPONDENT:                    Jeffrey Bossert Clark, Acting Assistant Attorney
                                   General, Civil Division; Claire L. Workman, Senior
                                   Litigation Counsel, Office of Immigration Litigation;
                                   Rachel L. Browning, Trial Attorney, Office of
                                   Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, United States
                                   Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

              UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a decision

of the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA"), it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

and DECREED that the petition for review is DENIED.

              Petitioner Willian Ascencio-Contreras, a native and citizen of El Salvador,

seeks review of a November 22, 2017, decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals

("BIA") affirming a March 8, 2017, decision of an Immigration Judge ("IJ"). The IJ

ordered Ascencio-Contreras removed for a crime involving moral turpitude ("CIMT")

and denied both a waiver of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h) and his application

for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture

("CAT"). In re Willian Ascencio-Contreras, No. A 058 893 353 (B.I.A. Nov. 22, 2017), aff'g

No. A 058 893 353 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Mar. 8, 2017). We assume the parties'

familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues

on appeal.

              Under these circumstances, we review the IJ’s decision as modified by the

BIA. See Xue Hong Yang v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 426 F.3d 520, 522 (2d Cir. 2005). Because
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the BIA did not affirm the IJ's denial of the § 1182(h) waiver based on extreme hardship

or discretion, we do not reach those findings because they are no longer part of the

decision under review. See id.; see also Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268, 271 (2d Cir.

2005).

I.       Removability for a CIMT

               "Because the BIA has expertise applying and construing immigration law,

we afford Chevron deference to its construction of undefined statutory terms such as

'moral turpitude.'" Gill v. INS, 420 F.3d 82, 89 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal citations omitted).

"However, . . . the BIA has no expertise in construing federal and state criminal statutes,

and so we review de novo the BIA's finding that a petitioner's crime of conviction

contains those elements which have been properly found to constitute a CIMT." Id.

(emphasis omitted).

               A CIMT is an offense that is "inherently base, vile, or depraved." Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted). "To involve moral turpitude, a crime requires two

essential elements: reprehensible conduct and a culpable mental state." Matter of Silva-

Trevino, 26 I. & N. Dec. 826, 834 (B.I.A. 2016). Traditionally, the BIA has defined a CIMT

as "conduct that shocks the public conscience as being inherently base, vile, or

depraved, and contrary to the accepted rules of morality and the duties owed between

persons or to society in general." Rodriguez v. Gonzales, 451 F.3d 60, 63 (2d Cir.

2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). The BIA has held that, in general, burglary

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offenses "may or may not involve moral turpitude, the determinative factor being

whether the crime intended to be committed at the time of entry or prior to the breaking

out involves moral turpitude." Matter of M-, 2 I. & N. Dec. 721, 723 (B.I.A. 1946).

              The BIA employs a "categorical approach" to determine if a state

conviction meets the definition of moral turpitude and focuses on "the intrinsic nature

of the offense rather than on the factual circumstances surrounding any particular

violation." Gill, 420 F.3d at 89 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Matter of Silva-

Trevino, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 832. The BIA thus looks to the elements of the statute of

conviction to determine whether a given crime is a CIMT. See Matter of Silva-Trevino, 26

I. & N. Dec. at 831 (providing that the agency "will examine the State or Federal statute

defining the crime of conviction to see if it fits within the generic definition of a crime

involving moral turpitude"). We "presume that the conviction rested upon nothing

more than the least of the acts criminalized, and then determine whether even those

acts" demonstrate moral turpitude. Moncrieffe v. Holder, 569 U.S. 184, 190-91 (2013)

(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).

              New York law provides that "[a] person is guilty of burglary in the second

degree when he knowingly enters or remains unlawfully in a building with intent to

commit a crime therein, and when . . . [t]he building is a dwelling." NY Penal Law

§ 140.25. "Dwelling" is defined as "a building which is usually occupied by a person

lodging therein at night." Id. § 140.00(3). "Generally, if a building contains a dwelling, a

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burglary committed in any part of that building is the burglary of a dwelling; but an

exception exists where the building is large and the crime is committed in a place so

remote and inaccessible from the living quarters that the special dangers inherent in the

burglary of a dwelling do not exist." People v. McCray, 23 N.Y.3d 621, 624 (2014). To

ascertain whether a building is a "dwelling" under NYPL § 140.25(2), courts consider

"(1) whether the nature of the structure was such that it was adapted for occupancy at

the time of the wrongful entry; (2) the intent of the owner to return; and, (3) whether, on

the date of the entry, a person could have occupied the structure overnight." People v.

DeFreitas, 116 A.D.3d 1078, 1083 (N.Y. App. Div. 3d. Dep't 2014) (citing cases).

              Ascencio-Contreras argues that "dwelling" in NYPL § 140.25(2) is

overbroad and therefore second-degree burglary cannot qualify as a CIMT. We

disagree. The "dwelling" exception is not as broad as Ascencio-Contreras claims

because New York courts require a "close contiguity" between the portion of the

building where the individual entered and the residential part of the building. People v.

Joseph, 28 N.Y.3d 1003, 1007 (2016). In Joseph, the defendant entered the basement of a

deli. See id. at 1004. The deli was located on the ground floor of a seven-story building,

with six floors of residential apartments above it; however, the court held that because

there was no access from the basement to any residential part of the building, the

defendant did not come close enough to the residences as would have been required for

a second-degree burglary conviction. See id. at 1006; see also People v. Quattlebaum, 91

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N.Y.2d 744, 748-49 (1998) (building used for overnight stays only a few dozen times a

year was not a "dwelling" for purposes of second-degree burglary).

              Accordingly, because New York law requires this "close contiguity," the

BIA did not err in reasoning that Ascencio-Contreras's conviction under NYPL

§ 140.25(2) qualifies as a CIMT. Ascencio-Contreras does not otherwise challenge the

designation of his NYPL § 140.25(2) conviction as a CIMT. 2

II.    Waiver Under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h)

              The agency did not err in determining that Ascencio-Contreras was not

eligible for a stand-alone § 1182(h) waiver of inadmissibility. Section 1182(h) waives

certain criminal grounds of inadmissibility for undocumented individuals who are

applying for admission or adjustment of status and whose removal will cause hardship

to a qualifying relative. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(h)(1)(B), (2).

              Accordingly, to apply for the waiver, Ascencio-Contreras had to file an

application to adjust status. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h)(2); Matter of Rivas, 26 I. & N. Dec. 130,

132-33 (B.I.A. 2013). To do so, he needed an approved visa petition and an immediately

       2       We note that NYPL § 140.25(2) does not require that a defendant know that
a building is a dwelling. The lack of such a scienter requirement raises the question of
whether NYPL § 140.25(2) lacks the key element of moral turpitude traditionally
required for a finding that a conviction constitutes a CIMT. See Gill, 420 F.3d at 89 ("It is
in the intent that moral turpitude inheres . . . . Crimes committed knowingly or
intentionally generally have been found, on the categorical approach, to be CIMTs.")
(internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). As Ascencio-Contreras does not
make the argument, we do not reach it.

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available visa. See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a); 8 C.F.R. § 245.1(c)(4). The agency did not err in

determining that Ascencio-Contreras could not reuse the previously approved visa

petition by which he obtained legal permanent resident ("LPR") status in 2006.

Pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 204.2(h)(2):

       When a visa petition has been approved, and subsequently a new petition
       by the same petitioner is approved for the same preference classification
       on behalf of the same beneficiary, the latter approval shall be regarded as
       a reaffirmation or reinstatement of the validity of the original petition,
       except when . . . an immigrant visa has been issued to the beneficiary as a
       result of the petition approval.

The BIA has interpreted this language to mean that a person cannot reuse a visa petition

to apply for adjustment of status. See In re Villarreal-Zuniga, 23 I. & N. Dec. 886, 888-90

(B.I.A. 2006). The BIA reasoned that the language of § 204.2(h)(2) would be superfluous

if visa petitions could be reused, "because subsequent visa petitions would never be

required if an original petition was automatically reinstated upon the filing of a new

application for adjustment of status." Id. at 889.

              Because the regulations do not explicitly spell out whether a visa petition

can be reused, we defer to the BIA's interpretation of the regulation. See Linares

Huarcaya v. Mukasey, 550 F.3d 224, 229 (2d Cir. 2008) (noting that deference to BIA's

interpretation of regulations "is warranted only when the language of the regulation is

ambiguous" (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). "[W]e give substantial

deference to BIA decisions interpreting immigration regulations, unless an

interpretation is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation." Bah v. Mukasey,
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529 F.3d 99, 110-11 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The

agency's interpretation of § 204.2(h)(2) here is not plainly erroneous. See Corley v. United

States, 556 U.S. 303, 314 (2009) ("[A] statute should be construed so that effect is given to

all its provisions, so that no part will be inoperative or superfluous . . . ." (alterations

omitted)).

              The agency also held that Ascencio-Contreras is ineligible for a stand-

alone waiver because he was not applying for admission, i.e., he had been admitted to

the United States as a legal permanent resident in 2006 and was ordered removed under

a deportability provision, 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i). Ascencio-Contreras argues that

this distinction between arriving aliens and those who are already in the country and

found removable is arbitrary and violates equal protection. His argument is foreclosed

by Seepersad v. Sessions, where we held that there is a rational basis for distinguishing

"between criminal aliens seeking admission and those resisting deportation -- those in

the former category are eligible for a stand-alone waiver, but those in the latter category

are not." 892 F.3d 121, 125 (2d Cir. 2018).

III.   Particularly Serious Crime

              Particularly serious crimes bar asylum and withholding of removal. See 8

U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii), 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii). If, as here, a crime is not per se particularly

serious, then the agency "examine[s] the nature of the conviction, the type of sentence

imposed, and the circumstances and underlying facts of the conviction" to determine if

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it is particularly serious. In re N-A-M-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 336, 337-38, 342 (B.I.A. 2007); see

also Nethagani v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 150, 154-55 (2d Cir. 2008) (discussing the factors to be

considered). "[O]nce the elements of the offense are examined and found to potentially

bring the offense within the ambit of a particularly serious crime, all reliable

information may be considered in making a particularly serious crime determination,

including but not limited to the record of conviction and sentencing information." In re

N-A-M-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 337-38.

              The agency reasonably determined that the elements of the offense --

knowingly entering or remaining in a building with intent to commit a crime and the

building is a dwelling -- potentially brought the crime within the ambit of a particularly

serious crime, see id., because the offense involves "an intrusion of the privacy and

security of ordinary people" and could "easily lead to a violent confrontation." App'x at

16.

              Because the elements of the offense potentially brought it within the ambit

of a particularly serious crime, Ascencio-Contreras had the burden to show that the

particularly serious crime bar did not apply. See 8 C.F.R. § 1240.8(d) ("If the evidence

indicates that one or more of the grounds for mandatory denial of the application for

relief may apply, the alien shall have the burden of proving by a preponderance of the

evidence that such grounds do not apply."); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(4)(A)(i) ("An

alien applying for relief or protection from removal has the burden of proof to establish

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that the alien . . . satisfies the applicable eligibility requirements[.]"). Ascencio-

Contreras did not testify regarding his conviction and did not present documentation

from his criminal case regarding the circumstances and underlying facts of the

conviction.

              Ascencio-Contreras argues that the IJ erred in requiring him to testify and

in making an adverse inference based on his silence. The cases on which he relies,

however, explain that the IJ is limited to the categorical approach in determining

whether a certain conviction constitutes an aggravated felony under the Immigration

and Nationality Act or a predicate violent felony offense under the Armed Career

Criminal Act, not a "particularly serious crime." As explained above, the determination

of whether a conviction constitutes a "particularly serious crime" is discretionary and as

it is a part of the agency's analysis, the agency is permitted to consider the

circumstances and underlying facts of the conviction. Here, in the absence of any

evidence to the contrary, the agency reasonably determined that Ascencio-Contreras

failed to meet his burden in showing that the particularly serious crime bar does not

apply.

                                            * * *

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             We have considered Ascencio-Contreras's remaining arguments and

conclude they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is

DENIED. All pending motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED.

                                         FOR THE COURT:
                                         Catherine O'Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

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