Court Opinion

ID: 2766001
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-31 20:02:08.450678+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:27:26.037083
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/31/14 Ecolite Concrete USA v. G.S. Levine Ins. Services CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA

ECOLITE CONCRETE U.S.A., INC., et al.,                              D064178, D064917, D064918
    Plaintiffs and Appellants,

         v.
                                                                    (Super. Ct. No. 37-2011-00098582-
G.S. LEVINE INSURANCE SERVICES,                                     CU-PN-CTL)
INC.,

      Defendant, Cross-complainant and
Respondent;

RISK PLACEMENT SERVICES, INC.,

        Cross-defendant and Appellant.

         CONSOLIDATED APPEALS from judgments of the Superior Court of San Diego

County, Steven R. Denton, Judge. (Retired judge of the San Diego Sup. Ct.) Affirmed

and affirmed as modified.

         Law Offices of Martin N. Buchanan and Martin N. Buchanan for Plaintiffs and

Appellants.

         Pettit Kohn Ingrassia & Lutz, Douglas A. Pettit, Conor J. Hulburt and Arie L.

Spangler for Defendant, Cross-complainant and Respondent.
       Seyfarth Shaw and Aaron Belzer; Hawash, Meade Gaston Neese & Cicack and

Walter J. Cicack for Cross-defendant and Appellant.

       Plaintiffs Brian Smith and Ecolite Concrete U.S.A., Inc. (EcoliteUSA) (Smith and

EcoliteUSA are collectively referred to as Ecolite) appeal from a judgment entered in

favor of their insurance broker, G.S. Levine Insurance Services, Inc. (GSL), after the trial

court concluded that any negligence by GSL in failing to timely tender Ecolite's claim

caused no damages because the insured vs. insured exclusion contained in Ecolite's

insurance policy excluded coverage for the action filed against Ecolite. We shall affirm.

       Wholesale insurance broker, Risk Placement Services, Inc. (RPS), appeals from a

costs judgment against it in favor of GSL on RPS's cross-complaint. RPS also argues

that in the event we reject Ecolite's appeal, the trial court erred by not rendering judgment

in its favor on GSL's cross-complaint and incorrectly interpreted an indemnity clause in

an agreement between it and GSL. We agree with RPS's argument as to costs, but reject

its other claims.

                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Smith incorporated EcoliteUSA and Ecolite International, Inc. (EcoliteINT) to

commercialize a technology for light-weight concrete wall panels. EcoliteINT is no

longer a party to this appeal as it forfeited its corporate status. (Rev. & Tax. Code,

§ 23301.) In 2006, Ecolite entered into a business relationship with RQ Construction,

Inc. (RQ), allowing RQ to use Ecolite's panels in some of its projects. Between 2006 and

2008, RQ and Ecolite entered into a number of agreements, which resulted in RQ

                                              2
acquiring Ecolite stock and becoming its largest outside shareholder. Another transaction

resulted in RQ acquiring 100 percent of Ecolite's manufacturing plant. George Rogers is

the CEO, chairman of the board and majority owner of RQ. Mike Patterson is on the RQ

board of directors and as the COO of RQ, is its second highest ranking officer. Together

Rogers and Patterson owned about 90 percent of RQ's shares.

       As part of the business relationship between Ecolite and RQ, Rogers agreed to

serve on the Ecolite board of directors on the condition that Ecolite obtain directors and

officers (D&O) coverage. Ecolite's insurance broker, defendant GSL, purchased a

Business and Management Indemnity policy (the Policy) from ACE/Illinois Union

Insurance Company (the Insurer) with a policy period from November 1, 2007 to

November 2, 2008. Ecolite renewed the Policy for the policy period November 2, 2008

to November 2, 2009. The Policy provided D&O coverage.

       Around August 2008, Rogers and Patterson joined the Ecolite board of directors.

At that time, Smith was also a member of the Ecolite board. When the Policy expired in

November 2009, GSL placed a new D&O policy for Ecolite with Scottsdale Insurance

Company (Scottsdale) for the policy period November 2, 2009 to November 2, 2010 (the

Scottsdale policy).

       Ultimately, disputes arose between RQ and Ecolite. In July 2009, Rogers and

Patterson resigned from the Ecolite board. In September 2009, Rogers sent e-mails (the

September e-mails) to Ecolite in his capacity as CEO of RQ, stating that RQ was

prepared to file suit against Ecolite.

                                             3
       On September 29, 2009, Smith notified GSL of RQ's claims by forwarding the

September e-mails to GSL employee Janna Ranjo. Smith asked Ranjo, "Please advise us

if you will be notifying our insurance carrier." Ranjo did not respond to Smith's e-mail or

notify the Insurer of the claim. Ranjo believed she did not need to take any action on

Smith's communication because a lawsuit had not yet been filed.

       On December 4, 2009, 32 days after the Policy expired and the new Scottsdale

policy took effect, RQ filed a complaint in federal court against Ecolite for claims

including securities fraud and negligent misrepresentation. Two days later, Smith

informed GSL of the lawsuit and asked for help notifying the D&O carrier. Smith's e-

mail stated that RQ's lawsuit related to "the same issue we gave you notice of back in

September."

       The Policy required that Ecolite give written notice of any claim no later than 60

days after the end of the policy period. Because the Policy expired on November 2,

2009, notice of the RQ claim had to be given by January 1, 2010. However, GSL did not

put the Insurer on notice of the RQ claim or lawsuit until 2011. The Insurer denied the

claim because it was not properly notified of the claim and the claim was made after the

Policy expired.

       In the meantime, GSL instructed RPS to place Scottsdale on notice of the lawsuit.

Scottsdale initially provided a defense to Ecolite and assigned a lawyer to defend them in

the RQ action. Scottsdale later withdrew the defense and denied coverage in November

2010. Smith's attorney friend agreed to defend Smith personally in the RQ action, but

EcoliteUSA and EcoliteINT remained without counsel as they could not afford a lawyer.

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RQ's lawsuit proceeded to trial and a jury returned a verdict in favor of RQ and against

Smith in the amount of $4.3 million on RQ's claim for negligent misrepresentation. The

federal court later entered a default judgment against EcoliteUSA and EcoliteINT for

$3 million on RQ's claim for rescission of one agreement, plus another $4.3 million

jointly and severally with Smith on RQ's claim for negligent misrepresentation.

       In September 2011, Ecolite filed this action against GSL and RPS asserting

negligence and other related claims arising out of the failure of GSL and RPS to timely

notify the Insurer of RQ's claims. In turn, GSL and RPS filed cross-complaints against

each other. Ecolite settled their claims against RPS before trial. Ultimately, RPS

dismissed its cross-complaint against GSL.

       The case proceeded to trial solely against GSL on Ecolite's negligence claim with

the trial court deciding certain legal issues, including the interpretation and applicability

of the insured vs. insured exclusion. The court found that RQ's claims were brought at

the direction of Rogers and Patterson to benefit themselves and the other owners of RQ

and the facts triggering application of the insured vs. insured exclusion would have been

available to the Insurer upon receipt of the claims documents.

       The court observed that even if the Insurer was required to defend Ecolite until

further investigation resulted in more evidence supporting the insured vs. insured

exclusion, the absence of a temporary defense by the Insurer caused no harm because

Scottsdale defended Ecolite. Accordingly, the court concluded that GSL was entitled to

judgment in its favor as against Ecolite.

                                              5
       The trial court tentatively entered judgment against RPS on GSL's cross-

complaint, but removed this directive from its final statement of decision. The trial court

entered judgment in favor of GSL, and Ecolite timely appealed from both the statement

of decision and judgment. We consolidated the appeals by order dated December 12,

2013. RPS also appeals.

                                      DISCUSSION

                                    I. Ecolite's Appeal

A. General Legal Principles and Standard of Review

       An insurer has no duty to defend or indemnify when there is no possibility for

coverage under the terms of the insurance policy. (Waller v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc.

(1995) 11 Cal.4th 1, 19 (Waller); Golden Eagle Ins. Corp. v. Cen–Fed, Ltd. (2007) 148

Cal.App.4th 976, 993.) Insurance policies are generally interpreted in the same manner

as any other contract. (Bank of the West v. Superior Court (1992) 2 Cal.4th 1254, 1264.)

Despite broad general coverage provisions, insurers often limit coverage in exclusions.

(Westoil Terminals Co., Inc. v. Industrial Indemnity Co. (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 139,

149.) When an insurer has limited coverage, "the plain language of the limitation must

be respected." (Continental Cas. Co. v. Phoenix Constr. Co. (1956) 46 Cal.2d 423, 432.)

       Policy language is ambiguous when it reasonably may be interpreted in two or

more ways. (Waller, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 18.) The language must be interpreted in the

context of the policy as a whole, in light of the circumstances of the case and cannot be

deemed to be ambiguous in the abstract. (Ibid.) We will not strain to create an ambiguity

where none exists. (Id. at p. 19.) Interpretation of an insurance policy presents a

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question of law reviewed de novo. (Id. at p. 18.) We uphold the trial court's findings of

fact if they are supported by substantial evidence. (Wausau Underwriters Ins. Co. v.

Unigard Security Ins. Co. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 1030, 1038.)

B. Analysis

       Ecolite argues the trial court erred by finding that the Insurer had no duty to

indemnify it based on the insured vs. insured exclusion because (1) the RQ lawsuit was

not filed by or "at the direction" of an insured within the meaning of the exclusion, (2) a

reasonable insured in Ecolite's position would expect D&O coverage for a third-party

lawsuit claiming harm from misrepresentations allegedly made by its own CEO and

board director, and (3) the exclusion is ambiguous on the particular facts of this case. We

begin our discussion of these contentions by examining the language of the Policy.

       The Policy provided coverage for a loss arising from claims made against Ecolite

for a "[w]rongful act" taking place during the policy period. The Policy defined a

wrongful act as including any "error, omission, misleading statement, misstatement,

neglect, [or] breach of duty" by Ecolite's directors and officers. The Policy included an

insured vs. insured exclusion. With certain specified exceptions not applicable here, this

provision excluded claims "brought or maintained by, on behalf of, in the right of, or at

the direction of any Insured in any capacity, . . . and whether or not collusive . . . ."

(Italics added.)

       It is undisputed that from August 2008 to July 2009, Rogers and Patterson were

directors of Ecolite. The Policy defined "Insureds" to mean "the Company and the

Directors and Officers" and it defined "Directors and Officers" to mean "any person who

                                               7
was, now is, or shall become" a "duly elected or appointed director, officer, or similar

executive of the Company. . . ." Thus, under the plain language of the policy, Rogers and

Patterson were "Insureds."

       Substituting "Rogers and Patterson" in place of the words "any Insured" in the

insured vs. insured exclusion results in the exclusion applying if RQ's claims were

"brought or maintained by, on behalf of, in the right of, or at the direction of [Rogers and

Patterson] in any capacity . . . and whether or not collusive . . . ." Accordingly, under the

plain language of the policy, the insured vs. insured exclusion applied if Rogers and

Patterson "direct[ed]" RQ to bring claims against Ecolite.

       On this issue, the trial court examined the evidence and concluded that RQ's

claims were brought at the direction of Rogers and Patterson. GSL asserts, and Ecolite

does not contest, that substantial evidence supported this conclusion. We agree. Briefly,

Rogers and Patterson were majority shareholders of RQ. Rogers was chairman of the

board of RQ and Patterson was a director. Rogers and Patterson authored the demand

letters to Ecolite threatening suit by RQ. RQ filed its action against Ecolite before RQ

held a board meeting on the matter. The RQ board of directors later " 'ratified' " the

" 'decision of the officers' " to file the action.

       Ecolite attempts to avoid this result by arguing that the insured vs. insured

exclusion is ambiguous as there are competing interpretations of the Policy language.

First, the interpretation adopted by the trial court that the RQ lawsuit was brought "at the

direction" of an insured because Rogers and Patterson were insureds under the Policy and

the primary decision-makers for RQ. Ecolite claims another equally reasonable

                                                     8
interpretation of the Policy language is that the lawsuit was not brought "at the direction"

of an insured because Rogers and Patterson were acting on behalf of a noninsured

corporation that was governed by its board as a collective body, as distinguished from its

individual directors.

       We reject Ecolite's contention that its interpretation of the insured vs. insured

exclusion is equally reasonable given that the Policy (1) was a business and management

indemnity policy, (2) provided D&O coverage, and (3) defined "Insureds" as "the

Company and the Directors and Officers." Put another way, it appears the Insurer drafted

the insured vs. insured exclusion to encompass this precise situation—an insured (Rogers

and Patterson), acting in any capacity, directing the filing of an action against another

insured (Ecolite) to recover business losses.

       Ecolite asserts that " '[t]he insured versus insured exclusion was designed by

insurance carriers to deter so-called "friendly" or "collusive" suits by which companies

sought to recoup ordinary business losses by asserting claims against insured directors

and officers, and recovering from the insurer after reaching a settlement.' (Annot.,

Construction and Application of Insured vs. Insured Exclusion of Directors and Officers

Insurance Policy (2006) 14 A.L.R.6th 687.)" While we acknowledge the history and

purpose of a clause may be used as an aid to discern the meaning of disputed policy

language (MacKinnon v. Truck Ins. Exchange (2003) 31 Cal.4th 635, 653), history and

purpose cannot be used to defeat the plain language of a policy (see Sphinx Int'l, Inc. v.

Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. (11th Cir. 2005) 412 F.3d 1224, 1229 [exclusion's rationale

does not trump text]). Here, the insured vs. insured exclusion excluded coverage for "any

                                                9
Claim . . . brought or maintained . . . at the direction of any Insured in any capacity . . .

whether or not collusive." (Italics added.) The trial court found, and Ecolite does not

contest, that the insertion of the italicized phrase eliminated any inquiry into whether the

underlying lawsuit was collusive.

       Ecolite also contends the trial court erred by finding the Insurer had no duty to

defend the RQ lawsuit. Specifically, the trial court found that when Ecolite informed

GSL of the claims for tender to the necessary insurance carriers, the carriers had all of the

evidence and facts needed to discover and evaluate application of the insured vs. insured

exclusion. The court further found that "[e]ven assuming the application of this

exclusion was not readily apparent upon the initial tender of the claim, plaintiff's defense

costs for the underlying action were paid for a number [of] months by Scottsdale

Insurance. As a result, plaintiff has not sustained damages and the application of this

exclusion operates to bar any recovery by plaintiff in this action." Necessarily implied in

these express findings is the finding that the Insurer owed no duty to defend Ecolite

beyond Scottsdale's withdrawal. The evidence presented at trial supports the trial court's

latter no damages finding.

       The duty to defend turns on whether an insurer has extrinsic evidence, containing

undisputed facts, which conclusively eliminate a potential for liability. (Montrose

Chemical Corp. v. Superior Court (1993) 6 Cal.4th 287, 298-299.) Here, the factual

question whether the RQ lawsuit was filed "at the direction" of Rogers and Patterson was

not resolved until this trial concluded. Accordingly, it cannot be said that at the inception

of RQ's lawsuit, the facts known to the Insurer conclusively demonstrated no potential for

                                              10
coverage. Nonetheless, the evidence supports the trial court's finding that Ecolite

suffered no damages based on a breach of the duty to defend.

       On December 4, 2009, RQ filed its action against Ecolite. On June 3, 2010,

counsel for Scottsdale sent a letter to Ecolite informing them that Scottsdale would be

defending the RQ action under a reservation of rights. In a letter dated November 18,

2010, Scottsdale withdrew its defense on the grounds RQ's claims arose under the

coverage period for the Policy and the insured vs. insured exclusion in the Scottsdale

policy precluded coverage. In 2012, after Scottsdale withdrew its defense, a judgment

was entered against Smith and a default judgment entered against EcoliteUSA and

EcoliteINT in the RQ action.

       These facts support the trial court's findings that during the time period the Insurer

potentially wrongfully failed to defend Ecolite in the RQ action, Scottsdale defended

Ecolite. Ecolite conceded at trial that they were not claiming any fees prior to the

withdrawal of coverage by Scottsdale. Thus, the absence of a defense by the Insurer

resulted in no damages to Ecolite based on the trial court's conclusion that the Insurer

owed no duty to defend Ecolite beyond Scottsdale's withdrawal and would have

ultimately properly denied coverage based on application of the insured vs. insured

exclusion.

                                     II. RPS's Appeal

A. Facts

       GSL and RPS filed cross-complaints against each other. RPS dismissed its cross-

complaint against GSL with prejudice. GSL requested costs against RPS in the amount

                                             11
of $18,529.44. The court later entered judgment in favor of GSL on RPS's cross-

complaint and awarded GSL its requested costs in the amount of $18,529.44.

       The matter proceeded to trial on GSL's cross-complaint against RPS for breach of

the "LEMAC Producer Agreement" (the producer agreement), express or implied

equitable contractual indemnity, equitable indemnity, contribution, declaratory relief and

negligence. After the bench trial, the court issued a tentative statement of decision

directing entry of judgment in favor of GSL and against RPS on GSL's cross-complaint.

RPS requested the court issue a further statement of decision addressing certain

controverted issues and clarifying certain factual findings. The court issued its final

statement of decision that eliminated the language directing entry of judgment in favor of

GSL and against RPS on GSL's cross-complaint. Nonetheless, the final statement of

decision found that the producer agreement contained a mutual contractual indemnity

provision that unambiguously required each party to indemnify the other for liability

arising from the conduct of the indemnitor. The trial court concluded that RPS and GSL

had " 'contractualized' " the doctrine of equitable indemnity. RPS timely appealed.

B. Analysis

       RPS asserts the trial court erred in concluding that it and GSL had contractualized

the doctrine of equitable indemnity. It also claims that to the extent we affirm the ruling

on the insured vs. insured exclusion, the court erred by not rendering judgment in RPS's

favor on GSL's cross-complaint. Finally, RPS argues the trial court erred in awarding

GSL double recovery of costs. We examine each contention in turn.

                                             12
       RPS first contends the trial court's conclusion that the producer agreement

contained a mutual indemnity provision is a final judgment on GSL's declaratory relief

claim. RPS claims the trial court erroneously interpreted the indemnity provision as the

provision does not evidence an intent on the part of GSL or RPS to indemnify each other

for a harm one of them caused. GSL argues that, to the extent we affirm the judgment in

its favor against Ecolite, this issue is moot as there are no damages for either party to

indemnify. We agree with GSL.

       "An appeal should be dismissed as moot when the occurrence of events renders it

impossible for the appellate court to grant appellant any effective relief." (Cucamongans

United for Reasonable Expansion v. City of Rancho Cucamonga (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th

473, 479.) The policy underlying the rule is that the Court of Appeal "decide[s]

justiciable controversies and will normally not render advisory opinions." (Ebensteiner

Co., Inc. v. Chadmar Group (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 1174, 1179.)

       This portion of RPS's appeal is in the nature of a protective cross-appeal. Our

affirmance of the GSL-Ecolite judgment eliminates any need for indemnity as between

RPS and GSL. (GEM Developers v. Hallcraft Homes of San Diego, Inc. (1989) 213

Cal.App.3d 419, 430 [no indemnity without joint and several liability by the prospective

indemnitor and indemnitee].) The affirmance also renders moot any need to interpret the

mutual indemnity provision contained in the producer agreement. Consequently, any

opinion addressing the merits of this portion for the appeal would be purely advisory.

We dismiss this portion of the appeal as moot.

                                             13
       RPS next asserts that, to the extent we affirm the ruling on the insured vs. insured

exclusion, the trial court erred by not rendering judgment in its favor on GSL's cross-

complaint. GSL disagrees, claiming it prevailed as against RPS as the trial court adopted

its interpretation of the indemnity provision. GSL also contends the trial court

determined it was the prevailing party and that RPS forfeited any error or ambiguity

regarding the resolution of the GSL cross-complaint by failing to bring the matter to the

court's attention.

       GSL's cross-complaint against RPS contained six causes of action. The trial

court's statement of decision, however, only addressed GSL's declaratory relief cause of

action, finding the contract between GSL and RPS required the parties indemnify each

other on a comparative fault basis. Review of GSL's trial brief shows the court adopted

GSL's interpretation of the contractual indemnity provision.

       Based on this finding, it is reasonable to assume the trial court considered GSL to

be the prevailing party on its cross-complaint against RPS. The trial court's tentative

statement of decision ordered that judgment be entered in GSL's favor as against Ecolite

and RPS and named GSL the prevailing party. The court's final statement of decision,

however, inexplicably deleted this language. We note that GSL did not file its own

appeal to address this issue. Although RPS responded to the court's tentative statement of

decision with a request for a further statement of decision, it did not request the trial court

name it the prevailing party on GSL's cross-complaint. Because RPS failed to bring the

purported error to the trial court's attention, we deem it forfeited. (Perez v. Grajales

                                              14
(2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 580, 591-592 [arguments raised for the first time on appeal are

deemed forfeited].)

       Finally, RPS argues the trial court erred in awarding GSL double recovery of

costs. We agree.

       GSL does not contest that it was awarded costs against RPS for the same expenses

it later sought and was awarded in connection with its defense of Ecolite's complaint.

Instead, GSL argues that RPS waived any error by failing to file a motion to tax costs and

by not timely objecting to the proposed judgment. These arguments lack merit.

       GSL filed its memorandum of costs against RPS on February 26, 2013. About

three months later, it filed a memorandum of costs seeking those same expenses against

Ecolite. Thus, by the time RPS discovered this issue, the time to file a motion to tax

costs had expired. (Cal. Rules of Court, Rule 3.1700(b)(1) [motion to tax costs must be

filed within 15 days of service of memorandum of costs].) Upon discovering the issue,

RPS objected to the proposed judgment against it and asked the trial court to strike the

costs award from the judgment. We reject GSL's assertion that the objection was

untimely.

       A party must object within 10 days after service of a proposed judgment. (Cal.

Rules of Court, Rule 3.1590(j).) Where a document is served by mail, subdivision (a) of

Code of Civil Procedures section 1013 extends by five calendar days the time for

performing any act following service of a document by mail. Here, GSL served its

proposed judgment by mail on September 13, 2013 and RPS timely objected 11 days

later on September 24, 2013. RPS's objection to the proposed judgment sought to strike

                                            15
the duplicative costs, properly placed the issue before the trial court and preserved the

alleged error for our review.

       Comparison of the costs memorandum filed by GSL as to RPS and Ecolite show

that GSL sought and was awarded the same costs as against both RPS and Ecolite. The

costs award as to Ecolite is now final. Accordingly, we agree that the duplicative costs

award as to RPS is unreasonable and must be stricken. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1033.5

["Allowable costs shall be reasonable in amount."].)

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment in favor of GSL as against Ecolite is affirmed. As between Ecolite

and GSL, GSL is entitled to its costs on appeal. The judgment in favor of GSL against

RPS is modified to strike the cost award of $18,529.44. In all other respects, the

judgment in favor of GSL against RPS is affirmed. As between RPS and GSL, the

parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.

                                                                       MCINTYRE, J.

WE CONCUR:

HALLER, Acting P. J.

MCDONALD, J.

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