Court Opinion

ID: 9374284
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-22 18:03:21.518956+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:46.214260
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/22/23 Marriage of Rookey CA4/1

                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

 In re the Marriage of SHEILA D.
 and KEVIN ROOKEY.
                                                                 D079498
 SHEILA D. ROOKEY,

           Appellant,                                            (Super. Ct. No. ED95811)

           v.

 KEVIN M. ROOKEY,

           Respondent.

         APPEAL from a postjudgment order of the Superior Court of San Diego
County, Edlene C. McKenzie, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part and
remanded with directions.
         Antonyan Miranda, Anthony John Boucek and Timothy Miranda for
Appellant.
         Law Office of Linda Cianciolo and Linda Cianciolo for Respondent.
         Appellant Sheila D. Rookey appeals from a postjudgment order entered
following an evidentiary hearing on respondent Kevin Rookey’s requests for
orders seeking, among other things, modifications of child and spousal
support, an award of attorney fees, and Family Code1 section 271 sanctions.
The family court’s order reduced monthly spousal support to $900 retroactive
to May 2019 stepping down to zero starting January 2024, excluded certain
stock-based compensation awarded to Kevin (known as restricted stock units
or RSU’s) for purposes of calculating support, and found that from May 1,
2019, forward, Kevin did not receive income that would be subject to an

Ostler/Smith2 division. The court ordered that Sheila pay $35,000 in section
271 sanctions and Kevin pay $35,000 as a contribution to Sheila’s attorney
fees.
        Sheila contends the court prejudicially erred and exceeded its
jurisdiction by reducing support retroactive to May 1, 2019, retroactively
vacating the Ostler/Smith bonus support component from the judgment, and
excluding all of Kevin’s RSU’s for purposes of calculating support. She

1     Undesignated statutory references are to the Family Code. We refer to
the parties by their first names for clarity, not out of disrespect.

2     An Ostler/Smith provision is “ ‘an additional award, over and above
guideline support, expressed as a fraction or percentage of any discretionary
bonus actually received’ ” for the purpose of capturing fluctuations in the
supporting spouse’s income that is not included in a flat rate amount of
support. (In re Marriage of Minkin (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 939, 949; see In re
Marriage of Ostler & Smith (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 33, 54.) The Ostler &
Smith court explained: “ ‘No future bonus is guaranteed. It would therefore
not be appropriate to base a support order on Husband’s bonus income and
then require him to file motions to modify at such times as the bonus is
reduced. It would be more fair to all parties to base the support order on
Husband’s income from salary . . . , and to allocate a portion of the future
bonus income to the children and to Wife by way of a percentage interest so
that future litigation will not be necessary as the bonus income changes.’ ”
(Ostler & Smith, at pp. 41-42; see also In re Marriage of Mosley (2008) 165
Cal.App.4th 1375, 1387.)

                                        2
additionally challenges the court’s determination of Kevin’s income available
for permanent support as well as its issuance of step-down orders for
permanent spousal support over the next three years and decision to
terminate its jurisdiction. Sheila finally contends the court erred by ordering
her to pay monetary sanctions and awarding her only $35,000 out of her
request for $155,000 in attorney fees.
      We conclude the court erred by modifying child and spousal support
retroactive to May 1, 2019, when Kevin’s request for order was filed two
weeks later, on May 14, 2019. We also conclude the court’s imputation of
Kevin’s average monthly wages as income for purposes of calculating support
effective November 2020 did not follow established legal principles. We
remand with directions that the court recalculate support in a manner
consistent with the principles discussed below. In all other respects,
including with respect to the step-down order as may be modified by the
court’s recalculation of spousal support, we affirm the postjudgment order.
              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      The parties were married in February 2002 and separated on
November 1, 2014. In November 2017, the parties obtained a partial
stipulated judgment of dissolution of their 12-year eight-month marriage. In
that judgment, the family court reserved jurisdiction over child and spousal

support. At the time, the parties had three minor children.3
      In December 2018, the family court (Judge Epley) entered a judgment
on reserved issues, including child and spousal support. It also considered
attorney fees and sanctions. As to child support, the court found Sheila had
the ability to work but had not complied with a previously issued Gavron

3      The oldest child was emancipated by the time of Kevin’s modification
petition.
                                         3
warning4 to become self-supporting within a reasonable time period. The
court advised Sheila it would consider any continued noncompliance in future
support modification motions. Finding Kevin’s monthly wages to be $31,158
and imputing to Sheila $28,000 in yearly income, it ordered Kevin to pay
$3,363 in monthly child support. The court found that Kevin’s RSU’s were
not income but property to be divided in accordance with its property division
orders. It ordered pursuant to Smith/Ostler that Kevin would pay 6.12
percent of his quarterly income above $124,632 toward child support.
      The court ordered Kevin to pay Sheila $3,000 in monthly spousal
support starting July 1, 2018. It included a 13 percent Ostler/Smith bonus
not to exceed $5,000 per month. The court again advised Sheila that if she
continued to make little effort to advance her employment it would consider
that behavior toward future spousal support modification requests.
      The court addressed community debts and offsets, finding Sheila owed
Kevin $13,535.29 as an equalization payment. It ordered Sheila to make
monthly $500 payments to Kevin as of August 1, 2018, that Kevin could
withhold any Ostler/Smith payments as long as Sheila’s equalization debt
was outstanding, and that the remaining balance would be due in full if
Sheila missed more than two months of payments.
      As to attorney fees and section 271 sanctions, the court found Kevin
had incurred fees due to Sheila’s conduct, and ordered Sheila to pay Kevin
$7,000 in attorney fees. It ordered Kevin to contribute $15,000 toward
Sheila’s attorney fees.

4    In re Marriage of Gavron (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 705. “[W]hat has
become known as a ‘Gavron warning’ is a fair warning to the supported
spouse he or she is expected to become self-supporting.” (In re Marriage of
Schmir (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 43, 55.)

                                      4
      In March 2019, Kevin sought correction of the December 2018
judgment as to the Ostler/Smith payments for purposes of spousal and child
support, to reflect they should be paid quarterly and to include correct end
dates. He asked the court to order that Sheila pay his fees and costs in
making the request as a sanction for her delays and failure to abide by
certain agreements and orders.
      In May 2019, Kevin filed an additional request for an order to modify
the child and spousal support orders to the guideline amount, this time
representing himself. He averred in a sworn declaration that his
employment had been eliminated, he had agreed to a 10-month severance
package, and he was requesting his current income be modified to reflect his
new monthly wages. In response to Kevin’s requests, Sheila sought $38,250
in attorney fees to pay for retaining counsel.
      The court eventually set the hearing on both Kevin’s and Sheila’s
requests to August 20, 2019. Kevin later asked that the hearing date be
continued to September 6, 2019, to consolidate it with his request for
correction of the December 2018 judgment. Sheila opposed Kevin’s requests,
filing responsive and supplemental declarations as well as points and
authorities. She included a request for $6,069 in sanctions for Kevin’s
assertedly “needless litigation.”
      In September 2019, the family court heard Kevin’s March 2019 request
to clarify the judgment, correcting its ruling to reflect that Kevin’s gross
income was $31,158 monthly or $93,474 each quarter. The court ordered the
parties to meet and confer to determine what additional funds Kevin was
required to pay within thirty days of the end of each quarter. It stated the
equalization issue was not before it, and declined to make an order as to that
payment. The court denied both parties’ requests for section 271 sanctions.

                                        5
      The family court eventually set Kevin’s and Sheila’s other pending
requests (Kevin’s requests for modification of child and spousal support and
for sanctions, and Sheila’s request for attorney fees) for an evidentiary
hearing, which took place over the course of five days in December 2020,

January 2021 and March 2021.5 Among other things, Kevin testified that
after his entire department was eliminated he was unable to locate work
comparable to his previous unique job as a relationship manager, leading to
his decision in November 2019 to open a new business, Restoration RX.
Though he reported to a vocational expert that he had zero income his first
year, Kevin testified that Restoration RX’s projected earnings in 2020 would
be at least $50,000 and would grow the following year. Kevin explained he
had not “run those numbers” by the time of the evidentiary hearing and did
not have an accurate number for the money Restoration RX had made in the
past year. Nevertheless, Kevin anticipated his total net Restoration RX

income to be about $100,000, and “upwards of” $150,000 in his third year.6
Kevin testified the business was starting to earn roughly $4000 a month, but
he had not drawn a paycheck. He accessed funds by selling securities and
using his savings. Kevin sought a determination that he made support
overpayments as he had paid support for the past 20 months based on an
over $400,000 income.

5     The court had reserved for those hearings the issue of retroactivity of
Kevin’s support modification requests. By March 2021, Kevin was
representing himself.

6      Kevin testified his income projections for the company were based on
“[g]ross [income] of the company, my market analysis, competitors, [and]
consultants.” When asked if he was guessing, Kevin explained he thought
any future projection was a guess.

                                       6
      In May 2021, the court issued an ex parte minute order with its
findings and orders after the hearings. Questioning whether the court
intended the ex parte minute order to be a tentative or final decision, Sheila
then requested a formal statement of decision and alternatively objected to
the court’s ex parte findings and orders.
      After considering Sheila’s request and objections, the family court in

June 2021 issued its final statement of decision.7 Sheila filed this appeal
from the June 2021 postjudgment order.
                                 DISCUSSION
            I. Standard of Review of Support Modification Orders
      This court reviews for abuse of discretion the family court’s decision to
grant or deny modification of a support order. (In re Marriage of Lusby
(1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 459, 472.) “Discretion is abused when its exercise is
arbitrary, whimsical, or capricious.” (In re Marriage of Battenburg (1994) 28
Cal.App.4th 1338, 1343.) We reverse “ ‘only if prejudicial error is found after
examining the record of the proceedings below.’ ” (Lusby, at p. 472.) Where a
party challenges the family court’s factual findings, “ ‘our review follows
established principles concerning the existence of substantial evidence in
support of the findings. . . . [W]e examine the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prevailing party and give that party the benefit of every
reasonable inference. [Citation.] We accept all evidence favorable to the
prevailing party as true and discard contrary evidence.’ ” (Ibid.)
      We review questions concerning interpretation of statutes as a matter
of law. (In re Marriage of Lusby, supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at p. 472; In re
Marriage of Rosenfeld & Gross (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 478, 485.) “Likewise,

7     We detail the court’s challenged orders and findings in connection with
Sheila’s contentions.
                                       7
‘the interpretation of a contract or other written instrument is a question of
law if there is no extrinsic evidence thereon or if the evidence is without
conflict and is not susceptible of conflicting inferences.’ [Citation.] So too,
‘[t]he question of the trial court’s jurisdiction is a pure question of law subject
to our independent review.’ ” (In re Marriage of Rosenfeld & Gross, at p. 485.)
A family court’s failure to exercise discretion is itself an abuse of discretion
reviewed under that standard of review. (Ibid.)
      On appeal, a judgment or an order is presumed to be correct, and
Sheila as the party challenging the order must affirmatively show error.
(E.g., Ketchum v. Moses (2001) 24 Cal.4th 1122, 1140-1141; In re Marriage of
Arceneaux (1990) 51 Cal.3d 1130, 1133; Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2
Cal.3d 557, 564.) We also presume judicial duty is properly performed; that
the court below knows and applies the correct statutory and case law, and
will ignore material it knows is incompetent, irrelevant, or inadmissible. (In
re Marriage of Davenport (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1507, 1526.)
          II. Principles Concerning the Court’s Statement of Decision
      Section 3654 requires the court on request of either party to include a
statement of decision for an order modifying or terminating a support order.
“ ‘The court’s statement of decision is sufficient if it fairly discloses the court’s
determination as to the ultimate facts and material issues in the case.’
[Citation.] ‘ “Where [a] statement of decision sets forth the factual and legal
basis for the decision, any conflict in the evidence or reasonable inferences to
be drawn from the facts will be resolved in support of the determination of
the trial court decision.” ’ [Citation.] [¶] A party may avoid implied findings
in favor of a judgment, and preserve perceived error in a statement of
decision, by making specific objections to the statement of decision. Code of

                                          8
Civil Procedure sections 632 and 634 prescribe a two-step process for doing
so. ‘[F]irst, a party must request a statement of decision as to specific issues
. . . ; second, if the court issues such a statement, a party claiming
deficiencies therein must bring such defects to the trial court’s attention to
avoid implied findings on appeal favorable to the judgment.’ ” (In re
Marriage of Ciprari (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 83, 94 (Ciprari).)
      Addressing these standards, Sheila states that “[w]ith respect to
asserted error in a statement of decision, supporting findings are not
implied.” She suggests these principles apply here because she requested
clarifications or additions to the court’s statement of decision but her request
was denied. We disagree. While Sheila objected to the family court’s May
2021 ex parte minute order and sought a formal statement of decision, there
is no indication in the record that she asserted objections to the court’s June
2021 statement of decision. Accordingly, we are not prohibited from implying
findings or drawing inferences in favor of the court’s determinations in its
statement of decision.
                    III. Exercise of Retroactive Jurisdiction
A. Spousal and Child Support Modification
      Sheila contends the family court erred by modifying child and spousal
support retroactive to May 1, 2019, when Kevin’s request for order was filed
on May 14, 2019, and he only sought modification retroactive to June 1, 2019.
She relies on sections 3653 and 4333, which provide that support orders “may

                                        9
be made retroactive to the date of filing the notice of motion or order to show

cause . . . , or to any subsequent date.”8
      Sheila is correct. Under the above-cited provisions, a trial court will act
in excess of jurisdiction if it modifies support retroactive to any time before
the filing of the obligor’s modification motion. (S.C. v. G.S. (2019) 38
Cal.App.5th 591, 599; see also Stover v. Bruntz (2017) 12 Cal.App.5th 19, 26
[section 3653, subdivision (a) and other statutes with retroactivity provisions
“ ‘permit[ ] the trial court to make its ruling retroactive to the filing date of
the motion, but no earlier,’ ” italics added]; In re Marriage of Gruen (2011)
191 Cal.App.4th 627, 638 [“even on a showing of changed circumstances, a
‘court may not retroactively modify a prior order for temporary spousal
support’ ”].) “ ‘The filing date, in other words, establishes the outermost limit
of retroactivity.’ ” (Stover, at p. 26, quoting In re Marriage of Murray (2002)
101 Cal.App.4th 581, 604, disapproved on other grounds in Conservatorship
of O.B. (2020) 9 Cal.5th 989, 995.)
      Kevin acknowledges the limitation in section 3653 but asserts the court
presumably made its modification effective May 1, 2019, because it
recognized he lost his job on April 23, 2019, and notified Sheila the same day.

8      Section 3653 provides in part that an order modifying or terminating a
support order “may be made retroactive to the date of the filing of the notice
of motion or order to show cause to modify or terminate, or to any subsequent
date . . . .” (§ 3653, subd. (a).) Subdivision (b) of section 3653 provides in part
that “[i]f an order modifying or terminating a support order is entered due to
the unemployment of either the support obligor or the support obligee, the
order shall be made retroactive to the later of the date of the service on the
opposing party of the notice of motion or order to show cause to modify or
terminate or the date of unemployment . . . .” Section 4333 provides: “An
order for spousal support in a proceeding for dissolution of marriage or for
legal separation of the parties may be made retroactive to the date of filing
the notice of motion or order to show cause, or to any subsequent date.”

                                        10
He characterizes section 3653 as permitting the court in the event of a party’s
unemployment to make a support order “retroactive either going back to
when the opposing party was notified of the motion or to the date the party
became unemployed unless there is good cause to show that the order should

not be made retroactive.”9 But this assertion mischaracterizes section 3653,
omitting statutory language stating in the event of a support obligor’s
unemployment an order “shall be made retroactive to the later of the date of
the service on the opposing party of the notice of motion or order to show
cause to modify or terminate or the date of unemployment . . . .” (§ 3653,
subd. (b), italics added.) By its terms, section 3653, subdivision (b) does not
permit a court to make a support order retroactive to the date of
unemployment if the request to modify support was served after that date.
      We thus conclude as a matter of law the trial court erred by issuing its
support orders retroactive to May 1, 2019.
B. Ostler/Smith Order
      In its statement of decision, the court agreed with Kevin’s argument
that “his severance pay should not be used for [an Ostler/Smith bonus]
because it would be double dipping if severance was also used to calculate
support.” It stated: “Based upon this court’s findings, for the period of May
1, 2019[,] forward, the court finds that Kevin received no income which would

9      Kevin goes on to say, “Should this Court agree with [Sheila] that the
modification should have been effective June 1, 2019, or back to date of filing,
May 14, 2019, it is a simple matter to add the previous amount for support to
the arrears that were calculated by the trial court.” Kevin does not argue
that he served his papers in support of his modification request any earlier
than the date he filed them. We observe that during the hearing on his
modification request, Kevin asked the court to adopt his schedules for child
and spousal support and “for them to be applied retroactively to the date of
filing of this motion.”
                                       11
be subject to a[n Ostler/Smith] division. The court vacates any
[Ostler/Smith] order.”
        Sheila contends the family court exceeded its jurisdiction by vacating
the Ostler/Smith bonus support provisions from the judgment. She points
out that at trial, Kevin only asked the court to remove the Ostler/Smith
calculations after May 31, 2019. Sheila characterizes the court’s order as
extinguishing “all accrued bonus support,” thereby prejudicing her and their
children.
        Sheila’s contention is without reasoned legal argument and relevant
supporting authority, so we treat it as forfeited for that reason alone.
(Orange County Water Dist. v. Sabic Innovative Plastics US, LLC (2017) 14
Cal.App.5th 343, 383; see also United Grand Corp. v. Malibu Hillbillies, LLC
(2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 142, 146 [“ ‘In order to demonstrate error, an appellant
must supply the reviewing court with some cogent argument supported by
legal analysis and citation to the record’ ”]; Nelson v. Avondale Homeowners
Assn. (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 857, 862.) We are not bound to develop her
arguments. (In re Marriage of Falcone & Fyke (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 814,
830.)
        Even if we were to consider the argument, it would not persuade us.
Assessing the meaning of the court’s order de novo (In re Marriage of
Rosenfeld & Gross, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 485; In re Ins. Installment
Fee (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 1395, 1429 [“The meaning of a court order or
judgment is a question of law within the ambit of the appellate court”]), we
agree with Kevin that Sheila misinterprets the order as applying
retroactively beyond May 1, 2019. The court vacated the Ostler/Smith order
going “forward” in view of its factual finding that Kevin had no further
income subject to Ostler/Smith division, a point Sheila does not contest.

                                        12
      Sheila points out in reply that the court’s order does not mention any
accrued Ostler/Smith bonus support or any calculations of offsets. The
family court’s silence on the issue supports our conclusion that the court did
not eliminate Ostler/Smith payments, if any, accrued and owed before May
2019. Our conclusion and Kevin’s concession that the court’s order does not
eliminate any such support payments retroactively beyond May 1, 2019,
resolves Sheila’s contention regarding retroactive jurisdiction. We do not
decide whether Kevin did or did not have outstanding Ostler/Smith
payments or calculate the amount, if any, of such outstanding payments.
C. Exclusion of RSU’s
      The family court’s statement of decision as to Kevin’s RSU’s provides:
“The minute order prepared by the court clerk on June 22, 2018, after trial on
reserved issues, reflects Judge Epley ordered RSU[’]s NOT be included in
either parties[’] income for support and, as to any current or further vested
RSU[’]s, the community portions were to be divided equally between the
parties. This order applies to all RSU[’]s and any RSU[’]s received post
separation. In addition to reviewing all the minute orders in this case (except
those from hearings presided over by Judge Robert Amador), the court
considered the testimony of Sheila, Kevin and Meredith Ross, the received
exhibits, and closing arguments. [¶] . . . Based upon Judge Epley’s order
regarding the RSU[’]s, as reflected in the minute order of June 22, 2018, this
court does not include them for purposes of calculating support.”
      Sheila contends the family court exceeded its jurisdiction by
retroactively excluding all of Kevin’s RSU’s for purposes of child and spousal

                                      13
support.10 She admits that “to the extent any community property interest
continued in Kevin’s vested RSU[’]s, it would not be subject to inclusion as
income for support purposes . . . .” But Sheila maintains there is no evidence
to support the conclusion that the RSU’s were community property; she
asserts the “unequivocal” evidence is that the RSU’s were Kevin’s separate
property. According to Sheila, Kevin’s position that the RSU’s were not
included as income is contradicted by the Ostler/Smith provision of the
judgment, pointing out it applied to “ ‘any income’ above [Kevin’s] base
income,” and the correction that applied the provision to “ ‘monthly gross
income.’ ” (Bold and italics omitted.) Sheila argues that in ruling on Kevin’s
request to calculate overpayments, the court was obligated to determine the
amounts owed between the parties at the time of Kevin’s motion, and that
Kevin conceded he owed amounts under Ostler/Smith whether the court did
or did not include his RSU’s. Citing In re Marriage of Cheriton (2001) 92
Cal.App.4th 269 (Cheriton) and In re Marriage of Macilwaine (2018) 26

10    Sheila seems to suggest the family court erred by relying on the June
22, 2018 minute order rather than the December 2018 judgment. But in its
order the court did not say it did not rely on the December 2018 judgment;
rather, it specifically acknowledged that judgment in ruling on the RSU’s. In
any event, Sheila does not explain how the minute order and judgment
materially differ.
                                      14
Cal.App.5th 514 (Macilwaine) without further discussion or application,11
she argues the court’s exclusion of Kevin’s RSU’s as income was “plain error.”
      We are not persuaded. Sheila misreads the court’s December 2018
judgment, which deemed Kevin’s RSU’s to be property and “not income”
before discussing the Ostler/Smith application to “any income” Kevin earned
over a specified amount. Sheila gives us no basis to conclude the family court
in the December 2018 judgment intended to use, or we should apply, a
different interpretation of the word income in the Ostler/Smith provision of
the judgment as including Kevin’s RSU’s. Whether terms in the judgment
should be used differently would be a question of law for this court under
settled contract interpretation principles. (See Fox v. Fox (1954) 42 Cal.2d
49, 52-53; Dow v. Lassen Irrigation Co (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 308, 326.)
Though Sheila cites law that a reviewing court construes de novo an
ambiguous judgment or order, she does not undertake a meaningful analysis
of the question.
      Setting Sheila’s misinterpretation aside, there is no indication in the
record that Sheila challenged or appealed the family court’s December 2018
determination as to Kevin’s RSU’s. The family court’s June 2021
modification order did not revisit or decide anew the classification of Kevin’s

11     Sheila later quotes Macilwaine for the proposition: “It is well-
established that stock options granted as part of a parent’s employment
compensation constitute ‘income’ as defined in section 4058, subdivision (a),
and must be used to calculate support.” (Macilwaine, supra, 26 Cal.App.5th
at p. 530, citing in part Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at pp. 286-288.) She
also points out that Macilwaine was decided two months after the June 2018
minute order. But Sheila had the benefit of Macilwaine when the court
issued its December 2018 judgment. Sheila’s authority for the bare
proposition that stock options are income for purposes of support could have
been raised in a challenge to the December 2018 judgment.

                                       15
RSU’s or even pass on them retroactively; faced with interpreting the
December 2018 judgment, the court merely found it determined Kevin’s
RSU’s, including those received post separation, were not to be considered
income available for support. The court could not revisit that previously
decided issue. (See In re Marriage of Oliverez (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 1242,
1248 [with narrow exceptions, a trial court judge may not reconsider and
overrule the interim ruling of another judge].) Nor did Kevin ask the court to
revisit the issue anew in his modification petition.
      Nothing about Kevin’s position below compels us to reverse the family
court’s order as to Kevin’s RSU’s. He did not concede his RSU’s could be
considered income for purpose of calculating his Ostler/Smith payments. In
his trial brief, Kevin maintained Judge Epley’s December 2018 judgment
determining his RSU’s were not income was “intended to be applied to future
[Ostler/Smith] calculations” and asked “the same characterization be applied
to the RSU[’]s in the findings for his current spousal support modification
requests as that has always been his understanding of the court’s order and
the basis for his payments [postjudgment].” (Some capitalization omitted.)
He asserted Judge Epley’s determination “applies to all RSU[’]s and any
RSU[’]s he received [postjudgment] are his property and not to be considered
income for support purposes” and “[a]s such, [he did] not believe he received
income which would require [Ostler/Smith] division.”
      Though Kevin went on to take a position “in the event” the court ruled
RSU’s were income for support purposes, he did not advocate for that
position, and explained during the hearing via counsel that whether he had
made overpayments to Sheila during the period from May 2019 forward was
related to how the court would interpret the prior orders. The record shows
Kevin’s counsel pointed out that Kevin and Sheila “radically” differed in their

                                       16
interpretation of the Ostler/Smith provision of judgment, which the court
was going to have to make retroactive. The court responded, “[I]t would be
useful for the court to hear testimony and receive evidence on the method by
which the court should interpret the [Ostler/Smith] order that was made by
Judge Epley.” Kevin testified that he did not make any Ostler/Smith
payments by the second quarter of 2019 because using only his commission
and bonus income, he did not exceed the Ostler/Smith threshold, but that
disputes had arisen over the Ostler/Smith calculations as to whether
restricted stock should be included. Kevin explained his position was that,
based on Judge Epley’s classification of the RSU’s in the judgment, the RSU’s
were his separate property and were not included.
      The family court ultimately adopted Kevin’s interpretation of the
judgment as not including Kevin’s RSU’s as income for purposes of
calculating support, including the Ostler/Smith payments. As stated, Sheila
does not meaningfully explain with legal analysis how the court erred by that
interpretation. Sheila has not demonstrated the court lacked jurisdiction to
make its order.
                       IV. Exclusion of Kevin’s RSU’s
      In related arguments, Sheila contends the court prejudicially erred by
excluding Kevin’s RSU’s for purposes of calculating support. She correctly
points out that Kevin’s request for order did not ask the court to make a
determination on the RSU’s. Nevertheless, asserting Macilwaine, supra, 26
Cal.App.5th 514 and Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th 269 establish that stock
options “must be used” to calculate support, Sheila argues the court
erroneously (1) excluded a substantial amount of Kevin’s restricted stock
income (assertedly exceeding $500,000 over the duration of Kevin’s severance
period) in calculating child support; (2) improperly relied on the June 2018

                                      17
minute order, which was outside the record, resulting in a “failure of
procedural due process”; and (3) implemented the Ostler/Smith bonus
provision of the judgment, which applied to “any income” above Kevin’s base
income as well as the court’s correction of the judgment as to “monthly gross
income,” contrary to the public policy stated in Macilwaine. Sheila explains
that she is not contesting removal of the Ostler/Smith provision going
forward, but challenges the “findings that Kevin had no income subject to the
existing Ostler/Smith bonus support provisions before the trial court’s
retroactivity jurisdiction on [June 1, 2019,] and[ ] the trial court’s exclusion of
RSU income as income available for application of the Ostler/Smith bonus
support provisions after the trial court obtained modification jurisdiction.”
      We are again unpersuaded for the reasons set forth above. Sheila’s
argument that Macilwaine should have compelled the family court to treat
Kevin’s RSU’s as income for calculating child and spousal support would have
had the court improperly reconsider Judge Epley’s December 2018 judgment
determining Kevin’s RSU’s were not income. And, as stated, Sheila has not
demonstrated Judge Epley intended a different meaning of the word income
in the Ostler/Smith provision of the judgment as somehow including Kevin’s
RSU’s. We have already held the family court in its order as to Kevin’s RSU’s
did not rely on the June 2018 minutes “to the exclusion” of the December
2018 judgment. It considered Kevin’s testimony as to how he understood the
court treated the RSU’s in the judgment, and interpreted the judgment in
Kevin’s favor. Sheila’s arguments do not demonstrate the court erred in its
postjudgment modification order as to the RSU’s.

                                        18
           V. Determination of Kevin’s Income Available for Support
A. Court’s Order Regarding Kevin’s Income
      In its modification order, the family court addressed Kevin’s income,
including from his new business, Restoration RX, as follows:
      “There were several inconsistencies in Kevin’s testimony and in his
income and expense declarations . . . filed since 2020 which troubled the court
and made his assertions regarding income from Restoration RX unreliable.
      “Kevin’s most recent [income and expense declaration] from March 16,
2021, indicates he receives $1824 from wages, $4630 from dividend and
interest and $3947 from other sources. There is no indication from what
source the $3947 comes. Kevin did not total his monthly expenses in [No.] 13
of [h]is [income and expense declaration], but if they are added up, they
amount to $7530. Kevin’s [income and expense declaration] filed December
3, 2020[,] indicates Kevin receives $4092 from self-employment. His monthly
expenses come to $9464, which includes $1489 for [an] equipment lease. No
other debts are listed in either of the two [income and expense declarations].
      “The court did not find Sheila’s argument persuasive that income from
Restoration RX should be imputed to Kevin in the amount of $19,321
monthly.
      “Given the lack of persuasive evidence presented by either party on the
issue of Kevin’s current income, the court imputes monthly income to Kevin

in the amount of $7730,12 which represents Kevin’s approximate monthly

12    It is not clear whether the court added $200 to Kevin’s reported
monthly household expenses so as to approximate his earnings, or whether
the $7730 figure is a typographical error, as his March 2021 monthly
expenses total $7530. Kevin in any event argues $7730 is a reasonable
attribution of income to him.
                                      19
household expenses. This figure shall be used for purposes of calculating
support effective November 2020.”
B. Contentions
      Sheila contends the family court prejudicially erred when it reached
this determination of Kevin’s income available for support. She first argues
it abused its discretion by imputing income without an express finding
supported by substantial evidence that imputation would benefit their
children. She further contends the court impermissibly placed the burden on
her to demonstrate Kevin’s income, while Kevin assertedly never presented
direct evidence of his income during his case in chief. Finally, she contends
the court’s findings as to Kevin’s income are not based on the most current
and reliable evidence of recent and predictable future income, including

Kevin’s tax returns, which it should have considered presumptively correct.13
She maintains the order should be “reversed without remand” as Kevin did
not meet his burden.
      Kevin responds that the court’s determination of his income available
for support was within its discretion. He maintains that because Sheila did
not trust any amount of income he claimed and the court found his income
difficult to ascertain, it used a reasonable alternative by attributing the
average amount of his monthly expenses paid without assistance as an
amount the court knew Kevin could earn.
C. Analysis
      1. Children’s Best Interests
      We reject Sheila’s argument that the court’s order should be reversed
due to the absence of an express finding concerning the children’s best

13   Sheila does not contend the evidence showed Kevin was avoiding
employment so as to shirk his support obligations.
                                       20
interests. It is true any imputation of income must be accompanied by a best
interests finding. (§ 4058, subd. (b); In re Marriage of Ficke (2013) 217
Cal.App.4th 10, 18-19; In re Marriage of Cryer (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 1039,
1051, fn. 3; In re Marriage of Mosely (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1375, 1389.) But
while Ficke refers to the need for an “express” finding (Ficke, at p. 13) we do
not agree that the finding must be express. (See Cheriton, supra, 92
Cal.App.4th at p. 301 [“court made no express or implied finding that
imputing income to [custodial parent] would be in children’s best interest,”
italics added]; see also In re Marriage of Lim and Carrasco (2013) 214
Cal.App.4th 768, 777 [substantial evidence supported the court’s “implicit
finding that it was not in the children’s best interest to impute earning
capacity to [mother] based on her previous income as a full-time law
partner”].) Section 4058 provides that a court “may, in its discretion,
consider the earning capacity of a parent in lieu of the parent’s income,
consistent with the best interests of the children . . . .” (§ 4058, subd. (b)(1);
accord, In re Marriage of Barth (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 363, 375.) The
statute does not require either a written finding or a finding on the record.
(Compare In re J.S. (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1069, 1078 [express finding
necessary where statute at issue required the court to make a “ ‘finding
either in writing or on the record of the basis for its determination’ ”].)
      Here, in objecting to the family court’s ex parte minute order, Sheila
argued any modification of child support not based on actual income
(including the court’s adoption of a prior order imputing income to her) had to
be supported by a finding such imputation was in the children’s best
interests. She cited case law, including Cheriton, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th 269,
In re Marriage of Ficke, supra, 217 Cal.App.4th 10 and others referenced
above, for that proposition. Accordingly, the family court, which stated it had

                                        21
considered her objections, was well aware of its obligation to consider the
children’s best interests, and when it issued its final order, it implicitly found
imputation of income was in their best interests.
      The question becomes whether the evidence, viewed in the light most
favorable to the prevailing party (In re Marriage of Lusby, supra, 64
Cal.App.4th at p. 472; In re Marriage of Calcaterra & Badakhsh (2005) 132
Cal.App.4th 28, 34), supports this implied finding. The best interests
determination includes the “overall welfare and developmental needs of the
children, and the time that parent spends with the children.” (§ 4058, subd.
(b); see, e.g., In re Marriage of Brown & Yana (2006) 37 Cal.4th 947, 955-956
[children’s best interest includes consideration of children’s health, safety,
and welfare].) When it comes to imputing income to a parent, best interests
necessarily includes how imputation impacts the children’s necessary
monetary support in light of these considerations.
      Sheila does not directly address the point. She summarizes Kevin’s
testimony concerning his income after his job was terminated (including from
unemployment benefits) and decision to open a new business. She
summarizes Kevin’s reported income and expenses from 2019 and 2020, as
well as his credit card payments, payments from his new business’s checking
account, and deposits into that account. She summarizes information from
Kevin’s 2021 income and expense declaration that he was ordered to submit
during trial and admitted into evidence, as well as his personal and business
tax returns. But she does not explain with reasoned argument concerning
the children and their needs how the record is lacking evidence that it was
consistent with their best interests to ascribe Kevin—an owner of a relatively
new business—an earning capacity equal to his monthly expenses for
purposes of imputing income for support. Whatever her burden in the trial

                                        22
court, here as set forth above it is her burden as the appellant to
affirmatively show error. We do not address the point further.
      2. Burden of Proof
      Nor are we convinced the family court improperly placed an evidentiary
burden upon Sheila to prove Kevin’s income. The sole indication she cites is
the court’s statement that it was not persuaded by her argument that it
should impute over $19,000 in income to Kevin from Restoration RX. As we
have explained, the family court’s order is presumed to be correct on appeal
(In re Marriage of Oliverez (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 298, 311-312) and we
presume the court properly performs its judicial duty applying the correct
statutory and case law. (In re Marriage of Davenport, supra, 194 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1526.) On his modification request, it was Kevin’s burden to establish
changed circumstances, including related to his income, so as to warrant
changes in the prior support orders. (In re Marriage of Hein (2020) 52
Cal.App.5th 519, 537; In re Marriage of Cryer, supra, 198 Cal.App.5th at p.
1054.) The family court is presumed to have applied this standard.
Reasonably reading the order, the court made a credibility determination; we
see no indication, and Sheila has not demonstrated, the court required Sheila
to demonstrate Kevin’s income on Kevin’s modification request and thereby

misallocated the burden of proof.14
      3. Determination of Kevin’s Income for Calculating Support Effective
November 2020
      We turn to the court’s determination of Kevin’s income for purposes of
calculating support effective November 2020. Sheila does not address the

14     We observe it was Sheila’s counsel who admitted Kevin’s income and
expense declarations into evidence during Kevin’s cross-examination. There
is no indication from the record it was at the court’s direction or expectation.

                                       23
differing standards applicable in setting spousal and child support. (See In re

Marriage of Blazer (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 1438, 1445 & fn. 2.)15 As stated,
she argues the court “refuse[d] to consider the most recent and appropriate
evidence of [Kevin’s] income” and should have considered his personal and
Restoration RX tax returns as presumptively correct. According to Sheila,
Kevin confirmed his 2020 personal tax return reflected $43,649 in wages and
$55,565 in dividend income as well as $47,369 in K-1 income from
Restoration RX. She points to his testimony that he received $21,894 in
salary from the company in December 2020. She says Kevin testified that his
pass-through income, wages, and a $15,000 depreciation expense, added back
to his income, exceeded $84,000 for 2020. From this, she maintains the court
should have found Kevin’s income available for support to be in excess of
$20,000 per month. We note that, for his part, Kevin testified that the
dividend income was a “one-time special dividend” from his former employer
being purchased by another company. He explained the $43,649 in wages
was a combination of his severance pay and the $21,894 in wages from
Restoration RX. Kevin deferred to his accountant regarding the depreciation
expense.

15     For spousal support, the relevant statute does not define or address
computation of income; the court must “assess ‘the ability of the supporting
spouse to pay . . . taking into account the supporting party’s earning capacity,
earned and unearned income, assets, and standard of living.’ ” (In re
Marriage of Blazer, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 1445, quoting § 4320, subd.
(c); see also In re Marriage of Simpson (1992) 4 Cal.4th 225, 231 [under
former Civil Code section 4801].) The child support statute defines income
broadly as “ ‘income from whatever source derived’ ” including “ ‘[i]ncome
from the proprietorship of a business, such as gross receipts from the
business reduced by expenditures required for the operation of the
business.’ ” (Blazer, at p. 1445, fn. 2.)
                                      24
      We review the trial court’s determination of spousal support and child
support for abuse of discretion, but “ ‘discretion must be exercised along legal
lines, taking into consideration the circumstances of the parties, their
necessities and the financial ability of the [supporting spouse.]’ ” (In re
Marriage of Laube (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d 1222, 1225.) We must determine
whether the court’s decision is both supported by substantial evidence and
legally proper. (In re Marriage of Blazer, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 1447,
see also id. at p. 1448 [court “ ‘exercised its discretion along legal lines’ ” in
making its determination concerning husband’s income].) “[I]n the face of an
ambiguity as to whether disputed sums represent income available for
support, that determination is committed to the court’s discretion.” (Id. at p.
1448.)
      Here, while the court’s determination of Kevin’s monthly expenses is
supported by substantial evidence, namely Kevin’s March 2021 income and
expense declaration, we are not persuaded that imputation of the amount of
Kevin’s monthly expenses as “income” for purposes of support is legally
proper. Plainly, the family court was not persuaded by either parties’
testimony as to Kevin’s actual income. In the event the court did not look to
Kevin’s actual income, it possessed discretion to base its support award on
his earning capacity. (In re Marriage of Simpson, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 232
[the “statutory guidelines governing the determination of spousal and child
support authorize the trial court in its discretion to consider the earning
capacity as well as the actual income of the supporting spouse in determining
support, but they do not specify or limit the circumstances under which the
trial court may look to earning capacity in addition to, or in place of, actual
income in fixing support”]; In re Marriage of Sorge (2012) 202 Cal.App.4th
626, 642 [family court “may, in its discretion, impute to that parent an

                                         25
income different from his or her actual income—i.e., an income amount that
corresponds with that parent’s earning capacity”].) But while earning
capacity is not defined, we are not persuaded it is properly approximated by
looking to average monthly expenses. “The statutory guidelines for the
determination of support do not provide a specific definition of earning
capacity. Statutory references, however, to the measure of a spouse’s ability
to obtain employment [citation], as well as appellate decisions defining
earning capacity in various contexts [citations], suggest that for purposes of
determining support, ‘earning capacity’ represents the income the spouse is
reasonably capable of earning based upon the spouse’s age, health, education,
marketable skills, employment history, and the availability of employment
opportunities.” (In re Marriage of Simpson, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 234; In re
Marriage of Lim and Carrasco, supra, 214 Cal.App.4th at p. 775; In re
McHugh (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 1238, 1246 [earning capacity is composed of
ability to work, including such factors as age, occupation, skills, education,
health, background, work experience and qualifications, and opportunity to
work, i.e. a “ ‘reasonable “likelihood that a party could, with reasonable effort,
apply his or her education, skills and training to produce income” ’ ”].)
      Having found Kevin failed to present credible evidence as to the
amount of income he earned, it was well within the family court’s discretion
to impute income to him. (See In re Marriage of Barth, supra, 210
Cal.App.4th at p. 377 [family court “had no choice but to impute income” to
husband where he understated his income, included personal expenses as
business expenses, and was found not credible on “any issue relating to his
finances”].) But the amount the court imputed to Kevin as income was not
based on the sort of factors that go into earning capacity—his age, education,
skills, employment history or employment opportunities as delineated

                                       26
above—but on his average monthly expenses, an approximation we consider
arbitrary. A support order should not be “eyeball[ed]” to produce an imputed
amount without sufficient evidentiary support. (See In re Marriage of Loh
(2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 325, 327, 330.) The court’s approximation of Kevin’s
earning capacity by equating it to his monthly expenses for purposes of
calculating support effective November 2020 fell outside the scope of its
discretion.
      We conclude the record fails to establish the court properly determined
Kevin’s income for support purposes in accordance with proper standards.
We direct the trial court to apply the principles set forth above and again
exercise its discretion in determining appropriate awards of spousal and child
support effective November 2020. In making its redetermination, the court is
not prevented from revisiting its credibility determinations, including with
respect to Kevin’s testimony as to his projected net income from Restoration
RX, or relying on Kevin’s reported income on tax returns, considering
whether Kevin rebutted any presumption of correctness. (Accord, M.S. v.
O.S. (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 548, 557 [parent’s gross income as reported
under penalty of perjury on recent tax returns is considered presumptively
correct for purposes of child support], but see In re Marriage of Hein, supra,
52 Cal.App.5th at p. 541 [distinguishing M.S. v. O.S. as not involving a “self-
employed parent who had organized his or her business or businesses into
multiple wholly owned entities” and indicating presumption of correctness of
tax returns may be rebutted by other evidence].) We express no opinion
regarding the proper amount of support.
     VI. Order Reducing and Terminating Permanent Spousal Support
      Though we direct the court to recalculate support in accordance with
the principles expressed above, we perceive no error with regard to its order

                                      27
reducing and terminating permanent spousal support. We thus uphold that
portion of the order even though the court’s recalculation may modify the
decreasing support amounts.
      In its order relating to permanent spousal support, the court made
findings on the section 4320 factors, including as to Kevin’s income and
assets; Sheila’s income, assets, and lack of evidence of her efforts to become
self-supporting; whether Sheila’s ability to work would interfere with their
children’s best interests; the parties’ ages; and the balance of hardships,
finding Kevin “has been paying spousal support since November 2014, over
[one half] the length of the marriage” and “has continued to pay spousal
support through the pendency of this action.” In part, the court found “Sheila
was imputed $2333 monthly pursuant to the judgment and was given a
Gavron warning. Previously, on June 22, 2018, the court found Sheila’s
efforts ineffective in following through with the recommendations of the
vocational evaluator and previous Gavron warning to make the business
more profitable. Moreover, there was little evidence presented in this present
action to suggest from 2018 up until March 2020, that Sheila made sincere
efforts to increase her income to achieve the goal of becoming self-supporting.
According to Sheila’s most recent [income and expense declaration], she is
earning $14 an hour working 30-40 hours a week at Skin Care Enterprise.
Sheila receives $1964 per month as [a] dividend for her Alaskan heritage.
Sheila has $240,000 in stocks and bonds that she could easily sell, and $844
in cash and checking/savings. Sheila’s monthly expenses are approximately
$8400. Sheila will also receive her community property interest in the
retirement accounts valued at over $700,000 at the end of 2020.”
      The court “[b]ased on the above factors” gradually decreased the
amount of spousal support, setting monthly spousal support at $900 for May

                                       28
2019 through February 2020, $500 for March 2020 to January l, 2023, and
$250 beginning January l, 2023. It reserved jurisdiction over spousal support
“until January 1, 2024[,] at which time spousal support will be set at $0 and
jurisdiction over spousal support shall terminate.”
      Sheila challenges this order, contending the court erred by effectively
imputing a significant amount of income and earning capacity to her without
a finding as to how it expected her to become self-supporting before stepping

down support and terminating its jurisdiction.16 In a related argument
under a separate heading, Sheila contends the court’s reduction of spousal
support was “patently inequitable, unjust and unreasonable.” (Emphasis and
some capitalization omitted.) She argues: “[T]he trial court discarded
evidence of Kevin’s income and expressly reduced permanent spousal support
substantially below its express determination of [her] needs. The court found
Sheila’s monthly expenses were $8,400 and her total income was $4,297,[ ]
leaving her more than $4,000 short on a monthly basis. . . . The trial court
wholly failed to provide any explanation why it found this result just and

16     Sheila also argues the court prejudicially abused its discretion because
its finding that Kevin had paid permanent spousal support since November
2014 is not supported by substantial evidence. But this mischaracterizes the
court’s order, in which it indicated that in balancing the hardships, it
considered that Kevin had been paying spousal support since the parties’
separation in 2014 and had continued to pay spousal support through the
pendency of the action. The court did not specify that Kevin had been paying
permanent support since that time. Sheila also complains the family court
“adopted a previous finding that she had not used sufficient efforts to make
[her business] more profitable” even though both parties testified she lost her
business posttrial. Again, this latter argument misconstrues the court’s
order, which simply pointed out the history of Sheila’s inadequate efforts to
become self-sufficient, including by mentioning that Judge Epley had found
she had not made efforts to make her business more profitable.
                                      29
reasonable when it also specifically recognized the great disparity in assets
and that ‘Kevin’s business is doing well.’ ”
      The law authorizes a family court “ ‘to order a party to pay spousal
support in an amount, and for a period of time, that the court determines is
just and reasonable, based on the standard of living established during the
marriage, taking into consideration the circumstances set forth in section
4320.’ [Citations.] The statutory factors include the supporting spouse’s
ability to pay; the needs of each spouse based on the marital standard of
living; the obligations and assets of each spouse, including separate property;
and any other factors pertinent to a just and equitable award. (§ 4320, subds.
(c)-(e), (n).)” (In re Marriage of Deluca (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 184, 195.) Once
the court considers these factors, “ ‘ “the ultimate decision as to amount and
duration of spousal support rests within its broad discretion and will not be
reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion. [Citation.] ‘Because
trial courts have such broad discretion, appellate courts must act with
cautious judicial restraint in reviewing these orders.’ ” ’ ” (In re Marriage of
Grimes & Mou (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 406, 424, quoting In re Marriage of
McLain (2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 262, 269.)
      We perceive no abuse of the court’s broad discretion in the step-down
order. Notably, Sheila does not contend the record is absent evidence of a
material change in circumstances so as to warrant a modification of spousal
support. (In re Marriage of Minkin, supra, 11 Cal.App.5th at p. 956; In re
Marriage of Shaughnessy (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 1225, 1245.) She does not
contend the family court failed to consider the section 4320 criteria in making
its order. (Minkin, at pp. 956-957.) A step-down order informs “each spouse
that the supported spouse has a specified period of time to become self-
supporting, after which the obligation of the supporting spouse will cease.

                                       30
. . . However, if things do not work out as contemplated, the supported
spouse can, upon a showing of good cause, request a change in the original
order as to amount or as to the term for jurisdiction over the issue of spousal
support. [The order] psychologically prepares the supported spouse for the
time when he or she must be self-supporting. It also places the burden of
showing good cause for a change in the order upon the one who is most able
to exercise the control necessary to meet the expectations the trial judge had
in making the order.” (In re Marriage of Prietsch & Calhoun (1987) 190
Cal.App.3d 645, 665-666; see also in re Marriage of West (2007) 152
Cal.App.4th 240, 248 [step-down order did “not prevent [wife] from obtaining
spousal support above the amount ordered, or after [the date it was reduced
to zero]” but “shift[ed] the burden of showing changed circumstances [to wife,
who] would be entitled to seek a modification because of an unrealized
expectation of her future earnings”].) When a step-down order results from a
court finding of changed circumstances warranting a downward modification
of support, “the evidence need not show that the supported spouse will have a
decreased need on the future step-down date.” (In re Marriage of Rising
(1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 472, 478, 479.) “The critical inquiry . . . is whether the
step-down provision, standing alone, is supportable given the parties’
circumstances at the time the order was made.” (Cheriton, supra, 92
Cal.App.4th at p. 311.)
      In making her arguments, Sheila ignores the family court’s
observations about her years of unsatisfactory efforts to become self-
supporting and the fact she had been given two warnings under Gavron to
make those efforts. The family court pointed out that in 2018, Judge Epley
found Sheila was ineffective in following through with a vocational
evaluator’s recommendations and previous Gavron warning to make her

                                       31
business more profitable. It found there was “little evidence” suggesting that
from 2018 to March 2020 Sheila made “sincere efforts to increase her income
to achieve the goal of becoming self-supporting.” Sheila cites authority for
the proposition, “When the ability to work or the opportunity to work is
lacking, earning capacity is absent and application of the [earning capacity]
standard is inappropriate.” (In re Marriage of Padilla (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th
1212, 1218.) But Sheila points to no evidence she was unable or lacked
opportunity to work; rather, the court found she worked 30 to 40 hours a
week at a skin care business, a finding she does not challenge. The record
shows while Sheila received years of spousal support she did not make
sincere efforts to increase her income despite her undisputed ability to work.
The court’s order—in which it considered all of the relevant statutory factors
and in fact declined to impute any higher income to Sheila than had
previously been ordered—was plainly intended to provide her an incentive to
develop her own skills and career. In doing so, the court acknowledged
Sheila had income and other assets ($240,000 in stock and bonds, as well as a
community property interest in a retirement account) apart from spousal
support. On this record, it did not abuse its discretion.
      Nor do we find any abuse of discretion in the court’s order terminating
jurisdiction. In certain cases it is appropriate for the court to terminate
jurisdiction over spousal support, even though there has been a lengthy
marriage. (See In re Marriage of Prietsch & Calhoun, supra, 190 Cal.App.3d
at pp. 661-662; § 4336, subd. (c) [“Nothing in this section limits the court’s
discretion to terminate spousal support in later proceedings on a showing of
changed circumstances”].) Indeed, the court has a duty to fix a termination
date where justified after considering the relevant factors. (Prietsch &
Calhoun, at p. 664.) “ ‘[The statutory factors] will not require a trial court to

                                       32
retain jurisdiction in every case involving a lengthy marriage. In some
instances the record will indicate that both spouses are employed, an
increasingly prevalent situation today, or that there are sufficient assets
available to enable each to provide for his or her needs. In that event, no
support or support for only a limited time, without a retention of jurisdiction,
would be appropriate.’ ” (Id. at p. 662.)
      Sheila relies on the following language from In re Marriage of Morrison
(1978) 20 Cal.3d 437—a case involving an original support order not a
modification order as here—regarding the retention of jurisdiction: “A trial
court should not terminate jurisdiction to extend a future support order after
a lengthy marriage, unless the record clearly indicates that the supported
spouse will be able to adequately meet his or her financial needs at the time
selected for termination of jurisdiction. . . . If the record does not contain
evidence of the supported spouse’s ability to meet his or her future needs, the
court should not ‘burn its bridges’ and fail to retain jurisdiction.” (Morrison,
at p. 453.) She maintains the order must be reversed because the record does
not contain evidence that she will be able to adequately meet her financial
needs at the time selected for termination of jurisdiction. We disagree.
      After the statement from Morrison on which Sheila relies, the Supreme
Court continues, explaining that the above-quoted ruling “will not require a
trial court to retain jurisdiction in every case involving a lengthy marriage.”
(In re Marriage of Morrison, supra, 20 Cal.3d at p. 453.) To the contrary, the
family court continues to maintain the discretion to award—as the court did
here—“no support . . . without a retention of jurisdiction.” (Ibid., italics
added.) “Where jurisdiction has been retained in the original order, future
modification hearings may well reveal that the supported spouse . . . has
delayed seeking employment, or has refused available employment. At that

                                        33
time, the court may appropriately consider such factors in deciding whether
or not to modify its original order.” (Ibid., citing In re Marriage of Rosan
(1972) 24 Cal.App.3d 885, 896 [in modification proceedings, the family court
may consider evidence that the supported party “has unreasonably delayed or
refused to seek employment consistent with his or her ability”].)
      Thus, the general rule disfavoring termination of jurisdiction on which
Sheila relies is subject to an exception, in the court’s discretion, where the
supported spouse has shirked an obligation to become self-supporting. (In re
Marriage of Morrison, supra, 20 Cal.3d at p. 453.) Here, the court applied
this exception, observing Sheila did not make efforts to comply with Gavron
warnings. It did not abuse its discretion.
      We finally reject Sheila’s contention that the court’s step-down order
and termination of jurisdiction is unjust and inequitable. In making this
argument, Sheila inserts an isolated quote from In re Marriage of Williamson
(2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 1303, 1316 [This is not a “ ‘just and reasonable result
under the facts and circumstances of the case’ ”] and summarizes some of the
facts and holding of Ciprari, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th 83, suggesting the court’s
order did not consider her needs or the marital standard of living. The
contention fails to acknowledge express findings by the family court as to
these factors, and disregards the court’s observations about her years of
unsatisfactory efforts to become self-supporting. Under the circumstances we
cannot say, and Sheila has not shown, the court’s order is unjust and
inequitable.
                             VII. Sanctions Order
A. The Court’s Order
      Observing Kevin had incurred over $100,000 in postjudgment attorney
fees and Sheila had incurred over $150,000, the family court ordered Sheila

                                       34
to pay Kevin $35,000 in section 271 sanctions, finding “Sheila’s conduct
throughout the instant litigation frustrates the policy of the law to promote
settlement of litigation and reduce the cost of litigation.” The court found:
“The level of litigation related to Kevin’s [postjudgment] motion is excessive
and, to a large extent, was avoidable. . . . Sheila’s behavior in this litigation
prevented the retirement account from being divided in a prompt manner.
Additionally, it appears to this court that the issues surrounding the RSU[’]s
could have been easily resolved either by stipulation or by a plain reading
and interpretation of the unambiguous orders issued by Judge Epley. Sheila
issued over 19 formal discovery documents and filed several ex parte requests
based upon her untimely propounding of discovery. On November 6, 2020,
Judge Sheibani found Sheila did not use diligence in serving Kevin with her
discovery requests which resulted in additional court time and attorney fees.
Further evidence of Sheila’s efforts to undermine public policy is the timing of
her filing of the contempt action against Kevin (which was ultimately
withdrawn).” The court concluded “[i]t appears . . . that at every turn Sheila
pursed the most aggressive litigation tactic rather than sincere efforts at
resolution of the issues[.]”
B. Legal Principles and Standard of Review
      “[S]ection 271, subdivision (a) provides the trial court with authority to
order the opposing party to pay attorney fees and costs in the nature of a
sanction when ‘the conduct of each party or attorney . . . frustrates the policy
of the law to promote settlement of litigation . . . .’ ” (In re Marriage of Sorge,

                                        35
supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 652.)17 The statute “ ‘advances the policy of the
law “to promote settlement and to encourage cooperation which will reduce
the cost of litigation.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
      We review the court’s sanctions order for abuse of discretion. (In re
Marriage of Sorge, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 652.) Under this standard,
we accord broad deference to the lower court and overturn its order only if,
considering all the evidence viewed most favorably in its support, no judge
could reasonably make it. (Ibid.; Ed H. v. Ashley C. (2017) 14 Cal.App.5th
899, 904.) Stated another way, we ask if the court “ ‘exceeded the bounds of
reason’ ” in making its order. (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 318-
319 [“ ‘The appropriate test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court
exceeded the bounds of reason’ ”]; In re Marriage of Connolly (1979) 23 Cal.3d
590, 598 [“it is generally accepted that the appropriate test of abuse of
discretion is whether or not the trial court exceeded the bounds of reason, all
of the circumstances before it being considered”].) In our review, we must
indulge all reasonable inferences to uphold the court’s order. (In re Stephanie
M., at p. 319 [“ ‘When two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from
the facts, the reviewing court has no authority to substitute its decision for

17     Section 271 provides in part: “. . . . [T]he court may base an award of
attorney’s fees and costs on the extent to which the conduct of each party or
attorney furthers or frustrates the policy of the law to promote settlement of
litigation and, where possible, to reduce the cost of litigation by encouraging
cooperation between the parties and attorneys. An award of attorney’s fees
and costs pursuant to this section is in the nature of a sanction. In making
an award pursuant to this section, the court shall take into consideration all
evidence concerning the parties’ incomes, assets, and liabilities. The court
shall not impose a sanction pursuant to this section that imposes an
unreasonable financial burden on the party against whom the sanction is
imposed. In order to obtain an award under this section, the party
requesting an award of attorney’s fees and costs is not required to
demonstrate any financial need for the award.” (§ 271, subd. (a).)
                                       36
that of the trial court’ ”]; Sorge, at pp. 652-653.) We review findings of fact
forming the basis for the sanctions award for substantial evidence. (Id. at p.
653.)
C. Contentions
        Sheila contends the court abused its discretion in making the sanctions
award. She maintains the court did not account for the fact she had opposed
Kevin’s requests to continue the hearing, which prolonged the litigation, and
did not consider her and Kevin’s efforts to settle in advance of trial.
According to Sheila, Kevin’s sanctions request is “forum-shopping to a res
judicata determination” (italics omitted) because in December 2020 a
different superior court judge had denied Kevin’s request for sanctions based
on some of the same conduct relied upon by the family court in making the
order presently on appeal. Sheila argues for various reasons the underlying
conduct on which the court relied in its sanctions order is not sanctionable.
She does not meaningfully challenge the amount of sanctions the court
awarded or argue it placed an unreasonable financial burden on her. (§ 271,

subd. (a).)18
        Kevin responds that sanctions were warranted. He points out he
outlined Sheila’s conduct in his motion, in which he asserted under penalty of
perjury she engaged in “obstreperous behavior that frustrated, hindered, and
delayed these proceedings” and engaged in “aggressive litigation tactics over

18     As to one aspect of the court’s sanctions ruling relating to Sheila’s lack
of diligence in serving discovery, Sheila argues Kevin ascribed roughly $4,500
to his expenses but asked for $7,000 in sanctions to discourage her behavior.
She cites authority holding that section 271 sanctions “must be tethered to
attorney fees.” While the proposition is correct, Sheila’s argument is
undeveloped. In making it she does not acknowledge the other aspects of the
court’s ruling or address whether the $35,000 award was or was not tethered
to Kevin’s attorney fees incurred.
                                        37
a more productive settlement mentality.” He disputes that his sanctions
request was previously litigated or that Sheila’s discovery was legitimately
directed at ascertaining his income.
D. Analysis
      Under the above-referenced review standards, it is not our role to
determine, in the first instance, whether sanctions are warranted for Sheila’s
conduct and substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. (See In re
Marriage of Bodo (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 373, 384.) The family court was in
the best position to evaluate whether, as a whole, Sheila’s conduct frustrated
the policy of promoting settlement and unnecessarily increased the cost of
litigation. We simply ask whether, indulging all inferences in Kevin’s favor,
the family court’s findings are supported by the record and its order within
the bounds of reason. Undertaking this analysis, we conclude the family
court did not abuse its discretion.
      The record amply supports a conclusion that Sheila’s litigation tactics
and conduct subverted settlement and prolonged the litigation. That the
record may show Kevin sought continuances of the proceedings does not
mean it lacks evidence to support the family court’s findings as to delays
caused by Sheila’s litigation conduct. (See In re Marriage of Nakamoto &
Hsu (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 457, 473 [“ ‘ “If . . . substantial evidence be found,
it is of no consequence that the trial court believing other evidence, or
drawing other reasonable inferences, might have reached a contrary
conclusion,” ’ ” italics omitted].) With respect to division of the parties’

                                        38
retirement accounts, the record contains Kevin’s sworn assertions as to how

Sheila’s behavior caused delays.19
      We reject Sheila’s argument that res judicata somehow barred the
court from awarding Kevin sanctions based on this behavior. First, Sheila’s
contention lacks legal authority and cogent legal argument. Second, her
record citations are to the court’s order denying Kevin’s December 2020
request for sanctions without explanation of the basis for its order, or to
Kevin’s testimony acknowledging his sanctions request was denied.
Considering the point in any event, we may infer that the court in December
2020 declined to award sanctions for Sheila’s asserted failure to provide proof
of her separate property interest in the retirement accounts, not on the basis
of her broader delay tactics.
      Further, as explained above, the December 2018 judgment determined
Kevin’s RSU’s would not be treated as income; the family court in making the
present sanctions order reasonably characterized Judge Epley’s order as
“unambiguous” and suggested that Sheila should have resolved the matter by
stipulation or a plain reading of the order. The conclusion is not outside the
bounds of reason. It is not enough for Sheila to reassert her failed
contentions that the family court in its modification order relied on minutes
rather than the judgment and erred by deciding RSU’s were not income.

19     In the papers supporting his prior sanctions motion, Kevin asserted
under penalty of perjury: “Sheila has continuously asserted she has a
separate property claim to our retirement accounts that are yet to be divided
by Elizabeth Van Clief our joint expert. For over four years Sheila has not
provided to our expert her proof of a separate property interest in the
remaining retirement accounts. Kevin and his counsel have asked Sheila
repeatedly to provide any documentation of a separate property interest to no
avail.”

                                       39
      In his December 2020 sworn papers, Kevin asserted: “Sheila, through
her counsel, issued over 19 formal discovery demands including deposition
subpoenas, demand for production of documents, and two noticed depositions.
She filed [four] ex parte motions (two based on her untimely propounding of
discovery) for a simple post judgment support modification. She filed over
four request for order motions in response to the modification request but
drafted barely a [three] page mediation brief for mediation with [the
commissioner who handled the mediation].” (Some italics and capitalization
omitted.)
      Sheila does not take issue with these assertions, which show Sheila
favored litigation over settlement and provide evidentiary support for the
challenged sanctions order. Section 271 “is designed to punish ‘a party [who]
has unreasonably increased the cost of litigation.’ ” (In re Marriage of Blake
and Langer (2022) 85 Cal.App.5th 300, 310, quoting In re Marriage of Corona
(2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1205, 1227 and citing Parker v. Harbert (2012) 212
Cal.App.4th 1172, 1178 [court may impose section 271 sanctions for delaying
resolution of issues and “wast[ing] the court and the parties’ time”].) Rather,
pointing out the family court recognized there was a “true need for discovery”
as to Kevin’s business income and found Kevin’s self-employment income
unreliable, she asserts “[p]ractically all of [her] discovery was directed at
determining Kevin’s income available for support.” Sheila suggests she
should not be “punished for her fruitless discovery efforts in this regard[.]”
She compares the situation to that in Ciprari, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th 83 in
which the court found the wife could not “be faulted” for requiring the
husband to trace his separate property and for incurring professional fees to
review and litigate the issue. According to Sheila, Ciprari’s reasoning

                                       40
“applies equally to monetary sanctions” under section 271, “which is ‘an
award of attorney’s fees and costs.’ ”
      We are not persuaded. The cited portions of Ciprari are to the Court of
Appeal’s decision that the family court in that case erred by denying the
wife’s posttrial motion for additional attorney and accountant fees under
sections 2030 and 2032. (Ciprari, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at pp. 111-113.)
Sheila’s argument gives us no basis to apply Ciprari’s reasoning to the court’s
section 271 sanctions award in this case, and we decline to do so. Here, the
family court was plainly aware of the difficulties in ascertaining Kevin’s
income and need for some discovery on the point. But it nevertheless found,
at least implicitly, Sheila’s discovery and ex parte requests were excessive
and unnecessarily increased litigation costs. It is not for us to reconsider the
court’s ruling, we merely ask whether its conclusion in this regard was within
the bounds of reason and supported by the record, and we conclude it was.
      Also unavailing are Sheila’s attacks on the remainder of the family
court’s reasoning in awarding sanctions. She incorrectly claims Kevin
admitted her contempt action was valid and that she voluntarily withdrew it
after he complied with his support obligations. The record instead reflects
that while Kevin admitted paying his June 2020 support payment toward the
end of July 2020 and his July 2020 payment at the beginning of August, he
did not admit Sheila’s contempt proceeding was valid. He testified Sheila
had signed her contempt papers a few days before their mediation hearing
and filed them the day after the parties’ mediation. Given they had just
completed settlement discussions presumably encompassing support issues,
Kevin was “absolutely shocked” to learn of Sheila’s contempt filing, and it
negatively impacted his ability to file legal papers until his counsel could
appear on an emergency basis to resolve the matter. He testified Sheila

                                         41
“ultimately dropped” her contempt request, but not in time for him to file
pleadings in an attempt to consolidate Sheila’s motions in the interest of
judicial economy. Sheila argues her conduct was absolutely privileged, but in
our view the family court was within its broad discretion to conclude her
litigation maneuver was an affront to promotion of settlement and
cooperation.
      We need not pick apart the remaining conduct on which the family
court relied. On the record before us summarized above, the family court did
not abuse its broad discretion in finding Sheila “frustrated the policy of the
law in favor of settlement, and caused the costs of the litigation to greatly
increase.” (In re Marriage of Daniels (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 1102, 1106.)
Sheila has not established no judge could reasonably make the order. (In re
Marriage of Sorge, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 652.) We conclude the court
did not err by ordering her to pay sanctions under section 271.
                           VIII. Attorney Fee Award
      In ordering Kevin to contribute $35,000 toward Sheila’s reasonable
attorney fees, the court stated: “Sheila requests attorney fees under [section]
2030 in the amount of $155,000. There is a financial disparity between
Sheila and Kevin; Kevin’s business is doing well; Kevin has substantial
separate property assets and has the ability to pay for Sheila’s attorney fees.
Kevin’s representations regarding his income from [his business] have been
problematic and there was a true need for discovery. The court closure for
several months during the pandemic and subsequent backlog created issues
for this case to be decided in a prompt manner. However, the court finds
Sheila over[ ]litigated this action and the attorney fee request is excessive.
To award Sheila attorney fees in the amount requested would essentially
reward her behavior, which would create an injustice.”

                                       42
      Sheila contends that the court abused its discretion in making this
“offsetting attorney’s fee award” in her favor. She asserts once the court
found disparity of assets favoring Kevin, an award of fees to her was
mandatory. Again pointing to Ciprari, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th 83, she argues
it is inequitable for her to “bear the brunt of the fees because Kevin refused to
produce information regarding his income,” causing the court to impute
income to him equivalent to his monthly personal expenses.
      Need-based fee awards in dissolution proceedings are governed by
sections 2030 and 2032. (Ciprari, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 111.) Section
2030 “ ‘permits the trial court to order payment of attorney fees and costs as
between the parties based upon their “ability to pay” and their “respective
incomes and needs” in order to “ensure that each party has access to legal
representation to preserve all of the party’s rights.” ’ [Citation.] ‘[T]he
purpose of section 2030 is not the redistribution of money from the greater
income party to the lesser income party. Its purpose is parity: a fair hearing
with two sides equally represented. The idea is that both sides should have
the opportunity to retain counsel, not just . . . the party with greater financial
strength.’ ” (In re Marriage of Nakamoto & Hsu, supra, 79 Cal.App.5th at pp.
468-469.)
      “A court may award fees under section 2030 ‘ “where the making of the
[fee] award, and the amount of the award, are just and reasonable under
relative circumstances of the respective parties.” ’ [Citation.] ‘In determining
what is just and reasonable, “the court shall take into consideration the need
for the award to enable each party, to the extent practical, to have sufficient
financial resources to present the party’s case adequately . . . .” [Citation.] In
addition to the parties’ financial resources, the court may consider the
parties’ trial tactics.’ [Citation.] ‘The court should limit an award to fees that

                                        43
were reasonably necessary, including by taking into account overlitigation.’
[Citation.] ‘[S]ervices which have no apparent effect other than to prolong
and to complicate domestic litigation cannot be deemed “reasonably
necessary” [citation] “to properly litigate the controversy” [citation] and may
properly be disregarded by a trial court determining whether and in what
amount to order one party to contribute to the cost of the other’s
representation.’ ” (In re Marriage of Nakamoto & Hsu, supra, 79 Cal.App.5th
at p. 469.)
      We review a court’s award of fees under section 2030 for abuse of
discretion. (In re Marriage of Nakamoto & Hsu, supra, 79 Cal.App.5th at p.
469.) “The abuse of discretion standard is not a unified standard; the
deference it calls for varies according to the aspect of a trial court’s ruling
under review. The trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed for substantial
evidence, its conclusions of law are reviewed de novo, and its application of
the law to the facts is reversible only if arbitrary and capricious.” (Haraguchi
v. Superior Court (2008) 43 Cal.4th 706, 711-712; see also In re Marriage of
Nakamoto & Hsu, at p. 469.)
      Applying the foregoing review standards, we would normally assess for
substantial evidence the court’s finding that Sheila overlitigated the case and
that her fee request was excessive. (See In re Marriage of Nakamoto & Hsu,
supra, 79 Cal.App.5th at pp. 468-469.) “ ‘The substantial evidence standard
of review is generally considered the most difficult standard of review to

                                        44
meet, as it should be, because it is not the function of the reviewing court to

determine the facts.’ ” (Id. at p. 470.)20
      But Sheila does not meaningfully discuss the sufficiency of the evidence
of the court’s factual findings, that is, she does not discuss her litigation
tactics and whether the record shows they were reasonably necessary. The
extent of her argument as to the court’s finding of overlitigation is to reiterate
its finding as to the several-month court closure during the pandemic and to
say, “The trial court did not consider that Kevin twice continued the
proceeding.” In our view, this point has no relevance to whether Sheila’s
litigation tactics were proper or improper, whether they caused the parties to
expend unnecessary time and effort, or whether they unnecessarily prolonged
the matter apart from pandemic-related delays or Kevin’s requested
continuances. Because Sheila does not offer anything to show the court’s
finding as to her overlitigation is unsupported by substantial evidence, “we
presume it is supported by the record.” (In re Marriage of Nakamoto & Hsu,
supra, 79 Cal.App.5th at p. 472.) It is not enough for Sheila to suggest Kevin
was to blame for increased attorney expense. (Id. at p. 473.) “It is irrelevant
whether the trial court could have found that [Kevin was] responsible for
unnecessarily prolonging trial. Instead, we review whether substantial

20     “Under the substantial evidence standard, ‘ “[o]ur review is limited to a
determination whether there is any substantial evidence, contradicted or
uncontradicted, that supports the finding. [Citation.] In so reviewing, all
conflicts must be resolved in favor of [the prevailing party] and all legitimate
and reasonable inferences must be indulged to uphold the finding.” ’
[Citation.] ‘[W]e examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prevailing party and give that party the benefit of every reasonable
inference.’ [Citation.] We do ‘not reweigh the evidence, evaluate the
credibility of witnesses or indulge in inferences contrary to the findings of the
trial court.’ ” (In re Marriage of Nakamoto & Hsu, supra, 79 Cal.App.5th at p.
470.)
                                        45
evidence supports the court’s finding that [Sheila] engaged in excessive
litigation.” (Ibid., some italics omitted.) Sheila’s assertion that an attorney
fee award to her is mandatory upon a finding of disparate incomes is
unremarkable, as the court did award her $35,000 in fees.
                                DISPOSITION
      We reverse those portions of the postjudgment order modifying child
and spousal support retroactive to May 1, 2019, and determining support
effective November 2020 and remand this matter to the trial court for further
proceedings to recalculate support in accordance with the views expressed in
this opinion. In all other respects, including with respect to the step-down
order as modified by the court’s recalculation of spousal support, we affirm
the order. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.

                                                                 O’ROURKE, J.

WE CONCUR:

          McCONNELL, P. J.

              BUCHANAN, J.

                                       46