Court Opinion

ID: 4163916
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-04-27 15:21:25.454298+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:56.703269
License: Public Domain

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                                                                   This opinion was filed for record
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             @M~9·1                                           ~~c:x~   SUSAN L. CARLSON
                                                                     SUPREME COURT CLERK

                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                 ZHAOYUN XIA, a single person;           )            No. 92436-8
                 ISSAQUAH HIGHLANDS 48, LLC,             )
                 a ·Washington limited liability         )            EN BANC
                 company; ISSAQUAH HIGHLANDS             )
                 50, LLC, a Washington limited           )                          APR 2 7 2017
                 liability company; GOTTLIEB             )
                 ISSAQUAH HIGHLANDS 48, LLC,             )
                 a Washington limited liability          )
                 company; and GOTTLIEB                   )
                 ISSAQUAH HIGHLANDS 50, LLC,             )
                 a Washington limited liability          )
                 company,                                )
                                                         )
                                        Petitioners,     )
                               v.                        )
                                                         )
                 PROBUILDERS SPECIALTY                   )
                 INSURANCE COMP ANY RRG,                 )
                 a foreign insurance company             )
                 authorized to conduct business within   )
                 the State of Washington; OLYMPIC        )
                 ADVANTAGE, INC., a Washington           )
                 corporation; TREACY DUERFELDT           )
                 and JANE DOE DUERFELDT,                 )
                 husband and wife, and the marital       )
                 community composed thereof;             )
                 LAMBIN INSURANCE SERVICES,               )
                 INC., a Nevada corporation doing         )
--------------·--   -- ----   -- ----   ---   --------   --------------       ------------

                    Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. Pro Builders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

                    business in the State of Washington;                  )
                    FL YING EAGLE INSURANCE                               )
                    SERVICES INC., a Nevada                               )
                    Corporation licensed to do business                   )
                    in the State of Washington; and                       )
                    DAYID W. LAMBIN and JANE                              )
                    DOE LAMBIN, husband and wife,                         )
                    and the marital community composed                    )
                    thereof,                                              )
                                                                          )
                                                Respondents.              )
                    ~~~~~~~~)

                              YU, J. -This case asks us to clarify the applicability of a broad, absolute

                    insurance pollution exclusion clause to a claim based on negligent installation of a

                    hot water heater that led to the release of toxic levels of carbon monoxide in a

                    residential home. The primary questions are: Does the specific pollution exclusion

                    include the carbon monoxide in this case, and does the exclusion preclude

                    coverage when the cause of the loss was a covered occurrence under a different

                    provision? Answering these questions requires that we reaffirm the importance of

                    examining and understanding the causal chain of events leading to the claimed

                    injury and damage.

                              When a nonpolluting event that is a covered occurrence causes toxic

                    pollution to be released, resulting in damages, we believe the only principled way

                    for determining whether the damages are covered or not is to undertake an efficient

                    proximate cause analysis. We have long utilized the "efficient proximate cause"

                    rule for determining coverage, and we see no reason why this case should turn on a

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

different analysis. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Raynor, 143 Wn.2d 469, 479, 21 P.3d 707

(2001 ). Under these facts, ProBuilders Specialty Insurance Co. correctly identified

the existence of an excluded polluting occurrence under the unambiguous language

of its policy. However, it ignored the existence of a covered occurrence-

negligent installation-that was the efficient proximate cause of the claimed loss.

Accordingly, coverage for this loss existed under the policy, and ProBuilders's

refusal to defend its insured was in bad faith. We therefore reverse the decision of

the Court of Appeals with regard to the duty to defend and remand the case for

further proceedings.

                          FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       In May 2006, Zhaoyun "Julia" Xia purchased a new home constructed by

Issaquah Highlands 48 LLC. Issaquah Highlands carried a policy of commercial

general liability insurance through ProBuilders. Soon after moving into her home,

Xia began to feel ill. By December 8, a service technician from Puget Sound

Energy investigated Xia's home and discovered that an exhaust vent attached to

the hot water heater had not been installed correctly and was discharging carbon

monoxide directly into the confines of the basement room.

       On June 26, 2007, Xia notified Issaquah Highlands of her injuries and

provided details as to how the hot water heater exhaust vent had been discovered.

On June 12, 2008, the claims administrator for ProBuilders, NationsBuilders

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

Insurance Services Inc. (NBIS), mailed a letter to Xia indicating that coverage was

not available under the Issaquah Highlands policy. As a basis for its declination of

coverage, NBIS rested on two exclusions under the policy: a pollution exclusion

and a townhouse exclusion. NBIS refused to either defend or indemnify Issaquah

Highlands for Xia's loss.

       Xia commenced a lawsuit against Issaquah Highlands and provided a

courtesy copy of the summons and complaint to NBIS. ProBuilders (through

NBIS) continued to rely on its original denial of coverage and refused to indemnify

Issaquah Highlands. Ultimately, Xia entered into a settlement agreement with

Issaquah Highlands for stipulated damages in the amount of $2 million. In

exchange for a covenant not to execute or enforce the judgment, Issaquah

Highlands assigned to Xia all first-party rights, privileges, claims, and causes of

action against its insurer, ProBuilders. On June 8, 2011, Xia filed suit against

ProBuilders, seeking declaratory judgment with regard to coverage and alleging

breach of contract, bad faith, and violations of both the Consumer Protection Act

(CPA), chapter 19.86 RCW, and the Insurance Fair Conduct Act (IFCA), RCW

48.30.010-.015.

       Following discovery, both Xia and ProBuilders brought cross motions for

summary judgment. The trial court entered summary judgment in favor of

ProBuilders and dismissed Xia' s claims on the basis that the townhouse exclusion

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

applied. Division One of the Court of Appeals reversed in part, finding that

although the townhouse exclusion did not apply, the pollution exclusion did.

ZhaoyunXia v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 71951-3-I, slip op. at 17-18

(Wash. Ct. App. Aug. 24, 2015) (unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/

opinions/pdf/719513.pdf. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals held that ProBuilders

did not breach its duty to defend. Id. at 34.

       We accepted discretionary review to determine whether the pollution

exclusion relieved ProBuilders of its duty to defend Issaquah Highlands against

Xia's claims and whether this court's opinion in Quadrant Corp. v. American

States Insurance Co., 154 Wn.2d 165, 110 P.3d 733 (2005), conflicts with its

opinion in Kent Farms, Inc. v. Zurich Insurance Co., 140 Wn.2d 396, 998 P.2d 292

(2000). Zhaoyun Xia v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., 185 Wn.2d 1024, 369 P.3d

502 (2016).

                                             ISSUES

       A.      Does an insurer breach its duty of good faith by refusing to defend its

insured when an alleged prior act of negligence may be the efficient proximate

cause of a loss?

       B.      Does this court's opinion in Quadrant conflict with its opinion in Kent

Farms?

                                           ANALYSIS

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

       When reviewing a trial court's decision on a motion for summary judgment,

we engage in the same inquiry as the trial court. Int'! Bhd. ofElec. Workers, Local

Union No. 46 v. Trig Elec. Constr. Co., 142 Wn.2d 431, 434-35, 13 P.3d 622

(2000), abrogated on other grounds by W. G. Clark Constr. Co. v. Pac. Nw. Reg 'l

Council of Carpenters, 180 Wn.2d 54, 64, 322 P.3d 1207 (2014). Summary

judgment is appropriate when there are no genuine issues of material fact and the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. CR 56(c); Trig Elec., 142

Wn.2d at 435. Interpretation of an insurance contract is a question of law subject

to de novo review. See Overton v. Consol. Ins. Co., 145 Wn.2d 417, 424, 38 P.3d

322 (2002).

A.     POLLUTION EXCLUSION CLAUSES

       The first step in this court's analysis is to review our history of applying

pollution exclusion clauses. We have sought to strike a balance between the

application of the policy's plain language, the underlying purpose of pollution

exclusion clauses, and the expectations of the consumer purchasing insurance.

Ultimately, what matters most is whether the occurrence triggering coverage

originates from a pollutant acting as a pollutant. Quadrant, 154 Wn.2d at 179.

       The first notable example is Cook v. Evanson, 83 Wn. App. 149, 920 P.2d

1223 (1996). In Cook, a contractor applied toxic commercial sealant to the outside

of a building yet negligently failed to seal off a fresh air intake, which drew air into

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                                           Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

                                           the building. Id. at 151. As a result, a number of occupants suffered serious

                                           respiratory damage when the fumes entered their work spaces. Id. The building

                                           occupants filed suit against the contractor and building owners, alleging that

                                           defendants '"negligently allowed toxic vapors from the [sealant to] enter the

                                           HVAC [(heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)] system."' Id. at 152. After

                                           obtaining default judgments, the occupants attempted to enforce the judgments

                                           against the insurer. Id. In response, the insurer defended on the grounds that its

                                           pollution exclusion clause barred coverage under the policy. Id. The Court of

                                           Appeals held that the pollution exclusion of the contractor's insurance policy

                                           applied under the policy's plain language. Id. at 154. The commercial sealant

                                           clearly fit the definition of a pollutant because the sealant itself was described as a

                                           '"[r]espiratory irritant"' and the manufacturer's information expressly warned that

                                           use of the product may cause respiratory irritation. Id. at 151 (alteration in

                                           original).

                                                       Two years later, Division Two upheld the Cook analytical framework in

                                           determining that noxious odors emanating from a toxic waste plant constituted

                                           "pollution" under an insurance policy's plain language. City ofBremerton v.

                                           Harbor Ins. Co., 92 Wn. App. 17, 963 P.2d 194 (1998). In Harbor Insurance,

                                           residents filed a complaint against the city of Bremerton for damages when the

                                           city's toxic waste plant emitted '"noxious and toxic fumes."' Id. at 19. When the

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

city's insurance carrier denied coverage as a result of its pollution exclusion, the

city filed suit for declaratory judgment. Id. at 20. The Court of Appeals held that

the policy language was unambiguous and that vapors, fumes, and gases released

by the waste plant fell squarely within the insurance policy's pollution exclusion.

Id. at 22-23. In reaching this decision, the court applied the same plain language

analysis as Division One in Cook. Id. at 23.

       In 2000, this court decided Kent Farms. In Kent Farms, a fuel delivery

driver had just filled a storage tank with diesel fuel and started to remove the

delivery hose when a defect in the intake valve caused fuel to backflow over him.

140 Wn.2d at 397-98. While the delivery driver struggled to replace the hose and

prevent thousands of gallons of diesel fuel from spilling, the fuel engulfed him and

was driven into his eyes, his lungs, and his stomach. Id. When the delivery driver

sued, Kent Farms sought a declaratory judgment against its insurer, which in turn

defended on the basis of a pollution exclusion. Id. at 398. The trial court entered

summary judgment in favor of the insured, and the Court of Appeals upheld the

decision, finding that diesel fuel '"is not a pollutant when used as intended"' and

thus the policy's pollution exclusion did not apply. Id. (quoting Kent Farms, Inc.

v. Zurich Ins. Co., 93 Wn. App. 414, 419-20, 969 P.2d 109 (1998)). This court

granted review to determine whether the exclusion applied to a claim not based on

environmental damage but on personal injury rooted in negligence. Id.

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

       We began our analysis by considering the intent of the parties, which

necessarily required an examination of the historical context of pollution

exclusions in general. Id. at 400. We held that the original intent of pollution

exclusions in the insurance context, as well as the intent of the exclusion in the

case of Kent Farms, was to specifically address those situations in which injury

was caused by environmental damage. Id. at 401. Further, we noted that the

exclusion applied "to 'occurrences' involving the pollutant as a pollutant." Id. at

402. Under the facts of Kent Farms, the diesel fuel acted not as a pollutant but as a

high-pressure jet of liquid that struck, engulfed, and choked the victim-but it did

not pollute him. Id. at 401.

       Five years later, this court decided Quadrant. In facts notably similar to

those in Cook, a tenant in an apartment building became ill from fumes after a

restoration company applied sealant to a nearby deck. Quadrant, 154 Wn.2d at

167. After settling the claims with the tenants, the owners of the deck sought to

apply the coverage of their business liability insurance to the loss. Id. The owners

argued that the insurer's pollution exclusion applied only to "'traditional

environmental harms."' Id. After the trial court granted summary judgment in

favor of the insurers and the Court of Appeals affirmed, we granted discretionary

review. Id. at 170.

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

       Relying extensively on the language of Kent Farms, we held that the

exclusion was designed to preclude coverage in the case of traditional

environmental harms or where the pollutant acted as a pollutant. Id. at 178. With

this in mind, we determined that the facts in Kent Farms were distinguishable. Id.

at 184. Unlike the diesel fuel in Kent Farms, the chemical sealant in Quadrant was

clearly a pollutant acting as a pollutant when, as part of its normal use, it created

fumes capable of irritating the respiratory tract and, in high concentrations, causing

central nervous system depression. Id. at 168, 179 (noting that the sealant was "a

substance whose toxicity could cause injury even when used as intended"). The

plain language of the pollution exclusion in Quadrant anticipated harm from this

type of pollutant, stating that liability coverage did not apply to bodily injuries

"arising out of the dispersal, seepage, migration, release, or escape of a gaseous

irritant, including vapors, fumes and chemicals." Id. at 180 (emphasis omitted).

Thus, we "distinguished between cases in which the substance at issue was

polluting at the time of the injury and cases in which the offending substance's

toxic character was not central to the injury." Id. at 182.

       Xia argues that the opinions in Kent Farms and Quadrant are in conflict and

should be reconciled with a new rule. We disagree. As discussed in Quadrant, the

facts in Kent Farms did not result in a pollutant acting as a pollutant in such a way

that would trigger the pollution exclusion. If the diesel fuel in Kent Farms had

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

been replaced with water, for example, the liquid would still have struck, choked,

and engulfed the victim just as surely as the diesel fuel-albeit with less severe

consequences. As this court noted, the toxic nature of the pollutant was not central

to the event that triggered coverage under the insurance policy. Id. at 176.

       Additionally, Kent Farms neither explicitly nor implicitly rejected the

reasoning of Cook and Harbor Insurance as they relate to pollutants acting as

pollutants-a fact identified by this court in Quadrant. Id. at 182. Thus, the

choice of analysis under Kent Farms versus Quadrant and the antecedent "fumes"

cases, Cook and Harbor Insurance, necessarily turns on a determination of whether

an occurrence, as defined under the policy, stems from either a traditional

environmental harm or a pollutant acting as a pollutant. 1 If the answer to this

inquiry is yes, barring any ambiguities in the policy language, courts must apply

the plain language of the pollution exclusion to determine whether the exclusion

applies to the facts at hand.

       Yet even if the court applies the exclusionary language correctly to the facts

at hand, the analysis does not end. Courts must next consider whether, pursuant to

established Washington insurance law, the excluded occurrence is in fact the

efficient proximate cause of the claimed loss.

       1
         In harmonizing these cases, it is our intent to leave the holding in Kent Farms
undisturbed.

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

B.     EFFICIENT PROXIMATE CAUSE AND THE DUTY TO DEFEND

       It is well established that we construe insurance policies as contracts, giving

them a '"fair, reasonable, and sensible construction as would be given to the

contract by the average person purchasing insurance."' Key Tronic Corp., Inc. v.

Aetna (CIGNA) Fire Underwriters Ins. Co., 124 Wn.2d 618, 627, 881 P.2d 201

(1994) (quoting Queen City Farms, Inc. v. Cent. Nat'l Ins. Co. of Omaha, 126

Wn.2d 50, 65, 882 P.2d 703 (1994)). "Undefined terms are to be given their plain,

ordinary, and popular meaning." Id. However, where the policy language is clear

and unambiguous, this court will not modify the contract or create ambiguity

where none exists. Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 142 Wn.2d

654, 666, 15 P.3d 115 (2000). So long as the defined terms of the contract

comport with Washington law, we will apply them as written.

       This court has long held that "the duty to defend is different from and

broader than the duty to indemnify." Am. Best Food, Inc. v. Alea London, Ltd.,

168 Wn.2d 398, 404, 229 P.3d 693 (2010) (citing Safeco Ins. Co. ofAm. v. Butler,

118 Wn.2d 383, 392, 823 P.2d 499 (1992)). The duty to indemnify exists only if

the insurance policy actually covers the insured's liability, whereas the duty to

defend arises when the policy could conceivably cover allegations in a complaint.

Id.; Woov. Fireman's Fund Ins. Co., 161 Wn.2d43, 53, 164P.3d454 (2007).

                                               12
Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

Accordingly, an insurer must defend a complaint against its insured until it is clear

that the claim is not covered. Am. Best Food, 168 Wn.2d at 405.

       Upon receipt of a complaint against its insured, the insurer is permitted to

utilize the "'eight corners"' rule to determine whether, on the face of the complaint

and the insurance policy, there is an issue of fact or law that could conceivably

result in coverage under the policy. Expedia, Inc. v. Steadfast Ins. Co., 180 Wn.2d

793, 803, 329 P.3d 59 (2014); see also Woo, 161 Wn.2d at 53. "[I]fthere is any

reasonable interpretation of the facts or the law that could result in coverage, the

insurer must defend." Am. Best Food, 168 Wn.2d at 413. An insurer acts in bad

faith if the refusal to defend was unreasonable, frivolous, or unfounded. Id. at 412.

Thus, an insurer takes a great risk when it refuses to defend on the basis that there

is no reasonable interpretation of the facts or the law that could result in coverage.

       Under Washington law, the rule of efficient proximate cause provides

coverage "where a covered peril sets in motion a causal chain[,] the last link of

which is an uncovered peril." Key Tronic Corp., 124 Wn.2d at 625. "'If the initial

event, the "efficient proximate cause," is a covered peril, then there is coverage

under the policy regardless whether subsequent events within the chain, which may

be causes-in-fact of the loss, are excluded by the policy."' Id. at 625-26 (quoting

Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Hirschmann, 112 Wn.2d 621, 628, 773 P.2d 413 (1989)).

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

       We have never before suggested that the rule of efficient proximate cause is

limited to any one particular type of insurance policy. Instead, the rule has broad

application whenever a covered occurrence under the policy-whatever that may

be-is determined to be the efficient proximate cause of the loss. See, e.g., Vision

One, LLC v. Phila. Indem. Ins. Co., 174 Wn.2d 501, 521, 276 P.3d 300 (2012)

(holding that coverage existed where faulty workmanship, a covered peril,

combined with an excluded peril as the efficient proximate cause of the loss);

Bowers v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 99 Wn. App. 41, 48, 991 P.2d 734 (2000) (holding

that coverage existed where tenant vandalism, a covered peril, was the efficient

proximate cause of the loss). Like any other covered peril under a general liability

insurance policy, an act of negligence may be the efficient proximate cause of a

particular loss. Having received valuable premiums for protection against harm

caused by negligence, an insurer may not avoid liability merely because an

excluded peril resulted from the initial covered peril.

       However, the efficient proximate clause rule applies only "when two or

more perils combine in sequence to cause a loss and a covered peril is the

predominant or efficient cause of the loss." Vision One, 174 Wn.2d at 519. It is

perfectly acceptable for insurers to write exclusions that deny coverage when an

excluded occurrence initiates the causal chain and is itself either the sole proximate

cause or the efficient proximate cause of the loss. See, e.g., id. at 520; Findlay v.

                                               14
Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

United Pac. Ins. Co., 129 Wn.2d 368, 376, 917 P.2d 116 (1996); McDonald v.

State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 119 Wn.2d 724, 735, 837 P.2d 1000 (1992);

Hirschmann, 112 Wn.2d at 631.

       This court has repeatedly rejected attempts by insurers to draft language into

the exclusion that expressly circumvents the rule. See Hirschmann, 112 Wn.2d at

624 (policy language stated, "We do not cover loss caused by ... excluded perils,

whether occurring alone or in any sequence with a covered peril ... " (emphasis

omitted)); Villella v. Pub. Emps. Mut. Ins. Co., 106 Wn.2d 806, 809, 725 P.2d 957

(1986) (policy language stated, "We do not cover loss resulting directly or

indirectly from ... any loss caused by, resulting from, contributed to or aggravated

by ... [excluded perils]"). In so doing, we observed that "[t]his established

insurance law principle of proximate cause is the rule in a majority of

jurisdictions." Villella, 106 Wn.2d at 815. "The rule cannot be circumvented by

an exclusionary clause; an exclusionary clause drafted to circumvent the rule will

not defeat recovery." Key Tronic Corp., 124 Wn.2d at 626 (citing Hirschmann,

112 Wn.2d at 629).

       ProBuilders argues that application of the efficient proximate cause rule to

this case would conflict with the plain language of the policy. The pollution

exclusion under the policy provides as follows:

       Bodily injury, property damage, or personal injury caused by,
       resulting from, attributable to, contributed to, or aggravated by the

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ZhaoyunXia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436~8 ----   ------- - - -- ----- ------

       actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration,
       release or escape of pollutants, or from the presence of, or exposure
       to, pollution of any form whatsoever, and regardless of the cause of
       the pollution or pollutants.

       This Exclusion applies regardless of the cause of the pollution and
       whether any other cause of said bodily injury, property damage, or
       personal injury acted jointly, concurrently, or in any sequence with
       said pollutants or pollution. This Exclusion applies whether any other
       cause of the bodily injury, property damage, or personal injury would
       otherwise be covered under this insurance.

       Notwithstanding the provisions of this policy regarding the obligation
       to defend you, where a suit is based in whole or in part upon bodily
       injury, personal injury or property damage, liability for which is
       excluded by this Exclusion, we shall have the right, but not the
       obligation, to defend said suit. When we do not elect to defend you in
       such suit, we shall reimburse you for the reasonable attorneys' fees
       and litigation expenses incurred by you, in accordance with paragraph
       15 of Section IV, COMMERCIAL GENERAL LIABILITY
       CONDITIONS.

Clerk's Papers (CP) at 375 (boldface omitted).

       We note that this provision of the policy is markedly similar to the

exclusionary language in Villella and Key Tronic Corp. that constituted an attempt

to circumvent the efficient proximate cause rule. The exclusion cannot eviscerate a

covered occurrence merely because an uncovered peril appeared later in the causal

chain. The efficient proximate cause rule exists to avoid just such a result,

ensuring that an insurance policy offering indemnity for a covered peril will

provide coverage when a loss is proximately caused by that covered peril.

Inasmuch as the causation language in the pollution exclusion here conflicts with

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. Pro Builders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

established Washington law, it cannot defeat Xia's recovery as assignee of rights

under the policy.

       With these principles in mind, we now turn to the facts of this case and the

language of the applicable insurance policy. By applying the analysis of both Kent

Farms and Quadrant, it is clear that a polluting occurrence happened when the hot

water heater spewed forth toxic levels of carbon monoxide into Xia's home.

However, by applying the efficient proximate cause rule, it becomes equally clear

that the ProBuilders policy provided coverage for this loss. The polluting

occurrence here happened only after an initial covered occurrence, which was the

negligent installation of a hot water heater that typically does not pollute when

used as intended.

C.     THE PROBUILDERS POLICY INDEMNIFIED ISSAQUAH HIGHLANDS FOR XIA' S
       LOSS

       The insurance policy carried by Issaquah Highlands under ProBuilders

provides as follows:

       We will pay those sums that an insured becomes legally obligated to
       pay as tort damages for bodily injury or property damage to which this
       insurance applies. We will have the right and duty to defend you, the
       Named Insured, against any suit seeking those damages provided that
       no other insurance affording a defense against such a suit is available
       to you. Our duty to defend you is further limited as provided below or
       in the Section of the policy entitled "EXCLUSIONS: COVERAGES
       AANDB."

Id. at 3 72 (boldface omitted).

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

       The policy further provides a clause that excludes the following:

       Bodily injury, property damage, or personal injury caused by,
       resulting from, attributable to, contributed to, or aggravated by the
       actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration,
       release or escape of pollutants, or from the presence of, or exposure
       to, pollution of any form whatsoever, and regardless of the cause of
       the pollution or pollutants.

Id. at 375 (boldface omitted).

       The policy defines "pollutants" and "pollution" in pertinent part as follows:

       Pollutant means any solid, liquid, gaseous or thermal irritants or
       contaminants, which include but are not limited to smoke, vapor, soot,
       fumes, acids, alkalis, chemicals, waste, biological elements and
       agents, and intangibles such as noise, light and visual esthetics, the
       presence of any or all of which adversely affects human health or
       welfare, unfavorably alters ecological balances or degrades the vitality
       of the environment for esthetic, cultural or historical purposes,
       whether such substances would be or are deemed or thought to be
       toxic, and whether such substances are naturally occurring or
       otherwise.

Id. at 3 89 (boldface omitted).

       The broad language of the pollution exclusion could easily lead to ambiguity

in the case of such defined pollutants as noise and light; however, the substance at

issue here is unambiguous. Based on the plain language of the policy, it is clear

that the exclusion covers the release of carbon monoxide in this case. Carbon

monoxide is a "gaseous ... vapor" or "fume[ ]" as defined under the policy that, at

the levels released in Xia's home, "adversely affect[ ed] human health or welfare."

Id. Furthermore, the process of polluting the air in Xia's home was accomplished

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Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProEuilders Specialty Ins. Co.,   No. 92436-8   ·

by the "dispersal" or "release" of pollutants by the hot water heater. Id. at 375.

Unlike the spray of diesel fuel in Kent Farms, the carbon monoxide in Xia's house

operated to pollute her air much like the sealant fumes in Quadrant. Xia was not

struck by a concentrated stream of carbon monoxide, nor did she trip over a barrel

of the noxious fumes negligently left underfoot. See Kent Farms, 140 Wn.2d at

401. ProBuilders did not err in determining that the plain language of its pollution

exclusion applied to the release of carbon monoxide into Xia's home.

       Nevertheless, under the "eight corners rule" of reviewing the complaint and

the insurance policy, ProBuilders should have noted that a potential issue of

efficient proximate cause existed. Xia alleged negligence in her original complaint

related to:

       4.3 .1 Failure to properly install venting for the hot water heater; and
       4.3 .2 Failure to properly discover the disconnected venting, and
              correct the defect[,] before allowing Ms. Xia to occupy the
              house.

CP at 405.

       A jury could reasonably and conceivably view these allegations as separate

steps in the same causal chain, wherein the initial covered peril led to an excluded

peril. The record before the court supports this interpretation. Xia's expert,

Warren F. Harris of CASE Forensics Corp., explained that

       the ability of a gas appliance to produce appreciable levels of CO
       [carbon monoxide] is depend[ e]nt [on] the oxygen content of the
       combustion air. Because the exhaust from the water heater was found

                                                19
Zhaoyun Xia, et al.· v. ·Pro Builders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

       to be oxygen deficient, venting this exhaust in the atmosphere of the
       utility room results in elevated production CO from the water heater
       and the continued lowering of the oxygen in the air.

Id. at 200.

       ProBuilders contends that application of the efficient proximate cause rule

would defeat the exclusion entirely, arguing that all acts of unintentional pollution

begin with negligence. This is not so, and application of the rule may be

harmonized with Washington's prior pollution exclusion jurisprudence. In Cook,

the initial peril that set in motion the causal chain was the polluting event: the

application of a chemical sealant. 83 Wn. App. at 151. Up until the point of using

the sealant and creating the toxic fumes, no negligent act had occurred. Rather, the

negligence in permitting the fumes to migrate occurred after the fumes had been

created intentionally. Id. ("The contractors did not seal off a six-[ ]by eight-foot

fresh air intake, which drew air into the building's HVAC system. [Sealant] fumes

entered the building, requiring evacuation."). Similarly, in Quadrant, the initial

peril that set in motion the causal chain was also the application of a chemical

sealant, which was toxic even when used as intended. 154 Wn.2d at 168. There

were no covered perils prior to the release of a pollutant acting as a pollutant. As

such, application of the efficient proximate cause rule in both cases would have led

to the same outcome. And in Kent Farms, even assuming, arguendo, that the

diesel fuel had been acting as a pollutant, a jury could have found that the efficient

                                                 20
Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

proximate cause of the loss was the negligently maintained intake valve that

triggered coverage regardless of what spewed forth from the fuel tank. 140 Wn.2d

at 402.

       If ProBuilders sought to avoid liability for damages resulting from particular

acts of negligence, it certainly could have written specific exclusions to that

effect-for instance, an exclusion for acts of negligence relating to the installation

of home fixtures generally or hot water heaters specifically. See Findlay, 129

Wn.2d at 376 ("What we were not allowing in Hirschmann was the use of broad

policy language which eliminates the relevance of the efficient proximate cause

rule under all possible circumstances. We did not forbid the use of clear policy

language to exclude a specifically named peril from coverage."). Such an

exclusion may have been foreseeable given that this policy was for the

construction of a new home, but no such exclusion is found in this insurance

policy. Issaquah Highlands paid valuable premiums for an insurance policy

providing broad coverage for all forms of negligence except those acts specifically

excluded, and it was a covered act of negligence that was the efficient proximate

cause of Xia's loss.

       In sum, the efficient proximate cause rule remains an important part of

Washington insurance law. Although we have never before applied the rule to a

case with facts such as these, we see no reason to depart from the policies

                                               21
- ---------- -- ZhaoyunXia, eta!. v. ProBuildersSpecialtyfns. Co.,No. 9245b~8- -------------

              underpinning the rule's function. The allegations of Xia's complaint provided a

              reasonable and conceivable basis to believe that the negligent installation of the hot

              water heater, itself a covered occurrence under the policy provisions, set in motion

              a causal chain wherein the venting of exhaust lowered the oxygen content of the

              room such that a normally nonpolluting appliance began discharging toxic levels of

              carbon monoxide fumes. The record suggests that, prior to declining coverage,

              neither ProBuilders nor NBIS conducted any investigation into Washington law

              that might have alerted them to the rule of efficient proximate cause and this

              court's unwillingness to permit insurers to write around it. Accordingly,

              Pro Builders wrongfully refused to defend its insured after receiving Xia' s

              complaint.

                                                      CONCLUSION

                     Pollution exclusion clauses are an important tool for insurers to avoid

              liability stemming from loss caused by pollutants acting as pollutants where the

              insured has paid no premiums for such coverage. However, emphasis must be

              given to the phrase "caused by." The efficient proximate cause rule continues to

              serve the underlying purpose of insurance policies and applies just as effectively to

              these facts as it has in prior cases. We hold that the efficient proximate cause of

              Xia's loss was a covered peril: the negligent installation of a hot water heater.

              Although ProBuilders correctly applied the language of its pollution exclusion to

                                                            22
           ---- -   -   . - - - - - · -·-------   --- - - - - - - - - - - - -   ---   ----   ·- - - - - - - -   --- - - - - - - -

Zhaoyun Xia, et al. v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., No. 92436-8

the release of carbon monoxide in Xia's home, ProBuilders breached its duty to

defend in the face of an alleged covered occurrence that was the efficient

proximate cause of the loss.

       The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed in part as to the grant of

summary judgment in favor of ProBuilders. Xia is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law with regard to her breach of contract and bad faith claims. This case is

remanded to the trial court for further proceedings regarding damages for Xia's

breach of contract and bad faith claims, as well as the remaining questions of

material fact relating to Xia' s CPA and IFCA claims.

                                                                                                            23
Zhaoyun Xia---;etal.-i-rroBiiilaers-SJ3ecial7y7ns:-ca.-;No.-92436-8. · ·

WE CONCUR:

                                                24
Xia v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co. et al., No. 92436-8
(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

                                      No. 92436-8

       GORDON McCLOUD, J. (concurring in part/dissenting in part)-1 agree

with both the majority and the dissent that ProBuilders Specialty Insurance

Company correctly applied the language of its pollution exclusion to the release of

carbon monoxide in Zhaoyun Xia's home. But what result should flow from that is

not completely clear given the tension between our decisions in Quadrant Corp. v.

American States Insurance Co., 154 Wn.2d 165, 110 P.3d 733 (2005), on the one

hand, and Kent Farms, Inc. v. Zurich Insurance Co., 140 Wn.2d 396, 998 P.2d 292

(2000), on the other hand. Quadrant, of course, held that an insurance policy's

absolute pollution exclusion barred a claim for personal injuries occurring when

toxic fumes from waterproofing materials applied to the apartment building's

exterior caused injury to a tenant; Kent Farms held that an insurance policy's

absolute pollution exclusion did not bar a claim for personal injuries occurring when

diesel fuel backflowed over the diesel fuel delivery truck driver due to a faulty intake

                                            1
·   Xia v. ProBuilaers Ypecia1iy Ins. Co. et al., No. 92436-8 ----
    (Gordon McCloud, J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

    valve on a fuel storage tank. Quadrant, 154 Wn.2d at 183-84; Kent Farms, 140

    Wn.2d at 401-03.

           I would resolve that tension in part, as the dissent does, because it comports

    with settled precedent. It explains that the majority in Quadrant declined to extend

    the efficient proximate cause rule to this pollution exclusion situation "and, instead,

    focused on the fact that the underlying injury and cause of action were primarily the

    result of the toxic character of the pollutant." Dissent at 3. I agree with the dissent

    that stare decisis requires us to adhere to that analysis here: "Being faithful to our

    opinion in Quadrant requires us again to decline to extend the efficient proximate

    cause rule and instead focus on whether Xia's claim falls within the pollution

    exclusion." Id. I therefore agree with the dissent that there was no duty to indemnify

    in this case.

           But I would honestly acknowledge that there is tension between that holding

    of Quadrant and the holding in Kent Farms. The pollution exclusions in the two

    policies were essentially the same, see Quadrant, 154 Wn.2d at 192-93 (Chambers,

    J., dissenting); according to the Quadrant dissent, the efficient proximate cause in

    both cases were essentially the same, id. at 187-88; and the law on efficient

    proximate cause at the time of both decisions was the same; yet the pollution

    exclusion applied in one case but not in the other. To be sure, the Quadrant court

                                                  2
--~~-~~v-:-ProBuffaers Specia7ty Ins. Co. et al., No. 92436-8                            -   -- - - -
         (Gordon McCloud, J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

            explained the differences in the two situations that caused it to come to a different

            conclusion from the conclusion reached in Kent Farms. Id. at 179-83. The fact

            remains, though, that our court came to two different conclusions in two extremely

            similar cases. That introduces an element of uncertainty into which case would more

            likely apply in the present context.

                   That element of uncertainty means the majority has resolved the duty to

            defend question correctly. As the majority states, the duty to defend is different from

            the duty to indemnify. "The duty to indemnify exists only if the insurance policy

            actually covers the insured's liability, whereas the duty to defend arises when the

            policy could conceivably cover allegations in a complaint." Majority at 12 (citing

            Am. Best Food, Inc. v. Alea London, Ltd., 168 Wn.2d 398, 404, 229 P.3d 693

             (2010)). "Accordingly, an insurer must defend a complaint against its insured until

             it is clear that the claim is not covered." Id. at 13 (citing Am. Best Food, 168 Wn.2d

             at 405). The tension between Quadrant and Kent Farms places the availability of

             coverage in this case into that category: the insured made a good argument based

             on Kent Farms that the policy could "conceivably" cover the allegations in the

             complaint in this case. Id. at 20-22. I therefore agree with the majority that the

             insurance company had a duty to defend here.

                                                       3
Xia v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co. et al., No. 92436-8
(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

       For the foregoing reasons, I agree with the majority that there was a duty to

defend but I agree with the dissent that there was, ultimately, no duty to indemnify.

                                            4
Xia v. ProBuilaers Specialty Ins. Co. et al., No. 92436-8
(Gordon McCloud, J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

                                            5
Xia v. ProBuilders Specialty Ins. Co., et al.

                                        No. 92436-8

       MADSEN, J. (dissenting)-! agree with the majority that ProBuilders Specialty

Insurance Company correctly applied the language of its absolute pollution exclusion to

the release of carbon monoxide in Zhaoyun Xia' s home. But I cannot agree that we

should extend the efficient proximate cause rule to this case when a majority of this court

implicitly declined to do so in Quadrant Corp. v. American States Insurance Co., 154

Wn.2d 165, 110 P.3d 733 (2005). But even ifl were to agree that we should extend the

efficient proximate cause rule, we cannot find that ProBuilders acted in bad faith when

they failed to anticipate such a change. I would hold that there were no genuine issues of

material fact regarding ProBuilders' duty to defend because Xia' s claim fell under the

absolute pollution exclusion and ProBuilders was thus entitled to judgment as a matter of

law. We should affirm the Court of Appeals.

                                         Discussion

           1. In accordance with Quadrant and the freedom to contract, we should not
           extend the efficient proximate cause rule to this case

       The majority concludes that "it is clear that a polluting occurrence happened when

the hot water heater spewed forth toxic levels of carbon monoxide into Xia' s home," and

that ProBuilders thus correctly applied its absolute pollution exclusion. Majority at 17,
No~ 92436--.:8
Madsen, J., dissenting

22. I agree. There is simply nothing ambiguous about the broad, absolute pollution

exclusion in this case. And, "while exclusions should be strictly construed against the

drafter, a strict application should not trump the plain, clear language of an exclusion

such that a strained or forced construction results." Quadrant, 154 Wn.2d at 172 (citing

Findlay v. United Pac. Ins. Co., 129 Wn.2d 368, 374, 379, 917 P.2d 116 (1996);

Transcon. Ins. Co. v. Wash. Pub. Utils. Dists.' Util. Sys., 111 Wn.2d 452, 457, 760 P.2d

337 (1988)). After concluding that the pollution exclusion applies, however, the majority

nonetheless finds that ProBuilders still had a duty to defend because of the efficient

proximate cause rule. Unlike the majority, I would not extend 1 the efficient proximate

cause rule in this case.

       First, I cannot reconcile this extension of the efficient proximate cause rule with

this court's ruling in Quadrant. In that case, we found that the negligent application of a

cement sealer fell under the absolute pollution exclusion. 154 Wn.2d at 167. The fact

that the polluting event occurred as a result of negligent application did not impact our

analysis because the plain language of the exclusion encompassed the claim at issue. Id.
1
  Until now, we have applied the efficient proximate cause rule only in first party coverage cases.
See, e.g., Vision One, LLCv. Phila. Indem. Ins. Co., 174 Wn.2d 501, 276 P.3d 300 (2012);
Allstate Ins. Co. v. Raynor, 143 Wn.2d 469, 21 P.3d 707 (2001); Findlay, 129 Wn.2d 368;
Safeco Ins. Co. ofAm. v. Hirschmann, 112 Wn.2d 621, 773 P.2d 413 (1989); Villella v. Pub.
Emps. Mut. Ins. Co., 106 Wn.2d 806, 725 P.2d 957 (1986). Only in a dissenting opinion have
we discussed applying it in a third party coverage case. Quadrant, 154 Wn.2d at 187. The
policy at issue here is not first party coverage, it is third party "liability" coverage. "First party
insurance" is a contract between the insurer and the insured to protect the insured from its own
losses and expenses. 14 CoucH ON INSURANCE§ 198:3 (2016) (examples are property, fidelity,
and health insurance). "Third party insurance" is a contract to protect the insured from losses
occurring because of actual or potential liability to a third party. Id. (example is liability
insurance).

                                                  2
No. 92436-8
Madsen, J., dissenting

Here too, as the majority agrees, Xia's claim falls under the plain language of the

absolute pollution exclusion. And the fact that the polluting event occurred as a result of

negligent installation should not matter. The dissent in Quadrant advocated for us to

apply the efficient proximate cause rule and focus on the act of applying the sealant as the

efficient proximate cause. Id. at 187, 190. But a majority of the court declined to apply

the efficient proximate cause rule and, instead, focused on the fact that the underlying

injury and cause of action were primarily the result of the toxic character of the pollutant.

See id. at 179. Being faithful to our opinion in Quadrant requires us again to decline to

extend the efficient proximate cause rule and instead to focus on whether Xia' s claim

falls within the pollution exclusion.

       Second, under the facts of this case, extending the efficient proximate cause rule

would contradict the plain language of the absolute pollution exclusion. We treat

insurance policies as contracts. When we construe an insurance contract, we should give

it the fair, reasonable, and sensible construction that the average person purchasing

insurance would give it. Tyrrell v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Wash., 140 Wn.2d 129, 133, 994

P.2d 833 (2000) (quoting Roller v. Stonewall Ins. Co., 115 Wn.2d 679, 682, 801 P.2d 207

(1990)). "We have repeatedly held that an insurer, as a private contractor, is ordinarily

permitted to limit its liability unless to do so would be inconsistent with public policy."

Findlay, 129 Wn.2d at 379.

       Parties have the freedom to draft contracts suitable to their own agreement within

the bounds of public policy. In this case, Issaquah Highlands 48 LLC sought the least

                                              3
No. 92436-8
Madsen, J., dissenting

expensive insurance that would still allow them to obtain a permit and lender for the

project. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 1164. They bargained for these terms. They agreed to

the coverage. And this coverage was all that they paid premiums for. That Issaquah

Highlands did not seek coverage for the type of risk at issue here2 does not mean we that

should decline to enforce the terms of the insurance contract. This court should not

interfere and hold an insurer responsible for more than the coverage that the insured has

paid for. We should enforce the unambiguous, broad, absolute pollution exclusion as it

was bargained for and written by the parties.

           2. ProBuilders had no duty to defend, and they did not act in bad faith when
           they failed to anticipate the majority's expansion of efficient proximate cause

       When a policy clearly does not cover a claim, an insurer owes no duty to defend.

Woo v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Co., 161 Wn.2d 43, 53, 164 P.3d 454 (2007). Similarly, if

an insurer correctly denies a duty to defend, there can be no bad faith claim. United

Servs. Auto. Ass 'n v. Speed, 179 Wn. App. 184, 203, 317 P.3d 532 (2014). A bad faith

claim requires the insured show that "the insurer's breach of the insurance contract was

'unreasonable, frivolous, or unfounded."' Smith v. Safeco Ins. Co., 150 Wn.2d 478, 484,

78 P.3d 1274 (2003) (quoting Overton v. Consol. Ins. Co., 145 Wn.2d 417, 433, 38 P.3d

322 (2002)). Because I would not extend the efficient proximate cause rule, I would not

find that ProBuilders acted in bad faith when it correctly concluded that the polluting

2
  A representative for Issaquah Highlands-who met with the insurance broker-explicitly stated
that he "never sought insurance coverage to cover pollution as part of the Issaquah Highlands
construction project." CP at 1164.

                                                4
No. 92436-8
Madsen, J., dissenting

event fell under the absolute pollution exclusion. But even if we were to extend the

efficient proximate cause rule, as the majority does, I still cannot agree that we should

find that ProBuilders acted in bad faith.

       The majority compares the exclusionary language here to that in Villella v. Public

Employees Mutual Insurance Co., 106 Wn.2d 806, 725 P.2d 957 (1986), and Key Tronic

Corp., Inc. v. Aetna (CIGNA) Fire Underwriters Insurance Co., 124 Wn.2d 618, 881

P .2d 201 ( 1994 ), both of which constituted an attempt to circumvent the efficient

proximate cause rule. Majority at 16. But in those cases, we had already applied the

efficient proximate cause rule to those types of insurance contracts. Here, the majority

acknowledges that we have never applied the rule to a case with these facts. Majority at

21. We, in fact, implicitly rejected such an application in Quadrant, 154 Wn.2d at 187

(Chambers, J., dissenting). Even ifwe were to accept that we should extend the rule, it is

unfair for us to say that ProBuilders was trying to circumvent a rule that we have never

before applied to this type of case. We cannot fairly hold insurers to a standard that

requires them to anticipate whether and how the law might change to determine their

duties to defend. Therefore, even with the majority's extension of the efficient proximate

cause rule, we should still affirm the Court of Appeals because ProBuilders did not act in

bad faith when it did not anticipate that we would expand the rule to new facts.

       I would hold that there were no genuine issues of material fact regarding

ProBuilders' duty to defend under the absolute pollution exclusion because the policy

clearly does not cover Xia's claim. And, consistent with Quadrant and the freedom to

                                              5
No. 92436-8
Madsen, J., dissenting

contract, I would not extend the efficient proximate cause rule to these facts. Therefore,

ProBuilders did not act in bad faith when it correctly denied its duty to defend and was

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We should affirm the Court of Appeals.

       For those reasons, I respectfully dissent.

                                              6
No. 92436-8
Madsen, J., dissenting

                         7