Court Opinion

ID: 4438753
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-09-17 17:00:34.122615+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:53:05.551646
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                   Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                            File Name: 19a0243p.06

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 WILLIA DEAN PARKER; ROSE BANKS,                                 ┐
                             Plaintiffs-Appellants,              │
                                                                 │
                                                                  >        No. 18-5305
          v.                                                     │
                                                                 │
                                                                 │
 MERVYN WINWOOD; STEVE WINWOOD; KOBALT                           │
 MUSIC PUBLISHING,                                               │
                       Defendants-Appellees.                     │
                                                                 ┘

                             Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
                       No. 3:16-cv-00684—Jon Phipps McCalla, District Judge.

                                         Argued: October 18, 2018

                                 Decided and Filed: September 17, 2019

               Before: GRIFFIN and DONALD, Circuit Judges; BERTELSMAN, District Judge. *
                                            _________________

                                                 COUNSEL

ARGUED: Taylor A. Cates, BURCH, PORTER & JOHNSON, PLLC, Memphis, Tennessee,
for Appellants. Jay S. Bowen, SHACKELFORD BOWEN MCKINLEY NORTON, LLP,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Taylor A. Cates, Lani D. Lester, BURCH,
PORTER & JOHNSON, PLLC, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellants. Jay S. Bowen, Lauren
Kilgore, Rebekah L. Shulman, SHACKELFORD BOWEN MCKINLEY NORTON, LLP,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellees.

    GRIFFIN, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which BERTELSMAN, D.J., joined.
DONALD, J. (pp. 13–21), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.

          *The Honorable William O. Bertelsman, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky,
sitting by designation.
 No. 18-5305                     Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                       Page 2

                                      _________________

                                           OPINION
                                      _________________

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

       Plaintiffs Willia Dean Parker and Rose Banks sued defendants Mervyn Winwood, Steve
Winwood, and Kobalt Music Publishing for copyright infringement. The district court found
that plaintiffs failed to submit admissible evidence showing that Steve copied plaintiffs’
protected work—one element of an infringement claim—so it granted judgment in his and
Kobalt’s favor. The court also found that it lacked personal jurisdiction over Mervyn, who
resides in the United Kingdom, and therefore dismissed him from the case. Plaintiffs contest
both rulings. We affirm.

                                                I.

       In 1965, in Memphis, Tennessee, Willia Dean Parker and Homer Banks wrote the song
Ain’t That a Lot of Love and registered it with the United States Copyright Office. The very next
year, in London, England, brothers Mervyn and Steve Winwood wrote the song Gimme Some
Lovin’. They were members of the Spencer Davis Group, a band that contracted with Island
Records to market its music. Island registered the song with the Copyright Office as well.

       Ain’t That a Lot of Love fell flat. But Gimme Some Lovin’ roared up the charts, reaching
the second spot in the United Kingdom and later the seventh spot in the United States.

       Fifty-one years later, Parker and Banks’s wife, Rose, sued the Winwoods and Kobalt
Music Publishing—the company that exploits Steve’s copyright interest in Gimme Some
Lovin’—in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. When writing
Gimme Some Lovin’, plaintiffs claimed, the Winwoods lifted the bass line from Ain’t That a Lot
of Love. And that move, plaintiffs asserted, entitled them to statutory damages for copyright
infringement under 17 U.S.C. § 504, as well as other relief.

       Steve Winwood and Kobalt moved for summary judgment, arguing that Steve had not
infringed plaintiffs’ copyright because no one in the Spencer Davis Group had heard Ain’t That a
 No. 18-5305                     Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                        Page 3

Lot of Love before writing Gimme Some Lovin’. In response, plaintiffs asked the district court to
consider several documents they claimed contained direct evidence of copying. They also
argued that there was a twenty-one-day window—between Ain’t That a Lot of Love’s debut in
the United Kingdom and the commercial release of Gimme Some Lovin’—during which the
Spencer Davis Group could have copied the bass line. In reply, Steve and Kobalt claimed that
plaintiffs’ direct evidence of copying was inadmissible under the rule against hearsay. See Fed.
R. Evid. 802. The district court granted the motion. It noted that Steve and Kobalt had
submitted affidavits in support of their claim that no one in the band had heard Ain’t That a Lot
of Loving before writing Gimme Some Lovin’. The court also ruled that the documents plaintiffs
sought to rely on to show direct evidence of copying were inadmissible under the rule against
hearsay, see Fed. R. Evid. 801, 802, which meant they failed to produce any evidence showing
that Steve copied Ain’t That a Lot of Love.

       Mervyn Winwood then moved to dismiss the case against him, arguing that personal
jurisdiction was lacking. In support of his motion, he submitted a declaration in which he stated
that he was “a lifelong British subject”; that he had never lived or worked in the United States;
that he had never even been to Tennessee; and that he had never done business, had a mailing
address, or had a bank account in Tennessee, either. In response, plaintiffs argued that Mervyn
had subjected himself to the jurisdiction of courts in Tennessee in two ways. First, they said, he
purposely infringed their copyright and therefore willfully harmed Tennessee residents. And
second, they claimed, he contracted with Island Records to distribute his infringing song, which
made its way to Tennessee. The district court granted this motion as well, ruling that Mervyn
had not established enough of a connection with Tennessee to exercise jurisdiction over him
without depriving him of due process.

       Plaintiffs appealed both rulings.

                                                II.

       We begin with the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Steve Winwood
and Kobalt, which we review de novo. SEC v. Zada, 787 F.3d 375, 380 (6th Cir. 2015).
 No. 18-5305                        Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                         Page 4

Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

          Because plaintiffs brought a copyright-infringement claim, to make it to trial they needed
to create factual disputes over two things: whether they owned a copyrighted creation and
whether Steve copied it. Jones v. Blige, 558 F.3d 485, 490 (6th Cir. 2009). Only the second is at
issue.

          “Direct evidence of copying is rare,” and in its absence, a plaintiff can create an inference
of copying if she can show both that the defendant had access to the work and that the original
and allegedly infringing work are substantially similar. Ellis v. Diffie, 177 F.3d 503, 506 (6th
Cir. 1999). And even when a plaintiff is unable to prove access, she can establish copying by
showing a “striking similarity” between her work and the allegedly infringing one. Murray Hill
Publ’ns, Inc. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 361 F.3d 312, 317 (6th Cir. 2004) (emphasis
added).

                                                   A.

          On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the district court erred when it ruled that four documents
they sought to rely on were inadmissible under the rule against hearsay. Those documents were
admissible, plaintiffs claim, and summary judgment was inappropriate because they contained
direct evidence of copying. Whether proffered evidence is hearsay is an issue we review de
novo. United States v. Jinadu, 98 F.3d 239, 244 (6th Cir. 1996).

          The first document plaintiffs claim is admissible is a one-page excerpt from Timothy
White’s 1990 book, titled Rock Lives: Profiles and Interviews. That excerpt, plaintiffs assert,
contains portions of an interview with Spencer Davis in which Davis said Gimme Some Lovin’
used Ain’t That a Lot of Loving’s bass riff. And the book falls under the ancient-documents
exception to the rule against hearsay, they contend, which means the district court should have
considered it as evidence. See Fed. R. 803(16). Although the book might well be an ancient
document, Davis’s statement is not. And because plaintiffs seek to use Davis’s statement for its
truth, it is inadmissible unless they can show that it is not hearsay, see Fed. R. Evid. 801(d), or
that it falls under an exception to the rule against hearsay, see Fed. R. Evid. 803; see also Fed. R.
 No. 18-5305                     Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                        Page 5

Evid. 802, 805. But plaintiffs do not contend that Davis’s statement, as it appears in White’s
book, is admissible. And we are not in the business of developing parties’ arguments for them.
See My Imagination, LLC v. M.Z. Berger & Co., 726 F. App’x 272, 276 (6th Cir. 2018). Thus,
we find that the district court correctly excluded the document as hearsay.

       The second document plaintiffs seek to rely on is more difficult to describe. Plaintiffs
characterize it as “Timothy White’s 1988 Billboard Magazine interview with Spencer Davis
. . . as republished . . . on SteveWinwood.com.” That description appears at least partially
accurate. The document includes the phrase “By Timothy White,” contains the date “November
23, 1988,” and has the type of exposition one might find in a magazine. It also purports to quote
Spencer Davis. Yet the document is obviously not just a copy of a magazine article. The
document is in black and white, the text is faded, and the size is standard for printer paper. A
menu appears at the top of the first page; its options include “Home”; “news”; “Bio”; “media”;
“Live”; “Music”; “Jukebox”; and “store.”         The url “www.stevewinwood.com/news/1414”
appears at the bottom of each page. And the date “2/28/2017” appears at the bottom of each
page as well. The document also contains a title: “‘Coming to America’ Musician, Nov. 1988.”
Perhaps the best way to describe the document, then, is to call it a scan, of a printout, of the
webpage www.stevewinwood.com/news/1414, as it appeared on February 28, 2017, that seems
to include a reproduction of an article, by Timothy White, that itself appeared in the November
1988 copy of Musician magazine (not Billboard magazine).             Like the first document, this
document seems to include portions of an interview with Spencer Davis in which Davis said
Gimme Some Lovin’ used Ain’t That a Lot of Loving’s bass riff.

       Plaintiffs argue that the webpage printout is not hearsay because it is a party admission
under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(A) or (B). Subsection (d)(2)(A) provides that a
statement a proponent offers against an opposing party is not hearsay if the opposing party made
the statement in an individual or representative capacity. Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(A). Although
the webpage itself might be an opposing-party statement (assuming Steve Winwood created the
page), it contains two levels of statements that fall outside subsection (d)(2)(A): the article by
Timothy White and Spencer Davis’s statements within that article. Steve Winwood is neither
Timothy White nor Spencer Davis, so their statements are not his statements.
 No. 18-5305                     Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                          Page 6

       Then there is subsection (d)(2)(B), which provides that a statement a proponent offers
against an opposing party is not hearsay if the opposing party manifested its adoption of the
statement or its belief that the statement is true. Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(B). Plaintiffs contend
that Steve Winwood manifested his adoption of the entire article—including Davis’s statement
that Gimme Some Lovin’ used Ain’t That a Lot of Loving’s bass riff—by reproducing it on his
website. But as the Supreme Court has noted, “[m]erely hosting a document on a Web site does
not indicate that the hosting entity adopts the document as its own statement or exercises control
over its content.” Janus Capital Grp., Inc. v. First Derivative Traders, 564 U.S. 135, 148 n.12
(2011). To be sure, Janus involved securities-fraud liability, not the Federal Rules of Evidence.
564 U.S. at 148. But plaintiffs have given us no reason to depart from the Court’s sound logic.
Although posting a statement on a webpage might imply one’s general agreement with it, Rule
801(d)(2)(B) requires an actual “manifest[ation]” of one’s adoption of a statement or belief in it.

       Because plaintiffs have not shown that the webpage, Timothy White’s purported article,
and Spencer Davis’s statements were not hearsay or fell under exceptions to the rule against
hearsay, and because they seek to use Davis’s statement for its truth, the district court correctly
excluded the document as hearsay. See Fed. R. Evid. 801, 802, 805.

       The third and fourth documents plaintiffs claim were admissible are similar to the second.
One appears to be a scan, of a printout, of the webpage www.stevewinwood.com/news/5765, as
it appeared on February 13, 2017, that seems to include a reproduction of an article, by Johnny
Black, that itself appeared in the May 1997 copy of Mojo magazine. And the other appears to be
a scan, of a printout, of the webpage www.stevewinwood.com/news/1421, as it appeared on
February 28, 2017, that seems to include a reproduction of an article, by Patrick Humphries, that
itself appeared in the June 1994 copy of RH magazine. Like the second document, they contain
statements—one from Spencer Davis and another from Jim Capaldi (a member of Steve
Winwood’s subsequent band, Traffic)—suggesting that the bass riff in Gimme Some Lovin’ came
from Ain’t That a Lot of Loving. Again, plaintiffs contend that the documents are admissible as
party-opponent statements. But because plaintiffs seek to use Davis’s and Capaldi’s statements
for their truth, because Steve Winwood did not make those statements, and because one does not
 No. 18-5305                       Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                       Page 7

manifest adoption of a statement or belief in it simply by hosting it on a website, the district
court correctly excluded the documents as hearsay.

        In short, plaintiffs presented no admissible evidence that created a genuine issue of
material fact over whether Steve Winwood copied Ain’t That a Lot of Loving. Thus, he and
Kobalt were entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

                                                   B.

        We must also mention another issue—one plaintiffs raise for the first time on appeal.
They contend that the district court erred in granting summary judgment because Ain’t That a
Lot of Loving and Gimme Some Lovin’ are strikingly similar.

        In general, we do not address unpreserved issues. Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 513
F.3d 546, 552 (6th Cir. 2008). This practice “ensures fairness to litigants by preventing surprise
issues from appearing on appeal.” Id. Although we have sometimes made an exception in
“exceptional cases” or when a “plain miscarriage of justice” might otherwise occur, such
deviation is rare, id., and this is not one of those times.

        To support their contention of a striking similarity between Ain’t That a Lot of Loving
and Gimme Some Lovin’, plaintiffs rely on an expert report by Dan Dixon in which he compares
the songs. But in opposition to Steve and Kobalt’s motion for summary judgment, plaintiffs
never cited the report. And for good reason: it didn’t exist yet. Summary-judgment briefing was
completed on March 17, 2017. Yet Dixon’s report is dated April 11, 2017, and plaintiffs did not
submit it to the Court until April 28, 2017 (when they filed their opposition to Mervyn
Winwood’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction). So more than a month passed
between when the briefing was completed and when plaintiffs submitted the report. In other
words, on appeal Steve and Kobalt encounter not only a new issue but also new evidence. This
is exactly what our forfeiture rules protect against.

        To be sure, the district court was deliberate in resolving the summary-judgment motion.
And the delay did mean that, by the time the district court ruled, the expert report had been in the
record for over six months. But district courts are not advocates. Nothing requires courts to
 No. 18-5305                        Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                      Page 8

scour the record for evidence that retroactively supports arguments the parties previously made.
And nothing requires them to create an argument out of whole cloth when a party has failed to
raise it.

            Thus, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of Steve and
Kolbalt in light of an issue plaintiffs never presented and evidence they produced after briefing
was completed. If plaintiffs needed more time to develop and present “facts essential to justify
its opposition” to the summary-judgment motion, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d)
provided them an avenue to relief. But they opted instead to complete their briefing and wait
until their appeal to raise this issue.

            We therefore conclude that the district court correctly granted judgment as a matter of
law to Steve Winwood and Kobalt.

                                                    III.

            Next, we turn to the district court’s dismissal of Mervyn Winwood for lack of personal
jurisdiction, which we review de novo. Miller v. AXA Winterthur Ins. Co., 694 F.3d 675, 678
(6th Cir. 2012). This inquiry requires us to determine whether Mervyn was eligible for service
of process under Tennessee’s long-arm statute and whether exercising jurisdiction over him
would comport with due process. See Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Still N The Water Publ’g, 327
F.3d 472, 477 (6th Cir. 2003).            Due process requires that an out-of-state defendant have
“minimum contacts” with the forum state sufficient to accord with “traditional notions of fair
play and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945). And
Tennessee law extends its jurisdiction to due process’s limits, so due process is all we must
address. Bridgeport Music, 327 F.3d at 477.

            We can narrow our inquiry even further. Two types of personal jurisdiction exist:
general and specific. See Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 127 (2014); Burger King Corp.
v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472 (1985). All agree that general personal jurisdiction is not in
play, so we can focus on specific personal jurisdiction.
 No. 18-5305                     Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                         Page 9

       Specific jurisdiction turns on the “affiliation between the forum and the underlying
controversy.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011)
(quotation marks and brackets omitted). That means Mervyn’s “suit-related conduct” must
establish “a substantial connection” with Tennessee. Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 284 (2014).
Put differently, he must have, among other things, “purposefully avail[ed] himself of the
privilege of acting in [Tennessee].” Miller, 694 F.3d at 680 (quoting S. Mach. Co. v. Mohasco
Indus., Inc., 401 F.2d 374, 381 (6th Cir. 1968)).

       Here, because the district court found personal jurisdiction lacking without holding an
evidentiary hearing, plaintiff needed to make a prima-facie showing that jurisdiction exists. Air
Prods. & Controls, Inc. v. Safetech Int’l, Inc., 503 F.3d 544, 549 (6th Cir. 2007). Yet because
Mervyn submitted affirmative evidence showing that the court lacked jurisdiction over him,
mere allegations of jurisdiction are not enough. Theunissen v. Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1458
(6th Cir. 1991). Instead, plaintiffs were required to set forth, by affidavit or otherwise, specific
facts showing jurisdiction. Id. This they have not done. Their primary contention on appeal is
that Mervyn’s alleged willful copyright infringement, which occurred in England, qualifies as
purposeful activity in Tennessee because he intentionally harmed Tennessee residents. But
Walden v. Fiore forecloses this argument. There, the Supreme Court held that a federal district
court in Nevada lacked jurisdiction over a defendant from Georgia who, in Georgia, created a
false affidavit knowing it would harm two plaintiffs in Nevada. Walden, 571 at 289–91. To find
jurisdiction in such scenarios, the Court explained, would be to mistake a plaintiff’s forum
connections for a defendant’s forum connections. Id. at 289.

       Plaintiffs also claim that Mervyn’s “efforts to market the infringing work throughout the
United States” qualify as purposeful activity in Tennessee.          Specifically, they assert, he
“contracted for ‘all promotions and marketing for the release of [ ]Gimme Some Lovin’ including
all sales and touring of The Spencer Davis Group’ after re-recording the infringing work,
originally written with an American perspective, specifically to market it in the United States.”
To support their characterization of what Mervyn did, plaintiffs point to three sources. Two are
declarations from Mervyn himself. In the first, he states that Gimme Some Lovin’ debuted in the
United States in December of 1966. In the second, he states that the band contracted with Island
 No. 18-5305                     Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                       Page 10

Records, which controlled the song’s marketing and the band’s sales and touring, and that he left
the band in 1967. The final source plaintiffs rely on is the second document they claim is not
hearsay: the scan of a page from Steve Winwood’s website, which seems to reproduce an article
by Timothy White, which itself appears to include a quote from Steve in which he says the
Spencer Davis Group wrote Gimme Some Lovin’ with an “American perspective.”

        These sources show that Mervyn was a member of the Spencer Davis Group; that the
band contracted with a company that distributed and marketed its music; that the band wrote
Gimme Some Lovin’ with an “American perspective”; and that the song debuted in the United
States while Mervyn was still in the band. What is missing, though, is any evidence that Mervyn
himself directed distribution of the song within the United States or specifically within
Tennessee. That shortcoming is dispositive.

        Our decision in Bridgeport Music shows why. There, plaintiffs (which we referred to
collectively as “Bridgeport”) brought a copyright-infringement lawsuit in the Middle District of
Tennessee against a Texas corporation (which we referred to as “NTW”) and a Florida company
(which we referred to as “DM”).       Bridgeport Music, 327 F.3d at 475. The district court
dismissed the case for lack of personal jurisdiction, and on appeal we affirmed the dismissal of
NTW but reversed the dismissal of DM. Id. at 477, 485, 485. In doing so, we adopted what is
known as the “stream of commerce ‘plus’” theory of specific personal jurisdiction. Id. at 479–
80. Under that theory, for a defendant to purposely avail himself of the privilege of acting within
a forum state, he must do more than merely place a product into the stream of commerce. Id. at
479 (citing Asahi Metal Indus. Co., v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102 (1987) (O’Connor, J.)
(plurality op.)).

        When applying the “plus” approach in Bridgeport Music, we encountered identical
arguments for each defendant.      Bridgeport claimed that NTW and DM both had licensing
agreements with third parties that distributed the allegedly infringing music nationwide (and thus
in Tennessee). Id. at 480–81, 483–484. But we picked up on a subtle yet important distinction
between the companies:      Bridgeport had not shown that NTW did anything to direct its
distributor’s activities into Tennessee, but Bridgeport had shown that DM affirmatively “sought”
distribution in all fifty States. Id. at 480–81, 483. Put differently, while NTW was “merely
 No. 18-5305                      Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                        Page 11

aware” that its distributor was likely to spread its music throughout all fifty states, DM made a
“deliberate decision” to pursue such dissemination. Id. at 480, 483.

       Under Bridgeport Music, then, the district court lacked personal jurisdiction over Mervyn
unless something he did specifically directed the distribution of Gimme Some Lovin’ into
Tennessee. So his membership in the Spencer Davis Group is not enough to confer personal
jurisdiction. Neither is the band’s distribution contract (unless plaintiffs can show that the band
requested or required distribution of their music within all fifty States, which they have not even
attempted to do). And neither is the song’s eventual debut in the United States.

       But what about plaintiffs’ claim that Mervyn and the band re-recorded Gimme Some
Lovin’ specifically for distribution in the United States? Does that amount to an action by
Mervyn to direct the song into Tennessee? On this factual issue, plaintiffs misrepresent the
record. To support their claim, they cite a declaration from Steve Winwood. In it, he states:
“Several weeks after the song’s initial release in the UK and Europe, it was remixed, and piano,
percussion and background vocals were added plus a new lead vocal by me with Jimmy Miller as
producer for the subsequent U.S. release.” So we know that the song was remixed, but we do not
know that Mervyn played a role in the process.

       Thus, plaintiffs have not set forth sufficient facts to show that Mervyn affirmatively
sought distribution of Gimme Some Lovin’ into Tennessee. Here, plaintiffs have not rebutted his
affirmative evidence and have not shown the “plus” of their “stream of commerce” theory.
Nothing in the record shows that Mervyn was more than merely aware that the song might one
day cross the Atlantic. Thus, the district court correctly ruled that it lacked personal jurisdiction
over him.

       Plaintiffs also argue that the district court should have asserted jurisdiction under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 4(k)(2). Rule 4(k)(2) states that, in a lawsuit asserting federal claims,
serving a summons or filing a waiver of service establishes personal jurisdiction over a defendant
if:
 No. 18-5305                     Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                     Page 12

        (A) the defendant is not subject to jurisdiction in any state’s courts of general
        jurisdiction; and
        (B) exercising jurisdiction is consistent with the United States Constitution and
        laws.

But as discussed, exercising jurisdiction over Mervyn would conflict with due process because
he has not purposely availed himself of the privilege of acting in Tennessee. Thus, this argument
also fails.

                                               IV.

        For these reasons, we affirm the judgment in favor of Steve Winwood and Kobalt Music
Publishing, and the dismissal of all claims against Mervyn Winwood.
 No. 18-5305                           Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                              Page 13

                                            _________________

                                                  DISSENT
                                            _________________

        BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

        Before this Court is a tune nearly as old as song—an allegation of copyright
infringement. Such claims span across the decades of modern music, and notable ones include:

    •   Chuck Berry v. The Beach Boys (1963): Beach Boys composer Brian Wilson
        wrote the band’s 1963 song “Surfin’ U.S.A.” with Chuck Berry’s 1958 song
        “Sweet Little Sixteen” in mind. Although Wilson said he wrote the song as
        tribute to the black guitarist, Berry’s lawyers sued for plagiarism, making this
        dispute one of the first of its kind in rock history. The Beach Boys’ manager
        agreed to hand over publishing rights to the song, and Berry was credited as a
        songwriter beginning in 1966.1
    •   The Chiffons v. George Harrison (1976): Ronald Mack, writer for the female
        R&B group the Chiffons’ 1962 hit “He’s So Fine,” sued Beatles member George
        Harrison for plagiarism over Harrison’s 1970 song “My Sweet Lord.” The suit
        went to trial, where the judge ruled that Harrison had “subconsciously”
        plagiarized the song. Harrison was eventually ordered to pay over $500,000 in
        damages, and later admitted that the songs were similar in his autobiography,
        I Me Mine.2
    •   Marvin Gaye v. Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams (2015): In one of the most
        widely-publicized copyright infringement suits in recent memory, the family of
        Marvin Gaye claimed singer Robin Thicke’s and producer Pharrell Williams’
        2013 song “Blurred Lines” was a rip off of Gaye’s 1977 song “Got to Give It
        Up.” During litigation, Gaye’s family cited to an interview in which Thicke said
        he told Williams they should write a song with the same “groove” as Gaye’s
        classic. A jury found that Thicke and Williams infringed on the song’s copyright,
        and the Ninth Circuit affirmed the $5.3 million judgment awarded to Gaye’s
        family.3

        1See Jordan Runtagh, Songs on Trial: 12 Landmark Music Copyright Cases, ROLLING STONE MAGAZINE
(June 8, 2016), https://www rollingstone.com/politics/politics-lists/songs-on-trial-12-landmark-music-copyright-
cases-166396/the-beach-boys-vs-chuck-berry-1963-65098/.
        2See    Bright Tunes Music Corp. v. Harrisongs Music, Ltd., 420 F. Supp. 177 (S.D.N.Y. 1976); Runtagh,
supra note 1.
        3See    Williams v. Gaye, 895 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 2018); Kory Grow, Robin Thicke, Pharrell
Lose Multi-Million     Dollar     ‘Blurred   Lines’    Lawsuit,     ROLLING       STONE     MAGAZINE        (Mar.
10, 2015), https://www rollingstone.com/music/music-news/robin-thicke-pharrell-lose-multi-million-dollar-blurred-
lines-lawsuit-35975/.
 No. 18-5305                          Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                               Page 14

This small sampling of cases illustrates how artists must sometimes fight to protect their creative
work, and how the courts must sometimes intervene to uphold the integrity of the creative
process.

         Out of the transatlantic music exchange in the mid 1960s, which brought British Rock to
the United States and American Rhythm & Blues to Britain, came two songs: “Ain’t That a Lot
of Love,” by Black Americans Willia Dean Parker and Homer Banks, and “Gimme Some
Lovin,’” by British band The Spencer Davis Group. Many British bands—including the Beatles4
and the Rolling Stones5— have been inspired by the works of black R&B artists. However,
there is a fine line between inspiration and infringement, and evidence in the record below
supports a finding that the Defendants crossed this line. Nevertheless, the majority chooses to
disregard this evidence, and fails to recognize that Mervyn Winwood took steps to distribute
“Gimme Some Lovin’” in the United States. Because I respectfully disagree with the majority’s
opinion concerning both issues on appeal, I dissent, and would reverse the findings of the district
court.

                                                       I.

         The majority concludes that the district court did not err when it ruled that four
documents Plaintiffs sought to admit as proof of copying were inadmissible hearsay. Even if this
were true, the majority neglects other evidence in the record—Dan Dixon’s expert report,
submitted by Plaintiffs—that points to a genuine issue of material fact. Accordingly, the district
court’s grant of summary judgment should be reversed.

         Defendants’ assertion that Plaintiffs have not submitted evidence of striking similarity
must be dismissed in the interests of justice. Defendants argue that the expert report should not

         4See Bill Crandall, Motown Really Had A Hold On The Beatles, CBS NEW YORK (Jan. 24, 2014),
https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/01/24/motown-really-had-a-hold-on-the-beatles/ (describing how the Beatles
were inspired by black musicians upon their “U.S. invasion,” as evidenced by their second album’s feature of “one
Chuck Berry cover . . . and a whole lot of Motown”).
         5See Adam Theisen, The Rolling Stones and Motown: A musical fascination, DETROIT METRO TIMES (July
1, 2015), https://www metrotimes.com/detroit/the-rolling-stones-and-motown/Content?oid=2353522 (detailing how
black musicians influenced the Rolling Stones, and how Motown music “proved to be a cover song bank from which
the group could continuously withdraw”).
 No. 18-5305                      Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                         Page 15

be considered because it was not submitted in response to their motion for summary judgment—
but instead was submitted in response to Mervyn’s motion to dismiss. Generally, we do not
review arguments made for the first time on appeal, and as we have explained, “[o]ur function is
to review the case presented to the district court, rather than a better case fashioned after a
district court’s unfavorable order.” DaimlerChrysler Corp. Healthcare Benefits Plan v. Durden,
448 F.3d 918, 922 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal citations omitted). However, we “will consider an
issue not raised below [ ] when the proper resolution is beyond doubt or a plain miscarriage of
justice might otherwise result.” Id. These exceptional circumstances are rare, but they do occur.
Because the expert report points to a genuine issue of material fact, this is one of those
circumstances.

       This Court adheres to the principle that “granting summary judgment, particularly in
favor of a defendant, is a practice to be used sparingly in copyright cases.”            Wickham v.
Knoxville Int’l Energy Exposition, Inc., 739 F.2d 1094, 1097 (6th Cir. 1984) (quoting Arnstein v.
Porter, 154 F.2d 464 (2d Cir. 1946)). “To succeed in a copyright infringement action, a plaintiff
must establish that he or she owns the copyrighted creation, and that the defendant copied it.”
Kohus v. Mariol, 328 F.3d 848, 853 (6th Cir. 2003). For copying to be actionable, a plaintiff
must prove that the copied elements are original, meaning that the elements were “independently
created by the author (as opposed to copied from other works), and that it possesses at least some
minimal degree of creativity.” Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 345
(1991). In the usual infringement case, the copy element proves problematic, as there is often no
objective evidence that shows the process by which the defendant copied the work. See Murray
Hill Publ’ns, Inc. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 361 F.3d 312, 316 (6th Cir. 2004).
Recognizing this, where there is no direct evidence of copying, courts allow a plaintiff to
establish an inference of copying in one of two ways: (1) by establishing defendants had access
to the allegedly-infringed work and that the two works are substantially similar, Ellis v. Diffie,
177 F.3d 503, 506 (6th Cir. 1999); or, (2) when access cannot be proven, by establishing that the
two works are “strikingly similar,” Murray Hill, 361 F.3d at 317. A finding of “striking
similarity” requires the similarities at issue be “so striking as to preclude the possibility that the
defendant independently arrived at the same result. In other words, as a matter of logic, the only
explanation for the similarities between the two works must be ‘copying rather
 No. 18-5305                      Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                        Page 16

than . . . coincidence, independent creation, or prior common source.’” 4 Melville B. Nimmer
& David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright § 13.02[B]. For a plaintiff to show that two musical
works are strikingly similar, however, expert testimony is often required due to the technical
nature of musical compositions. See id.

       Defendants are not entitled to summary judgment because Dixon’s expert report clearly
establishes a triable issue of fact as to whether Defendants copied Plaintiffs’ song. While
Dixon’s report was not submitted until after the summary judgment briefing schedule, it is part
of the district court record, and we may affirm or deny based on any reason in the record.
EA Mgmt. v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 655 F.3d 573, 575 (6th Cir. 2014); see also Auto
Club Property-Casualty Ins. Co. v. B.T., 596 Fed. App’x 409, 415 (6th Cir. 2015) (reversing the
district court’s grant of summary judgment on a basis not addressed in the parties’ briefs yet
supported by the record). The majority contends that the district court is not required to search
the record for evidence that supports the parties’ arguments. Regardless, this Court can review
the entire record, and should when as here, the record supports reversing the district court.

       The expert report concludes that “the two works [ ] exhibit a clear and unmistakable
overall similarity of sound . . . primarily due to the fact that the two works prominently feature
identical bass lines, nearly identical piano patterns, and similar harmonic, melodic, and lyrical
materials.” Notably, the identical base lines and nearly identical piano patterns “constitute clear
and obvious similarly between the two works,” and are referenced more than once in the report.
According to the report, “this combination of identical and similar compositional features . . . is
extremely unlikely to have been the result of independent creation.”            The report further
concludes that the two songs “exhibit strikingly similar compositional features, that there is clear
objective musicological evidence that strongly suggests copying of protectable musical
expression . . ., and that the amount of musical expression at issue is substantial and constitutes
the ‘heart’ of both works.”

       These conclusions indicate that the two songs are strikingly similar. Notwithstanding the
expert report, anyone with a listening ear, including a jury, could reasonably conclude that the
two songs contain a strikingly similar musical composition. Thus, there is an issue of material
fact as to whether Defendants copied Plaintiffs’ song, and Defendants are therefore not entitled
 No. 18-5305                      Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                        Page 17

to summary judgment. See Murray Hill, 361 F.3d at 317. The majority chooses to overlook this
evidence simply because Plaintiffs presented it after briefing was complete, despite our ability on
appeal to consider the entire record. This Court should not be in the business of punishing
litigants for their attorney’s misdeeds or failure to take the preferred course of action. See In re
Salem Mortg. Co., 791 F.2d 456, 459–60 (6th Cir. 1986) (“[A] technical error or a slight mistake
by the plaintiff’s attorney should not deprive plaintiff of an opportunity to present the true merits
of his claims.”) (internal citation omitted). Regrettably, the majority has denied Plaintiffs their
deserved opportunity to present their case to a jury, which is a grave injustice.

                                                 II.

       In affirming the district court’s grant of Mervyn Winwood’s motion to dismiss for lack of
personal jurisdiction, the majority fails to view the evidence in the light most favorable to
Plaintiffs, as required by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and by clear precedent.

       For a court to exercise jurisdiction over a non-resident, the due process clause requires
the non-resident to have at least “‘certain minimum contacts with the [forum state] such that the
maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’’”
Youn v. Track, Inc., 324 F.3d 409, 417 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington,
326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)).

       This Court has indicated clear a preference for Justice O’Connor’s stream of commerce
“plus” approach to assessing “purposeful availment,” as articulated in Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v.
Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102, 107 (1987) (O’Connor, J.) (plurality op.). See Bridgeport Music,
Inc. v. Still N The Water Publ’g, 327 F.3d 472, 480 (6th Cir. 2003). Under the commerce “plus”
approach, personal jurisdiction over a defendant exists based on a product’s availability in the
forum state when the defendant placed the product into the stream of commerce and there is
evidence of some “[a]dditional conduct . . . [that] may indicate an intent or purpose to serve the
market in the forum State.” Asahi Metal Indus. Co., 480 U.S. at 112; see also Bridgeport Music,
Inc., 327 F.3d at 480. Thus, the emphasis in the purposeful availment inquiry is whether the
defendant has engaged in “some overt actions connecting the defendant with the forum state.”
Dean v. Motel 6 Operating L.P., 134 F.3d 1269, 1274 (6th Cir. 1998). “If a plaintiff can
 No. 18-5305                      Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                        Page 18

demonstrate purposeful availment, personal jurisdiction over a non-resident will not be defeated
simply by the absence of physical contacts with the forum state.” Bridgeport Music, Inc.,
327 F.3d at 479 (citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 476 (1985)).

       The plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating by a preponderance of the evidence that
personal jurisdiction exists over the non-resident defendant.         Youn, 324 F.3d at 417. The
strength and nature of the plaintiff’s burden depends on the nature of the motion and how the
court approaches the issue. When the court does not hold an evidentiary hearing to determine
jurisdiction, as is the case here, the plaintiff need only make a prima facie case that the court has
personal jurisdiction. Neogen Corp. v. Neo Gen Screening, Inc., 282 F.3d 883, 887 (6th Cir.
2002). A plaintiff’s burden is met by “establishing with reasonable particularity sufficient
contacts between [the defendant] and the forum state to support jurisdiction.” Id. (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted). When no evidentiary hearing is held, “the court must consider
the pleadings and affidavits in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” CompuServe, Inc. v.
Patterson, 89 F.3d 1257, 1262 (6th Cir. 1996).           Further, the court may not “weigh the
controverting assertions of the party seeking dismissal” against the plaintiff’s pleadings and
affidavits. Theunissen v. Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1459 (6th Cir.1991).

       The majority concludes that Plaintiffs could not properly assert personal jurisdiction over
Mervyn because Plaintiffs did not set forth evidence or affidavits establishing jurisdiction. This
conclusion, however, is incorrect, as Plaintiffs have submitted evidence supporting the district
court’s ability to exercise personal jurisdiction over Mervyn.

       In support of his motion to dismiss, Mervyn submitted a declaration that he did not
purposefully avail himself of the privilege of acting or causing consequences in Tennessee. He
also stated that the record label Island Records directed promotions and marketing, and that he
had quit playing in The Spencer Davis Group before they began touring in the United States.
Such an affidavit is sufficient to support a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.
Because Mervyn motion to dismiss was sufficiently supported, the burden shifted to Plaintiffs to
establish that the district court had personal jurisdiction over Mervyn. To establish a prima facie
case, Plaintiffs must show that Mervyn: (1) purposefully availed himself of the forum through
his activities that (2) gave rise to the cause of action, and (3) that such actions or consequences
 No. 18-5305                       Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                       Page 19

caused by those activities were substantially related to the forum state. Southern Mach. Co. v.
Mohasco Indus., Inc., 401 F.2d 374, 381 (6th Cir. 1968). Contrary to the majority’s finding,
Plaintiffs have established a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction.

       This Court has found that purposeful availment can be based on the existence of a
nationwide distribution agreement—but only where a defendant took steps to require the product
be marketed throughout the United States. Palnik v. Westlake Entm’t, Inc., 344 F. App’x 249,
252 (6th Cir. 2009); Bridgeport Music, Inc., 327 F.3d at 480, 484 n.11; Tobin, 993 F.2d at 543
(finding purposeful availment where the distribution agreement required the distribution of the
defendant’s product throughout the United States, its territories and possessions, and Puerto
Rico). Mere awareness that a product is likely to be marketed, without more, does not suffice.

       While our decision in Bridgeport Music shows the two sides of personal jurisdiction
based on a nationwide distribution agreement, as the majority has detailed, a second case from
this Court helps to draw the line that divides the two defendants in Bridgeport Music. In Palnik
v. Westlake Entertainment, Inc., we affirmed the district court’s decision to dismiss the plaintiff’s
copyright infringement suit—without conducting jurisdictional discovery—for lack of personal
jurisdiction. 344 F. App’x 249, 253–54 (6th Cir. 2009). In support of their opposition, plaintiffs
alleged that the defendants participated in making and profited from the movie at issue, and that
the movie ended up in Ohio by the actions of third-party distributors. Id. at 252. Reviewing
these allegations, we explained:

       Drawing inferences for [plaintiff], as we must, these allegations permit two
       potential conclusions as to the distribution of Steal Me to Ohio. First, our
       defendants, after making the movie, caused it to be distributed to Ohio through a
       national or regional distribution contract. Second, our defendants, for whatever
       reason—because they do not own the distribution rights, because they deferred
       entirely to a third-party distributor, or for another reason that gave them no
       control over the movie’s distribution—were not responsible for the movie
       appearing in Ohio.
       Because one conclusion supports jurisdiction and the other does not, [plaintiff]’s
       complaint remains unclear as to jurisdiction and therefore fails absent reasonably
       particular facts that resolve which is the better understanding of the defendants’
       actions toward the forum state. Cf. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 567 (1955).
       [Plaintiff]’s allegations provide no such resolution: a court cannot infer that an
       agreement of the sort necessary for jurisdiction under Bridgeport and the Ohio
 No. 18-5305                      Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                         Page 20

       cases—one that required (as opposed to permitted or was silent as to) sale or
       rental in Ohio—existed.

Id. In concluding that plaintiff had failed to establish a prima facie case for personal jurisdiction,
we acknowledged that in situations where personal jurisdiction turns on a national distribution
agreement, without jurisdictional discovery plaintiffs are unable to produce the actual agreement
that would establish jurisdiction. In doing so, we explained:

       Both the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and our case law governing personal
       jurisdiction are more forgiving to a litigant with an information deficit than this
       argument acknowledges. A party and her attorney can, on “knowledge,
       information, and belief,” assert specifically that the existence of the necessary
       distribution relationship will “likely have evidentiary support after a reasonable
       opportunity” for discovery. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b). And such an assertion will
       be assumed true for the purposes of the party’s prima facie case for jurisdiction
       “notwithstanding . . . contrary assertions” from the defendant. Theunissen v.
       Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1459 (6th Cir. 1991). To prevail, at least at this early
       stage, [the plaintiff] merely [needs] to assert the likelihood that, should he be
       permitted to look for it, the required relationship would be found to exist.

Id. at 252–53 (emphasis added).

       Applying Bridgeport Music and Palnik to the present case, Plaintiffs have met their
burden of establishing purposeful availment.        The relevant evidence Plaintiffs rely on in
opposition to Mervyn’s motion to dismiss is: (1) an affidavit from Steve Winwood in which he
states that The Spencer Davis Group re-recorded “Gimme Some Lovin’” for the purpose of
distribution in the United States; (2) an affidavit from Mervyn where he states that The Spencer
Davis Group contracted with Island Records for all promotions and marketing, including all sales
and touring of The Spencer Davis Group, of “Gimme Some Lovin’”; and (3) the undisputed fact
that the song was distributed in the United States. Mervyn, in his own affidavit, stated that The
Spencer Davis Group contracted with Island Records for all promotions and marketing,
including all sales and touring of The Spencer Davis Group of “Gimme Some Lovin.’” While
Mervyn does not explicitly admit that the contract with Island Records required distribution
throughout the United States, in viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff—which the majority fails to do— this assertion, along with Steve’s statement that the
contract was entered into for the purposes of distribution in the United States, supports a finding
 No. 18-5305                        Parker, et al. v. Winwood, et al.                 Page 21

that they took steps to require the distribution of “Gimme Some Lovin’” throughout the United
States. At this stage, that is all that is necessary.

        Because the district court did not proceed beyond the purposeful availment requirement,
the remaining two prongs of the Mohasco test are more appropriately determined by the district
court on remand. See Bridgeport Music, Inc., 327 F.3d at 485.

                                                   III.

        For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.