Court Opinion

ID: 9883518
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-06 01:44:54.52077+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:48:18.625102
License: Public Domain

DAVIS, Chief Justice,
dissenting:
(Filed July 22, 1998)
Let me be clear. I believe that the courts of our State require heightened security. Fortunately, the courts of our State have not been victimized by some of the tragic incidents that have occurred in courtrooms in other states. Nevertheless, the potential for unlawful conduct to occur in any of our courtrooms is real. Affirmative steps should and must be taken to minimize that potential threat. However, the approach embarked upon by the circuit court and county commission of Putnam County, and affirmed by the majority of this Court, is wrong. I believe that county commissions have the legal authority to unilaterally provide security guards for county courthouses, or any county building for that matter. However, to provide security guards with state police power (i.e., arrest powers, and the authority to use deadly force and to carry firearms) requires statutory authorization by the legislature. As no such statute exists to support the majority opinion in this matter, I must respectfully dissent from the decision rendered by the majority in this case.
The majority’s decision has given to circuit courts and county commissions one of the most jealously guarded constitutional powers in our democratic system — police power. The majority opinion allows police, euphemistically dubbed court police, to be created in all fifty-five counties of our State. These police forces are not accountable to the state legislature. The legislature did not authorize their creation. In fact, these police forces are not even accountable to the county sheriff whose constitutional duty it is to provide law enforcement for the county. Instead, they are private police forces controlled by county commissions and circuit courts.
*286This dissenting opinion has been divided into two parts. Part I of my dissent discusses what I consider to be the constitutional and statutory flaws in the majority’s opinion. Part II of my dissent sets forth the manner by which the police power has historically been established in this State.
Part I
THE MAJORITY DECISION IS NOT SUPPORTED BY THE LAW
The Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that “[t]he powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” One such power is the power of “states” to provide for the enforcement of laws and ordinances enacted by the states and their political subdivisions. This power is the police power which is manifested in law enforcement agencies.
In 1863, the Constitution of West Virginia did not succinctly articulate the police power afforded to states by the Tenth Amendment. However, in 1872, several amendments were adopted to the state’s constitution. Among those amendments was Article I, Section 2, which reads:
The government of the United States is a government of enumerated powers, and all powers not delegated to it, nor inhibited to the states, are reserved to the states or to the people thereof. Among the powers so reserved to the states is the exclusive regulation of their oum internal government and police; and it is the high and solemn duty of the several departments of government, created by this constitution, to guard and protect the people of this State, from all encroachments upon the rights so reserved. (Emphasis added.)
Article I, Section 2 of our state’s constitution grants the state the authority to police itself. Therefore, “[ajbsent state constitutional or statutory authorization, [political subdivisions of the state] do not have the power to create ... police.”1
If one carefully reviews the majority opinion, one will find no constitutional or statutory authority granting a county commission and circuit court, acting jointly or singularly, the power to create a police force distinct from the county sheriffs’ law enforcement agency. The majority opinion has relied upon nonpersuasive “layman” type reasoning in order to patch together an unlawful interpretation of statutes and constitutional provisions which purport to show that a county commission and circuit court can jointly distribute police powers in this state. A careful review of the constitution and state statutes illustrates the erroneous reasoning in the majority opinion.
1. The Majority Opinion Violates the Constitutional Separation of Powers Doctrine
My research has revealed no other court which has held that a judicial branch of government could, alone, or in concert with another arm of government, create a police force. The absence of such authority, other than the majority opinion in this case, is due to the respect other courts have given to the “separation of powers doctrine.” “As part of our constitutional democracy on both the national and state level, we ascribe to the principle that there shall be three equal branches of government — legislative, executive, and judicial.” State ex rel. Lambert v. Stephens, 200 W.Va. 802, 809, 490 S.E.2d 891, 898 (1997). The separation of powers doctrine is 'etched in Article V, Section 1 of the state constitution and provides in part that, “[t]he legislative, executive and judicial departments shall be separate and distinct, so that neither shall exercise the powers properly belonging to either of the others[.j” The Court explained in State ex rel. Brotherton v. Blankenship, 158 W.Va. 390, 402, 214 S.E.2d 467, 477 (1975) that “[tjhe system of ‘checks and balances’ provided for in American state and federal constitutions and secured to each branch of government by ‘Separation of Powers’ clauses theoretically and practically compels courts, when called upon, to thwart any unlawful actions of one branch of government *287which impair the constitutional responsibilities and functions of a coequal branch.”
The majority opinion cites the case of Board of County Comm’rs v. Nineteenth Judicial Dist., 895 P.2d 545 (Colo.1995) for the proposition that courts can create police forces. That case holds only that a court has inherent powers to order “existing” law enforcement agencies to provide adequate security for the court. The Colorado Supreme Court held that the courts of that state could order the sheriffs department to provide adequate security for courthouses. The opinion was clear in noting that the separation of powers doctrine limited the authority of courts. The opinion also made clear that courts could not infringe upon the powers granted to the executive and legislative branches of government.
The majority opinion in the instant case has carved out an exception to the separation of powers doctrine. The exception allows the county commissions and the judiciary of this state to be co-equal with the state Legislative branch of government in distributing state police powers. Such a decision erodes the essence of our tripartite form of government and, in effect, creates a fourth branch of state government composed of circuit courts and county commissions.
2. The Majority Opinion has Nullified Legislative Statutes Designed to Provide Greater Security to Courtrooms
The majority opinion has refused to acknowledge that the legislature is fully aware of national courtroom security problems and has responded affirmatively to add greater protection to the courtrooms of this state. In 1996, the legislature responded to the need to assure security in our courtrooms by enacting a series of statutes designed to address the issue. Under W.Va.Code § 51-3-14 (Supp.1998) a “court security fund” was established specifically for helping to defray the costs of approved enhanced courtroom security.2 West Virginia Code § 51-3-15 (Supp.1998) created a “court security board” for the purpose of coordinating and approving enhanced courtroom security measures.3 *288In fact, W.Va.Code § 51-3-15(c) specifically provides for greater law enforcement personnel in courtrooms. The provision states:
The board shall compile and keep a list of able and available law-enforcement officers who have obtained certification in compliance with the provisions of section five, article twenty-nine, chapter thirty of this code and who have maintained all necessary qualifications and firearms certifications to enable them to serve as bailiffs in court facilities. The board shall make the list available to all county sheriffs for their use in recruiting and hiring temporary, part-time or occasional bailiffs to exercise all the powers and duties of bailiffs in the court facilities in their counties.
Finally, W.Va.Code § 51-3-16 (Supp.1998) sets out the procedure to be followed in creating and implementing enhanced courtroom security plans.4 A careful reading of the majority opinion will reveal absolutely no discussion of these statutes. Yet, the statutes unequivocally provide the manner and method of providing for enhanced courtroom security throughout the state.5
*289It is clear from the new statutes regarding courtroom security that the legislature was ever so mindful of the county sheriffs constitutional charge to provide law enforcement for his/her county. In fact, a plain reading of W.Va.Code § 51 — 3—15(c) establishes that it is the responsibility of county sheriffs to recruit and hire bailiffs in the court facilities throughout the State of West Virginia. By crafting this new legislation, the legislature was very aware of the constitutional duties of the sheriff, the civil service rules and regulations for the county law enforcement officers and the enhanced neéd for greater security in courtrooms. Thus, a fair and reasonable interpretation of the court security statutes establishes that the recruiting and hiring of temporary, part-time or occasional bailiffs is the sole and exclusive responsibility of the county sheriff. In fact, W.Va.Code § 51-3-16(d) explicitly states that the award or decision not to award these funds shall not relieve any person or office of their duty or obligation to provide security services to courts in this State.
The majority opinion could not legally circumvent the legislature’s express statutes on the very issue presented to the Court. So, the opinion fails to even mention the court security statutes. The net effect of the majority’s silence is chilling. Under the decision rendered by the majority, the legislative initiative to control the hiring of additional courtroom bailiffs by means which follow the constitution and abide by the state civil service statutes has been discarded. This situation could have been easily avoided, had the Putnam County Commission simply invoked the statutes and worked with the court security board and the sheriffs department in developing a lawful plan to institute greater security for the courthouse. This is not to say that the only option for the county commission was that of invoking the court security statutes. Alternatively, the county commission could simply have increased the budget of the sheriff so that the sheriff could hire additional qualified deputy sheriffs, as well as purchase the new security equipment.
3. The Constitution Grants the Sheriff Authority to Enforce Laws on Behalf of the County
County law enforcement is complex in its creation and supervision. To begin, the Tenth Amendment to the federal constitution reserved nondelegated and nonprohibited powers to the states and to the people. “It was the ‘people’ of our state, and not the state, who decided to create an internal law enforcement agency in each of our fifty-five counties. The exercise of ‘people’ power was manifested in Article 9, Section 1 of the state constitution. It is there that the voters of each county were given the authority to elect a sheriff of their respective eounty[J”6 The office of county sheriff is a constitutionally created office.7 However, county sheriffs are
Clay 5 Logan 18 Pocahontas 4 Wirl 1
Doddridge 1 Marion 25 Preston 11 Wood 30
Fayette 26 Marshall 23 Putnam 24 Wyoming 15
Gilmer 3 Mason 12 Raleigh 42
Grant 5 McDowell 10 Randolph 6
Greenbrier 17 Mercer 21 Ritchie 3
Hampshire 7 Mineral 6 Roane 6
Hancock 23 Mingo 15 Summers 1 *290not autonomous. Article 9, Section 11 of the state constitution grants authority to county commissions to superintend and administer the internal police of their counties. Further, as previously stated, Article 1, Section 2 of the state constitution grants authority to the state to regulate the internal police of the state. Thus, both the state and the county commissions have a limited role in the police power of the sheriff. In syllabus point 2 of Amoroso v. Marion County Com’n, 172 W.Va. 342, 305 S.E.2d 299 (1983) this Court stated that “[c]ounty commissions and sheriffs are joint employers of deputy sheriffs.”8 In Article 9, Section 6 of the constitution, the state has authority, through enactment of general laws, to provide for the compensation, duties, and responsibilities of county sheriff departments, as well as regulating the appointment of deputy sheriffs. “In a manner of speaking, county sheriffs departments are subject to two masters: the state and their respective county commissions.”9
The primary responsibility of county sheriffs is fighting crime. West Virginia Code § 62-10-9 (1997) grants county sheriff departments the authority to enforce federal and state law, within the geographical/political boundaries of each respective county. More importantly, based upon W.Va.Code § 51-3-5 (1994) it is the sheriff (acting through deputies) who is required to provide courtroom security with full arrest powers and the authority to use deadly force and carry firearms. While the county commission may, indeed, have authority to unilaterally provide “security guards” for county courthouses, those security guards, without proper statutory authorization by the Legislature of the State of West Virginia, cannot be clothed with arrest powers, authority to úse deadly force and carry firearms. This conclusion is supported by both the Colorado Supreme Court decision in Board of County Comm’rs v. Nineteenth Judicial Dist., supra, which clearly illustrates that a court has power to order “existing” law enforcement agencies to provide adequate security for the court, as well as this Court’s opinion in Frazier v. Meadows, 193 W.Va. 20, 454 S.E.2d 65 (1994). In Frazier this Court held that only when a circuit court and sheriff disagree does the circuit court judge have the authority to enter an order designating which deputy sheriff, under the direction and control of the county sheriff, will be the bailiff in his or her courtroom.
4. The Majority Decision Undermines Civil Service Statutes for County Law Enforcement
West Virginia Code § 7-14-3 (1993) created county civil service commissions to regulate the appointment, promotion and other personnel matters involving deputy sheriffs. County civil service commissions must promulgate rules and regulations that provide for the training of appointees, as well as in-service training for deputies throughout their law enforcement careers. West Virginia Code §§ 7-14-9 through 7-14-14 set out very stringent and extremely competitive requirements for the hiring of deputy sheriffs. Deputy sheriff candidates must pass a written examination and must pass a medical examination. Upon satisfying these requirements, pursuant to W.Va.Code § 7-14-10, the deputy sheriff candidate must meet eight (8) additional preliminary requirements before being certified as having fulfilled the minimum requirements to hold the position of a county deputy sheriff.10 Only after these statutory requirements are met, does *291the sheriff notify the civil service commission of a vacancy. The commission then provides the sheriff with the list of eligibles which contains the names of three (3) persons who received the highest averages at preceding competitive examinations. It is from the eligibility list that the deputy sheriff position is filled. Therefore, based upon the civil service statutes, the citizens of each county are assured that they are being protected by the most highly trained and highly competent law enforcement personnel.11
The decision rendered by the majority opinion undermines all of the legislative efforts to bring about fairness in the hiring of county law enforcement deputies. Under the ad hoc procedure approved by the majority opinion, county commissions and circuit courts can circumvent the civil service statutes. In essence, the majority opinion emasculates the civil service statute for deputy sheriffs and provides, once again, the opportunity for political mischief, which all law enforcement personnel have fought so hard to prevent and to defeat.
In the final analysis, the Putnam County Commission had a duty and responsibility to provide more funding to the sheriffs department and/or follow the court security statutes for the express purpose of hiring additional deputy sheriffs to provide courtroom and courthouse security. The unlawful course chosen by the county commission has assaulted the integrity of our civil service laws.
5. The Circuit Court Lacked Authority to Issue An Order Allowing Concealed Weapons to be Carried
The majority opinion'notes that the circuit court empowered its police force with the authority to carry concealed weapons. Neither the majority opinion nor the record in this case indicates that proper procedures were followed for the circuit court to consider the issue of concealed weapons. Through an amendment to W.Va.Code § 61-7-4 (1997), the legislature removed initial consideration of licensure for carrying a deadly weapon from the jurisdiction of courts. West Virginia Code § 61-7-4(a) (1997) unequivocally provides that “any person desiring to obtain a state license to carry a concealed weapon shall apply to the sheriff of his or her county for such license[.]” W.Va.Code § 61-7-4(f) (1997) states that “[i]f the information in the application [for carrying a concealed weapon] is found to be true and correct, the sheriff shall issue a license.” West Virginia Code § 61-7-4(k) (1997) states that “[a]ny person denied a license may file, in the circuit court of the county in which the application was made, a petition seeking review of the denial [of a license].” The record in this case does not demonstrate that the circuit court issued its order permitting concealed weapons to be carried by members of its police force. Without a denial of a license to carry a concealed weapon by a sheriff, no circuit court has authority in this state to issue an order authorizing anyone to carry a concealed weapon. By its decision in this case, the majority opinion has totally disregarded W.Va.Code § 61-7-4.
Part II
REVIEW OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF POLICE POWER IN THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
I provide Part II of my dissent because I believe it supports my contention that the *292majority opinion is absolutely wrong. The majority opinion tries to support its decision by indicating that implicit authority gives county commissions and circuit courts the power to create police forces. I believe the legislature has been most clear in its statutory distribution of the police power of the state. As the following review demonstrates, absent express language, no statute can be said to implicitly grant police powers.12
1. Municipal Police
Municipalities13 do not have inherent authority to create municipal police departments 14. The inherent power of municipalities is limited to those areas not addressed by the state constitution or state legislation. One of the areas addressed by state legislation is municipal police. The relevant part of W.Va.Code § 8-14-1 (1998) provides that “every municipality shall have plenary power and authority to protect persons and property within the municipality and preserve law and order therein, and, for this purpose, to provide for, establish, equip and maintain a police force or department.” This code section does not itself create municipal police, it empowers municipalities with the authority to create municipal police. Absent such explicit statutory authorization, municipalities cannot create police agencies.
West Virginia Code § 8-14-3 (1998) outlines in relatively broad terms the authority municipal police have in protecting life and property, and preserving law and order. The statute vests two types of enforcement powers in municipal police, i.e., the power to enforce municipal ordinances and the power to enforce state criminal laws. Moreover, W.Va.Code § 8-14-7 (1998) makes it mandatory that every qualified municipality establish a “Policemen’s Civil Service Commission.” 15 Finally, in order for an individual to become a municipal police officer, W.Va.Code § 30-29-5 (1993) requires that he or she be certified “by the governor’s committee as having met the minimum entry level law-enforcement qualification and training program requirements!)]” Training requirements for municipal police do not end with entry level requirements. West Virginia Code § 30-29-6 (1993) mandates annual in-service training for municipal police officers and biennial in-service training for municipal police supervisors.
2. State Police
Chapter 12 of the Acts of West Virginia, Extraordinary Session of 1919, reads in part: “AN ACT creating a department of public safety, to provide protection for the lives and property of the inhabitants of the state of West Virginia!)]” By those words, the West *293Virginia state police force was created on March 31, 1919. The governor, as provided in Article 7, Section 5 of the state constitution, is the chief executive of the state police. The purpose behind the creation of the state police force is succinctly set forth in W.Va. Code § 15-2-12(a) (Supp.1997), which provides that the state police “shall have the mission of statewide enforcement of criminal and traffic laws with emphasis on providing basic enforcement and citizen protection from criminal depredation throughout the state and maintaining the safety of the state’s public streets, roads and highways.” It is further provided in W.Va.Code § 15-2-12(b)(3) (Supp.1997) that the state police “cooperate with local authorities in detecting crime and in apprehending any person or persons engaged in or suspected of the commission of any crime, misdemeanor or offense against the law of this state, or of the United States, or of any ordinance of any municipality in this state[.]” “This sweeping language aims at enforcement of all laws in the state. Implicit in this fact is the idea that law enforcement will be uniform and void of local selective enforcement of criminal, laws.”16 Finally, W.Va.Code § 15-2-12(e) (Supp.1997) states that if a county sheriff requests the assistance of the state police or if the governor so directs by proclamation, the state police “shall have full power and authority ... to direct and command absolutely the assistance of any sheriff, deputy sheriff, chief of police, policeman, game or fish warden, and peace officer of the state, or of any county or municipality therein, or of any able-bodied citizen of the United States, to assist and aid in accomplishing the purposes expressed in this article.” Commentators have observed that “[s]ection 15-2-12(e) empowers the state police to ‘deputize’ any citizen as a state police officer under specified conditions. The inference to be drawn from this provision is that the power to ‘deputize’ cannot be lightly exercised. The legr islature, no doubt, had in mind dramatic events precipitating the exercise of this power, e.g., a natural disaster threatening lives or property, or a riot.”17
3. Municipal Park Police
West Virginia Code § 8-21-1 (1998) empowers every city “to provide for by charter provision, or to create by ordinance, a board of park and recreation commissioners, for the purpose of establishing, constructing, improving, extending, developing, maintaining and operating a city park and recreation system.” The boards of municipal park and recreation are empowered to promulgate rules and regulations, which may carry penalties when adopted in ordinances by municipal governing bodies. See generally, Rogers v. City of South Charleston, 163 W.Va. 285, 256 S.E.2d 557 (1979) (discussing powers of boards). A provision in W.Va.Code § 8-21-10 (1998) provides that municipal boards of park and recreation may “employ such police officers as [they] shall deem proper and necessary.” In a 1954 opinion by the state’s attorney general it was opined that park police officers must have a license to carry a gun, but that such police officers could not make lawful arrests outside property under the jurisdiction of municipal park and recreation boards. 45 Op. Att’y Gen. 699 (1954).
4. County Park Police
Each county commission is authorized, by W.Va.Code § 7-11-1 (1993), “to create a county parks and recreation commission for the purpose of establishing, improving, developing, administering, operating and maintaining a county public parks and recreation system or public recreational facilities.” The commission for county parks and recreation is authorized to promulgate rules and regulations for the management and control of county parks and recreation facilities. Rules and regulations promulgated by county parks and recreation commissions may be adopted by respective county commissions. West Virginia Code § 7-11-5 (1993) provides that:
The violation of any such rule and regulation so adopted by the county commission shall constitute a misdemeanor, and any person convicted of any such violation shall be punished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in jail for a period not *294exceeding thirty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment.... The violation of any such rule and regulation which also constitutes the violation of any state law or municipal ordinance may be prosecuted and punished as a violation of such state law or municipal ordinance rather than under the provisions of this section.
West Virginia Code § 7-11-5 contains a provision which authorizes county parks and recreation commissions to employ police officers. This code section also provides, unlike statutory provisions for municipal parks and recreation, that:
In any area under the jurisdiction and control of the [county parks and recreation] commission, or in connection with any properties or facilities under the jurisdiction and control of the [county parks and recreation] commission, or in pursuit of one or more individuals therefrom, any park police officer so appointed shall have all the power and authority which a regularly appointed deputy sheriff of such county has in enforcing the criminal laws of the state. Notwithstanding any provisions of this code to the contrary, park police officers appointed as aforesaid shall not be required to obtain a state license to carry a weapon....
5. State Conservation Officer
Pursuant to W.Va.Code § 20-1-13 (1996) the director of the division of natural resources is authorized to select a chief conservation officer to head the law enforcement unit of the division of natural resources. West Virginia Code § 20-7-1C (1996) establishes “the ranks within the law-enforcement section of the division of natural resources [as] colonel, lieutenant colonel, major, captain, lieutenant, sergeant, conservation officer and conservation officer-in-training.”18 *295In addition to having a regular full-time staff of conservation officers, the chief conservation officer is permitted, by W.Va.Code § 20^ 7-1 (Supp.1997), to select and appoint “special” and “emergency” conservation officers. “Emergency” conservation officers have all the powers and duties of regular full-time conservation officers. However, “special” conservation officers are limited in the scope of their powers and duties. Further, W.Va. Code § 20-7-lb (1996) authorizes the director of the division of natural resources to “enter into a written agreement with a federal agency providing for the appointment of employees of the federal agency as special conservation officers and setting forth the terms and conditions within which such federal employees may exercise the powers and duties of special conservation officers.” West Virginia Code § 20-7-3 (1996) rounds out the additional law enforcement help available to the division of natural resources, by providing that:
The sheriffs and [deputy sheriffs] of the several counties of the State, police officers of any city and members of the department of public safety shall be vested, within their respective jurisdictions, with all the powers and authority of conservation officers without requirement of any additional oath or bond. Immediately upon making any arrest or executing any process under provisions of [the natural resources statutes], each such officer shall report thereon to the director [of the division of natural resources].
See State v. Boggess, 172 W.Va. 619, 309 S.E.2d 118 (1983) (discussing arrest powers of conservation officers).
6.School Zone Police
West Virginia Code § 8-14-5 (1998) provides, in relevant part, that “[e]very municipality shall have plenary power and authority to provide by ordinance for the appointment of special school zone police officers, who shall have the duty of controlling and directing traffic upon designated parts of the streets, avenues, roads, alleys or ways at or near schools[.]” The statute states that school zone police “shall be vested with all the powers of local police officers ... [but] shall not come within the civil service ... or the policemen’s pension and relief fund provisions[.]” In other words, “[t]he Code grants school zone police all the powers given to municipal police, which include arrest powers.” 19
7. Parking Lot Police
West Virginia Code § 8-14-5a (1998) states, in relevant part, that “[e]very municipality shall have plenary power and authority to provide by ordinance for the appointment of special parking lot or parking building police officers, whose sole duties shall be to patrol, and to enforce municipal ordinances upon or within, designated parking lots and parking buildings either owned by, or leased to, or under the control of, and operated by, the municipality or any board, commission or authority created by the municipality!.]” The statute goes further and provides that “such special parking lot or parking building police officers shall be vested with the power to make arrests, issue summonses, sign complaints and request the issuance of capiases ... [but] shall not come within the civil service ... or the policemen’s pension and relief fund provisions[.]”
8. Special Fair Police
Under W.Va.Code § 62-10-8 (1997), a magistrate, on the application of any of the officers of any state, county, or independent agricultural and mechanical association, agricultural society or industrial association of this state, may “appoint, a suitable number of discreet persons to assist in keeping the peace during the time when any such society shall be holding its annual or other fairs[.]” The statute provides further that all fair police appointed by magistrates “shall have full power, and it shall be their duty, to suppress all riots, disturbances and breaches of the peace that may occur on such fair grounds, or within one mile thereof, during -the time such fairs are being held, and may, upon view, arrest any person who may, at such time and place be guilty of violating any law of this State, and may pursue and arrest any such person anywhere in this State[.]”
*2969.Special Weights And Measures Police
It is provided in W.Va.Code § 47-1-1 (d) (1996)’ that the words weights or measures “means all weights and measures of every kind, instruments and devices for weighing and measuring and any appliance and accessories associated with any or all such instruments and devices.” Under W.Va.Code § 47 — 1—S(q)(5) (1996), the state commissioner of labor and his/her deputies and inspectors are “vested with special police powers, and [are] authorized to arrest, without formal warrant, any violator of [weights and measures laws].”
10.Railroad Police
West Virginia Code § 61-3-41 (1997) provides that, “the conductor of every passenger car and flagmen and brakemen employed on such car ... shall have all the powers of a conservator of the peace while in charge of such car[.]” The statute further provides that “the conductor of every train of railroad or traction cars, shall have all the powers of a conservator of the peace while in charge of such car or train.” In the case of Marcuchi v. Norfolk & W.Ry., 81 W.Va. 548, 94 S.E. 979 (1918), the Court indicated that a conservator of the peace has the authority and duty to prevent breaches of the peace, and to arrest persons breaching the peace in his or her presence. Moreover, Marcuchi held that the authority granted to railroad company personnel by code § 61-3-41 included the power to arrest, without a warrant, for breaches of the peace in their presence, and under some circumstances the power to arrest for a felony not committed in his or her presence. In the case of Layne v. C & O Ry., 66 W.Va. 607, 67 S.E. 1103 (1909), it was pointed out that the police powers of conductors, flagmen and brakemen can be lawfully exercised only while they are in charge of their trains.
West Virginia Code § 61-3-41 does not stop with merely empowering certain employees of railroad companies with police powers. This statute provides in relevant part:
Any railroad company ... using any railroad ... system lying wholly or partially within this State ... may apply to the governor to appoint such citizen or citizens of this State as such railroad company may designate, to act as special police officers for such railroad ... company ... and the governor may ... appoint and commission such person or persons ... as such special police officers ... every police officer appointed ... shall be a conservator of the peace within each county in which any part of such railroad may be situated, and ... he shall possess and may exercise all the powers and authority ... as are now or hereafter may be vested in or conferred upon a deputy sheriff of such county ... and such railroad company shall pay them for all services rendered by them pursuant to such appointment.
“If one understands that many railway tracks traverse sparsely populated areas for miles upon miles, it should be readily apparent as to why the state would authorize police powers to railroad companies.”20
11.Local Conservator of the Peace
Many of the rural and isolated communities in our state are unincorporated. That is, communities which have not qualified under the code to hold a legal existence as a municipality. Unincorporated communities vary in population size, but probably average no more than a few hundred households. Many such unincorporated communities are in remote areas that have infrequent contact with regular law enforcement agencies simply because of the remoteness of their locations. It is primarily for this reason that the legislature has established a method by which unincorporated communities can have access to law enforcement services from within such communities. West Virginia Code § 6-3-1(b)(1) (1993) provides in pertinent part, that “[a]ny resident or group of residents of any unincorporated community ... may petition the sheriff for the appointment of a local conservator of the peace and such sheriff ... may with the assent of said county [commission] and the judge of the circuit court ... appoint any person or persons a local conservator of the peace[.]” This provision gives the sheriff the authority to make the actual *297selection of an individual to serve as local conservator of the peace. In the ease of Hockman v. County Court, 138 W.Va. 132, 75 S.E.2d 82 (1953), it was held that the latter code provision prohibits a person from taking the position of local conservator of the peace, if such person has not received the consent of, or has been rejected by, the county commission and/or circuit court judge.
The county commission and circuit court judge are guided by the code in the factors they should consider in determining whether or not to consent to the appointment of an' individual as local conservator of the peace. West Virginia Code § 6-3-l(b)(2) (1993) provides that the county commission and circuit court judge must be satisfied that such an appointment is needed,
because of the lack of sufficient funds, geographical location of the unincorporated community for which such conservator is to be appointed, or other good reason, the sheriff and his regular deputies ... are not sufficient to afford proper local policing of such community and that the person or persons moving for the appointment of such local conservator have made satisfactory arrangements to compensate him for his services as such local conservator of the peace.
“Note that the latter Code provision exempts the county or other political entity from bearing the cost of paying a local conservator of the peace. A salary or wages for such an individual has to be arranged by the community, individual or individuals who petitioned for such an appointment.”21. Unincorporated communities are not entitled to have an unlimited number of local conservators of the peace. The statute provides that only two conservators of the peace may be appointed to one unincorporated community. Further, that if an incorporated community does not have a population that exceeds fifteen hundred people, it may only have one local conservator of the peace appointed. The law enforcement powers of a local conservator of the peace are set out in W.Va.Code § 6-3-1(b)(3) (1993), which provides in part:
Such local conservator of the peace shall have all the powers and duties of a regularly appointed deputy sheriff.... He shall act as such local conservator only in the unincorporated community for which he is appointed, and within a distance of one mile from the boundaries thereof as fixed by the county [commission] ... except that in fresh pursuit he may effect arrests anywhere in the county.... Any person arrested by such local conservator shall, with all convenient speed, be turned over to the sheriff, or one of his regular deputies....
12. Airport Police
“Law enforcement at airports in our state may be carried out generally in one of three ways: by on-site county or municipal law enforcement agents, privately employed security, or a combination of private security and county or municipal law enforcement agents. [My] interest is solely concerned with the creation of, and powers and duties of private airport security.”22 West Virginia Code § 8-29B-4(a) (1998) provides:
To enforce any federal or state laws or rules and regulations relating to airports and airport security and any rules and regulations promulgated by the airport operator, to protect air passengers, airport personnel, aircraft and the airport and to preserve law and order in connection therewith, the airport operator shall have plenary power and authority to make arrangements for one or more airport police officers....
In W.Va.Code § 8-29B-4(c) (1998) it states in relevant part that “[a]ny person appointed or designated as an airport police officer ... shall, before entering upon the performance of his duties, qualify in the same manner as is required of a [deputy sheriff] by the taking and filing of an oath of office ... and by the filing of an official bond[.]” Further, W.Va. Code § 8-29B^4(f) (1998) states that “[e]very airport police officer shall be trained in the use of firearms and shall ... carry a firearm at all times while on duty.” Under West Virginia Code § 8-29B-6 (1998) “at least one *298airport police officer must be present prior to, at the point of, and throughout the final passenger screening process prior to the boarding of an aircraft at an airport ... and such police officer shall be present continuously until all doors on such aircraft being boarded are closed and such aircraft has taxied away from the boarding area.” The general law enforcement powers of airport police are set out in W.Va.Code § 8-29B-5, which states in part:
In any area under the jurisdiction and control of the airport operator, or in connection with the airport, or in pursuit of one or more individuals therefrom, any airport police officer shall have (1) all of the power and authority which a regularly appointed deputy sheriff of a county in this State has in enforcing the criminal laws of this State; (2) full power and authority to enforce any and all federal laws and rules and regulations relating to airports, air passengers, baggage inspection, the screening of air passengers and other airport security measures; (3) full power and authority to enforce any and all rules and regulations promulgated by the airport to enforce any and all rules and regulations promulgated by the airport operator; and (4) the power to search persons, packages, containers and baggage and the power to arrest persons....
13. University and College Police
In authorizing the governing boards of universities and colleges to appoint campus police officers, W.Va.Code § 18B-4-5 (1997) makes clear that the presence of such officers “shall not be deemed to supersede in any way the authority or duty of other peace officers to preserve law and order on such premises.” “Thus, regular law enforcement agents have concurrent jurisdiction with campus police on campus premises.”23 West Virginia Code § 18B-4-5 provides further that campus police officers have a duty
to preserve law and order on any premises under the jurisdiction of the governing boards and on any other street, road or thoroughfare ... adjacent to- or passing through such premises_ For this purpose the security officer shall be deemed to be a law-enforcement officer ... as to offenses committed within any area so assigned, have and may exercise all the powers and authority and shall be subject to all the requirements and responsibilities of a law-enforcement officer....
The statute adds that campus police are prohibited from carrying firearms, unless they have been issued a state license to carry the same.
14. Special Security Officers for State Premises
West Virginia Code § 5A-4-3 authorizes the secretary of the Department of Administration “to appoint bona fide residents of this state to act as security officers upon any premises owned or leased by the state of West Virginia and under the jurisdiction of the secretary!.]” The statute provides further that such security officers “shall as to offenses committed on such premises have and may exercise all the powers and authority and shall be subject to all the responsibilities of a deputy sheriff of the county.” The statute notes that the authority of security officers “shall not be deemed to supersede in any way the authority or duty of other peace officers to preserve law and order on such premises.” Finally, it is stated under the statute that no security officer “shall have authority to carry a gun or any other dangerous weapon until he shall have obtained a license therefor[.]”24
Part III.
CONCLUSION
The state constitution and state statutes prohibit the very action upheld by the majority’s opinion. Therefore, I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion in this case.

. Cleckley and Palmer, Introduction to the West Virginia Criminal Justice System and Its Laws 31, (Kendall/Hunt 1994)

. W.Va.Code § 51-3-14 provides in full:
The offices and the clerks of the magistrate courts and the circuit courts shall, on or before the tenth day of each month, transmit all fees and costs received for the court security fund in accordance with the provisions of sections one and two, article three, chapter fifty of this code and section eleven, article one, chapter fifty-nine of this code for deposit in the state treasury to the credit of a special revenue fund to be known as the "court security fund”, which is hereby created under the department of military affairs and public safety. The court security fund may receive any gifts, grants, contributions or other money from any source which is specifically designated for deposit in the fund. All moneys collected and received and paid into the state treasury and credited to the court security fund shall be expended by the board exclusively to implement the improvement measures agreed upon in accordance with the security plans submitted pursuant to section sixteen of this article and in accordance with an appropriation by the Legislature: Provided, That for the fiscal year ending the thirtieth day of June, one thousand nine hundred ninety-seven, expenditures are authorized from collections rather than pursuant to an appropriation by the Legislature. Amounts collected which are found from time to time to exceed the funds needed for the purposes set forth in this article may be transferred to other accounts or funds and redesignated for other purposes upon appropriation by the Legislature.

. W.Va.Code § 51-3-15 states in full:
(a) There is hereby created a court security board who shall make decisions on how the money in the court security fund is to be spent to enhance the security of courts. The board shall consist of seven members and the administrative director of the supreme court of appeals who shall serve ex officio and be the chair. The board shall be appointed as follows: One circuit court judge appointed by the judicial association; one magistrate appointed by the magistrate's association; one family law master appointed by the family law master’s association; one member of the bar appointed by the president of the West Virginia state bar; one representative of counties appointed by the West Virginia association of counties; one representative of sheriffs appointed by the West Virginia sheriffs association; and one representative of the state police appointed by the secretary of the department of public safety.
(b) The members of the board shall each serve terms that commence on the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred ninety-six. Of the initial appointments to the board, two shall serve for two-year terms, two shall serve for three-year terms and two shall serve for four-year terms. Thereafter, each appointment shall be for a four-year term commencing upon the expiration of his or her previous term or of his or her predecessor’s term. No member may be appointed for more than three consecutive terms. Vacancies shall be appointed in a like manner for the balance of an unexpired term.
(c) The board shall compile and keep a list of able and available law-enforcement officers who *288have obtained certification in compliance with the provisions of section five, article twenty-nine, chapter thirty of this code and who have maintained all necessary qualifications and firearms certifications to enable them to serve as bailiffs in court facilities. The board shall make the list available to all county sheriffs for their use in recruiting and hiring temporary, part-time or occasional bailiffs to exercise all the powers and duties of bailiffs in the court facilities in their counties.

. W.Va.Code § 51-3-16 states in full:
(a) The sheriff of each county in conjunction with the circuit judges, magistrates and family law master may develop a security plan to enhance the security of all the court facilities in use in the county and submit said plan to the court security board.
(b) Each security plan shall include, but not be limited to:
(1) An assessment of the existing security measures in place and any problems or shortcomings with the existing procedures;
(2) A description of how the county responds to court security emergencies and whether the response is adequate;
(3) A prioritized listing of equipment or personnel, or both, needed to improve the security of the court facilities in the county, including cost estimates for such equipment and personnel;
(4) A description of the physical locations of court facilities around the county and a discussion of whether changes or consolidation of space could improve court security in the county; and
(5) An assessment of the training needs for bailiffs currently employed in the county or for additional bailiffs and the options for securing the necessary training.
(c) Each plan prepared under this section is subject to approval by the court security board. Any plan rejected by the court security board shall be returned to the county with a statement of the insufficiencies in such plan. The county shall revise the plan to eliminate the insufficien-cies and resubmit it to the court security board.
(d) Upon receipt of the plans the court security board shall meet at least twice a year to review the plans and to award money from the court security fund to the circuit clerk, county commission or county sheriff to be used solely and exclusively to purchase equipment, hire personnel or make other identified expenditures in accordance with the plan. The board shall develop an application form and establish criteria to assist them in making the decisions on which applications will receive money and how much money will be awarded. Once an award has been made, the recipient will have a fixed amount of time in which to execute the expenditures described in their plan. The board will set forth in writing the amount of the award, the time frame for accomplishing the plan objectives and the requirement that any unexpended money be returned to the board for deposit in the court security fund. The award or decision not to award these funds shall not relieve any person or office of their duty or obligation to provide security services to courts in this state.
(e) The board is authorized to award money from the court security fund to be used by the counties for costs and expenses of training for bailiffs. The board may establish minimum standards for training and it may designate specific agencies or institutions approved for administering such training.

. It seems quite clear to me why the legislature decided to set up a system for providing additional courtroom security. Many counties do not have budgets that would permit sheriffs to hire additional deputies specifically for courtroom security. For example, the following is the breakdown of the approximate number of deputies in each county:
Barbour 5 Hardy 4 Monongalia 20 Taylor 4
Berkeley 29 Harrison 31 Monroe 4 Tucker 3
Boone 19 Jackson 13 Morgan 6 Tyler 4
Braxton 5 Jefferson 11 Nicholas 15 Upshur 7
Brooke 16 Kanawha 70 Ohio 23 Wayne 12
Cabell 32 Lewis 8 Pendleton 1 Webster 3
Calhoun 2 Lincoln 8 Pleasants 6 Wetzel 5
*289The numbers clearly indicate that there are differences in the budgets of county sheriffs. To help with the costs in this area, the legislature established the court security fund. Therefore, no reasonable argument can be made that in order for sheriffs to adequately provide security for courtrooms they would have to remove existing deputies from their other duties. The court security fund was implemented to assist with the costs of hiring additional deputies. Of course, it may be that the court security fund is not sufficiently solvent at this time to defray the costs of the number of people the Putnam County Commission sought to hire. Even so, that is not an excuse for going outside the constitution and law to address the matter. As I have pointed out in the main text, the county commission could simply have lawfully increased the budget of the sheriff, so that the sheriff could hire additional deputies. This option would not have been in violation of the constitution or any law.

. Cleckley and Palmer, Criminal Justice, supra, note 1 at 18.

. In addition to their law enforcement duties, W.Va.Code § 7-5-1 (1993) obligates county sheriffs to act as county treasurers. W.Va.Code § 7-*2908-2 (1993) mandates every county sheriff act as keeper of county jails. W.Va.Code § 51-3-5 (1994) requires that county sheriffs provide deputies in every circuit courtroom. W.Va.Code § 50-1-14 (1994) states that'if a magistrate requests a county sheriff department provide an officer to it, then an officer may be provided. W.Va.Code § 7-10-1 (1993) requires county sheriffs fulfill the duties of humane officer for their counties, if county commissions and county sheriff cannot agree to allow county dog wardens to carry out the duties of humane officer. W.Va. Code § 47-1-14 (1996) provides that if county commissions do not appoint sealers of weights and measures, the county sheriff is mandated to be the ex officio county sealer of weights and measures.

. See also W.Va.Code § 6-3-l(a)(2) (1993) (requiring the sheriff of each county seek the consent of their respective county commissioners in appointing deputy sheriffs).

. Cleckley and Palmer, Criminal Justice, supra, note 1 at 19.

. W.Va.Code § 7-10-14 states in relevant part:
*291The commission may refuse to examine an applicant, or after examination to certify as eligible one, who is found to lack any of the established preliminary requirements for the examination or position of deputy sheriff for which he applies; or who is physically so disabled as to be rendered unfit for the performance of the duties of the position of deputy sheriff desired; or who is addicted to the habitual use of intoxicating liquors or drugs; or who has been convicted of a', felony; or who has been guilty of infamous or notoriously disgraceful conduct; or who has been dismissed from public service for delin-. quency or misconduct; or who has made a false statement of any material fact, or practiced or attempted to practice any deception or fraud in' his application, in any such examination, or in securing his eligibility; or who refuses to comply with the rules and regulations of the commission.

. This opinion is not suggesting that the court security personnel at the Putnam County courthouse are unskilled or untrained. To the contrary, Mr. Doug Ratliff, who is a former state police officer, is a highly skilled and a highly trained law enforcement officer. However, as the majority opinion is written, there is nothing to assure that the same type of highly trained and skilled courtroom security personnel is or will be hired in the other 54 counties.

. I have previously provided some discussion on county law enforcement. Therefore, I will not repeat that discussion in this section of my dissent. See Part X, § 3, supra.

. Unless otherwise indicated, municipalities refers to incorporated cities, towns and villages without regard to population size.

. In stating that municipalities do not have inherent authority to create police departments, I am not unmindful of Article 6, Section 39(a) of the state constitution. “This constitutional provision is an amendment to the state's constitution that was ratified in 1936. It provides for 'home rule' by municipalities. The home rule provision of the state's constitution provides in broad ... language for municipalities to have a role in their internal affairs. The home rule provision does not in fact give to municipalities the type of power and control the term "home rule” would reasonably suggest. While there are many reasons which prompted the insertion of the home rule provision in the state’s constitution, its primary purpose was to place limitations on the state's power and not to grant additional consti-tutiopal powers to municipalities. To be specific, the drafters were concerned with preventing the state from passing 'special laws'. That is, laws directed at a specific municipality or group of municipalities.” Cleckley and Palmer, Criminal Justice, supra, note 1 at 5.

.Qualified municipality refers to the limitations imposed by the municipal police civil service commission statutes. Under the statutes, municipalities with populations, that are less than ten thousand are not required to have civil service commissions, nor are the civil service provisions of the statutes applicable to such municipalities generally. Municipalities with populations that are less than ten thousand have the option of being covered by the civil service provisions, if the issue is put before the residents at an election and the majority of the voters approve of having the civil service provisions made applicable to their municipal police force. Additionally, in order for any municipal police force to come under the statute’s civil service provisions, the municipal police agency must be maintained and paid with public funds, and its employees must be paid on a full-time basis out of public funds.

. Cleckley and Palmer, Criminal Justice, supra, note 1 at 40.

. Cleckley and Palmer, Criminal Justice, supra, note 1 at 42.

. The powers and duties of conservation officers are set out in W.Va.Code § 20-7-4 (1996). This statute provides in pertinent part:
The authority, powers and duties of the conservation officers shall be statewide and they shall have authority to:
(1) Arrest on sight, without warrant or other court process, any person or persons committing a criminal offense in violation of any of the laws of this state, in the presence of such officer
(2) Carry such arms and weapons as may be prescribed by the director ... but no license or other authorization shall be required of such officers for this privilege;
(3) Search and examine, in the manner provided by law, any boat, vehicle, automobile, conveyance, express or railroad car, fish box, fish bucket or creel, game bag or game coat, or any other place in which hunting and fishing paraphernalia, wild animals, wild birds, fish, amphibians or other forms of aquatic life could be concealed, packed or conveyed whenever they have reason to believe that they would thereby secure or discover evidence of the violation of any [natural resource statute];
(4) Execute and serve any search warrant, notice or any process of law issued under the authority of [the natural resource statutes] or any law relating to wildlife, forests, and all other natural resources, by a magistrate or any court having jurisdiction thereof, or copies of orders made and entered by the chief of the division of water resources, or, without fee, any subpoena or subpoena duces tecum ... in the same manner, with the same authority, and with the same legal effect, as any [deputy sheriff] or sheriff can serve or execute such warrant, notice or process;
(5) Require the operator of any motor vehicle or other conveyance on or about the public highways or roadways, or in or near the fields and streams of this state, to stop for the purpose of allowing such officers to conduct game-kill surveys;
(6) Summon aid in making arrests or seizures or in executing any warrants, notices or processes, and they shall have the same rights and powers as sheriffs have in their respective counties in so doing;
(7) Enter private lands or waters within the state while engaged in the performance of their official duties hereunder ...;
(8) Arrest on sight, without warrant or other court process ... any person or persons committing a criminal offense in violation of any law of this state in the presence of any such officer on any state-owned lands and waters and lands and waters under lease by the division of natural resources and all national forest lands, waters and parks, and U.S. Corps of Army Engineers’ properties within the boundaries of the State of West Virginia, and, in addition ... execute all warrants of arrest on such state and national lands, waters and parks, and U.S. Corps of Army Engineers' properties....
Finally, tucked away in W.Va.Code § 20-1-13 (1996) is the following authority granted to conservation officers:
... conservation officers are hereby authorized to enter into and upon private lands and waters to investigate complaints and reports of conditions, conduct, practices and activities considered to be adverse to and violative of the [natural resource statutes] and to execute writs and warrants and make arrests thereupon.

. Cleckley and Palmer, Criminal Justice, supra, note 1 at 73.

. Cleckley and Palmer, Criminal Justice, supra, note 1 at 78.

. Cleckley and Palmer, Criminal Justice, supra, note 1 at 79.

. Cleckley and Palmer, Criminal Justice, supra, note 1 at 81.

. Cleckley and Palmer, Criminal Justice, supra, note 1 at 83.

. For a discussion of the police powers of the military forces of the state, special police powers of the governor and police powers of the Office of Emergency Services, see Cleckley and Palmer, Criminal Justice, supra, note 1 at 49-65.