Court Opinion

ID: 9389910
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-26 16:00:36.730451+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:30.444113
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       APR 26 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    21-50282

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                3:12-cr-00236-GPC-6
 v.

FRANCISCO GUTIERREZ,                            MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of California
                   Gonzalo P. Curiel, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted March 8, 2023**
                               Pasadena, California

Before: KLEINFELD, WATFORD, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.

      Francisco Gutierrez challenges his 155-month sentence for conspiracy to

conduct enterprise affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity. We affirm.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      1. In Gutierrez’s last appeal, we held that the district court did not plainly

err by declining to merge the extortion and aggravated assault groups under

U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(c) because the groups and their specific offense characteristics

were not substantially identical. United States v. Gutierrez, 843 F. App’x 60, 62–

63 (9th Cir. 2021). Under the law of the case, we are “generally precluded from

reconsidering an issue that has already been decided by [our] court . . . in the

identical case.” Thomas v. Bible, 983 F.2d 152, 154 (9th Cir. 1993).

      Gutierrez argues that the law of the case does not apply here because his

claim was previously denied on plain error review, whereas he preserved the issue

at his most recent resentencing. But no aspect of the prior decision placed any

weight on the “plain error” standard of review. The decision in the previous appeal

was, in effect, a decision that “there was no error, plain or otherwise.” United

States v. Payne, 474 F.2d 603, 604 (9th Cir. 1973). Thus, the law of the case

applies.

      2. In Gutierrez’s last appeal, we also held that the district court did not

abuse its discretion by adding a three-level enhancement to the extortion group for

preparation to inflict “serious bodily injury” under U.S.S.G.

§ 2B3.2(b)(3)(B)(i)(II). Gutierrez, 843 F. App’x at 62. The law of the case is

equally controlling with respect to this claim.

                                          2
      Gutierrez argues that the law of the case does not apply because his claim

was previously denied under a preponderance-of-the-evidence standard of proof,

whereas the correct standard of proof is clear and convincing evidence. We agree

with the district court’s determination that the correct standard of proof is

preponderance of the evidence. Our court uses a six-factor test to determine

whether a clear-and-convincing standard is appropriate. United States v.

Barragan, 871 F.3d 689, 717–18 (9th Cir. 2017). Here, the two most important

factors favor the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard. See United States v.

Valle, 940 F.3d 473, 479 (9th Cir. 2019).

      First, even assuming the district court should have merged the extortion and

aggravated assault groups, the cumulative effect of the disputed enhancements

amounts to a four-level increase in Gutierrez’s combined offense level, so the

“increase in the number of offense levels is less than or equal to four.” Barragan,

871 F.3d at 718. Second, the challenged enhancements do not “double[] the length

of the sentence . . . in a case where the defendant would otherwise have received a

relatively short sentence.” Id. Without the disputed enhancements, Gutierrez’s

offense level would have been 25 and the Guidelines range in his case would have

been 110–137 months, instead of the 155–188 month range the court found after

applying the disputed enhancements.

                                            3
      Because we hold that the appropriate standard of proof is preponderance of

the evidence, the issue Gutierrez now raises is identical to the issue that he

previously raised before our court, and the law of the case controls.

      3. The district court did not abuse its discretion in adding a two-level

enhancement to the drug distribution/money laundering group for aggravated role

under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). It was not illogical or implausible for the district court

to find that Gutierrez’s call to his brother, in which Gutierrez directed his brother

to send heroin to a fellow gang member, demonstrated “organizational authority.”

United States v. Harris, 999 F.3d 1233, 1235 n.1 (9th Cir. 2021).1 Moreover, the

error Gutierrez alleges would be harmless. Even without the role adjustment to the

drug distribution/money laundering group at issue, the resulting Guidelines range

would be the same: 151–188 months. See U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4.

      AFFIRMED.

1
  For the reasons discussed above, the relevant standard of proof with respect to
this enhancement is also preponderance of the evidence.
                                          4