Court Opinion

ID: 2851036
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-04 07:06:49.331727+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:40.096321
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   September 1, 2015
              Plaintiff-Appellee,
V                                                                  No. 314895
                                                                   Ingham Circuit Court
WENDELL ALAN RACETTE,                                              LC No. 11-000182-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: SAWYER, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and SHAPIRO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant Wendell Alan Racette appeals by right his jury convictions of five counts of
criminal sexual conduct in the first-degree (CSC I), MCL 750.520b(1)(a), and ten counts of
criminal sexual conduct in the second-degree (CSC II), MCL 750.520c(1)(a). The trial court
sentenced Racette to serve 15 to 30 years in prison for each conviction of CSC I, and to serve 86
months to 15 years in prison for each conviction of CSC II. For the reasons more fully explained
below, we reverse Racette’s convictions and remand for a new trial.

                                       I. BASIC FACTS

        The prosecutor charged Racette, who formerly practiced as a dentist specializing in the
care of children, with criminal sexual conduct after one of Racette’s former patients accused
Racette of sexually assaulting him when he was a child. The complainant alleged that, during
various visits to Racette’s practice, Racette touched his genitals and anus, forced him to touch
Racette’s penis, and forced him to endure and perform fellatio. The complainant testified that
Racette would sometimes engage in these sex acts while the complainant was under the influence
of nitrous oxide. According to the complainant, he was occasionally taken to Racette’s office to
sleep off the effects of nitrous oxide, and on one such occasion, when he was seven or eight
years of age, he awoke to find Racette penetrating his anus with his penis.

         The jury at a first trial was unable to reach a verdict. However, the jury at Racette’s
second trial found him guilty as described. Racette now appeals his convictions from the second
trial in this Court.

                                               -1-
                                 II. OTHER ACTS EVIDENCE

                                 A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

        Racette argues on appeal that the trial court erred when it allowed several witnesses to
testify generally about his use of physical force, abusive language, and threats with the children
who came to his practice. Racette contends that this testimony was inadmissible under MRE
404(b)(1). Racette also argues that the trial court erred when it determined that, as permitted
under MCL 768.27a, two other witnesses could testify that Racette engaged in sexual contact
with them during visits to his dental practice. This Court reviews a trial court’s decision to admit
evidence for an abuse of discretion. People v Roper, 286 Mich. App. 77, 90; 777 NW2d 483
(2009). A trial court abuses its discretion to admit evidence when its decision falls outside the
range of reasonable and principled outcomes. People v Yost, 278 Mich. App. 341, 353; 749
NW2d 753 (2008). This Court, however, reviews de novo whether the trial court properly
interpreted and applied the relevant statutes. People v Rose, 289 Mich. App. 499, 505; 808 NW2d
301 (2010). We likewise review de novo whether the trial court properly interpreted and applied
the rules of evidence. People v Duncan, 494 Mich. 713, 723; 835 NW2d 399 (2013).

                                         B. ANALYSIS

                                           1. MRE 404

        Evidence having “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence
to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence” is relevant. MRE 401. Relevant evidence is admissible, unless otherwise prohibited.
MRE 402. Evidence that a person has a defective character is logically relevant to prove that the
person acted in conformity with his or her character. See People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich. 52,
61-63; 508 NW2d 114 (1993). Nevertheless, because of the danger that the jury will give too
much weight to such evidence, our Supreme Court has promulgated rules that strictly limit the
use of character evidence at trial. See Roper, 286 Mich. App. at 91.

        A party generally may not present evidence that a person has a particular character “for
the purpose of proving action in conformity” with his or her character. MRE 404(a). Similarly,
a party may not present evidence of “other crimes, wrongs, or acts . . . to prove the character of a
person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” MRE 404(b)(1). MRE 404(b) does
not, however, “prohibit all evidence of other acts that risks this character-to-conduct inference;
the rule ‘is not exclusionary, but is inclusionary, because it provides a nonexhaustive list of
reasons to properly admit evidence that may nonetheless give rise to an inference about the
defendant’s character.’ ” People v Jackson, ___ Mich ___, slip op at 10; ___ NW2d ___ (2015),
quoting People v Mardlin, 487 Mich. 609, 616; 790 NW2d 607 (2010). Stated another way,
“[e]vidence relevant to a noncharacter purpose is admissible under MRE 404(b) even if it also
reflects on a defendant’s character.” Mardlin, 487 Mich. at 615. Accordingly, the admissibility
of evidence concerning other acts will in the first instance depend on whether the proponent of
the evidence demonstrates that the evidence was relevant under MRE 401 and MRE 402 for a
purpose other than to prove character and action in conformity with character. Id. Even if the
other acts evidence is admissible for a proper purpose, the trial court should consider whether the
prejudice that arises because the “evidence also unavoidably reflects the defendant’s character”

                                                -2-
substantially outweighs whatever probative value the evidence might have. Id., citing MRE 403.
The trial court may exclude the evidence notwithstanding that it is relevant for a proper purpose,
if it determines that the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger
of unfair prejudice. Id.

        In addition to the allegations of sexual abuse, the complainant testified that Racette
caused unnecessary pain in his dental treatments, and that he routinely resorted to abusive or
threatening language and physical force to coerce him to cooperate with the abuse. At trial,
some of Racette’s former patients and staff testified that Racette did in fact use aggressive
language and physical force with the children he treated in his practice. Some of the former
child patients similarly testified that he threatened them not to reveal his behavior to their
parents.

       A former receptionist described children “screaming” during treatment and stated that
Racette “wanted to soundproof so other people didn’t hear.” The witness further described
young patients’ crying and shaking, and having welts and marks on their faces. Asked to share
her worst example of Racette’s cruelty, the witness responded:
               There was a little girl who was three I believe. . . . And she was in the
       examining room, not the treatment room. And she was laying [sic] in the chair.
       He had her back and he kept slapping her face and telling her to shut up. And . . .
       she was just a little kid in a dentist’s char. She wasn’t screaming. She wasn’t
       yelling. But he just kept slapping her face. And . . . it was very upsetting.

This witness testified that her discomfort with Racette’s practices caused her to quit.

         A former dental assistant and office manager similarly described the young patients’
“constantly screaming and crying,” and added that Racette “would hold their nose and their
mouth so they would stop breathing,” and would “literally pick them up and just jerk them down
. . . onto the back of the seat to startle them.” Another receptionist described Racette’s treatment
of his young patients as “horrible.” According to this former employee, Racette “would shake
them sometimes and grab their nose and grind his teeth at them,” and added that “it was a very
sad thing to see.”

       The testimony by Racette’s former staffers did not have any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the charges at issue more or less probable other
than that he had a defective character and must have acted in conformity with that character
during the events at issue. MRE 401. The staffers presented a picture of Racette as a dentist
who had a propensity to mistreat his child-patients; indeed, the testimony—taken together—
strongly suggested that he deliberately inflicted pain beyond that necessary for treatment, which
one might infer made him a sadist. Because the evidence was not relevant for a purpose other
than character-to-conduct, the trial court erred when it allowed the staffers to testify about
Racette’s tendency to treat his patients poorly. MRE 404(b)(1).

        The prosecution also presented six witnesses who had been Racette’s patients when they
were children. One described crying “pretty hard” when Racette struck him in the chest, blew
water in his face, and admonished that if the child spoke to his parents about the matter “bad
things could happen.” Another stated that Racette would grab her thigh to slide her to a higher

                                                -3-
position in the chair, in response to which she started trying to sit as high as possible to prevent
such “uncomfortable” handling on his part, and added that when she reacted to pain Racette
threatened: “It’ll get worse if you don’t relax.” The latter’s brother described treatment at
Racette’s hands as “extremely painful,” elaborating that he would receive gas that caused him to
fall asleep, upon which Racette would “vigorously bang” on his chest and grab his legs, and that
Racette responded to protestations by saying “what are you going to do about it?” and
threatening that “it will be even worse” if the patient told his father.

        Still another former pediatric patient described treatment from Racette as “horrifying,”
and recounted that she once was alone waiting for treatment when she left the chair and went to
her mother in the reception area, upon which Racette retrieved her. She stated that Racette was
comforting and professional in front of her mother, but his demeanor changed once they reached
the treatment room. There he forced her into the chair and threatened to “rip her teeth out” if she
ever did that again. Similarly, another such witness recounted his time with Racette as
“traumatic,” and offered the example that when receiving treatment for some cracked teeth he
started crying, in response to which Racette “grabbed me and told me to shut my mouth.” The
last of these witnesses testified that he “hated” going for treatment with Racette, and recounted
that Racette yelled at him to stop fidgeting, slapped him in the chest, and warned him that “if you
don’t stop flinching I’m going to make this a lot more painful for you.”

        The testimony by Racette’s former child-patients tended to corroborate the complainant’s
description of Racette’s use of physical force and threats to compel compliance with his demands
and deter him from revealing the abuse. For that reason, the testimony was marginally relevant
for a purpose other than to show that Racette had a propensity to mistreat his child-patients.
MRE 401; MRE 404(b)(1). Nevertheless, the testimony concerning Racette’s use of force and
threats was far removed from the allegations of sexual assault at issue in this case. Despite the
marginal relevance of this testimony, the details were sufficiently disturbing that there was a
significant danger that the jury would make an improper character-to-conduct inference—that is,
the danger of unfair prejudice from this testimony substantially outweighed whatever probative
value the evidence might have had. MRE 403. Consequently, the trial court should also have
precluded Racette’s former child-patients from testifying about his use of physical force and
threats to compel them to comply with his demands and prevent them from revealing his
inappropriate behavior.

                                        2. MCL 768.27A

       In addition to the testimony by Racette’s former staffers and child-patients concerning his
general use of force and threats, there was testimony by former child-patients concerning acts of
alleged sexual abuse. One witness testified that, when she was 15 or 16 years old, Racette would
touch her chest inappropriately when he put the “bib” on her:
       And when he did, his hands would be all over like the breast area. It wasn’t just
       adjusting from the neck area. He’d have to straighten it out and flatten it down.
       He would wipe his instruments off on the bib area, and it only goes so far. So any
       time he was on the bib area he was on the breast area.

                                                -4-
The witness further described returning to consciousness after being given nitrous oxide and
noticing Racette’s “hands being on the breast area.” The witness described the situation as “just
not right”: “The touching, he would try to play it off as if it was in the course of duty, as
adjusting your bib or got to clean my instrument.”

        Another witness testified that, on one occasion when she was 10 or 11 years of age, she
awoke from an application of nitrous oxide and noticed that Racette’s “hands weren’t where they
were supposed to be because when I made eye contact, he made eye contact back, like he had
done something that shouldn’t have been—his hands were not up my shirt but it seems like out
of my shirt.” The witness agreed when asked if what she had felt was Racette bringing his hands
out of her shirt. The witness added that she said nothing about it, but “I could tell by the way he
looked at me and it just, he looked at me like he was surprised, like he was surprised either I
woke or just wondering what I was going to say.”

        Although this testimony plainly involved the admission of evidence of other acts, the
Legislature has determined that, “in a criminal case in which the defendant is accused of
committing a listed offense against a minor, evidence that the defendant committed another listed
offense against a minor is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to
which it is relevant.” See MCL 768.27a(1). Listed offenses are those indicated in MCL 28.722.
See MCL 768.27a(2). MCL 768.27a thus “allows the admission of other-acts evidence to
demonstrate the likelihood of a defendant’s criminal sexual behavior toward other minors.”
People v Pattison, 276 Mich. App. 613, 620; 741 NW2d 558 (2007). Accordingly, if admissible
under MCL 768.27a, there is no need to justify the evidence under MRE 404(b), although the
trial court should remain careful to weigh the probative value of such evidence against its
potential to cause unfair prejudice under MRE 403. Id. at 619-621.

        Racette asserts that there was no evidence that he committed any of the “listed offenses”
against the two witnesses for purposes of MCL 768.27a. The listed offenses include criminal
sexual conduct in its various degrees. See MCL 768.27a(2)(a); MCL 28.722(j), (s)(v), (w)(iv),
and (w)(v). One of the two witnesses described Racette pawing her bib and stated that she
awoke to discover his hands on her breast area, which touches could amount to fourth-degree
criminal sexual conduct. See MCL 750.520e(1)(a), (b)(iv), and (c). The other witness’s account
that she felt Racette bringing his hands out of her shirt as she emerged from a dose of nitrous
oxide when she was 10 or 11 was evidence of criminal sexual conduct in the second and fourth
degrees. See MCL 750.520c(1)(a); MCL 750.520e(1)(b)(iv) and (c). Accordingly, those two
witnesses described listed offenses, and thus their testimony fell under MCL 768.27a for
purposes of presenting “other-acts evidence to demonstrate the likelihood of a defendant’s
criminal sexual behavior toward other minors.” Pattison, 276 Mich. App. at 620.

        Racette alternatively argues that the trial court should have barred the testimony by these
two witnesses under MRE 403. However, he has abandoned this claim of error by failing to
properly argue and support it on appeal. See People v Jones (On Rehearing), 201 Mich. App.
449, 456-457; 506 NW2d 542 (1993). Moreover, although the two witnesses’ accounts were
damaging to Racette’s defense, their testimony was precisely the kind of evidence that the
Legislature determined was relevant in criminal sexual conduct cases involving children. See
Pattison, 276 Mich. App. at 620. Consequently, the testimony was not unfairly prejudicial, but
rather probative of how Racette might have treated the complainant in this case.

                                                -5-
       The trial court did not err when it allowed these two witnesses to testify that Racette
inappropriately touched them during treatment.

                                    C. HARMLESS ERROR

         Although the trial court erred when it allowed Racette’s former staffers to testify about
his behavior toward his child patients and erred when it allowed the former child patients to
testify about Racette’s use of physical force and threats to compel compliance, the errors will not
warrant relief if they were harmless. People v Crawford, 458 Mich. 376, 399; 582 NW2d 785
(1998). In order to establish his right to relief, Racette must demonstrate that it is more probable
than not that the errors affected the outcome of the lower court proceeding. People v Lukity, 460
Mich. 484, 495; 596 NW2d 607 (1999), citing MCL 769.26.

        Given the nature and extent of the testimony, we cannot conclude that the errors were
harmless. Had perhaps just one former employee, and one former patient, testified about
Racette’s cruelty, the testimony might have been overshadowed by the weight of the evidence
properly admitted. But in this case the prosecution presented a parade of witnesses whose
combined testimony—even to the extent that it was relevant for a proper purpose—tended to
show that Racette had a terribly flawed character. Because the testimony painted Racette as a
wicked man who has a propensity to abuse children, it is likely that the jury used the testimony
for an improper character to conduct purpose. Stated another way, there was a significant danger
that the jury found that Racette committed the even more outrageous acts described by the
complainant because those acts were consistent with Racette’s propensity to mistreat children.
See Crawford, 458 Mich. at 398-399.

       It is more probable than not that the errors affected the outcome of the trial. Therefore,
Racette is entitled to a new trial.

                                      III. OTHER ISSUES

       Because we have determined that Racette is entitled to a new trial on the basis of
improperly admitted other acts testimony, we need not consider the remainder of Racette’s
claims of error. However, we elect to briefly address some of the issues that might arise again on
remand.

        We agree with Racette that the prosecution’s expert’s account of what the complainant
told him about alleged sexual abuse exceeded the scope of the hearsay exception for statements
offered for medical diagnosis or treatment. See MRE 803(4). We further believe that the
expert’s opinion that the complainant had been sexually molested was not founded on his
medical expertise and was subject to exclusion in accord with People v Smith, 425 Mich. 98, 112-
115; 387 NW2d 814 (1986). Nevertheless, the cross-examination and closing arguments by
Racette’s trial lawyer suggest that it was a matter of trial strategy to allow the prosecution’s
expert to testify.

        In light of the doubts concerning how closely Racette’s former office space accurately
reflected how it appeared during the events at issue, along with abundant other evidence
concerning how the office was set up and equipped at the relevant time, we conclude that the
trial court acted within its discretion when it denied Racette’s request to have the jury visit the
                                                -6-
location. Finally, we are not persuaded by Racette’s argument that this case should be assigned
to a second successor judge. Racette’s allegations of bias for the most part stem from adverse
rulings, but adverse decisions—even if legally flawed—do not establish bias. See Band v
Livonia Assocs, 176 Mich. App. 95, 118; 439 NW2d 285 (1989).

       Reversed and remanded for a new trial. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                          /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                          /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                          /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro

                                              -7-