Court Opinion

ID: 5285969
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-07 08:11:11.130399+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:28:39.554918
License: Public Domain

OPINION OF THE COURT BY
JUSTICE VENTERS
Appellant, Allen Cunningham, appeals from a judgment of the Todd Circuit Court convicting him of theft by unlawful taking of property worth more than ten thousand dollars, second degree burglary, third degree burglary, and being a persistent felony offender in the second degree (PFO). As enhanced by the PFO conviction, Appellant was sentenced to imprisonment for a total of 20 years.
Appellant asserts that the trial court committed the following errors during his trial: 1) allowing the prosecutor to impeach him with his pre-trial silence about his alibi; 2) denying his motion for a directed verdict on the theft and burglary charges; 3) allowing prejudicial victim impact evidence during the guilt phase of the trial; and 4) allowing impermissible hearsay testimony of a detective that an anonymous tip led police to Appellant. Because we agree with Appellant that he was improperly impeached about his failure to disclose his alibi and his alibi witness to the police or prosecuting authorities prior to trial, we reverse Appellant’s convictions and remand this case for a new trial.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Police suspected arson when Steve Martin’s residence burned during the night and early morning hours of July 4-5, 2011. At the time of the fire, Martin was confined in the county jail. Police detectives investigating the fee discovered that several items, including a motorcycle, television sets, and saddles had been removed from the home and the nearby garage.
Acting on a tip, police discovered the motorcycle in plain view at Appellant’s residence, and they seized it. After being informed of the well-known Miranda rights, Appellant agreed to talk with police about his possession of the motorcycle. Appellant told them that he, not Martin, owned the motorcycle. He explained that he borrowed $4,000.00 from Martin and temporarily left the motorcycle and its title document in Martin’s possession as security for the loan. He said that after he repaid the loan, he picked up the motorcycle, and Martin gave him back the title.1
Following the interview, police arrested Appellant and charged him with theft by unlawful taking (over $10,000.00), second degree burglary (relating to Martin’s residence), third degree burglary (relating to Martin’s garage), second degree arson for burning Martin’s home, and tampering with physical evidence. Prior to trial, the Commonwealth dismissed the arson and tampering with physical evidence charges. Appellant was tried on the remaining charges in November of 2012.
At trial, the Commonwealth and Appellant presented divergent explanations of the motorcycle transaction, neither of which exactly matched Appellant’s initial statement to police. Martin, testifying for the Commonwealth, said that he had loaned $4,000.00 to Appellant and retained Appellant’s motorcycle as collateral for the loan. Then, after Appellant failed to repay the loan, Martin purchased the motorcycle from Appellant by forgiving the $4,000.00 loan and giving Appellant a check for another $4,000.00. Appellant signed the title *417document and gave it to Martin. Martin also testified that Appellant’s signature on the title document was never notarized because he did not want to involve a notary in what had become a tense and uncongenial transaction. Martin said that he never gave the title back to Appellant.
To the contrary, Appellant testified that he had been having financial difficulties and that he took the motorcycle to Martin hoping to persuade Martin to buy it. He further explained that, although Martin declined to buy the motorcycle, he was in the process of divorce and asked Appellant if he could use the motorcycle in a ruse to hide cash from his wife. According to Appellant, Martin perpetrated the scheme by giving Appellant a check for $4,000.00 purporting to be a partial payment for purchasing the motorcycle. The memo line on the check noted “2003 Road King Harley.” Appellant was to cash the check and bring the money back to Martin. Martin retained possession of the motorcycle and the title document to ensure that Appellant returned with the cash. When Appellant brought the cash back, Martin gave him $400.00 for his efforts and returned the title papers to Appellant. Appellant claimed that he went to Martin’s place on July 3, 2011 and with the help of his cousin, retrieved the motorcycle.2 He testified he was unaware that Martin was in jail at the time.
Appellant also testified that he was in Indiana visiting a friend named Clifford Hutchison on the night of July 4-5, 2011, when Martin’s home was burglarized and burned. Hutchison’s testimony confirmed Appellant’s alibi. The prosecutor challenged this alibi defense by pointing out that Appellant never mentioned before the trial that he was out of town at the time of the burglary and fire. The following exchange between Appellant and the prosecutor transpired:
Prosecutor: Mr; Cunningham, we were discussing a little earlier, ' about a witness that was here today, Mr. Hutchison.
Appellant: Yes, ma’am.
Prosecutor: And did you ever tell law . enforcement about Mr. Hutchison?
Appellant: No, ma’am.
Prosecutor: So you never told law enforcement that you were with Mr. Hutchinson on July 4,2011?
Appellant: No, ma’am.
During her closing remarks to the jury, the prosecutor argued:
The first thing I would like for you to think about is 15 months. Why 15 months? That is how long it took for this defendant to tell law enforcement he had somebody that could clear him of these charges. It’s a logical assumption that if somebody is facing serious criminal charges, and they’ve got proof that can get them out from under those charges, they’re going to be shouting that from the roof. But the defendant himself told you that from the date of his arrest ... until yesterday, November 20, 2012, he never told law enforcement about Clifford Hutchison. Why wouldn’t he do that? The Commonwealth submits because it’s not true.
Based upon our decision in Taylor v. Commonwealth, 276 S.W.3d 800 (Ky.2008), the trial court overruled Appellant’s objection to the prosecutor’s use- of pretrial silence respecting his alibi. Taylor holds that a defendant’s constitutional right to remain silent is not infringed by cross-examination highlighting the discrepancies between a prior statement to police *418and trial testimony. In Taylor, the defendant testified that his earlier confession to police was false and that .his exculpatory trial testimony was true. We held that the prosecutor could properly ask the defendant why he did not reveal the true version of his story to anyone prior to trial. Id. at 809.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Appellant’s silence was improperly used against him.
Appellant asserts that the prosecutor’s effort to impeach, his alibi by citing Appellant’s prior silence with respect to his location on the night of the burglary violated his rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, compelling a new trial.3 The overarching question presented is whether, and under what circumstances, a criminal suspect, who was given Miranda warnings and elected to waive his right to silence by discussing the allegations with police, may be cross-examined about his failure to disclose exculpatory matters to which he later testifies at trial.
We need not undertake the constitutional analysis offered by Appellant because the facts of this case allow its disposition on preferred non-constitutional grounds.4 Upon review of the record, as in the recently decided case of Trigg v. Commonwealth, 460 S.W.3d 322 (Ky. 2015), the issue of whether Appellant’s silence may be used as evidence is resolved through the application of KRE 801A(b)(2).
The Commonwealth relies upon Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 100 S.Ct. 2124, 65 L.Ed.2d 86 (1980) to support the argument that Appellant may be impeached upon his failure to disclose his alibi to police. In Jenkins, the defendant (Jenkins) admittedly stabbed and killed the victim. Id. at 232,100 S.Ct. 2124. Instead of immediately contacting the police, he waited two weeks before reporting the crime and turning himself in. Id. at 233-234, 100 S.Ct. 2124. At trial, he claimed that he acted in self-defense when he killed the victim. The prosecutor challenged that defense by asking Jenkins about his two weeks of pre-arrest silence, suggesting that if Jenkins had truly acted in self-defense, he would not have waited two weeks before reporting the incident and surrendering to police. Id. The Supreme Court found no violation of the Fourteenth Amendment in the application of this traditional common law rule of evidence:
Common law traditionally has allowed witnesses to be impeached by their previous failure to state a fact in circumstances in which that, fact naturally would have been asserted. 3A J. Wig-more, Evidence § 1042, p. 1056 (Chad-bourn rev. 1970). Each jurisdiction may formulate its own rules of evidence to determine when prior silence is so inconsistent with present statements that impeachment by reference to such silence is probative.
Id. at 239,100 S.Ct. 2124.
The Commonwealth justifies the admission of Appellant’s silence with respect to his alibi upon application of the same common law principle cited by the Supreme Court in Jenkins: a suspect’s failure to mention his alibi defense during an interview may be used as impeaching trial evidence if providing the information would *419have been a natural response called for under the circumstances.
The common law rule relied upon in Jenkins is embodied in KRE 801A(b)(2) and is often referred to as an “adoptive admission” or as “silence as admission.” The key to the application of the common law principle cited in Jenkins is its underlying premise: the silent admission must be “the failure to state■ a fact in circumstances in which that fact naturally would have been asserted. ” Jenkins, 447 U.S. at 289, 100 S.Ct. 2124. Applying our counterpart to that common law rule, we explained in Trigg, “[t]o qualify as an adoptive admission through silence under KRE 801A(b)(2), the defendant’s silence must be a response to ‘statements [of another person, the declarant] that would normally evoke denial by the party if untrue.’ ” 460 S.W.3d at 330-333 (quoting Robert G. Lawson, The Kentucky Evidence Law Handbook § 8.20[3][b] at 597 (5th ed. 2013), citing Commonwealth v. Buford, 197 S.W.3d 66, 73 (Ky. 2006)).
While KRE, 801A(b)(l) allows a party’s own out-of-court statements to be admitted as evidence, KRE 801A(b)(2) allows out-of-court statements of other persons to become evidence as an admission of a party only if the party against whom it is offered has “manifested an adoption or belief in its truth.” As noted in both Buford and Trigg, silence may qualify as the manifestation of one’ s adoption of, or a belief in, the other person’s statement. When the evidentiary requirements of KRE 801A(b)(2) are satisfied, the party’s silence, or “adoptive admission,” may be used for both substantive and impeachment purposes. Impeachment under these circumstances is based upon the rationale that “[a] failure to assert a fact, when it would have been natural to assert it, amounts in effect to an assertion of the non-existence of the fact.” 3A Wigmore, Evidence § 1042 at 1056 (Chadbourn rev. 1970). As the Commonwealth would apply the theory here, Appellant’s failure to assert that he was in Indiana on the night of July 4-5, 2011 amounts to an admission that he was not in Indiana that night.
We conclude that the factual predicate for reliance upon either Jenkins or KRE 801A(b)(2) is missing. From what we discern in the record,5 no one contends that Appellant remained silent and refused to answer the' detective’s questions during the interview, so in that sense Appellant was not “silent.” It appears that Appellant was questioned about his possession of the motorcycle that he claimed to have taken from Martin’s property on July 3. • Although police had informed Appellant that they were looking for stolen property, nothing in the record indicates that during their interview with Appellant, police made any' accusatory or incriminating references to the night of July 4-5, 2011 that would have “naturally” motivated Appellant to assert his whereabouts on that night. Jenkins, 447 U.S. at 239, 100 S.Ct. 2124.
We said in Trigg:
Of critical importance in applying the rule is this: it is not the silence itself that constitutes the “statement” to be admitted into evidence. The “statement” that the rule admits into evidence is the audible expression of another person, “the declarant,” whose statement the defendant heard and to which the defendant’s silence “manifested an adoption or belief in its truth.”
460 S.W.3d at 331. Consequently, “[w]hen a prior inconsistent statement is offered to *420impeach a witness and the claimed inconsistency rests on an omission to state previously a fact now asserted, the prior statement is admissible if it also can be shown' that prior circumstances were such that the witness- could have been expected to state the omitted fact .., because he or she was asked specifically about it .... ” State v. Blake, 197 W.Va. 700, 478 S.E.2d 550, 556-557 (1996) (citations omitted). Without evidence establishing the context in which the defendant responded with silence, no meaning can be fairly ascribed to the silence, and accordingly, the silence cannot be viewed as inconsistent with his trial testimony. Trigg, 460 S.W.3d at 331-332.
It is fundamentally unfair to impeach a witness, including a defendant or other party, for his previous failure to state- a fact which, under the circumstances, one would not be naturally inclined to assert. Appellant’s failure to tell police about his location on the night of the crime is absolutely irrelevant where there is no indication that police said anything to him that suggested he was elsewhere on that night. Unless the detective had informed Appellant about the fire and burglary on July 4-5, Appellant’s failure to mention his whereabouts that night has no meaning.6 Without some testimony that Appellant was called upon to speak as to his whereabouts on the night of July 4-5, 2011, his silence on the subject was not proper impeachment simply because it cannot be regarded as inconsistent with his trial testimony.
We reverse a conviction for the improper inclusion of evidence only when it affects an appellant’s substantial rights. RCr 9.24; Daugherty v. Commonwealth, 467 S.W.3d 222, 236 (Ky. 2015). Appellant’s credibility was a central question for the jury as it considered the conflicting testimony concerning his possession of allegedly stolen property. The challenge to Appellant’s credibility posed by the argument that an innocent person would have explained his alibi to police even when he had not been accused may have played a significant part in the jury’s ultimate determination that Appellant was guilty. When the evidence against the defendant is not clearly conclusive, and the Commonwealth’s case rests upon the credibility of its witnesses and the defendant’s lack of credibility, inappropriate comment on the defendant’s silence is not harmless.
We find the error in this case requires reversal because we “cannot say, with fair assurance ... that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error, it is impossible to conclude that substantial rights were not affected.” Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 765, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946). Appellant is entitled to a new trial. We proceed to address the remaining issues raised in this appeal that are likely to recur upon retrial.
B. Appellant was not entitled to a directed verdict on the charges of theft by unlawful taking and burglary.
Appellant asserts that he was the legal owner of the motorcycle, and therefore, he could not be found guilty of stealing his own property. KRS 514.030(l)(a) provides that to be guilty of theft, one must unlawfully take or exercise control over movable property of another. (Emphasis added.) Consequently, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by not *421granting his motions for directed verdicts on theft for taking the motorcycle.
For the same reason, Appellant contends that he was entitled to a directed verdict on the burglary charge. Burglary requires proof that the accused entered the subject building with the intent to commit a crime. KRS 511.020, KRS 511.030, KRS 511.040. In Appellant’s case, the underlying crime was theft of the motorcycle. If he could not as a matter of law be guilty of theft, he could not, per force, be guilty of burglary.
To support his argument, Appellant contends that the motorcycle could not be “property of another” because the title to the motorcycle was' never transferred to Martin in accordance with KRS 186A.215.7 Upon appellate review of a trial court’s denial of a directed verdict motion, we must determine if, under the evidence as a whole, it would be clearly unreasonable for a jury to find guilt. Commonwealth v. Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186, 187 (Ky. 1991) (citation omitted).
Ownership is the legal right to use and enjoy property and to exercise exclusive dominion and control over a particular piece of property. See Ohio Valley Fire & Marine Insurance Company’s Receiver v. Skaggs, 216 Ky. 535, 287 S.W. 969, 970 (1926). Appellant’s reliance upon KRS 186A.215 to support his claim that he, rather than Martin, legally owned the motorcycle is tempered by the definition of “owner” provided in KRS 186.010. For purposes of KRS Chapter 186A, Kentucky’s motor vehicle registration law, the “owner” of a motor vehicle is “a person who holds the legal title of a vehicle or a person who pursuant to a bona fide sale has received physical possession of the vehicle .... ” KRS 186.010(7)(a) (emphasis added). Accordingly, under KRS .Chapter 186A, a certifícate of title is an indicator of ownership of .a vehicle, but it is not exclusive and may be rebutted by other evidence. Thus, while the legal title had not been fully transferred to Martin, the Commonwealth presented substantial evidence that Martin, having physical possession of the motorcycle after paying for it “pursuant to a bona fide sale,” was its “owner” under KRS Chapter 186A.
The conflicting evidence raised a factual question regarding the motorcycle’s ownership which the trial court in this case properly and wisely submitted to the jury with an appropriate instruction.8 We find no error in the trial court’s refusal to grant Appellant’s motions for directed verdicts on the theft and burglary charges related to his taking of the motorcycle.
C. Martin’s testimony that he lost all his possessions in the fire and that he did not have insurance coverage should not have been admitted.
Over Appellant’s timely objection, the trial court permitted the Commonwealth to introduce evidence that Martin, as the victim of Appellant’s alleged theft, had no insurance to cover the loss of his burned home and the personal property inside it. The following exchange occurred at trial:
Prosecutor: Mr. Martin, did you lose everything in that fire?
Judge: Say yes or no.
Prosecutor: Was that a yes or no?
*422Martin: Yes, ma’am. Yes.
Prosecutor: Did you have any insurance coverage?
Martin: No.
Prosecutor: Did you, in, in addition to the financial value, did you ’ lose a lot of things of personal value?
Martin [crying]: Yes, ma’am.
Appellant objected on the grounds that the testimony was irrelevant and served only the prejudicial purpose of arousing sympathy for the victim. The trial court reasoned that the testimony was relevant to dispel any implication that Martin had burned his own property to collect insurance proceeds. We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. Love v. Commonwealth, 55 S.W.3d 816, 822 (Ky. 2001) (citations omitted).
Relevant evidence is “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” KRE 401 (emphasis added). Relevant evidence, otherwise admissible, may nevertheless be excluded when, in the exercise of the trial court’s discretion, “its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of undue prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” KRE 403. However, a trial court has absolutely no discretion to admit irrelevant evidence. “Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.” KRE 402.
Appellant was on trial for theft by unlawful taking and burglary. Martin’s despair over the uninsured property he lost in the fire was of no consequence in determining whether Appellant had unlawfully entered the premises and stolen some of Martin’s belongings. Appellant never suggested that Martin set fire to his own home or had someone else do so. The Commonwealth justifies the introduction of this testimony by claiming that it was necessary to refute the insinuation arising from other evidence that Martin was an unsavory character who might have set fire to his own house to obtain insurance proceeds. That evidence included Appellant’s claim that Martin engaged in a scheme to defraud his marital estate and the undisputed fact that Martin was incarcerated when his home burned.
We fail to see the relevance of the testimony under review. Martin’s lament that all he had was lost in the fire did not tend to refute Appellant’s version of the motorcycle transaction, nor did it tend to buttress the Commonwealth’s version. Evidence that Martin’s fire loss was uninsured was irrelevant and its admission at trial was error. With this case being remanded on other grounds for a new trial, we need not perform the RCr 9.24 harmless error analysis. On retrial, if the issue arises again in substantially the same evidentiary context, Martin’s testimony about his uninsured loss of possessions in the fire should not be admitted.
D. The alleged error of admitting testimony that an anonymous tip led the police to Appellant was not preserved.
On direct examination by the prosecutor, a police detective testified that he was directed to investigate Appellant after receiving “a call from one of my lieutenants at Post One about some information, uh, of some information, uh, of some of the stolen property [from the Martin burglary] .,” Appellant asserts that this testimony was impermissible hearsay and its admission into evidence denied him the right to cross examine a witness against him. As this *423issue was not preserved, Appellant seeks palpable error review under RCr 10.26. Given this case is being remanded on other grounds, palpable error review is unnecessary. This is an issue for the trial court to address if it should arise at retrial.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the judgment of the Todd Circuit Court convicting Appellant of theft by unlawful taking of property worth over ten thousand dollars, second degree burglary, third degree burglary, and being a persistent felony offender in the second degree is reversed. Accordingly, the case is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
All sitting. Minton, C.J.; Hughes, Keller, Noble, and Wright, JJ., concur. Cunningham, J., dissents by separate opinion.

. This statement was used for impeachment purposes during trial.

. July 3, 2011 was one day before the fire.

. Appellant also asserts that his right to confidential communication with counsel was threatened. However, as described, the threat cannot be viewed as harm to Appellant. As the Court may not render advisory opinions, this argument is not addressed further.

. Stephenson v. Woodward, 182 S.W.3d 162, 168 (Ky. 2005) ("[Cjonslitutional adjudication should be avoided unless'it is strictly necessary for a decision in the case.”).

. Although the interview was tape-recorded by the detective, the, recording of the • interview does not appear" to be part of the record and the relevant testimony about it provided very few details of the conversation.

. Moreover, it would reasonably be regarded as probative of guilt if, while explaining his claim to the motorcycle, Appellant had sua sponte attempted to explain where he was on the night of the fire, when police had not even questioned him about his location on that night or otherwise implied his guilt.

. KRS 186A.215 details the procedures required for transferring ownership of a motor vehicle.

. The trial court provided the jury with a separate instruction on the law relevant to the ownership of the motorcycle to guide its determination of this issue of fact. No issue has been raised with respect to the propriety of that instruction.