Court Opinion

ID: 4252897
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-03-08 18:14:11.387947+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:48:14.295555
License: Public Domain

1       IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Opinion Number:

 3 Filing Date: March 8, 2018

 4 NOS. S-1-SC-35279, -35289, & -35290

 5   GILA RESOURCES INFORMATION
 6   PROJECT, AMIGOS BRAVOS, TURNER
 7   RANCH PROPERTIES, L.P., STATE OF
 8   NEW MEXICO, ex rel., HECTOR
 9   BALDERAS, Attorney General, and
10   WILLIAM C. OLSON,

11       Appellants-Petitioners,

12 v.

13 NEW MEXICO WATER QUALITY CONTROL
14 COMMISSION,

15       Appellee-Respondent,

16 and

17   FREEPORT-MCMORAN CHINO MINES
18   COMPANY, FREEPORT-MCMORAN TYRONE,
19   INC., FREEPORT-MCMORAN COBRE MINING
20   COMPANY, and NEW MEXICO ENVIRONMENT
21   DEPARTMENT,

22       Intervenors-Respondents.
 1 ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI

 2   New Mexico Environmental Law Center
 3   Douglas Meiklejohn
 4   Jaime Park
 5   Eric D. Jantz
 6   Jonathan Mark Block
 7   R. Bruce Frederick
 8   Santa Fe, NM

 9 for Petitioners Gila Resources Information Project, Amigos Bravos, and
10 Turner Ranch Properties, L.P.

11 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
12 Tannis L. Fox, Assistant Attorney General
13 Santa Fe, NM

14 for Petitioner State of New Mexico

15 Charles F. Noble
16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Petitioner William C. Olson

18   Hinkle Shanor LLP
19   Thomas Mark Hnasko
20   Gary W. Larson
21   Julie Ann Sakura
22   Santa Fe, NM

23 for Respondent

24   Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris & Sisk, P.A.
25   Stuart R. Butzier
26   Emil John Kiehne
27   Albuquerque, NM
 1   Gallagher & Kennedy, P.A.
 2   Dalva Lon Moellenberg
 3   Anthony J. (T.J.) Trujillo
 4   Albuquerque, NM

 5 Law Office of John J. Kelly, P.A.
 6 John Joseph Kelly
 7 Albuquerque, NM

 8 for Intervenors-Respondents Freeport McMoran Chino Mines Company,
 9 Freeport-McMoran Tyrone, Inc., Freeport-McMoran Cobre
10 Mining Company

11 New Mexico Environment Department
12 Andrew P. Knight
13 Albuquerque, NM

14 Kathryn Suzanne Becker
15 Santa Fe, NM

16 for Intervenor-Respondent New Mexico Environment Department
 1                                     OPINION

 2 NAKAMURA, Chief Justice.

 3   {1}   In September 2013, the New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission (the

 4 Commission) adopted the Copper Mine Rule, 20.6.7 NMAC (Copper Rule).

 5 Petitioners argue that the Copper Rule violates the Water Quality Act (WQA), NMSA

 6 1978, §§ 74-6-1 to -17 (1967, as amended through 2013) because it is premised on

 7 an impermissible construction of the statutory phrase “place of withdrawal of water

 8 for present or reasonably foreseeable future use.” Section 74-6-5(E)(3). Petitioners

 9 assert that, as a consequence of this impermissible construction of the statutory

10 phrase, the Copper Rule permits rather than prevents groundwater contamination at

11 open pit copper mining facilities. We reject these arguments, conclude that the

12 Copper Rule is premised on a permissible construction of the statutory phrase, and

13 affirm the Commission’s decision to adopt the Copper Rule.

14 I.      BACKGROUND

15   {2}   The WQA was enacted in 1967. Its purpose is “to abate and prevent water

16 pollution.”    Bokum Res. Corp. v. N.M. Water Quality Control Comm’n,

17 1979-NMSC-090, ¶ 59, 93 N.M. 546, 603 P.2d 285. Prior to 2009, the WQA did not

18 allow the Commission to specify by rule the “method to be used to prevent or abate
 1 water pollution . . . .” Section 74-6-4(D) (2003). Amendments to the WQA enacted

 2 in 2009 altered this legislative framework.

 3   {3}   The 2009 amendments to the WQA directed the Commission to adopt

 4 regulations particular to specific industries, including the copper mining industry,

 5 specifying “the measures to be taken to prevent water pollution and to monitor water

 6 quality.” Section 74-6-4(K). The regulations were to be developed by the New

 7 Mexico Environment Department (NMED). Section 74-6-4(K) (“The constituent

 8 agency shall establish an advisory committee . . . to advise the constituent agency on

 9 appropriate regulations to be proposed for adoption by the commission.”); Section

10 74-6-2(K)(1) (“‘[C]onstituent agency’ means . . . the department of environment[.]”).

11 The NMED engaged in an open rulemaking process that resulted in the Copper Rule,

12 which the Commission adopted when it entered its Order and Statement of Reasons

13 on September 25, 2013. Petitioners appealed the Commission’s decision to adopt the

14 Copper Rule. See Gila Res. Info. Project v. N.M. Water Quality Control Comm’n,

15 2015-NMCA-076, ¶ 1, 355 P.3d 36.

16   {4}   The Court of Appeals rejected Petitioners’ contention that the Copper Rule

17 violates the WQA and affirmed the Commission’s order adopting it. Id. ¶¶ 2, 19, 61.

18 We granted certiorari to review Petitioners’ requests that we set aside the Copper

                                             2
 1 Rule and remand this matter to the Commission with instructions that it promulgate

 2 a new rule that complies with the WQA.

 3 II.     DISCUSSION

 4   {5}   The Commission’s order adopting the Copper Rule shall be set aside if it is “(1)

 5 arbitrary, capricious or an abuse of discretion; (2) not supported by substantial

 6 evidence in the record; or (3) otherwise not in accordance with law.” Section

 7 74-6-7(B). Petitioners contend that the Commission’s decision to adopt the Copper

 8 Rule is not in accordance with law because the Copper Rule is inconsistent with and

 9 violates the WQA.

10   {6}   Petitioners do not ask us to evaluate the lawfulness of the Copper Rule under

11 some specific set of circumstances; the Copper Rule has not yet been applied at a

12 copper mine. Instead, Petitioners mount a facial challenge to the Copper Rule. See

13 Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. N.L.R.B., 499 U.S. 606, 619 (1991) (“This case is a challenge to

14 the validity of the entire rule in all its applications.”). The inquiry before us is

15 whether the Copper Rule is a permissible exercise of the Commission’s statutory

16 authority, N.M. Mining Ass’n v. N.M. Water Quality Control Comm’n,

17 2007-NMCA-010, ¶ 21, 141 N.M. 41, 150 P.3d 991, and Petitioners must establish

                                               3
 1 that no set of circumstances exist where the Copper Rule could be valid. Reno v.

 2 Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 301 (1993).

 3   {7}   Petitioners make varying specific claims in support of their assertion that the

 4 Copper Rule violates the WQA. To meaningfully discuss those specific claims, we

 5 must first examine how open pit copper mining is conducted. We then provide an

 6 overview of the Copper Rule focusing on the provisions that are central to its function

 7 as a regulatory tool and to which Petitioners object. Finally, we consider Petitioners’

 8 specific arguments.

 9 A.      Copper Mining

10   {8}   Petitioners contend that “the undisputed testimony and other evidence in the

11 record show[s] that open pit copper mines have caused tens of thousands of acres of

12 ground water pollution in New Mexico and that this pollution persists for hundreds

13 of years.” Nevertheless, the legality of open pit mining is not disputed and no party

14 advocates banning this form of mining.

15   {9}   According to Respondents, open pit copper mining is the typical method to

16 mine copper. An “open pit” is “the area within which ore and waste rock are exposed

17 and removed by surface mining.” 20.6.7.7(B)(41) NMAC. For context of the scale

18 of open pit mines, one such mine in Grant County, New Mexico is 11,600 feet long,

                                              4
 1 8,500 feet wide, and 2,000 feet deep. Open pits eventually become deep enough to

 2 reach the groundwater table. At that point, water must be pumped out of the open pit

 3 to mine it any deeper.

 4   {10}   As the depth of the open pit increases, gravity causes groundwater in the

 5 vicinity of the open pit to flow towards the bottom of the pit. The area affected by

 6 this hydrological phenomenon is referred to as the “[a]rea of open pit hydrologic

 7 containment.” 20.6.7.7(B)(5) NMAC (“‘Area of open pit hydrologic containment’

 8 means . . . where ground water drains to the open pit and is removed by evaporation

 9 or pumping, and is interior to the department approved monitoring well network

10 installed around the perimeter of an open pit[.]”). Some surface waters also drain into

11 the open pit. “[T]he area in which storm water drains into an open pit and cannot

12 feasibly be diverted by gravity outside the pit perimeter” is referred to as the “[o]pen

13 pit surface drainage area.” 20.6.7.7(B)(42) NMAC. Petitioners aver that, while the

14 area of open pit hydrologic containment and open pit surface drainage area are

15 distinct in that one concerns groundwater and the other surface water, the areas both

16 exist as a consequence of the open pit, exist at the same general location, and are

17 properly considered as companion concepts.

                                              5
 1   {11}   The actual extraction of copper from mined rock occurs at mine “units.” A

 2 “[u]nit” is “a component of a mining operation including but not limited to

 3 processing, leaching, excavation, storage, stockpile or waste units.” 20.6.7.7(B)(63)

 4 NMAC. Some of the mined rock contains useful copper ore; other mined rock is

 5 waste. “Waste rock” is “all material excavated from a copper mine facility that is not

 6 ore or clean top soil.” 20.6.7.7(B)(65) NMAC. Waste rock is typically placed in

 7 waste rock stockpiles. A variety of methods are used to process the ore.

 8   {12}   Some ore is placed into leach stockpiles, which are “piles associated with

 9 mining disturbances that have been leached, are currently being leached or have been

10 placed in a pile for the purpose of being leached.” 20.6.7.7(B)(33) NMAC. Once the

11 leach stockpile is formed, acidic solution is poured onto it. Copper is extracted at the

12 bottom of the leach stockpile and piped to a processing plant.

13   {13}   Other ore is sent to a concentrator where it is ground into small particles and

14 mixed with water to form a slurry. Some of the slurry becomes copper, and other

15 portions of it become “tailings,” which are “finely crushed and ground rock residue

16 and associated fluids discharged from an ore milling, flotation beneficiation and

17 concentrating process.” 20.6.7.7(B)(59) NMAC. Tailings are deposited in “[t]ailings

                                               6
 1 impoundments,”        which    can    be   as   large   as   several   square    miles.

 2 20.6.7.7(B)(60) NMAC.

 3   {14}   All of these copper extraction processes, as well as waste rock stockpiles, can

 4 cause discharges that impact groundwater quality. For this reason, mining units are

 5 frequently located near the open pit and within the open pit surface drainage area so

 6 as to capture any discharges at a mining unit.

 7   {15}   The open pit itself is also capable of generating discharges that may

 8 contaminate groundwater. When rain water contacts the exposed surfaces of the open

 9 pit, acidic solutions can be generated. Other sources of possible contaminant

10 discharge at open pit mining facilities include “surface impoundments that store or

11 retain process water; wastewater or storm water runoff that has contacted mined

12 materials; pipeline and tank systems used to convey or store process water; and

13 equipment washing facilities.”

14 B.       The Copper Rule

15   {16}   The Copper Rule is comprised of thirty-nine different sections and a myriad of

16 subsections which address all manner of discharge control for the copper mining

17 industry. It is a “supplement [to] the general permitting requirements . . . to control

18 discharges of water contaminants specific to copper mine facilities . . . .”

                                               7
 1 20.6.7.6 NMAC. The “purpose” of the Copper Rule, as stated by the Commission,

 2 “is to control and contain discharges of water contaminants specific to copper mine

 3 facilities and their operations to prevent water pollution so that ground water meets

 4 the quality standards of 20.6.2.3103 NMAC at locations of present and potential

 5 future use.” The groundwater quality standards set out at 20.6.2.3103 NMAC (3103

 6 standards) specify the allowable pH range and maximum allowable contaminant

 7 concentration for groundwater. 20.6.2.3103(A)-(C) NMAC. Groundwater is polluted

 8 when the contaminant concentration levels identified in the 3103 standards are

 9 exceeded.

10   {17}   Petitioners’ objections to the Copper Rule arise from two of its features. First,

11 the Copper Rule specifies that, “[d]uring operation of an open pit, the standards of

12 20.6.2.3103 NMAC do not apply within the area of open pit hydrologic containment.”

13 20.6.7.24(D) NMAC. Second, the Copper Rule requires an applicant for a discharge

14 permit to install monitoring wells in specific locations at an open pit mining facility.

15 20.6.7.28(A) NMAC. The monitoring wells must be placed “around the perimeter

16 and downgradient of each open pit, leach stockpile, waste rock stockpile, tailings

17 impoundment, process water impoundment, and impacted stormwater impoundment.”

18 20.6.7.28(B) NMAC. The monitoring wells must also be installed “as close as

                                                8
 1 practicable” to the open pit or mining unit in order “to detect an exceedance(s) or a

 2 trend towards exceedance(s) of the applicable standards at the earliest possible

 3 occurrence, so that investigation of the extent of contamination and actions to address

 4 the source of contamination may be implemented as soon as possible.” Id. “The

 5 [NMED] may require additional wells around the perimeter of mine units that are

 6 underlain by areas where ground water flow directions are uncertain” and may

 7 “require additional monitoring wells at any other unit of a copper mine facility that

 8 has the potential to cause an exceedance of applicable standards . . . .” Id.

 9 C.       Petitioners’ Arguments

10 1.       Section 74-6-5(E)(3) and “place of withdrawal”

11   {18}   Petitioners’ primary contention in this appeal is that the Copper Rule permits

12 the copper mining industry to pollute groundwater above the 3103 standards

13 wherever its mines are located. It does this, Petitioners explain, by waiving

14 compliance with 3103 standards within the area of open pit hydrologic containment

15 and by assessing the impacts of mining on groundwater at monitoring wells rather

16 than at the open pit and mining units themselves. This is, Petitioners argue,

17 inconsistent with the plain language of Section 74-6-5(E)(3), which states that

                                               9
 1                 [t]he [NMED] shall deny any application for a permit or deny the
 2          certification of a federal water quality permit if:

 3                ....

 4                 (3) the discharge would cause or contribute to water contaminant
 5          levels in excess of any state or federal standard. Determination of the
 6          discharge’s effect on ground water shall be measured at any place of
 7          withdrawal of water for present or reasonably foreseeable future use.

 8 This provision is incorporated into the Copper Rule at 20.6.7.10(J)(3) NMAC, which

 9 requires compliance with Section 74-6-5(E)(3).

10   {19}   According to Petitioners, the WQA’s mandate that determination of the effects

11 of a discharge shall be measured at “any place of withdrawal of water for present or

12 reasonably foreseeable future use” is “clear and unambiguous.”            A place of

13 withdrawal, Petitioners argue, is “a place where ground water is presently being used

14 or foreseeably could be used in the future.” Petitioners assert that Section 74-6-

15 5(E)(3) requires a site specific evaluation of whether a discharge will contaminate

16 groundwater with present or future use and argue that, “[i]f any discharge will pollute

17 above standards groundwater with present or reasonably foreseeable future use, the

18 permit application must be denied.”

19   {20}   Petitioners claim that the Copper Rule violates the WQA because it permits

20 contamination of groundwater at the open pit and at mining units without a site

                                              10
 1 specific determination. In fact, according to Petitioners, the Copper Rule does not

 2 require any determination at all whether the open pit and mining units are places of

 3 withdrawal because the Copper Rule, they claim, operates from the errant supposition

 4 that a “[p]lace of [w]ithdrawal is not a ‘place’ that exists apart from a copper mine.

 5 Its existence and location depend entirely on the location of monitoring wells

 6 installed at a particular copper mine.” It is essential that the preceding quote from

 7 Petitioners’ briefing is understood, and we will risk redundancy to ensure that it is.

 8   {21}   Petitioners understand the Copper Rule to require an assessment of whether

 9 groundwater exists at a place of withdrawal only after a mine is in place. This is

10 because, Petitioners assert, the monitoring wells establish the locations of places of

11 withdrawal at open pit copper mining facilities. Petitioners contend that this is

12 inconsistent with the plain language of Section 74-6-5(E)(3).          According to

13 Petitioners, the place of withdrawal language in Section 74-6-5(E)(3) unambiguously

14 requires a determination of whether groundwater at any given location exists at a

15 place of withdrawal prior to and independent of the installation of a mine or

16 monitoring wells. For the reasons that follow, we reject Petitioners’ contention that

17 the meaning of Section 74-6-5(E)(3) is discernible from its plain language and that

18 its application at an open pit copper mine facility is plainly determinable.

                                             11
 1 a.       Analysis of the plain language of Section 74-6-5(E)(3)

 2   {22}   Section 74-6-5(E)(3) does generally require the NMED to deny a discharge

 3 permit if the anticipated discharge “would cause or contribute to water contaminant

 4 levels in excess of [3103 standards].” But Section 74-6-5(E)(3) specifies how

 5 contaminant levels shall be measured to determine if 3103 standards have been

 6 exceeded: “Determination of the discharge’s effect on ground water shall be

 7 measured at any place of withdrawal of water for present or reasonably foreseeable

 8 future use.” Id. This specification is significant.

 9   {23}   The WQA requires mandatory denial of a discharge permit only where the

10 discharge has measurable adverse effects at “a place of withdrawal” and only if the

11 groundwater at that “place of withdrawal” has present or reasonably foreseeable

12 future use. This feature of the WQA poses interpretive problems: where, exactly, are

13 these places of withdrawal? What makes a location a “place of withdrawal?” Where

14 might these locations be at a site like an open pit mine?

15   {24}   Petitioners’ contention that Section 74-6-5(E)(3) is sufficiently clear to discern

16 its purpose and application from the words of the provision alone does not withstand

17 scrutiny. Their assertion that the provision merely requires a site specific evaluation

18 of whether a discharge will contaminate groundwater with present or future use so as

                                                12
 1 to ensure that all groundwater with present or future use is protected oversimplifies

 2 the interpretive problem.

 3   {25}   Petitioners are effectively arguing that the place of withdrawal language

 4 reflects a legislative intent to protect all groundwater at any location from

 5 contamination. But it is difficult to see how this argument flows from the plain

 6 language of Section 74-6-5(E)(3). The first sentence of the provision does state that

 7 a discharge permit shall not be issued if “the discharge would cause or contribute to

 8 water contaminant levels in excess of [the 3103 standards].” Section 74-6-5(E)(3).

 9 If the provision said only this, then we would have to agree that its plain language

10 precludes contamination of any groundwater, period, and we would have to agree

11 with Petitioners’ plain meaning argument. But the provision says more. It goes on

12 to specify how a discharge’s effect shall be measured and clarifies that it shall be

13 measured at a place of withdrawal, and we have already determined that this

14 additional language is significant.

15   {26}   When we engage in statutory interpretation, we must give effect to all of the

16 words used in a statutory provision.         State ex rel. Klineline v. Blackhurst,

17 1988-NMSC-015, ¶ 12, 106 N.M. 732, 749 P.2d 1111. We would not achieve that

18 end in this case if we embraced Petitioners’ reading of the statute. Their plain-

                                              13
 1 language argument does not meaningfully engage the “place of withdrawal” phrase

 2 in Section 74-6-5(E)(3). This is not the only reason we doubt Petitioners’ plain

 3 meaning argument. Respondents offer a plausible alternative construction of the

 4 statutory phrase that is entirely different from the construction advanced by

 5 Petitioners.

 6   {27}   Respondents assert that the most sensible reading of the requirement under

 7 Section 74-6-5(E)(3) that the effect of discharges be measured at “any place of

 8 withdrawal” is that the WQA requires installation of the very types of monitoring

 9 wells contemplated by the Copper Rule. They state the case for this reading of the

10 provision convincingly:

11          The Legislature’s directive that a discharge’s effect on groundwater
12          “shall be measured” implies that groundwater will actually be brought
13          to the surface for analysis. The normal method for bringing
14          groundwater to the surface is a well. [Thus, t]he Legislature’s directive
15          that NMED measure groundwater quality at “any place of withdrawal”
16          means that NMED is to select specific locations at which groundwater
17          will be withdrawn for measurement.

18 Respondents contend that, by requiring extensive monitoring wells where water

19 quality is measured to detect exceedances of 3103 standards, the Copper Rule does

20 precisely what the plain language of Section 74-6-5(E)(3) commands.

                                               14
 1   {28}   Respondents’ alternative construction of Section 74-6-5(E)(3) establishes the

 2 validity of a conclusion the Court of Appeals reached more than a decade ago:

 3 Section 74-6-5(E)(3) is sufficiently nebulous to elicit legitimate differences of

 4 opinion concerning its meaning. Phelps Dodge Tyrone, Inc. v. N.M. Water Quality

 5 Control Comm’n (Phelps Dodge), 2006-NMCA-115, ¶¶ 27-28, 140 N.M. 464, 143

 6 P.3d 502. Petitioners’ discussion of the genesis of the phrase “any place of

 7 withdrawal of water for present or reasonably foreseeable future use” does little to

 8 clarify the obscurity we perceive within Section 74-6-5(E)(3).

 9   {29}   Petitioners contend that the phrase has, from its first appearance in the WQA

10 in 1993, 1993 N.M. Laws, ch. 291 § 5, always been meant to “place the basic burden

11 of proof where it belongs, on the discharger to prove that [the] discharge would not

12 impair any other use of ground water.” To support this position, Petitioners point to

13 historical sources including past statements of officials, minutes of meetings, and

14 correspondence or letters. These arguments are unpersuasive.

15   {30}   “It is the policy of New Mexico courts to determine legislative intent primarily

16 from the legislation itself.” Regents of Univ. of N.M. v. N.M. Fed’n of Teachers,

17 1998-NMSC-020, ¶ 30, 125 N.M. 401, 962 P.2d 1236. “We do not attempt to divine

18 what legislators read and heard and thought at the time they enacted a particular item

                                               15
 1 of legislation.” Id. Even if we were to consider the historical sources Petitioners rely

 2 on, those sources do not explain why—if the statutory phrase has always been

 3 understood to convey a basic principle—the phrase has repeatedly confounded those

 4 called upon to interpret it, including the Commission itself. See Phelps Dodge, 2006-

 5 NMCA-115, ¶¶ 27-31 (describing the phrase as “one of beguiling simplicity” and

 6 observing that even the Commission has struggled to define and apply it (internal

 7 quotation marks and citation omitted)). Indeed, the Commission’s position in this

 8 present appeal is that the phrase is undeniably vague and permits certain flexibility

 9 with regards to enforcing the mandates of the WQA. We have little hesitation

10 concluding that Section 74-6-5(E)(3) is ambiguous; however, this does not mean that

11 the core purpose of this provision is indiscernible.

12 b.       The core purpose of Section 74-6-5(E)(3)

13   {31}   In Phelps Dodge, the Court of Appeals capably articulated what we perceive

14 to be the core purpose of the place of withdrawal language within Section 74-6-

15 5(E)(3). “Certainly,” the Court observed, “the [L]egislature meant to capture the

16 concept that clean water that is currently being withdrawn for use, or clean water that

17 is likely to be used in the reasonably foreseeable future, must be protected.” Phelps

18 Dodge, 2006-NMCA-115, ¶ 27. The Court went on to add that the

                                             16
 1          phrase suggests that the [L]egislature meant for impacts to be measured
 2          in a practical and sensible fashion, but the issue is complicated by the
 3          fact that groundwater and surface water systems are interconnected.
 4          Contaminated waters migrate into areas that were previously pristine.
 5          We have no doubt that the [L]egislature intended to limit that kind of
 6          migration.

 7 Id. ¶ 29. We agree that these concerns lie at the heart of Section 74-6-5(E)(3) and

 8 express its core purpose.

 9   {32}   But we also agree with the Court of Appeals that such broad pronouncements

10 of purpose tell us very little about how Section 74-6-5(E)(3) is to be applied in a

11 specific situation like an open pit mine. See Phelps Dodge, 2006-NMCA-115, ¶¶ 27,

12 28 (observing that the Legislature’s decision to utilize the statutory phrase place of

13 withdrawal “leads to genuine uncertainty about the legislative intent for a site like

14 [the] Tyrone [mine]” and inquiring whether water quality should “be measured at the

15 bottom of a waste rock pile, at the bottom of the mine pit, at wells located at the

16 perimeter boundary of the mine property, or at some other point or points”).

17 Additionally, we agree with the Court of Appeals that recognition of Section 74-6-

18 5(E)(3)’s broadest purposes reveals very little about how the statute might apply at

19 a mine given the fact that our Legislature has gone so far as to describe the activity

20 of mining as “vital to the welfare of New Mexico.” NMSA 1978, § 69-36-2 (1993);

                                              17
 1 Phelps Dodge, 2006-NMCA-115, ¶ 29 (“[M]ining is a necessary and important

 2 component of our economy and our modern way of life. We believe that the

 3 [L]egislature intended that our laws, regulations, and any interpretation of them,

 4 strike a wise balance between . . . competing interests.”).

 5   {33}   How should our Legislature’s clear and vigorous statement about the

 6 importance of mining bear on our understanding of Section 74-6-5(E)(3)? How

 7 should the importance of mining bear on our understanding of Section 74-6-5(E)(3)

 8 when the WQA itself directs the Commission to consider the “economic value of the

 9 sources of water contaminants” when crafting regulations? Section 74-6-4(E)(2).

10 Principles of administrative law make clear that the judiciary does not bear singular

11 responsibility for resolving these conflicts and interpretive difficulties. Other

12 institutional actors are allocated responsibility in this task.

13 c.       Applicable administrative law principles

14   {34}   It is a settled principle of administrative law that the Legislature, when

15 “through express delegation or the introduction of an interpretive gap in the statutory

16 structure, has delegated policy-making authority to an administrative agency, the

17 extent of judicial review of the agency’s policy determinations is limited.” Pauley

18 v. BethEnergy Mines, Inc., 501 U.S. 680, 696 (1991). This is because

                                              18
 1          [w]hen [the Legislature] drafts a statute that does not resolve a policy
 2          dispute that later arises under the statute, some institution must resolve
 3          that dispute. The institution called upon to perform this task is not
 4          engaged in statutory interpretation. It is engaged in statutory
 5          construction. It is not resolving an issue of ‘law.’ Rather, it is resolving
 6          an issue of policy.

 7 I Richard J. Pierce, Jr., Administrative Law Treatise § 3.3, at 160-61 (5th ed. 2010).

 8 Our case law acknowledges and embraces these principles.

 9   {35}   We “defer to an agency interpretation if the relevant statute is unclear or

10 ambiguous,” Doña Ana Mut. Domestic Water Consumers Ass’n v. N.M. Pub.

11 Regulation Comm’n, 2006-NMSC-032, ¶ 10, 140 N.M. 6, 139 P.3d 166, and “will

12 confer a heightened degree of deference to . . . special agency expertise or the

13 determination of fundamental policies within the scope of the agency’s statutory

14 function.”      Rio Grande Chapter of Sierra Club v. N.M. Mining Comm’n,

15 2003-NMSC-005, ¶ 25, 133 N.M. 97, 61 P.3d 806 (internal quotation marks and

16 citation omitted). We will overturn the administrative construction “of statutes by

17 appropriate agencies only if they are clearly incorrect.” Bokum, 1979-NMSC-090,

18 ¶ 58 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

19   {36}   The Commission is the appropriate policy-making entity in this context.

20 Because we have concluded that Section 74-6-5(E)(3) is ambiguous, the question

                                                19
 1 before us is whether the Commission has permissibly construed Section 74-6-5(E)(3).

 2 Stated more specifically, we must resolve whether the Copper Rule’s treatment of

 3 Section 74-6-5(E)(3) advances the core purposes of the provision. See Chevron,

 4 U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 845 (1984) (“If this choice

 5 represents a reasonable accommodation of conflicting policies that were committed

 6 to the agency’s care by the statute, we should not disturb it unless it appears from the

 7 statute or its legislative history that the accommodation is not one that Congress

 8 would have sanctioned.” (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citation

 9 omitted)). Before we turn to that inquiry, we address Petitioners’ assertion that the

10 Commission is entitled to little or no deference in this case.

11   {37}   Petitioners contend that the deference normally afforded to administrative

12 agencies should not be extended to the Commission in this case because the

13 Commission adopted verbatim NMED’s proposed statement of reasons and,

14 according to Petitioners, NMED’s statement of reasons was “ghost written” by

15 Freeport-McMoran, a mining company and one of the respondents in this case.

16 Petitioners argue that the Commission effectively adopted Freeport-McMoran’s

17 statement of reasons and “appellate courts give less deference to findings of fact and

                                              20
 1 conclusions of law that are adopted verbatim from a party, especially in complex

 2 cases.” These claims do not persuade us.

 3   {38}   The NMED was the constituent agency tasked with creating the Copper Rule.

 4 Section 74-6-2(K)(1). The Copper Rule is a complicated and lengthy regulatory

 5 document overflowing with technical requirements. The order and statement of

 6 reasons the Commission issued to explain its adoption of the Copper Rule is 214

 7 pages long and explains, in detail, why the Commission embraced the varying

 8 technical standards in the Copper Rule and why certain proposed amendments to the

 9 Copper Rule were rejected. We have previously explained that an administrative

10 entity must provide the reasons upon which it bases its decision to adopt regulations.

11 Bokum, 1979-NMSC-090, ¶ 39. This information is necessary because it reveals “the

12 reasoning of the [agency] and the basis on which it adopted the regulations.” Id. ¶ 37

13 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The Commission’s order and

14 statement of reasons more than satisfied this requirement.

15   {39}   It is hardly surprising that the Commission relied on the NMED when

16 fashioning the order and statement of reasons as the NMED was responsible for the

17 Copper Rule’s development and both parties serve the citizens of New Mexico. See

18 NMSA 1978, § 9-7A-6(B)(6) (1991) (stating that the secretary of the NMED shall

                                             21
 1 “conduct research and studies that will improve . . . the provision of services to the

 2 citizens of the state”); Section 74-6-4(D) (stating that the Commission shall adopt

 3 regulations to protect “public health or welfare”). The Commission’s collaboration

 4 with NMED does not cause us to question or doubt the Commission’s order and

 5 statement of reasons.

 6   {40}   To the extent that Petitioners’ argument is focused on and objects principally

 7 to NMED’s collaboration with industry, we think it sufficient to point out that a

 8 tribunal’s adoption of findings proposed by a party, even a verbatim adoption, is not

 9 error so long as the findings are supported by substantial evidence. In re Hamilton,

10 1981-NMSC-120, ¶ 6, 97 N.M. 111, 637 P.2d 542. This proposition has particular

11 consequence here.

12   {41}   The focus of Petitioners’ appeal is not the sufficiency of the evidence

13 underlying the order and statement of reasons. Indeed, the Court of Appeals, in its

14 opinion below, declined to address Petitioners’ sufficiency of the evidence arguments

15 because they were not properly presented. See Gila Res. Info. Project, 2015-NMCA-

16 076, ¶ 56 (“[Petitioners’] decisions to omit citations to the evidence in the record that

17 supported the agency’s decision and to present the evidence in the light most

18 favorable to itself leaves to this Court the task of digging through the voluminous

                                              22
 1 record to determine whether, on balance, the evidence fails to support the

 2 [Commission’s] finding[s]. This we will not do.” (second and third alterations in

 3 original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Rather, Petitioners’

 4 arguments in this appeal are focused on the lawfulness of the Copper Rule. Thus, we

 5 need only focus on whether the Commission’s decision to adopt the Copper Rule was

 6 lawful.

 7   {42}   To the extent our inquiry of the lawfulness of the Copper Rule requires

 8 considerations of evidentiary matters, “this Court reviews the whole record to see if

 9 the agency decision is supported by substantial evidence.” AA Oilfield Serv., Inc. v.

10 N.M. State Corp. Comm'n, 1994-NMSC-085, ¶ 2, 118 N.M. 273, 881 P.2d 18. “We

11 will uphold the agency decision so long as the evidence in the record satisfies us that

12 the agency decision is reasonable.” Id.

13 d.       The Commission’s construction of Section 74-6-5(E)(3)

14   {43}   To understand the Commission’s construction of Section 74-6-5(E)(3), it is

15 necessary to understand the regulatory strategy underlying the Copper Rule. The

16 record supports Respondents’ contention that open pit copper mining leads inevitably

17 to some degree of contaminant discharge. The Copper Rule acknowledges this reality

18 and operates from the premise that the most effective way to mitigate these inevitable

                                             23
 1 discharges is through containment. Thus, 3103 standards may be exceeded within the

 2 area of open pit hydrologic containment not, as Petitioners contend, because the

 3 Copper Rule invites pollution there, but because the Copper Rule accepts that some

 4 discharge contamination is inevitable, seeks to contain that contamination, and relies

 5 on the hydrologic phenomenon produced by the open pit to contain it. This

 6 justification for the waiver is supported by evidence in the record and by provisions

 7 within the Copper Rule.

 8   {44}   One of Respondents’ experts offered the following explanation for why the

 9 Copper Rule waives the 3103 standards in the area of open pit hydrologic

10 containment:

11          The reason for this [waiver] is evident from the definition of the area of
12          hydrologic containment and the exhibits. Ground water within the area
13          of hydrologic containment, whether impacted by mine operations or not,
14          will flow to, and be extracted at, the pit. The disposition of this ground
15          water, therefore, is known, and it will be utilized and managed in
16          accordance with an NMED approved water management plan. Water
17          extracted at open pits is most commonly utilized as part of the mine
18          operational water requirements, such as replenishment of the leach
19          circuit.

20 Another of Respondents’ experts stated that “complete effective hydrologic control”

21 can be achieved in the open pit surface drainage area and, consequently, it is

22 preferable to locate mine units in this area because “there is excellent containment to

                                               24
 1 protect surrounding ground water.” Evidence presented to the Commission indicated

 2 that storm water will be diverted away from the open pit and groundwater underlying

 3 or adjacent to the pit will drain to the pit and will be removed by evaporation or

 4 pumping. The Copper Rule provides that the monitoring well system must be placed

 5 “as close as practicable” to the open pit, 20.6.7.28(B) NMAC, and that “[w]ater

 6 generated from within the perimeter of the open pit and pit dewatering activities shall

 7 be managed according to a mine operation water management plan.” 20.6.7.24(C)

 8 NMAC.

 9   {45}   When properly considered, the Copper Rule’s waiver of 3103 standards in the

10 area of open pit hydrologic containment reflects policy preferences and strategic

11 choices designed to mitigate the environmental harms inherent in open pit copper

12 mining. The waiver provision in no way invites industry to contaminate freely in that

13 area. This strategic containment approach is also reflected in the way the Copper

14 Rule treats the “place of withdrawal” language in Section 74-6-5(E)(3).

15   {46}   The Copper Rule makes no express delineation regarding which areas at a mine

16 facility are places of withdrawal and which are not. Respondents contend that the

17 regulatory structure embraced by the Copper Rule makes certain essential

18 assumptions about this subject. We agree.

                                             25
 1   {47}   The Copper Rule requires “detailed unit-by-unit ground water monitoring”

 2 utilizing monitoring wells that must be placed as close as practicable to the open pit

 3 and also as close as practicable to mining units regardless of whether those units are

 4 located within the open pit surface drainage area or not. See 20.6.7.28(B)(2), (B)(4)-

 5 (6) NMAC. The Copper Rule, Respondents claim, excludes the area of open pit

 6 hydrologic containment and areas inside the perimeter of the required monitoring well

 7 system as places of withdrawal. Conversely, the Copper Rule treats areas outside

 8 these locations as places of withdrawal. Respondents claim that there are legitimate

 9 and sensible reasons for this arrangement, all of which were presented to and

10 considered by the Commission.

11   {48}   First, the open pit is not a place of withdrawal because, as already discussed,

12 it functions as one of the principal containment tools and as a barrier beyond which

13 contamination produced from mine units within the open pit surface drainage area or

14 the open pit itself cannot migrate.

15   {49}   Second, the Copper Rule functions on a unit-by-unit basis and ensures

16 groundwater protection at each unit through discharge control and monitoring at the

17 monitoring well network. NMED must approve the monitoring well locations for

18 each copper mine unit and may require additional wells to ensure that the monitoring

                                              26
 1 system is sufficiently comprehensive.          20.6.7.28 NMAC.    According to the

 2 Commission, these requirements pertaining to NMED’s oversight of the monitoring

 3 well system are the most intensive required by any state.

 4   {50}   Third, copper mining involves significant amounts of water to process ore.

 5 Waters inside the monitoring well system are used for mining activities during active

 6 mining operations.

 7   {51}   Fourth, it is inconceivable that anyone would attempt or desire to access

 8 groundwater from the bottom of an open pit or from areas underlying active mining

 9 units. Similarly, it would be contrary to common sense to treat units that must be

10 lined as places of withdrawal as it would be necessary to breach the lining to access

11 the groundwater.

12   {52}   Fifth, the Copper Rule presumes that the Legislature did not intend the WQA

13 to preclude any degradation of any groundwater at every location at an open pit

14 copper mine. If this were not true, open pit copper mining would not be lawful in

15 New Mexico as there is no legitimate dispute that open pit mining necessarily causes

16 some degradation of surface and groundwater. The validity of this presumption was

17 recognized more than a decade ago. In Phelps Dodge, the Court of Appeals

18 explained that, although water might be withdrawn from a variety of locations on a

                                             27
 1 mine site, “it would be incorrect to conclude that, as a consequence, the entire mine

 2 is a measuring point . . . .” 2006-NMCA-115, ¶ 33. It cannot be, the Court reasoned,

 3 that water quality standards must be met “everywhere” on a mine site. Id. To

 4 conclude otherwise, the Court emphasized, would be to embrace an overbroad and

 5 unrealistic standard as it is not feasible “to require all water at [a] mine site to meet

 6 drinkable water standards.” Id.

 7   {53}   Sixth and lastly, the Copper Rule’s post-closure groundwater protection system

 8 will limit “discharge from the closed mine facilities to rates that protect ground water

 9 of the state for potential future use as domestic and agriculture water supply and

10 surface water recharge.” A copper mine operator must submit a closure water

11 management and treatment plan that “shall include an analysis of the expected

12 operational life of each long-term water management or water treatment

13 system . . . until each system is no longer needed to protect ground water quality and

14 applicable standards are met.”        20.6.7.33(H) NMAC; 20.6.7.7(B)(3) NMAC

15 (“‘Applicable standards’ means the standards set forth in 20.6.2.3103 NMAC[.]”).

16 According to the Commission, this means that “[a]ll ground water—even that within

17 the area circumscribed by the monitoring wells (with the exception of an area of an

18 open pit for which hydrologic containment has been achieved)—must be abated to

                                              28
 1 3103 standards.” Freeport-McMoran adds that “[g]roundwater monitoring is required

 2 for many years after mine closure, and will not cease until sufficient time has passed

 3 to measure the performance of the closure methods and monitoring shows that ground

 4 water satisfies 3103 standards.” See 20.6.7.35(A), (C)(5) NMAC (stating post-

 5 closure requirements).

 6   {54}   This evidence persuades us that the Copper Rule makes permissible

 7 assumptions about the statutory phrase “place of withdrawal” and where these places

 8 exist at open pit copper mine facilities. It makes these assumptions not to permit

 9 pollution but to advance a comprehensive containment strategy. The Copper Rule’s

10 presumption that the area of open pit hydrological containment and areas inside the

11 monitoring well network are not places of withdrawal is not predicated on a clearly

12 incorrect reading of the place of withdrawal language of Section 74-6-5(E)(3). To the

13 contrary, these exclusions and the design of the Copper Rule more generally advance

14 the core purpose of Section 74-6-5(E)(3) by protecting groundwater outside the area

15 of open pit hydrologic containment and monitoring wells. One additional point

16 assures us of the correctness of our conclusion that the Copper Rule advances the

17 core purpose of the statute.

                                             29
 1   {55}   The Copper Rule’s exclusion of certain areas as places of withdrawal does not

 2 grant the copper industry license to freely contaminate groundwater inside the

 3 monitoring well network system. Various provisions within the Copper Rule are

 4 intended to ensure that this will not occur.

 5 e.       Copper Rule provisions applicable to areas excluded as places of withdrawal

 6   {56}   All waste rock shall be evaluated for its potential to release contaminants in

 7 excess of the 3103 standards. 20.6.7.21(A)(1) NMAC. Testing of waste rock will

 8 take various forms consistent with best practices and will “identify whether waste

 9 rock may generate acid or release regulated ground water contaminants when placed

10 in a stockpile.” Expert testimony indicated that “the containment approach to waste

11 rock stockpiles under the [Copper] Rule” is more “protective” than the approaches

12 used in Arizona and Nevada.

13   {57}   Units outside the open pit surface drainage area are subject to stringent

14 requirements. Leach stockpiles outside the open pit surface drainage area “shall be

15 placed on an engineered liner” and must incorporate leach solution collection and

16 containment systems. 20.6.7.20(A)(1)(a)-(e) NMAC. According to the Commission,

17 lined leach stockpiles will not contaminate groundwater above 3103 standards.

18 Waste rock stockpiles outside the open pit surface drainage area shall be designed and

                                              30
 1 engineered to capture, contain, or divert storm water and seepage and to capture or

 2 contain “[g]round water impacted by waste rock stockpiles” through an interceptor

 3 system.     20.6.7.21(B)(1)(a)-(e) NMAC.       Testimony was submitted that these

 4 regulatory protections are consistent with and more specific than regulations in other

 5 copper-producing states. Crushing and milling units outside the open pit surface

 6 drainage area “shall be designed to contain and manage all materials containing water

 7 contaminants that have the potential to migrate to ground water and cause an

 8 exceedance of applicable standards             on   concrete   or   low   permeability

 9 surfaces . . . .” 20.6.7.22(A)(1) NMAC.

10   {58}   Units inside the open pit surface drainage area are subject to lesser

11 requirements, but are still subject to regulation. Leach stockpiles inside the open pit

12 surface drainage area may be alternatively designed and need not be placed on an

13 engineered liner “provided that the stockpile and solution capture systems are

14 designed to maximize leach solution capture considering the site-specific conditions

15 of the open pit, underlying geology and hydrology, and leach solutions will not

16 migrate outside of the open pit surface drainage area.” 20.6.7.20(A)(1)(f) NMAC.

17 Stormwater run-on at any waste rock stockpile located inside the open pit surface

                                             31
 1 drainage area must “be diverted or contained to minimize contact between stormwater

 2 run-on and the stockpiled material.” 20.6.7.21(B)(2) NMAC.

 3   {59}   Other units are subject to requirements that apply regardless of where the units

 4 are located. The requirements for new tailings impoundments make no distinction

 5 whether the impoundment is outside or inside the surface drainage area. At new

 6 tailings impoundments,

 7          [s]tormwater run-on shall be diverted and/or contained to minimize
 8          contact between stormwater run-on and the tailing
 9          material[,] . . . [s]eepage from the sides of a tailing impoundment shall
10          be captured and contained[,] . . . and [g]round water impacted by the
11          tailing impoundment in excess of applicable standards shall be captured
12          and contained through the construction of interceptor systems . . . .

13 20.6.7.22(A)(4)(a)-(c) NMAC. The permit applicant must submit a design report

14 demonstrating that the “interceptor system design will capture ground water impacted

15 by the tailings impoundment such that applicable standards will not be exceeded at

16 monitoring well locations . . . .” 20.6.7.22(A)(4)(d)(viii) NMAC. The Commission

17 found that “an interceptor well system can be successfully designed and operated to

18 contain drainage from an unlined tailings impoundment, when necessary, during and

19 after operation.”

                                               32
 1   {60}   If “monitoring of a water contaminant source indicates that applicable

 2 standards are exceeded,” then the Copper Rule imposes varying contingency

 3 requirements. 20.6.7.30 NMAC. The Commission found that “contingencies in each

 4 case comprise some or all of the following actions: notify, confirm, repair, correct,

 5 and abate.”

 6   {61}   The Copper Rule’s waiver of standards within the area of open pit hydrologic

 7 containment and its exclusion of certain areas as places of withdrawal does not negate

 8 or otherwise eliminate the existence or effect of the provisions summarized above.

 9 We cannot conclude that the Copper Rule violates the WQA because it purportedly

10 permits rather than prevents contamination when the Copper Rule’s plain terms

11 contain an abundance of provisions that afford significant groundwater protections

12 at copper mine facilities designed to prevent pollution.

13 f.       Conclusion: Section 74-6-5(E)(3) and “place of withdrawal”

14   {62}   This Court is not competent to judge what is the most effective and efficient

15 way to combat the adverse consequences of open pit copper mining. Our task in this

16 case is limited to assessing whether the Copper Rule violates the WQA. The

17 inclusion of the “place of withdrawal” language in Section 74-6-5(E)(3) suggests not,

18 as Petitioners insist, that the WQA clearly and plainly forbids the containment

                                              33
 1 strategy the Commission implemented through the Copper Rule. Rather, this

 2 uncertain language provides flexibility within which the Commission is free to

 3 implement the policies it deems most prudent. The Commission is limited only to the

 4 extent that its construction of Section 74-6-5(E)(3) must serve this provision’s core

 5 purposes which we can discern from the otherwise ambiguous language of the

 6 provision. For the reasons stated, we conclude that the Copper Rule is premised on

 7 a permissible construction of Section Section 74-6-5(E)(3).

 8 2.       The WQA’s Variance Provision

 9   {63}   Petitioners point out that Section 74-6-4(H) of the WQA instructs that the

10 Commission “may grant an individual variance from any regulation of the

11 commission whenever it is found that compliance with the regulation will impose an

12 unreasonable burden upon any lawful business, occupation or activity[,]” and argue

13 that the Copper Rule “circumvents [this provision] because it permits widespread

14 ground water pollution above 3103 standards at all copper mines without a variance.”

15 We have rejected Petitioners’ assertion that the Copper Rule permits widespread

16 pollution above 3103 standards at open pit copper mine facilities. Thus, Petitioners’

17 assertion that the Copper Rule violates the variance provision of the WQA is fatally

18 flawed.

                                            34
 1 3.       Point of Compliance

 2   {64}   Petitioners contend that the Copper Rule functions as a “point of compliance”

 3 system and that the Legislature did not authorize the Commission to embrace this

 4 type of regulatory framework. The Court of Appeals sufficiently addressed this

 5 argument in the opinion below. Gila Res. Info. Project, 2015-NMCA-076, ¶¶ 27-28.

 6 We quote a passage from that opinion as it adequately responds to Petitioners’

 7 argument: “Assuming that the [Copper Rule] created a system that is properly

 8 characterized as a point-of-compliance system, nothing in the WQA prohibited the

 9 Commission from doing so.” Id. ¶ 28.

10 4.       The Commission’s Prior Regulatory Practice

11   {65}   Petitioners argue that the Copper Rule is invalid because it is a departure from

12 past Commission practice. They also contend that the 2009 Amendments to the

13 WQA implicitly approved a factor-based approach to “determining places of

14 withdrawal.” We reject both claims.

15   {66}   The Legislature gave the Commission no guidance in 2009 as to what form or

16 substance the regulations to manage discharges in the copper industry should take.

17 We decline to read the Legislature’s silence as embracing (implicitly or otherwise)

18 any particular approach to determining places of withdrawal or, more broadly, to

                                               35
 1 discharge management in the copper mining industry. See State ex rel. Barela v. N.M.

 2 State Bd. of Educ., 1969-NMSC-038, ¶ 7, 80 N.M. 220, 453 P.2d 583 (“We are not

 3 permitted to read into a statute language which is not there . . . .”); Gonzales v. Oil,

 4 Chem. & Atomic Workers Int’l Union, 1966-NMSC-211, ¶ 28, 77 N.M. 61, 419 P.2d

 5 257 (“The statute is to be read and given effect as written.”). Rather, we construe that

 6 silence as a broad conferral of authority to the Commission allowing it to pursue the

 7 policies and regulatory approaches it deemed most wise.

 8   {67}   To the extent the Copper Rule is a departure from past Commission practice,

 9 the law makes clear that the Commission is not constrained by its prior practices.

10 “An agency is always free to change its policy, as long as it announces a policy that

11 is within the range permitted by [the Legislature], uses a procedure [the Legislature]

12 has authorized it to use to make binding policy decisions, and explains the reasons

13 for its change in policy.” I Pierce, supra, § 3.3, at 165.

14   {68}   We have already determined that the Copper Rule is a permissible policy, and

15 there is no question that the rulemaking proceedings that led to the adoption of the

16 Copper Rule were open and transparent. Petitioners contend that the procedures used

17 here were “not in accordance with law because no notice was given to parties or the

                                              36
 1 public that reversal of the [Phelps Dodge d]ecision was within the scope of the

 2 rulemaking[.]” We reject this claim.

 3   {69}   The Legislature’s decision to grant the Commission broad discretionary

 4 authority—to fashion whatever regulations the Commission thought best—put

 5 Petitioners on notice that a new approach to regulating discharges at copper mines

 6 was possible. Our review of the record reveals that Petitioners knew a new approach

 7 was indeed under consideration.

 8   {70}   Petitioners moved to admit the record proper in the Phelps Dodge remand

 9 proceedings into the administrative record in the Copper Rule rulemaking

10 proceedings. They did this because they objected to the fact that the Copper Rule was

11 inconsistent with the factor-based approach embraced by the Commission after the

12 remand following the issuance of Phelps Dodge.           This evidence shows that

13 Petitioners knew that the Commission was considering a course different than that

14 reached on remand following Phelps Dodge. Accordingly, Petitioners cannot argue

15 that they lacked notice that the Commission was considering this course of action.

                                            37
 1 5.       The Copper Rule’s Closure Provisions

 2   {71}   Petitioners object to the closure provisions of the Copper Rule. They contend

 3 that these provisions allow “extensive ground water pollution above 3103 Standards,

 4 in perpetuity[.]” Petitioners misstate what the Copper Rule allows.

 5   {72}   The Commission found that “[p]ost-closure protection of ground water is

 6 achieved by making the closed open pit a ground water sink, either by evaporation

 7 or by pumping.” The Commission heard evidence and was persuaded that “[t]his

 8 protection will be effective.” Accordingly, the Copper Rule allows 3103 standards

 9 to be exceeded only at a closed open pit mine that is a hydrological evaporative sink,

10 i.e., where evaporation exceeds water inflow. 20.6.7.33(D)(1) NMAC. In this

11 circumstance, the contaminated water will evaporate over time. By definition, this

12 is not “in perpetuity.” Moreover, 20.6.7.33(D)(1) NMAC expressly limits the types

13 of exceedances permitted in a closed open pit that is a hydrological evaporative sink.

14 And lastly and as already noted, the Commission’s position is that, at closure, all

15 groundwater at a mine site—with the exception of groundwater at an open pit that is

16 a hydrologic evaporative sink—must be abated to 3103 standards. We reject

17 Petitioners’ arguments concerning the Copper Rule’s closure provisions.

                                              38
1 III.     CONCLUSION

2   {73}   Petitioners have not established that the Copper Rule is inconsistent with the

3 WQA or otherwise clearly incorrect. Nor have they established that there are no

4 conceivable set of facts under which the Copper Rule might be valid. We affirm the

5 Commission’s decision to adopt the Copper Rule.

6   {74}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

7                                            _________________________________
8                                           JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Chief Justice

                                             39
1 WE CONCUR:

2 ____________________________________
3 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice

4 ____________________________________
5 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice

6 ____________________________________
7 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice

8 ____________________________________
9 BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice

                                  40