Court Opinion

ID: 9741478
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 20:56:28.534634+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:24:24.357162
License: Public Domain

OPINION
BLATZ, Chief Justice
Appellant Nobles County Board of Commissioners (“Board”) denied the application of Respondent Interstate Power Company (“Interstate”) for a conditional use permit (“CUP”) to upgrade an electrical transmission line. The denial was based in part on an amendment to the applicable county zoning ordinance that was adopted by the Board after the Board initially approved the CUP with a special condition. An appeal of that action was remanded by the court of appeals for findings sufficient to enable judicial review. The court of appeals affirmed the Board’s denial of Interstate’s application and dismissed for lack of jurisdiction Interstate’s challenge to the amendment of the zoning ordinance.
Although we agree with the court of appeals that Interstate’s challenge to the general validity of the zoning amendment cannot be reviewed on a writ of certiorari, the application of the amendment to this specific project is within the proper scope of certiorari review of the Board’s action on the CUP. In the particular circumstances of this case, the amendment cannot be applied to this project, and the other grounds relied on by the Board in denying the CUP are beyond the permissible scope of the remand. Therefore, we reverse.
Interstate is a Delaware corporation doing business in southern Minnesota, including Nobles County.1 Interstate has a 34kV (kilovolt) transmission line in Nobles *570County near Wilmont, a three-mile portion of which Interstate proposes to upgrade to 69kV in order to improve reliability. One and one-quarter miles of the three-mile project are in the City of Wilmont and are not involved in this appeal. The remaining 1.75 miles of power lines and poles are located in easements owned by Interstate adjacent to the public right-of-way on County Roads 34 and 69. During the proposed upgrade, some of the poles and lines would be moved to newly-acquired easements, while others would remain in the easements in which they are currently located.
On June 16, 1997, pursuant to the Nobles County zoning ordinance, Interstate applied for a CUP in order to undertake the project. A CUP was necessary because the transmission line is located in an area that Nobles County designated as an “Agricultural Preservation Zone,” and a transmission line in excess of 34kV outside the public right-of-way in such a zone is a conditional use.
On July 14, 1997, the Nobles County Planning Commission (“Commission”) held its first public hearing on Interstate’s CUP application. The county zoning administrator stated that the purpose of the CUP ordinance related to “concerns of higher costs to road projects by having to reroute utilities, which were directly outside the road right-of-way.” According to the county highway engineer, the Board wished to keep utilities within the right-of-way so that the utility company would be responsible for the costs of relocation rather than the county, which had “already experienced having to brunt [sic] the cost of relocating a utility” which “can be very costly.”2 He stated his belief that it was unfair to force the taxpayers of Nobles County to bear the cost of relocation. Conversely, a representative of Interstate stated it was unfair to force the customers of Interstate to pay for relocation when it was the county who may wish to have the lines moved. After discussion, the Commission unanimously recommended approving the CUP outside the right-of-way with the “special condition that Interstate Power Company be responsible for any necessary relocation of their utilities and all costs incurred.”
On July 22, 1997, the Board adopted the Commission’s recommendation to approve the CUP with the special condition over Interstate’s objection. Because of the special condition, Interstate did not accept the CUP, postponed the proposed upgrade project, and appealed the decision.
Interstate sought review of the Board’s decision by writ of certiorari in the Minnesota Court of Appeals. Because the Board’s approval of the CUP included the special condition that was known to be unacceptable to Interstate, the court of appeals deemed the Board’s action to be a de facto denial of the permit. See Interstate Power Co., Inc., v. Nobles County Bd. of Comm’rs, No. C5-97-1704 (Minn.App. Apr. 29, 1998) (order opinion) (Interstate I). The court explained that the Nobles County zoning ordinance requires the Board to make specific findings in granting a CUP and that Earthburners, Inc. v. County of Carlton, 513 N.W.2d 460, 463 (Minn.1994), requires a county board to make written findings explaining its rationale when it denies a CUP, with specific reference to relevant provisions of the zoning ordinance. Because no such findings were provided, the court of appeals held that the record was insufficient to conduct judicial review and therefore remanded for “additional proceedings and appropriate findings.” Interstate I, slip op. at 3. The court also took note of the comments at the Commission meeting regarding higher costs and stated that the police power in zoning matters is limited to “acts that *571promote the health, comfort, safety, and general welfare of society and does not embrace revenue measures.” Id.
After remand, on June 24, 1998, the Commission held a hearing on an amendment to the county zoning ordinance relating to required setback distances for essential services, such as transmission lines. No specific property owners, including Interstate, were given formal written notice of the hearing by the county. No Interstate representative attended. The proposed amendment required essential services that are not in the public right-of-way to be set back from the centerline of the road the same distance as is required for buildings. The setback required in an Agricultural Preservation Zone is 100 feet. See Nobles County Ordinance (“NCO”) § 603.5(2)a (1996, amended July 7, 1998). The public right-of-way in this case generally extends 50 feet from the centerline of the road, so the transmission lines would need to be placed approximately 50 feet into private land if they were not in the public right-of-way. Minutes from the hearing reflect only one stated reason for considering the proposed amendment:
[Nobles County Zoning Administrator Larry] Gasow explained that [the amendment] was because the Interstate Power Company appealed the decision of the Board of Commissioners due to a condition put on that Conditional Use Permit involving the setbacks and the right-of-way of the road. The appellate [sic] judge has given us another chance to re-do the hearing with the Interstate Power Company. He stated that we need to give reasons for our conditions, and monetary reasons are not enough. Attorney Jay Squires suggested these changes in the setbacks for essential services in our ordinance.
A motion to approve the amendment carried. On July 7, 1998, the Board considered and adopted the amendment.
Later that day, the Commission and the Board convened for a combined special hearing to reconsider Interstate’s CUP application. Representatives from Interstate were present during the meeting and upon learning of the amendment, objected to it on various legal grounds.
The county engineer stated that the highway department planned to improve Highway 34 and a portion of County Road 69 in order to reslope some of the area to help eliminate drifting snow in the winter. He testified that having the electric poles 2 feet from the right-of-way in Interstate’s easements would “definitely cause some difficulty for the highway department.” He also explained the county’s program to systematically acquire slope easements as county roads are improved in order to combat the negative impact of drifting snow on public safety and emergency vehicle travel. He further stated that if poles were placed in areas needed for slope easements, the county could be hindered in its efforts to acquire easements, thereby directly affecting the health, safety, and welfare of the community. In addition, he stated that the pole placement might negatively impact the county’s ability to widen a road.
A local farmer addressed the Commission and stated that he was opposed to having poles outside the right-of-way because of the interference with farming and because he believed that the poles devalued the property.
The commissioners and Interstate then discussed the possibility of locating the poles in the public right-of-way. Interstate acknowledged that use of the right-of-way was possible but stated that it preferred to be outside the right-of-way because it “keeps people away from their lines.”
A suggestion to postpone placing the poles until after the proposed roadwork was completed was also rejected. The county engineer stated that although the present slope adjustment might be satisfactory for a long time, the idea of what the ideal slope is might change, so there is no guarantee that future slope adjustment *572would not be needed. Later in the hearing it was stated that the work on Highway 34 had already been completed.
The county zoning administrator explained the three options available to Interstate: (1) put the poles in the right-of-way; (2) set the poles back 100 feet from the centerline of the road; or (3) apply for a variance. He told the Commission that it should consider Interstate’s refusal to accept the special condition to pay for relocation of the poles and explained that based on the opinion of the court of appeals, a special condition amounts to an unlawful denial if the applicant is unwilling to accept it. He also said that the Commission could consider the amendment because it had been passed by the Board and was recorded and pointed out that the amendment applies not just to Interstate’s electrical lines but to other essential services as well.
The attorney for Nobles County reminded the Commission that this was a remand from the court of appeals and that the Commission must address concerns of public health, safety and welfare. Further, he said that this was a larger problem than just Interstate and that the new amendment applies to all utilities, not just Interstate. He stated that on County Road 34, the county needed to acquire slope easements to address traffic and sight line issues and that such work requires the county to work in support areas adjacent to the right-of-way. Finally, he told the Commission that if it granted the CUP with no conditions, Interstate could place its poles 2 feet outside the right-of-way in its existing easements.
The Commission stated that it could not use an economic reason to deny the CUP. However, it credited the testimony about snow drifting and the impact poles located 2 feet from the right-of-way has on public health, safety and welfare. One commissioner disagreed with this conclusion, pointing out that the Commission was only dealing with 3 miles out of the 34 miles in the county.3 The attorney for the county explained that according to the engineer, the roadwork on Highway 34 had already been completed. The county engineer stated that the easements the county needed were temporary; thus, if resloping were necessary again in the future, “the placement of poles in close proximity to the right-of-way could affect resloping.”
Ultimately, the Commission voted to deny Interstate’s request by a 4 to 3 vote. The Commission adopted detailed findings of fact.
Immediately after the Commission meeting, the Board met to consider the application for the CUP. All members of the Board had been present at the Commission meeting and had heard the testimony presented there, the Commission’s deliberations, and the recommendations for the findings of fact and ultimate denial. The issue of the county obtaining slope easements was again discussed. Interstate stated that the county would have to deal with the poles when it tried to level the area surrounding the roads whether its poles were in the county right-of-way or 2 feet outside of the right-of-way. Further, Interstate explained that its easements were non-exclusive and, therefore, acted as no barrier to the county obtaining slope easements. The Board voted 4-1 to deny Interstate’s CUP application and adopted the Commission’s findings “in support of the Board’s denial of the June 16, 1997 application of Interstate Power.”
Aiter its findings of fact and summary of the evidence, the Board stated its findings related to the zoning ordinance criteria:
17. Pursuant to Section 505.1 of the Ordinance, the Board finds:
a. The proposed use will create an excessive burden and will have a negative impact on existing County roads which serve this area of the County.
b. There would be a difference in the effect of a utility line on the value of *573adjacent agricultural property whether the line is located inside, 2 feet outside, or 50 feet outside of the County road right-of-way.
c. The utility lines would have an adverse effect on adjacent residential properties in the AG zone.
d. The placement of utility lines outside the right-of-way in contravention of the recently enacted essential service setback requirement is inconsistent with the overall needs of the County.
e. The placement of lines outside the right-of-way in contravention of the recently enacted essential service setback requirement is inconsistent with the Zoning Ordinance, Policy Plan, and purposes of the AG District.
f. The proposed use may cause traffic hazards and may impair the public safety by negatively impacting the ability of the County to properly respond to traffic issues that may arise in the future through the undertaking of a road project.4
Interstate sought review of the Board’s denial by writ of certiorari to the court of appeals. On March 30, 1999, the court affirmed the Board’s decision to deny the CUP. See Interstate Power Co., Inc., v. Nobles County Bd. of Comm’rs, No. C4-98-1607, 1999 WL 171495 (Minn.App. Mar 30, 1999) (Interstate II). The court dismissed for lack of jurisdiction Interstate’s challenge to the zoning amendment as an unlawful basis for the denial. See id. at *5. The court held although the amendment is an intervening change in law, the Board could properly apply it to Interstate’s application because Interstate does not have a vested right in a CUP and it does not subject Interstate to any new and unanticipated obligations. See id. at *3. The court then determined that three of the Board’s findings were supported by facts in the record, satisfied the rational basis test, and were sufficient to deny the CUP. See id. at ⅜4.
The court noted that while some of the other findings were not supported by facts in the record, the Board’s action was valid as long as “ ‘at least one of the reasons given for the denial satisfies the rational basis test.’ ” Id. (quoting Trisko v. City of Waite Park, 566 N.W.2d 349, 352 (Minn.App.), rev. denied (Minn. Sept. 25, 1997)). Although Interstate argued that the Board’s real reason for denying the permit was an improper revenue measure, the court ruled instead that the decision was, at most, an “exercise of fiscal prudence” and that the Board acted for public health, safety and welfare reasons. Id. Finally, the court dismissed for lack of jurisdiction Interstate’s attack on the validity of the zoning ordinance amendment. Because amending a zoning ordinance is a legislative action, the court of appeals held that certiorari is not the appropriate method for review. See id. at *5.
Interstate seeks review of the Board’s legislative amendment of the zoning ordinance and its quasi-judicial denial of the CUP. Interstate argues that it proceeded by writ of certiorari to seek review of both claims to avoid having to start a separate proceeding in the district court to challenge the amendment when it was Nobles County that intertwined the legislative and quasi-judicial issues. Thus, Interstate argues that unless it is permitted to proceed this way, it will be denied a reasonable method of review. Interstate urges us to depart from our traditional limited review by certiorari because Nobles County’s legislative decision to amend its zoning ordinance is intertwined with its quasi-judicial decision to deny Interstate’s conditional use permit.
I.
The first issue to be addressed is the proper scope of our review, if any, of the Board’s amendment of the zoning ordinance to require setback of essential services that are not in the public right-of-*574way (setback amendment). Amendment of a zoning ordinance is a legislative act. See State by Rochester Ass’n of Neighborhoods v. City of Rochester, 268 N.W.2d 885, 888 (Minn.1978). Legislative acts affect the rights of the public generally, unlike quasi-judicial acts which affect the rights of a few individuals analogous to the way they are affected by court proceedings. See State ex rel., Huntley Sch. Dist. No. 4 (Appeal of Common Sch. Dists. Nos. 27, 20, 5 and 3 Faribault County) v. Schweickhard, 232 Minn. 342, 345, 45 N.W.2d 657, 659 (1951). Ruling on a conditional use permit application is a quasi-judicial act. See Honn v. City of Coon Rapids, 313 N.W.2d 409, 416 (Minn.1981). Legislative acts are not reviewable by cer-tiorari in the court of appeals, but by a direct action in district court. See id. In contrast, where, as here, a quasi-judicial zoning decision is made by a county board, it is reviewable by writ of certiorari.5
 Interstate attacks both the legislative act of amending the zoning ordinance and the quasi-judicial act of denying the CUP. Because legislative acts are beyond the appellate court’s jurisdiction on certiorari, Interstate’s challenge to the enactment - that is, the general validity - of the setback amendment cannot be reviewed in this appeal. Accordingly, the court of appeals correctly declined to address Interstate’s arguments that the setback amendment is illegal because it is a revenue measure beyond the proper scope of the county’s police power and constitutes a taking of property without just compensation. But the court erred when it also declined to address the part the setback amendment played in the quasi-judicial act of denying the CUP.
The Board did rely on the setback amendment as part of its rationale for denying the CUP. See Board findings 17.d. and 17.e., supra. Because denial of the CUP was a quasi-judicial act reviewable on certiorari, it is within our jurisdiction to review all the grounds on which the denial was based, including the setback amendment. In explaining the distinction between legislative and quasi-judicial acts in this context we stated:
In granting or denying a special-use permit, a city council is not altering the legislative judgment as to the zoning classification. Rather, it has the function, adjudicative in nature, of applying specific use standards set by the zoning ordinance to a particular individual use and must be held strictly to those standards.
State by Rochester Ass’n of Neighborhoods v. City of Rochester, 268 N.W.2d 885, 889 (Minn.1978). Here, by applying the use standards of the setback amendment to the particular use proposed by Interstate, the Board acted in an adjudicative capacity. That aspect of its decision is therefore subject to review on certiorari. Thus, we can and should determine whether the Board’s application of the setback amendment in the quasi-judicial denial of this particular CUP was proper.
*575That is not to say, as Interstate argues, that the Board’s partial reliance on the setback amendment opens for review on certiorari all issues related to that amendment. Issues concerning the general validity of the amendment challenge the legislative action of the Board and those issues do not become subject to certiorari review simply because the amendment was considered in the quasi-judicial action. Cf. Willis v. County of Sherburne, 555 N.W.2d 277, 282 (Minn.1996) (concluding that defamation claim was not subject to certiorari review along with wrongful termination claim, despite having arisen from same nucleus of operative facts, where defamation claim did not require inquiry into the quasi-judicial termination decision). We therefore address only the narrow issues of whether the setback amendment can be applied to Interstate’s project under the facts giving rise to this case, and if so, whether it provides an adequate basis for the Board’s denial of the CUP.
II.
A threshold question in reviewing the county’s reliance on the setback amendment as a basis to deny the CUP is whether it was permissible for the Board to apply a zoning amendment enacted after an appeal and remand of the Board’s initial action on the permit application. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that in the particular circumstances of this case, the Board should not be allowed to apply the setback amendment to Interstate’s proposed project because to apply the amendment here is so inequitable that it is arbitrary and capricious. Cf. Honn, 313 N.W.2d at 417 (stating standard of review for zoning matters as whether the decision is “unreasonable, arbitrary or capricious”).
The general rule is that appellate courts apply the law as it exists at the time they rule on a case, even if the law has changed since a lower court ruled on the case. See Holen v. Minneapolis-St. Paul Metro. Airports Comm’n, 250 Minn. 130, 137, 84 N.W.2d 282, 287 (1957) (“Both reason and the weight of authority uphold the view that when an amendatory statute, which is clearly intended to be retroactive and applicable to pending litigation involving public rights, is enacted after judgment and pending appeal, the appellate court must dispose of the case in accordance with the law as changed by such amendatory enactment.”). An exception to this rule exists when rights affected by the amended law were vested before the change in the law. See id. The United States Supreme Court also adheres to “the principle that a court is to apply the law in effect at the time it renders its decision, unless doing so would result in manifest injustice or there is statutory direction or legislative history to the contrary.” Bradley v. School Bd. of Richmond, 416 U.S. 696, 711, 94 S.Ct. 2006, 40 L.Ed.2d 476 (1974) (emphasis added). The principle that changes in the law apply to pending matters except as to vested rights has been applied to zoning matters. See Property Research and Dev. Co. v. City of Eagan, 289 N.W.2d 157 (Minn.1980); Kiges v. City of St. Paul, 240 Minn. 522, 62 N.W.2d 363 (1953).
In addition to the existence of vested rights, some courts have relied on equitable estoppel principles to bar application of changed zoning laws to a pending proceeding. This court articulated the elements necessary for estoppel in the zoning context in Ridgewood Dev. Co. v. State, 294 N.W.2d 288 (Minn.1980). The court explained:
A local government exercising its zoning powers will be estopped when a property owner, (1) relying in good faith (2) upon some act or omission of the government, (3) has made such a substantial change in position or incurred such extensive obligations and expenses that it would be highly inequitable and unjust to destroy the rights which he ostensibly had acquired.
*576Id. at 292 (quoting Heeter, Zoning Estoppel: Application of the Principles of Equitable Estoppel and Vested Rights to Zoning Disputes, 1971 Urb. L. Ann. 63, 66) (emphasis omitted). The court also explained that the government action relied on must have been “wrongful” in order for estoppel to apply. See id. at 293.
The instant case presents a slightly different procedural posture in that the zoning ordinance was amended after the Board’s initial action on the CUP had been appealed and remanded by the court of appeals. Although we have not had occasion to address the issue, many courts have held that on remand an intervening change in the law will apply rather than the preexisting law or even the “law of the case” as established by the remanding appellate court. See, e.g., Bradley, 416 U.S. at 715, 94 S.Ct. 2006; McClelland v. McClelland, 393 N.W.2d 224, 226 (Minn.App.1986). As the court of appeals accurately stated in McClelland, this is a reflection of the more general principle that a court is to apply the law in effect at the time of its decision. 393 N.W.2d at 226.
Neither the vested rights nor the zoning estoppel exception to the general rule of applying the amended law are applicable here. There is nothing in this record indicating the substantial actions taken in reliance on entitlement to a permit that would be sufficient to create either a vested right or the degree of reliance necessary for estoppel. See, e.g., Ridgewood, 294 N.W.2d at 292 (explaining that extensive obligations or expenses in reliance on prior government position are necessary for zoning estoppel); Hawkinson v. Itasca County, 304 Minn. 367, 376, 231 N.W.2d 279, 284 (1975) (holding that expenditures associated with the acquisition of the property, the removal of trees, the grading of the land and excavation created no vested right where unzoned property was later zoned residential).
But the absence of vested rights or grounds for traditional zoning estoppel does not mandate that we ignore what has occurred here. We should be cautious about creating procedural circumstances through which zoning authorities feel they have carte blanche to arbitrarily block otherwise lawful development by the passage of new zoning law. This concern is not new:
While the majority is correct in its statement of the general rule allowing retroactive application of zoning ordinances, * * *, the instant case falls within a major exception to that rule refusing to allow retroactive application in cases of bad faith or arbitrary action on the part of a governmental subdivision. Several courts have indicated in this vein that an ordinance enacted as special legislation in an attempt to frustrate a developer’s plans to lawfully use his property will not be enforced against such a developer.
Almquist v. Town of Marshan, 308 Minn. 52, 82-83, 245 N.W.2d 819, 834-35 (1976) (Kelly, J., dissenting) (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Other courts have recognized that equitable concerns should prevent courts from “approving the proposition that every time a party came close to successfully challenging a town and its zoning board in its zoning actions, his gains could be legislated away by the enactment of an amendment to the ordinance.” State ex rel. Humble Oil & Refining Co. v. Wahner, 25 Wis.2d 1, 130 N.W.2d 304, 311-12 (Wis.1964). See also Bankoff v. Board of Adjustment of Wagoner County, 875 P.2d 1138, 1142 (Okla.1994) (holding that equitable considerations mandated issuance of permit contrary to intervening amendment of ordinance even though no finding of bad faith or vested rights).
The specific procedural posture and circumstances of this case are such that application of the new setback amendment to this proposed project would result in a “manifest injustice” that warrants deviation from the usual rule of applying the law as amended. Specifically, the limited nature of the remand from the court of *577appeals combined with the stated impetus for the amendment compels this conclusion.
When this ease was first on appeal, the court of appeals was confronted with a county action that granted the requested CUP subject to the special condition for payment of relocation costs that Interstate found unacceptable. The court decided that the Board’s action was in effect a denial of the permit and therefore the Board was required to state its rationale. See Interstate I, slip op. at 2 (citing Earthburners, Inc. v. County of Carlton, 513 N.W.2d 460 (Minn.1994)). However, the Board had given no explanation for its action. The only evidence available was two statements at the Commission meeting about the increased cost of county road projects resulting from relocation of utilities that were outside the right-of-way. The court of appeals concluded that “[t]he limited consideration of the conditional use permit reflected in the record of the county board meeting and the statements of the planning commission board members relating to economic issues are an insufficient basis on which to conduct judicial review” and remanded to the Board “for additional proceedings and appropriate findings.” Id. at 3.
This court has previously employed remand to afford an opportunity to provide findings sufficient to enable judicial review in Earthburners and in White Bear Rod and Gun Club v. City of Hugo, 388 N.W.2d 739, 742 (Minn.1986). In remanding Earthbumers the court explained that:
[W]e have been reluctant to allow local boards an opportunity after the fact to substantiate or justify earlier decisions. * * * However, where, as here the board has failed to discharge its responsibilities in connection with this application, we are compelled to offer it the opportunity to do so and to develop a record to allow meaningful appellate review. However, to prevent any unfairness to the applicant, the board must confine its inquiry to those issues raised in earlier proceedings before the planning commission and the county board * * *.
513 N.W.2d at 463 (emphasis added) (internal citation omitted). This limitation to previously-considered issues reflects a concern expressed much earlier about “the danger of permitting the [governing body] to deny a special-use permit without contemporaneous findings or reasons and then permit[ting] its members after several months of thought to present reasons perhaps totally unrelated to the actual reasons for denying the permit * Zylka v. City of Crystal, 283 Minn. 192, 199, 167 N.W.2d 45, 51 (1969). Recently we explained further that “[t]he remands ordered in Earthbumers and White Bear Rod and Gun Club are merely exceptions to the general principle that when a governmental body denies a permit with such insufficient evidence that the decision is arbitrary and capricious, the court should order issuance of the permit.” In re Livingood, 594 N.W.2d 889, 895 (Minn.1999).
These cases establish two crucial points. First, in the rare case when an Earthbumers remand is necessary because the record of a zoning decision is so inadequate that judicial review is impossible, the county fortuitously avoids application of the general rule that a permit denial not supported by an adequate record or findings will result in an appellate order to grant the permit.6 Second, when the county receives the benefit of an Earthbumers remand, to protect the applicant from post hoc creation of new reasons for the denial, the county is limited on remand to the issues raised in the earlier proceedings. See Earthburners, 513 N.W.2d at 463.
*578Relying on this latter principle, Interstate has argued that the county was precluded from using the later-enacted setback amendment as a reason to deny the permit on remand since it obviously was not an issue raised in the initial proceedings. The court of appeals reasoned that Earthbumers is distinguishable because this case, unlike Earthbumers, involves a change in the law. The court relied on the general rule that even on remand intervening law is to be applied unless it interferes with vested rights, was enacted in bad faith or is’ successfully challenged in a separate proceeding. But neither the court of appeals nor the Board cites a case in which that rule was applied following a limited Earthbumers-like remand.7
In addition to the limited nature of an Earthbumers remand, the unusual facts relating to the passage of the setback amendment are such that in fairness the general rule should not apply. Significantly, the only basis articulated for enactment of the setback amendment was to affect the remand of the Interstate CUP application. As stated in the Nobles County Planning Commission minutes:
[The Nobles County Zoning Administrator] explained that [the amendment] was because Interstate Power Company appealed the decision of the Board of Commissioners due to a condition put on that Conditional Use Permit involving the setbacks in the right-of-way of the road. The appelate [sic] judge has given us another chance to re-do the hearing with the Interstate Power Company. He stated that we need to give reasons for our conditions, and monetary reasons are not enough. [The county’s] [attorney * * * suggested these changes in the setbacks for essential services in our ordinance.
This was the only explanation given in support of the setback amendment at either the planning commission or the county board meeting. While these bodies may have had more generalized interests in mind in adopting the amendment, the only articulated reason was to provide grounds for action in the remand of Interstate’s appeal.
Had the Earthbumers exception not been applied in Interstate I, the consequence of the lack of adequate findings would have been an appellate order to grant the permit without the special condition. But instead of ordering the Board to issue the permit without the special condition, the court remanded for further findings and explanation. Under Earthbur-ners, the Board was limited on remand to issues raised in the initial proceedings. The only issue discussed in the initial proceedings was the higher cost of road projects resulting from relocation of utilities outside the right-of-way. The county then enacted the setback amendment with the sole expressed purpose of affecting the remand.
The effect of the county’s action was to subject Interstate to precisely the “unfairness to the applicant” that we sought to avert by limiting Earthbumers remands to the issues raised in the original proceedings. While a general purpose legislative enactment might have the same effect on the CUP application and reasonably subject the applicant to the general rule that a change in the law is applicable to a proceeding on remand, when the legislative change is expressly intended to affect the remand proceeding, the limitation we articulated in Earthbumers is improperly circumvented. The unfairness to the applicant is particularly egregious because the Earthbumers remand is itself an exception to the general practice of requiring the *579county to issue the requested permit rather than remanding for further proceedings.
The general rule that courts apply the law existing at the time of decision reflects judicial respect for the proper exercise of legislative authority and our concern for separation of powers. That interest is attenuated, however, in these circumstances where the legislative action is aimed at circumventing the limitations imposed by a judicial remand. A proper respect for legislative action does not compel us to turn a blind eye to conduct that threatens to undermine the intent of judicial orders.
The confluence of these factors - the limited Earthbumers remand and the amendment expressly enacted to affect that remand - leads to the conclusion that application of the new setback amendment to the Interstate project would result in the kind of manifest injustice that warrants departure from the general rule of applying zoning changes to pending proceedings. Accordingly, we hold that the setback amendment may not be applied to the project for which the CUP was sought.8
III.
The court of appeals correctly noted that on remand the Board gave some reasons and made some findings in support of denial of the CUP that did not involve the setback amendment. The court explained that as long as one reason was legally sufficient and supported by facts, the denial should be affirmed. The court concluded that although some of the Board’s findings were not supported by evidence, three were supported by the record and were sufficient to deny the CUP. Those findings were: ■
(1) the county is acquiring slope easements adjacent to rights-of-way to reduce their elevation and the amount of drifting snow and that electric poles two feet from the right-of-way will impair resloping, (2) drifting snow has a negative impact on public road travel and emergency vehicles, and (3) the county may have to expand county roads 34 and 69 for safety reasons and [Interstate’s] proposed use would burden the planned expansion because it would impair the county’s ability to acquire easements.
Interstate II, 1999 WL 171495, at *4.
In its initial action on Interstate’s CUP application the Board granted the permit subject to the special condition that “Interstate Power Company be responsible for any necessary relocation of their utilities and all costs incurred.” The minutes of that Board meeting do not indicate any discussion on the application and the minutes of the Commission meeting reflect discussion only about the issue of who would bear the costs of relocation for utilities outside the public right-of-way. Approval of the CUP, conditioned only on Interstate’s agreement to pay relocation costs, signifies the county’s determination that the application satisfied all other relevant criteria. See Corwine v. Crow Wing County, 309 Minn. 345, 352, 244 N.W.2d 482, 486 (1976) (“When a use permit is approved, the decision-making body is always implicitly giving the same reason - all requirements for the issuance of the permit have been met.”). Accordingly, the only issue raised in the initial proceedings *580either in the discussion by the governing bodies or the permit and special condition was the higher costs for road projects resulting from potential relocation of the utilities.
On remand for findings under Earthbumers, the Board was limited to the reason previously considered - that is, increased cost of road projects resulting from utility relocation costs. But this reason is not addressed in the Board’s new findings.9 Rather, the Board relied on entirely new reasons to support denial of the CUP, reasons that it apparently did not find objectionable when it approved the permit with the special condition attached. The court of appeals held that these reasons relating to slope easements, snow drifting and possible widening of the road for safety reasons were legally sufficient and supported by the record. But even if they were supported by the record, these additional reasons were beyond the scope of the Earthbumers remand because they were not raised in the initial proceedings. They are, accordingly, legally insufficient and cannot now be used by the Board to support denial of the CUP.
As a result, there remains no permissible basis in the record on which to deny the permit. We therefore remand with instructions to issue the permit without the special condition and with the understanding that the setback amendment cannot be applied lawfully to this particular project.
Reversed and remanded to the Nobles County Board of Commissioners.

. Pursuant to Minn. R. Civ.App. P. 110.04, the parties submitted a stipulated statement of proceedings.

. If a road project requires alteration of the public right-of-way, utilities whose equipment is within the right-of-way pay the cost of relocation. If utility equipment outside the right-of-way must be relocated due to a county road project, the county bears the relocation cost.

. In fact, only 1.75 miles of the project were within the county’s jurisdiction.

. The Board found that NCO § 505.1(7) did not apply to Interslate's application.

. The general rule adopted by this court in Honn is that even quasi-judicial zoning actions should be reviewed in district court, not by certiorari review in the court of appeals. See 313 N.W.2d at 416. This case falls, however, within a narrow exception to that general rule for decisions by county boards. This exception exists because the legislature has not provided for judicial review of zoning decisions of county boards in the district court as it has for zoning decisions of cities, towns and even county boards of adjustment. Compare Minn.Stat. § 462.361, subd. 1 (1998) (providing for district court review of zoning orders of a "governing body” or board of adjustments); Minn.Stat. § 462.352, subd. 11 (1998) (defining "governing body” as only a city council or town board); and Minn.Stat. § 394.27, subd. 9 (1998) (providing for district court review of board of adjustment decisions) with Minn.Stat. § 394.301 (1998) (authorizing county conditional use permit proceedings but without providing for district court review). In this respect, our statement in In re Livingood, 594 N.W.2d 889, 893 n. 2 (Minn. 1999), that special use permit decisions by city councils as well as county boards are reviewable by writ of certiorari was overly broad.

. We emphasize that Earthbumers was not intended to provide local government units with a routinized opportunity for a second bite at the apple by neglecting to provide an adequate record for review.

. Similarly, although the dissent cites numerous cases articulating the usual rule that new legislation is applied to pending litigation, none of those cases involves an Earthbumers-like remand in which the remand proceedings are limited to the issues previously raised. We also note that contrary to the dissent’s claim, we are not expanding the scope of Earthbumers. Earthbumers limits the remand to the same issues raised in the earlier proceeding. That is precisely the limitation we apply here.

. The dissent’s suggestion that the impact of this decision is that plaintiffs can "prevent the legislature and executive agencies from confronting new situations and problems” by initiating lawsuits is overstated and unwarranted. This suggestion overlooks the expressly limited parameters of our decision in two respects. First, as we have repeatedly emphasized in this opinion, it is not just any litigation or any legislation that we address. Rather, it is only litigation in the unusual posture of a remand limited by the principles of Earthbumers, and it is only legislative action for which the only expressed purpose is to affect that limited remand. Second, as we have also expressly explained, we address here only the quasi-judicial action of applying the setback ordinance to this CUP application. The general validity of the setback ordinance is not before us and is not affected by this decision.

. We recognize that the county read the court of appeals' order in Interstate I to authorize and perhaps mandate articulation of reasons different from the economic rationale that was the one and only issue raised in the first proceeding. However, we do not read the dicta in Interstate I concerning the scope of the police power and revenue measures either to render improper all economic considerations when assessing what will best serve the county's general welfare or to authorize the county to introduce wholly new reasons for its action on remand. The former point is beyond the scope of review in this case, and the latter point would certainly be contrary to our direction in Earthbumers. In any event, the Board's possible misreading of Interstate I is not determinative of its meaning or of the proper scope of review on remand.