Court Opinion

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Opinions of the United
2002 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

4-16-2002

Jimmy Johnson v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential:

Docket No. 01-1331

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PRECEDENTIAL

       Filed April 16, 2002

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

NO. 01-1331

JIMMY JOHNSON,
       Petitioner

v.

JOHN ASHCROFT, Attorney General
of the United States

On Petition for Review of an Order
of the Board of Immigration Appeals
(No. A73 149 183)

Argued November 7, 2001

Before: BECKER, Chief Judge, and McKEE
and RENDELL, Circuit Judges

(Filed April 16, 2002)

       Visuvanthan Rudrakumaran
        [ARGUED]
       Suite 2309
       875 Avenue of the Americas
       New York, NY 10001
       Counsel for Petitioner
       Jimmy Johnson

       William C. Minick [ARGUED]
       Michael P. Lindemann
       Christopher C. Fuller

       Alison M. Igoe
       Office of Immigration Litigation
       Civil Division, Department of Justice
       P. O. Box 878
       Ben Franklin Station
       Washington, DC 20044
       Counsel for Respondent

OPINION OF THE COURT

RENDELL, Circuit Judge.

Jimmy Johnson petitions for review of a Board of

Immigration Appeals ("BIA" or "Board") order reversing a
grant of asylum and withholding of deportation based on
changed country conditions.
The BIA held that the Immigration Judge did not have
jurisdiction over these claims at the time he considered

Johnson’s application for relief under the Convention
Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment ("CAT")1 because the case had
been reopened and remanded for the "sole purpose" of
considering the CAT claim. The question before us is
whether on remand the Immigration Judge’s jurisdiction
was limited to the CAT issue. For the reasons below, we
conclude that, in deciding that it was limited, the Board
departed without reasonable explanation from its own
policy that it established in Matter of Patel , 16 I. & N. Dec.

600 (BIA 1978). Accordingly, the Petition for Review will be
granted and we will vacate the Board’s order and remand
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
_________________________________________________________________

1. G.A. Res. 39/46 (annex), U.N. GAOR, 39th Sess., Supp. No. 51, at
197, U.N. Doc. A/39/51 (1984).

                                2

I.

When Johnson entered the United States from Liberia in
1994 without a valid visa or travel documents, he was
placed in exclusion proceedings and taken into custody by
the Immigration and Naturalization Service ("INS"). His
initial application for asylum under Immigration and
Naturalization Act ("INA") S 208, 8 U.S.C. S 1158, and
withholding of deportation under former INA S 243(h), 8
U.S.C. S 1253(h) (1995), was denied and he was ordered
excluded. The Board affirmed on appeal.

Johnson then filed a motion with the Board to reopen
and/or reconsider asylum and withholding of deportation in
1996. In a published opinion, the Board denied the motion
as untimely, holding that the motion to reconsider was
more than 60 days late, that the motion to reopen was 2
days late, and that a motion is "filed" when it is received
rather than when an applicant in custody sends it. See In
re J-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 976 (BIA 1997). The Board
considered the exception to the timeliness requirements for
motions to apply for asylum based on changed
circumstances in the applicant’s country of nationality, see
8 C.F.R. S 3.2(c)(3)(ii), but concluded that the exception did
not apply because Johnson failed to provide material
evidence of changed conditions that was unavailable at
prior hearings. See In re J-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. at 981-82.

In 1999, Johnson filed a motion with the Board to reopen
for consideration of relief under CAT, which the Board
granted. The Board’s order provided that

       [W]e . . . remand this matter to the Immigration Court
       for consideration of the respondent’s claim pursuant to
        [CAT] regulations.

. . .

        FURTHER ORDER: The record is remanded to the
        Immigration Judge for further proceedings consistent
        with the foregoing opinion and for the entry of a new
        decision.

The effect of this remand order is at issue here.

While the case was on remand, Johnson made a written
motion before the Immigration Judge urging the court"to

                                 3

consider the respondent’s eligibility for asylum in the
proceedings based on changed country conditions." The
Immigration Judge considered this motion as well as the
motion to withhold deportation under CAT, ultimately
granting both.

In his decision, the Immigration Judge addressed
whether his jurisdiction was limited to the CAT claim. While
acknowledging that the Board and the Supreme Court have
set a high standard for reopening immigration proceedings
because of the interest in finality, see, e.g. , INS v. Abudu,
485 U.S. 94, 107 (1988); In re A-G-, 19 I. & N. Dec. 502,
503-04 (BIA 1987), he reasoned that the decision was no
longer final once the case had been reopened, so that this
interest was not implicated. Moreover, he made the point --
uncontested by the INS -- that if Johnson had become
eligible for adjustment of status in the meantime, that
matter could have been entertained by him on remand.
This, he stated, supported his view that "issues besides
that for which the Board specifically reopened the case"
could be heard on remand. He found that application of
this principle was particularly appropriate in these
circumstances, where so much of the evidence of the CAT
claim was relevant to the asylum claim as well.

The INS appealed the Immigration Judge’s decision to the
Board, which affirmed the grant of withholding relief under
CAT, but vacated the grant of asylum and withholding of
deportation. The Board did not address the merits of the
asylum claim, but rather vacated on the ground that the
Immigration Judge had lacked jurisdiction to consider the
motion because the Board’s remand referred jurisdiction
back to the Immigration Judge only as to the CAT motion.

In its opinion, the Board began by citing the general rule
that "a remand, unless the Board qualifies or limits it for a
specific purpose, is effective for the stated purpose and for
consideration of any and all matters which the Immigration
Judge deems appropriate in the exercise of his
administrative discretion or which are brought to his
attention in compliance with the appropriate regulations."
Citing Matter of Patel, 16 I. & N. Dec. 600 (BIA 1978))
(Board’s emphasis). It then pointed out that the standards
                                  4

to reopen for relief under CAT are more easily satisfied than
those to reopen for other purposes.

Finally, the Board looked to the background regulations
and the relief sought in Johnson’s motion to reopen for
consideration under CAT, reasoning that both indicated
that "the applicant’s motion was filed to pursue this limited
form of relief and, thus, was granted and remanded to the
Immigration Judge for the limited purpose of entertaining
his application for relief pursuant to [CAT]." Specifically, the
Board pointed to the regulation providing that an alien
under final order of exclusion "may move to reopen
proceedings for the sole purpose of seeking" withholding of
removal under CAT. 8 C.F.R. S 208.18(b)(2). 2 For all of these
reasons, it concluded that the Immigration Judge’s
jurisdiction on remand was limited to the CAT claim.

Johnson filed a timely appeal of the portion of the
Board’s order vacating the Immigration Judge’s grant of
asylum and withholding of deportation.

II.

We have jurisdiction under INA S 106, 8 U.S.C.
S 1105a(a), as modified by the Illegal Immigration Reform
and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ("IIRIRA").3 While
we will often defer to agency interpretations in the
immigration context, see Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural
Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837 (1984); Abdille v. Ashcroft,
242 F.3d 477, 484-85 (3d Cir. 2001) (citing INS v. Aguirre-
Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 424-25 (1999)), this case concerns
the scope of jurisdiction of the Immigration Judge and the
BIA as it has been interpreted in the BIA’s own precedent.
The parties and the Board agree that it rests essentially on
one decision -- Matter of Patel, 16 I. & N. Dec. 600 (BIA
_________________________________________________________________

2. This provision applies only to aliens like Johnson who were "ordered
removed, or whose removal orders became final, before March 22, 1999."
8 C.F.R. S 208.18(b)(2).

3. We note   that we do not need to decide which rules apply because this
matter was   reviewable under the old rules, see INA S 106, and is not in
any of the   categories affected by the IIRIRA’s transitional or permanent
rules, see   IIRIRA S 309(c)(4); INAS 242, 8 U.S.C. S 1252.

                                  5

1978). Immigration regulations provide that Patel, because
it is a published opinion, "shall serve as precedent[ ] in all
proceedings involving the same issue or issues." 8 C.F.R.
S 3.1(g). The issue before us, therefore, is whether the
Board departed from its own precedent.

Although an agency can change or adapt its policies, it
acts arbitrarily if it departs from its established precedents
without "announcing a principled reason" for the departure.
Fertilizer Inst. v. Browner, 163 F.3d 774, 778 (3d Cir. 1998)
(noting the well-established rule that an agency can depart
from precedent only with explanation); see also Motor
Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463
U.S. 29, 41-43 (1983); Chisholm v. Defense Logistics
Agency, 656 F.2d 42, 47 (3d Cir. 1981) (agencies must
follow, distinguish, or overrule their own precedent).
Numerous courts have applied this principle in the
immigration context,4 as we do here. Further, if it departs
from an announced rule without explanation or an"avowed
alteration," such action could be viewed as "arbitrary,
capricious, [or] an abuse of discretion." INS v. Yang, 519
U.S. 26, 32 (1996). Here, the Board has not announced an
alteration of the policy set forth in Patel. Thus, if the Board
did in fact depart from Patel, it acted arbitrarily and we
should overturn its ruling.

III.

We begin our analysis with a discussion of the Board’s
opinion in Matter of Patel, 16 I. & N. Dec. 600 (BIA 1978),
in which the Board established the standard for the scope
_________________________________________________________________

4. See Salameda v. INS, 70 F.3d 447, 450 (7th Cir. 1995) ("An agency
may not abandon an interpretation without an explanation . . . .
Agencies do not have the same freedom as courts to change direction
without acknowledging and justifying the change."); Davila-Bardales v.
INS, 27 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 1994) (requiring the BIA to "confront the issue
squarely and explain why the departure is reasonable" when it departs
from its own precedents); Israel v. INS, 785 F.2d 738, 740 (9th Cir. 1986)
(the BIA acts arbitrarily when it disregards its own precedents and
policies without "reasonable explanation"); Moret v. Karn, 746 F.2d 989,
992 (3d Cir. 1984) (the INS abused its discretion where it failed to follow
its own internal procedures).

                                6

of remand orders in immigration proceedings. While few
cases or Board decisions elaborate on Patel’s standard, and
its language is often quoted without elaboration, 5 it is
widely acknowledged to govern this situation. This is not
disputed here: the parties and the Board simply offer
competing interpretations of the standard the case sets
forth.

Before the Board in Patel was a motion to reopen
proceedings so that the respondent could apply for relief
under S 244(a)(1) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. S 1254(a)(1). In a two-
page decision, the Board found that it lacked jurisdiction to
decide this motion because it had previously reopened the
case for consideration of respondent’s rights under asylum
provisions and had remanded the case. Accordingly, the
Immigration Judge, and not the Board, had jurisdiction.6
Patel set forth the relevant test as follows:

       [W]hen the Board remands a case to an immigration
       judge for further proceedings, it divests itself of
       jurisdiction of that case unless jurisdiction is expressly
       retained. Further, when this is done, unless the Board
       qualifies or limits the remand for a specific purpose,
       the remand is effective for the stated purpose and for
       consideration of any and all matters which the Service
       officer deems appropriate in the exercise of his
       administrative discretion or which are brought to his
       attention in compliance with the appropriate
       regulations.

Id. at 601.

Under this formulation, the Board will have no
continuing jurisdiction if remand is ordered, unless the
_________________________________________________________________

5. E.g., In re L-V-K-, Int. Dec. 3409, 1999 WL 607159 (BIA Aug. 10, 1999)
(dissent) (citing Patel for the proposition that "[o]nce a case is remanded,
such a remand, unless specifically limited, is for any appropriate
purpose"); CHARLES GORDON ET AL., 1 IMMIGRATION LAW AND PROCEDURE
S 3.05[5][b], at 3-55 (Dec. 2000) (citing Patel).

6. In the same decision, the Board denied another respondent’s motion
to reopen for relief under S 244 because he failed to make out a prima
facie case of eligibility, but this portion of the decision is not relevant
here.

                                7

Board has "expressly retained" jurisdiction. And, even if it
has expressly retained jurisdiction,7 the Immigration Judge
on remand can consider the stated purpose and other
appropriate matters unless the remand is qualified or
limited to a specific purpose. That is, for the Board to retain
jurisdiction over all but a narrow issue, generally it must do
two things in the text of its remand order: expressly retain
jurisdiction, and limit the remand to a specific purpose.
The Board did not do either here.

1. Express retention of jurisdiction

The government argues that the Board limited the
Immigration Judge’s jurisdiction by stating that"we . . .
remand this matter to the Immigration Court for
consideration of the respondent’s claim pursuant to[CAT]
regulations" and citing the relevant regulations. It proposes
that this same language both expressly retained Board
jurisdiction over everything but Johnson’s CAT claims, and
qualified and limited the remand to this specific purpose.
By reaching this conclusion without considering separately
the "express retention" and "qualifying or limiting"
requirements, it ignores the fact that Patel implies that
there are at least some circumstances in which language
could expressly retain jurisdiction without qualifying or
limiting the remand. Otherwise, Patel’s second sentence --
"Further, when this is done . . ." -- would be superfluous.
Accordingly, we examine each of Patel’s requirements in
turn, beginning with its statement that the Board generally
no longer has jurisdiction when it has remanded a case,
except when it "expressly retains" jurisdiction over it.

Patel itself does not elaborate on the concept of "express
retention" of jurisdiction. After setting forth the test, it
simply states that the remand order at issue was"not
limited or qualified," bypassing analysis of"express
retention." And, there is no caselaw discussing how we
should interpret this language in this context. We thus turn
_________________________________________________________________

7. Linguistically Patel’s phrase "when this is done" could refer either to
"when the case is remanded" or to "when jurisdiction is expressly
retained," but logically it refers to the latter. If the Board simply remands
without retaining any jurisdiction, it makes no sense to define the scope
of its un-retained jurisdiction.

                                8

for guidance to the common definition of "express" as
"explicit," in contrast to implicit or inferred. Black’s Law
Dictionary, for instance, defines "express" as "[c]lear;
definite; explicit; plain . . . . Made known distinctly and
explicitly, and not left to inference." BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY
580 (6th ed. 1990). Other dictionaries give substantially
similar definitions. See, e.g., WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW
INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 803 (1993) (defining "express" as
"directly and distinctly stated or expressed rather than
implied or left to inference . . . definite, clear, explicit,
unmistakable").

The most obvious way for a tribunal to "expressly retain
jurisdiction" is by stating that it is doing precisely that. In
In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. Sales Practice Litig., 261
F.3d 355, 367 (3d Cir. 2001), we characterized the district
court as having "expressly retained exclusive jurisdiction"
over certain settlement proceedings where its order simply
stated that it "retain[ed] exclusive jurisdiction as to all
matters relating to [settlement] administration." In re
Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. Sales Practice Litig., 962 F. Supp.
450, 566 P 10 (D.N.J. 1997). And in other situations where
the adjective "express" is used, we have viewed it as
requiring an actual, stated reference or mention. In
Berckeley Inv. Group, Ltd. v. Colkitt, 259 F.3d 135, 141 (3d
Cir. 2001), for instance, we found no "express
determination" that there was no just reason for delay
where the district court’s order did not use the phrase ‘no
just cause for delay’ or any similar statement.

Here, the remand order did not state that the Board
retained jurisdiction, nor did it make any reference at all to
the Board’s jurisdiction. In this context, we see no reason
to interpret "express" in a way other than as it is commonly
understood. Given Patel, we cannot conclude that the order
on its face expressly retained jurisdiction.

2. Qualification or limitation to a specific purpose

Even had the Board expressly retained jurisdiction, our
inquiry would not end there. Patel then tells us: "[f]urther,
when this is done, unless the Board qualifies or limits the
remand for a specific purpose, the remand is effective for
the stated purpose and for consideration of any and all

                                9

matters . . . ." It, thus, provides for two possible scenarios.
If the Board "qualifie[d] or limit[ed] the remand for a specific
purpose," then the Immigration Judge would be limited to
that purpose. But if the Board did not include such
qualifications or limitations, then the Immigration Judge
could appropriately consider the stated purpose and "any
and all matters" deemed appropriate or brought under
relevant regulations.

Clearly, here, the Board did state a purpose --
consideration of Johnson’s CAT claims. But the language of
Patel just quoted contemplates that an order can articulate
a purpose without being qualified or limited. The general
rule that a remand encompasses the stated purpose and
other matters clearly assumes and anticipates the normal
practice of the Board, namely a remand for a stated
purpose. Under Patel, the Immigration Judge’s jurisdiction
is narrowed only when the remand order is qualified or
limited, which, given the structure of Patel’s sentence, must
be more than a statement of purpose alone.

Although the Board stated a purpose, it did not limit or
qualify the remand, so the Immigration Judge could then
hear a wide range of matters. The government urges us to
find that "[b]y explicitly stating that it was remanding the
petitioner’s case for consideration pursuant to regulations
that govern claims under the Convention Against Torture
only, the Board specifically limited and qualified the basis
of its remand." The difficulty with this argument is that
Patel assumes a purpose will be "stated," as it was, but
none of the limiting language that the government points to
in its papers -- "only" and "sole and express purpose" -- or
that the Board points to in its decision -- "sole purpose" --
appears in the order. Without such limiting language, the
order contains nothing more than a stated purpose.

We note, further, that the remand at issue here is similar
to the one in Patel, which the Board found was not
qualified or limited, in that it refers to a specific regulatory
provision. In Patel, the Board had previously ordered
reopening in view of respondent’s rights under a particular
asylum provision, Patel, 16 I. & N. Dec. at 601, whereas
here the order referred to the CAT regulations. This

                                10

statement of a purpose was not a limitation in Patel, so it
similarly should not be in this situation.

3. The scope of the Immigration Judge’s jurisdiction
Because the Board’s order stated a purpose but did not
limit remand to that purpose, Patel instructs that the
Immigration Judge could consider Johnson’s CAT claims
and "any and all matters which [the Immigration Judge]
deem[ed] appropriate in the exercise of his administrative
discretion or which [were] brought to his attention in
compliance with the appropriate regulations." Patel, 16 I. &
N. at 601 (emphasis added). For the reasons below, we
believe that the asylum claim was the type of matter that
Patel contemplated an Immigration Judge would hear in
these circumstances.

In its opinion, the Board focused on the second part of
Patel’s sentence, which refers to the "appropriate
regulations." Not only did the Board emphasize the phrase
when quoting Patel’s key passage, but it also characterized
Patel as "requiring purposes for remand to be in compliance
with the appropriate regulation." But this is not what Patel
says. Instead, the phrase refers to the manner of bringing
matters to the Immigration Judge’s attention, and--
particularly with its use of "any and all"-- seems to be an
expansive, not a narrowing, phrase.

The Board’s ruling here might also be viewed as opining
that the motion was not brought in compliance with
8 C.F.R. S 208.18(b)(2), the regulation that allows motions
"to reopen proceedings for the sole purpose of seeking"
withholding of removal under CAT. But if we were to
concede that use of the word "sole" in this regulation was
sufficient to restrict the Immigration Judge’s jurisdiction on
remand, that would be entirely inconsistent with Patel. The
Board did not address this issue, but seems to have either
misread Patel or decided that somehow the regulation is a
jurisdictional limitation that trumps Patel. The latter seems
unlikely because the Board does rely on Patel as well.

The Board also pointed out in its opinion that Johnson’s
motion for asylum relief would have been time barred and
would have exceeded the permissible number of motions if
it had been deemed a motion to reconsider the Board’s prior

                                11

decision. 8 C.F.R. S 3.2(b)(2) (establishing a filing deadline
for motions to reconsider and limiting them to one per
decision). This argument was not pursued on appeal, but
even if it had been, it is not relevant at this stage of the
proceedings. These time and numerical limitations do not
apply to motions to reopen based on changed country
circumstances where the movant shows evidence of
changed conditions that "is material and was not available
and could not have been discovered or presented at the
former hearing." 8 C.F.R. SS 3.23(b)(3), 3.2(c)(3)(ii).8 The
Board did not reach the issue of whether this standard was
appropriately met or applied because it based its
conclusion on the scope of the Immigration Judge’s
jurisdiction, as defined by the remand order.

The government similarly pointed out that this was
Johnson’s second motion to reopen for consideration of
asylum based on changed country conditions, and that the
Board had denied the previous one. See In re J-J-, 21 I. &
N. Dec. 976 (BIA 1997). But its argument that Johnson was
impermissibly readjudicating his asylum claim is not
addressed to the Immigration Judge’s jurisdiction on
remand, and, even if it were, the regulations specifically
permit "readjudication" when the requirements for showing
changed country conditions are met. See 8 C.F.R.
SS 3.23(b)(3), 3.2(c)(3)(ii). None of this amounts to a
regulatory prohibition against the consideration of asylum
based on changed country conditions.

Patel states that the Immigration Judge may hear such
matters "or" those deemed appropriate in the exercise of the
judge’s discretion. Presumably this discretion has limits.
The Board’s decision in In re J-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 976 (BIA
1997), for instance, noted that the Board’s power to reopen
cases on its own motion was "not meant to be used as a
general cure for filing defects or to otherwise circumvent
the regulations." Id. at 984. Assuming that a similar
standard would apply where the Immigration Judge’s
_________________________________________________________________

8. Motions to reopen based on changed country conditions are an
exception to the rule that motions to reopen are normally limited to one
per alien and must be filed no later than 90 days after the final
administrative decision. See 8 C.F.R. S 3.2(c)(2).

                                12

discretion, rather than the Board’s discretion, is at issue,
we do not view the Immigration Judge’s consideration of
Johnson’s motion to run afoul of the regulations. Nor do we
view his addressing this issue to be an inappropriate
exercise of his discretion, especially given the factual
overlap among Johnson’s claim for asylum, statutory
withholding of deportation, and withholding of deportation
under CAT.9

IV.

The Board’s ruling that the Immigration Judge did not
have jurisdiction runs counter to its own dictates in Patel,
which contemplates that, in most cases, the Immigration
Judge will have broad jurisdiction over the case on remand.
This reading of Patel finds additional support from the
policy expressed by the Executive Office for Immigration
Review in the Board of Immigration Appeals Practice
Manual, which states: "Once a case has been remanded to
the Immigration Judge, the only motion that can be
entertained by the Board is a motion to reconsider the
decision to remand. All other motions must be filed with
the Immigration Judge." DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, EXECUTIVE
OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW, BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
PRACTICE MANUAL S 5.2(a)(iii)(B) (Nov. 1, 1999). While the
manual does not have the weight of a law or regulation and
does not affect the Board’s jurisdiction, see id. S 1.1(c), or
our ruling, we note that the policy it expresses is consistent
_________________________________________________________________

9. The first two claims require a showing that Johnson’s life or freedom
would be threatened "on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion," while CAT
requires a showing that it is more likely than not that the alien would
be tortured upon return to his or her country. Compare INA S 208, 8
U.S.C. S 1158, and former INA S 243(h), 8 U.S.C. S 1253(h) (1995)
(current version at INA S 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C.S 1231(B)(3)), with 8 C.F.R.
S 208.16(c)(2). The INS itself has recognized the similarity of these types
of claims in general: in the interim rule establishing procedures for CAT
claims, it noted that the same application form is used for asylum,
withholding of removal, and relief under CAT because in many cases "the
underlying facts supporting these claims will be the same." Regulations
Concerning the Convention Against Torture, 64 Fed. Reg. 8478, 8485
(Feb. 19, 1999).

                                13

with the jurisdictional view expressed by the BIA in Patel,
and with the result we reach.

If the Board departs from Patel, it should provide a
reasonable explanation for its departure. It is possible that
it viewed the regulatory language (i.e.,"sole purpose") as
effecting a limitation on jurisdiction, but that appears to
run counter to the jurisdictional scheme reflected in Patel.
The Board did not explain its departure and, therefore, its
disregard of its own precedents was arbitrary. Because we
view its ruling as a departure and because an agency
should explain a departure, we will GRANT the petition for
review, VACATE the Board’s order, and REMAND for
further consideration in light of this opinion.

A True Copy:
Teste:

       Clerk of the United States Court of Appeals
       for the Third Circuit

                                14