Court Opinion

ID: 4257117
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-03-22 15:12:10.725022+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:49:19.747810
License: Public Domain

2018 IL 122558

                                       IN THE

                               SUPREME COURT

                                           OF

                         THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                   (Docket No. 122558)

        PHOUNGEUN THOUNSAVATH, Appellee, v. STATE FARM MUTUAL
              AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellant.

                              Opinion filed March 22, 2018.

        JUSTICE THOMAS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Freeman, Kilbride, Garman, Burke, and
     Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                        OPINION

¶1       Plaintiff Phoungeun Thounsavath sought underinsured motorist coverage from
     defendant, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company (State Farm),
     stemming from an automobile accident that occurred while she was a passenger in a
     vehicle driven by Clinton Evans. State Farm denied plaintiff’s claim for
     underinsured motorist coverage based upon a driver exclusion endorsement in
     plaintiff’s automobile liability insurance policies with State Farm. The driver
     exclusion endorsement named Clinton Evans as an excluded driver.

¶2      Both parties filed complaints for declaratory judgment. On cross-motions for
     summary judgment, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of plaintiff.
     The appellate court affirmed. 2017 IL App (1st) 161334. This court allowed State
     Farm’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. July 1, 2017).

¶3                                    BACKGROUND

¶4       State Farm issued two policies of motor vehicle insurance to plaintiff. One
     policy insured a 1998 Pontiac Grand Am, and one policy insured a 2004 Pontiac
     GTO. Each policy provided liability, uninsured motorist, and underinsured
     motorist coverage in the amounts of $100,000 per person and $300,000 per
     accident. Both policies contained a “Driver Exclusion Endorsement” that excluded
     Clinton M. Evans. Driver exclusion endorsements are also referred to as named
     driver exclusions. Specifically, the driver exclusion endorsement provided:

        “IT IS AGREED WE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE AND NO LIABILITY OR
        OBLIGATION OF ANY KIND SHALL ATTACH TO US FOR BODILY
        INJURY, LOSS OR DAMAGE UNDER ANY OF THE COVERAGES OF
        THIS POLICY WHILE ANY MOTOR VEHICLE IS OPERATED BY:
        CLINTON M. EVANS.” (Emphases in original.)

¶5       On June 17, 2012, plaintiff was a passenger in a 2007 Hyundai automobile that
     was owned and operated by Clinton Evans when Evans’s vehicle was involved in
     an accident with another automobile. Plaintiff was injured in the accident. Plaintiff
     made a claim for damages against Clinton Evans for her personal injuries. Evans’s
     insurer, American Access Insurance Company, paid plaintiff’s claim in the amount
     of $20,000, the policy limit. Plaintiff then filed a claim for underinsured motorist
     coverage with State Farm for the June 17, 2012, accident. State Farm denied
     plaintiff’s claim based upon the driver exclusion endorsement.

¶6      Plaintiff subsequently filed a complaint for declaratory judgment in the circuit
     court of Cook County, seeking a declaration that she was entitled to underinsured
     motorist coverage under her State Farm policies. Plaintiff alleged that she

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     purchased automobile insurance policies from State Farm that included
     underinsured motor vehicle coverage for bodily injury. Plaintiff noted that she was
     involved in a motor vehicle accident while a passenger in a vehicle owned by
     Clinton Evans and sustained over $30,000 in medical bills related to the accident.
     Clinton Evans was at fault for the accident, and his insurer tendered the full policy
     limits of $20,000 to plaintiff. Plaintiff then sought to recover pursuant to the
     underinsured motorist coverage of her State Farm policies, but State Farm denied
     the claim, citing the named driver exclusion stating that Clinton Evans was an
     excluded driver. Plaintiff asserted that section 143a-2 of the Illinois Insurance Code
     (215 ILCS 5/143a-2 (West 2012)) required all policies of insurance to provide
     underinsured motorist coverage to the named insured, so that State Farm’s denial of
     plaintiff’s underinsured motorist coverage violated the statute, as well as Illinois
     public policy. Plaintiff therefore sought a declaration that State Farm must provide
     her with underinsured motorist coverage under her State Farm policies.

¶7       State Farm filed an answer to plaintiff’s complaint for declaratory judgment,
     denying that section 143a-2 of the Insurance Code required all policies of insurance
     to provide underinsured motorist coverage to the named insured. State Farm also
     filed a counterclaim for declaratory judgment, noting that it had issued two policies
     of automobile insurance to plaintiff. Both policies contained a driver exclusion
     endorsement, signed by plaintiff, which excluded coverage for bodily injury, loss,
     or damage under the policies while any motor vehicle is operated by Clinton Evans.
     State Farm denied that either of plaintiff’s automobile insurance policies provided
     underinsured motorist coverage for the June 17, 2012, accident because all
     coverages were excluded while Clinton Evans operated any motor vehicle. State
     Farm sought a declaratory judgment in its favor declaring that there was no
     underinsured motorist coverage available to plaintiff under either policy for the
     June 17, 2012, accident, that State Farm had no duty to arbitrate any claim for
     underinsured motorist coverage made by plaintiff under either policy, and that there
     was no coverage of any kind available to plaintiff under either policy for the
     accident of June 17, 2012.

¶8       The circuit court ordered both parties to file cross-motions for summary
     judgment. State Farm filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that the driver
     exclusion endorsement in both automobile policies issued to plaintiff did not
     violate the Insurance Code or the public policy of the state of Illinois. The circuit

                                             -3­
       court denied State Farm’s motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff then filed her
       motion for summary judgment, which the circuit court granted.

¶9         State Farm appealed, arguing that its driver exclusion endorsement did not
       violate section 143a-2 of the Insurance Code or Illinois public policy. The appellate
       court affirmed the circuit court. 2017 IL App (1st) 161334.

¶ 10       The appellate court noted that, under section 7-601(a) of the Illinois Safety and
       Family Financial Responsibility Law (Financial Responsibility Law) (625 ILCS
       5/7-601(a) (West 2012)), a part of the Illinois Vehicle Code (Vehicle Code), no one
       may operate a motor vehicle or allow a vehicle to be operated without obtaining
       sufficient insurance. 2017 IL App (1st) 161334, ¶ 16. In addition, sections 143a and
       143a-2 of the Insurance Code (215 ILCS 5/143a, 143a-2 (West 2012)) require
       automobile liability insurance policies to include uninsured and underinsured
       motorist coverage. 2017 IL App (1st) 161334, ¶ 17. The appellate court
       acknowledged that, in general, named driver exclusions in automobile liability
       insurance policies are permitted in Illinois. Id. ¶ 22. However, the cases cited by
       State Farm in support of its named driver exclusion were distinguishable, as the
       named driver exclusions in those cases were enforced as to parties other than the
       named insured. Id. ¶ 23.

¶ 11       The appellate court stated that the issue in this case was whether the named
       driver exclusion violated Illinois’s mandatory insurance requirements and public
       policy where the exclusion barred coverage for the named insured. Although none
       of the cases cited by either party addressed that precise issue, the appellate court
       found the analysis in American Access Casualty Co. v. Reyes, 2013 IL 115601, to
       be instructive.

¶ 12       The issue in Reyes was whether an automobile liability policy could exclude the
       only named insured and owner of the vehicle without violating public policy. Reyes
       noted that the plain and unambiguous language of section 7-317(b)(2) of the
       Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/7-317(b)(2) (West 2010)) mandated that an automobile
       liability policy cover the “person named therein.” Reyes, 2013 IL 115601, ¶ 11.
       Because Reyes was the only person “named therein,” Reyes could not be excluded
       from coverage through a contractual provision. Id.

                                               -4­
¶ 13       Similar to Reyes, the appellate court held that a named driver exclusion in an
       insured’s automobile liability insurance policy that bars liability, uninsured, or
       underinsured coverage for the named insured violates Illinois’s mandatory
       insurance requirements and Illinois public policy. 2017 IL App (1st) 161334, ¶ 34.
       Accordingly, the appellate court held that the named driver exclusion endorsements
       in plaintiff’s automobile liability policies with State Farm were not enforceable
       against plaintiff, the named insured.

¶ 14                                        ANALYSIS

¶ 15       As noted, this case was decided based upon the parties’ motions for summary
       judgment. Summary judgment motions are governed by section 2-1005 of the Code
       of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1005 (West 2012)). Pursuant to section 2-1005,
       summary judgment should be granted only where the pleadings, depositions,
       admissions, and affidavits on file, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
       nonmoving party, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the
       moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. The construction of the
       terms of an insurance policy and whether the insurance policy comports with
       statutory requirements present questions of law that are properly decided on a
       motion for summary judgment. Schultz v. Illinois Farmers Insurance Co., 237 Ill.
       2d 391, 399 (2010).

¶ 16       The granting of a summary judgment motion is subject to de novo review. Id. at
       399-400. In addition, the determination of whether a provision in a contract,
       insurance policy, or other agreement is invalid because it violates public policy also
       presents a question of law, which is reviewed de novo. Phoenix Insurance Co. v.
       Rosen, 242 Ill. 2d 48, 54 (2011).

¶ 17        An insurance policy is a contract, so the rules applicable to contract
       interpretation govern the interpretation of an insurance policy. Founders Insurance
       Co. v. Munoz, 237 Ill. 2d 424, 433 (2010). A court’s primary function is to ascertain
       and give effect to the intention of the parties, as expressed in the policy language.
       Id. If the insurance policy terms are clear and unambiguous, they must be enforced
       as written, unless doing so would violate public policy. Schultz, 237 Ill. 2d at 400.
       The public policy of this state is reflected in its constitution, statutes, and judicial
       decisions. Id. If the terms of an insurance contract conflict with a statute, those

                                                -5­
       terms are void and unenforceable. Id. Terms of an insurance policy also cannot
       circumvent the underlying purpose of a statute in force at the time the policy is
       issued. Id.

¶ 18       With some exceptions not at issue in this case, section 7-601(a) of the Financial
       Responsibility Law requires liability insurance coverage for all motor vehicles
       designed to be used on a public highway. 625 ILCS 5/7-601(a) (West 2012). The
       liability insurance policy must provide certain minimum liability amounts. Those
       amounts, both currently and at the time of the accident at issue in this case, are
       $20,000 for bodily injury or death to one person as a result of any one accident,
       $40,000 for bodily injury or death of all persons as a result of any one accident, and
       $15,000 for damage to the property of others as the result of any one accident. See
       Id. §§ 7-203, 7-317(b)(3). The liability insurance policy must also comply with
       specific coverage requirements, insuring not only the persons named in the policy
       but also “any other person using or responsible for the use” of the subject vehicle
       with the express or implied permission of the insured. Id. § 7-317(b)(2). The main
       purpose of the mandatory liability insurance requirement is to protect the public by
       securing payment of their damages. Reyes, 2013 IL 115601, ¶ 8.

¶ 19      In addition to motor vehicle liability insurance coverage, the Insurance Code
       requires automobile liability insurance policies to also include uninsured motorist
       coverage. 215 ILCS 5/143a (West 2012). If the limits for the insured’s liability
       coverage exceed the minimum amounts required by law, the uninsured motorist
       provisions must provide the same higher coverage amounts unless the excess
       amount is specifically rejected by the insured. Id. § 143a-2(1). The uninsured
       motorist coverage must extend to all who are insured under the policy’s liability
       provisions. Schultz, 237 Ill. 2d at 403.

¶ 20       If the insured’s uninsured motorist coverage limit exceeds the minimum
       liability limit required by the Financial Responsibility Law, the policy must also
       include underinsured motorist coverage in an amount equal to the uninsured
       motorist coverage. 215 ILCS 5/143a-2(4) (West 2012). As with uninsured motorist
       coverage, the underinsured motorist coverage must extend to all those who are
       insured under the policy’s liability provisions. Schultz, 237 Ill. 2d at 401. In
       contrast to the uninsured motorist provision, the underinsured motorist provision
       does not include a right of rejection.

                                               -6­
¶ 21       As noted, in this case plaintiff was injured in an automobile accident while a
       passenger in Clinton Evans’s automobile. Plaintiff sought to recover underinsured
       motorist benefits pursuant to her automobile liability policies with State Farm
       because the policy limits in Clinton Evans’s automobile liability insurance policy
       were not sufficient to compensate plaintiff for her injuries. As in the lower courts,
       State Farm claims that plaintiff is not entitled to recover under her policies because
       Clinton Evans was excluded from coverage under the driver exclusion endorsement
       in plaintiff’s policies. State Farm argues that named driver exclusions are permitted
       in Illinois and that plaintiff knew when she signed the driver exclusion
       endorsements in her policies that State Farm would not pay any liability of any
       kind, under any coverage, when Clinton Evans operated any automobile.
       Accordingly, State Farm maintains that plaintiff is not entitled to recover
       underinsured benefits under her policies with State Farm.

¶ 22        State Farm is correct that, in general, named driver exclusions are permitted in
       Illinois. Reyes, 2013 IL 115601, ¶ 15. We also agree with State Farm that it was
       entitled to identify Clinton Evans as an individual for whom it would not provide
       insurance coverage. However, Clinton Evans is not seeking insurance coverage
       from State Farm under plaintiff’s policies. It is plaintiff who is attempting to collect
       under her policies with State Farm.

¶ 23       In finding that the exclusion in this case was unenforceable against plaintiff, the
       appellate court found the Reyes decision to be instructive. State Farm distinguishes
       this case from Reyes on the basis that the exclusion in Reyes was directed at the sole
       named insured and owner, an exclusion which conflicted with the plain language of
       section 7-317(b)(2) of the Financial Responsibility Law. In contrast to Reyes,
       plaintiff in this case, the sole named insured and owner, was not excluded from
       liability coverage for her operation of any vehicle. State Farm also notes that Reyes
       dealt only with liability coverage, while plaintiff’s claim here is for underinsured
       motorist coverage. Finally, State Farm observes that Reyes did not hold that a
       named driver exclusion per se violates the Financial Responsibility Law.
       Accordingly, State Farm argues that the appellate court erred in relying on Reyes to
       find the driver exclusion endorsement in this case unenforceable.

¶ 24       State Farm’s focus in distinguishing Reyes is misplaced. The appellate court
       discussed Reyes because it found the analysis in Reyes instructive. That analysis

                                                -7­
       addressed whether an exclusion directed to a mandatory statutory provision was
       enforceable. Whether an exclusion directed to a mandatory statutory provision is
       enforceable is also at issue in this case, albeit in the context of underinsured
       motorist coverage rather than liability coverage.

¶ 25       The main purpose of the mandatory liability insurance requirement is “to
       protect the public by securing payment of their damages.” Progressive Universal
       Insurance Co. of Illinois v. Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Co., 215 Ill. 2d 121, 129
       (2005). To further that end, the legislature requires uninsured motorist coverage to
       place the policyholder in substantially the same position he would occupy if the
       tortfeasor had the minimum liability insurance required by the Financial
       Responsibility Law. Rosen, 242 Ill. 2d at 57. Thus, while mandatory liability
       insurance attempts to ensure that all drivers carry at least $20,000 of bodily injury
       coverage, mandatory uninsured motorist coverage protects a driver who has
       complied with the liability coverage requirement when she is injured by a driver
       who has not. Id. at 68. Moreover, the legislative purpose of underinsured motorist
       coverage is the same as that of uninsured motorist coverage, which is “ ‘to place the
       insured in the same position he would have occupied if the tortfeasor had carried
       adequate insurance.’ ” Id. at 57 (quoting Sulser v. Country Mutual Insurance Co.,
       147 Ill. 2d 548, 555 (1992)). If the tortfeasor is insured, but for an amount less than
       the claimant has bargained for and paid for with her own insurer, mandatory
       underinsured motorist coverage in an amount equal to her uninsured motorist
       coverage ensures that the claimant will still be compensated up to the limits of her
       own uninsured motorist policy. Id. at 69.

¶ 26       Therefore, under Illinois law, liability, uninsured motorist, and underinsured
       motorist coverage are “ ‘inextricably linked.’ ” Id. at 58 (quoting Schultz, 237 Ill.
       2d at 404). Liability, uninsured motorist, and underinsured motorist coverages all
       “serve the same underlying public policy: ensuring adequate compensation for
       damages and injuries sustained in motor vehicle accidents.” Id.

¶ 27       The court in State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Villicana, 181 Ill.
       2d 436, 444-45 (1998), recognized that “[b]oth the underinsured and uninsured
       motor vehicle provisions contemplate that consumers will select the total ‘package’
       of coverage, i.e., liability, uninsured and underinsured, in amounts they themselves
       deem adequate for their own protection.” (Emphasis in original.) Thus,

                                                -8­
       underinsured motorist coverage protects the insured from the risk that a negligent
       driver of another vehicle “(i) will cause injury to the insured *** and (ii) will have
       inadequate liability coverage to compensate the injuries caused by his or her
       negligence.” Id. at 445. Underinsured motorist coverage guarantees the protection
       of an injured insured against the possibility that a tortfeasor, over whom the insured
       has no control, purchases inadequate amounts of liability coverage. Id.

¶ 28       That is exactly the situation in the instant case. Plaintiff purchased liability,
       uninsured motorist, and underinsured motorist coverage in an amount she deemed
       adequate for her own protection. Plaintiff had no control over the amount of
       liability insurance coverage that Clinton Evans purchased for his own vehicle. The
       liability insurance coverage that Clinton Evans purchased for his own vehicle was
       inadequate, so plaintiff sought the protection of the underinsured motorist coverage
       that she purchased from State Farm.

¶ 29       State Farm argues, however, that because plaintiff signed the driver exclusion
       endorsement naming Clinton Evans, plaintiff was precluded from recovering
       underinsured motorist coverage for an accident where Clinton Evans was the
       tortfeasor. State Farm claims that plaintiff was free to make her own contract with
       State Farm and chose to sign a contract with a driver exclusion endorsement
       naming Clinton Evans. State Farm also argues that plaintiff did have control over
       Evans and his decision to purchase minimal liability coverage because plaintiff had
       control over her choice to ride as a passenger in Evans’s vehicle or in any vehicle
       operated by Evans.

¶ 30       An insurance policy is a contract, but the terms of an insurance contract must
       comport with the statutory requirements in effect when the policy is issued. Schultz,
       237 Ill. 2d at 408. Insurers have no right to depart from valid statutory requirements
       in their policies. Id. Therefore, the fact that plaintiff signed the driver exclusion
       endorsement is not dispositive. We must determine whether that exclusion is
       consistent with the relevant statutes and underlying purpose of the statutes.

¶ 31       Neither the statute nor the case law places any restriction on the right of the
       parties to an insurance contract to agree on which persons are to be the “insureds”
       under an automobile insurance policy. Heritage Insurance Co. of America v.
       Phelan, 59 Ill. 2d 389, 395 (1974). However, once a person qualifies as an insured
       for purposes of the policy’s bodily injury liability provisions, she must be treated as

                                                -9­
       an insured for purposes of uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage as well.
       Schultz, 237 Ill. 2d at 404. Consequently, just as the governing statutes prohibit an
       insurance company from directly or indirectly denying uninsured motorist
       coverage to someone who qualifies as an insured for purposes of liability coverage,
       the statutes prohibit companies from directly or indirectly denying underinsured
       coverage to such a person when the basic liability coverage exceeds the statutory
       minimum. Id.

¶ 32       In this case, State Farm and plaintiff agreed that Clinton Evans was not an
       “insured” under plaintiff’s automobile liability insurance policies. However, the
       parties agreed that plaintiff was an insured. Once plaintiff was designated an
       “insured” under her policies with State Farm, then, State Farm was prohibited from
       either directly or indirectly denying her underinsured motorist coverage.

¶ 33       Section 143a of the Insurance Code is plain and unambiguous in mandating that
       each policy must contain the specified uninsured coverage. Squire v. Economy Fire
       & Casualty Co., 69 Ill. 2d 167, 176 (1977). Squire recognized that the public policy
       of this state concerning uninsured motorist coverage is that no automobile liability
       insurance policy shall be issued unless coverage is provided therein against
       damages caused by uninsured motorists. Id. The “statutory coverage is mandatory,
       and it may not be whittled away by an unduly restrictive definition.” (Internal
       quotation marks omitted.) Barnes v. Powell, 49 Ill. 2d 449, 453 (1971). In addition,
       section 143a-2 of the Insurance Code is plain and unambiguous in mandating that
       where uninsured motorist coverage in a policy exceeds the limits set forth in section
       7-203 of the Financial Responsibility Law (625 ILCS 5/7-203 (West 2012)), each
       policy must include underinsured motorist coverage in an amount equal to the total
       amount of uninsured motorist coverage. 215 ILCS 5/143a-2(4) (West 2012).

¶ 34       In this case, plaintiff and State Farm contracted for liability insurance in the
       amounts of $100,000 per person and $300,000 per accident, which exceeded the
       minimum statutory limits. Pursuant to section 143a of the Insurance Code, State
       Farm was required to include uninsured motorist coverage in those amounts in
       plaintiff’s policies unless plaintiff specifically rejected the higher coverage
       amounts. Plaintiff did not reject the higher coverage amounts. Accordingly, section
       143a-2 required plaintiff’s policies to also include underinsured motorist coverage

                                              - 10 ­
       in amounts equal to her uninsured motorist coverage. The uninsured and
       underinsured amounts are mandated by statute.

¶ 35      Because the underinsured motorist coverage was mandated by statute, State
       Farm’s driver exclusion endorsement could not exclude that coverage through a
       contractual provision. Under the facts of this case, application of the driver
       exclusion to bar plaintiff, the named insured, from recovering underinsured
       motorist coverage pursuant to her policies with State Farm violates section
       143a-2(4) and, therefore, public policy.

¶ 36       In so holding, we note that the cases cited by State Farm in support of its
       position are distinguishable from the instant case. For example, in Phelan, 59 Ill. 2d
       389, the court held that the excluded driver was not an insured under his father’s
       policy, so that the excluded driver could not collect uninsured motorist coverage
       pursuant to that policy. Phelan would be controlling if it was Evans, the excluded
       driver, seeking to recover under plaintiff’s policies with State Farm. Phelan,
       however, is inapposite under the facts of this case. Here, it is the named insured,
       and not the excluded driver, who is seeking underinsured motorist coverage.

¶ 37       State Farm also relies on Rockford Mutual Insurance Co. v. Economy Fire &
       Casualty Co., 217 Ill. App. 3d 181 (1991). In that case, a passenger was killed
       while riding in a vehicle driven by an excluded driver. When the insurer of the
       vehicle driven by the excluded driver denied coverage for the death of the
       passenger based upon the named driver exclusion, the mother of the passenger
       sought uninsured motorist benefits pursuant to her own automobile insurance
       policy. The mother’s insurer filed a complaint for declaratory judgment, claiming
       that, to the extent the named driver exclusion barred uninsured motorist coverage
       with respect to the passenger, the exclusion violated the public policy of section
       143a and was unenforceable and void. Id. at 183-84.

¶ 38       The appellate court disagreed, noting that if a passenger is injured while riding
       in an uninsured vehicle, the passenger must look to his own policy for recovery
       under its uninsured motorist provision. Id. at 187. The court explained that it did not
       violate public policy to recognize the named driver exclusion endorsement, which
       rendered an otherwise insured vehicle uninsured, because the intention and purpose
       of section 143a was to provide recovery for insureds under their own uninsured
       motorist provisions. Id.

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¶ 39       State Farm cites Rockford Mutual in support of its claim that enforcing its
       named driver exclusion does not violate the public policy of section 143a-2.
       Rockford Mutual, however, actually supports plaintiff’s position in this case. As
       discussed, Rockford Mutual held that if a passenger is injured while riding in an
       uninsured vehicle, the passenger must look to his own policy for recovery under its
       uninsured motorist provision. Id. Like section 143a concerning uninsured motorist
       coverage, the intention and purpose of section 143a-2 is to provide recovery for
       insureds under their own underinsured motorist provisions. Here, plaintiff was
       injured while a passenger in a vehicle that was underinsured. Plaintiff therefore
       sought recovery under her own policy under its underinsured motorist provision.

¶ 40        State Farm also claims that the decisions in Villicana, 181 Ill. 2d 436, and
       Fuoss v. Auto Owners (Mutual) Insurance Co., 118 Ill. 2d 430 (1987), support its
       argument that policy exclusions do not become unenforceable merely because the
       named insured is the person seeking the coverage. Those decisions, however, also
       are inapposite.

¶ 41       In Villicana, the insured had two separate policies insuring two vehicles, one of
       which had higher policy limits than the other. The insured’s daughter was injured
       while riding as a passenger in the vehicle insured with lower limits. Because the
       damages incurred by the insured’s daughter exceeded the amounts she recovered
       from the driver of her father’s car and from the liability policy on that car, she filed
       a claim for underinsured benefits pursuant to the policy insuring her father’s other
       vehicle. That policy contained a “family car exclusion.” The family car exclusion
       prevented an automobile, which is furnished for the regular use of the insured, the
       insured’s spouse, or any relative who lives with the insured, from being deemed an
       underinsured motor vehicle. The issue before the court was whether an
       underinsurance policy could exclude benefits to a family member who is injured in
       a different family automobile. Villicana, 181 Ill. 2d at 438-41.

¶ 42        Villicana held that, under the circumstances of the case, the exclusion could be
       enforced. Id. at 441. The court noted that the underinsured motorist statute was
       enacted to afford consumers the means with which they could protect themselves
       from the choices of other drivers over whom they had no control. In the case before
       it, the amount of liability and underinsured coverage selected for the vehicle

                                                - 12 ­
       involved in the accident was within the control of the insured, who chose lower
       limits for that vehicle than for his other vehicle. Id. at 446-47.

¶ 43       Here, in contrast, plaintiff had no control over the amount of liability insurance
       purchased by Clinton Evans for his own vehicle. As plaintiff observes, the law
       allows State Farm to refuse liability coverage to Clinton Evans, and once Evans
       was named as an excluded driver in plaintiff’s policies, plaintiff was obligated to
       make sure that Evans did not drive her vehicles. The accident in this case did not
       occur while Evans was driving one of plaintiff’s vehicles. The accident occurred
       when plaintiff was riding as a passenger in Evans’s vehicle.

¶ 44       The named driver exclusion did not prevent Clinton Evans from driving his
       own, separately insured vehicle. The Financial Responsibility Law required Evans
       to obtain liability insurance in at least minimum liability amounts, which he did.
       Although State Farm argues that plaintiff had control over choosing whether to ride
       as a passenger in Clinton Evans’s vehicle, we do not read the underinsured motorist
       statute as requiring an insured to determine a driver’s limits of liability coverage
       before riding in his vehicle in order to recover underinsurance benefits.

¶ 45        Fuoss also is distinguishable from this case. The insured in that case purchased
       liability coverage in the amounts of $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident
       and uninsured motorist coverage in the amount of $15,000 per person and $30,000
       per accident. The insurer, however, failed to offer the insured underinsured
       motorist coverage. 1 The insured was injured in an automobile accident and settled
       with the tortfeasor for $100,000, the maximum amount payable under the
       tortfeasor’s liability policy. The insured then sued his insurer, asking the court to
       reform his original insurance policy to include sufficient amounts of underinsured
       motorist coverage to compensate him for all the damages from the accident, which
       he claimed exceeded the $100,000 that he recovered from the tortfeasor. Fuoss, 118
       Ill. 2d at 431-32.

¶ 46      The Fuoss court noted that section 143a-2(4) provided that an insured may elect
       to purchase limits of underinsured motorist coverage in an amount up to the

           1
           The statute in effect at the time of the Fuoss decision stated that when an offer of uninsured
       motorist coverage was made to the insured, that offer should also include an offer of underinsured
       motorist coverage. See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 73, ¶ 755a-2(3).

                                                    - 13 ­
       uninsured motorist coverage on the insured vehicle, which under the insured’s
       policy was $15,000 per person and $30,000 per accident. Id. at 433-34. Even if the
       insured’s policy was reformed to increase his uninsured motorist coverage to the
       amount of his bodily injury liability limits, and thereby also increase his
       underinsured motorist coverage, that amount would be $25,000 per person and
       $50,000 per accident, less than the $100,000 that the insured received from the
       tortfeasor. Id. The court found the insured’s claim that he would have purchased a
       sufficient amount of underinsurance to cover his loss, had the insurance been
       offered, was too speculative. Id. The court stated that permitting the insured to
       choose underinsured motorist coverage after the fact, in an amount greater than he
       originally selected for bodily injury liability coverage, would be “ ‘repugnant to our
       system of justice’ ” because the insured would be providing more protection for
       himself than he was willing to extend to the general public. Id. at 435 (quoting
       Fuoss v. Auto Owners (Mutual) Insurance Co., 148 Ill. App. 3d 526, 535 (1986)).

¶ 47       State Farm suggests that plaintiff in this case is attempting to secure more
       protection for herself than she was willing to extend to the general public when she
       agreed to and signed the named driver exclusion. This is incorrect. The accident in
       this case happened while Clinton Evans was driving his own vehicle, insured under
       his own policy. If a member of the general public was injured in an accident with
       Clinton Evans, he or she could recover from Evans under Evans’s liability policy. If
       that individual’s underinsured motorist policy provided higher limits than Evans’s
       liability policy, they could seek underinsured motorist coverage under their policy,
       as plaintiff is doing in this case. A member of the general public has the same right
       as plaintiff to obtain higher limits of underinsured motorist coverage from their
       insurer.

¶ 48       None of the cases cited by State Farm support its claim that the driver exclusion
       endorsement in plaintiff’s policies could deny plaintiff underinsured motorist
       coverage under the facts of this case. Section 143a mandates that every automobile
       liability insurance policy provide uninsured motorist coverage in at least the
       minimal amounts required under the Vehicle Code. If the insured’s uninsured
       motorist coverage limit exceeds the minimum liability limit required by the
       Financial Responsibility Law, as plaintiff’s did, section 143a-2 mandates that the
       policy also include underinsured motorist coverage in an amount equal to the
       uninsured motorist coverage. Because section 143a-2 mandated that plaintiff’s

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       policy include underinsured motorist coverage, excluding plaintiff from
       underinsured motorist coverage through a contractual provision violates section
       143a-2 and, therefore, public policy, under the facts of this case. The driver
       exclusion endorsement in plaintiff’s policies with State Farm was not enforceable
       to exclude underinsured motorist coverage to plaintiff for the June 17, 2012,
       accident. Accordingly, the appellate court properly affirmed the trial court’s order
       granting summary judgment in favor of plaintiff on her complaint for declaratory
       judgment.

¶ 49                                    CONCLUSION

¶ 50      For all the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court,
       which affirmed the trial court’s order denying State Farm’s motion for summary
       judgment and granting plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.

¶ 51      Appellate court judgment affirmed.

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