Court Opinion

ID: 4675579
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-08 16:00:21.599513+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:26.773933
License: Public Domain

ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeals of --                                  )
                                               )
ECC International LLC                          )   ASBCA Nos. 61176, 62029
                                               )
Under Contract No. W912UM-12-C-0058            )
                                               )

APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT:                      R. Dale Holmes, Esq.
                                                     Cohen Seglias Pallas Greenhall &
                                                      Furman PC
                                                     Philadelphia, PA

                                                    Michael A. Richard, Esq.
                                                     Obermayer Rebmann Maxwell &
                                                      Hippel LLP
                                                     Philadelphia, PA

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                     Michael P. Goodman, Esq.
                                                     Engineer Chief Trial Attorney
                                                    Paul B. Taylor, Esq.
                                                    Paul L. Huhtanen, Esq.
                                                     Engineer Trial Attorneys
                                                     U.S. Army Engineer District, Far East
                                                     Seoul, Korea

                 OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE STINSON

        These consolidated appeals by ECC International, LLC (ECCI), challenge two
contracting officer’s final decisions. The first, dated February 21, 2017, denied
ECCI’s June 22, 2016, claim, seeking $961,533, in alleged costs for the government’s
failure to provide a Cleared American Guard (CAG) and a Construction Security
Technician (CST) during the project (ASBCA No. 61176 (61176) R4, tabs 1, 16).1
The second, dated March 13, 2019, denied ECCI’s November 28, 2018, claim, seeking
$388,495, for an alleged change in Site Security Monitoring Services (SSMS)

1   “61176 R4, tab___,” refers to the government’s appeal file (Board Rule 4) submitted
        in ASBCA No. 61176. “62029 R4, tab ___,” refers to the government’s appeal
        file submitted in ASBCA No. 62029. “Gov’t supp. R4, tab ___,” refers to the
        government’s supplemental appeal file submitted in these consolidated appeals.
        “App. supp. R4, tab ___,” refers to appellant’s supplemental appeal file
        submitted in these consolidated appeals.
performed in certain areas of the project site (ASBCA No. 62029 (62029) R4, tabs 1,
18). The parties agreed to submit these appeal for a decision on the record without a
hearing pursuant to Board Rule 11. Each party submitted initial and responsive briefs.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to the Contract Disputes Act of 1978 (CDA), 41 U.S.C.
§§ 7101-7109. For the reasons stated below, we deny both appeals.

                                   FINDINGS OF FACT

        1. On November 15, 2011, the United States Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE), Far East District (FED), issued Solicitation No. W912UM-12-R-0002 (the
Solicitation) requesting proposals for the construction of a two-story Brigade
Headquarters (HQ) administrative building for the 501st Military Intelligence Brigade,
United States Army Garrison (USAG) Humphreys, in Pyongtaek, South Korea (61176
R4, tab 4 at 2, 4). The building included a controlled access area (CAA) or Sensitive
Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF) comprising approximately 25 percent of
the structure -10,000 square feet out of 39,629 square feet (61176 R4, tab 4 at 2).

Solicitation Amendment No. 2

       2. On February 22, 2012, the government issued Solicitation Amendment
No. 0002 (61176 R4, tab 6 at 1). Amendment No. 0002 added language to
Specification Section 01 22 00, “PAYMENT,” specifically Contract Line Item
Number (CLIN) 0006, “Site Security Monitoring Service (SSMS)” (61176 R4, tab 3
at 111-12, tab 6 at 2-3).2 CLIN 0006 provides, in part:

                Site Security Monitoring Service will be paid for at the
                contract price. The contractor is responsible for hiring a
                security monitoring subcontractor to provide Site Security
                Monitoring Services (SSMS). The Site Security
                Monitoring Services (SSMS) Subcontractor shall furnish
                all personnel, tools, protective equipment and supplies to
                provide SSMS in accordance with rules, laws, regulations
                and security requirements as stated in the RFP documents.

(61176 R4, tab 3 at 112, tab 6 at 21)

2   The copy of the specification set forth at 61176 R4, tab 3, incorporates specification
         language added by Amendment No. 0002. For context, we cite both
         documents.
                                              2
      3. Amendment No. 0002 also added the following provision:

             j. Site Security Personnel: Provide cost breakdown by
             months to correspond to your schedule in accordance with
             Section 00120 Evaluation Factors for Award, FACTOR 5:
             PROJECT SCHEDULE (page 23 of 133):

             Cost breakdown will include man hours and labor costs
             including wages, labor burden, subsistence, lodging and
             other labor related costs. Breakdown shall include the
             following personnel:

                    (1) Construction Surveillance Technicians (CSTs)
                    (2) Cleared American Guards (CAGs)
                    (3) Escorts
                    (4) Other security Labor

             (Updated, 17 Feb 12)

(61176 R4, tab 6 at 5)

       4. Amendment No. 0002 inserted into Specification Section 01 31 00,
“CONSTRUCTION EXECUTION AND COORDINATION,” the following
provisions:

             3.2 GOVERNMENT FURNISHED ITEMS

                     A. The USG may provide equipment or material
             for either USG installation or contractor installation,
             designated as GFGI or GFCI, respectively. In all cases,
             coordinate with the USG and plan to accommodate these
             items during the receiving, transporting, secure shipment
             and storage, material handling, and integration of the
             installation of same into the general works. Support
             infrastructure for government-furnished items. As an
             example, if the USG is to provide and install an alarm
             system, the contractor is to provide and install conduits,
             raceways, cables, terminal boxes, and source power.

             3.3 GOVERNMENT FURNISHED SITE SECURITY
             MONITORING

                                          3
                    A. The Government shall provide one (1) Cleared
             American Guard and one (1) Construction Surveillance
             Technician for the duration of the construction activities.
             The Government staff will be responsible for reviewing the
             scheduled construction activities and coordinating site
             security monitoring with contractor and contractor security
             staff. The normal working hours for US Government CAG
             and CST will be available 6 days per week, 10 hours per
             day, from Monday through Saturday.

             3.4 CONTRACTOR FURNISHED SITE SECURITY
             MONITORING SERVICE

                     A. The contractor is responsible for hiring a
             security monitoring subcontractor to provide Site Security
             Monitoring Services (SSMS). The Site Security
             Monitoring Service (SSMS) Subcontractor shall furnish all
             personnel, tools, protective equipment and supplies to
             provide SSMS in accordance with rules, laws, regulations
             and security requirements as stated in the RFP documents.
             The contractor is responsible to ensure that SSMS is
             provided in accordance with (IAW) the Intelligence
             Community Standard (ICS) Number 705.l. 3 The primary
             responsibility of the contractor is to provide Site Security
             Monitoring Personnel (SSMP) to detect unauthorized
             access to controlled areas, to deter construction worker
             activities, preventing the implantation of clandestine
             surveillance devices or systems into structures being
             constructed or its immediate surroundings. The SSMP at a
             minimum shall include: CSTs, CAGs, LNGs 4 and Escorts.
             As stated in other Division I sections of the RFP
             documents, the controlled areas include Construction Site,
             SSA, and SCIF. The contractor is responsible to ensure
             sufficient CST coverage is maintained in accordance with
             Attachment A, Labor Security Synchronization Matrix.
             Control to the site is conducted by Cleared American
             Guards and Local Nationals Guards through the Access

3 The correct nomenclature for this document is 705-1, which we reference herein
       (62029 R4, tab 18 at 186).
4 Solicitation Amendment No. 0003 revised paragraph 3.4, deleting the requirements

       of providing Local National Guards (LNG), and requiring a computerized
       inventory system (61176 R4, tab 7 at 87).
                                          4
              Control Facility (ACF). The ACF requires monitoring by
              the SSMP; 24 hours per day, 7-days a week. The SSMP
              shall assist the US Government Security staff with random
              selection of materials required for SCIF construction as
              well as other areas deemed necessary by the USG.

(61176 R4, tab 3 at 117-18, tab 6 at 23-24) (strikethrough text in the original)

       5. Intelligence Community Standard Number 705-1 (ICS 705-1), referenced in
Specification Section 01 31 00, paragraph 3.4 above, states, in part:

              This Intelligence Community Standard sets forth the
              physical and technical security standards that apply to all
              sensitive compartmented information facilities (SCIF),
              including existing and new construction, and renovation of
              SCIFs for reciprocal use by all Intelligence Community
              (IC) elements and to enable information sharing to the
              greatest extent possible.

(62029 R4, tab 18 at 186)

       6. ICS 705-1 states also:

              For each SCIF construction project, a Construction
              Security Plan (CSP) shall be developed to address the
              application of security to the SCIF planning, design, and
              construction efforts. The specific format and content of
              the CSP may be developed by the [Accrediting Official]
              AO based upon the extent of the SCIF construction and
              security concerns related to the SCIF.

(62029 R4, tab 18 at 62, 188)

       7. ICS 705-1 likewise provides:

              Construction and design of SCIFs shall be performed by
              U.S. companies using U.S. persons (an individual who has
              been lawfully admitted for permanent residence as defined

                                            5
             in 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(20) or who is a protected individual as
             defined by 8 U.S.C. 1324b(a)(3)).

(62029 R4, tab 18 at 188)

      8. With regard to the roles and responsibilities of the SSMP, Amendment
No. 0002 provides:

             3.5.1 Construction Surveillance Technicians (CSTs).

             3.5.1.1 The CSTs shall monitor, observe, and interact with
             the construction workers as they accomplish their various
             tasks to preclude the introduction of electronic, electrical,
             mechanical, or hostile surveillance monitoring devices into
             finished construction.

             3.5.1.2 The CSTs shall be responsible for screening all
             equipment, materials, and furnishings destined for use in
             the controlled construction area using X-ray machine or
             other methods of examining deemed appropriate by the
             government such as visual, hand held wand, and other
             surveillance equipment.

                    ....

             3.5.1.7 CSTs will assist local national construction
             contractor with the random purchases of non-inspectable
             equipment and material items on an as required basis.
             Assistance will include visiting local suppliers to ensure
             equipment and material items are suitable for construction
             and also implementing a random procurement selection
             process.

             3.5.2 Cleared America Guards (CAGs)

             3.5.2.1 The CAGs must be U.S. Citizens and possess a
             U.S. Secret clearance.

                                           6
               3.5.2.2 The CAGS will supervise and augment the Local
               National Guard force to 5 perform access control functions
               at all vehicle and pedestrian entrances to the site on a 24/7
               basis throughout the construction period. These activities
               include:

               • Screening all non-cleared workers, vehicles, and
               equipment entering or exiting the site.

               • Denying introduction of prohibited materials such as
               explosives, weapons, electronic devices, or other items as
               specified by the Accrediting Official (AO) or designee.

               • Conducting random inspections of site areas to ensure no
               prohibited materials have been brought on to site. All
               suspicious materials or incidents shall be brought to the
               attention of the SSM or CST.

               • Supervising non-cleared or non-US Guards.

               3.5.2.3 The CAGs shall establish, maintain, and operate a
               Secure Storage Area (SSA) on the site or at an approved
               location outside the construction site boundary that will
               store construction materials and equipment that will be
               used in the SCIF in accordance with paragraph 4.G of IC
               Tech Spec for ICD/ICS 705.

                      ....

               3.5.4.2 The Escorts will assist the CSTs to monitor,
               observe and interact with the construction workers as they
               accomplish various tasks to prevent the introduction of
               electronic, electrical, mechanical, or hostile surveillance
               monitoring devices into finished construction work
               performed by the construction contractor.

(61176 R4, tab 3 at 118-20, tab 6 at 24-26) (strikethrough in original)

5   Solicitation Amendment No. 0003 revised paragraph 3.5.2.2, deleting the
         requirement that CAGs “supervise and augment the Local National Guard
         Force” (61176 R4, tab 7 at 88).
                                             7
      9. In a memorandum dated March 14, 2018, John Fern, Program Manager for
ECCI, discussed Amendment No. 0002, stating, in part:

                Amendment 0002, dated 22 February 2012 added the
                requirement for construction contractors to provide SSMS
                to ensure the CAA would achieve accreditation. This is
                atypical in that SSMS are usually provided by the US
                Government for similar secure construction contracts, to
                provide the US Government the control and flexibility
                required to implement these services. As part of this
                Amendment, USACE added the provisions for the US
                Government to provide a CST and CAG, and for the
                Construction Contractor to provide the balance of CSTs,
                CAGs, and escorts required to provide adequate SSMS for
                the project. Following receipt of Amendment No. 0002,
                ECCI confirmed that our Cleared American Subcontractor,
                CACI Integrated Security Solutions (CACI-ISS), who was
                also providing low voltage electrical and
                telecommunications support to the team was qualified to
                meet the requirements and provide the necessary SSMS
                personnel to support the 501st MI BDE HQ Contract.

(62029 R4, tab 51 at 2)

Solicitation Amendment No. 0003

        10. On March 7, 2012, the government issued Solicitation Amendment
No. 0003, adding Specification 010041, “CONSTRUCTION SECURITY” (61176 R4,
tab 7 at 16). Paragraph 1.01, “SUMMARY,” states, in part, “[t]his section and its
attachments provide explanation to the contractor to carry out construction
requirements in accordance with Director National Intelligence Community Directive
705.1 (ICD 705.1) ‘Physical and Technical Security Standards for Sensitive
Compartmented Information Facilities (SCIF), September 17, 2010’” (61176 R4, tab 7
at 17; 62029 R4, tab 18 at 186-94).6 The government issued “Technical Specifications
for Construction and Management of Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities,

6   The reference in Specification No. 010041 to the document entitled “Director
         National Intelligence Community Directive 705.1 (ICD 705.1) ‘Physical and
         Technical Security Standards for Sensitive Compartmented Information
         Facilities (SCIF), September 17, 2010’” (61176 R4, tab 7 at 17), appears to be a
         reference to “Intelligence Community Standard Number 705-1, ‘Physical and
         Technical Security Standards for Sensitive Compartmented Information
         Facilities (SCIF), September 17, 2010’” (62029 R4, tab 18 at 186-94).
                                             8
Version 1.2,” which “sets forth the physical and technical security specifications and
best practices for meeting standards of Intelligence Community Standard (ICS) 705-1”
(62029 R4, tab 18 at 195, 200). Chapter 4, “SCIFs Outside the U.S. and NOT Under
Chief of Mission (COM) Authority,” includes paragraph D, “Construction Security
Requirements” (62029 R4, tab 18 at 219, 223). Paragraph D.7, “Citizenship and
Cleared Requirements for SCIF Construction Personnel,” subparagraph (m), states that
the site security manager (SSM) “may require cleared escorts or CSTs for non-cleared
workers performing work exterior to the SCIF that may affect SCIF security” (62029
R4, tab 18 at 225).

       11. Specification No. 010041, paragraph 1.01, also provides, “[t]hroughout the
execution of this contract, the contractor and subcontractors shall collaborate and
coordinate security requirements with the SSM, and COR [contracting officer’s
representative] to ensure the HQ facility is constructed in a manner to prevent
technical compromise” (61176 R4, tab 3 at 21, tab 7 at 17).

    12. Specification No. 010041, paragraph 1.04, “PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS,” provides, in part:

              A. Comply with Government’s requirements for
              participating in the project security procedures as specified
              in this and subsequent contract sections, Office of National
              Intelligence (ODNI) Policy Guidance (Approved Version
              at time of issuance of this contract) and the National
              Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM)
              as requested subsequent to issuance of the Notice To
              Proceed (NTP). Afford unrestricted access to work, allow
              surveillance and inspection by any Government personnel
              as authorized by the SSM. Perform required security work
              when directed by the COR or SSM. Maintain security, and
              avoid compromise of classified information and materials
              caused by unauthorized disclosures and access to the work
              and its associated documentation.

(61176 R4, tab 3 at 22, tab 7 at 18)

       13. Attachment D to Specification No. 010041 is a “Labor Security
Synchronization Matrix” (Labor Matrix), detailing the CST/laborer ratio for various
aspects of the construction. The ratios range from one CST per five laborers (“1:5”) to

                                           9
a maximum coverage of one CST to ten laborers (“1:10”). (61176 R4, tab 3 at 45-48,
tab 7 at 41-44) 7

Additional Specification Requirements

        14. Specification Section 01 22 00, “PAYMENT,” provides, in part:

              1.1 PAYMENT ITEMS

              Payment items for the work of this contract will be made
              [sic] are listed in the PROPOSAL SCHEDULE and
              described below. All costs for items of work, which are
              not specifically mentioned to be included in a particular
              lump sum or unit price payment item, shall be included in
              the listed item most closely associated with the work
              involved. The price and payment made for each item listed
              shall constitute full compensation for furnishing all plant,
              labor, materials, and equipment, and performing any
              associated Contractor quality control, environmental
              protection, meeting safety requirements, tests and reports,
              and for performing all work required for which separate
              payment is not otherwise provided.

(61176 R4, tab 3 at 111)

    15. Specification Section 01 31 00, “CONSTRUCTION EXECUTION AND
COORDINATION,” provides, in part:

              1.5 ON-SITE STAFF REQUIREMENTS

              A. The Contractor shall provide an adequate professional
              administrative and supervisory staff on site in all aspects of
              work. The key staff shall be fully coordinated and provide
              a professional level of project execution management. The
              supervisory staff at a minimum shall include the following:
              Project Manager, Superintendent, Security Manager, QC
              Manager, and Safety Health Manager. The contractor shall
              submit a Project Organization Chart that includes the
              following information:

7   This same Labor Matrix is included in Specification Section 01 31 00,
         “CONSTRUCTION EXECUTION AND COORDINATION,” as Attachment A
         (61176 R4, tab 3 at 124-27).
                                           10
                   1. Depict principal staff assignments and contact
             information on a project organization chart. Include key
             administrative and supervisory staff.

                    2. Provide resumes of staff.

                    3. Depict how management, supervisory, and
             administrative functions will be performed. Where
             applicable, indicate where multiple tasks will be performed
             by the same individual.

(61176 R4, tab 3 at 115)

Solicitation Questions and Answers

       16. By letter dated March 26, 2012, Michael Miyagi, Contracting Officer,
USACE, FED, provided all prospective offerors a copy of questions submitted on the
Solicitation and the government’s answers (61176 R4, tabs 17-18).

      17. Question and answer no. 18 provides:

             [Question] Specification 010041 Attachment C and
             Attachment “D” states that the CSTs are Government
             Employees Security and Site Personnel, it states CSTs will
             be provided by the US Government [USG] and will
             observe work at the Project site performed by uncleared
             contractor personnel in SCIF, and other areas as directed
             by the SSM and that the CST will have a minimum
             security level. How many CSTs will the Government
             provide and have on-site?

             [Answer] In accordance with Section 01 31 00, per
             amendment 2, the Government will provide 1 CAG and
             CST. The contractor is to provide additional CAGs and
             CSTs to meet the requirements of Site Security Monitoring
             Services (SSMS).

(61176 R4, tab 17 at 7)

                                         11
         18. Question and answer no. 35.b provides:

                [Question] As this project involves SCIF and Temporary
                Security Facility, are these still considered “classified
                areas”?

                [Answer] It states that within the SCIF area construction is
                to be performed by “US Cleared” Labor as shown on the
                Labor Synchronization Matrix. The SCIF is a Classified
                Area and the Temporary Security Facility is not a
                Classified Area. The contractor is to follow the Labor
                Synchronization Matrix for Brigade HQ SCIF Area work
                and Non-SCIF Brigade HQ construction work.

(61176 R4, tab 17 at 12)

         19. Question and answer no. 40.c provides:

                [Question] We understand that CSTE conduit, cable,
                equipment installation and termination, and the
                maintenance must be performed by a U.S. Secret Cleared
                Contractor. Please advise if – under the supervision of the
                CST – ROK labor or ROK subcontractors are allowed to
                perform other works for temporary security facilities, such
                as chain link fence for the SSA and project site perimeter
                and Site Security Manager Office.

                [Answer] Please follow Specification Section 010052 for
                temporary security requirements. This work in general
                does not require CST oversight as stated in the Division 1
                Construction Security Specifications. Please follow the
                Labor Synchronization Matrix as it shows ROK Labor and
                US Cleared Labor responsibilities. The laborers must be
                vetted IAW the DD FM 254 and Division 1 Construction
                Security Specifications.

(61176 R4, tab 17 at 14) 8

8   “Division 1” is a reference to specifications starting with “01” (61176 R4, tab 1
         at 34).
                                             12
ECCI’s Technical Proposal

      20. On March 29, 2012, appellant submitted its “Step Two” technical and price
proposals (61176 R4, tabs 19-20). In its cover letter, ECCI states, in part:

             Led by ECC, a US Prime Contractor with more than 26
             years of experience managing and executing in excess of
             $3.2 Billion in US Federal Government construction, the
             ECC Team brings a wealth of global expertise to this
             project. ECC has worked in Korea since 1999, developing
             strong relationships with local subcontractors and
             suppliers. For this project, we have teamed with two
             Korean construction firms, Daelim and Krima, experienced
             with building DOD facilities in Korea. We have also
             teamed with CACI, a secure constructor and operator of
             SCIFs in Korea for the US Army. Our team is very
             familiar with the unique intelligence and operational
             requirements at USAG Humphreys, including secure and
             non-secure construction. The ECC Team brings to
             USACE FED the expertise gained from Korea’s most
             experienced construction companies and two leading
             secure facility construction providers.

(61176 R4, tab 20 at 1)

       21. ECCI identified CACI-ISS, Inc. (CACI) as its SSMS subcontractor for
construction, stating, in part:

             CACI personnel are highly experienced with installing
             ESS [electronic Security System] systems and their
             accompanying infrastructure and Information systems
             (C4I) [command, control, communications, computers, and
             intelligence] in accordance with Intelligence Community
             Technical Specification (IC Tech Spec-for ICD/ICS 705)
             and Director of Central Intelligence Directives (DCID) 6/9
             requirements and accreditation standards.

             For this project, CACI will be responsible for all special
             electrical fit-up as well as configuring, installing, and
             testing the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Access

                                          13
             Control System (ACS). CACI will also provide the Site
             Security Monitoring Services (SSMS) for all aspects of the
             construction.

(61176 R4, tab 19 at 8)

       22. ECCI’s technical proposal included a project “Organization Chart.” The
color-coded legend identifies the following organizational components: “ECC
Personnel” (blue); “USACE FED Personnel” (red); “Subcontractors” (green), and
“ECC and Team Subcontractor Personnel” (blue/green). The chart identifies three
government positions in red: Site Security Manager (SSM) Michael Lessard; a CST;
and a CAG. In a separate box, entitled “Site Security Monitoring Services,” placed
below the government positions, were Contractor Security Manager Paul Viall, CSTs,
CAGs, and Cleared American Escorts (CAEs), all identified as blue/green for ECCI
and Team Subcontractor Personnel. The line of reporting, as specified in the legend
key, provided that Mr. Viall reported to Mr. Lessard and Corporate Security Manager
Rick Davis. The chart did not specify anyone to whom Mr. Lessard reported (61176
R4, tab 19 at 9).

       23. The Organization Chart identifies five individuals as “Key Personnel.” In
addition to Mr. Viall, ECCI designates the following as key: Project Manager
Tom Maher, Project Superintendent Chris Miller, CQC [Contractor Quality Control]
System Manager Freddie McClane, and Site Safety and Health Officer, Todd Savko.
(61176 R4, tab 19 at 9) Although the chart identifies Mr. Viall as “ECC Personnel,”
the technical proposal states:

             This key personnel team will be supplemented by our
             Contractor Security Manager, Paul Viall, who is an
             employee of our teaming partner CACI. The remainder of
             the SSMS, including Construction Surveillance
             Technicians, Cleared American Guards, and Cleared
             American Escorts will also be provided by CACI.

(61176 R4, tab 19 at 10)

      24. The technical proposal includes a chart entitled “Project Supervision and
Communication Methods Executed in All Phases,” which, as to Mr. Viall’s role as
Construction Security Manager (CSM), states, “Supervises: Cleared Technicians,
Guards, and Escorts” and “Interacts with: FED site Security Mgr.” Mr. Viall’s
responsibilities were identified as:

             •      Weekly status and schedule reviews
             •      Monitors daily work
                                         14
             •      Weekly and status meetings with Government Site
             Security Mgr to update CSPs and security protocols
             •      Daily SSA, ACF, and SCIF access log reviews.

(61176 R4, tab 19 at 19)

      25. With regard to Mr. Viall, the technical proposal also states:

             Paul Viall will serve as ECC’s Contractor Security
             Manager and Point of Contact for all access issues at the
             project site. Mr. Viall will maintain a current list of
             personnel on site, track all badges, and immediately report
             any changes or lost badges to USAG Humphreys. This list
             will be updated and emailed or hand-carried weekly to
             USAG Humphreys, and if new personnel are added to the
             list, it will be updated prior to their entry onto the facility.

             Mr. Viall will work directly and closely with the US
             Government’s Site Security Manager to ensure site
             security is not compromised in any way. He will assign
             Construction Surveillance Technicians, Cleared American
             Guards, and Cleared American Escorts to the project, and
             ensure security first and delivery of the project second.

(61176 R4, tab 19 at 23)

        26. ECCI’s technical proposal included no discussion of SSMS work that
ECCI anticipated the government SSM, CST, and CAG, would perform on ECCI’s
behalf or how such work might be ordered by ECCI, or coordinated and scheduled
with the government (61176 R4, tab 19). The only reference in the technical proposal
to the government CST and CAG is their mention in ECCI’s Organization Chart
(61176 R4, tab 19 at 9). With regard to the government SSM, in addition to the chart,
the technical proposal includes the following general statement:

             ECC will collaborate and coordinate security requirements
             with the US Government’s Site Security Manager (SSM),
             and Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) to ensure
             the 501st MI BDE HQ Complex is constructed in a manner
             to prevent any technical compromise. The requirements
             involve interfacing with a number of security-related US

                                           15
             Government entities, always coordinated with the USACE
             FED, Resident Engineer/COR and SSM.

(61176 R4, tab 19 at 14)

ECCI’s Price Proposal

       27. ECCI proposed a total contract price of $35,467,113, which included a
stated cost of $345,683, for SSMS, CLIN 0006 (61176 R4, tab 20 at 10-11).
Appellant’s price proposal also included a separate entry for SSMS labor of
$3,518,880.26, and a firm fixed price breakdown of hours and costs for the positions
of CAG, CST, CAE, and SSM (61176 R4, tab 20 at 12). The excerpt of ECCI’s
original price proposal contained in the record evidences no discussion of the
government CST or CAG, or how such government personnel might be utilized by
ECCI in performing SSMS, nor does it indicate that ECCI reduced its SSMS price in
reliance upon the government’s statement that it would provide a CST or CAG
pursuant to Specification Section 01 31 00, paragraph 3.3 (61176 R4, tab 20).

      28. In his declaration dated December 26, 2019, Mr. Fern states, in part:

             In reliance upon the terms of the RFP and the clarifying
             Q&A published by USACE, ECCI submitted its proposal
             in response to the RFP on March 29, 2012. This proposal
             reflected my interpretation of the RFP that ECCI could and
             would use the Government CAG and CST to perform some
             of the site security monitoring services, and the bid cost for
             such work was thereby reduced accordingly.

                    ....

             In its technical proposal, ECCI made it clear that its Site
             Security staffing plan required by the RFP intended to
             utilize the CAG and CST personnel provided by the
             Government as part of the on-site resources to review the
             scheduled construction activities, coordinate site security
             monitoring, and assist ECCI with Site Security Monitoring
             Services for the duration of the Contract. This staffing
             plan was prepared consistent with my understanding of the
             RFP that the Government’s CAG and CST were available
             to ECCI to assist in performing the SSMS work.

(App. supp. R4, tab 1 at 9-10)

                                          16
       29. In his March 14, 2018, memorandum, Mr. Fern states:

              While preparing ECCI’s Technical and Price Proposal, I
              have a specific recollection of discussing with ECCI’s bid
              team the Amendment 0002 specification requirements
              related to the US Government provided CST and CAG,
              and that those two individuals could and, given the
              language of the Request for Proposal, that these individuals
              would be available to support the project and therefore
              reduce the total amount of additional CSTs and CAGs that
              the ECCI team would have to include in our bid to meet
              the SSMS requirements of the Request for Proposal (RFP).

(62029 R4, tab 51 at 2)

      30. Appellant states in its interrogatory response, under the signature of
Mr. Fern:

              If the RFP states to all offerors that the Government will
              provide one CAG and one CST, and with the function of a
              CAG and CST being well known to experienced secure
              construction contractors, then a prudent bidder in a
              competitive situation would have no choice but to remove
              one CAG and one CST from their pricing.

                     ....

              Given the limited time period offerors were provided to
              prepare proposals, a trend log of detailed changes that were
              made prior to submission of our original bid were not
              documented for the record. However, ECCI also made
              significant adjustments to the SSMS costs between our
              original proposal submission and our revised proposal
              submission following discussions . . . .

                     ....

              Considering the significant reductions in the proposed
              CAG costs, and the uncertainty associated with the 501st
              project being the first secure project at USAG Humphreys
              the reductions in SSMS costs in ECCI’s revised proposal
              more than accounted for the assumption that the

                                          17
             Government would be providing 1 CAG and 1 CST to
             support the SSMS for the 501st project.

(Gov’t supp. R4, tab 11 at 2-5)

Government Evaluation Board Recommendation

      31. On April 4, 2012, the Government’s evaluation board recommended that
ECCI be found Technically Acceptable based upon its March 29, 2012 “Step 2”
Proposal (61176 R4, tab 21). By letter dated April 4, 2012, Mr. Miyagi informed
ECCI:

             In reviewing your price proposal, I have noted that your
             unit price proposed for Contract Line Item (CLIN) 0006,
             Site Security Monitoring Service (SSMS) does not
             correspond to the supporting cost breakdown you provided
             for this CLIN. Your proposed price for CLIN 0006 is in
             the amount of $345,683.00 whereas the total costs in the
             supporting documentation amounts to $3,518,880.26 (see
             attached). Please verify whether your proposed price for
             CLIN 0006 of $345,683.00 is the price that you intended.

             It is important for you to understand that I am only seeking
             verification of your proposed price. You should not
             construe this letter as the opening of “discussions,” or an
             opportunity to revise your price proposal. Your response
             to me should be limited to: 1) your statement that you find
             no errors in your proposed price, or 2) a statement that you
             have discovered an error. If you discovered an error,
             please advise me of the nature of the error and I will give
             you further guidance on how to proceed.

(61176 R4, tab 23) (emphasis in original)

       32. By letter dated April 5, 2012, Mr. Fern responded to Mr. Miyagi’s April 4,
2012, letter, stating, in part:

             In response to your letter dated April 4, 2012, we have
             evaluated our cost estimate as requested and have verified
             our price. Our estimate includes all of the costs required to
             construct the facility in accordance with the RFP.
             However, based on the RFP and amendments, we
             understood that only the management of the Site Security

                                            18
             Monitoring Services (SSMS) was to have been included
             under CLIN 0006. The remaining costs that we included
             in the detailed backup was included under the specific
             CLIN the surveillance was related to (i.e., primarily CLINs
             0001 and 0005). We would be happy to make any
             necessary changes to the bid form if this is required.

(61176 R4, tab 24)

       33. By letter dated April 6, 2012, Mr. Miyagi informed ECCI that its proposal
placed it within the competitive range and requested ECCI address the following
comments:

             b. Section 00100 of the solicitation, Provision F52.4203,
             Proposal Data Required, paragraph j., Site Security
             Personnel. You have not provided a cost breakdown by
             months to correspond with your proposed project schedule
             as required in this section of the solicitation. Your cost
             breakdown shall include man hours and labor costs
             including wages, labor burden, subsistence, lodging and
             other labor related costs.

             c. Section 01 22 00, Payment, paragraph 1.5, Item 0006,
             Site security Monitoring Service. All costs associated with
             the site security monitoring service as identified in this
             section, should be included in CLIN 0006, Site Security
             Monitoring Service. You have stated in your letter dated
             April 5, 2012, Subject: Step 2 -Technical and Price
             Proposals for FY08 MCA PN 8784, Brigade Headquarters
             Complex, USAG Humphreys, Korea that some costs
             associated with the Site Security Monitoring Service are
             included in other CLINs, specifically, CLINs 0001 and
             0005. Please make the necessary revision to have all costs
             associated with the Site Security Monitoring Service be
             included in CLIN 0006 in the Price Schedule.

(61176 R4, tab 26 at 1-2)

                                         19
ECCI’s Revised Price Proposal

       34. By letter dated April 9, 2012, ECCI submitted its revised price proposal. In
the cover letter, Mr. Fern responded to Mr. Miyagi’s April 6, 2012, letter, stating, in
part:

               2. Section 00100 of the solicitation, Provision F52.4203,
               Proposal Data Required, paragraph j., Site Security
               Personnel. Attached is a SSMS cost breakdown by months
               (in PDF) to correspond with our proposed Factor 5 -
               Project Schedule included our Technical Proposal. We
               have also provided the monthly SSMS hours and costs in
               graphical format as well as our Project Schedule annotated
               with call-outs of the site security personnel requirements
               for easy review. In addition, we have included the SSMS
               cost breakdown by days to provide further details of our
               estimate.

               3. Section 01 22 00, Payment, paragraph 1.4, Item 0006,
               Site Security monitoring Service. We have ensured that all
               costs associated with the site security monitoring service as
               identified in this section have been included in CLIN 0006,
               Site Security Monitoring Service. Attached is our revised
               Proposal Schedule (in PDF) for your review.

(61176 R4, tab 27 at 1)

       35. ECCI’s revised price proposal includes a lump sum price of $3,320,056, for
CLIN 0006, and a decrease of its total proposed price from $35,467,113, to
$32,468,604 (61176 R4, tab 20 at 10, tab 27 at 8). ECCI provided the following
breakdown for CLIN 0006: CAG, 29,880 hours at $66.75 per hour for a total of
$1,994,530.00; CST, 8,210 hours at $77.19 per hour, for a total of $633,710.00; CAE,
5,050 hours at $66.75 per hour, for a total of $337,094.00; and Security Manager,
4,040 hours at $87.80 per hour for a total of $354,722.00 (61176 R4, tab 27 at 11).9

      36. ECCI’s revised price proposal includes a document entitled “Project
Schedule in Support of the SSMS Cost Estimate (CLIN 0006)” (61176 R4, tab 27

9   We note that for each CLIN item, multiplying the stated hourly rate by the stated
        number of hours renders marginally different total amounts for each, i.e.: CAG
        - $1,994,490.00, not $1,994,530.00; CST - $633,729.90, not $633,710.00; CAE
        - $337,087.50, not $337,094.00; and Security Manager - $354,712.00, not
        $354,722.00.
                                            20
at 15). With regard to CSTs and CAGs, for the period of May 2013, the construction
schedule states, in part:

             CSTs and CAEs will mobilize to support initial site
             construction. CSTs and CAEs will be adjusted to cover
             work at the site in accordance with RFP.

                    ....

             After temporary structures (ACF/SSA) are completed,
             2 CAGs will be stationed in the ACF Building and 2 CAGs
             at the vehicle access gate during operating hours. During
             non-operating hours, 1 CAG will be stationed in the ACF
             full time per the RFP.

(61176 R4, tab 27 at 17)

       37. Appellant’s revised price proposal included no discussion of the
government CST or CAG, or how such government personnel might be utilized by
ECCI in performing SSMS, nor does it indicate that ECCI reduced its SSMS price in
reliance upon the government’s statement that it would provide a CST or CAG
pursuant to Specification Section 01 31 00, paragraph 3.3 (61176 R4, tab 27).

       38. When asked during discovery to identify documents that support ECCI’s
claim that it “reduced the quantity of CAG’s and CST’s by one each in its pricing,”
Mr. Fern, responded that “a trend log of detailed changes that were made prior to
submission of our original bid were not documented for the record” (gov’t supp. R4,
tab 11 at 4; finding 30).

       39. When asked during discovery to identify documents that support the
statement in ECCI’s August 14, 2014, letter that in its revised price proposal (as
opposed to the original price proposal discussed in the paragraph above) “ECCI
reduced the quantity of CAG’s and CST’s by one each in its pricing,” Mr. Fern
responded that there was an “overall reduction of $704k from ECCI’s original to
revised SSMS price,” and that “the reductions in SSMS costs in ECCI’s revised
proposal more than accounted for the assumption that the Government would be
providing 1 CAG and 1 CST to support the SSMS for the 501st project” (gov’t supp.
R4, tab 11 at 3-5, finding 30). If ECCI’s original price proposal included a reduction
in price based upon the belief that the solicitation promised the government would
provide one CAG and CST who would be available to perform contractor work, there
would be no need for a further decrease in its revised price proposal based upon this
same assumption.

                                          21
Governmental Construction Security Monitoring Requirements

       40. The reason the government included in the RFP the requirement that SSMS
be performed by a subcontractor to the prime is reflected in correspondence between
the National Security Agency (NSA) and USACE FED. By email dated February 14,
2012, Timothy Besse, NSA Technical Support Program Management Office, informed
Mr. Lessard:

             CST & CAG Concurrence

             ADS&CI [Associate Director for Security and
             Counterintelligence] /Field Security (Q14) acknowledges
             that a fixed cost for all aspects of Project 58784 must be
             [submitted] to DoD in March 2012 if this project is to
             survive. Q14 recognizes that IDIQ contracts for security
             surveillance cannot be in place by this March deadline.
             Consequently, Q14 Branch Chief Joe Hebda concurs in
             principle with your plan to include these security services
             into the construction general contractor’s (GC) fixed price
             contract. Q14’s concurrence is based upon the following:

             The GC will provide via a subcontractor CST and CAG
             services to this project, either as a single subcontract for
             both disciplines, or a separate subcontract for each
             discipline. You, the SSM, will be the contracting officer
             representative for the CAG & CST contract(s). You will
             also have a USACE staff CST, and USACE staff CAG
             at your disposal who will monitor the contract CAGs for
             contract adherence.

(61176 R4, tab 35 at 3-4)

       41. By email dated February 16, 2012, Mr. Miyagi informed Mr. Lessard that
“NSA concurred in principle with our plan for incorporation into the construction
contract subject to the condition that the Government provides one CST and one
CAG” (61176 R4, tab 35 at 1).

       42. By memorandum dated August 31, 2012, Richard S. Weaver, Chief, Office
of Physical Security and Antiterrorism/Force Protection, NSA, Central Security
Service, informed COL Donald E. Degidio, Jr., USACE, FED, that although NSA did
not concur with the strategy of utilizing a subcontractor to the prime as the security
contractor, “in the spirit of cooperation we are willing to work with you to ensure
compliance with our Security mandates and that projects can move forward.” NSA

                                          22
granted “a one-time exception to our approach outlined above for the construction of
the 501st MI Brigade Headquarters and allow for the security contractor to be
subcontracted to the prime construction contract . . . .” (61176 R4, tab 36 at 1).

        43. Briefing slides dated March 25, 2013, prepared to obtain a decision from
the FED Commander on a course of action for the role of Site Security Management,
discuss the government CAG and CST (gov’t supp. R4, tab 34b at 1-2). In his
declaration, Administrative Contracting Officer Sang-Sung (Steve) Kim states that the
slide presentation discussed “three options . . . designed to provide different ways of
providing the Government management of site security monitoring and oversight of
the Project” and that the government CST and CAG positions mentioned therein “were
part of the Government management and oversight of the project and were not stated
or intended to be part of the contractor’s labor crew or otherwise for the use of the
contractor” (gov’t supp. R4, tab 34a at 2-3).

Contract Award

       44. On September 17, 2012, the government awarded ECCI Contract
No. W912UM-12-C-0058 (the Contract), with a total price of $32,468,604, and a price
of $3,320,056, for CLIN 0006 (61176 R4, tab 2 at 3-5). The Notice to Proceed letter
issued that same day (61176 R4, tab 29) established an original Contract Completion
Date (CCD) of September 7, 2014 (September 17, 2012, plus 720 days) (61176 R4,
tab 2 at 168, tab 7 at 12).

      45. The Contract incorporates by full text FAR 52.243-4, CHANGES
(JUN 2007), which provides, in part

             (b) Any other written or oral order (which, as used in this
             paragraph (b), includes direction, instruction,
             interpretation, or determination) from the Contracting
             Officer that causes a change shall be treated as a change
             order under this clause; provided, that the Contractor gives
             the Contracting Officer written notice . . . .

                    ....

             (d) If any change under this clause causes an increase or
             decrease in the Contractor’s cost of, or the time required for,
             the performance of any part of the work under this contract,
             whether or not changed by any such order, the Contracting
             Officer shall make an equitable adjustment and modify the
             contract in writing. However, except for an adjustment
             based on defective specifications, no adjustment for any

                                          23
             change under paragraph (b) of this clause shall be made for
             any costs incurred more than 20 days before the Contractor
             gives written notice as required. . . .

                    ....

             (e) The Contractor must assert its right to an adjustment
             under this clause within 30 days after (1) receipt of a
             written change order under paragraph (a) of this clause or
             (2) the furnishing of a written notice under paragraph (b)
             of this clause, by submitting to the Contracting Officer a
             written statement describing the general nature and amount
             of the proposal, unless this period is extended by the
             Government. The statement of proposal for adjustment
             may be included in the notice under paragraph (b) above.

(61176 R4, tab 2 at 108-09)

    46. The Contract incorporates by full text FAR 52.246-12, INSPECTION OF
CONSTRUCTION (AUG 1996), which provides, in part:

             (c) Government inspections and tests are for the sole
             benefit of the Government . . . .

                    ....

             (d) The presence or absence of a Government inspector
             does not relieve the Contractor from any contract
             requirement, nor is the inspector authorized to change any
             term or condition of the specification without the
             Contracting Officer’s written authorization.

(61176 R4, tab 2 at 120-21)

      47. The Contract incorporates by full text FAR 52.245-1, GOVERNMENT
PROPERTY (AUG 2010) ALTERNATE I (AUG 2010), which defines
government-furnished property and government property as follows:

             Government-furnished property includes, but is not limited
             to, spares and property furnished for repair, maintenance,
             overhaul, or modification. Government-furnished property
             also includes contractor-acquired property if the
             contractor-acquired property is a deliverable under a cost

                                         24
             contract when accepted by the Government for continued
             use under the contract.

             Government property means all property owned or leased
             by the Government. Government property includes both
             Government-furnished and Contractor-acquired property.
             Government property includes material, equipment, special
             tooling, special test equipment, and real property.
             Government property does not include intellectual property
             and software.

(61176 R4, tab 2 at 110-11)

      48. The Contract also provides:

             Only a warranted Contracting Officer (either a Procuring
             Contracting Officer (PCO), or an Administrative
             Contracting Officer (ACO)), acting within their delegated
             limits, has the authority to issue modifications or otherwise
             change the terms and conditions of this contract. If an
             individual other than the Contracting Officer attempts to
             make changes to the terms and conditions of this contract
             you shall not proceed with the change and shall
             immediately notify the Contracting Officer.

(61176 R4, tab 2 at 4)

       49. In November 2012, ECCI entered into a Fixed Unit Price subcontract with
CACI in the amount of $4,255,424, which included $2,808,588, for performing SSMS
(gov’t supp. R4, tab 16 at 1). The Statement of Work provides, in part:

             CACI-ISS will provide all on-site security services as
             directed by the US Government Site Security Manager
             including:

             1. Provide Cleared American Guards (CAGs),
             Construction Surveillance Technicians (CSTs), and
             Cleared American Escorts (CAEs), all with the proper
             security clearance as defined by DCID 6/9 and ICD 705
             for DOD overseas SCIF construction and the project
             specifications.

                                          25
             2. Provide security oversight of all aspects of SCIF
             construction as identified in ICS 705-1[.]

             3. On a monthly look ahead basis, CACI-ISS will
             coordinate with the Project Superintendent to ensure the
             proper security staffing level is maintained that meets the
             surveillance ratio as required by the US Governments
             Performance Metrics.

             4. CACI-ISS will staff the SSMS sufficiently to ensure the
             project schedule is not impacted.

(Gov’t supp. R4, tab 16 at 128) The subcontract contained no discussion of the
government CAG or CST, or how such government personnel might be utilized by
CACI in performing SSMS (gov’t supp. R4, tab 16).

Construction Security Monitoring Plan

       50. ECCI issued the project’s Construction Security Monitoring Plan (CSMP),
dated February 19, 2013 (gov’t supp. R4, tab 22 at 2-3). The CSMP covered several
subjects, including the Site Security Monitoring Service Standard Operating Procedure
(SSMS SOP) (gov’t supp. R4, tab 22 at 5, 7). Section 2 of the CSMP, entitled
“Personnel,” includes information regarding the Parent Agency, USACE FED, the
Contracting Officer, the COR, the Government SSM, the CSM), CSTs, and CAGs
(gov’t supp. R4, tab 22 at 9-11).

        51. With regard to USACE FED, the CSMP provides that the “Parent Agency
is responsible for promulgating construction surveillance, construction material, and
transit security standards” for the project, monitoring compliance with the CSP and
SOP during the life of the project. It also provides that the government’s SSM “shall
have the authority to stop the construction project in the event of a serious security
incident,” is responsible for the oversight of security incidents, infractions, or
violations,” and that the contractor CSM shall notify the SSM “in the event of any of
these situations occurring.” (Gov’t supp. R4, tab 22 at 9-10)

       52. The CSMP states that the government “SSM serves as the Security Project
Manager for FED, is the primary point of contact for compliance and coordination of
security measures, and accreditation, and is responsible for implementation of the CSP
and SSP. The CSMP also provides that “the CSM, CAG, CST, and CAE assist the
SSM by providing access control intrusion deletion, and, transit security oversight”
and “[t]he SSM has the authority and responsibility to stop work should security
issues” so require. (Gov’t supp. R4, tab 22 at 10)

                                          26
        53. The CSMP states that the CSM is a senior security representative who
assists the SSM in CSP compliance, “inspecting perimeter security and access
control,” and, in the absence of the SSM, may be directed “to act in his/her behalf and
assume the authority for the management of the CSP.” It likewise provides that the
“Labor security synchronization matrix will be utilized as a basis to deploy proper
manning of SSMS personnel - specifically, the CAGs, CAEs, and CSTs.” (Gov’t
supp. R4, tab 22 at 10)

       54. The CSMP states that CSTs will be provided “by Team ECCI and will
observe work performed by contractor personnel at 501st BDG HQ Site and the
immediate Construction Site for that specific building and insect [sic] all materials
destined for the constructor site.” The CSMP notes that because “the majority of
contractor personnel will not have security clearances,” there will be an increase in
“the need for CST deployment” and “[t]he rationale for CST deployment is based
upon [the] size (square footage) of the [project] and the type and location of work
being performed.” According to the CSMP, the “CAGs will control admittance to and
departures from the” project construction site. (Gov’t supp. R4, tab 22 at 10-11) The
CSMP includes no discussion of the one government CAG and CST, or how such
government personnel might be utilized by ECCI in performing SSMS (gov’t supp.
R4, tab 22).

Site Security Plan

      55. By email dated May 1, 2013, Mr. Jones provided to Mr. Lessard a copy of
CACI’s Site Security Plan (SSP) (gov’t supp. R4, tab 21 at 1). Section 1.3 of the SSP,
“Responsibility,” provides, in part:

              (d) CACI PROVIDED SITE SECURITY SERVICES

              CACI and all sub-contractors under the contract for
              providing Site Security Services (SSS), will ensure Site
              Security Personnel (SSP), Project Director, and the
              construction contractors, adhere to, and abide by, the
              Construction Security Plan (CSP) as developed by the Site
              Security Manager and in compliance with the terms of the
              contract[.]

                     ....

              (f) CONTRACTOR SECURITY MANAGER (CSM)

              The CSM is the senior security representative for the
              performance of the security contract as outlined in the

                                           27
             performance standards. The CSM assists the SSM in the
             compliance of the CSP. The CSM has operational
             responsibilities for the coordination of deliveries,
             screening, and storage of materials for the sensitive
             construction areas as well as normal and unique procedural
             security issues. The CSM is responsible for the daily
             tracking and recording of the daily events and
             chronological log records and reporting any deficiencies or
             items of interest to the SSM. The CSM will also aid the
             SSM with inspecting perimeter security and access control
             of the construction area, and the access control program.
             In the absence of the SSM, the CSM may be directed by
             the SSM to act in his/her behalf and assume the authority
             for the management of the CSP.

(Gov’t supp. R4, tab 21 at 6)

     56. Section 2.3 of the SSP, “CONSTRUCTION SURVEILLANCE
PERSONNEL SITE SECURITY MANAGER (SSM),” provides, in part:

             (a) CONTRACTOR SECURITY MANAGER (CSM)

             The CSM assists the SSM in the management and
             compliance with the CSP. The CSM coordinates the daily
             CAG/CST operations and ensures the SSM is given all
             information to support reporting requirements.

             (b) CONSTRUCTION SURVEILLANCE
             TECHNICIANS (CSTs)

             The CST will be provided by CACI, Inc. and will observe
             work performed by contractor personnel at 50lst MI BDE
             HQ Site and the immediate Construction Site for that
             specific building and inspect all materials destined for the
             construction site. The fact that the majority of contractor
             personnel will not have security clearances will greatly
             increase the need for CST deployment. CST coverage will
             start at the commencement of the building projects general
             construction and end surveillance coverage upon
             determination by the SSM. The rationale for CST
             deployment is based upon size (square footage) of the
             project and the type and location of work being performed.

                                         28
             The SSM will maintain appropriate CST deployment
             during general construction of the building project effort.

(Gov’t supp. R4, tab 21 at 9) The SSP includes no discussion of the one government
CAG or CST, or how such government personnel might be utilized by CACI in
performing SSMS (gov’t supp. R4, tab 21).

Contract Modifications

       57. Over the course of Contract performance, the parties entered into several
modifications increasing the price paid by the government to ECCI pursuant to
CLIN 0006 for SSMS (61176 R4, tab 32 at 3). On December 12, 2013, the
government issued unilateral Modification No. P00002, increasing CLIN 0006 by a
lump sum of $45,500, as part of a Unilateral Notice to Proceed, Unpriced Change
Order, to modify the project’s generator sets (61176 R4, tab 13).

       58. On July 14, 2014, the parties entered into bilateral Modification
No. P00004, extending the Contract by 250 calendar days, including 200 days of
compensable delay and 50 days of non-compensable delay. The modification included
$1,368,304.47, for costs associated with CLIN 0006 for the 200 days of compensable
delay. (61176 R4, tab 14 at 3; 62029 R4, tab 34 at 23-24, tab 49 at 2) Modification
No. P00004 includes the following Closing Statement:

             This modification formally incorporates into the contract
             the changes contained in, and completes action required by
             Modification No. P00002, issued by the Contracting
             Officer on 12 December 2013, and Modification
             No. A00004, issued by the Administrative Contracting
             Officer on 19 February 2014.

             It is further understood and agreed by all parties that this
             adjustment constitutes compensation in full on behalf of
             the contractor and its subcontractors and suppliers for all
             cost and markups attributable to the circumstances giving
             rise to this modification for all delays related thereto, and
             for performance of the change within the timeframe stated.

             All other terms and conditions of the contract remain the
             same.

(61176 R4, tab 14 at 3)

                                          29
       59. On September 5, 2014, the parties entered into bilateral Modification
No. P00005 to downsize UPS banks, which included $96,101.00, for SSMS costs,
bringing the total under CLIN 0006 to $4,829,961.47 (61176 R4, tab 15, tab 32 at 3).
Modification No. P00005 includes the following Closing Statement:

             This modification formally incorporates into the contract
             the changes contained in and completes the action required
             by the unpriced Notice to Proceed, Modification
             No. P00003 (NTP), issued by the Contracting Officer,
             dated 14 January 2014, and receipt of which was
             acknowledged by the Contractor on the same date.

             It is further understood and agreed by all parties that this
             adjustment constitutes compensation in full on behalf of
             the contractor and its subcontractors and suppliers for all
             cost and markups attributable to the circumstances giving
             rise to this modification for all delays related thereto, and
             for performance of the change within the timeframe stated.

             All other terms and conditions of the contract remain the
             same.

(61176 R4, tab 15 at 3)

       60. On April 14, 2016, the parties entered into bilateral Modification
No. P00008, implementing changes to the facility’s doors and adding painting of the
CAA perimeter above the false ceiling. The modification extended the Contract 441
calendar days, of which 71 days were compensable and 370 were excused but
non-compensable delay, i.e., the government waived the assessment of liquidated
damages for these 370 days. The modification included $302,323, for costs associated
with CLIN 0006 for the 71 days of compensable delay. (62029 R4, tab 16 at 2-3,
tab 37 at 2) Modification No. P00008 includes the following Closing Statement
addressing the adjustment of CCD and the final resolution of time issues contingent
upon a Completion Schedule to the CCD of August 23, 2016, as follows:

             It is further understood and agreed by all parties that this
             adjustment constitutes compensation in full on behalf of
             the contractor and its subcontractors and suppliers for all
             cost and markups attributable to the circumstances giving
             rise to this modification for all delays related thereto, and
             for the performance of the change within the time frame
             stated.

                                           30
             The Contractor accepts this modification as full and final
             settlement for any and all time related issues from the date
             of contract award to the date of this modification. In return
             the Contractor shall submit a new baseline Completion
             Schedule from the date of award of this modification
             through the revised Contract Completion Date of
             23 August 2016. The new construction schedule shall be
             subject to the Government approval. The contractor will
             be relieved of the obligation to update or correct prior
             construction schedule submittals under this agreement.
             The new baseline Completion Schedule will be the basis
             for measuring satisfactory progress on the project up to the
             new CCD.

             All other terms and conditions of the contract remain the
             same.

(62029 R4, tab 16 at 3)

       61. On April 14, 2016, the parties entered into bilateral Modification
No. A00020, adding air grills and perforated floor panels. The modification increased
CLIN 0006 by $7,496, for an additional CST (in addition to CST proposed for SSMS
under the concurrent Modification No. P00008) to monitor the work that will be
performed in “areas contiguous to the CAA.” (62029 R4, tab 17 at 1-3)

      62. Modification No. A0020 contains the following Closing Statement:

             It is further understood and agreed by all parties that this
             adjustment constitutes compensation in full on behalf of
             the contractor and its subcontractors and suppliers for all
             cost and markups attributable to the circumstances giving
             rise to this modification for all delays related thereto, and
             for performance of the changes within the time frame
             stated.

(62029 R4, tab 17 at 3-4)

Claim Submission in Appeal No. 61176

      63. By letter dated August 6, 2014, to Mr. Kim, ECCI, submitted a price
proposal in the amount of $855,584, seeking compensation pursuant to the Changes
Clause (FAR 52.243-4), based upon the government’s failure to provide one CAG and

                                           31
CST, which ECCI believed would be available to perform contractor work (61176 R4,
tab 33).

       64. On August 7, 2014, Mr. Kim responded to ECCI’s August 6th letter,
stating:

             The Government does not disagree with your statement
             that contract specification section 01 31 00, Paragraph
             3.3.A state[s] the Government will furnish one (1) Cleared
             American Guard and one (1) Construction Surveillance
             Technician. This paragraph also states the Government
             staff will be responsible for reviewing the scheduled
             construction activities and coordinating site security
             monitoring with the contractor security staff.

             The purpose of these two government personnel would
             have been solely for the benefit of the Government to
             review your construction activities and monitor your Site
             Security Monitoring Services (SSMS) subcontractor
             because of potential conflicts of interest. The requirement
             for the Government to have these two personnel on site
             was subsequently waived by the National Security Agency.
             It is the Government’s position that the lack of these two
             personnel which were not for the benefit of the contactor
             did not result in any increased cost. Therefore your
             Request for Equitable Adjustment is denied.

(61176 R4, tab 34)

       65. By letter dated August 14, 2014, to Mr. Kim, ECCI requested
reconsideration of the Government’s position, stating, in part:

             Bidders develop the number of CAGs and CSTs that are
             necessary to perform the secure work. If the Government
             states to all bidders that the Government will provide a
             CAG and a CST, and with the function of a CAG and CST
             being well known to experienced secure construction
             contractors, then a prudent bidder in a competitive
             situation has no choice but to remove one CAG and one
             CST from his pricing.

                     ....

                                         32
             In a competitive bidding environment, any reasonable
             offeror experienced in secure construction, knowing what
             functions CAGs and CSTs perform, would reasonably
             construe the Government’s statement to mean that the
             Government would provide (1) CAG and (1) CST, and that
             the Contractor (ECCI) would provide additional CAG’s
             and CST’s as needed to maintain the required ratio’s
             specified in the labor synchronization matrix.
             Subsequently, ECCI reduced the quantity of CAG’s and
             CST’s by one each in its pricing.

(61176 R4, tab 37 at 1)

      66. By letter dated October 8, 2014, Mr. Kim responded to ECCI’s
August 14th letter, stating, in part:

             The Government does not concur with your position that
             the (1) Cleared American Guard (CAG) and
             (1) Construction Surveillance Technician (CST) were for
             the benefit of the of the [sic] contractor.

             It is the Government’s position that the (1) CAG and
             (1) CST were for the Government’s benefit. Their purpose
             would have been to review the scheduled construction
             activities and coordinate site security monitoring with the
             contractor security staff.

             It is the Government’s view that not providing these two
             personnel (1-CAG and 1-CST), which were not for the
             benefit of the contractor, did not result in any increased
             cost to ECCI. Therefore your Request for Equitable
             Adjustment is denied.

(61176 R4, tab 38)

       67. By letter dated May 7, 2015, ECCI submitted a Request for Equitable
Adjustment (REA) No. 1 in the amount of $961,533, for costs allegedly incurred in
providing additional CAG and CST coverage on the project (61176 R4, tab 39).

       68. By letter dated June 22, 2016, ECCI submitted to Contracting Officer
Lisa Billman a claim in the same amount as its May 7th REA, which included the
requisite CDA certification (61176 R4, tab 16 at 1, 3). ECCI’s calculated its REA and
claim amount based upon the daily cost of one additional CAG and CST for every day

                                          33
ECCI performed SSMS work on the Contract, from May 21, 2013, through June 9,
2015 (61176 R4, tab 16 at 31).

        69. On February 21, 2017, Ms. Billman issued a final decision denying ECCI’s
certified claim (61176 R4, tab 1). The final decision acknowledged that the Contract
specified the government would provide one CAG and one CST, that the government
ultimately did not provide such personnel, and that this constituted a change to the
Contract (61176 R4, tab 1 at 1-2, 28). The final decision quoted Mr. Lee’s letter dated
August 7, 2014, which (1) states that the purpose of providing the government
personnel on the project was solely for the benefit of the government and
(2) acknowledged that NSA had waived the requirement that the government provide a
CAG and CST on the project. The final decision also referenced NSA’s February 14,
2012 email (finding 40) and August 31, 2012 letter (finding 42), and acknowledged that
neither document was “provided to offerors prior to award.” (61176 R4, tab 1 at 21-22)

      70. The final decision asserted that previously-executed bilateral modifications
were an accord and satisfaction that settled ECCI’s right to additional payment for the
Government’s alleged failure to furnish one CAG and CST (61176 R4, tab 1 at 47-48).

Claim Submission in Appeal No. 62029

        71. By letter dated March 14, 2014, to Mr. Kim, ECCI provided a “Notification
of Change” pursuant to FAR 52.243-4, raising the issue of SSM authority, and
requesting clarification of the scope of CST monitoring in CAA contiguous space
(62029 R4, tab 18 at 451). ECCI stated that standards set forth in “ICD 705.1” were
“not being enforced on-site by the Government’s Site Security Managers where CSTs
are being used in a dual role as surveillance technicians and sentries” and that “ECCI
considers this a changed condition to use CSTs to monitor work excess to the contract
requirements and provides written notice there are cost impacts associated with this
changed direction” (62029 R4, tab 18 at 451-52). ECCI requested a written
clarification from the Contracting Officer March 18, 2014 (id. at 452).

       72. By letter dated June 23, 2014, Mr. Kim responded to ECCI’s March 14,
2014, letter, stating:

             • ECCI should continue to utilize the CSTs according to
             contract requirements for monitoring of the actual
             construction performed by un-cleared workers within the
             CAA and when work is being performed that penetrates
             the CAA perimeter wall

                                          34
             • CST should be utilized to monitor the CAA space as well
             as areas contiguous to the CAA space that penetrate the
             perimeter walls, windows, doors, ceiling and floor

             • The site security manager does not have authorization to
             request changes to the contract requirements

(62029 R4, tab 18 at 453)

      73. By email dated March 22, 2015, to CACI, Mr. Greg Joyce, ECCI Senior
Program Manager, stated, in part:

             Even though we had a previous agreement from Govt. reps
             weeks ago, that CAGs and CSTs were not necessary to
             guard a thick reinforced concrete slab (on the 2nd floor,
             and not part of the SCIF that is on the first floor), issues
             still arose post agreement, and issues still arise. Debates
             still occurred post agreement, and still occur. I want to
             make it clear once and for all that neither a CAG nor a
             CST is required on the second floor above the SCIF unless
             we are drilling into said floor that is above the SCIF
             (“CAA space”).

                    ....

             I want to make it clear that the USACE Contracting
             Officer, the only person with the authority to modify the
             contract, at times chooses not to do something security
             related, chooses not to do something that is “better in the
             minds of security folks,” and therefore ECC is not
             obligated to do it no matter what the SSM or CACI on-site
             personnel think or want. Contract Law supersedes security
             wants. If the Govt. wants to add security related scope, it
             will modify the contract to ECC accordingly, and ECC will
             flow down the modification to CACI accordingly. In
             earlier correspondence that we shared with you, the
             USACE Contracting Officer’s letter to ECC, stated just
             that.

                    ....

             Only USACE can modify the Contract documents. The
             SSM does not have the authority (nor does Patrick Cole) to

                                         35
              modify the contract documents, nor impose procedures that
              incur extra costs beyond those contemplated in the contract
              documents.

                     ....

              To remove any doubt: If USACE is not going to formally
              modify ECC’s contract and pay us (both ECC and CACI)
              for extra steps / extra security scope / extra people, then
              ECC is not going to modify CACI’s contract nor will ECC
              pay CACI for extra steps, extra people, and extra security
              scope.

              To remove any doubt: If a CACI representative influences
              or sells extra steps or extra people or extra scope to the
              SSM, and CACI follows the SSM direction and facilitates
              pushing ECC to comply, without a modification from the
              USACE Contracting Officer, and without ECC flowing
              down the modification to CACI, then CACI is at risk and
              exposed to bearing the financial burden, to include the cost
              of ECC’s PM’s/APM’s time to manage conflict that CACI
              on site personnel bring into the project.

(Gov’t supp. R4, tab 27b at 1, 3) (emphasis in original)

        74. By letter dated November 28, 2018, ECCI submitted to Contracting Officer
Nicholas Johnston a claim in the amount of $388,495, with the requisite CDA
certification, for an alleged government change to the Contract, which required
increased SSMS in areas contiguous to the CAA (62029 R4, tab 18 at 1-2). According
to appellant “[t]he Government directed ECCI to monitor CAA Contiguous Areas
within the 501st MI BDE HQ using CSTs when work was being performed regardless
of whether this work involved activities that penetrated the CAA boundary” (62029
R4, tab 18 at 614). Appellant alleged that “[t]he Contract requires SSMS monitoring
within the Contiguous Areas only when intrusive work penetrating the CAA boundary
is performed” (id.).

       75. On March 14, 2019, Mr. Johnson issued a final decision denying ECCI’s
November 28, 2018, certified claim (62029 R4, tab 1 at 1, 70). The contracting officer
found that ECCI “was always required to monitor construction activities by uncleared
workers in areas contiguous to the CAA with its SSMS subcontractor in order to satisfy
its contractual responsibility ‘to provide Site Security Monitoring Personnel (SSMP) to
detect unauthorized access to controlled areas, to deter construction worker activities,
preventing the implantation of clandestine surveillance devices or systems into

                                           36
structures being constructed or its immediate surroundings’” (62029 R4, tab 1 at 2).
The final decision also found that “[t]he SSM lacked authority to change the Contract”
(62029 R4, tab 1 at 37). The final decision asserted that previously executed bilateral
modifications were an accord and satisfaction that waived or settled ECCI’s right to
additional payment related to the appellant’s contiguous space monitoring claim (62029
R4, tab 1 at 43-51).

                                       DECISION

   1. ASBCA No. 61176

        Insofar as we can determine, this appeal presents an issue of first impression
before the Board, namely, where the Contract states that the government will provide
“Government-Furnished Site Security Monitoring” personnel and the government
subsequently does not provide that personnel, whether the government’s change to the
Contract is a breach, entitling the contractor to increased costs allegedly incurred in
performing work that the contractor believed would have been performed by
government personnel. Appellant seeks additional compensation for hiring one
additional CST and CAG as a result of the government not providing one CST and
CAG on the project (app. br. at 9-10). Citing Sauer, Inc., v. Danzig, 224 F.3d 1340,
1348 (Fed. Cir. 2000), appellant argues that it “is entitled to an equitable adjustment
for the increased costs incurred as a result of that change” (app. br. at 10). ECCI
claims that, in preparing its price proposal, it relied upon the government’s promise to
furnish the personnel, and, thereby reduced its price (app. br. at 3, 10; findings 28-29).

        The government denies entitlement, arguing that the one additional CST and
CAG it was to provide “were intended by the Government to act solely in the role of
management and oversight of the site security work, and not as employees to assist the
Contractor” (gov’t resp. at 8). As support, the government points to the responsibilities
of the government CST and CAG specified in the Contract, noting they were limited to
reviewing and coordinating activities, and did not include SSMS work appellant was
contractually required to perform (gov’t br. at 8-9, 20). The government likewise
disputes ECCI’s allegation that, in preparing its cost and technical proposals, it lowered
its price in reliance upon the government’s statement that it would provide one CST and
one CAG (gov’t br. at 28-29).

       A. The Government’s Statement that It Would Provide Site Security
          Monitoring Personnel Did Not Relieve ECCI of Its Staffing Responsibilities

       The parties agree that the Contract specified the government would provide one
CST and one CAG, that the government ultimately did not provide such personnel,
and that this constituted a change to the Contract (finding 69; app br. at 7). The parties

                                            37
disagree as to whether this is a compensable change. To resolve this dispute, we turn
first to the language of the Contract.

       It is well established that “[c]ontract interpretation begins with the plain
language of the agreement,” Foley Co. v. United States, 11 F.3d 1032, 1034 (1993),
and “the language of a contract must be given that meaning that would be derived
from the contract by a reasonable intelligent person acquainted with the
contemporaneous circumstances.” Hol–Gar Mfg. Corp. v. United States, 169 Ct. Cl.
384, 388, 351 F.2d 972, 975 (1965). In addition, “[a]n interpretation that gives
meaning to all parts of the contract is to be preferred over one that leaves a portion of
the contract useless, inexplicable, void, or superfluous.” NVT Techs., Inc. v. United
States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004).

       The Contract clause at issue here, entitled “Government Furnished Site Security
Monitoring,” specifies that the government would provide one CAG and one CST “for
the duration of the construction activities.” As to the work the government personnel
would perform, the clause specifies that “[t]he Government staff will be responsible
for reviewing the scheduled construction activities and coordinating site security
monitoring with contractor and contractor security staff.” (Finding 4) The language is
plain as to the responsibilities of the government staff. The provision in no way states
or even remotely suggests that part of the government personnel’s responsibilities was
performance of SSMS that the Contract required appellant perform. As we discuss
below, appellant proffers several arguments seeking to add language, caveat, and
meaning to this clause, all of which is unwarranted or simply incorrect.

       B. The Provision Referencing “Government Furnished Site Security
          Monitoring” Personnel Does Not Change ECCI’s Personnel Obligations
          Specified by the Contract

        In support of its contention that the contract relieved it of responsibility for
providing the two security employees, appellant seeks to equate government-furnished
personnel with government-furnished property, stating “there is no basis whatsoever
for the Government’s assertion that the phrase ‘government-furnished’ takes on a
wholly different and conflicting meaning in the context of personnel” (app. br. at 2-3,
15-16). Yet, appellant cites no legal precedent to support its suggestion that
government-furnished property is somehow equivalent to government-furnished
personnel. Moreover, appellant’s argument is based upon a false premise, as the
Contract does not contain the term “government-furnished personnel” (61176 R4,
tabs 2-3) (see app. br. at 15 (stating, “this dispute concerns ‘government-furnished’
personnel, rather than property”) (app. resp. at 4, 7-8, 10, 13-14, 17) (referencing
“government furnished personnel”).

                                            38
       FAR 52.245-1, which is incorporated into the Contract, defines
government-furnished property as including “spares and property furnished for repair,
maintenance, overhaul, or modification” and “contractor-acquired property if the
contractor-acquired property is a deliverable under a cost contract when accepted by
the Government for continued use under the contract” (finding 47). Government
property is defined as “all property owned or leased by the Government,” including
“material, equipment, special tooling, special test equipment, and real property” (id.).
Neither definition identifies government personnel as a type of government-furnished
property or government property (id.). We know of no government regulation that
equates the two. 10

       We likewise have found no decision of the Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit or this Board discussing the concept of “government-furnished personnel.”
The Comptroller General, however, has issued one decision, IBM Global Bus. Servs.,
B-298833.4, B-298833.5, 2007 CPD ¶ 82 (Comp. Gen. Mar. 1, 2007), discussing the
concept of government-furnished personnel in the context of a bid protest. Although
decisions of the Comptroller General are not binding precedent on this Board, they
may prove helpful by illustration of how another well-informed tribunal interprets the
contractual provisions at issue. We find IBM Global to be worthy of consideration and
examination because it provides a clear example of what the government does when it
wishes to provide government personnel to work with contractor personnel on a
contract.

       In IBM Global, the Comptroller General denied a protest of a Department of the
Air Force contract award for an Expeditionary Combat Support System (ECSS)
System Integrator (SI), utilizing off-the-shelf software. The request for quotations
(RFQ) specified that successful implementation of the system being procured “would
require a partnership between the agency and the SI” and that “the parties anticipate a
unique sharing of concerns, knowledge and ideas via a partnership whereby
Government personnel are made available to provide a source of information, and to
work side-by-side with the contractor.” 2007 CPD ¶ 82 at 4.

       One of the factors considered in awarding the contract was price, which was
“comprised of the value of the task order plus the value of any government-furnished
personnel and property.” 2007 CPD ¶ 82 at 2. To account for any difference in the
anticipated use of government personnel, the RFQ required vendors to complete a
Government Personnel Matrix, which would be incorporated into the contract,

10   FAR 45.000 likewise sets forth policies and procedures concerning
        government-furnished property, but contains no provisions concerning
        government-furnished personnel. 48 C.F.R. 45.000 (prescribing policies and
        procedures for providing government property to contractors and contractors'
        management and use of government property).
                                           39
specifying by contract year the number of government personnel by experience level
and the percentage of time required. The RFQ also specified the maximum amount of
government personnel available per skill level, per contract year.

         To analyze price, the RFQ stated:

                For each category of government personnel for each
                contract year, the matrix specified a cost per full-time
                equivalent (FTE) that would be added to the vendor’s
                quoted price for purposes of the evaluation in order to
                “eliminate any competitive advantage resulting from the
                vendor’s proposed use of Government Personnel.”

2007 CPD ¶ 82 at 5. The RFQ also contained a provision by which the government
was required to make personnel available in accordance with the Government
Personnel Matrix, and whereby “the contractor ‘shall be entitled to an equitable
adjustment should the Government fail to make the required personnel available.’”
2007 CPD ¶ 82 at 5.11

        In contrast, the Contract here contained no such provisions. Had it been the
intent of the Contract that a contractor could utilize government personnel to perform
its Contract work, the Solicitation specifically could have stated that government
personnel were available to perform contractor work, as the contract did in IBM
Global, and could have included provisions similar to the Air Force contract to
“eliminate any competitive advantage resulting from the vendor’s proposed use of
Government Personnel.” 2007 CPD ¶ 82 at 5. As we discuss more fully below, the
fact that the Contract here contained no such express statements or provisions should
have set off alarm bells for appellant, an experienced contractor, given its stated belief
that it could utilize government personnel to perform its contract work, and given the
Contract’s failure to specify exactly how that would be accomplished.

         C. ECCI’s Failure to Inquire Whether the Government Interpreted the Contract
            as It Did Was Unreasonable

11   The protestor challenged the procurement upon the grounds that the Air Force
         lacked authority to contractually commit government personnel to work on the
         contract, but the Comptroller General rejected this challenge as untimely. The
         protestor likewise challenged the Air Force’s capability to furnish the number
         of government personnel proposed. The Comptroller General rejected this
         challenge as well, holding that the record supported a finding that the
         government reasonably could conclude that it had sufficient resources to meet
         the proposed number of government personnel. 2007 CPD ¶ 82 at 5-6.
                                             40
        To receive an equitable adjustment to the Contract, ECCI must demonstrate that
it reasonably relied upon its interpretation of the Contract. Stuyvesant Dredging Co. v.
United States, 834 F.2d 1576, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1987). Indeed, appellant notes in its
brief that “a proper technique of contract interpretation is for the court to place itself in
the shoes of a reasonable and prudent contractor and decide how such a contractor
would act in interpreting the contract” (app. br. at 16) (citing H.B. Mac, Inc. v. United
States, 153 F.3d 1338, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 1998)). Placing ourselves in the shoes of such a
contractor convinces us that ECCI’s interpretation was unreasonable, as were its
actions (or lack thereof) resulting from that interpretation.

       The fact that the government included in the Contract a provision setting forth
government-furnished site security monitoring is not, in and of itself, out of the
ordinary. Mr. Fern, appellant’s program manager, acknowledged that site security
monitoring typically is a government function (finding 9). What is out of the ordinary
– or “atypical” in the words of Mr. Fern (finding 9) – is that the contractor was
responsible for SSMS, and “for hiring a security monitoring subcontractor to provide”
SSMS (finding 2). Indeed, the record reflects that the USACE FED, unbeknownst to
ECCI, received special dispensation from NSA to allow the contractor to provide
SSMS (findings 40-43).

         Assuming for the sake of argument that appellant, an experienced contractor
“with more than 26 years of experience managing and executing in excess of
$3.2 Billion in US Federal Government construction” (finding 20), and specifically
Mr. Fern, truly believed that government personnel would be provided for the benefit
of the contractor, ECCI, as a reasonable contractor, should have inquired from the
government whether its understanding of the solicitation was correct. ECCI’s
argument that, although the government put appellant in charge of SSMS, the
government agreed to provide to ECCI two employees (no more no less) to perform
SSMS for ECCI – without any explanation of how this would work or any limitations
on the work the government would provide – is nonsensical. This especially is true
given that the Contract contained no provisions (like those referenced in IBM Global)
to capture the cost impact of the government’s performance of contractor work, or any
guarantee that government personnel would be available to perform a set amount of
contractor work. “Where a potential contractor is presented with a contract containing
. . . an obvious omission, inconsistency, or discrepancy of significance” the contractor
“must consult the Government's representatives if he intends to bridge the crevasse in
his own favor.” HRH Constr. Corp. v. United States, 192 Ct. Cl. 912, 920, 428 F.2d
1267, 1272 (1970).

       According to Mr. Fern, “[i]f the RFP states to all offerors that the Government
will provide one CAG and one CST, and with the function of a CAG and CST being
well known to experienced secure construction contractors, then a prudent bidder in a
competitive situation would have no choice but to remove one CAG and one CST

                                             41
from their pricing” (finding 30) (appellant’s August 14, 2014 letter contains a similar
statement (finding 65)). Although we agree that ECCI is an experienced contractor,
we disagree with its conclusion that it had “no choice” but to simply remove from its
pricing one CAG and one CST. Given appellant’s belief that the government’s
approach was “atypical,” the reasonable choice would have been for appellant to raise
with the government its interpretation and belief that “government-furnished
personnel” were provided for the benefit of the contractor. Had it done so, “the
dispute now in litigation would have come to light, and would have been appropriately
resolved prior to the submission of bids. Having bridged the gap in its own favor
without consulting the contracting officer prior to bidding, however, plaintiff is not
entitled to recover here.” HRH Constr. Corp., 192 Ct. Cl. at 920, 428 F.2d at 1272. A
reasonable contractor would have inquired about the issue presented, and would have
specified in its proposal that, in preparing its cost estimate, it relied upon its
interpretation of the RFP that the government would provide one government CST and
CAG for use by the contractor in performing its SSMS duties.

       D. Question and Answer No. 18 Do Not Satisfy ECCI’s Duty to Inquire and Do
          Not Support ECCI’s Interpretation of the Contract

       Appellant suggests that a question asked during the procurement sufficiently
raised the issue of how the contract provision at issue was to be interpreted to meet its
duty to inquire, and that the government’s response supports ECCI’s favored
interpretation (app. br. at 2; app. resp. at 6). Specifically, Question no. 18, submitted
by another offeror, which asked “[h]ow many CSTs will the Government provide and
have on-site” (finding 17). The government responded, “[i]n accordance with
Section 01 31 00, per amendment 2, the Government will provide will provide 1 CAG
and CST. The contractor is to provide additional CAGs and CSTs to meet the
requirements of Site Security Monitoring Services (SSMS).” (Id.)

       In its response brief, appellant argues that “it was reasonable for ECCI to
interpret the Q&A provided by the Government to mean that it would not be required
to provide ‘all’ CAGs and CSTs, but only those ‘in addition to’ those provided by the
Government. To conclude otherwise would give no meaning to the Q&A response
from the Government.” (App. resp. at 6) Assigning misplaced import to the word
“additional,” appellant suggests “to the extent that there was any confusion or
ambiguity regarding the obligations of the parties (which there was not), the
Government confirmed that it would provide one CAG and CST, and the contractor
would provide additional CAGs and CSTs as needed” (app. br. at 11). The fallacy
with appellant’s argument is its insertion of the qualifier “as needed,” i.e., “the
contractor would provide additional CAGS and CSTs as needed” (app. br. at 11)
(emphasis added). Neither the Contract, nor the government’s answer, states that the
contractor is only to “provide additional CAGs and CSTs as needed” (app. br. at 11;
findings 2, 4, 17). Indeed, the government’s answer unambiguously concludes that
                                           42
appellant is required “to meet the requirements of Site Security Monitoring Services
(SSMS)” (finding 17).

       Moreover, appellant’s interpretation of the government’s answer creates a
conflict with two other Contract provisions. Both CLIN 0006 and Specification Section
01 31 00, paragraph 3.4, state that the contractor’s SSMS “[s]ubcontractor shall furnish
all personnel, tools, protective equipment and supplies to provide SSMS in accordance
with rules, laws, regulations and security requirements as stated in the RFP documents”
(findings 2, 4) (emphasis added). Appellant’s interpretation – that offerors “would not
be required to provide ‘all’ CAGs and CSTs,” just “those ‘in addition to’” the
government CAG and CST – is at odds with this clear requirement of the Contract –
that appellant’s subcontractor was responsible to “furnish all personnel . . . to provide
SSMS” (findings 2, 4).

        Neither the Contract, nor the government’s answer, limit the contractor’s
obligations to simply providing “additional CAGs and CSTs as needed” (app. br.
at 11) (findings 2, 4, 17). The government’s answer, and use of the word “additional,”
in no way establishes an agreement by to the government to make available its
personnel to perform Contract work that appellant was required perform. We reject
appellant’s attempt to attribute greater legal significance to, and create government
obligations out of, words that simply do not mean what appellant suggests.

       E. The Government’s Interpretation of the Contract is Reasonable

       In addition to asserting that its contract interpretation is correct, ECCI
challenges the reasonableness of the government’s contract interpretation. In its
opening brief appellant argues that “the government attempts to read language into the
contract that does not exist” (app. br. at 9), questioning the government assertion “that
the language in the Contract related to a Government Furnished CAG and CST was
merely identifying personnel who were solely for the benefit of the Government, and
could not be used by the Contractor” (app. br. at 12). The government, challenging
appellant’s allegation that the one CST and CAG were provided to perform work for
the contractor, states that the Contract identified specific, limited responsibilities of the
government CST and CAG, i.e., reviewing scheduled construction activities and
coordinating site security monitoring (gov’t br. at 8, 20).

         As persuasively explained in Mr. Kim’s August 7, 2014 letter and
Ms. Billman’s final decision, the duties assigned to the government CST and CAG,
i.e., reviewing scheduled construction activities and coordinating site security
monitoring, were tasks that were solely for the benefit of the government (findings 64,
69). That these task were solely for the government’s benefit is evident in the Contract
language – paragraph 3.3 of Specification 01 31 00 – which sets forth the government
CST and CAG responsibilities as “reviewing the scheduled construction activities and
                                             43
coordinating site security monitoring with contractor and contractor security staff”
(finding 4). The Contract provision does not state that the government CST and CAG
were to perform, or were available to perform, the contractor’s SSMS work. The
responsibilities assigned to the CST and CAG are as stated in the Contract, no more
and no less.

        In its response brief, appellant challenges the government’s position that the
role of the government CST and CAG was limited to “reviewing and coordinating
activities,” arguing the Contract “language does not include any limitation on the
Government Furnished personnel providing site security management services” (app.
resp. at 4; citing gov’t br. at 8). We disagree. Again, as discussed above, the Contract
contained an express limitation on the role of the government CST and CAG –
reviewing scheduled construction activities and coordinating site security monitoring
(finding 4).

       In essence, appellant argues that, because the Contract did not contain any
additional statement providing that the government CST and CAG were limited to
reviewing scheduled construction activities and coordinating site security monitoring,
the contractor was free to add responsibilities and direct government personnel to
perform ECCI’s contractual SSMS obligations. Appellant’s argument is a
non-sequitur, as it does not follow that, because the Contract did not include additional
language further limiting the role of the government CST and CAG, appellant was free
to expand the government’s obligations and utilize government personnel to perform
contractor work.

        Appellant proffers also a second non-sequitur, arguing that, “[c]ontrary to the
Government’s assertion, the contract does not limit the responsibilities of the CAG and
CST ‘to reviewing and coordinating activities,’” because the Contract “clearly states
that [the CAG and CST] would coordinate with ECCI and its security staff” (app. resp.
at 4). The “coordination” specified in the Contract was the government coordinating
site security monitoring with appellant in conjunction with the government’s review of
scheduled construction activities. Such coordination does not equate to an agreement
that the government would perform some of ECCI’s SSMS responsibilities as well. 12

12   Indeed, it is appellant, not the government, who seeks to add language to the
         Contract. ECCI argues that it planned to utilize the government CAG and CST
         “to review the scheduled construction activities, coordinate site security
         monitoring, and perform the SSMS work for the duration of the Contract” (app.
         br. at 3) (emphasis added). Paragraph 3.3 of Specification 01 31 00 (finding 4)
         makes no mention of the government CST and CAG “perform[ing] the SSMS
         work” (id.). Rather, it states that “[t]he Government staff will be responsible
         for reviewing the scheduled construction activities and coordinating site
                                            44
       F. ECCI’s Technical Proposal Does Not Support a Finding that It Relied Upon
          Its Proffered Interpretation of the Contract When Making Its Bid

         As discussed above, to receive an equitable adjustment, ECCI must demonstrate
that it reasonably relied upon its interpretation of the Contract. Stuyvesant Dredging,
834 F.2d at 1581. ECCI argues that proof of its reliance is contained in its technical
proposal. 13 According to appellant, its site security staffing plan was prepared
“utilizing the CAG and the CST provided by the Government as part of the resources
it planned to use to review the scheduled construction activities, coordinate site
security monitoring, and perform the SSMS work for the duration of the Contract.”
Appellant asserts that evidence of “[t]his reliance was communicated through the
Project Organizational Chart (Figure 1) . . . included in ECCI’s Technical Proposal.”
(App. br. at 3; citing 61176 R4, tab 19 at 9; see finding 22).

       The evidence that this chart allegedly conveys regarding appellant’s intended
use of government personnel is not evident from the text of the chart. In actuality, the
opposite is true. Although the chart does list the three government positions of SSM,
CST, and CAG, it does not indicate, or even suggest, that those three government
personnel would perform SSMS work for appellant or on its behalf. The government
personnel appear on the chart outside the box labeled “Site Security Monitoring
Services,” with the chart providing no link (“reporting” or “communication”) between
the government personnel and the contractor/subcontractor personnel. (Finding 22)

       The Contract required offerors to submit a Project Organization Chart that
depicted “how management, supervisory, and administrative functions will be
performed” (finding 15). Had appellant intended that the government CST and CAG
would perform SSMS work for appellant, the chart should have indicated a reporting
or communication link between the government personnel and the
contractor/subcontractor personnel. (Findings 15, 22, 26)

       Likewise, although ECCI’s technical proposal contained a detailed discussion
of the work appellant anticipated its own personnel and subcontractor personnel would
perform, the technical proposal provided no discussion of the SSMS work ECCI

      security monitoring with contractor and contractor security staff” (finding 4)
      (emphasis added).
13 ECCI also argues that this proof is found in its price proposal, and in the declaration

      of Mr. Fern, who states that he relied upon it (finding 28). The price proposal is
      addressed in the next section. Mr. Fern’s declaration is addressed in the section
      below on the parties’ contemporaneous understanding of the contract.
                                           45
anticipated the government might perform on appellant’s behalf, or how appellant
might coordinate or schedule such work with the government (findings 20-26).14

        Appellant faults the government for not identifying “any problems with ECCI’s
staffing approach in its proposal, despite clear indications from ECCI that it intended
to utilize the Government Furnished CAG and CST in performance” (app. br. at 17).
This argument is, at best, wishful thinking on the part of appellant. As we have found,
appellant’s technical proposal did not provide any indication, clear or otherwise, that
ECCI intended to utilize government personnel in performing its contractual
obligations (finding 26).

       In its response brief, appellant argues that it “was under no obligation to
reference the Government Furnished CAG and CST beyond including them in their
execution plan as depicted in ECCI’s Technical Proposal” (app. resp. at 7). However,
whether appellant was obligated to provide more details in support of its reliance on
the government’s CAG and CST is beside the point: without those details, and as the
proposal was written, it provides no evidence of reliance.

        Even assuming for the sake of argument that the government would have
allowed its personnel to perform Contract work for appellant, there would have been
considerable uncertainty as to how that work would be assigned, how much work the
government personnel actually would perform, and no guarantee of actual
performance, without some specific agreement between the parties. Simply listing
three government positions on the chart in ECCI’s technical proposal, with no
indication how those positions were to interact with the contractor or receive work
assignments, was wholly insufficient to protect appellant’s interests or to put the
government on notice that appellant believed government personnel would be working
for the contractor.

      By not specifying in its technical proposal or inquiring from the government
how much appellant could rely upon government personnel, and by not locking in a
commitment from the government as to specific work government personnel could and
would provide, appellant assumed the risk that government personnel might not
perform any contractor work because the government personnel instead were
performing Contract responsibilities specifically assigned to them.

      Contrary to appellant’s suggestion, “further reference[] by ECCI to the
Government CAG and CST” in its technical proposal was necessary to insure that the

14   Clairvoyance is neither a skill expected of government evaluators in reviewing
          proposals, nor are evaluators expected simply to foresee that an offeror reduced
          its price because it incorrectly believed government employees would perform
          work that the contractor otherwise would have been required to perform.
                                             46
government was on notice of appellant’s intent to utilize government personnel and
insure that government personnel were available to perform the work appellant
anticipated (app. resp. at 7). Appellant’s silence on this issue, in light of its belief that
government personnel would be available for whatever SSMS work the contractor
specified, did not reflect the actions of a “reasonable and prudent contractor” (app.
resp. at 6; citing H.B. Mac, Inc., 153 F.3d at 1345).

       G. ECCI’s Price Proposal Does Not Support a Finding of Reliance by ECCI

        Appellant argues that it “need not prove how much it reduced its cost proposal
based on the Government Furnished CAG and CST – what matters is that it relied on
those Government Furnished personnel when preparing its proposal, and incurred
additional costs when the Government changed the Contract” (app. resp. at 8). The
fact that appellant is unable to state specifically how much it allegedly reduced its
Contract price in reliance upon its belief it could utilize the government’s CST and
CAG to perform appellant’s SSMS obligations, is supportive of a finding that neither
its technical nor price proposal truly reflected appellant’s stated intent. Had appellant
acted in a reasonable manner (assuming for the sake of argument the reasonableness of
appellant’s interpretation of the Contract) and made inquiry of the government, it
would have received assurances as to the amount of work it could count on being
performed by government personnel. In this case, the response presumably would
have been “none.” Although the amount sought by appellant is relevant to the issue of
quantum, appellant’s inability to state with specificity a dollar amount tied to the
additional work it was required to perform, casts doubt upon appellant’s alleged belief
that government personnel would perform contractor work.

       H. Contemporaneous Understanding of the Parties

       Appellant argues that the government’s current interpretation is in conflict with
the contemporaneous understanding of the parties, citing Reliable Contracting Grp.,
LLC v. Dept of Veterans Affairs, 779 F.3d 1329, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2015), Blinderman
Constr. Co. v. United States, 695 F.2d 552, 558 (Fed. Cir. 1982), and Edinburgh Int’l,
ASBCA No. 58864, 16-1 BCA ¶ 36,227 at 176,743, for the proposition that a parties’
contemporaneous interpretation of a contract is entitled to great weight (app. br.
at 13-14, 16-18). Appellant’s reliance upon these decisions is misplaced because
appellant has not established, in the first instance, that the government’s current
position is in conflict with a position it held at the time of Contract award.

       As proof of the government’s alleged contemporaneous understanding of the
Contract, appellant cites not to contemporaneous documentation or statements from
the parties, but, rather, deposition testimony of Contracting Officer
Mr. Michael Miyagi taken long after Contract completion. Mr. Miyagi’s testimony
does not establish what appellant suggests. For example, appellant notes that, when
                                             47
asked “what is your understanding of when the government puts in a contract
‘government-furnished,’” Mr. Miyagi stated, “[w]hatever it says in the title,
government-furnished, [the government] will furnish this equipment or product” for
the use of the contractor in performing the contract. (App. br. at 13-14; app. supp. R4,
tab 5 at 16).15 Mr. Miyagi’s was asked a general question – “what is your
understanding” – not what was your understanding of the relevant Contract provision
at the time of Contract award. Moreover, Mr. Miyagi’s cited testimony speaks to
“equipment or product,” not government personnel (id.).

        When asked “[f]rom what it says in the contract, is it your understanding that
the contract is providing that the government is going to furnish these people for the
contractor to use in performing the work,” Mr. Miyagi responded, “at this time, yes. I
see it as a – it says the government shall provide, one. It’s specific on here . . . So, you
know, whatever the contract says, it’s specific.” (App. supp. R4, tab 5 at 18) While
the contracting officer’s response is not a model of clarity, it in no way suggests a
contemporaneous interpretation of the Contract by Mr. Miyagi that at the time of
award the government would furnish personnel “for the contractor to use in
performing the work” (id.). Indeed, Mr. Miyagi stated in his deposition that he was
not involved in preparing the relevant specification at issue here (app. supp. R4, tab 5
at 15). Appellant cites no testimony demonstrating Mr. Miyagi’s understanding at the
time of Contract award and the deposition testimony cited is insufficient to carry
appellant’s burden of establishing the government’s contemporaneous understanding
of the Contract.

       The government likewise challenges appellant’s contemporaneous understanding
of the Contract with regard to the contractor’s intent to utilize the government CAG and
CST. Citing documents issued by ECCI and its subcontractor in February and May
2013, setting forth their respective site security plans, the Government notes that neither
document contains any “mention of a government-provided CAG or CST or how they
would be used” (gov’t br. at 24-25). The government is correct. Neither ECCI’s
CSMP, nor CACI’s SSP, contain any discussion of the government CAG or CST, or
how government personnel might be utilized by ECCI or CACI in performing its SSMS
obligations (findings 54, 56), thus calling into question ECCI’s and CACI’s true intent
with regard to utilizing government personnel to perform contractor/subcontractor
functions.

        Although Mr. Fern’s declaration states his recollection that appellant’s proposal
reflected his “interpretation of the RFP that ECCI could and would use the

15   Appellant also references the following question and answer, “So is the government
        furnishing it for the use of the contractor in performing the contract?” To
        which Mr. Miyagi responded, “[a]ccording to the contract itself, yes.” (App. br.
        at 14)
                                            48
Government CAG and CST to perform some of the site security monitoring services,
and the bid cost for such work was thereby reduced accordingly,” (finding 28), the
lack of contemporaneous documentation supporting this statement suggests otherwise
(see findings 26 (appellant’s technical proposal), 27 (appellant’s price proposal), 30
(interrogatory answer stating “a trend log of detailed changes that were made prior to
submission of our original bid were not documented for the record”), 37 (appellant’s
revised price proposal). 16

         I. The Contract’s Identification of Government Personnel is Not Superfluous

        ECCI argues that if paragraph 3.3 of Specification 01 31 00 “was intended to
refer to Government personnel available solely for the benefit of the Government,
there would have been no reason whatsoever to include that language in the Contract”
because “[t]he Government is under no obligation to provide contractors with a list of
all personnel that the Government will use to administer the Contract” (app. br. at 13).
Appellant concludes, “[t]he only reason to include that language was to inform
contractors that two individuals would be made available by the Government to assist
the contractor in performing its obligations” (id.). Appellant provides no legal
authority in support of its conclusion, and simply saying it does not make it so.
Matcon Diamond, Inc., ASBCA No. 59637, 20-1 BCA ¶ 37,532 at 182,260. Perhaps
ECCI is arguing that including the provision would be superfluous if it were not
intended to convey that the contractor could use these personnel to supplement its
own, and it is best to avoid an interpretation of the contract that makes portions of it
meaningless or superfluous. See Precision Dynamics, Inc., ASBCA No. 50519, 05-2
BCA ¶ 33,071 at 163,922. But this portion is not meaningless, for it provides
information to the potential contractor about how execution of the contract will be
organized. Indeed, the Contract includes other references to government personnel
assigned to work on the project, including the Project Manager, the COR, and the SSM
(61176 R4, tab 6 at 13). The fact that the Contract identifies personnel assigned to the
project does not equate to a promise by the government that the personnel it identifies
would thereby be available to perform appellant’s contractual obligations.

         J. Patent Ambiguity

       The government argues that, assuming appellant’s Contract interpretation were
deemed reasonable, appellant’s interpretation would create a patent ambiguity,
imposing upon appellant a duty of inquiry (gov’t br. at 31). As discussed above,
appellant’s interpretation of the RFP raises several questions for which it should have
sought clarification from the government during the solicitation process. Indeed, the

16   For these reasons, we also do not find Mr. Fern’s declaration as supporting a finding
          that ECCI reasonably relied upon its interpretation of the contract when it bid
          the project.
                                             49
number of questions raised by appellant’s interpretation indicates the unreasonableness
of its interpretation. Appellant’s failure to raise the issues during the procurement also
suggests that perhaps appellant did not hold then its interpretation of the RFP that it
now advocates. Nonetheless, assuming for the sake of argument the reasonableness of
its interpretation, we find that appellant’s interpretation created a patent ambiguity,
thus imposing upon it the duty of inquiry. Interwest Constr. v. Brown, 29 F.3d 611,
615-116 (Fed. Cir. 1994).

        The government argues that appellant’s “interpretation is in direct contradiction
to the specific terms of the Contract that stated that it was the contractor’s primary
responsibility to provide the Site Security Monitoring Personnel (SSMP) and included
the full range of duties for those positions in a section limited to the contractor’s
responsibility” (gov’t br. at 32-33). In response, appellant asserts that the Contract
“specifically references the contractor’s primary responsibility to provide SSMP, and
it does not state that it is the sole responsibility of the contractor to provide all SSMP”
(app. resp. at 14) (emphasis supplied by appellant).

        Appellant’s argument reads the term “primary responsibility” out of context.
The Contract states that “[t]he primary responsibility of the contractor is to provide
Site Security Monitoring Personnel (SSMP) to detect unauthorized access to controlled
areas, to deter construction worker activities, preventing the implantation of
clandestine surveillance devices or systems into structures being constructed or its
immediate surroundings” (finding 4). It in no way addresses a demarcation of SSMS
responsibilities between the government and the contractor. Rather, it addresses the
primary responsibility of the contractor with regard to specific SSMS tasks appellant
must perform.

       We agree with the government that, assuming the reasonableness of appellant’s
interpretation, it created a patent ambiguity, imposing upon ECCI the duty to inquire.
Southwest Marine, Inc., ASBCA No. 53561, 02-1 BCA ¶ 31,834 at 157,280. The
Contract contained no provision specifying how much of appellant’s SSMS
obligations the government allegedly would perform or how that work would be
assigned. By not inquiring about the specific work appellant believed the government
personnel would perform, and by not seeking a corresponding commitment from the
government, appellant assumed the risk that its interpretation was incorrect and that
government personnel would not perform any contractor work.

       K. Conclusion – ASBCA No. 61176

        Appellant’s claim in ASBCA No. 61176 is denied. Because we find that
appellant is not entitled to its increased costs allegedly incurred in performing work
that it believes should have been performed by government personnel, we need not
address additional arguments raised by the government in support of such a finding,

                                            50
including whether appellant’s claim, or a portion of its claim, is barred by accord and
satisfaction because of the parties’ modifications to the Contract (findings 57-62). We
likewise do not reach the issue of quantum.

       2. ASBCA No. 62029

       This appeal seeks additional costs allegedly incurred in performing changed
work to the Contract, thereby raising an issue of contract interpretation. Appellant
argues the existence of a compensable change because it “was directed to perform
security services in additional areas, specifically, areas contiguous to those where
security was required by the Labor Synchronization Security Matrix that did not
involve work that penetrated the Classified Area boundary” (app. br. at 27). 17 As
explained below, we hold that the work was within the scope of the contract. In
addition, we decide that even if the work required was outside of the scope of the
contract, the government employee who allegedly directed the change had no authority
to do so.

       A. Appellant’s Notification of Change – Scope of Contract Work

       By letter dated March 14, 2014, ECCI submitted a “Notification of Change,”
requesting clarification of the scope of CST monitoring in the CAA contiguous space
(finding 71). ECCI argues that the Labor Matrix established the SSMS scope of work,
providing “specific requirements for CSTs in various Classified Areas of the work and
did not require CSTs in various Unclassified Areas of the work,” except when that
work penetrated the walls of the CAA (app. br. at 3, 23, 26-27). In its claim, appellant
phrased its dispute as seeking costs for the use of CAGs 18 “to monitor areas
surrounding the walls and ceiling of the Controlled Access Area (CAA Contiguous
Areas) when work was not being performed that involved [sic] penetrated the
boundary” (62029 R4, tab 18 at 614) (parenthetical information in original). 19

17 The Labor Matrix contains no caveat regarding “work that penetrated the walls of
       the Classified Area Boundary,” nor does the word “penetration” appear
       anywhere within the Labor Matrix (62029 R4, tab 3 at 45-48).
18 Appellant’s claim states that “[a]s a cost saving approach, ECCI suggested using

       CAGs to monitor the CAA Contiguous Areas as the SSMS personnel in this
       case were intended to be used as a deterrent to prevent tampering with the CAA
       boundary versus serving in the more typical role of a CST of monitoring
       construction activities” (62029 R4, tab 18 at 614).
19 Appellant’s briefs do not contain any discussion of ECCI’s understanding or

       interpretation of the term “penetration,” or present any legal or contractual basis
       for ECCI’s apparent understanding of that term. The only mention of the term
       in ECCI’s briefs appears in appellant’s statement of facts, wherein appellant
       states “that it estimated its CAG and CST costs based upon providing security
                                           51
        In response to appellant’s Notification of Change, the contracting officer, by
letter dated June 23, 2014, informed appellant that “ECCI should continue to utilize
the CSTs according to contract requirements for monitoring of the actual construction
performed by un-cleared workers within the CAA and when work is being performed
that penetrates the CAA perimeter wall” (finding 72). The contracting officer stated
also that “CST should be utilized to monitor the CAA space as well as areas
contiguous to the CAA space that penetrate the perimeter walls, windows, doors,
ceiling and floor” (id.). Thus, the contracting officer specified that ECCI should
follow the Contract requirements for monitoring construction by un-cleared workers,
with CSTs monitoring CAA space and contiguous areas that penetrate the CAA
perimeter. Appellant’s claim recognized that the contracting officer’s letter clarified
the Contract requirements (62029 R4, tab 18 at 10).20

        Responding to the allegation in ECCI’s complaint that the Labor Matrix
“‘clearly defined’ where SSMS were required to be performed by CSTs (i.e. within the
‘SCIF/Classified Areas’) . . .” (gov’t br. at 45; citing gov’t supp. R4, tab 20 at 2), the
government notes that “[t]he word ‘within’ is not used at all in that Matrix to limit
monitoring to within the SCIF or Classified Areas,” and that “the Matrix simply offers
a chart showing labor ratios under tables with the captions ‘Type Laborer –
SCIF/Classified Area’ and ‘Type Laborer – Unclass Areas’” (gov’t br. at 46; citing
62029 R4, tab 3 at 45-48). The government concludes that appellant’s reliance upon
“captions in this chart to argue that site security monitoring was only required ‘within’
the SCIF/ Classified Areas, is an unreasonable interpretation of this heading” (gov’t br.
at 46).

        oversight for work in the Classified Areas shown on the Labor Security
        Synchronization Matrix, and for when penetrations through walls of the
        Classified Areas would occur” (app. br. at 23).
20 In his declaration, Mr. Fern states that Mr. Kim’s letter informed “ECCI that SSMP

        had to monitor work in the SCIF/Classified Area and when penetrations were
        made into those areas” (app. supp. R4, tab 1 at 33). According to Mr. Fern,
        “[t]his position . . . was consistent with the requirements of the Contract” (id.).
        We note that at page 16 of its claim, appellant appears to assert the opposite,
        stating that Mr. Kim’s June 23rd letter instructed that CST “should monitor
        work in contiguous areas even when work was NOT penetrating the CAA
        perimeter” which, appellant alleged, is a “clear deviation from the Contract
        requirements” (62029 R4, tab 18 at 16). Regardless, this apparent
        inconsistency in appellant’s position is of no consequence in these appeals
        because appellant does not argue in its briefs that statements contained in
        Mr. Kim’s June 23rd letter were a change to the Contract. Rather, appellant’s
        Contract change argument is based upon alleged direction by the SSM (app. br.
        at 24, 26).
                                            52
        We agree. In defining the terms and requirements of the Labor Matrix, ECCI’s
addition of the word “within,” improperly seeks to limit the work appellant was
required to perform. As noted by the government, “the law of contract interpretation is
clear that contracts cannot be rewritten after the fact to insert words that were never
agreed to by the parties” (gov’t br. at 46 (citing George Hyman Constr. Co. v. United
States, 832 F. 2d 574, 581 (Fed. Cir. 1987))). Indeed, the word “within” appears only
two times in the Labor Matrix in a distinctly-different context, first, in describing the
Substructure Build-Out, i.e., “[t]his system includes all structural slabs, and decks and
supports within basements and above grade,” and, second, in describing the Plumbing
Rough-Out, i.e., “[a]ll water supply and waste items within the building” (62029 R4,
tab 3 at 45-46). We reject appellant’s suggestion that the Labor Matrix clearly
indicated that SSMS was to be performed by CSTs only within the SCIF/Classified
Areas.

        The government likewise notes that “ECCI’s interpretation is in conflict with
the broader stated contract duties to monitor the structure and its ‘immediate
surroundings’ and to monitor the construction workers ‘as they accomplish various
tasks’” (gov’t br. at 46; findings 4, 8). As support, the government relies, in part, on
ICS 705-1 which specifies “SSM may require cleared escorts or CSTs for non-cleared
workers performing work exterior to the SCIF that may affect SCIF security” and
“[t]his provision for monitoring work exterior to the SCIF ‘that may affect SCIF
security’ is, again, broader than the limited interpretation advanced by ECCI” (gov’t
br. at 44-45; finding 10), Appellant’s responsive brief fails to address the import of
this argument. The government is correct. SSMS work required in contiguous areas
was within the scope of the contract.

        Appellant also relies upon deposition testimony of Administrative Contracting
officer Steve Kim to support its argument. Appellant asserts that “[t]he directive to
perform SSMS work beyond the terms of the Contract was a change under the
Changes Clause, a fact even acknowledged by the Government’s ACO” (app. br. at 26;
citing app. supp. R4, tab 4 at 38-39). However, Mr. Kim’s testimony does not support
appellant’s argument. Mr. Kim did not testify that “the directive to perform SSMS
work beyond the terms of the Contract was a change under the Changes Clause” (id.).
Rather, Mr. Kim was asked “if during the course of the work the government required
ECCI to provide security in areas that were not classified and did not require that CST
oversight, would you consider that to be a change to the contract?” (app. supp. R4,
tab 4 at 38). To which, Mr. Kim answered “Yes” (id. at 39).

      Mr. Kim was asked a hypothetical question. Mr. Kim’s testimony does not
“acknowledge” that the government here directed appellant “to perform SSMS work
beyond the terms of the contract.” Indeed, Mr. Kim was asked “[d]o you have any
personal recollection of whether the government actually did require the CST

                                           53
oversight in unclassified areas that didn’t require it according to the labor security
synchronization matrix?” In response, Mr. Kim stated, “[n]o recollection.” (App.
supp. R4, tab 4 at 39) Appellant’s allegation that a government contracting officer
“acknowledged” that the government directed appellant to perform SSMS work that
was “beyond the terms of the Contract” and “a change under the Changes Clause” is
simply incorrect.

         B. Question and Answer No. 40.c

        In an attempt to bolster its argument, appellant cites to Solicitation question and
answer no. 40.c, regarding “temporary security facilities,” wherein an offeror inquired
whether “under the supervision of the CST – ROK 21 labor or ROK subcontractors are
allowed to perform other works for temporary security facilities, such as chain link
fence for the SSA and project site perimeter and Site Security Manager Office” (app.
br. at 24; finding 19). The government’s answer instructs offerors to “follow
Specification Section 010052 for temporary security requirements,” noting that “[t]his
work in general does not require CST oversight as stated in the Division 1
Construction Security Specifications” (finding 19). Offerors were instructed to
“[p]lease follow the Labor Synchronization Matrix as it shows ROK Labor and US
Cleared Labor Responsibilities” (id.).

        Appellant argues that, “[i]n preparing its proposal, ECCI reasonably took
USACE FED’s response to Question Number 40.c at face value to mean that CAG and
CST monitoring of construction work would not be required in the ‘Unclass Areas’
listed in the Labor Security Synchronization Matrix” (app. br. at 24). The fallacy with
appellant’s position is that question and answer no. 40.c deals with Specification
Section 010052, “Temporary Security Facilities and Controls,” and not the permanent
structures being constructed, to which there was concern about “the implantation of
clandestine surveillance devices” (61176 R4, tab 3 at 55, 118).22 As noted by the
government, “ECCI’s professed reliance is not supported by the Government’s answer,
which clearly was directed to ‘temporary security requirements’ such as the ‘chain link
fence for the SSA and project site perimeter and Site Security Manager Office,’ and
not the main project site involving the permanent construction” (gov’t resp. at 9). We
agree. Appellant’s reliance upon and interpretation of question and answer no. 40.c as
a basis to conclude that SSMS were to be performed by CSTs only within the
SCIF/Classified Areas is unreasonable.

21   We assume that this acronym meant Republic of Korea.
22   Question no. 35.b asked “[a]s this project involves SCIF and Temporary Security
        Facility, are these still considered ‘classified areas’?” The government
        responded that “[t]he SCIF is a Classified Area and the Temporary Security
        Facility is not a Classified Area.” (Finding 18)
                                            54
         C. Notification of Change – SSM Authority

       In its March 14, 2014, Notification of Change, ECCI also raised the issue of
“SSM authority,” and complained that the standards set forth in ICD 705-1 were “not
being enforced on-site by the Government’s Site Security Managers,” which ECCI
considered a changed condition. (Finding 71) 23 The contracting officer’s letter dated
June 23, 2014, informed appellant in no uncertain terms that “[t]he site security
manager does not have authorization to request changes to the contract requirements”
(finding 72). This should have resolved the matter. Indeed, it is well established that
“[t]he Government is not bound by unauthorized acts of its officers or agents,” and
“[w]here limitations on the authority of representatives of the contracting officer have
been communicated to the contractor, the contractor acts as a volunteer in following an
alleged directive and is not entitled to recover from the Government any resulting
increased costs.” Metric Constructors, Inc., ASBCA No. 49374, 96-2 BCA ¶ 28,418
at 141,948.

       Yet, in its brief, appellant argues that the government “SSM directed ECCI to
perform security oversight in all areas contiguous to Classified Areas, at all times,”
and that the SSM “had contractual authority to oversee and direct performance of all
SSMS work by ECCI” (app. br. at 24). As support, appellant cites Specification
Section 010041, “Construction Security,” paragraph 1.04(A), which requires the
contractor to “[p]erform required security work when directed by the COR or SSM”
(finding 12).

       Appellant is correct that paragraph 1.04(A) requires ECCI to perform security
work directed by the government SSM. However, this requirement is tempered by
other Contract language which states “[o]nly a warranted Contracting Officer . . . has
the authority to issue modifications or otherwise change the terms and conditions of
this contract,” and that “[i]f an individual other than the Contracting Officer attempts
to make changes to the terms and conditions of this contract you shall not proceed with

23   Appellant’s briefs do not address enforcement of ICD 705-1 standards, other than in
        a reference to an email dated March 12, 2014, regarding negotiation of a
        modification, in which an ECCI employee states “there are the usual Contract
        vs. CSP vs. ICD-705- vs. ‘made up rules as they went along’ deviations” (app.
        br. at 4 (citing app. supp. tab 4 at 15)). In contrast, the government references
        the technical specifications issued pursuant to ICS 705-1, stating that Chapter 4,
        paragraph D.7.m, provides “for monitoring work exterior to the SCIF ‘that may
        affect SCIF security’” (gov’t br. at 45 (citing 62029 R4, tab 18 at 225));
        finding 10). The government correctly notes this requirement is “broader than
        the limited interpretation advanced by ECCI – that monitoring is only required
        where there is actual penetration of a SCIF wall or work abutting it (gov’t br.
        at 45).
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the change and shall immediately notify the Contracting Officer” (finding 48). 24 The
Contract unambiguously placed appellant on notice that only the contracting officer
was authorized to change the terms of the Contract.

       Appellant acknowledges this clause regarding the contracting officer’s
authority, and even notes that it acted pursuant to the clause by submitting its
Notification of Change to the contracting officer (finding 71). Yet, appellant’s claim
alleges that “[d]espite the ACO’s attempt to clarify the requirements, the USACE FED
project team continued to enforce the SSMP requirements stipulated in the CSP that
goes beyond the Contract to include monitoring of CAA Contiguous Areas regardless
of whether CAA boundary penetration work is being performed or not” (62029 R4,
tab 18 at 10).

        The record establishes that the contracting officer informed appellant, in
response to appellant’s inquiry on the subject, that the SSM lacked authority to direct a
change to the Contract (finding 72). Any further action by appellant, based upon the
SSM’s direction on this issue, was at its own peril. If a contractor informs the
government of an alleged change to the contract, and the government responds that the
individual responsible for the alleged change lacks authority to modify the contract,
the contractor is not then free to simply ignore the government’s response, perform the
work directed by the unauthorized government employee, and later seek compensation
for that work. Sol Flores Const., Div. of Floresol and Co., ASBCA Nos. 32278,
32726, 89-3 BCA ¶ 22,154 at 111,506-07 (contractor “was not free to ignore the
direction of the contracting officer and accept the directions of the TRCO [technical
representative of the contracting officer]. The TRCO had no authority to overrule the
contracting officer”).

        Moreover, it is abundantly clear from the record that ECCI, during Contract
performance, appreciated the dichotomy between SSM authority and contract change
authority, as expressed by Mr. Greg Joyce, ECCI Senior Program Manager, in a
March 22, 2015, email to ECCI’s SSMS subcontractor (finding 73). In that email,
Mr. Joyce informed CACI that “Contract Law supersedes security wants” and if the
government “wants to add security related scope, it will modify the contract to ECC
accordingly, and ECC will flow down the modification to CACI accordingly. In
earlier correspondence that we shared with you, the USACE Contracting Officer’s

24   According to appellant, the government’s brief “fails to recognize that ECCI
         complied with this clause and notified the Government’s ACO of the change”
         (app. resp. at 19). We disagree. In its Proposed Findings of Fact, Appendix A,
         the government discussed appellant’s March 14, 2014, letter, and noted that the
         contracting officer responded to the letter, stating “[t]he site security manager
         does not have authorization to request changes to the contract requirements”
         (gov’t proposed findings of fact at 47).
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letter to ECC, stated just that.” (Id.) Mr. Joyce cautioned that “[o]nly USACE can
modify the Contract documents. The SSM does not have the authority . . . to modify
the contract documents, nor impose procedures that incur extra costs beyond those
contemplated in the contract documents.” (Id.)

         D. Constructive Notice of Change

        Appellant argues, presumably in the alternative, that the government was on
constructive notice of the alleged change to the Contract, stating that “formal written
notice is not the only way to satisfy contractual notice requirements” (app. resp.
at 19).25 As support, appellant asserts that “the Government’s SSM prepared a daily
log of work and acknowledged in that document that the security oversight was to be
performed in the contiguous areas” (app. resp. at 19-20). According to appellant,
“[t]here can be no doubt that the Government’s security manager’s daily log was an
official contract record available for the contracting officials to review” (app. resp.
at 20). Appellant offers no evidence that “contracting officials” actually reviewed
these logs. Of course, appellant’s argument is rendered even more tenuous by the
contracting officer’s explicit admonition to ECCI that the SSM did not have authority
to change the contract (finding 72).

         E. Conclusion – ASBCA No. 62029

       Appellant’s claim in ASBCA No. 62029 is denied. Because we find that
appellant is not entitled to its increased costs allegedly incurred in performing work in
areas contiguous to the CAA, we need not address whether appellant’s claim, or a
portion of the claim, is barred by accord and satisfaction because of the parties’
modifications to the Contract (findings 57-62), and we do not reach the issue of
quantum, the sufficiency of appellant’s proof, or its bearing, if any, on the issue of
entitlement.

25   Appellant cites two decisions of the Court of Federal Claims, neither of which are
        binding precedent on the ASBCA, for the general propositions that imposition of
        notice requirements require “a certain measure of flexibility,” K-Con Bldg. Sys.,
        Inc. v. United States, 131 Fed. Cl. 275, 321–22 (2017), and “notice need not be in
        any particular form,” Engineered Maint. Servs., v. United States, 55 Fed. Cl. 637,
        641 (2003). Neither decision advances appellant’s cause, given that appellant
        submitted in writing a Notification of Change pursuant to FAR 52.243-4, to
        which the contracting officer then responded (findings 63-64).
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                                 CONCLUSION

     For the reasons stated above, the appeals are denied.

     Dated: March 22, 2021

                                               DAVID B. STINSON
                                               Administrative Judge
                                               Armed Services Board
                                               of Contract Appeals

I concur                                        I concur

RICHARD SHACKLEFORD                             J. REID PROUTY
Administrative Judge                            Administrative Judge
Acting Chairman                                 Vice Chairman
Armed Services Board                            Armed Services Board
of Contract Appeals                             of Contract Appeals

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      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA Nos. 61176, 62029, Appeals of
ECC International LLC, rendered in conformance with the Board’s Charter.

      Dated: March 23, 2021

                                              PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS
                                              Recorder, Armed Services
                                              Board of Contract Appeals

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