Court Opinion

ID: 9538705
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 07:40:18.873583+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:58:06.156281
License: Public Domain

*251OPINION
By the Court,
Thompson, J.:
This appeal concerns post divorce child custody litigation in the courts of Kansas and Nevada. At the various times involved each court had due process jurisdiction to rule, as both parents appeared and the child was present within the state where a change in custody was sought. Halvey v. Halvey, 330 U.S. 610 (1947); cf. May v. Anderson, 345 U.S. 528 (1953). Each state, in rearranging custody, purported to act upon a change of circumstances occurring since the last custody order [in Kansas and Nevada child custody adjudications are modifiable upon a showing of changed conditions affecting the welfare of the child. Bierce v. Hanson, 171 Kan. 422, 233 P.2d 520 (1951); Osmun v. Osmun, 73 Nev. *252112, 310 P.2d 407 (1957)], thereby avoiding possible conflict with the full faith and credit clause of the United States Constitution which does not foreclose a custody modification based upon a subsequent change of circumstances. Kovacs v. Brewer, 356 U.S. 604 (1958). We say “possible conflict” advisedly, for the United States Supreme Court has not yet precisely defined the protection afforded custody decrees by the full faith and credit clause [Ford v. Ford, 371 U.S. 187 (1962)], nor shall we attempt to do so here.
On December 7, 1959, a Kansas court granted Peggy Lyerla (now Ramsay) a divorce from her husband Robert, and custody of their two minor children, Bobby age 4 and Linda age 6, but allowed Robert weekend visitation rights and two months summer custody. On February 17, 1961, the Kansas court denied Robert’s motion for a change of custody and granted Peggy’s request to move the children to Las Vegas, Nevada, where she and her new husband established and still maintain a permanent residence. Since the summer of 1962 when Peggy denied Robert summer custody, they have been in continual litigation over the custody of their son Bobby.
The father sought to enforce his custodial rights under the Kansas decree by a habeas corpus proceeding in Nevada filed in June 1962. It is not useful to here record the full story of the subsequent litigation.1 On three occasions, first in August 1962, then in June 1963, and finally on July 6,1964, the Nevada court considered the opposing contentions of changed circumstances. Each time Nevada supported the Kansas custody disposition. On each occasion the father’s custodial rights were recognized and enforced, and custody for ten months of the year remained with the mother. On July 28, 1964, just 22 days after the last mentioned Nevada adjudication, the Kansas court granted the father’s modification motion and awarded him full custody of Bobby.2 The mother disobeyed the court, took Bobby *253from the father and returned to Las Vegas, Nevada, where she sought full custody. On June 22, 1965, the Nevada court gave the mother full custody and limited the father to visitation at the Las Vegas home. The appeal is from this order.
1. At the outset we noted that on each occasion when the custody of Bobby was rearranged the court purported to do so because of a change of circumstances. Yet there is nothing in the record to show that a change of circumstances occurred between July 6, 1964, when Nevada ruled, and July 28, 1964, when Kansas vested full custody in the father. Therefore, it is clear that Kansas did not give the Nevada order the protection of full faith and credit. The very circumstances Kansas considered had been litigated and decided in Nevada just 22 days earlier.3
If full faith is to be accorded a child custody order, Kansas was without power to change custody on July 28, 1964, absent a showing of changed circumstances. That showing was not made. Therefore, we are free to disregard the Kansas order. State Tax Comm’n of Utah *254v. Cord, 81 Nev. 403, 404 P.2d 422 (1965); Bowditch v. Bowditch, 314 Mass. 410, 50 N.E.2d 65 (1943).
2. On the other hand, if the Nevada order of July 6, 1964, is not to be given the protection of full faith and credit by the Kansas court, still Kansas should have abstained on the principle of comity for Nevada had become the child’s established home. The welfare of Bobby is the paramount consideration in deciding custody. Bobby moved from Kansas in 1961 and has since been living in Nevada. The evaluation of his physical, emotional and educational needs should now be made by the court having maximum access to the relevant evidence. The Nevada court can best hear witnesses and examine the environment in which Bobby is living [Ratner, Child Custody in a Federal System, 62 Mich.L. Rev. 795 (1964)] and is, in these circumstances, the preferred forum for adjudication, though both Kansas and Nevada possess the basic power to decide. Therefore, we turn to review the pertinent Nevada orders.
3. The record shows that the order of July 6, 1964, was made after a full hearing at which the court considered Bobby’s alleged maladjustment, his entry into military school and other matters bearing upon the issue of custody. On the other hand, the later hearing of June 22, 1965, was concerned solely with support arrearages and expense matters. Evidence was not received which would authorize a change in the prior custody order of July 6, 1964. Therefore we reverse the Nevada custody order of June 22, 1965, as no showing was made to justify it; we refuse to recognize the Kansas order of July 28, 1964, for the reasons mentioned; and we reinstate the Nevada custody order of July 6, 1964, that is, the mother shall have custody of Bobby subject to the right of the father to have Bobby’s custody for two months during the summer. The father shall pay all transportation expense for Bobby incident to the exercise of custodial rights.
*255We also reverse that part of the June 22,1965, Nevada order which required the father to pay $400.23 to Peggy Ramsay for her travel expenses incurred in taking Bobby to Nevada. We cannot condone the recovery of travel expense, as Peggy removed Bobby from Kansas in violation of the Kansas order of July 28, 1964, and before its validity had been determined.
We affirm that part of the Nevada order of June 22, 1965, adjudging the father to be $1,012.50 in arrears in child support payments and ordering him to pay that sum. The record supports that finding.
We recognize that the practical effect of our decision allows Bobby to be returned to Kansas for two months in the summer. This may again provoke a new round of bitter litigation in the Kansas court. We, as Kansas, worry over Bobby’s future. His welfare must govern. We believe it unwise in the instant circumstances to permanently deprive him of the company of either parent. Of course, we must rely in part upon Kansas viewing this matter as we do and recognizing that, since Bobby’s established home is in Nevada, his welfare is best reviewed here. We would abstain from exercising jurisdiction and honor the decision of Kansas were the situation reversed.
Waters, D. J., concurs.

 The record shows at least 26 separate appearances before six Nevada judges over a three year period.

 Bobby was present in Kansas visiting his father. The mother appeared and contested the motion to modify.

 The Kansas Supreme Court narrowly construed the Nevada order as not touching custody and therefore not raising the issue of full faith. Lyerla v. Lyerla, 195 Kan. 259, 403 P.2d 989 (1965). Respectfully we disagree. But for the matter of custody, the Nevada court would not have acted. Custody was the core of that hearing. The very facts related as controlling on the face of the Nevada court’s decree — Bobby’s alleged maladjustment and his entry into military school — are the identical facts which Kansas looked to as “changed circumstances.” No new circumstances were considered by Kansas.
Nevada considered all existing circumstances relevant to Bobby’s custody. It was alleged before us that the father orally withdrew his prior motion for full custody. Even assuming such an informal, unrecorded action could be noticed, it is immaterial. The crux of custody is a consideration of changed circumstances. So considering, a court may be presumed to be deciding the total welfare of the child. Though Nevada here centered on summer visitation, it obviously also considered the fall by ordering Bobby returned. Certainly, the father could not preclude the court from so acting; rather he could only present circumstances which should dictate otherwise.
Finally, the father was fully represented and had notice of every Nevada appearance. Both counsel and the record so reveal. Cf. Lyerla v. Lyerla, supra, 403 P.2d at 992.