Court Opinion

ID: 3184178
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-09 22:13:10.820424+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:53.933456
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/9/16 P. v. McCall CA4/1
                         NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
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                       COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                        DIVISION ONE

                                                STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,                                                                 D068251

          Plaintiff and Respondent,

          v.                                                                (Super. Ct. No. SCD234486)

DONALD GRAHAM MCCALL,

          Defendant and Appellant.

          APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Timothy R.

Walsh, Judge. Reversed with directions.

          Donna L. Harris, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

          Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland, Marvin E.

Mizell and Allison V. Hawley, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
       In 2012, Donald Gregory McCall entered a guilty plea to one count of commercial

burglary. (Pen. Code,1 § 459.) As part of the plea agreement the remaining counts and

allegations were dismissed. In 2014, following probation revocation, McCall was

sentenced to two years in prison.

       On November 19, 2014, McCall filed a petition under section 1170.18

(Proposition 47, the Safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act) requesting that his burglary

conviction be redesignated as shoplifting under section 459.5.

       Following a hearing the court denied the petition. McCall filed a timely notice of

appeal.

       This case arises from McCall's entry into a Whole Foods Market, along with two

others, with the intent to obtain merchandise by using a forged check. The probation

report and the People's brief identify the amount of the check as $385.44. McCall

contends that entry into the store, a commercial establishment, during regular business

hours with the intent to commit theft in an amount less than $950 qualifies as shoplifting

under sections 459.5 and 1170.18. The People respond that shoplifting is limited to

takings involving larceny, not theft by false pretenses. We will reject the People's

argument and reverse the order denying the petition. We will remand the case to the trial

court with directions to grant the motion.

1      All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
                                             2
                                STATEMENT OF FACTS

       We take the following facts from the original probation officer's report.

       On March 2, 2011, McCall and two others entered a Whole Foods Market with a

check that belonged to Amber Ott. McCall attempted to pay for the merchandise by

making out the check to Whole Foods in the amount of $385.44. However, the cashier

became suspicious and called the manager. McCall and his companions left the store,

leaving behind the check and his identification.

       Investigation revealed that Ott had ordered checks from Wells Fargo, but had not

received them.

                                       DISCUSSION

       At the hearing and in the moving and responding papers, the parties raised a

number of issues ranging from burden of proof, scope of possible evidence and the

meaning of shoplifting. The exact reason for the trial court's denial is not entirely clear.

On appeal, McCall argues he qualifies for relief because his intent to commit theft by

false pretenses is consistent with the application of the intent to commit "larceny" as that

term is used in section 4592 (burglary), 459.53 (shoplifting) and section 490a.4

2       Section 459 provides: "Every person who enters any house, room, apartment,
tenement, shop, warehouse, store, mill, barn, stable, outhouse or other building, tent,
vessel, as defined in Section 21 of the Harbors and Navigation Code, floating home, as
defined in subdivision (d) of Section 18075.55 of the Health and Safety Code, railroad
car, locked or sealed cargo container, whether or not mounted on a vehicle, trailer coach,
as defined in Section 635 of the Vehicle Code, any house car, as defined in Section 362
of the Vehicle Code, inhabited camper, as defined in Section 243 of the Vehicle Code,
vehicle as defined by the Vehicle Code, when the doors are locked, aircraft as defined by
Section 21012 of the Public Utilities Code, or mine or any underground portion thereof,
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                                     A. Legal Principles

       Proposition 47 added section 1170.18, which allows "[a] person currently serving

a sentence for a conviction, whether by trial or plea, of a felony or felonies who would

have been guilty of a misdemeanor under [Proposition 47 had it] been in effect at the time

of the offense" to "petition for a recall of sentence" and request resentencing. (§ 1170.18,

subd. (a).) A person seeking resentencing under section 1170.18 must show he or she fits

the criteria in subdivision (a). If the person satisfies the criteria the person shall have his

or her sentence recalled and resentenced to a misdemeanor, unless the court, in its

discretion, determines that resentencing the petitioner would pose an unreasonable risk of

with intent to commit grand or petit larceny or any felony is guilty of burglary. As used in
this chapter, "inhabited" means currently being used for dwelling purposes, whether
occupied or not. A house, trailer, vessel designed for habitation, or portion of a building
is currently being used for dwelling purposes if, at the time of the burglary, it was not
occupied solely because a natural or other disaster caused the occupants to leave the
premises."
3       Section 459.5 provides: "(a) Notwithstanding Section 459, shoplifting is defined
as entering a commercial establishment with intent to commit larceny while that
establishment is open during regular business hours, where the value of the property that
is taken or intended to be taken does not exceed nine hundred fifty dollars ($950). Any
other entry into a commercial establishment with intent to commit larceny is burglary.
Shoplifting shall be punished as a misdemeanor, except that a person with one or more
prior convictions for an offense specified in clause (iv) of subparagraph (C) of paragraph
(2) of subdivision (e) of Section 667 or for an offense requiring registration pursuant to
subdivision (c) of Section 290 may be punished pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section
1170. [¶] (b) Any act of shoplifting as defined in subdivision (a) shall be charged as
shoplifting. No person who is charged with shoplifting may also be charged with burglary
or theft of the same property."
4       Section 490a provides: "Wherever any law or statute of this state refers to or
mentions larceny, embezzlement, or stealing, said law or statute shall hereafter be read
and interpreted as if the word 'theft' were substituted therefor."
                                               4
danger to public safety. (§ 1170.18, subd. (b); T. W. v. Superior Court (2015) 236
Cal. App. 4th 646, 649, fn. 2.)

       Relevant here, Proposition 47 also added a new crime of shoplifting, which is

defined as "entering a commercial establishment with intent to commit larceny while that

establishment is open during regular business hours, where the value of the property that

is taken or intended to be taken does not exceed nine hundred fifty dollars ($950)."

(§ 459.5, subd. (a).)

       In interpreting section 459.5, McCall urges we look to section 490a for guidance.

Section 490a provides, "[w]herever any law or statute of this state refers to or mentions

larceny, embezzlement, or stealing, said law or statute shall hereafter be read and

interpreted as if the word 'theft' were substituted therefor." (§ 490a.)

       Specifically, our issue requires us to find the correct interpretation of the term

"larceny" as used in section 459.5. " 'In interpreting a voter initiative like [Proposition

47], we apply the same principles that govern statutory construction.' [Citation.] ' "The

fundamental purpose of statutory construction is to ascertain the intent of the lawmakers

so as to effectuate the purpose of the law. [Citations.]" ' [Citation.] In the case of a

provision adopted by the voters, 'their intent governs.' [Citation.] [¶] ' "In determining

such intent, we begin with the language of the statute itself." ' [Citation.] We look first

to the words the voters used, giving them their usual and ordinary meaning. ' "If there is

no ambiguity in the language of the statute, 'then . . . the plain meaning of the language

governs.' " ' [Citation.] "But when the statutory language is ambiguous, 'the court may

examine the context in which the language appears, adopting the construction that best

                                              5
harmonizes the statute internally and with related statutes.' " [Citation.] [¶] In

construing a statute, we must also consider " 'the object to be achieved and the evil to be

prevented by the legislation.' " [Citation.]' 'When legislation has been judicially

construed and a subsequent statute on a similar subject uses identical or substantially

similar language, the usual presumption is that the Legislature [or the voters] intended the

same construction, unless a contrary intent clearly appears.' " (People v. Rivera (2015)

233 Cal. App. 4th 1085, 1099-1100 (Rivera).)

                                        B. Analysis

       The People contend McCall did not commit shoplifting when he entered Whole

Foods with the intent to commit theft by false pretenses because shoplifting requires an

intent to commit larceny. Also, the People argue section 490a is inapplicable because it

does not redefine larceny as any theft. We are not persuaded by these arguments.

Historically, the term "larceny" as used similarly in the burglary statute has been

interpreted to include all thefts, including theft by false pretenses. (People v. Dingle

(1985) 174 Cal. App. 3d 21, 30; People v. Nguyen (1995) 40 Cal. App. 4th 28, 31; People v.

Parson (2008) 44 Cal. 4th 332, 354.) On January 19, 2016, Division Eight of the Second

District Court of Appeal found that an intent to commit theft by false pretenses satisfies

the section 459.5 requirement of "intent to commit larceny" in People v. Vargas (2016)

243 Cal. App. 4th 1416. Vargas found that "because voters adopted the phrase 'intent to

commit larceny' in section 459.5, which mirrors the intent element in the general burglary

statute (§ 459), and that phrase includes theft by false pretenses, we believe the voters

intended section 459.5 to include theft by false pretenses." (Vargas, supra, at p. 1427.)

                                              6
       On February 8, 2016, the Third District Court of Appeal addressed the question of

whether shoplifting under section 459.5 could occur where the defendant entered the

commercial establishment with the intent to commit common law larceny. (People v.

Triplett (2016) 244 Cal App.4th 824.) The court concluded that entry into a commercial

establishment, during regular business hours, with the intent to commit "theft" in an

amount less than $950 constitutes shoplifting under the new statute. The court in Triplett

rejected the People's argument that such crime could only be committed with an intent to

commit larceny.

       The People, relying principally on an opinion of our court in People v. Gonzales

(2015) 242 Cal. App. 4th 35, argue that only an intent to commit larceny will suffice for

shoplifting. The Gonzales opinion in turn relied on the common law definition of larceny

as explained by the Supreme Court in People v. Williams (2013) 57 Cal. 4th 776

(Williams), which case discussed the term "larceny" as it applies to the crime of robbery,

not burglary. Since the briefing in this case was completed, the Supreme Court has

granted review in Gonzales (rev. granted Feb. 17, 2016, S231171). Thus, we will not

consider the Gonzales case in our analysis of the issue before us.

       In Williams, our high court discussed whether a man who committed theft by false

pretenses and subsequently pushed a security guard in an attempt to flee could satisfy the

"felonious taking" requirement of robbery. (Williams, supra, 57 Cal.4th at pp. 779-780.)

One element of robbery, which is not present in any other type of theft, is the "felonious

taking" requirement. The defendant argued that the "felonious taking" requirement could

only be satisfied by the crime of theft by larceny, and not theft by false pretenses. (Id. at

                                              7
p. 781.) The court, after analyzing the common law meanings of the different theft

offenses, found that larceny is a necessary element of robbery. (Id. at pp. 786-787.)

Thus, Williams held that theft by false pretenses could not support a robbery conviction,

because only theft by larceny could fulfill the "felonious taking" requirement.

       The analysis in Williams, supra, 57 Cal. 4th 776 is distinguishable from our current

issue of whether section 459.5 can be satisfied by theft by false pretenses. This is

because the term "larceny" is not actually present in the statute defining robbery (§ 211).

As such, Williams looked at the common law meaning of larceny in order to reach the

conclusion that larceny is a necessary element of robbery. Therefore, the court was not

analyzing the statutory interpretation of the term "larceny," but was analyzing the

common law meanings and relations of the different theft crimes.

       Conversely, in People v. Nguyen, supra, 40 Cal. App. 4th 28, we discussed whether

a defendant could be convicted of burglary for entering the premises of another with the

intent to commit theft by false pretenses. Nguyen held that the term "larceny" as used in

the burglary statute included theft by false pretenses. In reaching our conclusion, we

noted that section 490a shows "the Legislature has indicated a clear intent that the term

'larceny' as used in the burglary statute should be read to include all thefts, including

'petit' theft by false pretenses." (Id. at p. 31.) The Nguyen holding is more on point with

the issue here, because, unlike Williams, supra, 57 Cal. 4th 776, we analyzed the

interpretation of the term "larceny" as used in a statute.

       Additionally, the People argue, in enacting section 459.5, the voters intended to

restrict its application to stealing goods or merchandise openly displayed in retail stores.

                                              8
The People assert that "shoplifting" has long and commonly been understood to

encompass only the theft of openly displayed merchandise from commercial

establishments. As such, the People contend the voters' reasonable belief was that the

crime of "shoplifting" referred only to the common understanding of that crime.

However, in viewing the plain text of the statute, we find nothing to support that

contention. Had the voters intended for "shoplifting" to be confined to such limited

scope, that intention could have easily been expressed in the text of the statute. Instead,

the statute was worded substantially similar to the burglary statute (§ 459), the intent for

which has been judicially interpreted to encompass all thefts. As previously noted,

" '[w]hen legislation has been judicially construed and a subsequent statute on a similar

subject uses identical or substantially similar language, the usual presumption is that the

Legislature [or the voters] intended the same construction, unless a contrary intent clearly

appears.' " (Rivera, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p. 1100.) We find no indication that a

distinction was intended to be made between sections 459 and 459.5 in regard to the

interpretation of the term "larceny."

       Our interpretation is consistent with the voters' overall intent in passing

Proposition 47. Proposition 47 was intended to "[r]equire misdemeanors instead of

felonies for nonserious, nonviolent crimes like petty theft and drug possession, unless the

defendant has prior convictions for specified violent or serious crimes." (Ballot Pamp.,

Gen. Elec. (Nov. 4, 2014) text of Prop. 47, § 3, subd. (3), p. 70.) Petty theft by false

pretenses is precisely the type of nonserious, nonviolent crime Proposition 47 was aimed

towards affecting. For example, Proposition 47 also made the crimes of forgery and

                                              9
drafting checks without sufficient funds of less than $950 misdemeanors. (§ 473,

subd. (b); § 476a.) Moreover, theft by false pretenses is less likely to involve violence

than a situation where a person has the intention to steal openly displayed merchandise

from a store. To provide misdemeanors for that type of theft, but not for theft by false

pretenses, would contradict the voters' general intent of requiring misdemeanors for

nonserious, nonviolent theft crimes.

       In considering section 490a, we find that it requires us to have the word "larceny"

read as "theft" in section 459.5. As such, the "intention to commit larceny" requirement

of section 459.5 can be satisfied by the broader sense of an intent to commit theft. Thus,

an intent to commit theft by false pretenses would satisfy that element. Not only is this

consistent with prior case law regarding the interpretation of the term "larceny" as used in

section 459, but it is also consistent with the voters' intent in passing Proposition 47.

Lastly, interpreting the term "larceny" differently in section 459.5 than we would in

section 459 would cause the interpretations of the two related statutes to be inconsistent

and would ignore the mandate of section 490a.

       Finally we address the issue of the value of the intended loss. At the trial court the

parties and the court discussed at length questions of burdens of proof and scope of proof

of the qualifying amount for section 1170.18 relief. To some extent the discussion has

continued here. However, under the unique facts of this case we see no need to continue

the debate about the amount of the theft which McCall attempted to perpetrate.

       In their opposition papers in the trial court, the People affirmatively stated that

McCall filled in the amount on the forged check at the store, in his effort to use the check

                                              10
to obtain merchandise. The People expressly stated the amount was $385.44. It is

apparent from the record that the People obtained the dollar amount from the probation

report.

          On appeal, the People again state the amount of the forged check was $385.44.

There is nothing in the record or the briefing that even hints at another amount, let alone

an amount in excess of $950. Thus we see no purpose in expending further resources to

remand this petition to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing. Regardless of the burden

of proof, where the People have repeatedly asserted the amount of the proposed theft was

well under $950 they should not thereafter be able to contest the amount.

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                                       DISPOSITION

       The order denying McCall's petition under section 1170.18 is reversed. The

matter is remanded to the trial court with directions to grant the petition.

                                                                               HUFFMAN, J.

WE CONCUR:

              BENKE, Acting P. J.

                       HALLER, J.

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