Court Opinion

ID: 9963771
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-26 06:06:20.734961+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:59.256427
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     April 25, 2024
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 361450
                                                                     Dickinson Circuit Court
ANTHONY SEAN FOCHTMAN,                                               LC No. 2021-006033-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and JANSEN and MURRAY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals as of right his convictions by a jury of first-degree criminal sexual
conduct (CSC-I), MCL 750.520b(1) (multiple variables),1 and unlawful imprisonment, MCL
750.349b. The jury acquitted defendant of an additional count of CSC-I. The trial court sentenced
defendant to concurrent terms of 15 to 40 years’ imprisonment for CSC-I and 10 to 15 years’
imprisonment for unlawful imprisonment. We affirm.

        The convictions arose from a series of actions spanning the nights of August 28 and 29 of
2021, which were a Saturday and Sunday night. The prosecutor presented evidence that defendant
and the victim, CP, had been in a friendly and flirtatious relationship but that, from Saturday night
through to Sunday night, he held her against her will in her apartment, used scissors as a weapon,
and aggressively sexually assaulted her. The defense theory was that CP had consented to “rough”
sex with defendant within the legal boundaries of sadomasochistic sex. The jury concluded that
defendant committed unlawful imprisonment and that he committed CSC-I on Sunday, but it
acquitted defendant for the alleged Saturday assault.

1
  The CSC-I charge was based on (1) sexual penetration occurring while defendant was armed
with a weapon, (2) sexual penetration accomplished by force or coercion and resulting in injury,
or (3) sexual penetration occurring under circumstances also involving the felony of unlawful
imprisonment. See MCL 750.520b(1).

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                                I. SADOMASOCHISM DEFENSE

       Defendant first contends that his trial attorney provided ineffective assistance because he
did not look into obtaining an expert on sadomasochistic sex in order to learn more about
sadomasochism and possibly present the expert at trial.

        “Whether a person has been denied effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of
fact and constitutional law. A judge must first find the facts, and then must decide whether those
facts constitute a violation of the defendant’s constitutional right to effective assistance of
counsel.” People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). A court’s findings of
fact are reviewed for clear error, and questions of constitutional law are reviewed de novo. Id.

        To obtain relief on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel, a party “must show that
counsel’s performance fell short of [an] . . . objective standard of reasonableness and that, but for
counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the . . . trial
would have been different.” People v Ackley, 497 Mich 381, 389; 870 NW2d 858 (2015)
(quotation marks, citation, and brackets omitted). “A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        In connection with his motion for a new trial, defendant filed an affidavit from Susan
Wright with the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom. Wright stated that she helps to connect
people facing legal trouble with experts in sadomasochism. However, Wright also stated that she
had been in contact with defendant’s mother, and asked that defendant give his attorney permission
to speak with her and received that permission on March 24, 2022. The trial, however, ended on
March 16, 2022. Accordingly, the affidavit is not of much value. Defendant also attached an
affidavit from Russell Stambaugh, who holds a PhD in psychology and specializes in
sadomasochism, and who averred that he could inform people and testify about sadomasochistic
sex and associated stigmas.

        We conclude that defendant, in his arguments about sadomasochism, has not established
ineffective assistance of counsel or demonstrated that the trial court erred in denying his request
for a Ginther hearing.2

        Defense counsel asked during voir dire if anyone had a problem with people being
“engaged in alternative forms of kinky sex, so to speak.” It is obvious that he was trying to
establish rapport with the jurors because he then asked, “You’re probably blushing, but—[s]orry.
Does anyone think that just ’cause someone engages in S-and-M or a rougher type of sex, that
they’re guilty of a crime?” Later during voir dire, he spoke repeatedly of “alternative forms of sex
acts” and “S-and-M.” In opening statements, he said that “the scissors were part of the S-and-M
rough sex that the parties had planned to engage in.” Counsel then engaged in an extremely

2
  Defendant filed a motion for remand in this Court in connection with his ineffective-assistance
argument. See People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973). This Court denied the
motion but stated that the denial was “without prejudice to a case call panel of this Court
determining that remand is necessary once the case is submitted on a session calendar.” People v
Fochtman, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered June 21, 2023 (Docket No. 361450).

                                                 -2-
thorough cross-examination of CP in which he got her to admit to having had a close relationship
with defendant, to some inconsistencies in her retelling of events, and to having sent an explicit
photograph to defendant. Counsel asked CP whether she had “generally discussed rough sex and
S-and-M with” defendant, and she replied, “Yes.” She agreed that safe words are “used . . . in”
sadomasochism. He persistently pursued the idea that CP had consented to having sex with
defendant. Also, defendant, by way of his recorded interview that was played to the jury, set forth
the idea that CP had wanted to engage in rough sex and that a safe word had been discussed.

        Defense counsel was toeing a fine line between conveying the defense of consent while
maintaining good rapport with the jurors. As aptly stated by the trial court, using an expert in
sadomasochism may have alienated the jurors, seeing as they came from (according to the trial
court) a conservative community. We conclude that defense counsel acted within standards of
reasonableness by vigorously pursuing his defense of consent but not going into too much detail
regarding the intricacies of sadomasochism. Ackley, 497 Mich at 389. The strategy appears to
have partially worked, in that the jurors acquitted defendant of CSC-I in connection with the
alleged Saturday assault.3

        Defendant contends that an expert could have contextualized the purported shame felt by
CP and thus helped to persuade the jury that she was falsely accusing defendant of rape. But the
“shame” concept was adequately pursued by defense counsel when he insinuated that CP felt
ashamed of having sex with defendant very soon after splitting with her apparent boyfriend.
Defendant also argues that in People v Propp, 508 Mich 374; 976 NW2d 1 (2021), the Court ruled
that the defendant had a due-process right to an expert on autoerotic asphyxiation. The Court did
not do so, however; it remanded the case for this Court to analyze whether a state-funded
autoerotic-asphyxiation expert should have been allowed. Id. at 379-383. On remand, we
concluded that such an expert was not necessary and stated, in part, that “although the practice of
erotic asphyxiation may have been unfamiliar—or entirely unknown—to certain jurors, the
essence of the defense was not so technical or complex that testimony from an expert would have
been particularly helpful to the defense or the jury.” People v Propp (On Remand), 340 Mich App
652, 660; 987 NW2d 888 (2022), lv app pending. Such is the case here. Neither a reversal nor a
remand is warranted.

                          II. EXPLICIT PHOTOGRAPH OF VICTIM

       Defendant contends that his attorney acted below objective standards of reasonableness by
not publishing an explicit photograph of CP to the jury, which had been admitted into evidence.

        “Defense counsel is given wide discretion in matters of trial strategy because many
calculated risks may be necessary in order to win difficult cases. There is accordingly a strong

3
  Defendant contends that the trial court erroneously focused on whether defendant was deprived
of a “substantial defense,” see People v Jurewicz, 506 Mich 914 (2020), but the upshot of the trial
court’s analysis, despite any mention of a “substantial defense,” was that defendant did not meet
this applicable standard for relief, i.e., that the attorney would not have been deficient.

                                                -3-
presumption of effective assistance of counsel.” People v Unger (On Remand), 278 Mich App
210, 242; 749 NW2d 272 (2008) (citation omitted). This Court “will not substitute [its] judgment
for that of counsel on matters of trial strategy . . . .” Id. at 242-243.

       As background to this issue, during trial defense counsel confronted CP with a photograph
from defendant’s telephone, which she admitted depicted her unclothed. The photograph was
admitted into evidence. Counsel then spoke about the photograph in closing arguments:

               The sexually explicit photograph: I didn’t want to—I didn’t want to do that.
       I have daughters. I don’t—I don’t want to embarrass somebody. I’m not—[b]ut I
       have a duty, an obligation, to defend Mr. Fochtman to the fullest. I gave [CP] every
       opportunity to say, “Yeah, I might’ve sent a nude photograph or a sexually explicit
       photograph,” and to be perfectly honest, if she would’ve said, “Yes, I did,” I
       would’ve never brought that up. I didn’t publish it to the jury. You have every
       right to take a look at it if you want. I didn’t publish it to the jury. I’m not about
       embarrassing somebody, but I have an obligation, and the truth needs to come out.
       That sexually explicit photograph, characterize it as you wish: that’s not something
       that you send to friends. That’s not something that, when she said, “Well, we used
       to—[w]e would talk about sexual acts in general”—it’s not. That photograph is
       another example of the abundance of consent in this matter.

        Counsel was again toeing a line between establishing rapport with the jury and advancing
his theory on consent. The photograph shows CP in a very explicit pose, and counsel made his
point without possibly alienating the jurors. In addition, he made sure that the jurors could view
the photograph if they felt it was important to their deliberations. No deficient performance is
apparent. Ackley, 497 Mich at 389.

                               III. UNANIMITY INSTRUCTION

       Defendant contends that a specific unanimity instruction was required for the charge of
unlawful imprisonment, that a plain error occurred in connection with its absence,4 and that his
attorney rendered ineffective assistance by failing to request one.

       MCL 750.349b states, in part:

4
  This Court reviews unpreserved issues for plain error affecting substantial rights. People v
Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). Under the plain-error doctrine, reversal is
warranted if a “clear or obvious” error occurred that “affected the outcome of the lower court
proceedings.” Id. And even if this standard is satisfied,

       an appellate court must exercise its discretion in deciding whether to reverse.
       Reversal is warranted only when the plain, forfeited error resulted in the conviction
       of an actually innocent defendant or when an error seriously affected the fairness,
       integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings independent of the defendant’s
       innocence. [Id. at 763-764 (quotation marks, citation, and brackets omitted).]

                                                -4-
             (1) A person commits the crime of unlawful imprisonment if he or she
       knowingly restrains another person under any of the following circumstances:

               (a) The person is restrained by means of a weapon or dangerous instrument.

                                               * * *

               (c) The person was restrained to facilitate the commission of another felony
       or to facilitate flight after commission of another felony.

The jury was instructed in accordance with these subdivisions.

       In People v Chelmicki, 305 Mich App 58, 65; 850 NW2d 612 (2014), the defendant was
charged with unlawful imprisonment under the same theories at issue here (subdivisions (a) and
(c)). He argued that a unanimity instruction was required to ensure that the jurors agreed on
whether subdivision (a) or (c) had been proven. Id. at 67. This Court ruled:

               In this case, defendant was charged with one count of unlawful
       imprisonment, which expressly provides alternative theories under which a
       defendant may be convicted. The alternative theories each relate to a single element
       of the offense, and are merely different ways of establishing that element.
       Accordingly, defendant was properly convicted of unlawful imprisonment even if
       some jurors believed he restrained the victim by means of a weapon, and the rest
       of the jurors believed he restrained the victim in order to facilitate the commission
       of the felony of arson (preparation to burn). No specific unanimity instruction was
       required, and it necessarily follows that defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance
       of counsel must fail because defense counsel is not required to make a meritless
       request or objection. [Id. at 68-69.]

        Chelmicki is binding law, see MCR 7.215(J)(1); was issued after the primary case discussed
by defendant (People v Cooks, 446 Mich 503; 521 NW2d 275 (1994)); and disposes of defendant’s
argument. Defendant contends that the prosecutor never advanced to the jury what the unlawful
imprisonment consisted of or when it occurred, but in opening arguments the prosecutor stated
that defendant had unlawfully imprisoned CP from Saturday into Sunday and had assaulted her in
two separate incidents during the unlawful imprisonment. Accordingly, contrary to defendant’s
argument that separate actus rei were at issue, the prosecutor alleged a single ongoing act of
unlawful imprisonment.

                                              IV. OV 7

       Defendant’s final argument is that the trial court should not have assessed 50 points for
offense variable (OV) 7 on the basis of sadism.

        “Under the sentencing guidelines, a trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed for clear error
and must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” People v Thompson (On Remand),
314 Mich App 703, 708; 887 NW2d 650 (2016). Clear error occurs when this Court is left with a
firm and definite conviction that an error has taken place. Id. This Court reviews de novo whether
the facts as found were adequate to satisfy the statutory scoring conditions. Id.

                                                 -5-
        MCL 777.37(1)(a) states, in pertinent part, that 50 points are to be assessed for OV 7 if a
“victim was treated with sadism, torture, excessive brutality or similarly egregious conduct
designed to substantially increase the fear and anxiety a victim suffered during the offense[.]”
MCL 777.37(3) states, “As used in this section, ‘sadism’ means conduct that subjects a victim to
extreme or prolonged pain or humiliation and is inflicted to produce suffering or for the offender’s
gratification.”

         Defendant contends that no sadism took place. The first problem with defendant’s
argument is that the trial court did not rely exclusively on sadism in scoring OV 7. The court stated
that it was “satisfied that the victim was, therefore, treated with sadism, torture, excessive brutality,
or similarly egregious conduct that was in fact designed to substantially increase the fear and
anxiety that the victim suffered during the offenses.” Defendant does not make an argument
regarding how the conduct failed to satisfy the other parts of the pertinent statute. Failure to brief
an issue constitutes abandonment of it. See People v McGraw, 484 Mich 120, 131 n 36; 771
NW2d 655 (2009).

        In any event, there was sufficient evidence of sadism. CP testified that, on Sunday,
defendant pulled down her shorts “aggressively” and “pinned [her] down” on her stomach. She
said that defendant “[c]ontinuously penetrated” her, that it was “[v]ery similar” to what had
happened the prior night, and that she managed to get away from him “only once” on Sunday
night. She said: “He held me in place more. He was more aggressive with how he pinned me
down, but—and once I got away, he was more aggressive with when [sic] he got back on top of
me.” She estimated that the Sunday assault lasted 45 minutes to an hour. CP said that defendant
had a pair of scissors and threatened her with them. She said he held them close to her neck “a
lot” and used them “down [her] back.” The actions left red marks on her skin. CP testified that
she was “terrified,” thought that she was going to be killed, and did not fight back “as much”
because she did not want to “make it worse.” She said that “it hurt.”

        The actions described by CP subjected her to prolonged pain or humiliation—she described
the assault lasting for up to an hour and described getting away from defendant once—and a
reasonable inference is that they were undertaken for defendant’s gratification. Defendant
contends that he could not have acted sadistically because he believed that he was engaging in
consensual sex. But the jury evidently believed CP’s version of the events on Sunday and,
therefore, believed that she had not, in fact, given defendant consent to sexually penetrate her.
Defendant contends that the jury must have believed that defendant and CP had a safe word and
were engaging in consensual sadomasochism because it acquitted defendant in connection with
the Saturday events. But juries are allowed to be lenient and irrational. People v Vaughn, 409
Mich 463, 465-466; 295 NW2d 354 (1980). “[T]he mercy-dispensing power of the jury may serve
to release a defendant from some of the consequences of his act without absolving him of all
responsibility.” Id. at 466. The bottom line is that the jury concluded that defendant committed
CSC-I on Sunday and there is adequate evidence in the record for a finding of sadism.

       Defendants contends that the trial court erroneously considered unlawful imprisonment and
the acquitted conduct from Saturday in scoring OV 7 and failed to focus solely on the sentencing
offense of CSC-I (from Sunday). See People v Brown, 339 Mich App 411, 419; 984 NW2d 486
(2021) (acquitted conduct not to be used in scoring OVs), and People v Rodriguez, 327 Mich App
573, 578; 935 NW2d 51 (2019) (OV 7 must be scored in connection with specific offense being

                                                  -6-
scored). The court justified its mention of the Saturday events by stating that the unlawful
imprisonment might have spanned both Saturday and Sunday. Importantly, however, the court
said that the scoring of OV 7 was appropriate even if it restricted its “consideration” to the events
on Sunday alone. And it mentioned the unlawful imprisonment in connection with how it impacted
the sentencing offense of CSC-I (from Sunday). The events on Sunday as described by CP were
adequate to support the score.

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                              /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                              /s/ Christopher M. Murray

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