Court Opinion

ID: 2970395
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 16:11:30.011985+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:29.969208
License: Public Domain

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
            3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

    (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
                )LOH 1DPH DS

81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
              )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
                BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

 '$11< +,//                      ;
         3HWLWLRQHU$SSHOODQW 
                                   
                                     1R
           Y                      
                                    !
                                   
 &$5/ $1'(5621:DUGHQ            
        5HVSRQGHQW$SSHOOHH 
                                  1
      $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
     IRUWKH1RUWKHUQ'LVWULFWRI2KLRDW&OHYHODQG
   1Rn3DXO50DWLD&KLHI'LVWULFWsXGJH
                  $UJXHG0D\
          'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG$XJXVW
%HIRUH0(55,770225(DQG&/$<&LUFXLWsXGJHV
                  BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
                       &2816(/
$5*8('0DUN$9DQGHU/DDQ',16025(	6+2+/
&LQFLQQDWL 2KLR IRU $SSHOODQW  +HQU\ * $SSHO
$77251(<*(1(5$/j62)),&(2)2+,2&$3,7$/
&5,0(6 6(&7,21 &ROXPEXV 2KLR IRU $SSHOOHH
21 %5,()  0DUN $ 9DQGHU /DDQ &KULVWRSKHU 5
0F'RZHOO $PDQGD / 3UHEEOH ',16025( 	 6+2+/
&LQFLQQDWL 2KLR IRU $SSHOODQW  +HQU\ * $SSHO

                            
     +LOOY$QGHUVRQ                               1R       1R                                  +LOOY$QGHUVRQ         

$77251(<*(1(5$/j62)),&(2)2+,2&$3,7$/                             :RUGVZLWKRXW0HDQLQJ7KH&RQVWLWXWLRQ&RQIHVVLRQVDQG
&5,0(66(&7,21&ROXPEXV2KLRIRU$SSHOOHH                         0HQWDOO\5HWDUGHG6XVSHFWV8&KL/5HY
                                                                       QRWLQJWKDWWKHUHWDUGHGDUHmXQXVXDOO\VXVFHSWLEOHWR
                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                                 WKH SHUFHLYHG ZLVKHV RI DXWKRULW\ ILJXUHV   l KDYH mD
                                                                       JHQHUDOL]HGGHVLUHWRSOHDVHlmDUHRIWHQXQDEOHWRGLVFHUQ
                         23,1,21                                       ZKHQ WKH\ DUH LQ DQ DGYHUVDULDO VLWXDWLRQ    l DQG mKDYH
                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                                 GLIILFXOW\GLVWLQJXLVKLQJEHWZHHQWKHIDFWDQGWKHDSSHDUDQFH
                                                                       RIIULHQGOLQHVVl:HOVK6:KLWH:KDWLVDQ,QYROXQWDU\
   0(55,77&LUFXLWsXGJH,QWKLV2KLRGHDWKSHQDOW\FDVH           &RQIHVVLRQ 1RZ"  5XWJHUV / 5HY   
SHWLWLRQHU'DQQ\+LOODSSHDOVIURPWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVGHQLDO         VWDWLQJ WKHUH LV mDPSOH VXSSRUW IRU >WKH@ FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW
RIDZULWRIKDEHDVFRUSXVIROORZLQJKLVPXUGHUFRQYLFWLRQ            PHQWDOO\KDQGLFDSSHGVXVSHFWVDUHµHVSHFLDOO\YXOQHUDEOHWR
7KURXJKRXWKLVDSSHDOV+LOOKDVDUJXHGDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJV           WKHSUHVVXUHVRIDFFXVDWRULDOLQWHUURJDWLRQjl
WKDWKHLVPHQWDOO\UHWDUGHGDQGWKDWUHWDUGDWLRQSUHYHQWHGKLP
IURP UHFHLYLQJ D IDLU WULDO  %HIRUH WKLV &RXUW +LOO DOVR     ,Q =DUYHOD Y $UWX] WKH 6HFRQG &LUFXLW IDFHG D VLPLODU
DGYDQFHG WKH FODLP WKDW H[HFXWLQJ WKH PHQWDOO\ UHWDUGHG         PL[HGSHWLWLRQSUREOHP6HH)GFHUW
YLRODWHVWKH(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWjVEDQRQFUXHODQGXQXVXDO               GHQLHG6&W&UDIWLQJDVROXWLRQFRQVLVWHQW
SXQLVKPHQWVFRUUHFWO\DQWLFLSDWLQJWKDWWKH6XSUHPH&RXUW             ZLWK WKH SXUSRVHV RI WKH $QWLWHUURULVP $FW WKH FRXUW
ZRXOGVRKROGLQ$WNLQVY9LUJLQLD86BBB6&W           UHPDQGHGWRWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWZLWKLQVWUXFWLRQVWRGLVPLVVWKH
sXQH+HKDVQRWSUHVHQWHGWKLV$WNLQVFODLP          XQH[KDXVWHG FODLP DQG VWD\ WKH H[KDXVWHG FODLPV EXW
WRWKH2KLRFRXUWV+LOOjVSHWLWLRQWKXVPL[HVDQXQH[KDXVWHG        FRQGLWLRQHGWKHVWD\RQWKHSHWLWLRQHUSURPSWO\VHHNLQJVWDWH
FODLPZLWKFODLPVSUHYLRXVO\KHDUGE\VWDWHFRXUWV%HFDXVH           UHPHGLHV DQG ZKHQ WKH VWDWH UHPHGLHV ZHUH H[KDXVWHG
+LOOjVQHZFODLPVKRXOGILUVWEHKHDUGE\DVWDWHFRXUWZH            SURPSWO\UHWXUQLQJWRIHGHUDOFRXUW6HHLGDW=DUYHOD
UHWXUQWKLVFDVHWRWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWZLWKLQVWUXFWLRQVWKDWLW       KDVEHHQFLWHGZLWKDSSURYDOE\WKLV&RXUW6HH3DOPHUY
UHPDQG +LOOjV $WNLQV FODLP WR D VWDWH FRXUW DQG VWD\ KLV     &DUOWRQ)GWK&LU
UHPDLQLQJFODLPVSHQGLQJUHVROXWLRQRIWKHUHWDUGDWLRQLVVXH
                                                                         +HUHZHDGRSW=DUYHODjVDSSURDFKDQGUHPDQG+LOOjVFDVH
                             ,)DFWV                                 WRGLVWULFWFRXUWZLWKLQVWUXFWLRQVWRGLVPLVVKLV$WNLQVFODLP
                                                                       WR EH FRQVLGHUHG E\ VWDWH FRXUW DQG WR VWD\ KLV UHPDLQLQJ
   :H EULHIO\ SUHVHQW WKH QHFHVVDU\ IDFWV GUDZQ SULPDULO\      FODLPVSHQGLQJH[KDXVWLRQRIVWDWHFRXUWUHPHGLHV7RHQVXUH
IURPWKH2KLR6XSUHPH&RXUWjVGHWDLOHGGHFLVLRQXSKROGLQJ              WKDW+LOOGRHVQRWGUDZRXWKLVVWDWHFRXUWSURFHHGLQJVZH
+LOOjVFRQYLFWLRQDQGVHQWHQFLQJRQGLUHFWDSSHDO6HH6WDWH          LQVWUXFW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW WR FRQGLWLRQ WKH VWD\ RQ +LOOjV
Y+LOO1(G2KLRFHUWGHQLHG86            VHHNLQJUHOLHIIURPDVWDWHFRXUWRQKLV$WNLQVFODLPZLWKLQ
                                                           GD\VRIWKHGDWHWKHPDQGDWHLVVXHVIURPWKLV&RXUW
  2Q7XHVGD\6HSWHPEHULQ:DUUHQ2KLRWZHOYH               $FFRUGLQJO\LWLVVRRUGHUHG
\HDUROG 5D\PRQG )LIH OHIW KRPH RQ KLV ELF\FOH DW
DSSUR[LPDWHO\SPWRYLVLWDIULHQGjVKRPH:KHQKH
GLGQRWDUULYHE\SPDVHDUFKEHJDQ6HDUFKHUVIRXQGKLP
WKDWHYHQLQJLQDILHOGEHKLQGDORFDOVWRUH7KHER\KDGEHHQ
EHDWHQVH[XDOO\DVVDXOWHGVWUDQJOHGDQGEXUQHG+HGLHG
WZRGD\VODWHUZLWKRXWUHJDLQLQJFRQVFLRXVQHVV
     +LOOY$QGHUVRQ                             1R      1R                               +LOOY$QGHUVRQ       

$FRQIHVVLRQLVLQYROXQWDU\RQO\LIWKHUHLVSROLFHFRHUFLRQ      7KDW7KXUVGD\HLJKWHHQ\HDUROG'DQQ\+LOODSSHDUHGDW
RURYHUUHDFKLQJZKLFKRYHUERUHWKHDFFXVHGjVZLOO DQG          WKH:DUUHQSROLFHVWDWLRQWRLQTXLUHDERXWDUHZDUGRIIHUHGIRU
FDXVHGWKHFRQIHVVLRQ6HH&RORUDGR Y&RQQHOO\          LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHDVVDXOW+HWROGSROLFHKHKDGVHHQD
86  8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y %URZQ  )G     \RXWKULGLQJ)LIHjVELNHEXWZDVXQDEOHWRH[SODLQWRSROLFH
WK&LU:KHQDVXVSHFWVXIIHUVIURPVRPH          KRZKHNQHZWKHELNHZDV)LIHjVKHDOVRDSSHDUHGWRNQRZ
PHQWDOLQFDSDFLW\VXFKDVLQWR[LFDWLRQRUUHWDUGDWLRQDQGWKH     PRUHDERXWWKHFULPHWKDQKDGEHHQUHOHDVHGWRWKHSXEOLF
LQFDSDFLW\ LV NQRZQ WR LQWHUURJDWLQJ RIILFHUV D mOHVVHU     :KHQTXL]]HGDERXWDVXVSHFWLQWKHFULPH7LP&RPEV+LOO
TXDQWXPRIFRHUFLRQlLVQHFHVVDU\WRFDOODFRQIHVVLRQLQWR         DGPLWWHGKHNQHZKLPDQGVXJJHVWHGWKDW&RPEVFRPPLWWHG
TXHVWLRQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY6DEORWQ\)GWK         WKHFULPH+LOOUHWXUQHGWRWKHVWDWLRQWKHQH[WGD\UHFHLYHG
&LUVHHDOVR1LFNHOY+DQQLJDQ)G           D0LUDQGDZDUQLQJDOWKRXJKKHZDVQRWLQFXVWRG\DQGJDYH
WK&LU                                                 DQ DGGLWLRQDO VWDWHPHQW  /DWHU WKDW GD\ SROLFH GLVFRYHUHG
                                                                    H\HZLWQHVVHV ZKR KDG VHHQ ERWK &RPEV DQG +LOO QHDU WKH
   $FFRUGLQJWRWKHUHFRUG+LOOILUVWFDPHWRWKHDWWHQWLRQRI     VFHQHRIWKHFULPHDWDERXWWKHWLPH)LIHZDVDWWDFNHG
SROLFH ZKHQ KH LQTXLUHG DERXW D UHZDUG RIIHUHG IRU
LQIRUPDWLRQRQ5D\PRQG)LIHjVGHDWK4XHVWLRQHGWZLFHKH            7KHQH[W0RQGD\DQDGGLWLRQDORIILFHUZDVDVVLJQHGWRWKH
FRQVLVWHQWO\GHQLHGDQ\LQYROYHPHQWLQWKHNLOOLQJ7KHQKLV       FDVH'HWHFWLYH0RUULV+LOO'DQQ\jVXQFOH'HWHFWLYH+LOO
XQFOHZDVDVVLJQHGWRWKHFDVH$IWHUEHLQJEURXJKWWRWKH         KDGSUHYLRXVO\GHDOWZLWKKLVQHSKHZZKHQ'DQQ\KDGEHHQ
VWDWLRQDJDLQDQGOHIWDORQHZLWKKLVXQFOHIRUDIHZPLQXWHV      VXVSHFWHG RI D FULPH  7ZR \HDUV HDUOLHU 'DQQ\ +LOO ZDV
'DQQ\ +LOO  PDGH DQ DEUXSW DERXWIDFH DQG FRQIHVVHG WR     DUUHVWHGIRUEXUJODUL]LQJKLVJUDQGPRWKHUjV'HWHFWLYH+LOOjV
LQYROYHPHQWLQWKHFULPH,QHYDOXDWLQJWKHVHHYHQWV'DQQ\        PRWKHUjV KRPH  $FFRUGLQJ WR 'HWHFWLYH +LOO 'DQQ\jV
+LOOjV SUHYLRXV LQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWK KLV XQFOH DUH LPSRUWDQW   PRWKHUWKHQDVNHGKLPWRmZKXS>'DQQ\jV@DVVlDQGZKHQ
WZLFH EHIRUH ZKHQ +LOO ZDV LQ SROLFH FXVWRG\ KLV XQFOH   'DQQ\WKHQLQSROLFHFXVWRG\FODLPHGKHKDGQRWKLQJWRGR
VWUXFN KLP ZKHQ KH UHIXVHG WR WDON  (YHQ DFFHSWLQJ KLV   ZLWK WKH EXUJODU\ 'HWHFWLYH +LOO mVPDFNHG KLP LQ WKH
XQFOHjVYHUVLRQRIHYHQWVLQZKLFK'HWHFWLYH+LOOVLPSO\WROG      PRXWKl'HWHFWLYH+LOOVDLGKHKDGVWUXFN'DQQ\ZKLOHKH
'DQQ\+LOOKHEHOLHYHGKHZDVLQYROYHGLQWKHNLOOLQJWKLV         ZDVLQSROLFHFXVWRG\mDFRXSOHRIWLPHVl
HSLVRGHUDLVHVDVHULRXVTXHVWLRQRIFRHUFLRQ7KDWDQ\RIILFHU
KDGVWUXFNDVXVSHFWLVWURXEOLQJRIVSHFLDOFRQFHUQKHUHLV          $IWHUKHZDVDVVLJQHGWRWKH)LIHFDVH'HWHFWLYH+LOODQG
WKDW'DQQ\+LOOZDVVWUXFNE\DQRIILFHUZKRZDVDOVRDFORVH       DQRWKHURIILFHUZHQWWR'DQQ\+LOOjVKRPHZKHUHKHDJUHHGWR
IDPLO\PHPEHU                                                      DFFRPSDQ\WKHPWRWKHSROLFHVWDWLRQ$WWKHVWDWLRQ'DQQ\
                                                                    +LOOZDVDJDLQ0LUDQGL]HG'DQQ\+LOOZDVWKHQOHIWDORQH
  $ VXVSHFWjV mPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQ LV VXUHO\ UHOHYDQW WR DQ    ZLWK KLV XQFOH IRU D IHZ PLQXWHV  $FFRUGLQJ WR 'HWHFWLYH
LQGLYLGXDOjVVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRSROLFHFRHUFLRQl&RORUDGRY       +LOOKHWROG'DQQ\WKDWKHEHOLHYHG'DQQ\KDGVRPHWKLQJWR
&RQQHOO\866WDWHFRXUWVLQFOXGLQJ        GRZLWK)LIHjVPXUGHUDQG'DQQ\EHJDQFU\LQJDQGDGPLWWHG
WKH 2KLR 6XSUHPH &RXUW KDYH FOHDUO\ VWDWHG WKDW +LOO LV   LQYROYHPHQWLQWKHFULPH:KHQWKHRWKHURIILFHUVUHWXUQHG
UHWDUGHG6HH+LOO1(GDW7KHUHWDUGHGKDYHmE\     'DQQ\ +LOO ZDV DJDLQ JLYHQ KLV ULJKWV DQG WKHQ PDGH WZR
GHILQLWLRQGLPLQLVKHGFDSDFLWLHVWRXQGHUVWDQGDQGSURFHVV    VWDWHPHQWVDGPLWWLQJWKDWKHZLWQHVVHGWKHDWWDFNWKRXJKKH
LQIRUPDWLRQWRFRPPXQLFDWHWRDEVWUDFWIURPPLVWDNHVDQG          LQVLVWHGWKDW&RPEVZDVWKHRQHZKRDFWXDOO\DVVDXOWHG)LIH
OHDUQ IURP H[SHULHQFH WR HQJDJH LQ ORJLFDO UHDVRQLQJ WR   +LOOGLGDGPLWWKRXJKWKDWKHVWD\HGZLWK)LIHZKLOH&RPEV
FRQWUROLPSXOVHVDQGWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHUHDFWLRQVRIRWKHUVl       ZHQWWRJHWOLJKWHUIOXLGZKLFK&RPEVVXEVHTXHQWO\SRXUHG
$WNLQV  6&WDW6HHDOVR0RUJDQ&ORXGHWDO        RQ)LIHDQGVHWDOLJKW
     +LOOY$QGHUVRQ                               1R       1R                                +LOOY$QGHUVRQ        

   'DQQ\+LOOZDVVXEVHTXHQWO\FKDUJHGZLWKNLGQDSLQJUDSH           86    ,Q $WNLQV 9LUJLQLD FRQWHQGHG WKDW WKH
DJJUDYDWHG DUVRQ IHORQLRXV VH[XDO SHQHWUDWLRQ DJJUDYDWHG        SHWLWLRQHUZDVQRWUHWDUGHGVRWKH&RXUWUHPDQGHGKLVFDVHWR
UREEHU\DQGDJJUDYDWHGPXUGHUZLWKVSHFLILFDWLRQV:DLYLQJ           VWDWHFRXUW
KLVULJKWWRDMXU\WULDO+LOOjVFDVHZDVKHDUGE\DWKUHHMXGJH
SDQHO$WWULDOLQDGGLWLRQWR+LOOjVVWDWHPHQWVVLJQLILFDQW           7KH6XSUHPH&RXUWjVGHFLVLRQWRUHWXUQ$WNLQVjVFDVHWR
H\HZLWQHVVFLUFXPVWDQWLDODQGIRUHQVLFHYLGHQFHZDVRIIHUHG          VWDWH FRXUWV VXJJHVWV WKDW ZH VKRXOG  UHWXUQ +LOOjV (LJKWK
OLQNLQJKLPWRWKHPXUGHU7KHSDQHOIRXQG+LOOJXLOW\RIDOO         $PHQGPHQW UHWDUGDWLRQ FODLP WR WKH VWDWH IRU IXUWKHU
FKDUJHVH[FHSWDJJUDYDWHGUREEHU\$WDPLWLJDWLRQKHDULQJ           SURFHHGLQJV  +HUH DV LQ$WNLQV WKH VWDWH RI 2KLR KDV QRW
WKUHHGHIHQVHH[SHUWZLWQHVVHVWHVWLILHGWKDW+LOOKDGDQ,4           IRUPDOO\ FRQFHGHG WKDW WKH SHWLWLRQHU LV UHWDUGHG  7KRXJK
EHORZKDGEHHQUDLVHGLQDSRRUHQYLURQPHQWDQGZDVD             2KLRFRXUWVUHYLHZLQJKLVFDVHKDYHFRQFOXGHGWKDW'DQQ\
IROORZHU$IWHUZHLJKLQJDJJUDYDWLQJDQGPLWLJDWLQJIDFWRUV          +LOO LV UHWDUGHG VHH HJ +LOO  1(G DW  DQG
WKH MXGJHV VHQWHQFHG +LOO WR GHDWK GHVSLWH KLV PHQWDO          YROXPLQRXVH[SHUWWHVWLPRQ\VXSSRUWHGWKLVFRQFOXVLRQs$
UHWDUGDWLRQ                                                           DW+LOOjVUHWDUGDWLRQFODLPKDVQRW
                                                                       EHHQ H[KDXVWHG RU FRQFHGHG  2KLR VKRXOG KDYH WKH
                          ,,$QDO\VLV                                RSSRUWXQLW\WRGHYHORSLWVRZQSURFHGXUHVIRUGHWHUPLQLQJ
                                                                       ZKHWKHUDSDUWLFXODUFODLPDQWLVUHWDUGHGDQGLQHOLJLEOHIRU
  ,Q D KDEHDV DSSHDO ZH UHYLHZ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV OHJDO    GHDWK:HQRWHWKDWZKHQGLVFXVVLQJUHWDUGDWLRQLQ$WNLQV
FRQFOXVLRQVGHQRYRDQGLWVIDFWXDOILQGLQJVIRUFOHDUHUURU          WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW FLWHG ZLWK DSSURYDO SV\FKRORJLVWVj DQG
6HH7D\ORUY:LWKURZ)GWK&LU              SV\FKLDWULVWVjmFOLQLFDOGHILQLWLRQVRIPHQWDOUHWDUGDWLRQlDQG
                                                                       SUHVXPDEO\H[SHFWHGWKDWVWDWHVZLOODGKHUHWRWKHVHFOLQLFDOO\
             $0HQWDOUHWDUGDWLRQDQG$WNLQV                       DFFHSWHGGHILQLWLRQVZKHQHYDOXDWLQJDQLQGLYLGXDOjVFODLPWR
                                                                       EHUHWDUGHG6HH6&WDWQ
   ,Q$WNLQVWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWKHOGDWWKHHQGRILWVWHUPWKDW
H[HFXWLQJDPHQWDOO\UHWDUGHGLQGLYLGXDOYLRODWHVWKH(LJKWK                           %7KHPL[HGSHWLWLRQSUREOHP
$PHQGPHQWjVEDQRQFUXHODQGXQXVXDOSXQLVKPHQWV6HH
 6&W DW   7KLV KROGLQJ DSSOLHV UHWURDFWLYHO\ LQ       %HFDXVH+LOOjV(LJKWK$PHQGPHQWPHQWDOUHWDUGDWLRQLVVXH
3HQU\Y/\QDXJKZKHQWKHTXHVWLRQZDVODVWEHIRUHLWWKH            LVUDLVHGIRUWKHILUVWWLPHLQWKLVIHGHUDOKDEHDVSURFHHGLQJ
&RXUWUHFRJQL]HGWKDWDFRQVWLWXWLRQDOUXOHEDUULQJH[HFXWLRQ          DQGKDVQRWEHHQUDLVHGLQVWDWHFRXUWLWFUHDWHVDVRFDOOHG
RIWKHUHWDUGHGZRXOGIDOORXWVLGH7HDJXHY/DQHjVEDQRQ             mPL[HGlSHWLWLRQ8QGHUWKH$QWLWHUURULVP$FWZHPD\QRW
UHWURDFWLYHDSSOLFDWLRQRIQHZFRQVWLWXWLRQDOUXOHVEHFDXVHLW         JUDQW D SHWLWLRQ FRQWDLQLQJ XQH[KDXVWHG FODLPV H[FHSW LQ D
SODFHGWKHDELOLW\WRH[HFXWHWKHUHWDUGHGmEH\RQGWKH6WDWHjV         QDUURZUDQJHRIVSHFLDOFLUFXPVWDQFHVQRWSUHVHQWKHUHRU
SRZHUl86GLVFXVVLQJ7HDJXH              XQOHVVWKH6WDWHH[SOLFLWO\ZDLYHVWKHH[KDXVWLRQUHTXLUHPHQW
86     $OWKRXJK $WNLQV EDUUHG WKH          ZKLFKLWKDVQRWGRQH6HH86&E
H[HFXWLRQ RI WKH PHQWDOO\ UHWDUGHG LW GLG QRW VHW GRZQ D
SURFHGXUH IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ ZKHWKHU DQ LQGLYLGXDO LV                 :H PD\ GHQ\ D PL[HG SHWLWLRQ RQ LWV PHULWV VHH LG
VXIILFLHQWO\ UHWDUGHG WR HVFDSH H[HFXWLRQ OHDYLQJ LW WR WKH   EEXWZHZLOOQRWGRVRKHUHEHFDXVHWKHLVVXH
VWDWHV WR GHYHORS mDSSURSULDWH ZD\V WR HQIRUFH WKH              UHJDUGLQJ WKH YROXQWDULQHVV RI +LOOjV FRQIHVVLRQ UDLVHV D
FRQVWLWXWLRQDOUHVWULFWLRQVlRQH[HFXWLQJWKHPHQWDOO\UHWDUGHG       VHULRXV TXHVWLRQ  m>$@ FRQIHVVLRQ FDQQRW EH XVHG LI LW LV
MXVW DV WKH\ GHYHORSHG QHZ VDIHJXDUGV WR SUHYHQW WKH           LQYROXQWDU\l8QLWHG6WDWHVY0DFNOLQ)G
H[HFXWLRQRIWKHLQVDQHIROORZLQJWKH&RXUWjVUXOLQJLQ)RUG           WK &LU  FHUW GHQLHG  86   FLWLQJ
Y:DLQZULJKW$WNLQV6&WDWFLWLQJ)RUG            8QLWHG6WDWHVY:DVKLQJWRQ86