Court Opinion

ID: 4536592
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-26 19:00:44.752109+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:51:03.113502
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                           MAY 26 2020
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                       SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                                         OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

             UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                       OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:                                                BAP Nos. NC-19-1235-BTaF
                                                               NC-19-1255-BTaF
ARTEM KOSHKALDA,                                                (Cross Appeals)

              Debtor.                                 Bk. No. 18-30016-HLB

ARTEM KOSHKALDA,                                      Adv. No. 18-03020-HLB

              Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

v.                                                           MEMORANDUM*

SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION; EPSON
AMERICA, INC.,

              Appellees/Cross-Appellants.

                     Argued and Submitted on March 26, 2020

                                 Filed – May 26, 2020

                Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                    for the Northern District of California

         *
         This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for
 whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential
 value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
       Honorable Hannah L. Blumenstiel, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

Appearances:        Appellant/Cross-Appellee Artem Koshkalda argued pro se;
                    Henry S. David of The David Firm argued for Appellees/
                    Cross-Appellants Seiko Epson Corporation and Epson
                    America, Inc.

Before:      BRAND, TAYLOR, and FARIS, Bankruptcy Judges.

                                  INTRODUCTION

      Appellant/Cross-Appellee Artem Koshkalda appeals a judgment

granting partial summary judgment to Seiko Epson Corporation and Epson

America, Inc. (together "Seiko Epson") on its objection to discharge claims

under § 727(a)(2)(A),1 (a)(3), and (a)(7), and denying Koshkalda's motion for

summary judgment on those claims and others. Seiko Epson cross-appeals

the court's ruling summarily denying its costs under Rule 7054(b).

      We conclude that the bankruptcy court did not err in granting Seiko

Epson's motion for partial summary judgment and denying Koshkalda's

motion for summary judgment. However, the bankruptcy court should have

allowed Seiko Epson an opportunity to submit a bill of costs before denying

them. Accordingly, we AFFIRM in part, VACATE in part, and REMAND.

       1
        Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the
 Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, all "Rule" references are to the Federal Rules of
 Bankruptcy Procedure, and all "Civil Rule" references are to the Federal Rules of Civil
 Procedure.

                                             2
      I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A.    The Nevada District Court litigation

      Prior to his bankruptcy filing, Koshkalda was in the business of

importing and selling ink cartridges and selling printers overseas. He also

invested heavily in residential real estate, individually and through some of

his many wholly-owned entities.

      On September 8, 2016, Seiko Epson filed suit against Koshkalda, ART,

LLC (his wholly-owned LLC), and others in the District of Nevada for

trademark infringement and counterfeiting, unfair competition, and false

advertising. In September and October 2016, Seiko Epson seized two laptops

and business records from ART's offices in Reno, Nevada.

      On July 31, 2017, the district court issued a temporary restraining order

("TRO"), freezing Koshkalda's and ART's assets and enjoining them from

transferring, selling or otherwise disposing of any existing or acquired real or

personal property, and from spending more than $3,000 per month without

prior court approval. Koshkalda and ART were also prohibited from opening

any new bank accounts. Koshkalda appeared at an August 3, 2017 hearing

before the district court, where the TRO was addressed.

      On August 7, 2017, the district court held a hearing on an Order to

Show Cause on issuance of a preliminary injunction. None of the defendants

appeared. The court orally granted the injunction, after finding that Seiko

Epson had demonstrated a substantial likelihood of success on the merits and

                                       3
that Koshkalda was dissipating and would continue to dissipate assets.

      On August 22, 2017, the district court issued an Order for Asset Seizure

and Impoundment, which froze the assets of Koshkalda and ART ("Freeze

Order"). Koshkalda's emergency motions seeking relief from the Freeze Order

to permit him and his companies to pay various obligations were denied.

      When Koshkalda continued to violate the Freeze Order, the district

court entered an order on October 27, 2017, finding him in contempt and

ordering turnover of his and ART's assets to Seiko Epson. The court then

entered an Amended Freeze Order (together with the TRO and Freeze Order,

the "Freeze Orders"), in which it eliminated the $3,000 monthly spending

allowance but otherwise retained substantially the same provisions as the

Freeze Order.

      Eventually, the district court struck Koshkalda's and ART's answers

due to repeated discovery abuses and violations of court orders and entered

their defaults. On January 16, 2018, it entered a $12 million default judgment

against Koshkalda and ART. That decision was appealed to the Ninth Circuit

Court of Appeals, which recently affirmed.

B.    Postpetition events

      Koshkalda and ART filed chapter 11 bankruptcy cases in California on

January 5, 2018.2 Upon conversion to chapter 7, E. Lynn Schoenmann was

       2
          The bankruptcy court later retroactively annulled the automatic stay to let the
 default judgment stand and to allow Koshkalda's and ART's appeal to proceed.

                                             4
appointed as trustee in Koshkalda's case.

      Seiko Epson filed a complaint objecting to Koshkalda's discharge under

§ 727(a)(2)(A), (a)(3), (a)(5), and (a)(7), and seeking to except the judgment

from Koshkalda's discharge under separate fraudulent transfer and actual

fraud theories under § 523(a)(2)(A) and under (a)(6). In total, Seiko Epson

asserted seven claims.3

      1.     The parties' cross-motions for summary judgment

      Koshkalda moved for summary judgment on Seiko Epson's five

unstayed claims for relief ("MSJ"). Seiko Epson opposed the MSJ and filed its

own motion for partial summary judgment ("PSJ"), seeking relief on four of

its five unstayed claims.

      Seiko Epson's claim under § 727(a)(2)(A)/(a)(7) and fraudulent

transfer claim under § 523(a)(2)(A)

      In support of these claims, Seiko Epson submitted undisputed evidence

that Koshkalda had sold property, opened new bank accounts, obtained

loans, encumbered his assets, made charges to his credit cards and spent

more than $3,000 per month, all of which Seiko Epson argued violated the

Freeze Orders. In particular, on August 10, 2017, one week after he

admittedly knew about the TRO, Koshkalda, on behalf of Renoca, LLC (his

        3
         After the complaint was filed, the bankruptcy court stayed Seiko Epson's claim
 for actual fraud under § 523(a)(2)(A) and its § 523(a)(6) claim, pending resolution of the
 appeal of the Nevada judgment. Prosecution of the § 523(a)(2)(A) fraudulent transfer
 claim and the § 727 claims continued.

                                             5
wholly-owned LLC), sold what is known as the Giacomo Property, and

deposited the $380,506.48 in sale proceeds into a new bank account, which he

had opened two days prior on August 8, 2017. On August 11, 2017,

Koshkalda transferred $308,119.84 of the deposited sale proceeds to third

parties.

      As direct evidence of his intent to hinder, delay or defraud Seiko Epson,

Seiko Epson offered Koshkalda's deposition testimony that he opened the

new bank account on August 8, 2017, for the sole purpose of depositing the

$380,506.48 in proceeds from the Giacomo Property sale so they would not

"vanish" or "disappear" or "something" — as would have happened if he had

deposited those funds into the pre-existing bank accounts known to Seiko

Epson or had disclosed the new account's existence to Seiko Epson.

      To establish that the transfer of the Giacomo Property (and other

property) constituted Koshkalda's property, Seiko Epson alleged that

Koshkalda commingled his and his companies' money. For example, he

deposited the Giacomo Property sale proceeds into his personal bank

account, though the property was owned by Renoca, LLC. Further,

Koshkalda's wholly-owned real property servicing company, Privat Group,

LLC, did not keep the revenues and expenses for each of the other companies

in separate accounts — much less segregate the revenue and expenses for

each property. And Koshkalda deposited rental income from tenants into one

of his personal bank accounts rather than into Privat Group's bank account.

                                       6
Moreover, many millions of dollars were transferred back and forth between/

among Koshkalda and his companies, and he provided no accounting for

these transfers — just bank statements showing withdrawals of "cash" and

numerous unidentifiable "counter" transactions. In addition, ART had made

deposits for properties it never owned on Koshkalda's behalf, or on behalf of

his other companies, and paid expenses for properties as to which Koshkalda

claimed he and his companies had no interest.

      In defense of Seiko Epson's § 727(a)(2)(A)/(a)(7) and § 523(a)(2)(A)

fraudulent transfer claims, Koshkalda argued that opening the new bank

account, selling the Giacomo Property, depositing the sale proceeds and

using them to pay his mortgage creditors did not violate the Freeze Orders or

establish his intent to hinder, delay or defraud Seiko Epson. Koshkalda

argued that, had he not made the mortgage payments, it would have

triggered the accrual of default interest, which would have "encumbered" the

assets in violation of the Freeze Orders. Thus, his actions did not constitute a

dissipation of funds, but rather they were an attempt to comply with the

Freeze Orders. Koshkalda did not dispute that he commingled funds with his

companies. However, he argued that he never hid his activities from Seiko

Epson nor used his companies to defraud creditors.

      Seiko Epson's claims under § 727(a)(3)/(a)(7)

      Seiko Epson moved for summary judgment based on Koshkalda's and

ART's lack of records for the post-seizure period. Seiko Epson argued that

                                        7
Koshkalda failed to keep basic records one would expect to be kept for his

businesses, especially given the millions of dollars in transfers from one

account to another, millions of dollars in product sales and related expenses,

millions of dollars for the purchase and sale of numerous properties, and the

revenues and expenses associated with renting out certain real property.

      For example, Koshkalda failed to keep for himself, ART, and his other

companies any general ledgers, check registers, cancelled checks, balance

sheets, income statements, credit card statements, customer invoices, invoices

from vendors/suppliers, accounts payable/receivable aging reports, loan

agreements, and many of the bank statements from his and his companies' at

least 118 bank accounts. Specifically, as to the bank statements for ART: the

entity had 31 bank accounts and there were no bank statements for 14 of

them; five accounts were missing statements from November 2016 through

March 2019; three accounts were missing statements from December 2017

through March 2019; and one account in Koshkalda's name dba ART was

missing statements from September 2015 through March 2019.

      Seiko Epson's forensic accountant and expert witness, Ryan Nguyen,

opined that, given the businesses of Koshkalda and his companies, the books

and records from October 2016 to the petition date of January 5, 2018, were

inadequate to ascertain the financial condition or the business transactions of

Koshkalda and his companies. Nguyen said he was unable to determine:

(1) the amount of assets and liabilities of Koshkalda and his companies; (2) if

                                       8
there were undisclosed assets; (3) the validity of creditors' claims; (4) whether

the chapter 7 trustee had any claims to pursue; (5) the purpose of Koshkalda's

and his companies' 118 bank accounts; and (6) the accuracy of the information

in what records Koshkalda (or third parties) provided or whether any

apparent discrepancies in those records could be reconciled.             In

defense of Seiko Epson's claims under § 727(a)(3)/(a)(7), Koshkalda argued

that, because Seiko Epson had not returned the seized business records taken

in September and October 2016, he could not provide them. In any case,

argued Koshkalda, Seiko Epson could determine his and his companies'

financial condition with the over 10,000 pages of post-seizure documents he

did provide. Koshkalda asserted that, because of the Freeze Orders, he was

denied electronic access to his bank accounts and therefore was unable to

download all of his bank statements.

      Koshkalda conceded that he was not the best bookkeeper but argued

that the law did not require him to be. He admittedly never kept certain

records, such as general ledgers, check registers or cancelled checks. And

some things, such as customer invoices or invoices from vendors/suppliers,

did not exist, because ART's ink cartridge business was on hold since the

September and October 2016 seizures. Koshkalda argued that he was not an

"insider" of ART within the meaning of § 101(31)(B), and so Seiko Epson was

not entitled to summary judgment on its § 727(a)(7) claim for failure to keep

records under (a)(3).

                                        9
      Seiko Epson's claim under § 727(a)(5)

      Koshkalda moved for summary judgment on Seiko Epson's § 727(a)(5)

claim. Seiko Epson had alleged that Koshkalda failed to explain satisfactorily

the loss of substantial assets, including $1.7 million in a Ukrainian bank

account. Koshkalda argued that he disclosed all of his assets, that all cash in

his bank accounts was transferred to his bankruptcy estate, and that he lost

real properties to foreclosure as a result of the Freeze Order, which prohibited

him from paying the mortgages.

      2.    Ruling on the PSJ and MSJ

      Prior to the hearing on the cross-motions for summary judgment, the

bankruptcy court issued tentative rulings, which it later adopted as its final

rulings in two written orders. As to the PSJ, the court: granted the motion on

Seiko Epson's § 727(a)(2)(A), (a)(3), and (a)(7)/(a)(3) claims; denied the motion

on Seiko Epson's § 727(a)(7)/(a)(2)(A) claim; and denied as moot the motion

for Seiko Epson's claim under § 523(a)(2)(A) (for fraudulent transfer). The

court denied the MSJ in its entirety, including relief to Koshkalda on Seiko

Epson's § 727(a)(5) claim, finding that disputed material facts existed, making

summary judgment on that claim inappropriate.

      The bankruptcy court also entered a final judgment in the adversary

proceeding, which disposed of all of Seiko Epson's claims. The court entered

judgment in favor of Seiko Epson under § 727(a)(2)(A), (a)(3), and

(a)(7)/(a)(3), and it dismissed as moot its remaining claims under § 727(a)(5)

                                       10
and § 523(a)(2)(A) and (a)(6). The court ordered that each party bear its own

attorney's fees and costs. These timely cross-appeals followed.

                                 II. JURISDICTION

      The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and

157(b)(2)(I) and (J). We have jurisdiction over the MSJ and PSJ orders and

judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 158.4

                                      III. ISSUES

1.    Did the bankruptcy court err in granting the PSJ and denying the MSJ?

2.    Did the bankruptcy court err in denying costs without allowing Seiko

Epson an opportunity to submit a bill of costs?

                          IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      We review de novo the bankruptcy court's summary judgment ruling.

Salven v. Galli (In re Pass), 553 B.R. 749, 756 (9th Cir. BAP 2016).

      In objection to discharge appeals under § 727, the bankruptcy court's

determinations of the facts are reviewed for clear error, and its selection of the

applicable legal rules under § 727 and application of the facts to those rules

are reviewed de novo. See Retz v. Samson (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189, 1196 (9th

Cir. 2010).

       4
         After filing his notice of appeal, Koshkalda filed a motion to alter or amend,
 which the bankruptcy court denied. To the extent he appeals the order denying that
 motion, we lack jurisdiction because Koshkalda did not file a notice of appeal after the
 order was entered or file an amended notice of appeal to include that order. See Olomi v.
 Tukhi (In re Tukhi), 568 B.R. 107, 112 (9th Cir. BAP 2017).

                                            11
        The bankruptcy court's decision whether to award costs is reviewed for

an abuse of discretion. Hosseini v. Key Bank, N.A. (In re Hosseini), 504 B.R. 558,

563 (9th Cir. BAP 2014); Young v. Aviva Gelato, Inc. (In re Aviva Gelato, Inc.), 94
B.R. 622, 624 (9th Cir. BAP 1988). A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it

applies an incorrect legal standard or if its factual findings are illogical,

implausible or without support from evidence in the record. United States v.

Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).

                                V. DISCUSSION

A.      The bankruptcy court did not err in granting the PSJ and denying the
        MSJ.

        1.   Summary judgment standards

        Civil Rule 56, made applicable in adversary proceedings by Rule 7056,

mandates entry of summary judgment where the moving party demonstrates

the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and entitlement to judgment as

a matter of law. Thrifty Oil Co. v. Bank of Am. Nat'l Tr. & Sav. Ass'n, 322 F.3d
1039, 1045 (9th Cir. 2003). A material fact is one that, "under the governing

substantive law . . . could affect the outcome of the case." Id. at 1046 (citing

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). A genuine issue of

material fact exists when "'the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could

return a verdict for the nonmoving party.'" Id. (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at

248).

////

                                         12
      2.    Analysis

      We begin our analysis by noting that, to effectuate the fresh start policy,

a claim for denial of a discharge under § 727 is construed liberally in favor of

the debtor and strictly against the party objecting to discharge. First Beverly

Bank v. Adeeb (In re Adeeb), 787 F.2d 1339, 1342 (9th Cir. 1986).

            a.    The bankruptcy court did not err by denying Koshkalda's
                  discharge under § 727(a)(3).

      As relevant here, § 727(a)(3) directs the court to grant a debtor a

discharge unless the debtor has failed to keep or preserve any recorded

information, including books, documents, records, and papers, from which

the debtor's financial condition or business transactions might be ascertained,

unless the debtor's failure to act was justified under the circumstances. The

purpose of § 727(a)(3) is to make discharge dependent on the debtor's true

presentation of his financial affairs. Caneva v. Sun Cmtys. Operating Ltd. P'ship

(In re Caneva), 550 F.3d 755, 761 (9th Cir. 2008). "The disclosure requirement

removes the risk to creditors of 'the withholding or concealment of assets by

the bankrupt under cover of a chaotic or incomplete set of books or records.'"
Id. (quoting Burchett v. Myers, 202 F.2d 920, 926 (9th Cir. 1953)). "The statute

does not require absolute completeness in making or keeping records." Id.

(citing Rhoades v. Wikle, 453 F.2d 51, 53 (9th Cir. 1971)). "Rather, the debtor

must 'present sufficient written evidence which will enable his creditors

reasonably to ascertain his present financial condition and to follow his

                                        13
business transactions for a reasonable period in the past.'" Id. (quoting

Rhoades, 453 F.2d at 53).

      To establish a prima facie case under § 727(a)(3), a creditor must show:

      (1) that the debtor failed to maintain and preserve adequate
      records, and (2) that such failure makes it impossible to ascertain
      the debtor's financial condition and material business transactions.
      After showing inadequate or nonexistent records, the burden of
      proof then shifts to the debtor to justify the inadequacy or
      nonexistence of the records.
Id. The bankruptcy court found that the undisputed evidence

overwhelmingly demonstrated that Koshkalda failed to keep adequate

business records, and that this failure made it impossible to ascertain his

financial condition and material business transactions.

      Many of Koshkalda's arguments here are irrelevant because they

pertain to pre-seizure documents he claims Seiko Epson failed to return. The

documents at issue in the PSJ were those that Seiko Epson claimed Koshkalda

failed to keep and preserve post-seizure. We also reject his argument that the

bankruptcy court improperly considered the adequacy of his pre-seizure

records. It did not consider such records. In any case, it appears that Nguyen

only referenced such records to illustrate Koshkalda's and his companies'

need for business records.

      Koshkalda argues that the bankruptcy court should not have faulted

him for not having post-seizure business records for ART because it was no

                                       14
longer engaged in the ink cartridge business after the September and October

2016 seizures. But ART was apparently engaged in other types of business

after October 2016 because Koshkalda testified that ART had $2 million in

revenues in 2017. Yet, he produced no invoices, purchase orders, or anything

else for those sales.

      Lastly, Koshkalda argues that he explained all of the transactions with

which Seiko Epson took issue and supported those explanations with

documents that he and third parties produced in discovery. He argues that

these documents provided a clear picture as to his financial condition and

were enough for the chapter 7 trustee to effectively administer his estate. But

§ 727(a)(3) "places an affirmative duty on the debtor to create books and

records accurately documenting his business affairs." In re Caneva, 550 F.3d at

762 (emphasis added). The trustee and creditors are not required to subpoena

third parties to get financial information a debtor should have. Further,

according to Nguyen's undisputed testimony, what post-seizure records

Koshkalda did produce for himself and his entities were incomplete. He

provided only some (but not all) bank statements, a few credit card

statements, and documents relating to the purchase and sale of real

properties.

      "[W]hen a debtor is sophisticated and carries on a business involving

substantial assets, creditors have an expectation of greater and better record

keeping." Id. Koshkalda owned numerous businesses and had substantial

                                       15
assets. Yet, he provided no evidence of any basic record keeping whatsoever

for the post-seizure period for himself or any entity, such as general ledgers,

check registers, invoices, balance sheets and income statements, and he

admitted that he had none. Without those documents, which Koshkalda

admitted he did not keep, the trustee and creditors could not ascertain his

true financial condition and material business transactions.

      Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did not err in granting Seiko Epson

and denying Koshkalda summary judgment on Seiko Epson's claim under

§ 727(a)(3).

               b.   The bankruptcy court did not err by denying Koshkalda's
                    discharge under § 727(a)(7)/(a)(3).

      Section 727(a)(7) provides for denial of a debtor's discharge if the debtor

has committed any act specified in paragraph (2), (3), (4), (5), or (6) of §

727(a), on or within one year before the date of the filing of the petition, or

during the case, in connection with another bankruptcy case concerning an

insider. Simply put, § 727(a)(7) deprives an individual debtor of a discharge if

he or she engages in conduct on behalf of an insider which violates any of

these enumerated subsections of § 727(a).

      To succeed on a § 727(a)(7) claim, the movant must prove by a

preponderance of the evidence: (1) the elements of § 727(a)(2), (3), (4), (5), or

(6) are met; (2) the actions occurred during the current case or within one year

prepetition; and (3) the actions are in connection with the bankruptcy case of

                                        16
an insider. De Anda v. Song (In re Song), 449 B.R. 84, 97 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 2011).

For an "individual" debtor, the term "insider" includes a "corporation of

which the debtor is a director, officer, or person in control." § 101(31)(A)(iv).

The term "corporation" includes an "unincorporated company or association."

§ 101(9)(A)(iv). Because the term "corporation" is a "term of art that is broader

than the ordinary meaning of that word," Gilliam v. Speier (In re KRSM Props.,

LLC), 318 B.R. 712, 717 n.5 (9th Cir. BAP 2004), we have interpreted §

101(9)(A)(iv) to include limited liability companies, Vill. at Lakeridge, LLC v.

U.S. Bank N.A. (In re Vill. at Lakeridge, LLC), BAP Nos. NV-12-1456-PaKiTa and

NV-12-1474-PaKiTa, 2013 WL 1397447, at *4 n.8 (9th Cir. BAP Apr. 5, 2013)

(citing In re Longview Aluminum, LLC, 657 F.3d 507, 509 n.1 (7th Cir. 2011)),

aff'd sub nom. U.S. Bank N.A. v. Vill. at Lakeridge, LLC (In re Vill. at Lakeridge,

LLC), 814 F.3d 993 (9th Cir. 2016), aff'd sub nom. U.S. Bank N.A. ex rel. CW

Capital Asset Mgmt. LLC v. Vill. at Lakeridge, LLC, 138 S. Ct. 960 (2018).

      Ordinarily, determination of insider status is a question of fact. Miller

Ave. Prof'l & Promotional Servs., Inc. v. Brady (In re Enter. Acquisition Partners,

Inc.), 319 B.R. 626, 630 (9th Cir. BAP 2004). In this case, however, the

bankruptcy court held that ART was an insider of Koshkalda as a matter of

law, based on undisputed facts. Koshkalda does not dispute that ART is a

debtor or that he, as the human responsible for ART, failed to keep and

preserve books and records for ART. He disputes the bankruptcy court's

purported ruling that he is a statutory insider of ART. The court made no

                                          17
such ruling. In fact, it correctly stated that the relevant inquiry is whether

ART is a statutory insider of Koshkalda. The court found that ART was an

insider of Koshkalda under § 101(9)(A)(iv) and (31)(A)(iv). It also found that

ART was a non-statutory insider of Koshkalda.

      We reject Koshkalda's argument that the bankruptcy court's ruling is

contrary to the Panel's holding in Enterprise Acquisition Partners, 319 B.R. at

632. There, the Panel considered a different statute, namely § 101(31)(B), and

the term "insider" in the context of when the debtor is a "corporation." The

debtor at issue here was Koshkalda, not ART. Further, whether the term

"corporation" in § 101(9)(A)(iv) includes an LLC was not before the Panel.

Thus, Enterprise Acquisition Partners has no relevance here. In any case, as we

stated above, the Panel has opined that the term "corporation" in

§ 101(9)(A)(iv) includes an LLC. In re Vill. at Lakeridge, LLC, 2013 WL 1397447,

at *4 n.8.

      Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did not err in granting Seiko Epson

and denying Koshkalda summary judgment on Seiko Epson's claim under

§ 727(a)(7)/(a)(3). 5

        5
         Koshkalda also appeals the bankruptcy court's order denying his motion to
 compel discovery. Interlocutory orders such as this merge into the final judgment
 deciding the merits. Roque v. Yniguez (In re Roque), BAP No. EC-13-1048-KiPaJu, 2014
WL 351424, at *5 (9th Cir. BAP Jan. 31, 2014) (citing United States v. Real Prop. Located at
 475 Martin Ln., Beverly Hills, Cal., 545 F.3d 1134, 1141 (9th Cir. 2008)). We review orders
 concerning discovery for an abuse of discretion. See Epstein v. MCA, Inc., 54 F.3d 1422,
 1423 (9th Cir. 1995) (per curiam).
                                                                                  (continued...)

                                              18
             c.     The bankruptcy court did not err by denying Koshkalda's
                    discharge under § 727(a)(2)(A).

      Although we could affirm on the bankruptcy court's decisions to deny

Koshkalda's discharge under § 727(a)(3) or (a)(7), we also review its ruling

denying his discharge under § 727(a)(2)(A). While it is the rare case where a

debtor's intent to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor can be established on

summary judgment, the court's finding of intent was warranted here.

      Section 727(a)(2)(A) directs the court to grant a debtor a discharge

unless the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor has

transferred or concealed property of the debtor, within one year before the

date of the filing of the petition. The burden of proof is on the creditor to

show by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the debtor transferred or

concealed property; (2) the property belonged to the debtor; (3) the transfer

occurred within one year of the bankruptcy filing; and (4) the debtor executed

the transfer with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor. Aubrey v.

Thomas (In re Aubrey), 111 B.R. 268, 273 (9th Cir. BAP 1990). The intent to

      5
        (...continued)
         Koshkalda argued that Seiko Epson failed to return the business records it seized
 from ART's premises in September and October 2016, and that without them, he was
 unable to defend against the § 727(a)(3) claim. Koshkalda moved to compel access to the
 storage facility where he believed Seiko Epson was still allegedly storing the seized
 records. Seiko Epson maintained that all records had been returned and submitted
 sworn declarations in support. The bankruptcy court denied the motion because
 Koshkalda failed to provide any evidence that the records remained at the storage
 facility. We conclude that the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in denying
 Koshkalda's motion to compel discovery.

                                            19
hinder, delay, or defraud is a "question of fact that requires the trier of fact to

delve into the mind of the debtor and may be inferred from surrounding

circumstances." Searles v. Riley (In re Searles), 317 B.R. 368, 379 (9th Cir. BAP

2004) (citing Emmett Valley Assocs. v. Woodfield (In re Woodfield), 978 F.2d 516,

518 (9th Cir. 1992)).

      Koshkalda does not challenge the bankruptcy court's finding that he

was an alter ego of his many wholly-owned companies including, but not

limited to, ART and Renoca, LLC. Thus, the transfers at issue consisted of

Koshkalda's property. See Singh v. Singh (In re Singh), BAP No. CC-17-1353-

FLS, 2019 WL 1231146, at *6 (9th Cir. BAP Mar. 14, 2019) (debtor's property

includes property held by debtor's alter ego). There is also no dispute that the

transfers at issue occurred within one year of the petition date.

      Koshkalda does, however, challenge the bankruptcy court's finding as

to his intent. He first argues that whether or not the transfers violated the

Freeze Orders was "highly disputable" and should have been adjudicated by

trial. Koshkalda also continues to defend the monthly mortgage payments he

made after the Freeze Orders, arguing that they were necessary to avoid

accrual of default interest and late charges, which he believed constituted an

"encumbrance" that violated the Freeze Orders. Koshkalda fails to recognize

that payments to other creditors would not necessarily negate his intent to

hinder, delay or defraud Seiko Epson. Section 727(a)(2)(A) "requires only that

the debtor make the transfer with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud 'a

                                         20
creditor.' There is no requirement that the debtor intend to hinder all of his

creditors." In re Adeeb, 787 F.2d at 1343. Thus, Koshkalda's intent to protect his

mortgage creditors does not negate his intent to hinder or delay Seiko Epson.
Id.

       As the bankruptcy court noted, the Freeze Orders were intended to

preserve Koshkalda's property for Seiko Epson's benefit and to prevent the

very activity he engaged in. He clearly ignored them, and was even cited for

contempt by the district court for doing so. As much as Koshkalda wants to

debate what the Freeze Orders permitted or prohibited, the direct evidence

showed that he consciously and deliberately transferred property that clearly

was subject to the Freeze Orders and concealed property from Seiko Epson.

His intent to hinder, delay or defraud Seiko Epson was established by his sale

of the Giacomo Property on August 10, 2017, his opening of the bank account

two days prior (unbeknownst to Seiko Epson) in order to deposit the

$380,506.48 in sale proceeds, and his immediate transfer of those funds to

others for the admitted purpose of preventing the money from "vanishing" or

"disappearing" to Seiko Epson. A debtor's admission that property was

transferred to another to avoid garnishment by a judgment creditor

establishes a prima facie case under § 727(a)(2)(A). In re Aubrey, 111 B.R. at

273.

       Koshkalda argues that the TRO expired on August 7, 2017. Thus,

during the "gap" period of time between August 7, 2017, and the August 22,

                                        21
2017 Freeze Order, he maintains that he was permitted to engage in the

conduct he did. Koshkalda did not raise this argument in the cross-motions

for summary judgment. In any case, we reject it. Koshkalda knew that Seiko

Epson was seeking a permanent restraining order at the August 7, 2017

hearing, which the district court orally granted. Therefore, his transfers

during the "gap" period were made with the knowledge that his assets were

likely to be frozen or were possibly subject to being frozen. And his

admission shows his intent in opening the new bank account and

immediately transferring nearly all of the sale proceeds to third parties was to

prevent Seiko Epson from getting any of the available funds.

      Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did not err in granting Seiko Epson

and denying Koshkalda summary judgment on Seiko Epson's claim under

§ 727(a)(2)(A).

            d.    The bankruptcy court did not err in denying Koshkalda
                  summary judgment on Seiko Epson's § 727(a)(5) claim.

      The only argument Koshkalda raises here is that the bankruptcy court

erred by "completely ignoring his arguments" and ruling in favor of Seiko

Epson on this claim. We disagree. The court carefully reviewed the evidence

submitted by both parties regarding Seiko Epson's § 727(a)(5) claim and

found that material facts existed to preclude summary judgment. In any case,

even if we were to reverse on this issue, the record supports the court's

decision to deny Koshkalda's discharge under § 727(a)(2)(A), (a)(3), and

                                       22
(a)(7).6

B.     The bankruptcy court erred in denying costs without allowing Seiko
       Epson an opportunity to submit a bill of costs.

       Seiko Epson argues that the bankruptcy court erred by not giving it the

opportunity to file a bill of costs after entry of the judgment. Instead, the

court summarily denied them in the judgment. Koshkalda responds that

Seiko Epson never raised the argument of awarding attorney's fees in its PSJ,

so it should be precluded from doing so on appeal. Seiko Epson is not asking

for attorney's fees; it is asking for the opportunity to file a bill of costs, which

were prayed for in the complaint.

       Rule 7054(b)(1) provides —

       Costs Other Than Attorney's Fees. The court may allow costs to the
       prevailing party except when a statute of the United States or these
       rules otherwise provides. . . . Costs may be taxed by the clerk on 14
       days' notice; on motion served within seven days thereafter, the
       action of the clerk may be reviewed by the court.

It is undisputed that Seiko Epson was the prevailing party in an objection to

discharge case, and there is no statutory prohibition to the award of costs.

           6
          The bankruptcy court denied Seiko Epson's claim under § 523(a)(2)(A)
 (fraudulent transfer) as moot, entered a judgment dismissing that claim as moot and,
 therefore, denied the MSJ with respect to that claim and dismissed as moot Koshkalda's
 then-pending motion to dismiss that claim. Other than reciting those facts, Koshkalda
 does not assign any error by the court in denying his MSJ on this claim or dismissing as
 moot the motion to dismiss this claim. Thus, this issue has been abandoned. Wilcox v.
 Comm'r, 848 F.2d 1007, 1008 n.2 (9th Cir. 1988) (arguments not addressed on appeal by a
 pro se litigant are deemed abandoned).

                                           23
      With its permissive language, an award of costs under Rule 7054(b)(1)

is within the sound discretion of the bankruptcy court. In re Aviva Gelato, Inc.,
94 B.R. at 624. Other than citing Rule 7054(b), Seiko Epson does not cite any

authority that a prevailing party must be given the opportunity to submit a

bill of costs before the court can deny them.

      While the rule may provide support for Seiko Epson's argument despite

its permissive nature, Civil Local Rule 54-1 for the Northern District of

California7certainly suggests that what Seiko Epson argues is true:

      54-1. Filing of Bill of Costs

      (a) Time for Filing and Content. No later than 14 days after entry
      of judgment or order under which costs may be claimed, a
      prevailing party claiming taxable costs must serve and file a bill of
      costs.
      ...
      (c) Waiver of Costs. Any party who fails to file a bill of costs within
      the time period provided by this rule will be deemed to have
      waived costs.

In other words, the prevailing party has the opportunity to file and serve

within 14 days after entry of the judgment a bill of costs, and if the party fails

to do so, the party is deemed to have waived costs. Accordingly, because the

rule contemplates the opportunity to request costs after judgment, the

       7
         Bankruptcy Local Rule 1001-2(a) for the Northern District of California states
 that Civil Local Rules 54-1 through 54-4 apply to matters regarding costs in bankruptcy
 cases and adversary proceedings.

                                           24
bankruptcy court should have given Seiko Epson an opportunity to submit a

bill of costs before summarily denying them in the judgment.

      Alternatively, we conclude that the bankruptcy court's ruling denying

costs cannot stand, because the court failed to provide any reasons for

denying them. Even though Rule 7054(b)(1) is more permissive as to the

allowance of costs as compared to the more mandatory nature of Civil Rule

54(d)(1) (the court "should" allow costs to the prevailing party), the court

must state its reasons for denying costs under Rule 7054(b)(1). In re Hosseini,
504 B.R. at 564; In re Aviva Gelato, Inc., 94 B.R. at 624.

      Accordingly, because the bankruptcy court did not give Seiko Epson an

opportunity to submit a bill of costs as contemplated by Civil Local Rule 54-1,

if not also Rule 7054(b)(1), and further erred by not providing the reasons for

denying costs, we must VACATE that part of the judgment.

                                VI. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment in part, VACATE

the judgment in part, and REMAND for the limited purpose of allowing

Seiko Epson the opportunity to submit a bill of costs. Koshkalda will have the

opportunity to object to the bill of costs once filed.

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