Court Opinion

ID: 4013972
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-08 00:13:21.887613+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:31:17.771224
License: Public Domain

J-S37004-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                        PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

MICHAEL J. DUNCAN

                            Appellant                 No. 237 WDA 2015

             Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence March 2, 2012
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Washington County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-63-CR-0000357-2011

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., SHOGAN, J., and LAZARUS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.:                           FILED JULY 07, 2016

        Appellant, Michael J. Duncan, appeals nunc pro tunc from the

judgment of sentence entered in the Washington County Court of Common

Pleas, following his jury trial convictions for first-degree murder and criminal

conspiracy.1 We affirm.

        This Court previously set forth the relevant facts of this case as

follows:

           John Lynn Newman [(“Victim”)] was shot to death on
           February 3, 2003, in California, Pennsylvania. On January
           24, 2012, a jury found that [Victim’s] death was the result
           of a conspiracy and/or solicitation between John Ira
           Bronson, Jr. [(“Codefendant”) and Appellant].          Any
           complete summary of the facts for the intervening nine

____________________________________________

1
    18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2502(a), 903, respectively.
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       years must begin with the circumstances that led to this
       conspiracy and/or solicitation.

       In 2002, [Victim] was approached by the PSP
       [(Pennsylvania State Police)] and informed “that he had
       been investigated and [that] felony drug charges against
       him [were] pending.” In October of that year, Trooper
       Aaron Borello (“Trooper Borello”) approached [Victim]
       about becoming a confidential informant (“CI”) for the
       PSP.    Trooper Borello and [Victim] then set about
       performing a buy/bust involving [Victim’s] supplier,
       [Codefendant]. After [Codefendant] was observed selling
       200 pills of Oxycodone to [Victim], [Codefendant] was
       arrested. The PSP searched [Codefendant’s] home and
       found about $384,000 in cash which was seized.1
          1
            [Codefendant] eventually pled guilty to [federal
          charges of] drug trafficking and was incarcerated.

       After his arrest, [Codefendant] began acting as a C.I., first
       with the PSP and then for the [FBI]. While working with
       the PSP, [Codefendant] asked Trooper Borello directly if it
       was [Victim] who had informed on him. Unfortunately,
       [Codefendant’s] participation as a C.I. was fruitless and
       ended “within a week” prior to [Victim’s] death.

       At some point after [Codefendant’s] arrest, [Appellant]
       spoke with his associate, Howard Irwin (“Irwin”), about
       another man, “[Michael] Bowman [(“Bowman”),] having
       some type of hookup where he [could] make some
       money…taking care of [an unnamed] snitch.” Irwin then
       witnessed, at his home, a meeting between [Appellant],
       [Codefendant], and Bowman, a drug dealer and associate
       of [Codefendant].    During the meeting, [Codefendant]
       asked [Appellant] to kill [Victim] and [Appellant] agreed.
       [Codefendant] asked Bowman to cooperate in the killing,
       but Bowman declined.

       Prior to [Victim’s] death, Robert Bedner (“Bedner”) called
       Brian Dzurco (“Dzurco”). Phone records revealed that the
       call occurred on January 20, 2003, about two weeks before
       the death of [Victim]. Bedner put [Codefendant] on the
       phone with Dzurco[.] [Codefendant] asked Dzurco to set
       up a meeting with [Victim]. Dzurco agreed because he

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       believed the matter to be related to a drug debt. After
       receiving information that the meeting might be fatal for
       [Victim], Dzurco chose not to arrange it. Shawn Geletei
       (“Geletei”) testified that, while in jail, [Appellant]
       approached him and bragged about his intention to murder
       [Victim]. He recalled that the conversation was prior to
       [Victim’s] death. Geletei specifically testified:

          [Appellant] come over and asked if I knew [Victim].
          I said, yeah. He says, I’m going to take his ass out.
          And     he    started      saying    something     about
          [Codefendant] and drugs and all this. I said, I’m
          only in here [in jail] for child support, I don’t want to
          get involved in this. And he kept on running his
          mouth saying about him being a monster and taking
          people out before and all this.

       Through phone records and witness testimony, the
       following timeline of February 3, 2003, being the day of
       the killing, was revealed:

       At 7:32 p.m.[,] a call was made from [Victim’s] cell phone
       to Brian Horner (“Horner”), which lasted 3 minutes and 19
       seconds. Sometime before 8:00 p.m.[,] [Victim] asked his
       wife for $300.00, ostensibly for cartons of cigarettes, but
       was, most likely, to buy heroin. At 7:56 p.m.[,] a call was
       made from [Victim’s] cell phone to Horner, which lasted 1
       minute and 9 seconds. Sometime after receiving the
       money, [Victim] left the house. He met Geletei in the alley
       between their houses to discuss acquiring Oxycodone.
       Geletei told [Victim] that he could not locate any
       Oxycodone. [Victim] told Geletei that he was going to
       meet Horner.

       Upon returning home, [Victim] informed his wife that
       Horner needed a ride and he left again. At 8:08 p.m.[,]
       [Victim] called a drug client named Amelia Pajerski
       (“Pajerski”). At approximately 8:30 p.m.[,] [Victim] sold
       Pajerski stamp bags of heroin. He told Pajerski that the
       heroin was from Horner.     Pajerski specifically recalled
       being home in time to watch a favorite show by 9:05 p.m.
       At approximately 9:00 p.m.[,] [Victim’s] daughter heard
       the distinctive sound of her father’s car pass by their
       house. At 9:03 p.m.[,] [Victim] called Geletei’s landline,

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       which lasted for 6 seconds. Thereafter, [Victim] was killed
       by a bullet fired at close range while he was sitting in his
       car, which was parked down the street from his home.

       Next, the record reveals the events of February 4, 2003,
       as follows: Early in the morning, [Victim’s] daughter
       noticed his car parked down the street from their house.
       She observed her father inside the car, but the car door
       was locked. Upon returning to the car with Mrs. Newman,
       they found [Victim] dead and contacted the authorities.
       The police searched the scene and located a spent bullet
       casing inside the car, and an unfired cartridge outside of
       the vehicle. [Victim] had $115.00 in cash, a marijuana
       “roach”, a cell phone, and ten packets of heroin. Around
       12:00 p.m.[,] Ryan Givens called [Appellant] to inform him
       that [Victim] had been killed, to which [Appellant]
       responded, “snitches get dealt with.” The authorities took
       Horner in for questioning and tested his hands for gunshot
       residue. The results allowed the tester to state “that
       [Horner] could have fired a gun, could have come in
       contact with something that had gunshot primer residue
       on it,” or “that [Horner] was in very close proximity to a
       firearm when it was discharged.”

       It took several years for charges to be filed in this “cold
       case[.”] The relevant events of the years are summarized
       herein:

       In March, 2003, Irwin asked [Appellant] to wire money to
       him while on vacation. The money, being $931.00, was
       transferred on March 10, 2003. Also in early March,
       [Appellant] appeared early one morning at the home of his
       drug associate, Gerald Hull (“Hull”). Hull’s home was used
       to cook and store crack cocaine. [Appellant] opened a safe
       located within the Hull residence, to which only he and
       Irwin had access. At that time, [Appellant] was heard
       making a call. The exact nature of the call was unclear.
       However, Hull, who was admittedly high on crack at the
       time, recalled hearing [Appellant] speak about shooting
       someone. [Appellant], who appeared “giddy, nervous,
       [and] agitated,” pointed a gun in Hull’s face before leaving.
       When Irwin later returned from vacation, he discovered
       that [Appellant] had “disappeared[.”] Irwin f[ound] that
       the safe had been emptied. The safe’s contents, being

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       money, drugs and a nine millimeter (9 mm) pistol, were
       missing, and only a cell phone was left behind.

       In April of 2003, while on furlough, Bowman spoke with
       [Appellant], who told Bowman that he killed [Victim], and
       explained the manner in which he did it. [Appellant] told
       Bowman that he was in the rear of [Victim’s] car and shot
       him in the left ear. Between April and June of 2003,
       Bowman had a three-way call with a woman and
       [Appellant]. Again, [Appellant] admitted that he killed
       [Victim].2
          2
            The [trial court] notes that the testimony regarding
          this call was elicited from Bowman on cross-
          examination. Defense counsel asked Bowman “you
          are saying…that [Appellant] made a three-way call in
          a recorded jail call where he goes, yeah, that’s right,
          I killed that guy; is that what you are saying to the
          jury?” Bowman answered “That’s exactly what l’m
          telling the jury.”

       In September of 2003, PSP Trooper James Monkelis
       (“Trooper Monkelis”) and Trooper Beverly Ashton (“Trooper
       Ashton”) interviewed [Appellant].        [Appellant] denied
       having ever been in California, PA, and denied knowing
       [Victim]. When told of [Victim’s] death, [Appellant] said
       that he did not “whack” him, despite not being told the
       nature of [Victim’s] death.3 [Appellant] also identified
       [Victim] as a snitch. [Victim’s] role as a C.I. had not been
       released to the public. [Appellant] made other inculpatory
       statements, such as:

       1. Stating that “hypothetically” someone, implying
       [Victim], owed someone else, implying [Codefendant], a
       lot of money.

       2. Stating that he could not do the time and worrying that
       he would rather not be [“]45, 46 or 46, 47 at the clubs.”

       3. In response to the interviewer stating that it might have
       been self-defense, [Appellant] stated “come on, man, you
       seen that crime scene, it couldn’t have been self[-
       ]defense.”4

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          3 The [trial court] notes that it was public knowledge
          that [Victim] had been killed.
          4
           The [trial court] notes that no crime scene photos
          had been released at the time of the interview.

       In late 2003, a former corrections officer, Eric DeLong
       (“DeLong”), encountered [Appellant] in a bar. DeLong
       overheard [Appellant] state, “yeah, I popped that guy in
       the back of the head [in] California.” A few days later,
       DeLong reported this incident to the PSP, who put him in
       touch with the FBI. Despite this report, DeLong “didn’t
       hear     anything   for,   approximately,  seven    years.”
       Approximately two and a half years after Irwin first
       discovered that [Appellant] had fled California, PA, he
       finally spoke to [Appellant]. When Irwin asked [Appellant]
       why he had left California, PA, [Appellant] gave his
       reasons, admitting to killing [Victim] and also to Horner’s
       involvement. [Appellant] told Irwin that “Brian Horner was
       running [Appellant’s] name about being involved in the
       homicide and [Horner] was actually the one that...brought
       [Victim] out [of] the house and…brought him to the car.
       And [Appellant] was in the car and [Appellant] whacked
       [Victim].”    [Appellant] went on to tell Irwin that he
       “whacked,” or killed, [Victim] because he was a “snitch”.

       In January 2011, [Appellant] was arrested in Amherst,
       Ohio. He was interviewed again by Trooper Monkelis[,]
       and again made inculpatory statements.         [Appellant]
       stated that “snitches get dealt with.” He stated that “he
       never owned or carried that caliber of a weapon.”5 After
       the interview, [Appellant] was transported back to
       Pennsylvania. [Appellant], while en route, spoke in further
       detail about his views on snitches, saying that even “God
       doesn’t like snitches.”

       In August of 2011, [Codefendant] was housed in the
       Washington County Correctional Facility (“WCCF”) in
       connection with being charged in this case. In December
       of 2011, [Codefendant] admitted to Michael McCarthy, a
       fellow inmate, that he attended the 2002 meeting…at
       Irwin’s house. [Codefendant] admitted that the meeting
       concerned “offing[,”] or killing, [Victim]. McCarthy then
       reported the conversation to the authorities.

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              5
               The [trial court] notes that the caliber of the
              weapon [had not been] released.

Commonwealth           v.     Duncan,      No.    541   WDA   2012,      unpublished

memorandum at 1-6 (Pa.Super. filed October 30, 2014).

        On   January    13,    2011,    the    Commonwealth    charged    Appellant,

Codefendant, and Howard Irwin with first-degree murder and criminal

conspiracy.       The Commonwealth filed a motion to consolidate the three

cases, which the trial court granted.2           On September 22, 2011, Appellant

filed two motions to suppress out-of-court statements, which the court

granted in part and denied in part on November 2, 2011. On December 19,

2011, the Commonwealth filed a motion in limine seeking to restrict

Appellant’s cross-examination of certain witnesses, which the court granted

on December 29, 2011. On January 24, 2012, a jury convicted Appellant of

first-degree murder and conspiracy.              The court sentenced Appellant on

March 2, 2012, to life imprisonment for first-degree murder, plus a

consecutive term of fifteen (15) to thirty (30) years’ incarceration for

conspiracy. Appellant timely appealed, and this Court affirmed the judgment

of sentence on waiver grounds because Appellant’s court-ordered Pa.R.A.P.

1925(b) statement was insufficiently concise.           See id.   On December 3,

2014, Appellant pro se filed a timely petition under the Post Conviction Relief

____________________________________________

2
    Howard Irwin subsequently entered a guilty plea.

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Act (“PCRA”).3      The PCRA court appointed counsel, who filed an amended

petition seeking restoration of Appellant’s direct appeal rights nunc pro tunc.

The court granted the requested relief on January 30, 2015. On February 6,

2015, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal nunc pro tunc. On that same

date, the court ordered Appellant to file a Rule 1925(b) statement. After the

court granted two extensions, Appellant timely complied.

        Appellant raises the following issues for our review, which we have

reordered for ease of disposition:

          I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT STATED
          THAT   THE  SUPERIOR   COURT   HAD   PREVIOUSLY
          ADDRESSED THE MAJORITY OF APPELLANT’S CLAIMS ON
          APPEAL?[4]

          II. WHETHER      THE    TRIAL     COURT     ERRED
          WHEN…APPELLANT WAS NOT PERMITTED TO TESTIFY TO
          ALIBI EVIDENCE DURING HIS DIRECT EXAMINATION?

          III. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING
          THE COMMONWEALTH’S MOTION IN LIMINE?
____________________________________________

3
    42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546.
4
  In Appellant’s first appeal, this Court determined Appellant had waived all
issues because prior appellate counsel had filed an excessively long and
vague Rule 1925(b) statement. The PCRA court then reinstated Appellant’s
direct appeal rights nunc pro tunc based on prior counsel’s ineffective
assistance with respect to his failure to file a proper Rule 1925(b) statement.
Under these circumstances, where Appellant was effectively deprived of his
right to a direct appeal, this Court’s previous disposition does not preclude
merits review of any claims Appellant raises in the instant appeal. See
Commonwealth v. Halley, 582 Pa. 164, 870 A.2d 795 (2005) (stating
duplicative review is permissible following reinstatement of defendant’s
direct appeal rights nunc pro tunc on ground that counsel was ineffective for
failing to perfect direct appeal). Thus, we dispose of Appellant’s first issue.

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         IV. WHETHER  THE   COMMONWEALTH     COMMITTED
         MISCONDUCT WHEN IT FAILED TO PRODUCE AND
         DESTROYED THE VICTIM’S CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT
         FILE?

         V. WHETHER THE VERDICTS OF GUILTY WERE AGAINST
         THE WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE?

         VI. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT
         DISCOVERED   THAT  A   JUROR   HAD   OUTSIDE
         COMMUNICATION WITH AN ATTORNEY REGARDING THE
         TRIAL?

         VII. WHETHER  THE   EVIDENCE PRESENTED WAS
         SUFFICIENT TO CONVICT…APPELLANT OF CRIMINAL
         HOMICIDE AND CONSPIRACY?

         VIII.  WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT
         DENIED APPELLANT’S MOTIONS TO SUPPRESS?

         IX. WHETHER    THE  COMMONWEALTH      COMMITTED
         MISCONDUCT WHEN IT FAILED TO DISCLOSE TO THE
         JURY THAT A WITNESS WAS OFFERED IMMUNITY TO
         PROSECUTION IN EXCHANGE FOR HIS TESTIMONY?

         X. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING
         THE COMMONWEALTH’S MOTION TO JOIN/CONSOLIDATE
         [APPELLANT’S] TRIAL WITH…CO-DEFENDANT?

(Appellant’s Brief at 5).

      In his second issue, Appellant argues his personal testimony regarding

his whereabouts on the night of the murder was admissible despite his

failure to file a notice of intent to present an alibi defense pursuant to

Pa.R.Crim.P. 567.     Appellant contends the lack of Rule 567 notice would

justify exclusion only of alibi evidence other than Appellant’s own testimony.

Appellant concludes the trial court’s exclusion of his alibi testimony was

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highly prejudicial and warrants a new trial. We cannot agree.

      “The admission or exclusion of evidence is within the sound discretion

of the trial court and will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of that

discretion.”   Commonwealth v. Rosarius, 771 A.2d 29, 32 (Pa.Super.

2001). An alibi is “a defense that places the defendant at the relevant time

in a different place than the scene involved and so removed therefrom as to

render it impossible for him to be the guilty party.”       Commonwealth v.

Kolenda, 544 Pa. 426, 431, 676 A.2d 1187, 1190 (1996).              Pennsylvania

Rule of Criminal Procedure 567 states in relevant part:

         Rule 567. Notice of Alibi Defense

         (A) Notice by Defendant. A defendant who intends to
         offer the defense of alibi at trial shall file with the clerk of
         courts not later than the time required for filing the
         omnibus pretrial motion provided in Rule 579 a notice
         specifying an intention to offer an alibi defense, and shall
         serve a copy of the notice and a certificate of service on
         the attorney for the Commonwealth.

         (1) The notice and a certificate of service shall be signed
         by the attorney for the defendant, or the defendant if
         unrepresented.

         (2) The notice shall contain specific information as to the
         place or places where the defendant claims to have been
         at the time of the alleged offense and the names and
         addresses of the witnesses whom the defendant intends to
         call in support of the claim.

         (B) Failure to File Notice.

         (1) If the defendant fails to file and serve the notice of
         alibi as required by this rule, the court may exclude
         entirely any evidence offered by the defendant for the
         purpose of proving the defense, except testimony by the

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        defendant, may grant a continuance to enable the
        Commonwealth to investigate such evidence, or may make
        such other order as the interests of justice require.

                                *     *      *

Pa.R.Crim.P. 567 (emphasis added). “Although an alibi defense is generally

presented with accompanying alibi witnesses or other evidence placing the

defendant at a place other than the scene of the crime at the time of its

commission, the testimony of the accused may, by itself, be sufficient to

raise an alibi defense and entitle him to an appropriate jury instruction.”

Commonwealth v. Pounds, 490 Pa. 621, 631-32, 417 A.2d 597, 602

(1980). Where an alibi defense is raised and counsel requests the relevant

jury instruction, “The strength of the Commonwealth’s case does not render

the absence of an instruction harmless error.”           Commonwealth v.

Kolenda, 544 Pa. 426, 432, 676 A.2d 1187, 1190 (1996).

     Instantly, Appellant testified at trial in his own defense.      Defense

counsel asked Appellant where he was on the night Victim was killed.

Appellant said he went to a strip club.          When defense counsel asked

Appellant what time he went there, the Commonwealth objected and the

following exchange occurred at sidebar:

        [COMMONWEALTH]:           We had no notice of alibi in this
        case. The date of death has been in discovery and known
        since 2003. We cannot get into this. It’s improper. It’s
        impermissible, frankly. We can’t do it.

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:          Just to talk about whether he
        was [at the strip club] that evening is not impermissible.

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         THE COURT:                  You already said that he was at
         some strip club. I still don’t know the name of it.

         [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:            Filly Corral.

         THE COURT:                    Where is that?

         [COMMONWEALTH]:               It’s in New Stanton.

         THE COURT:                 I don’t know. I never heard of
         that. You can’t go any further on that subject.

         [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:            We will move ahead.

         THE COURT:                    You can’t go any further without
         notice.

         [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:            We will move ahead.

(N.T. Trial, 1/23/12, at 1845-46). Shortly thereafter, defense counsel again

elicited testimony from Appellant regarding his whereabouts on the night of

the homicide.    Appellant testified that he went to Gerald Hull’s house

“between 3:00 [a.m.] and 4:00 [a.m.] or 4:30 [a.m.]”                Id. at 1850.

Appellant further stated: “I had stopped at Denny’s to get something to eat

after I left the strip club, Denny’s in Belle Vernon.      I left the strip [club]

around 2:00, 2:30 in the morning, so it had to be around 4:00 [a.m.]” Id.

The Commonwealth again objected to Appellant’s alibi testimony, based on

lack of Rule 567 notice, and requested a cautionary instruction. At sidebar,

the following discussion took place:

         [COMMONWEALTH]:               My objection still stands.

         [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:       I         understand     what     [the
         Commonwealth] is saying.

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       [COMMONWEALTH]:           You just gave [Appellant] an
       alibi for the entire --

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:        Who should I respond to first?

       THE COURT:                And then where after Denny’s?

       [COMMONWEALTH]:           Gerald Hull’s.

       THE COURT:                 I took it to mean that the
       Commonwealth was complaining, as they did earlier
       object, that you were trying to get in an alibi defense.

       [COMMONWEALTH]:           We are.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:        It’s not ─ it’s a time.

       [COMMONWEALTH]:             [Defense counsel], you        have
       just alibied him out for the time of the homicide.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:        Absolutely not.

       [COMMONWEALTH]:           Are you kidding me?       Are you
       kidding me?

       THE COURT:                You are trying to get an alibi
       defense in through the back door without a notice.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:    We did not. I’m asking ─ the
       question was did he go to Gerald Hull’s house that
       evening.

       THE COURT:                He should have just answered
       yes.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:        He answered what he answered.

       THE COURT:                   What he answered provided an
       alibi for certain times that are important as to –-

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:       I understand       what    you    are
       saying. We will move ahead.

       THE COURT:                And you didn’t put on a notice

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       of an alibi.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:       Absolutely   right.   Absolutely
       right.

       THE COURT:                Had you done so, you would
       have been permitted to present this testimony, but [the]
       Commonwealth would have had notice and they could
       have done interviews and investigations.

       [COMMONWEALTH]:            Just moving ahead is not good
       enough. The Commonwealth believes that a cautionary
       instruction should be given.

       THE COURT:               What cautionary instruction are
       you requesting?

       [COMMONWEALTH]:           [Appellant’s] testimony should
       be stricken and not considered.

       THE COURT:              I’m not going to repeat that
       testimony because we have all heard it differently.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:      If   the   [c]ourt feels   it’s
       sustainable, I have no problem with you sustaining the
       objection.

       THE COURT:             I sustained it. But they are
       going one step beyond that. They want a cautionary
       instruction.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:       It can be stricken.

       THE COURT:                 That’s part of a cautionary
       instruction. [Appellant’s] response or answer to the last
       question regarding his whereabouts on --

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:       At 4:30.

       [COMMONWEALTH]:          February 3rd into February 4th.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:        I think the theory is [the
       homicide] happened at 9:00 or 9:30. This is hours, hours,
       hours and they can cross-examine on him.

                                - 14 -
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        THE COURT:                  I don’t know what time he went
        to the strip joint, whatever you call these places.

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:          This answer is absolutely part of
        their theory in their case. It’s seven, eight hours.

        THE COURT:                 You haven’t laid that foundation,
        [defense counsel].

        [COMMONWEALTH]:              Let’s be 100 percent up front.
        Your client just said that the prior evening, which stands to
        reason that means sometime before midnight.

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:         No, it doesn’t.

        [COMMONWEALTH]:             He was at this strip club and
        went to Denny’s and then to Gerald Hull’s house. If you
        knew that’s where he was, then you were required to file a
        notice of alibi. This date was a date certain from the very
        moment you took this case. And furthermore, saying that
        we can cross-examine him on this is disingenuous because
        that then gets an alibi defense even more ─

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:       I’m     not    trying to   be
        disingenuous. I’m simply putting my response on the
        record. That’s it. That’s all I want to do. You make a
        ruling.

Id. at 1852-54.   The Commonwealth objected to Appellant’s testimony on

the ground that Appellant failed to file Rule 567 notice of an alibi defense.

In response to the Commonwealth’s objection, defense counsel did not claim

Appellant’s testimony was admissible under the Rule 567(B)(1) exception

regarding a defendant’s personal alibi testimony. Instead, defense counsel

asserted the testimony was not alibi evidence per se because it did not

necessarily cover the time of the homicide. On appeal, Appellant changes

course and attempts to characterize the testimony as alibi evidence to take

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advantage of the Rule 567 exception. Appellant’s failure at trial to raise the

admissibility of his testimony under that exception, however, constitutes

waiver of the issue on appeal.    See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (stating issues not

raised in trial court are waived and cannot be raised for first time on

appeal); Commonwealth v. York, 465 A.2d 1028, 1032 (Pa.Super. 1983)

(stating new and different theory of relief may not be successfully advanced

for first time on appeal). Moreover, defense counsel at one point stated he

had “no problem” with the court sustaining the objection and conceded the

testimony could be stricken, which arguably provides an additional basis for

waiver. Therefore, we decline to address Appellant’s second issue on waiver

grounds.

      In his third issue, Appellant argues the court should have permitted

him to cross-examine the Commonwealth’s police witnesses regarding the

names of individuals other than Codefendant whom Victim might have

informed on in his capacity as a CI.          Appellant asserts that line of

questioning could have affected the jury’s evaluation of the officers’

credibility and exposed other people with a motive to kill Victim. Appellant

concludes the court’s grant of the Commonwealth’s motion in limine

restricting Appellant’s cross-examination in this regard was improper and

warrants a new trial. We disagree.

      “Generally, a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion in limine

is subject to an evidentiary abuse of discretion standard of review.”

                                     - 16 -
J-S37004-16

Commonwealth v. Reese, 31 A.3d 708, 715 (Pa.Super. 2011) (en banc).

Evidence that someone other than the defendant might have committed the

charged crime is admissible. Commonwealth v. Rivers, 537 Pa. 394, 405,

644 A.2d 710, 715 (1994). Nevertheless, “Merely suggesting that someone

else may have had a motive is not evidence.”         Id. (holding trial court

properly prevented defense counsel, during cross-examination of detective,

from eliciting inference that another individual had been suspect in

investigation, absent evidence to support that inference).

      Instantly, the Commonwealth filed a pretrial motion in limine to

prohibit Appellant from cross-examining law enforcement officers regarding

the names of people other than Codefendant who might have been a target

of Victim’s work as a CI. The court granted the motion based on Appellant’s

lack of supporting evidence for his theory that Victim informed on other

individuals who were aware of Victim’s cooperation with police and had a

motive to kill Victim. In other words, the proposed cross-examination would

be just a fishing expedition. The court’s order made clear that Appellant was

permitted to present evidence that a specific someone else had committed

the homicide. Therefore, the court properly exercised its discretion when it

granted the Commonwealth’s motion in limine. See id.; Reese, supra.

      In his fourth issue, Appellant argues the PSP’s eradication of Victim’s

CI file constituted a bad faith destruction of potentially useful defense

evidence. Appellant contends the information in the file was central to the

                                    - 17 -
J-S37004-16

Commonwealth’s theory that Codefendant approached Appellant to carry out

an execution of Victim because Victim had informed on Codefendant.

Appellant asserts the file would have revealed whether Victim had provided

information on other individuals involved in the drug trade. Appellant claims

the PSP should have deviated from its record destruction protocol in light of

the ongoing investigation into Victim’s death.      Appellant concludes the

destruction of Victim’s CI file violated Appellant’s due process rights.   We

cannot agree.

        “Under Brady[5] and subsequent decisional law, a prosecutor has an

obligation to disclose all exculpatory information material to the guilt or

punishment of an accused, including evidence of an impeachment nature.”

Commonwealth v. Roney, 622 Pa. 1, 22, 79 A.3d 595, 607 (2013). “To

establish a Brady violation, an appellant must prove three elements: (1) the

evidence at issue was favorable to the accused, either because it is

exculpatory or because it impeaches; (2) the evidence was suppressed by

the prosecution, either willfully or inadvertently; and (3) prejudice ensued.”

Id. When the Commonwealth fails to preserve “potentially useful” evidence,

as opposed to materially exculpatory evidence, no due process violation

occurs unless the defendant can prove the Commonwealth acted in bad

faith. Commonwealth v. Chamberlain, 612 Pa. 107, 30 A.3d 381 (2011).

____________________________________________

5
    Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963).

                                          - 18 -
J-S37004-16

“Potentially useful evidence is that of which no more can be said than that it

could have been subjected to tests, the results of which might have

exonerated the defendant.” Id. at 143, 30 A.3d at 402.

      Instantly, Codefendant filed a pretrial motion to compel production of

Victim’s CI file. The court denied the motion as moot because the PSP had

purged the file in 2009. There is no indication in the certified record that

Appellant joined in Codefendant’s motion.         Further, that motion merely

sought production of the CI file. Appellant was aware during trial that the

police had maintained a file pertaining to Victim’s work as a CI.                  Yet,

Appellant fails to cite any part of the record where he raised a Brady or due

process claim in connection with the PSP’s destruction of the file. Therefore,

Appellant waived his due process challenge on appeal.               See Pa.R.A.P.

302(a).

      Moreover,    Appellant   concedes    the   information   in   the     file   was

“potentially useful” at best, which required a showing of bad faith on the

part of the police.   See Chamberlain, supra.         In its initial Rule 1925(a)

opinion, the trial court reasoned:

          Presuming that [Appellant] adopted [Codefendant’s]
          Petition, [Appellant] still did not raise bad faith on the part
          of the Commonwealth. The [t]rial [c]ourt found by its
          December 27, 2011 Order that “the Commonwealth
          indicated that the [PSP], following standard state police
          practice regarding a person’s confidential informant file,
          purged [Victim’s] confidential informant file in 2009
          (following a five (5) years requirement to maintain this
          type of file)[.]” As the PSP destroyed this file two years
          prior to the filing of charges in this case and pursuant to a

                                      - 19 -
J-S37004-16

         standard document retention policy, the [c]ourt cannot
         characterize the Commonwealth’s failure to preserve the
         evidence as being done in bad faith.

(Trial Court Opinion, filed June 6, 2013, at 30).      Consequently, even if

Appellant had preserved the issue, we would accept the trial court’s bad faith

analysis and conclude Appellant’s due process challenge merits no relief.

      In his fifth issue, Appellant argues the Commonwealth failed to

produce any physical evidence linking him to the murder.               Appellant

contends the Commonwealth relied on circumstantial evidence, including

testimony from witnesses who were high on drugs or inside a loud club.

Appellant asserts the Commonwealth failed to show any evidence of a

conspiratorial agreement between Appellant and Codefendant outside of a

single alleged meeting.     Appellant concludes the verdict was against the

weight of the evidence. We cannot agree.

      Generally, an appellant must preserve a weight of the evidence

challenge by filing a motion in the trial court:

         Rule 607. Challenges to the Weight of the Evidence

         (A) A claim that the verdict was against the weight of
         the evidence shall be raised with the trial judge in a
         motion for a new trial:

         (1)   orally, on the record, at any time before sentencing;

         (2)   by written motion at any time before sentencing; or

         (3)   in a post-sentence motion.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A). “As noted in the comment to Rule 607, the purpose of

                                     - 20 -
J-S37004-16

this rule is to make it clear that a challenge to the weight of the evidence

must be raised with the trial judge or it will be waived.” Commonwealth v.

Gillard, 850 A.2d 1273, 1277 (Pa.Super. 2004), appeal denied, 581 Pa.
672, 863 A.2d 1143 (2004). A claim challenging the weight of the evidence

cannot be raised for the first time in a Rule 1925(b) statement.

Commonwealth v. Burkett, 830 A.2d 1034 (Pa.Super. 2003).                    An

appellant’s failure to avail himself of any of the prescribed methods for

presenting a weight of the evidence issue to the trial court constitutes

waiver of that claim, even if the trial court responds to the claim in its Rule

1925(a) opinion. Id.

      Instantly, Appellant failed to raise his weight claim at sentencing or in

a post-sentence motion. Instead, Appellant raised his weight claim for the

first time in his Rule 1925(b) statement in his initial appeal.     Therefore,

Appellant waived his challenge to the weight of the evidence. See id.

      After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the

applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinions of the Honorable Gary M.

Gilman and the Honorable Debbie O’Dell-Seneca, we conclude Appellant’s

remaining issues merit no relief.   The trial court opinions comprehensively

discuss and properly dispose of those questions. (See Trial Court Opinion,

filed September 2, 2015, at 10-13, 18-19; Trial Court Opinion, filed June 6,

2013, at 14-18, 20-23, 47-48 (incorporating in part Order of Court, filed

November 2, 2011)) (finding: (6) attorney, who was not involved in case

                                    - 21 -
J-S37004-16

and who knew juror, approached juror and asked whether he was serving on

case; juror replied that he could not discuss it and walked away; attorney

disclosed to Codefendant’s counsel that juror was involved in county politics

and had supported Washington County district attorney’s campaign in 2011;

all attorneys agreed juror’s politics had no bearing on whether he should be

removed; parties reached consensus that there were no grounds to remove

juror; (7) Commonwealth witnesses’ testimony established Codefendant set

up meeting in Mr. Irwin’s home, where Appellant agreed to kill Victim at

Codefendant’s request; while in jail, Appellant told fellow inmate of plan to

kill Victim; evidence established Appellant willfully and deliberately shot and

killed Victim; numerous witnesses testified that Appellant admitted killing

Victim; when viewed in light most favorable to Commonwealth, evidence

was sufficient to convict Appellant of first-degree murder and conspiracy;

(8) prior to police interviews on September 24, 2003 and January 14, 2011,

officers orally read Miranda6 warnings to Appellant; in each instance,

Appellant refused to sign written waiver form but orally agreed to waive his

Miranda rights and speak to police; Appellant’s oral waivers were sufficient;

during second interview, police ceased all questioning immediately when

Appellant requested attorney; Appellant voluntarily initiated subsequent

conversation     with    police    mostly      on   subjects   unrelated   to   murder

____________________________________________

6
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

                                          - 22 -
J-S37004-16

investigation; court suppressed Appellant’s response to officer’s question

during that conversation on whether Victim deserved to die; all of

Appellant’s other statements were admissible; (9) prosecution offered

Michael Bowman immunity in exchange for his testimony at Appellant’s trial;

disclosure of immunity agreement to jury would have been favorable to

Appellant; nevertheless, there is no indication Commonwealth suppressed or

withheld evidence of agreement; existence of agreement was apparent on

face of grand jury transcript; defense counsel received copy of grand jury

transcript before trial and repeatedly referred to it during cross-examination

of Mr. Bowman; therefore, Appellant had equal access to allegedly withheld

information     and   no    Brady     violation    occurred7;     (10)   Appellant   and

Codefendant were alleged to have participated in same series of acts or

transactions    constituting     charged       offenses;   both   were   charged     with

conspiracy; evidence was not so complex as to render jury incapable of

separating evidence as it applied solely to one defendant versus Appellant

and Codefendant collectively; evidence and testimony was extensive but it

____________________________________________

7
   To the extent Appellant complains he did not receive a copy of the
immunity agreement itself, that document was duplicative of the evidence
Appellant possessed regarding the existence of the agreement, i.e., the
grand jury transcript. See Commonwealth v. Lambert, 584 Pa. 461, 474,
884 A.2d 848, 856 (2005) (holding no Brady violation occurred where
Commonwealth did not disclose police activity sheet indicating witness had
changed his story after he failed polygraph examination, because that
information was reflected in other evidence turned over by Commonwealth
during pretrial discovery).

                                          - 23 -
J-S37004-16

all pointed toward Commonwealth’s simple theory of case, i.e., Codefendant

had Appellant kill Victim in retaliation for Victim’s cooperation with police as

CI, which resulted in Codefendant’s arrest; all evidence of solicitation was

presented as to Codefendant; all evidence of shooting was presented as to

Appellant; evidence of conspiracy was presented as to both Appellant and

Codefendant;     Appellant   failed   to   establish   he   was   prejudiced   by

consolidation of cases). Therefore, we affirm Appellant’s issues six through

ten on the basis of the trial court opinions.          Based on the foregoing,

Appellant is not entitled to relief on any of his issues on appeal. Accordingly,

we affirm.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/7/2016

                                      - 24 -
                                                                                                                      J
                                                                                        Circulated 06/14/2016 11:08 AM

IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                         CRIMINAL DIVISION

                                                      )
COMMONWEALTH OF                                       )
PENNSYLVANIA,                                         )
                                                      )
                                                      )
         vs.                                          )       CP-63-CR-0000357-2011
                                                      )       237 WDA2015
MICHAEL DUNCAN,                                       )
                                                      )
         DEFENDANT/APPELLANT.                         )

Gary Gilman, J.
SEPTEMBER 1, 2015

                         TRIAL OPINION PURSUANT TO Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)
         This Opinion serves as the trial court's Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion on the Defendant's

appeal regarding the trial court's Order of Sentence dated March 2, 2012 and filed March 5,

2012.1 After a jury trial, Defendant was found guilty of Criminal Homicide, Murder in the First

Degree, a felony of the first degree, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2501(a); and Criminal Conspiracy to Commit

Homicide, Murder in the First Degree, a felony of the first degree, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903.

(Reproduced Record ["R.R."] #4, 71). The trial court sentenced the Defendant as follows:

         1. Criminal Homicide, Murder in the First Degree, to pay his pro rata share of

               restitution   of $226.50     to the Pennsylvania          State Police     ("PSP") Harrisburg

               Laboratory;    to   complete     all   rehabilitative    treatment     recommended        by    the

I
  The trial was conducted by Judge Janet Moschetta Bell. Further, Judge Bell sentenced the Defendant. Judge Bell
retired on January 4, 2013. Consequently, the case was reassigned to then President Judge, Debbie O'Dell Seneca.
Judge O'Dell Seneca, the judge who authored the first 1925(a) opinion in this case, retired on January 4, 2015.
Therefore, the case was reassigned to Judge Gary M. Gilman. Judge Gilman reinstated the Defendant's direct
appeal rights. After the Defendant filed a concise statement of matters complaint, Judge Gilman authored the within
opinion.
           Pennsylvania Department of Corrections ("DOC"); and to be sentenced to a state

           prison for a mandatory period of life imprisonment. (R.R. 4).

       2. Criminal Conspiracy to Corrunit the Crime of Homicide, Murder in the First Degree,

           to pay his pro rata share of restitution of $226.50 to the PSP Harrisburg Laboratory;

           to pay his pro rata share of restitution of $1,842.50 to the PSP Greensburg Regional

           Laboratory; to complete all rehabilitative treatment recommended by the DOC; and to

           be sentenced to a state prison for a minimum of fifteen (15) years to a maximum of

           thirty (30) years consecutive to Count One above. (R.R. 4).

       The Defendant's aggregate sentence was life in prison plus a consecutive fifteen (15) to

thirty (30) years. (R.R. 4). Initially, this court appointed Defendant's current counsel, Attorney

Stephen Paul, to assist the Defendant with a Post-Conviction Relief Act ("PCRA") Petition.

However, after this court re-instated Defendant's direct appeal rights nunc pro tune, Attorney

Paul filed a notice of appeal and drafted Defendant's Concise Statement of Matters Complained

of on Appeal ("Concise Statement"). Of the twenty (20) issues raised in Defendant's current

Concise Statement, fifteen (15) were raised in Defendant's prior Concise Statement and

addressed by the trial court in the 2013 1925a Opinion. Thus, where appropriate and relevant,

this court incorporates sections of the 2013 1925a Opinion with the current 1925a Opinion.

Factual Background

       The facts of this case were comprehensively described in the 2013 1925a Opinion. That

text and accompanying references and citations are incorporated herein immediately below:

               John Lynn Newman       ("Newman") was shot to death on February 3, 2003,
       in California, Pennsylvania.   (Trial Transcript ["T.T."] 123.) On January 24, 2012,
       a jury found that Newman's      death was the result of a conspiracy and solicitation
       between John Ira Bronson,       Jr. ("Bronson"), the defendant herein, and his co-
       defendant at trial, Michael    J. Duncan C'Duncan"). (Docket 67). Any complete

                                                  2
           summary of the facts for the intervening nine years must begin with the
           circumstances that led to his conspiracy and solicitation.
                   In 2002, Newman was approached by the PSP and informed "that he had
           been investigated and [that] felony drug charges against him [were] pending."
           (T.T. 733). In October of that year, Trooper Aaron Borello ("Trooper Borello")
           approached Newman about becoming a confidential informant ("C.I.") for the
           PSP. (T.T. 733). Trooper Borello and Newman then set about performing a bust
           involving Newman's supplier, Bronson. (T.T. 736:22). After Bronson was
           observed selling 200 pills of Oxycodone to Newman, he was arrested. (T.T.
           737:20). The PSP searched Bronson's home and found about $384,000 in cash
           which was seized' (T.T. 748:15).
                   After his arrest, Bronson began acting as a C.I., first with the PSP and then
           for the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("F.B.I.") (T.T. 883:22-25). While
           working with the PSP, Bronson asked Trooper Borello directly if it was Newman
           who had informed on him. (T.T. 755-756). Unfortunately, Bronson's participation
           as a C.I. was fruitless and ended "within a week" prior to Newman's death. (T.T.
           888: 25).
                   At some point after Bronson's arrest, Duncan spoke with his associate,
           Howard Irwin ("Irwin"), about another man, "[Michael] Bowman ("Bowman"),
           having some type of hookup where he [could] make some money ... taking care
           of [an unarmed] snitch." (T.T. 1467: 21-22). Irwin then witnessed, at his home, a
           meeting between Duncan, Bronson, and Bowman, a drug dealer and associate of
           Bronson. (T.T. 1466: 7-14). During the meeting, Bronson asked Duncan to kill
           Newman and Duncan agreed. Bronson asked Bowman to cooperate in the killing,
           but Bowman declined. (T.T. 1031: 7-18).
                   Prior to Newman's death, Robert Bedner ("Bedner") called Brian Dzurco
           ("Dzurco"). (T.T. 1213). Phone records revealed that the call occurred on January
           20, 2003, about two weeks before the death of the victim. (T.T. 1238: 22-23).
           Bedner put Bronson on the phone with Dzurco, who asked Dzurco to set up a
           meeting with Newman. (T.T. 1226). Dzurco agreed because he believed the
           matter to be related to a drug debt. After receiving information that the meeting
           might be fatal for Newman, Dzurco chose not to arrange it. (T.T. 1230, 1231).
                   Shawn Geletei ("Geletei") testified that, while in jail, Duncan approached
           him and bragged about his intention to murder Newman. He recalled that the
           conversation was prior to Newman's death. Geletei specifically testified:
                    [Duncan] come over and asked if I knew Newman. I said,
                   yeah. He says, I'm going to take his ass out. And he started
                   saying something about Bronson and drugs and all this. I
                   said, I'm only in here [in jail] for child support, I don't
                   want to get involved in this. And he kept running his mouth
                   saying about him being a monster and taking people out
                   before and all this.
           (T.T. 794: 4-12).
                   Through phone records and witness testimony, the following timeline of February
           3, 2003, being the day of the killing, was revealed:

2
    Bronson eventually pled guilty to drug trafficking and was incarcerated. (T.T. 1777-1778).

                                                            3
        At 7:32 p.m. a call was made from Newman's cell phone to Brian Homer
(''Homer"), which lasted 3 minutes and 19 seconds. (T.T. 571: 5-12). Sometime before
8 :00 p.m. Newman asked his wife for $300.00, ostensibly for cartons of cigarettes, but
was, most likely to buy heroin. (T.T. 103: 7-12). At 7:56 p.m. a call was made from
Newman's cell phone to Homer, which lasted 1 minute and 9 seconds. (T.T. 571: 17-23).
Sometime after receiving the money, Newman left the house. (T.T. 74:11-25). He met
Geletei in the alley between their houses to discuss acquiring Oxycodone. Geletei told
Newman that he could not locate any Oxycodone. Newman told Geletei that he was
going to meet Homer. (T.T. 786-787).
        Upon returning home, Newman informed his wife that Homer needed a rise and
he left again. (T.T. 45: 6-10). At 8:08 p.m. Newman called a drug client named Amelia
Pajerski ("Pajerski"). (569: 24-25). At approximately 8:30 p.m. Newman sold Pajerski
stamp bags of heroin. (T.T. 320-321). He told Pajerski that the heroin was from Homer.
(T.T. 331: 4-5). Pajerski specifically recalled being home in time to watch a favorite
show by 9:05 p.m. (T.T. 320-321). At approximately 9:00 p.m. Newman's daughter
heard the distinctive sound of her father's car pass by their house. (T.T. 76-77). At 9:03
p.m. Newman called Geletei's landline, which lasted 6 seconds. Thereafter, Newman was
killed by a bullet fired at close range while he was sitting in his car, which was parked
down the street from his home. (T.T. 130-131).
        Next, the record reveals the events of February 4, 2003, as follows: Early in the
morning, Newman's daughter noticed his car parked down the street from their house.
She observed her father inside the car, but the car door was locked. (T.T. 78: 4-12). Upon
returning to the car with Mrs. Newman, they found the victim dead and contacted the
authorities. (T. T. 104-105). The police searched the scene and located a spent bullet
casing inside the car, (T.T. 143:10), and unfired cartridge outside the vehicle. (T.T. 175:
18). Newman had $115.00 in cash, (T.T. 185: 18-21), a marijuana "roach", (T.T.
1620:19), a cell phone, (T.T. 1620: 20), and ten packets of heroin. (T.T. 1620: 18).
Around 12:00 p.m. Ryan Givens called Duncan to inform him that Newman had been
killed, to which Duncan responded, "snitches get dealt with." (T.T. 1280: 10). The
authorities took Horner in for questioning and tested his hands for gunshot residue. The
results allowed the tester to state "that [Homer] could have fired a gun, could have come
in contact with something that had gunshot primer residue on it," (T.T. 664: 12-14), or
"that [Horner] was in very close proximity to a firearm when it was discharged." (T.T.
690: 8-10).
        It took several years for charges to be filed in this "cold case". The relevant events
of the years are summarized herein:
         In March, 2003, Irwin asked Duncan to wire money to him while on vacation.
(T.T. 1470: 5-10). The money, being $931.00, was transferred on March 10, 2003. (T.T.
 163 9: 17-21). Also in early March, Duncan appeared early one morning at the home of
his drug associate, Gerald Hull ("Hull"). Hull's home was used to cook and store crack
cocaine. Duncan opened a safe located within the Hull residence, to which only he and
Irwin had access. At that time, Duncan was heard making a call. (T.T. 1353: 16-23). The
exact nature of the call was unclear. However, Hull, who was admittedly high on crack at
the time, recalled hearing Duncan speak about shooting someone. (T.T. 1355: 25; 1356:
3-4). Duncan, who appeared "giddy, nervous, [and] agitated," (T.T. 1353: 18), pointed a
gun in Hull's face before leaving. (T.T. 1375: 17-18). When Irwin later returned from

                                          4
        vacation, he discovered that Duncan had "disappeared". (T.T. 1471: 18). Irwin found that
        the safe had been emptied. The safe's contents, being money, drugs and a nine millimeter
        (9mm) pistol, were missing, and only a cell phone was left behind. (T.T. 1472: 8-14;
        1592: 19-20).
                In April of 2003, while on furlough, Bowman spoke with Duncan, who told
        Bowman that he killed Newman, and explained the manner in which he did it. (T.T.
        1032: 11-12). Duncan told Bowman that he was in the rear of Newman's car and shot
        him in the left ear. (T.T. 1032: 19-21). Between April and June of 2003, Bowman had a
        three-way call with a woman and Duncan. (T.T. 1105). Again, Duncan admitted that he
        killed Newman. (T.T. 1113: 5-8).3
               In September of 2003, PSP Trooper James Monkelis ("Trooper Monkelis") and
        Trooper Beverly Ashton ("Trooper Ashton") interviewed Duncan. (T.T. 1639-1640). He
        denied having ever been in California, PA, and denied knowing Newman. (T.T. 1640: 16,
        24). When told of Newman's death, Duncan said that he did not "whack" him, despite not
        being told the nature of Newman's death.4 (T.T. 1641: 8). Duncan also identified
        Newman as a snitch. (T.T. 1641: 15). Newman's role as a C.I. had not been released to
        the public. (T.T. 1641: 16-25). Duncan made other inculpatory statements, such as:
                1. Stating that "hypothetically" someone, implying Newman, owed someone
                    else, implying Bronson, a lot of money. (T.T. 1641: 8-12).
               2. Stating that he could not do the time and worrying that he would rather not be
                    "45, 46, or 46, 47 at the clubs." (T.T. 1642: 15-16).
               3. In response to the interviewer stating that it might have been self-defense, he
                    stated "come on, man, you seen that crime scene, it couldn't have been self
                    defense."5
               In late 2003, a former corrections officer, Eric DeLong ("DeLong"), encountered
        Duncan in a bar. (T.T. 847: 16-20). DeLong overheard Duncan state, "yeah, I popped that
        guy in the back of the head [in] California." (T.T. 850: 9-12). A few days later, DeLong
        reported this incident to the PSP, who put him in touch with the FBI. (T.T. 851: 5-8).
        Despite this report, DeLong "didn't hear anything for, approximately, seven years." (T.T.
        851: 7-8).
                Approximately two and a half years after Irwin first discovered that Duncan had
        fled California, PA, he finally spoke to Duncan. When Irwin asked Duncan why he had
        left California, PA, Duncan gave his reasons, admitting to killing Newman and also to
        Homer's involvement. Duncan told Irwin that "Brian Horner was running [Duncan's]
        name about being involved in the homicide and [Homer] was actually the one that ...
        brought [Newman] out [of] the house and ... brought him to the car. And [Duncan] was
        in the car and [Duncan] whacked [Newman]." (T.T. 1472: 22-25; 1473: 3-4). Duncan
        went on to tell Irwin that he "whacked," or killed, Newman because he was a "snitch".
        (T.T. 1473: 11-13).

3
  The Court notes that the testimony regarding this call was elicited from Bowman on cross-examination. Defense
counsel asked Bowman "you are saying ... that [Duncan] made a three-way call in a recorded jail call where he
goes, yeah, that's right, I killed that guy; is that what you are saying to the jury?" Bowman answered "That's exactly
what I'm telling the jury." (T.T. 1078-1079).
4
  The Court notes that it was public knowledge that Newman had been killed.
5
  The Court notes that no crime scene photos had been released at the time of the interview. (T.T. 1643: 16-20).

                                                           5
                   In January 2011, Duncan was arrested in Amherst, Ohio. He was interviewed
           again by Trooper Monkelis (T.T. 1644: 4-7), and again made inculpatory statements. He
           stated that "snitches get dealt with." (T.T. 1645: 4). He stated that "he never owned or
           carried that caliber of a weapon.?" (T.T. 1645: 5-6). After the interview, Duncan was
           transported back to Pennsylvania. Duncan, while en route, spoke in further detail about
           his views on snitches, saying that even "God doesn't like snitches." (T.T. 1646: 5-21).
                   In August of 2011, Bronson was housed in the Washington County Correctional
           Facility ("WCCF'') in connection with being charged in this case. In December of 2011,
           Bronson admitted to Michael McCarthy, a fellow inmate, that he attended the 2002
           meeting with Duncan and Bowman at Irwin's house. (T.T. 1428: 12-13). He admitted
           that the meeting concerned "offing", or killing, Newman. (T.T. 1429: 15-16). McCarthy
           then reported the conversation to the authorities. (T.T. 1429: 20-23).

Procedural History

           The procedural history was set forth                 in the 2013 1925a Opinion. That text and

accompanying references and citations are incorporated herein immediately below:

                   These charges were initiated with a Washington County Grand Jury
           presentment dated December 8, 2010, recommending that Michael J. Duncan,
           John Ira Bronson, Jr., and Howard Edward Irwin, Jr. be charged with specific
           crimes. The recommendation with respect to Michael J. Duncan was Count One;
           Criminal Homicide, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(a), First Degree Murder, and Count
           Two: Criminal Conspiracy, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903. (Docket 6). On January 13, 2011,
           by Order of this Court, the Commonwealth was granted leave to disclose the
           Presentment as an attachment to the affidavit of probable cause to an issuing
           authority and the presentment was ordered unsealed and filed with the Clerk of
           Courts of Washington County. (Docket 6). Charges were filed on January 13,
           2011. Defendant Duncan's preliminary arraignment was held on January 14,
           2011, and after a preliminary hearing on February 2, 2011, Defendant was held
           for court on both charges. (Docket 10). The case was assigned to now-retired
           Judge Janet Moschetta Bell and she conducted a formal arraignment on April 14,
           2011. (Docket 11, 18). The Commonwealth filed its two-count Criminal
           Information on April 7, 2011. (Docket 12). On May 6, 2011, Attorney David S.
           Shrager filed a formal entry of appearance on behalf of defendant and entered a
           plea of not guilty on all charges on defendant's behalf. (Docket 14).
                   On July 8, 2012, defense counsel filed a Motion to Produce Additional
           Discovery and for an Extension of Time to File Pre-Trial Motions. (Docket 19).
           The Court granted that Motion by Order dated July 8, 2012. (Docket 19). The
           Commonwealth filed a Discovery Response on July 25, 2011. (Docket 20). On
           August 26, 2011, defense counsel filed a Motion for Extension of Time to File
           Pre-Trial Motions and that Motion was granted by Court Order. (Docket 21). On
           August 31, 2011, upon request of the Warden of the WCCF and for administrative

6
    The Court notes that the caliber of the weapon was never released, (T.T. 1645: 7-12).

                                                            6
and security reasons, the Court issued an Order permitting the transfer of
defendant Duncan from the WCCF to the Fayette County Jail. (Duncan 22).
       Defense counsel filed an Omnibus Pretrial Motion- Motion to Compel the
Grand Jury Transcript and by Order dated September 22, 2011, this Court
granted that Motion compelling the Commonwealth to turn over the Grand Jury
Testimony. (Docket 23). The Commonwealth did so without objection. Also on
September 22, 2011, defense counsel filed numerous Omnibus Pre-Trial Motions,
Motions in Limine, and other miscellaneous motions separately: Motion to
Transfer (Docket 24); Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion- Motion to Suppress (Docket
25); Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion - Motion to Suppress Extra-Judicial Statements
(Docket 26); and seven (7) different Omnibus Pre-Trial Motions- Motions in
Limine (Docket 27-33). The Court scheduled all of these Pre-Trial Motions for a
hearing on October 27, 2011. The Commonwealth filed its responses to the
numerous defense pre-trial motions listed above in Docket 37-48.
         Meanwhile, the Commonwealth on September 3 0, 2011, filed a Motion to
consolidate all three pending cases, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Michael J
Duncan, 357-2011; Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. John Ira Bronson, Jr.,
2217-2011; and, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Howard Edward Irwin, Jr.,
358-2011 (Docket 35). The Commonwealth's Motion was scheduled for argument
on October 21, 2011; all defense attorneys presented arguments against the
consolidation while the Commonwealth argued in favor of its Motion. (Docket
34). The Motion to Consolidate all three cases was granted by Court Order dated
October 25, 2011. (Docket 36).
         After a hearing and arguments on October 27, 2011, addressing the
numerous pending defense pre-trial motions, the Court issued a lengthy Order
dated October 31, 2012, denying or granting the pending motions. (Docket 49). In
Docket numbers 50 and 52, the Commonwealth filed Supplemental Discovery
Responses. The Court filed an Order scheduling the consolidated cases of
 Commonwealth v. Michael J Duncan and Commonwealth v. John Ira Bronson,
Jr. for jury trial on January 9, 2012. (Docket 51). The third co-defendant, Howard
 Edward Irwin, Jr. pursuant to a plea agreement, pled guilty to one count of
 Hindering Apprehension or Prosecution - False Informationto Law Enforcement,
 a felony of the third degree, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5105(a)(5), on December 14, 2011.
 Irwin testified in the Commonwealth's case-in-chief in the consolidated cases of
 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Michael J Duncan and Commonwealth of
 Pennsylvania v. John Ira Bronson, Jr..
         On December 2, 2011, Attorney Shrager filed three additional Omnibus
 Pre-Trial Motions- Motion in Limine (Docket 53-55) which the parties agreed did
 not require a scheduled hearing but would be considered at the appropriate time
 during trial. On December 8, 2011, the Court issued a Case Management Order.
 (Docket 56). The Commonwealth filed additional Supplemental Discovery
 Responses on December 12 and December 1, 2011. (Docket 57-58). On
 December 19, 2011, the Commonwealth filed its Proposed Jury Questionnaire
 and Vair Dire. (Docket 59). The Commonwealth also filed a Motion in Limine #1
 (Docket 60) which was heard by the Court on December 20, 2011. The Court
 issued an Order on December 27, 2011, granting the Commonwealth's Motion in

                                        7
Limine #1. (Docket 62). The cases were scheduled for a final pre-trial conference
on January 3, 2012. (Docket 61). On December 29, 2011, defense counsel filed
his Proposed Vair Dire Questions. (Docket 63). The Commonwealth filed
additional Supplemental Discovery Responses on January 5, 2012 (Docket 64),
January 6, 2012 (Docket 65), and January 9, 2012 (Docket 66). On January 10,
2012, the Court issued an Order denying Attorney Shrager's oral motion to
sanction the Commonwealth for the alleged late discovery of a Western Union
document citing Pa.R.Crim.P. 573 (D) and (E) and the lack of showing of
prejudice to the defendant. (Docket 67).
         On January 12, 2012, defense counsel filed another Omnibus Pre-Trial
Motion- Motion to Suppress Statement (Docket 68) for which the Court issued an
Order dated January 12, 2012, after hearing arguments of counsel on January 10-
11, 2012. In that Order, the Court denied defense counsel's request that the
defendant's video and recorded statements of January 14, 2011, be, suppressed
citing pertinent case law and the Court's rationale. (Docket 69).
         Jury selection began on January 9, 2012, and was completed on January
10, 2012. The jury trial commenced on January 11, 2012 and concluded on
January 23, 2012. The jury was charged on January 24, 2012, and on the same
date, found Michael J. Duncan guilty on both counts, Criminal Homicide- Murder
in the First Degree and Criminal Conspiracy to Commit Criminal Homicide O
Murder in the First Degree. (Docket 71).
         On March 2, 2012, the Court sentenced the defendant to state prison for an
aggregate sentence of life in prison plus a consecutive fifteen to thirty (15-30)
years. (Docket 74). On March 22, 2012, Attorney Shrager filed a Notice of Appeal
to the Pennsylvania Superior Court. (Docket 76). On April 2, 2012, the Court
issued its 1925(b) Order requesting the filing of a Concise Statement of Matters
Complained of on Appeal. (Docket 78). Upon request of defense counsel, the
Court granted Attorney Shrager two continuances to file his Concise Statement.
(Docket 80, 91). Upon receipt of and payment for the approximate 2,000 page
trial transcript by defense counsel, the Court granted Attorney Shrager's Motion
to Withdraw as counsel for Michael J. Duncan on August 22, 2012, and in the
same order, appointed Attorney Jeffrey Watson to represent the defendant on
appeal and to file defendant's 1925(b) statement. (Docket 93). With no objection
from the Commonwealth, the Court granted Attorney Watson's Motion for
Extension of Time to File Concise Statement filed September 10, 2011. (Docket
94). On October 9, 2012, Attorney Watson filed a twenty (20) page Concise
Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal. (Docket 95). This Court issued an
Order on January 2, 2013, appointing Attorney Mary Bates to represent the
defendant on appeal as Attorney Watson had accepted a position as an
administrative law judge. (Docket 96). On January 4, 2013, the trial judge, the
Honorable Judge Janet Moschetta Bell, retired after seven (7) years on the bench.

                                         8
Consequently, President Judge O'Dell-Seneca       authored a 1925a Opinion in response to the

Defendant's Concise Statement. (R.R. #97). The Superior Court issued an opinion regarding

Defendant's appeal on October 30, 2014. (R.R. #108). The Honorable T. Bender stated,

       Here, we ascertain that Appellant's disregard of both the spirit and explicit text of
       Rule 1925(b)(4) is too egregious to be overlooked, despite the trial court's valiant
       efforts at tackling Appellant's claims in its Rule 1925(a) opinion. Accordingly,
       we conclude that all of the claims raised in Appellant's Rule 1925(b) statement
       have been waived for his failure to comply with Rule 1925(b)(4), and we affirm
       his judgment of sentence on that basis.

       After the Superior Court issued its Opinion concerning Defendant's direct appeal,

Defendant filed a PCRA Petition with the trial court on December 3, 2014. (R.R. #105).

The court appointed Attorney Stephen Paul to assist Defendant with his first PCRA

Petition on December 3, 2014. (R.R.      #106). Attorney Paul filed an Amended PCRA

Petition on behalf of Defendant on January 30, 2015. (R.R. #112). On January 30, 2015,

the court granted Defendant permission to file a direct appeal nunc pro tune. (R.R.

#112). Consequently, Attorney Paul filed a Notice of Appeal on February 6, 2015. (R.R.

#113). The court granted Attorney Paul's Motion for Extension of Time to File Concise

Statement on February 24, 2015 and Motion for Extension of Time to File Concise

Statement on May 13, 2015. (R.R. #120). Defendant's Concise Statement of Matters

Complained of on Appeal was filed July 13, 2015. (R.R. #121).

Legal Analysis

       Defendant raises twenty (20) issues in the instant Concise Statement. Of the twenty

arguments, fifteen (15) were raised in the prior Concise Statement and were addressed in the
                                                                                   I

prior trial court's l 925a Opinion. The Superior Court stated in Footnote 5 of the Memorandum

Opinion issued on October 30, 2014 in case 541 WDA 2012, "[n]evertheless, were we to reach

the claims that Appellant raised in his brief to this Court, we would affirm based upon the trial

                                                 9
court's well-reasoned Rule 1925(a) opinion." Consequently, this court respectfully requests the

Superior Court review the prior 1925(a) Opinion for a well-reasoned response to Defendant's

repeated arguments. (R.R. #97).

       In Paragraph 15 of the Concise Statement, Defendant claims that the Commonwealth

committed prosecutorial misconduct and violated Defendant's due process rights under the U.S.

and the Pennsylvania Constitutions when it did not disclose to the jury that witness Michael

Bowman was offered immunity to prosecution in exchange for testimony during grand jury

proceedings.

       "Due process is offended when the prosecution withholds material evidence favorable to

the accused." Commonwealth v. Weiss, 622 Pa. 663, 690-91, 81 A.3d 767, 783 (2013) (citing

Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S. Ct. 1194 (1963); see also Commonwealth v. Weiss

(Weiss II), 604 Pa. 573, 583-84, 986 A.2d 808, 814 (citing Commonwealth v. Strong, 563 Pa.
455, 761 A.2d 1167 (2000)). "The Brady rule encompasses impeachment evidence such as

information as to any potential understanding between the prosecution and a witness, because

such information is relevant to the witness's credibility." Weiss, 622 Pa. at 691, 81 A.3d at 783;

see United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 105 S. Ct. 3375, 87 L. Ed. 2d 481 (1985) (holding that

impeachment evidence, as well as exculpatory evidence, falls within the Brady rule);

Commonwealth v. Spotz, 616 Pa. 164, 47 A.3d 63, 84 (2012); see also Strong, 563 Pa. at 469,

761 A.2d at 1175 ("Impeachment evidence which goes to the credibility of a primary witness

against the accused is critical evidence and it is material to the case [even when] that evidence is

merely a promise or an understanding between the prosecution and the witness.").

        To prove that a Brady violation has occurred, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has

explained that "an appellant must prove three elements: (1) the evidence at issue is favorable to

                                                 10
the accused, either because it is exculpatory or because it impeaches; (2) the evidence was

suppressed by the prosecution, either willfully or inadvertently; and (3) prejudice ensued."

Weiss, 622 Pa. at 691, 81 A.3d at 783; see also Spotz, 616 Pa. at 200, 47 A.3d at 84. "Moreover,

there is no Brady violation when the defense has equal access to the allegedly withheld

evidence." Weiss, 622 Pa. at 691, 81 A.3d at 783; see Commonwealth v. Spotz (Spotz II), 587 Pa.
1, 96, 896 A.2d 1191, 1248 (2006) (holding "[i]t is well established that no Brady violation

occurs where the parties had equal access to the information or if the defendant knew or could

have uncovered such evidence with reasonable diligence." (internal citation omitted)).

       In the instant case, the Defendant alleges that the Commonwealth committed

prosecutorial misconduct by not disclosing to the trial jury that it offered witness Michael

Bowman immunity in exchange for testifying in a grand jury proceeding. Although there is no

document concerning an offer of immunity in the reproduced record, the Commonwealth's

immunity agreement to Mr. Bowman is memorialized in the transcript of the Grand Jury

proceeding. At the grand jury proceeding, Judge Katherine Emery stated to Mr. Bowman that

District Attorney Toprani had handed her a petition for a grant of immunity. (Grand Jury

Transcript ["G.J.T."] pp. 125-26). Further, Mr. Bowman was asked "And do you also understand

that we provided you with an order granting immunity, which the judge signed? Do you

understand what that consists of?" Mr. Bowman answered "Yes." (G.J.T. p. 130). In addition,

Mr. Bowman was asked, "Do you understand that · the order of immunity will prevent the

prosecution from any matters that you may testify before this Grand Jury." Mr. Bowman

responded, "Yes." Id. Thus, it app~ars that the Defendant is correct that the prosecution offered

Mr. Bowman immunity at some point prior to Defendant's trial.

                                                11
         In assessing whether the Commonwealth              committed prosecutorial misconduct by not

disclosing the existence of the immunity agreement to the jury, this court looks to the three

elements of the Brady test. First, the court finds that the evidence at issue (here, the immunity

agreement) is favorable to the Defendant. A jury may question Mr. Bowman's credibility or

motives because he received an immunity agreement. As to the second element of the Brady test,

however, the court finds no indication that the Commonwealth suppressed or withheld the

evidence. Unlike in Strong, the existence of an agreement was apparent on the face of the grand

jury transcript. In addition, Defendant's counsel possessed a copy of said transcript prior to the

jury trial. It is clear that Defendant's counsel had a copy of the grand jury transcript because he

frequently refers to the transcript during Defendant's jury trial. In fact, before beginning to cross

examine Mr. Bowman during the jury trial, Defense Attorney Shrager stated the following:

"Your honor, before we begin, I want to make sure the Court has a copy of the preliminary

hearing transcript and for the Grand Jury. I think there is [sic] extra copies. So we can give it to

Judge Moschetta Bell. I want to make sure you have a copy because I am going to be referring to

it." (R.R. #86, p. 1066, LL. 9-14). Defense Attorney Shrager proceeded to refer to the grand jury

transcript repeatedly during his cross-examination of Mr. Bowman. (Id. at pp. 1066-1103). For

example, Attorney Shrager cross-examined Mr. Bowman regarding his testimony at the grand

jury proceeding and what details, if any, he gave concerning the jail phone call (Id. at pp. 1075-

77). Therefore, Defense Attorney Shrager had equal access to the immunity agreement between

the Commonwealth and Mr. Bowman before trial commenced. Correspondingly, with respect to

the third element of the Brady test, prejudice did not ensue because Defense Attorney Shrager

had the opportunity to and did cross examine Mr. Bowman concerning his possible bias against

the Defendant.7 See, e.g., id. at pp. 1087, 1092-94.

7
    The issue of Mr. Bowman's potential bias in favor of the Conunonwealth was addressed several times on the

                                                       12
           For the above-mentioned reasons, there is no Brady violation present in the instant case

-      the Defendant had equal access to the allegedly deprived information. The Defendant's

argument lacks merit.

           In Paragraph 16 of the Concise Statement, Defendant alleges the trial court erred during

the testimony of Mr. Bowman when it overruled Defendant's objection to questions related to a

police interview report written by Corporal Beverly Ashton of the PSP, dated June 10, 2003.

During re-direct examination, Assistant District Attorney Newberry (A.D.A. Newberry) asked

Mr. Bowman, "[n[ow, with respect to Michael Duncan, during those two hearings, were you ever

                                                  8
asked about a three-way phone call?"                  (Id. at p. 1099, LL. 14-16.) Mr. Bowman responded "I

was not." (Id. at p. 1099, L. 17). Then, A.D.A. Newberry stated, "Mr. Bowman, I'm going to

hand you what I'm marking as Commonwealth's Exhibit 35, I believe." (Id. at p. 1099, LL. 18-

19). Next, A.D.A. Newberry asked, "Mr. Bowman, can you identify the date on that document?"

(Id. at p. 1099, LL. 24-25). At that point, Defense Attorney Shrager objected to A.D.A.

Newberry's question. (Id. at p. 1100, LL.7-8).

            During a side-bar conference regarding Defense Attorney Shrager's objection, A.D.A.

Newberry explained that Commonwealth's                    Exhibit 35 is a report Corporal Ashton composed

    regarding a June 10, 2003 interview with Mr. Bowman. (Id at p. 1100, LL. 11-19). In addition,

    A.D.A. Newberry stated, "Mr. Shrager, on cross, asked Mr. Bowman if he had testified in front

    of the Grand Jury about a three-way phone call indicating that this is new information, that he is

    record during the jury trial with respect to a plea offer that Mr. Bowman received for a separate case. Both Defense
    Attorney Emerick (counsel for co-defendant John Bronson) and Defense Attorney Shrager cross-examined Mr.
    Bowman regarding that plea offer to attempt to establish some motive for Mr. Bowman's testimony. See R.R. #86,
    pp. 1056-62, 1087-94. The fact that both defense attorneys had the opportunity and did cross examine Mr. Bowman
    as to his potential bias further substantiates this court's conclusion that Brady was not violated in this case.
    8 The two hearings being referred to are the grand jury proceeding and the preliminary hearing.

                                                             13
making it up. Well, on June 10, 2003, he was interviewed and talks about a three-way phone call

with this woman from the jail. That can certainly come in." (Jd.).

       Although Defense Attorney Shrager claimed "I didn't ask him about this report," A.D.A.

Newberry replied, "You opened the door to this." (Id. at p. 1101, LL. 19-20). Defense Attorney

Shrager asserted, "I'm making an objection and whatever you rule, I'm good with either way.

Didn't ask about that report. Asked about the Grand Jury. This is now going into something

afield. Didn't ask about this. I stayed away from this report. If this report was not brought up - - I

didn't ask him about that report. That's why I didn't. Does it open it up? I think it's a reversible

error. Whatever?" (Id. at p. 1102, LL. 6-14).

       The trial court made the following ruling. "I think Mr. Shrager has made an objection and

Mr. Newberry has responded and there was a question on cross by Mr. Shrager regarding this

phone call to the girl, three-way phone call, and I'm going to permit some re-direct. Objection

overruled." (Id. at p. 1102, LL. 19-23).

        The law is clear that "the scope of redirect examination is largely within the discretion of

the trial court." Commonwealth v. Gonzalez, 109 A.3d 711, 730 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2015) (citing

Commonwealth v. Dreibelbis, 493 Pa. 466, 479, 426 A.2d 1111, 1118 (1981). "Moreover, when

a party raises an issue on cross-examination,     it will be no abuse of discretion for the court to

permit re-direct on that issue in order to dispel any unfair inferences." Dreibelbis, 493 Pa. at 479,

426 A.2d at 1118 (citing Commonwealth v. Lewis, 472 Pa. 235, 372 A.2d 399 (1977)). Thus, it is

not an abuse of discretion for a court to permit re-direct on an issue raised during cross-

examination.

        In the instant case, the portion of the witness examination under scrutiny occurred during

A.D.A. Newberry's       re-direct examination    of a witness, Mr. Bowman. The issue AD.A.

                                                   14
Newberry was addressing in Corporal Ashton's report, which was identified as Commonwealth's

Exhibit 35, was in response to an issue Defense Attorney Shrager raised during cross-

examination   of Mr. Bowman. A.D.A. Newberry was correct that during Defense Attorney

Shrager's cross-examination     of Mr. Bowman, he questioned Mr. Bowman regarding the three-

way phone call. Specifically,     during cross-examination,       Defense Attorney Shrager asked Mr.

Bowman, "[y ]ou never testified about making a jail phone call and this guy that you barely knew

is supposed to have said, yeah, I did it, you never said a word about that in front of the Grand

Jury?" (R.R. #86, p. 1075, LL. 9-12). Mr. Bowman told Attorney Shrager, "I wasn't questioned

about it." (Id. at p. 1075, L. 13). Defense Attorney Shrager then asked "[y]ou never said a word

about that at the preliminary hearing; did you?" (Id. at p. 1075, LL. 14-15). Mr. Bowman

testified "No, the initial interview." (Id. at p. 1075, L. 16).

        Defense Attorney Shrager raised this issue a second time during his cross-examination of

Mr. Bowman. Specifically, Defense Attorney Shrager asked "[w]hat you're saying to the jury is

this guy you hardly know, and we have the exact words, I hadn't known him long, you are

saying now that he made a three-way call in a recorded jail call where he goes, yeah, that's right

I killed that guy; is that what you are saying to the jury?" (Id. at p. 1076, LL. 23-25; p. 1077, LL.

3-5). Mr. Bowman answered, "[tjhat's exactly what I'm telling the jury." To which, Defense

Attorney Shrager responded "[b]ut you didn't say that, not a word about a jail call and recorded

jail call when you testified in front of the grand jury?" (Id. at p. 1077, LL. 7-9). Mr. Bowman

replied, "I wasn't asked." (Id. at p. 1077, L. 10).

        Also during Defense Attorney Shrager's cross-examination of Mr. Bowman, he asked

Mr. Bowman about his meeting with Corporal Ashton. Defense Attorney Shragerasked "[d]id

you ever talk to Corporal Ashton?" (Id. at p. 1078, L. 15). Mr. Bowman replied "[u]m, sometime

                                                    15
in the summertime. After I wrote the letter, she came to see me." (Id. at p. 1078, LL. 18-19).

When Defense Attorney Shrager asked "[d]id you tell Corporal Ashton about the letter?," Mr.

Bowman replied "Yes. She knew about the letter. I wrote it to Silbaugh." (Id. at p. 1078, LL. 20-

23). Attorney Shrager then asked "Now, did she- - do you know if you mentioned that you told

Corporal Ashton that you got $1,200 and three ounces of cocaine to set these guys up?" (Id. at p.

1078, LL. 24-25; p. 1079, L. 3). Mr. Bowman replied, "No, I didn't tell her that." (Id. at p. 1079,

L. 4). Mr. Shrager then asked "But she knew about the letter?" (Id. at p. 1079, L. 5). Mr.

Newberry then objected by stating, "Judge, I'm going to object at this point. I believe Mr.

Shrager is referring to an interview that took place June 10, 2003. The letter is postmarked

February 11, 2011. Clearly he couldn't talk about a letter that hadn't been written." (Id. at p.

1079, LL. 6-11). The Court sustained A.D.A. Newberry's objection. (Id. at p. 1079, L. 12).

       Because Defense Attorney Shrager questioned Mr. Bowman concerning the three-way

phone call during his cross-examination, it was proper for the court to permit A.D.A. Newberry

to question Mr. Bowman about the three-way phone call on re-direct. Not only did Defense

Attorney Shrager ask Mr. Bowman about the three-way phone call multiple times, but he also

asked about Mr. Bowman's interview with Corporal Ashton. Therefore, Attorney Shrager clearly

raised this issue during his cross-examination of Mr. Bowman. Consequently, the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in permitting A.D.A. Newberry to question Mr. Bowman on re-direct

examination regarding Mr. Bowman's phone call mentioned in Corporal Ashton's report. Thus,

Defendant's argument lacks merit.

        In Paragraph    17 of the Concise Statement, Defendant argues the Commonwealth

 committed   prosecutorial misconduct    during Defendant's    cross-examination   when it stated

 Trooper Monkelis never testified that he informed Defendant that the victim was a confidential

                                                 16
informant. Specifically,   the relevant portion of A.D.A. Newberry's       cross-examination   of

Defendant is as follows:

       Q. How did you know that John Newman was a confidential informant?
       A. When Mr. Monkelis said he was a silent partner.
       Q. Please explain that to me.
       A. What do you mean explain it, it's self explanatory. He said the man was a silent
       partner?
       Q. And that means?
       A. He was working with the police. He didn't use the word confidential informant.
       Q. Mr. Duncan, he never indicated to you that he was working with the police; isn't that
       correct?
       A. He indicated that he was a silent partner. I believe the trooper testified that he
       indicated Mr. Newman was a silent partner.
       Q. Actually, Mr. Duncan, he did not testify to that. You're testifying to that right now.
       (R.R. #90, p. 1873, LL. 20-25; p. 1874, LL. 3-13).

       The standard for determining whether prosecutorial misconduct has warranted a mistrial

is well established. The standard is as follows.

       To constitute a due process violation, the prosecutorial misconduct must be of
       sufficient significance to result in the denial of the defendant's right to a fair trial.
       The touchstone is the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor ...
       Not every unwise, intemperate, or improper remark made by a prosecutor
       mandates the grant of a new trial[.] Reversible error occurs only when the
       unavoidable effect of the challenged comments would prejudice the jurors and
       form in their minds a fixed bias and hostility toward the defendant such that the
      jurors could not weigh the evidence and render a true verdict.
Commonwealth v. Spatz, 616 Pa. 164, 47 AJd 63, 97-98 (2012) (internal citations and quotation
marks omitted).

        The Commonwealth        did not commit prosecutorial     misconduct   during the cross-

examination of Defendant. A.D.A. Newberry asked Trooper Monkelis, "[d]uring the 2011

interview, did you inform Mr. Duncan that Mr. Newman had been a confidential informant?"

(R.R. #90, p. 1884, LL. 12-14). Trooper Monkelis answered, "No, I did not." (Id. at p. 1884, L.

 15). Thus, the Commonwealth was correct when it told Defendant that Trooper Monkelis did not

inform Defendant that the victim was a confidential informant. Further, Defendant actually

testified that Trooper Monkelis never used the word confidential informant. Therefore, the

                                                   17
Commonwealth     did not commit prosecutorial    misconduct by stating that the Trooper never

informed Defendant that the victim was a confidential informant. The Defendant's argument

lacks merit.

       In Paragraph 19 of the Concise Statement, Defendant claims the trial court erred by

failing to dismiss Juror #3, when it was discovered he was approached by an attorney not

affiliated with trial and questioned about his role as a juror. While this specific issue was not

raised in the Defendant's Prior Concise Statement, the trial court addressed whether Juror #3

should be dismissed in the prior 1925(a) opinion. (R.R. #97.)

       Due to the nature of this issue, this court believes it is helpful to review the relevant

factual background. The facts surrounding this issue are best summarized from the 2013 1925(a)

Opinion regarding Paragraph 21 of the Defendant's prior Concise Statement:

       An issue arose during trial on January 18, 2012, when Attorney Sean Logue
       reported to Attorney Keith· Emerick, counsel for John Ira Bronson, Jr., who
       reported to Attorney David S. Shrager, counsel for Michael Duncan, that Juror #3
       was involved in county conservative politics and had supported Eugene Vittone
       for District Attorney in 2011. This matter developed· on the record at T.T. 976-
       983, at which time the trial court took the matter under advisement and moved on
       to another witness, Coroner Timothy Warco, whose testimony finished the
       morning session. Prior to returning to the courtroom after the .lunch recess, the
       trial court met in chambers with counsel to review the facts and explain its ruling
       and ultimately met with Juror #3 in the presence of all counsel. The facts can best
       be summarized by including the statement prepared by the trial judge's law clerk,
       Amanda Kraft, Esq., upon the trial judge's request:
                       This morning, January 18, 2012, immediately following
               morning break, I was approached by Juror #3 regarding a concern
               which has arisen during break, heeding the Judge's instruction
               prior to break, as he was returning through the metal detectors after
               taking a cigarette break, he was approached by Attorney Sean
               Logue. He stated that he knew Sean Logue, and Mr. Logue
               approached him, asked whether he was a Juror, and then asked
               whether he was on the murder trial. The Juror stated to me, that he
               told Mr. Logue he could not talk about it, walked away with the
               other jurors and returned to the courtroom. Two other jurors, #4
               and #8, were apparently standing near Juror #3 and may have
               overheard the conversation.

                                                18
                        Juror #3 was concerned about being approached, then was
                more concerned when Mr. Logue entered the courtroom and
                approached Mr. Emerick's counsel table. The Juror was afraid that
                Mr. Logue was also working on the case or was somehow involved
                in this case as a witness. He immediately mentioned a problem to
                Tim Relich (trial judge's court crier/law clerk) when he was first
                approached by Mr. Logue, then spoke to me once entering the
                room and seeing Mr. Logue with Mr. Emerick. I immediately
                brought Juror #3 's concern to the Judge.
       Both Attorneys Shrager and Emerick asked that Juror #3 be dismissed although
       all attorneys in chambers agreed that politics has no bearing on a juror's removal.
       Attorney Shrager stated that he had nothing to support the request for the removal
       of Juror #3. The Commonwealth opposed the defense request to remove Juror #3.
       The Court denied the motion but agreed to inform Juror #3 of the fact that all
       parties were aware of his concerns regarding Attorney Sean Logue, who was not
       involved in the case whatsoever as a lawyer or as a witness; that he had followed
       instructions completely and properly; and would remain as Juror #3. See T.T.
       994-1004.
       (R.R. #97.)

       While the focus of the discussion in chambers between the trial judge and the attorneys

was Juror #3's suitability as a juror due to his involvement in conservative politics, that

discussion necessarily involved the issue of Juror #3 being approached by an attorney not

affiliated with trial and questioned about his role as a juror. The trial judge, Attorney Shrager,

and the Commonwealth were clearly aware that Juror #3 was approached by an attorney not

affiliated with trial and questioned about his role as a juror when they met to discuss whether

Juror #3 should be removed from the jury panel. After discussing the interaction between

Attorney Logue and Juror #3 as well as Juror #3's             political activity, the trial court,

Commonwealth,      and Attorney Shrager reached a consensus that there were no grounds to

remove Juror #3.     Thus, the trial court did not err when it denied the request of Defense

Attorneys to remove Juror #3, because all parties were in agreement that Juror #3 remain on the

jury panel. Consequently, Defendant's argument lacks merit.

                                                19
        Finally, in paragraph 20 of the Concise Statement, Defendant argues that the trial court

erred during Defendant's testimony when it granted Commonwealth's objection to evidence

presented regarding Defendant's location on the date of the homicide. The Defendant testified

regarding his location on the night of the victim's death several times during his direct

examination. Consequently, this court will review each time the trial court ruled on

Commonwealth's objection to such testimony.

       The first time Defense Attorney Shrager asked Defendant what he did the night the

victim was murdered, the Defendant testified that he was at a strip club called the Filly Corral.

(R.R. #90, p. 1843, LL. 3-6; p. 1844, LL. 24-25). The Commonwealth objected to the

Defendant's testimony regarding his location on the night the victim was murdered because they

were not given notice of Defendant using an alibi. (Id. at p. 1845, LL. 4-16). The trial court

sustained the Commonwealth's objection and the Defendant could not testify any more about the

issue without alibi notice. (Id. at p. 1846, LL. 4-16).

        Defendant testified a second time about being present at the strip club called the Filly

Corral around the time of the victim's death and then traveling to Denny's restaurant. (Id. at p.

1850, LL. 20-24). Again, the Commonwealth objected. (Id. at p. 1850, LL. 25; p. 1851, L. 3).

The trial court again sustained the Commonwealth's objection because the Defendant did give a

notice of an alibi and the Defendant was "trying to get an alibi defense in through the back door

without a notice." (Id. at p. 1853, LL. 5, 9-22). The trial court further explained that had the

Defendant put on a notice of alibi, the Defendant would be permitted to present testimony about

his location around the time the victim was killed, and the Commonwealth would have had

notice of this issue and an opportunity to investigate the issue. (Id. at p. 1854, L. 3-5).

Consequently, the trial court struck the Defendant's testimony from the record and issued a

                                                  20
cautionary instruction to the jury that it was to disregard the Defendant's testimony during their

deliberation. (Id. at p. 1856, LL. 20-25; p. 1857, LL. 3-7).

           Pa.R.Crim.P. 567(A) states, "A Defendant who intends to offer the defense of alibi at

trial shall file with the clerk of courts not later than the time required for filing the omnibus

pretrial motion provided in Rule 579 a notice specifying an intention to offer an alibi defense,

and shall serve a copy of the notice and a certificate of service on the attorney for the

Commonwealth." Pa.R.Crim.P. 567(8)(1) states, "If the Defendant fails to file and serve the

notice of alibi as required by this rule, the court may exclude entirely any evidence offered by the

Defendant for the purpose of proving the defense, except testimony by the defendant, may grant

a continuance to enable the Commonwealth to investigate such evidence, or may make such

other order as the interests of justice require." Pa.R.Crim.P. 567 replaced Pa.R.Crim.P. 305, and

Pa.R.Crim.P. 567(8)(1) mirrors Pa.R.Crim.P. 305(1)(d).9

            Due to the limited case law applying Pa.R.Crim.P. 567(8)(1), this court relies on the

guidance provided from Pennsylvania case law analyzing and applying Pa.R.Crim.P.

305(C)(l)(d). "Rule 305 clearly enables the trial court to take whatever action is within the

interests of justice, when no notice is properly provided as to the alibi defense.'' Commonwealth

v. Poindexter, 435 Pa. Super. 509, 530, 646 A.2d 1211, 1221 (1994). Further:

9
    Pa.R.Crim.P. 305 states in pertinent part:
           C. Disclosure by the Defendant
           ( 1) Mandatory: (a) Notice of Alibi Defense: A defendant who intends to offer the defense of alibi
           at trial shall, at the time required for filing the omnibus pretrial motion under Rule 306, file of
           record notice signed by the defendant or the attorney for the defendant, with proof of service upon
           the attorney for the Commonwealth, specifying intention to claim such defense. Such notice shall
           contain specific information as to the place or places where the defendant claims to have been at
           the time of the alleged offense and the names and addresses of witnesses whom the defendant
           intends to call in support of such claim.
           (d) If the defendant fails to file and serve notice of alibi defense . . . the court at trial may exclude
           entirely any evidence offered by the defendant for the purpose of proving the defense, except
           testimony by the defendant, or may grant a continuance to enable the Commonwealth to
           investigate such evidence, or may make such other order as the interests of justice require.

                                                              21
       Rule 305 C(l)(d) gives a trial court three options when a defendant fails to file
       and serve notice of an alibi defense: (1) the court may exclude entirely any
       evidence offered by the defendant in the form of alibi witnesses other than
       defendant himself; (2) the court may grant a continuance for the purpose of
       further investigation by the Commonwealth; or (3) the court may make such other
       order as the interests of justice require.

       Commonwealth v. Fernandez, 333 Pa. Super. 279, 289-90, 482 A.2d 567, 572 (1984).

       Upon review of the record, the Defendant failed to provide notice of an alibi defense to

the Commonwealth before he testified under direct examination by his attorney. The guilt phase

of the jury trial commenced on January 11, 2012, and concluded on January 23, 2012. It was not

until after the Commonwealth rested its case that the Defendant attempted to testify regarding an

alibi defense. This trial court was unable to find any evidence that the Defendant informed the

Commonwealth or the trial court of his intention to present an alibi defense until he began

testifying to same under direct examination on January 23, 2012.

       It is clear to this trial judge that a defendant has the right to testify about an alibi defense

even though he or she has not filed any formal written notice with the clerk of courts. As

aforementioned, Pa.R.Crim.P. 567(8)(1) provides, "If the Defendant fails to file and serve the

notice of alibi as required by this rule, the court may exclude entirely any evidence offered by the

Defendant for the purpose of proving the defense, except testimony by the defendant.... "

(Emphasis added). Further, Pa.R.Crim.P. 567(0) states, "A defendant may testify concerning an

alibi notwithstanding that the defendant has not filed a notice.... " Indeed, the appellate courts

have noted that a defendant may testify about an alibi defense despite that fact that they did not

file any written notice; failure to file such notice only precludes the testimony of other witness

who may corroborate a defendant's testimony. See Commonwealth v. Nelson, 389 Pa. Super.
417, 424, 567 A.2d 673, 677 (1989).

                                                 22
       Consequently,   Defendant's   argument   that the trial court erred when it granted

Commonwealth's objection to Defendant's testimony about an alibi has merit.

                                          Conclusion

       Based on the foregoing, this Court finds that all of the Matters Complained of on Appeal

lack merit save the matter complained of in paragraph #20.

                                                23
                                                                                   .:       Circulated 06/14/2016 11:08 AM

         IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                                 CRIMINAL DIVISION

    COMMONWEAL TH OF PENNSYLVANIA,

                    vs.                                                 CP-63-CR-0000357-2011
                                                                        541 WDA 2012

      MICHAEL J. DUNCAN,

                                              Defendant/ Appellant.

                                                                1925 OPINION

                    This case having been heard by Judge Janet Moschetta Bell who retired effective January

      4, 2013, and a Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal having been filed on

      October 9, 2012, this Court authors the following 1925(a) opinion on the legal issues raised on

      appeal. (Docket 95). This Court is not in a position to opine on fact and credibility

      determinations. See Armbruster v. Horowitz, 572 Pa. 1, 813 A.2d 698 (2002); Commonwealth v.

      Yogel, 307 Pa.Super. 241, 243, 453 A.2d 15, 16 (Pa.Super.1982) (holding that"[ w]here the issue

      involved is one purely of law, the fact that someone other than the hearing judge wrote the

      opinion would be of little significance"). Id. at 16.

                     Defendant filed an appeal to the Superior Court of Pennsylvania from the Court's Order

      of Sentence dated March 2, 2012 and filed March 5, 2012 in which, after a jury trial, defendant

      was found guilty of Criminal Homicide - Murder in the First Degree, a felony of the first degree,
         cP         '.\··'
      1 Qla.d.'~~,,A. § 2501(a); and, Criminal Conspiracy to Commit Homicide-Murder               in the First

().De~e, afelony of the first degree, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903. (Docket 4, 71).
\..\-\        '-~                  :
  ~             1?               \;. ),1,}.
  \).....       -;?.,
                      (¥)
                                   < ·,>
                       ;.,,,--
        The trial court sentenced the defendant as follows:

    1. Criminal Homicide, Murder in the First Degree, to pay his pro rata share of restitution of

$226.50 to the Pennsylvania State Police (PSP) Harrisburg Laboratory; to complete all

rehabilitative treatment recommended by the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (DOC);

and to be sentenced to a state prison for a mandatory period of life imprisonment. (Docket 4 ).

    2. Criminal Conspiracy to Commit the Crime of Homicide, Murder in the First Degree, to

pay his pro rata share of restitution of $226.50 to the PSP Harrisburg Laboratory; to pay his pro

rata share of restitution of $1,842.50 to the PSP Greensburg Regional Laboratory; to complete all

rehabilitative treatment recommended by the DOC; and to be sentenced to a state prison for a

minimum of fifteen (15) years to a maximum of thirty (30) years consecutive to Count One

above. (Docket 4).

        The defendant's aggregate sentence was life in prison plus a consecutive fifteen to thirty

(15-30) years. (Docket 4). Defendant filed a Notice of Appeal to the Pennsylvania Superior Court

on March 22, 2012. (Docket 76). Eventually, on August 22, 2012, the Court granted Attorney

David S. Shrager's Motion to Withdraw as Counsel and appointed conflicts counsel, Jeffrey A.

Watson, Esq., to represent defendant Duncan on appeal. (Docket 93). Appellate counsel Watson

was directed to file a Concise Statement oflssues on Appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. l 925(b) in

the same Order. (Docket 93). After the granting of a time extension, Attorney Watson filed his

Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal on October 9, 2012, a twenty-page

document containing fifty-seven (57) separate allegations of issues complained of on appeal.'

(Docket 95).

         Attorney Watson is no longer appellate counsel as he accepted an appointment as an

administrative law judge; Attorney Mary Bates was appointed as defense appellate counsel as of

I
 Due to the excessive length of defendant's Concise Statement, the Court will not quote it verbatim or attach a copy
of it to this Opinion, but rather, will reference it by Paragraph/Issue number. (Docket 95.).
                                                          2
January 2, 2013. (Docket 96). Wherever possible, the Court in its response to the numerous

allegations     of matters complained      of on appeal will reference      specific paragraphs    numbers from

the 1925(b) statement and proceed in as logical and organized                a manner as possible. Further, the

Court will incorporate       sections of its   1925 Opinion in the case of the co-defendant, John Ira

Bronson, Jr., filed at 560 WDA 2012, where relevant and appropriate as the first eleven (11)

issues in defendant Duncan's 1925(b) statement are nearly identical to the eleven (11) issues

which constitute the whole of defendant Bronson's 1925(b) statement.

Factual Background

          John Lynn Newman ("Newman") was shot to death on February 3, 2003, in California,

Pennsylvania. (Trial Transcript ["T.T."] 123). On January 24, 2012, a jury found that Newman's

death was the result of a conspiracy and solicitation between John Ira Bronson, Jr. ("Bronson"),

the defendant herein, and his co-defendant at trial, Michael J. Duncan ("Duncan"). (Docket 67).

Any complete summary of the facts for the intervening nine years must begin with the

circumstances that led to this conspiracy and solicitation.

          In 2002, Newman was approached by the PSP and informed "that he had been

investigated and [that] felony drug charges against him [were] pending." (T.T. 733). In October

of that year, Trooper Aaron Borello ("Trooper Borello") approached Newman about becoming a

confidential informant ("C.1.") for the PSP. (T.T. 733). Trooper Borello and Newman then set

about performing a bust involving Newman's supplier, Bronson. (T.T. 736: 22). After Bronson

was observed selling 200 pills of Oxycodone to Newman, he was arrested. (T.T. 737: 20). The

PSP searched Bronson's home and found about $384,000 in cash which was seized.2 (T.T. 748:

15).

2
    Bronson eventually pied guilty to drug trafficking and was incarcerated. (T.T. 1777 - 1778).
                                                           3
       After his arrest, Bronson began acting as a C.I., first with the PSP and then for the

Federal Bureau oflnvestigation ("F.B.I.") (T.T. 883: 22-25). While working with the PSP,

Bronson asked Trooper Borello directly if it was Newman who had informed on him. (T.T. 755-

756). Unfortunately, Bronson's participation as a C.I. was fruitless and ended "within a week"

prior to Newman's death. (T.T. 888: 25).

       At some point after Bronson's arrest, Duncan spoke with his associate, Howard Irwin

("Irwin"), about another man, "[Michael] Bowman ("Bowman"), having some type of hookup

where he [could] make some money ... taking care of [an unnamed] snitch." (T.T. 1467: 21-22).

Irwin then witnessed, at his home, a meeting between Duncan, Bronson, and Bowman, a drug

dealer and associate of Bronson. (T.T. 1466: 7-14). During the meeting, Bronson asked Duncan

to kill Newman and Duncan agreed. Bronson asked Bowman to cooperate in the killing, but

Bowman declined. (T.T. 1031: 7-18).

       Prior to Newman's death, Robert Bedner ("Bedner") called Brian Dzurco ("Dzurco").

(T.T. 1213). Phone records revealed that the call occurred on January 20, 2003, about two weeks

before the death of the victim. (T.T. 1238: 22-23). Bedner put Bronson on the phone with

Dzurco, who asked Dzurco to set up a meeting with Newman. (T.T. 1226). Dzurco agreed

because he believed the matter to be related to a drug debt. After receiving information that the

meeting might be fatal for Newman, Dzurco chose not to arrange it. (T.T. 1230, 1231).

        Shawn Geletei ("Geletei") testified that, while in jail, Duncan approached him and

bragged about his intention to murder Newman. He recalled that the conversation was prior to

Newman's death. Geletei specifically testified:

        [Duncan] come over and asked if I knew Newman. I said, yeah. He says, I'm
       going to take his ass out. And he started saying something about Bronson and
       drugs and all this. I said, I'm only in here [in jail] for child support, I don't want to
       get involved in this. And he kept on running his mouth saying about him being a
       monster and taking people out before and all this.
(T.T. 794:4-12).
                                                    4
       Through phone records and witness testimony, the following timeline of February 3,

2003, being the day of the killing, was revealed:

       At 7:32 p.m. a call was made from Newman's cell phone to Brian Homer ("Homer"),

which lasted 3 minutes and 19 seconds. (T.T. 571: 5-12). Sometime before 8:00 p.m. Newman

asked his wife for $300.00, ostensibly for cartons of cigarettes, but was, most likely, to buy

heroin. (T.T. 103: 7-12). At 7:56 p.m. a call was made from Newman's cell phone to Homer,

which lasted 1 minute and 9 seconds. (T.T. 571: 17-23). Sometime after receiving the money,

Newman left the house. (T.T. 74: 11-25). He met Geletei in the alley between their houses to

discuss acquiring Oxycodone. Geletei told Newman that he could not locate any Oxycodone.

Newman told Geletei that he was going to meet Homer. (T.T. 786-787).

       Upon returning home, Newman informed his wife that Horner needed a ride and he left

again. (T.T. 75: 6-10). At 8:08 p.m. Newman called a drug client named Amelia Pajerski

("Pajerski"). (569: 24-25). At approximately 8:30 p.m. Newman sold Pajerski stamp bags of

heroin. (T.T. 320-321 ). He told Pajerski that the heroin was from Homer. (T.T. 331: 4-5).

Pajerski specifically recalled being home in time to watch a favorite show by 9:05 p.m. (T.T.

320-321). At approximately 9:00 p.m. Newman's daughter heard the distinctive sound of her

father's car pass by their house. (T.T. 76-77). At 9:03 p.m. Newman called Geletei's landline,

which lasted for 6 seconds. Thereafter, Newman was killed by a bullet fired at close range while

he was sitting in his car, which was parked down the street from his home. (T.T. 130-131).

       Next, the record reveals the events of February 4, 2003, as follows: Early in the morning,

Newman's daughter noticed his car parked down the street from their house. She observed her

father inside the car, but the car door was locked. (T.T. 78:4-12). Upon returning to the car with

Mrs. Newman, they found the victim dead and contacted the authorities. (T.T. 104-105). The

police searched the scene and located a spent bullet casing inside the car, (T.T. 143: 10), and an

                                                    5
unfired cartridge outside of the vehicle. (T.T. 175: 18). Newman had $115.00 in cash, (T.T.

185: 18-21 ), a marijuana "roach", (T.T. 1620:19), a cell phone, (T.T. 1620:20), and ten packets of

heroin. (T.T. 1620:18). Around 12:00 p.m. Ryan Givens called Duncan to inform him that

Newman had been killed, to which Duncan responded, "snitches get dealt with." (T.T. 1280: 10).

The authorities took Horner in for questioning and tested his hands for gunshot residue. The

results allowed the tester to state "that [Homer J could have fired a gun, could have come in

contact with something that had gunshot primer residue on it," (T.T. 664: 12-14), or "that

[Homer] was in very close proximity to a firearm when it was discharged." (T.T. 690: 8-l 0).

       It took several years for charges to be filed in this "cold case". The relevant events of the

years are summarized herein:

       In March, 2003, Irwin asked Duncan to wire money to him while on vacation. (T.T.

1471: 5-10). The money, being $931.00, was transferred on March l 0, 2003. (T.T. 1639: 17-21).

Also in early March, Duncan appeared early one morning at the home of his drug associate,

Gerald Hull ("Hull"). Hull's home was used to cook and store crack cocaine. Duncan opened a

safe located within the Hull residence, to which only he and Irwin had access. At that time,

Duncan was heard making a call. (T.T. 1353: 16-23). The exact nature of the call was unclear.

However, Hull, who was admittedly high on crack at the time, recalled hearing Duncan speak

about shooting someone. (T.T. 1355: 25; 1356: 3-4). Duncan, who appeared "giddy, nervous,

[and] agitated," (T.T. 1353: 18), pointed a gun in Hull's face before leaving. (T.T. 1375: 17-18).

       When Irwin later returned from vacation, he discovered that Duncan had "disappeared".

{T.T. 1471: 18). Irwin found that the safe had been emptied. The safe's contents, being money,

drugs and a nine millimeter (9 mm) pistol, were missing, and only a cell phone was left behind.

(T.T. 1472: 8-14; 1592: 19-20).

                                                 6
         In April of 2003, while on furlough, Bowman spoke with Duncan, who told Bowman that

he killed Newman, and explained the manner in which he did it, (T.T. 1032: 11-12). Duncan

told Bowman that he was in the rear of Newman's car and shot him in the left ear. (T.T. 1032:

19-21). Between April and June of 2003, Bowman had a three-way call with a woman and

Duncan. (T.T. 1105). Again, Duncan admitted that he killed Newman. (T.T. 1113:5-8).3

         In September of 2003, PSP Trooper James Monkelis ("Trooper Monkelis") and Trooper

Beverly Ashton ("Trooper Ashton") interviewed Duncan. (T.T. 1639-1640). He denied having

ever been in California, PA, and denied knowing Newman. (T.T. 1640: 16, 24). When told of

Newman's death, Duncan said that he did not "whack" him, despite not being told the nature of

Newman's death.4 (T.T. 1641: 8). Duncan also identified Newman as a snitch. (T.T. 1641: 15).

Newman's role as a C.I. had not been released to the public. (T.T. 1641: 16-25). Duncan made

other inculpatory statements, such as:

         1. Stating that "hypothetically" someone, implying Newman, owed someone else,

             implying Bronson, a lot of money. (T.T. 1641: 8-12).

         2. Stating that he could not do the time and worrying that he would rather not be "45, 46

             or46,47attheclubs."(T.T.1642:                15-16).

         3. In response to the interviewer stating that it might have been self-defense, he stated

             "come on, man, you seen that crime scene, it couldn't have been self defense.t"

             (1643: 14-15).

         In late 2003, a former corrections officer, Eric DeLong ("DeLong"), encountered Duncan

in a bar. (T.T. 847: 16-20). Delong overheard Duncan state, "yeah, I popped that guy in the

3
  The Court notes that the testimony regarding this call was elicited from Bowman on cross-examination. Defense
counsel asked Bowman "you are saying .... that [Duncan] made a three-way call in a recorded jail call where he
goes, yeah, that's right, I killed that guy; is that what you are saying to the jury?" Bowman answered "That's exactly
what I'm telling the jury." (T.T. 1078-1079).
4
  The Court notes that it was public knowledge that Newman had been killed.
5
  The Court notes that no crime scene photos had been released at the time of the interview. (T.T. 1643: 16-20).
                                                           7
back of the head [in] California." (T.T. 850: 9-12). A few days later, DeLong reported this

incident to the PSP, who put him in touch with the FBI. (T.T. 851: 5-8). Despite this report,

DeLong "didn't hear anything for, approximately, seven years." (T.T. 851: 7-8).

          Approximately two and a half years after Irwin first discovered that Duncan had fled

California, PA, he finally spoke to Duncan. When Irwin asked Duncan why he had left

California, PA, Duncan gave his reasons, admitting to killing Newman and also to Homer's

involvement. Duncan told Irwin that "Brian Homer was running [Duncan's] name about being

involved in the homicide and [Homer] was actually the one that ... brought [Newman] out [of]

the house and ...       brought him to the car. And [Duncan] was in the car and [Duncan] whacked

[Newman]." (T.T. 1472: 22-25; 1473: 3-4). Duncan went on to tell Irwin that he "whacked," or

killed, Newman because he was a "snitch".               (T.T. 1473: 11-13).

           In January 2011, Duncan was arrested in Amherst, Ohio. He was interviewed again by

Trooper Monkelis (T .T. 1644: 4- 7), and again made inculpatory statements. He stated that

"snitches get dealt with." (T.T. 1645: 4). He stated that "he never owned or carried that caliber

of a weapon.:" (T.T. I 645: 5-6). After the interview, Duncan was transported back to

Pennsylvania. Duncan, while en route, spoke in further detail about his views on snitches, saying

that even "God doesn't like snitches." (T.T. 1646: 5-21).

           In August of 2011, Bronson was housed in the Washington County Correctional Facility

("WCCF") in connection with being charged in this case. In December of 2011, Bronson

admitted to Michael McCarthy, a fellow inmate, that he attended the 2002 meeting with Duncan

and Bowman at Irwin's house. (T.T. 1428: 12-13). He admitted that the meeting concerned

"offing", or killing, Newman. (T.T. 1429: 15-16). McCarthy then reported the conversation to

the authorities. (T.T. 1429: 20-23).

6
    The Court notes that the caliber of the weapon was never released. (T.T. 1645: 7-12).
                                                            8
Procedural History

        These charges were initiated with a Washington County Grand Jury Presentment dated

December 8, 2010, recommending that Michael J. Duncan, John Ira Bronson, Jr., and Howard

Edward Irwin, Jr. be charged with specific crimes. The recommendation with respect to Michael

J. Duncan was Count One: Criminal Homicide, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(a), First Degree Murder,

and Count Two: Criminal Conspiracy, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903. (Docket 6). On January 13, 2011, by

Order of this Court, the Commonwealth was granted leave to disclose the Presentment as an

attachment to the affidavit of probable cause to an issuing authority and the Presentment was

ordered unsealed and filed with the Clerk of Courts of Washington County. (Docket 6). Charges

were filed on January 13, 2011. Defendant Duncan's preliminary arraignment was held on

January 14, 2011, and after a preliminary hearing on February 2, 2011, defendant was held for

court on both charges. (Docket 10). The case was assigned to now-retired Judge Janet Moschetta

Bell and she conducted a formal arraignment on April 14, 2011. (Docket 11, 18). The

Commonwealth filed its two-count Criminal Information on April 7, 2011. (Docket 12). On May

6, 2011, Attorney David S. Shrager filed a formal entry of appearance on behalf of defendant and

entered a plea of not guilty on all charges on defendant's behalf. (Docket 14).

       On July 8, 2012, defense counsel filed a Motion to Produce Additional Discovery and for

an Extension of Time to File Pre-Trial Motions. (Docket 19). The Court granted that Motion by

Order dated July 8, 2012. (Docket 19). The Commonwealth filed a Discovery Response on July

25, 2011. (Docket 20). On August 26, 2011, defense counsel filed a Motion for Extension of

Time to File Pre-Trial Motions and that Motion was granted by Court Order. (Docket 21). On

August 31, 2011, upon request of the Warden of the WCCF and for administrative and security

reasons, the Court issued an Order permitting the transfer of defendant Duncan from the WCCF

to the Fayette County Jail. (Docket 22).

                                                 9
       Defense counsel filed an Omnibus Pretrial Motion - Motion to Compel the Grand Jury

Transcript and by Order dated September 22, 2011, this Court granted that Motion compelling

the Commonwealth to tum over the Grand Jury Testimony. (Docket 23). The Commonwealth

did so without objection. Also on September 22, 2011, defense counsel filed numerous Omnibus

Pre-Trial Motions, Motions in Limine, and other miscellaneous motions separately: Motion to

Transfer (Docket 24 ); Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion - Motion to Suppress (Docket 25); Omnibus

Pre-Trial Motion - Motion to Suppress Extra-Judicial Statements (Docket 26); and seven (7)

different Omnibus Pre-Trial Motions - Motions in Limine (Docket 27-33). The Court scheduled

all of these Pre-Trial Motions for a hearing on October 27, 2011. The Commonwealth filed its

responses to the numerous defense pre-trial motions listed above in Docket 37-48.

       Meanwhile, the Commonwealth on September 30, 2011, filed a Motion to Consolidate all

three pending cases, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Michael J Duncan, 357-2011;

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. John Ira Bronson, Jr., 2217-2011; and, Commonwealth of

Pennsylvania v. Howard Edward Irwin, Jr., 358-2011. (Docket 35). The Commonwealth's

Motion was scheduled for argument on October 21, 2011; all defense attorneys presented

arguments against the consolidation while the Commonwealth argued in favor of its Motion.

(Docket 34). The Motion to Consolidate all three cases was granted by Court Order dated

October 25, 2011. (Docket 36).

       After a hearing and arguments on October 27, 2011, addressing the numerous pending

defense pre-trial motions, the Court issued a lengthy Order dated October 31, 2012, denying or

granting the pending motions. (Docket 49). In Docket numbers 50 and 52, the Commonwealth

filed Supplemental Discovery Responses. The Court filed an Order scheduling the consolidated

cases of Commonwealth v. Michael J. Duncan and Commonwealth v. John Ira Bronson, Jr. for

jury trial on January 9, 2012. (Docket 51). The third co-defendant, Howard Edward Irwin, Jr.,

                                                10
pursuant to a plea agreement, pied guilty to one count of Hindering Apprehension or Prosecution

-False Information to Law Enforcement, a felony of the third degree, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5105(a)(5),

on December 14, 2011. Irwin testified in the Commonwealth's case-in-chief in the consolidated

cases of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Michael J Duncan and Commonwealth of

Pennsylvania v. John Ira Bronson, Jr.

       On December 2, 2011, Attorney Shrager filed three additional Omnibus Pre-trial Motions

- Motion in Limine (Docket 53-55) which the parties agreed did not require a scheduled hearing

but would be considered at the appropriate time during trial. On December 8, 2011, the Court

issued a Case Management Order. (Docket 56). The Commonwealth filed additional

Supplemental Discovery Responses on December 12 and December 15, 2011. (Docket 57-58).

On December 19, 2011, the Commonwealth filed its Proposed Jury Questionnaire and Voir

Dire. (Docket 59). The Commonwealth also filed a Motion in Limine # 1 (Docket 60) which was

heard by the Court on December 20, 2011. The Court issued an Order on December 2 7, 2011,

granting the Commonwealth's Motion in Limine # 1. (Docket 62). The cases were scheduled for

a final pre-trial conference on January 3, 2012. (Docket 61). On December 29, 2011, defense

counsel filed his Proposed Voir Dire Questions. (Docket 63). The Commonwealth filed

additional Supplemental Discovery Responses on January 5, 2012 (Docket 64), January 6, 2012

(Docket 65), and January 9, 2012 (Docket 66). On January 10, 2012, the Court issued an Order

denying Attorney Shrager's oral motion to sanction the Commonwealth for the alleged late

discovery of a Western Union document citing Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(0) and (E) and the lack of a

showing of prejudice to the defendant. (Docket 67).

       On January 12, 2012, defense counsel filed another Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion-Motion

to Suppress Statement (Docket 68) for which the Court issued an Order dated January 12, 2012,

after hearing arguments of counsel on January 10-11, 2012. In that Order, the Court denied

                                               11
defense counsel's request that the defendant's video and recorded statements of January 14,

2011, be suppressed citing pertinent case law and the Court's rationale. (Docket 69).

       Jury selection began on January 9, 2012, and was completed on January 10, 2012. The

jury trial commenced on January 11, 2012, and concluded on January 23, 2012. The jury was

charged on January 24, 2012, and on the same date, found Michael J. Duncan guilty on both

counts, Criminal Homicide - Murder in the First Degree and Criminal Conspiracy to Commit

Criminal Homicide - Murder in the First Degree. (Docket 71).

       On March 2, 2012, the Court sentenced the defendant to state prison for an aggregate

sentence oflife in prison plus a consecutive fifteen to thirty (15~30) years. (Docket 74). On

March 22, 2012, Attorney Shrager filed a Notice of Appeal to the Pennsylvania Superior Court.

(Docket 76). On April 2, 2012, the Court issued its 1925(b) Order requesting the filing of a

Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal. (Docket 78). Upon request of defense

counsel, the Court granted Attorney Shrager two continuances to file his Concise Statement.

(Docket 80, 91). Upon receipt of and payment for the approximate 2,000 page trial transcript by

defense counsel, the Court granted Attorney Shrager' s Motion to Withdraw as counsel for

Michael J. Duncan on August 22, 2012, and in the same order, appointed Attorney Jeffrey

Watson to represent the defendant on appeal and to file defendant's l 925(b) statement. (Docket

93). With no objection from the Commonwealth, the Court granted Attorney Watson's Motion

for Extension of Time to File Concise Statement filed September I 0, 2011. (Docket 94 ). On

October 9, 2012, Attorney Watson filed a twenty (20) page Concise Statement of Matters

Complained of on Appeal. (Docket 95). This Court issued an Order on January 2, 2013,

appointing Attorney Mary Bates to represent the defendant on appeal as Attorney Watson had

accepted a position as an administrative law judge. (Docket 96). On January 4, 2013, the trial

judge, the Honorable Judge Janet Moschetta Bell, retired after seven (7) years on the bench.

                                                 12
                  7
Legal Analysis

Paragraphs 1-4, 11 (Weight and Sufficiency of the Evidence)

        In the instant case, defendant was convicted of Criminal Homicide - Murder of the First

Degree, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 250l(a), 2502(a), and Criminal Conspiracy to Commit Murder of the

First Degree, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903(c). He claims that the evidence presented at trial by the

Commonwealth was not sufficient to prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt on

the charges of Homicide and Conspiracy. He also claims that the evidence presented was

insufficient to establish the required specific intent. (Docket 95).

        Defendant challenges the verdict as being against the weight of the evidence. In so

doing, he "concedes that there is sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict." Commonwealth v.

Whiteman, 485 A.2d 459 (Pa. 1984). In ruling on a motion for new trial on the grounds that the

verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence, a trial court need not view the evidence in a

light most favorable to the verdict winner. Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa.

2000). The determination of whether the verdict is in fact against the weight of the evidence is

left to the discretion of the trial court. Id. In making its determination, the trial court may

evaluate the credibility of witnesses and evidence. Commonwealth v. Vogel, 461 A.2d 604, 609

(Pa. 1983). The jury, through their verdict, decided on the credibility of the witnesses and

evidence at trial. They found that the weight of the evidence supported a conviction herein. This

Court is unable to supplement the record with further explanation of the jury's credibility

determinations. See Armbruster, 813 A.2d 698; Yogel, 453 A.2d at 16.

7
   Attorney Jeffrey Watson filed a Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal in the instant case on
October 9, 2012. The document was twenty-one (21) pages long, nineteen (19) of which contained a list of fifty-
seven (57) separate issues raised on appeal. The trial court strongly considered applying the doctrine of waiver based
on the number and vagueness of issues presented in the document, but decided to address the non-redundant, non-
frivolous issues to the best of its ability in consideration of Pa.R.A.P. l 925(b)(4)(ii), (iv).
                                                          13
       Defendant alleges issues pertaining to weight and sufficiency of the evidence through

Paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, and 11 of his Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal,

(Docket 95), being the Commonwealth introduced insufficient evidence to prove those charges

upon which the defendant was convicted beyond a reasonable doubt (Paragraph 1 ); the

Commonwealth introduced insufficient evidence to establish a premeditated killing beyond a

reasonable doubt (Paragraph 2); the Commonwealth failed to establish that the defendant was

involved in a conspiracy to commit First Degree Murder (Paragraph 3); the Commonwealth

failed to establish that the defendant was involved in a conspiracy to commit criminal homicide

(Paragraph 4 ); and, generally that the weight and sufficiency of the evidence was insufficient to

sustain a conviction against the defendant (Paragraph 11 ).

       In the case sub Judice, defendant was convicted of Criminal Homicide, Murder in the

First Degree, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(a), and Criminal Conspiracy to Commit Murder, 18 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 903. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania summarized the applicable standard when

considering the sufficiency of the evidence in a case of Murder and Conspiracy to Commit

Murder:

        Evidence presented at trial is sufficient when, viewed in the light most favorable
        to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, the evidence and all reasonable
        inferences derived therefrom are sufficient to establish all elements of the offense
        beyond a reasonable doubt. In the case of first-degree murder, a person is guilty
        when the Commonwealth proves that: (I) a human being was unlawfully killed;
        (2) the person accused is responsible for the killing; and (3) the accused acted
        with specific intent to kill. An intentional killing is a killing by means of poison,
        or by lying in wait, or by any other kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated
        killing. The Commonwealth may prove that a killing was intentional solely
        through circumstantial evidence. The finder of fact may infer that the defendant
        had the specific intent to kill the victim based on the defendant's use of a deadly
        weapon upon a vital part of the victim's body.

                                                  14
       To prove conspiracy, the trier of fact must find that: 1) the defendant intended to
       commit or aid in the commission of the criminal act; 2) the defendant entered into
       an agreement with another to engage in the crime; and 3) the defendant or one or
       more of the other co-conspirators committed an overt act in furtherance of the
       agreed upon crime. In most cases of conspiracy, it is difficult to prove an explicit
       or formal agreement; hence, the agreement is generally established via
       circumstantial evidence, such as by the relations, conduct, or circumstances of the
       parties or overt acts on the part of co-conspirators. In the case of a conspiracy to
       commit homicide, each member of the conspiracy can be convicted of first-degree
       murder regardless of who inflicted the fatal wound.

Commonwealth v. Johnson, 985 A.2d 915, 920 (Pa. 2009) (quotations and citations omitted).

       As to the level of premeditation necessary for first-degree murder, the Court has stated

that it "may be very brief." Commonwealth v. Mason, 741 A.2d 708, 713 (Pa. 1999); citing

Commonwealth v. Green, 426 A.2d 614 (Pa. 1981). Indeed, the "design to kill can be formulated

in a fraction of a second," and presence of premeditation and deliberation will exist "whenever

there is a conscious purpose to bring about death." Id.

       It is well-established that the jury as fact-finder bears the responsibility of assessing the

credibility of the witnesses and weighing the evidence presented, and in doing so, the trier of fact

is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Pruitt, 951 A.2d 307, 313

(Pa. 2008).

       In Commonwealth v. Kane, 10 A.3d 327, 332 (Pa.Super. 2011), the Superior Court of

Pennsylvania held that "any doubts concerning a defendant's guilt were to be resolved by the

fact-finder unless the evidence was so weak and inconclusive that no probability of fact could be

drawn from that evidence."    Further, when reviewing a case for sufficiency of the evidence, the

Court may not substitute its judgment for that of the fact-finder, such that "if the record contains

support for the convictions, they may not be disturbed." Commonwealth v. Ostrosky, 866 A.2d
423, 427 (Pa.Super. 2005).

                                                  15
Ultimately, when reviewing a case on a sufficiency of the evidence claim, "a new trial can only

be granted ... in the extraordinary situation where the jury's verdict is so contrary to the evidence

that it shocks one's sense of justice and the award of a new trial is imperative so that right may be

given another opportunity to prevail." Commonwealth v. Drumheller, 808 A.2d 893, 908 (Pa.

2002); citing Commonwealth v. Simpson, 754 A.2d 1264, 1270 (Pa. 2000). In the instant case,

the jury's verdict did not shock the conscience of the Court.

       The defendant was found guilty of conspiracy. In order to do so, "the trier of fact must

find that the defendant intended to commit or aid in the commission of the criminal act; the

defendant entered into an agreement with another to engage in the crime; and, the defendant or

one or more of the other co-conspirators committed an overt act in furtherance of the agreed

upon crime." Johnson, supra at 920. Thus, "each member of a conspiracy to commit homicide

can be convicted of first-degree murder regardless of who inflicted the fatal wound."

Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 956 A.2d 926, 932 (Pa. 2008).

        Herein, Duncan intended to aid in the commission of the crime of murder. Bronson

asked Dzurco to set up a meeting with the victim. (T.T. 1226). Dzurco agreed but later changed

his mind upon learning that Bronson's intention was to kill Newman. (T.T. 1230, 1231). In

addition to Dzurco, Bronson also asked Bedner to assist, but he also declined. (T. T. 1031: 7-18).

        Bronson eventually entered into an agreement with Duncan to kill Newman and Duncan

agreed. This occurred in Irwin's home. (T.T. 1031: 7-18). Bowman, who attended the meeting,

testified as to its purpose. (T.T. 1031: 7-18). Bronson admitted to Michael McCarthy that he

attended the fateful meeting. (T.T. 1428: 12-13). He also admitted that the meeting concerned

killing Newman. (T. T. 1429: 15-16). Further, Duncan made inculpatory statements as detailed

above (T.T. 1641: 8-12) regarding the $300,000 which Newman had cost Bronson. Geletei

testified to the following:

                                                  16
       [Duncan] come over and asked ifl knew Newman. I said, yeah. He says, I'm
       going to take his ass out. And he started saying something about Bronson and
       drugs and all this. I said, I'm only in here [in jail] for child support; I don't want to
       get involved in this. And he kept on running his mouth saying about him being a
       monster and taking people out before and all this.

(T.T. 794: 4-12). Duncan and Bronson committed acts in furtherance of the crime of homicide.

Not only did Duncan make an agreement with Bronson to kill the victim, he actually pulled the

trigger and solidified the commission of the crime.

       When viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict

winner, the evidence and all reasonable inferences derived therefrom are sufficient to establish

all elements of the offense of Criminal Conspiracy to Commit Murder in the First Degree beyond

a reasonable doubt. Johnson, supra at 920.

       The defendant was also found guilty of homicide. "In the case of first-degree murder, a

person is guilty when the Commonwealth proves that: ( 1) a human being was unlawfully killed;

(2) the person accused is responsible for the killing; and (3) the accused acted with specific intent

to kill. An intentional killing is a killing by means of poison, or by lying in wait, or by any other

kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated killing. The Commonwealth may prove that a killing

was intentional solely through circumstantial evidence. The finder of fact may infer that the

defendant had the specific intent to kill the victim based on the defendant's use of a deadly

weapon upon a vital part of the victim's body." Id.

       In the case sub judice, Newman was unlawfully killed by Duncan who shot a bullet

through the victim's left ear. The Commonwealth called several witnesses to testify about

hearing Duncan brag about the murder. He told Geletei that he was going to kill the victim for

Bronson over a drug debt. (T.T. 794: 4-12). Ryan Givens called Duncan after the murder to

inform him that Newman had been killed, to which Duncan responded, "snitches get dealt with."

(T.T. 1280: 10). He admitted to Bowman that he had killed Newman, and explained how he did

                                                  17
it, (T.T. 1032: 11-12), saying that he was in the rear of Newman's car and shot him in the left

ear. (T.T. 1032: 19-21). Eric DeLong ("DeLong") encountered Duncan at a bar, (T.T. 847: 16-

20), and overheard Duncan say, "yeah, I popped that guy in the back of the head [in] California."

(T.T. 850: 9-12). Duncan told Irwin that "[Homer] brought [Newman] out [of] the house and ..

. brought him to the car. And [Duncan] was in the car and [Duncan] whacked [Newman]."

(T.T. 1473: 11-13). In response to a police interviewer stating that it might have been

self-defense, Duncan stated "come on, man, you seen that crime scene, it couldn't have been

self-defense." (1643: 14-15).

       The jury clearly found that Duncan acted with the specific intent to willfully and

deliberately kill Newman. While the "design to kill can be formulated in a fraction of a second,"

Duncan seemed to reflect on his intent to kill for several weeks. Mason, 741 A.2d at 713. The

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has held that the "finder of fact may infer that the defendant had

the specific intent to kill the victim based on the defendant's use of a deadly weapon upon a vital

part of the victim's body." Id. Ample witness testimony reveals that Duncan admitted to

shooting the victim in the head. (1643: 14-15; 850: 9-12; 1472: 22-25; 1473: 3-4). The jury had

sufficient evidence to find that Duncan had "been lying in wait" in Newman's car before slaying

him.

       When viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict

winner, the evidence and all reasonable inferences derived therefrom are sufficient to establish

all elements of the offense of Murder of the First Degree beyond a reasonable doubt as to

defendant Duncan. Johnson, supra at 920.

Paragraph 10 (Motion for Judgment of Acquittal)

       Paragraph 10 of defendant's Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal

alleges that the trial court erred or abused its discretion in failing to grant a Motion for Judgment

                                                  18
of Acquittal in favor of the defendant, thereby dismissing all charges against him, at the

conclusion of the Commonwealth's case-in-chief. Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure

(Pa.R.Crim.P.) 606 provides that "[a] defendant may challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to

sustain a conviction of one or more of the offenses charged in one or more of the following

ways: (1) a motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of the Commonwealth's case-in-

chief; ... " Pa.R.Crim.P. 606(A)(l).

        A motion for judgment of acquittal challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a

conviction on a particular charge, and is granted only in cases in which the Commonwealth has

failed to carry its burden regarding that charge. Commonwealth v. Foster, 33 A.3d 632, 635

(Pa.Super. 2011) (citations omitted). The test to be applied to the defendant's claim that his

demurrer was improperly denied "is whether, accepting as true all of the Commonwealth's

evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom, it was sufficient to support a finding by the

jury that appellant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." Commonwealth v. Austin, 631 A.2d
625, 629 (Pa.Super. 1993) (citations omitted). The Comment to Pa.R.Crim.P. 606 notes that

although the proper term is now "judgment of acquittal," that the continued use of the term

"demurrer" will not affect an otherwise valid challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.

Therefore, case law addressing the granting or denial of a demurrer is equally applicable to the

granting or denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal.

        As indicated in Foster, supra, a motion for judgment of acquittal challenges the

sufficiency of the Commonwealth's evidence at a particular point in the trial, here at the

conclusion of the Commonwealth's case-in-chief. As the standard for a motion for judgment of

acquittal and a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence are one and the same, the Court relies

on its analysis above concerning the sufficiency of the Commonwealth's evidence as to the

 charges of Conspiracy and Homicide. The Commonwealth, by its evidence and witnesses,

                                                  19
sufficiently proved the elements of each crime beyond a reasonable doubt and met its burden in

order for the case to proceed to the jury verdict.

Paragraphs 5-7 (Motion to Consolidate)

           In Paragraphs 5- 7 of defendant's Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal,

he alleges that the Court erred in granting Commonwealth's Motion to Consolidate for Purpose

of Trial, and in failing to later sever the case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. John Ira

Bronson, Jr., CP-63-0002217-2011 from his case, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Michael J

Duncan, CP-63-CR-0000357-2011. (Docket 95).

           Duncan erroneously asserts three theories for which he is entitled to relief in connection

with the consolidation and failure to sever the two cases. (Docket 95). He alleges prejudice

stemming (a) from evidence that would confuse the jury, (b) from evidence admitted at trial that

would have been inadmissible in his own trial, and ( c) from the lack of an opportunity to develop

antagonistic defenses. See Commonwealth v. Tolassi, 392 A.2d 750, 753 (Pa.Super. 1978).

However, the Superior Court has recently described the test on which a defendant relies as being

merely "persuasive".        Commonwealth v Brookins, 10 A.3d 1251, 1256 (Pa.Super. 2010); appeal

denied by Commonwealth v. Brookins, 22 A.3d 1033 (Pa. 2011).

           The Commonwealth presented its Motion to Consolidate on September 29, 2011, and

filed said Motion on October 20, 2011. (Docket 35). Co-defendant Irwin filed a Motion to Sever

on October 20, 2011. (Docket 36). A hearing on the Commonwealth's Motion to Consolidate

and the proposed co-defendant responses was held on October 21, 2011, with argument
                                                        8                          .
presented by all three proposed co-defendants.              The Court granted the Commonwealth's Motion

to Consolidate by Order of Court dated October 25, 2011, after consideration of all briefs

8
    As mentioned supra, co-defendant Irwin's case was disposed ofon December 14, 2011 via guilty plea.
                                                            20
submitted and of the pertinent case law and rules. (Docket 36). Consolidation is controlled by

Pa.R.Crim.P. 582, which provides:

        Defendants charged in separate indictments or informations may be tried together
        if they are alleged to have participated in the same act or transaction or in the
        same series of acts or transactions constituting an offense or offenses.

Severance is controlled by Pa.R.Crim.P. 583, which provides:

        The court may order separate trials of offenses or defendants, or provide other
        appropriate relief, if it appears that any party may be prejudiced by offenses or
        defendants being tried together.

        The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that "[jjoint trials are favored when judicial

economy will be served by avoiding the expensive and time-consuming duplication of evidence,

and where the defendants are charged with conspiracy." Commonwealth v. Birdsong, 24 A.3d
319, 336 (Pa. 2011); citing Commonwealth v. Jones, 668 A.2d 491, 501 (Pa. 1995). The decision

whether to join or sever cases for trial is within the sole discretion of the trial court, and will be

reversed only for a manifest abuse of discretion or prejudice and clear injustice. Commonwealth

v. Wholaver, 989 A.2d 883, 898 (Pa. 2010); citing Commonwealth v. Newman, 598 A.2d 275,

277 (Pa. 1991). See also Commonwealth v. Cousar, 928 A.2d 1025 (Pa. 2007).

        In the instant case, Bronson and Duncan are "alleged to have participated in the same act

or transaction or in the same series of acts or transactions constituting an offense or offenses,"

Pa.R.Crim.P. 582(2), and were charged with conspiracy. Consolidation of the cases was proper.

Further, the defendant "bears the burden of proving that he was prejudiced by the decision not to

sever, and he must show real potential for prejudice rather than mere speculation."

Commonwealth v. Rivera, 773 A.2d 131, 137 (Pa. 2001). The Court balanced the need to

minimize potential prejudice against the general policy of encouraging judicial economy.

Commonwealth v. Janda, 14 A.3d 147, 155-56 (Pa.Super. 2011). As stated above, "[jjoint trials

are favored when judicial economy will be served by avoiding the expensive and time-

                                                   21
consuming duplication of evidence, and where the defendants are charged with conspiracy."

Birdsong, 24 A.3d at 36. See inter alia, Commonwealth v. King, 721 A.2d 763 (Pa. Super. 1998);

Commonwealth v. Marinelli, 690 A.2d 203 (Pa. 1997); Commonwealth v Presbury, 665 A.2d
825, 828 (Pa.Super. 1995). Hence, refusal to sever was proper.

       The defendant alleges jury confusion in Paragraph 5. He claims prejudice because "the

complexity of the evidence as introduced was likely to have caused the jury to be unable to

distinguish the evidence or apply the law as to the charges separately against each Defendant."

(Docket 95).

       The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has defined "prejudice" as it relates to consolidation

and severance in the context of jury confusion stating,

       [Prejudice] is not simply prejudice in the sense that appellant will be linked to the
       crimes for which he is being prosecuted, for that sort of prejudice is ostensibly the
       purpose of all Commonwealth evidence. The prejudice of which [the rule] speaks
       is, rather, that which would occur ... because the jury was incapable of
       separating the evidence or could not avoid cumulating the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Collins, 703 A.2d 418, 423 (Pa. 1997) (emphasis added).

       The defendant is required to prove that he suffered real potential for prejudice. Rivera,
773 A.2d at 13 7. In the instant case, the evidence was not so complex that it rose to this level of

prejudice. It did not render the jury incapable of separating the evidence as it applied solely to

each defendant or as it applied collectively to both defendants.

       Although the testimony and evidence was extensive, it all pointed clearly towards the

Commonwealth's theory of the case, which, at its heart, is quite simple. In fact, the

Commonwealth's theory can be summed up in one sentence. The Commonwealth alleges that

Bronson, after having been set up by the victim who was working as a C.I., hired Duncan to kill

him and Duncan did so.

                                                 22
          Over the course of seven (7) days of testimony     from more than thirty (30) witnesses, the

Commonwealth's        theory of the case became clearer and more overwhelming.          It is difficult to

conceive how the evidence of one man hiring another to perform murder would confuse the jury.

All evidence of the solicitation   was presented as to Bronson.        All evidence of the killing was

presented as to Duncan.     Evidence of the conspiracy     was presented as to both.

          Despite attempts by both defendants   to offer alternative     suspects for the killing and

solicitation,   the jury chose to believe the Commonwealth's      theory. The jury decided credibility

of witnesses and evidence in favor of the Commonwealth.           Even if any confusion had existed,

the defendant's    burden is to "show real potential for prejudice     rather than mere speculation."

Rivera, 773 A.2d at 13 7. Based on the weight of all of the evidence, Duncan failed to meet his

burden.

          Duncan next alleges in Paragraph 6 that irrelevant or inadmissible evidence was

considered by the jury. He claims that evidence was admitted at trial "against the Defendant,

John Ira Bronson, Jr., that would not have been relevant or admissible in the trial of the

Defendant, Michael J. Duncan, if tried alone, and ... the jury .. .likely ... consider[ ed] said evidence

against him ... notwithstanding admonitory ... instructions." (Docket 95).

          The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in Commonwealth v. Brown, 925 A.2d 147 (Pa.

2007), addressed the issue of relevance and admissibility in a case where co-defendants were

charged with conspiracy and murder. The Supreme Court held: "[t]he trial court did not abuse its

discretion in denying severance. Conspiracy was charged against both defendants, the other

crimes charged were essentially the same, the circumstances giving rise to the murder were the

same, and {a common witness'] testimony was the key evidence against both defendants." Id.

The same is true in the instant case. Here, both men are charged with conspiracy and murder; the

narrative is common to both co-defendants; the fact-finder was no doubt aided in its

                                                    23
understanding by hearing the full story of both men's involvement; and the testimony of Irwin

and Bowman was key evidence against both co-defendants. In fact, the great majority, if not all,

of the evidence presented at trial is certainly relevant to both cases as it outlines the complete

circumstances of the solicitation, conspiracy, and murder.

       Inversely, the defendant points to no specific evidence that would have been inadmissible

in an independent trial. The record reveals no evidence that clearly would have been

inadmissible against the defendant and had a high probability of being considered against him

notwithstanding admonitory instructions. However, even if such evidence exists, the defendant

is still required to "show real potential for prejudice rather than mere speculation." Rivera, 773
A.2d at 137. Again, the Court finds that the defendant failed to meet this burden.

       Moreover, the weight of admissible evidence was more than sufficient to convict the

defendant. The respective testimony of Bowman and Irwin stating that they personally witnessed

Bronson ask Duncan to kill the victim was admissible. (T.T. 1466: 7- 14). The evidence relative

to Bronson's motives was admissible. Duncan's statement to Geletei while they were in jail was

admissible. (T.T. 794: 4-12). Duncan's statement to Bowman while on furlough was admissible.

(T.T. 1032: 11-12). The statement made by Duncan and overheard by former corrections officer,

Eric DeLong, was admissible. (T.T. 850: 9-12). Thus, the defendant has not shown significant

prejudice.

       In Paragraph 7, the defendant alleges that the Court erred in failing to sever "where

antagonistic defenses between the Defendants were present and prejudice resulted to the

Defendant, Michael J. Duncan." (Docket 95). At argument on the Motion to Consolidate, co-

defendant Bronson asserted that potential co-defendants Duncan and Irwin would be prejudiced

by "evidence of additional threads of solicitation" that involved Bronson. Further, that there

were "lots of moving parts .. .lots of ... prosecution witnesses. A jury simply won't be able to

                                                  24
keep each of these pieces of evidence separate from the other Defendants to whom they do not

apply." (Consolidation Hearing Transcript ["CHT"] 16: 6-11). Bronson argued that Duncan and

another prosecution witness were involved in planning and executing the homicide. (CHT 17;

Bronson Docket 27, Exhibit C).

        However, where defendants allege a conflicting series of events or antagonistic defenses,

this alone is not sufficient to grant a severance, but is merely a factor for the trial court to

consider. See Commonwealth v. Cousman, 986 A.2d 822 (Pa. 2009) (where co-defendants

blamed each other for prompting the homicide, that fact was insufficient to warrant separate

trials based on antagonistic defenses). In fact, where conflicting versions of events may be

offered, the truth may be more easily decided if co-defendants are tried together. Rivera, 773
A.2d at 137; citing Commonwealth v. Chester, 587 A.2d 1367, 1373 (Pa. 1991).

        Ultimately, and most importantly, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that

"[ d]efenses become antagonistic only when the jury, in order to believe the essence of testimony

offered on behalf of one defendant, must necessarily disbelieve the testimony of his co-

defendant." Commonwealth v. Housman, 986 A.2d 822, 834 (Pa. 2009).

        In the case sub Judice, the jury was faced with no such necessity. Both defendants denied

any involvement. (T.T. 1819 et seq.; 1776 et seq.). The jury chose to disbelieve both

defendants' versions of events and instead relied on the substantial evidence against them. Ergo,

there were no antagonistic defenses that caused prejudice necessitating severance.

Testimony of Robert Bedner (Paragraph 8)

        The defendant next alleges that the Court erred by allowing Robert Bedner to testify "for

the sole purpose of impeaching Mr. Bedner with [a 2003] out-of-court statement." (Docket 95).

He also claims that Bedner "recanted [this 2003] out-of-court statement during the Defendant's

                                                   25
preliminary hearing." The former is a misstatement of the law and the latter is a misstatement of

the facts. (Docket 95).

          While it is true that co-defendant Bronson's trial counsel, through a motion in limine,

argued that Bedner recanted these statements at the preliminary hearing, the Court reviewed and

denied same. (Bronson Docket 37). There was no finding that Bedner's statements at the

preliminary hearing amounted to a recantation of his 2003 statements. Further, defendant

Duncan has failed to allege that the motion in limine was improperly denied. 9

          In Paragraph 8 of defendant's Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal, he

asserts that the Court should have prevented Bedner from testifying because the Commonwealth

called Bedner "for the sole purpose of impeaching" him. (Docket 95). The Court disagrees and

does not find that permitting Bedner to testify was improper. The Commonwealth did not call

Bedner solely for impeachment purposes because the Commonwealth did not actually impeach

Bedner. Black's Law Dictionary (9th ed. 2009) defines "impeach" as "to discredit the veracity of

(a witness)." Bedner's statements were admitted as Recorded Recollections or as Prior

Inconsistent Statements pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence (Pa.R.E.) 803.1. Bedner's

statements were inconsistent, not because they were contradictory or displayed a lack of veracity,

but because his statements merely represented a failure of memory. In fact, the Commonwealth

stated,

          Judge, my argument is that under 803 .1 (3), recorded recollection . . . Mr. Bedner
          is testifying that he has no recollection of the interview.

(T.T. 1139).

9
  Regardless, recantation does not seem to be grounds for exclusion as the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in
Commonwealth v. Brown, 52 A.3d 1139, I I 70 (Pa. 2012), recently upheld a conviction basely solely on prior
inconsistent statements that were later recanted.
                                                        26
Pa.R.E. 803.1(3) states that,

       [t]he following statements, as hereinafter defined, are not excluded by the
       hearsay rule if the declarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to
       cross-examination concerning the statement:

       (3) Recorded recollection. A memorandum or record concerning a matter about
       which a witness once had knowledge but now has insufficient recollection to
       enable the witness to testify fully and accurately, shown to have been made or
       adopted by the witness when the matter was fresh in the witness' memory,
       providing that the witness testifies that the record correctly reflects that
       knowledge. If admitted, the memorandum or record may be read into evidence
       and received as an exhibit, but may be shown to the jury only in exceptional
       circumstances or when offered by an adverse party.

This Court recognizes: "[t]his exception only applies where the witness lacks a present

recollection of the event." Commonwealth v. Young, 7 48 A.2d 166, 177 (Pa. 1999). In

Commonwealth v. Cooley, 398 A.2d 637, 641 (Pa. 1979) it was held,

        [b]efore the content of a writing becomes admissible under [the recorded
        recollection] exception, the proponent must lay a foundation to show that four
        requirements are met: 1) the witness must have had firsthand knowledge of the
        event; 2) the written statement must be an original memorandum made at or near
        the time of the event and while the witness had a clear and accurate memory of it;
        3) the witness must lack a present recollection of the event, and 4) the witness
        must vouch for the accuracy of the written memorandum.

        Bedner was called as a witness and testified. (T.T. 1134 et seq.) When he could not

recall the content of the interview, a transcribed copy was provided to him. (T.T. 1136: 21-23).

His recollection was still not refreshed and the Commonwealth was permitted to play a portion

of a recording that was in the possession of the defense "for about four months". (T.T. 1144-

1157; 1150: 19). The witness was shown to have first-hand knowledge of the report when he

asked if he recalled being interviewed by the PSP and he responded "yes." (T.T. 1134: 21-23).

The recollection was a transcript of an audiotape. The witness vouched for the accuracy of the

                                                   27
document when he was asked if he was truthful in the interview and he responded, "I would say

yes." (T. T. 11 3 6-11 3 7).

        The recording would also have been admissible under Pa.R.E. 803.1(1) which states that

out-of-court statements are "not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant testifies at the trial

or hearing[,] is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, [the] statement by [the]

declarant ... is inconsistent with the declarant's testimony, and ... [the statement] is a verbatim

contemporaneous recording of an oral statement." Such statements "are admissible as

substantive evidence[.]" Commonwealth v. Stays, 40 A.3d 160, 165 (Pa.Super. 2012). Pa.RE.

6 l 3(b) states that "extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is admissible

only if, during the examination of the witness, (1) the statement, if written, is shown to, or if not

written, its contents are disclosed to the witness; (2) the witness is given an opportunity to

explain or deny the making of the statement; and (3) the opposing party is given an opportunity

to question the witness."

        Bedner's prior inconsistent statements were thoroughly attacked on cross-examination.

He admitted to being a drug addict (T.T. 1166: 8-9); that he had drugs in his system when he

made the 2003 statements (T.T. 1166: 22-24); that he was facing charges and was offered a deal

in return for his testimony (T.T. 1166: 4-8). He recalled testifying at the preliminary hearing.

(T.T. 1167: 5-8). He recalled testifying that it was "[h]ighly possible" that he lied in the PSP

interview. At trial, he instead chose to call the likelihood that he lied merely "possible". (T.T.

1169: 3-4).

        Although it is necessary to analyze the admissibility of the audio-taped statement to show

other reasons for Bedner being permitted to testify, the precise allegation of error is that Bedner

was allowed to testify at all. He was not called solely for impeachment purposes, but rather the

Commonwealth anticipated that he would testify consistently with his 2003 statements. When

                                                  28
Bedner proved unable or unwilling to remember the 2003 testimony, it was properly admitted

pursuant to Pa.R.E. 803.1(1) and 803.(3) as substantive evidence or a recorded recollection.

Paragraph 9 (Victim's Confidential Informant [C.I.] File)

       Duncan alleges that the Court erred or abused its discretion when it denied defendant

Bronson's Petition to Compel Production of the Victim's Confidential Informant (CI) File.10

(Docket 62, 95). He claims that the contents of the C.I. file "might have affected the outcome of

trial if it were shown that the Defendant was not the only law enforcement target against whom

the victim informed upon, where said CI-target relationship was the basis for the

Commonwealth's arguing motive." (Docket 95).

       He claims that the Court should have granted the Petition and ordered the

Commonwealth to produce a document that did not exist. As same was impossible to grant, the

Court must presume that this allegation of error is based on a violation of defendant's Federal

Due Process rights.11

        The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that "[tjhe Due Process Clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment requires defendants be provided access to certain kinds of evidence prior

to trial, so they may be afforded a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense."

Commonwealth v. Chamberlain, 30 A.3d 381 (Pa. 2011) (citations and quotations omitted). The

Court also stated that the Commonwealth must produce all "evidence which is exculpatory and

material to guilt or punishment ... and to turn over exculpatory evidence which might raise a

reasonable doubt about a defendant's guilt, even if the defense fails to request it[.]" Id. at 402.

 10The Court notes that the Petition was denied as moot because the evidence had been destroyed pursuant to a PSP
document retention policy. (Bronson Docket 55).
11 While the Court "may interpret provisions of the Pennsylvania Constitution to provide greater protection than

their federal counterparts, [the Court in Chamberlain] decline[d] to entertain such an interpretation[ .]"
Chamberlain, 30 A.3d at 403.
                                                        29
However, "[wjhen the state fails to preserve evidence that is potentially useful, there is no

federal due process violation unless a criminal defendant can show bad faith on the part of the

police ...     In evaluating a claim that the Commonwealth's failure to preserve evidence violated a

criminal defendant's federal due process rights, a court must first determine whether the missing

evidence is materially exculpatory or potentially useful." Id. at 402. ( citations and quotations

omitted).

         Presuming that defendant Duncan adopted co-defendant Bronson's Petition, he still did

not raise bad faith on the part of the Commonwealth. The Trial Court found by its December 27,

2011 Order that "the Commonwealth indicated that the [PSP], following standard state police

practice regarding a person's confidential informant file, purged [Newman's] confidential

informant file in 2009 (following a five (5) year requirement to maintain this type of file)[.]"

(Bronson Docket 55). As the PSP destroyed this file two years prior to the filing of charges in

this case and pursuant to a standard document retention policy, the Court cannot characterize the

Commonwealth's failure to preserve the evidence as being done in bad faith.

         As to whether the evidence was "materially exculpatory or potentially useful[,]" the

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has "recognize[d] [that] this [determination] is a treacherous

task, requiring a court to divin[ e] the import of materials whose contents are unknown and, very

often, disputed." Commonwealth v. Snyder, 963 A.2d 396, 405 (Pa. 2009). Further, evidence

which "is [only] possibly exculpatory is only [considered] potentially useful ... [and] the loss of

[ such evidence] creates a constitutional deprivation only if the Commonwealth acted in bad

faith." Chamberlain, 30 A.3d at 402 (citations and quotations omitted).

             Here, the contents of the C.I. file are not wholly unknown. The defendant alleged that the

file contained the names of others on whom Newman had informed. They would have been used

to show that "the Defendant was not the only law enforcement target against whom the victim

                                                     30
informed upon." (Docket 95). Such evidence could show that others may have solicited the

victim's killing, but it would not exonerate Duncan. Defendant Bronson's Omnibus Pretrial

Motion No. 3 characterized the information within the C.I. file as only "possibly and/or likely to

be favorable to the Defendant[.]" (Bronson Docket 47). Bronson, and Duncan by adoption,

apparently viewed the evidence as merely "potentially useful" rather than "materially

exculpatory". Ergo, the evidence contained in the C.I. file should be considered only "possibly

exculpatory" and, therefore, "potentially useful", rather than "materially exculpatory". As such,

the Commonwealth exhibited no bad faith; and the defendant's due process rights were not

violated by the destruction of and failure to produce the victim's C.I. file.

Legal Analysis of Pre~Trial and Trial Evidentiary Rulings

       The Court will now address the alleged complaints of error in the evidentiary rulings of

the trial judge as set forth in Paragraphs 12-5 7 of defendant's 1925(b) statement, despite the fact

that appellate counsel did not cite a transcript page; did not always cite the witness' name; did

not cite a controlling Order of Court involving pre-trial motions; at times, was redundant; and,

used broad, general, and vague language in some allegations of error. The Court, nevertheless,

believes it found the evidentiary rulings from its review of the transcript and from the trial

court's orders on pre-trial motions and addresses the issues as succinctly and as clearly as

possible. Many of these complaints could have been dismissed due to the above-mentioned

short-comings, but the Court will respond to them for the sake of the present and future appeals.

Again, the Court is mindful of Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(ii) and (iv).

Paragraph 12

        Defendant claims that the Commonwealth made improper references to drugs, drug use,

and drug dealing during its opening and closing statements and throughout trial. (Docket 95). An

opening statement is meant to inform the jury about the case, its background, and what each side

                                                  31
intends to prove, but is not evidence. Commonwealth v. Salzberg, 516 A.2d 758 (Pa.Super.

1986). The District Attorney need not conclusively establish all statements made during opening

remarks, but a good-faith, reasonable basis must exist to believe that particular fact will be

established. Id. In the instant case, the Commonwealth made references to the drug dealing

business in order to outline its case theory to the jury, provide for a development of the facts, and

most importantly, to demonstrate the motive for both the conspiracy and the murder. The

probative value of such motive, intent, and planning evidence in the instant case was immense.

Pa.R.E. 404(b).

       The Commonwealth's statement as to the drug dealing business cannot be said to be

prejudicial as the statements were substantiated by ample evidence at trial, and the trial court

instructed the jury that the statements and arguments of counsel were not evidence, that the

defendant enjoyed the presumption of innocence, and that the Commonwealth had the burden of

proof. Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 986 A.2d 84 (Pa. 2009). The Commonwealth elicited

testimony from numerous witnesses concerning the involvement of the drug dealing business in

this case as such elicitation was necessary to develop the factual background of the case and to

establish the motives of both Bronson and Duncan. The Commonwealth's references to the drug

dealing business in its opening statement were made with a good-faith, reasonable belief that

such references would be substantiated by its evidence and testimony; and they were. The

testimony of witnesses Geletei, Hull, Bedner, and Dzurco and the plethora of evidence presented

substantiated those references during trial. Lastly, the references made in the Commonwealth's

closing argument served to summarize the Commonwealth's case and the evidence it presented.

The prosecutor's comments were proper and defendant's claim is without merit.

Paragraph 13

                                                  32
        In defendant's issue number 13, counsel alleges that the trial court erred or abused its

discretion in permitting the use of a videotaped and recorded statement of defendant, Michael

Duncan, in a Pennsylvania Court where such video and recorded statement was created in Ohio.

After a hearing and upon consideration of defendant's Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion =Motion to

Suppress Statement (Docket 68), the Court issued an Order dated January 12, 2012, denying the

Motion for all of the reasons set forth in its Order. (Docket 69). The Court welcomes a review of

its Order at Docket 69, but notes that the Commonwealth did not introduce the videotaped and

recorded statement of Michael Duncan created in Loraine, Ohio, during the jury trial. Therefore,

there is no merit to this issue as it is moot.

Paragraph 14

        In defendant's issue number 14, counsel alleges that the trial court erred or abused its

discretion in permitting Brian Homer to refresh his recollection of his statements to police by

reviewing the report written by police after he had testified that he could not remember anything

about the night of February 3, 2003. In its ruling, the Court relied upon Pa.R.E. 612- Writing or

Other Item Used to Refresh Memory - in overruling the objections of defense counsel. Pursuant

to the Rule cited and Bernstein's Pa. Rules of Evidence (2010 Ed.), Rule 612 at pp. 482-491, it is

clear that any memorandum can be used to refresh a witness' recollection regardless of

authorship. See discussion on the record at T.T. 259-265. There is no merit to this issue as

almost anything can be used to refresh a witness' recollection.

Paragraph 15

        In defendant's issue number 15, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in permitting Amelia Pajerski to answer questions regarding statements by

the decedent-victim to her over objections of defense counsel citing inadmissible hearsay.

Without a citation to the transcript page, the Court believes that appellate counsel is referring to

                                                  33
objections by trial counsel at T.T. 324-330. The trial court relied upon Pa.R.E. 801(14); 803.1;

and 803 .3 in admitting this testimony and overruling the objection.

Paragraph 16

       In defendant's issue number 16, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred in

overruling defense counsel's objection and in permitting the Commonwealth to question Melissa

Nelson about her dealings with defendant, Michael Duncan, and with Howard Edward Irwin, Jr.

Appellate counsel argues that the admission of this testimony prejudiced the defendant and that

the testimony's prejudicial effect outweighed any probative value. (Docket 95). The Court

believes appellate counsel is referring to T.T. 410-412. Although trial counsel was given an

opportunity at sidebar to specifically articulate his objection, Attorney Shrager stated that he was

objecting for the record but making no argument. (T.T. 412). The trial court overruled the

general objection and supported that ruling with Pa.RE. 103(a)(l) in that defense counsel never

stated a specific ground for objecting to the question or line of questions. Furthermore, this

whole case involved the business of drug sales, drug usage, and the murder of John Newman -

all intertwined. The Commonwealth's evidence could not have been presented without

references to drug usage, drug sales, and drug trafficking. It is noted that defense counsel cross-

examined many Commonwealth witnesses on the issue of the witness' drug habits and whether

they were under the influence of controlled substances at the time in question.

Paragraph 17

       In defendant's issue number 17, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred in

permitting the Commonwealth, over defense objection, to play a recorded statement of Melissa

Nelson without a transcript of the statement and without an adequate foundation. Again, no page

citation was provided but upon the Court's review, at T.T. 422-458, these issues were argued

outside the hearing of the jury. The trial court relied upon Pa.RE. 803. l{l )(c) in permitting the

                                                 34
playing of Melissa Nelson's recorded statement. The trial court admitted the inconsistent

statement of Melissa Nelson as it was a verbatim contemporaneous recording of an oral

statement; Melissa Nelson testified at trial; and, she was subject to cross-examination concerning

the statement.

        Also, in Paragraph 17, appellate counsel alleges that in permitting the playing of the

verbatim contemporaneous recording of an oral statement by Melissa Nelson, the trial court

permitted the introduction of hearsay evidence which should have been redacted- no page

citations provided. At T. T. 449 - 481, the transcript covered this issue and all others raised in

Paragraph 17. At T.T. 479, Duncan's trial counsel withdrew his request for a cautionary

instruction regarding the car rental testimony from the recorded oral statement. Also at

T.T. 481, defense counsel admitted that he had received a copy of the recorded oral statement in

mid-December 2011 and never filed a motion in limine on any aspect of the recorded oral

statement of Melissa Nelson.

Paragraph 18

        In defendant's issue number 18, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred in

permitting the Commonwealth to introduce a hypothetical question to an expert witness "where

there was no foundation ... no adequate time reference ... " (Docket 95). Appellate counsel did

not identify the expert witness by name, and there were numerous experts who testified during

this trial, nor was a transcript page cited, but the Court identified the objection from its review of

the trial transcript. The Commonwealth directed a hypothetical question to Jason Evans, a

forensic scientist supervisor with the Harrisburg Regional Crime Laboratory of the PSP at T.T.

668. After a lengthy sidebar discussion, the Commonwealth withdrew the hypothetical question.

(T.T. 668-677). Therefore, this issue is moot.

                                                  35
Paragraph      19

         In defendant'    issue number 19, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion     in overruling   a defense objection pertaining to a question to expert witness,

Trooper Aaron Borello, as to whether Brian Homer indicated to him that he (Homer) had

participated    in a drug transaction     with John Newman,   decedent, the night before Newman's body

was found.      The Court overruled the hearsay objection as a hearsay exception       applied. The

statement was a statement       against interest and it laid the foundation for an opinion question to

the expert witness.      See Pa.R.E. 702, 719- 731. The expert opinion established that individuals

who participate in a drug trafficking distribution business together have a normal working

relationship and share a degree of trust. (T.T. 730).

Paragraph 20

         In defendant's issue number 20, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in interrupting Attorney David Shrager, sua sponte, throughout the trial

when no objection had been lodged, thereby demonstrating through its statements and questions

how the case should be decided. No citations whatsoever were included in this general, vague,

and outlandish claim. This trial consumed nearly a 2,000 page transcript. Attorney Shrager was

given great latitude to object, argue, and raise issues at sidebar and during in-chamber meetings

prior to and at the close of court each day. The review of the record will confirm that the trial

court never made statements before the jury or outside the presence of the jury to articulate

through words or actions "where it believed the case should go with regard to the conviction of

the Defendant." (Docket 95). To the contrary, a review of the record will demonstrate that the

trial court treated Attorney Shrager and defendant, Michael Duncan, and all involved with a great

deal of patience, fairly and respectfully at all times. Attorney Shrager had unfettered opportunity,

                                                       36
time, and latitude to defend his client and try his case within the bounds of the Rules of Evidence

and Rules of Criminal Procedure without any inappropriate remarks or expressions from the trial

judge.

Paragraph 21

         In defendant's issue number 21, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in not removing Juror #3 from the jury when a local attorney reported to

defense counsel that Juror #3 had been involved in county conservative politics and had

supported Eugene Vittone for District Attorney in the 2011 elections. The following synopsis of

events better explains the nature of the issue and the rationale for the trial court's ruling.

         An issue arose during trial on January 18, 2012, when Attorney Sean Logue reported to

Attorney Keith Emerick, counsel for John Ira Bronson, Jr., who reported to Attorney David S.

Shrager, counsel for Michael J. Duncan, that Juror #3 was involved in county conservative

politics and had supported Eugene Vittone for District Attorney in 2011. This matter developed

on the record at T.T. 976-983, at which time the trial court took the matter under advisement and

moved on to another witness, Coroner Timothy Warco, whose testimony finished the morning

session. Prior to returning to the courtroom after the lunch recess, the trial court met in chambers

with counsel to review the facts and explain its ruling and ultimately met with Juror #3 in the

presence of all counsel. The facts can best be summarized by including the statement prepared

by the trial judge's law clerk, Amanda Kraft, Esq., upon the trialjudge's request:

                 This morning, January 18, 2012, immediately following morning break, I
         was approached by Juror #3 regarding a concern which had arisen during break,
         heeding the Judge's instruction prior to break regarding being approached
         regarding the case. He stated that during break, as he was returning through the
         metal detectors after taking a cigarette break, he was approached by Attorney
         Sean Logue. He stated that he knew Sean Logue, and Mr. Logue approached him,
         asked whether he was a Juror, and then asked whether he was on the murder trial.
         The Juror stated to me, that he told Mr. Logue he could not talk about it, walked
         away with the other jurors and returned to the courtroom. Two other jurors, #4

                                                  37
        and #8, were apparently standing near Juror #3 and may have overheard the
        conversation.
                Juror #3 was concerned about being approached, then was more concerned
        when Mr. Logue entered the courtroom and approached Mr. Emerick's counsel
        table. The Juror was afraid that Mr. Logue was also working on the case or was
        somehow involved in this case as a witness. He immediately mentioned a
        problem to Tim Relich (trial judge's court crier/law clerk) when he was first
        approached by Mr. Logue, then spoke to me once entering the room and seeing
        Mr. Logue with Mr. Emerick. I immediately brought Juror #3's concern to the
        Judge.

        Both Attorneys Shrager and Emerick asked that Juror #3 be dismissed although all

attorneys in chambers agreed that politics has no bearing on a juror's removal. Attorney Shrager

stated that he had nothing to support the request for the removal of Juror #3. The

Commonwealth opposed the defense request to remove Juror #3. The Court denied the motion

but agreed to inform Juror #3 of the fact that all parties were aware of his concerns regarding

Attorney Sean Logue, who was not involved in the case whatsoever as a lawyer or as a witness;

that he had followed instructions completely and properly; and would remain as Juror #3. See

T.T. 994-1004.

Paragraph 22

        In defendant's issue number 22, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in permitting Michael Bowman, a Commonwealth witness, to testify over

defense counsel's objection about a letter that he had written stating that he was setting up the

defendants for crimes they did not commit but then recanting and testifying that the content of

the letter was not true. Again, the Court searched for the page citation, T.T. 1032-1037,

pertaining to Commonwealth's Exhibits #33 and #34. Attorney Shrager lodged a hearsay

objection to Exhibit #33, the letter, with no supporting argument or Rule of Evidence citation.

The trial court overruled the objection to Exhibit #33 as the witness wrote the letter, testified

about it, and was subject to cross-examination.   The Commonwealth introduced another letter,

                                                  38
Exhibit #34, during this portion of Bowman's testimony, and no objection was lodged regarding

that letter.

Paragraph 23

         In defendant's issue number 23, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred in

permitting the Commonwealth to question witness, Michael Bowman, on re-direct examination

regarding Commonwealth's Exhibit #35. Again, no page citations were provided, but the Court

believes that counsel may be referencing transcript pages 1099-1108 where the witness was

questioned as to the Grand Jury proceedings and a PSP interview. During that portion of the

witness' testimony, the prosecutor asked the witness if he had testified during the Grand Jury

proceeding or told the PSP in an interview about a three-way phone call in which he heard

Michael J. Duncan admit to killing the victim. (T.T. 1103). The prosecutor indicated that he was

asking the question as Attorney Shrager had questioned the witness on cross-examination as to

why he did not mention such a phone call during the Grand Jury proceeding, thus implying that

he had fabricated the existence of the phone call and the defendant's comment. (T.T. 1100). The

prosecutor properly used the report of the PSP interview, in which the witness did mention the

phone call and the defendant's statement, in an effort to rehabilitate the witness and rebut

Attorney Shrager's recent, implied allegation of fabrication on the part of the witness. The

prosecutor's question on re-direct examination was proper under Pa.RE. 613(c), and, therefore,

defendant's claim lacks merit.

Paragraphs 24-27

         In defendant's issues 24-27, appellate counsel has set forth several allegations of the trial

court's error or abuse of discretion regarding the testimony of Commonwealth witness, Robert

Bedner- some of which were subject to a defense Motion in Limine. The Court has reviewed

the issues pertaining to the testimony of Robert Bedner in its analysis of Paragraph 8 of the

                                                   39
defendant's Concise Statement and relies upon that analysis as to the matters raised in

Paragraphs 24-27.

Paragraph 28

        The language of issue 28 is too vague for the Court to effectively address. (Docket 95).

The Court believes that the defendant is alluding to an audio recording associated with the

testimony of Robert Bedner, but is unsure, as there is no citation to a specific document or piece

of evidence. Therefore, inasmuch as the issue relates to the admissibility of Robert Bedner's

testimony and the use of his recorded statements made during an interview with the PSP, the

Court relies on its analysis of Concise Statement Paragraph 8.

Paragraph 29

        In defendant's issue number 29, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred in

failing to grant a mistrial when Brooke Anthony testified that Defendant Michael Duncan pulled

a gun and aimed it at her and that the trial court erred in failing to give a cautionary instruction to

the jury regarding this matter. The event involving the gun was alleged to have happened one or

two years before Newman's murder. (T.T. 1251). Again, there were no page references in the

Concise Statement, but the Court believes that counsel is referring to T.T. 1247-1264 where the

trial court took defense counsel's motion for a mistrial under advisement and soon thereafter

gave a cautionary instruction to the jury at T.T. 1264 as had been requested. At T.T. 1313-1318,

the mistrial motion was argued at sidebar when the jurors were dismissed.

        The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has enunciated the standard of review for the denial

of a request for a mistrial as:

        [T]he remedy of a mistrial is an extreme one .... It is primarily within the trial
        court's discretion to determine whether Appellant was prejudiced by the event that
        forms the substance of the motion. Finally, it must be remembered that a mistrial
        is required only when an incident is of such a nature that its unavoidable effect is
        to deprive the appellant of a fair and impartial trial.

                                                  40
Commonwealth v. Montgomery, 626 A.2d 109, 112-13 (Pa. 1993) (citations omitted). Here, the

Commonwealth argued the facts, provided case law and cited the pertinent Rules of Evidence

against the grant of a mistrial. Attorney Shrager argued the facts of his motion, but again

presented no case law or Rules of Evidence in support of his mistrial motion. Ultimately, the

trial court denied the motion for a mistrial relying upon the cases cited by the Commonwealth,

Pa.R.E. 404(b) and 406, the trial court's curative instruction, and citations to Bernstein's Pa.

Rules of Evidence (2010 Ed.), pp 1317-1318. It is noted that Attorney Shrager did not file a

motion in limine regarding this testimony although he was provided a copy of Brooke Anthony's

witness statement well in advance of trial. The request for a mistrial was properly denied as any

potential for prejudice was cured by the giving of a cautionary instruction.

Paragraph 30

       In defendant's issue number 30, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred in

permitting Attorney Keith Emerick, counsel for Defendant Bronson, to ask witness Givens if

Duncan was Howard Irwin's bodyguard and if Duncan would take care of Irwin's problems.

Defendant alleges that this line of questioning presented antagonistic defenses requiring

severance of the trials. The Court previously analyzed the Motion to Consolidate issue in its

analysis of Concise Statement Paragraphs 5-7 and relies upon that analysis here. However, the

Court believes that appellate counsel is referencing T.T. 1281-1288 and does not agree that the

questions necessarily raised antagonistic defenses between the co-defendant, Bronson, and

Duncan, requiring the severance of the trials.

Paragraph 31

       In defendant's issue number 31, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in not granting defendant's motion for a mistrial when the Deputy Sheriff

walked Duncan unshackled into the courthouse after a lunch break and past the Jury

                                                 41
Commissioners lounge where the jurors were located. The facts were analyzed ( defendant was

not wearing handcuffs or shackles but was wearing a security band under his clothing) and

pertinent case law was provided by the Commonwealth and discussed amongst the parties.

During this recorded proceeding, Attorney Shrager conceded that he would make no further legal

argument on his mistrial motion but, nevertheless, wanted a ruling on his mistrial motion. (T.T.

1342-1345). The Court asked the Commonwealth and Attorney Shrager if either was requesting

a cautionary instruction. The Commonwealth responded that they were not and defense

counsel's response was not clear, which the Court took to be an answer in the negative. The

motion for a mistrial was properly denied and there is no merit to this claim. Montgomery, supra

at 112-13.

Paragraph 32

       In defendant's issue number 32, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in permitting Assistant Public Defendant Charles Carpinelli to testify

regarding a plea offer made to his client, Michael McCarthy, who testified as a Commonwealth

witness. In reviewing Attorney Carpinelli's entire testimony, the Court notes that Attorney

Shrager lodged no objections whatsoever and asked no questions on cross-examination. (T.T.

1440-1449). Clearly, this issue has no merit as the failure to raise an objection during trial

waives that objection and precludes it from being considered on appeal. Commonwealth v.

Collins, 424 A.2d 1254 (Pa. 1981).

Paragraph 33

       In defendant's issue number 33, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in permitting Trooper Monkelis to testify as to when co-defendant Bronson

was identified as a potential suspect and why Bronson was a suspect. Again, no transcript pages

were cited, but the Court notes that, at T.T. 1623-1624, Attorney Shrager objected to questions

                                                 42
and his objections were overruled on the grounds of relevancy, course of police conduct, and

motive.

Paragraph 34

          In defendant's issue number 34, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in permitting Trooper Monkelis to testify as to an alleged hearsay statement

made by witness Jamie Webb concerning an alternate theory of the case. This is a non-issue as

after sidebar arguments, the Commonwealth did not continue with this line of questioning.

Trooper Monkelis never answered the objected-to question. (T.T. 1629).

Paragraph 35

          In defendant's issue number 35, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in denying Attorney Shrager' s request for a mistrial when it proceeded

beyond 4:30 p.m. one day and beyond 6:00 p.m. another day when Attorney Shrager indicated

that he was tired. During two and one-half weeks of jury trial, the Court closed by 4:30 or 5:00

p.m. each day- some days earlier - and two days a little later. The record establishes that on

January 20, 2012, court ended at about 6:05 p.m. (T.T. 1693). On January 23, 2012, court

concluded at about 6:00 p.m. (T.T. 1904). A reading of the entire transcript will establish that at

times Mr. Shrager agreed to work late, but then later objected to working past 4:30 p.m. The trial

judge is in charge of the operation of the courtroom and never abused her discretion regarding

the hour of the day or the clock. Never were the rights of any party impaired by the timeline of

the jury trial, and the denial of a request for a mistrial was proper. Montgomery, supra at 112-13.

Paragraph 36

          In defendant's issue number 36, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in not giving a charge on third degree murder and involuntary

manslaughter. At T.T. 1699-1720, the Court reviewed the charge in chambers with counsel.

                                                   43
Attorney Shrager on behalf of Defendant Duncan did not file a request for jury charge, but joined

in Attorney Emerick's request for jury charge on behalf of co-defendant Bronson. All of

Co-defendant Bronson's specific requests for charge were granted by the Court and there was no

request for a charge on third degree murder or manslaughter. On January 23, 2012, the trial

concluded. When the jury was charged on January 24, 2012, Attorney Shrager orally requested a

charge on third degree murder and involuntary manslaughter. (T.T. 1702). Upon consideration

and after arguments by counsel, the Court denied that request. (T.T. 1702-1709).
                                            . .
       Both co-defendants were charged with Conspiracy to Commit Homicide along with

Criminal Homicide - First Degree Murder. There was no evidence presented from the

Commonwealth or by defense counsel to support a charge of Third Degree Murder or

Manslaughter. This was an execution-style killing with a single gunshot fired into the victim's

ear, committed with premeditation, malice, and the specific intent to kill. Legally, there is no

such crime as conspiracy to commit third degree murder or manslaughter as the specific intent

element is absent. Commonwealth v. Clinger, 833 A.2d 792 (Pa.Super. 2003). Although a

defendant can be found guilty of third degree murder under a complicity theory, the facts of this

case clearly indicated the existence of a conspiracy and the commission of a premeditated killing

with malice aforethought. Commonwealth v. Roebuck, 32 A.3d 613 (Pa. 2011). "The ultimate

gradation of the crime accomplished does not in and of itself delimit the degree of crime

originally planned-the crime ultimately accomplished does not retroactively limit the scope of

the original conspiracy." Commonwealth v. Weimer, 977 A.2d 1103, 1105 (Pa. 2009). Here, a

conspiracy was entered into to commit a premeditated, execution-style killing and that exact goal

was later accomplished when Defendant Duncan shot the victim in the head at close range.

       Also, Attorney Shrager's oral request was late and in violation of Pa.R.Crim.P. 647(A).

Further, at the conclusion of the charge, when the attorneys were requested to state any

                                                 44
objections or corrections to the charge, Attorney Shrager made comments. but none included an

objection to the Court's not giving a charge on Third Degree Murder or Manslaughter; thus, this

issue has been waived pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 647(8).

Paragraph 3 7

       In defendant's issue number 37, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in denying a request for a jury instruction regarding inflammatory photos.

Orally, Attorney Shrager requested a charge on inflammatory photos in chambers on the record

on January 23, 2012. The trial court agreed to give the inflammatory photo charge (T.T. 1709-

1711) and, in fact, gave the inflammatory photo instruction. While the jury charge is not

transcribed in Washington County unless specifically requested by an attorney, the trial judge

requested the court reporter to verify from her records that the inflammatory photo instruction

was given. The Court confirmed that it was. Also, at the conclusion of the charge when the

attorneys were brought to sidebar and asked for any objections or corrections regarding the

charge, Attorney Shrager did not mention that the Court failed to give the charge on

inflammatory photos. Thus, this issue has also been waived pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 647(8).

(T.T. 1926-1932).

Paragraph 38

       The Court relies on its previous analysis of the consolidation/severance issue as contained

within Paragraphs 5-7 of the Concise Statement as its reply to defendant's continued claim that

the trials should have been severed. (Docket 95). Concerning the issue of an alleged Bruton

violation and failure to grant a mistrial, the Court finds this claim to be completely without merit

as both defendants testified and were thoroughly cross-examined not only by the prosecutor, but

also by counsel for their respective co-defendant. (T. T. 1776-1797, 1819-1881 ). The rule of

Bruton v. United States provides "that a defendant is deprived of his rights under the

                                                 45
Confrontation Clause when his nontestifying codefendant's confession naming him as a

participant in the crime is introduced at their joint trial, even if the jury is instructed to consider

that confession only against the codefendant." The rule "exists as a 'narrow exception' to the

general rule that cautionary instructions to the jury may be sufficient to eradicate the prejudice

that may arise where evidence is admitted against only one of multiple defendants in a joint

trial." Commonwealth v. Brown, 925 A.2d 147, 149 (Pa. 2007) (citing Bruton v. United States,

391 U.S. 123 (1968) (emphasis added) (citations omitted)). Therefore, there was no testimony

given that would merit a mistrial as there was no Bruton violation. Montgomery, supra at 112-13.

Paragraph 39

        The Court is unsure as to the exact allegation(s) of error contained within Paragraph 39 of

defendant's Concise Statement. (Docket 95). It seems that the defendant is claiming that error

occurred meriting a cautionary instruction or the granting of a mistrial when the Commonwealth

noted that Washington County District Attorney John Pettit (now deceased) was not involved in

the prosecution of the instant case. (T.T. 1635-1636, 1911-1913). During District Attorney's

Pettit's time in office, there were allegations of improper and even criminal activity, but no

charges were ever filed.

        It appears that the defendant is claiming that the Commonwealth improperly attempted to

remove an alleged inference of corruption from its case by disclaiming late District Attorney

Pettit's involvement in its investigation and preparation. Although such evidence and testimony

may have been irrelevant under the circumstances, the defendant has waived such a challenge by

making an extremely general objection at trial (T.T. 1635), not requesting a cautionary

instruction or a mistrial during trial (T.T. 1635), and by not raising the issue as such in his

Concise Statement. The involvement, or lack thereof, of a certain prosecutor employed by the

Washington County District Attorney's Office, including the District Attorney himself, would be

                                                   46
factual in nature and in no way could be improper as it is not evidence at all. Defendant has not

even begun to approach the high burden required for the granting of a mistrial on this issue.

Montgomery, supra at 112-13.

Paragraph 40

       The defendant claims in Paragraph 40 of his Concise Statement that the trial court erred

when it did not grant a motion for judgment of acquittal based on the scientific evidence,

specifically gunshot residue testing, presented by the Commonwealth with respect to Brian

Homer, Defendant Duncan, and the victim. (Docket 95). The Court relies on its analysis of the

"motion for judgment of acquittal at the conclusion of the Commonwealth's case-in-chief' issue

as contained within its analysis of Paragraph 10 of the Concise Statement.

Paragraph 41

       In defendant's issue number 41, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in denying defense counsel's motion to remove Juror #6 based upon her

familiarity with a proposed witness in this case. Again, counsel provided no trial transcript

citation, but upon review, the Court thoroughly disposed of this issue at T.T. 930-940, 994-998.

Juror #6 was interviewed with all counsel present and based upon her answers to questions, there

was no reason to grant the motion to remove Juror #6 from the jury. The trial court properly

denied the motion to have Juror #6 removed and this claim is without merit.

Paragraph 42

       In defendant's issues 42, 46, and 53, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in denying Defendant Duncan's Omnibus Pre-Trial Motions-Motions to

Suppress regarding events in Lorraine, Ohio, Miranda issues, statements, etc. There is vagueness

and lack of clarity in some of these allegations, but the Court held a hearing on Defendant

Duncan's Omnibus Pre-Trial Motions-Motions to Suppress (Docket 25, 26, 68) pertaining to

                                                 47
events from Lorraine, Ohio, the Miranda issues raised, Duncan's statements to police, etc. In the

second page of the Court Order dated October 31, 2011, at Docket 49, the trial court disposed of

those issues citing facts from the hearing and pertinent cases establishing controlling law. The

Court relies upon these documents and analysis. Furthermore, regarding issue 53 and Docket 68-

69, the videotape and recorded statement from Lorraine, Ohio, was never introduced during trial

in Washington County, Pennsylvania. Therefore, the claim is a non-issue and moot at best.

Paragraph 4 3

       In defendant's issue number 43, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in denying defendant's Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion - Motion to Suppress

Testimony, but no trial transcript citations were noted and no particular witness(es) were named.

This appears to be a broad and vague allegation challenging the credibility of Commonwealth

witnesses due to drug usage, prior criminal records, etc. All Commonwealth witnesseswere open

for cross-examination and answered appropriate questions on such matters. The credibility of

witnesses is within the province of the jury. The Court can provide no more specific analysis as

the allegations were drawn with such broad and vague strokes.

Paragraph 44

       In defendant's issue number 44, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in that it denied defendant's Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion requesting the

transcripts of the Grand Jury proceedings. Defendant's Motion to Compel Grand Jury

Transcripts was presented and granted by this Court on September 22, 2011. (Docket 23). While

not part of the docket or record, the Court is aware that Attorney Shrager wrote a letter dated

September 27, 2011 (four months prior to jury trial and five days after the Order had been signed

regarding the Grand Jury transcripts) thanking Assistant District Attorney Darren Newberry for

forwarding to him the Grand Jury testimony. This issue is completely meritless.

                                                 48
Paragraph 45

        In defendant's issue number 45, appellate counsel again alleges that the trial court erred

or abused its discretion in granting the Commonwealth's Motion to Consolidate. Defendant

Duncan did not file a motion to sever, but co-defendant Howard Edward Irwin, Jr. filed such a

Motion and all motions were heard during the same proceeding. By Order of Court dated

October 25, 2011, the Commonwealth's Motion to Consolidate was granted and~o-defendant

Irwin's Motion to Sever was denied. (Docket 36). The Court has previously dealt with the

consolidation issue in its analysis of Concise Statement Paragraphs 5, 6 and 7. The Court relies

upon that analysis.

Paragraph 46

       See Court's analysis of Paragraph 42.

Paragraph 4 7

       Appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or abused its discretion in denying in

part defendant's Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion - Motion in Limine #7 and allowing at trial certain

testimony of Commonwealth witness Shawn Geletei. (Docket 31, 95). Counsel claims that the

use of certain portions of Mr. Geletei' s testimony taken at the preliminary hearing on February 2,

2011, should have been disallowed at trial due to their hearsay nature and lack of

trustworthiness. (Docket 95). Two statements by Mr. Geletei are said to have been improperly

allowed at trial. First, that shortly before the murder, the victim, Newman, seemed paranoid and

told Mr. Geletei that he bought a pistol to protect himself from the guy who he beat and robbed

of $10,000. Second, that Mr. Geletei stated that Defendant Duncan "[c]ome up to me and asked

me if I knew the whereabouts about Newman, if I knew about him ripping that guy off. I told

him no. He said he's going to murder him." (Preliminary Hearing Transcript [P.H.T.] 96-100).

                                                49
no rule of law or evidence that precludes the Commonwealth or the defense from calling a

witness to testify who is presently incarcerated. Defendant's bald and speculative claim that such

witnesses are inherently unreliable due to their status as inmates is improper and without merit.

Paragraph 56

       In defendant's issue number 56, appellate counsel alJeges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in denying an Omnibus Pre-trial Motion - Motion in Limine pertaining to

an interview of Gerald Michaux, Sr. given by Corporal Tobin of the PSP. (Docket 53). The trial

court did not rule on the Motion at the time it was presented, but rather indicated that it wished to

allow the testimony to develop at trial and rule accordingly at the appropriate time. This is a

moot issue as the Commonwealth did not call Mr. Michaux as a witness during trial.

Paragraph 57

       In defendant's issue number 57, appellate counsel alleges that the trial court erred or

abused its discretion in denying an Omnibus Pre-trial Motion - Motion in Limine pertaining to

an interview of Commonwealth witness Gerald Hull. The Motion (Docket 55) raises the issue of

Hull's alleged cocaine use at a time relevant to his testimony as made known to defense counsel

through Commonwealth discovery. The fact that Hull had been under the influence of cocaine at

the time relevant to his statements to Corporal Tobin, and his testimony, does not in and of itself

render his statements inadmissible. This information was properly turned over to defense

counsel prior to trial and was or could have been used for cross-examination purposes.

Credibility and weight of evidence are within the province of the jury as fact-finder and Hull's

credibility was challenged by defense counsel for both co-defendants through the use of this

information on cross-examination. (T.T. 1353-1375). Alleged drug use at a time relevant to a

witness's testimony is a matter of credibility properly left to the jury's consideration.

Commonwealth v. Hudson, 414 A.2d 1381, 1386 (Pa. 1980).

                                                  54
                                        CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, this Court finds that all of the Matters Complained of on Appeal

lack merit and the jury verdict was proper, supported by the evidence, and should be upheld.

                                       ebbie O'Dell-Seneca, President Judge

                                               55
                 Copies: ADA Newberry/Popojas;        Atty Shrager

                         IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF WASIDNGTON COUNTY
                                    PENNSYL V AJA - CRIMINAL DIVISION

                 COMMONWEAL TH OF PENNSYLVANIA                  )
                                                                )
                                       vs.                      )     C.A. No. 357 of2011
                                                                )
                 MICHAEL DUNCAN,                                )
                                       DEFENDANT                )

                                                                HEARJNG/ARGUMENT ON DEF.'S
                                                                OMNIBUS PRE-TRIAL MOTIONS ON
                   -..
  _,.-,l
 .                                                              OCT. 27, 2011 BEFORE JUDGE JANET
 .........-..J
      I     I                                                   MOSCHETTA BELL IN CTROOM #6.
i.': ..3
            i
.....~ '
                                                                APPEARANCES:

                  --     ~:_} (J_:                              Darren Newberry and Dennis Popojas
                                                                Assistant District Attorneys
                                                                Representing the Commonwealth

                                                                David S. Shrager, Esq.
                                                                Representing the Defendant

                                               ORDER OF COURT

                         AND NOW, this 31st day of October, 2011, pending before the Court are
                 defendant's Omnibus Pre-Trial Motions in the nature of two (2) Motions to Suppress and
                 seven (7) Motions in Limine filed September 22, 2011 and scheduled for
                 hearing/argwnent on October 27, 2011. During the hearing, the Commonwealth
                 presented the testimony of Trooper James Monkelis; retired Corporal Beverly Ashton;
                 and Corporal John Tobin. Based upon the allegations of defendant's Motions; the
                 Commonwealth's Answers; the testimony elicited during hearing and arguments;
                 applicable Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence and pertinent appellate decisions, it is hereby
                 ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED as follows:

                         Pre-Trial Motion - Suppression Motion# 1:

                        Defendant was orally read his Miranda Warnings on June 24, 2003 and he
                 appeared to understand/comprehend them although he refused to sign the waiver and
refused to give tape recorded statements. Defendant made voluntary statements after
having been read his Miranda Warnings and all such statements are admissible. There is
no legal requirement that a defendant waive his Miranda warnings in writing for the
waiver to be effective. An oral waiver is sufficient. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 363
A.2d 1326 (Pa. Super. 1976).
        Therefore, defendant Duncan's Suppression Motion #1 is DENIED with the
exception that any testimony regarding a polygraph test is prohibited and thereby the
Suppression is GRANTED to that limited extent.

       Pre-Trial Motion - Suppression Motion # 2:

        Defendant was orally read his Miranda Warnings on January 14, 2011 at the
Police Station in Ohio and appeared to comprehend/understand his Miranda Rights; again
defendant refused to sign the written waiver but orally waived his rights by stating that he
was willing to talk with the officers and he did not wish to call an attorney. Such oral ·
waiver is legal. See Commonwealth v. Williams, supra. Eventually defendant stated that
he wanted to call an attorney and defendant called an attorney who met with him at the
police station. The attorney then advised that the defendant would not answer any
questions but would waive extradition from Ohio to Pennsylvania. Therefore defendant
Duncan's Motion to Suppress #2 is DENIED as to any and all statements made by
defendant before asking to speak with an attorney.

        During the transportation from Loraine County, Ohio to Washington County,
Pennsylvania on January 14, 2011, defendant Duncan initiated conversation with the
police officers about a variety of subjects. Defendant Duncan's Motion to Suppress# 2
as to any and all statements made during transportation is DENIED except for the
question asked by Trooper James Monk:elis to the effect of"Did John Newman deserve to
be killed or deserve to die?" The Motion to Suppress # 2 is GRANTED with regard to
this question and defendant's response of silence and/or changing the subject. See Rhode
Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291 (1980).

       Pre-Trial Motions - In Limine # 3 through 9:

        Pre-trial Motions: In Limine # 3: Upon consideration of the allegations of
Motion in Limine # 3 pertaining to co-defendant Bronson's statements/questions to
Trooper Borello regarding drug sales/arrests and Bronson's questioning of Borello
"asking me who the informant was and things like that ... "; in consideration that the
testimony is offered by the Commonwealth to establish motive and is not offered for the
truth of the matters asserted and is not hearsay;
        Accordingly, defendant Duncan's Motion in Limine # 3 is DENIED.

       Pre-Trial Motions: In Limine # 4: Upon consideration of the allegations of
defendant's Motion in Limine # 4 pertaining to testimony of Trooper Monkelis that
Duncan's name was provided to the police as someone who potentially committed the
homicide; in consideration that the testimony is offered by the Commonwealth to explain
the course-of-conduct of the police investigation as it pertains to this defendant; is not
being offered for the truth of the matter asserted and it is not hearsay; See
Commonwealth v. Dent, 837 A.2d 571, 577 (Pa. Super. 2003) quoting Commonwealth v.
Cruz, 414 A.2d 1032, 1035 (Pa. 1980).
        Therefore, the Commonwealth may introduce such evidence and the Motion in
Limine # 4 is DENIED.

        Pre-Trial Motions: In Limine # 5: Upon consideration of the allegations of
defendant's Motion in Limine # 5 pertaining to testimony of Trooper Monkelis that
Michael Bowman, a witness in this case, provided the name of Michael Duncan to the
police as the person who killed Newman through a letter written by Bowman and mailed
to the police; in consideration that the testimony is offered by the Commonwealth to
explain the course-of-conduct of the police investigation as it pertains to this defendant
and why they focused on Duncan in Loraine, Ohio; in consideration that the
Commonwealth is calling Michael Bowman to testify at trial and will be subject to cross-
examination; this testimony is not being offered through Trooper Monkelis for the truth
of the matter asserted and it is not hearsay. See Dent and Cruz, supra.
        Therefore, the Commonwealth may introduce such evidence and the Motion in
Limine # 5 is DENIED.

         Pre-Trial Motions: In Limine # 6: Upon consideration of the allegations of
defendant's Motion in Limine # 6 pertaining to testimony of Trooper Monkelis that he
interviewed co-defendant Irwin in June of 2003 and Irwin said that Duncan probably did
it; in consideration that the statement is speculative; the Court will hold its ruling in
abeyance on this Motion to see how this testimony develops during trial and the Motion is
neither DENIED nor GRANTED.

        Pre-Trial Motions: In Limine # 7: Upon consideration of the allegations of
defendant's Motion in Limine # 7 pertaining to statements made by Newman, now
deceased, to Shawn Geletei regarding his state of mind prior to his death and Pa. R.E.
801; the Court holds its ruling in abeyance on this part of the Motion to see how this
testimony develops during trial and the Motion is neither DENIED nor GRANTED.

        As to the second portion of defendant's Motion in Limine # 7 pertaining to
inculpatory statements allegedly made by defendant Duncan to Shawn Geletei; defendant
Duncan's Motion in Limine # 7 is DENIED.

       Pre-Trial Motions: In Limine # 8: Upon consideration of the allegations of
defendant's Motion in Limine # 8 pertaining to statements made by Hull that he knew
Duncan through Irwin through drug sales; defendant Duncan's Motion in Limine # 8 is
DENIED.

        Upon consideration of the allegations of defendant's Motion in Limine # 8
pertaining to Hull's testimony that he saw Duncan with a gun in the early morning hours
after the night that Newman was alleged to have been murdered; this testimony
establishes that Duncan had access to a gun within a short period of time of the alleged
homicide. This portion of defendant Duncan's Motion in Limine # 8 is DENIED.

         Upon considerations of the allegations that Hull stated that the morning he saw
Duncan, Duncan "acted like surprised, giddy and anxious all at once, like he had did
something wrong"; defendant Duncan's Motion is Limine # 9 is DENIED except to that
portion of the statement "like he had did something wrong" as this is opinion testimony
rather than testimony as to what the lay witness was able to observe. While a lay witness
is permitted to express an opinion on a matter falling within the reahn of common
knowledge, experience or understanding, and the Court is permitting the testimony that
Duncan "acted like surprised, giddy and anxious all at once ... " the remaining portion of
the statement is objectionable. See Commonwealth v. Boczkowski, 846 A.2d 75 (head
note 38) (Pa. 2004). The Motion in Limine is GRANTED as to this aspect or portion of
the testimony only.

        Pre-Trial Motions: In Limine # 9: Upon consideration of the allegations of
defendant's Motion in Li.mine# 9 pertaining to witness Tomcanin's statement that co-
defendant Irwin allegedly told him that "he had someone pop Newman"; in consideration
of Pa. R. E. 803(25) exception to the hearsay rule - admission by party opponent;
defendant Duncan's Motion in Limine # 9 is DENIED.

                                              By the Court:

                                              ~~de;tQ,J«
                                            (lanetMoschetta Bell, J.