Court Opinion

ID: 3022629
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Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:27:21.062012+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:18:07.053723
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Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

3-30-2006

Smith v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 04-4339

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Recommended Citation
"Smith v. Atty Gen USA" (2006). 2006 Decisions. Paper 1366.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2006/1366

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                                                             NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                     NO. 04-4339
                                  ________________

                             VIRGIL EDWARD SMITH,

                                                          Petitioner
                                           v.

                ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES*,

                                                             Respondent

                   _______________________________________

                   On Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                           (Agency No. A34 308 874)
                Immigration Judge: Honorable Walter A. Durling
                 _______________________________________
                  Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                 March 3, 2006
        BEFORE: MCKEE, FUENTES AND NYGAARD, CIRCUIT JUDGES

                               (Filed: March 30, 2006)
                             _______________________

                                    OPINION
                             _______________________

PER CURIAM

      Virgil Edward Smith petitions for review of a final order of removal issued by the

Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). The government moves to dismiss Smith’s petition

  *
   Caption amended pursuant to Rule 43(c), Fed. R. App. P.
for review for lack of jurisdiction. For the following reasons, we conclude that we have

jurisdiction in this matter and will deny the petition for review.

       Smith, a native of Trinidad and Tobago, was admitted to the United States in 1973

as a lawful permanent resident. In 1994, Smith pleaded guilty in New York to criminal

possession of a weapon in the third degree, and was sentenced to three to six years in

prison. In 1997, Smith pleaded guilty in New York to criminal sale of a controlled

substance (crack cocaine) in the fifth degree, and was sentenced to two to four years.

       Based on these convictions, the government charged Smith in May 2004 with

removability for having been convicted of an aggravated felony, a controlled substance

offense, and a firearm offense. The IJ found Smith removable as charged and ineligible

to apply for a waiver of removal under former § 212(c) of the Immigration and

Nationality Act (INA). On appeal, the BIA concluded that Smith’s 1997 conviction for

selling crack cocaine constitutes an aggravated felony and that he is ineligible to apply for

§ 212(c) relief.

       In November 2004, Smith challenged the BIA’s order by filing a timely petition

for review in this Court. In February 2005, after Smith filed his opening brief, the

government moved to dismiss the petition for review for lack of jurisdiction on the

ground that Smith is removable for having committed certain criminal offenses. When

the government filed its motion to dismiss, we lacked jurisdiction to review a final order

of removal against an alien who is removable for having been convicted of criminal

offenses, including an aggravated felony, a controlled substance offense, and certain

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firearm offenses. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C); Douglas v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 230, 235

(3d Cir. 2004). Effective May 11, 2005, the REAL ID Act restored our jurisdiction to

review “constitutional claims and questions of law raised upon a petition for review” filed

by an alien who is removable for having been convicted of criminal offenses. 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(a)(2)(D); see Papageorgiou v. Gonzales, 413 F.3d 356, 358 (3d Cir. 2005). Under

the REAL ID Act, we have jurisdiction to review the questions of law raised in Smith’s

petition for review. Accordingly, we deny the government’s motion to dismiss.

       We will also deny Smith’s petition for review on the merits. Without question,

Smith’s 1997 conviction for criminal sale of crack cocaine constitutes a controlled

substance offense under § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i). Additionally, his 1994 conviction for

criminal possession of a weapon readily constitutes a qualifying firearm offense under

§ 1227(a)(2)(C). For having been convicted of these offenses, Smith is removable.

       The question remains, however, whether the BIA correctly ruled that Smith is not

eligible to apply for a waiver of removal under former § 212(c) of the INA. Prior to the

enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) on

April 24, 1996, the Attorney General had discretion to waive deportation of lawful

permanent residents such as Smith. Section 440(d) of the AEDPA amended § 212(c) to

prohibit waivers to lawful permanent residents convicted of aggravated felonies. See

Perez v. Elwood, 294 F.3d 552, 556-57 (3d Cir. 2002). The Illegal Immigration Reform

and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) then took effect on April 1, 1997, which

repealed § 212(c) altogether and replaced it with cancellation of removal under § 240A.

                                            3
Id. at 557. Even so, an alien who pleaded guilty prior to April 1, 1997, and who was

eligible for § 212(c) relief at the time he pleaded guilty, remains eligible to apply for

§ 212(c) relief, notwithstanding his disqualifying conviction. See INS v. St. Cyr, 533

U.S. 289, 326 (2001); 8 C.F.R. § 1212.3(h)(2).

       The question in Smith’s case, then, is whether he was eligible to apply for § 212(c)

relief when he pleaded guilty on March 25, 1997, just a few days before § 212(c) was

repealed. The answer to this question turns on whether Smith’s 1997 conviction

constitutes an aggravated felony. If so, he never was eligible to apply for a § 212(c)

waiver – § 440(d) of the AEDPA expressly prohibited it as of April 24, 1996.

       We agree with the BIA that Smith’s conviction for criminal sale of crack cocaine

constitutes an aggravated felony. The INA defines an aggravated felony (for relevant

purposes) as “illicit trafficking in a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of

Title 21), including a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 924(c) of Title 18).” 8

U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B). A state drug conviction constitutes an aggravated felony under

the “illicit trafficking route” if the conviction is a felony under state law and encompasses

a trafficking element. Gerbier v. Holmes, 280 F.3d 297, 305-06 & 307 n.7 (3d Cir. 2002).

The trafficking element is present if the offense involves “the unlawful trading or dealing

of a controlled substance.” Id. at 305. Absent a trafficking element, a state drug

conviction is nonetheless an aggravated felony as a “drug trafficking crime” if it

constitutes a “hypothetical federal felony.” Gerbier, 280 F.3d at 315. Under the

hypothetical federal felony approach, we determine whether the state drug conviction

                                              4
would be punishable as a felony under an analogous federal statute. Id.

       The BIA determined that Smith’s conviction does not constitute “illicit trafficking

in a controlled substance” but that it is a “drug trafficking crime” under the hypothetical

federal felony approach. As the BIA explained, under New York law, “selling” includes

any form of transfer, even a gratuitous transfer, of a controlled substance from one person

to another. See People v. Starling, 650 N.E.2d 387, 390 (N.Y. 1995). The BIA reasoned

that because “selling” under New York law does not necessarily include a trafficking

element, Smith’s conviction is not an illicit trafficking offense.

       Whether the BIA’s decision on this issue is correct presents an interesting

question, but one we need not resolve in the current matter. After ruling that Smith’s

conviction does not constitute illicit trafficking, the BIA properly considered whether his

conviction is a drug trafficking crime under the hypothetical federal felony approach.

Here, the BIA correctly identified the analogous federal felony as distribution of a

controlled substance under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). See Wilson v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 377,

381 (3d Cir. 2003). Under this approach, Smith’s 1997 conviction constitutes a drug

trafficking crime and thus an aggravated felony under § 1101(a)(43)(B). It follows that

Smith was not eligible to apply for a § 212(c) waiver at the time he pleaded guilty to an

aggravated felony.

       Finally, Smith asserts that he is a national of the United States because he served in

the military. The BIA correctly rejected this contention. A national is either a citizen of

the United States, or “a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes

                                              5
permanent allegiance to the United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(22). For a citizen of

another country, “nothing less than citizenship will show ‘permanent allegiance to the

United States.’” Salim v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 307, 310 (3d Cir. 2003). Smith’s prior

military service, without more, does not render him a citizen or national of the United

States. See Marquez-Almanzar v. INS, 418 F.3d 210, 216-18 (2d Cir. 2005).

       For these reasons, we will deny Smith’s petition for review.

                                             6