Court Opinion

ID: 4242426
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-02-05 23:10:44.507578+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:07.350830
License: Public Domain

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                               Appellate Court                          Date: 2018.01.25
                                                                        15:38:03 -06'00'

                    People v. Cox, 2017 IL App (1st) 151536

Appellate Court   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption           JESSE COX, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.    First District, Fourth Division
                  Docket No. 1-15-1536

Filed             September 21, 2017

Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 14-CR-11414; the
Review            Hon. Neera Lall Walsh, Judge, presiding.

Judgment          Affirmed; fines and fees order corrected.

Counsel on        Michael J. Pelletier, Patricia Mysza, and Katherine M. Donahoe, of
Appeal            State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                  Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
                  Christine Cook, and Gavin P. Quinn, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
                  counsel), for the People.

Panel             JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with
                  opinion.
                  Justices McBride and Ellis concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                                 OPINION

¶1        After a jury trial, defendant Jesse Cox was convicted of aggravated unlawful use of a
     weapon, based on his failure to possess a Firearm Owner’s Identification (FOID) card. After
     considering factors in mitigation and aggravation, the trial court sentenced him to 24 months
     of probation.
¶2        On this appeal, defendant claims that the trial court violated his sixth amendment right to
     confront the witnesses against him when it admitted a “Certification” from a state employee,
     which stated that a search of the State’s records revealed that defendant did not possess a
     FOID card. Defendant claims that the trial court violated his sixth amendment right, even
     though the trial court specifically asked defendant’s counsel—twice—before admitting the
     document whether defendant had any objection to it and his counsel replied that defendant
     had no objection to its admission. Also, during the State’s initial closing remarks, the
     prosecutor remarked that defendant’s lack of a FOID card was “uncontested,” without any
     objection by the defense or any response to that remark in the defense’s closing.
¶3        On appeal, the State does not dispute either that the certification was testimonial or that
     the State needed the document to prove an element of its case, namely, defendant’s lack of a
     FOID card. However, the State argues that defendant forfeited his right to raise this issue on
     appeal.
¶4        In response, defendant asks this court to review his claim under both the first and second
     prongs of the plain error doctrine and also to consider whether the failure of his counsel to
     object constituted ineffectiveness of counsel.
¶5        Both parties acknowledge that, in a prior case where this court considered a sixth
     amendment challenge to the admission of a similar document, this court found that the
     admission constituted error and required reversal. People v. Diggins, 2016 IL App (1st)
142088, ¶ 1. However, in Diggins, the defendant made a timely objection to the document’s
     admission. Diggins, 2016 IL App (1st) 142088, ¶ 7.1
¶6        Thus, in this case, we are asked to consider whether reversal is required, even when the
     defendant affirmatively stated that he had no objection to admission of the document. As we
     explain in more detail below, the sixth amendment guarantees a defendant the opportunity to
     cross-examine the witnesses against him. Infra ¶¶ 60-63. However, it does not require a
     defendant to cross-examine those witnesses. In the case at bar, where defendant affirmatively
     waived2 his right to cross-examine, we cannot find any sixth amendment error by the trial
     court in admitting the statement. Similarly, without additional reasons to make us question
     the competence of counsel in waiving this opportunity, we will not second-guess counsel’s
     trial strategy.

         1
           In its brief to this court, the State asserts that In re Deshawn G., 2015 IL App (1st) 143316, had a
     similar holding to Diggins. We are puzzled by this assertion because the appellate court in Deshawn G.
     specifically stated that it was avoiding the sixth amendment issue by deciding the case on other,
     nonconstitutional grounds. Deshawn G., 2015 IL App (1st) 143316, ¶¶ 64, 70.
         2
           As our supreme court has explained, waiver and forfeiture are distinct concepts. People v. Hughes,
     2015 IL 117242, ¶ 37. “ ‘While waiver is the voluntary relinquishment of a known right, forfeiture is
     the failure to timely comply with procedural requirements.’ ” Hughes, 2015 IL 117242, ¶ 37 (quoting
     Buenz v. Frontline Transportation Co., 227 Ill. 2d 302, 320 n.2 (2008)).

                                                     -2-
¶7         Therefore, for the following reasons, we affirm defendant’s conviction and sentence. On
       appeal, defendant also asks us to correct the fines and fees order entered against him. The
       State agrees that the ordered fines and fees are incorrect but argues that defendant forfeited
       this issue when his counsel failed to object to the entry of these fines and fees at sentencing.
       For the reasons explained below, we order the fines and fees order corrected.

¶8                                          BACKGROUND
¶9                                       I. Pretrial Proceedings
¶ 10       On June 27, 2014, defendant was charged in an information with six counts of aggravated
       unlawful use of a weapon. Before trial, the State informed the trial court that it was
       proceeding on only count II, and it moved to nol-pros all the other counts.
¶ 11       Count II charged defendant with aggravated unlawful use of a weapon, “in that he
       knowingly carried” a firearm while not on his own land, abode, or fixed place of business
       without having been issued a currently valid FOID card, in violation of sections 24-1.6(a)(1)
       and 24-1.6(a)(3) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (Code). 720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1), (3) (West
       2014). Section 24-1.6(a)(1) makes it an offense for a person to knowingly carry a firearm “on
       or about his or her person”3 if one of a list of certain factors is also present. 720 ILCS
       5/24-1.6(a)(1) (West 2014). The list of factors is contained in section 24-1.6(a)(3), and
       defendant was charged under subsection (c), which states that “the person possessing the
       firearm has not been issued a currently valid [FOID card].” 720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(3)(C)
       (West 2014).
¶ 12       On September 10, 2014, defendant moved the trial court to find section 24-1.6
       unconstitutional. Defendant argued, among other things, that requiring a person to obtain a
       FOID card was unconstitutional and that “a failure by the defendant to acquire a FOID card
       is at most a Class A misdemeanor.” The trial court denied the motion. Defendant does not
       raise these claims again on appeal. The issue on this appeal is whether defendant forfeited his
       sixth amendment challenge to the admission of the certification that defendant was never
       issued a FOID card.

¶ 13                                         II. Evidence at Trial
¶ 14       On appeal, defendant does not dispute his possession of the firearm, which was the
       primary issue at trial. At trial, Officer Eric Jehl testified that, on June 17, 2014, at 1 a.m., he
       and his partner Officer Daniel Honda were on a routine patrol in an unmarked Crown
       Victoria when they received a call directing them to 19th Street and Albany Avenue in
       Chicago. The officers were wearing badges and bullet-resistant black vests with their name
       and unit number. As they were driving north on Albany Avenue, Officer Jehl observed
       defendant standing on the sidewalk in front of a residential building on Cullerton Street.4
       Defendant was facing two people who were sitting on the steps of the building.

           3
             Section 24-1.6(a)(1) also provides for an exception that is not at issue here: “except when on his or
       her land or in his or her abode, legal dwelling, or fixed place of business, or on the land or in the legal
       dwelling of another person as an invitee with that person’s permission.” 720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1) (West
       2014).
           4
             Officer Jehl explained that there is no 20th Street but, if there was, Cullerton Street would be it.

                                                       -3-
¶ 15       Officer Jehl testified that, when Officer Honda, who was driving, turned onto Cullerton
       Street, defendant turned and looked in their direction. As the Crown Victoria came closer,
       defendant “grabbed the right side of his shorts and ran along the east gangway of the building
       [that] he was standing in front of.” When defendant ran, Officer Jehl exited his vehicle and
       stated “ ‘Chicago police. Stop and show me your hands.’ ” Defendant continued to run, and
       Officer Jehl chased him. When Officer Jehl reached the gangway, he observed that defendant
       had reached the end of the gangway, which led into an alley. On the left side of the gangway
       was the residential building, and on the right side was a wooden fence separating one
       property from another.
¶ 16       Officer Jehl testified that defendant paused “for a second,” which gave Officer Jehl an
       opportunity to close the distance between them, so that he was only 50 feet from defendant.
       When defendant paused, he looked over his right shoulder toward Officer Jehl, and then
       pulled out a dark-blue steel revolver from his right pocket. As defendant pulled out the
       revolver, defendant’s phone fell out of his pocket to the ground. Defendant threw the
       revolver over the wooden fence, and Officer Jehl heard the revolver hit the detached garage
       next door. It was “the sound of metal on brick.”
¶ 17       Officer Jehl testified that, after tossing the revolver, defendant crossed the alley and ran
       into a vacant lot. When defendant reached the middle of the lot, Officer Jehl observed five
       marked squad vehicles5 approaching the intersection of 19th Street and Albany Avenue, and
       he motioned to them, to signal that he was chasing defendant. When Sergeant George Artiga
       exited one of the squad vehicles, defendant stopped running and raised his hands, and
       Sergeant Artiga placed defendant in custody. Officer Jehl patted down defendant but
       recovered no weapons. Officer Jehl turned around and observed his partner Officer Honda in
       the alley, and Officer Jehl told Officer Honda to go back to the gangway. The two officers
       walked to the spot where defendant’s cell phone was still lying on the sidewalk, and where
       Officer Jehl had observed defendant toss the gun.
¶ 18       Officer Jehl testified that he observed Officer Honda recover the gun from underneath the
       fence, and that it was the same gun that he had observed defendant toss over the fence. The
       cell phone was “almost next to where the gun was recovered.” Less than two minutes elapsed
       between when Officer Jehl observed defendant enter the gangway and when Officer Honda
       recovered the gun. The gun was a Smith and Wesson .38 revolver, blue steel in color with a
       brown wood handle. Officer Jehl observed Officer Honda unload five live .38-caliber rounds.
¶ 19       Officer Honda testified next and corroborated the testimony of his partner, Officer Jehl.
       However, Officer Honda did not witness defendant toss the gun over the fence. Officer
       Honda also testified that he requested that the gun be sent for fingerprinting.

           5
             The sudden appearance of five squad vehicles might seem unusual. However, at a pretrial
       conference, it was disclosed that the officers were responding to a call that shots were fired in the
       vicinity of 19th Street and Albany Avenue. Defendant filed a motion to bar the officers from testifying
       about the type of call that they were responding to. On March 3, 2015, the trial court ruled that “it would
       be prejudicial to hear that they’re responding to shots fired, since it is a gun and it’s going to go into all
       this stuff about how many bullets did he have, and he fired a gun, a magazine, did you have another
       magazine, that kind of stuff. So I think that it would be best that it is—that they’re responding to a call
       to that area, and please make sure your officers know that *** neither side is going to be arguing
       about—that it is a massive number of officers that respond ***.”

                                                         -4-
¶ 20       Sergeant George Artiga testified that, after defendant was detained, Sergeant Artiga
       directed another officer to search defendant, and the search revealed two bags containing
       suspected cannabis.

¶ 21                                        III. The Certification
¶ 22       The State then moved to admit People’s exhibit No. 4. Since People’s exhibit No. 4 is the
       evidence primarily at issue on this appeal, we describe it in detail. At the top and center of
       the document is a header which states: “Illinois State Police[,] Division of Administration.”
       To the left and slightly below that header, the document states: “Pat Quinn, Governor.” To
       the right, it states: “Hiram Grau, Director.” Below the header is a title which states
       “CERTIFICATION.” Under this title is the following paragraph which we quote in full:
                   “Based on the following name and date of birth information provided by the Cook
               County State’s Attorney’s office, I, Administrative Assistant Debbie Claypool,
               Firearms Services Bureau (FSB), Illinois State Police, do hereby certify, after a
               careful search of the FSB files, the information below to be true and accurate for
               Jesse Cox whose date of birth is ***[6] has never been issued a FOID or CCL Card as
               of July 16, 2014.”
¶ 23       After this paragraph, there is a signature. The lines under the signature state:
       “Administrative Assistant Debbie Claypool[,] Firearms Service Bureau[,] Illinois State
       Police.” The document is notarized, and the notary public states that the document was
       “[s]igned and sworn (or affirmed) to before” her on July 16, 2014.
¶ 24       Before this document was admitted into evidence and published to the jury, the following
       exchange occurred among the trial court and counsel:
                   “ASSISTANT STATE’S ATTORNEY (ASA): Judge, we have no further live
               testimony.
                   We would, however, seek to admit People’s Exhibit No. 4 which is a certified
               letter from the Illinois State Police, and if I may go ahead and read this for the record
               and for the jury.
                   THE COURT: Is there any objection?
                   ASSISTANT PUBLIC DEFENDER (APD): There is not, Judge.
                   THE COURT: Go ahead.”
¶ 25       The ASA then read the certification to the jury and asked the judge to admit it into
       evidence:
                   “ASA: And Judge, at this time, we ask to have People’s Exhibits 1 through 4
               admitted into evidence. I believe 3 already has been.
                   THE COURT: Right.
                   Any objection?
                   APD: No, Judge.
                   THE COURT: And they will be admitted.”
¶ 26       Thus, the trial court asked defense counsel twice if she had any objection to admitting the
       certification prior to its admission, and twice counsel stated that she did not. In addition, later

          6
           We omit defendant’s birth date for security reasons.

                                                    -5-
       on, when the State asked if all its exhibits, including the certification, could go back to the
       jury, the trial court again asked defense counsel, “[a]ny objection?” and she again replied
       “[n]o”—thereby making a total of three times that the trial court asked counsel if she had any
       objection to the certification, and three times that she replied no.

¶ 27                                          IV. Defense Case
¶ 28       Defendant testified that he was 23 years old and had moved to Chicago from Arizona to
       take care of his sick uncle. On June 17, 2014, in the early morning hours, he was at his
       stepsister’s house on Cullerton Street. His stepsister and two of her friends were on the front
       porch, and he was standing at the bottom of the stairs talking to them. Defendant heard a
       vehicle revving its engine, and he turned and observed a Crown Victoria, which he assumed
       was a police vehicle, “flying down the street” on Albany Avenue. When he observed the
       police vehicle, he thought: “I had weed in my pocket, so I was thinking that I don’t want to
       have to talk to them.” Defendant turned toward the gangway and went through it “pretty
       quickly.”
¶ 29       Defendant testified that he did not observe the police vehicle turning on to Cullerton
       Street, or the officer exiting the police vehicle, or the officer starting to chase him. Defendant
       ran through the gangway, crossed the alley, and headed back towards the street on which he
       lived. Later he realized that he had dropped his phone. Several police vehicles approached
       from different directions. One officer exited his vehicle and drew his weapon. That is when
       defendant put his hands up. The officer handcuffed defendant and brought him to his vehicle
       and asked defendant if he had “anything” that defendant “wanted him to know about.”
       Defendant replied that he had two bags of cannabis in his left pocket, and the officer
       removed them.
¶ 30       Defendant denied possessing or observing a handgun on June 16 or 17, 2014, and he
       testified that it was dark in the gangway.
¶ 31       On cross-examination, defendant testified that there is a street light next to his sister’s
       building on Cullerton Street and a light in the gangway. Defendant did not observe the police
       turn onto Cullerton Street because he ran before they turned, and he did not hear a police
       officer yell for him to stop. The two bags of cannabis in his pocket were “[t]en dollar bags.”
       Defendant did not stop in the gangway to look back at the police, and he did not know where
       he dropped his cell phone. He also did not know the police were behind him in the gangway.
¶ 32       On redirect, defendant testified that he did not know if the light in the gangway was
       working that night because it was dark.
¶ 33       Defendant was not asked at any time during the trial whether he possessed a FOID card.
¶ 34       After the defense rested, the trial court and counsel discussed what exhibits would go
       back with the jury. The State asked the trial court to permit all of its exhibits, including the
       certification, to go back to the jury. The trial court again asked defense counsel “[a]ny
       objections?” and she replied “[n]o.”

¶ 35                                  V. Closing and Conviction
¶ 36      After the defense rested, the parties proceeded to closing argument. During closing, the
       prosecutor made the following comment about the certification: “[T]he Defendant hadn’t
       been issued a Firearm Owner Identification Card, that’s I think largely uncontested. We do

                                                   -6-
       have a certified record from the State Police, the Defendant’s never been issued a Firearm
       Owner Identification Card, nor has he ever been issued a Concealed Carry Permit.”
¶ 37       Defense counsel argued, “Ladies and gentlemen, I submit to you that the word of one
       officer, it’s not enough. He says he did it. [Defendant] says he didn’t. You know what would
       be a great tie-breaker? Some evidence. We don’t have any.” The defense did not mention the
       certification once in closing.
¶ 38       After closing arguments, the jury found defendant guilty of the one count on which the
       State proceeded: aggravated unlawful use of a weapon without a valid FOID card. 720 ILCS
       5/24-1.6(a)(1), (3)(C) (West 2014).

¶ 39                                       VI. Posttrial Proceedings
¶ 40       On April 5, 2015, defendant filed a posttrial motion for a new trial. The motion did not
       allege that the trial court erred by admitting Claypool’s certification. On April 16, 2015,
       defendant filed a supplemental posttrial motion for a new trial. Like the original motion, the
       supplemental motion also made no claim that admitting Claypool’s certification was in error.
¶ 41       On April 22, 2015, the trial court denied both motions and, after hearing facts in
       mitigation and aggravation, sentenced defendant to two years of intensive probation. Defense
       counsel moved to reconsider the sentence, and the trial court denied the motion. The ASA
       then informed the trial court that the total fines, costs, and fees were $1104, and the trial
       court told defendant that is what he owed, minus the “credit that you will get at $5.00 a day.”
¶ 42       On April 22, 2015, the trial court entered an “Order Assessing Fines, Fees and Costs,”
       which ordered the following fees: $10 for “Mental Health Court”; $5 for “Youth Diversion
       Peer Court”; $5 for “Drug Court”; $30 for “Children’s Advocacy Center”; $30 for a “Fine to
       Fund Juvenile Expungement”; $100 for “Violent Crime Victim Assistance”; $100 for a
       “Trauma Fund Fine”; $190 for a “Felony Complaint Filed”; $60 for a “Felony Complaint
       Conviction”; $20 for a “Probable Cause Hearing”; $250 for “State DNA ID Sysetemy”; $15
       for “Automation”; $15 for a “State Police Operations Fee”; $2 for a “Public Defender
       Records Automation Fee”; $2 for “State’s Attorney Records Automation Fee”; $15 for
       “Document Storage”; $5 for “Electronic Citation Fee”; $150 for “Per Day of Trial”; $25 for
       “Court Services”; and $50 for a “Felony.” These fines and fees totaled $1079 which was
       slightly less than the total stated at sentencing.
¶ 43       The fines and fees order stated that defendant had served 310 days in custody and the
       allowable credit for these fines “will be calculated.”
¶ 44       Another order entitled “Specifications and Certificate of Conditions of Intensive
       Probation” and entered on April 22, 2015, stated that the total “court costs” were $1104 “less
       credit as allowed through the clerk.”
¶ 45       On April 24, 2015, defendant filed a timely notice of appeal, and this appeal followed.

¶ 46                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 47       On appeal, defendant claims that the trial court violated his sixth amendment right when
       it admitted a certification from a state employee, after his trial counsel stated repeatedly that
       the defense had no objection to its admission. In the certification, an administrative assistant
       employed by the Illinois State Police swore that a search of the State’s records revealed that
       defendant did not possess a FOID card. For the following reasons, we do not find this claim

                                                   -7-
       persuasive. However, we do correct the fines and fees order, as we describe below.

¶ 48                                             I. Forfeiture
¶ 49       The State argues that defendant forfeited his right to raise the sixth amendment issue on
       appeal. In response, defendant admits that he waived this issue for appeal by failing to object
       at trial, and asks us either to consider the issue under the plain error doctrine (People v.
       Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007)) or to consider his failure to object as ineffective
       assistance of his trial counsel (Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984)).
¶ 50       The plain error doctrine allows a reviewing court to consider an unpreserved error when
       (1) a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced that the error
       alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the
       seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error occurred and that error is so serious
       that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial
       process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence. People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 48;
       Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565. Defendant asks us to consider his claim under both prongs of
       the plain error doctrine.
¶ 51       Under Strickland, to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
       must show both (1) that his counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable under
       prevailing professional norms and (2) that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
       counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. In re
       Edgar C., 2014 IL App (1st) 141703, ¶¶ 77-78 (citing People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688,
       ¶ 36); see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.
¶ 52       Under either theory, we must determine whether a clear error occurred. Under the plain
       error doctrine, “the initial analytical step” is to determine whether a clear or obvious error
       occurred. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 49; Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565. Similarly, to succeed
       on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must show errors by counsel that
       were so “serious” that counsel cannot be said to have been “functioning” as counsel, which
       prejudiced defendant. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Under either theory, defendant must show
       that the admission of this evidence constituted a clear error that counsel should have objected
       to.
¶ 53       Thus, we will consider whether any error occurred at all, before analyzing the issue as
       either plain error or ineffectiveness of counsel.

¶ 54                                        II. Standard of Review
¶ 55       Defendant argues that de novo review applies to the question of whether his constitutional
       right of confrontation was violated, and the State does not argue otherwise.
¶ 56       We agree that de novo review applies here, since the question in this case does not
       involve any disputed facts. For example, in People v. Leach, 2012 IL 111534, ¶ 64, our
       supreme court applied a de novo standard of review to the question of whether the admission
       of an autopsy report, without the author’s appearance at trial, violated a defendant’s right of
       confrontation. In Leach, as in the case at bar, the facts were undisputed, and the declarant’s
       statement, i.e., the report, and the attorney’s objections at trial were all before the supreme
       court. Leach, 2012 IL 111534, ¶¶ 4-5 (the supreme court quoted the parties’ arguments from
       both their trial filings and the pretrial hearing which the trial court had held on the issue).

                                                    -8-
¶ 57        Similarly, in the case at bar, where the facts are undisputed and the declarant’s statement
       and any comments about it are before us, we apply a de novo standard of review. Cf. People
       v. Henderson, 2017 IL App (1st) 142259, ¶ 180 (where the appellate court did “not even
       know the explanation of the objection offered by defense counsel or the reasons given by the
       trial court for its ruling,” the appellate court found that “in this case, an abuse of discretion
       standard makes more sense” for reviewing the defendant’s confrontation clause claim); see
       also In re Brandon P., 2014 IL 116653, ¶ 45 (applying an abuse-of-discretion standard of
       review to the question of whether a child witness had sufficiently “appeared” for
       cross-examination within the meaning of the confrontation clause).
¶ 58        De novo review also makes more sense in this case than an abuse-of-discretion review,
       since this was a question that the trial court never had the opportunity to consider in the first
       instance. De novo consideration means that we perform the same analysis that a trial judge
       would perform. People v. Schlosser, 2017 IL App (1st) 150355, ¶ 28.

¶ 59                                     III. Confrontation Clause
¶ 60        The confrontation clause of the sixth amendment guarantees that, “[i]n all criminal
       prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right *** to be confronted with the witnesses
       against him.” U.S. Const., amend. VI. See also People v. Whitfield, 2014 IL App (1st)
123135, ¶ 25 (“a defendant is guaranteed the right to confront witnesses against him by the
       confrontation clauses of both the United States and Illinois Constitutions”); Ill. Const. 1970,
       art. I, § 8. This clause guarantees “confrontation plus cross-examination of witnesses.” Perry
       v. New Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228, 237 (2012).
¶ 61        “[T]he basic objective of the Confrontation Clause *** is to prevent the accused from
       being deprived of the opportunity to cross-examine the declarant about statements taken for
       use at trial.” Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 358 (2011). “[T]his bedrock procedural
       guarantee applies to both federal and state prosecutions.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S.
36, 42 (2004) (citing Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 406 (1965)). Cross-examination is a
       bedrock right because it is the engine by which an accused may expose “motive or bias or
       other factors that might influence testimony.” People v. Davis, 337 Ill. App. 3d 977, 984
       (2003); see also People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81, 130 (1998) (“Any permissible matter which
       affects the witness’s credibility may be developed on cross-examination.”).
¶ 62        In Crawford, the United States Supreme Court held that, under the confrontation clause, a
       witness’s out-of-court statement could be admitted only if the witness was available for
       cross-examination at trial or the defendant had had an opportunity to cross-examine her.
       Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68; see also Ohio v. Clark, 576 U.S. ___, ___, 135 S. Ct. 2173, 2179
       (2015). Prior to Crawford, the rule had been that an unavailable witness’ out-of-court
       statement could be admitted if it fell under a “ ‘firmly rooted hearsay exception’ ” or the
       statement had “ ‘particularized guarantees of trustworthiness.’ ” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 42, 60
       (discussing and quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66 (1980)); see also Clark, 576 U.S. at
       ___, 135 S. Ct. at 2179; In re Rolandis G., 232 Ill. 2d 13, 23-24 (2008). In its 2004 Crawford
       decision, the United States Supreme Court rejected the Roberts rule, with its reliance on
       established hearsay exceptions, and thereby created a sweeping change in sixth amendment
       jurisprudence. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 60-62 (the Roberts rule is “not what the Sixth
       Amendment prescribes”); Clark, 576 U.S. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 2179 (in Crawford, “we
       adopted a different approach”); Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. 647, 658 (2011)

                                                   -9-
       (describing Crawford as “[r]ejecting Roberts”); In re Rolandis G., 232 Ill. 2d at 24 (in
       Crawford, “the United States Supreme Court overturned Roberts and devised a
       fundamentally new procedure for analyzing confrontation clause claims”).
¶ 63       In Crawford, the Supreme Court held that “the principal evil at which the Confrontation
       Clause was directed” was the “use of ex parte examinations as evidence against the accused.”
       Crawford, 541 U.S. at 50. “An accuser who makes a formal statement to government officers
       bears testimony in a sense that a person who makes a casual remark to an acquaintance does
       not.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51. In the case at bar, there is no dispute that the document was
       testimonial and thus falls squarely within the class of statements affected by Crawford.

¶ 64                                             IV. Statute
¶ 65       The State argues on appeal that the certification was admitted pursuant to the public
       record exception to the hearsay rule and cites in support the Firearm Owners Identification
       Card Act (Act) (430 ILCS 65/0.01 et seq. (West 2014)). This Act provides in relevant part:
               “Any certified abstract issued by the Director of State Police or transmitted
               electronically by the Director of State Police under this Section to a court or on
               request of a law enforcement agency for the record of a named person as to the status
               of the person’s Firearm Owner’s Identification Card is prima facie evidence of the
               facts stated in the certified abstract and if the name appearing in the abstract is the
               same as that of a person named in an information or warrant, the abstract is prima
               facie evidence that the person named in the information or warrant is the same person
               as the person named in the abstract and is admissible for any prosecution under this
               Act or any other applicable violation of law and may be admitted as proof of any
               prior conviction or proof of records, notices, or orders recorded on individual Firearm
               Owner’s Identification Card records maintained by the Department of State Police.”
               430 ILCS 65/15b (West 2014).
¶ 66       However, satisfying a statutory hearsay exception is no longer enough for admission. See
       Crawford, 541 U.S. at 60-62 (the Roberts rule is “not what the Sixth Amendment
       prescribes”); Clark, 576 U.S. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 2179 (in Crawford, “we adopted a
       different approach”); Bullcoming, 564 U.S. at 658 (describing Crawford as “[r]ejecting
       Roberts”). To be properly admitted, an out-of-court statement must satisfy both a hearsay
       exception and a defendant’s rights under the sixth amendment. People v. Martin, 408 Ill.
       App. 3d 891, 896 (2011).
¶ 67       On appeal, defendant concedes in his reply brief that whether the certification satisfied
       some public record exception to the hearsay rule is “a non-issue in this case.” The only issue
       he raises on appeal about the certification concerns the sixth amendment.

¶ 68                                           V. Stipulation
¶ 69       The State also argues that defendant’s “affirmative waiver”7 of any objection at trial is
       “akin” to a stipulation and cites in support People v. Probst, 344 Ill. App. 3d 378, 387 (2003)
       (“Failing to object to certain State evidence has a similar effect to stipulating to the
       evidence.”).

          7
           See supra ¶ 6 n.2, defining waiver.

                                                 - 10 -
¶ 70       The appellate record establishes, as we discuss in the next section, that defendant
       repeatedly and affirmatively waived any objection at trial to admission of the certification.
       However, waiver is still different from a stipulation, and we believe the defense’s actions are
       better analyzed under the invited error doctrine, which we discuss below.

¶ 71                                       VI. Invited Error Doctrine
¶ 72        The State also argues that any alleged error concerning the admission of the certification
       was “invited by [defendant’s] own trial tactics,” and we agree.
¶ 73        “Under the invited-error doctrine, a party cannot acquiesce to the manner in which the
       trial court proceeds and later claim on appeal that the trial court’s actions constituted error.”
       People v. Manning, 2017 IL App (2d) 140930, ¶ 16; see also Hughes, 2015 IL 117242 ¶ 33
       (“the invited error rule” states that “a party cannot complain of error that it brought about or
       participated in”); People v. Bush, 214 Ill. 2d 318, 332 (2005) (when a party “procures,
       invites, or acquiesces” to a trial court’s evidentiary ruling, even if the ruling is improper, he
       cannot contest the ruling on appeal). “Simply stated, a party cannot complain of error which
       that party induced the court to make or to which that party consented.” In re Detention of
       Swope, 213 Ill. 2d 210, 217 (2004).
¶ 74        In the case at bar, the trial court asked defense counsel on three separate occasions during
       trial whether defendant had any objection to the certification: (1) once before the certification
       was read to the jury, (2) once before the State moved to admit it as an exhibit, and (3) once
       again before the court allowed it to go back with the jurors during their deliberations.8 Each
       time, defense counsel asserted that defendant had no objection. In addition, defense counsel
       did not object at the time or respond later during defendant’s own closing statement to the
       prosecutor’s observation, made during the State’s initial closing statement, that defendant’s
       lack of a FOID card was “uncontested.”
¶ 75        If the defense had objected at any point during trial, when it was given multiple
       opportunities to do so by the trial court, the State could have easily remedied the problem by
       simply calling the State employee to the stand. This was an evidentiary issue that was easily
       fixed, as the State argues in its appellate brief. See Hughes, 2015 IL 117242, ¶ 38 (“new
       factual theories on appeal deprive the formerly prevailing party of the opportunity to present
       evidence on that point”).
¶ 76        When the defense invited the trial court to admit the certificate by affirmatively
       responding to the trial court’s questions that it had no objection to its admission, we cannot
       find any error by the trial court. Thus, we cannot find that the admission of the certification
       violated defendant’s right to confront the State employee who authored the certification.

           8
            The State also cites in support the fact that, before trial, defendant argued that requiring a person to
       obtain a FOID card was unconstitutional and that “a failure by the defendant to acquire a FOID card is
       at most a Class A misdemeanor.” However, these arguments by defendant do not demonstrate an
       affirmative waiver of the FOID card issue. First, defendant used the indefinite article “a” before the
       word “failure” which is used when one talks about an item or idea in general rather than a specific item
       or idea, for which one would use “the” (i.e., “the defendant’s failure”). See englishpage.com,
       https://www.englishpage.com/articles/a-an-vs-the.htm (last visited Aug. 20, 2017). Second, the pretrial
       motions could be viewed as presenting an argument in the alternative, which is simply sound
       lawyering.

                                                        - 11 -
       Probst, 344 Ill. App. 3d at 387 (“failure to object” to admission of a lab report and
       accompanying affidavit was “a matter of trial strategy,” and as such, “the failure to object
       does not implicate defendant’s right to confront his accusers”).

¶ 77                                            VII. Prior Case
¶ 78        As we already observed, this court considered a sixth amendment challenge to the
       admission of a similar certification in another case and found that the admission constituted
       reversible error.
¶ 79        In Diggins, this court reversed a defendant’s conviction for aggravated unlawful use of a
       weapon and remanded for a new trial, on the ground that the defendant’s sixth amendment
       right was violated by the admission, over defendant’s objection, of a certified letter
       documenting the defendant’s lack of a FOID card. Diggins, 2016 IL App (1st) 142088, ¶ 1.
¶ 80        Diggins is strikingly similar to the case at bar in many respects. In Diggins, as in the case
       at bar, police officers testified that, as they approached, defendant tossed a handgun over the
       fence, which the officers then retrieved. Diggins, 2016 IL App (1st) 142088, ¶ 4. The Diggins
       defendant was also charged with aggravated unlawful use of a weapon based on his failure to
       possess a FOID card. Diggins, 2016 IL App (1st) 142088, ¶ 3. In Diggins, as in the case at
       bar, the State sought to admit a signed and notarized letter from an employee of the Firearms
       Services Bureau of the Illinois State Police, stating that the defendant did not possess a FOID
       card. Diggins, 2016 IL App (1st) 142088, ¶ 6.
¶ 81        However, this is where the similarity with Diggins ends. In Diggins, defense counsel
       objected at trial to the admission of the letter into evidence. Diggins, 2016 IL App (1st)
142088, ¶ 7.9
¶ 82        In Diggins, the trial court overruled the objection, stating “[i]f you want an opportunity to
       subpoena and cross-examine the witness and bring that person in as a witness on behalf of
       the [d]efense, I will give you that opportunity.” Diggins, 2016 IL App (1st) 142088, ¶ 7. But
       the trial court ruled that the exhibit was still admitted. Diggins, 2016 IL App (1st) 142088,
       ¶ 7. Thus, the opportunity for cross-examination offered by the trial court would have
       occurred only after the statement was already admitted.
¶ 83        By contrast, in the case at bar, defendant waived the opportunity for prior
       cross-examination by stating affirmatively that he had no objection to admitting the
       document, even though it was clear that meant there would be no cross-examination prior to
       its admission.
¶ 84        Thus, we do not find that Diggins is apposite here.

¶ 85                      VIII. Plain Error and Ineffectiveness of Trial Counsel
¶ 86       We also do not find persuasive defendant’s plain error and ineffectiveness arguments.
¶ 87       First, and most importantly, since there was no error by the trial court, there can be no
       plain error. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565. In addition, “[p]lain-error review is forfeited, ***
       when the defendant invites the error.” People v. Boston, 2017 IL App (1st) 140369, ¶ 91.
       Also, Crawford errors do not rise to the level of second prong error, since a confrontation

           9
           The appellate court in Diggins found that the issue was preserved for its review. Diggins, 2016 IL
       App (1st) 142088, ¶ 7.

                                                    - 12 -
       clause violation does not require reversal so long as the error was harmless beyond a
       reasonable doubt. See Henderson, 2017 IL App (1st) 142259, ¶ 181 (citing People v. Stechly,
       225 Ill. 2d 246, 304 (2007)).
¶ 88       Lastly, the only way that defense counsel’s decision not to object to the certification
       could possibly be ineffective assistance was if defendant actually had a FOID card and the
       certification was in error. Otherwise, counsel’s decision to waive any objection to its
       admission was a matter of trial strategy. Probst, 344 Ill. App. 3d at 387 (“As a matter of trial
       strategy, failure to object does not necessarily establish substandard performance.” (cited
       with approval in People v. Hernandez, 2014 IL App (2d) 131082, ¶ 37 (after defendant
       informed counsel of incorrect information in his presentence report, counsel’s decision not to
       object to this information during sentencing was “a strategic decision”))). In the record
       before us, there is nothing to suggest that defendant had a FOID card and everything to
       suggest that the decision was a matter of trial strategy. Counsel’s strategy, from start to finish
       at trial, was to contest whether defendant possessed a gun. The defense offered a plausible
       reason, other than the gun, for defendant’s flight—namely, the two bags of cannabis. During
       both cross-examination of the officers and the defense’s closing remarks, counsel stressed
       that only one officer had observed defendant in possession of a gun and that this one officer
       had done nothing to substantiate his observation of defendant’s possession of a gun. He did
       not take a photo of the gun with his cell phone to show where the gun was found, he did not
       call an evidence technician, and he did not request that defendant be swabbed for gun
       residue. Defense counsel argued in closing that this officer was “really the crux of this case.”
¶ 89       In contrast, when examining defendant, counsel had drawn a sympathetic portrait of a
       23-year-old who had moved to Chicago to care for a sick uncle and who was spending his
       leisure time with his family on a summer night. In closing, counsel argued that the officer
       said one thing, and defendant said another, and that the officer had failed to collect the
       evidence which could have served as a “tie-breaker” between them. Based on the record
       before us, we cannot find that counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable under
       prevailing professional norms. In re Edgar C., 2014 IL App (1st) 141703, ¶¶ 77-78 (citing
       Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 36); see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.
¶ 90       For these reasons, we do not find persuasive defendant’s plain error and ineffectiveness
       arguments.

¶ 91                                            IX. Fines
¶ 92       Defendant also claims that the trial court erred in its assessment of fines and fees,
       resulting in an overcharge of $170, and he asks us to correct the order to reflect the correct
       amounts. The three claimed errors are (1) the inclusion of a $100 Trauma Fund Fine that was
       not authorized for crimes such as aggravated unlawful use of a weapon, (2) the inclusion of a
       $5 Electronic Citation Fee that was not applicable to felonies, and (3) the failure to offset a
       pair of fines pursuant to section 110-14(a) of the Code (725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2014))10
       against defendant’s $5 per day credit for his 310 days in custody. The State concedes that
       these amounts were erroneously ordered, but claims that defendant forfeited the issue by

           10
             These fines include a $15 State Police Operations Fee and a $50 Court System Fee. Although
       these charges are labeled as fees, the State concedes in its brief to this court: “Pursuant to the supreme
       court’s reasoning in People v. Jones, 223 Ill. 2d 569, 581-82 (2006), these charges constitute fines.”

                                                      - 13 -
        failing to object when the trial court entered the fines and fees order. In response, defendant
        argues that we may review these fines under either the second prong of the plain error
        doctrine or as ineffective assistance of counsel.
¶ 93         Of the 20 separate fines and fees entered that totaled $1079, defendant now objects to
        only four of them, which total $170.

¶ 94                                         A. Plain Error Doctrine
¶ 95         Defendant asks us to review this claim under the second prong of the plain error doctrine,
        which permits us to consider unpreserved error when “a clear and obvious error occurred and
        that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the
        integrity of the judicial process.” Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565.
¶ 96         In support of his claim that we may review the incorrect fines and fees under the second
        prong, defendant cites two cases: People v. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d 32 (2009), and People v.
        Anderson, 402 Ill. App. 3d 186 (2010). In Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d at 47-49, the Illinois Supreme
        Court held that the trial court’s entry of a fine “without any evidentiary basis,” as the relevant
        statute required, constituted second-prong error. Similarly, in Anderson, 402 Ill. App. 3d at
        194, the appellate court found that “the imposition of a fine not authorized by statute
        challenges the integrity of the judicial process” and constitutes “plain error.”
¶ 97         In response, the State argues that neither of these cases apply to the case at bar. With
        respect to Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d at 47-49, the State claims that its reasoning does not apply to the
        fixed amounts involved in the case at bar because the fines in Lewis were variable and
        required evidentiary support. See People v. Murphy, 2017 IL App (1st) 142092, ¶ 16. As for
        the appellate court’s decision in Anderson, 402 Ill. App. 3d 186, the State argues that it was
        wrongly decided because it failed to explain how an incorrect assessment of fines affected
        substantial rights.
¶ 98         We do not find these arguments persuasive. The Illinois Supreme Court has recently
        stated that “ ‘[t]he imposition of an unauthorized sentence affects substantial rights’ and,
        thus, may be considered by a reviewing court even if not properly preserved in trial court.”
        People v. Fort, 2017 IL 118966, ¶ 19 (quoting People v. Hicks, 181 Ill. 2d 541, 545 (1998)).
¶ 99         First, fines are part of a defendant’s sentence. People v. Johnson, 2011 IL 111817, ¶ 16 (a
        fine is imposed as part of a sentence on a person convicted of a criminal offense); People v.
        Johnson, 2015 IL App (3d) 140364, ¶¶ 10, 11 (“fines may only be imposed by an order of the
        trial court,” because they are “the financial component of a felony sentence”).
¶ 100        Second, except for the $5 Electronic Citation Fee,11 the State concedes that these were
        fines.
¶ 101        Third, the State also concedes that the fines and fees objected to by defendant were
        improperly entered. The State concedes that the statutes authorizing the Trauma Fund Fine
        and the Electronic Citation Fee do not authorize their imposition for defendant’s offense. The
        State also concedes that defendant was entitled to offset the State Police Operations and
        Court System charges against his monetary credit, pursuant to section 110-14 of the Code
        (725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2014)).

           11
             This fee will be vacated for the reasons discussed in the next section.

                                                      - 14 -
¶ 102       In sum, since the fines were not statutorily authorized and were a part of defendant’s
        sentence, they affected his substantial rights and may be reviewed under the second-prong of
        the plain error doctrine. Fort, 2017 IL 118966, ¶ 19 (citing Hicks, 181 Ill. 2d at 545).
        Accordingly, we vacate the $100 Trauma Fund Fine and order that the $15 State Police
        Operations and $50 Court System charges must be offset against his monetary credit.
¶ 103       We also vacate the $5 Electronic Citation Fee for the reasons discussed in the section
        below.

¶ 104                                B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
¶ 105       In the alternative, defendant asks us to consider his failure to object to the fines and fees
        order as ineffective assistance of counsel. In support, he cites People v. Siedlinski, 279 Ill.
        App. 3d 1003, 1005-06 (1996), which held that a counsel’s failure to request the $5 per diem
        credit pursuant to section 110-14 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2014))
        constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. The State’s brief offers no response to
        defendant’s ineffectiveness argument.
¶ 106       “Under Strickland, to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
        must show both: (1) that his counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable under
        prevailing professional norms; and (2) that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
        counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. ***
        Under [this] theory, we must determine whether any error occurred.” Henderson, 2017 IL
        App (1st) 142259, ¶¶ 196-97; In re Edgar C., 2014 IL App (1st) 141703, ¶¶ 77-78 (citing
        Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 36); see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. In the instant case,
        counsel failed to object to a monetary assessment composed partially of fines and fees that
        were not statutorily authorized and failed to request the full monetary credit that defendant
        was statutorily entitled to.
¶ 107       Counsel’s failure to ensure either that the fines and fees imposed on defendant were
        authorized by statute or that defendant received the full monetary credit to which he was
        entitled constituted an objectively unreasonable performance with respect to the fines and
        fees order. See Siedlinski, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 1005-06 (holding that failure to request a
        monetary credit which defendant was statutorily entitled to constituted ineffective
        assistance). In addition, there is a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s errors the fines
        and fees order would have been different; specifically, counsel’s errors prejudiced defendant
        by raising the amount he owed. Since the error qualifies as ineffective assistance of counsel,
        we order the fines and fees order corrected to reflect a $170 reduction, which includes the
        vacated $100 Trauma Fund Fine and $5 Electronic Citation Fee, and the offset of the $15
        State Police Operations charge and $50 Court Systems charge against defendant’s remaining
        monetary credit.

¶ 108                                        CONCLUSION
¶ 109       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm defendant’s conviction and sentence, but order the
        fines and fees order corrected to reflect a $170 reduction, which includes the vacated $100
        Trauma Fund Fine and $5 Electronic Citation Fee, and the offset of the $15 State Police
        Operations charge and $50 Court Systems charge against defendant’s remaining monetary
        credit.

                                                    - 15 -
¶ 110   Affirmed; fines and fees order corrected.

                                              - 16 -