Court Opinion

ID: 2961347
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-21 20:03:42.590541+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:00:26.087639
License: Public Domain

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      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                             NO. 70547-4-1

                     Respondent,                 DIVISION ONE

      v.                                         PUBLISHED OPINION

ARTURO CAYETANO-JAIMES,

                     Appellant.                  FILED: September 21, 2015

       Leach, J. — Arturo Cayetano-Jaimes appeals his conviction for rape of a

child in the first degree. He contends that the trial court's refusal to allow him to

present the testimony of the victim's mother by telephone violated his

constitutional right to present a complete defense.              Because this unavailable

witness's testimony was relevant and highly probative and the State did not show

its admission would disrupt the fairness of the fact-finding process, the trial court

abused its discretion by excluding it. Because the State cannot show that this

error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, we reverse and remand for a

new trial. We do not reach Cayetano-Jaimes's other claims.
NO. 70547-4-1 / 2

                                        FACTS

        In 2008, V., born February 1, 1998, and her two younger siblings lived with

their mother's uncle and his wife1 in Mount Vernon, Washington. The children

lived with this couple, who eventually adopted them, because their mother, Laura

Camacho, and V.'s stepfather, Francisco Cayetano-Jaimes, had been deported

to Mexico after federal agents arrested them in December 2006.2

        One day in August 2008, while the children were playing, the wife saw V.

put a plastic toy in her mouth in a way that she had "never seen any children do"

and that seemed inappropriate.         The wife, "surprised and shocked," spoke

"sternly" to V. At that point, V. told her that Francisco's brother, Arturo Cayetano-

Jaimes, had sexual contact with her once at his house while he and his wife,

Irene Rodriguez, babysat V. and her sister.

        Arturo Cayetano-Jaimes and Rodriguez moved to Mount Vernon from

New York City in 2001. Cayetano-Jaimes's mother, Maria Jaimes, and several of

Cayetano-Jaimes's seven siblings and other family members already lived in the

area.   Cayetano-Jaimes and Rodriguez had three children while they lived in

Washington. Arturo and Francisco saw each other at children's parties and other

family gatherings but did not socialize much otherwise because Camacho and

        1This opinion will refer to this individual as "wife" rather than by name in
an effort to protect V.'s privacy.
        2 Francisco is the biological father of V.'s siblings, but not of V. For clarity,
he is referred to here by his first name.
                                            -2-
NO. 70547-4-1 / 3

Rodriguez did not get along well.      In 2004 or 2005, Cayetano-Jaimes and

Rodriguez and the three children returned to New York City.

      In her 2008 account to the wife, V. said that after Rodriguez left to go to

the store, Cayetano-Jaimes told her sister to have V. come to his room. V. said

that Cayetano-Jaimes was lying on the bed and asked her to "lick his private."

She said his penis was in her mouth, and she was covered with a blanket. She

said she told him she didn't want to do it anymore and left the bedroom when she

saw Rodriguez unloading groceries from the car. She didn't remember exactly

how old she was. She told an interview specialist that she thought she was eight

years old, but at different points during her testimony at trial, she said she was

"around six, seven" and "like five, six." She thought the incident occurred a year

or year and a half before her mother and Francisco were arrested. She didn't tell

anyone about the incident before telling the wife. The wife reported V.'s account

to a counselor and to law enforcement.

       On October 29, 2009, the State charged Cayetano-Jaimes with one count

of child molestation in the first degree. The information alleged that Cayetano-

Jaimes committed the offense "[o]n or about and between February 1, 2006 and

February 1, 2007."    At that time, law enforcement did not know Cayetano-

Jaimes's whereabouts.
NO. 70547-4-1 / 4

       Law enforcement arrested Cayetano-Jaimes on September 11, 2012. The

State amended the information to add one count of identity theft, which it later

voluntarily dismissed. In a second amended information filed in November 2012,

the State changed the child molestation charge to one count of rape of a child in

the first degree. On December 5, 2012, Cayetano-Jaimes filed a notice of the

defense of alibi.

       The court set trial for March 4, 2013. On February 27, 2013, the State

filed a third amended information in which it changed the dates of alleged

violation to "[o]n or about and between October 31, 2004 and October 31, 2005."

In a CR 8.3(b)3 motion to dismiss filed February 28, defense counsel told the

court that these changes to the dates of violation would require changing "the

entire defense strategy." In particular, "[a] potential witness in Mexico will most

likely need to be contacted to refute this amendment to the charges."

       On March 27, 2013, the trial court heard a defense motion to permit the

telephonic testimony of Laura Camacho.4 Defense counsel argued that because

of Camacho's immigration status, the court should allow her to testify by

telephone or, alternatively, order her telephonic deposition. Defense argued that

        3 CrR 8.3(b) authorizes the court to "dismiss any criminal prosecution due
to arbitrary action or governmental misconduct when there has been prejudice to
the rights of the accused which materially affect the accused's right to a fair trial."
      4 The motion also asked the court to permit Irene Rodriguez to testify by
telephone from New York, but Rodriguez ultimately traveled to Washington and
testified in person.
                                          -4-
NO. 70547-4-1 / 5

Camacho's testimony was material:        she would testify that she and Francisco

never left the girls in the care of Cayetano-Jaimes and Rodriguez.

       The court denied the motion for telephonic testimony:

       [T]he right to confront witnesses in person and for the fact finder to
       be able to see those persons before them, observe their body
       mannerisms, their responses, and all of the other factors that are
       important for a jury or a judge to determine credibility are very
       important factors in any trial, civil or criminal.

              I think they become heightened in a criminal case. And
       certainly the defendant has a constitutional right to confront his or
       her accusers; I would say that the state has the equal right to make
       sure the people who are rebutting their potential case are
       confronted directly in court as well. . . .

               ... A voice at the end of a telephone line in a foreign country
       presents lots of problems in terms of even verifying who the person
       is, the oath and its meaning to that person in that country, and the
       ability of the jury to have any idea how to evaluate that person's
       testimony—these all create major problems, for this Court's
       thinking.

       The court did, however, allow the defense to present Camacho's video

deposition or testimony, subject to verification of identity and the ability to cross-

examine.   The court acknowledged potential difficulties: "I don't know that we

even have that capability at this end." And the court expressed some doubt: "I'm

not suggesting that these arrangements can be made between now and trial, but

I'm only suggesting that would be the only way under which this Court would

allow her testimony." Defense counsel told the court, "I suspect that the rulings

                                         -5-
NO. 70547-4-1 / 6

about witness testimony might require us to ask for a continuance, just to get all

of this set up before we do have a trial."

         On May 2, 2013, at a trial confirmation hearing, defense counsel asked for

a continuance, citing scheduling and technical problems, as well as difficulties

contacting Camacho in Mexico. The State objected, noting the three previous

continuances and suggesting that Camacho's testimony was cumulative of other

witness testimony.     Defense counsel countered that the prosecutor's schedule

necessitated one of the continuances and the State's amendment of the dates of

violation justified another. And defense counsel reiterated that Camacho, as the

mother of the victim, was different from any other defense witness: "[S]he is

probably the best person, other than the alleged victim, to be testifying about

this."

         The trial court denied the motion to continue trial, expressing doubt that a

continuance would remedy uncertainties about Camacho's availability and the

technical feasibility of arranging her testimony.     Trial began May 20, and the

State rested on May 21. The jury heard testimony from V., her sister, the wife,

and three police officers.

         On the morning of May 22, outside the presence of the jury, defense

counsel set up her own computer in the courtroom to allow Camacho to testify
NO. 70547-4-1 / 7

via Skype5 from an internet cafe in Mexico.          The State objected, citing the

unclear visual feed and background noise. The State also objected to the use of

defense counsel's laptop screen instead of a larger projection screen. Defense

counsel told the court that because Camacho did not have personal means to

access the Internet, a busy Internet cafe provided her only option.            Defense

counsel explained the lack of video projection, stating that the projector in her

office "seems to be missing some essential cords, so it doesn't even have a way

to connect to a power source. So this is the best that I was able to do was to

come up with a monitor."

      After a brief examination, the court excluded Camacho's Skype testimony:

      I know this was a lot of work, [counsel], but this just isn't sufficient.
      I can't see the features on her face. I can barely see her face. And
      then the background noise is such that we're going to have a hard
      time hearing what she has to say in communicating with her.

              I realize that she is an important witness to the defense, and
      I would like to allow her to testify if it was at all possible. But sitting
      in the jury box, I can't make out her features. I can't—she's holding
      the telephone to her—to the side of her face, and the quality of the
      picture is such that they're not going to be able to judge anything
      about her testimony by watching her demeanor or any of the other
      things the jury is supposed to use to evaluate testimony. There
      [are] just too many problems with this, I'm sorry, but I don't think
      that we can have it played for the jury under this fashion.

      5 Skype is a live video chat and long-distance voice calling service. See,
e.g.. In re Marriage of Swaka, 179 Wash. App. 549, 551 n.1, 319 P.3d 69 (2014).
                                          -7-
NO. 70547-4-1 / 8

         Defense counsel then asked to present Camacho's testimony by

telephone. The court denied this request:

         All right. I'm not going to allow that either. I think the jury is entitled
         to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses. It's a really important
         part of the trial, particularly this trial, because the jury is going to
         have to decide who to believe here. And they're not going to be
         able to evaluate Ms. Camacho's testimony using this method, nor
         are they going to be able to evaluate it over the telephone. I just
         don't think that's appropriate.

The court permitted counsel to make an offer of proof. At counsel's request, the

court administered the oath to Camacho. She identified herself and testified that

she was V. and her sister's mother, Cayetano-Jaimes was her brother-in-law,

and she never had Cayetano-Jaimes babysit her daughters, either at his house

or her own.      The jury then returned, and defense counsel called the rest of

Cayetano-Jaimes's witnesses, only one of whom was not a family member.

         In closing argument, defense counsel reminded the jury, "But we do have

testimony from Arturo and from his wife Irene that they never watched those girls,

that the girls were never in their care, and that, I submit to you, presents a

reasonable doubt that this actually ever happened."               In rebuttal, the State

attacked the credibility of defense witnesses on several grounds, including,

"[Tjhey're all Mr. Caetano's family members" and "sometimes families close

rank."

         The jury returned a verdict of guilty. Cayetano-Jaimes appeals.

                                            -8-
NO. 70547-4-1 / 9

                             STANDARD OF REVIEW

         We review constitutional claims de novo, as questions of law.6 We review

a trial court's decisions admitting or excluding evidence for abuse of discretion.7

A court abuses its discretion when it makes a manifestly unreasonable decision

or bases its decision on untenable grounds or reasons.8         A court bases its

decision on untenable grounds or reasons when the court applies the wrong legal

standard or relies on unsupported facts.9

                                    ANALYSIS

         Cayetano-Jaimes contends that his constitutional right to present a

defense limits a trial court's authority to control the mode of presentation of

evidence. Specifically, he contends that the trial court's exclusion of Camacho's

telephonic testimony unreasonably restricted his ability to present a defense. We

agree.     Under the facts of this case, the trial court abused its discretion by

excluding the telephonic testimony of this defense witness.

         We first review the applicable constitutional principles and court rules.

The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 3 of

the Washington Constitution guarantee that "[n]o person shall be deprived of life,

         6 State v. Jones, 168 Wash. 2d 713, 719, 230 P.3d 576 (2010); State v.
Jackman, 156 Wash. 2d 736, 746, 132 P.3d 136 (2006).
     7 State v. McDonald, 138 Wash. 2d 680, 693, 981 P.2d 443 (1999).
     8 In re Pet, of Duncan. 167 Wash. 2d 398, 402, 219 P.3d 666 (2009).
         9 Duncan, 167 Wash. 2d at 403.
                                         -9-
NO. 70547-4-1/10

liberty, or property, without due process of law."    This right to due process

includes the right to be heard and to offer testimony.10 The accused's right to

due process "is, in essence, the right to a fair opportunity to defend against the

State's accusations."11 And the right "to call witnesses in one's own behalf [has]

long been recognized as essential to due process."12 "Just as an accused has

the right to confront the prosecution's witnesses for the purpose of challenging

their testimony, he has the right to present his own witnesses to establish a

defense. This right is a fundamental element of due process."13

        A criminal defendant's right to present witnesses has limits. A defendant

must "at least make some plausible showing of how [a witness's] testimony

would have been both material and favorable to his defense."14 A court does not

violate a defendant's constitutional rights when the materiality of an absent

witness's testimony is merely speculative or overwhelmed by uncontroverted

evidence.15 Additionally, the defendant's right must yield to "established rules of

       10 Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 51, 107 S. Ct. 2704, 97 L. Ed. 2d 37
(1987) (quoting In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 273, 68 S. Ct. 499, 92 L. Ed. 682
(1948)).
       11 Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 294, 93 S. Ct. 1038, 35 L. Ed.
2d 297 (1973).
       12 Chambers, 410 U.S. at 294.
        13 Washington v. Texas. 388 U.S. 14, 19, 87 S. Ct. 1920, 18 L. Ed. 2d
1019(1967).
        14 United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal. 458 U.S. 858, 867, 102 S. Ct. 3440,
73 L Ed. 2d 1193(1982).
        15 See United States v. Beyle. 782 F.3d 159, 171-73 (4th Cir. 2015),
petition for cert, filed, No. 15-5069 (U.S. July 1, 2013).
                                       -10-
NO. 70547-4-1/11

procedure and evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability in the

ascertainment of guilt and innocence."16

       Washington courts have broad authority under ER 611 to control trial

proceedings:

              (a) Control by Court. The court shall exercise reasonable
       control over the mode and order of interrogating witnesses and
       presenting evidence so as to (1) make the interrogation and
       presentation effective for the ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid
       needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from
       harassment or undue embarrassment.

       In addition, Cayetano-Jaimes relies on CR 43(a)(1), which provides a trial

court hearing a civil case the discretion to permit telephonic testimony in some

circumstances:

         (a) Testimony.

         (1) Generally. In all trials the testimony of witnesses shall be
       taken orally in open court, unless otherwise directed by the court or
       provided by rule or statute.       For good cause in compelling
       circumstances and with appropriate safeguards, the court may
       permit testimony in open court by contemporaneous transmission
       from a different location.

"[C]ivil rules by their terms apply only to civil cases."17 But the civil rules can be

instructive in matters of procedure not addressed in the criminal rules.18 The

Superior Court Criminal Rules do not include any provision addressing the

admission of telephonic testimony. For this reason, and because the State does

     16 State v. Finch. 137 Wash. 2d 792, 825, 975 P.2d 967 (1999) (citing
Chambers. 410 U.S. at 302).
     17 State v. Hackett. 122 Wash. 2d 165, 170, 857 P.2d 1026 (1993).
       18 Hackett, 122 Wash. 2d at 170.
                                         -11-
NO. 70547-4-1/12

not challenge the applicability of CR 43(a)(1), we decide this case assuming that

these rules give the trial court discretion to permit testimony by telephone in a

criminal case.19

       Thus, we must decide if, considering the constitutional rights we have

identified, the trial court abused that discretion.      For guidance, we look to

Supreme Court jurisprudence considering the validity of per se rules that impair

the right to present a defense.

       The constitutional right to present a complete defense limits the "'broad

latitude'" the government has to establish rules excluding evidence from criminal

trials.20 A defendant has the right to present relevant evidence, and "'[i]f relevant,

the burden is on the State to show the evidence is so prejudicial as to disrupt the

fairness of the fact-finding process at trial.'"21   Evidence rules that "'infring[e]

upon a weighty interest of the accused' and are 'arbitrary' or 'disproportionate to

the purposes they are designed to serve'" abridge this essential right.22 Court

rules may not prevent a defendant from presenting highly probative evidence

       19 State v. McCabe. 161 Wash. App. 781, 789 n.2, 251 P.3d 264 (2011).
       20 Holmes v. South Carolina. 547 U.S. 319, 324, 126 S. Ct. 1727, 164 L
Ed. 2d 503 (2006) (quoting United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 308, 118 S.
Ct. 1261, 140 L. Ed. 2d 413 (1998)).
       21 Jones, 168 Wash. 2d at 720 (quoting State v. Darden. 145 Wash. 2d 612,
622,41 P.3d 1189(2002)).
       22 Holmes. 547 U.S. at 324 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Scheffer. 523 U.S. at 308).
                                         -12-
NO. 70547-4-1/13

vital to the defense; "'no state interest can be compelling enough to preclude its

introduction consistent with the Sixth Amendment and Const, art. I, § 22.'"23

       The United States Supreme Court has held that per se rules excluding an

entire class of testimony may violate a defendant's constitutional right to present

a complete defense.       Washington v. Texas24 involved a state statute that

prohibited persons charged as principals, accomplices, or accessories in the

same crime from testifying on behalf of one another. The Court held that this

statute "arbitrarily denied [a defendant] the right to put on the stand a witness

who was physically and mentally capable of testifying to events that he had

personally observed, and whose testimony would have been relevant and

material to the defense."25    The Court noted that the Sixth Amendment was

designed in part "to make the testimony of a defendant's witnesses admissible on

his behalf in court."26   The fact finder has the responsibility to assess the

credibility and weight of the testimony.27

       In Chambers v. Mississippi,28 the Court invalidated state hearsay and

"voucher" rules because they abridged the defendant's right to present witnesses

      23 Jones, 168 Wash. 2d at 723-24 (quoting State v. Hudlow, 99 Wash. 2d 1, 16,
659 P.2d 514 (1983)).
       24 388 U.S. 14, 15-16, 87 S. Ct. 1920, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1019 (1967).
       25 Washington, 388 U.S. at 23.
       26 Washington, 388 U.S. at 22.
       27 Washington. 388 U.S. at 22.
       28 410 U.S. 284, 302, 93 S. Ct. 1038, 35 L Ed. 2d 297 (1973).
                                        -13-
NO. 70547-4-1 /14

in his own defense. The trial court had excluded the testimony of a person who

had repeatedly confessed to the murder with which Chambers was charged. The

Court reversed Chambers's conviction, holding that state evidence rules that

conflict with the right to present witnesses "may not be applied mechanistically to

defeat the ends of justice" but must meet "traditional and fundamental standards

of due process."29

       In Rock v. Arkansas.30 the Court similarly rejected a state rule that

categorically excluded hypnotically refreshed testimony. Because this per se rule

"had a significant adverse effect on petitioner's ability to testify"31 to the events at

issue, it "infringe[d] impermissibly on the right of a defendant to testify on his own

behalf."32 "A State's legitimate interest in barring unreliable evidence does not

extend to perse exclusions that may be reliable in an individual case."33

       In State v. Jones.34 the Washington Supreme Court held that the trial court

violated the defendant's right to present a defense when it excluded "essential

facts of high probative value" related to the circumstances surrounding an

alleged rape. The court held that even if the state rape shield statute35 applied,

       29 Chambers. 410 U.S. at 302.
       30 483 U.S. 44, 62, 107 S. Ct. 2704, 97 L. Ed. 2d 37 (1987).
       31 Rock, 483 U.S. at 57.
       32 Rock, 483 U.S. at 62.
       33 Rock, 483 U.S. at 61.
       34 168 Wash. 2d 713, 721, 230 P.3d 576 (2010).
       35 RCW 9A.44.020(2).
                                          -14-
NO. 70547-4-1/15

"it cannot be used to bar evidence of extremely high probative value per the Sixth

Amendment."36

         We view this case as analogous to Washington, Chambers, Rock, and

Jones.        Like the court rules and state statutes in those cases, the trial court's

ruling deprived Cayetano-Jaimes of relevant, material evidence vital to his

defense. As in Jones, Camacho's testimony is not "marginally relevant evidence

that a court should balance against the State's interest in excluding the

evidence."37 Camacho's testimony, if believed, provided a complete defense to

the charged crime. Therefore, "it is evidence of extremely high probative value; it

is [the defendant's] entire defense."38

         In the context of the rape shield statute, the Jones court stated that once a

defendant identified highly probative evidence, to justify its exclusion, the State

had the burden of showing "the evidence is so prejudicial as to disrupt the

fairness of the fact-finding process at trial."39 While the Jones court addressed

the substantive content of evidence, the permitted mode of presenting evidence

implicates the same constitutional rights. Therefore, a similar rule should apply

here to the mode of presenting highly probative evidence—when a witness

cannot be compelled to appear, the State must show the proposed mode of

         36   Jones, 168 Wash. 2d at 723.
         37   Jones.   168Wn.2dat721.
         38   Jones.   168Wn.2dat721.
         39   Jones. 168 Wash. 2d at 720.
                                            -15-
NO. 70547-4-1/16

presenting the witness's live testimony would disrupt the fairness of the fact

finding process.

       The trial court described Ms. Camacho as "an important witness to the

defense" and stated that it "would like to allow her to testify if it was at all

possible." Although the State expressed reservations about proof of her identity,

it did not present any factual basis for questioning Ms. Camacho's identity. If it

had any real concerns about identity, it could have requested an opportunity to

voir dire Ms. Camacho outside the jury's presence. The State also questioned

the validity of an oath sworn by a witness outside of the United States. But the

trial court did not base its decision on this concern, and the State does not

pursue this issue on appeal.      Instead, the trial court excluded Ms. Camacho's

testimony because it believed the jury could not evaluate her credibility if it could

not see her.

       Observations of a witness's demeanor do not provide the only way to

evaluate that witness's credibility. At the conclusion of a criminal trial, the court's

closing instruction to the jury lists many factors for it to consider:

               You are the sole judges of the credibility of each witness.
       You are also the sole judges of the value or weight to be given to
       the testimony of each witness.          In considering a witness's
       testimony, you may consider these things: the opportunity of the
       witness to observe or know the things he or she testifies about; the
       ability of the witness to observe accurately; the quality of a
       witness's memory while testifying; the manner of the witness while
       testifying; any personal interest that the witness might have in the
       outcome or the issues; any bias or prejudice that the witness may
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NO. 70547-4-1/17

       have shown; the reasonableness of the witness's statements in the
       context of all of the other evidence; and any other factors that affect
       your evaluation or belief of a witness or your evaluation of his or her
       testimony.'40)

       The State has several ways to challenge a witness's credibility. Cross-

examination provides the most direct way. The testimony of other witnesses and

exhibits provide other means of challenging credibility. The State has offered no

explanation why those avenues of challenge would be insufficient here. Unlike

the situation in State v. McCabe.41 here, the State makes no claim that it wished

to cross-examine Camacho with physical evidence.          Neither does it question

Camacho's unavailability to appear in court.

       The State did not show and the trial court did not find that allowing

Camacho to testify by telephone was "'so prejudicial as to disrupt the fairness of

the fact-finding process at trial.'"42   The State retained the ability to cross-

examine Camacho and the right to "a meaningful assessment of her credibility by

the jury."43

       We recognize that requiring a witness's personal appearance, where

feasible, "serves a number of important policies and purposes."44 But the State

       4011 Washington Practice: Washington Pattern Jury Instructions:
Criminal 1.02, at 14 (3d ed. 2008).
      41 161 Wash. App. 781, 790, 251 P.3d 264 (2011).
       42 Jones, 168 Wash. 2d at 720 (quoting Darden. 145 Wash. 2d at 622).
       43 McCabe, 161 Wash. App. at 788.
       44 State ex rel. Children. Youth & Families Dep't v. Anne McD., 128 N.M.
618, 623, 995 P.2d 1060 (N.M. Ct. App. 2000) (witness's personal appearance in
court allows fact finder to observe demeanor firsthand, helps establish witness's
identity, impresses on witness the seriousness of the occasion, ensures witness
                                         -17-
NO. 70547-4-1/18

cites no authority supporting the trial court's statement, when it denied the

defense's first motion to permit telephonic testimony, that the State has a right to

confront witnesses equal to the defendant's Sixth Amendment right. And even a

criminal defendant's       right to   face-to-face   confrontation   must   yield to

considerations of public policy and necessities of the case.45

       In Maryland v. Craig,46 the Supreme Court established a two-part test for

when the confrontation right can be satisfied without a physical, face-to-face-

confrontation at trial: (1) the "denial of such confrontation is necessary to further

an important public policy" and (2) "the reliability of the testimony is otherwise

assured."   Under the Sixth Amendment and our state constitution, article I,

section 22, "'no state interest can be compelling enough'" to preclude a

defendant's presentation of highly probative evidence vital to the defense.47

is not being coached or referring to documents improperly, and satisfies the right
to confrontation where required).

       The importance of presenting live testimony in court cannot be
       forgotten. The very ceremony of trial and the presence of the
       factfinder may exert a powerful force for truthtelling. The
       opportunity to judge the demeanor of a witness face-to-face is
       accorded great value in our tradition. Transmission cannot be
       justified merely by showing that it is inconvenient for the witness to
       attend the trial.
 Fed. R. Civ. P. 43 advisory committee's note to 1996 amendment.
      45 Md. v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 849, 110 S. Ct. 3157, 111 L. Ed. 2d
666 (1990).
       46 497 U.S. 836,850, 110 S. Ct. 3157, 111 L Ed. 2d 666 (1990).
       47 Jones, 168 Wash. 2d at 723-24 (quoting Hudlow, 99 Wash. 2d at 16).
                                         -18-
NO. 70547-4-1/19

These constitutional rights satisfy the first prong of the test. We have already

addressed the State's ability to test the reliability of Camacho's testimony. Thus,

even if the State has a face-to-face confrontation right (which we do not

concede), it must yield under the circumstances of this case.

      The court abused its discretion when it excluded "essential facts of high

probative value whose exclusion effectively barred [the defendant] from

presenting his defense"48 without a showing by the State that allowing Camacho

to testify by telephone would disrupt the fairness of the fact-finding process. This

deprived Cayetano-Jaimes of the opportunity to present "'testimony [that] would

have been relevant and material, and . . . vital to the defense'"49 and violated his

constitutional right to present a complete defense.

       Even error of constitutional magnitude may be harmless if, beyond a

reasonable doubt, "'any reasonable jury would have reached the same result

without the error.'"50 Here, the jury would have heard important testimony from a

person outside Cayetano-Jaimes's immediate family—testimony made more

powerful because the witness was the victim's biological mother. Given the other

proof issues in the case, this additional evidence could have raised enough

       48 Jones, 168Wn.2dat721.
       49 Valenzuela-Bernal. 458 U.S. at 867 (alterations in original) (quoting
Washington. 388 U.S. at 16).
       50 Jones, 168 Wash. 2d at 724 (quoting State v. Smith, 148 Wash. 2d 122, 139,
59 P.3d 74 (2002)).
                                        -19-
NO. 70547-4-1 / 20

reasonable doubt to cause the jury to reach a different result. We conclude that

the trial court's constitutional error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

       In explaining its decision in Chambers, the United States Supreme Court

clarified the scope of its holding:

       In reaching this judgment, we establish no new principles of
       constitutional law. Nor does our holding signal any diminution in
       the respect traditionally accorded to the States in the establishment
       and implementation of their own criminal trial rules and procedures.
       Rather, we hold quite simply that under the facts and
       circumstances of this case the rulings of the trial court deprived
       Chambers of a fair trial.[51]

       We likewise make no new rule here about the admissibility of telephonic

testimony or the trial court's discretion to exclude evidence.              And we

acknowledge the geographic and technological challenges that affected the trial

court's rulings. But we conclude that under the circumstances of this case, the

trial court's rulings excluding Camacho's testimony prevented Cayetano-Jaimes

from presenting a complete defense and deprived him of a fair trial. We reverse

and remand for a new trial.      Because our resolution of this issue is dispositive,

we do not reach Cayetano-Jaimes's other claims.

                                       CONCLUSION

       Because the absence of Camacho's testimony violated Cayetano-

Jaimes's constitutional right to present a complete defense, the trial court abused

       51 Chambers, 410 U.S. at 302-03.
                                          -20-
NO. 70547-4-1 / 21

its discretion by excluding this testimony. And because the State cannot show

this error was harmless, we reverse and remand for a new trial. We do not reach

Cayetano-Jaimes's other claims.

                                                   t—^*^
WE CONCUR:

                                                              J

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