Court Opinion

ID: 9556001
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-15 18:12:12.022573+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:35:58.515719
License: Public Domain

J-S19001-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  B.L.                                         :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  L.S.                                         :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 273 MDA 2023

              Appeal from the Order Entered February 7, 2023
    In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Civil Division at No(s):
                            2021-FC-001377-03

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., McLAUGHLIN, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                  FILED: AUGUST 15, 2023

         Appellant, L.S. (“Mother”), appeals from the trial court’s February 7,

2023 order entered following a three-day custody trial, wherein the trial court,

inter alia, affirmed its determination that B.L. (“Father”) have sole legal

custody and primary physical custody of H.L. and L.L. (“Children”).1         After

careful review, we affirm.

         The trial court provided the following background on this matter:
         The parties were previously married and subsequently divorced
         while living in South Carolina. The parties have two young
         children. After the divorce, Mother relocated from South Carolina
         to Pennsylvania with … [C]hildren. Father is in the Marine Corps
         and was subsequently stationed in Mississippi. Father filed a
         complaint for custody, seeking expanded rights of physical

____________________________________________

1 H.L. was born in 2015, and L.L. was born in 2016.
J-S19001-23

       custody.[2] Mother opposed.[3] The [c]ourt filed temporary
       custody orders after the first two days of the custody trial on
       March 8, 2022[,] and on August 11, 2022. In the order following
       the second day of trial, August 11, 2022, the [c]ourt temporarily
       gave [F]ather sole legal custody and primary physical custody of
       [C]hildren. On December 28, 2022, the third and final day of trial,
       the [c]ourt entered an order, which was filed on January 3, 2023,
       affirming sole legal custody and primary physical custody with
       Father.[4, 5] On January 27, 2023, Mother filed a notice of appeal
       and a concise statement of errors [complained of on appeal] in
       relation to the order filed on January 3, 2023.[6] On January 13,
       2023, [Father] petitioned for reconsideration.[7] A hearing on
       reconsideration was held on January 31, 2023. The petition for
       reconsideration was really a petition for clarification. The order of
____________________________________________

2 Prior to Father’s complaint, Mother had primary physical custody of Children.

Mother and Father shared legal custody, except that Mother had ultimate
decision-making authority if they disagreed.

3 In addition, W.L. and N.L. (“Paternal Grandparents”), who live about twenty

minutes away from Mother in Maryland, subsequently filed a petition to
intervene, which the trial court granted. See N.T., 3/4/22, at 196 (Mother’s
stating that Paternal Grandparents live about twenty minutes away from her).
Paternal Grandparents claimed that Mother was not allowing them to see
Children. They requested, among other things, physical custody of Children
when Father is unable to exercise his physical custody periods.

4 The January 3, 2023 final custody order, inter alia, gave Mother partial
physical custody of Children on two weekends per month, and for two, two-
week periods (for a total of four weeks) during the summer.

5 Paternal Grandparents indicated at trial that “they do not need time in
addition to Father’s primary physical custody[,]” and therefore, the trial court
awarded them no time. N.T., 12/28/22, at 119.

6 This appeal was docketed at 160 MDA 2023.

7 Father sought reconsideration and clarification on whether Mother may
exercise her weekend custody of Children in Mississippi or Pennsylvania, as
well as how the parties should split travel expenses and share custody of
Children on holidays. On January 19, 2023, the trial court entered an order
expressly granting reconsideration and scheduling a hearing on the petition
for reconsideration.

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       clarification was entered on January 31, 2023[,] and filed on
       February 7, 2023. [Therein , among other things, the trial court
       reaffirmed that Father have sole legal custody and primary
       physical custody of Children. Mother then filed another, timely
       notice of appeal and a concise statement.8, 9 The trial court
       thereafter issued a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion.]

Trial Court Opinion (“TCO”), 2/27/23, at 1-2.

       On appeal, Mother raises four issues for our review:
       [1]. The [t]rial [c]ourt abused its discretion and committed an
       error of law by excluding testimony and documentary evidence
       intended to impeach and to rebut testimony from both Father and
       the Guardian Ad Litem [(“GAL”)] regarding the military
       investigation of Father and past abuse of [H.L].

       [2]. The [t]rial [c]ourt abused its discretion and committed an
       error of law by finding Mother has committed Parental Alienation
       Syndrome without expert testimony and evidence to support such
       a conclusion[,] and then using this finding to support [its]
       conclusion on a majority of the factors set forth in 23 Pa.C.S. §
       5328(a).

       [3]. The [t]rial [c]ourt abused its discretion and committed an
       error of law by failing to consider and to analyze the factors set
       forth in 23 Pa.C.S. § 5337(h).

       [4.] The [t]rial [c]ourt abused its discretion and committed an
       error of law by transferring primary physical custody of [C]hildren
       to [Father] before all testimony and evidence was presented and
       prior to the conclusion of trial.
____________________________________________

8 This is the appeal presently before us, docketed at 273 MDA 2023.

9 This Court subsequently quashed Mother’s appeal at 160 MDA 2023.           See
Pa.R.A.P. 1703(b)(3)(ii) (“After an appeal is taken…, the trial court … may …
[g]rant reconsideration of the order which is the subject of the appeal … if an
order expressly granting reconsideration of such prior order is filed in the trial
court … within the time prescribed by these rules for the filing of a notice of
appeal … with respect to such order, or within any shorter time provided or
prescribed by law for the granting of reconsideration. A timely order granting
reconsideration under this paragraph shall render inoperative any such notice
of appeal … theretofore or thereafter filed or docketed with respect to the prior
order.”).

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Mother’s Brief at 6.10, 11

       In addressing Mother’s issues, we remain cognizant of the following:
          The appellate court is not bound by the deductions or
          inferences made by the trial court from its findings of fact,
          nor must the reviewing court accept a finding that has no
          competent evidence to support it…. However, this broad
          scope of review does not vest in the reviewing court the duty
          or the privilege of making its own independent
          determination…. Thus, an appellate court is empowered to
          determine whether the trial court’s incontrovertible factual
          findings support its factual conclusions, but it may not
          interfere with those conclusions unless they are
          unreasonable in view of the trial court’s factual findings; and
          thus, represent a gross abuse of discretion.

       Moreover,

          [o]n issues of credibility and weight of the evidence, we
          defer to the findings of the trial court who has had the
          opportunity to observe the proceedings and demeanor of
          the witnesses.

          The parties cannot dictate the amount of weight the trial
          court places on evidence. Rather, the paramount concern
          of the trial court is the best interest of the child. Appellate
          interference is unwarranted if the trial court’s consideration
          of the best interest of the child was careful and thorough,
          and we are unable to find any abuse of discretion.

       The test is whether the evidence of record supports the trial
       court’s conclusions.

A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 820 (Pa. Super. 2014) (cleaned up).

                                               I.

____________________________________________

10 We have re-ordered Mother’s issues for ease of disposition.

11 Father has filed an appellee’s brief, which Paternal Grandparents have
joined.

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       In Mother’s first issue, she contends that the trial court “abused its

discretion and committed an error of law by excluding testimony and

documentary evidence intended to impeach and to rebut testimony from both

Father and the [GAL] regarding the military investigation of Father and past

abuse of [H.L].”       Mother’s Brief at 36 (emphasis omitted).12      Mother’s

argument on this issue is not the model of clarity. First, with respect to the

military investigation of Father, Mother does not clearly explain what evidence

from the military investigation the trial court purportedly excluded and why

the trial court abused its discretion in allegedly excluding it. 13   Instead of

discussing the exclusion of such evidence, she seems to challenge the weight
____________________________________________

12 In reviewing this issue, we are mindful that “[t]he decision whether to admit

or exclude evidence will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of
discretion.” Egelkamp v. Egelkamp, 524 A.2d 501, 504 (Pa. Super. 1987)
(citation omitted).

13 Mother provides no background on the military investigation in her brief, in

contravention of Rule of Appellate Procedure 2117. See Pa.R.A.P. 2117(a)(4)
(providing that the statement of the case shall contain “[a] closely condensed
chronological statement, in narrative form, of all the facts which are necessary
to be known in order to determine the points in controversy, with an
appropriate reference in each instance to the place in the record where the
evidence substantiating the fact relied on may be found”). However, after
reading the transcripts from the custody trial, we note that the military
investigated Father shortly after the parties separated, in early 2019, for
allegedly abusing Mother. See N.T., 3/4/22, at 24-25, 69-72; N.T., 8/11/22,
at 106-08. There were conflicting accounts at trial about the results of the
military investigation. Mother testified that “the basis for conduct unbecoming
of an officer and a gentleman due to [Father’s] abusing [her] was met,” but
claimed that she was restrained at a pre-trial conference from reaching out to
the military to obtain supporting evidence. N.T., 8/11/22, at 107. Father, on
the other hand, represented that the abuse allegations made to the military
were false and that he was vindicated of any wrongdoing. N.T., 3/4/22, at
69-72.

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the trial court placed on it. To illustrate, she complains that “[t]he abuse of

Mother by Father as reported to the military by a third party, while admitted

into evidence to some extent, was given no consideration by the [t]rial

[c]ourt.” Id. at 38 (citation omitted); see also id. at 36 (“Father’s abusive

conduct toward Mother was also set forth in her testimony. However, the

weight given to that testimony, Mother acknowledges, is in the discretion of

the [t]rial [c]ourt.”). Thus, because the crux of Mother’s argument pertaining

to the military investigation involves the weight the trial court placed on such

evidence, we deem her claim that the trial court wrongly excluded such

evidence from trial to be waived. See Commonwealth v. Hardy, 918 A.2d

766, 771 (Pa. Super. 2007) (“When briefing the various issues that have been

preserved, it is an appellant’s duty to present arguments that are sufficiently

developed for our review. … The brief must support the claims with pertinent

discussion, with references to the record and with citations to legal authorities.

… [W]hen defects in a brief impede our ability to conduct meaningful appellate

review, we may dismiss the appeal entirely or find certain issues to be

waived.”) (citations omitted).14

       Second, with respect to Father’s purported past abuse of H.L., Mother

claims that the trial court “summarily dismissed and excluded” evidence of

____________________________________________

14 Moreover, to the extent Mother challenges the weight the trial court placed

on the evidence of the military investigation, we deem that claim waived due
to Mother’s failure to raise it in her statement of questions involved. See
Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (“No question will be considered unless it is stated in the
statement of questions involved or is fairly suggested thereby.”).

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Father’s abuse of H.L. Mother’s Brief at 36.15 Specifically, she cites to the

following portion of the transcript where the trial court excluded a report of a

forensic interview taken of H.L. in South Carolina years prior:
       [Mother’s counsel:] You said what H.L.’s been through previously,
       and one of the factors the [c]ourt has to consider is abuse. Has
       [Father] physically abused H.L. in the past?

       [Mother]: Yes.

       [Mother’s counsel:] What did he do? What did [Father] do?

       [Mother]: He threw H.L. across the room. H.L. landed on his neck.
       And then [Father] proceeded to tear H.L.’s bunk bed into shreds
       in front of him, beat it to pieces, and then made H.L. sleep on the
       floor because H.L. was supposed to be sleeping but he made a
       mess in the bathroom. He’s also spanked H.L. so hard [that] he
       got blisters on his rear end.

       [Mother’s counsel:] When were these events?

       [Mother]: Prior to leaving my marriage.

       THE COURT: Can you give me some year?

       [Mother:] So H.L. was three, so he’s seven, four or five years ago.

       [Mother’s counsel:] Did you witness this?

       [Mother]: I did.

       [Mother’s counsel:] Was H.L. interviewed?

       [Mother:] H.L. was forensically interviewed.

       [Mother’s counsel:] If you turn to D-13, is this a report of H.L.’s
       forensic interview in South Carolina?

       [Paternal Grandparents’ counsel:] I’m going to object because it
       can’t be authenticated and it was litigated previously, and I
       believe Your Honor had already requested that we limit the scope

____________________________________________

15 Again, Mother provides no factual background in her brief on this alleged

abuse. See Pa.R.A.P. 2117(a)(4), supra.

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       of the testimony to the events that occurred from the last order
       moving forward.

       [Mother’s counsel:] Your Honor, that is what you ordered in
       December. However, I’m sure the [c]ourt recalls[,] in March[,]
       there was significant testimony regarding events prior to January
       of 2021.

       THE COURT: Well--

       [Mother’s counsel:] I’m also offering … this under Rule of Evidence
       607[,] where the credibility of any witness or any party can be
       attacked or challenged by any evidence that’s relevant to the
       issue. And abuse is a factor the [c]ourt has to consider.

       THE COURT: I get all that, but without an expert telling me that a
       four-year-old is old enough to be competent, he was four when
       this interview took place, that’s not competent testimony. It’s
       excluded.

N.T., 8/11/22, at 58-60 (original brackets omitted).

       Mother does not proffer a legal argument or explanation as to why the

trial court abused its discretion in excluding this evidence.16    Instead, she

argues that, if this evidence had been admitted, it would have offered an

explanation, aside from Mother’s behavior, for why H.L. has anxiety. Thus,

because Mother does not set forth a legal analysis pertaining to why the trial

court abused its discretion in excluding the forensic report, we also conclude

this claim is waived. See Hardy, supra. Thus, no relief is due on Mother’s

first issue.

                                               II.

____________________________________________

16 We also note that Mother admitted at trial that every single report, made

to the South Carolina authorities implicating Father in some kind of physical
or sexual abuse of Children, was investigated by the South Carolina authorities
and determined to be unfounded. N.T., 8/11/22, at 106.

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       In Mother’s second issue, she avers that the trial court “abused its

discretion and committed an error of law by finding Mother has committed

Parental Alienation Syndrome without expert testimony and evidence to

support such a conclusion[,] and then using this finding to support [t]he

[c]ourt’s conclusions on a majority of the factors set forth in 23 Pa.C.S. §

5328(a).” Mother’s Brief at 39 (emphasis omitted).17 We disagree.

       Section 5328(a) provides:
       (a) Factors.--In ordering any form of custody, the court shall
       determine the best interest of the child by considering all relevant
       factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors which
       affect the safety of the child, including the following:

          (1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit
          frequent and continuing contact between the child and
          another party.

          (2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or
          member of the party’s household, whether there is a
          continued risk of harm to the child or an abused party and
          which party can better provide adequate physical
          safeguards and supervision of the child.

          (2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a) (relating
          to consideration of child abuse and involvement with
          protective services).

          (3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf
          of the child.

____________________________________________

17 Mother does not provide a definition for Parental Alienation Syndrome in
her brief. However, our research shows that Parental Alienation Syndrome
refers to “a child’s unwarranted rejection of one parent in response to the
attitudes and actions of the other parent.” Amy J.L. Baker, Parental Alienation
Syndrome–The Parent/Child Disconnect, SOCIAL WORK TODAY Vol. 8. No. 6
(Nov/Dec                   2008),                 available                  at
https://www.socialworktoday.com/archive/102708p26.shtml.

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        (4) The need for stability and continuity in the child’s
        education, family life and community life.

        (5) The availability of extended family.

        (6) The child’s sibling relationships.

        (7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the
        child’s maturity and judgment.

        (8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the
        other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where
        reasonable safety measures are necessary to protect the
        child from harm.

        (9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,
        consistent and nurturing relationship with the child
        adequate for the child’s emotional needs.

        (10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily
        physical, emotional, developmental, educational and special
        needs of the child.

        (11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.

        (12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or ability
        to make appropriate child-care arrangements.

        (13) The level of conflict between the parties and the
        willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one
        another. A party’s effort to protect a child from abuse by
        another party is not evidence of unwillingness or inability to
        cooperate with that party.

        (14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or
        member of a party’s household.

        (15) The mental and physical condition of a party or
        member of a party’s household.

        (16) Any other relevant factor.

23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).

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       Here, the trial court set forth the following reasons for why, pursuant to

the Section 5328(a) factors, it awarded Father primary physical custody and

sole legal custody of Children:
       Going through the factors now, the first factor is which party is
       more likely to encourage and permit frequent and continuing
       contact between the child and the other party. This factor is a
       great place for the [c]ourt to put on the record that the [c]ourt
       has concluded that [M]other has engaged in Parental Alienation
       Syndrome and has done so consistently and to a point where it
       has adversely affected [C]hildren. As a result of that, [M]other
       has discouraged [C]hildren from having [a normal] relationship
       with their [F]ather. While the [c]ourt observed testimony and
       evidence of [M]other’s Parent[al] Alienation Syndrome during the
       various hearings, the [c]ourt cannot help b[ut] also point out that
       the [GAL] indicated the same, and, in fact, recommended that
       [C]hildren go to [F]ather because of [M]other’s false allegations
       and her trying to literally steer … [C]hildren [a]way from a normal
       relationship with [F]ather and [F]ather’s parents.[18] So this factor
       is a very high factor in favor of [F]ather.

       Factor two, present or past abuse committed by a party, and
       whether there is a continued risk of harm to the child. The [c]ourt
       has concluded that [M]other’s Parent[al] Alienation Syndrome is
       emotional abuse to [C]hildren. The [Parental G]randparents
       requested [M]other’s periods be supervised because of that. The
       [c]ourt is not taking that drastic action. But if [M]other does not
       change her ways, at some future hearing, because a modification
       has been requested or whatever, the [c]ourt might do that,
       because the [c]ourt is concerned about a risk of harm to these
       [C]hildren by [M]other’s emotional abuse. In any event, coupled
       with factor number one, it is a factor high in favor of [F]ather.

       Factor 2.1, is involvement by protective services, and is not a
       factor.

____________________________________________

18 At trial, the GAL testified that she recommends that Father be the primary

custodian of Children because “[M]other is alienating [C]hildren from [F]ather.
And my concern is primarily over the older child, H.L. I believe that not only
is there alienation, but there is also significant loyalty issues that H.L. has with
[M]other.” N.T., 3/4/22, at 157 (original brackets omitted).

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       Factor three, the parental duties performed by each party on
       behalf of the children. Both parents have performed those
       parental duties at various time to various degrees. Therefore, it’s
       a neutral factor.

       Factor number four, the need for stability and continuity in the
       children’s education, family life, and community life.
       Unfortunately, [M]other’s false allegations and other actions
       [have] led this [c]ourt to conclude that she’s engaged in Parent[al]
       Alienation Syndrome which has resulted in instability with
       [C]hildren. The [GAL] made a good bit in her report about [H.L.’s]
       anxiety, and there seems to be a link between [H.L.’s] anxiety and
       [M]other[’s] calling the State Police to come get the iPad, so this
       is a factor also in favor of [F]ather.[19]

       Factor number five, the ability [sic] of extended family.         Both
       parties have extended family, so that is a neutral factor.

       Factor six, the children’s sibling relationships[,] is not a factor.

       Factor seven, the well-reasoned preference of the child. The
       [c]ourt did not interview [L.L]. The [c]ourt did interview [H.L].
       [H.L.] did express at the time that he wanted to stay with
       [M]other. However, just as the [GAL] concluded in her report,
       this [c]ourt concluded that that was coached and was not a well-
       reasoned preference, so that preference has been ignored by the
       [c]ourt.[20]

____________________________________________

19 For context, in January of 2022, Father bought an iPad for Children so that

he could more easily contact them when they are with Mother. N.T., 3/4/22,
at 25, 61-62. Mother did not want the iPad in her house because she believed
it was “being used in an attempt to get her information.” Id. at 23-24; see
also id. at 28, 30. She therefore contacted the Pennsylvania State Police.
Id. at 23-24. The police seized the iPad and were investigating it at the time
of trial. Id. at 25-26, 28.
       In the GAL’s report, the GAL noted that — when interviewing H.L. —
he discussed having “worry attacks” and “mentioned that the ‘cops came
and took his Father’s iPad’ from his Mother’s house and now he worries they
will come and arrest his Mother.” Report of GAL, 2/11/22, at 9.

20 With respect to H.L.’s being coached, the GAL testified:

(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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J-S19001-23

       Factor eight, the attempts of a parent to turn a child against the
       other parent. This is exactly what Parent[al] Alienation Syndrome
       is, so this factor is subsumed in factors one and two.

       Factor nine, which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,
       consistent, and nurturing relationship with the children adequate
       for their emotional needs. Again, [M]other has had a lot of drama
       in … [C]hildren’s lives as part of her campaign to drive them away
       from [F]ather. Therefore, just like factor number four, this is a
       factor in favor of [F]ather.

       Factor number ten, which party is more likely to attend to the
       daily, physical, emotional, developmental, educational, and
       special needs of the children. Coupled with [M]other’s Parent[al]
       Alienation Syndrome, the [c]ourt finds that [M]other tends to be
       what the [c]ourt will refer to in the vernacular as a helicopter
       mom. The [c]ourt was puzzled why [M]other feels it necessary to
       help a six-year-old and a seven, almost eight-year-old child have
       showers.[21] This [j]udge took showers by himself when he was

____________________________________________

       In interviewing H.L., it was obvious to me that he was being
       coached by [M]other as to what to say. Again, the level of
       coaching and alienation in this case is more than I had ever seen
       before.

       [H.L.] said, I can’t remember what I’m supposed to tell you. And
       also[,] H.L. would tell me stories about activities that he would do
       with his [F]ather or grandparents[,] and then it became obvious
       that something clicked that he should not be enjoying those
       experiences. And then he would say, however, I don’t want to
       see my [F]ather or I don’t want to see my grandparents.
N.T., 3/4/22, at 159 (original brackets omitted). See also Report of GAL at
9-10 (“[H.L. said multiple times during the interview, ‘I have something to tell
you[,]’ but then said ‘I forget’ when I asked him what it was. I have observed
similar behaviors from children, especially young ones when they are being
coached on what to say or discuss.”).
21 To elaborate, Mother testified that, when in Father’s care,

       [H.L.] gets himself in the shower by himself. He does not use
       soap, because he said he’s afraid it’s going to burn his eyes and
       burn his skin. I did send them hypoallergenic[,] tear-free[,] sting-
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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J-S19001-23

       five. That … was only one of many times where [M]other seemed
       to be over involved with [C]hildren. Therefore, even factor
       number ten is in favor of [F]ather.

       Factor 11, the proximity of the residences of the parties.
       Obviously[,] … [M]other [lives] in Pennsylvania[,] and [F]ather in
       Mississippi. I’m not sure if the [c]ourt heard testimony, but the
       [c]ourt knows that that is at least a thousand miles, probably
       more, and typically is going to have to … have [C]hildren go back
       and forth by airfare. This [c]ourt has not gone through the
       relocation factors, because the [c]ourt did not think it necessary;
       but the [c]ourt has very much taken into account the fact that the
       parties are so far apart. The [c]ourt has tried to craft an order
       providing [M]other with as much time with … [C]hildren as the
       [c]ourt believes is in [C]hildren’s best interest.

       Factor 12, each party’s availability to care for the children or make
       appropriate child care arrangements. That is not a factor.

       Factor 13, the level of conflict between the parties and the
       willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with each other.
       Unfortunately, this is tied in with factor one and factor eight in
       that there is a lot of conflict. Mother continually accuses [F]ather
       of things he hasn’t done. Even today[, M]other accused [F]ather
       of not telling her who [H.L.’s] counselor was, but the [c]ourt saw
       in … OurFamilyWizard[22] where [F]ather did specifically tell
____________________________________________

       free soap. He said he’s still afraid to use the soap, because he
       doesn’t have any help; and if it gets in his eyes, it’s going to burn.

       The same thing with [L.L]. After [H.L.] is done, [L.L.] gets herself
       in the shower by herself. She says she has a hard time adjusting
       the temperature. I know this because when they are with me, I
       help them shower. I help them adjust the temperature, help them
       get the soap out of their eyes when they are saying, “Mommy,
       daddy doesn’t do this with us. We have to do all of this by
       ourselves. He doesn’t help us with anything.” So those are some
       of the difficulties.

N.T., 12/28/22, at 31-32.

22 OurFamilyWizard is a custody and co-parenting website and app.See B.G.
v. S.G., 2021 WL 1402261, at *4 n.8 (Pa. Super. filed Apr. 14, 2021); see
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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       [M]other who [H.L.’s] therapist was and [the] name of the practice
       and everything, so this is all tied in with [M]other’s Parent[al]
       Alienation Syndrome. Factor 13 is in favor of [F]ather.

       Factor 14, history of drug and alcohol abuse. The [c]ourt heard
       some testimony about [M]other’s alleged alcohol abuse. That may
       be part of the reason why [M]other engages in Parent[al]
       Alienation Syndrome, but [M]other’s motivations for that are not
       something that this [c]ourt can speculate on, and, therefore, this
       is not a factor.

       Factor 15, mental and physical condition of a party or a member
       of a party’s household. Just like in [factor] 14, [M]other maybe
       could be helped by some therapy, either parenting or individual
       therapy, but the [c]ourt is not going to speculate on that.
       Therefore, factor 15 is not a factor.

       Factor 16, any other relevant factor. This [c]ourt has already
       talked about a rather strong recommendation by the [GAL] for
       [F]ather to have majority custody. This [c]ourt has taken a good
       bit of credence in th[e GAL’s] report, particularly since the [c]ourt
       is aware that that [GAL] has a great deal of family law experience
       as well as experience as a hearing officer. In addition, the
       [c]ourt’s hearing the evidence and seeing the exhibits have
       caused the [c]ourt to conclude exactly what the [GAL] put in her
       report, and, therefore, that is another factor in favor of [F]ather.

N.T., 12/28/22, at 124-29.

       Mother attacks the trial court’s Section 5328(a) analysis on appeal,

complaining that the trial court “could have and should have appointed an

expert to conduct an evaluation and offer an opinion to the [c]ourt as to

whether or not Parental Alienation Syndrome was present in the case.”

Mother’s Brief at 39. She says that “the behaviors leading to and resulting in

Parental Alienation Syndrome in a child is beyond the knowledge of a

____________________________________________

also Pa.R.A.P. 126(b) (stating that an unpublished, non-precedential
memorandum decision filed after May 1, 2019, may be cited for its persuasive
value).

                                          - 15 -
J-S19001-23

layperson and, therefore, expert testimony is required to understand, as well

as to properly diagnose, Parental Alienation Syndrome, which did not occur

here.” Id. at 42 (citation omitted). Instead of appointing an expert, Mother

claims that the trial court relied exclusively on the report of the GAL, and

impermissibly delegated its judicial, decision-making authority to the GAL. Id.

at 40, 41.

       We reject Mother’s argument. First, with respect to her claim that an

expert was needed, Mother has waived this issue. When the trial court went

through the Section 5328(a) custody factors at the conclusion of trial, making

repeated references to Parental Alienation Syndrome, our review of the record

shows that Mother lodged no objection that the trial court was improperly

making a diagnosis and should have appointed an expert to conduct an

evaluation.23, 24 Accordingly, she has waived this claim. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a)
____________________________________________

23 She also does not point us to where she raised such an objection below.

See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(e) (“Where under the applicable law an issue is not
reviewable on appeal unless raised or preserved below, the argument must
set forth, in immediate connection therewith or in a footnote thereto, either a
specific cross-reference to the page or pages of the statement of the case
which set forth the information relating thereto as required by Pa.R.A.P.
2117(c), or substantially the same information.”).

24 We additionally point out that Mother seemingly suggests that she was
aware that Parental Alienation Syndrome was involved in the case at the end
of the second day of trial, but still did not raise below that an expert was
needed. See Mother’s Brief at 46 (“Mother believes that it was clear to the
[t]rial [c]ourt [that Parental Alienation Syndrome was involved in the case] at
the conclusion of the second day of trial on August 11, 2022. The opportunity
and time to gain that expert opinion over these issues was present between
August 11, 2022[,] and December 28, 2022[, i.e., the third day of trial]. At
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                          - 16 -
J-S19001-23

(“Issues not raised in the trial court are waived and cannot be raised for the

first time on appeal.”).

       Notwithstanding, even if not waived, we would be unconvinced that the

trial court erred or abused its discretion by failing to appoint an expert to

determine if Parental Alienation Syndrome existed in this case. The trial court

reasonably explained why it did not appoint an expert, as follows:
       [Section] 5328(a)(1) requires a court to determine “which party
       is more likely to encourage and permit frequent and continuing
       contact between the child and another party.” Also, [Section]
       5328(a)(8) requires a court to evaluate "[t]he attempts of a
       parent to turn the child against the other parent….” In using the
       phrase “[P]arental [A]lienation [S]yndrome,[”] the court was not
       attempting to make a medical or psychological diagnosis. The
       court was describing a pattern of behavior by Mother designed to
       separate [C]hildren from Father.       The court heard credible
       testimony regarding Mother’s attempts to alienate [C]hildren from
       Father … through interference with Father’s communication with
       [C]hildren. In addition, the court heard testimony regarding
       Mother[’s] calling the Pennsylvania State Police to come and seize
       an iPad [that] Father gave [C]hildren and testimony regarding
       other false allegations. Based on the testimony and evidence
       presented, the [c]ourt found that Mother had prevented [C]hildren
       from pursuing a normal relationship with Father. The court did
       not need the testimony of an expert witness to determine that
       Mother had engaged in behavior designed to turn [C]hildren
       against Father….

TCO at 9-10.

       While the trial court used the phrase ‘Parental Alienation Syndrome,’ it

is evident that it did so to refer to the reoccurring ways in which Mother has
____________________________________________

that time, Mother had no real hope of an outcome in her favor and her only
alternative was to complete the trial and file a notice of appeal. Mother
contends that an [i]nterlocutory [a]ppeal after August 11, 2022, was not a
realistic option either due to the short period of time between August 2022
and the conclusion of trial.”) (citation omitted).

                                          - 17 -
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tried to alienate Children from Father.25 Expert testimony is not needed to

establish that Mother engaged in behavior designed to alienate Children from

Father.    See Burlington Coat Factory of Pennsylvania, LLC v. Grace

Construction Management Company, LLC, 126 A.3d 1010, 1021 (Pa.

Super. 2015) (en banc) (“Expert testimony is necessary when a case presents

questions beyond the ken of the average layperson.”) (citation omitted). In

addition, the record clearly supports the trial court’s finding that Mother has

tried to alienate Children from Father. See A.V., supra (“The test is whether

the evidence of record supports the trial court’s conclusions.”).     Thus, if

preserved, we would disagree with Mother that the trial court erred and

abused its discretion by finding that Mother committed parental alienation

without expert testimony and evidence to support such a conclusion.

       Second, regarding Mother’s claim that the trial court impermissibly

relied on the GAL, we likewise deem this claim waived due to Mother’s failure

to raise it in her concise statement and statement of questions involved. See

O.G. v. A.B., 234 A.3d 766, 781 n.9 (Pa. Super. 2020) (determining that the

mother waived an issue where, among other things, she failed to raise it in

____________________________________________

25 As Father aptly notes, “if the trial court would have eliminated the word
‘syndrome’ in its recitation and discussion of the factors, [M]other would have
no argument to this [C]ourt[,]” and that its “[d]escribing it as a ‘syndrome’
was a matter of semantics, not substance.” Father’s Brief at 17, 18.

                                          - 18 -
J-S19001-23

her statement of questions involved and concise statement) (citations

omitted).26

       However, even if not waived, we would discern no such impropriety by

the trial court. Though the trial court credited the GAL’s report and testimony,

and noted the GAL’s experience, we would conclude that it did not improperly

delegate its judicial authority to her. Cf. C.W. v. K.A.W., 774 A.2d 745, 749-

50 (Pa. Super. 2001) (determining that the trial court delegated its judicial

power to the GAL where the court repeatedly asked for the GAL’s opinion on

evidentiary rulings, stated that the GAL taught the court its job, closely

followed the GAL’s recommendations, and issued its custody order on the

same day the GAL delivered its recommendations to the trial court). The fact

that the trial court agreed with many of the GAL’s observations upon hearing

the evidence, and therefore placed weight on the GAL’s testimony and report,

was in its prerogative as the fact-finder. See A.V., supra (“[O]n issues of

credibility and weight of the evidence, we defer to the findings of the trial

court who has had the opportunity to observe the proceedings and demeanor

of the witnesses. The parties cannot dictate the amount of weight the trial

court places on evidence.”); Father’s Brief at 19 (“[S]imply because the court

agreed with the [GAL’s] recommendation[] does not translate into the

____________________________________________

26 Because Mother did not specifically raise this issue in her concise statement,

the trial court did not address whether its reliance on the GAL was
inappropriate in its Rule 1925(a) opinion.

                                          - 19 -
J-S19001-23

court[’s] ‘delegating’ its decision-making power to the [GAL].”). As such, no

relief is due on Mother’s second issue.

                                         III.

      In Mother’s third issue, she argues that the trial court abused its

discretion and committed an error of law by failing to consider and analyze

the factors for relocation set forth in 23 Pa.C.S. § 5337(h). Mother’s Brief at

33.   Although Father already resided in Mississippi when the trial started,

Mother says that the trial court should have considered the Section 5337(h)

factors because the modification of custody involved Children’s moving to a

distant location. Id. She also emphasizes that she has been the primary

source and provider for Children’s needs since their birth, and claims that the

trial court gave little to no consideration to the impact on Children of having

to attend a new school, make new friends, etc.           Id. at 35.   According to

Mother, the trial court’s “failure to consider the impact[] of this move to

Mississippi   on   [C]hildren[,]   and    their   continuing   developmental   and

educational needs[,] was an abuse of discretion and error of law.” Id. at 35-

36.

      We agree with Mother that the trial court should have considered the

factors set forth in Section 5337(h). See D.K. v. S.P.K., 102 A.3d 467, 476

(Pa. Super. 2014) (“In a custody case where neither parent is relocating, but

the children stand to move a significant distance, trial courts should still

                                         - 20 -
J-S19001-23

consider the relevant factors of [S]ection 5337(h) in their [S]ection 5328(a)

best interests analysis.”). Section 5337(h) provides:

     (h) Relocation factors.--In determining whether to grant a
     proposed relocation, the court shall consider the following factors,
     giving weighted consideration to those factors which affect the
     safety of the child:

        (1) The nature, quality, extent of involvement and duration
        of the child’s relationship with the party proposing to
        relocate and with the nonrelocating party, siblings and other
        significant persons in the child’s life.

        (2) The age, developmental stage, needs of the child and
        the likely impact the relocation will have on the child’s
        physical, educational and emotional development, taking
        into consideration any special needs of the child.

        (3) The feasibility of preserving the relationship between the
        nonrelocating party and the child through suitable custody
        arrangements, considering the logistics and financial
        circumstances of the parties.

        (4) The child’s preference, taking into consideration the age
        and maturity of the child.

        (5) Whether there is an established pattern of conduct of
        either party to promote or thwart the relationship of the
        child and the other party.

        (6) Whether the relocation will enhance the general quality
        of life for the party seeking the relocation, including, but not
        limited to, financial or emotional benefit or educational
        opportunity.

        (7) Whether the relocation will enhance the general quality
        of life for the child, including, but not limited to, financial or
        emotional benefit or educational opportunity.

        (8) The reasons and motivation of each party for seeking or
        opposing the relocation.

        (9) The present and past abuse committed by a party or
        member of the party’s household and whether there is a
        continued risk of harm to the child or an abused party.

                                     - 21 -
J-S19001-23

         (10) Any other factor affecting the best interest of the child.

23 Pa.C.S. § 5337(h).

      The trial court did not go through the Section 5337(h) factors at the end

of the trial, in conjunction with its Section 5328(a) best-interests analysis.

The trial court, however, points out that Mother did not object at the time.

See TCO at 4 (“[A]fter analyzing the custody factors on the record, the [c]ourt

specifically asked counsel if there was anything else that needed to be

addressed, and neither counsel requested additional analysis.              If either

counsel wanted the [c]ourt to go through the relocation factors on the

record[,] counsel could have stated this.”). Our review of the record confirms

the trial court’s account. Accordingly, Mother has arguably waived this issue.

See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a), supra.

      Even if waiver is not appropriate, we would conclude that Mother’s third

issue lacks merit. Though the trial court did not review the Section 5337(h)

relocation factors on the record at the conclusion of trial, it subsequently

reviewed them in its Rule 1925(a) opinion. There, it went through the factors

as follows:

      (1) The nature, quality, extent of involvement and duration of the
      child’s relationship with the party proposing to relocate and with
      the nonrelocating party, siblings and other significant persons in
      the child’s life.

      This factor was slightly in favor of not granting the relocation
      because [C]hildren had a closer and longer relationship with
      Mother than with Father.

      (2) The age, developmental stage, needs of the child and the likely
      impact the relocation will have on the child’s physical, educational

                                     - 22 -
J-S19001-23

     and emotional development, taking into consideration any special
     needs on the child.

     The [c]ourt determined that this factor was in favor of relocation
     because Mother had not provided for [C]hildren well in terms of
     emotional development, as well as other matters. Mother’s false
     accusations against Father regarding various things involving
     [C]hildren[,] and Mother’s attempt to alienate [C]hildren from
     Father[,] has been detrimental to [C]hildren’s emotional
     development, as well as perhaps other types of development.

     (3) The feasibility of preserving the relationship between the
     nonrelocating party and the child through suitable custody
     arrangements,     considering   the   logistics  and   financial
     circumstances of the parties.

     The court fashioned an order in which [C]hildren will see Mother
     quite a lot to accommodate this factor. It is noteworthy that,
     subsequent to this order, the court had to hold a hearing on
     reconsideration/clarification to try to help the parties fine-tune
     Mother’s times with [C]hildren and the transportation thereof and
     whether they need to be in Pennsylvania or Mississippi, which
     underscores the fact that the court’s order obviously provided for
     a great deal of time for Mother to spend with [C]hildren, and, in
     fact, Mother has been spending that time with [C]hildren, and
     therefore the court’s order took into account this factor very
     much.

     (4) The child’s preference, taking into consideration the age and
     maturity of the child.

     As the [c]ourt indicated in analyzing this issue under the custody
     factors, the [c]ourt only interviewed the older child, H.L.[,] who
     was seven years old[,] and believed the child had been coached
     and did not have a well-reasoned preference. The [c]ourt also
     notes that H.L.’s [GAL] noted in her report that she interviewed
     H.L. twice and indicated that he exhibited behaviors she had
     observed in children who had been coached. Therefore, H.L.’s
     preference was not regarded.

     (5) Whether there is an established pattern of conduct of either
     party to promote or thwart the relationship of the child and the
     other party.

     This factor was analyzed thoroughly while assessing the custody
     factors.   Father has always tried to promote a relationship

                                   - 23 -
J-S19001-23

     between [C]hildren and their [M]other. However, Mother has
     steadfastly, and over a substantial period [of] time, tried to thwart
     the relationship between [C]hildren and … [F]ather. Therefore,
     the [c]ourt determined that relocation was necessary.

     (6) Whether the relocation will enhance the general quality of life
     for the party seeking the relocation, including, but not limited to,
     financial or emotional benefit or educational opportunity.

     In this case, the parties were not relocating, but only [C]hildren
     were relocated from Mother in Pennsylvania[,] to Father in
     Mississippi. As mentioned, after the parties’ divorce in South
     Carolina, Mother relocated to Pennsylvania and Father
     subsequently moved to Mississippi. Neither party is seeking to
     relocate. Therefore, this factor was not applicable.

     (7) Whether the relocation will enhance the general quality of life
     for the child, including, but not limited to, financial or emotional
     benefit or educational opportunity.

     This factor favored relocation because relocation will enable
     [C]hildren to thrive under Father’s primary … parenting role.

     (8) The reasons and motivation of each party for seeking or
     opposing the relocation.

     Father’s motivations for moving [C]hildren to Mississippi were
     noble. Father wanted to enable [C]hildren to have a more normal
     relationship with both parents. On the other hand, Mother’s
     opposition to the relocation was not motivated by noble reasons.
     It seemed to the [c]ourt that Mother simply wanted dictatorial
     control over [C]hildren’s lives.     Thus, this factor favored
     relocation.

     (9) The present and past abuse committed by a party or member
     of the party’s household and whether there is a continued risk of
     harm to the child or an abused party.

     This factor favored relocation because Mother’s dictatorial control
     over [C]hildren[,] and attempts to alienate [C]hildren from their
     [F]ather[,] rises to the level of emotional abuse. Therefore, this
     was a factor highly in favor of relocation.

     For example, the [c]ourt heard testimony that Father was having
     difficulty for years in communicating with … [C]hildren in having
     to call Mother’s phone, being hung up on, or being concerned
     about being accused of stalking. Father testified that he discussed

                                    - 24 -
J-S19001-23

      with Mother his purchase of an iPad for [C]hildren to use in
      communicating with him. In this way, Father would not have to
      call Mother’s phone to exercise his court-ordered times of
      communication with [C]hildren. After [C]hildren brought the iPad
      to her home, Mother called the Pennsylvania State Police and had
      the iPad seized. The police officer who visited the home and
      seized the iPad indicated that Mother was concerned that Father
      was seeking to get … information about her. Apparently, H.L.
      either witnessed the officer or his car[,] or learned about the
      seizure in some way, causing or contributing to anxiety attacks.
      In her report, the [GAL] noted that, “I discussed with [H.L.] what
      he called his ‘worry attacks’ but he could not articulate when they
      started o[r] why he was having them. He mentioned that the
      ‘cops came and took … Father’s iPad’ from his Mother’s house and
      now he worries they will come and arrest his Mother.” There
      seems to be a link between H.L.’s anxiety and Mother’s action in
      having the police come to the home to seize the iPad. At any rate,
      the court sees this behavior as supportive of Father’s assertion
      regarding Mother[’s] attempting to alienate him from [C]hildren.
      This factor weighed in favor of relocation. The [c]ourt also notes
      that [C]hildren’s [GAL] testified that, “I believe that it is in
      [C]hildren’s best interest to immediately go and live primarily with
      [F]ather.”

      (10) Any other factor affecting the best interest of the child.

      This factor was not applicable.

TCO at 5-8 (internal citations omitted; some brackets added).

      Contrary to Mother’s argument, the trial court acknowledged that

Children have a closer and longer relationship with Mother. However, it also

found — and placed great weight on the fact — that Mother’s behavior has

been detrimental to Children in terms of their emotional development.        It

noted Mother’s history of false accusations against Father and her efforts to

thwart Children’s relationship with him, characterizing her attempts at

alienation as emotional abuse and citing H.L.’s worry over the iPad incident.

Despite Mother’s behavior, the trial court’s final custody order permits Mother

                                     - 25 -
J-S19001-23

to see Children relatively often, considering the distance between the parties.

In addition, it promotes Children’s having a more normal relationship with

both of their parents.

      In reviewing the trial court’s Section 5337(h) analysis, we would

conclude that the record supports the trial court’s findings and conclusions.

See A.V., supra. We also remind Mother that “[t]he parties cannot dictate

the amount of weight the trial court places on evidence.” Id. Accordingly,

even if preserved, Mother’s third issue would fail.

                                       IV.

      In Mother’s fourth and final issue, she argues that the trial court abused

its discretion and committed an error of law by transferring primary physical

custody to Father before all testimony and evidence was presented. Mother’s

Brief at 13. As mentioned supra, at the conclusion of the second day of trial

on August 11, 2022, the court entered a temporary custody order, in which it

granted Father sole legal custody and primary physical custody of Children.

While Mother acknowledges that Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1915.13

authorizes the trial court to enter temporary orders in cases where a party

has requested special relief, she points out that Father never made such a

request. Id. at 17.      In addition, Mother insists that the trial court had to

analyze and consider, at a minimum, the factors set forth in Section 5328(a)

before transferring custody in the middle of trial, which she says it did not do.

Id. at 18. As a result of the trial court’s allegedly inappropriate temporary

                                      - 26 -
J-S19001-23

order, Mother asks us to vacate the trial court’s final custody order and

remand for further proceedings. Id. at 32.

       Again, no relief is due.       Initially, in Mother’s concise statement and

statement of the questions involved, she only contends that the trial court

erred and abused its discretion by transferring custody to Father, prior to the

conclusion of trial, before all testimony and evidence was presented.27 In her

concise statement and statement of questions involved, she did not

specifically challenge the trial court’s temporary custody order on the basis

that Father had not requested such special relief and/or that the trial court

had not analyzed the Section 5328(a) factors before transferring custody.28

Thus, those aspects of Mother’s argument are waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a),

supra; O.G., supra.29

       Turning to Mother’s preserved claim that the trial court should not have

entered a temporary custody order prior to the conclusion of evidence,

assuming arguendo that this issue is not moot, we point out that Rule 1915.13

____________________________________________

27 At trial, Mother also only objected to the trial court’s temporary custody
order on the basis that it was entered prior to the conclusion of the evidence.
N.T., 8/11/22, at 116 (“Your Honor, for the record, I’m going to place an
objection to the entry of this order prior to the conclusion of the evidence and
the record in this case.”).

28 The trial court also did not address these specific issues in its Rule 1925(a)

opinion.

29 Further, even if not waived, we would decline to disturb the trial court’s final

custody order — which we have determined the trial court properly entered —
due to any such purported errors made in the trial court’s prior, temporary
custody order.

                                          - 27 -
J-S19001-23

states that “[a]t any time after commencement of the action, the court

may on application or its own motion grant appropriate interim relief. The

relief may include, but is not limited to, the award of temporary legal or

physical custody….” Pa.R.Civ.P. 1915.13 (emphasis added). Here, the trial

court temporarily awarded Father primary physical custody and sole legal

custody of Children pending the final day of trial, and Mother does not

persuade us that the trial court was not authorized to do so under Rule

1915.13 because trial had not yet concluded.30 Thus, Mother’s final issue also

fails.

         Order affirmed.

         McLaughlin, J., concurs in the result.

         Sullivan, J., concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/15/2023

____________________________________________

30 As Father observes, by the end of the second day of trial, the trial court had

heard substantial evidence of Mother’s emotional abuse of Children. Father’s
Brief at 5-7; see also N.T., 8/11/22, at 117 (the trial court’s observing at the
end of the second day of trial that it will likely make a finding that Mother has
alienated Children from Father, and noting that Mother’s behavior may
amount to emotional abuse). In addition, Father points out that, at that time,
the beginning of the school year was approaching. Father’s Brief at 6.

                                          - 28 -
J-S19001-23

              - 29 -