Court Opinion

ID: 3219449
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-01 18:01:13.533188+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:32:18.514354
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
      for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

  BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET SERVICES, INC.,
             Plaintiff-Appellant

                            v.

        AT&T MOBILITY LLC, AT&T CORP.,
               Defendants-Appellees
              ______________________

                       2015-1763
                 ______________________

   Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Texas in No. 3:14-cv-03942-M, Judge
Barbara M.G. Lynn.
                 ______________________

                 Decided: June 27, 2016
                 ______________________

    ARUN SUBRAMANIAN, Susman Godfrey LLP, New
York, NY, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented
by DANIEL J. SHIH, JORDAN CONNORS, Seattle, WA.

    BRYANT C. BOREN, JR., Baker Botts LLP, Palo Alto,
CA, argued for defendants-appellees. Also represented by
RYAN BANGERT, JOHNSON KURIAKOSE KUNCHERIA, KURT
M. PANKRATZ, Dallas, TX; MICHAEL HAWES, Houston, TX.
                ______________________

 Before NEWMAN, O’MALLEY, and CHEN, Circuit Judges.
2               BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

      Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge CHEN.
    Opinion concurring in the result filed by Circuit Judge
                          NEWMAN.
CHEN, Circuit Judge.
    BASCOM Global Internet Services, Inc. appeals from
the grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), in which the
United States District Court for the Northern District of
Texas held that BASCOM failed to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted because the claims of U.S.
Patent No. 5,987,606 are invalid as a matter of law under
35 U.S.C. § 101. BASCOM has alleged that the claims of
the ’606 patent contain an “inventive concept” in their
ordered combination of limitations sufficient to satisfy the
second step of the Supreme Court’s Alice test. We find
nothing in the intrinsic record to refute that allegation as
a matter of law. We therefore vacate the district court’s
order dismissing BASCOM’s complaint, and remand for
further proceedings.
                        BACKGROUND
    The ’606 patent was filed March 19, 1997. Back in
1997, the Internet was known to contain information that
consumers, students, and businesses wanted to access.
’606 patent, 1:16–17. As the patent describes in the
“Background of the Present Invention” section, web
browsers “such as the Netscape Navigator™ or the Mi-
crosoft Explorer™” allowed users to access websites in the
form of HTML files. Id. at 1:18–24; see also id. at 1:23–25
(“Other software utilities for accessing Internet content
include News Groups, FTPs, IRC chat rooms and e-
mail.”). Some websites, however, contained information
deemed unsuitable for some users. Corporations had the
need to prevent their employees from accessing websites
with certain types of information, such as “entertainment
oriented sites,” while allowing them to continue to access
BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET    v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC              3

“technical or business sites,” and parents had the need to
prevent their family from accessing websites containing
“sexually explicit or other objectionable information.” Id.
at 1:30–40.
     The computer industry responded to this need by de-
veloping a software tool that allowed control over the type
of information received over the Internet. The software
tool inspected a user’s request to access a website and
applied one or more filtering mechanisms: “exclusive
filtering (‘black-listing’) which prevents access to all sites
on a predetermined list of Internet sites; inclusive filter-
ing (‘white-listing’) which allows access only to a prede-
termined list of Internet sites; and word-screening or
phrase-screening which prevents access to web site ‘pages’
which contain any word or phrase on a predetermined
list.” Id. at 1:41–50.
     According to the ’606 patent, filtering software was
first placed on local computers, such that each local
computer had its own tool for filtering websites (or other
Internet content) requested by the operator of the com-
puter. Id. at 1:58–63, Figure 8. Although the filtering
software worked for its intended purpose, there were
logistical problems with locating a tool for filtering Inter-
net content on each local computer: (1) “it is subject to be
modified or thwarted by a computer literate end-user,
such as a teenager or corporate employee”; (2) “it is diffi-
cult and time consuming to install on every end-user’s
client machine”; (3) “[it] is dependent upon individual
end-user hardware and operating systems and requires
modified software for different end-user platforms”; and
(4) “the client database [ ] must be updated frequently to
track changes in the content of various Internet sites”
which “requires frequent downloads from the Internet or
disk updates.” Id. at 2:1–12.
     To overcome some of the disadvantages of installing
filtering software on each local computer, another prior
4             BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET     v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

art system relocated the filter to a local server. Id. at
2:13–23, Figure 9. For example, a corporation with one
connection to the Internet might have placed a server
between the computers of its employees and the Internet
connection. In this configuration, many individual com-
puters with different hardware and operating systems
were connected to one local server over a local area net-
work. When employees at their individual computers
requested websites from the Internet, the local server
would filter all requests for Internet content. Id. “[A]
computer literate end-user” therefore could no longer
easily “modify or thwart” the filtering tool to gain access
to blocked websites. Id. at 2:25–30. However, the one-
size-fits-all filter on the local server was not ideal because
“a single set of filtering criteria is often not appropriate
for all of the end-users.” Id. at 2:20–23. This solution for
filtering Internet content also “require[d] time-consuming
local service to initiate and maintain” and “software
implementing the filtering functions [was] typically tied
to a single local area network or a local server platform.”
Id. at 2:23–35.
    Finally, some Internet Service Providers (ISPs), such
as “America Online,” installed a filter on their remote
servers, which allowed the ISP to prevent its subscribers
from accessing certain websites. Id. at 2:36–39. Howev-
er, this solution continued to use a single set of filtering
criteria for all requests for websites from all of its sub-
scribers. Id. at 2:39–49.
    The ’606 patent describes its invention as combining
the advantages of the then-known filtering tools while
avoiding their drawbacks. The claimed filtering system
avoids being “modified or thwarted by a computer literate
end-user,” and avoids being installed on and dependent on
“individual end-user hardware and operating systems” or
“tied to a single local area network or a local server plat-
form” by installing the filter at the ISP server. Id. at 2:1–
12, 2:23–35, 2:55–65. And, unlike the filtering tools that
BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC             5

existed on local servers and remote ISP servers at the
time, the claimed filtering tool retains the advantage of a
filtering tool that is located on each local computer; indi-
viduals are able to customize how requests for Internet
content from their own computers are filtered instead of
having a universal set of filtering rules applied to every-
one’s requests. Id. at 2:52–65 (“[T]he present inven-
tion . . . provid[es] an Internet access system which: . . .
allows users to select filtering schemes, such as inclusive
or exclusive filtering, and filtering elements, such as ISP
provided inclusive-lists or exclusive-lists, or their own
customized inclusive-lists or exclusive-lists . . . .”).
     The claimed invention is able to provide individually
customizable filtering at the remote ISP server by taking
advantage of the technical capability of certain communi-
cation networks. In these networks, the ISP is able to
associate an individual user with a specific request to
access a website (or other Internet content), and can
distinguish that user’s requests from other users’ re-
quests. One way that the ISP is able to make this associ-
ation, as described in the ’606 patent, is by requiring each
user to first complete a log-in process with the ISP server.
Id. at 4:35–38. After a user has logged in, the ISP server
can associate the user with a request to access a specific
website. Id. at 5:60–62 (“In the TCP/IP protocol, each
Internet access request or ‘packet’ includes the [website]
from which content is requested.”). Because the filtering
tool on the ISP server contains each user’s customized
filtering mechanism, the filtering tool working in combi-
nation with the ISP server can apply a specific user’s
filtering mechanism to the websites requested by that
user. Id. at 4:35–50. To summarize, the ISP server
receives a request to access a website, associates the
request with a particular user, and identifies the request-
ed website. The filtering tool then applies the filtering
mechanism associated with the particular user to the
requested website to determine whether the user associ-
6             BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET    v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

ated with that request is allowed access to the website.
The filtering tool returns either the content of the website
to the user, or a message to the user indicating that the
request was denied. The ’606 patent describes its filtering
system as a novel advance over prior art computer filters,
in that no one had previously provided customized filters
at a remote server.
     The claims of the ’606 patent generally recite a system
for filtering Internet content. The claimed filtering sys-
tem is located on a remote ISP server that associates each
network account with (1) one or more filtering schemes
and (2) at least one set of filtering elements from a plural-
ity of sets of filtering elements, thereby allowing individ-
ual network accounts to customize the filtering of Internet
traffic associated with the account. For example, one
filtering scheme could be “a word-screening type filtering
scheme” and one set of filtering elements (from a plurality
of sets) could be a “master list[ ] of disallowed words or
phrases together with [an] individual [list of] words,
phrases or rules.” Id. at 4:30–35. According to BASCOM,
the ’606 patent contains two groups of claims: a first
group that is limited to individual-customizable filtering
on a remote ISP server, and a second group that is further
limited to a hybrid filtering scheme implemented on the
ISP server comprised of a master-inclusive list, an indi-
vidual-customizable set of exclusive lists, and an individ-
ual-customizable set of inclusive lists.            For the
individually customizable filtering claims, BASCOM
points to claim 1 as instructive.
    1. A content filtering system for filtering content
    retrieved from an Internet computer network by
    individual controlled access network accounts,
    said filtering system comprising:
        a local client computer generating net-
        work access requests for said individual
        controlled access network accounts;
BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC            7

       at least one filtering scheme;
       a plurality of sets of logical filtering ele-
       ments; and
       a remote ISP server coupled to said client
       computer and said Internet computer
       network, said ISP server associating each
       said network account to at least one filter-
       ing scheme and at least one set of filtering
       elements, said ISP server further receiv-
       ing said network access requests from said
       client computer and executing said associ-
       ated filtering scheme utilizing said associ-
       ated set of logical filtering elements.
Id. at 6:62–7:10. For the hybrid filtering scheme claims,
BASCOM points to claim 23, which depends on claim 22,
as instructive.
   22. An ISP server for filtering content forwarded
   to controlled access network account generating
   network access requests at a remote client com-
   puter, each network access request including a
   destination address field, said ISP server compris-
   ing:
       a master inclusive-list of allowed sites;
       a plurality of sets of exclusive-lists of ex-
       cluded sites, each controlled access net-
       work account associated with at least one
       set of said plurality of exclusive-lists of ex-
       cluded sites; and
       a filtering scheme, said filtering scheme
       allowing said network access request if
       said destination address exists on said
       master inclusive-list but not on said at
       least one associated exclusive-list, where-
       by said controlled access accounts may be
8             BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET     v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

        uniquely associated with one or more sets
        of excluded sites.
    23. The ISP server of claim 22 further comprising:
        a plurality of inclusive-lists of allowed
        sites, each controlled access user associat-
        ed with at least one of said plurality of in-
        clusive-lists of allowed sites, said filtering
        program further allowing said network ac-
        cess request if said requested destination
        address exists on said at least one associ-
        ated inclusive-list.
Id. at 8:63–9:18.
    BASCOM sued AT&T Inc. for patent infringement,
added AT&T Mobility LLC and AT&T Corp. (collectively,
AT&T) as defendants, and then dismissed AT&T Inc.
from the case. AT&T moved to dismiss BASCOM’s com-
plaint under FRCP 12(b)(6), on the basis that each claim
of the ’606 patent was invalid under 35 U.S.C. § 101.
Applying the Supreme Court’s decision in Alice Corp. Pty.
Ltd. v. CLS Bank International, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014),
AT&T argued that the claims were directed to the ab-
stract idea of “filtering content,” “filtering Internet con-
tent,” or “determining who gets to see what,” each of
which is a well-known “method of organizing human
activity” like the intermediated settlement concept that
was held to be an abstract idea in Alice. BASCOM Global
Internet Servs., Inc. v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 107 F. Supp.
3d 639, 646 (N.D. Tex. 2015) (District Court Order).
AT&T analogized the idea of filtering content to a parent
or librarian forbidding children from reading certain
books, and argued that performing the filtering on the
Internet does not make the idea nonabstract. Finally,
AT&T pointed to each individual limitation of the claims
and argued that none of the limitations transforms the
abstract idea of filtering content into patent-eligible
subject matter because they do no more than recite rou-
BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC            9

tine and conventional activities performed by generic
computer components.
    BASCOM responded by arguing that the claims of the
’606 patent are not directed to an abstract idea because
they address a problem arising in the realm of computer
networks, and provide a solution entirely rooted in com-
puter technology, similar to the claims at issue in DDR
Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., 773 F.3d 1245 (Fed.
Cir. 2014). BASCOM characterized the recent Supreme
Court and Federal Circuit decisions invalidating claims
under § 101 as focusing on claims that are directed to a
longstanding fundamental practice that exists independ-
ent of computer technology. BASCOM asserted that its
claims are different because filtering Internet content was
not longstanding or fundamental at the time of the inven-
tion and is not independent of the Internet. Finally,
BASCOM argued that, even if the lower court found that
the claims are directed to an abstract idea, the inventive
concept is found in the ordered combination of the limita-
tions: a “special ISP server that receives requests for
Internet content, which the ISP server then associates
with a particular user and a particular filtering scheme
and elements.” District Court Order, 107 F. Supp. 3d at
652–53.
    The district court agreed with AT&T. The district
court found that the claims were directed to the abstract
idea of “filtering content” because “content provided on
the Internet is not fundamentally different from content
observed, read, and interacted with through other medi-
ums like books, magazines, television, or movies.” Id. at
650. In its search for an “inventive concept,” the district
court first determined that no individual limitation was
inventive because each limitation, in isolation, was a
“well-known, generic computer component[ ]” or a stand-
ard filtering mechanism. Id. at 654. The district court
then determined that the limitations in combination were
not inventive either because “[f]iltering software, appar-
10            BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

ently composed of filtering schemes and filtering ele-
ments, was well-known in the prior art” and “using ISP
servers to filter content was well-known to practitioners.”
Id. The district court also noted that the absence of
specific structure for the generic computer components
“raises the likelihood that such claims could preempt
every filtering scheme under the sun.” Id. at 655.
   BASCOM appeals.         We have jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
    We review a district court’s dismissal for failure to
state a claim under the law of the regional circuit. In re
Bill of Lading Transmission & Processing Sys. Patent
Litig., 681 F.3d 1323, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2012). The Fifth
Circuit reviews challenges to a dismissal for failure to
state a claim under FRCP 12(b)(6) de novo, taking the
allegations of the complaint to be true. Scanlan v. Texas
A&M Univ., 343 F.3d 533, 536 (5th Cir. 2003). We review
the district court’s determination of patent-eligibility
under § 101 de novo. DDR, 773 F.3d at 1255.
                       DISCUSSION
    A patent may be obtained for “any new and useful
process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter,
or any new and useful improvement thereof.”
35 U.S.C. § 101. The Supreme Court has “long held that
this provision contains an important implicit exception:
Laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas
are not patentable.” Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v.
Myriad Genetics, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 2107, 2116 (2013) (quot-
ing Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc.,
132 S. Ct. 1289, 1293 (2012)) (internal brackets omitted).
The Supreme Court has also consistently held that § 101
provides a basis for a patentability/validity determination
that is independent of—and on an equal footing with—
any other statutory patentability provision. Mayo, 132 S.
BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC             11

Ct. at 1303–04 (citing Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593
(2010); Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175 (1981), Parker v.
Flook, 437 U.S. 584 (1978); Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S.
63 (1972); H.R. Rep. No. 82-1923, at 6 (1952)). Courts
may therefore dispose of patent-infringement claims
under § 101 whenever procedurally appropriate. See
DDR, 773 F.3d at 1263; Content Extraction & Transmis-
sion LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat. Ass’n, 776 F.3d 1343,
1351 (Fed. Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 119 (2015).
In Mayo, the Supreme Court set forth a two-step analyti-
cal framework to identify patents that, in essence, claim
nothing more than abstract ideas. The court must first
“determine whether the claims at issue are directed to a
patent-ineligible concept.” Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2355. If so,
the court must then “consider the elements of each claim
both individually and ‘as an ordered combination’ to
determine whether the additional elements ‘transform the
nature of the claim’ into a patent-eligible application.” Id.
(quoting Mayo, 132 S. Ct. at 1298, 1297).
    We have found software-related patents eligible under
both steps of the test Alice sets out. We found a patent to
a particular improvement to a database system patent-
eligible under step one in Enfish LLC v. Microsoft Corp.,
2016 WL 2756255, at *8 (Fed. Cir. May 12, 2016). There,
we found claim language reciting the invention’s specific
improvements to help our determination in step one of the
Alice framework that the invention was directed to those
specific improvements in computer technology. But we
also recognized that, “in other cases involving computer-
related claims, there may be close calls about how to
characterize what the claims are directed to.” Id. “In
such cases,” we noted, “an analysis of whether there are
arguably concrete improvements in the recited computer
technology could take place under step two.” Id. That is,
some inventions’ basic thrust might more easily be under-
stood as directed to an abstract idea, but under step two
of the Alice analysis, it might become clear that the
12            BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET    v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

specific improvements in the recited computer technology
go beyond “well-understood, routine, conventional activ-
it[ies]” and render the invention patent-eligible. See
Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2359. We took this step-two path in
DDR. 773 F.3d at 1259 (“When the limitations of the . . .
claims are taken together as an ordered combination, the
claims recite an invention that is not merely the routine
or conventional use of the Internet.”).
     The claims of the ’606 patent are directed to filtering
content on the Internet. Specifically, claim 1 is directed to
a “content filtering system for filtering content retrieved
from an Internet computer network.” ’606 patent, 6:62–
64. Claim 22 similarly is directed to an “ISP server for
filtering content.” Id. at 8:63. The specification reinforces
this notion by describing the invention as relating “gener-
ally to a method and system for filtering Internet con-
tent.” Id. at 1:7–11. We agree with the district court that
filtering content is an abstract idea because it is a long-
standing, well-known method of organizing human behav-
ior, similar to concepts previously found to be abstract.
See Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Capital One Bank
(USA), 792 F.3d 1363, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (holding that
“tracking financial transactions to determine whether
they exceed a pre-set spending limit (i.e., budgeting)” is
an abstract idea that “is not meaningfully different from
the ideas found to be abstract in other cases . . . involving
methods of organizing human activity”); see also Content
Extraction, 776 F.3d at 1347 (finding that “1) collecting
data, 2) recognizing certain data within the collected data
set, and 3) storing that recognized data in a memory” was
an abstract idea because “data collection, recognition, and
storage is undisputedly well-known” and “humans have
always performed these functions”); Digitech Image
Techs., LLC v. Elecs. for Imaging, Inc., 758 F.3d 1344,
1350 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (finding that “a process of organiz-
ing information through mathematical correlations” is an
abstract idea). An abstract idea on “an Internet computer
BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC           13

network” or on a generic computer is still an abstract
idea. See Intellectual Ventures I, 792 F.3d at 1368 n.2
(collecting cases).
    BASCOM argues that the claims are directed to some-
thing narrower: the specific implementation of filtering
content set forth in the claim limitations. Specifically,
BASCOM asserts that claim 1 is “directed to the more
specific problem of providing Internet-content filtering in
a manner that can be customized for the person attempt-
ing to access such content while avoiding the need for
(potentially millions of) local servers or computers to
perform such filtering and while being less susceptible to
circumvention by the user,” and claim 23 is directed to
“the even more particular problem of structuring a filter-
ing scheme not just to be effective, but also to make user-
level customization remain administrable as users are
added instead of becoming intractably complex.” Appel-
lant’s Br. at 14. We recognize that this court sometimes
incorporates claim limitations into its articulation of the
idea to which a claim is directed. See Enfish, 2016 WL
2756255 at *6 (relying on a step of an algorithm corre-
sponding to a means-plus-function limitation in defining
the idea of a claim for step-one purposes). This case,
unlike Enfish, presents a “close call[ ] about how to char-
acterize what the claims are directed to.” See id. at *8.
The Enfish claims, understood in light of their specific
limitations, were unambiguously directed to an improve-
ment in computer capabilities. See id. at *5. Here, in
contrast, the claims and their specific limitations do not
readily lend themselves to a step-one finding that they
are directed to a nonabstract idea. We therefore defer our
consideration of the specific claim limitations’ narrowing
effect for step two.
    We now turn to step two, and the search for an “in-
ventive concept.” The “inventive concept” may arise in
one or more of the individual claim limitations or in the
ordered combination of the limitations. Alice, 134 S. Ct.
14            BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET    v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

at 2355. An inventive concept that transforms the ab-
stract idea into a patent-eligible invention must be signif-
icantly more than the abstract idea itself, and cannot
simply be an instruction to implement or apply the ab-
stract idea on a computer. Id. at 2358.
     The district court looked at each limitation individual-
ly and noted that the limitations “local client computer,”
“remote ISP server,” “Internet computer network,” and
“controlled access network accounts” are described in the
specification as well-known generic computer components.
District Court Order, 107 F. Supp. 3d at 654; see ’606
patent, 1:58–2:12 (describing a prior art filtering system
on a local client computer); id. at 2:36–45 (describing a
prior art filtering system on an ISP server that uses “a
single set of filtering criteria for all of their controlled-
access end-users”). The district court also noted that a
filtering system is described in the specification as “any
type of code which may be executed” along with database
entries. District Court Order, 107 F. Supp. 3d at 654; see
’606 patent, 4:28–30 (“[I]t will be obvious to one of ordi-
nary skill in the art that the filtering scheme can be any
of a number of known-schemes, or hybrids thereof.”). The
district court then looked at the limitations collectively,
and held that “[f]iltering software, apparently composed
of filtering schemes and filtering elements, was well-
known in the prior art,” and “using ISP servers to filter
content was well-known to practitioners.” District Court
Order, 107 F. Supp. 3d at 654. The district court thus
concluded that BASCOM had not asserted adequately
that the claims disclose an inventive concept because the
limitations, “considered individually, or as an ordered
combination, are no more than routine additional steps
involving generic computer components and the Internet,
which interact in well-known ways to accomplish the
abstract idea of filtering Internet content.” Id. at 655.
    We agree with the district court that the limitations of
the claims, taken individually, recite generic computer,
BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET     v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC              15

network and Internet components, none of which is in-
ventive by itself. BASCOM does not assert that it invent-
ed local computers, ISP servers, networks, network
accounts, or filtering. Nor does the specification describe
those elements as inventive.
    However, we disagree with the district court’s analy-
sis of the ordered combination of limitations. In light of
Mayo and Alice, it is of course now standard for a § 101
inquiry to consider whether various claim elements
simply recite “well-understood, routine, conventional
activit[ies].” Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2359. The district court’s
analysis in this case, however, looks similar to an obvi-
ousness analysis under 35 U.S.C. § 103, except lacking an
explanation of a reason to combine the limitations as
claimed. The inventive concept inquiry requires more
than recognizing that each claim element, by itself, was
known in the art. As is the case here, an inventive con-
cept can be found in the non-conventional and non-generic
arrangement of known, conventional pieces.
     The inventive concept described and claimed in the
’606 patent is the installation of a filtering tool at a specif-
ic location, remote from the end-users, with customizable
filtering features specific to each end user. This design
gives the filtering tool both the benefits of a filter on a
local computer and the benefits of a filter on the ISP
server. BASCOM explains that the inventive concept
rests on taking advantage of the ability of at least some
ISPs to identify individual accounts that communicate
with the ISP server, and to associate a request for Inter-
net content with a specific individual account. ’606 patent
at 4:35–38 (“FIG. 3 shows the ISP server 100 process for
accepting a log-in request 200, the ISP server 100 first
verifies 201 whether the user is a registered subscriber.”);
id. at 5:60–62 (“In the TCP/IP protocol, each Internet
access request or ‘packet’ includes the [website] from
which content is requested.”); Oral Argument, 17:30–
17:50 (counsel for BASCOM agreeing that the ISP server
16            BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

is able to associate individual accounts with website
requests because, “due to the TCP/IP protocol, the server
is able to recognize the address of the particular user”).
According to BASCOM, the inventive concept harnesses
this technical feature of network technology in a filtering
system by associating individual accounts with their own
filtering scheme and elements while locating the filtering
system on an ISP server. See Research Corp. Techs. v.
Microsoft Corp., 627 F.3d 859, 869 (Fed. Cir. 2010)
(“[I]nventions with specific applications or improvements
to technologies in the marketplace are not likely to be so
abstract that they override the statutory language and
framework of the Patent Act.”). On this limited record,
this specific method of filtering Internet content cannot be
said, as a matter of law, to have been conventional or
generic.
     The claims do not merely recite the abstract idea of
filtering content along with the requirement to perform it
on the Internet, or to perform it on a set of generic com-
puter components. Such claims would not contain an
inventive concept. See CyberSource Corp. v. Retail Deci-
sions, Inc., 654 F.3d 1366, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (reason-
ing that the use of the Internet to verify a credit card
transaction does not meaningfully add to the abstract
idea of verifying the transaction). Nor do the claims
preempt all ways of filtering content on the Internet;
rather, they recite a specific, discrete implementation of
the abstract idea of filtering content. Filtering content on
the Internet was already a known concept, and the patent
describes how its particular arrangement of elements is a
technical improvement over prior art ways of filtering
such content. As explained earlier, prior art filters were
either susceptible to hacking and dependent on local
hardware and software, or confined to an inflexible one-
size-fits-all scheme. BASCOM asserts that the inventors
recognized there could be a filter implementation versa-
tile enough that it could be adapted to many different
BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC             17

users’ preferences while also installed remotely in a single
location. Thus, construed in favor of the nonmovant—
BASCOM—the claims are “more than a drafting effort
designed to monopolize the [abstract idea].” Alice, 134 S.
Ct. at 2357. Instead, the claims may be read to “im-
prove[ ] an existing technological process.” Id. at 2358
(discussing the claims in Diehr, 450 U.S. 175).
    This court’s recent case law on step two of the Alice
test further establishes the patent-eligibility of the claims
before us. As one would expect, BASCOM attempts to
analogize its claims to the claims in DDR, while distin-
guishing its claims from the claims in other cases, such as
Content Extraction and Accenture Global Services, GmbH
v. Guidewire Software, Inc., 728 F.3d 1336 (Fed. Cir.
2013). In turn, AT&T attempts the opposite comparisons,
distinguishing the ’606 patent claims from the claims in
DDR, and analogizing the claims with claims from other
cases such as OIP Technologies, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.,
788 F.3d 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2015), Intellectual Ventures I,
and Ultramercial, Inc. v. Hulu, LLC, 772 F.3d 709 (Fed.
Cir. 2014).
    Turning first to DDR, we held that DDR’s patent
claimed a technical solution to a problem unique to the
Internet—websites instantly losing views upon the click
of a link, which would send the viewer across cyberspace
to another company’s website. 773 F.3d at 1248–50. The
claimed invention solved that problem in a particular,
technical way by sending the viewer to a hybrid webpage
that combined visual elements of the first website with
the desired content from the second website that the
viewer wished to access. Id. at 1257–59. The creation of
this hybrid webpage that co-displays the look and feel of
the first website with the desired content from the second
website required a specific technical solution that did
more than claim all implementations for retaining web
viewers.
18            BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET    v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

     Although the invention in DDR’s patent was engi-
neered in the context of retaining potential customers, the
invention was not claiming a business method per se, but
was instead claiming a technical way to satisfy an exist-
ing problem for website hosts and viewers. Similarly,
although the invention in the ’606 patent is engineered in
the context of filtering content, the invention is not claim-
ing the idea of filtering content simply applied to the
Internet. The ’606 patent is instead claiming a technolo-
gy-based solution (not an abstract-idea-based solution
implemented with generic technical components in a
conventional way) to filter content on the Internet that
overcomes existing problems with other Internet filtering
systems. By taking a prior art filter solution (one-size-
fits-all filter at the ISP server) and making it more dy-
namic and efficient (providing individualized filtering at
the ISP server), the claimed invention represents a “soft-
ware-based invention[ ] that improve[s] the performance
of the computer system itself.” See Brief for United States
as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents at 30–31,
Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 134 S. Ct. 2347
(2014) (No. 13-298), 2014 WL 828034.
    Turning next to OIP, the claims at issue in that case
were directed to the abstract idea of offer-based price
optimization which was implemented by “‘sending a first
set of electronic messages over a network to devices,’ the
devices being ‘programmed to communicate,’ storing test
results in a ‘machine-readable medium,’ and ‘using a
computerized system . . . to automatically determine’ an
estimated outcome and setting a price.” 788 F.3d at 1363.
In other words, the claims simply required the perfor-
mance of the abstract idea of offer-based price optimiza-
tion on generic computer components using conventional
computer activities. The intrinsic record in OIP con-
firmed that the invention was simply the generic automa-
tion of traditional price-optimization techniques. Id.
Unlike the claims in the ’606 patent, the patent in OIP
BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC            19

was not limited to a specific technical solution of the
abstract idea.
     The other cases BASCOM and AT&T discuss similar-
ly claim an abstract idea implemented on generic comput-
er components, without providing a specific technical
solution beyond simply using generic computer concepts
in a conventional way. The claims in Intellectual Ventures
I preempted all use of the claimed abstract idea on “the
Internet, on a generic computer.” 792 F.3d at 1371. The
claims in Content Extraction preempted all use of the
claimed abstract idea on well-known generic scanning
devices and data processing technology. 776 F.3d at 1348.
The claims in Ultramercial preempted all use of the
claimed abstract idea on the Internet. 772 F.3d at 715–
16. And the claims in Accenture preempted all use of the
claimed abstract idea on generic computer components
performing conventional activities. 728 F.3d at 1344–45.
Our decisions further explained that simply because some
of the claims narrowed the scope of protection through
additional “conventional” steps for performing the ab-
stract idea, they did not make those claims any less
abstract. See, e.g., Ultramercial, 772 F.3d at 715 (“We
conclude that the limitations of the ’545 claims do not
transform the abstract idea that they recite into patent-
eligible subject matter because the claims simply instruct
the practitioner to implement the abstract idea with
routine, conventional activity.”). As explained above,
construed in favor of BASCOM as they must be in this
procedural posture, the claims of the ’606 patent do not
preempt the use of the abstract idea of filtering content on
the Internet or on generic computer components perform-
ing conventional activities. The claims carve out a specif-
ic location for the filtering system (a remote ISP server)
and require the filtering system to give users the ability
to customize filtering for their individual network ac-
counts.
20               BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

                        CONCLUSION
    While the claims of the ’606 patent are directed to the
abstract idea of filtering content, BASCOM has adequate-
ly alleged that the claims pass step two of Alice’s two-part
framework. BASCOM has alleged that an inventive
concept can be found in the ordered combination of claim
limitations that transform the abstract idea of filtering
content into a particular, practical application of that
abstract idea. We find nothing on this record that refutes
those allegations as a matter of law or justifies dismissal
under Rule 12(b)(6). We therefore vacate the district
court’s order granting AT&T’s motion to dismiss under
FRCP 12(b)(6) and remand so that the case may proceed.
                 VACATED AND REMANDED
                           COSTS
     No costs.
  United States Court of Appeals
      for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

  BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET SERVICES, INC.,
             Plaintiff-Appellant

                            v.

        AT&T MOBILITY LLC, AT&T CORP.,
               Defendants-Appellees
              ______________________

                       2015-1763
                 ______________________

   Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Texas in No. 3:14-cv-03942-M, Judge
Barbara M.G. Lynn.
                 ______________________

NEWMAN, Circuit Judge, concurring in the result.
     I agree with the court that the claims of the Bascom
patent are eligible for participation in the system of
patents. Thus the case requires remand to the district
court, so that the rules and conditions of patentability can
be applied to the Bascom claims. However, it has become
increasingly apparent, as various factual situations have
been brought into Section 101 challenges, that these new
litigation opportunities have led to judicial protocols that
are time-consuming and usually unnecessary. As this
case illustrates, these cumbersome procedures for sepa-
rate determinations of patent eligibility and patentability
have added to the cost and uncertainty of patent-
supported commerce, with no balancing benefit.
2            BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET    v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

    I write separately to urge a more flexible approach to
the determination of patent eligibility, for the two-step
protocol for ascertaining whether a patent is for an “ab-
stract idea” is not always necessary to resolve patent
disputes. There is no good reason why the district court
should be constrained from determining patentability,
instead of eligibility based on “abstract idea,” when the
patentability/validity determination would be dispositive
of the dispute.
    That is, instead of an initial evidentiary procedure for
determination of eligibility at trial and appeal, followed
by another cycle of patentability litigation when eligibility
is found, initial decision directed to patentability may
resolve or moot any issue of eligibility. Initial determina-
tion of eligibility often does not resolve patentability,
whereas initial determination of patentability issues
always resolves or moots eligibility.
                           A
    Section 101 defines patent-eligible subject
    matter as any new and useful process, ma-
    chine, manufacture, or composition of matter
    Section 101 states, in broad terms, the subject matter
eligible to participate in the system of patents:
    35 U.S.C. § 101. Inventions patentable—
    Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful
    process, machine, manufacture, or composition of
    matter, or any new and useful improvement
    thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to
    the conditions and requirements of this title.
Discoveries and inventions that are within the statutory
categories are eligible for patenting, upon compliance
with the conditions of Title 35. The Court has recognized
the breadth of subject matter implemented by Section
101, stating:
BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET   v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC              3

    In choosing such expansive terms . . . modified by
    the comprehensive “any,” Congress plainly con-
    templated that the patent laws would be given
    wide scope.
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 308 (1980).
    An important aspect of Title 35 is that it discarded
the judge-made usage of “invention” and “flash of creative
genius,” and replaced it with the statutory standard of
unobviousness. “Nowhere in the entire act is there any
reference to a requirement of ‘invention’ and the drafters
did this deliberately in an effort to free the law and law-
yers from bondage to that old and meaningless term.”
Giles S. Rich, Principles of Patentability, 28 GEO. WASH.
L. REV. 393, 405 (1960).
     On this history, the emphasis on eligibility has led to
erratic implementation in the courts. An example is seen
in this case, where the district court and this court differ
in their view of “inventive concept” for the Bascom patent.
I propose returning to the letter of Section 101, where
eligibility is recognized for “any new and useful process,
machine, manufacture, or composition of matter.” It
follows that if any of these classes is claimed so broadly or
vaguely or improperly as to be deemed an “abstract idea,”
this could be resolved on application of the requirements
and conditions of patentability. This determination would
avoid resolving an undefined “inventive concept” applied
to eligibility.
    Although there is concern that broad claims may
preempt development by others of improvements and
variants of a broad invention, and limiting patentable
scope may restrict preemption, it is not the policy of
patent law to permit only narrow claims when an inven-
tor has made a new, broad invention. When an invention
is new and unobvious and described and enabled, com-
mensurate patent rights are not barred on policy grounds.
4            BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET    v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

                             B
               Patentability v. Eligibility
    A new and useful process or machine or manufacture
or composition of matter is not an abstract idea, and if the
claims are deemed to be so broad as to be abstract, appli-
cation of the requirements of patentability is a direct path
to resolution of validity disputes. Claims that are impre-
cise or that read on prior art or that are unsupported by
description or that are not enabled raise questions of
patentability, not eligibility.
     35 U.S.C. § 112(a) requires a written description in
“full, clear, concise, and exact terms,” and § 112(b) re-
quires “claims particularly pointing out and distinctly
claiming the subject matter” of the invention. The pro-
cess, machine, manufacture, or composition of Section 101
must comply with Section 112. Subject matter that
complies with Section 112 averts the generality or vague-
ness or imprecision or over-breadth that characterize
abstract ideas. These are conditions of patentability, not
of eligibility. The “conditions and requirements of this
title” weed out the abstract idea.
     The Court recognized that “all inventions at some lev-
el embody, use, reflect, rest upon, or apply . . . abstract
ideas.” Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs.,
Inc., 132 S. Ct. 1289, 1293 (2012). I have come upon no
guide to when a claim crosses the boundary between
unacceptable abstractness and acceptable specificity.
Experience with this aspect demonstrates its imprecision.
This conundrum is resolved on application of the criteria
of patentability. Nor is this a new observation: “precedent
illustrates that pragmatic analysis of section 101 is facili-
tated by considerations analogous to those of section 102
and 103 as applied to the particular case.” Internet Pa-
tents Corp. v. Active Network, Inc., 790 F.3d 1343, 1347
(Fed. Cir. 2015) (referring to the specification and prior
art to determine abstractness of claims).
BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET    v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC              5

     In this case, as the panel majority recites, the district
court found that “filtering software, apparently composed
of filtering schemes and filtering elements, was well-
known in the prior art,” Maj. Op. at 9–10, 14, citing
BASCOM Global Internet Servs., Inc. v. AT&T Mobility
LLC, 107 F. Supp. 3d 639, 654 (N.D. Tex. 2015). The
district court found reason to combine known selective
filtration procedures. Id. AT&T argues that these find-
ings, as they relate to patentability, are correct. Bascom
states that it did not have a full opportunity to present
evidence concerning patentability. Accepting Bascom’s
position, remand is appropriate.
                              C
               AT&T’s motion to dismiss
     The district court held that “the Court looks at the ‘el-
ements of each claim both individually and ‘as an ordered
combination’ to determine whether the additional ele-
ments [beyond those that recite the abstract idea of
filtering content] ‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a
patent-eligible application.’” BASCOM, 107 F. Supp. 3d
at 654. The district court found that the Bascom filtration
method was not an “inventive concept” and held that the
Bascom claims were not eligible subject matter under
Section 101. Id. at 644.
    In arguing “inventive concept,” both sides presented
arguments that would also be relevant to patentability.
These arguments are repeated on this appeal. AT&T,
supporting the “abstract idea” position on which it pre-
vailed before the district court, argues that content filtra-
tion was a generally known concept, and thus was an
“abstract idea” under Alice step one. AT&T argues that
the Bascom filtration method is not an “inventive concept”
under step two. AT&T also argues that the Bascom
claims are invalid under Sections 103 and 112.
6             BASCOM GLOBAL INTERNET    v. AT&T MOBILITY LLC

    Bascom states that for issues under Sections 103 and
112, additional evidence would be provided, evidence not
needed for response to a motion to dismiss for abstract-
ness. We agree that Bascom must be accorded the oppor-
tunity to litigate these issues directly, rather than as
overflow from the eligibility debate.
    On appellate review, I agree with the majority that
the Bascom claims contain an “inventive concept” in the
claims’ “ordered combination of limitations,” and that this
establishes eligibility. In the district court, the only issue
that was finally decided is that of eligibility. Thus re-
mand is the appropriate next step. However, I again
point to the increased efficiency, and savings in cost and
time, by direct resolution of patentability. The Court’s
rulings in Alice and Mayo do not require that every broad-
ly claimed patent must be treated in two separate litiga-
tion procedures, if charged with abstractness.
    While the two-step protocol helps to decide whether a
particular claim is “eligible” for patenting, we should
clarify the district court’s authority to resolve the issues of
patent validity directly. Direct application to the Bascom
claims of the law of sections 102, 103, or 112, could have
resolved this dispute in one litigation cycle of trial and
appeal, instead of the repeated effort now required.
     In sum, when evidence of patentability is needed or
presented to resolve a challenge to eligibility of claims to a
new method or machine or manufacture or composition,
the district court and the parties should have the flexibil-
ity to resolve patentability at this threshold. If the claims
are unpatentable, any issue of abstractness, however
defined, is mooted. And if the subject matter is patenta-
ble, it is not an abstract idea. We should clarify that such
expediency is an available response to challenges on the
ground of “abstract idea.”