Court Opinion

ID: 4294632
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-16 21:01:05.757571+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:54.998083
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                           U.S. Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                                                                                 of the Tenth Circuit

                                                                                 July 16, 2018
                                                                               Blaine F. Bates
                               NOT FOR PUBLICATION                                 Clerk

            UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                              OF THE TENTH CIRCUIT

IN RE ADAM L. PEEPLES and                             BAP No.       CO-18-003
JENNIFER K. PEEPLES,
              Debtor.

ADRIAN LEE,                                           Bankr. No. 14-23970
                                                      Adv. No.   14-2236
              Plaintiff – Appellant,                    Chapter 7
       v.                                                      OPINION *
ADAM L. PEEPLES and JENNIFER K.
PEEPLES,
              Defendants – Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                             for the District of Colorado

Submitted on the briefs: **

Before MICHAEL, KARLIN, and ROMERO, Bankruptcy Judges.

KARLIN, Bankruptcy Judge.

*
     This unpublished opinion may be cited for its persuasive value, but is not
precedential, except under the doctrines of law of the case, claim preclusion, and issue
preclusion. 10th Cir. BAP L.R. 8026-6.
**
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, the Court has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8019(b)(3). The case is therefore ordered submitted without
oral argument.
      Longstanding Tenth Circuit precedent dictates that the reasons justifying
denial of a discharge to a debtor must be real and substantial—not merely technical
or conjectural. 1 Here, a tenacious former landlord seeks to deny the debtors a
Chapter 7 discharge mostly over one debtor’s failure to retain some financial
records from an unsuccessful small business, and both debtors’ failure to disclose
the extent of a used Barbie doll and DVD collection and some household goods.
After a three day trial between two sets of essentially unrepresented parties, 2 the
bankruptcy court ultimately concluded that the creditor had not demonstrated real
and substantial reasons to justify denying a discharge (or the dischargeability of
certain debts). Because the record fully supports that decision, we affirm.
      I. Facts
      Adrian Lee (the “Plaintiff”) and his wife 3 rented their second large Utah
home to Adam and Jennifer Peeples (the “Debtors”) and their five young children
in February 2012. Because of a troubled housing market, the Plaintiff had
previously been unable to sell or consistently rent the house after moving to
another home three years earlier. He thus quickly agreed to lease the house to the
Debtors without conducting any credit or background checks. Although the Debtors
paid a $3,000 security deposit and four consecutive $3,000 rent payments, the
1
Jones v. Gertz, 121 F.2d 782, 784 (10th Cir. 1941).
2
       Mr. Lee is a patent lawyer (apparently without trial experience) and elected
to represent himself and his wife during the bankruptcy proceedings. The
bankruptcy court found them to be sophisticated, and found Mr. Lee to be highly
educated. The Debtors were also self-represented, but without the benefit of a
legal education. The bankruptcy court clearly faced challenges when dealing with
these self-represented parties, including how to weigh testimony from the Debtors
that was contrary to admissions from them that Mr. Lee had obtained through
improper use of Requests for Admissions and stipulated facts contained in the
Pretrial Order. Mr. Lee assigns no error in this appeal to any evidentiary rulings
surrounding prior admissions. See Pre-Trial Order at 2-5, in Appellant’s App. at
185-88.
3
       Although Mrs. Lee was also a plaintiff in the adversary proceeding, she did
not file a Notice of Appeal. As a result, we will refer to “Plaintiff” in the
singular.

                                          -2-
Debtors did not make the fourth (June) payment. The Debtors originally contended
they had mailed a cashier’s check for the rent. In reality, the Debtors were
experiencing significant financial problems and ultimately admitted they never
mailed that payment.
      Even after that default, the Plaintiff was still very motivated to rent or sell
the house. He thus entered into a sales contract for the Debtors to buy the house for
$655,000. The Debtors defaulted on that contract when they were unable to obtain
financing by the agreed deadline. The Plaintiff immediately filed an eviction
action, and the Debtors moved out two days later. Because the Debtors did not
defend the state court action, the Plaintiff received a default judgment in December
of 2012 for $48,665.
      The Plaintiff tried to collect the judgment by scheduling a collection
proceeding in May of 2013 for the Debtors to appear and disclose their assets.
When the Debtors did not appear at that hearing, the state court issued an order to
show cause, requiring them to appear in June of 2013. When they also failed to
attend that hearing, the state court issued a bench warrant requiring appearance in
August of 2013. Like many debtors in severe financial trouble, the Debtors ignored
these collection attempts notwithstanding that they apparently had actual notice of
the hearings and even attempted to avoid service of process. 4
      During this time, the Debtors had little, if any, income. Mr. Peeples had a
business selling silver coins, but it had not been profitable, as evidenced by many
insufficient check notices in 2011 and 2012. It had essentially ceased business in
2012. The Debtors’ bankruptcy schedules indicated, under penalty of perjury, that
they had no personal income from 2012-2014, and that although they had “various

4
      Pre-Trial Order at 5, in Appellant’s App. at 188. Although all methods of
service are not in the record, the state court found the Plaintiff mailed and e-
mailed notice of at least one of the hearings to the Debtors. Ex. 13, at 2, in
Appellant’s App. at 812.

                                          -3-
business ventures” in 2012-2014, those businesses had “no net revenue” and “no
tax returns filed.” 5 Mr. Peeples also had “serious heart issues,” and sought hospital
treatment in September of 2012. 6 Even the family’s only car—a 2001 Dodge—was
repossessed in December of 2012 by Check City and apparently never replaced.
      They moved their family of seven at least twice since the eviction, ultimately
moving in August 2013 into the home of Mr. Peeples’ mother. They believed they
did not even have enough income in the two years before they filed bankruptcy
(2012 and 2013) to meet the requirements for filing tax returns. Further, the
Plaintiff does not contest the bankruptcy court’s finding that the Debtors’ income
fell well below the 2012 poverty guidelines for a family of seven, which was then
$34,930.
      After the Plaintiff was thwarted from obtaining information about the
Debtors’ financial condition through these collection hearings, he then filed a
second state court action against the Debtors arising out of the failed lease and
house purchase contract. This time he alleged communications fraud and common
law fraud. The Debtors again defaulted, and the state court entered a second
judgment against them—this time for $88,727 in September of 2013. Not giving
up, Mr. Lee also filed a third and fourth action against Mr. Peeples and a Scott
McCardle in 2013. The Debtors’ bankruptcy schedules list the first of those two
new cases as one for “Civil Conspiracy, Abuse of Process and Negligence.” 7
      Seven months after the second judgment was taken, in April of 2014, the
Debtors filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition and listed the Plaintiff’s judgments
(plus the two pending lawsuits) in their schedules. The Plaintiff filed an adversary
proceeding seeking to deny the Debtors’ entire discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C.
5
      Statement of Financial Affairs at 1, in Appellant’s App. at 42.
6
      Tr. at 221, in Appellant’s App. at 480.
7
      Statement of Financial Affairs at 2, in Appellant’s App. at 43.

                                          -4-
§ 727(a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5), and (a)(6) 8 and alternatively, objecting to the
dischargeability of only the debts the Debtors owed him pursuant to § 523(a)(2)
and (a)(4).
        Much of the Plaintiff’s complaint concerns the lack of records made or
retained by Adam Peeples for the business he operated in 2011 and 2012. At trial,
Adam Peeples testified he operated a business called LeGrand, LLC; it sold
commemorative Silver Eagle coins under the trade name Silver Eagle Store. Mr.
Peeples was the sole member of LeGrand, LLC. It did some business in person but
primarily sold coins through eBay and accepted payments through PayPal. Mr.
Peeples also testified he had kept contemporaneous records for LeGrand, LLC—
consisting of a ledger listing assets, liabilities, owner’s equity, and individual
transactions as well as an envelope holding receipts. But he claims those records
were lost after the business ended, likely during one of his family’s moves in and
after 2012. He looked for the records several times and in several places during the
discovery phase of the case to verify they had actually been lost, but never found
them.
        The parties were nevertheless able to locate some relevant financial records.
For example, the Plaintiff introduced bank records from JPMorgan Chase Bank,
N.A. (“Chase”) both for LeGrand, LLC and another checking account of the
Debtors unrelated to LeGrand. The Plaintiff relies heavily on the fact that there
were some deposits in the LeGrand account of over $38,000 at one point in March
2012—over two years prior to the bankruptcy filing. During this period, LeGrand,
LLC’s account had withdrawals of $37,952, of which at least $29,170 was in cash.
On the witness stand, some five years after making the cash withdrawals, Mr.
Peeples could not recall the details of the cash withdrawals. He did testify that

8
      All future references to “Code,” “Section,” and “§” are to the Bankruptcy
Code, Title 11 of the United States Code, unless otherwise indicated.

                                            -5-
LeGrand, LLC commonly used cash to purchase coin inventory and that some of
the coin sales transactions had been captured in both eBay and PayPal statements
that the Plaintiff had obtained and used during the trial. In any event, the
bankruptcy court believed the Debtors when they denied having any of that cash
(or any coin inventory) when they filed bankruptcy two years later.
      The other part of the trial centered around the Plaintiff’s contention that the
Debtors had concealed assets within one year of bankruptcy by failing to attend the
state court collection proceedings that had been scheduled within a year of
bankruptcy. The Plaintiff focused on the Debtors’ alleged failure to disclose assets
in their bankruptcy schedules, including LeGrand, LLC’s purported inventory of
silver coins and income received from the sale of silver coins, a Barbie doll
collection, and personal goods such as DVDs, a laptop computer, and household
furnishings.
      Again, the evidence at trial suggested LeGrand, LLC’s operations had
essentially ceased in April of 2012, but in any event by the summer of 2012. Thus,
like the cash, there was apparently no remaining inventory of coins or income from
sales to either conceal, or fail to disclose, in the bankruptcy or in any earlier
collection proceeding. Regarding the Barbie dolls, the bankruptcy court received
testimony from the Plaintiff’s expert that seven of the dolls had a combined value
of $1,175, and the final twenty dolls had a value of $3,150. But the bankruptcy
court also heard from Mrs. Peeples about these dolls—that she had collected them
since childhood as a hobby, that they had been removed from their original boxes,
had been handled extensively, and had been displayed outside of their boxes.
Ultimately, the bankruptcy court gave little weight to the expert’s testimony,
finding the expert did not clearly articulate his methodology and had not personally

                                          -6-
inspected the dolls. As such, the bankruptcy court assigned minimal value,
“perhaps no more than that of used toys,” to the dolls. 9
      The Plaintiff also argued that the Debtors’ discharge should be denied for
concealing other assets. 10 The Debtors admitted they had not specifically itemized
and disclosed in their bankruptcy schedules their ownership of DVDs they had
mostly acquired at thrift shops for their children for $1 or $2 each, of an always
“fidgety” and originally very inexpensive laptop computer purchased two years
before bankruptcy, and other household furnishings of minimal value. 11 The
bankruptcy court concluded that the Debtors lacked valuable assets when they filed
their bankruptcy petition or within the year preceding the filing, finding that the
Debtors had no intent to conceal assets.
      The bankruptcy court came to the same conclusion regarding the Plaintiff’s
claim that the Debtors had intended to hinder, delay, or defraud him by not
attending the collection hearings in 2013. Noting that they literally had no assets of
value to hide, the court could find no evidence that they had the requisite intent
when they failed to appear. Additional evidence supporting the bankruptcy court’s
conclusion that these Debtors had no real assets to hide includes these facts taken
from the Debtors’ bankruptcy filings: neither had any income in 2012-2014 and
were both unemployed on the petition date, they had no business with any net
income in 2012-2014, they had miscellaneous pay day type loans (which typically

9
      Memorandum Decision at 16, in Appellant’s App. at 216.
10
       The Plaintiff originally asserted this as a § 727(a)(4) claim, alleging that
the Debtors failed to list these assets in their bankruptcy schedules. The
bankruptcy court held against the Plaintiff on this claim, finding that it could not
infer a fraudulent intent from failure to list assets of such de minimis value. The
Plaintiff does not appeal the denial of his § 727(a)(4) claim, instead now
emphasizing that he cannot know what property was concealed because of the
Debtors’ failure to attend collection proceedings in violation of § 727(a)(2) and
because of Mr. Peeples’ failure to retain business records.
11
      Memorandum Decision at 34, in Appellant’s App. at 234.

                                           -7-
come with high interest rates), they had over $329,000 in unsecured debt dating
back to 2004, including numerous bank overdraft charges and over $80,000 in
loans from individuals and relatives, and they still had no car almost five years
after their then 11 year old car had been repossessed in 2012. Mrs. Peeples even
needed to resort to selling the majority of the Barbie dolls she had collected since
childhood, for around $10 apiece, in the fall of 2012 to raise funds to support the
large family. Finally, these Debtors were so strapped they even had to borrow the
money to hire an attorney to file the bankruptcy and to pay the filing fee.
      II. Appellate Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
      “With the consent of the parties, this Court has jurisdiction to hear timely-
filed appeals from ‘judgments, orders, and decrees’ of bankruptcy courts within the
Tenth Circuit.” 12 An order resolving all claims asserted in an adversary proceeding
is a final order for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 158(a). 13 Neither the Plaintiff nor the
Debtors elected for this appeal to be heard by the United States District Court
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(c). Accordingly, this Court has jurisdiction over this
appeal.
      Whether to grant or deny a discharge falls within the bankruptcy court’s
discretion and is reviewed for abuse of discretion. 14 However, a bankruptcy court’s
legal conclusions are reviewed de novo, 15 while the “factual findings, which

12
      Straight v. Wyo. Dep’t of Trans. (In re Straight), 248 B.R. 403, 409 (10th
Cir. BAP 2000) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), (b)(1), and (c)(1)).
13
       Adelman v. Fourth Nat’l Bank & Tr. Co, N.A., of Tulsa (In re Durability,
Inc.), 893 F.2d 264, 266 (10th Cir. 1990) (“the appropriate ‘judicial unit’ for
application of [ ] finality requirements in bankruptcy is not the overall case, but
rather the particular adversary proceeding” (citing multiple cases)).
14
     United States Tr. v. Garland (In re Garland), 417 B.R. 805, 810 (10th Cir.
BAP 2009).
15
       Lang v. Lang (In re Lang), 293 B.R. 501, 508 (10th Cir. BAP 2003) (first
citing Phillips v. White (In re White), 25 F.3d 931, 933 (10th Cir. 1994), and then
                                                                        (continued...)

                                          -8-
underpin [the bankruptcy court’s] legal conclusions, are reviewed for clear error.” 16
A factual finding is “clearly erroneous” when “it is without factual support in the
record, or, if the appellate court, after reviewing all the evidence is left with the
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” 17
      III. Analysis
             A.     Issues Presented on Appeal
      We begin by defining the scope of this Court’s review. At trial, the Plaintiff
sought to deny the dischargeability of the debts the Debtors owe him pursuant to
two subsections of § 523 and to also deny the Debtors’ their entire discharge
pursuant to five subsections of § 727. In his appellate brief, however, the Plaintiff
only addresses his § 727(a)(2)(A) and (a)(3) claims. Accordingly, our review is
confined to those claims. 18
             B.     Failure to Keep Records - § 727(a)(3)
      As we recently reiterated in Martinez v. Sears (In re Sears), a prima facie
case under § 727(a)(3) requires a creditor or trustee to show that the “debtor ‘failed
to maintain and preserve adequate records and that the failure made it impossible to

(...continued)
citing Fowler Bros. v. Young (In re Young), 91 F.3d 1367, 1370 (10th Cir. 1996)).
16
       Martinez v. Sears (In re Sears), 565 B.R. 184, 188 (10th Cir. BAP 2017)
(citing Gullickson v. Brown (In re Brown), 108 F.3d 1290, 1292 (10th Cir. 1997);
see also The Cadle Co. v. Stewart (In re Stewart), 263 B.R. 608, 611 (10th Cir.
BAP 2001)); United States Tr. v. Garland (In re Garland), 417 B.R. 805, 810
(10th Cir. 2009).
17
       In re Sears, 565 B.R. at 188 (quoting Le Maire ex rel. Le Maire v. United
States, 826 F.3d 949, 953 (10th Cir. 1987)).
18
       Bronsen v. Swensen, 500 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007) (explaining “the
omission of an issue in an opening brief generally forfeits appellate consideration
of that issue” (citing Wyoming v. Livingston, 443 F.3d 1211, 1216 (10th Cir.
2006))); Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1128 (10th Cir. 2011)
(stating “we will entertain forfeited theories on appeal, but we will reverse a
district court’s judgment on the basis of a forfeited theory only if failing to do so
would entrench a plainly erroneous result” (citing United States v. Zubia-Torres,
550 F.3d 1202, 1205 (10th Cir. 2008))).

                                           -9-
ascertain his [or her] financial condition and material business transactions.’” 19 If
this initial burden is met, the burden then shifts to the debtor to justify his or her
failure to maintain the records. The ultimate burden under § 727 rests with the
plaintiff and must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence.
      Section 727(a)(3) is intended to allow creditors to reasonably ascertain a
debtor’s present financial condition and to follow his business transactions for a
reasonable period in the past. 20 The scope of any debtor’s duty to maintain records,
however, depends on the nature of that debtor’s business (if any) and the facts and
circumstances of each case. 21 When a debtor conducts a business involving
substantial assets, “‘greater and better record keeping’ is warranted.” 22 But
“reasonably wide discretion is lodged in the bankruptcy court in determining
whether the books of account or records in a given case are sufficient to meet the
requirements of the statute.” 23 And in consumer cases, which this bankruptcy was
in all reality, debtors have a much diminished obligation to keep books. 24
      The record establishes—and the Plaintiff does not seriously challenge on
appeal—that Mr. Peeples 25 did, in fact, keep a ledger and receipts for LeGrand,

19
      In re Sears, 565 B.R. at 189 (quoting In re Stewart, 263 B.R. at 615).
20
      In re Asif, 455 B.R. 768, 791 (Bankr. D. Kan. 2011) (quoting Mercantile
Peninsula Bank v. French (In re French), 499 F.3d 345 (4th Cir. 2007).
21
     In re Sears, 656 B.R. at 189-90 (quoting Bailey v. Ogden (In re Ogden), No.
UT-98-042, 1999 WL 282732, at *6 (10th Cir. BAP Apr. 30, 1999)).
22
     Id. at 190 (quoting Caneva v. Sun Cmtys. Operating Ltd. P’ship (In re
Caneva), 550 F.3d 762 (9th Cir. 2008)).
23
     Johnson v. Bockman, 282 F.2d 544, 546 (10th Cir. 1960) (citing Marx v.
Garner (In re Marx), 125 F.2d 335 (7th Cir. 1942)).
24
      In re Ogden, 1999 WL 282732, at *6; 6 Collier on Bankruptcy
¶ 727.03[3][a] (16th ed. 2018).
25
       It appears the Plaintiff’s § 727(a)(3) claim is only against Mr. Peeples,
since there is no factual basis for charging Mrs. Peeples with failure to keep
                                                                         (continued...)

                                          -10-
LLC/Silver Eagle Store until the business ceased operating. The Plaintiff does
assign error to the bankruptcy court’s citation of case law involving the failure to
keep records, rather than the failure to preserve records. To the extent the Plaintiff
argues the court committed legal error in failing to recognize the distinction
between keeping and preserving records, this argument fails.
         It fails because the bankruptcy court quoted the text of § 727(a)(3), which
includes the preservation requirement. In addition to citing case law referencing
the requirement to keep records, the court also quoted case law stating: “The test is
whether there is available written evidence made and preserved from which the
present financial condition of the bankrupt and his business transactions . . . may
be ascertained.” 26 Therefore, the bankruptcy court recognized § 727(a)(3)’s
requirement to keep and preserve business records and thus did not commit legal
error.
         The Plaintiff next argues that because Mr. Peeples claimed he must have lost
the business records during his family moves, his discharge should be
automatically denied because he then failed to preserve those records. As a
preliminary matter, in so arguing, the Plaintiff ignores the last clause of
§ 727(a)(3), which excuses such failures if they were “justified under all of the
circumstances of the case.” The bankruptcy court held that the failure to preserve
the records was justified under all the circumstances, finding that Mr. Peeples
likely lost the business records when he moved his family to a different residence.
Such findings are reviewed for clear error, and we find none.

(...continued)
LeGrand, LLC business records.
26
      Memorandum Decision at 29, in Appellant’s App. at 229 (quoting Meridian
Bank v. Alten, 958 F.2d 1126, 1230 (3d Cir. 1992)).

                                           -11-
      In addition to finding that the loss of the records was justified, the
bankruptcy court also found that because certain records kept by third party
financial institutions with which Mr. Peeples did business had maintained those
records, it was also possible to ascertain the Debtors’ overall financial condition
by reviewing those records and examining other evidence presented. Specifically,
the bankruptcy court explained that it was reasonable for the Debtors to rely on
third parties (such as PayPal, Chase, and eBay) to maintain copies of various
business and household accounts that the Debtors could, in turn, access via the
internet “[g]iven the state of information technology and business practices.” 27
      The Plaintiff disagrees that Mr. Peeples should be allowed to rely on records
maintained by third parties to meet the requirement for him to preserve the
business records under § 727(a)(3). He also argues that even if that proposition was
generally true, the bankruptcy court abused its discretion to allow that here because
many of the account statements the bankruptcy court pointed to were not admitted
at trial (or in the case of the PayPal records, were admitted for the limited purpose
of showing the existence of the accounts and were impossible to interpret without a
competent witness).
      First, we agree with the bankruptcy court that in today’s electronic age, it is
reasonable for a debtor to assume that relatively recent financial records can be
easily accessed online without the need to simultaneously retain paper copies of
those records. 28 As a result, we reject the Plaintiff’s request for a holding that Mr.

27
       Id. at 30, in Appellant’s App. at 230. The Plaintiff complains that the
bankruptcy court referenced bank account records—plural—when in fact only the
records of one bank (Chase) was admitted. Although it does appear the court
erred in referencing “banks,” instead of noting that there were two separate Chase
bank accounts admitted into evidence, this Court finds that error immaterial in
light of the entire record on appeal.
28
     See Chase Bank USA, N.A. v. Ritter (In re Ritter), 404 B.R. 811, 834
(Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2009) (holding that the debtor was justified in failing to
                                                                        (continued...)

                                          -12-
Peeples’ failure to retain a “persistent backed-up copy” 29 of such records required
the bankruptcy court deny his discharge.
      Next, while it would be concerning to exclusively rely on third party records
that were never discussed nor admitted into evidence to satisfy the record
preservation requirement, there was adequate additional evidence that allowed the
bankruptcy court to evaluate the Debtors’ overall financial condition at the time
they filed their bankruptcy petition. First, there was no evidence that LeGrand,
LLC conducted any business after the spring or summer of 2012, or had any
remaining assets of any value thereafter. 30 As a result, the absence of more detailed
records was less relevant to ascertaining the Debtors’ finances two years later when
they filed for bankruptcy.
      As noted above, the record is replete with examples demonstrating how
financially strapped these Debtors were upon (and up to two years prior to) filing
bankruptcy, including their default on the lease payments, failure to follow through
with the contract to purchase the home due to their inability to obtain financing,
Mr. Peeples’ health conditions precluding him from working full time, their failure
to pay utility bills, the fact the family had needed to apply for a “pay day” type

(...continued)
personally maintain copies of account records for three credit cards because
it was “fair for the Debtor to assume that, regardless of whether she maintained a
set of past statements, her account information would nonetheless still exist in
electronic form and be retrievable—at least for a reasonable period of time”). But
see O’Hearn v. Gormally (In re Gormally), 550 B.R. 27, 54 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.
2016) (holding the determination is not whether the creditor could have obtained
from other sources some or all of the records necessary to reconstruct the debtor’s
history; instead the question is whether the creditor demonstrated a prima facie
case that debtor’s financial history could not be constructed from the records
provided by the debtor (citing a case with multi-million dollar assets and multiple
businesses: Bronfman v. O’Hara (In re O’Hara), No. 11-CV-0807, 2013 WL
1751001, at *7 (N.D.N.Y. Apr. 23, 2013)).
29
      Appellant’s Br. 29.
30
      See Cobra Well Testers, LLC v. Carlson (In re Carlson), No. 06-8158, 2008
WL 8677441, at *4-5 (10th Cir. Jan. 23, 2008) (holding debtor had no obligation
to keep business records where business assets were sold prior to petition date).

                                         -13-
loan through Check N’Go in June of 2012, as well as the Debtors’ general lack of
income after the unprofitable silver coin business stopped operating. There was
simply no hint the Debtors were hiding assets of any value, perhaps highlighted by
the Debtors’ decision to house their family of seven with a relative for at least the
four years preceding the trial and electing to not replace their only (then 11 year
old) vehicle after its repossession in 2012.
      The Plaintiff also makes much of the evidence surrounding $29,398 in cash
withdrawals from the business in March of 2012, and the surrounding testimony of
a witness—Evan Twede—regarding some of that cash. The Plaintiff ultimately
speculates that if the Debtors had secretly invested that money back in 2012 in
bitcoins, their “net worth could potentially be millions today.” 31 Again, we find no
fault here with the bankruptcy court’s conclusion that since the business had
essentially ceased to function two years before the bankruptcy, the failure to have
preserved the business records that might have shown the ultimate use for each of
those dollars does not justify a finding that Mr. Peeples should be denied his
discharge in light of all the circumstances.
      C.     Concealment of property of the estate - § 727(a)(2)(A)
       To prevail on his § 727(a)(2)(A) claim, the Plaintiff must show by a
preponderance of the evidence that (1) these Debtors transferred, removed,
concealed, destroyed, or mutilated, (2) property of the estate, (3) within a year
prior to the bankruptcy filing, and (4) did so with actual intent to hinder, delay, or
defraud him. 32 The Plaintiff only argues concealment here.
      A debtor generally conceals property by “retaining all preexisting property
interests by attempts to keep the property out of reach of creditors or the estate by
31
      Appellant’s Br. 27.
32
      Gullickson v. Brown (In re Brown), 108 F.3d 1290, 1293 (10th Cir. 1997)
and Marine Midland Bus. Loans, Inc. v. Carey (In re Carey), 938 F.2d 1073, 1077
(10th Cir.1991) (requiring “actual intent to defraud”).

                                          -14-
secreting or refusing to reveal the location of the property.” 33 It thus stands to
reason that for the Plaintiff to prevail, he must show that the Debtors likely had
assets of value to conceal, and were thus motivated to hide that information from
the Plaintiff so he could not execute on that property to satisfy his default
judgments. The bankruptcy court recognized this issue by placing the burden on
the Plaintiff “to establish that the Peeples owned and concealed [valuable]
property.” 34
       The Plaintiff argues the bankruptcy court was required to find that the
Debtors concealed assets within the year preceding bankruptcy, with the intent to
hinder, delay, or defraud him, merely by electing not to attend the collection
hearings and to evade service of process for those hearings in 2013. The Plaintiff
also argues the bankruptcy court erred in interpreting § 727(a)(2)(A), alleging it
failed to individually analyze “intent to hinder” from “intent to delay” from “intent
to defraud.” The Plaintiff cites the Tenth Circuit’s unpublished decision, Rupp v.
Pearson, 35 for the proposition that he only needs “to show actions [were] taken
with intent to ‘hinder or delay creditors.’” 36
       As a preliminary matter, we agree that a plain reading of § 727(a)(2)(A)
requires only that a party prove, as the fourth element, that the debtor did any of
the three actions by a preponderance of the evidence: intent to hinder, or intent to
delay, or intent to defraud. The bankruptcy court did not hold otherwise. It found
that Plaintiff failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the Debtors’

33
      Fraudulent transfers and concealment (Code § 727(a)(2))—Intent of debtor,
4 Norton Bankr. L. & Prac. 3d § 86:5 (3d ed. 2018).
34
       Memorandum Opinion at 27, in Appellant’s App. at 227.
35
       658 F. App’x 446, 450 (10th Cir. 2016).
36
       Id.

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failure to attend the collection hearings was done with an actual intent to hinder or
delay the Plaintiff’s collection actions or to defraud him.
      The Plaintiff insisted at trial, and continues to insist, that the Debtors had
property in the form of cash assets and perhaps silver coins within a year of
bankruptcy and that the Debtors’ failure to appear at the collection hearings
prevented the Plaintiff from discovering that or additional property the Debtors
owned during that timeframe.
      To the first argument, the Plaintiff fails to point to evidence of specific
property the bankruptcy court overlooked. The court found no evidence the Debtors
owned any property of value from June 2012 forward. To the extent the Plaintiff
relies on the fact Mr. Peeples had withdrawn approximately $29,000 in several
cash transactions in March of 2012, that withdrawal was well outside
§ 727(a)(2)(A)’s one-year lookback period and it was well before any of the
collection hearings. We also find no error with the bankruptcy court’s logical
conclusion that the Debtors’ family of seven “would need this income for living
expenses, including payment of rent to the [Plaintiff].” 37
       In support of his second argument, the Plaintiff cites case law from outside
of the Tenth Circuit generally holding a debtor acts with intent to hinder or delay
by flouting collection attempts. But in each of those cases, the evidence showed the
debtors had in fact transferred or concealed valuable property, such that earlier
collection efforts might have made an actually valuable asset available for
collection. Again, on appeal, the only asset the Plaintiff points to is the $29,000
cash withdrawn from the business account during March 2012. 38 But again, this

37
      Memorandum Decision at 38, in Appellant’s App. at 238.
38
      Although the Plaintiff vigorously argued at trial about the value of Mrs.
Peeples’ Barbie dolls—even calling an expert witness from Florida to testify in
the Utah court about the value of the dolls, and also suggested the family’s used
                                                                       (continued...)

                                          -16-
withdrawal occurred before the Plaintiff had any legitimate claim for rent or a
judgment and well outside the one-year period required by § 724(a)(2)(A).
      We will also address the contention that if Mr. Peeples had only preserved
the business records, the Plaintiff would have been able to prove concealment. But
the Plaintiff had the benefit of discovery in the adversary proceeding and still
failed to convince the bankruptcy court that the Debtors concealed any assets, let
alone that they did so with the intent to hinder or delay. The trial court had the
ability during three days of trial to assess the Debtors, including during their
individual testimony. While the bankruptcy court did not always find Mr. Peeples’
testimony credible, 39 it was ultimately convinced that the Debtors had no
significant assets to conceal, and thus they had no motivation to hinder or delay the
Plaintiff when they failed to attend the collection hearings.
      Although we do not excuse the Debtors’ decision not to obey a state court
order(s) to appear, we also do not find that, without more, the decisions they made
not to attend constitute proof of an intent to delay or hinder collection. In sum, in
light of the abundant evidence showing these Debtors had no valuable assets to
conceal at the time of these collection proceedings, we find no error in the
bankruptcy court’s decision not to infer intent merely by the Debtors’ decision to
avoid those hearings.

(...continued)
DVD collection, and a cheap and dated laptop computer, were all valuable assets
he could have learned about at a collection hearing, he appears to have wisely
dropped all argument that there were assets of value except the possibility the
cash withdrawn in March 2012 might have still been in the Debtors’ possession
by the time of the collection hearings a year later.
39
       For example, the bankruptcy court did not find credible Mr. Peeples’
testimony that his business was successful (but admittedly made no profit).
Instead the bankruptcy court held that “[a]lthough the Court does not find Mr.
Peeples’[] testimony credible, that does not establish that his business was
successful. In fact, the evidence is that his business was neither successful nor
significant.” Memorandum Decision at 12-13, in Appellant’s App. at 212-13.

                                          -17-
      IV.    Conclusion
      Since 2012, when he elected to rent a home to the Debtors’ large family
without first confirming they had the financial ability to pay the $3,000 a month
rent, the Plaintiff has aggressively pursued these Debtors. Soon after he filed his
fourth state court action aimed at collecting the unpaid rent, the Debtors filed
bankruptcy seeking a fresh start. Noting that the Bankruptcy Code must be
construed liberally in favor of debtors and strictly against creditors, the bankruptcy
court ultimately found that the Plaintiff had not met his burden to prove that the
Debtors had valuable assets that they had concealed within a year of filing
bankruptcy, or that Mr. Peeples had improperly failed to keep or retain records.
The bankruptcy court also found that their failure to attend collection hearings was
not done with the intent to hinder, delay, or defraud the Plaintiff. Our review of all
the evidence leaves us with no definite or firm conviction that a mistake has been
made. Finding no abuse of the bankruptcy court’s discretion, the judgment is
AFFIRMED.

      CONCURRENCE, by J. Romero joined by J. Michael.
      We fully concur with the findings of Judge Karlin in the above ruling.
      This concurrence is to acknowledge this opinion brings to an end the notable
tenure of Judge Janice Karlin with the Tenth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel.
Throughout this period, Judge Karlin has exhibited her remarkable legal abilities
and to her peers, has been a joy to work with and has served as an inspiration to all
of us. We thank her for giving us the privilege of working with her and will miss
her in the years to come.

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