Court Opinion

ID: 9693900
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-25 17:09:27.544557+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:10:52.797768
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: AUGUST 18, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

           Commonwealth of Kentucky
                  Court of Appeals

                     NO. 2022-CA-0372-MR

RODRICK JOHNSON AND ANGELA
JOHNSON                                             APPELLANTS

           APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT
v.           HONORABLE DANIEL J. ZALLA, JUDGE
                   ACTION NO. 17-CI-00646

NORTHERN KENTUCKY WATER
DISTRICT; CHRISTOPHER N.
CRUZE; DONALD G. HILKER;
DONNA VONDERHAAR;
EVERGREEN CEMETERY
COMPANY; JAMES H.
VONDERHAAR; JANET BERTSCH;
JENNIFER GRONECK; JUDITH
SANZENBACKER; LARRY W.
LONG; MARY JO LONG; MEGEN
CRUZE; NORTHERN KENTUCKY
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH
FOUNDATION, INC.; RICHARD
SANZENBACKER; RONALD L.
BERTSCH; SANITATION DISTRICT
NO. 1 OF NORTHERN KENTUCKY;
THOMAS GRONECK; AND
WILLIAM FIGGINS
                                                     APPELLEES
                                 OPINION
                         REVERSING AND REMANDING

                                     ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CALDWELL, GOODWINE, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

MCNEILL, JUDGE: Rodrick and Angela Johnson (“Johnsons”) appeal from the

Campbell Circuit Court’s judgment finding they have no legal right to a certain

right-of-way to access their property because their predecessors-in-interest

abandoned the easement. Because the trial court’s finding concerning intent to

abandon was not supported by substantial evidence, we reverse and remand.

             This is a declaratory judgment action in which the Johnsons seek

recognition of their right to access their property via a right-of-way referred to by

the parties as Covington Waterworks Road (“CWR”). Appellee homeowners1 and

Appellee Evergreen Cemetery Company (“Evergreen”) own property adjacent to

the Johnsons’ property. All parties’ properties stem from a common source. In

1913, Herman Feldman conveyed to Evergreen 53.6 acres of a 98-acre parcel of

real estate. The Johnsons’ and homeowners’ properties derive from Feldman’s

remainder.

             The Johnsons’ claimed easement arises from the 1913 Feldman-

Evergreen deed, which provided:

1
 Appellee homeowners are Richard Sanzenbacker, Judith Sanzenbacker, Donald Hilker, Larry
Long, Mary Jo Long, James H. Vonderhaar, Donna Vonderhaar, and William Figgins.

                                           -2-
             The grantors, their heirs, executors, administrators and
             assigns, and the grantee, its successors and assigns, shall
             have mutual and equal right to the use the [sic] that
             portion of the Budde Road, sometimes called the
             Covington Water Works Road, as extends from the west
             to the east boundary of the land herein conveyed; and
             shall keep the same in repair, each bearing an equal
             proportion of the cost of said repairs.

The Johnsons filed a complaint in Campbell Circuit Court seeking a declaration of

right to use CWR; that the road cannot be unilaterally narrowed, closed, or

widened; and that the property owners bear a proportionate share of the cost of

maintaining the road. A bench trial was held on November 3-5, 2021. Prior to

trial, the court and parties twice visited the site and walked the alleged right-of-

way.

             Much of the trial testimony centered on the location of CWR, which is

disputed, with the Johnsons and appellee homeowners both offering testimony

from licensed surveyors. Relevant to the issue of abandonment, appellee

homeowner Larry Long testified he had never seen a vehicle on CWR in twenty

years, or any evidence of such. According to Long, there are a lot of trees in the

roadway, some as large as two to three feet in diameter. The roadway is also

covered in brush, roots, and ruts, from erosion. Long also testified there were

manholes in the roadway, but he did not describe them or say how many.

             Appellee homeowner James Vonderhaar similarly testified he had

never seen a vehicle on CWR in the thirty-two years he had lived there. He also

                                          -3-
stated the roadway is full of brush and trees. Evergreen’s president, Fred Haas,

claimed it was not even aware the road existed until the Johnsons contacted

Evergreen, and that it had no need for the road. Appellee Sanitation District No. 1

(“SD1”), who installed and maintains the manholes alongside and on CWR,

offered exhibits showing the sewer line’s location in 1974 and at present,2 but

offered no testimony. Neither the Johnsons nor their predecessors-in-interest

testified.3

                 Following the evidence, the trial court denied the Johnsons’ petition

for declaration of rights, finding their predecessors-in-interest had abandoned the

easement. The court noted the presence of “large trees, undergrowth, abrupt

changes in elevation, and significant above-ground, concrete sanitation manholes”

in the roadway, which it observed during its site visit. The court described the

manholes as “two to three feet above ground” and found their presence “makes the

road impossible to navigate and use for vehicular traffic.” Based upon SD1’s 1974

map of its sewer line, the court determined the road had not been used since that

time.

2
    For whatever reason, these exhibits are not in the record on appeal.
3
  According to the parties’ Joint Exhibit 1, those predecessors-in-interest are (from most recent to
least recent): Brian and Deanna Markus and Lawrence and Shauna Vogt, Sherrie Johnson and
Nancy Star May, John T. Johnson, Ernest Johnson, and Verax.

                                                  -4-
                The court found that by acquiescing to the placement of manholes

within the road, the Johnsons’ predecessors-in-interest clearly showcased their

intent to abandon its use for vehicular ingress and egress because “[s]uch manholes

are inconsistent with the easement holders’ use and enjoyment of the road.”

Because of its ruling, the court found it unnecessary to determine the exact location

of the easement. This appeal followed.

                As this is an appeal from a bench trial, the court’s factual findings are

“not [to] be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the

opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.” CR4 52.01.

A factual finding is not clearly erroneous if it is supported by substantial evidence.

Moore v. Asente, 110 S.W.3d 336, 354 (Ky. 2003) (citation omitted). However,

we review the trial court’s conclusions of law de novo. Sawyers v. Beller, 384

S.W.3d 107, 110 (Ky. 2012) (citation omitted).

                The Johnsons’ core contention on appeal is that the trial court erred in

finding their easement abandoned. 5 They argue the trial court’s ruling was based

4
    Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
5
  The Johnsons make several related arguments about the trial court’s findings concerning the
location of the manholes, specifically that the manholes are in the roadway. The location of
CWR was disputed at trial and the trial court made no ruling on this issue. Regardless of the
actual location of the roadway, we assume for purposes of appeal that at least some manholes
can be found in the roadway. We would note that appellee homeowner Larry Long agreed that
manholes were in the roadway, which supports the trial court’s own observations during the site
visits. As such, substantial evidence supported this finding.

                                              -5-
primarily on its finding that the manholes obstruct the roadway, a finding not

supported by substantial evidence. 6 We agree the finding of abandonment was in

error, though for a slightly different reason than that explicitly argued by the

Johnsons. The Johnsons misconstrue the trial court’s holding concerning

abandonment, believing it was based upon adverse possession by SD1. However,

the trial court’s abandonment finding was premised on the intent of the Johnsons’

predecessors-in-interest, not adverse possession.

               Despite this confusion, we believe the Johnsons sufficiently preserved

their claim of error. In their reply brief, they state “[f]inding abandonment of an

express easement on nonuse alone, without . . . any other evidence evincing an

intention to abandon the easement is legal error . . . .” The trial court’s finding of

intent to abandon hinged on its finding that the manholes obstructed the roadway,

which the Johnsons dispute in their appellate brief. Therefore, we review the trial

court’s finding of intent to abandon.

6
  The Johnsons’ appellate brief does not conform to the Kentucky Rules of Appellate Procedure
(“RAP”) as it fails to make “reference to the record showing whether the issue was properly
preserved for review and, if so, in what manner.” RAP 32(A)(4). “Our options when an
appellate advocate fails to abide by the rules are: (1) to ignore the deficiency and proceed with
the review; (2) to strike the brief or its offending portions, [RAP 31(H)(1)]; or (3) to review the
issues raised in the brief for manifest injustice only[.]” Hallis v. Hallis, 328 S.W.3d 694, 696
(Ky. App. 2010) (citing Elwell v. Stone, 799 S.W.2d 46, 47 (Ky. App. 1990)). Because this is an
appeal from a bench trial and the Johnsons’ main challenge is to the sufficiency of the evidence,
we believe their arguments are properly preserved. See LCH Properties, LLC v. Fannin, No.
2011-CA-001993-MR, 2013 WL 2450526, at *3 (Ky. App. Jun. 7, 2013). Therefore, we elect to
ignore the deficiency and proceed with the review.

                                                -6-
             As an initial matter, the Johnsons base their claim of right to use CWR

on the 1913 Feldman-Evergreen deed. Although the trial court never made an

explicit finding concerning the existence of an easement, or its nature, its ruling

was based upon law pertaining to express easements, and it appears to have

assumed an express easement; therefore, for purposes of appeal, we will do the

same.

             It is the general rule in Kentucky that “[m]ere nonuser of an easement

created by deed, however long continued, does not create an abandonment.” City

of Harrodsburg v. Cunningham, 299 Ky. 193, 184 S.W.2d 357, 359 (1944)

(citation omitted). Nonuse must be accompanied “by unequivocal acts showing a

clear intention to abandon” the easement. Id. (citation omitted). This “intent to

abandon must be plainly and readily apparent.” Colyer v. Coyote Ridge Farm,

LLC, 565 S.W.3d 659, 664 (Ky. App. 2018). Further, the intent to abandon is “a

question of fact to be ascertained from all the circumstances of the case.” City of

Harrodsburg, S.W.2d at 359 (citation omitted). “And, we are mindful that

forfeitures of easements via abandonment are disfavored in Kentucky.” Colyer,

565 S.W.3d at 664 (citing Chitwood v. Whitlow, 313 Ky. 230 S.W.2d 641, 642

(1950)).

             The trial court found that CWR had not been used since March 1,

1974, the date of SD1’s Exhibit 1, which showed the manholes in existence at that

                                         -7-
time. As evidence of nonuse, it cited the “large trees, undergrowth, abrupt changes

in elevation, and significant, aboveground, concrete sanitation manholes” in the

roadway. It was these manholes, “stand[ing] two to three feet above the ground,”

which led to the trial court’s ultimate finding of abandonment. In addition to

nonuse, the trial court found that by permitting the construction of the manholes,

the Johnsons’ predecessors-in-interest clearly manifested their intent to abandon

the road, because “[s]uch manholes constitute permanent obstructions to ingress

and egress over” CWR and “are [therefore] inconsistent with the road’s purpose

and further existence.”

              Thus, the trial court found that by allowing SD1 to place two to three

feet tall above-ground manholes in the roadway, the Johnsons’ predecessors-in-

interest demonstrated their intent to abandon the easement. This finding is

problematic, however, because it was based on the manholes as they appear today.

There was no testimony or evidence concerning the manholes as they existed in

1974. It is unclear from the record whether the manholes are above ground by

intent or due to other factors, such as erosion of the surrounding soil. In fact, the

evidence suggests at least some of the manholes are underground.7

7
  Appellee homeowners’ surveyor, William Reis, in a conversation with SD1’s counsel, stated he
only plotted the manholes that were visible above ground. Reis’s survey identified five of SD1’s
ten claimed manholes. Reis admitted it was possible he missed some if they were underground
or up the easement where he did not survey.

                                              -8-
             If the manholes in 1974 were all either underground (prior to erosion or tree

growth) or would not have impeded a subsequent improvement to the road by the

Johnsons, then their presence in the roadway would not be evidence of the

dominant estate’s intent to abandon the easement. Without evidence of the

manholes as they existed in 1974, there is no evidence of intent to abandon them.

The only other evidence supporting the trial court’s finding of abandonment was

the general state of disrepair of the roadway. But, as noted above, evidence of

nonuse alone cannot support a finding of abandonment of an easement by grant, no

matter how long. City of Harrodsburg, 184 S.W.2d at 359. Therefore, the trial

court’s finding of intent to abandon was clearly erroneous. See Rogers v.

Lexington-Fayette Urban Cnty. Government, 175 S.W.3d 569, 571 (Ky. 2005)

(citation omitted) (“On appellate review, the appellate court may determine that

findings are clearly erroneous if they are without adequate evidentiary support

. . . .”).

                  Because we reverse the trial court’s finding of abandonment of the

easement, on remand it will be necessary for the trial court to determine the

location of CWR, as well as any other unresolved issues raised in the Johnsons’

complaint.

                                              -9-
            Based upon the foregoing, the judgment of the Campbell Circuit

Court is reversed, and this matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent

with this Opinion.

            ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE
                                          EVERGREEN CEMETERY
Jason C. Kuhlman                          COMPANY:
Fort Mitchell, Kentucky
                                          John E. Lange, IV
                                          Newport, Kentucky

                                          BRIEFS FOR APPELLEES
                                          RICHARD AND JUDITH
                                          SANZENBACKER, DONALD
                                          HILKER, LARRY AND MARY JO
                                          LONG, JAMES AND DONNA
                                          VONDERHAAR, AND WILLIAM
                                          FIGGINS:

                                          James W. Morgan, Jr.
                                          Covington, Kentucky

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