Court Opinion

ID: 9914506
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-02 15:06:49.559636+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:13:18.171223
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Gabriel Pittman,                                  :
                               Petitioner         :
                                                  :
                       v.                         :    No. 476 M.D. 2022
                                                  :    Submitted: November 6, 2023
Commonwealth of PA.,                              :
PA DOC,                                           :
                               Respondents        :

BEFORE:        HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge
               HONORABLE STACY WALLACE, Judge
               HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
PRESIDENT JUDGE COHN JUBELIRER                        FILED: January 2, 2024

       Before this Court in our original jurisdiction are the preliminary objections
(POs) in the nature of demurrers1 filed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
Department of Corrections (DOC) to Gabriel Pittman’s (Petitioner) pro se “Original
Jurisdiction Petition for Review In the Nature of a Writ of Mandamus” (Petition).
In his Petition, Petitioner, an inmate currently incarcerated at the State Correctional
Institution (SCI) at Huntingdon, asserts numerous violations of his rights under the
United States Constitution occurred when he was transferred to another prison and
was not released from incarceration under former Governor Tom Wolf’s (Wolf)

       1
          Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1028(a)(4) states that preliminary objections may
be filed by any party for legal insufficiency of a pleading (demurrer). Pa.R.Civ.P. 1028(a)(4). A
preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer tests “the legal sufficiency” of the petition and
will be sustained in cases where the pleader has “clearly failed to state a claim for which relief can
be granted.” Clark v. Beard, 918 A.2d 155, 158-59 n.4 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007). “The demurrer may
be granted only in cases which are so free from doubt that a trial would certainly be a fruitless
exercise.” Id.
Reprieve of Sentence of Incarceration Program (Reprieve Program) initiated due to
the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) and requests mandamus, declaratory,
and injunctive relief.2         Petitioner also requests mandamus, declaratory, and
injunctive relief for similar reasons in “Petitioner’s Motion for Forthwith
Peremptory Judgment” (Motion) filed in this Court on January 23, 2023. Because
Petitioner has failed to demonstrate a clear right to relief that necessitates the
issuance of a writ of mandamus, and we conclude that he has otherwise failed to
state a claim upon which declaratory or injunctive relief can be granted, we sustain
DOC’s POs in the nature of demurrers, dismiss Petitioner’s Petition, and dismiss
Petitioner’s Motion as moot.

I.     BACKGROUND
       Petitioner has been incarcerated since August 1998 and states in his Petition
that his challenges herein do not pertain to his convictions or sentence.3 (Petition
¶¶ 2-3.) Petitioner argues his detention is akin to “modern slavery” in that DOC had

       2
           On March 6, 2020, Wolf utilized the powers granted to him under Section 7301(c) of the
Emergency Management Services Code (EMS Code), 35 Pa.C.S. § 7301(c), and proclaimed that
a disaster emergency existed in the Commonwealth due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Pursuant to
the authority of Section 7301(a), (f)(5), and (f)(7) of the EMS Code, 35 Pa.C.S. § 7301(a), (f)(5),
(f)(7), and article IV, section 9(a) of the Pennsylvania Constitution, Pa. Const., art. IV, § 9(a), on
April 10, 2020, Wolf issued an order directing the DOC to establish the Reprieve Program. Fultze
v. Pa. Parole Bd. (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 77 C.D. 2021, filed Dec. 15, 2021), slip op. at 2 & n.2. While
not binding, this Court’s unreported opinions may be cited for their persuasive authority pursuant
to Rule 126(b) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, Pa.R.A.P. 126(b), and Section
414(a) of our Internal Operating Procedures, 210 Pa. Code § 69.414(a).
         3
           We note that Petitioner also states in his Motion that his “conviction” is not at issue in
this matter. (Motion ¶ 11.) However, he seems to contradict this position in his Petition where he
says he is challenging his “facial and as-applied alleged unconstitutional detention,” (Petition ¶ 4),
in his Motion where he alleges he was convicted following “unknowing guilty and
nolo[]contendere pleas,” (Motion ¶ 7), and in his brief where he argues he “is a prisoner
unconstitutionally confined,” (Petitioner’s Brief (Br.) at 2).

                                                  2
“taken possession” of his “body” in 1998 and over the years required him to spend
time in the restrictive housing unit (RHU) and transferred him numerous times to
various prisons after labeling him “a risk or threat to staff” and as “suffering from
serious mental illness.” (Id. ¶¶ 4-6, 8, 23.) Petitioner claims that DOC is dependent
upon federal funding and, to obtain that funding, has held him and “black and brown
prisoners” in aged facilities with overcrowded and unclean conditions, including
“black mold, dust, dirt, [and] grime from the age of time,” without utilizing any
federal monies to improve the prisons. (Id. ¶¶ 6, 8-10, 12, 17.) Petitioner asserts
that he was at a lesser risk of contracting COVID-19 at SCI-Houtzdale, where he
was housed at the outset of the pandemic, which was especially important to him
due to his having an underlying health condition. (Id. ¶¶ 10-11.) Notwithstanding,
rather than releasing him to serve the remainder of his 26-year prison sentence on
house arrest in light of the Reprieve Program, administrators at SCI-Houtzdale
brought in prisoners from other prisons, creating overcrowding, and transferred
Petitioner to SCI-Huntingdon, which he claims is one of the “oldest, dirtiest,
COVID-susceptible, black mold-infested prisons in the state.” (Id. ¶¶ 12-13, 16-17.)
As a result of his transfer, Petitioner states he has become ill and has difficulty
breathing.   (Id. ¶ 13.)   Petitioner alleges that the state parole procedures are
effectively controlled and regulated by federal spending and have allowed
deplorable conditions in state prisons to continue despite the presence of COVID-
19. (Id. ¶¶ 19-21.) According to Petitioner, DOC’s acceptance of federal funding
while keeping him incarcerated violates his rights under the Fourth, Fifth, Eighth,
Ninth, Tenth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution, U.S. Const. amends,
IV, V, VIII, IX, X, and XIV. (Id. ¶¶ 23, 28.) Petitioner further claims these same
rights also were violated as a result of DOC transferring him to SCI-Huntingdon and

                                         3
DOC automatically excluding him from the Reprieve Program as a “violent
offender.” (Id. ¶¶ 14-15, 24-26.)
      Petitioner asks this Court to declare that his imprisonment constitutes “cruel
and unusual punishment” in that he has been excluded from eligibility for a “stay of
execution of sentence” available due to COVID-19 and violates his “due process”
and “equal protection” rights under the Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth,
Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, U.S.
Const. amends, IV, V, VIII, IX, X, XIII, and XIV. (Id. ¶¶ 23, 25.) Petitioner also
posits that DOC’s receipt of federal funding through such programs as the Violent
Offender Incarceration and Truth in Sentencing (VOITIS) incentive grant program4
violates his personal, and the entire state of Pennsylvania’s, Tenth Amendment
rights. (Id. ¶¶ 14, 19, 28-29.) Petitioner further requests this Court to declare that
his “malicious[]” transfer from SCI-Houtzdale to SCI-Huntingdon allegedly to
reduce the prison population at SCI-Houtzdale instead was motivated by “pecuniary
interest” and constituted “an unreasonable seizure and taking title to [his] body.”
(Id. ¶¶ 24-25, 30.) Petitioner also seeks injunctive relief to prevent prisons from
accepting federal funding, to order DOC to return misappropriated funds to the
federal government, and to permit Petitioner’s release from prison due to COVID-
19. Additionally, Petitioner requests a bus ticket to Washington D.C., a $3,500.00
payment, a stay of execution of imprisonment, a permanent transfer to be housed in
a single cell in the general population at SCI-Phoenix, and multiple electronic

      4
          34 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12113.

                                          4
amenities and internet services for his use and that of other prisoners while
incarcerated. (Id. ¶ 31.)5
       In its POs, DOC first argues that the Petition sounds in mandamus, as
Petitioner seeks declaratory and injunctive relief when asking this Court to prohibit
DOC from receiving federal funding and to compel DOC to release him from prison
under COVID-19 “based stay of execution,” and transfer him to SCI-Phoenix. (POs
¶¶ 11-12, 15.) According to DOC, Petitioner has failed to establish a clear right to
relief because an inmate does not enjoy a constitutional right to be housed in a
particular prison and transfer decisions are within the broad discretion of DOC.
Also, DOC asserts Petitioner failed to plead facts showing that his transfer was
punitive or without a legitimate penological reason. (Id. ¶¶ 19-24.) DOC also points
out that Petitioner, who is serving a sentence for third degree murder,6 did not have
an automatic right to participate in the Reprieve Program, which was limited to
qualifying inmates. (Id. ¶¶ 29-30, 33.) Finally, DOC posits that none of Petitioner’s
constitutional claims entitle him to relief. (Id. ¶¶ 32-68.) DOC observes that

       5
          In his Motion, Petitioner argues that under the Tenth Amendment and established United
States Supreme Court caselaw, the federal courts do not have jurisdiction to convict and punish
individuals for crimes committed within the states. (Motion ¶¶ 2-6, 10.) According to Petitioner,
VOITIS and other “sentencing policies” enacted in 1995 “compelled” and “regulated” his
receiving the maximum sentence for his crimes, influence parole decisions, and are “incompatible
with our constitutional system of dual sovereignty” in violation of the Tenth Amendment. (Id.
¶¶ 7-10.) Petitioner repeats his prayer for: mandamus relief ordering his discharge from prison;
declaratory relief that his continued imprisonment violates his “clearly established” rights under
the “Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Amendments”; injunctive
relief enjoining DOC from holding him in custody and from continuing to accept federal funds;
and injunctive relief “for travelling and clothing expense purposes only” and “$3,500.00 in [the
form of] cash” or a “pre-paid debit card.” (Id., Wherefore Clause a-e.)
        6
           Petitioner pled guilty to third degree murder and related charges on July 6, 1998,
stemming from the shooting death of an acquaintance and was sentenced to an aggregate term of
26 years to 59 years in prison. Commonwealth v. Pittman, 737 A.2d 272, 273 (Pa. Super. 1999).
Petitioner also references a conviction from 2016, but he does not identify the nature of that
conviction. (Petition ¶ 25).

                                                5
Petitioner has failed to allege facts to show how the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition
of unreasonable searches and seizures applies to him and that his argument that his
“body” has been taken for public use without just compensation is not a viable claim
under the Fifth Amendment. (Id. ¶¶ 36-41.) DOC also states that Petitioner’s
averments that he was at a lower risk of contracting COVID-19 when he was
incarcerated at SCI-Houtzdale and of the unclean conditions at SCI-Huntingdon do
not satisfy the elements necessary to show a violation of the Eighth Amendment,
and the Ninth Amendment does not confer an independent basis for recovering on
this claim. (Id. ¶¶ 42-53.) DOC further contends its acceptance of federal funds
through programs like the VOITIS incentive program by ensuring violent offenders
serve a “substantial portion” of their sentence or by demonstrating that “it has
implemented truth-in-sentencing laws that require persons convicted of a violent
crime to serve not less than 85 % of the sentence imposed” does not constitute a
Tenth Amendment violation because the federal government cannot control state
action by forcing states to accept conditions for funding; it can induce state action
by promising federal funding if those conditions are met. (Id. ¶¶ 54-60.) Finally,
DOC argues that Petitioner’s claims of forced labor and the taking of his person in
violation of the Thirteenth Amendment lack merit, and his transfer does not
constitute a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. (Id. ¶¶ 61-68.)

II.   DISCUSSION
      “[T]he question presented in a demurrer is whether, on the facts averred, the
law indicates with certainty that no recovery is possible.” Stilp v. General Assembly,
974 A.2d 491, 494 (Pa. 2009). When ruling on preliminary objections in the nature
of a demurrer, this Court must consider as true all well-pleaded material facts set
forth in the petition and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom.

                                          6
Torres v. Beard, 997 A.2d 1242, 1245 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010). We “need not accept as
true conclusions of law, unwarranted inferences from facts, argumentative
allegations, or expressions of opinion.” Id. Before we will sustain preliminary
objections, “it must appear with certainty that the law will not permit recovery, and
any doubt should be resolved by a refusal to sustain them.” Id. Also, when
considering a preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer, we “must confine
[our] analysis to the [petition].” Id. Thus, herein, we may determine only, based
upon the allegations in his Petition, whether Petitioner “possesses a cause of action
recognized at law.” Fraternal Ord. of Police Lodge No. 5 by McNesby v. City of
Philadelphia, 267 A.3d 531, 541 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2021).
      Petitioner’s Petition essentially requests mandamus relief, along with
declaratory and injunctive relief along with certain damages. In this regard, this
Court has stated the following:

      A writ of mandamus is an extraordinary remedy used to compel official
      performance of a ministerial act when a petitioner establishes a clear
      legal right, the respondent has a corresponding duty, and the petitioner
      has no other adequate remedy at law. Danysh v. Wetzel, 49 A.3d 1, 2
      (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012). The purpose of mandamus is to enforce rights that
      have been clearly established. Silo v. Commonwealth, 886 A.2d 1193,
      1195 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005). Mandamus may not be used to establish
      legal rights or to compel performance of discretionary acts. Maute v.
      Frank, 670 A.2d 737, 740 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1996). Although [the
      p]etitioners have titled their action as one in mandamus, they also
      request permanent injunctive relief. []             Like mandamus, [the
      p]etitioners’ threshold burden when seeking a permanent injunction is
      to establish a clear legal right to relief. Rosario v. Beard, 920 A.2d 931,
      934 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007). To secure injunctive relief, [the p]etitioners
      must demonstrate that the right to relief is clear, that there is an urgent
      necessity to avoid an injury which cannot be compensated in damages,
      and that the greater injury will result from refusing rather than granting
      the relief requested. Id.; Singleton v. Lavan, 834 A.2d 672, 674 (Pa.
      Cmwlth. 2003). Petitioners also request incidental damages pursuant
      to Section 8303 of the Judicial Code.5 42 Pa.C.S. § 8303.

                                          7
             FN5
                 Section 8303 of the Judicial Code provides: “A person
             who is adjudged in an action in the nature of mandamus to
             have failed or refused without lawful justification to
             perform a duty required by law shall be liable in damages
             to the person aggrieved by such failure or refusal.”

Tindell v. Dep’t of Corr., 87 A.3d 1029, 1034 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014).

      A.     Petitioner’s Right to Choose his Place of Incarceration.
      Petitioner challenges DOC’s authority to transfer him from SCI-Houtzdale to
SCI-Huntingdon and requests that this Court order his transfer to SCI-Phoenix with
his requested amenities. With regard to the transfer challenge, the Pennsylvania
Supreme Court has held that “administrative prisoner transfers are presumed to
further a legitimate penological objective unless a prisoner plaintiff proves
otherwise.” Yount v. Pa. Dep’t of Corr., 966 A.2d 1115, 1121 (Pa. 2009). To prove
otherwise, “a prisoner plaintiff must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence
he was retaliated against for exercising his constitutional rights and the retaliatory
action does not advance legitimate penological goals.” Id. Other than his general
allegations regarding SCI-Huntingdon’s relative uncleanliness and age, Petitioner
has not pled any facts to evince that his transfer at the outset of COVID-19 was done
without legitimate penological reasons or in an effort to punish him.
      Furthermore, despite his desire to have this Court order DOC to transfer him
to SCI-Phoenix, we simply cannot do so, for Petitioner does not have a clear legal
right to a transfer. To the contrary, Petitioner has no federal constitutional right to
be housed in a particular prison or to avoid transfer to another prison within the
Commonwealth, absent a violation of state law, and Petitioner has not alleged such
a violation in his Petition. Montanye v. Haymes, 427 U.S. 236, 242-43 (1976). For

                                          8
example, in a case involving prisoner transfers from a medium-security prison to a
maximum-security prison, the United States Supreme Court held that a prisoner’s
right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment does not protect every change
in the conditions of his confinement that are “substantially less favorable” to him
“absent a state law or practice conditioning such transfers on proof of serious
misconduct or the occurrence of other specified events.” Meachum v. Fano, 427
U.S. 215, 215 (1976).       Because the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment is not so broad, it does not create a liberty interest in prisoners to be
free from intrastate prison transfers which are within the normal limits of custody
and the conviction authorizes the state to impose. Id. at 226-28. Here, Petitioner
has not alleged that he was subjected to any discipline or punishment upon his arrival
at SCI-Huntingdon, and his preference for SCI-Houtzdale and request for a transfer
to SCI-Phoenix are not rights for which he is entitled to the issuance of a mandamus
or injunctive relief. For this reason, we sustain DOC’s demurrer to this claim.

      B.     Petitioner’s Entitlement to Relief under Wolf’s Reprieve Program.
      Initially, it is well settled that an inmate “has no constitutional right to []
participate in a pre-release program.” Auberzinski v. Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 690
A.2d 776, 779 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1997). This Court has explained the purpose of the
Reprieve Program as follows:

      The purpose of this program was to curb the spread of [COVID-19]
      within the state correctional system by releasing certain inmates from
      incarceration, including inmates within 9 months of their minimum
      eligibility release date or any inmate with a medical condition that
      rendered them particularly vulnerable to the coronavirus who was
      within 12 months of such date. [] This order further provided that
      [Wolf] would “temporarily suspend the sentences of incarceration of
      those persons who qualify and comply with supervision requirements

                                          9
         for such length of time as may be necessary to respond to the Disaster
         Emergency proclaimed on March 6, 2020, or at such time as the
         Disaster Emergency is terminated.”

Fultze v. Pa. Parole Bd. (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 77 C.D. 2021, filed Dec. 15, 2021), slip
op. at 2. Moreover, citing to the lower court, the Superior Court further explained:

         Wolf issued an executive order to release 1,800 inmates in April of
         2020, and pardoned 300 or so non-violent marijuana[-]related offenses
         in March of 2021.[] However, the release of the prisoners in the first
         group were chosen by the [DOC] based on select criteria, including
         incarceration time remaining and level of risk pertaining to COVID-19
         complications. The second group involved non-violent marijuana
         related offenses. . . .

Commonwealth v. Book (Pa. Super., No. 976 WDA 2021, filed May 13, 2022), slip
op. at 12 (footnote and citation omitted).7
         In light of the foregoing, Petitioner has failed to show he had a right to be
released from incarceration under the Reprieve Program. Petitioner pled guilty to
third degree murder and related offenses in 1998 and received an aggregate sentence
of 26 to 59 years’ imprisonment; thus, he was not within 9-12 months of his
minimum eligibility release date, he was not serving his sentence for a non-violent
or marijuana related offense, and he has failed to support the single allegation in his
Petition that having an underlying medical condition would put him at a greater risk
for severe illness from COVID-19. Therefore, he has failed to state a claim for
mandamus or injunctive relief on this claim, and we sustain DOC’s demurrer to this
claim.

         7
      It is well settled that we may cite Superior Court cases for their persuasive value.
Commonwealth v. Monsanto Co., 269 A.3d 623, 653 n.20 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2021).

                                           10
      C.    Petitioner’s Entitlement to Relief for Violations of His Federal
Constitutional Rights.
             1.     Fourth Amendment Claim

      The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides

      [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
      and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
      violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
      supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
      to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

U.S. Const. amend. IV. Petitioner alleges that DOC took possession of his “body”
in 1998, (Petition ¶ 5), and baldly asserts in his prayer for relief that his imprisonment
violates his rights under the Fourth Amendment, (id. ¶ 23). However, his reliance
on this bare assertion, without a corresponding allegation that he was in some way
subjected to an unreasonable search or seizure, fails to show how Petitioner’s
imprisonment, which he also stated he was not challenging, (id. ¶ 3), is in violation
of his Fourth Amendment rights. Therefore, as he has failed to state a claim for
relief thereunder, DOC’s demurrer is sustained.

             2.     Fifth Amendment Claim
      Petitioner purports to invoke the Takings Clause which arises from the last
clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made applicable
to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, and provides that private property
shall not “be taken for public use, without just compensation.”             U.S. Const.
amend. V. However, Petitioner does not allege in his Petition that his personal
property was taken for a public use without just compensation. Rather, according to
Petitioner, the “taking” of his “body” “for public use without just compensation” and

                                           11
his imprisonment constitute a “modern slavery” over which he has no control and is
at the mercy of prison officials who are motivated by incentives flowing from their
receipt of federal funds. (Petition ¶¶ 5-6, 8-9, 23.) Petitioner supports these
allegations by pointing out that he is “expected to work” and is “unable to escape
due to threats of prosecution, violence, and death. . . .” (Id. ¶ 23.) However,
“[s]eizure of convicted prisoners and their personal property are not the kinds of
takings that are prohibited by the Fifth Amendment.” Thomas v. Stevens (W.D.
Mich., No. 1:22-CV-160, filed Aug. 16, 2022), 2022 WL 3367412 at *15.8 Thus,
the Takings Clause is not implicated herein. Hines v. Ferguson (E.D. Pa., No. 19-
CV-3139, filed July 31, 2019), 2019 WL 3504239 at *1. Therefore, Petitioner has
failed to state a claim under the Takings Clause, and we sustain DOC’s demurrer to
this claim.

               3.      Eighth Amendment Claim
       The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution states that
“[e]xcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and
unusual punishments inflicted.” U.S. Const. amend. VIII. Petitioner argues that his
transfer from SCI-Houtzdale to SCI-Huntingdon placed him at an increased risk of
contracting COVID-19 and “death” due to the unclean and overcrowded conditions
at the latter facility and his preexisting medical condition. (Petition ¶¶ 9-12).
Petitioner alleged the “old, dil[a]pidated, black-mold infested, inadequately
ventilated, COVID-[19] highly suscep[ti]ble” conditions at SCI-Huntingdon along

       8
          “Generally, federal court decisions are not binding on this Court. NASDAQ OMX PHLX,
Inc. v. PennMont Secs., 52 A.3d 296, 303 (Pa. Super. 2012)[]. However, we typically follow
Supreme Court or ‘Third Circuit precedent in preference to that of other jurisdictions’ in resolving
a federal issue. Id.” Penncrest Sch. Dist. v. Cagle, 293 A.3d 783, 786 n.2 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2023).

                                                12
with the “air alone” have caused him “coughing and sneezing fits” and “his lungs
and throat to feel inflamed all day and night.” (Id. ¶¶ 12-13, 23, 26.) Petitioner
claims that as a result of these prison conditions, DOC has subjected him and
“approximately 50,000 other state prisoners” to “cruel and unusual punishment.”
(Id. ¶¶ 23, 26.)
      Conditions of confinement violate the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on
cruel and unusual punishment if they satisfy two criteria. First, the challenged
conditions “must be[]objectively[] sufficiently serious” such that a “prison official’s
act or omission . . . result[s] in the denial of the minimal civilized measure of life’s
necessities.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 825, 834 (1994) (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted).       Second, the officials responsible for the
deprivation must exhibit a “sufficiently culpable state of mind,” which “[i]n prison-
conditions cases . . . is one of ‘deliberate indifference’ to inmate health or safety.”
Id. at 834. In this regard, this Court has explained:

      “[D]eficiencies and inadequacies in prison conditions do not
      necessarily violate the Eighth Amendment. The amendment is violated
      only where an inmate is deprived of ‘the minimal civilized measure of
      life’s necessities.’” Tillery v. Owens, 907 F.2d 418, 426 (3d Cir. 1990)
      (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 . . . (1981)). A
      violation requires proof that the “deprivation suffered was sufficiently
      serious, and that a prison official acted with deliberate indifference in
      subjecting him to that deprivation.” Griffin v. Vaughn, 112 F.3d 703,
      709 (3d Cir. 1997). Courts should not use a static test in determining
      whether confinement conditions are cruel and unusual punishment,
      because the “Eighth Amendment must draw its meaning from the
      evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing
      society.” Rhodes, 452 U.S. at 346. . . . “[C]onditions that cannot be
      said to be cruel and unusual under contemporary standards are not
      unconstitutional. To the extent that such conditions are restrictive and
      even harsh, they are part of the penalty that criminal offenders pay for
      their offenses against society.” Id. at 347. . . . However, “the prison

                                          13
      environment itself may not be so brutal or unhealthy as to be in itself a
      punishment.” Tillery, 907 F.2d at 426.

Lopez v. Dep’t of Corr., 119 A.3d 1081, 1090-91 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015), aff'd, 144
A.3d 92 (Pa. 2016).
      Mindful of the aforementioned legal standards, we must determine whether
Petitioner has pled facts that, if proven, would satisfy the elements necessary to state
a cognizable claim for DOC’s violation of the ban on cruel and unusual punishment
under the Eighth Amendment and, thus, establish the clear legal right necessary to
state a claim for mandamus due to: the presence of mold; poor air quality and
ventilation; overcrowding; prevalence of COVID-19; and overall antiquated
condition of SCI-Huntingdon. Following our review of the Petition, which is replete
with only general allegations, we find that Petitioner has failed to do so. Even if
these bald allegations are deemed to be objectively true, Petitioner has not alleged
facts to satisfy the subjective element necessary to state a claim for DOC’s violation
of the ban on cruel and unusual punishment which requires a showing that prison
officials at SCI-Huntingdon acted with deliberate indifference to the conditions of
confinement Petitioner believes threaten his health and safety. Farmer, 511 U.S. at
834; Tindell, 87 A.3d at 1040. Petitioner has not claimed that prison officials are
even aware of his concerns about mold, air quality, COVID-19, and his alleged
breathing difficulties let alone that they have intentionally prevented him from
receiving medical attention or treatment for his ailments. While we can empathize
with Petitioner’s concerns about exposure to COVID-19, which are certainly
heightened in a prison and in other congregate settings, concerns arising from
COVID-19 are ones with which society at large is grappling. Petitioner’s continued
incarceration at SCI-Huntingdon, which may, indeed, have had more cases of

                                          14
COVID-19, alone, is not sufficient to establish DOC has been deliberately
indifferent to Petitioner’s medical needs. As this Court has previously observed:

      [The p]etitioners do not allege that they have been denied warmth,
      sleep, physical and mental health care, food, or clothing. Instead, [the
      p]etitioners allege that the temperature and ventilation, medical care,
      sanitation, noise levels, food, amount of sleep, and clothing are
      inadequate in the RHU. [The p]etitioners’ allegations amount to a
      claim that the standard of decency required by society has evolved to
      necessitate better conditions than those in which they are currently
      confined. Whether or not that is true, an Eighth Amendment claim
      based on the adequacy of the life necessities provided, rather than
      whether or not inmates are being deprived of those baseline
      necessities[,] cannot be stated in a mandamus action; a mandamus
      action can compel prison officials to clothe inmates within their care,
      but it cannot be used to determine the quality of clothing necessary
      under society’s standards and to order that only clothing of that quality
      be used to clothe inmates.

      Whether or not the adequacy of the conditions of confinement violates
      our society’s evolving standards of decency is a searching inquiry that
      requires a balancing of the government’s power to punish and
      legitimate interest in the orderly operation of correctional institutions
      with [the p]etitioners’ right to have their confinement be humane and
      free from the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain. Such an
      inquiry, by its very nature, requires a careful balancing of the needs and
      duties of the state with the rights of the individual, requires an
      investigation into what within this balance is a reasonable act, and
      requires, above all, an examination of what is and is not a permissible
      exercise of discretion on the part of [the r]espondents. A mandamus
      action cannot be used to evaluate prison officials’ exercise of discretion
      or to compel prison officials to exercise their discretion in a particular
      way. In a mandamus action, the relief sought can only be the
      performance of a ministerial act; it cannot be equitable. Equitable relief
      is exactly the type of relief an Eighth Amendment claim challenging
      the conditions of confinement or adequacy of the minimal necessities
      of life provided in a state correctional institution seeks. In alleging that
      the conditions of confinement in the RHU . . . are cruel and unusual as
      proscribed by the Constitutions of the United States [], [the p]etitioners
      are not asking this Court to enforce clearly established rights, to which
      [the r]espondents have a corresponding duty, by ordering the

                                          15
      performance of a mandatory or ministerial act. [The p]etitioners are
      instead asking this Court to establish what their rights are and to fashion
      relief accordingly. Therefore, [the p]etitioners have not stated a claim
      for mandamus.

Tindell, 87 A.3d at 1042-43. For similar reasons, we conclude Petitioner here has
not stated such a claim and sustain DOC’s demurrer to his Eighth Amendment claim.

             4.     Ninth Amendment Claim
      Pursuant to the Ninth Amendment of the United States Constitution, “[t]he
enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.” U.S. Const. amend. IX. Petitioner vaguely
asserts in his prayer for relief that his imprisonment violates his rights under the
Ninth Amendment. This claim lacks merit, for the Ninth Amendment is not a source
of substantive rights. See, e.g., Perry v. Lackawanna Cnty. Children & Youth Servs.,
345 Fed. App’x 723, 726 (3d Cir. 2009) (stating the “Ninth Amendment does not
independently provide a source of individual constitutional rights”). Therefore,
Petitioner has failed to state a claim under the Ninth Amendment, and DOC’s
demurrer to this claim is sustained.

             5.    Tenth Amendment Claim
      The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: “The
powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it
to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” U.S. Const.
amend. X. Petitioner alleges he has suffered a violation of his Tenth Amendment
right due to the

      taking [of his body] for public use without just compensation of a
      substantial portion of the millions, billions, or trillions of

                                          16
       [mis]appropriated and [mis]allocated federal dollars directly and
       indirectly “granted” to [DOC] to imprison him for state crimes and
       execute his sentence in a manner that is forbidden by the Tenth
       Amendment’s anticommandeering, dual-sovereignty, and federalism
       doctrines . . . .

(Petition ¶ 23 (some brackets in original, internal quotation marks omitted).)
Petitioner focuses the bulk of his brief on the Tenth Amendment as well. In
particular, Petitioner argues that the Commonwealth’s acceptance of funds under the
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (VCCLEA)9 and the
VOITIS incentive grant program, along with programs arising as a result of the
COVID-19 pandemic, have resulted in his continued incarceration as they
incentivize keeping prisoners detained and denying them parole and contribute to
overcrowding, despite state measures to reduce the prison population during the
COVID-19 pandemic. (Petitioner’s Br. at 6-8, 10.) The VOITIS provides funding
to states to enable them to construct or expand existing correctional facilities for
violent offenders. Section 12103(a) of VOITIS provides:

       To be eligible to receive a minimum grant under this section, a State
       shall submit an application to the Attorney General that provides
       assurances that the State has implemented, or will implement,
       correctional policies and programs, including truth-in-sentencing laws
       that ensure that violent offenders serve a substantial portion of the
       sentences imposed, that are designed to provide sufficiently severe
       punishment for violent offenders, including violent juvenile offenders,
       and that the prison time served is appropriately related to the
       determination that the inmate is a violent offender and for a period of
       time deemed necessary to protect the public.

       9
          Pub.L. No. 103-322, Title XVII, §§ 170101-303, also “[k]nown as the “Jacob Wetterling
Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act,” . . . required “states,
inter alia, to transmit sexual offender registration information to a national database. In 2006, the
Jacob Wetterling Act was repealed and replaced by the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety
Act of 2006, Pub.L. No. 109-248.” Commonwealth v. Santana, 266 A.3d 528, 530 n.5 (Pa. 2021).

                                                17
34 U.S.C. § 12103(a).
      Petitioner points to no evidence that any of the funding programs to which he
cites impacted his continued incarceration despite the Reprieve Program or DOC’s
decision to transfer him to SCI-Huntingdon with respect to the constitutional
protections guaranteed under the Tenth Amendment or any other of the
constitutional protections to which he cites in his Petition. Petitioner pled guilty to
and was sentenced for committing third degree murder and had not yet served his
minimum sentence when he filed his Petition. Moreover, it has been determined that

      [a] state can receive funds if it provides assurances that it will
      implement policies and programs “to ensure that violent offenders
      serve a substantial portion of the sentences imposed” or the state
      “demonstrates that it has implemented truth-in-sentencing laws that
      require persons convicted of a violent crime to serve not less than 85
      [%] of the sentence imposed.” United States Department of Justice,
      Department of Justice Resource Manual, Office of Justice Programs
      Crime Act Offices Title 1 No. 15 (3d ed. 2018). While the Tenth
      Amendment “prevents the federal government from ‘controlling’ state
      legislatures through congressional command, it does not preclude
      Congress from inducing state action through the promise of federal
      funding.” Williams v. Bitner, 285 F. Supp. 2d 593, 601 (M.D. Pa.
      2003). The receipt of federal funds through the VOITIS grant program
      does not violate the Tenth Amendment because states can choose
      whether to accept the conditions connected to the acceptance of the
      funds. Further, the federal government has an interest in protecting the
      public and the funding is “reasonably calculated to address” the federal
      interest. South Dakota v. Dole, 483 U.S. 203, 209 (1987). For these
      and presumably other reasons, no court has ever held that VOITIS is
      unconstitutional.

McCoy v. Smith (E.D. Pa., No. CV 17-2162, filed July 5, 2018), 2018 WL 3304343
at *6. In light of the foregoing, we conclude Petitioner has failed to state a claim
under the Tenth Amendment and therefore, sustain DOC’s demurrer to that claim.

                                          18
             6.     Thirteenth Amendment
      Section 1 of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
provides, in pertinent part: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” U.S. Const.
amend. XIII, §1. Petitioner reasons that DOC took possession of his “body” and as
part of his imprisonment he is “expected to work” and is “unable to escape due to
threats of prosecution, violence, and death” which put him in a position akin to
slavery in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment. (Petition ¶ 23.) Contrary to his
assertions, Petitioner is not being subjected to any form of servitude, for the United
States Supreme Court has held that in light of its precedents “not all situations in
which labor is compelled by physical coercion or force of law violate the Thirteenth
Amendment. By its terms the Amendment excludes involuntary servitude imposed
as legal punishment for a crime.” United States v. Kozminski, 487 U.S. 931, 943
(1988). Petitioner does not deny that he is serving an aggregate term of 26 years to
59 years in prison as a result of his pleading guilty to third degree murder and related
offenses, and he stated in his Petition that he did not intend to challenge the legality
of his sentence. (Petition ¶ 3).      Moreover, notwithstanding the United States
Supreme Court’s pronouncement, Petitioner alleges only that he is “expected” to
work, not that he will be subjected to legal sanction for a failure to do so. (Id. ¶ 23.)
As a result, Petitioner has failed to state a claim of relief under the Thirteenth
Amendment.

                                           19
             7.     Fourteenth Amendment
      Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
reads, in pertinent part:

      No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
      privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any
      State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due
      process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
      protection of the laws.

U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. Petitioner appears to be invoking the Fourteenth
Amendment Due Process Clause in support of his claim that DOC’s acceptance of
federal funds is an incentive for it to keep him imprisoned and the impetus behind
his not being released from prison despite the Reprieve Program initiated in response
to COVID-19. Similarly, Petitioner seems to reason that his transfer from SCI-
Houtzdale to SCI-Huntingdon deprived him of his right to due process. When
considering these claims, we are mindful that the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment prohibits state and local government officials from
depriving an individual of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
“Procedural due process rights are triggered by deprivation of a legally cognizable
[property or] liberty interest.” Brown v. Blaine, 833 A.2d 1166, 1171-72 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2003). A prisoner may show such a deprivation has occurred when the
prison “imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the
ordinary incidents of prison life.” Id. at 1172 (citing Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S.
472, 472 (1995)). Less serious restraints on a prisoner’s freedom are deemed to fall
“within the expected par[a]meters of the sentence imposed by a court of law.” Id.
      As previously stated, DOC’s receipt of federal funding notwithstanding,
Petitioner did not have a constitutional right to be considered for release under the

                                         20
Reprieve Program or any other early release program, Auberzinski, 690 A.2d at 779,
and Petitioner’s guilty plea to third degree murder disqualified him from
consideration for the Reprieve Program. To the extent Petitioner claims federal
monies under programs such as VOITIS or VCCLEA has motivated DOC to keep
him imprisoned, this argument is anticipatory, for “the actual sentence of a prisoner
subject to total confinement is his maximum sentence, and his minimum sentence
merely sets the time after which he is eligible to serve the remainder of his
sentence on parole.” Hudson v. Pa. Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 204 A.3d 392, 396 (Pa.
2019) (emphasis added). Petitioner was sentenced to an aggregate term of 26 years
to 59 years’ imprisonment in July 1998. Commonwealth v. Pittman, 737 A.2d 272,
273 (Pa. Super. 1999). Therefore, he will not have served his minimum sentence
until July 2024. Finally, Petitioner’s position that his transfer to SCI-Huntingdon
violated his right to due process lacks merit, for the United States Supreme Court
has held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment “does not require
hearings in connection with transfers whether or not they are the result of the
inmate’s misbehavior or may be labeled as disciplinary or punitive.” Montanye, 427
U.S. at 242. Accordingly, Petitioner has failed to state a claim under the Fourteenth
Amendment, and DOC’s demurrer to this claim is sustained.

III.   CONCLUSION
       Petitioner has failed to state a claim upon which mandamus, declaratory, or
injunctive relief may be granted. Petitioner has neither a right to choose his place of
incarceration nor to be considered for early release from prison under the Reprieve
Program. Petitioner also has failed to show that his rights under the Fourth, Fifth,
Eighth, Ninth Tenth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution
have been violated. Accordingly, we sustain Respondents’ preliminary objections

                                          21
in the nature of demurrers and dismiss the Petition in this Court’s original
jurisdiction with prejudice. In light of this holding, Petitioner’s Motion is dismissed
as moot.

                                        __________________________________________
                                        RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge

                                          22
        IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Gabriel Pittman,                         :
                         Petitioner      :
                                         :
                   v.                    :   No. 476 M.D. 2022
                                         :
Commonwealth of PA.,                     :
PA DOC,                                  :
                         Respondents     :

                                      ORDER

      NOW, January 2, 2024, the Preliminary Objections of the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, Department of Corrections are SUSTAINED. Gabriel Pittman’s pro
se “Original Jurisdiction Petition for Review In the Nature of a Writ of Mandamus”
is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.                 “Petitioner’s Motion for Forthwith
Peremptory Judgment” is DISMISSED AS MOOT.

                                       __________________________________________
                                       RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge