Court Opinion

ID: 2981565
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 19:41:04.080061+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:02:38.717271
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                       File Name: 12a1240n.06

                                       No. 11-4174
                                                                              FILED
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           Nov 29, 2012
                                                                     DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                            FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

BESSIE JONES, Administratrix of the Estate on        )
behalf of Nathaniel Jeffrey Jones, et al.,           )
                                                     )
        Plaintiffs-Appellees,                        )
                                                     )
v.                                                   )
                                                     )
CITY OF CINCINNATI, et al.,                          )
                                                     )
        Defendants,                                  )
                                                     )
and                                                  )   ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                     )   UNITED STATES DISTRICT
GUY ABRAMS, individually and in his official )           COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
capacity (Police Officer, Cincinnati Police )            DISTRICT OF OHIO
Division); JAMES PIKE, individually and in his )
official capacity (Police Officer, Cincinnati Police )
Division); JOEHONNY REESE, individually and )
in his official capacity (Police Officer, Cincinnati )
Police Division); JAY JOHNSTONE, individually )
and in his official capacity (Police Officer, )
Cincinnati Police Division); BARON )
OSTERMAN, individually and in his official )
capacity (Police Officer, Cincinnati Police )
Division); THOMAS SLADE, individually and in )
his official capacity (Police Officer, Cincinnati )
Police Division),                                    )
                                                     )
        Defendants-Appellants.                       )

       Before: GIBBONS and COOK, Circuit Judges; ROSENTHAL, District Judge.*

       *
         The Honorable Lee H. Rosenthal, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Texas, sitting by designation.
No. 11-4174
Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

       COOK, Circuit Judge. The survivors and estate of Nathaniel Jones, who died after

struggling with six Cincinnati police officers, brought a § 1983 action against those officers,

alleging Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment violations and Ohio tort claims. The district court

denied the officers’ motion for summary judgment seeking qualified immunity and state

statutory immunity, leaving pending four claims: (1) an excessive-force claim against two

officers for repeated baton strikes and jabs prior to handcuffing Jones; (2) an excessive-force

claim against one officer for refusing to remove Jones’s handcuffs despite a firefighter’s

request; (3) a failure-to-provide-adequate-medical-care claim stemming from all six officers’

delay in rolling Jones over; and (4) an Ohio wrongful death claim based on the foregoing

conduct. The officers challenge by interlocutory appeal the district court’s denial. Because

the record demonstrates that the officers did not act objectively unreasonably, we REVERSE.

                                              I.

       A party may appeal a district court’s denial of qualified immunity to the extent that the

denial turns on legal issues. Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 310–12 (1995). On interlocutory

appeal, we thus “take, as given, the facts that the district court assumed when it denied

summary judgment.” Id. at 319. Where video evidence “blatantly contradict[s]” this version

of events, however, we “view[] the facts in the light depicted by the videotape.” Austin v.

Redford Twp. Police Dep’t, 690 F.3d 490, 493 (6th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380–82 (2007)). In support of their motion

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Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

for summary judgment, the officers submitted a video recording from one officer’s in-car

camera. Because this video does not blatantly contradict the facts assumed by the district

court, we adopt those facts and draw all inferences in the light most favorable to the non-

moving party. See Scott, 550 U.S. at 381; Johnson, 515 U.S. at 319. Under this standard, the

record establishes the following.

       Shortly before 6:00 a.m. on November 30, 2003, Cincinnati firefighters sought police

assistance for a disorderly person at a restaurant parking lot. Officers James Pike and Baron

Osterman arrived and spotted Jones marching, squatting, and shouting profanities outside.

Both officers approached and spoke to Jones, who weighed 348 pounds and was 5 feet 11

inches tall. Pike radioed the dispatcher, reporting that Jones may be violent and require a

mental health response team. Pike also requested a supervisor and turned on the video

recording system (“MVR”) in his patrol car. The MVR recorded the subsequent encounter,

but Pike’s car hood partially obstructed the view of Jones’s and the officers’ actions on the

ground:

       6:00:07–6:00:12 a.m.: Upon arrival, Pike tells Jones, “You gotta tell me

       what’s going on.” Jones responds, “Get this little nappy haired white boy

       redneck!”

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Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

       6:00:13–6:00:17: Pike warns Jones three times to back up. Jones lunges at

       Pike and throws a punch at his head. Osterman arrives with his PR-24 baton

       (“baton”) in hand.

       6:00:28–6:00:35: Osterman tackles Jones. Jones, Pike, and Osterman fall to

       the ground in front of Pike’s car. Pike stands up and draws his baton. The

       officers shout several times, “Put your hands behind your back!” Jones does

       not comply and struggles aggresively.

       6:00:36–6:00:55: Pike starts jabbing and striking Jones with his baton. Pike

       and Osterman continue to jab and strike Jones with their batons while shouting,

       “Put your hands behind your back!”

       6:00:40–6:00:59: Jones continues struggling. While getting to his knees,

       Jones grabs Osterman’s neck [6:00:41] and reaches toward Osterman’s waist

       area [6:00:46]. He also grabs Pike’s baton for approximately six seconds

       [6:00:53–6:00:59].

       6:01:00–6:01:11: Pike and Osterman continue to shout, “Put your hands

       behind your back!” Jones says, “No way, no way,” and “I’ll take all that. Give

       it to me.” Officer Abrams arrives.

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No. 11-4174
Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

       6:01:16–6:01:25: Jones cries “Mama!”several times. Officer Thomas Slade

       arrives and pepper-sprays Jones.

       6:01:38: The jabs and strikes end. Pike, Osterman, Abrams, and Slade then

       try to handcuff Jones.

       6:01:50–6:02:22: Officers Jay Johnstone and Joehonny Reese arrive. All six

       officers try to handcuff Jones. The audio captures Jones moaning.

       6:02:23: Jones moans loudly and then falls silent.

       6:02:32: Officer Slade asks, “How ‘bout we roll him?”

       6:02:22–6:02:54: Officers continue to handcuff Jones. Both arms are cuffed

       at 6:02:54 when an officer says, “There we go.”

       6:03:24–6:03:34: Officer Slade asks, “We have to get him rolled, don’t we?”

       Pike bends down to look at Jones and voices that the firefighters should come

       over.

       6:03:36–6:03:40: Officers start rolling Jones. He is on his back by 6:03:40.

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No. 11-4174
Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

       6:03:45–6:04:00: Pike checks Jones’s breathing. Another officer shouts

       “Fire!” to request firefighters. They then realize that the firefighters left the

       parking lot. Someone calls the dispatcher to request the firefighters’ return.

       6:04:02–6:04:14: Pike checks on Jones, calling “Sir, sir!” several times, but

       Jones does not respond. Pike comments, “The guy still has a pulse. But I

       don’t see him breathing.” Someone says, “Turn him on his side.”

       6:04:28–6:04:30: Dispatcher confirms officers’ request for a rescue unit.

       6:04:21–6:04:40: One officer rubs Jones’s sternum area. Another officer

       observes that Jones has a pulse but is not breathing.

       6:04:40–6:04:50: Someone orders the officers to turn Jones on his side, and

       they do so by 6:04:50.

       6:05:38–6:05:47: Officers wave and shout at the firefighters to hurry up. One

       of them stands up, holding a white first-aid box in his hands.

       6:05:50: Firefighters come to Jones’s side and administer CPR.

       6:07:53: The video ends.

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No. 11-4174
Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

Thirty-five minutes later, Jones was pronounced dead. The coroner attributed Jones’s death

to abnormal cardiac rhythms resulting from a violent struggle and positional asphyxia.

       The district court denied qualified and statutory immunity on four claims. It held that

the objective reasonableness of Pike’s and Osterman’s baton blows depends on “whether the

jury accepts the view that Jones was resisting arrest or was struggling to get upright to

breathe.” [R. 150, Summ. J. Order at 24, ID #3588.] Because “Pike and Osterman repeatedly

hit Jones with barely a pause in between strikes,” a reasonable jury could conclude that “Jones

did not have an opportunity to submit to their demands to put his hands behind his back.” [Id.]

The district court also found that a genuine issue of material fact existed regarding whether all

six officers acted with deliberate indifference because “at least one officer . . . drew the

inference from the facts that a risk of substantial harm existed even before Jones was

handcuffed, saying ‘How ’bout we roll him?’” [Id. at 35, ID #3599.] On review, we assume

that (1) Jones started struggling to breathe at some point during the fifty-nine-second period

of strikes and jabs, and (2) all six officers inferred that Jones had a serious medical need by

6:02:32 a.m., when Officer Slade first asked, “How ‘bout we roll him?”

                                               II.

       A two-step inquiry steers decisions on a defendant’s entitlement to qualified immunity.

Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). First, did the officer’s conduct violate the

plaintiff’s constitutional right? Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). Second, was that

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No. 11-4174
Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

right clearly established at the time of the incident? Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198

(2004). A court need not address these steps sequentially. Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236.

A. Excessive Force

       We analyze claims of excessive force during arrest under the Fourth Amendment’s

reasonableness standard. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989). This standard

encompasses “a built-in measure of deference to the officer’s on-the-spot judgment about the

level of force necessary in light of the circumstances of the particular case.” Burchett v.

Kiefer, 310 F.3d 937, 944 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396). It “allow[s] for

the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments—in circumstances

that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving—about the amount of force that is necessary in

a particular situation.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396–97.

       1. Baton Strikes and Jabs

       Officers Pike and Osterman argue that under the rapidly evolving circumstances of that

morning, they did not act objectively unreasonably in using their batons to strike and jab Jones.

We agree. It was Jones—a very large individual—who initiated the physical struggle by

lunging at Pike and swinging at his head, despite repeated warnings from Pike to back away.

[MVR at 6:00:13–6:00:17.] Both officers repeatedly ordered Jones to put his hands behind

his back, but he refused, responding instead, “No way, no way” and “I’ll take all that. Give

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No. 11-4174
Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

it to me.” [MVR at 6:01:00–6:01:11.] At no time did Jones comply with the officers’ orders.

As Jones got to his knees, he also grabbed Osterman’s neck [MVR at 6:00:41], reached toward

Osterman’s waist area [MVR at 6:00:46], and grabbed Pike’s baton for almost six seconds

[MVR at 6:00:53–6:00:59]. Significantly, Pike and Osterman directed all jabs and strikes to

non-critical areas of Jones’s body, such as the arms, torso, back, and legs. They did not hit his

head, throat, neck, heart, or groin.

       Jones’s survivors argue that the reasonableness of Pike’s and Osterman’s blows

depends on a disputed factual issue: when Jones ceased resisting arrest and started struggling

to breathe. Even assuming that Jones started struggling to breathe during the fifty-nine-second

period of strikes and jabs, we still conclude that the officers did not act objectively

unreasonably. Under the rapidly evolving circumstances of that morning, an objectively

reasonable officer could not have discerned whether Jones resisted in an attempt to breathe or

in defiance of commands. “An officer should be entitled to qualified immunity if he made an

objectively reasonable mistake as to the amount of force that was necessary under the

circumstances with which he was faced.” Solomon v. Auburn Hills Police Dept., 389 F.3d
167, 175 (6th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted).

       2. Refusal to Remove Handcuffs

       Officer Abrams argues that his refusal to unhandcuff Jones despite a firefighter’s

request to do so was not objectively unreasonable. We agree. The video shows that

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No. 11-4174
Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

approximately three minutes elapsed from the time when officers handcuffed Jones [MVR at

6:02:54] to when firefighters arrived by his side [MVR at 6:05:50]. Some time later,

Firefighter Gregory Adams asked that Jones’s handcuffs be removed.1 An objectively

reasonable officer—given the short time to transition from handcuffing Jones to understanding

his medical condition—could have thought that Jones’s breathing problems did not warrant

the removal of his handcuffs. Abrams testified that he did not remove Jones’s handcuffs

because putting them on was difficult, and he did not know if Jones was feigning injury.

Abrams and Pike also testified that after a physical struggle, officers usually leave on

handcuffs until the suspect is in jail. Although courts eschew considering an officer’s

subjective intent when applying the objective reasonableness test, see Graham, 490 U.S. at

397, an officer’s explanation of his motivations inform a court’s understanding about what an

objectively reasonable officer would have done under such circumstances.

       Moreover, nothing in the record suggests that Adams or any other firefighter told

Abrams that CPR could not be performed while Jones was handcuffed. In fact, the firefighters

performed CPR on a handcuffed Jones immediately after they arrived by his side. Adams

testified that he asked only once for the handcuffs to be removed because “we had to go to

work.” [R. 79, Adams Dep. at 91, ID #755].2 Without notice that performing CPR on a

       1
           The video does not capture Adams asking this question.
       2
        The firefighters testified that performing CPR on a handcuffed person is possible,
albeit more difficult, especially when the recipient is obese. [See R. 80, Harrison Dep. at 41,

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No. 11-4174
Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

handcuffed person is ineffective or less effective, Abrams did not act objectively unreasonably

in refusing to remove Jones’s handcuffs. Cf. Dudley v. Eden, 49 F. Supp. 2d 581, 589 (N.D.

Ohio 1999) (“There was no reason for [the officer] to believe that removal of [plaintiff’s]

handcuffs was necessary to avoid a substantial risk of harm. For example, the paramedic did

not indicate that [plaintiff] would suffer additional harm if the handcuffs were not removed.”).

       Because Pike, Osterman, and Abrams’s actions were not objectively unreasonable, we

need not decide whether Jones’s rights under these circumstances were clearly established at

the time of the incident.

B. Failure to Provide Medical Care

       Qualified immunity also shields the officers from the Fourteenth Amendment claim

arising from a sixty-four-second delay in rolling Jones out of a prone position. To prevail on

a claim for failure to provide medical care, Jones’s survivors must show that the officers were

“deliberately indifferent” to Jones’s “sufficiently serious” medical need. See Farmer v.

Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834, 837 (1994); Spears v. Ruth, 589 F.3d 249, 254–55 (6th Cir.

2009). Deliberate indifference requires that an officer (1) “be aware of facts from which the

inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists,” (2) “draw the

inference,” and (3) “act or fail to act in a manner demonstrating ‘reckless or callous

45, ID ##772, 773; R. 79, Adams Dep. at 100, 102, ID #757; R. 81, Otten Dep. at 84–88, ID
##801–02.]

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Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

indifference’ toward the individual’s rights.” Ewolski v. City of Brunswick, 287 F.3d 492, 513

(6th Cir. 2002) (internal citations omitted).

       The officers concede that Jones developed a sufficiently serious medical need. We also

assume that all six officers (1) were aware or could infer that Jones was at risk for positional

asphyxia and (2) inferred that Jones was at risk by 6:02:32 a.m. when Officer Slade first asked,

“How ‘bout we roll him?”

       Assuming these facts, we determine that the officers did not disregard Jones’s

substantial risk of positional asphyxia. By 6:03:34 (about one minute after Slade’s question),

the officers realized that Jones should be rolled and started rolling him. Six seconds later, the

officers had Jones on his back. They also realized that the firefighters left and immediately

called for a rescue unit. [MVR at 6:03:47–6:04:00.] During the two-minute wait for the

firefighters, the officers checked Jones’s breathing, monitored his pulse, rubbed his sternum

area, turned him on his side, and retrieved a first-aid box. [MVR at 6:04:02–6:05:50.] The

officers also shouted for the firefighters to hurry to Jones’s side. [MVR at 6:05:38–6:05:41.]

The officers’ attempts to aid Jones undermine the claim that they deliberately disregarded

Jones’s substantial medical risk. Their actions distinctively differ from the officers’ inaction

in Estate of Owensby v. City of Cincinnati. 414 F.3d 596, 603 (6th Cir. 2005) (denying

qualified immunity where the evidence demonstrated that officers, after beating a suspect,

locked him in the back of a police cruiser, and observed him in significant physical distress,

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Jones v. City of Cincinnati, et al.

“yet made no attempt to summon or provide any medical care” until six minutes later, after

greeting each other, preparing for their superiors’ arrival, and adjusting their uniforms). Our

conclusion on deliberate indifference obviates any need to determine the clearly established

law at the time of the incident.

                                             III.

       The officers also claim immunity under Ohio Revised Code § 2744.03(A)(6) against

the wrongful death claim. Section 2744.03(A)(6) provides immunity from suit to certain state

employees when their activities concern governmental or proprietary functions, except where

they act with a “malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner.” Id. §

2744.03(A)(6)(b). “[R]ecklessness is a perverse disregard of a known risk” and requires that

the actor “be conscious that his conduct will in all probability result in injury.” O’Toole v.

Denihan, 889 N.E.2d 505, 517 (Ohio 2008) (citations and quotation marks omitted). As

detailed in the qualified immunity context, Pike and Osterman did not act objectively

unreasonably in striking and jabbing an aggressively resistant Jones before handcuffing him;

Abrams did not act objectively unreasonably in refusing to unhandcuff Jones where firefighters

did not voice that CPR on a handcuffed person could not be administered effectively; and no

officer disregarded Jones’s substantial medical risk. Satisfying the objective reasonableness

standard shields these officers under state statutory immunity as well.

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                                         IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s denial of qualified

immunity and Ohio statutory immunity.

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