Court Opinion

ID: 8782708
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 13:24:43.110267+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:02:54.919077
License: Public Domain

WARRINGTON, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The record requires us to consider the proposition, in substance urged on behalf of the receiver, that the action can be ‘sustained on the promissory note in its present form, without reference alike to the receiver’s inability to produce the abstracted securities and his refusal to account for any portion of their value upon payment of either the note or judgment, and also without recognizing the defense of alleged wrongful conversion of the pledged securities and the resulting damages.
[ 1 ] It must be conceded that, as a general rule, as between a pledgor of his own securities and the pledgee, the latter is not bound to resort to the collaterals before suing upon his principal claim, though he may be compelled to release or reassign the securities when his claim is satisfied. This rule, of course, proceeds upon the theory that the pledgee is in possession of the collaterals, and is entitled to retain them until his claim is paid.
[2] However, when the pledgee has converted the pledge, he hag to the extent of its value in effect discharged the debt; and the same result must follow where the pledgee has through fault of his failed to preserve the pledge. The contention is that no rule of this character can be applied in this case, because the note in its original form and the securities were not delivered to the bank, and, further, the securities did not belong to Skud. The reasons assigned for nondelivery are that both Jahn (the president) and Larson (the cashier) were in their dealings with Skud engaged in the commission of a fraud upon the bank, and consequently that their knowledge was not imputable to the bank, and their acts were not binding upon it. It is not claimed that Skud was cognizant of the alleged fraud, or that he derived any benefit -from the transaction. The claim is that he gave the note for the accommodation of Larson, and that, since the securities belonged to Larson, Skud must look alone to him for either their return or their value. This gives no effect to the refusal of Skud to sign the note unless and until the marginal memorandum was made on it and the securities were attached; nor to the evidence that the note and collaterals were obtained to secure the bank upon a debt then owing to it by Larson. The position the receiver is thus forced to assume is that he may disregard the benefit that would through the securities have inured to Skud, and still claim' the advantage that inured to the bank through Skud’s promise alone. It is to be observed that Skud is not suing the bank or its receiver for the stock; nor is it *5suggested tliat the transaction (apart from the question of fraud of the bank’s officers) was not within the authority • of the president and cashier. Skud is urging by way of defense that the receiver cannot through affirmative action claim the benefit of his (Skud’s) promise, and at the same time deny that the bank was affected by the knowledge of its president and cashier concerning the eliminated memorandum and securities on the faith of which the promise was obtained. It results that, in order to sustain the directed verdict, the receiver must show that the evidence justifies the conclusion, as matter of law, that the note in its present form was alone delivered to the bank, and that Skud must be restricted to the idle ceremony of pursuing Larson for either the eliminated stock or its value.
We are thus brought to the inquiry whether the evidence presents a question of fact for the jury, or merely a question of law, touching delivery of the instrument.
[3] In considering this inquiry, it is to be observed, in the first place, that in Peterson v. Tillinghast, 192 Fed. 287, 290, 112 C. C. A. 545, we held, following the decision in Rankin v. City Nat. Bank, 208 U. S. 541, 546, 28 Sup. Ct. 346, 52 L. Ed. 610, that “the receiver stands no better than the bank.” Fourth Street Bank v. Yardley, 165 U. S. 653, 17 Sup. Ct. 439, 41 L. Ed. 855. If it were necessary to state a reason for this, it is because a receiver cannot lawfully appropriate to the use of the bank or its creditors any seeming asset that in equity and good conscience belongs to another or ought not to be enforced against him. Fairfield v. Southport Nat. Bank, 80 Conn. 92, 106, 67 Atl. 471.
[4] Next, it is urged, in substance, that Larson and Jahn were as to this transaction hostile in interest to the bank and acting outside the scope of their agency, and so their knowledge was not imputable to the bank and their acts not binding upon it. This is one of the recognized exceptions to “the general rule that the principal is held to know all that his agent knows in any transaction in which the agent acts for him.” American Nat. Bank v. Miller, 185 Fed. 338, 343, 107 C. C. A. 456 (C. C. A. 6th Cir.); Thomson-Houston Electric Co. v. Capitol Electric Co., 65 Fed. 343, 12 C. C. A. 643 (C. C. A. 6th Cir.); Melton v. Pensacola Bank & Trust Co., 190 Fed, 126, 137, 111 C. C. A. 166 (C. C. A. 6th Cir.).
[5] Is the exception so stated to the general rule applicable to this transaction, particularly to Jahn’s part in it? “It must be borne in mind as stated that Skud would not sign or deliver the note unless and until the words and figures were entered on the margin of the note and the certificates of stock attached; and it is hard to see how the one can be said to have been lawfully delivered to the bank, and not' the other.
It is insisted as against Jahn that in his conversation with Skud which led up to the transaction in dispute Jahn used the plural pronoun “we” many times when alluding to matters such as a case which Larson had lost; to the reason why Larson did not wish to sell the stock; to their confidence in Skud; and to the time when they would take up the note, etc. We think it is rather a strained inference to deduce from *6such use of the pronoun that Jahn was confessing to a fraud, not to say a crime, .while stating to Skud reasons why he could safely sign the note. It is certain that Skud derived no such impression. True, Jahn was arrested later and charged with embezzling assets and collateral securities of the bank and making false entries in its books; true, also, Jahn committed suicide. We discover nothing in the record, however, that in terms tends to show that he embezzled assets or made false entries; and the receiver testified that the records do not show any conversion of collaterals by him. It must be remembered that the transaction now under consideration concerns Larson’s past debt and Larson’s stock that was turned over as collateral to secure that debt. How then can it be safely affirmed as matter of law that Jahn’s interest in that transaction was adverse to the bank? When all the evidence is considered, we think it presents questions for submission to a jury.
[6] The court on the motion to direct could not weigh the evidence. Mt. Adams & E. P. Inclined Ry. Co. v. Lowery, 74 Fed. 467, 477, 20 C. C. A. 596 (C. C. A. 6th Cir.). Furthermore, if the question were one simply of law, it is not at all clear that Jahn’s interest should be regarded as adverse to the bank. In First Nat. Bank v. Sing Sing Gas Mfg. Co., 120 App. Div. 542, 104 N. Y. Supp. 1040, 1041, unanimously affirmed without opinion in 194 N. Y. 580, 88 N. E. 1119, it was held that the fact that one Noxon was plaintiff’s cashier aiid also defendant’s treasurer and an indorser of defendant’s note in suit “did not disqualify him from receiving collateral in behalf of the bank, because his interest in that transaction was in no sense adverse to the bank.” Further, Skud does not appear to have been dealing with Jahn as an individual, but as president of the bank. W. N. Bank v. Birch, 130 N. Y. 221, 228, 29 N. E. 127, 14 L. R. A. 211. If, under appropriate instructions, it should be found by a jury that Jahn did in truth receive the note and collaterals for the bank, the fact that the collaterals were subsequently abstracted from the bank could not affect the rights of Skud. Skud’s authority to pledge the collaterals could not be seriously questioned, any more than could be his beneficial interest in them if he did pledge them. It is claimed that the collaterals were abstracted by Larson. If this be true, and the other facts just mentioned be also true, it is not a sufficient answer to say that Larson abstracted his own securities. This view overlooks alike the interest in them, which the bank obtained by the pledge (Casey v. Cavaroc, 96 U. S. 476, 24 L. Ed. 779) as well as Skud. In First Nat. Bank v. Sing Sing Gas Mfg. Co., supra, bonds were received as bank collaterals by the cashier, who afterwards sold them and used the proceeds to reduce his indebtedness to the plaintiff for moneys unlawfully appropriated by him. Of this it was said by the court (120 App. Div. 544, 104 N. Y. Supp. 1042):
“He had authority to receive them in behalf of the bank. He attempted to exercise that authority; and, when he afterward stole them, he stole from the bank, and not from his fellow indorsers.”
See, also, W. N. Bank v. Birch, supra. In Ditty v. Dominion Nat. Bank, 75 Fed. 769, 771, 22 C. C. A. 376, 378, the principle just re*7ferred to seems to find approval of this court. Alluding to another decision which involved transactions conducted by a defaulting treasurer of two corporations, Judge Taft said:
“We do not see that the circumstance, in that case, that the treasurer stole the money, aud, in this, that the president obtained it on the false representation that he was authorized to borrow it for his bank, makes any reasonable distinction between the two cases.”
[7] The most that can be said in respect of abstraction of the stock by Larson is that he was at the time the common agent of the bank and Skud. The effort of the receiver is as stated to recover on Skud’s promise, despite the knowledge of the hank’s president and cashier touching the condition imposed by Skud as to the memorandum and securities. This ignores a principle settled both by this court and the Supreme Court. It was not open to the hank to receive the benefit of Skud’s individual promise, through either its president or cashier, or both, without bearing the burden of the knowledge which those officials had when receiving the benefit. In Ditty v. Dominion Nat. Bank, supra, this court held that a bank, whose president had embezzled certain of its funds and replaced them with money borrowed by him on the bank’s note, without the directors’ knowledge, and then applied the money so borrowed to the bank’s lawful debts, was affected with the knowledge of the president and liable to the bank from which the money was borrowed; Judge Taft saying (75 Fed. 771, 22 C. C. A. 377):
“Having received the benefit through an agent, it is affected with the burden of the notice which that agent had of its reception, and therefore it became liable for money had and received to its use from the Dominion National Bank. * * * So in this case the bank, having received the money through the agency of its president, could not retain it without assuming the burden of the president’s knowledge as to how it came to be obtained.”
See Aldrich v. Chemical National Bank, 176 U. S. 618, 633, 20 Sup. Ct. 498, 44 L. Ed. 611, where the Ditty Case was cited with approval; Atlantic Mills Co. v. Indian Orchard Mills, 147 Mass. 268, 274, 17 N. E. 496, 9 Am. St. Rep. 698; Fairfield v. Southport Nat. Bank, supra, 80 Conn. 103, 67 Atl. 471; Lowndes v. City National Bank, 82 Conn. 8, 13, 14, 72 Atl. 150, 22 L. R. A. (N. S.) 408; Merchants’ Bank v. State Bank, 10 Wall. 604, 644, 645, 19 L. Ed. 1008; First Nat. Bank v. Bakken, 17 N. D. 224, 227, 116 N. W. 92.
. Manifestly it can make no difference which party to an action invokes the principle of those decisions. If Skud had received the money mentioned in the note, he would have to pay it back. Since he did not receive it, neither the bank nor its receiver can claim the benefit of his promise without yielding to him the corresponding benefit of the stock. If this were not the law, it would result that the receiver alone could in effect rescind the contract with Skud so far as it would impose an obligation upon the bank and affirm it so far as it would operate to its advantage. Peninsular Bank v. Hanmer, 14 Mich. 207, 214.
[8] The only remaining question necessary to determine is whether upon the hypothesis that the note in its original form and the certificates of stock were delivered to the hank the defense urged by Skud can be entertained in this suit. We are disposed to believe that it can. *8Upon this hypothesis the transaction embraced, at least it was connected with, the security, as well as the promise. Shaw v. Methodist Episcopal Society in Lowell, 8 Metc. (Mass.) 223, 226. Otherwise expressed, the bank impliedly contracted to keep the pledged securities for the benefit of Skud, and its failure so to do is a breach of the contract out of which the note in question grew, and thus furnishes a claim arising under that contract. ■
[9] It was held below that Skud’s remedy is in equity; but that is not his only remedy. He may have any damages he has suffered through loss of the stock, applied in reduction of the indebtedness due upon his promise. If such a defense is not within the doctrine of set-off as it exists under the statute and the practice of Michigan, it seems clear that it is within the doctrine of recoupment under the statute of the state and the practice in that behalf. Its allowance would avoid circuity of action, not to say injustice. In McHardy v. Wadsworth (1860) 8 Mich. 349, 353, Judge Christiancy said:
“A defense, by way of recoupment, denies tbe validity of the plaintiff’s cause of action to so large an amount as he claims. It is not an independent cross-claim, like a separate and distinct debt or item of account due from the plaintiff, but is confined to matters arising out of, or connected with, the contract or transaction which forms the basis of the plaintiff’s action. It goes only in abatement or reduction of the plaintiff’s claim, and can be used as a substitute for a cross-action only to the extent of the plaintiff’s demand.”
Again (8 Mich. 354):
“It prevents circuity of action, and accomplishes full justice to all the parties without tbe violation of any rule of law.”
Although Judge Campbell dissented because of an imperfect notice and of a belief that it was not open to amendment, yet he said (8 Mich. 355):
“And I think the doctrine of recoupment, arising directly, as here, out of matters forming the consideration, should be permitted in like manner to apply.”
In Platt v. Brand, 26 Mich. 173, 175, in speaking of recoupment, Judge Campbell said:
“The whole doctrine is one of the equitable outgrowths of the improvement of legal practice; and no obstacle should be thrown in the way of its encouragement. Our legislation has indicated this design by enlarging the defense and permitting defendants to recover damages beyond the plaintiff’s claim. We do not feel disposed to accept any technical doctrines which would prevent its full efficacy, unless compelled by a weight of authority which we do not find here.”
See, also,, language of Judge Cooley in Chandler v. Childs, 42 Mich. 128, 130, 131, 3 N. W. 297, and of Judge Marston in Iron Cliffs Co. v. Gingrass, 42 Mich. 30, 31, 3 N. W. 238.
In Donnel v. Wyckoff, 49 N. J. Law, 48, 50, 7 Atl. 672, 673, it was held that in an action brought by a pledgee for the debt the defendant might set up the wrongful conversion of the pledge by way of defense, and be allowed its value as payment of the debt pro tanto; the court saying: -
“The loan of the money and pledge of the stock as collateral security áre parts of the same transaction, and the value of the property wrongfully con*9verted and the amount of the debt can both be as readily ascertained in the action by the pledgee for the debt, as in tho action by' the pledgor for the conversion of the pledge.”
Again (49 N. J. Law, 51,7 Atl. 673):
“To deprive the creditor of all remedy for his debt, because by inadvertence. he has made an unlawful disposition of the pledge—it may be of less value than the debt—would he unjust. Equally unjust would it be to compel the debtor to pay the debt in full In the face of the wrongful disposition of the property pledged, and then put him to an action of trover against the same party, who may he insolvent and incapable of satisfying the judgment against him. The injustice that might he done to the pledgee in an action of trover for the wrongful conversion of tho pledge—the debt for which it was pledged being unpaid—is obviated by allowing the amount of the debt in abatement of damages, on the theory that to that extent the property pledged has been applied to the pledgor’s use. On the same principle the value of the pledge wrongfully converted may he treated as payment pro tanto, or in full in an action for the debt.”
To the same effect: Rush v. First Nat. Bank, 71 Fed. 102, 104, 105, 17 C. C. A. 627 (C. C. A. 8th Cir.); Brown v. First Nat. Bank, 112 Fed. 901, 905, 50 C. C. A. 602, 56 L. R. A. 876 (C. C. A. 7th Cir.); Stuart v. Bigler’s Estate, 98 Pa. 80, 84; Ocean Nat. Bank v. Fant, 50 N. Y. 474, 476; Frank & J. G. Jenkins, Jr., v. Conklin, 146 App. Div. 301, 130 N. Y. Supp. 779, 780. Other cases showing varying though kindred applications of the doctrine: Michigan Yacht & Power Co. v. Busch, 143 Fed. 929, 936, 75 C. C. A. 109 (C. C. A. 6th Cir.); Wm. Carraway & Sons v. Kentucky Refining Co., 163 Fed. 189, 192, 90 C. C. A. 59 (C. C. A. 6th Cir.); York Mfg. Co. v. Rothwell, 119 Fed. 144, 147. 56 C. C. A. 52 (C. C. A. 6th Cir.); Dushane v. Benedict, 120 U. S. 630, 648, 7 Sup. Ct. 696, 30 L. Fd. 810; Bank v. Smith, 144 Iowa, 203, 206, 122 N. W. 825. That Skud’s remedy is not confined to equity finds further support in the analogous class of cases, which hold that a mortgagee may bring trover for conversion of the mortgaged property. Grove v. Wise, 39 Mich. 161; Hull v. Bernatz, 106 Mich. 551, 64 N. W. 473; Huellmantel v. Vinton, 112 Mich. 47, 70 N. W. 412; note to Worthington v. Hanna, 23 Mich. 530.
We are therefore constrained to hold that it was error to grant the motion to direct a verdict. We refrain from passing upon other questions presented.
The judgment below must be reversed, and a new trial awarded, with costs.