Court Opinion

ID: 4358094
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-11 16:12:14.556858+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:44.086920
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
                                                                        FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any                          Jan 11 2019, 9:53 am

court except for the purpose of establishing                            CLERK
                                                                    Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                Court of Appeals
                                                                         and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Mark K. Leeman                                           Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Leeman Law Office and                                    Attorney General of Indiana
Cass County Public Defender
                                                         Laura R. Anderson
Logansport, Indiana                                      Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana

                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Ismael Campos-Martinez,                                  January 11, 2019
Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         18A-CR-1724
        v.                                               Appeal from the Cass Superior
                                                         Court
State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable James
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                      Muehlhausen, Judge
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         09D01-1801-F6-40

Robb, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019            Page 1 of 14
                                Case Summary and Issue
[1]   Following a jury trial, Ismael Campos-Martinez was convicted of domestic

      battery, a Level 6 felony, and was sentenced to two years incarceration.

      Campos-Martinez appeals his conviction, raising one issue for our review:

      whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting hearsay testimony as

      an excited utterance. Concluding the trial court did not err in admitting the

      testimony and even if it did, the error was harmless, we affirm.

                            Facts and Procedural History
[2]   Campos-Martinez and Natasha Campos were in a relationship for ten years and

      married for the last year of that time. When they got together, Natasha had

      three children from a previous relationship, and Campos-Martinez and Natasha

      then had two children together. Late in 2017, their marriage hit a rough patch,

      and Campos-Martinez moved out of the Logansport home he shared with

      Natasha and the five children and into the home of Allison Rosas, a woman

      with whom he was having an affair.

[3]   On the morning of January 21, 2018, Campos-Martinez came to the family

      home to spend time with the children. During his visit, Allison called several

      times, which upset Natasha, who was still holding out hope for a reconciliation.

      At some point, Campos-Martinez took the four youngest children with him to

      the laundromat to wash some clothes. Natasha called Campos-Martinez

      several times to no avail. Suspicious that Campos-Martinez was meeting

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019   Page 2 of 14
      Allison there, Natasha walked to the closest laundromat and found Campos-

      Martinez video chatting with Allison while the kids played games. They

      argued for several minutes at the laundromat; Campos-Martinez was mad that

      Natasha had followed him to the laundromat and Natasha was mad that

      Campos-Martinez was on the phone with Allison instead of spending time with

      the kids. Campos-Martinez was unable to answer Allison’s repeated calls

      because Natasha was following him around the laundromat and refusing to

      leave, and he told Natasha to “go back home and wait[.]” Transcript, Volume

      II at 44. Natasha went outside but did not leave until Campos-Martinez

      finished his laundry and the group returned to the house together. Shortly

      thereafter, Natasha found Campos-Martinez outside talking to Allison on the

      phone. Campos-Martinez then announced that he had to leave, even though it

      was early afternoon and he was supposed to be with the children until evening.

[4]   Natasha and Campos-Martinez began fighting about Campos-Martinez

      “let[ting] another girl take time away from his kids[.]” Id. at 46. Campos-

      Martinez became angry and said he was leaving whether Natasha liked it or

      not. He said goodbye to the children and as he walked out the door onto the

      back porch, Natasha grabbed the back of his sweatshirt. When Campos-

      Martinez turned around, Natasha thought he was going to hit her, so she hit

      him first. Campos-Martinez “was really really p*ssed off at that time” and hit

      back, but Natasha ducked and the blow landed on her back, which caused her

      pain. Id. at 47. Campos-Martinez then grabbed Natasha’s arms “so [she]

      couldn’t hit him anymore.” Id. At one point in this brief altercation, Natasha

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019   Page 3 of 14
      yelled. A.M., her oldest son, heard her and came to the porch to try to break up

      the fight. As Campos-Martinez and Natasha continued to struggle with one

      another, A.M. was also hit, although Natasha did not know whether she or

      Campos-Martinez hit him. Campos-Martinez and Natasha then separated and

      everyone returned to the house. Natasha told Campos-Martinez to leave

      Allison or she would call the police. Ten to fifteen minutes after the altercation

      on the back porch, Natasha called 911.

[5]   Officer Jarred Coffing, an Indiana conservation officer, was working the

      3:30pm to midnight shift as a field training officer to probationary officer

      Jordan Wagner. They heard the 911 call come through as they passed through

      Logansport. Officer Coffing said they were less than 100 yards away from the

      address and responded within seconds. They were met at the door of the house

      by A.M. who “appeared to be extremely distressed, distraught, he’s [sic] face

      was very red, swollen [and he was] crying[.]” Id. at 78. Officer Coffing noticed

      a “significant bruise on the one side of his face as well as a small cut and some

      blood.” Id. A.M.’s injuries were “bright red like they just occurred.” Id. at

      105. A.M. told the officers that “his stepdad hit his mom.” Id.

[6]   When the officers entered the home, Natasha and Campos-Martinez were

      “yelling and bickering” but nothing physical was occurring. Id. at 89. Officer

      Coffing described Natasha as appearing “extremely distressed and distraught.

      She was very red in the face, crying, bloodshot eyes, upset. [S]he was

      noncommunicable for a couple minutes, she was so upset. [D]isheveled.” Id.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019   Page 4 of 14
      at 81. The officers separated Campos-Martinez and Natasha and asked A.M.

      to go upstairs with his siblings.

[7]   Officer Coffing stayed in the house and spoke to Campos-Martinez, who

      apologized and acknowledged that he and Natasha had gotten into a fight and

      that it had become physical. He also acknowledged that he had shoved

      Natasha and that when A.M. came out to help her, he also shoved A.M. While

      Officer Coffing was speaking to Campos-Martinez “[j]ust a handful of minutes”

      after his arrival at the house, A.M. came downstairs saying that he was mad at

      Campos-Martinez because “he had hit his mom.” Id. at 85-86. Officer Wagner

      took Natasha outside and she told him Campos-Martinez had “grabbed her by

      the throat. She had attempted to punch him . . . or to hit him to get away from

      him at that time he hit her in the back.” Id. at 111. Officer Wagner then placed

      Campos-Martinez under arrest and while he completed a domestic violence

      affidavit with Natasha, “she was still emotionally upset . . . crying the whole

      time.” Id. at 113. The officers also called an ambulance to the house, but

      neither Natasha nor A.M. sought further medical treatment.

[8]   The State charged Campos-Martinez with domestic battery and strangulation,

      both Level 6 felonies.1 At the jury trial, Natasha related that Campos-Martinez

      had hit her but denied that he had put his hands around her throat or that her

      breathing was restricted. She admitted that she had asked the prosecutor’s

      1
          A second count of domestic battery, a Class A misdemeanor, was dismissed before trial.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019             Page 5 of 14
       office to drop the charges and that she was not testifying willingly. Campos-

       Martinez made hearsay objections during Officer Coffing’s testimony about

       A.M.’s remarks and during Officer Wagner’s testimony about Natasha’s

       statement to him. The trial court overruled both objections on the basis of the

       excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay. A.M. did not testify.

       At the conclusion of the evidence, the jury found Campos-Martinez guilty of

       domestic battery but not guilty of strangulation. The trial court sentenced

       Campos-Martinez to two years in the Cass County Jail for the conviction of

       domestic battery. Campos-Martinez now appeals his conviction.

                                  Discussion and Decision
                                      I. Standard of Review
[9]    Campos-Martinez contends the trial court abused its discretion when it

       admitted Officer Coffing’s and Officer Wagner’s testimony as evidence over his

       hearsay objections. We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of

       discretion. Snow v. State, 77 N.E.3d 173, 176 (Ind. 2017). “An abuse of

       discretion occurs when the ruling is clearly against the logic and effect of the

       facts and circumstances.” Id.

[10]   A claim of error in the admission or exclusion of evidence will not prevail on

       appeal unless a substantial right of the party is affected. Ind. Evidence Rule

       103(a). In determining whether an error in the introduction of evidence

       affected a defendant’s substantial rights, we assess the probable impact of the

       evidence on the jury. Thrash v. State, 88 N.E.3d 198, 203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017).
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019   Page 6 of 14
                                  II. Admission of Evidence
[11]   Hearsay is a statement “not made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or

       hearing” that is “offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted”

       and is generally not admissible as evidence. Ind. Evidence Rule 801(c), 802.

       However, “[a] statement relating to a startling event or condition, made while

       the declarant is under the stress of excitement that it caused” is not excluded by

       the rule against hearsay. Evid. R. 803(2).

[12]   To be an excited utterance, a “startling event or condition” must have occurred,

       the declarant must have made the statement while under the stress or

       excitement caused by that event or condition, and the statement must relate to

       the event or condition. Young v. State, 980 N.E.2d 412, 421 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2012). Application of the excited utterance hearsay exception is not mechanical

       and the admissibility of statements offered pursuant to this exception must be

       shown to be trustworthy under the specific facts of the case. Palacios v. State,

       926 N.E.2d 1026, 1031 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). The focus is on whether the

       statement was made while the declarant was under the influence of the

       excitement caused by the startling event and is therefore inherently reliable

       because the declarant was incapable of thoughtful reflection and unlikely to

       manufacture falsehoods. Boatner v. State, 934 N.E.2d 184, 186 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2010). The amount of time that passed between the event and the statement is

       not dispositive; rather, the question is whether the declarant was still under the

       stress of excitement caused by the startling event when the statement was made.

       Mathis v. State, 859 N.E.2d 1275, 1279 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019   Page 7 of 14
[13]   Campos-Martinez argues the trial court abused its discretion in allowing certain

       hearsay statements to be admitted into evidence as excited utterances because

       the altercation had occurred at least twenty minutes prior to the statements,

       both A.M. and Natasha had time for thoughtful reflection, and the statements

       were inherently unreliable because A.M. did not actually see the beginning of

       the altercation and Natasha had a motive to lie.

                                        A. A.M.’s Statements
[14]   The State elicited testimony from Officer Coffing that while he was speaking

       with Campos-Martinez, A.M. was making statements “[t]hat he was upset.”

       Tr., Vol. II at 84. Campos-Martinez objected on hearsay grounds. Officer

       Coffing clarified under questioning from the State that “[i]t was a very short

       amount of time” between his arrival at the house and A.M. making those

       statements. Id. at 85. Campos-Martinez then asked Officer Coffing several

       questions directed to how much time had passed between the altercation and

       his arrival. Officer Coffing could not give a time frame for that. The trial court

       overruled the objection, stating, “I don’t think that much time has passed to

       take out the excited utterance exception of the hearsay rule. . . . I think it’s

       pretty close to the point in time the event occurred[.]” Id. at 86. Officer Coffing

       then testified that A.M. said he was mad “that [Campos-Martinez] had hit his

       mom.” Id. Officer Wagner later testified that when the officers first

       encountered A.M. and asked what had happened, A.M. responded that “his

       stepdad hit his mom.” Id. at 105. Campos-Martinez did not object to this

       testimony.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019   Page 8 of 14
[15]   We reiterate that lapse of time between an event and the statement is not

       dispositive, but a long period of time between the two reduces the likelihood

       that a statement is made while under the stress or excitement caused by the

       event. Boatner, 934 N.E.2d at 186. We also note that the State’s questioning of

       the officers to establish how much time had elapsed between when the officers

       arrived and when the statements were made is, by itself, irrelevant. See, e.g.,

       Tr., Vol. II at 85 (State asking Officer Coffing, “Specifically, when [A.M.] was

       making statements to the defendant, how much time had passed between your

       arrival in the home and [A.M.] making those statements?”). The relevant

       question is how much time elapsed between the event and the statement.

       Nonetheless, other testimony established Natasha called 911 within ten or

       fifteen minutes of the altercation. See Tr., Vol. II at 52 (Natasha guessing it was

       ten or fifteen minutes after the incident when she called police). Therefore, the

       sum of the testimony presented at trial established the lapse of time as

       approximately twenty minutes. Twenty minutes is not per se too long a time

       for a statement to be considered an excited utterance. See Noojin v. State, 730
N.E.2d 672, 676-77 (Ind. 2000) (holding that trial court did not abuse its

       discretion in finding a statement made within twenty-five minutes of

       discovering two dead bodies was made under the stress of excitement caused by

       the event).

[16]   In addition, Officer Coffing testified that when he first encountered A.M., he

       was distressed and distraught, his face was red and swollen, with a significant

       bruise and a small cut, and he was crying. Less than five minutes later, A.M.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019   Page 9 of 14
       made the statement to which Campos-Martinez objects. In determining

       whether a statement is an excited utterance, we have considered whether the

       declarant is crying, appears to be under stress, is injured, or is exhibiting other

       physical or psychological conditions that indicate stress. See Fowler v. State, 829
N.E.2d 459, 463-64 (Ind. 2005) (holding that statements made while the

       declarant was in pain, crying, bleeding, and having trouble catching her breath

       were properly admissible as excited utterances), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1193

       (2006). Given the short amount of time between the altercation and A.M.’s

       statements and given A.M.’s demeanor when officers arrived, the trial court did

       not abuse its discretion in admitting A.M.’s statements as excited utterances. 2

[17]   Campos-Martinez also cites Noojin v. State as support for his assertion that

       A.M.’s statements were inherently unreliable because he did not see Campos-

       Martinez hit Natasha. In Noojin, our supreme court noted that “it is assumed,

       although not specifically stated in the rule, that an excited utterance must be

       based on the declarant’s personal knowledge.” 730 N.E.2d at 677. “If a

       statement is instead based on conjecture, it is not admissible as an excited

       utterance to prove the truth of the matter reported.” Id. In Noojin, the disputed

       testimony was that the declarant had been to an apartment where she saw the

       defendant with the two residents. She left the apartment for twenty to twenty-

       five minutes and when she returned, no one answered the door and she saw one

       2
           And, as noted above, Officer Wagner later testified to the same content without objection.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019                 Page 10 of 14
       of the residents lying on the floor through a window. The two residents were

       found murdered and an officer dispatched to the scene testified that within

       thirty-five minutes of his arrival, the declarant told him she had seen the

       defendant with the two victims and that the defendant killed them. Because the

       declarant’s statement that the defendant had killed the victims was not based on

       her personal knowledge, the court held the trial court abused its discretion in

       admitting the statement as an excited utterance. Id.3 Here, although it is

       unclear when A.M. joined the fray, it is apparent that he witnessed some of the

       tussle. Also, there was testimony from Natasha that Campos-Martinez had hit

       her and also from Officer Coffing that Campos-Martinez had admitted his role

       in the altercation. Any error in admitting Officer Coffing’s testimony about

       A.M.’s statement was harmless because it was cumulative of other testimony,

       including basically the same statement being admitted during Officer Wagner’s

       testimony without objection. See Mathis, 859 N.E.2d at 1280 (noting the

       admission of hearsay “is not grounds for reversal where it is merely cumulative

       of other evidence admitted”).

                                       B. Natasha’s Statements
[18]   The State also elicited testimony from Officer Wagner that “maybe five”

       minutes passed between the time he arrived at the house and when he began

       speaking with Natasha. Tr., Vol. II at 109. The State then asked, “What did

       3
        However, the court also held it was harmless error because it was clear that the statement was an
       assumption not an eyewitness account and therefore had little persuasive force. Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019                Page 11 of 14
       she tell you?” Id. Campos-Martinez again objected on hearsay grounds and

       asked Officer Wagner if he knew how long before he arrived at the house the

       incident had actually occurred. Officer Wagner did not. Nonetheless, the trial

       court overruled the objection, finding Natasha’s statements to be an excited

       utterance and Officer Wagner was allowed to testify that Natasha told him she

       and Campos-Martinez had been arguing, that Campos-Martinez grabbed her by

       the throat and when she attempted to hit him to get away from him, he hit her

       in the back. As above, we note that the cumulative testimony established the

       statements were made approximately twenty minutes after the altercation and

       therefore were close enough in time to the startling event to be considered

       excited utterances. See supra ¶ 15. In addition, Natasha was distressed, crying,

       and her face was flushed when the officers arrived. See Fowler, 829 N.E.2d at

       463-64.

[19]   We acknowledge that whether Officer Wagner’s testimony about Natasha’s

       statement should have been allowed is a closer call because Natasha did use the

       ten to fifteen minutes before she called 911 to try to persuade Campos-Martinez

       to leave his girlfriend. This tends to imply Natasha was capable of thoughtful

       reflection before speaking with Officer Wagner in that she realized she had a

       bargaining chip and tried to use it. Nonetheless, Natasha had already testified

       Campos-Martinez hit her, Officer Coffing had already testified Campos-

       Martinez admitted his role in the incident, and Officer Wagner testified without

       objection that A.M. had said Campos-Martinez hit Natasha. See Mathis, 859
N.E.2d at 1280. The only part of Officer Wagner’s testimony that was not

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019   Page 12 of 14
       cumulative of other evidence was his testimony that Natasha said Campos-

       Martinez grabbed her by the throat. However, because the jury found Campos-

       Martinez not guilty of the strangulation charge, that testimony was not harmful

       to him even if it was admitted in error.

[20]   Campos-Martinez acknowledges Natasha’s in-court testimony that Campos-

       Martinez hit her but argues that without A.M.’s and Natasha’s out-of-court

       statements, “there was no other substantial evidence supporting the battery

       conviction.” Appellant’s Br. at 13. We disagree. The uncorroborated

       testimony of the victim alone is sufficient to support a conviction. Bailey v.

       State, 979 N.E.2d 133, 135 (Ind. 2012). This argument is essentially a request

       that we reweigh the evidence supporting the conviction. The fraught

       relationship between Campos-Martinez and Natasha and Natasha’s alleged

       “motive to lie” was squarely before they jury and it chose to believe Natasha.

       As an appellate court, we will not reweigh the evidence or judge witness

       credibility. See Yoakum v. State, 95 N.E.3d 169, 173 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans.

       denied.

                                               Conclusion
[21]   The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting testimony pursuant to

       the excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay. Campos-Martinez’s

       conviction for battery is therefore affirmed.

[22]   Affirmed.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019   Page 13 of 14
Riley, J., and Kirsch, J., concur.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1724 | January 11, 2019   Page 14 of 14