Court Opinion

ID: 5133856
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-09 23:00:43.99725+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:40.386800
License: Public Domain

In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                For the Seventh Circuit
                    ____________________

No. 21-1186
SANDY POINT DENTAL, P.C.,
                                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                v.

THE CINCINNATI INSURANCE COMPANY,
                                                Defendant-Appellee.
                    ____________________

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the
          Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
         No. 20 CV 2160 — Robert W. Gettleman, Judge.
                    ____________________

No. 21-1559
THE BEND HOTEL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, LLC,
                                    Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                v.

THE CINCINNATI INSURANCE COMPANY,
                                                Defendant-Appellee.
2                                 Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203

                       ___________________

          Appeal from the United States District Court for the
            Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
             No. 20 CV 4636 — Elaine E. Bucklo, Judge.
                      ____________________

No. 21-1203
TJBC, INC.,
                                                   Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                  v.

THE CINCINNATI INSURANCE COMPANY,
                                                  Defendant-Appellee.
                      ____________________

          Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                      Southern District of Illinois.
          No. 3:20-cv-00815-DWD — David W. Dugan, Judge.
                      ____________________

    ARGUED SEPTEMBER 10, 2021 — DECIDED DECEMBER 9, 2021
                  ____________________

     Before MANION, WOOD, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
    WOOD, Circuit Judge. No one doubts that the COVID-19
pandemic has inﬂicted enormous losses on businesses, large
and small, throughout the country. It is therefore not sur-
prising that an avalanche of insurance claims has followed in
the wake of the pandemic, as the suﬀering businesses look
for assistance in absorbing those losses. We resolve three
such claims in this opinion—those brought by plaintiﬀs
Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203                               3

Sandy Point Dental, P.C. (“Sandy Point”), the Bend Hotel
Development Company (“Bend Hotel”), and TJBC, Inc.
(“TJBC”). We refer to the plaintiﬀs collectively as the Busi-
nesses unless the context requires otherwise.
    Each Business was required to close or dramatically scale
back its operations in response to a series of executive orders
issued by Illinois Governor J. B. Pritzker in an eﬀort to curb
the spread of the virus in the state. The Businesses held ma-
terially identical commercial-property insurance policies,
sold by the same insurer, the Cincinnati Insurance Company
(“Cincinnati”). In brief, these policies provided coverage for
income losses sustained on account of a suspension of opera-
tions caused by “direct physical loss” to covered property.
The policies also provided coverage for income losses sus-
tained as a result of an action of civil authority prohibiting
access to covered property, when such action was taken in
response to “direct physical loss” suﬀered by other property.
   Each Business ﬁled claims for coverage under its policy,
and each time, Cincinnati denied the claim and litigation en-
sued. In all three cases, the responsible district court granted
Cincinnati’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim up-
on which relief could be granted. See FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6).
Each court reasoned that the Business before it did not ade-
quately allege that either the virus that causes COVID-19,
SARS-CoV-2, or the resulting closure orders caused “direct
physical loss” to property. All three Businesses appealed; we
resolve those appeals in this consolidated opinion.
    Our review is de novo, but we ﬁnd little to criticize in the
district courts’ resolutions of these cases, and so we aﬃrm
the judgments of dismissal. In doing so, we join the four cir-
cuits that so far have addressed the central question before
4                              Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203

us: whether loss of use, unaccompanied by any physical al-
teration to property, may constitute “direct physical loss”
under the relevant insurance policies. See Santo’s Italian Café
LLC v. Acuity Ins. Co., 15 F.4th 398 (6th Cir. 2021); Oral Sur-
geons, P.C. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 2 F.4th 1141 (8th Cir. 2021);
Mudpie, Inc. v. Travelers Cas. Ins. Co., 15 F.4th 885 (9th Cir.
2021); Gilreath Family & Cosmetic Dentistry, Inc. v. Cincinnati
Ins. Co., --- F. App’x ---, 2021 WL 3870697 (11th Cir. Aug. 31,
2021).
                                I
    On March 15, 2020, in response to the rapidly expanding
COVID-19 pandemic, Governor Pritzker issued an order
mandating the temporary closure to the public of restau-
rants, bars, and movie theaters. Exec. Order No. 2020-07. On
March 20, 2020, he issued another order, this time requiring
all non-essential businesses to shut down partially and tem-
porarily. Exec. Order No. 2020-10.
   As a result of these orders, Sandy Point, a private dental
group, had to suspend the elective and routine dental
services that make up 95% of its business, and limit its
practice to emergency services. TJBC, which owns and
operates two food and beverage establishments, was
required to suspend in-person dining and limit its services to
delivery and take-out. This lasted until June 26, 2020, when a
superseding order permitted it to serve patrons in an
outdoor setting, in parties of six persons or fewer, and in a
socially distant manner.
   Bend Hotel’s allegations are less concrete, and so it is
harder to tell what precisely these orders demanded of it. Its
complaint alleges only that the ﬁrst order “prohibited the
Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203                             5

public from accessing [Bend Hotel’s] restaurants,” and that
the second order “clos[ed] all ‘non-essential’ businesses in
Illinois, including all restaurants … and much of hotel
operations.” But as Cincinnati points out, although the
orders prohibited in-person dining, they permitted delivery
(including room service, in the case of a hotel) and take-
away. The second order even designated hotels as essential
businesses, “to the extent used for lodging and delivery or
carry-out food services.” Exec. Order No. 2020-10, ¶ 12.v.
Based on the complaint and text of the orders, which are
oﬃcial documents that have legal eﬀect, and thus a proper
subject of judicial notice, we proceed on the assumption that
Bend Hotel did limit its restaurant services to delivery and
take-out, and that its lodging services suﬀered from reduced
capacity caused by restrictions on non-essential travel and
social-distancing requirements.
   To recover the income losses occasioned by the closure
orders, the Businesses turned to commercial property insur-
ance policies sold to each of them by Cincinnati. The relevant
provisions read as follows:
   SECTION A. COVERAGE.
   We will pay for direct “loss” to Covered Property at
   the “premises” caused by or resulting from any Cov-
   ered Cause of Loss. …
   (1) Business Income
   We will pay for the actual loss of “Business Income”
   and “Rental Value” you sustain due to the necessary
   “suspension” of your “operations” during the “period
   of restoration.” The “suspension” must be caused by
   direct physical “loss” to property at a “premises”
6                            Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203

    caused by or resulting from any Covered Cause of
    Loss. …
    (2) Extra Expense
    We will pay “Extra Expense” you incur during the
    “period of restoration”:
        (a) To avoid or minimize the “suspension” of
            business and to continue “operations” …
        (b) To minimize the “suspension” of business if
            you cannot continue “operations”. …
    (3) Civil Authority
    We will pay for the actual loss of “Business Income”
    you sustain and “Extra Expense” you incur caused by
    action of civil authority that prohibits access to the
    “premises” due to direct physical “loss” to property,
    other than at the “premises, caused by or resulting
    from any Covered Cause of Loss. …
    SECTION G. DEFINITIONS
    …
    9. “Loss” means accidental loss or damage.
    In other words, incorporating the stated deﬁnition of
“loss,” the Businesses were covered for income losses result-
ing from direct physical loss or direct physical damage to
property. Thus, to survive Cincinnati’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion,
they needed to allege that either the virus or the resulting
closure orders caused direct physical loss or direct physical
damage to covered property.
Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203                               7

                               II
    Before addressing the question whether the Businesses
adequately alleged “direct physical loss,” we ﬁrst must de-
termine what that phrase means under the Policy. We look
to Illinois law for this purpose, because our subject-matter
jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship, and the par-
ties agree that Illinois supplies the rule of decision. Our task
is to predict how the Supreme Court of Illinois would re-
solve the issue. See Webber v. Butner, 923 F.3d 479, 482 (7th
Cir. 2019).
    Under Illinois law, an insurance policy is to be construed
as a whole, “giving eﬀect to every provision, if possible, be-
cause it must be assumed that every provision was intended
to serve a purpose.” Valley Forge Ins. Co. v. Swiderski Elecs.,
Inc., 860 N.E.2d 307, 314 (Ill. 2006). “If the words used in the
policy are clear and unambiguous, they must be given their
plain, ordinary, and popular meaning.” Cent. Ill. Light Co. v.
Home Ins. Co., 821 N.E.2d 206, 213 (Ill. 2004). Furthermore,
“[a] policy provision is not rendered ambiguous simply be-
cause the parties disagree as to its meaning.” Founders Ins.
Co. v. Munoz, 930 N.E.2d 999, 1004 (Ill. 2010). Rather, an am-
biguity exists when the policy language is “subject to more
than one reasonable interpretation.” Hobbs v. Hartford Ins.
Co., 823 N.E.2d 561, 564 (Ill. 2005).
   No decision of the Illinois Supreme Court has addressed
the precise policy language before us. But we are not entirely
without guidance. In Travelers Ins. Co. v. Eljer Mfg., Inc., 757
N.E.2d 481 (Ill. 2001), the state’s highest court addressed
similar language, holding that “the term ‘physical injury’
unambiguously connotes … an alteration in appearance,
shape, color or in other material dimension.” Id. at 502.
8                              Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203

When interpreting “direct physical loss” in other cases in-
volving coverage disputes over COVID-19-related losses,
many courts have turned to this language from Travelers and
concluded that the phrase “direct physical loss,” like the
language in Travelers, requires a physical alteration to prop-
erty. See, e.g., Paradigm Care & Enrichment Center, LLC v. West
Bend Mutual Ins. Co., 529 F. Supp. 3d 927, 935 (E.D. Wis.
2021) (“While Travelers does not interpret the exact phrase at
issue in this case, the Court ﬁnds it likely that, pursuant to
the Illinois Supreme Court’s interpretation of the terms
‘physical injury,’ Plaintiﬀs have not alleged ‘physical loss or
damage to’ their covered premises.”). Cincinnati argues that
this interpretation is correct, and the district courts in each of
these appeals agreed with that position.
    The Businesses oﬀer a competing (and more expansive)
interpretation. “Direct physical loss,” they posit, captures
not only physical alterations to property but also loss of use,
even loss that is unaccompanied by any physical alteration.
They point to two textual clues in support of this reading.
First, they argue that the use of the disjunctive in the phrase
“direct physical loss or damage” suggests that “loss” must
mean something diﬀerent from “damage,” lest the policy
language be redundant. “Damage,” they suggest, refers to a
physical alteration to property, while “loss” refers to the
deprivation of use or possession. Second, the Businesses
argue that the nature of the exclusions demonstrates that the
Policy calls for an expansive understanding of “direct
physical loss”—one that includes loss of use—and that the
absence of a virus exclusion thus means that the loss of use
they suﬀered from the executive orders, or from the virus, is
covered under the Policy.
Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203                               9

    We have no quarrel with the idea that the disjunctive in-
dicates that “loss” means something diﬀerent from “dam-
age.” See ANTONIN SCALIA & BRYAN GARNER, READING LAW:
THE INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL TEXTS 174 (2012) (discussing
the canon against surplusage). But the Businesses’ proposed
distinction is neither the only possible reading nor a likely
one. The phrase is “direct physical loss or damage.” The
words “direct physical” are most sensibly read as modifying
both “loss” and “damage.” But even if they can be divorced
from “damage” (and we do not think that they can), they in-
disputably modify “loss.” Any other interpretation would
commit the same sin against which the Businesses caution
us—namely making surplusage out of the word “physical.”
Whatever “loss” means, it must be physical in nature. See
Oral Surgeons, 2 F.4th at 1144 (“there must be some physicality
to the loss or damage of property”) (emphasis added); see al-
so Mudpie, Inc., 15 F.4th at 893 (favorably citing Oral Surgeons
for the same proposition).
    Cincinnati proposes, and many courts have adopted, a
reading that better accounts for both the disjunctive and the
word “physical”: the word “loss” may refer to complete de-
struction while “damage” connotes lesser harm that may be
repaired. See, e.g., Crescent Plaza Hotel Owner L.P. v. Zurich
American Ins. Co., 520 F. Supp. 3d 1066, 1069–70 (N.D. Ill.
2021). But because the Businesses’ properties were neither
destroyed nor damaged in a way that called for repairs, this
option does not help them.
    The next textual argument presented by the Businesses is
equally unavailing. They contend that if “direct physical
loss” were limited to physical alterations to property, the
Policy would have no reason expressly to exclude things
10                            Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203

such as nuclear reactions, radiation, or radioactive contami-
nation, which do not (they assume) cause physical altera-
tions. Why mention a few non-physical possibilities if all of
them are already excluded? The presence of these exclusions
must mean, the Businesses argue, that “direct physical loss”
is more capacious than Cincinnati is willing to admit. And
because an exclusion for viruses is conspicuously absent
from the Policy whose terms we are interpreting, it follows
that the SARS-CoV-2 virus must not be excluded.
    The problem with this argument lies in its premise. Every
exclusion to which the Businesses can point does involve
something that causes a physical alteration to property. Take
nuclear radiation, which the Businesses present as their
clearest example. They contend that “[l]ike COVID-19,
nuclear radiation exists in, but does not physically aﬀect, the
structure of a building.” But they present no basis for that
assumption, and as a matter of fact, it appears to be
incorrect. See H.K. HILSDORF ET AL., THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR
RADIATION ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 226
(1978) (reporting on the eﬀects of radiation, including
embrittlement, on the physical properties of concrete and
other solids).
    But we need not wade into a debate about engineering or
materials science. The Policy is replete with textual clues that
reinforce the conclusion that “direct physical loss” requires a
physical alteration to property. As Cincinnati points out, the
Policy provides coverage for losses sustained during a “pe-
riod of restoration,” which is deﬁned by reference to “[t]he
date [by which] the property … should be repaired, rebuilt, or
replaced.” (Emphasis added.) Without a physical alteration to
property, there would be nothing to repair, rebuild, or re-
Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203                                 11

place. See Toppers Salon & Health Spa, Inc. v. Travelers Prop.
Cas. Co., 503 F. Supp. 3d 251, 256–57 (E.D. Pa. 2020).
    It is thus no surprise that the overwhelming majority of
courts, including the four circuits that have so far spoken on
the issue, have adopted this interpretation of the relevant
provisions. See, e.g., Santo’s Italian Café, 15 F.4th at 401–03;
Oral Surgeons, 2 F.4th at 1144; Mudpie, Inc., 15 F.4th at 892;
Gilreath, 2021 WL 3870697, at *2; Inns by Sea v. California
Mutual Ins. Co., --- Cal. Rptr. 3d ---, 2021 WL 5298480, at *10
(Cal. Ct. App. 2021). Only a small minority of district-court
decisions have adopted the Businesses’ loss-of-use theory,
and they have largely relied on the disjunctive-based
argument that we already have considered and rejected. See,
e.g., Studio 417, Inc. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 478 F. Supp. 3d 794,
800–01 (W.D. Mo. 2020); Blue Springs Dental Care, LLC v.
Owners Ins. Co., 488 F. Supp. 3d 867, 873–74 (W.D. Mo. 2020).
    Finding little support from cases dealing directly with the
coronavirus, the Businesses direct us to others involving
termite infestations, asbestos, and gases. But these decisions
are predicated on ﬁndings that the policyholders adequately
alleged “direct physical loss” (or “physical injury,” the lan-
guage at issue in the termite and asbestos cases), because
property was physically altered.
    Posing v. Merit Ins. Co., 629 N.E.2d 1179 (Ill. App. Ct.
1994), illustrates the problem with these authorities. At issue
there was whether termites, insects notorious for chewing
through wood and compromising the structural integrity of
buildings, created a “physical injury.” Id. at 1184. Given that
the reason termites pose a problem is that they physically
alter property, it is diﬃcult to see how this case helps the
Businesses.
12                              Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203

    Similarly, the reasoning in the asbestos cases indicates
that the courts deemed “physical injury” to be present be-
cause asbestos causes a physical alteration to property, not
because the asbestos leads only to loss of use. See United
States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Wilkin Insulation Co., 578
N.E.2d 926, 930–31 (Ill. 1991); Board of Education v. Int'l Ins.
Co., 720 N.E.2d 622, 625–27 (Ill. App. Ct. 1999). Indeed, the
court in Wilkin all but said as much: “[Insurers] contend that
the presence of [asbestos] results only in intangible economic
loss. … This court, however, has already found that asbestos
ﬁber contamination constitutes physical injury to tangible
property.” Wilkin, 578 N.E.2d at 931 (citation omitted).
    The gas cases are a little closer to the mark, but they too
fall short. Gas inﬁltration might cause loss of use without
any accompanying physical alteration. And yet the courts in
these cases found that the policyholders had sustained a “di-
rect physical loss.” See Western Fire Ins. Co. v. First Presbyteri-
an Church, 437 P.2d 52, 55 (Colo. 1968); Gregory Packaging,
Inc. v. Travelers Property Cas. Co., Civ. No. 2:12-cv-04418
(WHW) (CLW), 2014 WL 6675934, at *1 (D.N.J. Nov. 25,
2014); Matzner v. Seaco Ins. Co., No. CIV. A. 96-0498-B, 1998
WL 566658, at *3 (Mass. Super. Ct. Aug. 12, 1998). This
would seem to support the Businesses’ contention that “di-
rect physical loss” includes loss of use, even when it is unac-
companied by any physical alteration to property.
    But the gas inﬁltration in these cases led to more than a
diminished ability to use the property. It was so severe that
it led to complete dispossession—something easily charac-
terized as a “direct physical loss.” In all three cases, the
courts concluded that the contamination made the premises
“uninhabitable,” Western Fire, 437 P.2d at 55; Matzner, 1998
Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203                               13

WL 566658, at *3; Gregory Packaging, 2014 WL 6675934, at *6,
and “unﬁt for normal human occupancy,” Gregory Packaging,
2014 WL 6675934, at *3. In other words, the gas inﬁltration
made physical entry impossible, thus barring all uses by all
persons.
    That distinguishes these cases from the three that are
now before us, where—at most—the Businesses’ preferred
use of the premises was partially limited, while other uses
remained possible. Without any physical alteration to ac-
company it, this partial loss of use does not amount to a “di-
rect physical loss.” This is not to say that no circumstances
can exist under which a loss of use, unaccompanied by any
physical alteration to property, might be so pervasive as
eﬀectively to qualify as a complete physical dispossession of
property and thus a “direct physical loss.” The gas cases
present one such scenario: where gas inﬁltration renders a
property completely uninhabitable, it has been physically
lost in a meaningful sense, even if only temporarily.
    Harder questions arise if we tweak the facts slightly. As-
sume that a tornado leaves debris around a building, but it is
possible to clear a path through it, thereby allowing the
owner of the business, the policyholder, to enter the premis-
es to maintain them until operations may resume. Has the
policyholder been eﬀectively dispossessed of the property?
What if the debris blocks all access to the primary commer-
cial space but not to an adjacent manager’s oﬃce? No use
may be made of the primary space, but productive uses re-
main for the oﬃce space. Has the policyholder been physi-
cally dispossessed of at least part of its property, such that it
has alleged a “direct physical loss”?
14                            Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203

   We leave these questions for another day. We raise them
only to emphasize that our holding rests on the facts and
policy before us. This is enough to dispose of the common
arguments the Businesses have raised. We now turn to their
individual points.
                              III
                         A. Sandy Point
    In its amended complaint, Sandy Point makes only a sin-
gle allegation explaining how it suﬀered a “direct physical
loss.” This is what it said: “The continuous presence of the
coronavirus on or around Plaintiﬀ’[s] premises has rendered
the premises unsafe and unﬁt for its intended use and there-
fore caused physical property damage or loss under the Pol-
icies.”
    We agree with the district court that this fails adequately
to allege “direct physical loss.” Sandy Point does not even
attempt to describe how either the presence of the virus or
the resulting closure orders physically altered its property. It
points only to the loss of the property’s “intended use.” As
we have explained, this is not enough. Sandy Point may
have been unable to put its property to its preferred (and, we
assume, its most lucrative) use. But this is a far cry from the
complete physical dispossession of property suﬀered by the
policyholders in the gas-inﬁltration cases. Sandy Point at all
times remained able to perform some dental work, and
nothing precluded it from using the property for some other
non-dental purpose consistent with the closure orders.
   We accept that these alternative uses would not have
been equally, or even nearly, as satisfying to Sandy Point.
But Sandy Point insured its property, not its ideal use of that
Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203                               15

property. Having alleged neither a physical alteration to the
property nor its equivalent in its amended complaint, Sandy
Point failed adequately to allege a “direct physical loss” un-
der the Policy.
    Sandy Point also appeals from the district court’s denial
of its motion for leave to ﬁle a second amended complaint.
The denial of such a motion is typically reviewed for an
abuse of discretion, but “when the basis for denial is futili-
ty,” as it seems to have been here, “we apply the legal suﬃ-
ciency standard of Rule 12(b)(6) to determine whether the
proposed amended complaint fails to state a claim. … Ac-
cordingly, our review for abuse of discretion … includes de
novo review of the legal basis for the futility.” Runnion v. Girl
Scouts of Greater Chi. & Nw. Ind., 786 F.3d 510, 524 (7th Cir.
2015) (citations omitted).
    Even under this standard of review, we fail to see how
Sandy Point’s proposed new allegations would change the
outcome. Sandy Point proposed to add the allegation that
“COVID-19 physically attaches itself to the physical premis-
es, and thereby deprive[s] plaintiﬀ of the use of said premis-
es.” It supported this contention with allegations regarding
how the virus SARS-CoV-2 is “transmitted by air and sur-
faces through water droplets, aerosols, and fomites.”
    But these allegations do not cure the deﬁciencies of the
ﬁrst amended complaint. Even if the virus was present and
physically attached itself to Sandy Point’s premises, Sandy
Point does not allege that the virus altered the physical struc-
tures to which it attached, and there is no reason to think
that it could have done so. While the impact of the virus on
the world over the last year and a half can hardly be over-
stated, its impact on physical property is inconsequential:
16                            Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203

deadly or not, it may be wiped oﬀ surfaces using ordinary
cleaning materials, and it disintegrates on its own in a matter
of days. We thus ﬁnd no reversible error in the district
court’s denial of Sandy Point’s motion for leave to amend its
complaint.
    Nor do we ﬁnd an abuse of discretion in the district
court’s decision to deny reconsideration of its orders. See
O’Brien v. Village of Lincolnshire, 955 F.3d 616, 628 (7th Cir.
2020) (“[w]e review a district court’s denial of a Rule 59(e)
motion for reconsideration … for abuse of discretion.”).
Sandy Point’s motion for reconsideration was premised on a
single new district court decision that it characterized as a
“change in the law” that warranted reconsideration. But that
decision is non-binding, and in addition, it did no more than
follow Studio 417, another district court decision that the dis-
trict court had considered and rejected.
                          B. Bend Hotel
    Bend Hotel’s complaint suﬀers from many of the same
deﬁciencies as Sandy Point’s. Like Sandy Point, Bend Hotel
alleges that “[t]he continuous presence of the coronavirus on
or around Plaintiﬀ’[s] premises has rendered the premises
unsafe and unﬁt for its intended use and therefore caused
physical property damage or loss under the Policies.” It fur-
ther alleges that Governor Pritzker’s closure order “was
made in direct response to the continued and increasing
presence of the coronavirus on property or around Plaintiﬀ’s
premises.”
   Like Sandy Point, Bend Hotel has not alleged that the vi-
rus (or the resulting closure orders) physically altered its
property. It has alleged only that the physical presence of
Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203                              17

SARS-CoV-2 on its property “rendered the premises … unﬁt
for … its intended use.” But, like Sandy Point, Bend Hotel
has not alleged loss of use so substantial as to amount to a
physical dispossession of its property. Although its allega-
tions are vague, we gather that at least some of its hotel op-
erations remained usable and that, although in-person din-
ing at the hotel restaurant was prohibited, room service and
take-out were possible. As in Sandy Point’s case, this is a far
cry from the complete physical dispossession of property
suﬀered by the policyholders in the gas-inﬁltration cases.
Bend Hotel thus has failed adequately to allege a “direct
physical loss” to property.
                             C. TJBC
    TJBC’s complaint made similar allegations and thus fares
no better than the other two we have discussed. It alleged
that “[SARS-CoV-2] droplets can … attach to surfaces” and
that the virus “can survive on solid surfaces for signiﬁcant
periods of time [and] can be spread long distances through
the air.” It further alleged that four diﬀerent executive orders
issued by Governor Pritzker limited its business operations
to diﬀerent degrees at diﬀerent times. Some, for example,
“prohibit[ed] … on-premises consumption of food and
beverages and gatherings of more than 50 people”; others
allowed it to re-open “but only for consumption oﬀ-
premises, through such means as in-house delivery, third-
party delivery, drive-through, curbside pick-up, and carry-
out”; while yet others allowed it to “resume service for on-
premises consumption” limited to “six persons or fewer …
served outdoors and where each person in a party is
distanced at least six feet away from any other person in any
18                            Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203

other party.” All of these orders prohibited customers from
using the inside premises of TJBC’s businesses.
    Like Sandy Point and Bend Hotel, TJBC did not initially
allege that the SARS-CoV-2 virus physically altered its prop-
erty, nor did it (or could it) allege that the resulting closure
orders did so. During oral argument, and for the ﬁrst time in
the case, TJBC’s counsel shifted ground, arguing that the
question is not whether the virus or the closure orders phys-
ically altered the property, but rather whether they physically
altered the premises, and that the premises include the air.
Because the virus altered the air, counsel argued, it altered
the premises. But even if the premises included the air, the
Policy speciﬁes what it covers: “direct physical ‘loss’ to Cov-
ered Property at the ‘premises,’” not direct physical loss to
the premises themselves. And in any event, neither the Poli-
cy nor the dictionary suggest that the word “premises” in-
cludes air. Instead, the Policy deﬁnes “premises” only as
“the Location of Premises described in the Declarations,”
which in turn include only a physical address. In short, even
if we were to accept this last-minute change in emphasis, it
would not change the result.
    Turning back to its complaint, TJBC alleged only a re-
duced use of its property. It did not describe either a physi-
cal alteration to property nor a physical dispossession (literal
or approximate), and so it has failed adequately to allege a
“direct physical loss.”
                              IV
    To state a claim under the Policy before us, the Business-
es needed to allege more than a partial loss of their preferred
use of the insured properties. But they alleged neither a
Nos. 21-1186, 21-1559 & 21-1203                            19

physical alteration to property nor an access- or use-
deprivation so substantial as to constitute a physical dispos-
session. They thus have not managed to state claims upon
which relief could be granted.
   Given this conclusion, we see no need to address the
Businesses’ additional claims of consumer fraud, common-
law fraud, or vexatious refusal of coverage. Cincinnati could
not have been fraudulent or vexatious in denying coverage
where adequate grounds for coverage did not exist in the
ﬁrst place.
   We AFFIRM the dismissals of all three cases, as well as the
denials of Sandy Point’s motions for reconsideration and for
leave to amend its complaint.