Court Opinion

ID: 9401783
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-14 00:00:27.036915+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:55.233266
License: Public Domain

Case: 21-30501     Document: 00516785092        Page: 1    Date Filed: 06/13/2023

           United States Court of Appeals
                for the Fifth Circuit                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Fifth Circuit
                               ____________                             FILED
                                                                    June 13, 2023
                                 No. 21-30501
                               ____________                         Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                         Clerk
   United States of America,

                                                           Plaintiff—Appellee,

                                      versus

   Chad Allen Scott,

                                           Defendant—Appellant.
                  ______________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                           USDC No. 2:17-CR-181-1
                  ______________________________

   Before King, Jones, and Duncan, Circuit Judges.
   Stuart Kyle Duncan, Circuit Judge:
         A federal jury convicted former law enforcement officer Chad Scott
   of multiple counts of falsifying government documents, obstruction of
   justice, perjury, and property conversion. Scott was sentenced to 160 months
   in prison. He appeals his convictions and sentence. We affirm.
                               I. Background
                                    A. Facts
         When he was an agent with the Drug Enforcement Administration
   (“DEA”), Chad Scott led a taskforce of local law enforcement officers that
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   targeted drug trafficking in the New Orleans Northshore area.1 The core of
   this “Northshore Group” consisted of Scott, Karl Newman, Rodney Gemar,
   and Johnny Domingue. The team was successful in disrupting the drug
   supply chain, particularly by using informants. But at some point the officers
   themselves began breaking the law.
          They started relatively small, stealing modest amounts of money or
   property from people they arrested. Their crimes escalated over time,
   though. For example, Scott once collected about $2,000 from seized wallets
   to fund a trip to Spain. The team also began skimming cash from drug busts.
   On one occasion, they seized $16,000 but declared only $5,900 to the DEA.
   On another, they seized $76,000 but declared only $47,000.
          Scott also falsified documents in order to seize a truck from Frederick
   Brown, a dealer-turned-informant. Initially, he considered seizing Brown’s
   limited-edition Ford F-150 before learning it had too many miles. Scott had
   an idea: he told Brown to buy a new Ford F-150 and hand it over to “show
   good faith.” Brown complied and delivered the new truck to Scott at a gas
   station in Cypress, Texas on July 25 or 26, 2014.2
          Scott drove the truck back to New Orleans, where he told Newman to
   doctor the paperwork. Newman declared that the truck had been seized at
   the DEA office in Louisiana, not at a Texas gas station. Scott then wrote in
   the probable-cause section that the truck was seized on July 28 after he met

          _____________________
          1
             The Northshore refers to parishes just north of Lake Ponchartrain, including
   Tangipahoa and St. Tammany Parishes. The taskforce mainly worked in Tangipahoa
   Parish, roughly 40 miles north of New Orleans.
          2
            Brown also left a Rolex in the glove box that he wanted “turn[] over” to Scott.
   During the handoff, Brown asked “how much it’ll take for this case [against him] to go
   away.” Scott replied that Brown “d[idn’t] have enough money.”

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   with Newman and Brown in Metairie, Louisiana.3 The DEA later issued the
   truck to the Northshore Group as a service vehicle.
          Scott also used Brown to suborn perjury. With Brown’s help, the DEA
   arrested Edwin Martinez, who ran a drug-trafficking storefront in Houston.
   Martinez agreed to name his suppliers, including a heroin wholesaler named
   Jorge Peralta. After Peralta’s arrest, Scott, Newman, and Domingue met
   Brown at a hotel bar. Scott showed Brown pictures of Peralta, but Brown did
   not recognize him.
          Two months later, Brown was arrested in Louisiana on a separate drug
   charge. As Peralta’s trial approached, Scott visited Brown in jail, pressing
   Brown on whether he knew Peralta. Brown finally got the drift. He asked to
   see another photo of Peralta and now stated: “Yeah, that’s the little fat
   Mexican guy.” Brown then implored Scott: “Just give me a chance. Put me
   on the case. I gotcha.” Scott told Brown to bring his “A game” as a witness
   at Peralta’s trial.4
          Scott also pressured Martinez into testifying that Peralta and Brown
   had seen each other at Martinez’s storefront. Although Martinez denied that
   happened, he agreed to say “whatever [Scott] want[ed].” At Peralta’s trial,
   both Brown and Martinez testified that Peralta and Brown had seen each
   other. Scott himself testified that Brown mentioned he had seen Peralta at
   Martinez’s shop. Peralta was convicted of conspiring to distribute cocaine
   and heroin.

          _____________________
          3
            Scott also completed and signed a DEA-investigation report containing the same
   misrepresentations.
          4
              When Brown later grew nervous that he would be unable to identify Peralta at
   trial, Scott sent Newman to show Brown more photos of Peralta.

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          Around this time, things began to go south for the Northshore Group.
   One member, Johnny Domingue, was arrested by state police for dealing
   cocaine. Fearing Domingue would turn on them, Gemar, Newman, and Scott
   scrubbed their office of incriminating evidence, including confiscated
   cellphones, wallets, and guns. Newman and Gemar threw the phones and
   some of the guns into a swamp. They turned in two other guns, both seized
   years earlier, to local police. Scott then used about $4,700 from the wallets to
   hire a lawyer for Domingue, but Domingue refused the representation.
          Later that year, the FBI raided the Northshore Group’s office. In
   Scott’s cubicle, agents discovered wallets, driver’s licenses, credit cards, 17
   cell phones, and other personal effects belonging to individuals Scott had
   arrested.
                               B. Prior Proceedings
          Scott was arrested and later indicted on numerous federal charges.
   The district court split the charges into two trials. The first trial covered
   counts relating to the seizure of Brown’s truck and the alleged subornation
   of perjury and obstruction of justice in Peralta’s trial. The second was a joint
   trial of Scott and Gemar covering the alleged conversion of property.
          In Scott’s first trial, the jury deadlocked. On retrial, however, the jury
   found Scott guilty on two counts of falsification of government records, in
   violation 18 U.S.C. § 1519; three counts of obstruction of justice, in violation
   of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2); and two counts of perjury, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
   § 1623. At the second trial, Scott was found guilty of one count of conspiracy
   to convert property by a federal officer and to remove property to prevent
   seizure, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; and one count of property conversion
   by a federal officer, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 654.
          Before sentencing, Scott’s Presentence Report (“PSR”) calculated
   his sentencing guidelines range at 188–235 months, based on enhancements

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   for Scott’s perjury with respect to Peralta’s case, as well as for his leadership
   role and abuse of public trust. Scott objected to the enhancements. The
   district court overruled Scott’s objections but varied downward and
   sentenced him to 160 months in prison. The court separately explained that,
   even had it sustained Scott’s objection to the perjury enhancement, it would
   have granted an upward variance and sentenced him to 160 months, given
   the “significant and far-reaching” damage Scott had “done to the
   administration of justice in the Eastern District of Louisiana.”
           Subsequently, it came to light that one of the jurors in the second trial,
   Juror 27, was a high school friend of Gemar’s wife. The juror had gone to a
   high school dance with Gemar’s wife, attended her and Gemar’s wedding,
   and maintained sporadic communication with her on social media. Juror 27
   had disclosed none of this during voir dire, however. Claiming juror bias,
   Gemar moved for a new trial under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33,
   but Scott did not join the motion. Without holding an evidentiary hearing,
   the district court denied the motion, concluding that Gemar failed to show
   that Juror 27 was actually or impliedly biased.5
           Scott now appeals, challenging his convictions and sentence on
   numerous grounds.
                       II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
           We begin with Scott’s sufficiency challenges. We review such
   challenges de novo where, as here, a defendant “mov[ed] for acquittal in the
   district court.” United States v. Davis, 53 F.4th 833, 842 (5th Cir. 2022).
           _____________________
           5
             Gemar subsequently appealed the district court’s ruling. After oral argument in
   this case, another panel of our court held that the district court erred by failing to hold an
   evidentiary hearing to assess whether Juror 27 was biased against Gemar. United States v.
   Gemar, 65 F.4th 777, 781 (5th Cir. 2023). We discuss the effect of that decision on Scott’s
   appeal in Part VI, infra.

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   “Our review, however, is highly deferential to the verdict, and, viewing the
   evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we consider whether
   any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
   beyond a reasonable doubt.” Ibid. (internal quotation marks omitted). We
   must accept “all credibility choices and reasonable inferences made by the
   trier of fact which tend to support the verdict.” United States v. Chon, 713
   F.3d 812, 818 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Asibor, 109 F.3d 1023,
   1030 (5th Cir. 1997)).
                   A. Falsification of Forfeiture Documents
          Scott’s two document-falsification counts were supported by
   sufficient evidence.
          Federal law prohibits anyone who “knowingly . . . falsifies, or makes a
   false entry in any record [or] document . . . with the intent to impede,
   obstruct, or influence the investigation or proper administration of any
   matter” within a U.S. agency’s jurisdiction. 18 U.S.C. § 1519. Scott concedes
   that he submitted inaccurate forms relating to the seizure of Brown’s truck.
   Nevertheless, he makes two arguments for why the evidence is insufficient
   to support his conviction.
          First, Scott argues that his misrepresentations on the forms were
   immaterial to the DEA’s administration. We disagree. The relevant statute,
   18 U.S.C. § 1519, contains no “materiality” element. See United States v.
   Moyer, 674 F.3d 192, 207–08 (3d Cir. 2012) (“[M]ateriality is not an express
   element of § 1519.”); United States v. Powell, 680 F.3d 350, 356 (4th Cir.
   2012) (“[A] natural reading of the full text demonstrates that materiality
   would not be an element of § 1519.” (cleaned up)). By contrast, other statutes
   do contain such an element. Cf. 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a) (prohibiting “any
   materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement” (emphasis added)). So,
   we reject Scott’s challenge on that ground.

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          Second, Scott contends the evidence fails to show that he acted with
   the intent to impede, obstruct, or influence the DEA’s administration. We
   again disagree. The prosecution produced evidence that Scott knowingly
   gave the DEA false information, concealing that he seized Brown’s truck
   outside of his jurisdiction and that he instructed Brown to purchase the truck.
   An expert testified at trial that, had it known these details, the DEA would
   not have approved the seizure. Thus, a reasonable trier of fact could infer that
   Scott made such misrepresentations to obscure his violation of DEA policy,
   resulting in the agency’s mistaken approval of the seizure and subsequent
   issuance of the truck to the Northshore Group. A rational jury could find that
   such actions were intended to improperly influence the DEA’s
   administration.
                      B. Perjury and Obstruction of Justice
          Sufficient evidence also supported Scott’s perjury and obstruction-of-
   justice convictions.
          Federal law makes it a crime to “knowingly make[] any false material
   declaration” in any federal court proceeding, 18 U.S.C. § 1623(a), and,
   separately, penalizes anyone who “corruptly . . . obstructs, influences, or
   impedes any official proceeding,” 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2). Scott’s
   convictions under these statutes were premised on his own false testimony at
   Peralta’s trial and on his subornation of false statements that Brown saw
   Peralta at Martinez’s drug-trafficking storefront. Scott argues that testimony
   from Brown, Peralta, and Martinez was the only evidence showing these
   statements were false—and all three of those men were arrested by Scott. He
   claims their testimony was therefore “incredible” and cannot support his
   convictions.
          We disagree. The credibility of Brown, Peralta, and Martinez was a
   question for the jury. See United States v. Kieffer, 991 F.3d 630, 634 (5th Cir.

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   2021) (“[T]he jury decides credibility of witnesses, not the appellate
   court.”). Furthermore, “[t]estimony is incredible as a matter of law only if
   ‘it relates to facts that the witness could not possibly have observed or to
   events which could not have occurred under the laws of nature.’” United
   States v. Perry, 35 F.4th 293, 317 (5th Cir. 2022) (quoting United States v.
   Booker, 334 F.3d 406, 410 (5th Cir. 2003)). Scott does not even argue that the
   testimony of Brown, Peralta, or Martinez was “incredible” in that sense. Nor
   could he. Furthermore, Scott is wrong that his convictions were supported
   only by those three witnesses. Martinez’s attorney and Newman also
   corroborated the government’s charge that Scott suborned Brown and
   Martinez to perjure themselves.
                                  C. Conversion
          Finally, we reject Scott’s sufficiency challenge to his conversion
   convictions. Scott attacks those convictions because, he claims, the evidence
   failed to show he held the seized property for “his own use.” See 18 U.S.C.
   § 654 (imposing criminal penalties when an officer “wrongfully converts to
   his own use” another’s property). We disagree.
          The record is replete with evidence from which a reasonable jury
   could infer that Scott used confiscated property for his own use. For example,
   Scott lifted money from confiscated wallets to fund his trip to Spain. And on
   numerous occasions, Scott skimmed thousands of dollars confiscated in drug
   busts. The jury could have rationally inferred that Scott kept at least some of
   this money for his own use. And we must accept all “reasonable inferences
   made by the trier of fact which tend to support the verdict.” United States v.
   Asibor, 109 F.3d 1023, 1030 (5th Cir. 1997). Moreover, Scott instructed
   Newman to destroy arrestees’ property in an effort to conceal his own
   crimes. That destruction of property constituted a wrongful conversion that
   personally benefitted Scott. See Restatement (Second) of Torts

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   § 226 cmt. C (Am. L. Inst. 1965) (“Where a chattel is intentionally
   destroyed, there is always so serious an interference with the right of another
   to control it as to amount to a conversion.”).
          III. Reference to Forfeiture-Venue Statute
          Scott next argues the district court erred by not letting him refer to a
   federal statute governing the venue of forfeiture actions, 21 U.S.C. § 881(j).
   That statute relevantly provides that, when a defendant is “charged with a
   violation” that could form the basis for a forfeiture, the forfeiture proceeding
   “may be brought in the judicial district in which the defendant owning such
   property is found or in the judicial district in which the criminal prosecution
   is brought.” 21 U.S.C. § 881(j).
          Scott’s convoluted argument for why this statute was relevant to his
   defense goes as follows: (1) Brown was eventually prosecuted in Louisiana for
   cocaine possession with the intent to distribute, so (2) the DEA could have
   seized Brown’s truck in Louisiana under § 881, and so (3) Scott’s false
   representations about the seizure did not “impede” the DEA’s
   administration under 18 U.S.C. § 1519. The district court rejected this
   argument, ruling that § 881 was irrelevant to Scott’s defense, a decision we
   review for clear abuse of discretion. See United States v. Fields, 483 F.3d 313,
   354 (5th Cir. 2007); see also Fed. R. Evid. 402 (“Irrelevant evidence is not
   admissible.”). Scott contests that ruling and also argues that, by disallowing
   any reference to the venue statute, the district court violated his
   constitutional right to “present a complete defense.” See, e.g., United States
   v. Wills, 40 F.4th 330, 335 (5th Cir. 2022) (quoting Holmes v. South Carolina,
   547 U.S. 319, 324 (2006)). We review constitutional issues de novo. See United
   States v. Lockhart, 844 F.3d 501, 509 (5th Cir. 2016).
          Whatever the standard of review, Scott shows no reversible error as
   to § 881. The district court correctly ruled that referring to that statute would

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   have been irrelevant and misleading. Scott’s fraudulent seizure of Brown’s
   new truck occurred before Brown was charged in Louisiana. Thus, § 881 had
   no bearing on the proper venue for the forfeiture of Brown’s truck.
          But even if it did, the jury had ample evidence to find that Scott’s
   misrepresentations impeded DEA administration. As noted, an expert
   testified that, had Scott not misled the DEA about his scheme to get Brown
   to buy a new truck and turn it over in Texas, the agency would not have
   authorized the seizure. So, even supposing error as to § 881, it would have
   been harmless. And as to Scott’s constitutional claim, an “accused does not
   have an unfettered right to offer testimony that is incompetent, privileged, or
   otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.” United States v.
   Najera Jimenez, 593 F.3d 391, 402 (5th Cir. 2010).
          We therefore reject Scott’s arguments regarding the venue statute.
                   IV. Gemar’s Proffer Statement
          Scott also contends the Government violated its agreement with his
   co-defendant, Gemar, by introducing statements Gemar made at a proffer
   session. Scott also argues that introducing the proffer statement violated the
   Confrontation Clause.
          Before trial, the Government agreed it would not use Gemar’s proffer
   statements against him. One exception to the agreement, however, allowed
   use of the proffer “to rebut any evidence or arguments offered on [Gemar’s]
   behalf” in a later judicial proceeding. In his proffer, Gemar stated that he
   witnessed Newman throw various phones into a swamp. But during his
   opening statement at trial, Gemar’s counsel stated, “the possibility still
   exists and still remains that these [cellphones] . . . may be sitting in a local
   precinct in the lost and found.” Finding that this statement contradicted
   Gemar’s proffer, the district court allowed the prosecution to introduce the
   conflicting proffer statement in rebuttal.

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             We review the district court’s interpretation of the proffer agreement
   de novo and its evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. United States v.
   Sylvester, 583 F.3d 285, 288 & n.4 (5th Cir. 2009); United States v. Gonzalez,
   309 F.3d 882, 886 (5th Cir. 2002). We construe such agreements “like a
   contract, seeking to determine the defendant’s ‘reasonable understanding’
   of the agreement and construing ambiguity against the Government.” United
   States v. Escobedo, 757 F.3d 229, 233 (5th Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v.
   Farias, 469 F.3d 393, 397 (5th Cir. 2006)). We have previously explained that
   rebuttal waivers, like the one here, may be triggered when “the defendant
   presents any evidence at trial that contradicts” his proffer. Sylvester, 583 F.3d
   at 291.
             Scott argues that the opening statement did not trigger the proffer’s
   exception because it merely pointed out the Government’s lack of evidence.
   Scott relies on a Second Circuit case explaining that a defendant can “‘draw
   the jury’s attention to the lack of evidence’ presented” without contradicting
   a proffer. United States v. Rosemond, 841 F.3d 95, 108 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting
   United States v. Oluwanisola, 605 F.3d 124, 132 (2d Cir. 2010)). We disagree.
             Gemar’s opening statement did not merely allude to the
   Government’s lack of evidence but asserted a new factual theory—
   specifically, that the phones might still be at the police station instead of in a
   bayou. That flatly contradicts Gemar’s proffer. It does not matter that the
   new theory was couched in terms of a “possibility.” Accepting that would let
   defendants gut the waiver exceptions in proffer agreements with verbal
   tricks.6

             _____________________
             6
             Moreover, the Second Circuit’s Rosemond decision (which does not bind us, in
   any event) is distinguishable. There, the court found that the defendant did not trigger the
   proffer waiver because his argument “suggests no new facts and injects no alternate version
   of events inconsistent with the proffer statements.” Rosemond, 841 F.3d at 111.

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          Separately, Scott contends that introducing Gemar’s proffer
   statement violates his Bruton rights under the Confrontation Clause. See
   Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968). A Bruton problem arises “where
   one defendant confesses out of court and incriminates a co-defendant
   without [himself] testifying at their joint trial.” United States v. Reed, 908
   F.3d 102, 118 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting United States v. Gibson, 875 F.3d 179,
   194 (5th Cir. 2017)). The problem can be cured by a limiting instruction,
   Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 206–07 (1987), but not if the out-of-court
   statement “powerfully incriminate[s]” the co-defendant. Reed, 908 F.3d at
   118 (quoting Bruton, 391 U.S. at 135–36).
          We disagree that introducing Gemar’s proffer statement violated
   Bruton. “[T]he [Supreme] Court has since clarified that Bruton applies only
   to facially inculpatory statements—and not to statements that only become
   inculpatory ‘when linked with evidence later introduced at trial.’” Reed, 908
   F.3d at 118 (quoting Richardson, 481 U.S. at 208). Gemar’s proffer statement
   mentioned only that Newman threw the phones into a swamp. It did not
   mention Scott and so did not facially inculpate him. See Reed, 908 F.3d at 119.
   Scott makes no other argument as to why the statement was “powerfully
   incriminating.” Id. at 118. And any Confrontation Clause concerns were
   cured by the district court’s instruction that the statement should be
   considered solely against Gemar.
                    V. Prosecutorial Misconduct
          Scott next argues that the prosecutor made improper comments
   during closing arguments. We assess such a claim with a two-step analysis.
   United States v. McCann, 613 F.3d 486, 494–95 (5th Cir. 2010). First, we
   decide de novo “whether the prosecutor made an improper remark.” United
   States v. Barnes, 979 F.3d 283, 299 (5th Cir. 2020) (cleaned up). If yes, we
   then ask whether the remark affected the defendant’s substantial rights by

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   assessing (1) its prejudicial effect, (2) “the efficacy of any cautionary
   instruction by the judge,” and (3) “the strength of the evidence supporting
   the conviction.” Ibid. (quoting United States v. Bennett, 874 F.3d 236, 254
   (5th Cir. 2017)). Under step two we review for abuse of discretion. McCann,
   613 F.3d at 494.
          During closing argument, the prosecutor told the jury that the
   “government has proven its case beyond a reasonable doubt on each and
   every count. It is your duty to find the defendant guilty.” Scott’s lawyer
   objected, claiming the prosecutor improperly told the jury it must convict.
   The court agreed to counsel’s request to give a curative instruction, clarifying
   the jury had no duty to render a particular verdict but only to consider the
   evidence objectively. Following the verdict, Scott moved for new trial. The
   court denied the motion, ruling that the prosecutor’s comment was proper
   and, alternatively, that the corrective instruction cured any prejudice. Scott
   contends the court erred on both counts.
          We first ask whether the remark was proper, “examining the context
   in which [it was] made.” United States v. Garcia, 887 F.3d 205, 209 (5th Cir.
   2018). It was. The prosecutor told the jury to base its verdict on the evidence
   and apply the law regardless of the consequences. Only then did the
   prosecutor make the challenged remark. Viewed in this context, the
   prosecutor’s statement merely sums up the jury’s task and does not, as Scott
   suggests, tell the jury to convict regardless of its view of the evidence. See
   United States v. Gomez, 725 F.3d 1121, 1131 (9th Cir. 2013) (“[I]t is proper to
   tell the jury that it is its duty to convict if it concludes that the defendant is
   guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”).
          Even if the remark were improper, Scott would still lose. He makes no
   attempt to explain why the remark substantially affected his rights, nor why
   the court’s instruction failed to cure any prejudice. Giving great weight to the

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   district court’s view that there was no prejudice, Garcia, 887 F.3d at 211, we
   find no reversible error.
                                 VI. Juror Bias
          Scott next argues that the district court erred by denying Gemar’s
   motion for a new trial based on Juror 27’s alleged bias, without first holding
   an evidentiary hearing. Recall that Juror 27 failed to reveal his prior social
   contacts with Gemar’s wife.
          “A criminal defendant has the right to a trial by an impartial jury
   secured by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments.” United States v. Dejean,
   988 F.3d 813, 816 (5th Cir. 2021). Typically, a court will address a
   defendant’s claim that a juror was biased “in a hearing where the judge
   examines the juror and obtains assurances of the juror’s impartiality.”
   Buckner v. Davis, 945 F.3d 906, 910 (5th Cir. 2019) (quoting Hatten v.
   Quarterman, 570 F.3d 595, 600 (5th Cir. 2009)). If a district court chooses to
   forgo such a hearing, we review that decision for an abuse of discretion.
   United States v. Thomas, 627 F.3d 146, 161 (5th Cir. 2010).
          Recently, a panel of our court held in a separate appeal that the district
   court erred by failing to hold an evidentiary hearing to assess whether Juror
   27 was biased against Gemar. See United States v. Gemar, 65 F.4th 777, 781
   (5th Cir. 2023) (“Although not every claim of actual bias on behalf of a juror
   militates a hearing, the district court here abused its discretion by ruling on
   [Gemar’s] motion for a new trial without holding an evidentiary hearing.”).
   The panel remanded for the district court “to hold an evidentiary hearing
   into Juror 27’s possible biases and any other pertinent issues.” Ibid.
          Scott argues that he should likewise benefit from the separate panel’s
   holding with respect to Gemar and Juror 27. The Government responds that
   Gemar’s allegation of juror bias does not relate to Scott, though it recognizes
   that Scott’s juror-bias claim factually overlaps with Gemar’s. For the

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   following reasons, we conclude that Scott’s conviction is not affected by the
   Gemar panel’s ruling or by any other issue concerning Juror 27.
          First, unlike Gemar, Scott did not file a motion for a new trial under
   Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33 based on Juror 27’s alleged bias. See
   Gemar, 65 F.4th at 779 (“Based on this information [about Juror 27], Gemar
   moved for a new trial under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33.”). Nor
   did Scott join Gemar’s motion. While non-jurisdictional, a Rule 33 motion
   for new trial is nonetheless a “claim-processing rule . . . that is admittedly
   inflexible.” Eberhart v. United States, 546 U.S. 12, 19 (2005). Scott may file
   a Rule 33 motion within three years after the August 2021 guilty verdict.
   Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(b)(1). Because he has not done so, there is no ruling
   by the district court before us that pertains to Scott. See 3 Charles Alan
   Wright        et     al.,   Federal         Practice        and   Procedure
   (Criminal) § 581 (5th ed. 2023) (“The court may grant a new trial only
   on the motion of a defendant. . . . When co-defendants move for a new trial
   under Rule 33, the court’s decision to grant or deny the motion is specific to
   each defendant.”); United States v. Brown, 587 F.2d 187, 189 (5th Cir. 1979)
   (“A district court . . . is powerless to order a new trial except on the motion
   of the defendant.”).
          Second, even if we could review this issue, Scott’s complaint
   regarding Juror 27 is subject to plain error review because he failed to raise
   this issue before the district court. United States v. Aderholt, 87 F.3d 740, 743
   (5th Cir. 1996). Scott must therefore show clear or obvious error that affects
   his substantial rights. United States v. Stoglin, 34 F.4th 415, 417 (5th Cir.
   2022) (citing Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 135 (2009)). Even then,
   we should exercise our discretion to correct the error “only if it seriously
   affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”
   Ibid. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Scott cannot make this
   showing. Principally, he fails to explain how Juror 27’s relationship with

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   Gemar’s wife impaired that juror’s ability to impartially assess the evidence
   against Scott.
                                  VII. Sentencing
           The district court determined Scott’s total offense level was 36 with a
   guidelines range of 188–235 months. But the court varied downward and
   sentenced Scott to 160 months in prison. He contests that sentence, arguing
   the court erred in calculating his offense level by incorrectly: (1) estimating
   the loss amount; (2) applying a perjury cross-reference; and (3) adding two
   enhancements for his leadership role and for abusing a position of public
   trust. We consider each argument in turn.
           “Though we review a sentence for abuse of discretion, we review the
   district court’s application of the guidelines de novo and its findings of fact at
   sentencing for clear error.” United States v. Klein, 543 F.3d 206, 213 (5th Cir.
   2008) (internal citation omitted).
                                   A. Loss Calculation
           We first consider Scott’s challenge to the loss calculation, which is “a
   factual finding reviewed for clear error.” United States v. Hebron, 684 F.3d
   554, 560 (5th Cir. 2012). Moreover, because the district court maintains a
   “unique position to assess the applicable loss,” we must confirm its
   calculation if it is a “reasonable estimate of the loss.” Ibid. (quoting U.S.
   Sent’g Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(C)).7 According to
   Scott’s Presentence Report (“PSR”), his property conversion resulted in an
   actual loss of at least $98,000.

           _____________________
           7
            All citations in this Part are to the United States Sentencing Guidelines unless
   otherwise noted.

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          The district court agreed with the PSR but only after independently
   confirming its loss estimate. The court explained that it relied on trial
   evidence showing Scott converted $53,580 in cash, plus cell phones and
   jewelry. Additionally, the court found that Scott stole varying amounts from
   arrestees’ wallets (ranging from a few-hundred to a few-thousand dollars),
   about three-to-four times a year, for approximately eight years. Adding those
   numbers up, the court found Scott converted at least $98,000. Accordingly,
   the court imposed an eight-level increase to Scott’s offense level. See § 2B1.1
   (increasing offense level by eight for losses between $95,000 and $150,000).
          Scott challenges this loss calculation on two grounds. First, he argues
   that the district court unreasonably calculated losses by relying on impeached
   witness testimony. We disagree. The complained-of testimony is the same
   testimony that supports his convictions, and so we find the testimony “bears
   sufficient indicia of reliability to support” the district court’s calculations.
   United States v. Solis, 299 F.3d 420, 454–55 (5th Cir. 2002) (internal
   quotation marks omitted).
          Second, Scott points to discrepancies between the PSR’s calculations
   and the district court’s, noting, for example, that the PSR estimated Scott
   converted $80,000 from drug proceeds while the district court estimated
   $76,000. We again disagree. The district court backs up its math with trial
   testimony, and Scott does not explain why relying on this testimony was
   clearly erroneous.
                           B. Perjury Cross-Reference
          Scott next argues that the district court incorrectly applied the perjury
   cross-reference in § 2J1.3(c)(1), a ruling we review de novo. United States v.
   Rankin, 487 F.3d 229, 231 (5th Cir. 2007).
          Perjury has a base offense level of 14, see § 2J1.3(a), but that level rises
   if the perjury is “in respect to a criminal offense.” § 2J1.3(c)(1). In that case,

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   the guidelines direct the court to “apply § 2X3.1 (Accessory After the
   Fact),” if doing so would increase the offense level. Ibid. The cross-
   referenced section, § 2X3.1, sets the base offense level “6 levels lower than
   the offense level for the underlying offense,” with a maximum of 30. See
   § 2X3.1(a). The upshot, then, is that the “the guidelines . . . borrow the
   formula in § 2X3.1 to treat a defendant who has perjured himself in relation
   to a criminal offense as if he was convicted of being an accessory.” United
   States v. Martinez, 106 F.3d 620, 621 (5th Cir. 1997). The steeper sentence is
   justified by “the potential of the perjury to derail or miscarry a judicial or
   similar proceeding directed to another crime.” United States v. Bova, 350
   F.3d 224, 230 (1st Cir. 2003).
          The district court applied this perjury cross-reference based on
   Scott’s false testimony that convicted Peralta of drug trafficking. The court
   concluded that Scott’s perjury was “in respect to a criminal offense,” namely
   Peralta’s drug offense. Because that crime carried an offense level of 38,
   Scott’s level was calculated as 30, the maximum under § 2X3.1.
          On appeal, Scott principally argues that the cross-reference applies
   only to perjury that seeks to “avoid punishment” for the defendant’s own
   crime or to help someone else avoid punishment. It does not apply here, Scott
   contends, because he perjured himself in order to convict Peralta, not absolve
   him. This argument is meritless. But even if it had merit, any error in applying
   the cross-reference was harmless.
          Scott’s perjury was plainly “in respect to” Peralta’s drug offense
   under § 2J1.3(c)(1). Scott testified—first at a suppression hearing and then
   during Peralta’s trial—that Brown positively identified Peralta as Martinez’s
   heroin source. But Scott knew that was false; Scott himself had fed Peralta’s
   photo to Brown, who had never seen Peralta. Scott’s perjury led directly to
   Peralta’s conviction. But when the lie came to light, the conviction was

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   vacated. And even though the Government believed it had other evidence
   implicating Peralta in heroin trafficking, it moved to dismiss the charges
   because Scott’s perjury had irreparably contaminated the case.
           As noted, Scott argues the cross-reference does not apply because his
   perjury sought to aid, not hinder, Peralta’s prosecution. The text contains no
   such limitation, however. It speaks broadly of perjury “in respect to” an
   offense, and it is undisputed that Scott’s perjury resulted in Peralta’s
   conviction for conspiring to distribute drugs.8 Furthermore, the perjury
   scuttled Peralta’s prosecution, which is exactly the damage to the justice
   system the cross-reference seeks to punish. See, e.g., United States v.
   Suleiman, 208 F.3d 32, 39 (2d Cir. 2000) (explaining that “the purpose of the
   ‘in respect to’ enhancement is to treat more severely perjuries that risk an
   incomplete or an inaccurate investigation or trial of a criminal offense”).
           We therefore decline to read Scott’s proposed limit into the “plain
   meaning” of § 2J1.3(c)(1). Martinez, 106 F.3d at 622. Nothing in the text
   suggests the cross-reference applies only when the perjurer seeks to
   exculpate himself or another person. See, e.g., Bova, 350 F.3d at 230
   (suggesting the cross-reference is even better suited in “the case of perjury
   in a criminal trial to inculpate an innocent third party rather than to exculpate
   a confederate”). All the guideline requires is that the perjury be “in respect
   to” a criminal offense. Scott’s perjury plainly was.9

           _____________________
           8
              Scott argues that our Martinez decision requires the perjury to be “entwined and
   enmeshed” with the underlying offense. We disagree. Martinez was merely quoting the
   district court’s fact finding, see 106 F.3d at 622, not proposing the phrase as equivalent to
   the guideline’s phrase “in respect to.”
           9
             Scott points to the similar cross-reference for obstruction of justice. See § 2J1.2(c)
   (cross-referencing § 2X3.1). The commentary justifies that cross-reference because “the
   conduct covered by this guideline is frequently part of an effort to avoid punishment for an

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           Scott also suggests it matters that he was not an accessory to Peralta’s
   drug-trafficking activities. He is mistaken. For the cross-reference to apply,
   the defendant need not have been an accessory to the crime he lied about. See
   Martinez, 106 F.3d at 621 (explaining that “§ 2X3.1 should not be interpreted
   to require a conviction on the underlying offense for the cross-reference to
   apply”). It is enough that he “knew or had reason to know, at the time of his
   perjury, that his [perjury] concerned such a criminal offense.” Ibid. (quoting
   United States v. Rude, 88 F.3d 1538, 1543 (9th Cir. 1996) (alteration in
   original)); see also United States v. Arias, 253 F.3d 453, 459–60 (9th Cir. 2001)
   (“Using the cross reference does not equate to a sentence for the underlying
   offense but is merely a measure or point of reference for the severity of
   offenses involving the administration of justice.”) (cleaned up).10
           Alternatively, any error in applying the cross-reference was harmless.
   See, e.g., United States v. Richardson, 676 F.3d 491, 511 (5th Cir. 2012)
   (declining to vacate and remand if a guidelines error was harmless). The
   Government meets its “heavy burden” of showing harmless error by
   “convincingly demonstrat[ing] both (1) that the district court would have

           _____________________
   offense that the defendant has committed or to assist another person to escape punishment
   for an offense.” Id. cmt. (bckg’d) (emphases added). This does not help Scott. Even
   assuming the obstruction commentary applies to perjury, it says only that such conduct
   “frequently” involves trying to avoid punishment. Perhaps so, but “frequently” does not
   mean “always.” Scott’s perjury, despite the fact that it sought to inculpate Peralta, was
   nonetheless “in respect to” a criminal offense under § 2J1.3(c).
           10
              Scott also suggests that instead of § 2J1.3(c), the district court should have
   applied § 2J1.3(b)(2), which imposes a smaller three-level enhancement when the
   “perjury . . . resulted in substantial interference with the administration of justice.” We
   disagree. Even assuming Scott’s perjury could fall under § 2J1.2(b)(2), it could also fall
   under the more specific § 2J1.3(c). And the latter provision explicitly applies “if the
   resulting offense level is greater than that determined above.” § 2J1.3(c). That is the case
   here: § 2J1.3(c) applies because it yields a higher offense level than § 2J1.3(b)(2) (30 versus
   17).

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   imposed the same sentence had it not made the error, and (2) that it would
   have done so for the same reasons it gave at the prior sentencing.’” United
   States v. Alfaro, 30 F.4th 514, 520–21 (5th Cir. 2022) (quoting United States
   v. Redmond, 965 F.3d 416, 420 (5th Cir. 2020)).
          The Government meets that burden here. First, the district court
   unequivocally stated that, even if the cross-reference did not apply, it “would
   have granted an upward variance resulting in the same sentence of 160
   months.” See United States v. Castro-Alfonso, 841 F.3d 292, 298 (5th Cir.
   2016) (holding that such a “firm, plain, and clear” statement shows harmless
   error). Second, the court amply explained why it would have imposed the
   same sentence:
          The damage done to the administration of justice in the Eastern
          District of Louisiana through the actions of Mr. Scott is
          significant and far-reaching. Multiple cases required dismissal,
          including the Peralta matter. In many cases, charges were
          drastically reduced and in others plea agreements were reached
          where defendants served only small fractions of the time
          warranted. Many cases required recusal of the office. Morale in
          the United States Attorney’s Office was and still remains
          impacted. Law enforcement officers and those of us that serve
          the public trust must diligently follow the rule of law.
   Because “the record reflects that the district court would have imposed the
   same sentence for the same reasons,” any error in applying the cross-
   reference was harmless. United States v. Halverson, 897 F.3d 645, 652 (5th
   Cir. 2018).
                 C. Leadership and Abuse-of-Trust Enhancements
          Scott also challenges the sentencing enhancements for his leadership
   role and his abuse of public trust in securing false testimony against Peralta.

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           The guidelines adjust a defendant’s offense level “based upon the role
   [he] played in committing the offense.” United States v. Partida, 385 F.3d
   546, 566 (5th Cir. 2004). Here, the district court added two levels to account
   for Scott’s role as “an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor” in
   suborning Brown and Martinez’s perjury. See § 3B1.1(c). It added two more
   levels because it found Scott “abused a position of public or private
   trust . . . in a manner that significantly facilitated the commission or
   concealment of the offense.” § 3B1.3.
           Scott contests both enhancements by pointing to § 1B1.5(c). That
   subsection provides: “If the offense level is determined by a reference to
   another guideline under subsection (a) or (b)(1) above, the adjustments in
   Chapter Three . . . also are determined in respect to the referenced offense
   guideline, except as otherwise expressly provided.” § 1B1.5(c).11 Because his
   offense level was set by reference to Peralta’s offense (under the § 2J1.3(c)
   cross-reference), Scott argues that the district court had to evaluate his
   enhancements only in reference to his role in Peralta’s drug-trafficking. In
   other words, Scott contends he could receive the enhancements only if he
   had a leadership role or abused his public trust in relation to Peralta’s
   underlying crime, rather his own offenses of conviction (perjury and
   obstruction of justice).
           There is force in Scott’s argument because the Chapter Three
   adjustments at issue here do not mention § 1B1.5(c) or otherwise explain how
   they apply in the event of a cross-reference. See, e.g., United States v.
   Arellanes-Portillo, 34 F.4th 1132, 1138 (10th Cir. 2022) (explaining that
   “§ 1B1.5(c) generally instructs courts to calculate the Chapter Three
           _____________________
           11
             Subsections (a) and (b)(1) generally provide that references to another guideline
   or an offense level from another guideline include the entire referenced guideline, unless
   otherwise specified.

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   adjustments using relevant conduct from the offense associated with the
   incorporated guideline . . . ‘except as otherwise expressly provided’”) (quoting
   § 1B1.5(c)); United States v. Salgado, 745 F.3d 1135, 1138 (11th Cir. 2014)
   (finding that § 2S1.1(a)(1) is such an “express” exception because it
   explicitly applies “[n]otwithstanding § 1B1.5(c)”); United States v. Anderson,
   526 F.3d 319, 327 (6th Cir. 2008) (same).
          We need not resolve the issue, however. Even if the district court
   erred in applying these two enhancements, the error was harmless. As
   discussed, the district court carefully explained that it would have imposed
   the same 160-month sentence for the same reasons even if it erred in
   calculating Scott’s offense level.
                              VIII. Conclusion
          Scott’s conviction and sentence are AFFIRMED.

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