Court Opinion

ID: 9679983
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 07:14:51.697878+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:17:24.057258
License: Public Domain

Dissenting Opinion by
Justice O’NEILL.
The majority holds the trial court abused its discretion by failing to dismiss the Keppards’ medical negligence suit against Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP) Lehman under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code sections 74.351 and 74.402. It reasons that the pre-trial report of the Keppards’ neurologist expert, Dr. Thomas (i) did not establish he was qualified to testify on the standard of care governing nurse practitioners and (ii) did not show familiarity with the protocols or written authorizations they must use when providing the type of care given here, medical diagnosis and treatment of the condition that the Keppards allege caused Carol Keppard’s death.
I do not believe this states the correct inquiry. I first note that under section 74.402(b), expert qualification does not turn on the credentialing of the defendant caregiver but on the expert’s competence with the type of care delivered, to the patient and the expert’s knowledge of the standard governing diagnosis and treatment of the patient’s condition. Dr. Thomas’s report shows he is qualified to perform the type of medical services the record shows ANP Lehman delivered that the Keppards allege proximately caused Carol Keppard’s death and qualified to opine on the standard governing performance of those services. But what I find dispositive is that ANPs can perform medical diagnoses and treatment only under proper delegation by a supervising physician under the Texas Medical Practice Act and that statute effectively incorporates the standard of care governing physicians.
Second, the Keppards have not sued Lehman for improper delegation or breach of a protocol. But even if they had, they still make a separate claim of simple medical negligence breaching the standard of care of a physician, a matter about which Dr. Thomas is indisputably qualified to opine. Moreover, ANP protocols do not detail the exact steps ANPs must take in performing delegated medical care, so they do not set a standard of care at all. Though I recognize there are many situations where the standard of care governing an ANP and physician differ, my review of the applicable statutory and regulatory framework and the circumstances of this case lead me to conclude that any difference is not relevant here. I therefore respectfully dissent.
Factual and Procedural Background
Dr. Thomas’s report states Carol Kep-pard presented to a hospital emergency room complaining of severe longstanding headache, vomiting, and nausea and that Drs. Simonson and Wilkin were the admitting and supervisory physicians, respectively. ANP Lehman’s resume states he is a credentialed “nurse practitioner” and licensed “advanced practice nurse” or ANP,1 working in the emergency department of a physician emergency care association.
The record shows ANP Lehman examined Ms. Keppard, diagnosed a migraine, prescribed medications, monitored her, and discharged her hours later when she *878improved. It appears no physician examined her. Dr. Wilkin signed the hospital record documenting Lehman’s diagnosis, treatment, and discharge instructions. The Keppards allege Ms. Keppard died from an intracranial brain hemorrhage the next day.
Dr. Thomas’s report opines that the standard of care in responding to Ms. Kep-pard’s symptoms was to order a CT scan and to consult a neurologist to diagnose the probability of increased intracranial pressure. He opined that an earlier diagnosis would have prompted hospital admission and proper medical care and that ANP Lehman’s failure to order a CT scan or neurological consultation proximately caused Ms. Keppard’s death with reasonable medical probability. He also opined that because ANP Lehman “assumed the duties of a physician” in examining, diagnosing, and treating Ms. Keppard, Lehman is held to the same standard of care.
Dr. Thomas’ report states he is a practicing neurosurgeon who has worked in hospital emergency departments in different capacities his entire career, has frequently served as admitting and attending physician as a neurosurgeon, has served as an emergency department staff physician during his training, and has served as an emergency department consulting physician. He states he is familiar with the standard of care applicable to all defendants and with the definitions of negligence, ordinary care, and proximate cause.
The Keppards sued ANP Lehman and Drs. Simonson and Wilkin for:
• negligent misdiagnosis and treatment breaching the standard of care applicable to “physicians and nurse practitioners in the same or similar circumstances”; and
• negligent instruction of hospital personnel in proper care and treatment of patients like Ms. Keppard.2
The majority holds Dr. Thomas’s report is sufficient to satisfy the statutory expert report requirements for the physician defendants and I agree. But I also believe it is sufficient for ANP Lehman under the governing statutory and regulatory framework applied to the circumstances here.
Law GoveRning Medical Expert Competence
Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 74.4023 governs expert witness *879qualification in medical negligence suits against “health care providers,” defined to include registered nurses. See Tex. Civ. PRAC. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(12)(A)(i) (Vernon 2005).4 An ANP must be a registered nurse. Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 301.152(a) (Vernon 2004). An expert may not opine on breach of the standard of care in these suits unless the expert meets each of three requirements:
(1) Type of practice: “practicing health care in a field of practice that involves the same type of care or treatment as that delivered by the defendant” (if an individual);
(2) Type of knowledge: knowledge of the standard of care “for health care providers for the diagnosis, care, or treatment of the illness, injury, or condition involved in the claim”; and
(3)Type of training or experience: training or experience to opine on that standard.5
See § 74.402(b)(l)-(3) (emphasis added).
Statutes must be construed as written, and legislative intent determined, if possible, from their express terms. Helena Chem. Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 486, 493 (Tex.2001). The statute in its entirety (here, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, chapter 74, governing medical liability), rather than provisions in isolation, must be considered, and meaning given to each provision consistent with all others. Id. Courts presume the entire statute is to be effective and a just and reasonable result is intended. Id. (citing Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.021(2), (3)). Even if unambiguous, courts may consider the statute’s objective, circumstances of enactment, legislative history, common law, former statutes, laws on the same or similar subjects, consequences *880of a particular construction, administrative construction, and title, preamble, and emergency provision. Id. (citing Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.023). All words used and omitted are presumed used and omitted purposefully. Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 540 (Tex.1981).
Chapter 74 legislates separate qualification criteria for two types of experts in two types of suits. See Tex. Crv. PRAC. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 74.351(r)(5) (separately defining “expert” qualified to opine on breach of standard governing physicians and standard governing health care providers), 74.401 (expert qualifications in suits against physicians), 74.402 (expert qualifications in suits against health care providers) (Vernon 2005 & Supp.2006). Sections 74.401 and 74.402 thus apply to suits against physicians and “health care providers,” respectively, and set the criteria for experts qualifying to testify on the standard of care governing physicians and “health care providers,” respectively.
In suits against physicians, section 74.401(a) provides that an expert may not opine on breach of the governing standard of care unless the expert “is a physician” who (1) is “practicing medicine”; (2) has knowledge of the standards of “medical care” governing diagnosis or treatment of the plaintiffs condition; and (3) has training or experience in the standards of “medical care.” A “physician” includes one “licensed to practice medicine.... ” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. §§ 74.001(a)(23)(A), 74.401(g)(l)-(2) (definition if not testifying as a defendant) (Vernon 2005); Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 151.002(a)(12) (Vernon Supp.2006).6 “Medical care” is defined as “any act” of “practicing medicine” under section 151.002 of the Texas Occupations Code (definitional section of Texas Medical Practice Act7) by a physician. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(19) (Vernon 2005).8 “Practicing medicine” includes diagnosis or treatment of a physical disease or disorder by one professing to be a physician and compensated for those services. See Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 151.002(a)(13) (Vernon Supp.2006).9
By contrast, section 74.402(b) (applicable since an ANP is a “health care provider” and Lehman is not a physician) more broadly applies to experts “practicing health care” who opine on breach of the standard of care in suits against a “health care provider.” Under section 74.402(b)(1), a person can qualify as an expert witness “only if the person ... is practicing health care.... ”
*881Thus, the threshold question in applying section 74.402(b) is whether Dr. Thomas is “practicing health care.” The definitions are not explicit.10 But any sensible understanding of “health care”11 and its statutory definition as “any act or treatment ... during the patient’s medical care, treatment, or confinement,” see § 74.001(a)(10) (emphasis added),12 along with other provisions of chapter 74,13 compel a conclusion that a physician practicing medicine is also practicing “health care” and thus can qualify as an expert under section 74.402(b).
The majority holds Dr. Thomas unqualified, stating he did not demonstrate any familiarity with the “standard of care of a nurse practitioner.” But section 74.402(b)(l)-(2) makes the inquiry turn not on the eredentialing or speciality of the defendant caregiver but on (1) the nature of the expert’s health care practice and whether it “involves the same type of care or treatment as that delivered by the defendant” and (2) the expert’s knowledge of the standard of care governing the defendant for the diagnosis and treatment of the “condition involved in the claim....”14 Dr. Thomas states the standard for responding to Ms. Keppard’s condition> and opines that failing to respond as he stated proximately caused her death. He opines ANP Lehman “assumed the duties of a physician” in treating Ms. Keppard and is held to the same standard of care.
Chapter 74 nowhere categorically bars physicians from opining on the standard governing ANPs or other non-physician “health care providers.” The legislature knew how to express such a limitation were that its intent.15 And in enacting *882section 74.402(b)(1), the legislature rejected the House version requiring an expert to practice “in the same field of practice as the defendant” and instead adopted the broader Senate version requiring an expert to practice “in a field of practice that involves the same type of care or treatment as that delivered by the defendant....” See Group v. Vicento, 164 S.W.3d 724, 731 n. 5 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. filed) (citing ConfeRence Comm. RepoRT, Tex. H.B. 4, 78th Leg., R.S. (2003)).16
In suits against physicians under section 74.401(a)(2)’s predecessor, with terms essentially identical to section 74.402(b)(2), courts have held physician-experts need not be credentialed in the same specialty as the defendant if the expert has sufficient training, practical experience, or knowledge of the standard of medical care “for the diagnosis, care, or treatment of the illness, injury, or condition involved in the claim ....”17 There is also case law generally holding non-nurse physicians can opine on the standard of nursing care under section 74.402(b) — and specifically where the physician has expertise in treating the plaintiffs condition that the nurses execute.18 Outside of pre-trial expert re*883port requirements, there is authority generally holding physicians qualified under the rules of evidence to testify on nursing care in medical malpractice suits.19
On the other hand, the majority cites two cases holding physician experts unqualified where they do not establish familiarity with care specific to nursing; e.g., in an emergency room or home health care setting. Those cases were decided under section 74.402(b)’s predecessor, which defined “expert” opining about non-physician health care providers as having “knowledge of accepted standards of care for the diagnosis, care, or treatment of the illness, injury, or condition involved in the claim.”20 Current section 74.402(b)(1) added language requiring experts opining about “health care providers” to be practicing health care in a “field of practice that involves the same type” of care. This may explain a different emphasis by these courts on a specific category of caregiver. See Jones v. Ark-La-Tex Visiting Nurses, Inc., 128 S.W.3d 398, 397 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2004, no pet.) (report failed to state standard for “this particular type of provider”); Cox v. Vanguard Health Sys., Inc., 2005 WL 2367582, *3 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2005, pet. denied) (mem.op.) (standard stated “not specific to emergency room physicians and staff’).
I do not find it necessary, however, to reach the issue of whether a physician is generally qualified to opine on the standard of care governing ANPs as I believe a physician’s standard of care is imposed on ANP Lehman under the statutory and regulatory framework applicable to the facts.
Law GoveRning ANPs and AuthoRity to Perform Medical Aspects of Care

ANPs and ANP standard of care

The Texas Nursing Practice Act21 regulates nursing and defines an ANP as a *884registered nurse who is approved by the Texas Board of Nurse Examiners to practice as an “advanced practice nurse” after completing an advanced educational program. Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 301.152(a) (Vernon 2004); 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 221.1(3) (2007).22 The Texas Medical Practice Act regulating physicians adopts this definition. See Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 157.051(1) (Vernon Supp.2006). Standards governing ANPs are found at title 22, part 11 of the Texas Administrative Code; see generally 22 Tex. Admin. Code ch. 221 (2007).
ANPs are registered nurses, Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 301.152(a) (Vernon 2004), with an expanded authorized practice scope or speciality. See 22 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 221.1(3), 221.12(2) (2007).23 An ANP “acts independently and/or in collaboration with other health care professionals in the delivery of health care services.” 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 221.1(3) (2007); That independent or collaborative practice ostensibly extends to “diagnosis” and “care” of virtually any health condition. See 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 221.13(c) (2007) (emphasis added):
The advanced practice nurse acts independently and/or in collaboration with the health team in the observation, assessment, diagnosis, intervention, evaluation, rehabilitation, care and counsel, and health teachings of persons who are ill, injured or infirm or experiencing changes in normal health processes; and in the promotion and maintenance of health or prevention of illness.24
*885However, an ANP is not licensed as a “physician” and thus cannot “practice medicine.” See Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 155.001 (Vernon 2004) (“A person may not practice medicine in this state unless the person holds a license issued under this subtitle [Medical Practice Act].”). A “physician” includes one “licensed to practice medicine”25 and the Medical Practice Act defines “practicing medicine” to include “diagnosis” and “treatment” of physical conditions. See Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 151.002(a)(13) (Vernon Supp.2006) (emphasis added):
“Practicing medicine” means the diagnosis, treatment, or offer to treat a mental or physical disease or disorder or a physical deformity or injury by any system or method, or the attempt to effect cures of those conditions, by a person who: (A) publicly professes to be a physician or surgeon; or (B) directly or indirectly charges money or other compensation for those services.
The Nursing Practice Act defines “nursing” as “professional or vocational nursing” and states it “does not include acts of medical diagnosis or the prescription of therapeutic or corrective measures.” Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 301.002(2), (4)-(5) (Vernon Supp.2006) (emphasis added). However, “professional nursing” does include “medication or treatment as ordered by a physician,” or “performance of an act delegated by a physician ” under chapter 157 of the Medical Practice Act, discussed infra. Id. § 301.002(2)(C), (G) (emphasis added).
What ANPs are authorized to do is to deliver health care services within the bounds of their education, training, and practice experience; within the accepted scope of their advanced practice specialty; in conformance with applicable “standards of professional nursing”; and in compliance with the Nursing Practice Act and all applicable laws, rules, and regulations. See 22 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 221.12, 221.12(1), 221.13(a)-(b) (2007).26

*886
Delegation of “medical acts” by physicians to ANPs

The Texas Medical Practice Act,27 which regulates physicians, authorizes them in chapter 15728 to delegate “any medical act” to be performed by qualified persons, if each of the conditions specified at section 157.001(a)(l)-(2) of the Texas Occupations Code are met. Consistent with regulations recognizing ANPs’ “collaboration with other health care professionals in the delivery of health care services” as noted above,29 the Act contemplates delegation to ANPs. See chapter 157, subchapter B, “Delegation to Advanced Practice Nurses and Physician Assistants,” Tex. Occ.Code Ann. §§ 157.051-.060 (Vernon 2004 & Supp.2006). But the Act does “not apply” to nurses “engaged strictly in the practice of nursing” in accordance with their license or other laws, Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 151.052(a)(4) (Vernon 2004),30 so arguably a physician may not delegate a “medical act” to an ordinary nurse (absent Texas Board of Medical Examiner rules authorizing it, see Tex. Occ.Code § 301.154(a)). The Act imposes these conditions for an authorized delegation:
1. The delegate must be “qualified and properly trained”;
2. The delegate must be “acting under the physician’s supervision”;
3. The act must be one that a “reasonable and prudent physician would find within the scope of sound medical judgment to delegate”;
4. The act “in the opinion of the delegating physician” must be one that
(a) “can be properly and safely performed” by the delegate;
(b) “is performed in its customary manner”;
(c) “is not in violation of any other statute”; and
5. The delegate “does not represent to the public that the person is authorized to practice medicine.”
See Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 157.001(a)(l)-(2) (Vernon 2004) (“General Authority of Physician to Delegate”).31
*887Authorized delegates are “not considered to be practicing medicine without a license.... ” Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 157.005 (Vernon 2004). The exception is if the delegate knows the delegation and action taken under it violate the Medical Practice Act. Id. Acts delegated “must comply with other applicable laws.” Id. § 157.007. ANPs when “collaborating with other health care providers” have a duty not to exceed the scope of their advanced practice speciality and they retain liability for “advanced practice nursing care” and violations of laws governing it. See 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 221.13(a), (e) (2007) (emphasis added):
§ 221.18. Core Standards for Advanced Practice
(a).... When collaborating with other health care providers, the advanced practice nurse shall be accountable for knowledge of the statutes and rules relating to advanced practice nursing and function within the boundaries of the appropriate advanced practice category.
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(e) The advanced practice nurse shall retain professional accountability for advanced practice nursing care.
The Texas Medical Board may determine, consistent with chapter 157 governing delegation, whether “an act constitutes the practice of medicine” and is empowered to determine whether a medical act may be “properly or safely delegated by physicians.” Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 157.001(c)(l)-(2) (Vernon 2004). That authority is limited by section 157.006, which generally leaves to a physician’s “professional judgment” to decide “which medical acts may be safely delegated” by barring Board rulemaking containing “global prohibitions or restrictions” unless “absolutely necessary....” Id. § 157.006.32 Though physicians may delegate under chapter 157, they “remain responsible for the medical acts” delegated. Id. § 157.001(b).

ANP protocols

In providing “medical aspects of care” (defined to exempt “nursing aspects”), ANPs are required to use “mechanisms which provide authority for that care,” such as “Protocols or other written authorization.” 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 221.13(d) (2007).33 Those protocols are “jointly developed,” agreed to and signed by the ANP and supervising physician, reviewed annually, and “maintained in the practice setting of the advanced practice nurse....” Id. §§221.1(12), 221.13(d)(2)(A)-(D). One function of protocols is to “verify authority to provide medical aspects of care.” Id. § 221.13(d)(2)(E).
The “degree of detail” of a protocol “may vary” with the complexity of the case and the ANP’s education, experience, and advanced practice specialty. Id. *888§ 221.13(d)(1).34 But the regulations state they may not be narrowly drawn to remove the ANP’s discretion and professional judgment, as long the ANP’s actions are commensurate with his or her training and experience. See id. § 221.1(12) (emphasis added):
(12) Protocols or other written authorization — .... Protocols or other written authorization shall be defined to promote the exercise of professional judgment by the advanced practice nurse commensurate with his/her education and experience. Such protocols or other written authorization need not describe the exact steps that the advanced practice nurse must take with respect to each specific condition, disease, or symptom and may state types or categories of drugs which may be prescribed rather that just list specific drugs.35
The same definition applies to a “protocol used by a reasonable and prudent physician exercising sound medical judgment” under the Medical Practice Act. Tex. Ogc. Code. Ann. § 157.055 (Vernon 2004).36
Discussion
The majority concludes Dr. Thomas is unqualified under Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 74.402(b) to opine that ANP Lehman breached the standard of care applicable to him. The majority disagrees with Dr. Thomas’s statement that ANP Lehman “assumed the duties of a physician” in examining, diagnosing, and treating Ms. Keppard and states “different standards of care from those applicable to physicians apply....” It states that ANPs are governed by “standards of professional nursing” and that Dr. Thomas is unqualified because he did not state he was familiar with the “standard of care of a nurse practitioner.”
The majority also reasons that while ANPs are qualified to diagnosis medical conditions, they do so “within the protocols or other written authorizations signed by a doctor.” It concludes that because Dr. Thomas did not show familiarity with “[protocols or other written authorization” ANP Lehman must use when providing “medical aspects of care,” and “which provide authority for that care,” see 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 221.13(d), Dr. Thomas “cannot know the standard of care applicable” to him in this case.
My review of the statutory and regulatory scheme set out above leads me to dis*889agree. First, expert qualification under section 74.402(b)’s terms turns not on the particular credentialing of the defendant caregiver but on the expert’s (1) competence with the “type of care” given and (2) knowledge of the standard governing diagnosis and treatment of the “condition involved in the claim.... ” See § 74.402(b)(l)-(2). Civil Practice and Remedies Code chapter 74 does not explicitly state that only an ANP or non-physician expert can opine on the standard of care of an ANP, or explicitly bar a physician from doing so simply because that expert is a physician and not an ANP.
Second, the Keppards’ lawsuit specifically alleges negligent misdiagnosis and treatment by ANP Lehman of Ms. Kep-pard’s condition that breached the standard of care of a physician. The Medical Practice Act defines “practicing medicine” to include “diagnosis” and “treatment” of physical conditions. Tex. Occ.Code § 151.002(a)(13). The Nursing Practice Act defines an ANP as a registered nurse with advanced practice nursing credentials. Tex. Occ.Code § 301.152. ANPs must comply with the Nursing Practice Act. 22 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 221.12(1), 221.13(a). The Nursing Practice Act generally bars nurses from “acts of medical diagnosis or the prescription of therapeutic or corrective measures,” Tex. Occ.Code § 301.002(2), (4)-(5) (emphasis added), and no person may “practice medicine” without a medical license. Tex. Occ.Code § 155.001.
However, the Nursing Practice Act does define authorized “professional nursing” to include “medication or treatment as ordered by a physician ” and “performance of an act delegated by a physician ” under chapter 157 of the Medical Practice Act. Tex. Occ.Code § 301.002(2)(C), (G) (emphasis added). Authorized delegates under chapter 157 are “not considered to be practicing medicine without a license.... ” Tex. Occ.Code § 157.005. My review of the governing statutes and regulations finds no authority for an ANP to independently perform “medical acts” of “diagnosis” and “treatment” but through a proper delegation by a supervising physician under the Medical Practice Act, at Tex. Occ.Code § 151.001(a)(l)-(2).
That Act imposes several conditions to the delegation that effectively incorporate a physician standard of care. First, in the “sound medical judgment” of a “reasonable and prudent” delegating physician, the act must be “properly and safely” delegable and “performed in its customary manner .... ” That plainly incorporates a physician’s standard of care because the statute applies the “medical judgment” of a “reasonable and prudent” delegating physician to determine if the medical act has been performed in a “customary manner”; i.e., non-negligently.
Moreover, the statute requires that the delegate must be a “qualified and properly trained person acting under the physician’s supervision” and physicians are governed by a physician standard of care. Here, Dr. Wilkin allegedly supervised ANP Lehman and signed Lehman’s diagnosis and treatment record. Though physicians may delegate, the delegating physician “remain[s] responsible for the medical acts” delegated. Tex. Occ.Code § 157.001(b). Since liability of the supervising physician derives from the medical act, it makes no sense to impose a lesser or different standard to the same act simply because the act was performed by an ANP and not a physician. Indeed, there is a compelling policy justification, from the perspective of the expectations of all patients seeking competent medical care of a medical condition, to hold any provider performing a “medical act” of diagnosing or treating that condition to a medical or physician standard of care.
*890I agree with Dr. Thomas’s report that ANP Lehman was “acting as a physician” and disagree with the majority that a separate standard of professional nursing applies here to Lehman’s diagnosis and treatment of Ms. Keppard’s condition. I have not found a provision in the nursing regulations creating a separate nursing standard of care governing medical diagnosis and treatment. To the contrary, the regulations prohibit ANPs from acting outside the scope of their advanced practice specialty or in violation of the Nursing Practice Act, see 22 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 221.12, 221.12(1), 221.13(a)-(b), and the Nursing Practice Act generally prohibits medical diagnoses and treatment without a physician’s directive or delegation under chapter 157 of the Medical Practice Act. See Tex. Occ.Code § 301.002(2)(C), (G). And when “collaborating with other health care providers,” ANPs must remain “accountable for knowledge of the statutes and rules relating to advanced practice nursing and function within the boundaries of the appropriate advanced practice category.” 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 221.13(a).37
Finally, I disagree that knowledge of the ANP-physician protocols that authorized ANP Lehman to provide “medical aspects of care,” see 22 Tex.Admin.Code § 221.13(d), is relevant to the standard of care applicable to him or determines an expert’s qualification to opine on the standard governing the “medical aspects” of the care he delivered. The protocols are not in evidence, so we do not know what they say. But regardless of any claims the Keppards may ultimately make regarding them,38 they still separately allege simple negligent medical diagnosis and treatment of Ms. Keppard’s condition, and that is a matter on which Dr. Thomas is qualified to opine.
Furthermore, ANP-physician protocols do not substitute or create any standard of care at all. One of their functions is simply to “verify authority to provide medical aspects of care.” See Tex. Admin. Code § 221.13(d)(2)(E). But they may not be drawn to supplant the “exercise of professional judgment by the advanced practice nurse commensurate with his/her education and experience” and “need not describe the exacts steps that the advanced practice nurse must take with respect to each specific condition, disease, or symptom” treated. See 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 221.1(12); Tex. Occ.Code § 157.055. Thus, they can have no bearing on whatev*891er standard of care ultimately governs.39
Certainly, in a suit against a hospital for negligence in failing to maintain adequate protocols authorizing health care providers to administer life-saving medications or deliver necessary medical services, expertise on what protocols a reasonably prudent, similarly situated hospital would have in place would be required to allow an expert to testify. See, e.g., Reed v. Granbury Hosp. Corp., 117 S.W.3d 404, 407-08, 410-12 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (in granting summary judgment, trial court did not abuse discretion striking physician testimony under Texas Rule of Evidence 702, in suit solely against a hospital alleging lack of policies, procedures, and protocols that would have permitted physicians to administer stroke medication, where physicians had expertise in administering the medication, but lacked expertise on the standard to determine what protocols the hospital should have governing its administration).40 Reed distinguished cases involving a “common or universal standard” applicable to a subject about which “any physician” was familiar. Id. at 412.41
In discussing a separate issue,42 the Reed court stated: “In Texas, medical decisions are to be made by attending physicians.” Reed also noted, “A hospital cannot practice medicine,” concluding it is not directly liable for negligent “medical functions.” 117 S.W.3d at 415 (citing, inter alia, Tex. Occ.Code §§ 151.002(a)(13) (definition of “practicing medicine”) and 155.001, .003 (practicing medicine without a license is prohibited and hospitals cannot be so licensed)). Because hospitals and nurses may not “practice medicine” as defined by the Texas Occupations Code, there are plainly many situations where the standard of care governing them and the standard governing physicians differ, which the majority appears to recognize. However, I do not believe that difference, where it may exist, controls here. I therefore respectfully dissent.

. "Advanced practice nurse” is "synonymous with 'advanced nurse practitioner.’ ” Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 301.152(a) (Vernon 2004).

. The Keppards’ original petition asserted two types of claims, negligent medical treatment of Ms. Keppard and negligence in developing and executing hospital protocols or policies and procedures for care of patients like Ms. Keppard. Against the hospital, "by and through” its agents and employees, the Kep-pards alleged negligence in:
• failing to develop, employ, monitor, and follow appropriate policies and procedures for assessing, treating, managing, and overseeing patients like Ms. Keppard; and
• failing to train and employ appropriate personnel to execute hospital policies and procedures.
The Keppards non-suited the hospital before the trial court ruled Dr. Thomas’s report sufficient; thus, the only claims against ANP Lehman and the physicians here are (i) negligent misdiagnosis/treatment of Ms. Keppard and (ii) negligent instruction of hospital personnel.

. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.402(a)-(c) (Vernon 2005) states:
§ 74.402. Qualifications of Expert Witness in Suit Against Health Care Provider
(a) For purposes of this section, “practicing health care” includes:
(1) training health care providers in the same field as the defendant health care provider at an accredited educational institution; or
(2) serving as a consulting health care provider and being licensed, certified, or registered in the same field as the defendant health care provider.
(b) In a suit involving a health care liability claim against a health care provider, a per*879son may qualify as an expert witness on the issue of whether the health care provider departed from accepted standards of care only if the person:
(1) is practicing health care in a field of practice that involves the same type of care or treatment as that delivered by the defendant health care provider, if the defendant health care provider is an individual, at the time the testimony is given or was practicing that type of health care at the time the claim arose;
(2) has knowledge of accepted standards of care for health care providers for the diagnosis, care, or treatment of the illness, injury, or condition involved in the claim; and
(3) is qualified on the basis of training or experience to offer an expert opinion regarding those accepted standards of health care.
(c) In determining whether a witness is qualified on the basis of training or experience, the court shall consider whether, at the time the claim arose or at the time the testimony is given, the witness:
(1) is certified by a licensing agency of one or more states of the United States or a national professional certifying agency, or has other substantial training or experience, in the area of health care relevant to the claim; and
(2) is actively practicing health care in rendering health care services relevant to the claim.

. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(12)(A)(i) (Vernon 2005) states: " 'Health care provider’ means any person, partnership, professional association, corporation, facility, or institution duly licensed, certified, registered, or chartered by the State of Texas to provide health care, including: (i) a registered nurse;....” "Health care" is “any act or treatment ... by any health care provider ... during the patient’s medical care, treatment, or confinement.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(10) (Vernon 2005).

. To determine qualification by "training or experience” under subsection (b)(3), the court "shall consider” (1) certification or other substantial training or experience "in the area of health care relevant to the claim” and (2) active practice of “health care in rendering health care services relevant to the claim.” See § 74.402(c)(l)-(2).

. "Physician” also includes a physician partnership or limited liability partnership, physician professional association or limited liability company formed under Texas law, and Texas certified non-profit health corporation. See Tex Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.00l(a)(23)(B)-(E) (Vernon 2005).

. Tex. Occ.Code Ann tit. 3 ("Health Professions”), subtit. B ("Physicians”), chs. 151— 165 (Vernon 2004 & Supp.2006).

. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(19) (Vernon 2005) states: " 'Medical care’ means any act defined as practicing medicine under Section 151.002, Occupations Code, performed or furnished, or which should have been performed, by one licensed to practice medicine in this state for, to, or on behalf of a patient during the patient's care, treatment, or confinement.”

. Tex Occ.Code Ann. § 151.002(a)(13) (Vernon Supp.2006) states: " 'Practicing medicine' means the diagnosis, treatment, or offer to treat a mental or physical disease or disorder or a physical deformity or injury by any system or method, or the attempt to effect cures of those conditions, by a person who: (A) publicly professes to be a physician or surgeon; or (B) directly or indirectly charges money or other compensation for those services.”

. First, the statute circuitously defines “health care” as “any act or treatment ... by any health care provider ... during the patient’s medical care, treatment, or confinement” and "health care provider” as persons or entities credentialed "to provide health care _” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(10), (12)(A) (Vernon 2005) (emphasis added). Second, physicians are not included among the examples the "health care provider” definition lists. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(12)(A)(i)-(vii) (Vernon 2005) (examples are nurses, dentists, podiatrists, pharmacists, chiropractors, optometrists, and health care institutions). The latter, however, is not dispositive; the statute’s predecessor’s list was exclusive, but the current definition’s use of "including” makes it non-exclusive. Pro Path Servs., L.L.P. v. Koch, 192 S.W.3d 667, 670-71 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2006, pet. denied) (citing Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.005(13)).

. See Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary 937 (F.A.Davis, 20th ed.2005) ("health care” is "[a]ll of the services made available by medical professionals to promote, maintain, or preserve life and well-being.”).

. Cf. MacPete v. Bolomey 185 S.W.3d 580, 584—85 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2006, no pet.) (services that are an "inseparable part” of "treatment” of a “medical condition” fall within chapter 74’s definition of "health care” under section 74.001(a)(10)).

. See, e.g., §§ 74.001(a)(13) (emphasis added) (broadly defining "Health care liability claim” to include one against a "health care provider or physician ” for breaching standards of "medical care, or health care”); 74.001(a)(12)(B)(i)-(ii) (emphasis added) ("health care provider” explicitly defined to include various agents and related persons or entities “of a health care provider or physician ”); 74.451(a), (c) (emphasis added) (governing arbitration agreements) (employing phrases like "physician ... or other health care provider" and "health care provider other than a physician ”).

. See also § 74.402(c) (emphasis added) (to determine qualification by "training or experience” under section 74.402(b)(3), the court "shall consider” (1) certification, training, or experience in the area of health care "relevant to the claim ” and (2) active practice of health care services "relevant to the claim.").

. Cf. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.401(a) (Vernon 2005) (emphasis added) (expert can opine on breach of standard of care governing physicians "only if the person is a physician” who satisfies section *88274.401(a)) with Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.402(b) (Vernon 2005) (emphasis added) (expert can opine on breach of standard of care governing a "health care provider” “only if the person ” satisfies section 74.402(b)); see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 74.403(a) (Vernon 2005) (expert can opine on medical causation "only if the person is a physician”).

.In light of section 74.402(b)(l)'s express terms and legislative history, I do not find persuasive Nurse Lehman's argument that section 74.402(a) limits the scope of qualifying experts under section 74.402(b) to health care providers practicing "in the same field” as the defendant. Section 74.402(a) does state that "practicing health care” for purposes of section 74.402 “includes” training (at accredited institutions) and consulting services if (1) the health care providers that the expert trains are “in the same field as the defendant” and (2) the expert serving as a consulting health care provider is credentialed “in the same field as the defendant....” See § 74.402(a)(l)-(2) (emphasis added). However, "includes” is a term of "enlargement and not of limitation or exclusive enumeration” and its use does "not create a presumption that components not expressed are excluded.” Tex Gov’t Code § 311.005(13); see Group v. Vicento, 164 S.W.3d at 731 (holding section 74.402(a)’s "practicing health care” definition is nonexclusive and does not prohibit an anesthesiologist from testifying on the standard of care for a chiropractor). Adopting Nurse Lehman’s argument would literally mean practitioners who do not train or consult may not testify, an absurd result that ignores section 74.402(b)(l)’s express terms.

. See Blan v. Ali, 7 S.W.3d 741, 745-46 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (reviewing authorities, emphasis original). Blan held a neurologist qualified to opine on the standard governing a cardiologist and emergency room physician’s treatment of a stroke, though he admitted unfamiliarity with the standard governing those professions. Id, at 746. Blan stated the statute focuses not on the defendant’s expertise but on the plaintiff's condition, and reasoned that the neurologist was qualified to treat strokes and stated the standard governing “any physician” treating one. Id. at 746-47 (emphasis original).

. See Manor Care Health Servs., Inc. v. Ragan, 187 S.W.3d 556, 562-63 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. granted, judgm't vacated and remanded by agr.) (physician without demonstrated nursing experience, but qualified to opine on "type of care at issue,” is competent to opine on nurses’ breach of standard of care in failing to administer doctor-prescribed medications indicated for the patient’s condition; "a physician is not disqualified from offering an opinion regarding nursing care simply because he is a physician and not a nurse”). The same result obtained in a suit against a physician’s assistant who under a cardiologist’s supervision [see Tex. Occ.Code §§ 204.202, .204] treated a patient for a condition a cardiologist expert was qualified to treat. The result obtained though the expert report did "not separately set forth a *883standard of care applicable to [the assistant],” but stated the same physician-standard applied and showed experience in supervising nurses and physician’s assistants treating the same condition. In re Stacy K. Boone, P.A., 223 S.W.3d 398, 401, 404-406 (Tex.App.Amarillo 2006, orig. proceeding) (citing Man- or Care and applying chapter 74’s predecessor, Tex.Rev.Civ. Stat. art. 4590i).

. See Hall v. Huff, 957 S.W.2d 90, 94, 100 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1997, pet. denied) (reviewing authorities, emphasis original) ("just because [the expert] is a physician does not necessarily render him unqualified as an expert on nursing standards of care," noting "jurisdictions, including Texas, ... have found physicians to be qualified”; held., trial court abused discretion ruling physician expert unqualified under Rule 702 to opine on nursing standard of care to diagnose and treat condition in time to prevent death, where expert showed familiarity with standard for diagnosing and treating same condition “under same or similar circumstances " and familiarity with national nursing standards though not specific to Texas) (citing Webb v. Jorns, 488 S.W.2d 407, 411 (Tex.1972) (physician anesthesiologist with nurse teaching experience and knowledge of minimum standards for both physician anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists could testify on nurse anesthetist standard of care)).

. See former Tex.Rev.Civ. Stat. art. 4590i,' § 13.01(r)(5)(B) (" ‘Expert’ means ... with respect to a person giving opinion testimony about a nonphysician health care provider, an expert who has knowledge of accepted standards of care for the diagnosis, care, or treatment of the illness, injury, or condition involved in the claim.”). Act of May 5, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 140, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 985, 987, repealed and recodified as amended by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, §§ 10.01, 10.09, 23.02(a), (d), 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 864, 884, 898-99 ("House Bill 4”) (adopting Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, chapter 74, applicable only to actions filed on or after September 1, 2003).

. Tex Occ.Code Ann. tit. 3 ("Health Professions”), subtit. E ("Regulation of Nursing”), *884ch. 301 ("Nurses”), §§ 301.00 -.607 (Vernon 2004 & Supp.2006).

. Tex. Occ.Code § 301.152. Rules Regarding Specialized Training
(a) In this section, "advanced practice nurse” means a registered nurse approved by the board to practice as an advanced practice nurse on the basis of completion of an advanced educational program. The term includes a nurse practitioner, nurse midwife, nurse anesthetist, and clinical nurse specialist. The term is synonymous with "advanced nurse practitioner.”
Tex. Admin. Code § 221.1. Definitions
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(3) Advanced practice nurse-A registered nurse approved by the board to practice as an advanced practice nurse based on completing an advanced educational program acceptable to the board. The term includes a nurse practitioner, nurse-midwife, nurse anesthetist, and a clinical nurse specialist.

. § 221.1. Definitions
(3).... The advanced practice nurse is prepared to practice in an expanded role to provide health care to individuals, families, and/or groups in a variety of settings including but not limited to homes, hospitals, institutions, offices, industry, schools, community agencies, public and private clinics, and private practice. The advanced practice nurse acts independently and/or in collaboration with other health care professionals in the delivery of health care services.
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§221.12. Scope of Practice The advanced practice nurse provides a broad range of health services_ Advanced practice nurses practice in a variety of settings and, according to their practice specialty and role, they provide a broad range of health care services to a variety of patient populations.
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(2) The advanced practice nurse's scope of practice shall be in addition to the scope of practice permitted a registered nurse and does not prohibit the advanced practice nurse from practicing in those areas deemed to be within the scope of practice of a registered nurse.

.The Nursing Practice Act uses nearly identical language in defining “professional nursing,” but omits the term “diagnosis.” See Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 301.002(2)(A)-(B) (Vernon Supp.2006). Both the Medical Practice Act and the Nursing Practice Act generally bar nurses from making medical diagnoses. See discussion infra. To the extent of any conflict, I believe the Occupations Code should control. See Cont’l Cas. Co. v. Downs, 81 S.W.3d 803, 807 (Tex.2002) ("Construction of a statute by the agency charged with its *885enforcement is entitled to serious consideration only if that construction is reasonable and does not contradict the statute’s plain language.”).

. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. §§ 74.00l(a)(23)(A), 74.401(g)(l)-(2) (definition if not testifying as a defendant) (Vernon 2005); Tex. Occ.Code Ann. § 151.002(a)(12) (Vernon Supp.2006).

. § 221.12. Scope of Practice
The advanced practice nurse provides a broad range of health services, the scope of which shall be based upon educational preparation, continued advanced practice experience and the accepted scope of professional practice of the particular specialty area. Advanced practice nurses practice in a variety of settings and, according to their practice specialty and role, they provide a broad range of health care services to a variety of patient populations.
(1) The scope of practice of particular specialty areas shall be defined by national
professional specialty organizations or advanced practice nursing organizations recognized by the Board [of Nurse Examiners], The advanced practice nurse may perform only those functions which are within that scope of practice and which are consistent with the Nursing Practice Act, Board rules, and other laws and regulations of the State of Texas.
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§ 221.13. Core Standards for Advanced Practice
(a) The advanced practice nurse shall know and conform to the Texas Nursing Practice Act; current board rules, regulations, and standards of professional nursing; and all federal, state, and local laws, rules, and regulations affecting the advanced role and specialty area. When collaborating with other health care providers, the advanced practice nurse shall be accountable for knowledge of the statutes and rules relating to advanced practice nursing and function within the boundaries of the appropriate advanced practice category.
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*886(b) The advanced practice nurse shall practice within the advanced specialty and role appropriate to his/her advanced educational preparation.

. Tex Occ.Code Ann. tit. 3 ("Health Professions”), subtit. B ("Physicians”), chs. 151— 165 (Vernon 2004 & Supp.2006).

. Tex Occ.Code Ann. tit. 3 ("Health Professions”), subtit. B ("Physicians”), ch. 157 ("Authority of Physician to Delegate Certain Medical Acts”), §§ 157.001-.101 (Vernon 2004 & Supp.2006).

. See 22 Tex Admin. Code §§ 221.1(3), 221.13(c) (2007).

. § 151.052. Exemptions
(a) This subtitle [Medical Practice Act] does not apply to:
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(4) a registered nurse or licensed vocational nurse engaged strictly in the practice of nursing in accordance with the applicable licensing acts and other laws of this state;....

. § 157.001. General Authority of Physician to Delegate
(a) A physician may delegate to a qualified and properly trained person acting under the physician’s supervision any medical act that a reasonable and prudent physician would find within the scope of sound medical judgment to delegate if, in the opinion of the delegating physician:
(1) the act:
(A) can be properly and safely performed by the person to whom the medical act is delegated;
(B) is performed in its customary manner; and
(C) is not in violation of any other statute; and
(2) the person to whom the delegation is made does not represent to the public that the person is authorized to practice medicine.

. § 157.006. Limitation on Board Rules Regarding Delegation
The board shall promote a physician’s exercise of professional judgment to decide which medical acts may be safely delegated by not adopting rules containing, except as absolutely necessary, global prohibitions or restrictions on the delegation of medical acts.

. § 221.13. Core Standards for Advanced Practice
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(d) When providing medical aspects of care, advanced practice nurses shall utilize mechanisms which provide authority for that care. These mechanisms may include, but are not limited to, Protocols or other written authorization. This shall not be construed as requiring authority for nursing aspects of care.

. See 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 221.13(d)(1) (2007):
.... The degree of detail within protocols/policies/practice guidelines/clinical practice privileges may vary in relation to the complexity of the situations covered by such Protocols, the advanced specialty area of practice, the advanced educational preparation of the individual, and the experience level of the individual advanced practice nurse.

. Accord, 22 Tex Admin. Code § 221.13(d)(1) (2007) ("Protocols or other written authorization shall promote the exercise of professional judgment by the advanced practice nurse commensurate with his/her education and experience.”).

. § 157.055. Orders and Protocols
A protocol or other order shall be defined in a manner that promotes the exercise of professional judgment by the advanced practice nurse and physician assistant commensurate with the education and experience of that person. Under this section, an order or protocol used by a reasonable and prudent physician exercising sound medical judgment:
(1) is not required to describe the exact steps that an advanced practice nurse or a physician assistant must take with respect to each specific condition, disease, or symptom; and
(2) may state the types or categories of medications that may be prescribed or the types or categories of medications that may not be prescribed.

. The majority cites 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 221.13(e) (2007), which states an ANP “shall retain professional accountability for advanced practice nursing care,” concluding that an ANP is "accountable for advanced practice nursing care, but not for a doctor’s care.” That reads “retain” to mean "retain to the exclusion of any other standard of care." The plain meaning of "retain” is simply that an ANP remains liable under an ANP standard when performing advanced nursing practice acts, though the ANP may concurrently be performing delegated medical acts and thus held to a physician’s standard of care in their performance.

. The Keppards have not alleged Lehman is individually liable for failing to follow protocols, develop protocols, or any act or omission relating to them. They have not alleged improper delegation under the Medical Practice Act or improper practice of medicine without a license if Lehman knew the delegation violated it. See Tex. Occ.Code § 157.005 (authorized delegates are “not considered to be practicing medicine without a license” unless the delegate knows the delegation and action taken under it violate the Medical Practice Act). The Keppards did allege Lehman negligently instructed other hospital personnel. But none of these types of allegations change the fact that the Keppards separately assert a simple medical negligence claim that assumes a proper delegation.

. Cf. Reed v. Granbury Hosp. Corp., 117 S.W.3d 404, 413-14 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (nothing in hospital's “broad policies and statements” generally describing type and quality of care given "evidences a standard of care”).

. A dissent would have found lack of a hospital policy ensuring that a physician conformed to medical standards was sufficient evidence to at least raise a fact issue that the hospital’s standard was breached. Reed, 117 S.W.3d at 416 (Livingston, J., dissenting).

. Reed also held a qualified expert could opine on whether an existing protocol (e.g. allowing a physician-supervised, specialized nurse to administer anesthesia) met the standards within that expert’s competence. Reed, 117 S.W.3d at 413, n. 6, 414 (distinguishing court’s earlier precedent).

. The court refused to find a nurse competent to testify on whether lack of a hospital protocol prevented administration of needed medication. Reed, 117 S.W.3d at 414-15.