Court Opinion

ID: 4322417
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-18 18:35:28.186912+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:28:11.949120
License: Public Domain

J-S48008-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    KAREEM LUKE,                               :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 3152 EDA 2015

              Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence May 19, 2015
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
               Criminal Division at No.: CP-51-CR-0007750-2014

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., MURRAY, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.:                              FILED OCTOBER 18, 2018

        Appellant, Kareem Luke, appeals from the Judgment of Sentence

entered by the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas following his

conviction by a jury of Driving Under the Influence of a Controlled Substance

(“DUI”) and Driving While Operating Privilege is Suspended or Revoked.1

Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence and the denial of his

Motion to Suppress the results of a blood draw performed while he was

unconscious.     Because we conclude that, pursuant to Commonwealth v.

Myers,2 the Implied Consent Law did not authorize Appellant’s blood draw,

the suppression court should have granted the Motion to Suppress.

Accordingly, we reverse.

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1   75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d)(1) and 75 Pa.C.S. § 1543(1.1)(iii), respectively.

2   Commonwealth v. Myers, 164 A.3d 1162 (Pa. 2017).
____________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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      In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, the trial court set forth the underlying

facts. See Trial Court Opinion, filed 7/19/17, at 2-4. Briefly, at approximately

2:00 A.M. on March 29, 2014, Philadelphia Police Officer Scott Amrik saw

Appellant fail to stop at a stop sign at 6000 Ditman Street. Officer Amrik

pulled Appellant over and called for backup. As he approached Appellant’s

vehicle, Officer Amrik smelled a strong, distinctive chemical smell he knew

from experience to be PCP.

      After briefly interacting with Appellant during the traffic stop and

observing Appellant’s dazed stare, confusion, and delayed responses to

questions, Officer Amrik believed that Appellant was under the influence of a

controlled substance and unable to operate his vehicle safely. Officer Amrik

asked Appellant to step out of his vehicle and attempted to place him in

handcuffs. Appellant resisted his arrest and struggled with Officer Amrik, and

they both fell to the ground during the struggle. Officer Amrik tased Appellant,

but after briefly falling to the ground, Appellant popped up and ran away.

Police later found Appellant collapsed at the bottom of basement steps of a

nearby building, arrested him, and transported him to the hospital.

      Significantly, Philadelphia Police Officer Jimmy Brown interacted with

Appellant at the hospital at approximately 3:00 A.M. that same morning.

Officer Brown spoke with the other officers about the circumstances of

Appellant’s arrest and learned that Appellant had been tased by police during

a car stop.

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       Officer Brown observed Appellant lying on a gurney in the emergency

room with his eyes closed. Officer Brown did not see any visible signs of injury

on Appellant. Seeking Appellant’s consent to conduct a blood test, Officer

Brown attempted to rouse Appellant by speaking to him and tapping his

shoulders. Appellant opened his eyes once, looked at Officer Brown briefly,

and then closed his eyes. Appellant did not otherwise move or respond during

the encounter with Officer Brown.

       Officer Brown gave O’Connell warnings3 by reading them in Appellant’s

presence while Appellant was unresponsive on the gurney.           Predictably,

Appellant did not respond and did not provide his affirmative consent. Officer

Brown did not obtain a warrant for a blood draw.        Rather, Officer Brown

concluded that Appellant had provided “implied consent,” and summoned a

nurse to draw Appellant’s blood. Appellant remained unconscious throughout

the blood draw. The results of Appellant’s blood test indicated both PCP and

Xanax.

       The Commonwealth charged Appellant with the above offenses. On July

16, 2014, Appellant filed a Motion to Suppress, inter alia, the “blood results”

obtained without a warrant while he was unconscious.               Following a

suppression hearing at which Officers Amrik and Brown testified, the court

denied Appellant’s Motion to Suppress.

____________________________________________

3See Commonwealth, Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Traffic Safety v.
O’Connell, 555 A.2d 873 (Pa. 1989).

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      On August 27, 2014, a jury convicted Appellant of the above offenses.

On May 19, 2015, the trial court sentenced Appellant to a term of two to five

years’ incarceration.

      On May 29, 2015, Appellant filed a Post-Sentence Motion. On June 4,

2015, Appellant filed a Notice of Appeal.     This Court quashed Appellant’s

appeal as interlocutory on September 22, 2015, because the trial court had

not yet decided Appellant’s Post-Sentence Motion. Commonwealth v. Luke,

No. 1738 EDA 2015 (Pa. Super. filed Sept. 22, 2015) (per curiam).

      Appellant’s Post-Sentence Motion was denied by operation of law on

October 7, 2015. On October 15, 2015, Appellant filed a Notice of Appeal.

Both Appellant and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      Appellant presents two issues for our review:

      [1.] Did the court commit error by denying Appellant’s Motion to
      Suppress the results of Appellant’s blood test when such blood
      was taken without a warrant or exigent circumstances and without
      Appellant’s consent?

      [2.] Did the court commit error by convicting Appellant of [DUI]
      where the evidence at trial was insufficient to establish that
      Appellant operated a vehicle under the influence of a controlled
      substance?

Appellant’s Brief at 3 (reordered, capitalization omitted).

      In reviewing the denial of a Motion to Suppress, we are limited to

considering only the Commonwealth’s evidence and “so much of the evidence

for the defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the

record as a whole.” Commonwealth v. McCoy, 154 A.3d 813, 815-16 (Pa.

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Super. 2017).     Where the testimony and other evidence supports the

suppression court’s findings of fact, we are bound by them and “may reverse

only if the court erred in reaching its legal conclusions based upon the facts.”

Id. at 816. It is within the exclusive province of the suppression court to

“pass on the credibility of witnesses and determine the weight to be given to

their testimony.” Id.

      “The scope of review from a suppression ruling is limited to the

evidentiary record created at the suppression hearing.” Commonwealth v.

Neal, 151 A.3d 1068, 1071 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citing In re L.J., 79 A.3d

1073, 1087 (Pa. 2013)).     This Court will not disturb a suppression court’s

credibility determination absent a clear and manifest error. Commonwealth

v. Camacho, 625 A.2d 1242, 1245 (Pa. Super. 1993).

      Importantly, “[o]nce a [M]otion to [S]uppress [E]vidence has been filed,

it is the Commonwealth’s burden to prove, by a preponderance of the

evidence, that the challenged evidence was not obtained in violation of the

defendant’s rights.” Commonwealth v. Wallace, 42 A.3d 1040, 1047-48

(Pa. 2012) (citation omitted); see also Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(H).

      The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article 1,

Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution protect citizens from unreasonable

searches and seizures. In re D.M., 781 A.2d 1161, 1163 (Pa. 2001). To

effectuate these protections, the exclusionary rule bars the use of illegally

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obtained evidence in state prosecutions in order to deter illegal searches and

seizures. Commonwealth v. Arter, 151 A.3d 149, 153-54 (Pa. 2016).

         Pennsylvania’s Implied Consent Law provides that any person who

drives a vehicle in the Commonwealth “shall be deemed to have given

consent” to a blood draw if a police officer has reasonable grounds to believe

the person has been driving under the influence of a controlled substance. 75

Pa.C.S. § 1547(a).        The statute provides numerous civil and evidentiary

consequences of a person’s refusal to consent to the testing authorized in

Section 1547(a). See, e.g., 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 1547(b), (b.1), (b.2), (c), (e), (f),

(g.1).

         Any person arrested for suspicion of DUI possesses an express

“statutory right to refuse chemical testing.” Commonwealth v. Myers, 164

A.3d 1162, 1170 (Pa. 2017); 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 1547(b)(1). The Pennsylvania

Supreme Court recently held that this right of refusal applies to unconscious

arrestees. Myers, 164 A.3d at 1171-72. When an arrestee’s unconscious

state “prevent[s] him from making a knowing and conscious choice as to

whether to exercise that right,” the Implied Consent Law does not authorize

a blood draw while the arrestee is unconscious. Id. at 1172.4

____________________________________________

4 The Myers Court also held that: (1) implied consent is not an independent
exception to the warrant requirement; and (2) an arrestee does not voluntarily
consent to a blood draw when he or she is unconscious and deprived of the
right to refuse testing. Myers, 164 A.3d at 1180-81. The Myers Court further
noted that “Birchfield (like our own precedents) provides a general if

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        Appellant argues that the suppression court erred in denying his Motion

to Suppress the blood sample because the Commonwealth obtained it without

a warrant and without his consent. Appellant’s Brief at 11. Appellant contends

that, similar to the arrestee in Myers, police relied on the Implied Consent

Law to obtain his blood sample while he was unconscious in the emergency

room.     Id. at 12-13.       The Commonwealth agrees that we must vacate

Appellant’s Judgment of Sentence because Myers held “that a blood draw

under similar circumstances violated the Fourth Amendment, notwithstanding

Pennsylvania’s implied consent statute.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 6.

        Based on Appellant’s status as an unconscious arrestee, his failure to

refuse the blood test, and Officer Amrik’s probable cause to suspect Appellant

was driving under the influence of a controlled substance, the trial court

opined, “Appellant had given his implied consent to a blood test without a

warrant.” Trial Court Opinion, 7/19/17, at 10. In its Opinion, the trial court

relied on two Pennsylvania Supreme Court cases: Commonwealth v. Riedel,

651 A.2d 135 (Pa. 1994), and Commonwealth v. Eisenhart, 611 A.2d 681

(Pa. 1992).     In Myers, our Supreme Court expressly: (1) disapproved of

Riedel insofar as it suggested that implied consent was an independent

exception to the warrant requirement; and (2) found untenable the statement

____________________________________________

uncontroversial endorsement of the concept of implied consent.” Myers, 164
A.3d at 1178 (citing Birchfield v. North Dakota, ___ U.S. ___, 136 S.Ct.
2160, 2185, 195 L.Ed. 2d 560 (2016)).

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in Eisenhart “that testing is allowed absent an affirmative showing of the

subject’s refusal to consent to the test at the time that the testing is

administered.” Myers, 164 A.3d at 1180, 1181 n.21 (quoting Eisenhart, 611

A.2d at 683).5

        After careful review, we conclude that Myers is directly on point and

squarely controls the outcome here. Officer Brown did not obtain a warrant

before directing the emergency room nurse to draw a sample of Appellant’s

blood.     Although Officer Brown read Appellant the O’Connell warnings,

attempted to wake Appellant up by tapping him and speaking to him, saw no

visible signs of injury, and believed Appellant was “play[ing] possum,” 6

Appellant remained unconscious while lying on a hospital gurney during the

encounter.     Although Appellant looked up briefly at Officer Brown at some

point during the interaction, he did not otherwise acknowledge Officer Brown

or the O’Connell warnings.

        Notwithstanding Appellant’s unconscious state, Officer Brown directed

the emergency room nurse to draw Appellant’s blood.       That blood sample

served as the basis for Appellant’s particular DUI charge because it revealed

____________________________________________

5 We note that the trial court filed its Opinion on the same date that the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court filed its Opinion in Myers and thus, would not
have known about the change in the law.

6   N.T. Suppression, 8/19/14, at 34.

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the presence of controlled substances, and the Commonwealth presented the

results of the blood test at Appellant’s jury trial.

        Because Appellant’s unconscious state “prevented him from making a

knowing and conscious choice as to whether to exercise” his right to refuse

the blood draw, the Implied Consent Law did not authorize the blood draw.

Myers, 164 A.3d at 1172.           Accordingly, we conclude that the suppression

court should have granted Appellant’s Motion to Suppress.

        We vacate Appellant’s Judgment of Sentence, reverse the Order denying

Appellant’s Motion to Suppress, and remand for a new trial at which the trial

court shall exclude the evidence derived from the warrantless blood draw.7

        Judgment of Sentence vacated. Case remanded for further proceedings.

Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 10/18/18

____________________________________________

7   Given our resolution, we need not reach Appellant’s second issue.

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