Court Opinion

ID: 2725899
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 20:55:43.397778+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:29:37.562384
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
 this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                    Dec 20 2013, 5:57 am
 regarded as precedent or cited before any
 court except for the purpose of
 establishing the defense of res judicata,
 collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                           ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
ERIC S. PAVLACK                                   THOMAS E. ROSTA
Indianapolis, Indiana                             Noblesville, Indiana

                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

SHUBHAM CHOPRA,                                   )
                                                  )
       Appellant-Plaintiff,                       )
                                                  )
           vs.                                    )        No. 03A01-1305-SC-00191
                                                  )
SHENA PENDYALA,                                   )
                                                  )
       Appellee-Defendant.                        )

                 APPEAL FROM THE BARTHOLOMEW SUPERIOR COURT
                       The Honorable Kathleen Tighe Coriden, Judge
                        The Honorable Joseph W. Meek, Magistrate
                             Cause No. 03D02-1210-SC-2297

                                       December 20, 2013
                 MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION

MATHIAS, Judge
       Shubham Chopra (“Chopra”) filed a small claims action against Sneha Pendyala

(“Pendyala”) seeking damages for the diminished value of Chopra’s car following a

collision with the car driven by Pendyala. The Bartholomew Superior Court issued a

judgment in favor of Pendyala. Chopra appeals and raises several arguments, which we

consolidate and restate as:

       I. Whether the small claims court applied the wrong legal standard when it
       required Chopra to prove the “exact amount” of damages he suffered;

       II. Whether the small claims court erred in rejecting as speculative the diminished
       value evaluation of the New Jersey automobile dealer;

       III. Whether the small claims court erred in excluding the letter Chopra received
       from a claims adjuster employed by Pendyala’s insurer; and

       IV. Whether any error by the small claims court was harmless.

       We affirm.

                              Facts and Procedural History

       On June 16, 2012, Chopra purchased his 2009 Porsche Boxter S automobile from

Ray Catena Imports, a car dealership located in Edison, New Jersey. The purchase price

of the vehicle was $47,067.65 before taxes. Approximately one and a half months after

the car’s purchase, on August 3, 2012, Chopra was driving from his home to his office in

Columbus, Indiana, when he was involved in a collision with a car driven by Pendyala.

      The collision caused physical damage to Chopra’s car and a police report was filed.

Pendyala’s insurer, GEICO, paid for the repairs of the physical damage to Chopra’s car.

Chopra agrees that the repairs to his car were completed satisfactorily. However, Chopra

thereafter asked GEICO to reimburse him for the difference in the car’s value before the

                                            2
collision and the value after the collision, citing an email communication Chopra had

received from Steve Walker (“Walker”), the New Jersey-based salesperson from whom

he had purchased the car. The email read:

       Hi Shubham,

       I spoke with my manager about the trade value of your Boxster S. If you
       were to return it to us in the condition it was in when you bought the car
       from us we would put a trade value on it of $36500. Unfortunately because
       your Boxster has been in an accident and will have a car fax (because of the
       police report) we can only offer you $30000.

       Sincerely,
       Steve

Tr. Exhibit Volume, Plaintiff’s Exhibit 6. Mr. Walker did not see or inspect Chopra’s car

after the collision and repairs.

       On October 18, 2012, Chopra received a letter from Ronald Tyler (“Tyler”), a

claims supervisor with GEICO. The letter stated:

       [p]lease be advised, we do not consider “actual proof” to be a statement
       from an auto dealer or independent appraiser unless they are also providing
       documentation to support their position. Arbitrarily, reducing the condition
       rating on a vehicle simply because it has been repaired is a result of
       “market psychology” and we have no obligation to pay these claims.

Appellant’s Addendum to Br.

       Eight days later, on October 26, 2012, Chopra filed suit against Pendyala in the

small claims division of Bartholomew Superior Court, seeking to recover $6,000 in

damages for the diminished value of his car. A bench trial was held on March 28, 2013.

Chopra appeared pro se and Pendyala appeared by counsel. At trial, Pendyala offered

into evidence, and the trial court admitted, an affidavit by Tyler which provided:

                                             3
       My name is Ron Tyler. I am a Field Supervisor of Auto Damage
       Estimators in the Central Indiana area for GEICO Insurance. I have 12
       years’ experience in estimating automobile damage, handling complaints,
       and inspecting repair work. I am familiar with quality control as it relates
       to auto body repair. GEICO maintains an office at [sic] so that customers
       can have repairs done promptly. Since I am at body shops, including Tom
       Wood Collision Center, connected to car dealerships around the state on a
       daily basis, I regularly confer with salesmen regarding auto body damage
       and resale value. I also have had owners discuss with salesmen the value of
       their car for trade-in purposes once repairs have been made.
                                             ***
       Cars that experience only cosmetic damage and not structural damage do
       not lose value if the repair work is professional and of high quality.

Tr. Exhibit Volume, Defendant’s Exhibit A.

       After the small claims court admitted Tyler’s affidavit, Chopra attempted to admit

the October 18, 2012 letter he had received from Tyler. The court refused to admit the

letter, stating, “one of the things I can’t hear is any discussion that you may have had

with the insurance company.” Tr. p. 12.

       The trial court also admitted the police report completed after the collision, the

repair invoices, and the email communication from Mr. Walker setting forth the

estimated $6,500 diminution in value of Chopra’s car.

       On April 16, 2013, the trial court issued a judgment in favor of Pendyala. The

trial court’s order stated, in relevant part:

       [Chopra] must prove two things in this case. First, he must prove that
       [Pendyala] did something to diminish the value of his 2009 Porsche Boxter
       S. Second, [Chopra] must prove the exact amount by which the value of
       his car was diminished.
                                         ***
       Based on the evidence and testimony presented at the hearing, the court
       concludes that [Chopra] did not prove his case by a preponderance of the
       evidence. Specifically, the evidence and testimony presented at the

                                                4
       hearing did not establish the exact value by which [Chopra’s] car may
       have been diminished.

       [Chopra] did submit an unsigned and unverified email from Steve Walker,
       a sales consultant at Ray Catena Auto Group in Edison, New Jersey,
       indicating that the value of [Chopra’s] car had diminished by $6,500.00.
       After considering Mr. Walker’s email, the court finds that, at best, it is
       speculative.

       The evidence and testimony presented at the hearing established that Mr.
       Walker did not see or inspect [Chopra’s] car before offering his opinion
       about the diminished value of the car. The evidence and testimony further
       established that Mr. Walker based his opinion on the value of the car based
       on what it may resell for in the New Jersey auto market. The evidence and
       testimony did not establish what the value of the car may be in the Indiana
       auto market.

       Without credible evidence to establish the exact amount by which the
       value of [Chopra’s] car may have been diminished, the court cannot find in
       his favor.

Appellant’s App. p. 6-7.

       Chopra now appeals.

                                   Standard of Review

       Judgments in small claims actions are “subject to review as prescribed by relevant

Indiana rules and statutes.” Ind. Small Claims Rule 11(A). When we review claims tried

by the bench without a jury, our court shall not set aside the judgment “unless clearly

erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the

credibility of the witnesses.” Ind. Trial Rule 52(A).

       This deferential standard of review is particularly important in small claims
       actions, where trials are informal, with the sole objective of dispensing
       speedy justice between the parties according to the rules of substantive law.
       But this deferential standard does not apply to the substantive rules of law,
       which are reviewed de novo just as they are in appeals from a court of
       general jurisdiction.

                                             5
Trinity Homes, LLC v. Fang, 848 N.E.2d 1065, 1067-68 (Ind. 2006) (internal quotations

and citations omitted).

         We define the clearly erroneous standard based upon whether the party is

appealing a negative or an adverse judgment. Garling v. Ind. Dep’t of Natural Res., 766

N.E.2d 409, 411 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans denied. A negative judgment is one entered

against a party who bears the burden of proof, while an adverse judgment is one entered

against a party defending on a given question, i.e., one who does not bear the burden of

proof. Id.

         The ruling against Chopra is a negative judgment. Therefore, we will reverse the

small claims court’s judgment only if the evidence is without conflict and all reasonable

inferences to be drawn from the evidence lead to a conclusion other than that reached by

the trial court. See Nodine v. McNerney, 833 N.E.2d 57, 65 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005),

clarified on reh’g, trans. denied. In determining whether a judgment is clearly erroneous,

we do not reweigh the evidence or determine the credibility of witnesses, and we

consider only the evidence supporting the judgment and the reasonable inferences to be

drawn therefrom. Councellor v. Ecenbarger, Inc., 834 N.E.2d 1018, 1021 (Ind. Ct. App.

2005).

                                  Discussion and Decision

                                   I.     Damages Standard

         Chopra first argues that the trial court applied an incorrect legal standard when it

found that he failed to prove the “exact amount” of diminution damages. We agree. It is

                                              6
well settled that a plaintiff need not prove with mathematical certainty the amount of

damages suffered, but instead, must prove the amount of damages with “reasonable

certainty.” R & R Real Estate Co., LLC v. C & N Armstrong Farms, Ltd., 854 N.E.2d

365, 370 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). Here, the trial court misstated the law and applied the

incorrect legal standard when it found in its order that Chopra failed to prove the “exact

amount” of damages suffered. This application of the wrong legal standard to properly

found facts amounts to clear error. See Gared Holdings, LLC v. Best Bolt Products, Inc.,

991 N.E.2d 1005, 1011 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). Therefore, we conclude that the trial court

committed clear error when it applied the wrong legal standard in its order of judgment

against Chopra.

      However, a trial court’s error is harmless if the error did not substantially and

adversely affect the rights of the complaining party such that the result was altered. See

Miller v. Ryan, 706 N.E.2d 244, 248 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). Here, the trial court’s

judgment in favor of Pendyala was not based solely on Chopra’s failure to prove the

exact amount by which his car had diminished in value. The court noted in its order that

the primary evidence through which Chopra sought to establish the amount of damages

was the email from Walker and that that email was too “speculative” to serve as a basis

for awarding diminution damages. Appellant’s Br. at 33. Specifically, the court noted

that the email was neither signed nor verified, that Walker had not inspected or appraised

the car after the accident, and that Walker’s evaluation of the value of the vehicle was

based on the auto market in New Jersey rather than in Indiana. Appellant’s App. pp. 6-7.

                                            7
       This weighing of the evidence and the resulting conclusion that Chopra failed to

meet his burden by presenting only speculative evidence as to the amount of diminution

damages was sufficient to support the trial court’s judgment in favor of Pendyala. See

Indiana Univ. v. Indiana Bonding & Sur. Co., 416 N.E.2d 1275, 1288 (Ind. Ct. App.

1981) (concluding that an award of compensatory damages must be supported by

evidence which affords a legal basis for measuring the claimant’s loss and that damages

must be ascertainable in some manner other than by mere speculation, conjecture or

surmise).   Therefore, we find no prejudice resulting from the trial court’s incorrect

application of the law. See SSU Fed’n of Teachers, Local 4195, AFT v. Bd. of Directors,

Madison Area Educ. Special Servs. Unit, 656 N.E.2d 832, 838 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995)

(concluding that Education Employment Relations Board committed harmless error when

it applied incorrect standard in determining whether educational special services unit’s

employment decisions involving teacher were pretext for actual intent to discriminate

against teacher where findings of fact made by Board were sufficient to satisfy the correct

standard); see also Battles v. State, 688 N.E.2d 1230, 1236 (Ind. 1997) (finding trial

court’s error in misapplying aggravating factor in sentencing to be harmless where

defendant’s criminal history by itself was sufficient to support enhanced sentence).

                        II.    Rejection of Walker’s Evaluation

       Chopra next argues that the trial court erred when it rejected as speculative

Walker’s evaluation of the diminished value of Chopra’s car. It is the task of the trier of

fact, not the reviewing court, to weigh the evidence, and “it is not an abuse of discretion

for the trial court to choose one estimate of damages over another.” Davis v. Eagle

                                            8
Products, Inc., 501 N.E.2d 1099, 1109 (Ind. Ct. App. 1986). Here, Chopra presented an

email indicating that Walker, the sales consultant from whom Chopra purchased the car,

believed the collision caused the value of the car to decrease by $6,500. After admitting

the email, the trial court concluded that the evaluation contained in the email was too

speculative to provide a basis for an award of damages.

         We find no error here. The facts and circumstances before us indicate that the trial

court exercised its considerable discretion to evaluate and weigh the evidence and to

reach a conclusion regarding damages. This process is precisely the function that is at the

heart of the trial court’s role as trier of fact. Chopra’s argument that the small claims

court incorrectly rejected the evaluation of diminution damages contained in the email

Chopra received from Walker is an invitation for us to reweigh the evidence, which we

will not do. See Core Funding Grp., LLC v. Young, 792 N.E.2d 547, 550 (Ind. Ct. App.

2003).

                       III.   Exclusion of Tyler’s Letter to Chopra

         Finally, Chopra argues that the small claims court abused its discretion by

excluding the October 18, 2012 letter he received from GEICO claims adjuster Ronald

Tyler. Decisions regarding the admission or exclusion of evidence fall within the sound

discretion of the small claims court, and its decision will be reversed only upon a

showing of an abuse of that discretion. Elrod v. Brooks, 910 N.E.2d 231, 233 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2009).

         In accordance with Indiana Small Claims Rule 8(A), a small claims trial “shall be

informal, with the sole objective of dispensing speedy justice between the parties

                                              9
according to the rules of substantive law, and shall not be bound by the statutory

provisions or rules of practice, procedure, pleadings or evidence except provisions

relating to privileged communications and offers of compromise.” Thus, small claims

actions are designed to be less formally structured than plenary proceedings. Matusky v.

Sheffield Square Apartments, 654 N.E.2d 740, 742 (Ind. 1995). The reason for this

relative informality is clear:

       There is no need for the imposition of formal rules of evidence because
       there is no jury hearing the case. A judge by training and practical
       experience is capable of determining the facts and issues involved in such
       matters when the litigants’ evidence is relevant to the matters at issue
       whether or not such evidence conforms to the technical rules of evidence
       applicable in courts of general jurisdiction. This concept is nothing new to
       our law. Administrative agencies are not bound by technical rules of
       evidence. Small claims jurisdiction is limited. Small claims cases deal
       with simple, uncomplicated matters capable in the main of resolution by
       mathematical calculation. The system is designed to afford litigants speedy
       justice. Thus, the rules of evidence have been relaxed.

Pence v. Jarrett, 440 N.E.2d 723, 725-26 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982) (internal citations omitted).

       It is evident, then, that in the small claims setting, all evidence is admissible, save

the two designated exceptions for privileged communications and offers of compromise.

Here, the trial court excluded the letter from Tyler because it contained communications

between Chopra and GEICO, Pendyala’s insurance company, stating, “there are three

things I can’t hear. And one of the things I can’t hear is any discussion that you may

have had with the insurance company.” Tr. p. 12.

       The letter in question contained communication between Chopra, a plaintiff and

GEICO, the defendant’s insurance company. This communication does not fall under

any privilege. Furthermore, the letter contained no offer of compromise, but rather,

                                             10
contained a firm statement that GEICO would not pay for any diminished value of

Chopra’s car. Therefore, we conclude that, pursuant to the relaxed evidentiary rules set

forth in Indiana Small Claims Rule 8(a), the letter was admissible and the trial court

abused its discretion by excluding it.

        However, even though the trial court improperly excluded the letter Chopra

received from Tyler, the error was harmless. We will reverse for the improper exclusion

of evidence only if the appealing party can demonstrate prejudice. Indianapolis Podiatry,

P.C. v. Efroymson, 720 N.E.2d 376, 383 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied,

(“Erroneously excluded evidence requires reversal only if the error relates to a material

matter or substantially affects the rights of the parties.”).

       Although the rules of practice and procedure are relaxed in small claims cases,

each party bears the burden of proof on his claim and is responsible for providing

evidence sufficient to sustain his burden. See Park Jefferson Apartments v. Storage

Rentals, 738 N.E.2d 685, 688 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). Here, the trial court specifically

provided in its order that it found in favor of Pendyala because Chopra failed to present

sufficient evidence to establish by a preponderance the extent to which his car had

diminished in value. The letter Chopra received from Tyler provides no information as to

the existence or amount of any alleged diminishment in value of Chopra’s car, other than

to deny Chopra’s request to compensate him for any such diminishment. The letter, if

admitted, would not have provided a basis for the trial court to determine with reasonable

certainty the amount of diminished value of the vehicle. For all of these reasons, we

conclude that the trial court’s exclusion of the letter Chopra received from Tyler did not

                                               11
affect Chopra’s substantial rights and that, although the trial court erred in excluding the

letter, the error was harmless.

                                       Conclusion

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Walker’s evaluation of the

diminution in value of Chopra’s car. The trial court erred in applying the wrong legal

standard in its order of judgment in favor of Pendyala. It also abused its discretion in

excluding the letter Chopra received from Walker. However, these errors were harmless.

For all of these reasons, the trial court’s judgment against Chopra was not clearly

erroneous.

       Affirmed.

BRADFORD, J., and PYLE, J., concur.

                                            12