Court Opinion

ID: 6433957
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-25 12:10:47.40805+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:52:18.633651
License: Public Domain

Pierce, J.
The defendant refused to carry out the contract, dated October 2, 1909, set out in count one of the declaration, on the ground that the draft accompanying two bills of lading for the *502flour contained extra charges outside the terms of the contract. The contract made no express provision for charges for carrying the flour beyond the contract period. As bearing upon this issue the presiding judge, without objection or exception by either party, instructed the jury that “the question is presented whether in the trade between these parties there is anything either by the custom of the trade or by knowledge on the part of persons dealing in this kind of goods ... to show that there was any understanding or agreement between them that, if the flour was held beyond a time when by the terms of the contract it should have been ordered out, the plaintiff could charge carrying charges for the flour. If there was any such understanding or usage that was known to the parties and it was contemplated between them that such a carrying charge should be made, then of course the defendant would be liable for such carrying charge, and there would not be any justification on his part to repudiate the contract because carrying charges were included in the draft that he was required to accept before he could receive his fifth carload. If there was no agreement of that kind — if the defendant was not responsible for carrying charges, then the defendant was not under any obligation to accept the draft for a larger amount than that which was legally and properly due from him. He could refuse to accept it, and, if the acceptance of the draft was a condition upon which the goods should be delivered to him and he had a right to refuse to accept the draft, then of course he had a right to refuse to receive the goods and he would not be liable for any damages in consequence of failing to receive the fifth carload of flour.” As the jury returned a verdict for the defendant, they must be taken to have found as a fact that there was no custom, agreement or understanding outside the express terms of the written contract to justify the inclusion in the draft of carrying charges. It follows that the verdict for the defendant as to the first count should stand.
The defendant also refused to carry out the contract dated October 18, 1910, set out in count two of the declaration, by refusing to receive and pay for the third carload of flour on the ground that the plaintiff warranted the flour to be O. K., merchantable, and fit for the purpose of making bread, and that the two carloads delivered under the contract were not O. K., merchantable, and fit for the purpose of making bread.
*503The defendant in his answer “asks that he may be allowed his damages in recoupment.” The jury returned a verdict for the defendant.
As stated by the plaintiff its exceptions are as follows: 1. The exclusion of evidence tending to show the careful methods used by the plaintiff in making its flour. 2. The admission of evidence introduced by the defendant showing the price for which flour received by him was sold. 3. The admission of evidence showing the defendant’s loss. We shall consider the exceptions in the above order.
As tending to prove that the flour delivered to the defendant was merchantable and also to meet and to refute the charge of the defendant that the flour delivered did not conform to the goods described in the written contract, the plaintiff was asked “How is wheat selected to go into your mill?” This question was objected to by the defendant, and, after a statement by the counsel for the plaintiff that “I want to show the very careful preparation that is made to make ‘Mikota’ flour,” was excluded by the judge and an . exception was duly taken by the plaintiff.
There is nothing to indicate that the evidence was excluded because not offered in proper order of proof or because its answer was too remote or would open unduly collateral issues. We take it that the exclusion was upon the broad ground that it was not relevant as tending to prove that the particular flour as delivered was merchantable and O. K.
As the first step in order of proof that the flour was “Mikota” flour, merchantable and O. IC. when delivered, it was relevant to show the quality of the wheat when milled, the condition of the product when placed in suitable barrels at the mill, the shipment of the barrels containing the flour, and all facts tending to prove that the condition and quality of the flour was that of O. K. “Mikota” flour when it left the mill, and by direct and inferential testimony prove that the flour as delivered was the same in quality as it was when manufactured, barrelled, and shipped. We are of opinion that there was a clear connection between the collateral fact offered in evidence and the fact directly involved in the issue. 1 Greenl. Ev. § 11. See Holcombe v. Hewson, 2 Camp. 391. The first exception must be sustained.
We also are of opinion that the testimony of the defendant as *504to the price obtained for the flour,.and also the question “What was your total loss?” and the answer thereto, were incompetent on the issue of damages to be awarded to the defendant should the jury find a breach of warranty. Chief Justice Bigelow, in Brown v. Bigelow, 10 Allen, 242, said: “The rule of damages for a breach of warranty on the sale of chattels is well settled and familiar. It is the difference between the actual value of the article sold and the value of the same article if it had been such as the vendor warranted it to be. Stiles v. White, 11 Met. 356, 358. Tuttle v. Brown, 4 Gray, 457, 460. The application of this rule is not changed nor modified by the fact that a purchaser of a warranted article has sold it for the same or even a greater price than that which he paid for it. Medbury v. Watson, 6 Met. 246, 257. . . . The disposition which a purchaser makes of property is an independent and collateral fact, having no connection with the bargain by which he acquired his title.” J. I. Case Plow Works v. Niles & Scott Co. 90 Wis. 590, 606.
No evidence was offered to prove the difference between the actual value of the flour and its value had it been as warranted other than the testimony excepted to: to wit, that the defendant had never received any pay for fifty or sixty barrels of flour “because the flour was of poor quality,” that he sold portions of the flour for $4.50, $4 and $2.50 per barrel, and that his total loss was “about $700.” Besides being incompetent the evidence was manifestly highly prejudicial, and there is nothing in the charge to the jury to minimize its effect. These exceptions must be sustained.
The verdict for the defendant in the third count was directed rightly. F. W. Stock & Sons v. Snell, 213 Mass. 449.

Exceptions sustained.