Court Opinion

ID: 2730919
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 22:09:28.374434+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:44:06.046279
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),

                                                                FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of                          Feb 10 2012, 9:18 am
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the
                                                                     CLERK
case.                                                              of the supreme court,
                                                                   court of appeals and
                                                                          tax court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                          ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

WILLIAM A. GRAY                                  GREGORY F. ZOELLER
New Albany, Indiana                              Attorney General of Indiana

                                                 BRIAN REITZ
                                                 Deputy Attorney General
                                                 Indianapolis, Indiana

                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

ROBERT O. CARUTHERS, JR.,                        )
                                                 )
       Appellant-Defendant,                      )
                                                 )
              vs.                                )       No. 10A01-1009-CR-514
                                                 )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                )
                                                 )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                       )

                     APPEAL FROM THE CLARK SUPERIOR COURT
                         The Honorable Jerome F. Jacobi, Judge
                             Cause No. 10D02-0802-FA-48

                                     February 10, 2012

               MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BARNES, Judge
                                          Case Summary

        Robert Caruthers, Jr., appeals his convictions for Class B felony dealing in

cocaine, Class A felony dealing in cocaine, two counts of Class D felony possession of a

controlled substance, and Class C felony maintaining a common nuisance. We affirm.

                                                Issues

        Caruthers raises four issues, which we restate as:

                I.      whether the trial court properly admitted evidence
                        found pursuant to a search warrant;

                II.     whether the trial court properly admitted a handgun
                        found at the searched residence;

                III.    whether the trial court properly denied Caruthers‟s
                        request for a continuance; and

                IV.     whether the trial court properly limited Caruthers‟s
                        cross examination of a law enforcement officer.

                                                Facts1

        On February 18, 2008, Detective Robert McGhee and Detective Dan Lawhorn of

the Jeffersonville Police Department conducted a controlled drug buy with confidential

informant, Robert Vest. Detective McGhee and Detective Lawhorn met with Vest at

1
   Indiana Appellate Rule 29(A), which provides that documentary exhibits shall be included in a
separately-bound volume. Nondocumentary and oversized exhibits “shall remain in the custody of the
trial court” and “[p]hotographs of any exhibit may be included in the volume of documentary exhibits.”
Ind. Appellate Rule 29(B). Here, State‟s Exhibits 10, 11, and 12 were photographs that should have been
included in the exhibit volume as documentary exhibits. Instead, the exhibit volume contains only a
photograph of blank sheets of paper with exhibit stickers marked State‟s Exhibit 10, 11, and 12.
Similarly, State‟s Exhibits 15 through 30 were pictures that were not included in the exhibit volume.
Again, the exhibit volume contains only a photograph of blank sheets of paper with exhibit stickers
marked State‟s Exhibit 15 through 30. Despite this failure to follow the appellate rules, we were able to
review Caruthers‟s arguments on appeal.
                                                   2
Vest‟s residence, where they thoroughly searched Vest.         Vest called Caruthers and

arranged to purchase forty dollars worth of cocaine from Caruthers. Caruthers called

back and asked Vest to put oil in Caruthers‟s car when he arrived. Either Detective

McGhee or Detective Lawhorn observed Vest from the time he left his house until he

returned. Detective McGhee watched from his vehicle on the street, and Detective

Lawhorn watched from Vest‟s residence. Vest rode his bicycle a short distance to 802

Walnut Street, Caruthers‟s mother‟s residence. Detective McGhee then saw Vest put oil

in Caruthers‟s car and approach the door to the Walnut Street residence. Caruthers told

Vest that he “wasn‟t ready” yet and said to put more oil in the car. Tr. p. 609. Vest

rechecked the oil in Caruthers‟s car and then returned to the residence. Caruthers then

gave Vest cocaine in exchange for the forty dollars. Detective McGhee saw Caruthers

standing in the threshold and saw Vest and Caruthers exchange something. Vest then

left, closed the hood on Caruthers‟s car, and rode his bicycle back to his house. Detective

Lawhorn searched Vest again, and Vest gave the cocaine to Detective Lawhorn. Later

testing revealed that Vest had purchased 0.27 gram of cocaine.

       That evening Detective McGhee sought a search warrant for the Walnut Street

residence.   He faxed a search warrant affidavit to Judge Cecile Blau shortly after

midnight on February 19, 2008, and the judge signed the search warrant at 12:20 a.m.

The judge faxed a signed copy of the search warrant back to Detective McGhee. During

a search of the residence later that day, the officers found a large amount of crack

cocaine, baggies, mail addressed to Caruthers, counterfeit currency, a digital scale, a nine

millimeter semi-automatic handgun, ammunition, controlled substances, and almost

                                             3
$76,000 in cash. Caruthers acknowledged to Detective McGhee that the digital scale

belonged to him and, after the officers found a large amount of cocaine, he said, “you

found what you‟re looking for just take me to jail.” Id. at 654. In Caruthers‟s pocket,

Detective McGhee discovered the forty dollars used by Vest to purchase cocaine.

Caruthers‟s driver‟s license identified his address as 802 Walnut Street.

       The State charged Caruthers with Class A felony dealing in cocaine, Class C

felony possession of cocaine, two counts of Class D felony possession of a controlled

substance, and Class C felony maintaining a common nuisance. The State later added a

charge of Class B felony dealing in cocaine. Caruthers filed a motion to suppress

evidence, alleging defects in the search warrant process, but the trial court denied the

motion. During the jury trial, Caruthers objected to the admission of evidence found as a

result of the search warrant, which the trial court overruled. Caruthers also objected to

the admission of the handgun, which the trial court overruled, requested a continuance to

investigate a newly discovered document, which the trial court denied, and sought

unsuccessfully to question Detective Lawhorn regarding his actions in an unrelated drug

case. A jury found Caruthers guilty as charged. Due to double jeopardy concerns, the

trial court only sentenced Caruthers for his convictions of Class B felony dealing in

cocaine, Class A felony dealing in cocaine, two counts of Class D felony possession of a

controlled substance, and Class C felony maintaining a common nuisance. Caruthers was

sentenced to fifty years in the Department of Correction with ten years suspended to

probation. He now appeals.

                                             4
                                          Analysis

                                    I. Search Warrant

       Caruthers argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence

found as a result of the search warrant. A trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the

admissibility of evidence, and we will disturb its rulings only where it is shown that the

court abused that discretion. Turner v. State, 953 N.E.2d 1039, 1045 (Ind. 2011). An

abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court‟s decision is clearly against the logic and

effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Id.

       According to Caruthers, the search warrant was defective because it was based on

uncorroborated hearsay from a source with unknown credibility, i.e., Vest. “In deciding

whether to issue a search warrant, the issuing magistrate‟s task is simply to make a

practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the

affidavit, there is a fair probability that evidence of a crime will be found in a particular

place.” State v. Foy, 862 N.E.2d 1219, 1224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (citing State v.

Spillers, 847 N.E.2d 949, 952-53 (Ind. 2006)), trans. denied. “The reviewing court‟s duty

is to determine whether the issuing magistrate had a „substantial basis‟ for concluding

that probable cause existed.” Id. (quoting Spillers, 847 N.E.2d at 953). A substantial

basis requires the reviewing court, with significant deference to the magistrate‟s

determination, to focus on whether reasonable inferences drawn from the totality of the

evidence support the finding of probable cause. Id. (citing Spillers, 847 N.E.2d at 953).

       The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides, “[t]he right of the

people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable

                                              5
searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon

probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to

be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana

Constitution contains nearly identical language. Jackson v. State, 908 N.E.2d 1140, 1143

(Ind. 2009). These constitutional principles are codified in Indiana Code Section 35-33-

5-2, which details the information to be contained in an affidavit for a search warrant. Id.

Where a warrant is sought based upon hearsay information, the affidavit must either: “(1)

contain reliable information establishing the credibility of the source and of each of the

declarants of the hearsay and establishing that there is a factual basis for the information

furnished; or (2) contain information that establishes that the totality of the circumstances

corroborates the hearsay.” I.C. § 35-33-5-2(b). “[U]ncorroborated hearsay from a source

whose credibility is itself unknown, standing alone, cannot support a finding of probable

cause to issue a search warrant.” Foy, 862 N.E.2d at 1225 (quoting Jaggers v. State, 687

N.E.2d 180, 182 (Ind. 1997)).

       In the affidavit for the search warrant, Detective McGhee described the controlled

drug buy between confidential informant Vest and Caruthers.             Detective McGhee

described the search of Vest, the constant surveillance of Vest, observing the exchange

between Vest and Caruthers, and the field test of Vest‟s purchase from Caruthers. The

affidavit simply was not based on uncorroborated hearsay from Vest.                Detective

McGhee‟s personal observation of the controlled buy was sufficient to establish grounds

for probable cause. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the evidence

on this basis. See, e.g., Mills v. State, 177 Ind. App. 432, 435, 379 N.E.2d 1023, 1026

                                             6
(1978) (holding that an officer‟s personal observation of a controlled drug buy sufficed as

grounds for a finding of probable cause to issue a search warrant).

          Next, Caruthers argues that the search warrant affidavit was defective because it

failed to comply with several statutory requirements. He argues that Detective McGhee

failed to make a return on the warrant as required by Indiana Code Section 35-33-5-4(1),

which provides: “The officer who executed the warrant shall make a return on it directed

to the court or judge, who issued the warrant, and this return must indicate the date and

time served and list the items seized.” However, the State points out that the search

warrant affidavit, the search warrant, and the return are all included in the record on

appeal. See App. pp. 247-50. Even if Detective McGhee failed to follow the statutory

requirement of making a return on the warrant, our supreme court held in Owens v. State,

659 N.E.2d 466, 478 (Ind. 1995), that the failure to file a return did not warrant the

suppression of evidence otherwise properly seized without a demonstration of prejudice.

Caruthers has not demonstrated that he was prejudiced by the alleged failure to file a

return.

          Caruthers also argues that the requirements of Indiana Code Section 35-33-5-8 for

obtaining a search warrant by facsimile were not met. Indiana Code Section 35-33-5-8

provides, in relevant part:

                (a)    A judge may issue a search or arrest warrant without
                       the affidavit required under section 2 of this chapter, if
                       the judge receives sworn testimony of the same facts
                       required for an affidavit:
                       (1)     in a nonadversarial, recorded hearing before the
                               judge;
                       (2)     orally by telephone or radio; or

                                               7
                     (3)    in writing by facsimile transmission (FAX).

                                          *****

              (c)    After transmitting an affidavit, an applicant for a
                     warrant under subsection (a)(3) shall transmit to the
                     judge a copy of a warrant form completed by the
                     applicant. The judge may modify the transmitted
                     warrant. If the judge agrees to issue the warrant, the
                     judge shall transmit to the applicant a duplicate of the
                     warrant. The judge shall then sign the warrant retained
                     by the judge, adding the time of the issuance of the
                     warrant.

                                          *****

              (e)    If a warrant is issued under subsection (a)(3), the judge
                     shall order the court reporter to the [sic] retype or copy
                     the facsimile transmission for entry in the record. The
                     judge shall certify the transcription or copy and
                     warrant retained by the judge for entry in the record.

              (f)    The court reporter shall notify the applicant who
                     received a warrant under subsection (a)(2) or (a)(3)
                     when the transcription or copy required under this
                     section is entered in the record. The applicant shall
                     sign the typed, transcribed, or copied entry upon
                     receiving notice from the court reporter.

I.C. § 35-33-5-8.

       According to Caruthers, the requirements of subsections (e) and (f) were not met

because there is no evidence that the judge ordered the court reporter to retype or copy

the facsimile transmission for entry in the record, that the judge certified the transcription

or the copy, that the court reporter notified Detective McGhee when the transcription or

copy was entered in the record, or that Detective McGhee signed the typed, transcribed,

or copied entry. The State responds that “[t]here was nothing more the law enforcement

                                              8
officers could have done when seeking to comply with the law” and that “suppressing the

evidence based on record-keeping technicalities required of the court would do nothing to

deter police misconduct.” Appellee‟s Br. p. 14.

          The Supreme Court of the United States held in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S.

897, 920, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 3419 (1984), that the exclusionary rule does not require the

suppression of evidence obtained in reliance on a defective search warrant if the police

relied on the warrant in objective good faith. “In most such cases, there is no police

illegality and thus nothing to deter.” Leon, 468 U.S. at 920-21, 104 S. Ct. at 3419. Leon

cautioned however that the good faith exception is not available in some situations,

including where (1) the magistrate is “misled by information in an affidavit that the

affiant knew was false or would have known was false except for his reckless disregard

of the truth,” or (2) the warrant was based on an affidavit “so lacking in indicia of

probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable.” Id. at

923, 104 S. Ct. at 3421 (citation omitted). The good faith exception to the warrant

requirement has been codified by Indiana Code Section 35-37-4-5. Spillers, 847 N.E.2d

at 957.

          The alleged failure of the trial court and court reporter to complete the record-

keeping statutory requirements does not involve police illegality, misleading the

magistrate, or a lack of probable cause. Even if the trial court and court reporter failed to

comply with the record-keeping requirements of Indiana Code Section 35-37-4-5, we

                                              9
conclude that the officers relied on the search warrant in objective good faith. The trial

court properly admitted the evidence found pursuant to the search warrant.2

                                    II. Admission of Handgun

        Caruthers argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the handgun

found during the search. A trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the admissibility

of evidence, and we will disturb its rulings only where it is shown that the court abused

that discretion. Turner, 953 N.E.2d at 1045. An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial

court‟s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances

before it. Id.

        According to Caruthers, the trial court abused its discretion by admitting a

handgun found during the search because Caruthers was not charged with any offenses

related to the handgun. Relevant evidence is admissible unless its probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Hubbell v. State, 754 N.E.2d

884, 889 (Ind. 2001) (citing Ind. Evidence Rule 403). Our supreme court has held that

“„the introduction of weapons not used in the commission of the crime and not otherwise

relevant to the case may have a prejudicial effect.‟” Id. at 890 (quoting Lycan v. State,

671 N.E.2d 447, 454 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996)). In Hubbell, where the defendant challenged

his convictions for murder and criminal confinement, the court held that “[t]he highly

attenuated relevance of the gun was insufficient to overcome its potential prejudice.” Id.

2
  Caruthers also argues that, under the totality of the circumstances, the search warrant was defective
under Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution based on the lack of compliance with the statutory
requirements. The good faith exception is applicable under the Indiana Constitution. Wendt v. State, 876
N.E.2d 788, 790-91 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. Having found that, even if the statutory
requirements were not met, the good faith exception applies, we need not address Caruthers‟s argument
further.
                                                   10
However, in Eaton v. State, 889 N.E.2d 297, 302 (Ind. 2008), cert. denied, our supreme

court found that evidence seized from the defendant‟s residence, including handguns, was

“directly relevant to the defendant‟s intent to deliver” cocaine.

       Here, the State argues the handgun was admissible because it “was with cocaine

and other accoutrements typically used by drug dealers” and it “reasonably supported the

inference that he was dealing in cocaine.” Appellee‟s Br. p. 17. We agree with the State.

The handgun was found during a search of Caruthers‟s mother‟s residence after Caruthers

sold cocaine to a confidential informant there.        Officers found numerous items of

evidence associated with drug dealing, including a large amount of crack cocaine,

baggies, mail addressed to Caruthers, counterfeit currency, a digital scale, a nine

millimeter semi-automatic handgun, ammunition, controlled substances, and almost

$76,000 in cash. The State charged Caruthers with dealing in cocaine, along with other

drug related charges. As in Eaton, we conclude that the evidence, including the handgun,

was directly relevant to Caruthers‟s intent to deliver the cocaine. The trial court did not

abuse its discretion by admitting the handgun.

                             III. Request for a Continuance

       Caruthers argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to grant a

continuance. This argument concerns a document that Caruthers first learned of during

the trial. Detective McGhee mentioned during his direct testimony that an FBI firearms

trace summary had been performed on the handgun discovered in the search of the

Walnut Street residence. Caruthers argued that he had not been provided with the

document during the discovery process and that the document was exculpatory.

                                             11
Caruthers asked for a continuance to look at the report and have the opportunity to offer it

as evidence. The trial court allowed Caruthers to question Detective McGhee about the

document. Detective McGhee testified that he had discovered the document only a few

days before the trial. The document demonstrated that the gun was purchased in 2005 by

someone other than Caruthers.        The trial court denied Caruthers‟s request for a

continuance, and the document was entered into evidence as Defendant‟s Exhibit 1.

Caruthers discussed the document during his closing argument, and he argued that the

document showed the gun did not belong to Caruthers and that Caruthers did not sell

cocaine to Vest.

       Indiana Code Section 35-36-7-1 provides for a continuance upon a proper showing

of an absence of evidence or the illness or absence of the defendant or a witness. Maxey

v. State, 730 N.E.2d 158, 160 (Ind. 2000).         Rulings on non-statutory motions for

continuance, such as Caruthers‟s motion, lie within the discretion of the trial court and

will be reversed only for an abuse of that discretion and resultant prejudice. Id.

       On appeal, Caruthers argues that a continuance would have allowed him to

introduce evidence regarding the true owner of the handgun. The State points out that

Caruthers was able to examine the document, cross examine Detective McGhee about it,

enter the document into evidence, and argue during closing that the gun did not belong to

Caruthers. Moreover, even if Caruthers had been able to introduce evidence regarding

the gun‟s record owner, such evidence would not demonstrate that Caruthers did not sell

cocaine to Vest or that the significant amounts of cocaine, cash, controlled substances,

                                             12
and other paraphernalia did not belong to Caruthers. Caruthers has failed to demonstrate

how he was prejudiced by the trial court‟s denial of his motion for a continuance.

                          IV. Limitation of Cross Examination

       Caruthers argues that the trial court abused its discretion by limiting his cross

examination of Detective Lawhorn regarding his actions in a different criminal case and

resulting discipline by his employer. The right to cross examine witnesses is guaranteed

by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and is one of the fundamental

rights of our criminal justice system. Washington v. State, 840 N.E.2d 873, 886 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2006), trans. denied.      However, this right is subject to reasonable limitations

imposed at the discretion of the trial court. Id. Trial courts retain wide latitude to impose

reasonable limits on the right to cross examination based on concerns about, among other

things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness‟ safety, or interrogation

that is repetitive or only marginally relevant. Id. We will find an abuse of discretion

when the trial court controls the scope of cross examination to the extent that a restriction

substantially affects the defendant‟s rights. Id.

       Detective Lawhorn testified regarding the controlled buy with Vest and the search

of the Walnut Street residence. During cross examination, Caruthers sought to question

Detective Lawhorn regarding an unrelated drug case where Detective Lawhorn made an

incorrect statement in an affidavit for a search warrant. The incorrect statement was that

Detective Lawhorn had completely observed a controlled buy. As a result of the incident,

Detective Lawhorn received disciplinary action of five days suspension for conduct

unbecoming an officer. Detective Lawhorn was not prosecuted criminally for his actions.

                                             13
The trial court ruled that the evidence was not admissible under Indiana Evidence Rule

404(b).3

          First, we fail to see how the evidence at issue was relevant. See Ind. Evidence

Rule 402. Detective Lawhorn testified that he was stationed in Vest‟s residence and did

not observe the controlled buy, and Detective Lawhorn also did not prepare the search

warrant affidavit here. Evidence that Detective Lawhorn incorrectly claimed in a search

warrant affidavit to have witnessed a controlled buy in an unrelated drug case is simply

not relevant.

          On appeal, Caruthers argues that the evidence was admissible under Indiana

Evidence Rule 616 because it showed “bias.” Appellant‟s Br. p. 15. Indiana Evidence

Rule 616 provides: “For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence of

bias, prejudice, or interest of the witness for or against any party to the case is

admissible.” However, Caruthers has not demonstrated how Detective Lawhorn‟s actions

in an unrelated case show that he was biased against Caruthers. Moreover, Indiana

Evidence Rule 608(a) permits the attack of a witness‟s credibility by evidence in the form

of opinion or reputation, but only to the extent that the evidence refers to the witness‟s

3
    Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b) provides:

                  Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
                  character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It
                  may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
                  intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or
                  accident, provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a
                  criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, or
                  during trial if the court excuses pre-trial notice on good cause shown, of
                  the general nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial.

Caruthers makes no argument concerning Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b).
                                                     14
truthfulness. The defendant may not inquire into specific instances of conduct, except for

evidence that the witness was convicted of a crime provided for in Indiana Evidence Rule

609. Ind. Evid. R. 608(b). Under these rules, Caruthers could not impeach Detective

Lawhorn‟s credibility with evidence specific to an allegation concerning the officer‟s

actions in the other drug case or the resulting disciplinary action against him. That

evidence did not constitute opinion of the officer‟s reputation under Indiana Evidence

Rule 608(a), and it is not a conviction of a crime listed in Indiana Evidence Rule 609.

See, e.g., Palmer v. State, 654 N.E.2d 844, 848 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995) (holding that an

officer‟s drug use and related suspension were not admissible on cross examination under

the rules of evidence). The trial court did not abuse its discretion by limiting Caruthers‟s

cross examination of Detective Lawhorn on this issue.

                                       Conclusion

       The trial court properly admitted evidence found pursuant to the search warrant

and properly admitted the handgun found during the search. The trial court did not abuse

its discretion by denying Caruthers‟s motion for a continuance. Further, the trial court

did not abuse its discretion by limiting Caruthers‟s cross examination of Detective

Lawhorn. We affirm.

       Affirmed.

KIRSCH, J., and BRADFORD, J., concur.

                                            15