Court Opinion

ID: 9434046
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-02 23:42:05.577105+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:23:36.784095
License: Public Domain

Justice Breyer,
with whom Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, and Justice Ginsburg join, dissenting.
Reviewing the congressional record as if it were an administrative agency record, the Court holds the statutory provision before us, 42 U. S. C. § 12202, unconstitutional. The Court concludes that Congress assembled insufficient evidence of unconstitutional discrimination, ante, at 370, that Congress improperly attempted to “rewrite” the law we established in Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc., 473 U. S. 432 (1985), ante, at 374, and that the law is not suffi*377ciently tailored to address unconstitutional discrimination, ante, at 372-373.
Section 5, however, grants Congress the “power to enforce, by appropriate legislation,” the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection guarantee. U. S. Const., Arndt. 14, § 5. As the Court recognizes, state discrimination in employment against persons with disabilities might “‘run afoul of the Equal Protection Clause’ ” where there is no “ ‘rational relationship between the disparity of treatment and some legitimate governmental purpose.’” Ante, at 367 (quoting Heller v. Doe, 509 U. S. 312, 320 (1993)). See also Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc., supra, at 440 (stating that the Court will sustain a classification if it is “rationally related to a legitimate state interest”). In my view, Congress reasonably could have concluded that the remedy before us constitutes an “appropriate” way to enforce this basic equal protection requirement. And that is all the Constitution requires.
I
The Court says that its primary problem with this statutory provision is one of legislative evidence. It says that “Congress assembled only ... minimal evidence of unconstitutional state discrimination in employment.” Ante, at 370. In fact, Congress compiled a vast legislative record documenting “‘massive, society-wide discrimination’” against persons with disabilities. S. Rep. No. 101-116, pp. 8-9 (1989) (quoting testimony of Justin Dart, chairperson of the Task Force on the Rights and Empowerment of Americans with Disabilities). In addition to the information presented at 13 congressional hearings (see Appendix A, infra), and its own prior experience gathered over 40 years during which it contemplated and enacted considerable similar legislation (see Appendix B, infra), Congress created a special task force to assess the need for comprehensive legislation. That task force held hearings in every State, attended by more than 30,000 people, including thousands who had experienced discrimination first hand. See From ADA to Em*378powerment, Task Force on the Rights and Empowerment of Americans with Disabilities 16 (Oct. 12, 1990) (hereinafter Task Force Report). The task force hearings, Congress’ own hearings, and an analysis of “census data, national polls, and other studies” led Congress to conclude that “people with disabilities, as a group, occupy an inferior status in our society, and are severely disadvantaged socially, vocationally, economically, and educationally.” 42 U. S. C. § 12101(a)(6). As to employment, Congress found that “[t]wo-thirds of all disabled Americans between the age of 16 and 64 [were] not working at all,” even though a large majority wanted to, and were able to, work productively. S. Rep. No. 101-116, at 9. And Congress found that this discrimination flowed in significant part from “stereotypic assumptions” as well as “purposeful unequal treatment.” 42 U. S. C. § 12101(a)(7).
The powerful evidence of discriminatory treatment throughout society in general, including discrimination by private persons and local governments, implicates state governments as well, for state agencies form part of that same larger society. There is no particular reason to believe that they are immune from the “stereotypic assumptions” and pattern of “purposeful unequal treatment” that Congress found prevalent. The Court claims that it “make[s] no sense” to take into consideration constitutional violations committed by local governments. Ante, at 369. But the substantive obligation that the Equal Protection Clause creates applies to state and local governmental entities alike. E. g., Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co., 488 U. S. 469 (1989). Local governments often work closely with, and under the supervision of, state officials, and in general, state and local government employers are similarly situated. Nor is determining whether an apparently “local” entity is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity as simple as the majority suggests — it often requires a “‘detailed examination of the relevant provisions of [state] law.’ ” Regents of Univ. of Cal. *379v. Doe, 519 U. S. 425, 430, n. 6 (1997) (quoting Moor v. County of Alameda, 411 U. S. 693, 719-721 (1973)).
In any event, there is no need to rest solely upon evidence of discrimination by local governments or general societal discrimination. There are roughly 300 examples of discrimination by state governments themselves in the legislative record. See, e. g., Appendix C, infra. I fail to see how this evidence “fall[s] far short of even suggesting the pattern of unconstitutional discrimination on which § 5 legislation must be based.” Ante, at 370.
The congressionally appointed task force collected numerous specific examples, provided by persons with disabilities themselves, of adverse, disparate treatment by state officials. They reveal, not what the Court describes as “half a dozen” instances of discrimination, ante, at 369, but hundreds of instances of adverse treatment at the hands of state officials— instances in which a person with a disability found it impossible to obtain a state job, to retain state employment, to use the public transportation that was readily available to others in order to get to work, or to obtain a public education, which is often a prerequisite to obtaining employment. State-imposed barriers also frequently made it difficult or impossible for people to vote, to enter a public building, to access important government services, such as calling for emergency assistance, and to find a place to live due to a pattern of irrational zoning decisions similar to the discrimination that we held unconstitutional in Cleburne, 473 U. S., at 448. See Appendix C, infra.
As the Court notes, those who presented instances of discrimination rarely provided additional, independent evidence sufficient to prove in court that, in each instance, the discrimination they suffered lacked justification from a judicial standpoint. Ante, at 370 (stating that instances of discrimination are “described out of context”). Perhaps this explains the Court’s view that there is “minimal evidence of unconstitutional state discrimination.” Ibid. But a leg*380islature is not a court of law. And Congress, unlike courts, must, and does, routinely draw general conclusions — for example, of likely motive or of likely relationship to legitimate need — from anecdotal and opinion-based evidence of this kind, particularly when the evidence lacks strong refutation. See Task Force Report 16, 20 (task force “met many times with significant representatives of groups opposed to [the] ADA,” and as to the general public, although the task force received “about 2,000 letters” in support of the ADA, there was only “one letter in opposition”); S. Rep. No. 101-116, at 10 (summarizing testimony that many reasonable accommodations cost “less than $50,” and the expense of others, such as hiring employees who can interpret for the deaf, is “frequently exaggerated”). In reviewing § 5 legislation, we have never required the sort of extensive investigation of each piece of evidence that the Court appears to contemplate. Compare ante, at 370-371, with Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U. S. 641, 652-656 (1966) (asking whether Congress’ likely conclusions were reasonable, not whether there was adequate evidentiary support in the record). Nor has the Court traditionally required Congress to make findings as to state discrimination, or to break down the record evidence, category by category. Compare ante, at 371-372 (noting statements in two congressional Reports that mentioned state discrimination in public services and transportation but not in employment), with Morgan, supra, at 654 (considering what Congress “might” have concluded); 384 U. S., at 652 (holding that likely discrimination against Puerto Ricans in areas other than voting supported statute abolishing literacy test as qualification for voting).
Regardless, Congress expressly found substantial unjustified discrimination against persons with disabilities. 42 U. S. C. § 12101(9) (finding a pattern of “unnecessary discrimination and prejudice” that “costs the United States billions of dollars in unnecessary expenses resulting from dependency and nonproductivity” (emphasis added)). See also 2 Legislative History of the Americans with Disabilities *381Act (Leg. Hist.) (Committee Print compiled for the House Committee on Education and Labor), Ser. No. 102-B, p. 1620 (1990) (testimony of Arlene B. Mayerson) (describing “unjustifiable and discriminatory loss of job opportunities”); id., at 1623 (citing study showing “ 'strong evidence that employers’ fears of low performance among disabled workers are unjustified’ ”). Moreover, it found that such discrimination typically reflects “stereotypic assumptions” or “purposeful unequal treatment.” 42 U. S. C. § 12101(7). See also 2 Leg. Hist. 1622 (testimony of Arlene B. Mayerson) (“Outmoded stereotypes whether manifested in medical or other job 'requirements’ that are unrelated to the successful performance of the job, or in decisions based on the generalized perceptions of supervisors and hiring personnel, have excluded many disabled people from jobs for which they are qualified”). In making these findings, Congress followed our decision in Cleburne, which established that not only discrimination against persons with disabilities that rests upon '"a bare . . . desire to harm a politically unpopular group,’” 473 U. S., at 447 (quoting Department of Agriculture v. Moreno, 413 U. S. 528, 534 (1973) (omission in Cleburne)), violates the Fourteenth Amendment, but also discrimination that rests solely upon “negative attitude[s],” “fea[r],” 473 U. S., at 448, or “irrational prejudice,” id., at 450. Adverse treatment that rests upon such motives is unjustified discrimination in Cleburne’s terms.
The evidence in the legislative record bears out Congress’ finding that the adverse treatment of persons with disabilities was often arbitrary or invidious in this sense, and thus unjustified. For example, one study that was before Congress revealed that “most.. . governmental agencies in [one State] discriminated in hiring against job applicants for an average period of five years after treatment for cancer,” based in part on coworkers’ misguided belief that “cancer is contagious.” 2 Leg. Hist. 1619-1620 (testimony of Arlene B. Mayerson). A school inexplicably refused to exempt a deaf teacher, who taught at a school for the deaf, from a *382“listening skills” requirement. Government’s Lodging 1503. A State refused to hire a blind employee as director of an agency for the blind — even though he was the most qualified applicant. Id., at 974. Certain state agencies apparently had general policies against hiring or promoting persons with disabilities. Id., at 1159, 1577. A zoo turned away children with Downs Syndrome “because [the zookeeper] feared they would upset the chimpanzees.” S. Rep. No. 101-116, at 7. There were reports of numerous zoning decisions based upon “negative attitudes” or “fear,” Cleburne, supra, at 448, such as a zoning board that denied a permit for an obviously pretextual reason after hearing arguments that a facility would house ‘“deviants’” who needed “‘room to roam,’ ” Government’s Lodging 1068. A complete listing of the hundreds of examples of discrimination by state and local governments that were submitted to the task force is set forth in Appendix C, infra. Congress could have reasonably believed that these examples represented signs of a widespread problem of unconstitutional discrimination.
II
The Court’s failure to find sufficient evidentiary support may well rest upon its decision to hold Congress to a strict, judicially created evidentiary standard, particularly in respect to lack of justification. Justice Kennedy’s empirical conclusion — which rejects that of Congress — rests heavily upon his failure to find “extensive litigation and discussion of the constitutional violations,” in “the courts of the United States.” Ante, at 376 (concurring opinion) (emphasis added). And the Court itself points out that, when economic or social legislation is challenged in court as irrational, hence unconstitutional, the “burden is upon the challenging party to negative any reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis for the classification.” Ante, at 367 (internal quotation marks omitted). Or as Justice Brandéis, writing for the Court, put the matter many years ago, “ ‘if any state of facts reasonably can be conceived that *383would sustain’ ” challenged legislation, then “ ‘there is a presumption of the existence of that state of facts, and one who assails the classification must carry the burden of showing . . . that the action is arbitrary.’” Pacific States Box & Basket Co. v. White, 296 U. S. 176, 185 (1935) (quoting Borderis Farm Products Co. v. Baldwin, 293 U. S. 194, 209 (1934)). Imposing this special “burden” upon Congress, the Court fails to find in the legislative record sufficient indication that Congress has “negative[d]” the presumption that state action is rationally related to a legitimate objective. Ante, at 367.
The problem with the Court’s approach is that neither the “burden of proof” that favors States nor any other rule of restraint applicable to judges applies to Congress when it exercises its § 5 power. “Limitations stemming from the nature of the judicial process . . . have no application to Congress.” Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U. S. 112, 248 (1970) (Brennan, White, and Marshall, JJ., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Rational-basis review — with its presumptions favoring constitutionality — is “a paradigm oí judicial restraint.” FCC v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U. S. 307, 314 (1993) (emphasis added). And the Congress of the United States is not a lower court.
Indeed, the Court in Cleburne drew this very institutional distinction. We emphasized that “courts have been very reluctant, as they should be in our federal system and with our respect for the separation of powers, to closely scrutinize legislative choices.” 473 U. S., at 441. Our invocation of judicial deference and respect for Congress was based on the fact that “[§]5 of the [Fourteenth] Amendment empowers Congress to enforce [the equal protection] mandate.” Id., at 439 (emphasis added). Indeed, we made clear that the absence of a contrary congressional finding was critical to oür decision to apply mere rational-basis review to disability discrimination claims — a “congressional direction” to apply a more stringent standard would have been “controlling.” Ibid. See also Washington v. Davis, 426 U. S. 229, 248 *384(1976) (refusing to invalidate a law based on the Equal Protection Clause because a disparate-impact standard “should await legislative prescription”). Cf. Mitchell, supra, at 284 (Stewart, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“Congress may paint with a much broader brush than may this Court, which must confine itself to the judicial function of deciding individual cases and controversies upon individual records”). In short, the Court’s claim that “to uphold the Act’s application to the States would allow Congress to rewrite the Fourteenth Amendment law laid down by this Court in Cleburne,” ante, at 374, is repudiated by Cleburne itself.
There is simply no reason to require Congress, seeking to determine facts relevant to the exercise of its § 5 authority, to adopt rules or presumptions that reflect a court’s institutional limitations. Unlike courts, Congress can readily gather facts from across the Nation, assess the magnitude of a problem, and more easily find an appropriate remedy. Cf. Cleburne, supra, at 442-443 (addressing the problems of the “large and diversified group” of persons with disabilities “is a difficult and often a technical matter, very much a task for legislators guided by qualified professionals and not by the perhaps ill-informed opinions of the judiciary”). Unlike courts, Congress directly reflects public attitudes and beliefs, enabling Congress better to understand where, and to what extent, refusals to accommodate a disability amount to behavior that is callous or unreasonable to the point of lacking constitutional justification. Unlike judges, Members of Congress can directly obtain information from constituents who have firsthand experience with discrimination and related issues.
Moreover, unlike judges, Members of Congress are elected. When the Court has applied the majority’s burden of proof rule, it has explained that we, i. e., the courts, do not “ ‘sit as a superlegislature to judge the wisdom or desirability of legislative policy determinations.’ ” Heller, 509 U. S., at 319 *385(quoting New Orleans v. Dukes, 427 U. S. 297, 303 (1976) (per curiam)). To apply a rule designed to restrict courts as if it restricted Congress’ legislative power is to stand the underlying principle — a principle of judicial restraint— on its head. But without the use of this burden of proof rule or some other unusually stringent standard of review, it is difficult to see how the Court can find the legislative record here inadequate. Read with a reasonably favorable eye, the record indicates that state governments subjected those with disabilities to seriously adverse, disparate treatment. And Congress could have found, in a significant number of instances, that this treatment violated the substantive principles of justification — shorn of their judicial-restraint-related presumptions — that this Court recognized in Cleburne.

Ill

The Court argues in the alternative that the statute’s damages remedy is not “congruent” with and “proportional” to the equal protection problem that Congress found. Ante, at 374 (citing City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U. S. 507, 520 (1997)). The Court suggests that the Act’s “reasonable accommodation” requirement, 42 U. S. C. § 12112(b)(5)(A), and disparate-impact standard, § 12112(b)(3)(A), “far excee[d] what is constitutionally required.” Ante, at 372. But we have upheld disparate-impact standards in contexts where they were not “constitutionally required.” Compare Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U. S. 424, 432 (1971), with Washington, supra, at 239, and City of Rome v. United States, 446 U. S. 156, 172-173 (1980), with Mobile v. Bolden, 446 U. S. 55, 62 (1980) (plurality opinion).
And what is wrong with a remedy that, in response to unreasonable employer behavior, requires an employer to make accommodations that are reasonable? Of course, what is “reasonable” in the statutory sense and what is “unreasonable” in the constitutional sense might differ. In other words, the requirement may exceed what is necessary to *386avoid a constitutional violation. But it is just that power— the power to require more than the minimum — that §5 grants to Congress, as this Court has repeatedly confirmed. As long ago as 1880, the Court wrote that §5 “brought within the domain of congressional power” whatever “tends to enforce submission” to its “prohibitions” and “to secure to all persons ... the equal protection of the laws.” Ex parte Virginia, 100 U. S. 339, 346 (1880). More recently, the Court added that § 5’s “draftsmen sought to grant to Congress, by a specific provision applicable to the Fourteenth Amendment, the same broad powers expressed'in the Necessary and Proper Clause, Art. I, §8, cl. 18.” Morgan, 384 U. S., at 650 (citing McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316, 421 (1819)).
In keeping with these principles, the Court has said that “[i]t is not for us to review the congressional resolution of... the various conflicting considerations — the risk or pervasiveness of the discrimination in governmental services . . . , the adequacy or availability of alternative remedies, and the nature and significance of the state interests that would be affected.” 384 U. S., at 653. °“It is enough that we be able to perceive a basis upon which the Congress might resolve the conflict as it did.” Ibid. See also South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U. S. 301, 324 (1966) (interpreting the similarly worded Enforcement Clause of the Fifteenth Amendment to permit Congress to use “any rational means to effectuate the constitutional prohibition”). Nothing in the words “reasonable accommodation” suggests that the requirement has no “tendency] to enforce” the Equal Protection Clause, Ex parte Virginia, supra, at 346, that it is an irrational way to achieve the objective, Katzenbach, supra, at 324, that it would fall outside the scope of the Necessary and Proper Clause, Morgan, supra, at 650, or that it somehow otherwise exceeds the bounds of the “appropriate,” U. S. Const., Amdt. 14, § 5.
The Court’s more recent cases have professed to follow the longstanding principle of deference to Congress. See Kimel *387v. Florida Bd. of Regents, 528 U. S. 62, 81 (2000) (“Congress’ §5 power is not confined to the enactment of legislation that merely parrots the precise wording of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Rather, Congress can prohibit a “somewhat broader swath of conduct, including that which is not itself forbidden by the Amendment’s text”); Florida Prepaid Post-secondary Ed. Expense Bd. v. College Savings Bank, 527 U. S. 627, 639 (1999) (“ ‘Congress must have wide latitude’ ”) (quoting City of Boerne, supra, at 519-520); City of Boerne, supra, at 528 (reaffirming Morgan); 521 U. S., at 536 (Congress’ “conclusions are entitled to much deference”). And even today, the Court purports to apply, not to depart from, these standards. Ante, at 365. But the Court’s analysis and ultimate conclusion deprive its declarations of practical significance. The Court ‘sounds the word of promise to the ear but breaks it to the hope.’
> i — 4
The Court’s harsh review of Congress’ use of its § 5 power is reminiscent of the similar (now-discredited) limitation that it once imposed upon Congress’ Commerce Clause power. Compare Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U. S. 238 (1936), with United States v. Darby, 312 U. S. 100, 123 (1941) (rejecting Carter Coal’s rationale). I could understand the legal basis for such review were we judging a statute that discriminated against those of a particular race or gender, see United States v. Virginia, 518 U. S. 515 (1996), or a statute that threatened a basic constitutionally protected liberty such as free speech, see Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U. S. 844 (1997); see also Post & Siegel, Equal Protection by Law: Federal Antidiscrimination Legislation After Morrison and Kimel, 110 Yale L. J. 441, 477 (2000) (stating that the Court’s recent review of §5 legislation appears to approach strict scrutiny); 1 L. Tribe, American Constitutional Law §5-16, p. 959 (3d ed. 2000) (same). The legislation before us, however, does not discriminate against anyone, nor does it pose any threat to basic liberty. And it is diffi*388cult to understand why the Court, which applies “minimum ‘rational-basis’ review” to statutes that burden persons with disabilities, ante, at 366, subjects to far stricter scrutiny a statute that seeks to help those same individuals.
I recognize nonetheless that this statute imposes a burden upon States in that it removes their Eleventh Amendment protection from suit, thereby subjecting them to potential monetary liability. Rules for interpreting §5 that would provide States with special protection, however, run counter to the very object of the Fourteenth Amendment. By its terms, that Amendment prohibits States from denying their citizens equal protection of the laws. U. S. Const., Arndt. 14, § 1. Hence “principles of federalism that might otherwise be an obstacle to congressional authority are necessarily overridden by the power to enforce the Civil War Amendments ‘by appropriate legislation.’ Those Amendments were specifically designed as an expansion of federal power and an intrusion on state sovereignty.” City of Rome, 446 U. S., at 179. See also Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U. S. 445, 456 (1976); Ex parte Virginia, supra, at 345. And, ironically, the greater the obstacle the Eleventh Amendment poses to the creation by Congress of the kind of remedy at issue here — the decentralized remedy of private damages actions — the more Congress, seeking to cure important national problems, such as the problem of disability discrimination before us, will have to rely on more uniform remedies, such as federal standards and court injunctions, 42 U. S. C. § 12188(a)(2), which are sometimes draconian and typically more intrusive. See College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Ed. Expense Bd., 527 U. S. 666, 704-705 (1999) (Breyer, J., dissenting). Cf. ante, at 374, n. 9. For these reasons, I doubt that today’s decision serves any constitutionally based federalism interest.
The Court, through its evidentiary demands, its non-deferential review, and its failure to distinguish between judicial and legislative constitutional competencies, improperly invades a power that the Constitution assigns to Con*389gress. Morgan, 384 U. S., at 648, n. 7 (The “sponsors and supporters of the [Fourteenth] Amendment were primarily interested in augmenting the power of Congress”). Its decision saps § 5 of independent force, effectively “confining] the legislative power ... to the insignificant role of abrogating only those state laws that the judicial branch [is] prepared to adjudge unconstitutional.” Id., at 648-649. Whether the Commerce Clause does or does not enable Congress to enact this provision, see, e. g., Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida, 517 U. S. 44, 100-185 (1996) (Souter, J., joined by Ginsburg and Breyer, JJ., dissenting); College Savings Bank, supra, at 699-700 (Breyer, J., dissenting), in my view, §5 gives Congress the necessary authority.
For the reasons stated, I respectfully dissent.
APPENDIX A TO OPINION OF BREYER, J.
Congressional hearings on the Americans with Disabilities Act
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1989: Hearings on H. R. 2273 before the House Committee on the Judiciary and the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1989).
Americans with Disabilities Act: Hearing on H. R. 2273 and S. 933 before the Subcommittee on Transportation and Hazardous Materials of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1990).
Americans with Disabilities Act: Hearings on H. R. 2273 before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation of the House Committee on Public Works and Transportation, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1990).
Americans with Disabilities: Telecommunications Relay Services, Hearing on Title V of H. R. 2273 before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1990).
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1989: Hearing on H. R. 2273 before the Subcommittee on Select Education of the *390House Committee on Education and Labor, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1989).
Field Hearing on Americans with Disabilities Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Select Education of the House Committee on Education and Labor, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1989).
Hearing on H. R. 2273, The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1989: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Select Education and Employment Opportunities of the House Committee on Education and Labor, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. (July 18 & Sept. 13, 1989) (two hearings).
Oversight Hearing on H. R. 4498, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1988: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Select Education of the House Committee on Education and Labor, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1989).
Americans with Disabilities Act: Hearing before the House Committee on Small Business, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. (1990); Americans with Disabilities Act of 1989: Hearings on S. 933 before the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources and the Subcommittee on the Handicapped, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1989) (May 1989 Hearings).
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1988: Joint Hearing on S. 2345 before the Subcommittee on the Handicapped' of the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources and the Subcommittee on Select Education of the House Committee on Education and Labor, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1989).
APPENDIX B TO OPINION OF BREYER, J.
Disability discrimination laws enacted by Congress prior to the Americans with Disabilities Act
Act of June 10, 1948, ch. 434, 62 Stat. 351
Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, 42 U. S. C. §4151 et seq.
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U. S. C. § 701 et seq. *391Education of the Handicapped Act, Pub. L. 91-230, Title VI, 84 Stat. 175 (reenacted in 1990 as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U. S. C. § 1400 et seq.) Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act, 42 U. S. C. §6000 et seq.
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act, 42 U. S. C. § 1973ee et seq.
Air Carrier Access Act of 1986, 49 U. S. C. § 41705
Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act of 1986, 42 U. S. C. § 10801 et seq.
Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, 42 U. S. C. § 3604.
APPENDIX C TO OPINION OF BREYER, J.
Submissions made by individuals to the Task Force on Rights and Empowerment of Americans with Disabilities. See the Government’s Lodging (available in Clerk of Court’s case file).
ALABAMA

Page No.

00002 discrimination against the mentally ill in city zoning process
00003 inaccessible exercise equipment at University of Alabama
00004 school failed to train teachers how to work with students with learning disabilities
00005 courts failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people
00006 lack of accessible police and court services for deaf people
00007 inaccessible public transportation
00008 child denied public education because of cerebral palsy
00009 inaccessible public transportation, which prevented persons with disabilities from getting to work
*39200010 inaccessible public buildings and services; inaccessible transportation
00011 inaccessible public schools; inaccessible public transportation
00013 inaccessible public schools; inaccessible public transportation
00014 failure to enforce building codes requiring access for persons with disabilities
00015 inaccessible courthouse
00017 lack of instructions for use of voting machine by blind people; inaccessible restrooms in newly renovated State House
00021 inaccessible public transportation
00023 inaccessible public transportation
00024 failure to enforce state and sons with disabilities
00025 schools failed to provide an adequate education for with disabilities
00026 inaccessible public transportation
00027 man denied his cerebral palsy; inaccessible public transportation
00031 vocational services for schizophrenics; zoning discrimination against group homes
00032 school failed to provide an adequate education
00033 school failed to provide an adequate education
ALASKA

Page No.

00038 school placed child with cerebral palsy in special education classes
00041 inaccessible restrooms in state legislature information office
00042 inaccessible areas at new Alaska Performing Arts Center
*39300044 inaccessible public transportation, which prevented persons with disabilities from getting to work
00046 lack of curb cuts in sidewalks near apartment building for persons with disabilities
00048 child erroneously placed in special education classes
00049 inaccessible new performing arts center
00050 Alaska Psychiatric Institute failed to provide interpretive services for deaf patients
00052 state and local agencies disregarded laws requiring accessibility
00055 jail failed to provide person with disability medical treatment
00056 inaccessible government buildings in Seward
00057 inaccessible public transportation
00058 city failed to train employees how to communicate with people with hearing impairments
00059 segregated seating and inaccessibility at new performing arts center
00061 inaccessibility of State Ferry Columbia and Alaska Railroad; denial of job interview because person was in a wheelchair
00062 inaccessible new performing arts center
00063 person using a respirator denied access to Alaska State Division of Medical Assistance
00065 inaccessible city hall
00067 school district retaliated against teacher for asking to be assigned to an accessible classroom
00069 inaccessible public transportation
00070 lack of curb cuts; inaccessible public transportation
00071 state agencies failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people
00072 department of motor vehicles failed to provide interpretive services
00073 inaccessibility of Seward City Hall and other state and local buildings
*39400075 state university failed to assist in covering expense of interpretive services for deaf graduate student
00076 inaccessible public buildings
00077 inaccessible public school
ARIZONA

Page No.

00090 survey showing inaccessibility problems in city of Phoenix’s public services
00110 inaccessible public transportation
00112 inaccessible restrooms at state recreation areas
00116 department of motor signs or other assistance for people with hearing impairments
00117 person with disability denied police officer job
00119 Arizona to 4 years to fix unsafe van lift
00121 county paratransit refused to provide transportation to college
00124 department of motor vehicles placed restrictions on driver’s license because of deafness
00125 teacher with hearing impairment numerous jobs
00127 department of motor vehicles failed to assist deaf people
00129 inaccessible entrance, restroom, water fountain, and office at building leased by State
00130 woman injured trying to use inaccessible restroom at roadside rest stop; lack of curb cuts
00131 inaccessible social service agencies
ARKANSAS

Page No.

00136 public school failed to enforce accommodations for student
*39500138 public school teacher refused to allow student with disability to use authorized calculator
00139 state university failed to inform student with hearing impairment about activities and rules
00140 lack of curb cuts
00141 inaccessible public transportation
00143 inaccessible office area at public housing for persons with disabilities
00144 inaccessible public transportation
00145 inaccessible state office of human services; state agencies failed to hire persons with disabilities
00146 failure to enforce handicapped parking law
00147 school erroneously placed child with mobility impairment in special education classes
00149 public schools failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people
00150 inaccessible public transportation
00153 person with disability forced to resign employment because of architectural barriers
00154 public school held meetings and conferences at inaccessible locations
00155 physical barriers prevented citizens from voting
00156 rehabilitation services failed to assist people with all kinds of disabilities
00159 inaccessible city and county buildings
00161 services office relocated to inaccessible building
00163 lack of curb cuts
CALIFORNIA

Page No.

0Ó166 inaccessible public recreation sites
00168 California Relay System failed to provide telephone access to other States for deaf people
*39600180 public transit failed to provide visual signs for deaf people
00181 inaccessible public transportation
00202 California Children’s Services refused to help with cost of caring for child with head injury at home
00206 inaccessible county buildings
00208 deaf people denied access to state agencies that lacked TDD’s
00210 deaf people denied access to state agencies that lacked TDD’s
00211 public transit failed to provide visual signs for deaf people
00212 public transit failed to provide visual signs for deaf people
00213 limited out-of-state telephone relay services
00214 inaccessible public transportation limited access to community college
00215 inaccessible public transportation
00218 deaf people denied access to state agencies that lacked TDD’s
00219 state mental health services failed to provide access for deaf people
00220 government failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people
00221 inaccessible public transportation; lack of curb cuts
00222 inaccessible public transportation
00223 inaccessible airport; inaccessible public transportation
00224 California Relay Service failed to enable deaf people to make interstate calls
00225 California Relay Service failed to enable deaf people to make interstate calls
00226 inaccessible public transportation; inaccessible restrooms in public buildings
*39700227 . University of California attempted to terminate employees with disabilities for taking medical leave
00231 state agencies failed to provide TDD’s
00232 person denied opportunity to serve on jury because county failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people
00236 public school district failed to provide TTD for deaf parents
00237 California Relay Service failed to enable deaf people to make interstate calls
00240 lack of curb cuts; inaccessible public transportation
00241 inaccessible public transportation
00244 inaccessible public transportation
00245 California Civil Service Exam held at high school with inaccessible restrooms
00246 inaccessible restrooms in county administration building; lack of curb cuts
00247 inaccessible public transportation prevented persons with disabilities from getting to work; State failed to enforce laws requiring accessibility
00248 inaccessible public transportation
00249 California Relay Service failed to enable deaf people to make interstate calls
00250 inaccessible public transportation
00252 inaccessible public transportation
00253 inaccessible public transportation
00254 inaccessible county courthouse; street signals too fast for safe crossing by wheelchair
00255 public functions failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people
00258 deaf people denied access to state agencies that lacked TDD’s
*39800261 California Basic Educational Skills Test discriminated against deaf adults who wanted to become teachers of deaf students
00262 department of motor vehicles required doctors to report patients with seizure disorders and revoked such patients’ licenses, but did not require reporting of other conditions that could cause erratic driving
COLORADO

Page No.

00266 person in wheelchair passed by five bus drivers, all of whom claimed that lifts were broken
00267 lack of curb cuts and ramps; inaccessible public transportation
00268 inaccessible public transportation
00269 inaccessible public transportation
00270 persons with disabilities placed in segregated public housing
00271 inaccessible public transportation
00272 lack of curb cuts forced person in wheelchair to use street
00278 inaccessible county courthouse
00274 inaccessible public transportation
00275 inaccessible public transportation in small cities; public schools failed to assist students with disabilities
00276 inaccessible public transportation; inaccessible public facilities and recreation sites
00277 political parties held caucuses at inaccessible private home
00280 children with developmental disabilities required to attend segregated schools
00281 public school system refused to transfer student with disabilities from special to regular school until she brought suit
*39900283 vocational rehabilitation agency refused to take referrals from psychiatric halfway house; person denied driver’s license in Virginia because of mental illness
CONNECTICUT

Page No.

00285 public school inaccessible to parent with disability
00289 state university denied renewal of contract for graduate assistantship because of age and disability
DELAWARE

Page No.

00301 inaccessible public high school; inaccessible public transportation
00302 inaccessible public schools; inaccessible public transportation
00303 inaccessible voting machines; inadequate handicapped parking
00308 man with physical disability spent 45 minutes crawling into polling place because it was inaccessible to wheelchairs
00310 inaccessible public transportation; public ceremony held at inaccessible building
00314 failure to enforce laws requiring handicapped parking spaces, which were usually occupied by police cars
00315 high percentage of children with disabilities placed in segregated schools
00317 restrictive zoning limited reintegration of institutionalized people into community
00319 inaccessible voting system
00323 inaccessible public transportation
00325 inaccessible public transportation made person with disability late for work; inaccessible library and other public buildings
*40000329 State refused to fund services for people with mental illness
00330 state transit system provided special vouchers for persons with physical disabilities, but not for mentally ill
00331 state criminal justice system failed to provide psychiatric treatment
00333 State kept child with schizophrenia in Delaware State Hospital because it lacked services for people who could be released
00335 state labor department’s restrictive policies prevented persons with disabilities from applying for employment
00336 failure to enforce laws requiring handicapped parking spaces, which were usually occupied by police cars
00337 public transportation refused to transport person carrying oxygen
00338 staff and patients at Delaware State Hospital sexually abused women patients
00343 inaccessible public transportation
00345 state police interrogated deaf citizens without providing interpretive services
00347 vocational high school sought to transfer student back to special segregated school
GEORGIA

Page No.

00362 public colleges failed to provide assistance for students with learning disabilities
00365 University of Georgia students with disabilities faced architectural barriers, inaccessible public transportation, lack of housing, and failure to enforce handicapped parking laws
*40100366 inaccessible classrooms at University of Georgia
00367 University of Georgia located its office of handicapped services in inaccessible second floor office
00370 University of Georgia charged students with learning disabilities $600 per quarter for services that other students with disabilities received at no cost
00371 Learning Disability Adult Clinic at University of Georgia charged unreasonable fees
00372 inaccessible public transportation
00374 traffic court failed to provide interpretive services for deaf person
HAWAII

Page No.

00444 inaccessible public transportation
00446 inaccessible public transportation
00448 state university failed to enforce handicapped parking laws
00451 state employee in wheelchair forced to resign job because frequently unable to get to office due to broken elevator in state building; State Commission on the Handicapped refused employee’s request for reasonable accommodation
00452 state university failed to provide blind student with timely or adequate books on tape for coursework; lack of signs or information for blind people using public transit
00455 person with disability denied opportunity to testify because department of labor held hearing in an inaccessible room
00456 state employment agency refused to provide interpretive services for deaf people
00457 public school put three-year-old deaf child in same class as fourth graders
*40200458 quadriplegic person who had California driver’s license denied license by Hawaii
00460 state government office refused to interview persons with emotional disorder or history of alcoholism
00461 inaccessible state buildings
00462 person with mobility impairment denied serious consideration for state job due to unreliability of accessible public transportation
00463 inaccessible public transportation prevented person with disability from getting to work; inaccessible public buildings
00464 lack of curb cuts forced person in wheelchair to use street
00467 elevators in public buildings not marked for blind people; bus drivers failed to announce stops for blind people
00468 inaccessible public transportation; bus drivers harassed mentally retarded passengers
00469 inaccessible public transportation
00472 state mental health system tional policies
00473 state social service employees placed limits on opportunities for persons with disabilities based on stereotypical assumptions
00474 lack of curb cuts and ramps
00475 inaccessible public transportation
00476 inaccessible public transportation
00477 inaccessible public library
00479 denial of certain licenses to persons with mental disabilities
00480 inaccessible restroom in state park; lack of curb cuts
00484 state and local government meetings provide interpretive services for deaf people
00485 students with disabilities unable to school interscholastie sports
*40300486 blind people prevented from traveling outside State because quarantine laws permitted no exemption for their guide dogs
00487 state mental health services unavailable for deaf people due to failure to train staff
00488 inaccessible public transportation; inaccessible city and county buildings
00490 handi-van refused service to person paralyzed from waist down
00491 inaccessible public transportation
00492 state agencies failed to monitor conditions in community residential facilities for persons with disabilities
00494 inaccessible public transportation
00495 inaccessible public transportation
00496 inadequate assistance for deaf person at court appearance
IDAHO

Page No.

00502 inaccessible public transportation
00505 inaccessible public transportation
00506 adult victims of abuse with developmental disabilities denied equal rights to testify in court
00507 inaccessible public recreation activities
00508 inaccessible public transportation
00509 lack of curb cuts
00510 inaccessible public transportation
00511 city and county failed to provide assistance for deaf people at public meetings
00514 inaccessible public transportation
00515 public school failed to provide adequate assistance for students with disabilities
00516 inaccessible public transportation
*40400517 public defenders’ offices and public meetings failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people; police harassed persons with disabilities who appeared to be intoxicated
00518 vocational rehabilitation agency lacked TTY service
00521 government agencies lacked staff to assist people with head injuries
00522 inaccessible public transportation
00523 inaccessible public transportation
00524 inaccessible public transportation; inaccessible public buildings
00528 limited access at new county courthouse, library, and city hall
00531 school district refused to hire licensed teacher because of speech impediment
00533 public school failed to provide assistance for deaf student
00537 public school failed to provide interpretive services for deaf student
00540 Idaho lacked statewide telephone relay service for deaf people
00541 department of employment and department of health and welfare lacked telephone access for deaf people
00543 inaccessible restrooms at public high school; student in wheelchair denied admission to regular classes
ILLINOIS

Page No.

00546 state system for providing ballots to people unable to enter polling place and special bus service caused long wait outside in cold weather
00548 schools that mainstream deaf children refused to hire deaf teacher
00553 government failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people at public hearing on school budget
*40500554 lack of curb cuts; inaccessible public transportation
00559 department of rehabilitation limited services to persons with disabilities by threatening placement in nursing home
00569 police stations lacked TTY service
00572 deaf people arrested and held in jail overnight without explanation because of failure to provide interpretive services
00573 inaccessible polling place
• 00574 inaccessible public schools prevented attendance at PTA meetings
00575 inaccessible public transportation
00576 inaccessible public transportation
00578 lack of curb cuts and ramps for wheelch00579
00579 most state housing agencies lacked telecommunications devices or interpretive services for deaf people
00581 state and local government agencies lacked telecommunications devices for deaf people
00583 emergency medical, police, and fire services lacked TDD’s or personnel trained to receive TDD calls
00585 inaccessible public pools; inaccessible restrooms in municipal building
00586 inaccessible public transportation
00587 inaccessible polling place
00588 inaccessible polling place
00589 inaccessible public transportation
00590 inaccessible public transportation
00591 inaccessible library
00592 inaccessible voting system
00594 inaccessible polling place
00595 lack of curb cuts
00596 inaccessible public transportation
00597 inaccessible public transportation
00600 inaccessible public transportation
00603 inaccessible public transportation
*40600605 lack of curb cuts; inaccessible public buildings; inaccessible public transportation; inaccessible polling place
INDIANA

Page No.

00608 state vocational rehabilitation agency refused to help person it classified as severely disabled
00609 for five years, state vocational agency failed to provide assistance
00612 inadequate curb cuts
00613 inaccessible public transportation
00616 inaccessible public transportation
00618 inadequate curb cuts
00619 inaccessible public transportation; inaccessible public facilities
00621 inaccessible public transportation
00622 government agencies failed to provide interpretive services and TTY/TDD’s for deaf people
00629 deaf counselors discouraged from applying for jobs as rehabilitation counselors for deaf people
00637 staff at state psychiatric facilities abused and physically dragged patients
00644 person with disability dismissed as director of deaf unit at Central State Hospital
00651 public meetings held at inaccessible locations
00653 inaccessible polling place
00655 state counselors failed to provide rehabilitation assistance to person with head injury
IOWA

Page No.

00659 person dismissed as city bus operator after seeking treatment for mental illness
00664 state commission failed to supply necessary equipment for deaf and blind employee
*40700665 high school limited opportunities for mentally retarded student to be integrated
KANSAS.

Page No.

00670 Kansas Commission of Civil Rights denied legally blind person job as investigator because of limited ability to drive and refused to allow accommodation that would have permitted use of public transportation
00673 police failed to provide interpretive services after arresting deaf man
00676 Kansas Department of Transportation fired person because she had epilepsy
00679 state investigator failed to examine employment discrimination claims
00685 inaccessible public transportation
00695 county failed to assist mentally ill with housing and vocational opportunities
00696 damaged sidewalks and poor street lighting posed risk to persons with disabilities
00704 inaccessible city-owned arena
KENTUCKY

Page No.

00706 bus driver bypassed person standing at stop with guide dog
00709 inaccessible public transportation
00712 department of employment services failed to make reasonable accommodations for persons with disabilities
00717 lack of curb cuts; inaccessible public transportation
00720 inaccessible public transportation
00723 state employment service refused to place person in wheelchair
00724 inaccessible public buildings
*40800729 public library, police department, and state university library lacked personnel trained to use TTY devices
00731 state university failed to provide assistance to part-time teacher with a disability
00732 State prevented deaf teachers from teaching deaf students by requiring courses such as music education
00733 inaccessible public transportation
00736 inaccessible public transportation
00740 Kentucky School for the Deaf preferred hiring hearing teachers rather than deaf teachers
LOUISIANA

Page No.

00743 inaccessible housing for graduate students at Louisiana State University
00745 inaccessible public transportation
00748 police assumed person with coordination problems was drunk
00751 inaccessible public transportation
00752 vocational rehabilitation program failed to provide services for person with head injury
00753 inaccessible public transportation prevented persons with disabilities from getting to work
00758 inaccessible voting machine
00759 Louisiana Sheriffs Pension and Relief Fund denied membership to person with disability
00773 inaccessible public transportation; lack of curb cuts
00776 inaccessible buildings at Louisiana State University
MAINE

Page No.

00778 inadequate sidewalk ramps; failure to enforce handicapped parking laws
*40900780 failure to enforce state regulations requiring accessibility in public buildings
00782 town refused request for interpretive services for deaf people at town meeting
MARYLAND

Page No.

00785 public transportation unsafe for persons with disabilities
00787 public libraries, state prison, and other state offices lacked TDD’s
00788 department of human relations failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people and did not answer TTY calls
00789 vocational rehabilitation counselors failed to help deaf people find jobs
00797 inaccessible public transportation
00798 state hospital refused to provide interpretive services for deaf people
MASSACHUSETTS

Page No.

00808 Office for Children refused to license blind person as day-care assistant
00812 inaccessible courthouse
00813 inaccessible restrooms in state building and state armory
00816 state college threatened to terminate employee because of blindness
00829 Massachusetts Adoption Exchange refused to let family with mother who had muscular dystrophy adopt child
*41000835 department of vocational rehabilitation hired able-bodied person instead of qualified person in wheelchair
MICHIGAN

Page No.

00920 person denied admission to University of Michigan Medical School because of speech impediment
00921 inaccessible state university campuses
00922 65 percent of voting precincts in Detroit inaccessible
00923 buses with lifts often failed to stop for people in wheelchairs or their lifts did not work
00924 state employee threatened with discipline for serving on and attending meetings of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission advisory committee
00925 state university stadium lacked accessible restrooms, water fountains, and telephones
00926 inaccessible public transportation
00928 school system failed to hire teachers who could communicate with deaf students
00932 state university denied interpretive services to part-time deaf student
00933 public transportation refused to serve persons in wheelchairs; public agency refused to provide interpretive services for deaf people
00939 state university had transportation system for students with disabilities but not for faculty and staff
00947 state university lacked adequate curb ramps
00950 State denied driver’s license to person with epilepsy
00958 inaccessible public recreation facilities
00960 inaccessible government buildings
00961 state university denied sabbatical proposal of faculty member with disability
00963 Michigan Rehabilitation Services placed people in inappropriate positions
*41100964 Michigan Rehabilitation Services failed to accommodate mentally ill persons
00968 inaccessible public transportation
00969 man with disability forced to use girls’ restroom at state job
00970 person with disability terminated from county job and banned from future county employment
MINNESOTA

Page No.

00974 person with disability and score of 100 was finalist for job as director of agency for the blind, but able-bodied person with score of 70 was hired
00980 person with cerebral palsy humiliated at interview for job with state department of education
MISSISSIPPI

Page No.

00853 inaccessible public transportation
00855 inaccessible beaches, pools, and parks
00984 inaccessible classrooms and library at Mississippi School for the Deaf
00985 no state agency to provide or coordinate community service programs for deaf adults
00986 inaccessible classrooms at Mississippi School for the Deaf
00987 public programs failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people; government failed to post caution signs warning drivers of deaf children
00988 inaccessible polling places and voting booths
00989 inaccessible public buildings
00990 courts refused to pay for qualified interpretive services for deaf people
00992 inaccessible state university building
00993 teacher denied position at public elementary school because of need for braces and a cane to walk
*41200994 lack of curb cuts; inaccessible public school rooms; inaccessible public transportation
00996 inaccessible department of motor vehicles
00997 inaccessible public transportation; inaccessible public facilities
00998 inaccessible courthouses
00999 state university instructor refused to teach blind person
01000 inaccessible public transportation
01001 inaccessible polling place; city employee required to go outside to get to restroom
MISSOURI

Page No.

01003 lack of curb cuts
01004 inaccessible restrooms in public buildings; lack of curb cuts
01006 public schools segregated children with disabilities; inaccessible school buildings
01009 inaccessible public transportation and public buildings such as post offices, libraries, schools, and polling places
01010 state university tried to discourage blind person’s chosen field of study
01013 inaccessible public transportation
01015 courthouse failed to provide amplified sound system in courtrooms
MONTANA

Page No.

01017 inadequate curb cuts
01022 inadequate curb cuts in downtown area
01023 state agencies refused to make reasonable accommodations to paraplegics seeking employment
01024 inaccessible polling place
*41301026 person in wheelchair forced to vote in street
01027 inaccessible polling place
NEBRASKA

Page No.

01029 government failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people serving on juries, commissions, and committees
01031 local school district failed to provide interpretive services for deaf child
01034 inaccessible entrance at office of county assistance
NEVADA

Page No.

01038 local government failed to provide assistance for people with head injuries
01043 inaccessible government buildings and public facilities
01044 person with disability denied access to public transportation because it took too long to get on and off bus
01046 community college refused to provide interpretive services for deaf people
01050 city ordinance prevented mentally ill from living in residential areas
01051 inaccessible public transportation; inadequate curb cuts and ramps
01053 failure to enforce handicapped parking laws
01054 lack of sidewalk and crosswalk accommodations for persons in wheelchairs
NEW HAMPSHIRE

Page No.

01057 state agency failed to assist persons with head injuries despite availability of state surplus funds ■
*41401061 vocational rehabilitation counselor tried to cut off funds and assistance to person with disability
NEW JERSEY

Page No.

01067 commission for the blind and visually impaired demoted visually impaired person
01068 zoning commission denied permission to open home for persons with head injuries
01069 architectural barriers on Cumberland County College campus
01072 inadequate curb cuts
NEW MEXICO

Page No.

01080 state university denied entry into school of social work to blind person but admitted partially sighted person with lower grades
01083 New Mexico lacked statewide TDD relay service
01091 prisoners with developmental disabilities subjected to longer terms and abused by other prisoners in state correctional system
01092 inaccessible public transportation
01095 University of New Mexico failed to provide assistance for blind student
01097 city and county government offices lacked TDD’s
01098 University of New Mexico hospital failed to provide interpretive services for deaf patients
01099 University of New Mexico failed to provide interpretive services for deaf students
01100 inaccessible buildings on University of New Mexico campus
*415NEW YORK

Page No.

01109 state agencies failed to hire persons with disabilities
01114 custodian in public high school denied request of person with disability to use locked elevator
01119 at state legislature, person in wheelchair had to wait 45 minutes to use freight elevator
01129 public village meetings held in second floor meeting room with no elevator; many polling places inaccessible
01130 lack of curb cuts; failure to enforce handicapped parking laws
01134 inaccessible state parks and public beaches
NORTH CAROLINA

Page No.

01144 public elementary school initially denied admission and then charged extra fee for child with Down’s Syndrome to attend afterschool day-care program
01155 blind people told not to participate in regular public parks and recreation programs
01158 state agencies, other than services for the blind and vocational rehabilitation, employed few persons with disabilities
01161 police arrested and jailed deaf person without providing interpretive services
NORTH DAKOTA

Page No.

01170 person with disability denied access to driver’s license exam because held in inaccessible room
01172 inaccessible polling places
01175 lack of curb cuts; failure to enforce handicapped parking laws; inaccessible polling places; inaccessible city. government meetings
*41601178 failure, to enforce handicapped parking laws
01188 inaccessible polling places; inaccessible state and local government buildings
01185 government agencies failed to enforce policies regarding hiring persons with disabilities; inaccessible polling places; inaccessible public buildings
01186 state and local government failed to hire persons with disabilities; inaccessible polling places
01187 failure to enforce handicapped parking laws
01196 person with head-injury disability denied consideration for position of election polls inspector
OHIO

Page No.

01215 city failed to trim trees regularly, which posed a hazard to blind people
01216 inaccessible state, county, and city buildings
01218 inaccessible social service agency offices; inaccessible public transportation
01221 vocational rehabilitation agency denied assistance to person with disability
01224 rehabilitation services agency failed to assist paranoid schizophrenic
01229 vocational rehabilitation agency discouraged person with disability from being a nurse
01230 persons with disabilities denied jobs because of inaccessible public transportation
01231 blind person denied driver’s license though legally eligible
01234 inaccessible public transportation; lack of curb cuts
01235 public paratransit system often left passengers stranded
01236 vocational rehabilitation agency steered person with mental disability to menial job, despite his Ph.D. degree
*41701239 police failed to provide interpretive services for deaf person who was arrested
01241 Cleveland State University lacked wheelchair ramps
01242 inaccessible public transportation
OKLAHOMA

Page No.

01251 Tulsa Housing Authority failed to communicate with and provide information to tenants with disabilities
01258 state employment office lacked TDD or workers with interpretive skills; state university paid deaf employees less than hearing employees; state agencies made no effort to hire deaf applicants
01265 police officer pointed gun at person with disability who could not get out of car quickly
01266 inaccessible public transportation
01269 person with speech impediment denied numerous state jobs
01271 inaccessible restrooms at city parks
01275 state government held meeting at hotel with inaccessible restrooms
01278 person in wheelchair worked at polling place with inaccessible restrooms
01280 inaccessible polling places
01286 qualified blind person who offered to provide own driver denied job as state social worker
OREGON

Page No.

01370 blind people unable to access printed material from state government
0Í375 school system barred child with cerebral palsy from physical education class and gave her cleaning job instead
*41801377 person with two college degrees and extensive professional experience turned down for appropriate state government jobs and advised to seek entry-level jobs because of his disability
01378 commission for the handicapped lacked funds to enforce laws
PENNSYLVANIA

Page No.

01391 public library had restrictive policy regarding issuance of library cards to residents of group homes
01397 government failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people at school budget hearing
01399 inaccessible public transportation
01407 inaccessible polling places
01408 inaccessible public transportation
01409 inaccessible polling places
01410 inaccessible polling place
01413 inaccessible public transportation; lack of curb cuts
01421 inaccessible public library
01423 inaccessible automatic ticket dispensers on Pennsylvania Turnpike
01425 bus drivers refused to transport person in wheelchair
01427 inaccessible county offices
01429 lack of curb cuts
01430 GED programs offered at inaccessible public schools; bus drivers unwilling or unable to use wheelchair lifts
01432 child unable to enroll in first grade because of inaccessible classroom
01434 lack of curb cuts; inaccessible public transportation
01435 lack of curb cuts in rural areas
01436 inaccessible polling place
*41901439 unsafe curb cuts
01441 inaccessible state office building
SOUTH CAROLINA

Page No.

01454 government failed to provide 911 emergency service for deaf people
01457 state and local agencies, library, and police and fire departments lacked TDD’s; government failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people at meetings
SOUTH DAKOTA

Page No.

01466 school district failed to provide adequate services to child with disability
01467 traffic light and fire hydrant placed where they posed obstacle to blind pedestrians and those in wheelchairs who needed to use curb cuts
01469 inaccessible polling places
01470 inaccessible public transportation
01472 State failed to hire persons with disabilities without giving a reason
01475 criminal court failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people
01476 state university denied blind student opportunity to practice teach as required for teaching certificate
TEXAS

Page No.

01483 poles obstructed sidewalks; lack of curb cuts; inaccessible public transportation
01503 state teachers’ exam required deaf teachers who wanted to teach deaf children to pass section on speech assessment and listening
*42001514 medical examination required for renewal of driver’s license despite unblemished 20-year driving record
01520 inadequate handicapped parking spaces
01521 state vocational rehabilitation agency refused to assist college student who chose to major in political science
01522 employee of county human services agency denied handicapped parking place
01526 failure to enforce handicapped parking laws
01527 inaccessible state university transportation system
01529 denial of driver’s licenses or accommodations to take driver’s test
01531 inaccessible buildings at state university
01536 state hospital sought to discharge mentally ill boy with HIV
01540 special transit system refused to transport man with mental retardation though he could not use regular bus
01542 deaf man not permitted to take state cosmetology exam with assistance from interpreter
01543 blind man not permitted to take state chiropractic exam because he could not read x-rays alone
01549 deaf instructors unable to pass state teachers’ exam for teachers of deaf students that assessed speech and language skills
01551 inadequate handicapped parking and enforcement
UTAH

Page No.

01554 state rehabilitation service had never hired deaf counselor or administrator
01556 child denied admission to public school because first-grade teacher refused to teach him
01563 public school failed to implement state review panel findings regarding accommodation for child with disability
*42101576 state office for persons with disabilities failed to hire such persons; inaccessible public transportation
01577 state government denied persons with disabilities upper level management jobs
01580 rehabilitation services agency discriminated against employee with reading disability
01581 qualified blind teacher denied job and told that school needed teacher who could also coach football, but school hired sighted person who was not a coach
01584 inaccessible public transportation
01586 inaccessible government office
01587 public school teacher refused to give child with learning disability his grades and said he did not belong in public school
01592 Utah denied mainstream education to child with Down’s Syndrome, though child had been mainstreamed in another State
01595 person with disability involuntarily hospitalized and abused by state university hospital
01613 inaccessible public high school facilities
VERMONT

Page No.

01634 zoning board denied use permit for community mental health center
VIRGINIA

Page No.

01642 student with learning disability misclassified as mentally retarded and deemed ineligible to take drama class at public school
01646 inaccessible buildings at state school for blind and deaf youth
01647 failure to enforce handicapped parking laws
01654 inaccessible restrooms in government buildings; failure to enforce handicapped parking laws
*42201656 state programs for persons with disabilities failed to communicate with deaf people
01660 lack of state institutional care to rehabilitate people with head injuries
01663 inaccessible traffic court
01664 inaccessible public transportation
01667 lack of curb cuts
01668 inaccessible public transportation prevented persons with disabilities from voting
01671 state and local government failed to provide interpretive services for deaf people at meetings
01674 lack of curb cuts outside county courthouse
01675 deaf people denied access to 911 emergency services
01676 inaccessible courthouse
01677 inaccessible public transportation
01678 lack of curb cuts and ramp for access to courthouse
01679 inaccessible county courthouse
01680 inaccessible courthouse and library
01682 inaccessible high school
01683 lack of curb cuts at city’s main intersection
01684 person in wheelchair received ticket for obstructing street traffic even though sidewalks not accessible
01686 inaccessible transportation on state university campus
WASHINGTON

Page No.

01690 deaf people required to pay for interpretive services in court
01692 state government’s lack of TDD deterred deaf people from applying for employment
01694 government office lacked TDD and interpretive services for deaf people
*42301696 state human rights commission lacked staff to pursue case of discrimination against blind person
01706 community college failed to provide interpretive services for deaf students or to assist students with disabilities in other ways
01716 local sheriff’s department discontinued TDD
01717 inaccessible restroom at state ferry terminal
WEST VIRGINIA

Page No.

01742 inaccessible public transportation
01746 sheriff denied person with disability use of elevator in courthouse
01746 law enforcement agencies lacked ability to communicate with deaf people
WISCONSIN

Page No.

01752 public school recreation program refused to provide interpretive services for deaf child
01755 state university hospital and sheriff’s office failed to provide TDD’s or trained personnel
01756 inaccessible polling places
01757 person with disabilities denied admission to graduate study at state university
01758 inaccessible city hall
01759 state offices lacked TDD’s and failed to provide material in braille or on tape
01760 department of motor vehicles revoked person with diabetes’ driver’s license despite doctor’s report
01761 inaccessible public transportation; lack of curb cuts or ramps
01766 department of motor vehicles tried to revoke license of person who used hand controls in car
*42401767 inaccessible polling places
01771 blind and deaf people denied equal access to jury service
WYOMING

Page No.

01773 State lacked telephone relay system for deaf people
01775 inaccessible state buildings
01777 department of motor vehicles denied driver’s license to person with epilepsy
01780 inaccessible buildings at state university
01781 zoning board denied permit for group home for persons with disabilities
01786 person in wheelchair denied marriage license because courthouse was inaccessible