Court Opinion

ID: 9897256
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:09:19.37778+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:15:41.443475
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                        Oct 23 2023, 8:33 am

                                                                              CLERK
                                                                         Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                            Court of Appeals
                                                                              and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                     ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Lisa D. Manning                                            Theodore E. Rokita
Plainfield, Indiana                                        Attorney General of Indiana
                                                           Steven J. Hosler
                                                           Deputy Attorney General
                                                           Indianapolis, Indiana

                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Tyreontay T. Jackson,                                      October 23, 2023
Appellant-Defendant,                                       Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                           22A-CR-2679
        v.                                                 Appeal from the Hendricks Circuit
                                                           Court
State of Indiana,                                          The Honorable Daniel F. Zielinski,
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                        Judge
                                                           Trial Court Cause No.
                                                           32C01-2105-MR-5

                              Opinion by Judge Kenworthy
                       Chief Judge Altice and Judge Vaidik concur.

Kenworthy, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023                             Page 1 of 28
      Case Summary
[1]   On a mid-December afternoon in 2020, Freddie “Duce” Hegwood and Victor

      “VJ” Griffin sat in a parked car in a Brownsburg neighborhood when gunshots

      rang out from a black car passing by. Hegwood was shot and killed. A bullet

      passed through the hood of Griffin’s sweatshirt, but he escaped unharmed and

      told police four men were in the black car. Several months of investigation led

      to the identification of four suspects: Tyreontay Tyrin Jackson, Antonio Lane,

      Kamarion Moody, and Jeremy Perez.

[2]   The State charged Jackson with murder, 1 Level 1 felony attempted murder, 2

      and two counts of Level 5 felony criminal recklessness 3 as an accomplice. 4 The

      State also sought sentencing enhancements for use of a firearm 5 and

      participation in a criminal organization. 6 A jury found Jackson guilty as

      charged for his participation in the shooting, and determined he was subject to

      the criminal organization enhancement. Jackson appeals, claiming the trial

      court erred in admitting certain evidence over his hearsay objection and there

      1
          Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(1) (2018).
      2
          I.C. §§ 35-42-1-1(1) and 35-41-5-1(a) (2014).
      3
          I.C. § 35-42-2-2(a) and (b)(2)(A) (2019).
      4
          I.C. § 35-41-2-4 (1977).
      5
          I.C. § 35-50-2-11(d) (2016).
      6
          I.C. § 35-50-2-15(b) (2016).

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023    Page 2 of 28
      was insufficient evidence to convict him of murder and attempted murder. We

      affirm.

      Facts and Procedural History 7
[3]   This incident arose out of a feud between rival gangs: Davo, a subgroup of the

      Insane Money Gang (“IMG”) and My Brother’s Keeper, a subgroup of the

      Kutthroat Gang (“KTG”). Jackson, Lane, Moody, and Perez, among others,

      were “linked together in numerous social media posts, photographs and videos,

      and conversations[] and music videos on social media and YouTube” and

      identified as IMG/Davo members. Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 27. Hegwood,

      Griffin, and Johnny Alvarado are members of KTG.

[4]   “Davo” is named after David Lowery, an IMG member, who was killed in

      June 2020. Jackson has a tattoo on his arm depicting the name “David” and

      the date “06-07-20.” Ex. Vol. 6 at 146. Lane and Moody have tattoos with

      similar content. Marion McGrew posted a video to his YouTube channel

      featuring Moody, who had “made a name for himself in the city as a very good

      aspiring rapper[,]” Tr. Vol. 3 at 111, performing a tribute to Lowery. The tribute

      includes words to the effect of “ever since you died we been at war with that

      whole side.” Ex. Vol. 7 at 103 (“Davo Story” video). Jackson and Lane, among

      7
        We held oral argument in this case on September 11, 2023, at Gainbridge Fieldhouse in Indianapolis,
      Indiana. We extend our appreciation to Danny Lopez and Pacers Sports and Entertainment for the
      invitation and hospitality. We also thank all those who attended, especially the students from New Palestine
      High School, Charles A. Tindley Accelerated School, Cardinal Ritter High School, Purdue Polytechnic High
      School, Blue River Career Center, Herron High School, and IU McKinney School of Law for their attention
      and insightful questions.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023                            Page 3 of 28
      others, appear in the video. Jackson, Lane, and Moody went to school with

      Lowery, and police theorized they “formed a gang to pursue criminal activity in

      Mr. Lowery’s name” after his death. Tr. Vol. 3 at 130.

[5]   In July 2020, an IMG associate was shot at the Indiana State Fairgrounds.

      Alvarado, driving a car in which Hegwood and Griffin were passengers, was

      stopped leaving the Fairgrounds and Griffin was arrested for possession of two

      handguns. From then until mid-December, members of the two gangs

      exchanged messages over text and posted taunting and threatening content on

      social media. An Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (“IMPD”)

      detective explained it is common for gang members to post rap lyrics and music

      videos on Instagram and Facebook “talking about the other group” or share

      photos “with words on it disrespecting the other group” as a form of “rivalry

      behavior.” Id. at 77. Members display guns, threaten the other group, and

      discuss shootings that have taken place—“it’s just constantly back and forth.”

      Id. at 78.

[6]   On July 2, McGrew posted on Instagram a “taunting” picture of himself and

      Lane outside Griffin’s house. Id. at 165. The image showed McGrew standing

      on the hood of a car in the driveway holding a firearm, and Lane leaning

      against the car holding cash, with the caption: “We taking pictures outside da

      opps[ 8] crib . . . & this his momma’s car[.]” Ex. Vol. 6 at 159. Jackson posted a

      8
          “Opps” means “[o]pposition. Usually, the group that they’re feuding with at the time.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 117.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023                               Page 4 of 28
      video of the same location and car on his Instagram story—although McGrew

      and Lane are not pictured, guns are displayed in the video. At some point

      between the shooting at the Fairgrounds and Hegwood’s death, Moody and

      McGrew posted a music video to YouTube depicting Moody rapping as several

      other people held guns and an image of Alvarado’s head bounced around the

      screen and was placed in an oven. McGrew, Jackson, and Lane appear in the

      video.

[7]   In early November, a group conversation was initiated on Instagram by

      Ramonte Scruggs. Scruggs added Jackson and Moody, among others, to the

      conversation and said, “Duce a deadman on David[.]” Id. at 169. When one

      of the participants responded with a question mark, Scruggs shared the

      following screen shot of text messages he received from Hegwood:

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023     Page 5 of 28
      Id. at 171.

[8]   In late November, Davo members began repeatedly prodding Hegwood to

      share his location. Jackson and Hegwood exchanged many messages over

      approximately a week at the end of November/beginning of December urging

      each other to share their locations. See id. at 172–87 (texts from November 25

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023   Page 6 of 28
       to December 6). Hegwood did share his location several times including on

       December 4 when he was on Homestead Drive in Brownsburg—

       “where [he] used to live[,] literally next-door neighbor from the murder

       location[.]” Tr. Vol. 3 at 204. Beginning on December 6 and continuing into

       December 14, Hegwood exchanged similar messages with Lane. See Ex. Vol. 6

       at 199–213. During that same time, Hegwood and Jackson exchanged calls,

       some answered and some unanswered.

[9]    On December 14, Hegwood recorded an Instagram live video from outside

       Moody’s home saying, “somebody tell Kam come home” with text imposed

       over the image saying, “cut that trip early[.]” Id. at 145. Also on December 14,

       Perez texted Jackson and said, “U still tryn Shoot?” Id. at 238. Jackson did not

       respond via text.

[10]   In the early morning hours of December 15, a video was recorded on Perez’s

       phone of several people—including himself, Jackson, Lane, and Moody—

       standing around a black vehicle armed with AR-15 rifles and handguns.

       Jackson is seen holding an AR-15 that can fire .223-caliber ammunition and a

       magazine loaded with .223-style rounds is displayed. See Tr. Vol. 3 at 227; Ex.

       Vol. 7 at 11.

[11]   Later that day, Hegwood recorded an Instagram live video while driving in

       which he was apparently reading threats being made in the comments, flashed a

       gun, and claimed “he was going to find Davo and beat his ass.” Tr. Vol. 3 at

       192; see Ex. Vol. 6 at 145. That afternoon, Hegwood picked up Griffin and they

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023    Page 7 of 28
       drove to a gas station on 56th Street and Georgetown Road in Indianapolis,

       where they remained for about thirty minutes. While they were there, Jayvon

       Irvin sent a text message to Perez, stating, “follow them it’s only duce an victor

       . . . follow em[.]” Ex. Vol. 6 at 223. Cell phone location data placed Jackson,

       Lane, Moody, and Perez in the area of the gas station around this time.

[12]   When Hegwood and Griffin left the gas station, they drove to a friend’s house

       in the Branches neighborhood in Brownsburg. They arrived shortly before 3:00

       p.m. and parked in front of the friend’s house. Hegwood recorded another

       short Instagram live video of himself and Griffin sitting in the vehicle. At

       around 3:00 p.m., as neighborhood children were exiting the school bus, a black

       car drove by Hegwood’s vehicle and multiple shots rang out. The children ran

       to shelter in an open garage. Several bullets pierced the walls of a nearby

       residence, but no one was home. Both .40-caliber and .223-caliber bullets fired

       from at least three different weapons were recovered from the scene. Hegwood

       sustained four gunshot wounds, including a fatal wound to his head from a .223

       round. See Tr. Vol. 3 at 221. Griffin was unharmed, although a bullet passed

       through the hood of the sweatshirt he was wearing and there was bullet damage

       to the headrest of his seat. He told police there were four men in the black car

       and at least two of them on the driver’s side shot into Hegwood’s vehicle. 9

       9
        After giving this statement at the scene, Griffin stopped cooperating with police and did not appear at
       Jackson’s trial despite being personally served with a subpoena.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023                              Page 8 of 28
[13]   Moody began exchanging text messages with his mother about thirty minutes

       after the shooting. Later that evening, Moody asked his mother to have

       somebody—but not her—“come get This car.” Ex. Vol. 7 at 95. He told her he

       was “at the Stu[ 10] recording” and sent the address. Id. Jackson, Lane, and

       Perez were with Moody at the studio.

[14]   On December 19, Perez texted Jackson and said, “Don’t stay brotha u tweakin

       . . . U was wit us[.]” Ex. Vol. 6 at 239–40. On or around that same day, Lane,

       Moody, and Perez traveled by bus to California. On December 20, Moody sent

       Jackson a message on Instagram saying, “Bitch yu should’ve came wit us . . .

       we goin to La we got ah rental me jerm & ton[.]” Id. at 227. Jackson replied,

       “Shidd I’ll fly whenever yall make it jus get the ticket[.]” Id. Jackson arrived in

       California on December 22.

[15]   While in California, Moody wrote a rap “directly related to Mr. Hegwood and

       what happened to him” and threatening Griffin:

       10
            The “stu” was a recording studio on South Meridian Street in Indianapolis.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023              Page 9 of 28
       Tr. Vol. 4 at 5; Ex. Vol. 7 at 77. These lyrics appeared in the Notes app on

       Moody’s phone, and there was also a video saved in Moody’s phone of him

       performing those lyrics.

[16]   Sergeant Charles Tyree of the Hendricks County Sheriff’s Department was the

       lead detective on Hegwood’s murder. He described a “very in-depth

       investigation” with “massive data collection” over a period of six months. Tr.

       Vol. 3 at 155. During the investigation, police traced the black car to Moody’s

       mother. A search of the car revealed, among other things, shell casings

       matching those found at the scene. Hegwood’s mother permitted police to

       download the contents of Hegwood’s phone. Police also received tips of partial

       names and social media accounts/usernames of people who might be involved.

       Sifting through the data, police were able to make connections between the

       Davo members. The investigation initially focused on Moody, Perez, and

       McGrew because “they were the most active [on social media], . . . posting with

       firearms like constantly.” Id. at 89.

[17]   Jackson was not immediately on the police radar; police had a phone number

       that was communicating with Hegwood in the weeks before his murder, but it

       took some time to connect that phone number to Jackson. Once Jackson was

       identified, analysis of his Instagram account revealed multiple images and

       videos referring to Davo. Jackson was in possession of some type of firearm in

       many images. He appeared in the Davo Story video and in the Alvarado video.

       DNA analysis of a lighter found in the black car provided “very strong support”

       for inclusion of Jackson as a contributor of DNA obtained from it. Tr. Vol. 4 at

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023     Page 10 of 28
       120. Cell phone location data placed Jackson, along with Lane and Moody, in

       the Branches neighborhood around the time of the shooting.

[18]   Jackson, Lane, Moody, and Perez eventually returned to Indiana. Lane moved

       to northern Indiana and was arrested in May 2021. Jackson, Moody, and Perez

       were located at Perez’s girlfriend’s apartment in Speedway and arrested in July

       2021. 11

[19]   Jackson was charged with four counts: murder; attempted murder; and two

       counts of criminal recklessness, one for shooting a firearm into a dwelling and

       one for shooting a firearm “about a place where people are likely to gather[.]”

       Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 21. The State also filed a criminal organization

       enhancement and an enhancement for use of a firearm during the commission

       of the offenses. Following a five-day jury trial in July 2022, the jury returned

       guilty verdicts on all four counts and found the State had proved the criminal

       organization enhancement but not the firearm enhancement. Jackson was

       sentenced to an aggregate term of 143 years. 12 He now appeals his convictions.

       11
         Jackson, Lane, Moody, and Perez were all charged with crimes arising from these events and tried
       separately in Hendricks Circuit Court. Moody and Lane were found guilty in their trials and their
       convictions were affirmed on appeal. See Moody v. State, 22A-CR-2672 (Ind. Ct. App. July 21, 2023) and
       Lane v. State, 22A-CR-275 (Ind. Ct. App. Aug. 30, 2022).
       12
          The sentence is comprised of fifty-five years for murder, enhanced by fifty-five years for the criminal
       organization finding, a consecutive term of thirty years for attempted murder, and three years for each
       criminal recklessness count, to be served concurrently with each other but consecutively to the murder and
       attempted murder sentences.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023                           Page 11 of 28
       No Reversible Error in the Admission of Evidence
[20]   We apply an abuse-of-discretion standard to a trial court’s decision about the

       admissibility of evidence and reverse only if the trial court’s ruling is clearly

       against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances and the error affects a

       party’s substantial rights. McCoy v. State, 193 N.E.3d 387, 390 (Ind. 2022).

       Jackson contends the trial court abused its discretion in admitting five pieces of

       evidence offered by the State: text messages between Hegwood and Scruggs,

       Hegwood and Lane, Irvin and Perez, and Moody and his mother; and Moody’s

       rap in written and spoken form.

       Messages between Hegwood and Scruggs

[21]   Over Jackson’s objection, the trial court admitted an exhibit containing text

       messages between Hegwood and Scruggs that were shared with Jackson and

       others as part of an Instagram group conversation. In the conversation, Scruggs

       wrote, “Duce a deadman on David,” and then attached a screenshot from a text

       conversation with Hegwood in which Hegwood seems to threaten Jackson’s

       daughter. See supra ¶ 7. Jackson objected to the evidence as hearsay. The State

       replied it was not hearsay because it was “in the nature of a threat to [Jackson’s]

       daughter” and was thus a “verbal act” not a statement. Tr. Vol. 3 at 218–19.

       The trial court admitted the messages, explaining: “[Hearsay] has to be an

       assertion, okay? . . . [S]o a threat is not a statement of fact it’s a threat and so I

       think that falls outside of what normally would be considered an assertion[.]”

       Id. at 220.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023         Page 12 of 28
[22]   “Hearsay” is a statement offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter

       asserted. Ind. Evidence Rule 801(c)(2). In turn, a “statement” is defined, in

       part, as an oral or written assertion. Evid. R. 801(a). If the challenged

       statement does not assert a fact susceptible of being true or false, “it cannot be

       hearsay.” Craig v. State, 630 N.E.2d 207, 211 (Ind. 1994). Further, if the

       statement is “offered to prove the fact of the utterance and not offered to prove

       the truth of the facts asserted, then there is no hearsay problem. . . . It is not

       hearsay at all.” Indianapolis Newspapers, Inc. v. Fields, 259 N.E.2d 651, 674 (Ind.

       1970); see also United States v. Robinzine, 80 F.3d 246, 252 (7th Cir. 1996) (noting

       challenged testimony was non-hearsay because the “significance of the words

       was that they were said (i.e., that a ‘verbal act’ occurred) . . ., not the truth-value

       of what was said”).

[23]   Jackson contends the trial court abused its discretion in admitting these

       messages because “threats are hearsay when the threatening statement is being

       offered for the truth of the matter asserted.” Appellant’s Br. at 16. Although the

       general proposition that statements are hearsay when they are offered for the

       truth of the matter asserted is correct, Jackson does not analyze the threats

       contained in Hegwood’s messages to show they were offered for that purpose.

[24]   To the contrary, these messages were not offered to prove the truth of

       Hegwood’s statements but for their effect on Jackson and as an explanation of

       his subsequent conduct. Hegwood’s statements contain no assertions of fact,

       and the messages were used to prove only that the statements were made and

       communicated to Jackson. See Phillips v. State, 25 N.E.3d 1284, 1288–89 (Ind.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023        Page 13 of 28
       Ct. App. 2015) (holding statements contained on warning labels attached to a

       crib were offered in the defendant’s trial for reckless homicide to “establish

       what information was presented and available to [the defendant] . . . and her

       resultant state of mind” while caring for a child, and so the statements were not

       hearsay); see also United States v. Thomas, 86 F.3d 647, 654 n.12 (7th Cir. 1996)

       (noting evidence of threats to witnesses was “offered as the fact of an assertion

       and not as [an] assertion of fact” and were therefore not hearsay) (quoting

       United States v. Garza, 754 F.2d 1202, 1206 (5th Cir. 1985)), cert. denied.

[25]   The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting these statements over

       Jackson’s hearsay objection because they were not hearsay.

       Messages between Hegwood and Lane; Irvin and Perez; and Moody and His
       Mother

[26]   Again over Jackson’s hearsay objection, the trial court admitted three separate

       text message conversations as non-hearsay statements made by Jackson’s co-

       conspirators during and in furtherance of a conspiracy pursuant to Indiana

       Evidence Rule 801(d)(2)(E).

[27]   First, the State offered into evidence text messages that generally show

       Hegwood and Lane urging each other to share their location data in the two

       weeks before Hegwood’s murder. Jackson objected, alleging the State had

       failed to show an agreement between Jackson and Lane to engage in criminal

       activity sufficient to allow admission of Lane’s messages as a statement of a co-

       conspirator. The State countered that it had presented “extensive” testimony,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023      Page 14 of 28
       photos, and videos showing Jackson’s “conspiracy associations” with Lane,

       Moody, and Perez. Tr. Vol. 3 at 206. The trial court agreed with the State,

       finding a “prima facie foundation” for the admission of the messages as a

       statement of a co-conspirator in furtherance of a conspiracy. Id. at 207.

[28]   Second, the State offered text messages in which Irvin tells Perez to follow

       Hegwood and Griffin thirty minutes before the shooting. The State offered

       these messages to explain Jackson, Lane, Moody, and Perez’s movement to the

       Branches neighborhood in furtherance of the conspiracy. And the State

       asserted Irvin, although uncharged, was “part of this conspiracy.” Id. at 233.

       The trial court accepted the State’s assertion and admitted the messages.

[29]   And third, the State offered text messages between Moody and his mother

       beginning about half an hour after the shooting in which Moody asks his

       mother to “have somebody come get This car.” Ex. Vol. 7 at 95. The

       investigation revealed the black car the shooters were driving in the Branches

       neighborhood was registered to Moody’s mother. The court admitted the

       evidence as a statement by Moody in furtherance of the conspiracy—an attempt

       to dispose of or distance himself from the car used in the crime.

[30]   Jackson claims the trial court abused its discretion in admitting these exhibits

       because it “permitted the State to open the floodgates of hearsay evidence under

       the simple assertion that there was a conspiracy” without requiring independent

       proof of an agreement between Jackson and the others to commit or attempt to

       commit murder. Appellant’s Br. at 20. The State argues it sufficiently proved

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023    Page 15 of 28
       “that each individual making the contested statements was involved in the

       conspiracy and made the statements in furtherance of the conspiracy or that the

       statement provided context for one of Jackson’s co-conspirators.” Appellee’s Br.

       at 13. The State also argues some of the evidence was admissible for a purpose

       other than the truth of the matter asserted. Finally, the State argues if there was

       error, it was harmless.

[31]   A statement made by a co-conspirator “during and in furtherance of the

       conspiracy” is not hearsay. Evid. R. 801(d)(2)(E). A statement is made during

       the conspiracy if it is “made between the beginning and ending of the

       conspiracy.” Houser v. State, 661 N.E.2d 1213, 1219 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans.

       denied. A statement is in furtherance of a conspiracy when it is “designed to

       promote or facilitate achievement of the goals of the ongoing conspiracy.”

       Leslie v. State, 670 N.E.2d 898, 901 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (quoting United States v.

       Tracy, 12 F.3d 1186, 1196 (2nd Cir. 1993)), trans. denied.

[32]   For a statement to be admitted under this rule, there must be independent

       evidence of a conspiracy; that is, the State must establish a conspiracy exists

       without using the statement at issue. See Barber v. State, 715 N.E.2d 848, 852

       (Ind. 1999). If the trial court determines by a preponderance of the evidence

       that the declarant and the defendant were involved in a conspiracy and the

       statement was made during and in furtherance of that conspiracy, it is

       admissible “under the firmly-established co-conspirator exception[.]” Wright v.

       State, 690 N.E.2d 1098, 1105 (Ind. 1997). “[S]tatements that occur during the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023     Page 16 of 28
       course of and in furtherance of the conspiracy can take many forms[.]” Id.

       (internal quotation marks omitted).

[33]   The existence of a conspiracy may be shown by direct or circumstantial

       evidence and “the evidence need not be strong.” Id. The State does not have to

       prove the existence of an express formal agreement; “[i]t is sufficient if the

       minds of the parties meet understandingly to bring about an intelligent and

       deliberate agreement to commit the offense.” Porter v. State, 715 N.E.2d 868,

       870–71 (Ind. 1999) (quoting Williams v. State, 409 N.E.2d 571, 573 (Ind. 1980)).

       Evidence of a “mere relationship or association” with the alleged co-conspirator

       is insufficient standing alone to establish a conspiracy, but a conspiracy “may

       be inferred from acts of the parties in pursuance of an apparent criminal

       purpose they have in common.” Williams, 409 N.E.2d at 573.

[34]   Prior to offering any of the challenged statements as non-hearsay statements of

       a co-conspirator, the State presented testimony about typical gang behavior and

       the analysis of common “symbology,” hashtags, and color schemes to identify

       “individuals [who] know each other, . . . relate with each other, . . . all hang out

       with each other.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 104. An IMPD intelligence analyst testified to

       his review of open sources of information—primarily Facebook and

       Instagram—to connect Jackson, Lane, Moody, Perez, McGrew, and Scruggs as

       “individuals [who] know each other, they frequent with each other, they are all

       associates of one another[,] . . . they’re all involved in the same sort of

       enterprises together.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 126. The State had presented evidence about

       Lowery’s death, the Fairgrounds shooting, and the ensuing feud between Davo

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023          Page 17 of 28
       and KTG. Taunting videos and images shared by members of Davo directed at

       members of KTG and by Hegwood directed at Moody and Davo had been

       introduced into evidence. The State also showed Jackson had participated in

       the Davo Story and Alvarado music videos with Moody, McGrew, and Lane

       and communicated with Hegwood in the weeks before Hegwood’s murder.

       And the State had introduced evidence connecting Moody with the black car

       driven by the shooters and offered a list of phone numbers found in Perez’s

       house that included Moody’s and Irvin’s numbers.

[35]   The bar for admitting a statement under Rule 801(d)(2)(E) is relatively low—

       the trial court only needs to determine the State has proved by a preponderance

       of the evidence the existence of a conspiracy between the declarant and the

       defendant 13 and that the statement was made during and in furtherance of this

       conspiracy. Barber, 715 N.E.2d at 852. Despite Jackson’s argument to the

       contrary, by the time the challenged exhibits were offered, there was sufficient

       circumstantial evidence before the trial court to establish a common criminal

       purpose from which a conspiracy could be inferred between Jackson and the

       other identified Davo members directed at KTG members. Further, there was

       sufficient evidence the challenged statements were made during and in

       13
         Our Supreme Court has observed that, like Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E), our rule “applies not
       only to conspiracies but also to joint ventures, and . . . a charge of criminal conspiracy is not required to
       invoke” the rule. Francis v. State, 758 N.E.2d 528, 533 n.5 (Ind. 2001) (quoting United States v. Kelley, 864
       F.2d 569, 573 (7th Cir. 1989), cert. denied).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023                              Page 18 of 28
       furtherance of the conspiracy. The statements by Lane, Perez, and Moody

       were admissible as non-hearsay statements by co-conspirators.

[36]   To the extent Irvin’s participation in the conspiracy is tenuous without

       considering the challenged evidence, we agree with the State that the pertinent

       message—“follow them it’s only duce an victor”—was not hearsay. “Follow

       them” is a command with no factual content and therefore is not hearsay as it is

       not an assertion of fact capable of being true or false. See Powell v. State, 714

       N.E.2d 624, 628 (Ind. 1999) (stating commands or questions with no factual

       content “clearly are not assertions”). And the rest of the statement was not

       offered for the truth of the matter asserted—that Hegwood and Griffin were

       alone in a car—but to explain why Jackson and the others went to the Branches

       neighborhood that fateful day. Thus, even if the messages between Perez and

       Irvin should not have been admitted as statements of co-conspirators, the trial

       court did not err in admitting them.

[37]   As for the texts between Moody and his mother, the State did not assert at trial

       nor does it allege on appeal that Moody’s mother was part of the conspiracy

       such that her statements would be admissible under Rule 801(d)(2)(E). Instead,

       the State argues her part of the conversation was not admitted for the truth of

       the matters asserted, but only to provide context for Moody’s statements, which

       were properly admitted. Statements that provide context for other admissible

       statements are not hearsay because they are not offered for their truth. Williams

       v. State, 930 N.E.2d 602, 609 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. In addressing

       the admission of conversations between a defendant and a confidential

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023       Page 19 of 28
       informant over a hearsay objection, our Supreme Court observed the

       informant’s statements were not hearsay because the informant’s side of the

       conversation was not admitted for the truth of the matters asserted—“[i]t was

       the statements made by [the defendant] that really constituted the evidentiary

       weight of the conversation.” Williams v. State, 669 N.E.2d 956, 958 (Ind. 1996).

       Here, too, it was the statements by Moody about the car that carry the

       evidentiary weight in those messages, and his mother’s contributions to the

       conversation merely placed Moody’s statements in context.

[38]   But even if the trial court erred in admitting any of these three sets of messages,

       Jackson would not be entitled to reversal of his convictions on that basis.

       Appellate Rule 66(A) states:

               No error or defect in any ruling or order or in anything done or
               omitted by the trial court . . . is ground for granting relief or
               reversal on appeal where its probable impact, in light of all the
               evidence in the case, is sufficiently minor so as not to affect the
               substantial rights of the parties.

       “[T]he party seeking relief bears the burden of demonstrating how, in light of all

       the evidence in the case, the error’s probable impact undermines confidence in

       the outcome of the proceeding below.” Hayko v. State, 211 N.E.3d 483, 492

       (Ind. 2023).

[39]   Here, the challenged evidence does not directly implicate Jackson in the

       shooting. Although the messages help to explain the course of the Davo

       group’s conduct in general, Jackson is not specifically mentioned in any of the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023          Page 20 of 28
       text messages between Lane and Hegwood, between Irvin and Perez, or

       between Moody and his mother. Over the course of a five-day trial with nearly

       200 exhibits, the State presented ample other evidence connecting Jackson to

       the shooting. The “basic premise” of harmless error is that “a conviction may

       stand when the error had no bearing on the outcome of the case.” Durden v.

       State, 99 N.E.3d 645, 652 (Ind. 2018). Because none of the pieces of challenged

       evidence, individually or cumulatively, had a direct bearing on Jackson’s guilt

       or innocence, the probable impact of these three exhibits on the jury was

       sufficiently minor as to not affect his substantial rights, and Jackson does not

       argue otherwise. If the admission of any of the exhibits was erroneous, it was

       harmless error.

       Moody’s rap song

[40]   Finally, the trial court admitted rap lyrics written and performed by Moody as

       statements of a co-conspirator over Jackson’s hearsay objection. Jackson

       alleges the trial court erred because there was no evidence the lyrics were

       written “in furtherance of a conspiracy to commit a crime already completed

       such that this evidence was not hearsay” or that Jackson was involved with the

       song’s creation or knew about the song. Appellant’s Br. at 21.

[41]   As discussed above, the State had sufficiently established a conspiracy existed

       between Jackson and Moody. Yet, to admit a statement pursuant to Rule

       801(d)(2)(E), the statement must also be made during and in furtherance of the

       conspiracy. A statement is in furtherance of a conspiracy when it is “designed

       to promote or facilitate achievement of the goals of the ongoing conspiracy.”
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023     Page 21 of 28
       Leslie, 670 N.E.2d at 901. Generally, statements that are in furtherance of a

       conspiracy are intended to “set in motion transactions that [are] an integral

       part” of the conspiracy, United States v. Fielding, 645 F.2d 719, 726 (9th Cir.

       1981) (quotation omitted), obtain the confidence or allay the suspicions of a co-

       conspirator, United States v. Miller, 664 F.2d 94, 98 (5th Cir. 1981), cert. denied, or

       induce another to join, cooperate, or assist the conspiracy, see Williams v. State,

       815 S.W.2d 743, 745–46 (Tex. App. 1991) (collecting federal cases on the “in

       furtherance of” requirement). 14 Statements which are “puffing” or mere boasts

       are not in furtherance of a conspiracy unless they are used for one of those

       purposes. See Miller, 664 F.2d at 98. Likewise, statements that “represent ‘mere

       idle chatter’ or which are mere narratives of past conduct are not in furtherance

       of the conspiracy[.]” United States v. Cornett, 195 F.3d 776, 783 (5th Cir. 1999);

       see 2 Wharton’s Criminal Evidence § 6:18 (15th ed.) (“Statements consisting of

       narratives of past activities or statements that are mere ‘puffing’ or ‘idle chatter’

       are not in furtherance of the conspiracy and should not be admitted.”).

[42]   Moody’s rap should not have been admitted under Rule 801(d)(2)(E) because it

       was not a statement made in furtherance of the conspiracy. One, the video and

       the written lyrics were both found on Moody’s cellphone and there is no

       evidence the rap was shared with anyone. For that reason alone, it could not

       14
         Our Supreme Court has observed Indiana Evidence Rule 801(d)(2)(E) is a “mirror image” of Federal
       Evidence Rule 801(d)(2)(E) and therefore, “it is appropriate for us to consider and rely upon” cases from
       other jurisdictions interpreting the same rule. Wright, 690 N.E.2d at 1105 n.7 (Ind. 1997) (citing Yamobi v.
       State, 672 N.E.2d 1344, 1347 & n.4 (Ind. 1996)).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023                              Page 22 of 28
       have furthered the conspiracy because it was not an apparent attempt to induce

       anyone to participate in the conspiracy, provide information or directions for

       carrying it out, or obtain anyone’s confidence. And two, the rap is at most a

       boast and/or a narrative about past activities. Although not specifically

       referencing Moody’s rap, an IMPD intelligence analyst testified it was common

       for gang members to make songs claiming responsibility for crimes as “almost a

       notoriety kind of like a boastful attitude.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 106. Such is the case

       here. Although the rap could have been admitted in a criminal trial of Moody,

       it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to admit it in Jackson’s trial.

[43]   However, as above, any error in admitting the written and spoken lyrics was

       harmless because the rap, to the extent it is intended to claim responsibility for

       the shooting, does not implicate Jackson. Thus, the probable impact of this

       evidence on the jury in Jackson’s trial was sufficiently minor as to not affect his

       substantial rights, and again, Jackson does not argue otherwise.

       Jackson’s Convictions are Supported by Sufficient Evidence
[44]   A sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim warrants a “deferential standard of

       appellate review, in which we ‘neither reweigh the evidence nor judge witness

       credibility[.]’” Owen v. State, 210 N.E.3d 256, 264 (Ind. 2023) (quoting Brantley

       v. State, 91 N.E.3d 566, 570 (Ind. 2018), cert. denied). Those matters are reserved

       to the province of the jury. Brantley, 91 N.E.3d at 570. We consider “only

       probative evidence and reasonable inferences that support the judgment of the

       trier of fact” and will affirm the conviction “unless no reasonable fact-finder

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023       Page 23 of 28
       could find the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Hall

       v. State, 177 N.E.3d 1183, 1191 (Ind. 2021). It is “not necessary that the

       evidence ‘overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.’” Drane v. State,

       867 N.E.2d 144, 147 (Ind. 2007) (quoting Moore v. State, 652 N.E.2d 53, 55

       (Ind. 1995)).

       Murder

[45]   Jackson was charged with Hegwood’s murder under a theory of accomplice

       liability. The accomplice liability statute permits a defendant to be found guilty

       as an accomplice without proof the defendant committed every element of the

       crime when the defendant “knowingly or intentionally aids, induces, or causes

       another person to commit an offense.” I.C. § 35-41-2-4. “There is no bright

       line rule in determining accomplice liability; the particular facts and

       circumstances of each case determine whether a person was an accomplice.”

       Vitek v. State, 750 N.E.2d 346, 353 (Ind. 2001).

[46]   We consider four factors to determine whether a defendant acted as an

       accomplice: “(1) presence at the scene of the crime; (2) companionship with

       another engaged in criminal activity; (3) failure to oppose the crime; and (4) a

       defendant’s conduct before, during, and after the occurrence of the crime.”

       Garland v. State, 788 N.E.2d 425, 431 (Ind. 2003). A defendant’s mere presence

       is not enough to show participation in the commission of a crime, but presence

       may be considered along with the other factors tending to show participation.

       Grinstead v. State, 845 N.E.2d 1027, 1036 (Ind. 2006). Jackson contends the

       State proved only that he was present during the commission of the crime,
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023      Page 24 of 28
       which he argues is insufficient to support his conviction as an accomplice to

       murder.

[47]   The evidence most favorable to a conviction shows Jackson was involved with

       other members of the Davo gang in an ongoing dispute with Hegwood and

       KTG members. He attempted multiple times in the month before the murder to

       learn Hegwood’s location and was asked the day before the shooting, “U still

       tryn Shoot?” Ex. Vol. 6 at 238. Jackson was armed and with Davo gang

       members including Lane, Moody, and Perez twelve hours before the shooting,

       was in the car used in the shooting at some point; and—according to cell phone

       data—was present in the Branches neighborhood at the time of the shooting, in

       close proximity to Moody and Lane. Griffin told police after the shooting there

       were four black males in the car from which the shots were fired. Multiple

       bullets fired from more than one weapon were found at the scene, including

       bullets from the caliber gun Jackson was recorded holding just hours before the

       shooting. Far from opposing the crime, Jackson was an active participant in

       the events leading up to it and continued to associate with Davo members after

       the crime, following them to California.

[48]   Thus, Jackson was present at the scene of the crime; an abundance of evidence

       shows Jackson’s companionship with other members of the Davo gang; nothing

       suggests Jackson opposed shooting Hegwood; and Jackson’s participation

       before, presence during, and actions after the crime all tend to show his

       complicity. Based on this evidence, the jury could have concluded beyond a

       reasonable doubt that Jackson, Lane, Moody, and Perez were present at the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023    Page 25 of 28
       crime scene and Jackson was at least an accomplice to Hegwood’s murder.

       Jackson’s argument is essentially a request that we reweigh the evidence in his

       favor, a request we will not grant. See Owen, 210 N.E.3d at 264. The evidence

       and inferences favoring the verdict here are sufficient to support Jackson’s

       conviction.

       Attempted Murder

[49]   Jackson was also charged with aiding, inducing, or causing the attempted

       murder of Griffin. The crime of attempted murder is subject to a special rule:

       “[a] conviction for attempted murder requires proof of a specific intent to kill.”

       Henley v. State, 881 N.E.2d 639, 652 (Ind. 2008); see Rosales v. State, 23 N.E.3d 8,

       12 (Ind. 2015) (explaining attempted murder is “singled out . . . for special

       treatment” because of “the stringent penalties for attempted murder and the

       ambiguity often involved in its proof”) (quoting Hopkins v. State, 759 N.E.2d

       633, 637 (Ind. 2001)). To convict a defendant of aiding an attempted murder,

       the State must prove:

               (1) that the [principal], acting with the specific intent to kill, took
               a substantial step toward the commission of murder, and (2) that
               the defendant, acting with the specific intent that the killing
               occur, knowingly or intentionally aided, induced, or caused the
               [principal] to commit the crime of attempted murder.

       Bethel v. State, 730 N.E.2d 1242, 1246 (Ind. 2000). Mere presence during the

       commission of the crime is insufficient under a theory of accomplice liability.

       Ellis v. State, 67 N.E.3d 643, 650 (Ind. 2017). Jackson contends the State failed

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023         Page 26 of 28
       to present any evidence he had the specific intent for Griffin to be killed or

       aided, induced, or caused anyone to attempt to kill Griffin.

[50]   On the day an IMG member was shot at the fairgrounds, Griffin was found in

       possession of firearms near that location. Griffin was a target of some of the

       Davo gang’s harassment prior to the shooting—McGrew posted a picture of

       himself and Lane holding firearms in Griffin’s driveway and Jackson shared a

       video from the same location. When the Davo gang went to the Branches

       neighborhood on December 15, they believed Hegwood and Griffin were

       together—Irvin had told Perez “it’s only duce an victor” one-half hour before

       the shooting and Hegwood had recently recorded a live video showing Griffin

       in the car with him. A reasonable inference is that when Jackson, Lane,

       Moody, and Perez went to the Branches neighborhood and opened fire on

       Hegwood’s vehicle, they each had the specific intent to kill both occupants and

       each aided the others in the attempt to do so. Although Griffin was not hit by

       gunfire, a bullet went through the hood of his sweatshirt and damaged the

       headrest of his seat. The deliberate firing of a gun in the direction of an

       individual is substantial evidence from which a jury may infer intent to kill.

       Henley, 881 N.E.2d at 652. Again, Jackson’s argument is essentially a request

       that we reweigh the evidence, and again, we decline to grant that request. The

       evidence and reasonable inferences from the evidence support the jury’s verdict.

       Conclusion
[51]   The trial court did not commit reversible error in admitting several exhibits over

       Jackson’s hearsay objection and sufficient evidence supports Jackson’s
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023     Page 27 of 28
       convictions of murder and attempted murder. Accordingly, Jackson’s

       convictions are affirmed.

[52]   Affirmed.

       Altice, C.J., and Vaidik, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-CR-2679 | October 23, 2023   Page 28 of 28