Court Opinion

ID: 4635310
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-23 08:01:13.761275+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:22.014286
License: Public Domain

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
            C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                       ________________________

                           No. ACM 39673
                       ________________________

                          UNITED STATES
                              Appellee
                                   v.
                        James A. AUMONT
            Senior Airman (E-4), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                       ________________________

       Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary

                      Decided 20 November 2020
                       ________________________

Military Judge: Wesley A. Braun.
Sentence: Sentence adjudged 15 January 2019 by GCM convened at
Hurlburt Field, Florida. Sentence entered by military judge on 25 Feb-
ruary 2019: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 8 months, and re-
duction to E-1.
For Appellant: Major Rodrigo M. Caruço, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Matthew J. Neil, USAF; Lieutenant
Colonel G. Matt Osborn, USAF; Major Jessica L. Delaney, USAF; Mary
Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before THE COURT EN BANC.
Judge ANNEXSTAD delivered the opinion of the court, in which Judge
RICHARDSON and Judge MEGINLEY joined. Senior Judge LEWIS
filed a separate opinion concurring in part and in the result, in which
Judge D. JOHNSON joined. Senior Judge POSCH filed a separate opin-
ion concurring in part and in the result. Chief Judge J. JOHNSON filed
a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, in which
Senior Judge MINK, Judge KEY, and Judge CADOTTE joined.
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

                            ________________________

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
                            ________________________

ANNEXSTAD, Judge:
    A military judge sitting alone as a general court-martial convicted Appel-
lant, in accordance with his pleas and pursuant to a pretrial agreement (PTA),
of one specification of attempting to commit a lewd act on a person he believed
to be a child under 16 years of age by intentionally exposing his genitalia on
divers occasions, and one specification of attempting to commit a lewd act on a
person he believed to be a child under 16 years of age by intentionally com-
municating indecent language on divers occasions, both in violation of Article
80, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 880. 1 Appellant was
sentenced to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for eight months, and re-
duction to the grade of E-1. The PTA had no effect on the adjudged sentence.
    On 8 February 2019, the convening authority signed a “Decision on Action”
memorandum in Appellant’s case. Paragraph 1 of the convening authority’s
decision memorandum states the convening authority takes “no action in the
case of United States v. [Senior Airman] James M. Aumont.” The convening
authority’s decision memorandum also noted that he consulted with his staff
judge advocate and denied Appellant’s request for a 30-day deferment of man-
datory forfeitures under Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1103. On 14 Febru-
ary 2019, Appellant acknowledged receipt of the convening authority’s deci-
sion. Appellant did not file a motion under R.C.M. 1104(b)(2)(B) that affords
the Appellant the opportunity to address any potential errors in the action of
the convening authority.
   On 25 February 2019, the military judge signed an entry of judgment (EoJ).
The EoJ lists the sentence as a dishonorable discharge, confinement for eight
months, and reduction to the grade of E-1. It further states that on 8 February
2019, the convening authority “took no action in this case.” Additionally, the
military judge noted in the EoJ that the findings and sentence reflect “all post-

1 Reference to the punitive article is to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
(2016 ed.) (2016 MCM); all other references to the Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ) and Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) are to the Manual for Courts-Martial,
United States (2019 ed.) (2019 MCM).

                                          2
                United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

trial actions by the convening authority and all judicial post-trial rulings, or-
ders or other determinations, are hereby entered into the record and reflect the
judgment of this court-martial.”
    On 23 August 2019, Appellant raised one issue for appeal pursuant to
United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982): whether Appellant is
entitled to sentence relief because of impermissible conditions of post-trial con-
finement in violation of Articles 12 and 55, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 812, 855, and
the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 2 We also consider
two additional issues, not raised by Appellant, identified during this court’s
Article 66(d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(d) review: whether the convening author-
ity’s decision memorandum contains error when the convening authority took
“no action” on the sentence and Appellant was convicted of an offense commit-
ted prior to 1 January 2019; and whether Appellant is entitled to relief for
facially unreasonable appellate delay in accordance with United States v.
Moreno, 63 M.J. 129 (C.A.A.F. 2006). We find Appellant’s convictions both le-
gally and factually sufficient, and no error materially prejudicial to the sub-
stantial rights of Appellant occurred. We affirm the findings and sentence.

                                I. BACKGROUND
    On 6 January 2018, an Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI)
Special Agent (SA) operated online in an undercover capacity as a 14-year-old
female. The SA used a fictitious personality known as “Molly Turner,” and
placed an advertisement on the “Craigslist” advertising website in the “Casual
Encounters – w4m” 3 section. In order to place the advertisement, the SA
acknowledged that the person making the post was over 18 years old. On 6
January 2018, Appellant sent a response, via email, to the advertisement
posted by the SA who was posing as the fictitious “Molly Turner.” At some point
on 6 January 2018, the conversation between Appellant and the SA moved to
“Kik,” a commercial messaging application. During the conversation the SA
informed Appellant that he was a girl named “Molly” who was 14, almost 15
years old. On several occasions between 6 January 2018 and 7 January 2018,
Appellant sent the person he believed to be “Molly” photographs of his exposed
genitalia and two videos of him masturbating. Additionally, on several occa-
sions between 6 January 2018 and 15 January 2018, Appellant communicated
indecent language to the person he believed to be “Molly.” These communica-
tions captured in email and via the “Kik” messaging application, to include the

2   U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.
3In his guilty plea inquiry, Appellant testified that “w4m” is short for “woman for
man.”

                                        3
             United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

photographs and videos, formed the basis for the charge and specifications at
trial.
    After Appellant’s trial on 15 January 2019, he was inprocessed at the Oka-
loosa County Department of Corrections in Crestview, Florida. Appellant was
confined at the Okaloosa County Department of Corrections from 15 January
2019 to 19 April 2019 at which time he was transferred to a military confine-
ment facility.
    On 23 January 2019, Appellant’s trial defense counsel (TDC) submitted a
petition for clemency to the convening authority requesting a “moderate
amount of clemency.” Specifically, TDC requested the convening authority de-
fer the mandatory forfeitures of pay for a period of 30 days. Additionally, in
this request TDC briefly mentioned that the conditions at the Okaloosa County
Department of Corrections were “less than ideal—certainly far below the
standards of any military corrections facility.” No specific deficiencies of the
confinement facility were raised and no specific relief was requested regarding
Appellant’s confinement. A personal statement from Appellant was included
as part of the clemency request. In the personal statement, Appellant re-
quested the convening authority approve a bad-conduct discharge instead of a
dishonorable discharge. Appellant’s personal statement did not raise any issue
with the confinement facility.
                                II. DISCUSSION
A. Post-trial Confinement Conditions
   1. Additional Background
    On appeal, Appellant submitted a declaration to this court. In the declara-
tion, Appellant contends the conditions of his confinement at the Okaloosa
County Department of Corrections warrant relief. Appellant stated he spent
approximately the first 12 days of his confinement in administrative segrega-
tion with one other inmate in his cell. He further stated he was then moved to
general population where he was housed with two other inmates in the same
cell. During his time in general population, Appellant stated he was threatened
with physical violence by a fellow inmate. Appellant then stated he informed a
guard that he feared for his life and was eventually moved back to administra-
tive segregation before being placed in a smaller section of general population
where the facility housed inmates convicted of felonies, including violent
crimes. Finally, Appellant states that during his time in confinement he re-
peatedly asked corrections officers for toiletries and toilet paper and that no
toiletries or toilet paper were ever provided.
    Appellant contends that he is entitled to relief due to the fact that he was
intentionally removed from segregation and placed in general population in

                                       4
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

immediate association with foreign nationals who were not members of the
armed forces, in direct violation of Article 12, UCMJ. 4 Additionally, Appellant
argues that he is entitled to relief because he was physically threatened with
harm by another inmate, and that the detention staff willfully failed to provide
basic necessities, specifically toiletries and toilet paper, in violation of the
Eighth Amendment and Article 55, UCMJ. Finally, Appellant argues that even
if he did not exhaust his administrative remedies that relief can still be pro-
vided in unusual or egregious circumstances.
    In response to Appellant’s assignment of error, the Government obtained a
declaration from TM, the Inmate Program and Accreditation Manager for Oka-
loosa County. In the declaration, TM advised that her management duties in-
cluded the Okaloosa County Department of Corrections facility where Appel-
lant was detained. TM confirmed that Appellant had notified the classification
staff that another inmate had threatened him. TM also stated that as a stand-
ard protocol, Appellant was encouraged to identify the inmate making threats,
but Appellant did not identify the inmate. TM further stated Appellant, due to
his housing concerns, was moved in a “timely and proper manner” on his word
to another housing section. TM stated that all personnel at the confinement
facility followed proper procedures. Regarding Appellant’s allegations that he
was denied toiletries and toilet paper, TM explained that toiletries are rou-
tinely distributed twice per week and that corrections officers are instructed to
provide toilet paper whenever an inmate asks, regardless of whether the re-
quest is formally submitted. TM stated that official records do not indicate that
Appellant submitted any formal requests for toiletries or toilet paper and that
any verbal requests he made to the confinement staff were handled as “swiftly
as practicable.”
    The Government argues that Appellant’s claim under the Eighth Amend-
ment and Article 55, UCMJ, fails under United States v. Lovett, 63 M.J. 211,
215 (C.A.A.F. 2006), and that Appellant’s claim under Article 12, UCMJ, fails
because Appellant produced no evidence that he was housed with foreign na-
tionals who were not members of the armed services and that he failed to ex-
haust the administrative procedures available to him. Finally, the Government
responds that Appellant has produced no evidence of unusual or compelling

4 Appellant’s Grostefon brief cites the version of Article 12 in the 2016 MCM. Because
Appellant’s confinement began in 2019, the version of Article 12 in the 2019 MCM is
applicable in this case and states that “[n]o member of the armed forces may be placed
in confinement in immediate association with—(1) enemy prisoners; or (2) other indi-
viduals—(A) who are detained under the law of war and are foreign nationals; and (B)
who are not members of the armed forces."

                                          5
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

circumstances that warrant application of this court’s authority to grant sen-
tence relief under Article 66(d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(d).
   We agree with the Government that Appellant has provided no evidence
that he was housed with foreign nationals or that the general population in-
cluded foreign nationals. 5 Therefore, we find it unnecessary to discuss any pur-
ported violation of Article 12, UCMJ.
    2. Law
    As an initial matter, we considered the declarations from both Appellant
and TM to resolve Appellant’s claims under the Eighth Amendment and Article
55, UCMJ. See United States v. Jessie, 79 M.J. 437, 444–45 (C.A.A.F. 2020).
Additionally, because Appellant generally raised his conditions in confinement
in his clemency matters, we also considered both declarations in determining
whether we should exercise our Article 66(d), UCMJ, authority to provide “ap-
propriate” sentence relief and whether Appellant’s post-trial confinement con-
ditions made his sentence “inappropriately severe.” See United States v. Cink,
No. ACM 39594, 2020 CCA LEXIS 208, at *18–20 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 12 Jun.
2020) (unpub. op.); United States v. Macaluso, No. ACM S32556, 2020 CCA
LEXIS 171, at *8 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 27 May 2020) (unpub. op.).
    To the extent there are contradictions between Appellant’s declaration and
TM’s declaration, we considered whether a post-trial evidentiary hearing was
required to resolve a factual dispute. See United States v. Ginn, 47 M.J. 236,
248 (C.A.A.F. 1997); United States v. Dubay, 37 C.M.R. 411, 413 (C.M.A. 1967)
(per curiam). We are convinced such a hearing is unnecessary. Even if we re-
solve any contradictions in Appellant’s favor, the alleged conditions would not
result in our granting relief. See Ginn, 47 M.J. at 248.
    We review de novo whether an appellant has been subjected to impermis-
sible post-trial confinement conditions in violation of the Eighth Amendment
or Article 55, UCMJ. United States v. Wise, 64 M.J. 468, 473 (C.A.A.F. 2007)
(citing United States v. White, 54 M.J. 469, 471 (C.A.A.F. 2001)). “A service-
member is entitled, both by statute and the Eighth Amendment, to protection
against cruel and usual punishment.” United States v. Avila, 53 M.J. 99, 101
(C.A.A.F. 2000) (citations omitted). In general, we apply “the [United States]
Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Eighth Amendment to claims raised un-
der Article 55, except in circumstances where . . . legislative intent to provide

5 Appellant’s counsel raised in the Appendix of its merits brief an argument that Ap-
pellant was placed in confinement in immediate association with foreign nationals who
were not members of the armed forces. Appellant did not state this in his declaration
and the record contains no evidence to support the fact that Appellant was housed with
foreign nationals who were not members of the armed forces.

                                          6
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

greater protections under [Article 55]” is apparent. Id. (citation omitted).
“[T]he Eighth Amendment prohibits two types of punishments: (1) those ‘in-
compatible with the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a
maturing society’ or (2) those ‘which involve the unnecessary and wanton in-
fliction of pain.’” Lovett, 63 M.J. at 215 (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97,
102–03 (1976)).
    The Supreme Court has held that the Eighth Amendment “‘does not man-
date comfortable prisons,’ . . . but neither does it permit inhumane ones.”
Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994) (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452
U.S. 337, 349 (1981)). “[P]rison officials must ensure that inmates receive ade-
quate food, clothing, shelter and medical care, and must ‘take reasonable
measures to guarantee the safety of the inmates.’” Id. at 832 (quoting Hudson
v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 526–27 (1984)). This includes protecting prisoners
from violence committed by other prisoners. Id. at 833 (citations omitted).
    The Supreme Court has held that a prison official violates the Eighth
Amendment when two conditions are met. “First, the deprivation alleged must
be, objectively, ‘sufficiently serious.’” Id. at 834 (quoting Wilson v. Seiter, 501
U.S. 294, 298 (1991)). “A prison official’s act or omission must result in the
denial of ‘the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities.’” Id. (quoting
Rhodes, 452 U.S. at 347). For a claim such as Appellant’s “based on a failure
to prevent harm, the inmate must show that he is incarcerated under condi-
tions posing a substantial risk of serious harm.” Id. (citing Helling v. McKin-
ney, 509 U.S. 25, 35 (1993)).
    The second condition is that the prison official must have a “sufficiently
culpable state of mind.” Id. (quoting Wilson, 501 U.S. at 297). “In prison-condi-
tions cases that state of mind is one of ‘deliberate indifference’ to inmate health
or safety.” Id. (quoting Wilson, 501 U.S. at 302–03).
   The United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) has held
that a violation of the Eighth Amendment is shown by demonstrating:
       (1) an objectively, sufficiently serious act or omission resulting
       in the denial of necessities; (2) a culpable state of mind on the
       part of prison officials amounting to deliberate indifference to
       [Appellant’s] health and safety; and (3) that [Appellant] “has ex-

                                        7
                 United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

          hausted the prisoner-grievance system . . . and that he has peti-
          tioned for relief under Article 138, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 938
          [2000].”[ 6]
Lovett, 63 M.J. at 215 (third and fourth alteration in original) (footnotes omit-
ted) (quoting United States v. Miller, 46 M.J. 248, 250 (C.A.A.F. 1997)). The
burden to make this showing rests upon Appellant. Id. at 216.
    A military prisoner’s “burden to show deliberate indifference requires him
to show that ‘official[s] [knew] of and disregard[ed] an excessive risk to inmate
health or safety; the official[s] must both be aware of facts from which the in-
ference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and
[they] must also draw the inference.’” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting
Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837).
    The CAAF emphasized, “[a] prisoner must seek administrative relief prior
to invoking judicial intervention to redress concerns regarding post-trial con-
finement conditions.” Wise, 64 M.J. at 469 (citation omitted). “This require-
ment ‘promot[es] resolution of grievances at the lowest possible level [and en-
sures] that an adequate record has been developed [to aid appellate review].’”
Id. at 471 (alterations in original) (quoting Miller, 46 M.J. at 250). Except un-
der some unusual or egregious circumstance, an appellant must demonstrate
he or she has exhausted the prisoner grievance process provided by the con-
finement facility and has petitioned for relief under Article 138, UCMJ. White,
54 M.J. at 472 (citation omitted). This court reviews the “‘ultimate determina-
tion’ of whether an Appellant has exhausted administrative remedies de novo,
as a mixed question of law and fact.” Wise, 64 M.J. at 471 (citing United States
v. Anderson, 55 M.J. 198, 201 (C.A.A.F. 2001)).
    As the CAAF noted in Wise, “[s]ince a prime purpose of ensuring adminis-
trative exhaustion is the prompt amelioration of a prisoner’s conditions of con-
finement, courts have required that these complaints be made while an appel-
lant is incarcerated.” Id. (citing United States v. White, No. ACM 33583, 1999

6   Article 138, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 938, provides that

          [a]ny member of the armed forces who believes himself wronged by his
          commanding officer, and who, upon due application to that command-
          ing officer, is refused redress, may complain to any superior commis-
          sioned officer, who shall forward the complaint to the officer exercising
          general court-martial jurisdiction over the officer against whom it is
          made. The officer exercising general court-martial jurisdiction shall ex-
          amine into the complaint and take proper measures for redressing the
          wrong complained of; and he shall, as soon as possible, send to the Sec-
          retary concerned a true statement of that complaint, with the proceed-
          ings had thereon.
                                             8
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

CCA LEXIS 220, at *4 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 23 Jul. 1999) (unpub. op.) (“holding
that solely raising conditions of confinement complaints in post-release clem-
ency submissions is inadequate to fulfill the requirement of exhausting admin-
istrative remedies and that ‘after the appellant has been released from con-
finement . . . we have no remedy to provide’” (alteration in original)), aff’d, 54
M.J. at 475).
   3. Analysis
    We need not determine whether Appellant has met his burden under the
first Lovett factor—an objectively, sufficiently serious act or omission resulting
in the denial of necessities—as we find he cannot meet his burden on the sec-
ond and third factors which we describe below.
    Appellant failed to sustain his burden of establishing a culpable state of
mind on the part of Okaloosa County Department of Corrections officials
amounting to deliberate indifference to his health and safety. Appellant claims
that when he was moved to a general population section, he was threatened by
another inmate and feared for his life. However, in his own declaration, Appel-
lant confirms that after he made his concerns known to corrections officers he
was moved back to administrative segregation. This demonstrates the opposite
of deliberate indifference and shows that corrections officials acted in a delib-
erate manner to protect Appellant’s health and ensure his safety. Next, Appel-
lant alleged that he repeatedly asked corrections officials for toiletries and toi-
let paper and that none were ever provided. TM’s declaration states that toi-
letries were distributed twice a week, and that toilet paper was distributed on
request whenever an inmate asks, regardless of whether the request is for-
mally submitted. TM stated that any verbal requests Appellant made were
handled as “swiftly as practicable” and that there is no record of any formal
request for toiletries and toilet paper. Resolving the factual dispute in Appel-
lant’s favor, Appellant, and the record as a whole, does not establish that Ap-
pellant went without toilet paper for three months, or that he did not have
toilet paper and toiletries, only that the “multiple corrections officers” he asked
did not provide them. Furthermore, Appellant has not demonstrated that any
formal requests for toiletries and toilet paper were ever submitted. We find
Appellant has failed to demonstrate that prison officials were deliberately in-
different to any conditions that might have violated the Eighth Amendment
and Article 55, UCMJ, and that Appellant has failed to meet this prong under
Lovett.
    Appellant has also failed to show that he exhausted the prisoner-grievance
system and that he petitioned for relief under Article 138, UCMJ. The standard
under Lovett is not “effectively” filing an Article 138, UCMJ, complaint and
prisoner grievance; it is actually exhausting those administrative remedies.

                                        9
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

Exhaustion requires Appellant demonstrate that two paths of redress have
been attempted, each without satisfactory result. See Wise, 64 M.J. at 471. The
first time Appellant complained to his command about his post-trial confine-
ment conditions was in his clemency submission. In that submission, Appel-
lant’s counsel commented that the conditions of confinement were “less than
ideal” and were “certainly far below the standards of any military correctional
facility.” Appellant did not ask for any relief from his command regarding his
confinement conditions. Had he filed an Article 138, UCMJ, complaint and a
prisoner grievance while in the civilian confinement facility, the record would
reflect what action, if any, his command and prison officials took in response.
Appellant failed to make his grievances known to his command and thus made
it impossible for them to ameliorate, let alone record, those grievances. There
is also no evidence Appellant made any formal requests for toiletries and toilet
paper with prison officials or his command, only that the “multiple corrections
officers” he asked didn’t provide them. In the lone instance where Appellant
felt physically threatened by another inmate and made prison officials aware
of his safety concerns, he was moved to another section on his word to ensure
his safety. We find Appellant has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies
and thus fails to meet this prong under Lovett.
    Finding that Appellant failed to meet his burden of establishing a culpable
state of mind on the part of Okaloosa County Department of Corrections offi-
cials amounting to deliberate indifference to his health and that Appellant
failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, Appellant is not entitled to relief
under either the Eighth Amendment or Article 55, UCMJ.
    We have also considered whether Appellant’s assertions warrant sentence
relief under our Article 66(d), UCMJ, authority in the absence of an Eighth
Amendment or Article 55, UCMJ, violation. See Gay, 75 M.J. at 268. We find
that they do not. Appellant’s case did not involve a legal error such as the one
present in Gay, where the appellant was unnecessarily kept in solitary con-
finement in a civilian facility at the request of an Air Force official. Id. at 268–
69. The conditions Appellant describes do not constitute one of those very rare
circumstances in which Appellant’s sentence has been rendered inappropriate
as a matter of law. See Ferrando, 77 M.J. at 517.
B. Convening Authority’s Decision on Sentence
   1. Additional Background
   We next consider whether the convening authority’s decision memorandum
contained error when the convening authority took “no action” on the sentence
and Appellant was convicted of an offense committed prior to 1 January 2019.
On 29 July 2020, we ordered the Government to show cause as to why the

                                        10
             United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

record of trial should not be remanded for further action in accordance with
Executive Order 13,825, § 6(b)(1), 83 Fed. Reg. 9889, 9890 (8 Mar. 2018).
    The Government submitted a timely response on 17 August 2020 and
opined that we should review this case consistent with our decision United
States v. Finco, No. ACM S32603, 2020 CCA LEXIS 246 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
27 Jul. 2020) (unpub. op.), and apply a plain error standard of review in as-
sessing whether Appellant was entitled to corrective action when the conven-
ing authority failed to take action in a case. The Government further opined
that remand is unnecessary where Appellant suffered no prejudice as a result
of the error, or in the alternative that this court correct the EoJ itself by re-
moving the portion of the judgment which states the convening authority took
no action. The Government acknowledged this court has the authority to order
the correction of the EoJ.
   2. Law
    Proper completion of post-trial processing is a question of law this court
reviews de novo. United States v. Sheffield, 60 M.J. 591, 593 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2004) (citation omitted). Interpretation of a statute and a R.C.M. provi-
sion are also questions of law that we review de novo. United States v. Hunter,
65 M.J. 399, 401 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (citation omitted); United States v. Martinelli,
62 M.J. 52, 56 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citation omitted).
   Executive Order 13,825, § 6(b), requires that the version of Article 60,
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860, “in effect on the date of the earliest offense of which
the accused was found guilty, shall apply to the convening authority . . . to the
extent that Article 60: (1) requires action by the convening authority on the
sentence. . . .” 83 Fed. Reg. at 9890. The version of Article 60, UCMJ, in effect
on 6 January 2017, stated “[a]ction on the sentence of a court-martial shall be
taken by the convening authority.” 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(2)(A) (Manual for Courts-
Martial, United States (2016 ed.) (2016 MCM)).
    In United States v. Barrick, No. ACM S32579, 2020 CCA LEXIS 346
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 Sep. 2020) (unpub. op.), our court recently found
that a convening authority’s decision to “take no action” was the equivalent of
action. In coming to this conclusion, the court noted:
       Air Force Instruction [(AFI)] 51-201, Administration of Military
       Justice, Section 13D (18 Jan. 2019), correctly advises convening
       authorities to grant relief as circumscribed by the applicable ver-
       sion of Article 60, UCMJ. Additionally, it advises convening au-
       thorities to specify “no action” if not granting relief, which would
       include effecting “action” under the applicable version of Article
       60, UCMJ.

                                       11
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

Id. at *3–4.
   Appellate courts can use surrounding documentation to interpret an other-
wise unclear convening authority action, including looking outside the four cor-
ners of the action’s language. See United States v. Politte, 63 M.J. 24, 26
(C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Loft, 10 M.J. 262, 268 (C.M.A. 1981)).
   3. Analysis
    Turning to the facts before us, we disagree with the Government that this
case should be reviewed consistent with a three-judge panel’s decision in Finco,
where under similar facts, our court found error where the convening authority
took “no action on the sentence,” and found such error to be plain and obvious.
To the contrary, we find no error, and “no indicia of confusion over, or objection
to, this new way to effect an old rule.” Barrick, unpub. op. at *4.
    In the present case, the record demonstrates that Appellant submitted
clemency matters to the convening authority on 23 January 2019. In his mat-
ters, Appellant asked the convening authority for a “moderate amount” of clem-
ency—to defer the mandatory forfeitures of pay for 30 days. On 8 February
2019, the convening authority’s decision to “take no action” was memorialized
in his “Decision on Action” memorandum to the military judge. Consistent with
the AFI 51-201, Section 13D, the convening authority expressed his decision to
not grant relief as “no action.” Additionally, the convening authority specifi-
cally denied Appellant’s request for a 30-day deferment of mandatory forfei-
tures under R.C.M. 1103. We also note that the convening authority’s ability
to grant clemency for the portion of the sentence relating to the reduction in
grade did not change with the amendment to Article 60; therefore, it is a leap
to assume the convening authority misunderstood, or was confused about his
ability to set aside or mitigate the adjudged reduction in grade. Finally, the
convening authority could not affect the most serious portions of Appellant’s
sentence—confinement and the dishonorable discharge. On 25 February 2019,
the military judge signed the EoJ, reflecting the sentence as adjudged and all
post-trial actions by the convening authority.
    We find that the convening authority’s decision met the legacy require-
ments of Article 60, UCMJ (2016 MCM), requiring action. We also find the
decision complied with the provisions of R.C.M. 1109 requiring convening au-
thority action only when affecting the sentence. Here the convening authority’s
decision to provide no relief at action was “clear and unambiguous.” See Politte,
63 M.J. at 25−26 (footnote omitted). There is no indication in the record that
the military judge or the parties were confused as to the convening authority’s
decision to grant no relief as again, the sentence memorialized in the EoJ was
the same as the sentence adjudged at trial and neither party moved for correc-
tion of the action or the EoJ. See R.C.M. 1104(b)(2)(B) and (C). Furthermore,
                                       12
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

this issue was not raised by Appellant as an assignment of error in his submis-
sions to this court. For these reasons, we find no error in the convening author-
ity’s action.
   C. Timeliness of Appellate Review
    Additionally, we consider whether Appellant is entitled to relief for a fa-
cially unreasonable appellate delay. Moreno, 63 M.J. at 135 (citations omitted);
United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 223–24 (C.A.A.F. 2002). We decline to
grant such relief.
   1. Law
    We review de novo whether an appellant has been denied the due process
right to speedy appellate review. Moreno, 63 M.J. at 135 (citations omitted). A
presumption of unreasonable delay arises when appellate review is not com-
pleted and a decision rendered within 18 months of a case being docketed. Id.
at 142. A presumptively unreasonable delay triggers an analysis of the four
factors laid out in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972): “(1) the length of
the delay; (2) the reasons for the delay; (3) the appellant’s assertion of the right
to timely review and appeal; and (4) prejudice.” Moreno, 63 M.J. at 135 (cita-
tions omitted). A presumptively unreasonable delay satisfies the first factor,
but the Government “can rebut the presumption by showing the delay was not
unreasonable.” Id. at 142. Assessing the fourth factor of prejudice, we consider
the interests of “prevention of oppressive incarceration;” “minimization of anx-
iety and concern of those convicted;” and “limitation of the possibility that . . .
grounds for appeal, and . . . defenses . . . might be impaired.” Id. at 138–39
(citations omitted).
   2. Analysis
    Appellant’s case was docketed with the court on 18 April 2019. The delay
in rendering this decision after 18 October 2020 is presumptively unreasona-
ble. The reasons for the delay include the time required for Appellant to file
his brief on 23 August 2019, and the Government to file its answer 23 Septem-
ber 2019. Additionally, on 29 July 2020, we issued a show cause order to the
Government, and the Government’s timely response was filed on 17 August
2020. On 22 October 2020, this court voted to take this case en banc and the
corresponding order was issued on 23 October 2020. Appellant was not con-
fined, did not assert his right to timely appellate review, and has made no spe-
cific claim of prejudice. We find none.
    Finding no Barker prejudice, we also find the one-month delay is not so
egregious that it “adversely affects the public’s perception of the fairness and
integrity of the military justice system.” See United States v. Toohey, 63 M.J.
353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2006). As a result, there is no due process violation. See id.

                                        13
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

    Regarding any relief under Tardif, in this case we determine that no such
relief is warranted in the absence of a due process violation. See Tardif, 57 M.J.
at 223–24; United States v. Gay, 74 M.J. 736, 744 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015),
aff’d, 75 M.J. 264 (C.A.A.F. 2016). In Tardif, the CAAF recognized that “a
Court of Criminal Appeals has authority under Article 66(c) to grant relief for
excessive post-trial delay without a showing of ‘actual prejudice’ within the
meaning of Article 59(a).” 57 M.J. at 224 (citation omitted). Furthermore, we
as a service Court of Criminal Appeals are required by Article 66(d), UCMJ, to
determine which findings of guilty and the sentence or part thereof “should be
approved.” 10 U.S.C. § 866(d); see Tardif, 57 M.J. at 224. Considering all the
facts and circumstances of Appellant’s case, we decline to exercise our Article
66(d), UCMJ, authority to grant relief for the delay in completing appellate
review.
                                 III. CONCLUSION
    The findings and sentence entered are correct in law and fact, and no error
materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of the Appellant occurred. Ar-
ticles 59(a) and 66(d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(d) (Manual for Courts-
Martial, United States (2019 ed.)). Accordingly, the findings and sentence are
AFFIRMED. 7

LEWIS, Senior Judge (concurring in part and in the result), joined by Judge
D. JOHNSON:
   I concur with the opinion of the court to affirm the findings and the sen-
tence in Appellant’s case. However, I disagree with my esteemed colleagues on
the path to this result and therefore write separately.
    Beginning with the assignment of error, I agree that Appellant is not enti-
tled to relief for the conditions of his post-trial confinement. Consistent with
the opinion of the court, I considered the declarations submitted by Appellant

7Although not raised by Appellant, we note the EoJ fails to document Appellant’s re-
quest for deferment of mandatory forfeitures for 30 days, and the convening authority’s
action on Appellant’s request for deferment as required by R.C.M. 1111(b)(3)(A). Ap-
pellant has not claimed any prejudice as a result of this error, and we find none. We
direct the military judge, through the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, to
have a detailed military judge correct the entry of judgment accordingly and prior to
completion of the final order under R.C.M. 1209(b) and Air Force Instruction 51-201,
Administration of Military Justice, Section 14J (18 Jan. 2019).

                                          14
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

and TM—the Inmate Program and Accreditation Manager for Okaloosa
County, Florida—which are attached to the record to resolve Appellant’s
claims under the Eighth Amendment, 1 and Articles 12 and 55, UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. §§ 812, 855. 2 See United States v. Jessie, 79 M.J. 437, 444–45 (C.A.A.F.
2020). Unlike the opinion of the court, I assumed without deciding that I could
consider these same declarations in concluding that Appellant’s sentence was
not inappropriately severe. See United States v. DeFalco, No. ACM 39607, 2020
CCA LEXIS 164, at *16 n.9 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 21 May 2020) (unpub. op.);
United States v. McGriff, No. ACM 39306, 2018 CCA LEXIS 567, at *24–25
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 11 Dec. 2018) (unpub. op.), rev. denied, 78 M.J. 487
(C.A.A.F. 2019).
    Next, I also agree with the opinion of the court that Appellant is not entitled
to relief for the facially unreasonable appellate delay. See United States v.
Moreno, 63 M.J. 129, 135 (C.A.A.F. 2006). Further, I agree with the opinion of
the court in denying Appellant relief under United States v. Tardif. See 57 M.J.
219, 223–24 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
    I must disagree with the opinion of the court that the convening authority’s
decision “met the legacy requirements” of Article 60, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860
(Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.) (2016 MCM)). Instead, I
agree with the Government’s show cause order response that Appellant’s case
should be reviewed for plain error as was done in United States v. Finco, No.
ACM S32603, 2020 CCA LEXIS 246 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 27 Jul. 2020) (unpub.
op.).
    In Finco, a panel of our court found plain or obvious error because a con-
vening authority “cannot simultaneously ‘take no action on the sentence’ and
satisfy Exec. Order. 13,825, § 6(b)(1), 83 Fed. Reg. 9889, 9890 (8 Mar. 2018),
which ‘requires action by the convening authority on the sentence.’” Id. at *12.
The conclusion of error in Finco was consistent with the earlier decision of our
sister-service court in United States v. Coffman, 79 M.J. 820 (A. Ct. Crim. App.
2020). The court in Coffman held that “indicating ‘N/A’ or stating ‘No Action’
does not constitute taking action in a case.” Id. at 823.
   Here, the convening authority’s decision memorandum states that the con-
vening authority took no action in this case. While this wording varies slightly
from Finco, in my view, failing to take action on “the case” also means failing

1U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.
2 Unless otherwise specified, all references to the Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ) and Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) in this opinion are to the Manual for
Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.) (2019 MCM).
                                        15
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

to take action on “the sentence” as required by Exec. Order. 13,825, § 6(b)(1).
Therefore, I find error.
    Appellant had an opportunity to address this error in the convening au-
thority’s decision memorandum with the military judge under Rule for Courts-
Martial (R.C.M.) 1104(b)(2)(B). This rule provided Appellant a five-day win-
dow, after receipt, to assert the post-trial action by the convening authority
was incomplete, irregular, or contained error. Appellant received the conven-
ing authority’s decision memorandum on 14 February 2019. No post-trial mo-
tion was filed. The military judge signed the entry of judgment on 25 February
2019 which repeated that the convening authority took no action on the case.
    More than a month after entry of judgment, on 28 March 2019, it was dis-
covered that Appellant had not signed the 15 January 2019 submission of mat-
ters letter from the wing legal office. In response, Appellant’s trial defense
counsel signed a memorandum for “ALL REVIEWING AUTHORITIES” which
noted the omitted signature but also stated: “On 23 January 2019, [Appellant]
submitted [a] clemency request to the convening authority and requested that
the convening authority defer the mandatory forfeitures of pay for a period of
30 days in his case. On 8 February 2019, the convening authority denied [Ap-
pellant]’s clemency request.”
    It is with this background that I assess whether Appellant waived or for-
feited the error in the convening authority’s decision memorandum which was
repeated in the entry of judgment. The Government argues Appellant’s failure
to file a motion forfeited this error. I agree that forfeiture should be applied in
this case. See United States v. Lee, No ACM. 39531, 2020 CCA LEXIS 61, at
*17 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 26 Feb. 2020) (unpub. op.) (holding a Court of Criminal
Appeals has the discretion to determine whether to apply waiver or forfeiture
in a particular case or to pierce waiver or forfeiture to correct a legal error). I
acknowledge that Appellant’s trial defense counsel received an additional op-
portunity to raise this error when the missing signature on Appellant’s sub-
mission of matters letter was noticed. Still, trial defense counsel’s memoran-
dum does not mention the wording of the convening authority’s decision to take
no action in the case. Under these circumstances, I do not see an intentional
relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege by Appellant in
this case. See United States v. Elespuru, 73 M.J. 326, 328 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (ci-
tation omitted). I find Appellant forfeited his right to object to the accuracy of
the convening authority’s decision memorandum absent plain error.
   To prevail under a plain error analysis, an appellant must show “(1) there
was an error; (2) [the error] was plain or obvious; and (3) the error materially
prejudiced a substantial right.” See United States v. LeBlanc, 74 M.J. 650, 660
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015) (en banc) (quoting United States v. Scalo, 60 M.J.

                                        16
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

435, 436 (C.A.A.F. 2005)). The Government argues that “lack of any recognition
of this error by the parties and judge provides some evidence to this [c]ourt
that, while there was error, such error was not plain or obvious.” My esteemed
colleague who also concurs in the result would not find plain error because the
law has only become unsettled while Appellant’s case was on appeal. See Posch,
S.J., concurring in part and in the result, infra, at 42. However, I see the mat-
ter differently.
    Exec. Order 13,825, § 6(b)(1), required action on the sentence by the con-
vening authority under the prior version of Article 60, UCMJ. Action on the
sentence under the prior version of Article 60, UCMJ, was not a new concept,
but an old one. The words of the statute are specific; “Except as provided in
paragraph (4) [of Article 60(c), UCMJ], the convening authority or another per-
son authorized to act under this section may approve, disapprove, commute, or
suspend the sentence of the court-martial in whole or in part.” 10 U.S.C. §
860(c)(2)(B) (2016 MCM) (emphasis added). “Except as provided in subpara-
graph (B) or (C) [of Article 60(c)(4)], the convening authority or another person
authorized to act under this section may not disapprove, commute, or suspend
in whole or in part, an adjudged sentence of . . . [a] dishonorable discharge.” 10
U.S.C. § 860(c)(4)(A) (2016 MCM) (emphasis added).
    “We begin statutory analysis by examining the plain language.” United
States v. Stout, 79 M.J. 168, 171 (C.A.A.F. 2019). “The plain language will con-
trol, unless use of the plain language will lead to an absurd result.” Id. (citing
United States v. Lewis, 65 M.J. 85, 88 (C.A.A.F. 2007)). In my view the plain
language of the prior version of Article 60, UCMJ, gave the convening author-
ity four choices when taking action on the sentence: approve, disapprove, com-
mute, or suspend. In this applicable version of Article 60, UCMJ, Congress did
not use words like “deny relief,” “effectuate the sentence,” or “take no action.”
    This record of trial contains several references that show, at times, it was
understood that the convening authority’s action would “approve” a sentence.
These references are in (1) the pretrial agreement and its Appendix A; (2) the
submission of matters letter to Appellant from the wing legal office; and (3) the
post-trial rights advisement given to Appellant by his trial defense counsel.
When the military judge reviewed Appendix A to the pretrial agreement prior
to adjourning the court, he stated “So my understanding of the effect of the
pretrial agreement on the sentence is that the convening authority may ap-
prove the sentence.” (Emphasis added). The military judge asked whether coun-
sel for both sides agreed with that interpretation. They did. This is not a situ-
ation where a long-standing precedent was suddenly reversed or called into
question on appeal.

                                       17
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

   After considering the record of trial in this case, I conclude the failure to
take action “in the case” was a plain or obvious error. I see little need to look
beyond the plain language of the prior version of Article 60, UCMJ, to deter-
mine what a convening authority is required to do when taking action on the
sentence under that statute. I observe no absurd result by requiring the con-
vening authority to use the words in the statute rather than other ambiguous
wording with questionable applicability.
    I would also apply the threshold of “some colorable showing of possible prej-
udice” as the appropriate standard for an error impacting an appellant’s re-
quest for clemency. See LeBlanc, 74 M.J. at 660 (quoting Scalo, 60 M.J. at 436).
In applying this standard to this case, I would find no colorable showing of
possible prejudice, in contrast to the result in Finco. The reasons are not com-
plex. Appellant in this case was sentenced to a dishonorable discharge, con-
finement for eight months, and reduction to the grade of E-1. In his clemency
request, the only thing that Appellant requested was a deferral of the manda-
tory forfeitures of pay for 30 days. There is no question that the convening
authority denied this request explicitly in his decision memorandum. There is
no question that Appellant’s trial defense counsel understood the convening
authority denied Appellant’s clemency request as this was written in trial de-
fense counsel’s memorandum that was submitted after entry of judgment. In
Finco, there was uncertainty on whether the convening authority made a deci-
sion on the clemency request. Unpub. op. at *16. There is no such uncertainty
in this case. Therefore, I concur in the result of affirming the findings and sen-
tence reflected in the entry of judgment.
    It is unnecessary to engage in a point-by-point exchange with my esteemed
colleagues who hold different views of the law in this area than I do. Brief
comments will suffice.
    For the opinion of the court, I cannot join the conclusion that the convening
authority’s decision met the legacy requirements of the prior version of Article
60, UCMJ. This would require me to forget how a convening authority took
action on the sentence under Article 60, UCMJ, by approving some or all of the
sentence. I also cannot join the conclusion that the convening authority com-
plied with R.C.M. 1109 3 in the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019
ed.) (2019 MCM). I cannot see a simple way to reconcile portions of this rule,
which redefined what it meant to take action completely, with the specific di-
rection Exec. Order 13,825, § 6(b)(1), provided to take action on the sentence
under the prior version of Article 60, UCMJ. In my view, R.C.M. 1109 in the

3 The PTA’s post-trial misconduct provision in this case cites R.C.M. 1109, apparently
from the 2016 MCM, rather than R.C.M. 1108 in the 2019 MCM.

                                         18
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

2019 MCM requires some adjustment to address its applicability to cases
where action is required on the sentence by law and that task is best left to the
Joint Service Committee on Military Justice.
    I now turn to the opinion of my esteemed colleague who also concurs in part
and in the result, infra, which states that the convening authority took no ac-
tion on the sentence but this decision “fully complied” with the President’s im-
plementation of the Military Justice Act of 2016. Posch, S.J., concurring in part
and in the result, infra, at 43. I have considered the critiques of the analysis in
Finco presented here and in the earlier concurring opinion in United States v.
Barrick, No. ACM S32579, 2020 CCA LEXIS 346, at *9–24 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
30 Sep. 2020) (Posch, S.J., concurring in the result) (unpub. op.). After fair con-
sideration, I am unpersuaded that the convening authority fully complied with
the law in this case.
     For my esteemed colleagues who dissent in part and in the result, I have
only one minor quibble with what I will describe as the “fundamental misstep”
position. To me, it seems to give little meaning to the new post-trial motions
process available under R.C.M. 1104(B)(2)(B) where an appellant can raise a
concern to the military judge with any post-trial action by the convening au-
thority that is incomplete, irregular, or contains error. This procedural mech-
anism—available to Finco, Barrick, and Appellant—was not a part of the sys-
tem for cases with a traditional action referred before 1 January 2019. As I see
it, the new post-trial motions process should be part of our analysis of our dis-
cretion to apply waiver or forfeiture. In those cases where we exercise our dis-
cretion to apply forfeiture, I would test for a colorable showing of possible prej-
udice.

POSCH, Senior Judge (concurring in part and in the result):
    For the most part, I agree with my esteemed colleagues in their resolution
of the issue that Appellant personally raises about the conditions of post-trial
confinement at the Okaloosa County (Florida) Department of Corrections.
Judge Annexstad, joined by a majority of the judges on this court, considers
Appellant’s outside-the-record declaration to determine that sentence relief is
not warranted under this court’s Article 66(d)(1), Uniform Code of Military
Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 866(d)(1), mandate to approve only so much of a
sentence that, “on the basis of the entire record, should be approved.” Other
than trial defense counsel’s generalized statements as part of Appellant’s clem-
ency submission that the prison conditions were “less than ideal” and “far be-
low the standards of any military corrections facility,” Appellant claimed no
specific deficiencies or relief from the convening authority. Because the record
does not contain actionable information about the conditions, I would find that
                                        19
                United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

this court cannot consider new statements of fact in Appellant’s declaration as
part of our Article 66(d)(1), UCMJ, sentence appropriateness review. See
United States v. Jessie, 79 M.J 437, 441–42 (C.A.A.F. 2020); see also United
States v. Willman, No. ACM 39642, 2020 CCA LEXIS 300, at *21–26 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 2 Sep. 2020) (unpub. op.). Nonetheless, in harmony with those de-
cisions and the opinion of the court, I agree that Appellant is not entitled to
relief under Articles 12 and 55, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 812, 855, and the Eighth
Amendment, 1 or for the time it took this court to consider his appeal and con-
duct our statutory review. See United States v. Moreno, 63 M.J. 129, 135
(C.A.A.F. 2006); United States v. Tardiff, 57 M.J. 219 223–24 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
    I also agree with the opinion of the court that it was not error, much less
plain error, for the convening authority to effectuate Appellant’s adjudged sen-
tence by taking “no action” in Appellant’s case. However, I write separately
because I cannot resolve how Article 60, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860 (Manual for
Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.) (2016 MCM)), governed the convening
authority’s decision on action, and not Article 60, UCMJ, contained in the Man-
ual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.) (2019 MCM), 2 even though we
reach the same result. To be sure, if legacy provisions of Article 60 (2016 MCM)
were operable to guide the convening authority here—as the opinion of the
court finds, and as Chief Judge J. Johnson and Senior Judge Lewis conclude
in their separate opinions that they do—then it would follow that “[a]ction on
the sentence . . . shall be taken.” Article 60(c)(2)(A), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§ 860(c)(2)(A) (2016 MCM). “Action” on the sentence as that term is used in the
2016 MCM means to “approve, disapprove, commute, or suspend the sentence
of the court-martial in whole or in part,” Article 60(c)(2), 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(2),
and the convening authority indicated none of these when he took “no action”
in Appellant’s case.
    Although Article 60, UCMJ (2019 MCM), is not the route taken by the opin-
ion of the court or by the separate opinions in our decision, I conclude it is the
path that the convening authority took and was the right path to follow in the
post-trial processing of Appellant’s case, and I harbor no doubt he dutifully
adhered to this track without error.

1   U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.
2Unless otherwise noted in this opinion, all references to the convening authority’s
powers and responsibilities in “Article 60,” UCMJ, in the Manual for Courts-Martial,
United States (2019 ed.) (2019 MCM), are to Articles 60a and 60b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§§ 860a, 860b, as applicable.

                                        20
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

A. Overview
    Twenty-four days after Appellant pleaded guilty and was sentenced, the
convening authority effectuated the sentence as adjudged. The convening au-
thority did so by signing a “Decision on Action” memorandum taking “no action
in the case.” 3 His decision was in every respect consistent with Service policy
in Air Force Instruction (AFI) 51-201, Administration of Military Justice, Sec-
tion 13D (18 Jan. 2019), which closely tracked implementation of the Military
Justice Act of 2016 (MJA), 4 and guided “convening authorities to specify ‘no
action’ if not granting relief,” as found by this court’s majority opinion in United
States v. Barrick, No. ACM S32579, 2020 CCA LEXIS 346, at *3–4 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 30 Sep. 2020) (unpub. op.). Undoubtedly, the convening authority’s
“no action” decision was formalized with the assistance of the command’s staff
judge advocate (SJA) and her staff, whose advice conformed to Service policy
and the President’s implementation of the MJA on which it was based. See
Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1109(d)(2) 5 (“In determining whether to take
action, or to decline taking action under this rule, the convening authority shall
consult with the staff judge advocate or legal advisor.”).
    Within five days after receiving the convening authority’s decision, Appel-
lant did not raise a motion with the military judge under R.C.M. 1104(b)(2)(B),
which suggests that Appellant either had no reason to believe at the time that
the convening authority’s decision was “incomplete, irregular, or contain[ed]
error” or that he suffered any prejudice. Even on appeal, Appellant identifies
no error, plain or otherwise, that would rebut a presumption of regularity in
the manner by which the convening authority effectuated Appellant’s sentence
after receiving the advice of his SJA. See United States v. Wise, 20 C.M.R. 188,
194 (C.M.A. 1955) (“[T]he presumption of regularity requires us to presume
that [the convening authority] carried out the duties imposed upon him by the
Code and the Manual.”); see also United States v. Scott, 66 M.J. 1, 4 (C.A.A.F.
2008) (applying a “presumption of regularity” to the convening authority’s de-
cision (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
   After Appellant’s case was submitted for our review, this court issued its
decision in United States v. Finco, No. ACM S32603, 2020 CCA LEXIS 246

3 On the face of it, the convening authority’s decision reached both the findings of guilty
and the adjudged sentence. However, the opinion of the court and the separate opin-
ions focus on the “no action” determination on the sentence as do I.
4See National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (FY17 NDAA), Pub. L.
No. 114-328, §§ 5001–5542 (23 Dec. 2016).
5 Unless otherwise noted, references to the Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) are to
the 2019 MCM.

                                            21
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 27 Jul. 2020) (unpub. op.), on which my esteemed col-
league, Senior Judge Lewis, relies in his separate opinion, supra. In that deci-
sion, a three-judge panel of this court found that the convening authority’s de-
cision to take no action on an appellant’s sentence was a plain or obvious error
and remanded. Id. at *15. The Finco court found “[i]n a case referred after 1
January 2019 where an accused is found guilty of a specification for an offense
occurring before 1 January 2019” that the convening authority was required to
apply Article 60 (2016 MCM), id. at *12, and not Article 60 in the 2019 MCM,
and thereby failed to properly effectuate the sentence. Id. at *16 (“[Because]
the convening authority failed to take action on the entire sentence—as his
memorandum indicates he did—then we are unsure whether he made a deci-
sion on Appellant’s clemency request.”). The Finco court applied the standard
for prejudice—“some colorable showing of possible prejudice,” id. at *15–16—
that our superior court, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed
Forces (CAAF), determined was appropriate for defects in a staff judge advo-
cate’s recommendation (SJAR), see, e.g., United States v. Wheelus, 49 M.J. 283,
289 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (citing United States v. Chatman, 46 M.J. 321, 324
(C.A.A.F. 1997)), or the addendum to the SJAR, see, e.g., Chatman, 46 M.J. at
324, even though the supposed error in the decision memorandum was nei-
ther. 6
    In partial agreement with Finco, and in response to this court’s order to
show cause in Appellant’s case, the Government concedes that the convening
authority erred by taking “no action,” but disagrees that the error was plain 7
or that Appellant was prejudiced. In its answer to the order the Government
asserts the convening authority “should have approved the sentence” as was
required by Article 60, UCMJ (2016 MCM). Chief Judge J. Johnson and Senior

6 Additionally, the convening authorities in Chatman and Wheelus were empowered
with plenary discretion to affect both the findings and sentence by Article 60, UCMJ,
that was germane for offenses committed before changes to Article 60 took effect on 24
June 2014, which greatly limited that power in later cases like Finco’s and Appellant’s.
See Pub. L. No. 113–66, § 1702, 127 Stat. 672, 958 (26 Dec. 2013) (National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 (FY14 NDAA)). Our superior court has cited
that “highly discretionary” power in pre-FY14 NDAA cases as the reason why there is
material prejudice to the substantial rights of an appellant if there is an error in the
staff judge advocate’s recommendation or the addendum and the appellant makes
some colorable showing of possible prejudice. See, e.g., United States v. Kho, 54 M.J.
63, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (quoting United States v. Wheelus, 49 M.J. 283, 289 (C.A.A.F.
1998)).
7The Government’s brief contends that “such error was not plain or obvious,” but gives
no reason for the conclusion.

                                          22
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

Judge Lewis agree with the Government’s concession. Chief Judge J. Johnson
and three of our colleagues who join his opinion find the convening authority’s
error was so serious as to be, in effect, structural, 8 and would remand without
evaluating for prejudice because the convening authority’s decision “was at
best an ambiguous and defective execution of the requirement that he take
action on the sentence.”
    I disagree with the Government’s concession and the view of the majority
of the judges on this court that the convening authority erred by taking “no
action,” and thereby failed to effectuate the sentence as adjudged. First, I ex-
plain why the convening authority’s decision complied with the MJA, as imple-
mented by the President effective on 1 January 2019 in Exec. Order 13,825,
§§ 3(a), 5, and 6(b), 83 Fed. Reg. 9889, 9890 (8 Mar. 2018). Second, and related,
I again make clear a difference of opinion with this court’s Finco decision that
reached the opposite conclusion in a case similar to Appellant’s and upon which
Senior Judge Lewis again relies. See Barrick, unpub. op. at *11, 17–24 (Posch,
S.J., concurring in the result). Third, I depart from the separate opinion of Sen-
ior Judge Lewis, concurring in part and in the result, supra, which, like this
court’s Finco decision, I find misapplies the plain error standard of review.
   Resolution that the convening authority did not err turns on understanding
several provisions of the President’s implementation of Article 60, UCMJ, in
the 2019 MCM, above all, Exec. Order 13,825, §§ 5 and 6(b), 83 Fed. Reg. at
9890. Because I conclude that the convening authority’s decision memorandum
was altogether in accordance with the President’s implementation and the law,
the convening authority did not err, much less commit plain error, by taking
“no action” on the sentence that was adjudged in Appellant’s case.
B. Amendment to Article 60, UCMJ, in the MJA
   Appellant was convicted of offenses he committed after 24 June 2014,
which is the effective date of Article 60, UCMJ, in the 2016 MCM. 9 In courts-

8Chief Judge J. Johnson’s opinion does not contend that the error was “structural,” or
even of a constitutional dimension, but the consequence is analogous. “Structural er-
rors are those constitutional errors so affecting the framework within which the trial
proceeds, that the trial cannot reliably serve its function as a vehicle for determination
of guilt or innocence.” United States v. McMurrin, 70 M.J. 15, 19 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (al-
terations, internal quotation marks, and citations omitted).
9 See FY14 NDAA, Pub. L. No. 113-66, § 1702, 127 Stat. 672, 958 (26 Dec. 2013) (es-
tablishing 24 June 2014 as the effective date for Article 60, Uniform Code of Military
Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 860, as it appears in the Manual for Courts-Martial,
United States (2016 ed.) (2016 MCM)).

                                           23
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

martial for offenses occurring on and after this date, and before implementa-
tion of the MJA, a convening authority was required to take action to effectuate
the sentence in every court-martial case. 10 See Article 60(c)(2)(A), UCMJ (2016
MCM) (“Action on the sentence of a court-martial shall be taken by the con-
vening authority . . . .”).
    The MJA changed this requirement when Congress amended Article 60,
UCMJ, as it appears in the 2019 MCM 11 to require “action” on the sentence if
and only if a convening authority intends to grant relief by reducing, commut-
ing, suspending, or in some cases, by disapproving a sentence, in whole or in
part, as allowed for by law. 12 In accordance with the amended Article 60 in the
2019 MCM, a convening authority’s formal refusal to act—that is, declination
to act by taking “no action” on the sentence—effectuates the adjudged sentence
in the same way that a convening authority once approved the sentence with-
out modification under the former Article 60, UCMJ (2016 MCM). This change
is perhaps most clearly stated in Article 60a(f)(2), UCMJ, in the 2019 MCM by
the conditional language: “If, under this section, the convening authority re-
duces, commutes, or suspends the sentence, the decision of the convening au-
thority shall include a written explanation of the reasons for such action.” 10
U.S.C. § 860a(f)(2) (emphasis added). 13 After the convening authority’s deci-
sion, the judgment of the court-martial consists of the adjudged sentence listed
in the Statement of Trial Results as modified by “any post-trial action by the
convening     authority.”     Article    60c(a)(1)(B)(i), UCMJ,    10    U.S.C.
§ 860c(a)(1)(B)(i) (2019 MCM) (emphasis added).

10Before the effective date of the Military Justice Act of 2016 (MJA), a convening au-
thority was required to either approve the sentence of the court-martial, or, subject to
limits on that authority as provided by law, disapprove, commute, or suspend the sen-
tence, in whole or in part. See, e.g., Article 60(c)(2) and (c)(4), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§ 860(c)(2), (c)(4) (2016 MCM). Importantly, and as later discussed in this opinion, a
convening authority has the statutory authority pursuant to Article 60 in the 2016
MCM to take action pursuant to the terms of a pre-trial agreement with an accused.
See, e.g., Article 60(c)(4)(C), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(4)(C) (2016 MCM). No similar
power conferred on a convening authority is found in the 2019 MCM.
11The amendment to Article 60, UCMJ, was among the many changes that Congress
directed in the MJA that were subsequently expanded to several articles and incorpo-
rated in the 2019 MCM.
12See also Articles 60a and 60b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 860a, 860b (2019 MCM). In cer-
tain cases the convening authority may also act to “disapprove” a sentence in whole or
in part. See Article 60b(a)(1)(C)–(F), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860b(a)(1)(C)–(F) (2019 MCM).
13See also Article 60a(a)(1)(A), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860a(a)(1)(A) (2019 MCM) (subject
to limitations, a convening authority “may act on the sentence of the court-martial”
(emphasis added)).

                                          24
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

    For many years, military justice practitioners have been accustomed to
thinking of “action” as effectuating the sentence—whether by granting relief
or not—as this term appears in editions of the Manual for Courts-Martial be-
fore the 2019 MCM. This legacy and more comprehensive definition gave way
to a more specific meaning in the MJA and the President’s implementation of
the Act. Although not expressly defined, taking “action” in the 2019 MCM re-
veals it to mean “granting relief” each and every time that a convening author-
ity decides to take action on the sentence in a particular case. Conversely, in
accordance with Article 60 in the 2019 MCM, a convening authority’s “no ac-
tion” decision on the sentence results in an entry of judgment (EoJ) that re-
flects the sentence adjudged by the court-martial without modification, as it
did here.
    In Appellant’s case, the language of the convening authority decision to
take “no action” on the adjudged sentence is synonymous with not granting
relief. By deciding to take no action the convening authority followed the post-
trial procedures that Congress directed in the MJA, notably Article 60 in the
2019 MCM, and not the legacy procedures in Article 60 in the 2016 MCM. As
a result, the question of whether the convening authority’s decision memoran-
dum contains error turns on the post-trial procedures that Congress and the
President intended the convening authority to follow. Answering this question
requires review of the convening authority’s decision in light of the President’s
implementation of the MJA. If taking “no action” complied with the implemen-
tation of the Act, as I conclude that it did, then there is no error to evaluate for
harmlessness or to correct on appeal or by remand to the military judge.
C. Implementation of the MJA: Executive Order 13,825
    In the MJA, Congress assigned to the President considerable discretion to
set the effective date of the amendments to the UCMJ and to prescribe the
regulations implementing those amendments. 14 However, that discretion was
bounded by a date by which implementation must be completed. With few lim-
itations, Congress directed that the implementation “shall take effect” no later
than 1 January 2019, which included changes to Article 60, UCMJ (2019
MCM), in the manner by which a convening authority effectuates a sentence

14See FY17 NDAA, Pub. L. No. 114-328, § 5542; see also Article 36(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§ 836(a), in the 2016 and 2019 MCMs (President may prescribe regulations for post-
trial procedures); United States v. Bartlett, 66 M.J. 426, 428 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (the au-
thority to prescribe regulations prevails “insofar as such regulations are not incon-
sistent with the UCMJ”).

                                          25
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

without modification (i.e., as adjudged). 15 The President then exercised this
authority by issuing Executive Order 13,825 and new Rules for Courts-Martial
that are listed in Annex 2 of the Executive Order and that were subsequently
promulgated in Part II of the 2019 MCM. In accordance with the direction
given by Congress to the President, Exec. Order 13,825, § 5, effected these
rules for cases referred to trial by court-martial on and after 1 January 2019. 16
The new rules implement the amendments made by Congress in Article 60 in
the 2019 MCM, as discussed, and include considerable revisions in the manner
by which the convening authority effectuates an appellant’s sentence after one
has been adjudged.
    Among the rules that took effect on 1 January 2019 for cases referred on
and after that date are R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 that guide a convening author-
ity’s decision whether to take action on an adjudged sentence. 17 Following the
new procedures in those rules, which implement and track the amendments
that Congress made to Article 60 that were incorporated in the 2019 MCM, the
convening authority does not effectuate a sentence by taking action unless the
convening authority intends to reduce, commute, or suspend, or in some cases,
disapprove, a sentence, in whole or in part. R.C.M. 1109(c)(5)(A), (g)(2); R.C.M.
1110(c), (e). Under these rules, a “convening authority is no longer required to
take action on the results of every court-martial.” United States v. Moody-Neu-
kom, No. ACM S32594, 2019 CCA LEXIS 521, at *3 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 16
Dec. 2019) (per curiam) (unpub. op.) (citing R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 (2019
MCM)). Instead, a convening authority may decline to take action after con-
sulting with the SJA and considering any clemency matters timely submitted

15The FY17 NDAA, including the MJA in Division E of the NDAA, was enacted on 23
December 2016. “Except as otherwise provided in this division, the amendments made
by this division shall take effect on the date designated by the President, which date
shall be not later than the first day of the first calendar month that begins two years
after the date of the enactment of this Act.” See FY17 NDAA, Pub. L. No. 114-328,
§ 5542(a).
16See Exec. Order 13,825, § 5, 83 Fed. Reg. 9889, 9890 (8 Mar. 2018) (incorporating in
the 2019 MCM new Rules for Courts-Martial among the amendments in Annex 2, that
“shall take effect on January 1, 2019,” subject to exceptions that are not applicable
here); see also FY17 NDAA, Pub. L. No. 114-328, § 5542(c)(2) (stating MJA amend-
ments to the UCMJ “shall not apply to any case in which charges are referred to trial
by court-martial before the effective date of such amendments”).
17 See Exec. Order 13,825, § 5, 83 Fed. Reg. at 10040–43 (implementing R.C.M. 1109,
Reduction of sentence, general and special courts-martial); 10043–44 (implementing
R.C.M. 1110, Action by convening authority in certain general and special courts-mar-
tial).

                                          26
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

by an accused. R.C.M. 1109(c), (d), (g); R.C.M. 1110(c)(1) (“action on the sen-
tence is not required”); see also Moody-Neukom, unpub. op. at *3.
D. Application of the MJA, as Implemented, to Appellant’s Case
    One turns then to consider the effect of the President’s implementation of
the MJA in Executive Order 13,825 on the post-trial procedures that are appli-
cable to Appellant’s case. Here, the charges and specifications were referred to
trial by general court-martial on 4 January 2019. Thus, the convening author-
ity was required to follow the procedural provisions in the 2019 MCM that went
into effect on 1 January 2019, notably R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 that are germane
to a convening authority’s power and responsibility in post-trial processing. In
accordance with these rules, unless the convening authority had determined
to grant relief, 18 the convening authority was under no obligation to act on the
sentence after Appellant was tried and sentenced on 15 January 2019.
    In compliance with R.C.M. 1109 and 1110, the convening authority took no
action on the adjudged sentence when he signed the decision memorandum on
8 February 2019, thereby indicating a formal determination that sentencing
relief was not warranted in Appellant’s case. Subsequently, the military judge
signed the EoJ faithfully reflecting the judgment of the court-martial. Conse-
quently, the convening authority’s “no action” decision in compliance with the
President’s implementation of the MJA, as made plain in R.C.M. 1109 and
1110, was not error. It follows that, in this regard, the judgment entered by the
military judge in Appellant’s case is correct. 19
     1. United States v. Finco
    Nonetheless, this conclusion that the convening authority did not err be-
cause he followed Article 60, UCMJ, and R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 as imple-
mented by the President in the 2019 MCM, parts ways with the opinion of the
court here and in Barrick, which find that the convening authority’s decision
was not error because it met the requirements of Article 60, UCMJ (2016
MCM); see Barrick, unpub. op. at *3 (“The convening authority’s decision met
the requirements of Article 60, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860 (2016 MCM) inasmuch
as it required ‘action’ in this case.”). It also invites comparison to this court’s

18The convening authority had the power to reduce, commute, or suspend, in whole or
in part, Appellant’s reduction in grade only. See R.C.M. 1109(c)(5) (2019 MCM).
19I agree with the opinion of the court that the EoJ fails to document Appellant’s re-
quest for deferment of mandatory forfeitures and the convening authority’s decision on
Appellant’s request as required by R.C.M. 1111(b)(3)(A).

                                         27
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

decision in Finco that reached a different result on similar facts and on which
Senior Judge Lewis relies in his separate opinion, supra.
    Appellant, like the appellant in Finco, was convicted of offenses that were
committed on or after 24 June 2014 20 and before 1 January 2019, and referred
after that date. See Finco, unpub. op. at *3–4, 12. The military judge in Finco
sentenced the appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for five
months, reduction to the grade of E-1, and a reprimand. Id. at *1–2. After re-
viewing that appellant’s clemency matters, the convening authority signed a
decision memorandum that stated, “I take no action on the sentence of this
case.” Id. at *2. The same day that the convening authority signed his decision
memorandum, the military judge signed the EoJ. Id. In Finco, this court de-
termined that “the decision to take no action on the sentence was a plain or
obvious error” and remanded the case to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial
Judiciary, “to resolve a substantial issue with the convening authority’s deci-
sion memorandum as no action was taken on Appellant’s adjudged sentence as
required by law.” Id. at *15, 20–21.
    This court’s Finco decision did not rely on R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 in the 2019
MCM, or attach any significance to the President’s implementation of these
rules in Exec. Order 13,825, § 5. Instead, Finco singularly focused on § 6(b) of
this same Executive Order. Id. at *8, 12. As applicable to cases like Appellant’s
and Finco where there is a conviction for at least one offense committed before
1 January 2019 that was referred on or after that date, § 6(b) guides a conven-
ing authority to apply the legacy provisions of Article 60 in the 2016 MCM, in
certain prescribed circumstances. Section 6(b) states in pertinent part:
       If the accused is found guilty of a specification alleging the com-
       mission of one or more offenses before January 1, 2019, Article
       60 of the UCMJ, as in effect on the date of the earliest offense of
       which the accused was found guilty, shall apply to the convening
       authority . . . to the extent that Article 60:
       (1) requires action by the convening authority on the sentence
       ....
Exec. Order 13,825, § 6(b), 83 Fed. Reg. at 9890 (8 Mar. 2018).
   By the terms of § 6(b), the convening authority in Finco and in Appellant’s
case was required to follow Article 60 as it appears in the 2016 MCM, but only

20Because the court’s opinion referenced Article 60, UCMJ, in the 2016 MCM, see
United States v. Finco, No. ACM S32603, 2020 CCA LEXIS 246, at *8 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 27 Jul. 2020) (unpub. op.), which was effective on 24 June 2014, FY14 NDAA,
Pub. L. No. 113-66, § 1702, 127 Stat. 672, 958 (2013), we can presume that the appel-
lant in Finco committed the charged offenses no earlier than on or after that date.

                                         28
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

“to the extent that” Article 60 “requires action by the convening authority on
the sentence.” (Emphasis added). If effectuating a sentence does not require a
convening authority to take action, then § 6(b)’s direction to a convening au-
thority to follow “Article 60 of the UCMJ, as in effect on the date of the earliest
offense of which the accused was found guilty,” is inapposite.
     Finco looked to the language in Article 60 in the 2016 MCM, and found the
necessary words of obligation in Article 60(c)(2)(A), UCMJ, that it determined
bound the convening authority to effectuate the sentence whether granting re-
lief or not. This provision states without qualification that “[a]ction on the sen-
tence of a court-martial shall be taken by the convening authority.” 21 See Finco,
unpub. op. at *8. By looking to Article 60(c)(2)(A) in the 2016 MCM to under-
stand § 6(b) of the Executive Order, a convening authority would have to dis-
regard the President’s implementation of R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 that went into
effect on 1 January 2019 in every case where there is a conviction for at least
one offense committed before, and referred on or after, that date. Paradoxi-
cally, effective on the same date that the President’s implementation of these
rules went into effect, Finco’s reasoning found them inapplicable and would
nullify their application in cases in which a convening authority determines
that granting sentencing relief is not authorized or warranted. It does so de-
spite any indication of such intent in the text of the Executive Order.
    Without question, a convening authority cannot “take no action on the sen-
tence” in compliance with R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 in the 2019 MCM, and at the
same time satisfy the language in Article 60(c)(2)(A), UCMJ, in the 2016 MCM.
Thus, I cannot agree with the opinion of the court that, unlike this court’s opin-
ion in Finco, does not explain how it reached its conclusion. However, Finco
made an assumption that a convening authority was bound by Article
60(c)(2)(A), finding that “the convening authority cannot simultaneously ‘take
no action on the sentence’” and satisfy the Finco court’s interpretation of the
language of the President’s implementation in § 6(b). The Finco court con-
cluded, “[W]e need look no further than the plain language of the decision
memorandum and determine that the convening authority erred when he pur-
ported to take no action on the sentence when Exec. Order 13,825, § 6(b)(1),

21The Finco court found solidarity with a decision by our sister-service court in United
States v. Coffman, 79 M.J. 820 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2020), in which a convening authority
took no action by indicating “N/A” to denote “action on the findings and/or sentence.”
Finco, unpub. op. at *12–13 (quoting Coffman, 79 M.J. at 821); see also id. at *13
(agreeing with the Coffman court’s finding that “the convening authority ‘erred in his
noncompliance’ with the earlier version of Article 60, UCMJ, . . . that required action
on the sentence” (quoting Coffman, 79 M.J. at 822)).

                                          29
                United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

required him to do so.” Finco, unpub. op. at *12. Although unstated in its deci-
sion, it is apparent that the Finco court found the language of § 6(b) plain as
well to reach the conclusion that the convening authority’s error was so clear
as to be plain and obvious.
    The Finco decision did not address what in my mind is an unmistakable
contradiction between the President’s implementation of R.C.M. 1109 and
1110 in Exec. Order 13,825, § 5, on the one hand, and the Finco court’s reading
of Exec. Order 13,825, § 6(b), on the other. In the case before us as in Finco,
the convening authority cannot abide by the President’s implementation of the
specific provisions of R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 in § 5 by taking no action on the
sentence and at the same time have a duty to act in every case so as to effectu-
ate a sentence, which the Finco court found by its reading of § 6(b) that looked
to Article 60(c)(2)(A) in the 2016 MCM. The Finco decision also failed to explain
how its interpretation complied with Congress’ direction to the President to
implement the MJA by 1 January 2019, notably the post-trial procedures that
Congress directed convening authorities to follow to effectuate a sentence.
    In reaching the conclusion that the convening authority was required to
take action on the sentence, Finco interpreted one part of the President’s im-
plementation so as to render another part, § 5, inconsequential in cases, like
Appellant’s, where there is a conviction for at least one offense committed be-
fore 1 January 2019 that was referred on or after that date, and the convening
authority determines no sentencing relief is warranted. By taking “no action”
in compliance with R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 in the 2019 MCM as the President
intended in Exec. Order, § 5, the Finco court would find error in an essential
and recurring post-trial responsibility that was directed by Congress in the
MJA: the manner by which convening authorities effectuate sentences for con-
victions for pre-1 January 2019 offenses that are referred on and after that
date.
    Of greater significance, the assignment by Congress to the President to des-
ignate the effective date of the MJA amendments was not without limitation.
As previously noted, Congress directed that the President’s implementation of
the Act “shall take effect” not later than 1 January 2019. 22 The amendments
to the UCMJ include changes Congress made to the procedural provisions in
Article 60 whereby a convening authority may take no action to effectuate a
sentence. But the Finco court’s interpretation of Exec. Order 13,825, § 6(b)(1),
would require a convening authority to continue to take action on a sentence

22   See FY17 NDAA, Pub. L. No. 114-328, § 5542(a).

                                          30
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

in accordance with the legacy provisions of Article 60 until the date of the ear-
liest conviction is on or after 1 January 2019. Thus, if the Finco court’s inter-
pretation of Exec. Order 13,825, § 6(b), was correct, it would operate to delay
implementation of a key MJA provision well past 1 January 2019. 23 With few
exceptions, notably Exec. Order 13,825, §§ 6(a), 9, and 10, the President’s im-
plementation of the MJA applies to offenses committed or alleged before 1 Jan-
uary 2019. 83 Fed. Reg. at 9890–91. However, the provisions implemented by
exception in §§ 6(a), 9, and 10 relate to important substantive rights of an ac-
cused that go beyond the form by which Congress intended a convening au-
thority to effectuate a sentence as is the case here. The President may well
have intended these few exceptions were necessary so that an accused would
get the benefit of significant legacy provisions in the UCMJ that protect im-
portant substantive rights and at the same time comply with the implementa-
tion timeline that Congress directed.
    Importantly, if the President had intended the changes to the manner by
which a convening authority effectuates a sentence in Article 60 in the 2019
MCM to begin on or after 1 January 2019, one might reasonably conclude that
the President would have done so expressly instead of—as the Finco court’s
interpretation would require—by implication. Thus, a delayed implementation
in the manner by which a sentence is effectuated in the 2019 MCM would raise
questions not just about the responsibility of a convening authority under the
President’s implementation of the MJA, but also, and more fundamental,
whether the President’s implementation schedule was in compliance with Con-
gress’ direction that the President shall implement the Act not later than 1
January 2019.
     2. Executive Order 13,825
    Executive agencies “must always ‘give effect to the unambiguously ex-
pressed intent of Congress.’” Util. Air Regulatory Grp. v. EPA, 573 U.S. 302,
326 (2014) (quoting National Assn. of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife,
551 U.S. 644, 665 (2007)). The CAAF has similarly cautioned that it “has no
license . . . to construe statutes in a way that ‘undercut[s] the clearly expressed
intent of Congress.’” United States v. McPherson, 73 M.J. 393, 396 (C.A.A.F.

23Notably, it is incongruent that, effective 1 January 2019, Congress would eliminate
in the MJA the requirement that a convening authority consider the written recom-
mendation of a staff judge advocate before acting on the sentence in a general court-
martial or any special court-martial case that includes a bad-conduct discharge, as
required by legacy provisions of Article 60, see, e.g., Article 60(e), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§ 860(e) (2016 MCM), but still require a convening authority to take action to effectu-
ate all sentences.

                                          31
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

2014) (quoting United States v. Bartlett, 66 M.J. 426, 428 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (al-
teration in original)).
    The CAAF has recognized that ordinary rules of statutory construction are
helpful “when analyzing a rule promulgated by the President,” which would
seemingly embrace analysis of an executive order like the one here. United
States v. Murphy, 74 M.J. 302, 305 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (“[I]n determining the scope
of a statute, we look first to its language” and “apply the same interpretive
process when analyzing a rule promulgated by the President.” (internal quota-
tion marks omitted)); see also United States v. Fetrow, 76 M.J. 181, 185–86
(C.A.A.F. 2017) (rules of statutory construction are helpful in analyzing provi-
sions of the Manual for Courts-Martial). It follows then that judicial review of
the President’s Executive Order implementing the MJA is not unlike review of
an agency’s construction of a statute.
    When two provisions “initially appear to be in tension,” the provisions
should be interpreted in a way that render them compatible, not contradic-
tory. 24 United States v. Kelly, 77 M.J. 404, 407 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (“[T]his Court
typically seeks to harmonize independent provisions of a statute.” (citing
United States v. Christian, 63 M.J. 205, 208 (C.A.A.F. 2006)). “It is a funda-
mental canon of statutory construction that the words of a statute must be read
in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme.”
Kelly, 77 M.J. at 406–07 (quoting FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.,
529 U.S. 120, 133 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted)). “As is true of
interpretation of statutes, the interpretation of an Executive Order begins with
its text.” Bassidji v. Goe, 413 F.3d 928, 934 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).
Thus, when an interpretation of the text of one provision in an executive order
works against another provision or an act of Congress, there is good reason to
reject that interpretation and look for another.
    The place to begin is with the text of the President’s implementation. Sec-
tions 5 and 6(b) of the Executive Order initially appear to be in tension, so each
provision will be examined in turn. The language of § 5 plainly implements the

24 There may be essential differences between application of some interpretive canons
to executive and legislative action. For example, the President’s implementation of a
rule in one provision of Exec. Order 13,825 (§ 5), and a statute on which the same rule
depends in another provision (§ 6(b)) would not obviously trigger the “‘hierarchical
sources of rights’ in the military justice system” whereby the highest source of author-
ity is generally paramount. See United States v. Czeschin, 56 MJ 346, 348 (C.A.A.F.
2002). In the absence of language making it clear that the President’s implementation
of the statute controls over implementation of the rule, one cannot assume that the
President intended that the former controls the latter in the same executive order
promulgated under the same implementation authority assigned by Congress.

                                          32
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

R.C.M. and the text is not subject to more than one possible meaning. It states
that “[t]he amendments in Annex 2 [of Executive Order 13,825] . . . shall take
effect on January 1, 2019.” 83 Fed. Reg. at 9890. As previously discussed, An-
nex 2 includes the President’s implementation of R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 in the
2019 MCM that went into effect for cases referred to trial by court-martial on
and after 1 January 2019. The fact that § 5 enumerates three inapposite ex-
ceptions to the application of these amendments suggests that there are no
other exceptions, lending further validity to the conclusion that the convening
authority did not err when he followed R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 in effectuating
the sentence adjudged in Appellant’s case.
     Whereas § 5 requires looking no further than that provision to determine
its meaning and application, § 6(b), in contrast, directs practitioners to first
look to the legacy provisions of Article 60, UCMJ, to resolve which version of
Article 60 may apply to a particular case, and also, to what extent. This is so
because § 6(b) states that “Article 60 of the UCMJ, as in effect on the date of
the earliest offense of which the accused was found guilty, shall apply to the
convening authority . . . to the extent that Article 60 . . . requires action by the
convening authority on the sentence . . . .” Id. (emphasis added). The phrase
“to the extent that” is one of limitation that precludes blanket application of
legacy provisions of Article 60. It plainly encompasses conditions in which no
legacy provision of Article 60 will apply. This qualifying language makes clear
that individual provisions of Article 60 in the 2019 MCM will bind a convening
authority unless any one of several conditions is present in Article 60, UCMJ,
as was in effect on the date of the earliest offense. First among these conditions
is if a legacy provision of an earlier version of Article 60 “requires action by the
convening authority on the sentence.” Exec. Order 13,825, § 6(b)(1), 83 Fed.
Reg. at 9890.
    Taking “action,” as discussed earlier, has a precise, specialized meaning in
the 2019 MCM that differs from its more comprehensive meaning to effectuate
a sentence in all cases before the MJA’s implementation. Thus, a full under-
standing of the applicability of § 6(b) to Appellant’s case entails an examina-
tion of Article 60 in the 2016 MCM for a circumstance in which a convening
authority is required to grant relief (i.e., take action) on the sentence. If such
a circumstance was present in a case like Appellant’s—where at least one of-
fense was committed on or after 24 June 2014 and before 1 January 2019, that
was referred on or after that date—then a convening authority might be re-
quired to take action on the sentence by following one or more provisions of
Article 60 in the 2016 MCM. Such a circumstance would be within the meaning
of the President’s implementation in § 6(b).
   One such circumstance that protects a critical right of an accused is the
convening authority’s legal duty to honor and effectuate a pretrial agreement
                                        33
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

(PTA). A convening authority has no statutory or regulatory authority under
any specific provision in the 2019 MCM to effectuate a sentence limitation of a
PTA, known as a “plea agreement” in the MJA. Instead, such agreements have
binding effect upon their acceptance by a military judge. 25 An accused auto-
matically gets the benefit of the agreement without the convening authority
having to take action or approve a sentence to comply with the agreement.
However, this novel approach to the manner by which agreed-upon sentence
limitations are enforced in the MJA takes effect only in cases unlike Appel-
lant’s “in which all specifications allege offenses committed on or after January
1, 2019.” See Exec. Order 13,825, § 10, 83 Fed. Reg. at 9890–91. Conversely, in
cases like Appellant’s where there is a conviction for at least one offense com-
mitted after 24 June 2014 and before 1 January 2019 that was referred on or
after that date, a PTA may be consequential and the convening authority
would be required to follow the legacy provisions of Article 60 (2016 MCM),
and take action to both honor and effectuate a sentence as agreed to in the
PTA. This is perhaps best illustrated by two examples that show the different
applications of Article 60. The first example closely tracks Appellant’s case in
which the convening authority properly applied Article 60 and R.C.M. 1109
and 1110 from the 2019 MCM. The second example reveals when a convening
authority would be required to apply Article 60 and R.C.M. 1107 26 from the
2016 MCM if Appellant’s sentence had been different.
    Here, Appellant was convicted of offenses committed before 1 January 2019
that were referred after that date. Appellant’s adjudged sentence that included
confinement for eight months was less than the one-year limitation on confine-
ment in Appellant’s PTA. It follows then that granting sentencing relief (i.e.,
taking action) was not required under Article 60 in the 2016 MCM that was in
effect on the date of Appellant’s earliest offense. Because the convening author-
ity was not compelled to follow any legacy provisions of Article 60 that predate

25Compare Article 53a(d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 853a(d) (2019 MCM), and R.C.M.
1002(a)(2) (2019 MCM), and R.C.M. 1005, Discussion (2019 MCM), with Article
60(c)(4)(C), UCMJ (2016 MCM), and R.C.M. 1107(d)(1)(C)(ii) (2016 MCM).
26R.C.M. 1107 implements Article 60 in the 2016 MCM. R.C.M. 1107(d)(1)(C)(ii) guides
a convening authority to act on a sentence limitation in a PTA. It states,
       Pretrial agreement. If a pretrial agreement has been entered into by
       the convening authority and the accused, as authorized by R.C.M. 705,
       the convening authority or another person authorized to act under this
       rule shall have the authority to approve, disapprove, commute, or sus-
       pend a sentence, in whole or in part, pursuant to the terms of the pre-
       trial agreement.

                                         34
                 United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

implementation of Article 60 in the 2019 MCM, the convening authority could
effectuate Appellant’s sentence, as he did, by taking no action in accordance
with Article 60 and R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 as incorporated in the 2019 MCM.
     Conversely, if Appellant’s adjudged sentence exceeded this one-year limi-
tation (e.g., 15 months), then the convening authority would have been re-
quired to follow Article 60 and R.C.M. 1107 in the 2016 MCM “to the extent
that Article 60 . . . requires action by the convening authority on the sentence”
as directed by Exec. Order, § 6(b)(1). (Emphasis added). This is so because
there is no legal authorization in the 2019 MCM for the convening authority to
honor the agreement and effectuate the sentence—as there is in the 2016
MCM—by either granting clemency 27 or enforcing a sentence limitation in a
PTA. 28 In such a case the convening authority would be required to grant relief
(i.e., take action) on the sentence by following Article 60 in effect on the date
of the earliest offense. 29 Without the legacy provision in Article 60 that allows
the convening authority to take the required action on the sentence, 30 the con-
vening authority would be in breach of the PTA if Article 60 (2019 MCM) was
the only legal authority the convening authority had to effectuate a sentence.

27 In cases like Appellant’s, a convening authority has no authority in the 2019 MCM
to reduce or commute a sentence of confinement, if the total period of confinement
imposed for all offenses is greater than six months. See Article 60a(b)(1)(A), 10 U.S.C.
§ 860a(b)(1)(A), and R.C.M. 1109(c)(5)(A) (2019 MCM) (permitting a convening author-
ity to “reduce, commute, or suspend, in whole or in part” the confinement portion of a
sentence that is six months or less).
28In cases like Appellant’s, there is no provision in the 2019 MCM that is similar to
Article 60(c)(4)(C), UCMJ (2016 MCM), that would authorize a convening authority to
honor and effectuate an agreed-upon sentencing limitation in a PTA:
          If a pre-trial agreement has been entered into by the convening author-
          ity and the accused, as authorized by Rule for Courts-Martial 705, the
          convening authority or another person authorized to act under this sec-
          tion shall have the authority to approve, disapprove, commute, or sus-
          pend a sentence in whole or in part pursuant to the terms of the pre-
          trial agreement . . . .
Article 60(c)(4)(C), UCMJ (2016 MCM). Notably, Appellant’s PTA provided that the
convening authority “agrees to, if adjudged, approve no sentence of confinement in ex-
cess of one (1) year, in accordance with R.C.M. 1107(d)(1)(C)(ii),” which implements
Article 60(c)(4)(C) (2016 MCM), and was the correct authority to cite.
29Of note, nothing in the MJA or the President’s implementation of the Act operate to
repeal the R.C.M. that applied Article 60 in effect before 1 January 2019.
30   See, e.g., Article 60(c)(4)(C), UCMJ (2016 MCM).

                                            35
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

    In cases that are referred to trial on or after 1 January 2019, there can be
no mistaking Congress’ intent that a convening authority’s taking “no action”
on the sentence effectuates the adjudged sentence in the same way that a con-
vening authority once approved the sentence without modification under the
former Article 60 (2016 MCM). And, there is no mistaking Congress’ assigning
to the President the authority to implement the MJA, consistent with this in-
tent, no later than 1 January 2019. Significantly, perhaps, the CAAF has
looked to dates of legislative enactment when it “harmonize[s] independent
provisions of a statute.” Christian, 63 M.J. at 208 (“It is a well-established prin-
ciple of statutory construction that, absent a clear direction of Congress to the
contrary, a law takes effect on the date of its enactment.” (citations omitted)).
Additionally, our superior court has “continually reiterated that the Uniform
Code of Military Justice controls when an executive order conflicts with part of
that Code.” United States v. Pritt, 54 M.J. 47, 50 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (citing United
States v. Gonzalez, 42 M.J. 469, 474 (1995); United States v. Mance, 26 M.J.
244, 252 (1988)).
    Here, there is no conflict between the President’s implementation of the
MJA in Executive Order 13,825 and Article 60 (2019 MCM) so long as Exec.
Order, §§ 5 and 6(b), are each given “full force and effect,” Kelly, 77 M.J. at 407,
on 1 January 2019. Under Exec. Order, § 6(b)(1), a convening authority looks
to the legacy provisions of Article 60 to the extent that a convening authority
may be required to take action on the sentence. Because taking “action” in the
2019 MCM means “granting relief,” practitioners accustomed to “action” being
synonymous with effectuating the results of a court-martial in a pre-2019
MCM provision may best relate to the contemporary meaning of “action” if
§ 6(b)(1) is restated thusly,
        If the accused is found guilty of a specification alleging the com-
        mission of one or more offenses before January 1, 2019, Article
        60 of the UCMJ, as in effect on the date of the earliest offense of
        which the accused was found guilty, shall apply to the convening
        authority . . . to the extent that Article 60:
        (1) requires [granting relief] by the convening authority on the
        sentence[ 31]
        ....
Exec. Order 13,825, 83 Fed. Reg. at 9890.

31Or, to rephrase grammatically, “. . . requires the convening authority to grant relief
on the sentence.”

                                          36
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

    This reading of § 6(b)(1) affords “action” its new meaning that is narrower
than its legacy use in prior editions of the Manual. See United States v. An-
drews, 77 M.J. 393, 400 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (questions of interpretation should
begin and end with the text, “giving each word its ordinary, contemporary, and
common meaning” (quoting Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc., 137
S. Ct. 1002, 1010 (2017))). “[I]t’s a ‘fundamental canon of statutory construc-
tion’ that words generally should be ‘interpreted as taking their ordinary . . .
meaning . . . at the time Congress enacted the statute.’” New Prime Inc. v.
Oliveira, 139 S. Ct. 532, 539 (2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Wisconsin
Central Ltd. v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2067, 2074 (2018)). And sometimes,
“[w]ords in statutes can enlarge or contract their scope as other changes, in
law or in the world, require their application to new instances or make old
applications anachronistic.” West v. Gibson, 527 U. S. 212, 218 (1999) (citation
omitted). Giving “action” a contemporary meaning is not only coherent with
the new use of the term in Article 60, UCMJ, and R.C.M. 1109 and R.C.M. 1110
in the 2019 MCM, it is also consistent with the use of the term where it appears
again in Exec. Order 13,825, § 6(b)(2), which authorizes a convening authority
to follow a legacy provision of Article 60 to the extent that it “permits action by
the convening authority on the findings.” 83 Fed. Reg. at 9890 (emphasis
added). A contemporary understanding of “action” as synonymous with grant-
ing relief renders § 6(b)(2) to mean that it “permits a convening authority to
disapprove a finding of guilty or approve a finding of guilty only of a lesser
offense” in cases in which a legacy provision of Article 60 grants an accused
this right. 32
    Most significantly, a contemporary reading avoids a de facto nullification
of the President’s implementation of R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 in every case where
there is a conviction for at least one offense committed before, and referred on
or after 1 January 2019, and a convening authority determines action on the
sentence is not warranted. It makes little sense for the President to implement

32 See, e.g., Article 60(c)(3), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(3), as it appears in the Manual
for Courts-Martial, United States (2012 ed.) (2012 MCM), which gives plenary author-
ity to a convening authority to approve or disapprove the findings of a court-martial:
       Action on the findings of a court-martial by the convening authority or
       other person acting on the sentence is not required. However, such per-
       son, in his sole discretion, may—(A) dismiss any charge or specification
       by setting aside a finding of guilty thereto; or (B) change a finding of
       guilty to a charge or specification to a finding of guilty to an offense
       that is a lesser included offense of the offense stated in the charge or
       specification.

                                          37
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

Articles 60a and 60b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 860a, 860b, and R.C.M. 1109 and
1110 effective on 1 January 2019, and then hold their application in abeyance
without some positive statement of intent to that effect in the implementation,
as was the case for other articles of the UCMJ and Rules for Courts-Martial. 33
Moreover, this reading of § 6(b)(1) affords an accused a substantive right to
have a convening authority honor a PTA—and not merely specifying the man-
ner by which a convening authority effectuates a sentence—that is in harmony
with other substantive provisions of § 6(b) that also protect an accused’s rights
under legacy provisions of Article 60. 34, 35

33 See Exec. Order, § 10(b) stating that new Rules for Courts-Martial implementing
new articles that change sentencing procedures apply “only to cases in which all spec-
ifications allege offenses committed on or after January 1, 2019.” See also, Exec. Order,
§ 6(a), “The amendments to Articles 2, 56(d), 58a, and 63 of the UCMJ enacted by sec-
tions 5102, 5301, 5303, and 5327 of the MJA apply only to cases in which all specifica-
tions allege offenses committed on or after January 1, 2019.” Notably, Articles 60a and
60b, UCMJ (2019 MCM), are not among the UCMJ provisions that the President im-
plemented effective 1 January 2019, and then expressly held their application in abey-
ance until all findings of guilty are to offenses that an appellant commits on or after
the date of implementation.
34The guidance in Exec. Order, § 6(b), addresses an accused’s substantive rights in
regard to the findings (Subsection (2)), the adjudged sentence (Subsections (1) and (5)),
both the finding and the sentence (Subsection (3)), and a proceeding in revision or a
rehearing (Subsection (4)) under prior versions of Article 60 that were in effect on the
date of an earlier offense. See Exec. Order 13,825, § 6(b)(1)–(5), 83 Fed. Reg. at 9890.
35 Although questions about the meaning and applicability of the President’s imple-
mentation of the MJA can be resolved without looking beyond the text of each, it is
instructive that Congress intended an accused to benefit from previous amendments
to Article 60, UCMJ (2012 MCM). When Congress substantially limited a convening
authority’s ability to approve findings and sentences under Article 60, UCMJ (2016
MCM), in the FY14 NDAA, Pub. L. No. 113–66, § 1702, 127 Stat. 956–57 (26 Dec.
2013), it directed the change to be applied prospectively “with respect to an offense . . .
committed on or after” the effective date. In the next fiscal year’s NDAA, Congress
addressed the applicability of Article 60 (2016 MCM) when offenses straddled the FY14
NDAA’s effective date:
        With respect to the findings and sentence of a court-martial that in-
        cludes both a conviction for an offense committed before [24 June 2014]
        and a conviction for an offense committed on or after that effective
        date, the convening authority shall have the same authority to take
        action on such findings and sentence as was in effect on the day before
        such effective date[.]
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015, Pub. L. No. 113–291, § 531,
128 Stat. 3292, 3365 (19 Dec. 2014).

                                            38
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

    Finally, affording “action” a contemporary meaning in the President’s Ex-
ecutive Order reveals that the Finco court’s reliance on Article 60(c)(2)(A),
UCMJ (2016 MCM), to understand when a convening authority’s action on the
sentence may be required is inapt. As noted previously, this provision states
without qualification that “[a]ction on the sentence of a court-martial shall be
taken by the convening authority.” Because taking “action” in the 2019 MCM
means “granting relief,” application of a contemporary meaning to this legacy
provision of Article 60 (2016 MCM) would require a convening authority to
grant relief in every case, which is an unreasonable result that the President
could not have intended when he issued Exec. Order 13,825. See United States
v. Ortiz, 76 M.J. 189, 192 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (“From the earliest times, we have
held to the ‘plain meaning’ method of statutory interpretation. Under that
method, if a statute is unambiguous, the plain meaning of the words will con-
trol, so long as that meaning does not lead to an absurd result.”), aff’d, 138 S.
Ct. 2165 (2018).
     In summary, in cases like Appellant’s where there is a conviction for at
least one offense committed before 1 January 2019 that was referred on or after
that date, a convening authority follows Article 60 (2019 MCM) and R.C.M.
1109 and 1110 that implement the new Article 60 unless an appellant benefits
from the discretion that Congress conferred on a convening authority in a prior
version of Article 60 that was in effect when an appellant committed the earli-
est offense. If the convening authority determines that granting sentencing re-
lief (i.e., action) is not required under that earlier version of Article 60, for ex-
ample, to enforce a limitation on sentence in a PTA, or that relief that a con-
vening authority has the power to grant is not warranted upon consideration
of an appellant’s clemency submission and other matters, then the convening
authority follows Article 60 and R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 in the 2019 MCM to
effectuate the sentence. If, however, the convening authority determines that
action on the sentence is required under the version of Article 60 in effect on
the date of the earliest offense because granting relief is required to effectuate
the sentence—as may be the case with a sentence limitation in a PTA—then
the convening authority is required to follow a provision in an earlier version
of Article 60 and the corresponding R.C.M. that give effect to the convening
authority’s statutory responsibility to act on the sentence.
E. Plain Error Standard of Review as Applied to Appellant’s Case
   As a final matter, I also depart from Senior Judge Lewis’ separate opinion
concurring in part and in the result, supra, which, like this court’s Finco deci-

                                         39
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

sion, I find misapplies the plain error standard of review, and that would re-
mand an appellant’s record to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary,
upon a sua sponte finding of some colorable showing of possible prejudice. 36
    Seven months before this court decided Finco, but still after the convening
authority effectuated Appellant’s sentence, a panel consisting of three different
judges of this court than the judges empaneled to decide Finco issued its deci-
sion in Moody-Neukom. In that case, the convening authority “elected to take
no action with respect to the findings or sentence,” and thereby effectuated a
sentence that consisted of a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for one month,
and reduction to the grade of E-1. Moody-Neukom, unpub. op. at *1. Like the
appellants in Finco and Barrick, and Appellant’s case, the appellant in Moody-
Neukom was found guilty of offenses he committed before 1 January 2019 that
were referred after that date. Id. at *2. Moody-Neukom was submitted to this
court for review on its merits without any assignments of error. Id. at *1.
    In conducting our review of Moody-Neukom, 37 we looked favorably on the
decision of the convening authority to apply the procedural provisions of
R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 in the 2019 MCM to effectuate the sentence by taking
“no action.” Id. at *8. In concluding that the findings and sentence as entered
by the military judge were correct in law and fact, and that no error materially
prejudicial to the appellant’s substantial rights occurred, id., we observed the
following:
       Under the new procedures, the convening authority is no longer
       required to take action on the results of every court-martial. See
       R.C.M. 1109; R.C.M. 1110. Instead, as in this case, the conven-
       ing authority may, after consulting with the staff judge advocate
       or legal advisor and considering any matters timely submitted
       by the accused or a crime victim, decline to take action on the
       sentence. R.C.M. 1109(c), (d), (g).

36Senior Judge Lewis concludes there was no prejudice to Appellant because there was
no uncertainty whether or not the convening authority made a decision on Appellant’s
clemency request to defer mandatory forfeiture. It is only because the convening au-
thority denied that request in writing as required by R.C.M. 1103(d)(2), that the sepa-
rate opinion found no prejudice. Based on this rubric, prejudice would be evident unless
a convening authority grants clemency relief or denies a deferment when effectuating
a sentence, or perhaps if an appellant waives clemency.
37Like the Appellant in the case before us, the appellant in Moody-Neukom did not
raise the issue of the applicability of Article 60, UCMJ (2019 MCM) and R.C.M. 1109
and 1110 (2019 MCM) with this court. However, unlike the detailed analysis in the
case under consideration here, our opinion concluded that the convening authority
properly followed these new provisions to effectuate an appellant’s sentence.

                                          40
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

Id. at *3.
    In the case before us, the convening authority did not have the benefit of
this court’s conflicting decisions in Moody-Neukom, Finco, and Barrick when
he consulted with his SJA before issuing his Decision on Action. Before this
court issued its Finco decision, no opinion of this court or our superior court
had addressed the duty and responsibility of a convening authority to effectu-
ate a sentence in accordance with the President’s implementation of the MJA.
Under a presumption of regularity, the convening authority and the SJA on
which he relied for advice would have looked for guidance in AFI 51-201, Sec-
tion 13D, which instructed “convening authorities to specify ‘no action’ if not
granting relief,” as found by this court’s majority opinion in Barrick, unpub.
op. at *3–4. As the opinion of the court sensibly suggests in the case before us,
the convening authority likely relied on this guidance and then “expressed his
decision to not grant relief as ‘no action.’” I agree and reach the same conclu-
sion, and harbor doubt that this court can properly reconcile presumption of
regularity with a finding of plain error on a matter that was not an issue in
any appellate court when the convening authority effectuated Appellant’s sen-
tence after he consulted with his SJA in February 2019.
    After the conclusion of his court-martial, Appellant did not raise a motion
under R.C.M. 1104(b)(2)(B) to challenge the form or legality of the convening
authority’s decision on action. Under like circumstances, this court’s Finco de-
cision found plain error as to the decision to take no action on the sentence. See
Finco, unpub. op. at *15. To establish plain error, an appellant must show: “(1)
error that is (2) clear or obvious and (3) results in material prejudice to his
substantial rights.” United States v. Armstrong, 77 M.J. 465, 469 (C.A.A.F.
2018) (citation omitted). In assessing plain error, the CAAF will “consider
whether the error is obvious at the time of appeal, not whether it was obvious
at the time of the court-martial,” United States v. Harcrow, 66 M.J. 154, 159
(C.A.A.F. 2008), or more to the point in the case before us, at the time the con-
vening authority effectuated Appellant’s sentence.
   To determine whether error is “clear and obvious” at the time of appeal, the
CAAF will consider, among other circumstances, whether Courts of Criminal
Appeals have “reached conflicting conclusions on the question” that is in issue.
United States v. Gonzales, 78 M.J. 480, 486–87 (C.A.A.F. 2019). It stands to
reason that error premised on a conclusion of law by one panel of a Court of
Criminal Appeals that directly conflicts with another is neither clear nor obvi-
ous.
   Before today, this court issued three unpublished opinions, Moody-Neu-
kom, Finco, and Barrick, which, as Chief Judge J. Johnson observes as to the

                                       41
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

latter two, “came to very different conclusions.” Of the three, Finco is the out-
lier in finding plain error. Our sister-service court in United States v. Coffman,
79 M.J. 820 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2020), reached a decision that was similar to
Finco in finding error. I am not aware of any opinion of our superior court or
other opinion of our sister courts that address how a convening authority ef-
fectuates a sentence under the President’s implementation of the MJA. Be-
cause of the conflict in this court’s decisions it is noteworthy that my esteemed
colleagues call upon the Joint Service Committee on Military Justice (Senior
Judge Lewis’ opinion, supra) or our superior court to help our court in “settling
the law in this area,” (according to Chief Judge J. Johnson, infra), respectively.
Entreaties such as these are hardly grounds upon which to set a course for
plain error.
    Because the convening authority correctly applied existing law as reflected
in AFI 51-201 that guides convening authorities to specify “no action” if not
granting relief, it would seem that the law became unsettled in our jurisdiction
when this court issued its Finco decision while Appellant’s case was on appeal.
I would find, then, that Appellant cannot satisfy the second prong of the plain
error test—that the error be clear or obvious under existing law. Thus, remand
of the record to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, is not appro-
priate. This is so even if there was error to correct on appeal as is the view of a
majority of the judges on this court.
F. Conclusion
     Although the path taken by the opinion of the court is different from my
own, I concur in the result that the convening authority did not commit error
when he effectuated Appellant’s sentence by taking “no action in the case.”
There is no tension, much less contradiction, with Exec. Order 13,825, § 5, or
other provisions of the President’s implementation of the MJA, so long as tak-
ing “action” on the sentence is given its contemporary meaning, “granting re-
lief,” where the term “action” appears in Exec. Order 13,825, § 6(b)(1). In the
case before us, the convening authority granted no relief so he took no action.
    I do not reach the question of prejudice, however. In many if not all cases
referred on and after 1 January 2019, it may not matter if it is determined
whether or not a convening authority erred in cases like Appellant’s where no
action is taken, or conversely, a case where a convening authority approves the
sentence even though the applicable provision of Article 60 does not require
action to effectuate the sentence. What matters is that a convening authority
makes clear whether sentencing relief has been granted an appellant and to
what extent. So long as the sentence that the convening authority intended to

                                        42
               United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

effectuate is apparent from the decision memorandum, 38 an appellant may not
be prejudiced even if a convening authority’s compliance with Executive Order
13,825 may be interpreted differently by Courts of Criminal Appeals or within
such Courts.
    Unlike the view of the majority of my esteemed colleagues, I find that the
convening authority fully complied with the President’s implementation of the
MJA, and did not err by taking “no action” on the sentence that was adjudged
after Appellant’s trial, and that the military judge correctly entered as the
judgment of the court-martial.

J. JOHNSON, Chief Judge (concurring in part and dissenting in part), joined
by Senior Judge MINK, Judge KEY, and Judge CADOTTE:
    I concur with the opinion of the court with respect to the conclusion that
Appellant is not entitled to relief for the conditions of his post-trial confinement
or facially unreasonable appellate delay. However, I cannot agree with the con-
clusion that there was “no error” when the convening authority purported to
“take no action” in Appellant’s case.
    Article 60a, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 860a,
which went into effect on 1 January 2019, does not require the convening au-
thority to take action on the sentence of a court-martial. See also R.C.M.
1109(g) (explaining procedures depending on whether or not the convening au-
thority “decides to act on the sentence” in certain courts-martial); R.C.M.
1110(e) (explaining procedures depending on whether or not the convening au-
thority decides to take action on the findings or sentence in certain courts-mar-
tial). 1 The convening authority “may act on the sentence” only as provided in
subsections (b), (c), or (d) of Article 60a, UCMJ, which control the extent to
which the convening authority may reduce, commute, or suspend the sentence.
10 U.S.C. § 860a(a)(1)(A). Under current law, the convening authority is re-
quired to make a decision whether to act, which must be provided to the mili-
tary judge, accused, and victim of any offense. 10 U.S.C. § 860a(f)(1).
   However, as the opinion of the court describes, the version of Article 60,
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860, in effect prior to 1 January 2019 did require the con-
vening authority to take action on the sentence of a court-martial in every case,
regardless of whether the convening authority intended to modify the sentence

38See, e.g., United States v. Politte, 63 M.J. 24, 26 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (requiring a “clear
and unambiguous convening authority action”).
1References in this opinion to the Rules for Courts-Martial are to the Manual for
Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.).

                                           43
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

or not. See 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(2)(A) (Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
(2016 ed.) (2016 MCM) (“Action on the sentence of a court-martial shall be
taken by the convening authority or by another person authorized to act under
this section.”) Furthermore, Executive Order 13,825, § 6(b), requires that the
version of Article 60, UCMJ, in effect on the earliest date of any offense of
which the accused was convicted “shall apply to the convening authority . . . to
the extent that Article 60: (1) requires action by the convening authority on the
sentence. . . .” See 2018 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United
States, 83 Fed. Reg. 9889, 9890 (1 Mar. 2018).
    In the instant case, the earliest date of an offense of which Appellant was
convicted is 6 January 2018. Therefore, in accordance with the Executive Or-
der, the version of Article 60, UCMJ, in effect prior to 1 January 2019 applied
to the convening authority to the extent that it required him to take action.
Before 1 January 2019, Article 60, UCMJ, required the convening authority to
take action in every case. Yet in this case, the convening authority signed a
“Decision on Action”—as if he were operating under the post-1 January 2019
Article 60a, UCMJ—in which he affirmatively stated “I hereby take no action”
in Appellant’s case.
    Appellant’s is not the first case in which this court has addressed such a
situation. See, e.g., United States v. Barrick, No. ACM S32579, 2020 CCA
LEXIS 346 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 Sep. 2020) (unpub. op.); United States v.
Finco, No. ACM S32603, 2020 CCA LEXIS 246 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 27 Jul.
2020) (unpub. op.). Our prior decisions have produced three interpretations of
a convening authority’s stated decision to take “no action” where at least one
offense predates 1 January 2019. Those three interpretations are reflected in
the opinion of the court and the two opinions concurring in the result in the
instant case.
    On one end of the spectrum is the majority opinion in Barrick, which con-
cluded the convening authority’s decision to take no action was “the equivalent
of action,” and “met the requirements of Article 60, UCMJ . . . inasmuch as it
required ‘action’ in this case.” Barrick, unpub. op. at *4. Barrick further found
that the convening authority’s decision “also complied with the provisions of
R.C.M. 1109, requiring convening authority action only when affecting the sen-
tence,” as well as Air Force Instruction (AFI) 51-201, Administration of Mili-
tary Justice, Section 13D (18 Jan. 2019), which “advises convening authorities
to specify ‘no action’ if not granting relief” under the applicable version of Ar-
ticle 60. Id. In Barrick, the majority concluded “[t]he convening authority’s ac-
tion to provide no relief was ‘clear and unambiguous,’” and there was no error
to correct. Id. at *5 (citing United States v. Politte, 63 M.J. 24, 25−26 (C.A.A.F.
2006)). In other words, the Executive Order and its reference to the prior ver-
sion of Article 60, UCMJ, simply required the convening authority to make a
                                        44
                United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

clear and unambiguous decision regarding whether to grant sentence relief;
the convening authority’s decision not to grant relief, expressed as a decision
to take “no action,” was legally sufficient under Article 60, UCMJ, as well as
consistent with the current versions of R.C.M. 1109 and AFI 51-201. The opin-
ion of the court in the instant case adopts a similar analysis and conclusion.
     Senior Judge Posch’s opinion concurring in the result in Barrick, which he
restates here in Appellant’s case, espoused a different interpretation. Barrick,
unpub. op. at *11–44 (Posch, S.J., concurring in the result). Like the majority
opinion, the concurring opinion found no error by the convening authority. Id.
at *43–44. Unlike the majority opinion, it found the convening authority’s de-
termination not to take action was not “action” within the meaning of the prior
version of Article 60, UCMJ. Id. at *21. However, it determined this was
proper, because it discerned the intent of the Executive Order was not to re-
quire action in every case where an offense occurred prior to 1 January 2019.
Id. at *25–33. Instead, the Executive Order’s direction that the prior Article
60, UCMJ, applies “to the extent that [it] requires action by the convening au-
thority on the sentence” (emphasis added) meant, in the context of other pro-
visions of the Executive Order and the current Rules for Courts-Martial, action
was required only when the convening authority was “required to grant relief
(i.e., take action) on the sentence.” Id. at *34. In Barrick, the pretrial agree-
ment had no effect on the sentence the convening authority could approve;
therefore:
        Because the convening authority was not compelled to follow any
        legacy provisions of Article 60 that predate implementation of
        Article 60 in the 2019 MCM, the convening authority could ef-
        fectuate the sentence, as he did, by taking no action in accord-
        ance with Article 60 and R.C.M. 1109 and 1110 as codified in the
        2019 MCM.
Id. at *36. 2
    In Finco, a different panel of this court came to very different conclusions.
See Finco, unpub. op. at *11–17. Unlike the majority opinion in Barrick, but
like the concurring opinion in Barrick, Finco found that the convening author-
ity’s statement “I take no action on the sentence of this case” was not taking
“action” within the meaning of the prior version of Article 60, UCMJ. Id. at *2,
*12–13; see also United States v. Coffman, 79 M.J. 820, 823 (A. Ct. Crim. App.

2The opinion states that “[u]nless otherwise noted . . . all references to the convening
authority’s powers and responsibilities in Article 60, UCMJ, in the 2019 MCM are to
Articles 60, 60a, 60b, and 60c, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 860, 860a, 860b, 860c, collectively.”
Barrick, unpub. op. at *8 n.4 (Posch, S.J., concurring in the result).

                                          45
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

2020) (“[S]tating ‘No Action’ does not constitute taking action in a case.”) How-
ever, unlike the concurring opinion in Barrick, Finco held that this failure to
take action was error. Finco, unpub. op. at *12–13. Noting that the appellant
had not challenged the convening authority’s decision as “incomplete, irregu-
lar, or contain[ing] error” pursuant to R.C.M. 1104(b)(2)(B), Finco analyzed the
convening authority’s failure to act for plain error under the “colorable showing
of possible prejudice” standard. Id. at *13–16 (quoting United States v. Le-
Blanc, 74 M.J. 650, 660 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015) (additional citation omit-
ted)). The court found such a colorable showing under the circumstances in
Finco, reasoning: “If the convening authority failed to take action on the entire
sentence—as his memorandum indicates he did—then we are unsure whether
he made a decision on [the appellant’s] clemency request which was within the
convening authority’s power to grant.” Id. at *16. 3 Senior Judge Lewis’s opin-
ion concurring in the result in the instant case applies Finco’s plain error anal-
ysis to the record before us, but unlike Finco finds no plain error in Appellant’s
case.
    My own view differs from each of these three opinions, although it is closest
to Finco. Like Finco (and Coffman), and unlike the majority opinion in Barrick,
I conclude that a convening authority’s statement that he or she takes “no ac-
tion” on the results of a court-martial is not “action” within the meaning of the
Executive Order or prior version of Article 60, UCMJ. Giving effect to the plain
meaning of the convening authority’s words, he made a decision not to take
action on the sentence despite the requirement to do so. It appears to me Ap-
pellant’s case was processed in accordance with the rules and procedures ap-
plicable to the post-1 January 2019 version of Article 60a, UCMJ—which does
not require the convening authority to take action on the sentence—without
taking into account the application of the prior version of Article 60, UCMJ, as
the Executive Order requires.
    Like Finco (and Coffman), and unlike Senior Judge Posch’s concurring
opinion in Barrick and in this case, I further conclude that the convening au-
thority’s failure to take action was an error. The concurring opinion in Barrick
attempts at some length to reconcile the Executive Order’s direction to apply
the prior Article 60, UCMJ, “to the extent that” it requires action by the con-
vening authority, with the current Rules for Courts-Martial and AFI 51-201,
created in light of the post-1 January 2019 process under Article 60a, UCMJ,
which does not require convening authority action. See Barrick, unpub. op. at

3As the opinion of the court notes, this court’s decision in Finco evidently guided the
Government’s response to our show cause order in the instant case, in which the Gov-
ernment conceded error but argued corrective action was not required under a plain
error standard of review.

                                          46
                United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

*11–44 (Posch, S.J., concurring in the result). Yet, giving effect to the plain
meaning of the words of the statute, the prior version of Article 60, UCMJ,
requires action by the convening authority in every case. See 10 U.S.C. §
860(c)(2)(A) (2016 MCM) (“Action on the sentence of a court-martial shall be
taken by the convening authority . . . .”); see also United States v. Andrews, 77
M.J. 393, 400 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)
(“[C]ourts must give effect to the clear meaning of statutes as written and ques-
tions of statutory interpretation should begin and end . . . with [statutory] text,
giving each word its ordinary, contemporary, and common meaning.”).
    However, unlike Finco, I do not believe testing for prejudice is the appro-
priate paradigm for resolving such errors. This court’s mandate under Article
66(d)(1), UCMJ, 4 is to approve “only such findings of guilty, and the sentence
or such part or amount of the sentence, as the Court finds correct in law and
fact and determines, on the basis of the entire record, should be approved.” (Em-
phasis added). As the CAAF has made clear, our responsibility to determine
whether the results of a court-martial “should be approved” is not simply a
question of prejudice. See, e.g., United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 224
(C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted) (holding a Court of Criminal Appeals has
authority under Article 66, UCMJ, to grant relief without a showing of actual
prejudice if it deems relief appropriate under the circumstances). Moreover,
“[i]n some cases, maintaining the integrity of the military justice system en-
acted by Congress may require this court to take action that is not requested
by any party.” United States v. Ramirez, No. ACM S32538, 2020 CCA LEXIS
20, at *17 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 24 Jan. 2020) (unpub. op.) (citing United States
v. Montesinos, 28 M.J. 38, 47 (C.M.A. 1989) (affirming Court of Criminal Re-
view’s decision vacating convening authority’s ultra vires set aside of findings
previously affirmed by the appellate court and rejecting the appellant’s at-
tempt to withdraw the case from appellate review)).
    The convening authority’s action is required to be “clear and unambiguous.”
Politte, 63 M.J. at 26. In the past, this court has repeatedly returned records
of trial for remand to the convening authority to correct actions that were in-
complete or defective, without analyzing whether the error had prejudiced the
appellant. See, e.g., Ramirez, unpub. op. at *16–17 (convening authority’s ac-
tion granting deferment without request by appellant was ultra vires); United
States v. Smith, No. ACM 39463, 2019 CCA LEXIS 307, at *7–8 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 12 Jul. 2019) (unpub. op.) (action failed to include illegal pretrial confine-
ment credit), rev. denied, 80 M.J. 63 (C.A.A.F. 2020); United States v. Del Toro,
No. ACM 39225, 2018 CCA LEXIS 219, at *2 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 27 Apr. 2018)
(unpub. op.) (per curiam) (action undated); United States v. Duran, No. ACM

4   Formerly under Article 66(c), UCMJ. See 2016 MCM.

                                        47
              United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673 (en banc)

S32407, 2017 CCA LEXIS 381, at *1–2 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 31 May 2017) (un-
pub. op.) (per curiam) (action failed to include deferment of reduction in grade);
United States v. Perea, No. ACM S32408, 2017 CCA LEXIS 353, at *4–5 (A.F.
Ct. Crim. App. 24 May 2017) (unpub. op.) (action failed to include deferment of
reduction in grade). In the instant case, the convening authority’s declaration
that he “take[s] no action” was at best an ambiguous and defective execution
of the requirement that he take action on the sentence in accordance with the
Executive Order and Article 60, UCMJ; more likely, given the language used,
the convening authority did not intend to take action at all because the require-
ment to do so was overlooked, and the case was erroneously processed entirely
under the new statute and rules. The essential question is not whether the
convening authority’s intention to deny clemency was clear, or whether the
error was obvious, or whether Appellant was prejudiced by the error. I do not
believe we are required to, nor should we, tolerate such a fundamental misstep
in military justice procedure. Accordingly, I would remand the record to the
Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, to resolve the error.
    One further point: these are new legal questions brought on by the changes
in the law that went into effect on 1 January 2019. As described above, these
questions have resulted in a diversity of opinions on the court. If, at some point,
the CAAF were to address these questions, our superior court’s guidance could
go a long way toward settling the law in this area.

                 FOR THE COURT

                 CAROL K. JOYCE
                 Clerk of the Court

                                        48