Court Opinion

ID: 4236759
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-01-16 16:00:20.437559+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:40.399848
License: Public Domain

17-658-cv
In re Application of Hornbeam Corp.

                                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                     FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                        SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New
York, on the 16th day of January, two thousand eighteen.

PRESENT: JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,
         REENA RAGGI,
         RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
                               Circuit Judges.

IN  RE    APPLICATION                     OF     HORNBEAM
CORPORATION,

PANIKOS SYMEOU,
                                          Intervenor-Appellant,

                     v.                                               No. 17-658-cv

HORNBEAM CORPORATION,
                                                     Appellee.

APPEARING FOR APPELLANT:                       BRUCE MARKS, Marks & Sokolov LLC,
                                               Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Steven Cooper,
                                               Samuel Kadosh, Reed Smith LLP,
                                               New York, New York, on the brief).

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APPEARING FOR APPELLEE:                     DENNIS H. TRACEY, III (David R.
                                            Michaeli, on the brief), Hogan Lovells US
                                            LLP, New York, New York.

       Appeal from a final order of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York (Vernon S. Broderick, Judge).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

AND DECREED that the orders entered on September 17, 2015, and February 17, 2017,

are AFFIRMED.

       Intervenor Panikos Symeou appeals from denials of his motions (1) to vacate an ex

parte order authorizing Appellee Hornbeam Corporation (“Hornbeam”) to compel

document discovery from banks and other entities within the Southern District of New

York for use in an anticipated action in the British Virgin Islands (“BVI”) against

Halliwel Assets Inc. (“Halliwel”) and its related persons and entities, see 28 U.S.C.

§ 1782; and (2) for relief from that order, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b). We assume the

parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and record of prior proceedings, which we

reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

       A district court is authorized to grant a § 1782 application if (1) “the person from

whom discovery is sought resides (or is found)” within the court’s district, (2) “the

discovery is for use in a foreign proceeding before a foreign tribunal,” and (3) “the

application is made by a[n] . . . interested person.” Brandi-Dohrn v. IKB Deutsche

Industriebank AG, 673 F.3d 76, 80 (2d Cir. 2012). If the statutory requirements are met,

the court is free to grant discovery, and we will review its decision only for abuse of

discretion. See id.

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       Symeou argues that the district court erred in concluding that the second

requirement was satisfied because no foreign proceeding was then pending or

contemplated. Precedent does not demand that the foreign proceeding be “pending” or

“imminent”; rather, a § 1782 applicant “must present to the district court some concrete

basis from which it can determine that the contemplated proceeding is more than just a

twinkle in counsel’s eye.” Certain Funds, Accounts and/or Inv. Vehicles v. KPMG,

L.L.P., 798 F.3d 113, 123–24 (2d Cir. 2015).

       The district court concluded that a foreign proceeding was within reasonable

contemplation at the time of Hornbeam’s § 1782 application, and we agree. As the

district court observed in its December 24, 2014 authorization order, Hornbeam

previously brought two related actions in the BVI against Halliwel and represented that it

intended to initiate further litigation once it obtained additional information.     This

provides a sufficiently “concrete basis” for a “contemplated [foreign] proceeding.” Id. at

124.

       In urging otherwise, Symeou observes that Hornbeam was subject to an $846,526

judgment in the BVI as a result of the prior actions and that Hornbeam could not proceed

on any new claims in the BVI until it satisfied that judgment. Neither the outstanding

judgment, nor Hornbeam’s delay in satisfying it, however, brings a foreign proceeding

outside of reasonable contemplation, particularly where Hornbeam stated its intent to

return to the BVI, articulated a theory on which it intended to litigate, and had the

financial ability to pay the judgment. See In re Application of Bracha Found., 663 F.

App’x 755, 763–64 (11th Cir. 2016) (concluding foreign proceeding “within reasonable

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contemplation” for purposes of Hornbeam’s § 1782 application in Northern District of

Alabama).1

       Symeou further relies on the fact that Vadim Shulman—the individual for whom

Hornbeam holds in trust shares of Halliwel common stock—subsequently brought suit in

England to argue that Hornbeam did not, in fact, contemplate further proceedings in the

BVI. That fact is not properly considered on appeal, however, because we must “assess

the indicia of whether the contemplated proceedings were within reasonable

contemplation at the time the § 1782 application was filed.” Certain Funds, Accounts

and/or Inv. Vehicles v. KPMG, L.L.P., 798 F.3d at 124 (emphasis added) (considering

“the facts as they were presented to the district court” and declining to consider import of

later-filed action). Accordingly, we identify no error in the district court’s determination

that Hornbeam satisfied the § 1782 statutory requirements.

       A district court’s discretion under § 1782 “must be exercised in light of the twin

aims of the statute: providing efficient means of assistance to participants in international

litigation in our federal courts and encouraging foreign countries by example to provide

similar means of assistance to our courts.” Mees v. Buiter, 793 F.3d 291, 297–98 (2d Cir.

2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court has identified certain

factors as relevant to a § 1782 ruling, two of which are disputed here: (1) the “receptivity

of the foreign government or the court or agency abroad to U.S. federal-court judicial

1
   The BVI Commercial Court imposed the judgment on December 10, 2014. Hornbeam
filed its ex parte § 1782 application in the Southern District of New York on December
19, 2014. Due to “highly contested proceedings” in the BVI, Hornbeam did not pay the
full amount of the judgment against it until November 14, 2016.

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assistance,” and (2) whether the discovery request “conceals an attempt to circumvent

foreign proof-gathering restrictions or other policies of a foreign country.” Intel Corp. v.

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241, 264–65 (2004).            Symeou argues that

Hornbeam’s obligation to satisfy the outstanding BVI judgment before commencing

another suit there provides “a clear statement that BVI courts would not receive any

evidence from the United States.” Intervenor Br. at 46. We are not persuaded because

the BVI judgment only imposed a filing prerequisite and does not speak to the foreign

jurisdiction’s receptiveness to the specific discovery sought in Hornbeam’s § 1782

application. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court—once authorized—did not

abuse its discretion in granting discovery under § 1782.

       Symeou contends that, even if § 1782 discovery was properly granted, the district

court nonetheless erred in denying his motions to vacate and to reconsider. These

challenges are meritless.

       Although Symeou argues that the district court improperly granted Hornbeam’s

§ 1782 application ex parte, this court has decided appeals from motions to quash ex

parte § 1782 subpoenas without identifying any impropriety in the ex parte nature of the

§ 1782 application. See Brandi-Dohrn v. IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG, 673 F.3d at

78, 84; Nat’l Broad. Co. v. Bear Stearns & Co., 165 F.3d 184, 186–91 (2d Cir. 1999); see

also Gushlak v. Gushlak, 486 F. App’x 215, 217 (2d Cir. 2012) (“[I]t is neither

uncommon nor improper for district courts to grant applications made pursuant to § 1782

ex parte.”). In any event, Symeou has identified no prejudice stemming from the ex parte

nature of the proceedings. The district court permitted Symeou to intervene, considered

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Symeou’s motion to vacate the § 1782 discovery order, and entered a protective order

governing the materials Hornbeam obtained as a result of that order.

      As for the district court’s refusal to sanction Hornbeam by vacating the § 1782

authorization order and quashing any ensuing subpoenas, we review only for abuse of

discretion, and identify no such abuse here. See Southern New Eng. Tel. Co. v. Glob.

NAPs Inc., 624 F.3d 123, 143 (2d Cir. 2010) (sanctions); In re Fitch, Inc., 330 F.3d 104,

108 (2d Cir. 2003) (motion to quash); see also Arista Records, LLC v. Doe 3, 604 F.3d
110, 117 (2d Cir. 2010) (“A court abuses its discretion when its decision rests on an error

of law or on a clearly erroneous factual finding or [when] its decision—though not

necessarily the product of a legal error or a clearly erroneous factual finding—cannot be

located within the range of permissible decisions.” (internal citations and quotation marks

omitted)).

      Symeou sought sanctions against Hornbeam on two grounds: (1) its failure to

disclose certain information in its ex parte § 1782 application, and (2) its failure to

provide prior notice of subpoenas issued under the § 1782 authorization order, in

violation of Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(a)(4). In rejecting the first argument, the district court

concluded that, even assuming an ethical violation occurred, the court would not vacate

its § 1782 order as a sanction because the newly presented facts did not alter its initial

discovery ruling. Such a decision was well within the district court’s discretion. As for

the notice failure, the district court found Hornbeam not to have complied with Rule

45(a)(4). See 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a) (stating that, unless authorization order provides

otherwise, subpoenaed documents shall be produced in accordance with Federal Rules of

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Civil Procedure); Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(a)(4) (requiring that notice and copy of subpoena

commanding production of documents must be served on each party before it is served on

person to whom it is directed). Nevertheless, it declined to vacate or quash, finding that

Symeou did not establish prejudice from the lack of notice. Instead, the district court

directed Hornbeam to provide Symeou with copies of all previously issued subpoenas

and to allow Symeou to inspect all materials produced in response. Having reviewed the

record, we identify no abuse of discretion on the part of the district court.

       Finally, Symeou argues that the district court improperly afforded Hornbeam

overbroad discovery and failed to direct Hornbeam to destroy unrelated records

containing confidential information. “A district court has broad latitude to determine the

scope of discovery and to manage the discovery process.” EM Ltd. v. Republic of

Argentina, 695 F.3d 201, 207 (2d Cir. 2012). The record shows that the district court

carefully considered Hornbeam’s discovery request and gave proper attention to its

scope, narrowing the range of documents initially sought in the § 1782 application and

later entering a protective order covering certain responsive materials. We conclude that

the district court’s discovery orders and these subsequent actions manifest no abuse of

discretion.

       We have considered Symeou’s remaining arguments and conclude that they are

without merit. For the reasons stated, the district court’s orders are AFFIRMED.

                                    FOR THE COURT:
                                    CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court

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